TYPES OF FLOW

1. 2. 3. ".

Dry Weather Flow Domestic waste water Industrial waste water Waste water from u!lic facilities #round water infiltration Storm Water Flow

Factors Affecting Dry Weather Flow

$ate of water su l% Po ulation &rowt'

(Desi&n eriod) T% e of area ser*ed Infiltration of &round water.

Factors affecting infiltration of subsoil water into sewer lines

De t' of sewer !elow &round water le*el Si+e of sewer Len&t' of sewer t'rou&' infiltration rone +one ,ature and t% e of soil t'rou&' w'ic' t'e sewer is

laid T% e of -oints. wor/mans'i etc. Sewer material

Storm water flow

T'e storm water flow de ends u on t'e followin& factors 0atc'ment area #round slo e Permea!ilit% of &round E1tent of im er*ious area E1tent of *e&etation &rowt' $ainfall intensit%

Method for estimating storm water flow

$ational met'od

234565I5$ 7ere 23 runoff or storm water flow 43 constant 63 catc'ment area in 'ectares $3 intensit% of rainfall in mm er 'our I3 im ermea!ilit% factor.

Hydraulic Design Of Sewers

1) Chezys Formula:

830($S)9:.; w'ere. 0 3 0'e+%<s coefficient (de ends u on s'a e. si+e. rou&'ness of sewer. etc)

2. Mannings formula: 831=n5$9(2=3)5S9(1=2). w'ere. n 3 mannin&<s coefficient (t'e 8alue of mannin&<s coefficient n *aries from :.:1 to :.:; de endin& u on material of sewer line) >% com arin& 0'e+%<s ? @annin& formula 031=n5($91=A)

3) HazenWilliams formula B 83:.C;575($9:.A3)5(S9:.;:). w'ere. 7 is 7a+enD William<s coefficient (t'e *alue of 7 *aries from 1:: to 1;: de endin& u on sewer line<s material)

Minimum Velo ity of flow

@inimum or self cleansin& *elocit% is t'e minimum

*elocit% reEuired to re*ent de osition ? clo&&in& of sediments.

It de ends u on t'e s'a e. si+e ? s ecific &ra*it% of

articles.
$eEuired at least once in a da%.

Ma!imum "elo ity of flow

T'e ma1imum *elocit%
@aterial of sewer
Eart' c'annels Ordinar% !ric/Dlined sewers

at w'ic' no scourin& action or a!rasion ta/es lace is /nown as non scourin& *elocit%
Suc' a *elocit% de ends

,on scourin& *elocit%(cm=sec)

A:D12: 1;:D2;:

0ement concrete sewers 2;:D3:: 0ast iron sewer i es 3;:D";:

u on t'e material used for t'e construction of sewers

8itrified tile and &la+ed ";:D;:: !ric/s

Forms of sewer
1. 0ircular Sewers 2. ,on 0ircular Sewers B
#e tangular Horse$shoe

%$sha&e

'ara(oli

Signifi an e of Cir ular Sewers

I. II. III. I8.

0ircular section 'as least erimeter ? ma1 $ for &i*en area so it is most efficient. It reEuires minimum Euantit% of materials. ma/in& it economical too. 7a*in& uniform cur*ature. it re*ents t'e ossi!ilit% of de osition. T'e% are easil% manufactured

Crown Corrosion
Air H2S Cement concrete pipes H2SO4 Drops

Wastewater

Measures to overcome Crown Corrosion

1. 8entilatin& t'e sewers 2. O eratin& sewers to full run 3. Pretreatment to reduce sul 'ate ". Pro'i!it entr% of sul 'ides ;. Linin& t'e concrete i es !% *itrified cla% !loc/s. A. ,eutrali+ation of sul 'ides !% c'emicals.