INSTRUMENTATION

FOR OPERATORS
Unit 1
Measuring Instruments
Section 1
Pressure Instruments
Instrumentati"" tor Ope rators has been designed to give you,
tho Uperat OI, r, f(lt!]i ng (of l, ow pIny; it$ ro1c ill
tne cfficient eperation of a 'l' nc !,rogram i. dc'cloped
ill t hrr'C "" its. Unit One will familiarize you with many of
U, e in.tn!1lleJ1 I"_how Ihey wurl<.
when t hey nre 11-,<:,,1 and how protected from ,!amal/e.
Unit Two will show you how the inotrumeut. are used i n the
eulttrul of n pr<><:e"". F"lnnlly, Un it Three t he mn
terial tall ght in Units OM mId Twu and fnmil iar ioeR you
with controllers and mode. of oontro1.
UNI T ONE
In Sect ion 1 you will le,ml "be,,! pre-.ure as an operating
,"IIrinhlc ",,,I huw in"llumellta " "e uoWd L.o mcasure prCMsure.
Instr ument.. covered includ. t he barometer. manomct ur. bour-
don tnbe, Jia pnc"gm and bellows gage.
Tn 2 YOll willle .. r" "bout temrernturc n. nn operatin"
var iable ""o.! temperat ure.moasnri n)!:" You will
lea,n the l' dncijlleij of the ""p"ndllbleelen' C1lt thcrmometer.
bimetallic "nd electr ical t hermometer .
AN I NTRODUCTION TO I NSTRUMENTATION
FOR OPERATORS
I
L I'etroleum produebl like gaJI(lline and lubricanbl 8re
made from crude oil.
'1'0 loe tUr'K'II intu f uell!, iubricant.l, petrochcmlc"llI and
other pro.lucl>!, the c."de oil iJI
2. Crude .,il i. in piecE!ll <If
the equipment der"""d! un the pr oouct/l heing
"'''dc.
CRUDE
CASOLINE
PRODUCT
REDUCED CRUDE
PRODUCT
I'or example. thi. fTRctiondinll" unil tal< ... crude oi l
"nd cha"g"e9 it Int.<> _ _____ _
:I. Cruoo uil i8 8 mixture uf many h)dr<>carhon . ranging
irrm, a8J1hnlt. which hoibl at n high temper.tu,"". to
/tAAOlinc, which boilll a tempeT"flture,
4. Ma"y hydrocnrbon product:!, for eXAmple Icer""i n .. ,
hnve bol1ing ranKe!! between thote of asphalt I nd galK>-
li ne.
Kel"Oll;ne hal a ( 0 higherlO lower) boiling nnge
\.han ga ... line.
producbl
ow
".
Mixtu,e A nt n (liITrrent tempernture thnn mix_
ture B.
80 %
gasoline
"0%
ker""ine
2070 kcro,j"" 20%
guwlillc
A
"
Mixture
(0 AlO E)
boil" lit the lower tempeml",e.
U. Tv ",p"rate ""$OI; Ol C out of " IIMulinc-"crv:;j "c m;x_
ture hy \.JoiH ,, !:. the mixtur<) must be hculed to t he
right tcmpcrut urc.
Ir the too (0 high/O low) the gaMline
will not boil and vnporj"c.
7. If the lemp<:cn\urc too the lcerOllioe
will \>I,i! ,<)](1 ""l .. with thc g"soli ll C.
S. If the is to be contin"ous, mure gasoline-kero-
n,ixture must the ______ _
is ""1,,,,,,\,,,1 out.
9. 'l'o rna"" that there ia ""vu"h Lv
jJ/"OCcss, t he now nile of feed i nto the unit
""'"t I..., "",dully
10. If the rnixture i. locinl( vuporiwd in a closed unit, the
_____ """"PC as the mixture i. boi led.
11. Pre!."" re th"" <0 ineren"cll i O (]c-crenIlCII ) ill the c1oac(1
unit.
12. Whell pre'"Ur" incIT!\Sc". the boiling temperature in_

To boi I gasoline at this increased pre",;ure, the tempera-
ture must <0 ;ncreallu/O dc-cruaoo).
Which of the follow;,,!!" Mfect the A<!!laration of petro_
leum products:
temperature
pressure
fc'/!d rnte
<0 ye . / O llO)
<0 yes/D no)
(0 yelllD no)
H. 1',,,,,.,,,",,, temperature. nnd feed rnte nre three key
"a,iable. in any fractionating
A condition which. is changeable is called a ___ _
A
In",
high
mixlure, or feed
vn!)/Jr
inere,,""s
".
".
".
,'a,iable
15. Liquid level ,,!oo affects a pr""""s.
FLOOD!NG

TOO LOW
'l'h" ti'l1!id !evel in th..so two (0 nffed,,/
o dOll" not affect) the oreratiun.
lG. Liquid !eve! (0 is/o is not) a variahle In refinery
IH' OC""",,".
17, Refined proouct. are sto .... cl I" tanh lo "wait ""Ie .
. -
-
.
\=
. -
Running over a tank hazanlo",. Ir",wtine,
atld ,",",tes ______ _
18. The liquid in " tfink or other
,'""",,1 mn"L be control led.
money
level, or height
19. Proe .... " l'ariabks arc relaterl to each other.
PRESSURE
HealinK water in " boiler eau"e, it, temperature to
.-ise. The pr""Hure i".ide the boile,. al, o _____ _
20. Tempernt<lre and ch" .. ges in n "y"tcm
are rlircdlr rclnicd t o cach Qi her.
21. Whe" li n" 0)" liquid i" hcntcd ill n ci'J"ed "pace, its p r ~ _
su,.e ___ _ _ ~
22. If temperature increase" in a ci()$"d space, pre..s",e
25 PSIG
10 PSIG
,
"
Liquid flows from (0 A to BID B to A).
The larger the pre..sure ,lifl"eren,'.. \he (0 hiKherl
o lower) the now rate.
incrcw",s
I'reasure
increases
A to B
higher
26. Li(juld exert.\! pre""ure IlII (be bottom of it.. <o"\.IIirler.
15 PSIG 5 PSIG
l'r<!aUrf! near the bottom uf lin 01"'" ""nlainer (iepcnd.
un the height of the in the
2G. A mCUllrcnlent of pl'e ... ur" fit tI,e bottom of t he con_
e"" t..e u$ed to determine li'lul<l _ _ ____ _
2'1. Li'lul,i Ie"ol .,,,n be delermltlc<i 1.0)' the
" I the bottom of the tank.
28. The IImount of preMure cxcrt<>d bl' II Iiqni,1 and 1;"8
in " tank on which of these three
"arfable.!
temlN'rnlnre
liquid Ie"ei
flow of liquid into the dOlled tank
(0 )'''''/0 no)
(0 )''''10 nul
(0 )'''''10 nul
29. When or 1i(IUid lIow9 In /I pl1"'. It.. pressuN! d.,..
nK II IlQws.
A ll"""" ure ch"n!!,c c/ln be uM,1 to indicnlc t he
of lJ'Is or liquid nowing.
liquid. or Ieyel
llmount. or di"""ion
The high., ot liquid il, " uu,k, the greal.Cr
pre""ure lit the bottom of lhe L,,"k.
A ch""!lu ill "t the l.>ottom of tho b nk may also
be used to ill,lic"tc " ch"ngc in liquid ______ _
31. Liquid level a nd fl ow rate Ca" be in-
by me,,-,urinlt changes ill "

One vMiable ( 0 i. not) r cb \.td to tl, e
other proceAA ,"ariables.
33. Refinery equipment is complex a nd expensive.
Wi thout help. a man ca,,'t hep track of an the tern
peratures, preSMI'e3, level", "nd fl ow rate8, a nd at t he
"ume t ime kccp from ______ _
t<>o much.
34. Instrument. "uch as fl ow meters. pressure KalteS, a nd
thermometers "re more tha" maIl'S
S"n"C" "IOl1e.
;15. Svmc s how the of"lrntor U," 3tul.<) of the
pr.-..:e.,s " t t he moment he look. at it.

He can iO<,k "t the di;d and "t the clock a nd .ee that
at 1 p.m. t he lemperal or(' of proct.""" i. F.
;lfj . But, at 2 1'."'. t he instrument can't tell him whal
the tempcrntnre Wn3 nt 1 p.m.
The i"st." nM,t mc"",,rC$ "nd it (0
o doeg not record).
:17. A pcn nnd grnph pnper cOn hi! to the slime in_
strument .
Now, t he measure. and _____ _

level
pressure
changing
accurate. or dependable
docs not record
,""cord
8J\}' tl,,,t pro""ure i. 00 thnt R unit can
1(0 otT apedficntiun" it proMore increase" eVen" amni i
amount.
The pre"!,,,re in this unil " cod. to 00 (0 automatical ly!
o operator) controlled.
39. After all. you c",,'t watch the pre"""r" I(R>!"
second of every hour.
Vit,,1 proce ..... are normally eontrollC\1 (0 automatic-
ally/O manually) .
40. The dingmm oolow represenl./j a fmetion"li" ,," unit.
End, box In(lIcaw" " tmn])"",tur", Or now
rnte which m"at be maintai"e,1 "t the vnlno
shown in the It is 2 a.m . rainy. and cold. YOll
hnve u hcuduchc und your ,epb.cem."t is 20 mil",t".
late.
510' F
640' F
This i. a job fo", (pick one)
o a. in,trurnenl. ulon"
o h. operator alone
o c. both in"tr umcnts and operator
"
automatically
automatically
,
SECTION ONE
PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS
What b
The moleculcll In _ gas or a liquid ""we rapidly In
(0 'me dlrecU"" 'D alt
2. ta"k la 1IIIed with mole<; ulClI of hulll nc IOU.
ThCfie Htrixc cneh uUw, nnd the _
"f t he tnnk.
3. When molecule. hit lIUMCthing. they exert /I for<:o!.
The f""ter the molecuklll move, the m<.>re _
t hey u ert.
'"
all direction.
wall.
4. more molecule" .tri ke fin ohject, they exert a
(0 grcakr/D IImount of force.
5. The heavier the mokcnk., the (0 IfNlnter/O 8mnller)
the amount of f'Jrtt they exert.
6. The ;nnount of force which molooule" exert depends on,
'", _______ of the molecul ....
.,, _______ of molecules striking the ohject,
""d
lhe _____ of the molecules.
'I'hi. block on an arell or _______ Bq""l' e
inch.
S. Pressure can be rle&cribed as the amount of
exerted on one sqUHre inch.
9. Measuring the force of molooul". striking a squnre
i1lch i5 uno wny "f mo".urinll ______ _
10. The Ilmo""t uf pre ... "rc which '"olooulcs oxeIi
on:
'", ,-______ of the molecules hitting II square
inch,
tl'c _______ of molecule. hilting a ""uare inch,
and
the ,-______ of the molooul"" hitting n "'lunNl
inch.
grC"kr
II'r."kr
"pced
number
weight, or .Izo
force
number
woight. or 8i.e
I I. I' rc","u,e IA ,,"ually mc .... urcll In iJ<)",ul" nn one "'Iu"rc
inch.
['I)U"'," IlCr "'Illare inch (abl)revlplcd pili ) i:s the
;::;: _____ o( the molecules exetted on one square
inch.
12. Till .. loh.",k lying on " table.
The molecule" " .... exer ling r"rec Oil "" _ _ ___ _ _
uf une "I"are inch of tnble.
13. Now 8t" "k ,,"uther block on top of the block.
The laller Ihe bk>ck. the (0 /ll'CIIterlO am"llcr) Ihe
amOl. nt of pU!5ure it exerts.
15. Thus,. taller lolock exerts (0 more/[] 1e!;I,) p...,...ure
u,"" a IherteT hl<>ck of t he anme material.
16. If the block Is malic eut ef llr ht.e r mate';"l. it exert,
;::::::;:;:;:::;:-_ force vn VII" aq" nre inch LI", " t ho
he:wicr block.
"
t one
greater

...
17, Widell of the." wnt.ni ncl'll nlOr"
GASO LI NE !
GASOLINEi
, ,
Cnntui nc" (0 AID Il).
la. Which of t hefle nl ore prcl<t! ure?
GASOLI NE
,
Conlainer { O A/O B) .
19. The p...,.,;ure a su!Mlance rlel>end. 011 '
, ", _ _ _____ of t he s ubstance, '"Id
the of the substance.
20. Since the nlol"""le. of gases an,1 liqui ds move in all
di rection . they eXNt fMCe In " n directiOIl ".
Pre"""J'" exertc,l in {O oI\C di "cct ion/O all di rec-
t ions).
A
B
weight
height
all directions
21. utm'-'llphc,";! is a "hlanket" of 11""'''''' which sur
Ihc carth. 'I'hi. height of ntlnOllphcrc ucrl.l
14.7 l)Ounds of pN!Mure on each .'!<lua re inch of enrth.
"ATMOSPHERE
Atmoopherlc preSiO"rc is ___ __ pounds J)er 1iQ"''''C
( I",i ) al ... n )()vtl.
22. If the ... we ... ,io!o'llI)r. 1>''"''''''''''
",'Ould be ( 0 MOrIl than/O leta! than) 14.7 I",i.
23. Look at tho drawinA".
A TMOSPH ER Ie
PRESSURE
the top of the muuntain, the height uf Ih" :,tmQl!'
phel'e i. (U mo,"/ O Ie",,) thUll its height at "CIL le"ol.
24. Iho Ihat the air excrts depends on the
or tho air.
21:>. At the top of tile mountain. IIl.mospherie pmau .... ]a
(0 more/ 8 lelia) than 14.7 psi.
"
14.7
mOrll than
legs
height., or depth
26. I're&lure can be to move thlng8.
PRESSURE
Preuure can make 111'$ block
?:I. !'r<\!l"un: can 11100 move liqt,;,1$ from One plnee to nn-
other.
'I'he pisUIlt <.Iown on the liquid exertl! _._
un I he liquid.
Si'lee li'IUiM CKnnot be "'1"ecu.'lI, this muk""
""mn of the tnnk liquid _ _ __ into thu 1"1,,,
to the l""k.
29. 'rhe higlter the the (0 hllerlO lower) lite
Io,cl of liqui,1 In I he tube.
3U. If tho ploton Is pulll'll back UI>, 11'IUld (0 In
tile tubelO ruM "ack into Ihe laak) .
31. It 1. ______ tha t $olmol"tJl the liquid In t he tube.
..
presaure, or force
move
'UIIl! b.nek into Ihe tank
pre""ure en" "Iso eupporl Ji'luid ill II tulle.
A TMOSPH ER i e
PRESSURE
NO PRESSURE
I f i i! ,I<, nt t lot! top of the t ulle
the pres.''''e of the up
into the tulle.
33. If the t ute were open "t the top, a tmosphe ric pressure
woul,1 tlOWtl 100.
The Iiquif1 (0 wouldiD woul,] not) move "I' in t he
\ uoo.
31. The liquid mo,." only if t here is a difference in
S5. Tiou liqu id from n (0 hlgh/O low) -llre$l!urc
area to a (0 high/ O lowl_pressure arCIl.
atmosphere
would not
pres.are
high
I ..
HOW PRESSURE IS MEASURED
The Baramerer
36. Ionll gl;UIS tube is nlled with roor<"tlry (a
liquid mc ..... l); the tuboe tllrllOO \,..or into dL, h.
Some of mc,"""ry ru .... out M the t ube Bnd into
the <li.h.
When Ih;" haplleM. is all empty apaCO! (vacuum)
at Ihe _ __of the tube.
37. There (0 i5!0 i. no) " ....... ,ure in thi . l pace.
SllLce t here >w pro"",,ure in 1111 110 dowllward
i. 1111 tho m<lrcury in Ilw (0 tube!
o dilh).
39. L .. ok this barometer.
I f-_ VACUUM
1'h. pr ..... ' ''.., or U, e
___ i. p".hi np; dnwn on
the m'm:"ry in Ihe di.h.
w,
i . no
Rtm""phcro
"0. Si1lcO ll,u ea.n Ii""- IIqueezed, --;-7-
p!"('">IlIure foree>l Mme ("If the mereury to Will "1' Into
the tube.
41. K"p('atro \.ei!Ung ha.s ft hown lhat 14.7 ptl of preaurc
... oolumn or me...:"ry 30 inchlltl IoIlI:h.
Jt tho " tm<lllphcr ic 1'r(>SSU'" decn!lUlO!s. the colun,n of
mC'""lt f)' i. ( [1 n",relo I .... ) thm' 30 inc ......
42. Thi. i, tho bI.t"<)"'dric I'reMure that II weathcrrrur.n
lalk.o at..out.
Wh .. n he that the bat"<)mcu,r ;" riBI,,!; hu ",,,an$
tllut nlm<>Hphcdc pre""" .., i B ( 0
;1110.
43. la nn h"",y 11'1,,;'1 mctnl.
14.7 PSI
MeRCURY
WATER
It , " k .. (0 . lot orlO reboll"el), little) I",,,,,,ure to hol.1
the mereury up in the tube.
44. 14.7 l"J.'i 8ul'I"'" more (0 wster/D me..,ury).
45. To mCR.urc 1Itm!>l!pheric pr"""ure, you n<led more
(8 w,, (e./O mercury).
4(,. lJy "'hili mercury Inslud of water, a bHromotc' tn""
enn 00 mHde "'""h (0 ahortt./O mller).
47. A barometer I"dknles pressure u the __
of a colllmn or mereuf)'.
"
increasing
lot of
waler
water
"horter
height
The Manometer
48. Let'. take a barometer, cut 011 the eDd, aDd bend it
int" a U .... h.ped tube (mtiMmet..r).
U"like the barometer. both end. are eXpIlHIl to
___ P'""U,..,.
49. on both .;,1e3 of the tube ;" ( 0 I,", IlAme/
o dillerent).
so. The liqui<i (0 will not mQve).
51. The Ih,ui.1 level (0 the "ame/D different) on each
Bide.
52. O"e or mn"o",ctc, is hooked into 8 ,,"S" line.
20 PSI
14.7 PSI
l
,

T,", amount ot pushi " down lit A I, ( 0 morel
o ..... ) than Ihe amoonl of pN!Mure pushin .. ,Iown
at B.
IItm<ll'phe,ic
the ""me
will not move
the same

58. The higher pre""ure force. 80me o[ Ihe Ilqul'l to rioc
I" ______ _
1i4. When t he liquid level l"creaac8 Qr dec,en.e . It in<fi.
cates that pressure changing.
The manometer mollS".". the _______ between
two pre,""ure.'.
M. When the level higher in side B, you kuow t hat pre.
"ur" i8 Ifrcater in (0 side AID .ide B).
5(;. When the level the ,am. On both aid"8. there i8 no
pressu""
:;7. This manometer is measuring Ihe ,HlTerenec between
the pro," ure in a process li ne and the pc""",,,,c of the
atmoopher<).
"
PS'
,
Tho pre .. " re at R ia about _______ PI'i.
5S. Pre",,"'C grentel At (0 A/o R).
59. Suppoogo Iho pre""uro it] Ute line decreases to
18 [,.i.
The luvel in B (0 increase. /O decre".,",>!).
B
differenC<!, or change
side A
difference
14.7
60. manometer i . meagurlng the pressure difrerellco
bet ween two t"nks.

