WOLF LESLAU

ENGLISH-AMHARIC CONTEXT DICTIONARY

To

CHARLOTTE

SYLVIA

ELIANE

LISA

MONIQUE

LYNN

CHRISTINE

Every other aullwr mq)J

tupfr11

to

[11'aise; tile lexictJgrapher cun only

hope lo e;Jcape reproach, tlJid eve.11
this Mgative recompense has hee11
gra11ted ta very few.
SAMUEL JOHNSON

Pf'eface to a Dictionary
of tbe English langua.ae

PREFACE

Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia. The scientific investigation of Amharic goes back to
the 17th century, but little attention was given to furni5hlng the student with practical tools for the
acquisition of the language.
The most recent English-Amharic dictionaries are those of C. H. Armbril:iter, Initia Amharfca,
part II, 1910, and of C. H. Walker, English-Amharic Dictionary, 1928. Since these publications
Amharic has developed considerably. The progress that Ethiopia has made in the field of education,
the literary documents of the last fifty years, the technical needs for new expressions, the contact with
the Western world, and the natural development within the language itself have contributed greatly
not only to the enrichment of the language but also to numerous changes within the existing vocabulary.
A few examples taken from .ApnbruSter's dictionary illustrate the changes in the expressions. Thus,
'address' is rendered in Armbruster by IJ"A.h-l- in contrast with the present-day h~t.ti; 'bank'
11")1" tL-l- as against q.,h; 'bicycle' f(lf.tll') 1-l.:h as against n.ll.htt.T; 'cigarette' Rml..,..'J- ,..,.
m.,.l\1\ 1 .'J-IJ"ttU" (1it. 'tobiU:CO that is wrapped in paper') as against M~; 'coin' -rhA:,. as against
iVJ-1:9'"; 'doctor' ql\ DltJ'.:u..:t- as against .hh.-9'" or P..h..,.c; 'general' ~'"'*as against 1:):6-A;
'map' nc 1 PilA. as against ltC;t-; 'sea' fOJ-? ttihe as against qmc; 'story of a house' .t.cil as
against :..,., and many more.
Needless to say, in Armbruster's time there was no need for expressions ruch as 'United Nations,
Trusteeship committee, Security Council, control tower, review of books, agenda, airlines, basketball,
elevator', and so on. Moreover, the practical interest in Amharic has increased in the last few decades.
If to all this we add the fact that at present English is the language of instruction in the high schools
of Ethiopia as well as at the University, we can easily justify the urgent need for a modern EnglishAmharic dictionary.
The most useful approach to the understanding of English lexical items and to the translation
process from English into Amharic appears to be to illustrate English words in context, that is, in a
sentence showing the usage of the word, rn.ther than simply to enumerate the various Amharic renderings of any given single English lexeme. This is particularly important wherever a single English lexeme
varies in meaning according to the context of the sentence. A few example.~ bear out the point.
The Engliili 'box' can be rendered by (rt~:t i ;r}'l and by RRfP. 1 -ou;t-:t-. It is only the context
that helps the reader to choose the appropriate Amharic expression. Thus, in the sentence, "Shall l
put the shoes in a box?" *"1...,9"1fi") {t.,~:,. 1 ~~D-{1'1" 1 o'\~G;J>=t1.D'l, 'box' is rendered by {t'},IJ.:t.
In the sentence, "I have another box of cigars" M 1 :rfl 1 it.:J&- 1M'S, 'box' is rendered by :r\1.
Finally, in the sentence, "A box on the ear hurts" ](r: 1 4\.& 1 Oll"m. -010;-;r. $/}f"'A., 'box' is
rendered by Rll"m.. 1 --.:1'-l-.
Or, the English 'draw' can be rendered in Amharic by 40 I "'A I .,.~ I 1\mnJ J +nlllld 1 hfl.'lq I

Vlll
A+t!d. t .,.lh I DfiiiH, and probably by other expressions. Here again, only the context helps the

1
reader to choose the appropriate expression. Thus, "The horses draw the wagon" ~t:.l'\lti 1'h~1~ f.h
rur; "He drew a picture of his teacher" .t"il.,...,tk&"t P'6A "''ll; "The boy drew water from the
weU" A)l: h.,.~~ (1)<:.0 4'.';; "He drew his hands from his pockets" ~!Ji'J htu\o AmtiJ;
"They drew lots to see who should go first" OJJ'1,.a-t;,.t ...,., ll't~tz~ l)tfJ -r-nl"'fto; "You
"'7lrJill- AMltJ; "His speech
should draw fresh air intO your lungs" 1A-ih l'lfC CDR.
drew long applause" 't~<G- t:.H,.. J!it 1,11"'-11 .1\.,..t:.LA-l-; "Her elegant dress drew the eyes
of all onlookers" .til'O<l..,.ID' Ail I). f.,._Alt1fi"t 'H'"t fJoh- U.h; "He drew his sword and
nm at the enemy" .,.,t..F.,(&'} _,. mF. mo\41 t"m.
The ambiguity of meaning applies to many English lexemes, and it therefore dictated the principle
of using the lexeme in context.

