Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
1. Introduction:
A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells rather than plants for advantageous
characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/tolerance.Tissue culture is the culture and
maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile, nutritionally and environmentally
supportive conditions (in vitro). The techniques of tissue-culture itself also offer many
possibilities for production of plants of high quality but up to now, this potential has been
little exploited. During growth in vitro, plants can be "prepared" for optimal growth after
transfer to ex-vitro conditions. Potentially, following such manipulations, tissue-cultured
plants out-perform conventionally propagated plants. Thus, for a sustainable and
competitive agriculture and forestry in Pakistan, in-vitro culture is essential: it is a
prerequisite for the successful application of plant breeding by biotechnological methods,
for the rapid introduction of improved plants in the market and it offers unique
possibilities for the production of plants of superior quality.
Plant breeding and crop production, both by traditional and biotechnological
methods, increasingly rely on plant tissue culture (in-vitro culture) as a mainstream tool
that provides key opportunities for plant quality enhancement and subsequent economic
sustainability. For example, the development of pest- and disease-resistant plants through
biotechnology depends on a tissue-culture growth stage; as a result, these resistances
enable growers to reduce or eliminate the application of crop-protection chemicals. By
propagation in vitro, new and/or elite plants can be mass-propagated with far greater
speed than through traditional methods.
The importance of plant tissue culture in plant breeding, to raise and stabilize
yield, to improve resistance, against pests, disease and abiotic stresses such as drought
and cold; and to enhance the nutritional content of food. Biotechnological breeding is an
essential tool to achieve these goals, and, as noted before, tissue culture is an integral part
of plant breeding through biotechnology. Plant quality enhancement were improved by in
vitro culture, giving rise to plants that are free of most, or even all, endogenous
pathogens. There are, though, more and often still non-explored aspects about quality of
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
tissue-cultured plants. Plant quality can be influenced by many different factors: by the
manipulation of the physiological, nutritional and physical culture environment; by
rooting treatments; through the induction of culture photosynthesis; by the application of
endophytic and epiphytic organisms. Thus, during growth in vitro, plants can be prepared
for optimal growth after their transfer to ex vitro conditions. This means that the in vitro
system may also be used to increase the quality of the plants. It should be noted that
because of the in vitro environment, the performance of the plant may suffer instead of
benefit. Plant growth regulators used during tissue culture may have unwanted after-
effects. Furthermore, because of high humidity and low light intensity during the tissue-
culture stage, following transfer to soil, the plants need to adjust to their new
environment. Optimal performance after transfer to ex vitro conditions is determined by
different plant characteristics such as the capacity to withstand "hardening" (preferably,
plants should be conditioned in such a way that no hardening treatment is necessary), the
capacity to form a well developed root- and leaf-system and genetic stability. Therefore,
tissue-cultured plants show a far better performance after transfer to soil than plants
obtained by conventional plant breeding techniques.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Plant tissue culture have extended the range of crop species from which haploid plants
have been produced as well as the efficiency resulting in large-scale haploid plant
production by anther and microspore culture techniques Specialized plant tissue culture
methods have enabled the production of completely homozygous breeding lines from
gametic cells in a shortened time frame compared to conventional plant breeding. Plants
from gametic cells of an F1 hybrid represent a gametic array each having a different
genetic contribution from the parents. Lines exhibiting the desired characteristics are
chosen for large-scale field trials as a prelude to commercialization. Although the number
of new plant varieties developed via this method has been limited, refinement of tissue
culture techniques has extended the range of crop species from which haploid plants have
been produced as well as the efficiency resulting in large-scale haploid plant production.
Several varieties developed via this method are grown on considerable acreage while
others are being tested as candidates to replace varieties developed by conventional
methods.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
endosperm usually forms callus tissue followed by differentiation of shoot buds, roots or
embryos. The endosperm tissue often shows a high degree of chromosomal variations and
polyploidy. Mitotic irregularities, chromosome bridges and laggards are the other
important characteristics of endosperm tissues. Triploids are usually seed sterile and is
undesirable for plants where seeds are commercially useful. However, in cases where
seed-lessness is employed to improve the quality of fruits as in banana, apple, citrus,
grapes, papaya etc. the induction of triploid plants would be of immense use. Triploid
plants have more vigorous vegetative growth than their diploid counterparts. Hence, in
plants where the vegetative parts are economically useful, triploids are of good use.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
eliminated from the developing embryo.The importance of embryo culture in plant
breeding to protect crops from weather, pests, and diseases.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
culture conditions, a great deal of genetic variability can be recovered in regenerated
plants as;
1. Developed Fusarium wilt resistant plants of Carnation, lilium and Robinia
pseudoacacia, Rhizoctonia root rot resistant plants of strawberry and cauliflower,
Alternaria alternata resistant plants of tomato cultivar Solan Vajr, Alternaria
In plant breeding the conventional sexual crossing in higher plants were highly regulated
systems of hybridization wherein sexual crosses are limited to phylogenetically related
plant species. This is because of the incompatibility barrier which exists in higher plants
that limits expansion of the gene pool and also, the classical methods of breeding
employed for transfer of beneficial traits from wild species to cultivated varieties are time
consuming and require extensive backcrossing with the cultivated variety in order to
eliminate most of the genome of the wild species while retaining the useful genes.