'''''''.,
0 .. MM0
,
61. You ,Iont know t he I',e".<urc in uithcr t .. "k.
Cnn t he m,,,,,.,,,,"tcr tell what tho prossur. is in eit her
tank? (0 yes!O no)
G2. It can o"ly tell you in p,""ssure.
63. As pressure on one gide of the manome\.(" incre"'"".
the mercury ri"es on the oth".r
14.7 PSI
20 PSI
40 PSI
fl." the "mount of pr.""",.., <litTe rcn<e i nCfCR""". the
difference in kvcl betwccn the two side.. _____ _
b nk B
differences
increa.""
64. mu"omctcr mus t l> e"ough to pre-
vent me,"""ry from epillinl/ out of the top.
65. To mCQUre lal"J("e pl"Nllure dflTcrenCiS, you need
_______ manomete ....
66. Since tubes are ma,l e from gla .. , the addi_
"ceded mnkCJI Ule,n mo", ______ _
67. nrC Imp.nclic81 when they be moved
trente<! ,wl/hly, 0' "lied in hil/h.p ...... u.e ... r_
vice.
A manOlll<!ter more practical for use in a (0 labo .... -
torriD refinery).
EXPANDABLE_ELEMENT GAGES
The Bourdon Tube
Ga. ,\ balloon (0 upands/O co"L=") whe" i t i. tllIod
wilh lIir.
G9. " ir iH forced into t he balloon, 1".'"""0 the
001100"
10. Who" mu...., Mlr pW!hed in than the walb of the 001-
loon can ."1'1",.1, the balloon _____ _
71. Tho "'''''I cu",mon kI"d. or InHtrumenu work
01\ eX!,,, ,,"iun I"indplc.
If''IfCS h",o a part which
when p'lIS'Iure _ ___ __ _
breokablc, Or frnl/ll e
laborntory
inereasel!
b,"""kII, 0. bul"llUl
I",,",a$ClO, Or chang.
72. Thu ooutdo" tlloo I. probably t he moot common or the
expandabLe-eLemcnt gages.
TM II:"!(C wn.i&ts of " hollow. cU"'ed ______ _
marle lrom Ilctible melaL
,it OlLe enll of tho Lu!.>e i. tbrougb " vnlve 10
tho "OUfe<! of
74. bourdon tube WIJre me&II" .... P"'""'u .... in n lrac_
t ionAting towed 10 yes/ O no)
15. When the loctw""n the pr_ and the oourdon
t ube i. cto..cd, p..-ure in the lube Is low "nd the tube
,...,ma''''' curvoo.
CLOSED
OPEN
t
But when Ihe vRln IU..,."r(! ;nc ... _1ItII and
the tube to (0 cu,....e mnri!/O straighten nut). "t .... igh\cn out
76, Ily cunneo;tinK Ille tub<) to n IlOi nter, thr oullh n IrGnr
train. preMurn ill In,l ie"ted on "dial.
POIMTER
DIAL
LEVER
GEAR
MECHAMISM
Inereasing pnlUure in the C<luipment tau""" the
(lr the lube 10 "'o'C.
77. Til .. "'ove"",n! the _____ _ _ to
tha Ift-", r
78. The lurn3 to the riKht.
Til,) I)<)inle" mO\'o. tow",.d thu ___ _
___ h" ml
eide of the d;'L1.
79. TI>e .lial shoWli Mn In prflS'lure u tile pointer
n1(1""" from ( [.1 left to rillll1/0 right to left).
"'.
/.Ieea ... "" tid. killu of ho .... JOI' Lube i. shaped like the
lette r C it ""meli""", called a _____ _lube.
Spi.al and Heh BOIl.don Tubn
81. an,] mel,,1 "noy. are hard and nDt "cry
lIexible.
mea,, " thai the amount of end mm' oment which
" l."ul'do," tuliO! elm ])rooo. e IK ,...,1a(ively ( 0 Inrge/
O ""'a ll ).
82. I f a pTCMure change i. vcr)' _
IDA)' not movc at all .
____ the tube
,
.. ,
icver
r iyht
I.rt to right
G
amnII
....... lJ
&:.I. The wordon tut.e can w made more to "m.n
chanll'e11 In preMo ... by chang;n.
SPIRAL
HELIX
Fur incre"Hd """",tivlly. the shupe nnd Ih" ____ _
or the t ube a ... chaHJred.
&I. CompAre th ....... piml and C-IYll'e bournon l uOOs.
With a IOllrer tube. the "mount or end poll.
8iLIo I. ______ _
85. The the hell .. Rre l'rdcr rcd to the C\UOO
ror (0 hlllh/ O J"w).prWlUre aerviee.
lengl.h
su. Like the mercury nu",ometer, the boa.,lo!) tul.>c ie
foxtcd by "lmOOI,hcric pressure.
At mo,pheric pre""ure "ds on t he (EI outside/O in_
side) of t he tul.>c.
87. If nlnH,spheric is grrater Ill"n proce811 pres_
.arc, thc tul.>c (O move.fO doe.. not mvve) beC!\u"," t he
poi nter meehani8m is re"ting ngainst the zero limit
Btop.
88. IItmo:<pherie preasure offers re"istancc to movement
thu luhe lri,,"" to (0 corll O out).
IIdLlully, t he 1><.>u rOon tube mca.ure. the rlifference be_
twee" proc""ss pre'>'!u", a"d
pressure.
Using the Bourdon Tube
90. The chart shows a few of the metal!; from wbich bour_
don tube. are made.
J/flte);,,1

bra""
Charoe/c);stio
corro<l()/I
wcakC""ll maUlrial
melt" ruptul"\.",! in fire
rcsist"nt to d"magil from corrosion
iI!,d
rcad,"!:"" 0" a hot 011 line a re b."ng made w,th
n 1><.>",,10" lube. Thc vii .o"t"in& . ulfur.
The bo:.[ tube for [hi. procw. i. prohAhly miHlc from
""bide
dOOll not move
out
atmORpherie
stainlC!13 steel
91. Sta!n!CI!II i. expeMivc.
A bourdon t u .... Is oot U8UII1Iy mild<) out of stainl,....
perlorm all
.Ieel i' .. 1""' _______ mcn..l will
well.
92. The bourdon tube m"""UrelI the ditference
proceM I'rlllllure lind IItmoopherlc pr(ll<llure.
Clln thlA oourd.,>n tube be u_1 to rneaAUI'tl the pr","ura
dill'uente t.etwten two pn':lCeSllO!ll! (0 ytol!D no)
The Diophrogm Goge
93. 1'ho dinl'hrnglh "lilt(: ,,1.110 nn exp,,,,,lnhlcolcmo1lt

PRESSURE
- -
t
PRES$URE
FLEXIBLE
DIAPHRACM
'The element i. the ______ _
diaphralflT1
94. i$ (me' _______ "onnection on
of di"phrPllm.
95. Si""" the dinl1hragm or nlbber or ",me
other fl exible mllteri .. l, chal\l(!!$ In pressure CRU$<) it to
96. The diAphragm doe. mo,'O when tM two \l ........ U .....
"re (0 the l1li"", /0 different).
97. The d;"l'hrngm IIlIlIe in (0 I)N>I!I!urel
o differential preMure).
I.ook at t hi. operating disl)hrRsrm gagc .

- -
o A. PTeIlIUI"iI i, l""""t"'l in pl"OC<'M A.
o b. 1'."""",.., Is greatest In pl"OCClll! B.
o c. p,.., .. ,,,rQ the ""mo in both I't"O<:l'fl.'!(',.
99. Diaphragm movement is Irn ... mitted to" pointer hy
ll"IeIl'" of linkAII'! ronneded to the oenler of the
100. The snd thlckne ... of the diaphragm determine
differential .l)nMure ."nge.
For exnmplc, " very thin di.phrR"""" would not 00
used for (0 highlD Iow)_l'reMure dilTeren<.:eS.
pre!lllure
move. or bend, or flex
dilTerential pr _ure
diAphrAgm
high
101. clm 00 mnde from very nexible material.,
ulld OR" be made to produce even for a very
"mall pr""".,"" change.
Greater for a 8maller ______ d .... nlr'=
can be lIchlcved with" diaphrnll"m pJ" tha" with a
bo"rdon tube.
102. The (0 dinphrn!lm/O bourdon tube) preferred
for .l<! rvlcCII where p"",,"urc dlllcrollCN are
The Bellows Gage
103. The bellow. K"!,(e worka on similar principles to the
dlaphrugm lIall".
PSI
125 PSI
I'rocese pre&'lure ente", the bellow.. and tcnda to
(0 comp' e6OI! O expand) the qment. of the bello"',,
104. the pre .. ure ;ncrea"e!I, the expand more.
Thla cKpanolon, th",u,h the linknge "nd
the pointer. 13 indicated on the _____ _
diaphraKJII
expand
dial, or """Ie
IOI.i. The lKtll ow. h"" !l lurllcr arell for l he I,re$.'lure to act
on than the dia phragm doea.
I
I
I
I
S ....-J
I
I
I
I
I
5 PSI

The bellow$ can move -;;:-;-:-:-__ tM small pres.
A'lrO dull'JtI. ... thUD the di" phulOm enD.
lOG. The bellows Is generflily !D '""") ""Mitive
:tDd (0 more/ D le!\oI) nu .... te thlln the di"llhral{m.
101. I/Cllow. I'!"Rl[e me:t. urcs:
I PROCESS
.,.PRESSURE
4UIOSPHERIC
PRESSU RE
[) , . .li lTe",,,cc [""twOM n I'r .. pro"""re n" ,1
ntn,,-,,,pheric
o h. the dillerenee between two proc"""
(arther, or more

10K Uellow. """ be used to ..... ure " d!lTere.o<:c in pre<!
betwt.-.;,n two procCA9t!'l.
PROCESS A
PROCESS B
..
-
LEFT R I(;H T
When there is nO prcNwre between
proteM A and proceu B. the pointer "0.'
109. If I'\rell$ure is "realer .1 A. the pointer to the
( 0 ril(hVD Idt).
! 10. When both 1100 llOln\o' poinll!
,,--- -
111. !leN) i8 triM! or dilferenUalI'",,"UN)
,al!.
,PROCESS A
j'roceu A ]lush"" on the
'''1(1 prl!lll!lIro H on tho _
of the
difference
right
.ero, or "0"
inside
outoide
112. Whcn pr""",urc II ia ,renter t hnn prellSure A, the lIe!-
lu"'" (0 cn\\npllell/O cxpnnd. ) .
113. Willet, or th""" 113K" n''''' BUN) the helwti!n
Proeel8 and almllllphcric proM" .... ?
..
A. ( 0 ),CII /o no)
R. (D ycs/D nu)
C. (0 )''''10 ",,)
I), (0 yca/o no)

,
32
,
t
\
,
114. Which of thelle gages can men.ure the difl'oro"cc be_
tween two proctM pf'CllllureaT
A. 10 jieslO no)
II. 10 y ... /O 110)
C. (O ycslO IOn)

(
11&. Which one of th""" oo" .... lull . huwn below i. 1110 .....
llen.iii,-., to omall p ........ ure

o . C-tube.
o b. Spiral
Operating Problems with Pressure Gagu
116. Bourdon tll'-, diapb.aRme, und C3n be dam
nge" by cxtcll3i,.., _____ _
117. A ... damage may lie cnUllcd b)' pre<!'
sure greater than 150 % of the rAMlre of the
1)011 bllnl( the the Jrllgi! Wn8 mn(le for (0 couldl
o could 1(01) J}Crm"ncntly dnmnsre the galle.
118. ""ample, the olM'.al ing .nngc of Ihis Kage is from
1 to 10 11Si. 150% of Ihe rangll I, 15 pal.
'I'he gage mlly be (hmage<C if it at
_____ __ p!!l.
119. If" ooll"loil tu\>e is .. t II pressure above t hat for
whi.h it wn. ll<!'$igncd. it may ,ul)tun:: and be<!omc a
lIafety h ... a rd.
It is Important to know the ____ ___ li mit of
the t ube,
120. You must also know the prOMure ranKe of the
______ _ you are mUl urlllg.
121. llouroLon tul>cd ..., usually hou$Cd in metal <a.'l:,
The tMe _ _ _ ____ the tube from dirt and the
weather.
122, H a lubo! o\fflr'Preflturcd nnd the ProAll
Hul,1 .cloMe<! into the CA$C.
in the csac (0
123. ThiA ,>rcaaure build.up may <aile 10 ___ _
could
pressure
protects
r uptuN
121. The oaoe nlay l><l tltted with a blow-out di"" to
ailniMlovOT.preMur!nl!'. This disc i8 mounted In the
back of the illig(! to g]""" from blowlnll" Into
tile operator'.
BLOW.OUT DISC
When 1""'''' '' ' '' i""' eAHII in the tile Hexible
II fo,"""",, out of the hoWling.
125. By releuing the eXee18 pres.,.,", to th" Atm"".ph","".
dill(; pTt:"enu a ______ _
126. A tuloe mllY !>e <,,"Reeted in a procc. "
muterlnl which could '],,","110 Ihe gngQ.
If " h(,,, .. lol1 tuba is dire<:tly conll""tcd to " steRm line
without hot P"">e!I directly
Into Ihe tu!>e.
127. The temperature of the gage i""...,a .....
EXCOIII,"ly hl/lh temperat u ..... _ _ _ ____ metal
parle.
128. Il igh lem!l('rnture8 n1.0 cnu ... mctaljlllrt.o of the ga""
to (O expand/O contract) and to change the tull\'
dl"r..eterl.tlcs.
129. If this hRppen., the lIalle 110 longer ______ _
130. Gllret! IOmftlmes brenk oo.,IIU"" tlley expand or
too far.
The Itl'/f(l be C<luipped with .... fety to I' .....
teet the JrflJf" from too much.
"
dise
rupture
weaken. or dama",
expand
n""urate
movinl
131. Ovcr-I'IUII/C of a mech,,"lo,,1
"top which the moviull' part from n"'v_
inll' 10() tar.
132. All (.hCIIC pressure have protection.
OVER- RANCE $TOP
OV ER_RANCE STOP
Thc ,,"cr_rm'lIe 8WP prcvcllUl the
mont from moving 100 fDr,
OVER_ R.t. NGE
STOP
---_.,.
13.'. Un,\(or oxtl'1!mes of p.--ure (200<;;' or more), ____ "
______ _ "Iop de"jC\'a can't the gage.
134. G"I/C$ lII' properly connecle,l to the proc""s.
If the i. 100 loor.e, n may
flt the IlOint where t he 11"1: 10 t ho
equipment.
prcvcntA, or ato,,"
uPlIndablo

leak
135, When liquid or 11''''' lean f.om the 8Y8um,
.... Hdlng" liT\) inaccurate; thll8 conne<:tions to Ihc
gage must I>e _ _____ _
136. Tenon tape on the pipe can IfI!nerally be used
w _____ leaka.
137. 1)0 not lOOllen Or tighten" glll,(O uy ,."splug t he 11'''11""
uy h"",1 becau.e the tube may be \wM.cd ""\ "f .hnl)1).
Alw"y. 11M an "dju"tuule wrunch on the ftat3.
taken from twisted RRge;"
1138. To men.oUr<) p ....... ure. thc Ioc:.Ied between the
gage and the equipment muSl be open.
,
. --
If valve ill clOl!ed. 110.-,-______ from the line
I. to the gage.
139. It nl8Y be """","",,ry to Ive when cleaning Or
,..,palrlng n li n". If you mUlt II gull'" "ut. close
tile bl""k valve under It, sud . Iowly UIlllCTeW the gage.
lie ftu", t .... I'...,.ure bleedJI to uro bef,,", I.klng the
gage coml,leUly out.
ti ght
inaceurnle
To put the gall'" In service IIraln, be "Un': 10 open
the VIII Iowly.
140. Linea to the glre not be bloc:ked.
l'lalr.d II" .. _______
14 1. l'uluUun in p',""",Un': (rapid swings back and forth)
caullel el<<:CIIlI mo"clllent of Rare p.rta.
Too nluch lIIo"cmont lIIovlnll' ll\I rb to ___ _
142. A device .lIlooth. out nr ranl,1
_______ change .
inaccurate. Or f.1ee
wear, Or wenken
p ....... ure
1411. i>xceOll lve vibration the IlAme dfe<:l pu4!lltion.
Vibration can al.o cnulle you to make an ;nac<:urate
re,,,lInl> R vlbrnting needl" i H ,Ilmeult w
144. Vibration. like I'ubntion. ""n be correct"". with a
____ ___ dcvice.
145. A may be to the proces>! pre..sure .... "'otdy.
,
The vibrat ion of tho has the lea"t effect on
gal( (0 AID B) .
146. To l'revent the e free'" of vibTlltion. ft (fap may 1 ....
mountf':<l __ ____ rrom tilt! equi pment.
How ore Goges Seoled?
Some pro< .... material, damage tilt! mcbo" used in
gnJrCS.
In ""ch the pro<"", lIuid muat .",t be allowed
to conine! the ___ ___ _
"
dampenilli". Or protective
remotely. or
lIan. or bourdon tube. or
Pre>lJlu", clement
H .... ...... h. P09"
.... rho book 0 .... '. oM to ....
t
148. To .. te the gagc from the procesw mcdium, iJut
still tr ..... mit jlrellSurc. 1I'''lItl1! n aleRm ACrvice al'(! ntle']
with pigtail .ipho",,_

$TEAM 1M ,
The .iphoa _______ the ete3m hefon:: il . cache>!
the gare.
149. But procc>;o! fluid mu.t apply to the gage.
PtClillure from the mUAI he trnMmi tle<i Ihrough
Ihc "",,110 Ihc ______ .
150. Thi. m:lIlon"'tcr is ..,,,Ied with .. non-cor ...... h"1l
8,';(1.
P ROC E SS _
FLUIP L
SEALIHC FLUI D
-
MERCURY
l'rOCl'flll prc"", urc i. trnnderred to thc mercury in Inc
If"'"' t hrongh tni$ _______ . _____ _
"
Ira"". or C()n.lcn_
,."
"",lli ng ftuid
151. lu'oce"" fluid (0 dOC!! not COlltuct) the
R"I'C@ nui,l.
A
nui".
IIJ.3. the p ..... .."." p. "",ure i. Irn".fe'red IhrouRh thfl
_____ Inlo the g"![C.
Intf'p,eli ng P,enure Reedings
1M. Henner)" <>pe,..,.tio,!S are u&ua1ij' c:on<'erncd with how
much 'Nn .... or /"". pressure i$ than almospherio.
Th ..... nlO/lt I)r(,""ure gages are 00 that 0 00
thcl ,. "tnl<l<5t.hc.k p,,,,,"re, ' .. n st .. ndn ... l)
_____ Jl.'ju per Aoqllnre Inch "bMlJute) .
155, indicated on a gnRf. gage pr"","ure
(ahhre,lIIt<><.l Il"ig) .
hill $1."dII tor POIInds l>cr "tune inch __
lfi.6. The JAil" pre8llure (])I!i') J. not the total amount of
1'"_Ure ito the (}roc.,..,
tu(al 1" CU Ur<' ("hIo, ,III "" pr""""re) tll C g"gc II"""
"li re the pressnre of Iho ______ _
157. f'l<in for POIInd. J>II' "'luure inch __ _
,,""-' not """lad
diaphrngm
l<Cating fluid
14.7
alrn(ll!phcrc

158. Ab.()lute vrc.tlllure it I:age pressure pl"a the pres,u,..,
of the ntm<l6vhQre.
Psi .. = ","ill" + ______ _
159. If a I'reelllI,.., lI"al:8 ...,.d. 10. the absol ute I'"""ore In
the ProceIIII I. P'lia.
150. This ralle read, 12 J)IIill".
Abfloluw l'r"ClIlIUnl In Ihe proress i', ______ P'lia.
161. At..oluw I ~ u r o e<juala g"Ke preuUnI Vlua 14.7.
Gage p,""*,,ure C!qu.la sbllol ute pre:<:lure (0 +/0 _)
14.7.
IG2. Or. p.ill" " ______ _
163. The abflolulo p ....... ure i"'lde R Pr<>ee!lll I. 64.7 ","In.
Th.c PII8 ahould ahow a p""",ure "f _____ , .. ill".
164. The abaol" le presaure ilUlide a tank .. 14.7 11lIia Cnt_
m<lllphcr ic preasure).
hill"
14.7
".7
26.7
""iu - 14.7
"
,
I
REVIEW AND SUMMARY
165. Name the!<! gnlftll .
,----- . _-- -
,-----
,----
W6. The oour<lou tulJc s hown is .. (0 .plr.o.I/D
D C-) tube,
167. Are l lou II'lIl1el1 . hown
lI'a"",,? (0 yet./O nul
A. diaphrnll'm B. m""omc\cr
C. !>ourdon tub<! D. bellow ...