,..,..qp

The various meanings of the same English lexeme were taken from the existing English dictionaries.
were chosen to illustrate the various meanings. Nevertheless, not all the meanings of the same
lexeme were always considered, since to do so would have greatly increased the bulk of the dictionary.
Occasionally, a sentence is limited to a specific situation. St:e, for example, 'incidence' where the sentence refers to 'a high :incidence' only; or 'going, get going' is limited in reference to holding a conversation. The verb 'adulterate' (no. 2) refers only to adulteration of meat, but of course in Amharic
for other kinds of food the verb 'adulterate' has to be translated differently.
In other situations, a main entry has to supplement a subentry or the other way around. Thus, in
the entry 'inhospitable', the sentence of the subentry 'be inhospitable' refers only to the desert, but
if the reader needs to translate 'be inhospitable' speaking of a host in relation to his guests, he must
choose the translation of the main entry 'inhospitable' hh-K.?~t!'t f.,..Xr\m- and convert the relatiye
f.,.. XI\ into the verb 1-M. Or, in the entry 'reasonable', it is evident that the subentry 'be reasonable'
illustrated with the sentence "chicken is reasonable this week" refers to a specific situation. The translation of the verb 'be reasonable' in any other context is made possible by using any of the five adjectives
translating 'reasonable' by the addition of tm- 'he is'.
There are sentences illustrating a lellCme in which the context does not seem to vary from the
standpoint of English, but nevertheless require different Amharic translations. See the entry 'attitudC',
or 'uncover', nos. 3 and 4.
It is true that some Iexemes have only one meaning and an illustrative sentence may not have been
necessary. For other entries, the sentence may be considered supcrl)uous since it is not meaningful, .u
"my father left for Harar" to illustrate the noun 'father' t,q:,O. How~er. it is interesting to see that
the same Amharic ~<.q.'f- is also used in the sentence "God is called Our Father," but in the sentence
"I talked with Father Giyorgis about the church", 'father' is rendered by hq.
For the sake of consistency I therefore thought it advisable to illustrate every word with a sentence.
An additional reason for doing so was to provide the learner of Amharic as well as the Ethlopian
:;;tudent studying English with concrete illustrations.
An exception has been made for a few categories, such as the numerals (outside of the numerals
1 to 12 referring to time), certain animals, and a few isolated words.
Sentence~

INFORMAL USAGE, SLANG

The English usage is mostly that of American English. Likewise, the orthography is that of American
English.
Expressions that are considered informal in a dictionary such as ''The Holt's Intermediate Dictionary
of American English" are occasionally included. Thus, 'close call'; 'easy' in 'take it eMy'; 'fancy' as in
'fancy rate$,' and so on.
Slang expressions are not given.

IX

TECHNICAL EXPRESSIONS
Technical expressions in the fields of technology, mechanics or exact sciences are not included since
normally Amharic would use the foreign word. Thus, 'electrodynamics, electron, helium, hydrogen,
biopsy, biochemistry' will not be found in the dictionary. However, the everyday expressions dealing
with electricity, cars, and telephone are included even though most of them are foreign loanwords.

TRANSLATION
The translation of each sentence was checked with several translators. The main objective was to
have a correct translation oft~ English sentence in idiomatic Amharic. Needless to say, because of
stylistic preferences, various translators rendered the same sentence differently. Only one translation

wu chosen in order to keep the bulk of the dictionary within bounds.