Another process, other than the sexual cycle has recently become available for
higher plants, which can lead to genetic recombination. This non-conventional genetic
procedure involving fusion between isolated somatic protoplasts under in vitro conditions
and subsequent development of their product (heterokaryon) to a hybrid plant is known
as somatic hybridization. Protoplast technology, which includes the isolation, culture, and
fusion of higher plant protoplasts leading to the production of whole plants In plant
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
breeding the tissue culture technique include isolation of protoplasts, culture of
protoplasts, introduction of foreign DNA into protoplasts, raising whole plants from
cultured protoplasts and fusion of protoplasts leading to somatic hybridization while the
cybridization in contrast to conventional hybrids, possess a nuclear genome from only
one parent but cytoplasmic genes from both parents.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Another purpose for which plant tissue culture is uniquely suited is in the obtaining,
maintaining, and mass propagating of specific pathogen-free plants by meristem culture.
Meristem is a zone of cells with intense divisions; about 0.1 mm in diameter, situated in
the top of buds, and extremities of roots Meristem culture was pioneered by Morel (1960)
and usually involves the removal of the meristem and subsequent culture on a nutrient
medium. Endogenous contaminants do not easily invade in the meristem, often resulting
in the formation of a disease-free plant. When combined with micro propagation
techniques, large numbers of disease-free plants may be produced from meristematic
explants Aybe and Sumi (2001) have developed an efficient method, “stem-disc dome
(SD dome) culture” to eliminate viruses from infected garlic plants.
Meristem culture has been used successfully in the removal of viruses from many plants
(potato, sugarcane, strawberry) (Quak, 1977) and is now used routinely for the
eradication of many viral diseases from plant materials.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
conservation of numerous species but their routine use is still restricted to a limited
number of crop species. Routine use of cryopreservation is mostly restricted to
conservation of cell lines in research laboratories. However, simple and efficient freezing
protocols have been developed recently for apices and embryos, and can be considered
operational for an increasing number of species.
5. Reference:
1. Betul BURN, & COBAN POYRAZOÚLU, 2002.Embryo Culture in Barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.)* MuÛla University, Faculty of Science and Arts,
Department of Biology, TR 48000, MuÛla – TURKEY Received: 24.07.2001.
2. Beveridge, C.A., Ross, J.J., and Murfet, I.C. (1994). Branching mutant rms-2 in
Pisum sativum (grafting studies and endogenous indole-3-acetic acid levels). Plant
Physiol. 104, 953–959.
3. Croser, J., Lülsdorf, M., Davies, P., Clarke, H., Bayliss, K., Mallikarjuna, N., &
Siddique, K., 2006. Toward Doubled Haploid Production in the Fabaceae:
Progress, Constraints, and Opportunities. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,
Volume 25, Number 2, March-April 2006 , pp. 139-157(19).
4. Gopi, C. and Ponmurugan, P. (2006). Somatic embryogenesis and plant
regeneration from leaf callus of Ocimum bacilicum L. Jou.Biotech. 126: 260-264.
5. Martin, K. (2003). Rapid in vitro multiplication and ex vitro rooting of Rotula
aquatica L. A rare rhoeophytic woody medicinal plant. Plant Cell. Rep. 21: 415-
420.
6. Mohamed, V. S., Sung, M. J., Jeng, L. T. and Wang, S. C. (2006). Organogenesis
of phaseolus angularis L. high efficiency of adventitious shoot regeneration from
etiolated seedlings in the presence of N6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron.
Plant. Cell. Tiss. Org. Cult. 86: 187-199.
7. Patade. Y. and P. Suprasanna, 2008. Radiation induced in vitro mutagenesis for
sugarcane improvement. Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad
Application of plant tissue culture in plant breeding
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, Maharashtra,
India. Published online: 1 June 2008.
8. Ribas AF, Kobayashi AK, Pereira LFP, Vieira LGE (2005a) Genetic
transformation of Coffea canephora P. by particle bombardment. Biol. Plant.
49:493-497.
9. Sivanesan, I. (2007). Shoot regeneration and somaclonal variation from leaf callus
cultures of Plumbago zeylanica L. Asian. Jou. Plant. Sci. 6: 83-86.
10. TREVOR, V.S, THOMAS, B.R. and KENT J. B, (2002) Biotechnology Provides
New Tools for Plant Breeding Agricultural Biotechnology in California Series.
Publication 8043.
***********************************************
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
National University of Agricultural Sciences (NUAS), NARC, Islamabad