168. Look lit thi. drawl nil:.
1'hi3 meaS"rC3 <0 IIb. olute prCMUNl/
o pre'''''''e '1!ITerence).
169. Prellllure h,aecura.i ... or failures may be cau.ed
I.>y:
.).Wi l,ment; lins to the
gllge beinlr ; or uc",,";ve ,II.>..,.tion or
In p.--ure.
170. Gagea are protl!Cted from movinr too rllr I.>y ____ _
olul""
171. &"liolO tlui,1 ",,,I plg\"il.ipho" . k(!oCp tho _____ _
fluid uut of t he ______ _
172. Look ut \hi. OOl'OnHlter.
It n>OWt""" (0 .. 1"",lute pNll"Iurt /D di lTcmntinJ "res
"UNl) .
"
pressure di!fcr<mce
le<>kinll:
I.>locke<l
puls:o.tion
o,e.range
absolute Proll3Urc

178. The circled part of this gage 1$ ~ ~ l e d a:
pigt:<iI siphon
174. I' sln " 1",111" ( 0 +10 - ) 14.7.
+
INSTRUMENTATION
FOR OPERATORS
Unit 1
Measuring Instruments
Section 2
Temperature Instruments
SECTION TWO
TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS
Whot Is Temperature?
,
L Tho moleculeo of all of matter aNl consl.antly
i .. "IUti"",
The$<) ",olet'ul"" (0 Are mo,lnll' /O have 110
m"tioll).
2. They are m"vinl'!' <on"tnntly "nd in (D one direction/
o dirl'ttio!L8).
We kno\\' that "''''Ihane molec.ulco "' ... e mslanliy in
,Hr1!Ctlon .
no Ihe molul"" in a tank of liquid gl'$Oline mo".?
( 0 )'9/0 nul
5. All no matter whAl kind they aNl. mo"c
_ in all ______ _
6. w. ".""II,v Ihink of A Au""' ",,ca lUI beinll' either a g".,
a liquid or ,, ______ _
1. All wl,ether they nrc in the form ,,{ a
" li'l"i", or " gno, mll,l o "I' or m"vi,,1I'
1'0. air is primMi!y n mixture or "ev .. ",1
ditrerent (0 1l'",'""/D liquids/O IIOII,b).
nre movl""
all dirediolll
""
(onsbntly, directlollA
,..,I id
8. A
n Hqui,], or n wild.
is a ___ _
Water i, a _=.::.::.:::
Steam is a
9. th(>"lIh Ihey nrc in dilreNmt fO'!TIlI, ice, wnler
"nd . team .n
HI. We think of ka u being >,ery <old.
Steam is "cr),
I I. Li'Ju],1 \\""to,.. I. ",,],]e, thall ot eum Lhan
,'ml chnnlle .... ]id icc to Ii'l ,dd \\"nter loy ,,,1<11"11
12. We Un elUIOj(f! the liquid watcr t (> gteam loy
e,'ell mOre ______ _
13. How cnn 00 chnnJrod to ... ater?
By 1m removing hCMtf[] .,]ding mor e "team),
H. Propane OCO:Url naturally n. n _ ____ _ _
15. Tho propnne li'JuifiCll if :
[] n. ""oulI'lI hellt I.
[] h. ""OUllh hent i. removed.
16. Liquid RallOlinc '"l)Or iT.Cl\ if:
(J a. enough heat i, added.
[] h. enough i. removed.
""lid
liquid

water
heat
.... moving heat
, ..

17. A .. nce 'an be a liquid, II 11"118. or II ",,1i,1, dClocnd
illll" ,>II con!!i t ion._
I! r.ak ... n 1,,1 (0 ",ore/D leN) h<!tIt 10 l urn wood
inl<> gu ' .... n it tloel' to tur n .-aaoline Into """.
18. di"a-r"m s hows the primal)' di tre ... ".""
the Ihr"" .tat"" or m"tter.
SOLID LIQUI D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'"
0
Thi. ,lifTc,..""", i. Ibc ______ ltetw..-.;,n molcc"ICII.
19. The IIIr/l"<!IIl are found oo\ween __

2Q. The mol..,ule. fil'PC"r Lu (0 move f r"'lly/O vi
.
2 1. hn\'C fotee whld. hold; Ihem 10
(""melhin!! li ke the WR)' n ma/lnel hold..
clipS).
The), "leo have rep"llent fo,""eo which ( D hold them
tngcihcr/D them apl.tt ) .
22. Tho attrncth'e forC<ll! arc strW'Ii'-'II1 l>clwccn __ _

2:1. itcpcllcnt torct.!O art .tr""/lClII hetwccn _ _ ____ _
mo]ecuJc..
vibrate
pu.h them . pl.rt
""li,]
24. Which kind or mo"" .. the futeM lind
the nM)IIt?
(0 IJU/ O liquid/O ""lid)
25. ImAgine a tank full of propane g"JlII.
The iMide of the tank i. """Lly (0 moleculea/O empty
8Imce).
26. the motion of moleo:ule\l.
If more heal added. move (0 f,,"terl
o
ZI . ileAl i. th<)rmal eMil[)'.
Put.-....,ving molecul", have ( 0 ...., .... /0 I .... ) lhumal
en"flCY than molecule. whieh .. ro moving more .Iowly.
28. Cooling U", removal of energy from moleo:u\ell.
They (0 .pet.-d uP/O sl<>w down).
29. If yon remove enough enerllY (."m K high.ella'lI)" gM,
it (0 moves fAsler).
30. If you ,..,move e"on moro enerJr)'. II (0 frcetell '
o muvCII r .... ter) .
Sl. WI"lt wuuld happell \0 molcculCll it ever)" bit "f "ncrgl'
"ouhl b" ro"""'o,1 from them!
They would:
o R. move extn:mely b at.
o b. stOll movinll.
32. thuugh lICienti.u have not .ucceeded in doing
thl . the)" call the point AhBoMo O.
Absolute 0 i. the point at whldl all molecular motion
aa. At km.OJ ute 0, have no therm,d ____ _
Tenlp"rRlu ...... " be nlCWlu..oo by mtollJlurlr'lI Ihe
.mount of energy moving have.
The mQ11!C1.le' hit I!<Imcthing the _____ _
!lle;r te mperature.
36. I' reMUT(! alll(l a form or cnUIY.
i>I"CIJ!IUT(! (0 .an/O cannot ) Rffec:t the movement or
molecul"".
empty .pace
faster
dow down
b
. tops. "r ceaacl.
energy
higher
'".
36. Thi. tank eO"WlI". ethane KaL
".. PRESSURE GAGE

""
II
q
=
'"
The high-('n<)rgy gas molecules move rnpidly in (0 one
<ll re<:ti"n 0 all diT<.'Ctionll).
37. A, n, py roo,e. the molecules hit each "O,,,r ",,,1 the
\\"a lls of the _
colli.i,," pr<><luce. a tillY ,,, forte.
('u"" .1,,1e of these pII.he. he fclt! (0 no)
39. r ....... ",...,;8 tho sum of nil thClll! t iny pu . ...... "cl inll on
"",, inch.
I'rc."!lIu,"" is 10 fol"<'e O (0 .... .., IlI,lr unit ...... a).
.10. !l.oth "ud temp!'ralure the foroe of
",o,i"l( _
41. Which "r these ",ea8uremelllJ tan tell you how ha.d
,noJ...,<: ulCll _tr-iking 1M m .... urlag instrument!
" ,
10 yes O no)
H.i """nd" ller "'Juan: Inch uf 1""""1"<\ (e) Y .... /O "0)
1' .... 'C.I,,'1 of wfiler (0 ye./O nu)
42. P,N" "'" i. in (D one Ilir<!CtioniQ nll diri!C.
liona).
43. PnllW"'" It". i. ""Bleil in a hlllk a"d then the rallt i.
"caIW.
Thi. _ _ _ _ _ _
the thermal of tile .
44. ' j'ne moleo:uleo mo,'e (0 r"steriD
45. The "umb"r "f <olli.iono the hllve with
wan. " f the "ontain". _ _____ _
tank
force per unit n .... a
molc""ules
diroctioM
fsoter
inc",o!1C9
47. Yoo cRn Me thul ( 0 isla i. not) a deFlnLte 11)1".
t i" ... hi p bel ween thcrnuol enern- and pre8llure energy.
Lel'a look nnuther way ill which the rmal CllerllY "lid
pn!8l!ure enerlrY Rn! n!lntoo.
,ll\
\ ,
When yon .,1<1 tll<H.gh hent w th.s water it
49. When liojuid boils, molecuiell ""CtIpo! rrom lhe l urF""e
and ____________ __
50. Since lhe 8pact!S bool\"l",n the molecules are \alile. the
ga5 muleculel take "I' (0 morc/D Ie"",) Hlmcl' thnn
the 1i'II, id mol()Oulcl did.
5l. If no ,<.>Om for them to expand into, Ilrelllmrc
increnoc.
;,
boilll. "r YRpOriU'tl
mOre
in the tank increnses
52. AB the liquid V" I>orl7.elI. t he II"" mole<uleo exert ron::e
01> t he ,emaiulllif li'lUid.
N",,' the liquid mnle<uleo hal'e (0 a harder/ D an
euier) time _api nr from t he Burfa"" of the liquid.
"
a har der
To conUnue the lJoiling. you have to ______ _
the ternpemture.
54. preSS\'Nl hoiling ternpcrature _ ___ _
55. 'rcmpcrnturc is mc,, "ured when molecules hit a meagu,
1m, in.tnllnent.
TIl e "",..icr Lhe m" lc"<:\lic$ the ____ _
t he temperat ure recorded.
56. Increasing the (cmpe,ntorc cauSeS the molecule" to
.trike n corbin nrOO more often.
Wh.-n tcml"",,t,, "C i ll " d".Cfl cQIl\ai n61 the
(0 c," n/O cannot ) exp"ncl t he moi"""le"
take on mOre energy.
G1. the molC<'! ul eA mOve """'lid nwre hit t he c"" _
binc, more often.
I'cc'ilsure (n incrc"sc8/0 .. ).
58. If a temperature meSS\lrer is immersed in the molceulcs,
it rC<'!ort!,,, ( 0 hi!;her/O lo"w) temp<:raturc.
59. prffiSlI re 11""):"" mo, " when pre.
Sure cllung",.
temperat ure gages move when
____
increase
increases
cannot
inoreasos
higMr
EXPANDABLE-ELEMENT THERMOMETERS
The Tube
60. hi this t hermometer, temera turc is indicated by t he
heig!!t of the column or mercury ill the "avillnry lube.
MERCURY
61. With increRsed movement t hey expand.
The., take up ( 0 l c:\i!) spRee.
62. I n,,rc,,. ill ,, the lcmlJCrat\"" of R sub.tnnce """ally
cau"".' it to (0 contract).
'I' ho mcrC\lry
eratu,c
lure
;n tho thcl"TTlOmeter when l em_
a nd contracts when tempera_
64. So when tempera ture increnses, the mercury take"
UJ' (0 morc/D Ie ) "pace in the t uhe.
65. Since the liquid mercury can' t be squeezed toget!!er,
the 1.".1 Hr meJ''''"'y ill the tuhe n'w;I _____ _
66. The higher the Le.meraturc, the ( 0 tnller/O s horter )
the column of mercury.
67. In a horometer, Lhe heil(ht of a o"<) l"mn of mercury in_
dicate. prelll!ure.
JIl " Lhermomcler, the height of a col umn of mercury
indicaLe!! ______
68. Like the barHmeler, cnpil13ry_IIlhe ha,'e
. .orne prnctical
To rnca$" "" n ranlle of the t uhe
must he "cry _ _ __ _
fnster
more
expand
increases


increase, or r i.e
tall er
long, or tall
69. So thllt tht IICUIe can be relld, the tube made nf
70. Long glass tubes eMily _____ _
71. It dimell l! tn make long t"I)C$ with
bore!< (hoIc.\).
It the bore b not uniform, the ,ji3tanee II"r
(0 io/ O not) the ."mt for c"tire length of Lhc
t"be.
FiUd-System Thermometers
73. Temperat ure can be meuured by
the b,. thu Huid in _ ther_
mometer.
1.'.1.
,
./././
.'./
It C'1n l>e adapt"'! \0 meMul"<l ______ _
....
broken
not
i"cre",. eo
pN'Sliure
75. The tube may 1111 nnod with a liquid or a II"".
When temperature inerelllK!S, the rnoletulca move luter
and preflSure t he tube ______ _
76. 'I'hi. incl"<)am."<l pres.urc makeo the tube <0 coil morel
a uncoil).
71. A, the tube uncoils, t he poi nter at the end ..,f the tube
mo"(lII towaro the .ighL
'rhiB movement Ihowo up on the dial a" _____ _
temperature.
When lempcrnlU"" der.rea!K'll, the pr<l$llu .....
Ind the tube ______ apin.
19. Some kin,i . of nllod pro<i uetl vn])Or.
..
'L
".
VAPOR
1'1", . hnnlle in
coil and uncoil.
_____ prCllllur. mKk"" the tube
when they are heR ted .
A$ the tcmpcrnture inercnlle . the amount ot VRp.n.
produced
The additionAl VApor incr....- ... _ in
the Apl .III tube.
["c.o" .. <1 pre ....... " .... i. ,III tern-
perature.
How Arc Thermometer' Protected?
63. Capillary lube and bourtlon l uboo lhermomete .. are very
delieat...
'!'hey mu.! boo Protected from _____ _
inere ....
uncoil
increa.ed
coils
Y&por
i"crell""
PrellllUI1l
Inorell.-.cd
dRmage, or breakag"
84. Look at thurmometer.
The uxn,, " dnble ""L"!ancc is in the _
()f the thermometer.
86. To mHIUrt! t he bulb ( 0 mu5V[) """d
not) touch or be in c"- eontnct. with the
86. If the proceAA medium is corr<lli,e, Ihe
mal be ,lnmaJ:<l<1.
87. 1.ouk "t lhl . the rmometer .
THERMOWELL PROCESS FLUIO
A io u",,<\ whell [I, C pr"" ..... medium
wouM .hunILKe Ihe Lulb.
Lulb
bulb, Or thermomcter
thermowen
liS. The thermowell _ _ _____ the t!>ermornelcr.
89. Abio, without u Ihermo .... cll, R thermometer """10t
he remo,ed f rom n I>rocellll ""der I>r""",,ro wi thout II
___ _ _ __ of prellsun! .
00. The Ihcrmowcl1 ( 0 iII/ O is not) u-t in I llkJ", the
tempe .... luro of Il corl'Ollive liquid.
91. 'l" hermowel ls protect thermometers like ___ __ _
nulda prote>:\ pre_. lI ",
8 imet all ic Thermometers
92. "nd li'IU!!lo e:<pand "",I COIII"'tt wh,'" tC"lJ)(!"'
(" ro ,fln"Ke">! .
Solid. (0 do ,,0.>1. elI!>"nd) ""!>en lempe.a
ture
All met"l. eXI",,,,1 when heated, but cliffero"t metals
at ,]i /l"" .. 'nt
Fo. '''' "'IuRI lempe ..... tu." <hnnge, . teel (0
o does ,,<>t ex""nd) III t he ... me rille as COI' I"" .
94. thermomclcl"1I can be mode of
melnt.
META L A
METAL 8
A otril> or c: _____ dlffercnt
kind. of mc(,,1 tl>irethcr.
95. '['he lW<I metRIA eXl'nnd when hut ... l.
nul ther eXIlRlI<1 nt
_____ rn\.e!l .
protects
Joos, ur ",Iea. e
;.
sealing
ex!>"nd
two

%. Let". ""y that metal A eXl'l'nds than metal H.
METAL A

\
METAL B
Strip A is now ([] longer/D shorter ) than Btd,> R.
97. The ... 'hole strip curb!.
If temperature to the strip eon
t l""e. tu _____ _
98. Cn" you IDI!lUIure temperature with the )'imctallie et r ip
( 0 yell 0 no)
9U. Yuu n..oo ... me way 10 ___ _ the temperalure
l",i"lIsensed.
100. A bimetallic thermometer 1l1I<. .. the princi l)\e vr un
_,'en up"",,;..,n or melals t<.> mca.sure and in<.lieale
temperature.
The tcmpe'nlurlt->!ensing porl ioll ie a bimetallic strip
wound into the r<.> rrn of a
10 1. Aa the temperature of the eoi! incrc"""". one
mo,.., t hnn the vt her m6tal.
Jr one welMcI. the I ....... end (of the __ _
will mo"e.
102. Thift mulioll 1.1 .. ed to mo,". a _____ _
alung
the ternper"h',.., ""ale.
longer
curl
0"
indicate. or record
coil
pointer
103. "I'hi. i8 a typiolll bimetallic thermometer I" " oaN.
The 08.1(1) ___ _
104. Thp. himctallic tl'ermometer 10 uoeso/D d""" not use)
pre""re to meaoure temperature.
105. The 8plral boordon tube th.crmometer (a u_1O duel!
""l U!le) prOSllure to measure temperature.
106. J f OOU ,doli tulJe leak8, ( 0
IJ d""rea_ ).
107. Then the rec<lrded temperature (0 islO i. not ) ac-
curate.
108. Leakage is not" problem with" bimetallic Mll b.,caU&/!
it does not depend nn to mea!lurt! tem_
perature.
109. Dcnt.a in tlw hull> of a Jj" B! or )i<llIid_filled thormon)"te.
oause _ ______ readingll .
ItO. A Illloffi t"". momtter (0 ialO not) all rul{j(e<1 as a
bimelallic thermometer.
Ill . Hut, all par!.>! of the coil or thn bimetallic thermometer
be wlallv heated to the eame temperRture.
'1'0 II'd aa """,urate reading from the thermometer. the
atem m ... t be (a parliallylO totally) immcrlled in Ihe
preM medium.
proteelo
d""" not Ufle
is not
inaccurate, or false
is not
totally
Let 's Rev;ew
112. COm1larO t h ~ Icmpcrntll re menAlIrin!!, ins\rllm"lIu.
,
<==-0