For many words, Amharic offered only an approximate translation and thus the translation proved

to be pale.
Since the main objective is a

~rrect

transJation in idiomatic Amharic, stylistic and syntactic diver-

gencies between the English sentences and the Amharic translations arc inevitable. Only a few examples
illustrate this point.
"He banged his fist on the table" m~A..IIID-1' Ofl<m, -:1-m- (English bang on, Amharic -:Jwith the direct object).
"Under the ~ulse offriendship, he plotted treachery" m.ll~ tN{tfr> 1 hihf..+'t 1 hl'lR (lit. "looking
like a friend").
"Donations are welcome" "'-C~;f- 1 "'-'+RII.il.") (lit. "we accept help" or "donation").
"It is evident that he cannot come" il.-9'""1:,. h.il.tN~Ir '1Ait 1 }m- (lit. "his not being able to

come").
"His brief was printed in the newspaper" fl'lmiD' 1 h"PC ou1fl.-.. 1 n;n1"1 ;J-TDB (lit. "the brief

that he gave").
"Can you discriminate gMd books/rom bad?" ,...,.l::.c; 'No or>A'.rhi:!~'J A,..il.f:,. 1 T";fl\il.11?
(lit. "bad and good books").
"You will be surprised how he changed" "'-').J.'..T 1 "J'.")f..+ilmm 11.:1'~ Y/JCf"''A (lit. "if you
see how he changed").
"The boys apology conciliated the angry father" fl\"K, f.rt>c:l" oumf'-l 1 _tqJ:'J 1 ')I...)- 1 Adt:~
(lit. "appeased the father's anger").
"What is the frequency of the Addis Ababa statiOn?" fh4,n 1 t.nq 1 o!..4,f'" "'RJ 1 ~71
9""t 1 .ttJA 1 ~mo? (lit. "how much?)".
"SM is in the work heart and soul" P~,.., 1 hA9.. ' -l-w.&-A~ (lit. "she does her work").
"He is thirty years of age" u>o\ta 1 'l-..z 1 t.,. (lit. "his age is").
"She waited at the street (".()mer for a bus" (1-')1.(- 1 .I;C 1 .fo"7 1 hd)o.fortn 1 mR+:Y. (lit. "standing

at the street corner").

GEEZ AS SOURCE OF NEW EXPRESSIONS

Geez morphological patterns as well as the Geez vocabulary are occasionally used for the creation
of new expressions. Thus, the passive participle q<Jtul is used in : 'th-1'1 J>D't-t 'subcommittee',

'article' A_,. 'axiom'

ni h..l':"&-iT 'welfare'.
Verbal nou~s with -o1,

Jtth.llj:

-o;

h:l;.,.:,.

'admiration', hlMlC"+ 'respect',

X
h"tK"C'+ JI'A (in the so-called construct state) 'abbreviation', 1\~IA, 'bias', ..,At' 'theory',
.,..;JY:tr- 'campaign', +:lrll'i" 'influence', AM..,...,.. +4'RA 'acquiesce'.

Geez construct state : htj:A h1C 'region', h'i!A II,..'J 'century', Pl. UC 'bottom of
things', hill. Rtt-A 'celebration'. A reversed construct state, that is, the Amharic word order with
the -ii of the Geez construct state: ID"lam ~")ofl 'bylaw', m-{lm 'ltl."i" 'subconscience', .,1M A
Rc 'accomplice', h"t~n.,. Cirl'IH 'eloquence'.
With an adjective as second element: ou,.,.t:..+ O.h 'baseless',""'""~'~' C.,. 'calm', q.,.e.t I'UDC
'blir~O.'.

CALQUE TRANSLATIONS
With the spread of foreign languages, and particuJarly of English, it is to be expected that calque
translations are being used in Amharic. Examples : 'weekend' fltM-l- -~t:.Ti; 'cross-c;amina
tion' ou{I4"A~ Tl'<t; 'slide rule' +'Jil"~;t-';f or>ptPJ~I'. and others.
Of particular interest is the usage of the verb m(IJ'. 'take'. The example of lllf"RC m-ilS: for
'take a seat!' is recognized by most Ethiopians as a calque and is frowned upon. The verb mtV..
'take' seems to be extended in usage. however, and it is at times qifficult to decide whether we are
faced with a calque translation or a correct Amharic expression. Thus, for instance, 'take' is idiomatically translated by 4.' in the sentence, "it took the firemen two hours to put out the blaze" .4'mi'P,.
fl./l:t 1 lt<H- 1 4.)!;4:fiD"', However, 'take' is renf1.4..-,. 1 h}!.;Ji.D< .,~.,.if*
') 1