,
Whlth ' )IIe worko Oil t he prilldplc t h.t mel,,11 cxpftnd
at difl"erent ,."tes!
(0 AID RIO G/O D)
Which olle is /I capill:lr), tube t hermometer !
(El AID BID CIO D)
Whkh olle ,,,wid be filled with vapo:>r 7
(0 AID BID c/o 0)
'"
o
,
c
ELECTRICAL THERMOMETERS
113. F.lcctrici!), like heAt nnd I>rClMure, is a fonn of
onll nffed the now of
___ _ _ __ eucrgy.
1 H, A thermometer cnn he m"dc in,licu!ClI tempera_
ture hy aolMe in __ _
115. Sume eledrkal Ihcr mumetenl encrlt)' into
electrical ener,:ry.
In aueh thermumeter.. a eh"nlle in amoullt of el",,-
I",Jlcnit.'l a chanlre In _____ _
IIG. All 8Ubl!U.IlC'" hn,. a reml."", to resist the now of
electrkil)'.
HeMe"er , heating nn,J eMI ;,,!!" n ",,"
i\.ll ,.""j .lnn"" to Ihe !low of eledricil)"
1 11. t:It<'lri.,,1 thermonwl.rII may:
o a. mea3uro Ihe of el""lridl}'.
U I,. Ihe "",n",,1 of real"tnn!:" to the lIow of
clc"tricily.
o c. both" a.,,1 to.
118. gie<'trk,<I can loe 1Ie ... ]t;'e to lempera.
h,,,, ChR''' ...... " n",11 aR O.()/)(Ir, A I."ood bimetallic
w".itive to mol)' nbout 1 F.
An (0 ck<;tric .. VO thermometer more
..e.",il;' .
What Is Elect.i city?
119. All hn,e .. ""I numlll!r of particle.!! (electroM)
"'hkh ""'ke litem clcct r iCIIlly neutral.
'"
"'ANY
'"
'"
ELECTRONS ELECTRONS
" -{)-"
,-0-_ ,.0-_
, ,
' , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
\
, ,
I
0
6
I
0
,
eJ
,
,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
\ , ,
,
, ,
" /
,
,
'-'0 /
, '
'--0--
, ,
-, ",
NEUTRAL ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
When elect ron. aN: added or removed. the moloculs
nn: (0 e10ctriully ntutral/O electric .. n)
electrical
electricity. or current
temperature
chnnge
d""tricai
el""trically chnrg<:<!
120. F; ledridty i< the Ilow of the$(! electron".
The baRic unit or electricity is lhe ______ _
121. flow from an area where are 100 many
cledrollg to lin Urea where t here lire \00 few declroM.
NEGATIVE CHARGE
(nco ... I.e",n . )
-
POSITIVE CHARGE
(lew electron.)
,\ n has " neg"at ive ( - ) whc" lI re
['>0 (0 mnny/D few) .Iectrons i n thnl nren.
122. A po,iU,e chnrlre (+) exi.!. where them are too
__
El eclron. flow fronl " charge to a
______ chon:c.
How Does 0 Thermocouple Work?
121. So"'di",,,,, a chnnlrc ill ten\l\(lrat\l N! en" "",, clcctr<>n a
to ilow.
S\l ch a Ienlf>Cral nrc d,an>:" can pr<><luce _____ _
,,,,,I _____ ch"r)le' .
125. The greater Ihe temperat ure c\Ianf(e. the _____ _
l),,' 110,," "f
126. By meMuring the change in the eledrical charge. pro-
duced. the can be measured.
127. l.o<>k at thi. lherm<><ouple.
METAL B
A thermOCQuple c .. of
);i nd" of joi neil toget her at one end.
G2
electron
,.w
"egati ve
lI""ili,e
positive
negative
greater
temperature
12& 'l'he jol"cU cml or the ill called tile
129. Heating the Junetlo" cau..es elf:o:trons to flow.
At the open end, one meUlI
chnrll", nnd tha uther On R _ churgc.
130. F.ach melal I.lIkeo on (0 the ........ / 0 " dme...,,,t)

IS!. 1'h" grenlcr 1110 temperaturn dlrruro!lce hetw<"tl ll lhe
j""ction and Ihe open en,!. Ihe (0 lI"",ater/O lr"""r)
the eharJtel on thn metals.
132.
"'.
eo"'JI""' tto....., thermo"ouple..
(3
<
- , -
STRONG CHARGES
0
<
WEAK CNARGES
StronJt" "harye. t>ln be indicated
by the product Ion of
( 0 highlD klw) volta!:".
VollAKe indicntCfllhe amount of charKe.
If the jund ion b healed and if tn. open end i ....... t e<l
to the same temper"t,,",. both have (0 the
""me/ o a diiTere"l ) charge.
134. When both melnl. hllve the ""n'e "ha."", voltAire
131>. A l her"""",uple wor"" becau!Ie Ihcn! i8 a leml'crnl ure
_______ belween the Junction And the " lie" end.
186. open cnd i. kepI at If. oo""tant t emperature, CIIII"d
tcml>eratu ....
Thlw ...,re...,,,,,,, temperalure I. IIh"ayl (0 the ........ /
o ch8nginll)
jundi"n
positive
!legative
n different
Mgh
the .... nlll
."ro. or 0
differo!lee
the 8wm8
137. AI the prlX:tM tempcrnlul'<l Ihe lemperature
of jundion ______ _
138. IMide Ihe Ihermowell. the PIIrt 0' the thermocouple
which oonl .. ct., the proo:eu 1& the:
. _""urinll' Junction.
h. ",(ol'<lne<!! Md.
139. Tho pnrt of t he thcrm<>couple whero tho tcmpcrature iA
determined I. tl, e:
. meuurlng jundion.
b. end.
14ll. With Ihe ",,(e""ne<!! end at ..,\ the tern_
pemlu .... or the junction clln be determined t>r Ihe
amount or voltage produced.
REFERENCE END
If no voltage i . prodtlced. the tcmperatul'<l of Ihe
nwn"urlng j \n\ttion is (0 holter (han/O coider Iha nl
@ Ihe ".1 t he tcm""ralu,"" of Ihe r"'erence end.
141. 'I'll .. Ihe am"""t of '"(Iltap produced. Ihe
greater the lemperntuN! ______ _ betw..,n Ihe
Iwo end ..
142. Incn:Mcd "oUage indi""le.. 10 increallCd/O decreased)
lempen,ture.
113. A vur)' vollmeler (potentiometer) is to
measure vo1\"lI"e.
\ '
A voltmcler is i""",.ted at the _____ _
the therml>luple.
"
chang ...
"
b
the ume uo
difference
increased

H4. A r",,,lInl/ UU the potenticmCLCr mouures voltage but
in,lklllca _____ _
Thermopiles
145. 'l"hu dra .... lnll: .. " thermopile of ""verlll
U,urn",couple. ".i"l1 the voltmeter.
V\ "I , -
, -
- -
'"
.;
thermoc(>Ul'leo nr(l houke" lIP ""llh the voltmeter.
(IJ in circuil (.cr;",, ) /O In three separate cir_
cuitB) .
146. A thcrmnl,IIu ISevcrnl _
oeriCl!.
__ arcnnrM I"
147. loet', .$II)' ""ant to mcaaUNI temperature at
th"'" different pb.ceo in R turbine exha,,"l.
000 __ _
148. Si",:!: 1111 three thermocouples lire joined to a
voltmctp.r. the ,ultmctcr rend.:
Q It. tho temperature.
o b. Ihree IICparnte temper"tu ......
149. A 10 thermocOllp1e/ D ther mol.lle) can measure aver_
are temperat.u"", over maD)" locations.
"
temperature
in one circuit (urieo)
thermocouple

thermopile
The Portoble
tW. druwinjf n porlJlble pyromo\er (which mean.
metur ) ,
THERMOCOUPLE
VOL TMETER
A pyrometer oo.."igl.$ of a thermocouple
plu8 n to mea>'lOr(l
differ1!!I<:e helwt>l!n the chargf'L
15 1. l.ook nt thlR porUlIJ]e ]lyromeU'r.
,-"-,<-SELECTOR SWI TCH
JUNCTIONS

<

O"e voltmeter can be to mea. ure volta,,", rCAd.
inll" f rom IM!vuAl diITcrUllt themocou!' l", ],Y 1I.ln& a
152. The meier ItMlf may 10" mounted on an illllno .... "t
1""",,1 for IIILIY comlNl ri""n wilh oU",. _____ _

"
voltmeter
I\<>] ..,\or .wilch
or
Let's Review
lrJ3. tllo partll of lhi. tll crmotouple.
,- - ---
"- - -
,- - ---,
154. The vollmeter t he build-up of electrieni
165. The tllcrm"""uple " "(Ir k. ,-"UH (0 ,0It8g_1O ...
ehanl(e .
Resis tance Elements
15G. Wile" the tempemture of. wire oh""I1" . the r .... i.l"nce
to flow of .... rrent Ihrough Ihe wire _ _____ _
157. We \",,,,," how muoh ,..,.istance .. metal, u plat!-
'''' m. to the 1I0w of eleelrlclty if '"' know Ihe
temperature.
,os.
We (0 can; Q cannot ) figure Ollt how much re8i.t .. ,, "0
1,latinum wHl exert On the now of curr .. "t ,,' :10 F .
We oould "ll,o filure out whnt Ihe tempernture i. h)'
no,, muel1 _ _____ ll1e plntinum 10 the fi ow
uf cu,.rent.
1&9. Metals ul uRliy inc ... ,......, resUotanc" when t ho), 1101 hotter.
ternp.: r"l ur" ;"crc"",,", it ia (0 h"rtier)
(or clectrldl) to flow througl1 metal8.
A. j unction
Il ..... ference
C. voltmeter. or
)lQt .. nti ometer
charges
,ol\ago
""
harder
160. i. m,e IYI'" or
RE SI STANCE ELEMENT
( PLATINUM WIRE)
)
cur rent through. ___ ___ ""i.o.
161. A. l(!mllcrnture the amount of cu.rent now_
inl'( through the wiNl ____ _ _
162. The wi", got5 hotl(!r.
U. ,..",i"t",'oe (0 increnoes/D
16<1. Thus, at high teml",ratuteS ther<! i. (0 mo"'10 !eM)
electricity "owing.
161. The clement leh lie meUure ______ _
by ""","uring the tlow of elo!<:tric currelli.
IG". A re,i"l"ncc element .wt produce any of its own
electric "oIUlge.
The _ ___ _ _ _ I. lupplied from an o"!.\Iide power
.. 'u=.
Thermistors
IGG. &>n'c types or condud eledricity mort .""dU
at high lcmperMu ..... than "I low teml",notll'&
Til""" m"terial. hnvc (0 i"",cn.oed/ D d""",a!ie(1) .....
oislanoe with an i11cr .. ,,"" in lempcratuN!.
161. 'J'hi. err",,\ io (0 the ""me &11/ 0 O"poIIlle from) what
with and melnl .
168. A TClIisbnce-elcment Ihermomclcr tha t du r.a$e6 ita
rco.i.st..nee with an in temperature is called
Ihn .... i. ' or.
A. i"cNlMMf! , it is (0 e"aicr/O harder)
for ck"<:tricitr t" tl..,w throulfh M
"
platinum



temperature
eJectriclty, or or
"o!tall"
oppollite from
e .... ier
169. Huw do ... ditfer from retlilltanoe...,Je_
.....,nl thermometerll?
D n. The thcrmlotor iNff .... e. reo.ifttallCo with an in_
c"';:""" in temperatu .....
o Il. The thermiswr r/ecreMu rei1tance with nn in-
ercH'" in tenl]>crnt ore.
o c. They net ullko ""d there is no dirt.rence.
170. One typ" of element is mlldo of ft metallic
Old.le which ""nducl$ elc<:tric currenL
METALLIC OXI DE
The hotter uxide If(ll$, the (0 belter/D worse)
it ""millet. ourrent.
171. All lIuw or decIde cunent thr<)lllth a ther-
eicnlClll indklt es (0 higher/O lo,,'or) tem_
peralu,..,.
Let's Revi ew
172. Eledricity from Oil o"u[.le ""wer Mlurce is o/",d by the:
(mAy bc mure thAn one riKht .""wer)
o a. "",i.I."". element (u$ing platinum),
o 1>. lherm<>couple.
D c. thermopile.
o .]. element.
173. A rl)'romelcr is:
o ". a IhermOCOllilic lind a yoltmeler.
o b. two thcrm<>cuul1le!1.
o c. " r(.,islan"" eleme"t nnd a voltmeteT.
better
higher
nand d

174. A is :
o :t. a ".lenIent".
o " scric. or
175. Nam" the teml)()r"turc indicator . hown 1.>010""
(0 metal re"i.I.",,,,, clCnlCII I. /O t hermistor ) thermistor
(0 met,, 1 rc.oistance element /D t hermistor ) met al rMisUmce element
REVIEW AND SUMMARY
176, Molecul .... move (/LIller ... hen ther .. e (0 hot/[] cold).
177. Look at
"n:
II. Hp,u,d""I"""lcmen\
b. bimetallic thermometer.
c. cleclrleal Lhernlorncter.
17a. Tho clement to tilu _____ _
tube.
]79. Look ut Ih;" Inlltrumen\..
\ , 1. 1'/ ' / ' /,1
' 1' 1
'rt';B instrument meaSure:! temperAtUI'(! by
II change In ______ _
180. The thermometer .hown Rbove ill ac:l ulIlly ...
tulle.
,
mercury. or If'IUld
preMure
bourdon. or nUed
181. The tuhe contain either 1\ _______ 0. u ,,, .
182. When the u.mJ>\lratu", of the liquid 0. pa
the pressure _ _____ _
Thi. i. II _ ______ thermomete .
184. It worHR on tho principle of _______ eXlla""i,,"
or melub!.
185. I.ook al thi8 l""ItumenL
ill un (0 eiecttiC>l.11D pnuu...,) thermomtlf:r.
glectric thermomoUra muy u"" Ml"si t ive __ --,-, __
to measure s mull "mount. of . I(!ttdeity genernted.
187. Thermomclen m.y be protected from "" "",Ive "",.
"'rials other ""maRe '" I,lacin, them in a
liquid
bi metallic
uneven. or unequal
.,lectrieal
voltmeter or potentiometor8
thermoW1lll
IS!!. Nume the thermometer. shuwn loelow
. _----
,-----
,
"" \' , '",
, ,
. .
. .
.#
um. Nnme Ihe pam of thl, lllllrumenc..
L_'
- I I
"--
.,- --
"
A. thermocouple
R. element
C. thcrmislDr
D. thermopile
A. junction
JJ. end
C. voltmulcr




















PILOT SIX - -INSTRUMENTATION OPE RATORS
UNIT ONE - MEASURING I NSTRUMENTS
LIQUID FI.OIV R,\'n :
ANO ANALYTICAl. I NSTRUMENTS
Page
s.,cl ion Three
Liqui d Level In8t rumentlo . . _ .... .. . . _ __ ..... .. ..... . .
Int roduction .. ....... ... ....... . . . ..... ... . . ... ...
How Li quid Affect.! Preuure ... .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .
The Gago Cln"" . ... . .. .... . . .... " . .. . . .. .. . .... .. .
Scaling Fluid .. . . . . .. .. . ........ , . .... ... . . ... .. . .. .. .
Dial,hr.gm 1.00'el Del ector . . . ...... . .. . .... .
nubbier _____ . . ___ ... ... _ _ ___ .. .. _____ .. .
,
,
,
,
'"
"
"
Why no Object.! Fl oat . . . . ... , ... . . . , . . 16
Tape.Type Float Gngo . . ...... . .. . , ........ . .. . . . .. . ... , 18
and Lever . .. . . .. .... _. _ . .. . .. . . . _.... . . . . . . .. 21
Chanv In Liquid n e...,ily c. .. Affect Le" ol .... _...... . ..... 25
Some Other McthodA or r..e,el Mf.MUrCmenl ... ... .. ... ' 26
and S ummary
"
Se<:l ion Four
Flow .. .. . .. ..... . .. . . . . . .. . . . ,. ..
Whnt is Flow Rat e . ..... . , ... .. . .. . . .... ... . , .. . .. . . 33
Flow Directly with PO$iti"e Di"l,b",em. nt Fluw
) Icter .... ....... .. _ . .. . .. .. ..... . . _......... 39
The Tur bi ne ... . . . ...... ... . . . . .... ..... .... . 41
The Vortex Meter . .. ... , . . . . . .. , ... . .... .. ... ... , . . ,' . . . . . 12
P lOw Hnle Indirec:I\Y . . , . .. .. . .. . , . .. .. . . , . , .
The Orillce Plale ...... .... .... ... ..... . .. . . . ....... ... ... .
The Flow Nonie . ... ... . . ...... . . . ...... .... . . ... ... .
Tho Tullo... . . .. . . . .
The Flow Meter .. . ... .. . . .. . . , .. . , .. ,
Eleddul Flow lI-l d ers . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .
TemperaturoType Mete rs . . ........ . . .. _ .. . . .
The Hot. Wire Ane"' omel.er ..... , ............. . ... .
lIevi. w "nd Summ'_<rY
"
"
"
'"
In.lr umen!" .. . . . . .. ... . . . . , .. .. .. .. .. G:l
'"tn),luction . , . . .. . .. ' 63
Add. nn<J Alblincs .. . . ' . . _. .. .. . .. ... . . . . 6-4
""nly&eM! . ... . . .. . . .. .. ........ . . ___ ..... ____ . 67
The Gu . . ..... . . . . . ......... 72
Revi ew At,,1 Summar), . . . . . .. .. , . _. . __ . . . . .... . _ 75
UNIT ONE
In Seotion .'I you will IO;H1l about liquid level as an operaUng
variable "nd how level i. mea.ured. The unit \rcutJ! pre uro-
type level indieators. float-type indi oators and some mi",,"]-
blneou8 for "p.,ciali"cd use.
In S""tion 4 you will learn about fl ow rate a!j an operating
variable and how it is measured. The unit discus_ the posi_
tive-di.plaoement flow meter, differential_pre."ure flow mewr,
electrical flow met er, aud the temperature_type fl ow mewr.
In Section 5 you will learn "bout aOme :malytical instruments
for specialized USM. The program discusses in.truments
Which ;Ho ".cd "" oxygen analyzers and pcoc= strenm ana_
ly"era, and th""" to measure pH.
SECTION THREE
LIQUID LEVEL INSTRUMENTS
Introduction
I. The level of n li quid, unlike it. pr,,".nro nnd tcmr"' T"ure,
can be _ , if 'he liquid is in" glass container.
2, Determi!\ing liquid level seems as if it be pretty
c,,"y; ,,11 )'0" h,wc \(> do i3 in"irle the
You could take off the top ami look inside the tank and see
if it t9 empty or
4. But m.-..t .toralte [n"b ",,<I refinery equipment
closed units.
The liquid level (0 isiD is not) v;sible to the operator.
5. How",'cr, Ch''' Ltl'CS in Ii' l";'] tc,'el C"U3(l chanK"" in other
"",;"hle8 which the operntor ";In ob$(:rvo on dials or
gages.
15 PSlG 5 PSIG
For cx;,ml'lc. the pre.'lSure on t he bottom of a tank
(0 ch""gesiD d",," not chunge) ",hell the level
chunge .
full
i3 not
chunges
How Liquid Level Affects Pressure
6. which Tel!ulb from the weight of 1\ liquid
i .,.lIed . taUe height ur the liquid
WiiiCh QUIICII thu ;8 calleil static heRd.
43 PSIG
The . t.lic of th .. Jj<luid ___ PIIIII.
Tho .\1II1e hmd uf thi. liquid i. f,,=l.
7. As the ft tftt ic head ur a liquid incnla"", the pr_ u",
on the bottom uf " tank (E:! increaseli/ O de..reMeI).
8. i. n",ch hcnvier Ih"" wnwr.
WATER
,
MERCURY

There la mure weight po.hing down on the bottom of
tank (0 AID 1.1) .
9. There mOt U pre""re <", the ""\tom of tnnk
(0 AID B).
10. Stalk (0 ht1ld) on the bottom of 1\ tank
dcrerldo on the deMity (heavi n<'ll8) of the liquid I"
the tflnk.
,
"
'"
B
B
11. Each or these contaiM 1000 l/ul lonS of the
!111m" liquid .


But, mot"<) wcil[ht down an n &4UUr e Inch on
the bottom of ( 0 A/G B) .
12. The aro" of tho ooLlom "I Ihi. ",nLnin",. . "",m
I
,
--
-
-->
..
Sin<:<: the liquid kl,d i . in """h cMLtlincr. tho pre, .
per square inch on !.he bottom of 1M ""nlal""n i.
( B the o.u mc/O dillo""nL).
3
B
1.1. Which Hddition of li4Uid will produce more atatic prell_
"ure on the bottom of " tank?
---1---
---- ---
A
,
An addit ion to container ( 0 AID B) .
U . Which of the following have a dired effect on static

l:!tntic head (0 yea/O nu)
Area of the bottom of t he tllnk (0 no)
The <leMi ty of tho liquid i n tho tank (0 yca/O no)
II clg),t or ll(l" i<1 in tI,e tllnk (0 ytll/O no)
15. Elich of thelle open tanks 10 feet of wllter.
The pn"",ure J",r ""ulIre i nch "t the bottom uf each
u", k i" (13 the "" mO/D different).
H). Static pressure (0 dcpcnds/o docij not depend ) on
the .h"!,,, of the conl.nl ncr.
17. Static pressure depend, only on the ;-,,"""-,,-CC;-_-
of the liquid and the of the liquid.
A
".
'"
".
t ho SarnO
does not depend
hei ght
density. or weight
Yuu c.UI tell the level in lilly ahaved tllnk or container
\.oy k"uwing two thinp:
100 amount of _______ on the bottom or
tank: lind
", _______ or thc ll'IUid in the tank.
19. Thia drawJnK ohnw$ two vcnt..'<1 Ulnk.tl containing gu.>-
lino.
VA. LVE

20. The pt"elUlure i$ greater lit Ihe bottom of tank (0 AI
o II).
21. We know U,,'t c" erllY needed to mnke things mo"c.
i. more CHergy in tank
22. If Ihe \.Ive between tile tanb opened, the liqnid:
25.
D ., from A to B.
D b. from H to A.
D c. dOOlOn't flow.
The 1I'lnid Jlnws until thu jJfi'Uure lit the bottom of
A the _____ 11" the l,rCMure d the bottom
or H.
Wher. the pr ..... ures .. mc. the amount or enem
in the twu tankll (0 the MJ1>() iCJ dirrerent).
\\'hc.:!r.thc levela are the Mme. the "mount of encrlD'
i. ( l>/1 the different).
26. Whe!l the IImOU!lL uf I. the A"nw, the liquid
doe!! not ______ _
,
prcuure
deMity, or hel\vineso
A
A
A
,
the same
flow, Or 01(''11
27, (;omp"re the-a two tnnb of 118""lina.
The prallure in lnnk H i s ( 0 1_ thanlO the !lame as/
a thRn) the 1'I"CINIure in tank A.
28. is because the ___ ____ and density of the
lIqllld tn tooth is t he same.
2ll. The&(! two co"l;oi",,", hooked up. And the valve
opened; draw a line to show the in B.
,

,
the U mll U
height, or l evel, or head
r
PRESSURE.TYPE LEVEL INDICATORS
The Gage Gloss
30. The Il"ge gla .. Is t il e kind ot kvel instr llme"t.
The tnnk Iiq"ld r l>1C3 in the ifill' II"la .. u"tiI both Icvel3
an! Ihc ______ _
31. II'h.ll tho Icve'" are tho ""me, lI,e amount of energy
i. the "arne.
Then the li' lUid otol"\
32. ""'en though the levels arc the Umt. the tank ftnd t.he
""1!Cl II"la .. """tnln ( 0 the ""me "olume "O dllrerent
'01"mc.1) of liquid.
34. Any u'nk can ha h"Ht with" gRge II"la ..
n"t " tnll (""k might ... " _
"I,,!!/!.
____ 11""110
35. Sillee the gaIN are ot 1/1 .... , they are
unl_ thq are protected with clLMfl mI<l thick.
heaLoy.duty gl"u.
Using 0 Monometer to Le.el
37. A big problem wlUl " PICe gl ...... i. that rar many ar>-
plkatia .... it mU81 be made too (9 Ionll"lO to
be p,.,..,\ieal.
moving, or flowi"g
,Hlrer.nt vl,lumCll
8lIUIlIer
tnll. or 10"11"
fragile, Or breakable
long
3S. The liquid In tho gage gla .. I.e (0 the ""me &8/0 dil_
ferent frOnl) the liquid In the tank.
39. To indicate liquid level. the ranp of in Ole
gagc glaM mUllt be identical to the range 01 Ievel3 In
'''' ----
40. Compare the.e two "galle IIlaullA."
TANK LIQUID MERCURY
A smaller amount of,,===,--__ iJ needed t.<.> exert
l )nlMU,"" tqual to tank proMU",.
41. Uftlng mercury instead of a tank liquid meanll thd
a level indicator can be IUlIde much than
" Kago gIno .
42. Tni. tank us .. a manometer of R gage glaM
to Indicate level.
Since the mercury i. much denaor t han the tank liquid.
a 8mall dill) i" mercury can be u...,d to indkate a
(0 la'lfolD rise in liquid level in tho lank.
,
the .arne ...
mercury
smaller. or .horter
4;!. Thi. munometer iM me,,"uri"l1 level. Liquid is added
III tho tnnk.
'"
LEVEL
".
LEVEL
The pre". uro of this n,if]ition,,] forces the Ic,d
uf morcury In the outer lei of the manometer IU
44. The mAnometer is 10 that the 1,.-essUn!
cMniC8 Ca n be read as _ _____ _
The unl)' I'lIrt of thi. nI'''lOmc\<!r which """ds to 00
made or 1(1""" i. the part where mercury level h""
'''"---- -
46. BCt:HU"" the reAding is lnkun neAr level . it i8 ea.y
to l ei an read;",.
47. Whkh ot these tanks hII8 t be highest ... l?

( 9 AID B)
,
or Incrcaae
",,\
!!fen, or r ead
ncc urate
A
48. Actuully. the Ilrc ..... ure difrcrCll"c.
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
ma nometer mea.ure. thc hetwc't)n pre.._
un Ihe bolt<}nl "t the t311k ",,(1 _ _ _ _ ___ _

49. Thi8 manomci.cr ablo indiUle!! liquid le'el b)" mcn8ur
111!; ,!""ure "Ilfurente.
18 it mea3urilllll" the differe""" III preasure betwlI<!n the
lank the IItmOilphere! (0 no)
The preMuro bd,,!; mouure<1 is the dlITer-
C"tu ixtween pre .. " .., n," tho tllnk
lind the p ...... ure ftt the _ of the tank.
toling Fluid
51. Mnnometor lII"agn IlIA)" oot"d Rilling Huid.
Senlinl" Huld IMlal.... tho TI""''''' Huid from tho
_ ___ _ _ _ In tho manometer.
atmosphcrle
.,
'"
",,"m
menur)". or liquid
&2. A lluiJ to iwJate the gage l\uld from
U, .. t"nk If the [link
[>3. The lege ell t his mnnuml'iu contain """I;nl( nui<1.
SEA. LING FLUI D
".ERCURY
Th8 n"i,1 ( n doo:.. not uert) PI"<!II'
5ure on t he me,"" ury.
54. Here is n m''' lOmCl.cr tI,,,1 is me,,"uri!1" ... '\Ur" dlf.
fe rC'K"<l l>t)twoon the top m,rl holto,," Qr " lank.
On Ihio t,,,,k t he """'omctcr leg to the tell of Ihe tank
is ( 0 kmgc r/O .horler) thnn the ono tu Ihe bu\lom
of the I"nk.
IJ.5. There(o,"", Ihe _111111 ",,1<1 ,"",erls mo"' _ ____ _
on onc leg than on the othu.
"
corrooive
56. Here are two tanks: one is f ull Olle Is almost empty.
The level or the scali ng nuiu in the longer lcg ,,,,u the
level of t he tnnk liquid are the when the tank i"
(0 empty/O full) .
G7. Whe" this t""k i. empty. moot of t he pres,ure exerted
ill the m''''O'''ctcr is ito tho (0 10"gor/0 .hurter) teg.
58. Let$ uy th"l the in the t,,,,k n",1 the ""nling
Huid both have about the de".ity.
.
... **","',
"
The prCiliIu rc exerted by tho scaling fluid on the mer-
cury is (0 more t han/O less than/o the as)
the exertc,l in Ihe tank whar, it is fu ll.
59. When the tank is full . mercury manomder
ures (0 a large pre""ure di fl"erellee/O uo pressure
diITcrc"coj ootwecn the tallk li'lUid und the
fluid.
,
full
IOllger
the Same as
no pre,,"pre difrcrCllce
60. He.:nUiI<l uf tbe """I leg. tlw prcuure diITereoce is grcat.
(>!II whorl the lank is (0" emply/D full).
6 1. The '1)" reading (no difference) oecl'MI when the tank
i s (IZ fuJi 0 empty).
Wilh IleRlillg fluid in the IonKer Ietr. the mercury level
in the leJ next to t he lank a" the
Without ..,,,Iing n"id. the mercury level in Ihe leK
lH!xt to the tank beeomes ______ _ M t he tllnk
le"cl drops.
&I. If wnneeliQ"" lire not "",1I \fKhtcnecl. the lleal,ng fluid
may Qut.
5. If the arC closed in the upper Or lower \.uP' ,
Ihe merclI"y le,'ol (0 d""' lI"o_/ E] wi ll not chllngc) even
if li'IUid level d""" change.
66. The taps may t-ome plugged.
UPPER TAP,
LOWER TAP
I
I
PURGE OR FLUSH
MET ERS
In this tI,. are continually ______ _
to prevent phigging.
07. Tire I'urglng keelll the talll from oo"oming
"
empty
full
increa!!el
hiKher
will not challICe
blocked, Or plufl'itCd
Diaphragm l eyel De tector
G8. I n this level indicA].:>r, 'I ,liuphragm 11000 to i ndical.c
level.
POIMTER
MECHAHI CAL LI HKAGE
OIAPHRAGM
A. the liquid level incr ....... preaJlur" at the bottom
of t he tank ( 0
G9. J""",,un is Hcrted In 11.11 directions, It liP
O)n the <liaphrn"'.
A. p ....... ure I .............. , lhe diaphrarm 001_ up
([] more/O Ieso!).
70. 'I'he of the ,-_,., ____ connect .. 10 /l me-
chanical "tId IlOinlo .
71. All the unter up .. nd down, the
.1&0 """ . .,. up and down.
72. The greater amaunt of upward bnlll"c, the
_______ Ihe level in t he tank.
"
increa.""
diaphragm
pointer
higher
Bubbler
73. Look at this preasure-type level gage,
RESTRICTION
, ' ,
I
,
/'-
-
_AIR OR GAS
"-
,

0
m
Liqui,l ..",,,1 i. determir>ed by bubbling ______ _
thMurh th" liquid.
74. The amount of l, reM" ..., n"luiroo to t he :-;;::-;:::::;
out of t he bottom of the ,lin tube depends on t he level
of the liql,i,1.
7r.. The hillher the ti4uid kl .. el. the -:::;:,-_tho
pre,.mre nOO<k.'tl to fore" nir out of the tube.
76. This "nge IncreaBed le .. el by recording ___ _
Pl"CMure.
77. If the liq"ill ill deMe. it lakes (0 !eM) pres
5Ure to keep the dip tube opcn than if the liquid Is
le-q denIM!,
78. If Iho of the liquid iT'eren.-.eo, the preMl\l1'1!
readinr ______ _
79. If tilu II""" I" ""Uhrntcd fOT n low .. H(IUld ",,,I
the 1I'l"hlllO"lt",l1y hR" a hillh den. ily, the level indlrMC<"l
""
i. than t he nctualle,'cl.
When tank U'luid is calibnttion correctionl
"
must be made for ch81ljfi!11 iu the ___ _
the lI/1utd.
"
"ir, or gas
.. Ir, or liquId
increased
m(>Te
inereaSeII
hil!'her
density
81. Oxn:en rend. with
Air <[ I ",,,] / 0 ca nnot) lJe used as the bubbling ga"
if i t ro" o"" wit h ("nk liquid.
82. Nitrogen or some other inert gas i. when t he
lallx h'Juiu would react with ____ _ _ _
fLOAT_TYPE LEVEL INDICATORS
Why Do Objects Float?
83. Liquid exerts pressure in all directions.
Thi s liquid is exerting 1',"8sure
dO,.'nwHm and to the
_ _ __ "" well as
8-1 , Wh.n a n object i. submerged in w"tcr, t he ,water
exerts pressure 0]] all side. of the ohject.
As de.pth of the l i quid increases. preMur. ( 0 in_
crease' /D deerea...,.) .
Therefure. the pre85ure 011 the hotlum of the
ohjcct i, ( 0 more) than the pressure exe rted
on the top of the obj ect.
86. Thoru is more ([I uJ!wnrdlD downward) foree on ",,10_
merged object...
87. Decau"e of this "buoying force," ' ohject.. act all if t hey
nre (0 hetlvier /D lighter) when nre 8uhmerb'\1J
in a liquid.
cannot
air, or
upward
increas""
more
upward
lighter
liB. lr Ih .. l!I!oY;II I:' ;. "reMer l il un Uw weight of t he
t ho object _____ _
89. instruments aN! common rerllocr y Ic"cl in-
tliealo .....
oLjcct is !eM dense lhan the process liquid.
_ un the ."rfnce of the 1i(lu;d.
90. When the obi.et i5 mo re ti c""" U",n the proc",," liquid.
;t into the 11'l ultl.
91. ,\ 110,,1 ;8 mnrlc of mateti,,1 which i$ (0 m,m'l(] 1eu)
dcnlle tho liquid il i. used wilh.
rc th""" co"u.i nera.
e_
--.. -
W"TER MERCU RY
The Al.tlt!ll",U is _ ______ Ihllll wutcr and i t sinh
I"to t he ,,""Ier.
lI o\\c,cr. lhe Mice] !>;oil i8 (0 more/(] """') dcnse thnn
liquid mc",,,r)" ",KI (0 nOll'" onlO sinks in) th"
mc,"" .. ry.
94 . W"tcr i. mure den.., ""..,Ii" ...
,\ 11 ubjeci wh id, i. Ih:llle r lh" " waler mny he h .. ,winr
I h:, n
95. A n",,1 u.oc.i ror ,,"aler may __ _
in gallOline.
91;. ,\ n ... ! gag\! for one type of liquid may not be appro--
pr lnl" ir the of tank liquId ___ _
97. A fl o"t 0" the of t hu li(IUid .
The Ute li qu;(1 ],wel.
lion of the n""t in the tank.
"
the pooi.
s inks
heavier
gasoline
Rink
chang ...
higher
Topl!-Typl! Fl oat Gage
98. Thi . "oat IndiclIl"" ib Jl(IOlitinn nn II 1IC"lc oubide of
the \;lnk.
POI MTER

PULLEY
TAPE
TAHk
This Moat i. <:<>nne<:ted by II tape t o a _
99. A ""inter 1lI11W. connect.etJ to tllo _____ _
]00. the Hoot chanK"" ]IOI!itl"". the I.ulley mo'"" the
pOinter al""g 11 _ ___ _ _ _
\0 1. If pulley r"lId;"Ir" wi ll I.>e _____ _
102. 'fI,i. Inl'" i Iack.
E,c" though the hll. indic;owr rc"d.
aa tho"l!"h the Moat were ______ _ in t he lank.
"
pulley
pulley
ill
lower
103. '1'" pravent inaccurate ",adina-! , a weight is connected
to 0". end of the t./lj'le.
'"
",", ___ w EIGH T
The weight k ... p" the t.aP<l _____ _
The weillht mud be stronll tllOUh t.G ovcroomc any
fr ict ion bet ...... n the _______ bearinp tape
guidea.
GUIDE
W1R ES
It the lIont drift. and the tape 18 not. straight up and
down, tho le,cl indicnted by the gage io (0 higher!
[2( lower) thnn aclual liquld level.
107. Thla II pNlnnted hy the _______ __ _
"
tight, or taut or
puller
lower
JItIlde wlrea
Ilruken l1u ide Ilt,mlt the il08t to _____ _
t his
109. If thfl guide wire! hreak. the tank must be ,-___ _
IU the [n. trumcnt, unl""" dc.lgn arra.!Iltf'-
nre mude.
110. Somo Jloats are hollow.
o
o
Er the n0.11 k. ... ks. It fills with liquid and bccom""
m.d it may oi nk in the liquid.
111, 'rhon the IIM:O will indkRtI! level which il (0 higher!
o t ORn the level.
112. The cholct of noat materiaL is vety importanL
If the Itoat too hea\-y.II _ _ _ _ _ _
A float light enou!,:" to float on one liquid "'.Y 00 too
_______ t<> fiont un 1i<I"i<l,
111. Corroalon may ""UK a fLoat 10 ______ ancl sink.
115. Adda rnn destroy .ome metaLs.
An aluminum ftOAt (0 10/0 not) a lI"ood meil.3ur ing
/10M for ;In acid.
116. Dlrrere>tt liquids r(!(luire ditrerent ______ _
drift
emptied. or drained
heavier
lower
sinks
heavy
leak
iB not
Float and Lever Gage
11 7. [.001< at t hi' level Indicator.
SHAFT
LEVER
STUFFING BOX
f LOAT
POINTER
The /lOIIt ;8 connected to a ______ _
118. U4uid "',"el the lever twIsts a _ _ ___ _
which ;$ cannectft<1 h' a pointer.
119. t he t han twl.ted. the poin\.er ______ _
The Torque Tube
120. An object HaatK In a liquid becau.se t he liquid exert.. a
:::::::; ___ on the object and tlw obj ect
"I)ward.
121. It the object wei,hs \e!;s than thi' upw .. d forte. the
oI,jed 11",,\.10.
If it weil/ h. more thn" the force. thu object ____ _
122. This fOTl:e m.k(>l on object .... m [0 h.,.vier/O lighter!
.... hen ,t is 5Ut.n>erg<>d in a liquId 110"" when it', out of !oM
li(,uid.
123. Til e ,Ie""", tho I;<[o id. the (0 Jlrentcr/O .muller) the
buoying for"c It exert. on an object..
lValer ticrl. (0 m"relD leu) fo,""e on ubJcde than
I/R>KIlino doell.
lever

mo"co!' or turns
foree
sinko
lighter
llut water cxcrl.'l _ _ _____ forcc than mercury
d_.
126. This melal bar is held by a Bprlng. In ai r the hIIr
welghlo One pound.
Sub",er"",1 ;n waler, Ihe bar well"":
o A. Onc pound.
o 11. leM th .. " ,mu pound.
o c. more than one pound.
121. The larllet the pori ion of Ihe boor Ihat is Bubmcnred
in waler, the _______ it weill"".
12&. A .prinK lhe oor.
TI,e further the bar;s the CO rnore/O leu)
len"ion on the "prinll.
129. of st retching a spring, the weight can Iwi.,1
" lube.
i -1- -
W
Et G"T
The hen vier the weight on the melal t ube, the
,,::::::.,-____ Ihc um" .. nt of this twiolinll force
(tOl"fjuc).
II
r
eate.
1:)0. Lhe weil/ht in water (0 dccn:u.. .. )
tho "mo""t of t ...... tue.
131. The .... f torque ""n be meMured and used to
l"dleale level.
TWISTING END OF ' ,OROUE TUBE
'I'he lIiJ1plft<:er (weight) is lIttached to the lever anll
excrtll It twisting fON:e calk'd ______ _
132. Th'" dl. l.lace. (0 "0011110 due. not """l).
133. The torque tube ha" f"",c in it., "" that it
catl the fu ll of Lhe _ ____ _
131. The di. plncer is kept from slnkltlll" by the twisting
fOr<:e of the _ _____ _____ _
decreases
"""" not !Ioat
displacer
torque tube
1M, AA the 1i(IUhl ,I""". the displacer liquid.
I
t
The liqulrl forco on the di.placer, lind d' $_
placer becomeA (0 hcavicr/O lighter).
136. Tho IONjue tubo) I"(IIAU!a bccllWIe theN la 191 to,"""
/lcting llgai",,! it.
TWini NG END OF
TU8E
Tho twisting Dt the tube ""'kell the pointer indinte 1\
______ in liquid lomol.
lighter
change
137. The deeper the in the liquid, the ____ _
I"" upwllrd fort<! on IL
IS8. Ooc"(! Ihe di&pln""r lolally it cannot <Ii ....
place uny more liquid.
II (0 ""n/ O cannot) !.>ceome lighter.
13n. Orlce t he Iw totnlly "ubmcrged, the Indicwtor
on the 10"llle tube (0 mnJO cllnMt ) &Ilow II rise
In I,wel.
140. Tho to''Ille tulle mUl t have enough ror.:e Lu the
if it cannOl, the tOl"<lue tullll ia "dcnd."
A dend torque tul.>e dooo not have thQ -:::;-;;::::;7
\0 Wilance the dlsplacer when the..., i& no li\luid in its
chllmllllr.
HI. A .Iend wl"<lue lube givetl level readingo Ihnl are too
(0 hl.eh/O low).
Chonges In Liquid Density Con AHed Le.el
142. 1>1 .... 1 liquidl! when heated and contract when
cooleoJ.
ilellting a liquid the molceuleo oul and makeo
tl\(! liquid (0 moroe/o den"".
113. The deollity of" ,ubALance is the amount of' ftubeLance
c"""centrnted in .. lI"i,en volume.
lower the ""ncenlmt;on. the (0 I"wer/o higher)
tho ,Ic"gily.
cannot
cannot
otr<n81h, or force, or
8pring action, or torque
lower
144. Hoallllil B liquid it (0 more/O-leu ) dense.
145. Hot water Ia (0 morelD lesl!) dense thlln lId waur.
146. A !{anon of lid w:ater weighll (0 more/O lea) Ihall
a glliion of hM wllt<!r.
141. I...,t ..... y liquid m"el in II umk does 11M s' IrJ1IR-
but the temperature does change.
,\8 the temperature increMell. 1\ float tonds to ___ _
148. IIc"ting R liquid makeo It. level indienlor read ___ _
thnn the IIctunJ level.
149. Floats can be made 110 that denllity chana-fa do not
affect them .... .,. much. But a di81."'""r mIlS! be
selected acccrding to the demity of the liquid at oPCnlt..
inl ""ndiUolla.
HOTTER LIQUID COLDER LIQUID
fI hotter Uquld (0 wlll/O will not) support Ule dl .
pincer n8 wen lIS Ildor liquicb.
100. eh.nK"! In l emperft!u", e ...... ft di. pla""r to VivCl
_______ ..".dinp.
SOME OTHER METHODS OF LEVEL MEASUREMENT
151. Some liquids lire utrcmely dangero". to handle lind
Ihe p .... vlo". melhod$ of level 1IICIl8uromont canllol be
,..,.
For the. liquill tbe detector (0 ""1110 ""lIl1ot )
touch the liquid.
,ink
lower
will not
in"""" .... te. or f.lee
162. 'l'his levd indicator oses light to mm",ore level. Noth-
ing tho liquid.
DETECTOR
LIGHT SOURCE
l\ "",am of light ([] canlO cannot) pass through a
"Ie", li'lui,1.
153. As the liqui,l iI"..pcr. (0 more/O 'e .. Ii,::h!
passes through to the detector at the top.
An incrc,,"c,1 amoo"t of light at tho ,]ctector
( 0 an incre"se/O a in level.
155. It en,ier to Wle this method with ( 0 gasoline/
o Mnhnlt).
156. Other methods are needed for dirty or dark. non_
tra'"p"rcnt liquid .
For ffiWJUY wllter, (0" lil!"ht "ource/O ""me other

157. Coul d . through muildy
<0 ye.' / D no)
158. Gum",,, (rodilltio11) act like X_ruY$.
Gnmrnll Can he "sed to dCLe<lt the _ -,-____ _
of liquids which light cannot pas" through.
I!"Moli"e
eomo other method
".
lovel
159. Here is II gnmmt\ruy level i" .. trllmcnL
c:::I .. ------DETECTDR
!-- L IQUI D
RADI ATION SOURCE
The radiation from the 1\OlIrcc pnMe .. t hro""h hoth
_ _____ '"' _ _ _ _ __ 10 ...,ach the detl!!C\or.
100. The .."ys paNI lhrDl'lI"h moll! 11". _ (0 mo"'1D \eM)
eMily Ihan IhrouRh
IGI. Tho vapor offe rs (0 grtat/O ' ery little)
to tho my ...
162. The higher the level of liq,,;d In Ihe tank, tho (O mnrel
lower) garnrn" rays reaoh tI,e detector.
IG3. Mar<!! ndiaUon rcachell the ,\ele<:tor when the tJollk I.
mQlltly (0 vRpor/ O liquid).
164. Cumma and X-raya ara dangCrous If
hnll ,lled <orroctly.
To l>.otCO;l ll'lr.., nllol, tho "",ree mual 00 _____ _
10 keep II.e radintion properly enela!ed.
165. The opernlor s hould carefully .Iudy ""(ety rell"ulntlons
workjllg with mnlcr i,,1 ...
liquid, vapor
more
very little
fewer
vapor
OIhlelded, Or covored
radioactlvo
REVIEW AND SUMMARY
166. WhAt ill tlliB illStrumentT
167. The level I" the l'(age glau must eqUAl the level in t he
lank be<:AUse the on the bottom of the
llau must tht at the hutl<>m uf the ttlnk.
II'Age gil."". or lovelll'ftge
pr"""ure
168. Name the following meLhode ~ 1.c olewct le'tt.
, ,
,
--
,
" ')\
-7
l-


Joa
\
,
A. r adiation, or light
C;
~
B. lloat (ball neat)
C. wrtjuc t ube, Or
di splnC<lment
D. ma"ometcr
E. bubbler, or pUl"lle
, ,
F. diaphnJrUl
"

ltlD, Which of followi"" ""II"" level by
uring chang"" in
,Haph.""rn pgll
bubbler
(oNlua tuloc
ball noat a,,,1 lo"or
mercury m""ometer
rn,II/ltion tyt>"
( 0 """,'0 no)
(0 )'''''10 no)
( (1 )"L", IO no)
(0 M)
10 ye" 'O ri o)
( 0 yeA 0 no)
170. Wloirh of the roilowing to<.ch the
1"'0('''''' liq" id?
1oi"""W glus,

dillllhranm Il"ap
h/lll l100t and Ie"er
uu..,.I( ... 1 "", non,etcr
m"no",elcr
ruuint ion 1)' I M!
(0 yes/D no)
(n y""/D 1\0)
In )'''''10 00 )
no)
(0 )"1>$/0 no)
(0 )"""10 '10)
(0 ye. iD IIC))
171. Identi fy the le"el gagel Ilsl .... below which
Ie,-el by dignPRU onl).
b"bbler
to"I'''' t ulle
m" "OmClp. r
dlnphrngm I(njle
IN,I! l100t and Ie,'er
... "llntloli In'"
(n )"113/0 no)
(0 yo". 0 no)
(n 0 no)
(n )'1lS n no)
(0 y"'",,[1 no)
fo YeI'n no)
172, Wldtn of the following gage" 1, ;re a float or
buhbler
tONI"1I l ut...
nIllnomctcr
ball and tape
r",liMi,,,, t)"l'"
di,,"1H"alllll loi""Ioi""
([1 yeoiO no)
(0 Y"" '0 no)
( 0 YeAl[] no)
(0 'D 110 )
(0 )'''''/0 n<l)
(n no)
173. A di.placer_IYJle gag<! dilfe ... from II float IIK.,IM the
ia (0 Ilahltr) than the liquid
""1"11 ."d tlK: n,.,t ill (0 1"",,i"'10 11,hlll.),
174. Muny instrumcnl.!l melLSU,"" lev" lvy dcterrnininll; AtAtie
head.
In !JIher wo,",13. th"y mea!lure Iht dif_
ootween 11K: lop and the bottom of Iht tnnk.
175, Bubbler" u."",lly u"" 31r a. the gas. ,,"ks:! oxygen
with the t,,,,k liquid.
t16. which u,,".-;=-::==C
ehielding and prolf!cti<ln ror j)Cnlonn.L
nett]
".

"'
"'

"'
yes


Y""

"'
"'
"'
""
".

"'
"'
heavier
lighter
pres!luro
INSTRUMENTATION
FOR OPERATORS
Unit 1
Measuring Instruments
Section 4
Flow Instruments
SECTION FOUR
FLOW INSTRUMENTS
What Is Flow Rate?
l. Liqui,1 flowi,,!!" through thl. pipe.
1'0 fin,l the ralc of flow. you nee<! to know ____ _
______ Hquid fl ows in a given amount of time.
2. <0 Gallons per minute) is a measure of
now rMe.
3. }'Jow rate mar I.>e measured as the numoor of cubic
f""l of l1u;'.! p,,""ing through n meter in "" hour.
Cul>ic foct refer. to ( 0 tim"/O ",,,ount ).
4. If 1000 eulJic ft'et of guo through \I i:n" meter
in ,," hour. the flow rate is _______ cul>ic feet
per hour.
5. The long<lr it takes for a fluid to flow, th .. :
;l . lower the flow rate.
1.0. hi gher the flow rate.
6. The a nuid through a pipe. the ____ _
the flow rnte.
7. 1000 feet of gna flowing through nUnc in
hour i. " (0 hil/her/ O lower) flow rnte thnn 1000
c ubic feet of "ns fl owing in two ho",".
8. Flow rate i. increased by:
_ ______ the amount of fluid llowing; or
_ ______ the time it takes to Ilow.
33
>ow
much
Gallons per minute
amount
'000
,
higher, or Kl"ater
hillher
increasing
decreasing
9. lloth of 8c<:tloJiI of pl{lf! have the IIIIme
diameter.
1
I

1

,
Elich Het ion oC
holding
CO
Ihe II
dilTcnnt) amount of liquid.
10. To increllJle Ihe Row rille Ihrough IIIICt ion A. you must
;-:-;;:::-;;:=:::0 the amount of Ume It takes for liquid
\0 now through A.
I!. LI'III I,I I. moving through two pille "I
tho
\.
I
;

I
)
I


!
1
! ! '

l'ij.IC (0 AID H) h"" a larger ,UIIlnl)ter.
12. 1I0w rate ill h!Rher In pipe (0 A/[] H).
LI'lUld Ik)wing throul/h thl. ]liIO<).
RESTRICTION
/- :
I
.: - ,/
Tu renth the oullel, the liquid mud plIlIa through a
______ in the l'i{lf!.
14. l'or the Ilow rnle 10 remnin th" .lIme duwn"t.."am from
tho re!!tricli"n, the , -dodt,y of tho liquid (0 in
cte":!e/n as it pn!lllCll t hrough the !"('Striction.
t he .... me
A
A
L5. The jlKrLimily eLQ.'Ied In Lhls pipe no\.'! 113 lire-
ot rictlo".

,

,
VeLoclLy I. hlKhc31 ,,\ ( 0 AID 11/0 C).
16. Pre.<IOure;s t<> mllke lIuld flow f".tcr.
When the .... Ioc:lty of " liquid Or g1I.I incn:uea, prCJI..
,.,, ------------
17. Look lit !.hi. pipe secli.on.
)

, . ,
Veloc:lly 1.0 highest at (0 AID BID C).
18. l'rc""ul"<) at lhe rNLricUon.
How Flow Rote ond P,essu,e A,e keloled
\
zo. PrCIIIU", 1.0 or the amoullt or energl' stored
I" II suhlltunC!e.
- ...
h,crcMing the p,""..,u.e of " li'IUid otor"" (0 morel
o !eM) energy in t he liquid.
R
B
B
mOm
21. A high_prf ... (0 i3/o is not) doing work while
it is atore-d.
22. IIigh_velodty 11"1'" ia jelting out of thill noulc.
NO ZZL E
The Jet ______ thc blade in [til path.
23. The blade moves.
The high., eloc:lty /lfI!I jet has done _ _ _ ___ _
24. high-l'rcIlIUre gM$ in this tank is released whclL
the ill " jlClLcd.
All it jelll out of t he pipe. the g .... movinll" at (0 high!
o Jow)
25. Pre .. energy i3 'used" to _ ______ the lI"aI
uut of the t .. "k.
26. 1he g,.11 III now lit ( 0 hlgh!O low)
prnllure.
27. For lIuids to flow, ______ enerll"Y is changed
1.0 velocity
"
is not
hits
.. ork
high
push, or move
'ow
pre8llure
28. ditrcrel1cu la """ded to move R nuid.
I

I

,
For liquid to now. ",""""ure must be Iu .. ",ter at
(0 AID H).
29. The r""ler a Ouid be made to IIow. Ihe (0 greater/
o ........ r) lhe pr_ure difJe...,nce 1\CC<Ied.
:10. I r j,,<l>lll ure "wlCd up to lnercaee the veloclty
"' .
fl\lld. the _______ of the fluid
31. I ... .... y that the flu ... uf .. Muid ill blocked.
I'relloilure at the IlOh,t where the fluw is blocked :
o a. Increases.
o b. 00.,,,,,,,,,,,,.
o c. remain" thu !lame.
32.. Anylhin/l: that 81ow3 down the How of a liquid or a
laB the p,""""uroe of t.ho liquid Or the , ......
;33. WIIat I,,,[>pe,,. afl<:r 1I'I\I;d " .... CB tllrQUllh .. r'!.'ltrletl..,,,?

,

The li'I,,;d (D . peeds up/O alo"." duwn) after
the re8triction (at B).
A
,
"10",.,, down
34. After t he r .. triction, the l"'e,"Ur{l (0 il1 -
dcccc".c./ O the . arne) .
Let's Re.i ew
"
A rC'IItrict;on lllaced in thi. pipe.
I

g

?
To
",
through CO, liqui,]
vd""i\y
36. ______ _
.18.
If a pressure gage is mounted on each of \Jle
ceJ<tciction, the gage. should record (0 the
ferent) prc""uccs.
Liquid i. fl owing through t hi. pipe ""ction.
I :
1 I : I )
,
K
;
u:D
,

, ,
0
I'r ..... m-..
'"
nt
<0 AlO B/O C/O 0).
39. highcr t he "clocity thro\l gh t he costriction, the
"C77----thc prcssucc differcncc acroSs the re-
all- I c tio II.
40. Flow rate "an lie mea;ured indireetJy by mea"uri ng the
nmu\l nt of acrOll. an orifico.
4\. When flow rate down, 11l"""urC _____ _
42. Where i. pl"c""ure probably the
I


,
,
(0 AlO RID C)

mcreases
deereases
,lifTerenl
"
greater

A
No .. ,",n ,h. pogo.
l u," ' he book r, and go On.
MEASURING FLOW RATE DIRECTLY WITH POSITIVE.
DISPLACEMENT FLOW METERS
Flow rate can he me,,"ured directly by measuri ng the
"olume nf li'IUi,1 through" meter In II given
nmuunt of ______ _
11. Dired-measurement 1I0w motoJ'll'
o n, men"ure prell.ure difference,
o b. ,Ion'[ 10"<><1 to me"."rO pres.ure difTerence,
45. A ji<>"itive-di"plncemcnt meter allow. only a apeeinc
mca"uroo volume of fluid to pass through the meter
at ench reVOlution,
The I'""i(i\'c.di'lll,,ccrncut meIer mcuaurc, lIow (0 di
rectly/a indirectly),
16. metero Rre normally nfk'Cwd by
amount only.
Withi n certain li mits, changes in tempe."t ure, pres-
sure, Or liquid de, ... i!), alfe<t rr.ndings only if
___ of lIowi
n
g chanllea,
The Impeller Meter
17, Th ... drawing .how" a typical positi\'c.dispittcemcnt
meter,
IMPELLERS
Two impellers on . hatt. and allow _____ _
to pass between them and the casc.
48, Only" set amount of liquid i" trapped, Therefore for
each rntation of Inc imvcl lers only a set amount is dig.
chargcd from tho meter,
End, rnt-.1tion of tho im])CIICr!I rnensures (0 the
o a different) amount of liquid,
timn
b
,1 irectl}'
volume
liquid, or lI"id
the "arne
49. The impeller .hMb ore turned by the flowing liquid.
"OmO of the liquid'g )Jre!!!< urc is up to
_______ it through the meter.
50. The faster the liquid ftow . tho _______ ",
shaft" are turned.
51.. A counter is attached to the shaft.
The <:aunter the num\w.r o{ ______ _
of thfl . hnft.
52. BaCh r"l.otion of the shoft imli<lItcs thnt " "ct
of liqui,l haa p"""ed through tho meter.
53. rl'm of the "h"ft mCa ll S that the flow rate
},,'" ------
54. A JlO"itive_(] is!,llIcentent meter like the impeller metcr
Om' hP. if the li' IUI(1 conlniros sond Or othcr
nbr,,"ive mnterial.
Gritty materia l nr.to. .antlpal'er ;",,1 WC;!TS ;'WHY
tho ____ _
55. If the impeller size changes, the volume of Ii,!ui,]
l'''*''col through nt rol"tio" _ ____ _ _
56. To u. c a !,o. itivc-,Iis!,l ncc mcnt tu mcu$urc now,
the liquid must be ___ ___ _
57. The mekr takes ill disch:Lrgcs cach unit of flu id
separately.
The flow through a JlO"itive-dispbccmcnt meter is
( 0 smooth / O pul!lefl).
5S. If amooth, even flow nlust he you
( 0 would/O would not) u"e a positive.di.placement
meter without" surge drum to smooth out pul",,".
mOve
faster
rotatiolL', or turns
volume, Or mount
i ncreased
impellers
clean
pul$ed
would not
The Turbine Meter
59. iB lurbine
- -
1.>0 robtinl( nnd wunl .. r work Mm"
" .ay as Ihe Impeller. type p<lII.ilive displacement meter!
ID y""/O no)
no. TI'olturhlno lbe:lr turn-like the _______ o" the
JI .... mcter.
61. The t .. rhlne ;8 turned by the flowinlt" _
62. The r,,"lcr t he liqni,1 How . __ _
___
III,bll, e rol,Il.<)".
63. A counter III drl.cn by the turbine ___ __ _
64. Whe.. I hart rpm increases, the counter i"dieJltell
""w.
G5. $<>mcti""", II I mllll clcdric IIUI) be . 11" oil"
Ihe
The r"aler Ihe In'"8. the (n 1a. lt"e. /O Amalic. )
Ihe amou.,t 01 cle<'tricily t"oouccd by the lI"enerat(> .
66. All the (}f ulectric;ty increMes. it indicates
thnt _ hnl incren_1.
67. AllhoUllh \!IIch roilltion of the lorhlne . 1I0wlI ollly. ""I
amount (}f liquid through the turbine. the tluid flOWA
(D .moothly/O In "Jlu.b).
;mpellcNl
liquid
b,ler
.haft
iarll1'r
now mte
smoothly
68. Jr flow mUAt \;e u ... :
o R. un Impellertype meier.
o b. n turbl ....... lype meier.
69. nOlh tho lurlline meter ""d Ihe
meter Un loto ___ by vIU)lluitl.
70. Impeller "ntl lurbhlc meters are subjeet to "
I()t of wenr.
The hilCher Ihe n()W .nle, the . rnter the nmount ()f
on the meter JlIIrts.
The Vort u
7\. L()()k ul ,orlex metor.
-
DOCl! it operate on I he gt rl..,ru] pr inciples as I he
1'",,11100 .. meter ntld tl,e Lurbi"e meter?
( 0 yCll fO .10)
7"2. l ... tead of n turbine. the part iJJ ca11ed n
73. Tho rotor in the liquid.
Thl, ______ _ tho anwunl ot wenr on parL .
74. All theM) mcl\ll"!l which ",.MUN! now rnte directly have
d ilIAd vn tllIIgel.
TIIC!)' .hould ho used only ,, jlh _ ______ 11ui"".
I'rklion or .1I1)1>"lIe bet"'"""" the 1111011.1 lInd the partol
<on <nun rcnding1l.
76. If tho Huid becomes thicker, ",n. of the meter ""'f
_______ " eYen if Ihe now rate r.muins the ""me.
b
dama!{oo
wear
,..
j""ccurntc, or follle
decrease
77. in lirlUi,1 ________ Ih"
'111.'<:'1.
78. Unl""" 1I1""'lnlly cO"'I",,,snU.'tl for, IiquitlA generlllly be-
COme lC3ll (thick) whcn tcmperature inc"",_.
Tcmroerlliure (h",,,"1'11 (0 wili/O win not) n,,,!IC in_
ac<:(frale readinp "n Iheo\C mcicn!. un!eM thty Mre
()(Impc''''"led for.
MEASURING FLOW RATE INDIRECTLY
7n. 11"10 mctcr" mo,",ure nnw by
"dUll thc ,olum. nf Hul,1 I",,,,,inll through the
in II IIhen "mount of __ _
so. Oifferentin].p .... lI"w mden! m"""ure nuw by
"""",pring II diffe,...""" .
./
,

ItMer (0 A/O n) i." ,lilTc...,,,ti,,l_pr=uro now meter.
82. A ,lilTere"II"I_l>r=ure now meter ,,,,,,,1" two
pllrt8 :
the nrin"e pillte 10 .",uoe 8 _____ _
an.t.
the diaphragm in.Ii,ntor In
dil'l"crcnee.
_____ th;" 1',"",,-
ehllngo
will
time
pres!lure .tilTorc"""
mc","ure, or in,ticaio
The Orif ice Plate
83. Look lit Ih;$ drawing.
ORIFI CE PLATE
An orillce plst.e is s _______ in the pipe.
&4. The velocity or the liqllid lhrou/Ch the orifice I.
(0 hll/her/O lower) than the velocity lI'1"t!u!(h the
or the pipe.
85. When ,elocity the
8(;. Thua.. Iltjuid ia <0 lj"reaterJO lewer) imme-
diately dO""Itl!tream from the orlnce.
87. The o.inee plate '"lUte_ I"c"",,re
Can the plat<: by i(.,jell .. the
diITer""eo! (0 y!m/O nol
88. To manure the I'''-U", diffcrencn ae""", the ori(;""
1,1"t.e. you nped II p ....... "n! ifllltrumcnL
, ,
(0 AID H) could be ,, !led to pre ,,", <lit_
feN nee aeroAA the orill"" plate.
.....tridion
higher

lower
,,,
,
89. As Ilvw rntu incrc""e.;, prElll>! ure difference "CrOM the
orifico incJ"(!,,,,,,s.
Inc,""""e<l flow .ate "an be indicated by 'Ill ____ _
pre""ur" difference.
90. Cas is flowing through these two process lines.
30 PSIG
10 PSIG 20 PSIG 15 PSI!;


Flow .ate is high""! in pipe (0 AID B).
91. Ylow is greater [",cause t he pressure difference acl"Oll8
or ifice A ;" t han the ditrerence across
orifIce B.
A murcu r.\ ma ll olMtcr is mCMuri,,!! preMure ,liffcre""c
across Ihis r.,lridion.
--+
'I' he higher the flow rate, the _______ the pres_
SUre
n3. 'I'hc pn"AAuru JilTercllcc across thc plate may be too
" ma ll to mCfl 8Ur<) "". ily.
'1'0 make the ,lilT. renee measurabl e, " (0 lnrger!
o "mailer ) orifice may be used.
increased
A
greater
gr.ater
smaller
94, In the now "Hte of a . lrcunl une
of t he . ub.tmlCe" mny lmilfl up nn onO side of the pbto.
A huiM_up of mntorinl cnll mnke the Bize of the hole
;:CCCC-;;CCCCCC'. amI the reads a flow rate which
is to<) (0 hi ch/ O low) .
!l5, Orillce pl:tte. ,,0-0 ve.o-y .imple to b,,;1<I.
Tb". , thoy "re
o1ber kind. of meters.
%. Rcc'","" t hey ;Irc t),O;" ta ke up "ct)' littlc "J);ICC.
They enn "" i nBcrted In n _____ _
n. They onn "" chnnKC(1 (0 will, <Iilflculty/O """i ly )
during shntdowll of the process unit.
98. The or itice meter has 80me disarlvantages.
-I
Aflel' t he liquid has passed t hrough Ihe restriction,
,'docily cn.n:x is ch""lI'o<l bnck to _______ _

99. Rut tho pre""UrC dol." not retur n tu the "ah,o it
w,'s hefore \he li'lui<1 !I"s._c(1 thro"gh the orinoco
Some of pressure cllcrgy used up to o\"creomc
frict ion i n
100. Thi_ cncrl:Y \OM ncr(ffll! the [,"Ite i. rd"lh'dy hillh i n
orifice metera.
Orifice meters (0 arelO are not) ' -ery efficient.
lOt. I:\ce,mse the plato" a re thin Rnd sharpedged t hey wear
(julckly.
Di rt "ntl .w<l i mcllt "n" _ _ _____ the "ize of
Ihe orince.
smaller
high
less
li " e, 0" pipe
are not
change, or reduce, Or en\"r!(c
The Flow Nonie
103. The flow nonlc work:! on the same gene,.1 prlnciple..
"" t hc orlAce Illn!o.
'1
Ie;:;.

- -<.-
of the I'lnte. the i. the ___ _
HII. A. the li'IUld IIowo through the noui<o. ihl "c\oclt)' I,,
cl1.'lVlCll.
105. Thc no .. lc the p ....... ure difference.
To mc,,"u,c the umount of p,,,",,ure differenoe )'OU need
" ,li(rerentIRI. gRge.
11)6. One pr_ u,e connection ill placed upstream from the
rCllt rlct l"n.

1'h6 other i& "1,,.,00 downatrenm
107. t;.nch or these li""" ia uBing a Oow noule on" mnn
omeler to IIow rale.
, .
I'low 1$ in U"" (0 A/O B) .

108, Gom)Jarc orifice plate nnd flow noule.

1<;::0 )
'-

,
V'

"
l-"

"-
,

If IhR eont"i,," grit. which refltrietion in pre_
(D orifice plate/D now nozzle) .
H)9. Undesirable bui ld up of material is by using
the flow nozzle instead of an Qrir,cc plate,
If the velocity of the i3.-;-__ C-_ __ c]10"gh.
""crythi" l: i. throUllh the no",.le.
110, A flow n()\",zlc i. prderreel for high_velocity proceM
"trC;lmS (Ate"m. fo r
Por the same amount of pressure difference, it can
a (D brller/O "mailer) volume th"n tile ori_
fice plnte,
111. The now nozzle OffCT8 1 .... reai.tnnce to tlow.
f;nerfrY 10"""" are (D IITcater/D lese) with tho noo"l.lo
than with t he orifice plate.
112. Because there are no "harp the nozzle ___ _
ic&o quickly.
The now no.zle is (0 morc!O IC88) eflicicnt thn" the
orifIce plate.
,,,),,,,lcs ILru mol'<) costly thnn oriflcu I,latc. .
it i. moN dillicllit 10 i"Herl them in the line or
_______ them (rom the line.
1I0w nozzle
I
wearB
more
remove
The Venluri Tube
lI5, This is a venturi tube.
::
11 (0 is/ O is not) n rest.riction in this
1 16. The "ClItori tul.>c (0 /0 gra'hmlly),
1 17. A ft cr J)T"(! .. lie"",".'!"" \.hrcugh the venturi h ,be, the
liquid grad"ally <1own and preS3urc returns to
,,1>out the .,.me level lt wn. "t before "n\.e,ing t he ("be.
Se, tll e lOi<S I. very _____ _
118. Ik'eawle i t ha ... no corner. or shurp edge., dirt and Bedi_
","nt a N likely to build up in the tube.
119. If 1Q.'I'Ie$ l.>c kept Ht" minimum, u.e:
o II. an orifice plnte.
o b, II flow nO"" lo.
o c. " "cnh"i t ube.
120. , . How rllte being ",o"""rOO on this picture!
o a. yell
D b. no
121. To men.ure th. now rate, "dd a (0 posWvedi"phlCe-
mcnt/D ,lilfcrcntilli-pre" UN ) gage ncr""", t he rcotric-
tion.
"
grndHnlly
low, <>r "mall
10M, or not
d i If c renti 1_ P reM" rC
122. Is now bein!!" men9uretl on this venturi?
(0 yea/O no)
Th, Da hl Tube
123. The dahl tube ill a leis flow meter.
It conBISlII of a pipe elbow, with _ ______ III]lH.
124. The cl"hl tube worn (>n the pri nciple Ihat cell t rifugai
force i. II"n!1Ot.er on the oUllllde of a curve thon On the
;1I8ioo of the
Cent ri fugal force U >"eJotil),
121i. PreMu.., .. ... t on the (0 aut.erlO inner) part
uf the curV<).
126. The \.lip ;s on t he (0 outer/O Inner)
part of the curve.
127. The lap on the Insldc of thc co ... e the ______ _

128. Tho PreMu.., dilferen"" meuured i. tbe " ...... u ... dif_
ference bctween the t""o _ ____ _ _
"
outer
ouier
ow
129. Compure the,", two
20 PSIG
I
10

The nnw ral<. i. higher in <lnhl tube <0 AID R).
130. 'rhe nuw rule i. hif(hcr in n l)CCm,,,,, tho 1>,.., .. "ro ,I if_
(erellce Is ___ __ _
131. The dahl ill like a" ordiMlll"W pipe .. Ibow, except.
that It h .... a ""'y smooI.h bore .. nd p ........ "'1)01.
[I <0 1'/0 lo! not) ah"Kya neU.lry to mnkc major
cho"lf .... in Ihe IlipinlllO in""rt thi . t ype of now mewr.
Let's Revi ew
Whith of Ihe followil" no,," mete .... Rf'e JIOllitivc .Ii &-
placement How mele,.,,?
..,rnx meter
n"w
orl nce 1.1ate.diRphragm
turbine meter
(O Y""/ O no)
( O ye>1/0 no)
(0 yco/O no)
(0 yeo/O 110)
133. When velocit} ince .. ,,""", pnuure ______ _
THE VARIABLEAREA FLOW METER
134. In" dltTcrenlial p""",,ure lIow meter. no ... raw i. in-
,llcRted by the nrnou" t of
ncrOM R reotriction.
135. Tho Oi18 of the Orifil"(l (0 ch''''Il'lI/O ",main. 1110
..... me).
"
R
higher. nr gr(lnwr
""mAillll the Mme
136. In the vuriable-area Jlow meter there lli a pressure dif_
But no matter how hill' h t he Jlow nte ia, thi s
pressure dillerence rema;"" the same.
Pressure dilleren"" (0 is/O is not) used to indicate
flow
137. In the ,'nriable_area meter, the liquid passe. through
a "mall opening.
TUBE
_ -' LOA T
"l'hi$ " .. is the to the tapered " In""
138. A;:: ______ i. free to move up and down in t he
t ube.
139. A"C;c::cC----- enwrs the t ube. it up on
the 11M!.
140. Tho hi"ho]' t he How rate, the _______ up in thl!
h,b" the 1\",,[ is pushed.
111 . The I iquid enters through the bottom of the container;
Ilcar the oottom lhe Iloat lukes up "Imost all the tuoo.
Becaus" the tube is tapered, the ar"a around the tloat
______ "" the AWl! moves up Of down.
142. A. Ihe tlWlt r iscs, t he li'luid hM (0 morufO 1""s)
area to How through.
is not
fl oat
liquid, or flow
hill'hor
chnngC!l
morc
When now ral.e ;ncreall,,", the size of the ol>"ninlr
H4. Flow rate in this tYIl<l of now mdcr ia by
an increase in:
o fi . the (liffere"cc.
o b. the size of Ilow opening.
145. The 1l000\'s CC--- - --in the t uhe indicates the
amo.",t of now.
14G. Compure the"" two meters.
B) indicates a higher now rate.
141. t he Hoat is completely surrounded with liquid,
it di mwit to rend the meter if the liquid i" cloudy,
t urh" lent.o)"
148. If the meter is going to be hard to re,,,I , the H""t m"y
have a n extension to the outside of the tuhe.
The readi,,>: is then taken on the _____ _
Since many of the lul.>cs Rre gins., the meters Are
"ometime. "nclo"",) ill metal cMCI!.
Care .I",,, hl hI) t"hn to "void __ ____ the inner
glass tube if it is removed f rom the ea. ....
incrCfifICS
b
position
B
dirty
ou(.,i,le, Or exton!ion. or
indicntor
lCiO. The ""rillulc"rcu motcr nn CXnml!lu of " fl ow met"r
which meaSureS flow rate by changing area.
The mllter ii! " "",iallle-(O pre .. urc/O arcn) 1I0w
meter.
fl ow musl be e,dibralt-d for the
"ft""if,c liquid being measured.
Select the right meter for tho ________ lI<i"lI"
measured.
ELECTRICAL fLOW METERS
How ffe ctricity Is Used to Indicate flow
152. 1'hi. m"gnot "P " magnetic fi eld. Mallneti.m can
be ""ell to cronte electric current.
HORSESHOE MAGNET\
..::: " '\
\
WIRE lOOP I ( I \
FIELD
l'" .. inK " wire loop through tho fidd Induce.
____ ___ in the loop.
Ju3. Ohjecta JI"8I! illll" t hr\>Ugh magnetic can develop
154. Electricity enn lI< ind uced in n liquid IllUl$illg t hrou!lh
a fi c\,l.
faater a Iilluid lIuw. ill tho fIeld, the
:
:;--____ the amount of currcll t pro.
duced.
arCIl
lillU id, Or material, nr lluid
clt-.:tricity, or cur rent
electricity, Or currellt
156. Hera iM lin ck'CtromngncUc now meter.
-COI L
In this two CCCc-c:C-__ - of wire supply a
mngMt i" ncrOl!3 the pipe emTying tho liquid.
lUG. The liquirl must 1"'$$ through thi ., ______ _
167. Two clectrodCII I:on"ectcd to a voltmeter are plnced M
thnt they contact the in the pipe.
1GS. Current is i"duccd i" the liquid"" it passes through
thu m"gne!ic Reid.
The "muu"t of curN" ! mCMurerl by voltmder is
proportion"l to the rate of ______ _
159. The f""let the liqui<l flows, the ________ the
amount of current produced.
160. The voltmeter shows ,, _____ _ _ l'eading.
1 G I. Can this kind of meter be used with (0 yes!
o no)
162. To uso t his ki"d of mder. the liquid mu"! be 1\ con-
ductor of ___ _ __ _
magnetic
field
liquid. or fluid
greater
higher
electricity
163. 11 the pipe is not full 01 liquid, the may not
thu fi'IUid "",] nQ eur",nt wilf he Ilroducoo.
164. All of tho ut her now mc\or$ ao {". hU"e men,-
ured How rH\e br putting '",me in the
pr"",," tre"m.
165. EI""tromngnctic lIow meters offer no oblltruction to
flow.
They are i<leal for slurries or other (0 t hick/O thin)
l>ro.",,," stream".
TEMPERATURE. TYPE FLOW METERS
Temperature Con Be Used to Measure Flow Rote
166. This pipe is fille<l with w"ter.
L',"UH .:... i
/!U#if/!
,
We _______ to tho w"ter.
167. If "" o"gh h.,,\ '. ad,l.d, the water ____ _
168. SIIP!,O,,", the watcr "I.nrt. to flow.
Wi ll thc wntcr stil l boil! (0 ;" '''/0 no)
1(,n. The "'.,t e)' will cony t ho _______ down-
stream.
170. The mte which [he heat i. catrioo away can in_
dic"te the _ ____________ _
CONSTANT HEAT

I TEMPERATURE
MEASURING DEVICE
It i" carried away Il)" Ihe _ ____ _
obstruction, Or restriction
thick
hent
""
hen!
flnw r3te
liqui.l, or now
In. The fa.ter the stream tlOW8. the (0 greater/O "mailer)
the inc,..,asc in temperHture dowlllIt,..,am from the hent

173. chan!!,o in !cmperntufc i. boi,,!!, mCMured by the
temperature _____________ _
174. The faster the tlow rate, t he (0 higher/D lower) the
ternperutu,e at the heut input point.
The Hot -Wi re Anemometer
175. 'I'he hot_wire work> on thi. principle.
The anemometer adds c-------to the pr<><:e ..
"Ircn'" "I a rate.
176. The lowe r the lernpcn,tu," of the wire, thu grellter
the amount uf heat heing carried away.
Or, the _______ the tlow rate.
small er
lower
higher
REVIEW AND SUMMARY
177. Compare these flow meters.
'=
:J ""
,'-.

They are both:
o a, direot me8.urement flow meters.
o b. variablearca mctcr!I.
o c. ,Iifferential . pre.ssure meters.
,
178. Look at this fl ow meter.
it ;s n _______ -_______ now meter.
179. 'fhc flow r ate ;s ;"d;cated by the "",,;t;on of the
float
180. Tlt i" n turbine meter.
- -
[t measures now rute by eou"Ullg the numl>cr or rpm's
of the ____ _
181. The t"rbiM i. turncd hy (0 the li'luii!/D II" o"lside
l)Ower ""urec) ,
, ,
There is fr iction nnd wear on meter 10 AID H) _
183. Eleetromllgnetic meters are preferred for thick or
sandy liquid l.Jecause tht'Y <.10 not plnee uo _____ _
in the line.
#1,fLft, Or turhil1n
the
B
obstruction, or restriction
184. Nu"'e ttl" (ollowing now

"-- - --
"- - ---
::.
I
u
,-----
,
A. variablearen
B. now nozzle
C. orili"" piaU,
D. venturi tube
,-----
E. t urbine
F. vortex
'"

185. Which mclor ghown above II diaphragm to mcu_
Urtl t.he ]!rt'lII!ure difference!
(0 AID ai D CI O I) 10 E/O F) .
186. Which of Ih..-.e metcrs offen the least l"<1IIiatao"" to
lIow?
1\. hot-wire "nemo_r.
L. lurLine meter.
c. flow meter.
d. flow nh.-ie-manometer.
187. Which of thelle meter. is a positive di"placement flow
meter?
B. vent uri tubc .. Unp)'rngm.
b. '"OrIel< meIer.
c. hOI-win! anemometer.
"
c
,
b
INSTRUMENTATION
FOR OPERATORS
Unit 1
Measuring Instruments
Section 5
Analytical Instruments
SECTION FIVE
ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Introducti on
1. W"tor ",.n in throo different forms : solid, liquid,
an,l gn .
,-
,I
'-
I

o
rcc eun l.oc ch"nlled to wllter by a,itling _____ _
to tho icc.
2. Waler can be changed to by boiling the
",ater (adding heat).
3. Thi. pr"""",, of chunging the form of wntcr is cul led
a physical chanIN.
The water (0 i./ O i. not) chanll"W chemically to
something- eL.e.
4. The water is still water.
Basically, the ice is ______ _ and the steam is
____ '00
5. ilouting" materi,,1 to it. melting point produee. "
(0 chemic"I /O ch"nlN.
6. Whcn hyurogen lind oxygen relIct, wilter is produccd.
The hycln)gen ",,,I the oxygc" "Nl _______ inw
somct)ling else.
7. This is a (0 physical/D chemical) change.
hent
or gas
i. not
waler

physi<al
changed
chemical
8. LiQuifying a Il<ltroleum I(as is II (0 chemiolli/O physi-
c1I1) Chunb-e.
9. U.inK catalytic cr"",king to ch""j,-e g1UI oi l lntoWUlOline
is a "ilanl(".
10. Chlln!leflln temll"rature. I>r=II"'. now roll!. lind liquid
level lin! nil <0 ]>hy.icnl/O chemi""l) chllnga.
11. Taking 1\ pN!Mure m.""lIrement dOC!! not give in_
formation .1OO"L the compoSition or tI,e Aub-
.tnnce we nrc
A flow n.oter (0 c'''' /O cannot ) tell you wl1 nt fl uid il
fl owi ng t hrQugh t he li ne.
12. It eIIn only tell yuu ____________ "uld
i , flowing.
13. Ho,,-ever then! an! i""Lrumcnt.. which can anllyte
_______ chnllget ;" n au\)sl.lonct.
Acids ond Alk"lies
14. Sulf,lr e<lmpound. form acid.; CBuotic Miution.
ar<! alkalles.
Sulf llr compound, are prell.nt in &lme I' rl>ll-
lid. IIn, 1 can form In the pmductA.
15. Acid. en" be hlrmful to metals.
I.rod"etl should not e<lntain ______ _
16. Some producta al"<) l rHled with ull8tk &llulion,
Inl( p...,.,.,.,..Ing.
1'I>eIo6 harmrul (0 .boukl /D . hou1<l not)
be preosent in tlnistted producb,
l7. i'rooDcl<! Arc LeOLcd 10 !lee whether fir not they
harmrul AublltanCI/II.
Til _ t tIl IKlrfQrmcd wi th ______ _
IS. Ther<! are kinds of acids and aeveral kindf
M al kaUe>I. But when any acid nml ""y alkali IIrc
mixed tI,e IIIIme In'" or chemieal reaction
"""'u ....
Mixing sulfur ic acid with an alkali (0 givulO does
nflt gl,e) lhe IlllIne react.ion 811 mixing hydrochlor ic
acid wilh an alkali.
phy.lolIl
chemical
]>hysical
cunnot
how much
chemical
sulfur, or acid!
$hould not
19. When all acid ia mixed wilh I\n nllmli, tlw resull a
.al t plus water.
Finish reaction:
+ alkali = salt + ______ _
2(). Mixing an "dd with an alk"li reduces lhe effc"Cts of
the ",id a nd the alkali.
Mixing caustic soda (an alkali) with hy,lrochloric
acid makes the ."lulion (0 more/ O lell.'l) addi,.
21. "old inlo cn".tic poto. h (an IIlkali) (Oin-
cnascs/O reduce.) it. alkalinity.
22. Reducing Ihe effects of an acid or an alkali i. called
"CII t en I i)llL I ion.
A BIII!t.",,"" 111,,( i" nuulrnl is .wilher at,,) ____ _
nor a(n) ______ _
23. A "alt (auch as table "all) is formed when acids a nd
alkalies are neut.ruli.cd.
The salt i; ,,"ually (0 ndd/O nlkuline/O neulral) .
24. Pure wuter ", ually _____ _
25. p11 is a flCale tQ me,,"urc the degree of acidity or
alkalinity of " substance.
1234 Ii G 7 8 9 10 II 12 1:1 14

acid
(""lfuric
"cid)
neutral
(pure wnlce
or snIt)
alkaJi

SOIla)
All add hn" n ])Il (0 l,)war lI LU," 7/0 higher
than 7).
2G. ,\ with a pH al.>ove 7 t. a (n) _ ____ _
27. Mixing the right amounl or lIei,l mill alkl\1i pr .... luccs
a nelltr,']
II "culral pH is a pH of _______ (right in tho
ml,ldle of the scale).
2R. Sul ruric acid has a pH (0 above/o 1.oelow) 7.
1hc I'll of <austic soda is (0 abovc/O 1.oelnw) 7.
Table snit In "",,Icr hus a pH 0[ _ ___ _ _
water
reduce"
acid
allmli, or cn"stic
neulral
n."trlll
lower than 7
I.>eJow
above
,
20. Acim. a"d alk,dio" ill e,m go"erate electric
and prod"cc a vull,,!!,c.
pH could be mc"aured with a (0 very """sitiv. volt
moter/O manometer).
30. The voltage generated is ",ad on a voltmeter.
\
"
Thi. "ultmctcr is calibrated to rcad in unit. of 10 pHI
o voltll).
31. Temperat"re creates problems with voltage rcadings.
Chemicals u.ually become (0 more/O [eM) active at
high t(lI"l>cml<, res.
:12. if temperature (0 ;acrc.'UIcs/O dn-
creasc.).
33. pH reading. must be corrected for in
34. To get "ccurate pH measurements, the liquid must be
wen mixed.
The compooitlon or noly liquid m"y _ _ ____ from
point to point in the container.
sensitive voltmeter
,R
more
incrcalles
temperature
vary, or change
3G. O"ygen lR necC!5SlIry for thinIII' to Imrn.
If nxygtn is present in II gAl\-ltorage lI ... ". II spar"
roo. __ --,--, __ the aas-o"ygen mixt.uro and t a U ~
IIlICr io .. " cx!'I",,;on.
$. It is ""mIltimes r-.ry to menure the (0 ""HIen/
o foe!) wn""ntratlon in proeea stream8 or other
i"il,mC"t.
37. C<lld "KYlen is ali,hUy aUructed to II nwI&"net; m()llt
other Il"_ li re not IIttracted to a mag"..,t.
A _:;:,--____ cnn 1M) u,;crl to indicnte ""nrc" in
the air.
38. The other oomponcnl.s of the ~ i r (0 nrc/O are not)
"ttracted to Iho ""'If"et.
39. 1'hi. m"lIne! i ~ prod"dnll ~ Mtrollll mllinetlc field.
The mlllf"ctic fteld Is stron,ut at the (0 edgCII/
o cenler) of the mllJl"1ICtic field.
40. So. i f the m"gnd IA ,\ll'''dinv oxygen. oxyvon cnncCn-
tmtion ~ g,""lIlu l at point (0 A/ D BID C).
ignite. or light oft'
magnd
lire not
center
A
41. toward the
The moro oxyl{on nQwilll/, lho _______ Ihe ratc
of ft ow toward the m;lgnct.
42. The oxygen oonec1ll around the magnetic field.
To nl;oinl"ill flow, you 80me way to
___ _ ___ lhis oxygen out of the magnelie field.
43. Heated oxygen is tC&! attracted by the magnetic fIel d
thun cold OXYI/un.
TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR
So, if we heat the collected oxygen, it will be pushed
out of tile magnetic field by lhe oxygen
flowing into tho field. The more circulation past the
heater, the cooler the temperat ure-indicator probe.
greatcr
remove, or push
cold, or new
44. Some U9(' thlA prillciple to measure
oXY8Cn prCl!C!nt In n 1(8A.
A _______ i8 used to n!tract. the OXYl(cn.
45. And a temperature Indicator t .... cooling
nole of n.,wlng toward the _____ _
4G, O"e IYlle or oxygen analyzer now rate of
oxygen towa.,l tlw ma!!"net by comparing the tempt:rK_
L"re dlff.,..,,,,,,, hetwoo" two r""lstnnc,,.eicment thcr_

,
) CELL

RESISTANCE
TEMPEUTURE
ELEMENT
I
FIELP
One thermometer I. In t he meROuri"JI" <:el l ; the other I.
in 11M: "",ll.
47. The KU .tream which contains ojQ'gen flows pall! t,,o
cella.
The (!<J m<!uurlng/o cumvarilon) eell C<ln(ain3 a
m"!!",,,"-.
48. A. thQ SIR at ream now. IlIlIIt the t wo cella. g"" now.
into c,"ch COllI.
The magnet attracts all cold _______ io tbe 11"""
.I.eam.
49. Cold oxygen I. draw" into the magnet ic field of the
(0 mcusu.h'll <cll/O compar ioo" cell ).
60. Mo, . circnintion occunI in the (0 meaaurlng/O com
parison) cell.
"
magnet
rompar lS()n, or .... feren""
meuurl ng cell
meMur ing
nt . Each cell contftl nl a rCIII$tance-element thermometer
heater unit.
The /IrenIc. tho nmuunt of oxygen .iro,,1atinll' PII"t Ihe
thermometer. Ihe ____ ___ Ihe """'inlt" erred on
Ihe thermc>mtltr.
52. Si""t the ,,,,,,,,,,,.ing 0011 h.a.o a hiJI:her .. talC,
Iho lempern!ure will be cooler in the coll.
The lCmllCn,turo diDeN:"cc between the two cello in_
dicate. the llmount of _______ in tho gas.
M. If the stnmm contain. no oxygen. gao
i" ooth cella the
H oxygen II pr ell<!nt It I. attracted by the _____ _
in U", mc". urinK cen.
65. Cin:uL,tion rnle ;.,,::::-_____ .11 Ih. ...
cell i f o>:y/{en 19 pn.w:nt.
56. Circulation rate il the Mme in both C<!11$ i f no
____ ,b present.
Wh." il prertent, drculation r aw
in tho _______ coli.
58. Thi8 oXYKf!n nnaly .cr works on the "rindple llIat 0XJ'-
gen 8uppOrlll C()mhustinn.
OXYGEN
A of h,.droKf!n broulI"hl into C(lnLact with R au
C(lntaining oxygen ""n be madeto _____ _
p eate.
meallur inr
maznet
higher. or morn
oXYl:en
meas uring
b.ro
(;9. One pound of h)'d .. combine. with eiltht pound'
of oX)',It"en.
If mOrO th'Ill the corre",t amount of hy,irolS"n,
the exc""" amoont doe. not _ _ ____ _
60. The combination of one pound of hydrogen with ei!':ht
oxygen rclcn>!CS n (!cfinite, "",,,IOn nmount
of heat.
If a lar,lt"c amot",t of hydro!;"On i. introouccd into tho
gas stream, the amount of heat given off when i t burns
the or oxygen pnlacnt.
61. It is to add an exceSS of hydrogen to "ure
that all tho is u"cd up in combustion.
62. The hr,1rogcn " sed mn"t 00 pure. so that the burning
cha,.acteri.,tic" wi ll 'l \ways be thc ______ _
1 f the stream iJ<,i"g tested contains other com_
h".tible I(n.c', the amount or ",ay 00
_______ from lhat of pu,"" hydrogc".
64. Appreciable RmOllnta of other ."mb,,"Ublo 1(".,"0 ",;oke
it n"","",""r), to make a in the reading.
G5. Some oxygen "nulyz"rs u"" the magnetic property of
oxygen.
Other" work iJ<,co" .e of (.:>:YRe"" nllili!y l.(o ""[,[",,rt
Both types pick up a temperut""C "hungc to
how much oxygen is present.
burn
amount
same
differcat
correction, or adjustment
combustion
The Gos Chromotogroph
66. The gas chromatograph 1$ analytical irl3tru-
it """ tell you how much of a substance is in
A
CARRIER

--=::;;Z;' . "-
SAMPLE li'I-..... ---\ ... .-/
RESI STAi'l CE-
ELEMENT
TH ERMOMETER
RESISTAi'lCE -
ELEMEHT
THERMOMET ER
OUT
It of a mebl tube contaln;n,.- M _ ___ _ _
mRtMlnl.
67. This material is I"' ....... (like 11100) SO that
______ ""n th .... ugh it.
68. 1,iquid m,,), be abl!Orbed onto the aurface of the
______ "",terial.
69. A currier gu cont inuously thrnugh the tube.
carrier 1r8' ,lOM nn!. renct with the liquid Absorbed on
thc IIOlid, nor is it absorbed into this liquid.
A ,cry .mAll umple of thc gall 10 be analyzed is in_
t roduced Into tJ>is stream of gall.
70. toOt'. B IIBmple components A and ll. Thc
mnto.luJ Iltt.IICts A mo.o tlmn it "U, "e,"" ll.
Whon both componcnll! nre p.OIent In the IIbmple, mo ....
(12 AID H) will be abeorbed.
"
porous
A
71. As the Hews thro" gh the tuoo with thc car-
rier gM. A and R romai " i" the tuoo longer thnn t he
earrier ga'.
A ""mai ns (0 more/O Ie .. ) t ime in the t ube than B.
ooea,,"" it is absorOOti in Ihe porous material.
72. 'Hlferent components of tha "nmille reach the
outlct of tube at t imes.
73. component ahvays
of time to gl:t through the tub/), .
thc Ho;;-raw of tne _____ _
74. If ynu ;irC tCl!ti nll metha ue ga', ror ""ample. It (0 willi
o lI'i ll not) nlwn). take thc Mmc mn"""t or time t"
go through t he t ub/).
75. Differenl sub"tanc.,. carry heat away from a hot wi re
:\t dilIercnt r"lt'll .
So. " thermometer plnce.i i n puro carrier If,," a
___ .,-" __ ",,,din
g
from one placed in a carrier
gas conlaini ng a "other substance.
A thermomdar "'lly be nt
the cRrr ier gRa inlet find another at the outlet.
When only cllrrier gil. ill Howing. Ihe two thermometers
rea,l the _ _____ _
77. lIut. when one ot the componenh of t he
reache" t he outlet. tho two thcrmomder readi ng" aN
7S. Th" wo Cn" tell when U CQmp<>ncnt hns reached t he
outlct by noting Ihe time it takes for the outlet ther-
momc\era temperaturo to ____ __ _
79. Tho <iilTcrcncc ill readi ng. indicnlc. the
_______ cf n particula r e<>mp<>ncnt prellent.
more
different
currier
wiU
di fferent
.ame
differcnt
change
amount
80. The graph the r""ult of the analysis of n gas
stream by a gus chromutogruph installed on n process
stream.
,
,
w
/ "\
,

<

w

>
w


, , ,
TIME (MINU T ES) ------------
This gruph shows _______ peakR.
81. ach peak ",presents an increase in lemperuture.
ERCh peRk imlic"I"" IhM n particular compone"t has
reache<! the _ ____ _
82. "l'he component \fixi ng the longer tima to get through
the tube i. component ______ _
83. 'rhe chronmtogfB[Jh is n ,"cry inotrum.nt.
The amo""t of ""mplu IIcuti()<1 ia vcry _____ _
81. The gM chromntogrnph records tho amount of ench
_______ i n a sample.
c,lIibr"tions with known sampl ... a", made
\0 flvoid ______ _
86. It " chromatograph unit i. \.()(I "enHltive, C')!"-
lKoncn\1! in hilfh concentration mal' cau.e thc pen to
go olT the scale.
If the scnsiti"ity is too low, a component (0 mayl
o may not) rcgiswr ut ull.
87. uuring the original setup we compromise the
to dell\ with a inll"
in !>oth and ooncentrations.
outlet, or
B

componcnt
inaccuracies, or error.
may not
high, low
REVIEW AND SUMMARY
88. A numl>er on the pH sea!. can ten you whether a sub-
st.unce is acid, nlknl ine, Or ___ __
A 1>11 of 1 ia (0 ud<l!O ulkuli"c/D neutral).
(l0. A I'll of 7 ______ _
A IIH of ______ _
92. QX}"Irott ""al)'zera nre nQC(!erl to dctcrminf. exnctly how
mltch O"COS" nir s hould be put into boilcl"3 and henters
for maximum fuel eCOl!omy und efficiency.
Qxygel! anuh',cl"8 are 01"0 needed in areas where gas,
n "I'Mk. and oxygOl! e,,,, nn _ ____ _ _
(IS. GM chromo\ogrnphy enn be uoeli to i,,,lie,,\c the
_______ of a .peci fic gns in a mixture of
94. """k at tI"" instrum,,"t.
G
MAGNET
7
CELL
I
RESISTANCE -
T EMPERATURE
ELEMENT
I
MAGNETIC FI ELD
COMPARISON CELL
It is "ocd to iml i",,\o hv,," much _ ______ is pre._
ent in a gas.
9fi. It works beeau"" cold oxygen is at(rncted to "
neutral
acid
neulrnl
alkali,,,!
amount, or PCT"""t
oxygen
magnet

DG. Look nt
Thi. i". i1umr. nt to dctc rmino the IICI'CIlnt uf
_______ in a ga .
D7. It works oocRuse of oxygen's abili ty to s upport
98. Look at t his instr ument which is instnlled nn n
stre""' .
CARRIER
" :.. ' - "1,--; ,:""'>
SAMPLE 1M
RESISTANCE -
EL EMENT
THERMOMETER
It i" uimd to :
POROUS
MATERIAL
RESI STAMCE -
ELEMENT
C;:::/'TH E RMOM E T E R
C::=:::J_SAMPLE OUT
A. r" ,,1 ol, t whut the com]>Olt cntl! in nn unknown sa mplo
are.
b. lind how much of a component is in s sample.
oxygC!l . ur combustib!o3
ur burni ng
b