dered by m(IF. in the sentence "the wound took a long time to heal" -l:l'IA- 1 :lo..llh.1ic 1 11ft< 'LH.
Amharic.
IDfl'-. The question arises whether this is a calque translation or whether it is idiomatic
Another important question is the plural marker. Amharic does not normally use the plural marker.1
Thus, "there are many trees in this park" is normally rendered by OH.U ~4.7( r (l;J- 1 -nu ~~~
hit There is, however, an increasing tendency to use the plural marker -oCC, a tendency that is proba-1
bly due to the influence of foreign languages. The above-mentioned sentence is translated by DH.U
OH.U
lP'fiL'l'i 11;1- ofllfo lf~l- h&. Or, in the sentence "they raise fine cattle in this country"
h1C ID"'llT r '1"~ ' hofl.,.* 1 J'C:Qh-, 'cattle' has the plural marker. Whether the tendency to use the
plural marker is due to the influence of a foreign language or whether it is a naturul development
within Amharic itself can be ascertained only by examining the writings of authors whoarenotfam iliar

ll"""'J"'...-,.

witb a foreign languase.

CULTURE-BOUND TRANSLATIONS
Many English expressions cannot be translated into Amharic because the object or the institution
does not eJr.ist in Ethiopian culture. Thus, there is no way of translating 'jury' or 'cheese' in Amharic,
since: the institution of jury does not exist in the legaJ system of Ethiopia, and Amharic hiAI is really
not 'cheese'. The method adopled in the dictionary is to give an explanation in brackets (see 'ale,
allergy, delta, galley'), or to use an existing loanword as in the case of 'cheese' rendered by S:C...,;,
Italian 'formaggio', even though some loanwords are rarely used outside the confines of the literate
class of Ethiopians.
Likewise complicated is the rendering of lexemcs that are not equivalent in English and Amharic.
Thi9 is the case of 'winter' and 'sununer'. Neither the time nor the character of the continental winter
or summer corresponds to the seasons in Ethiopia. The only recourse was to translate 'winter' by
'the dry season').
ho~..,-:,. (ac.tually 'the rains' from July to September) and 'summer' by U,.!) (actually
It is due to the culture-bound phenomena that no literal translation can be given for certain English
expressions. This is the case of 'temperate climate' in the sentence "we live in a temperate climate"

XI
rendered by ff"'fCOT I fl;f- I tD,.t; I S!;J I ~dl'o, but IDPi ' 1.;J (the intermediate region between
highland and lowland) applies only to Ethiopia.
The sentence, "write the alphabet in reYerse order" is rendered by AJ.~') h:l'"f. tJJJ/.. l!,.f,.
0.,.&-~ because the Ethiopian student when studyiog the alphabet mites it from top to bottom.
The expression 'period' is translated by AM )'1'-n 'four dots' in the sentence, "you forgot to put
a period here" ).ff_p .l'tt.-l- 1-'1'11 "''I: .f.., il.IJV because Amharic uses four dots where English
uses a period.
The sentence, "I did not get your last 1fat!le" rendered by .fQ>lolJ ll9"' h.Ad"''IJof'" means literally
"I did not get your father's name., because the last name in Western culture is in rea1ity the father's

name in Ethiopian culture.

The cxprc!l.'!ion 'bang out' is rendered by hi\tll 'spread out on the ground' in the sentence "she was
hanging out the wash when 1 came" il"""llf f:J-mn A:flil :l"'i'to1J ~nc because the Ethiopian
woman spreads out the wash near the river instead of hanging it out. The verb d+A 'hang out' couJd
probably be used in the sentence, but the verb h(I11J 'spread out on the ground' is a more natural
expression.
Anothcc interesting lexeme inherent to Amharic is the verb 'borrow' or 'lend'. While English uses
the same verb for borrowing money or objects, Amharic differentiates between borrowing money or
grain (+O~l) and borrowing objects (-I''PI\). The same differentiation is expressed for lending money
or grain (h!U.C::) and lending objects (h'Pn).
English 'empress' expresses both the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules an empire. Amharic
differentiates between the two meanings using 1..-t-1. for the wile of an emperor, and 't"!P'+ ' ~"JI"':,..T
for a woman ruler. In the entry 'empress', in the first sentence the empress Menen was the wife of the
emperor (therefore 1.-1:1.) whereas in the second sentence Zawditu was empress in her own right (therefore 'l'1P'+ ' ~"JP':I-T).

LOANWORDS
The purist will probably object to the listing of loanwords in the dictionary. These loanwords
are, however, normally used in the language and no systematic attempt has been made to replace them
with Amharic expressions. There are about 300 loanwords in the dictionary from English, French
and Italian.

NEW EXPRESSIONS
There are many English lexemes for which there is no Amharic equivalent, mostly because they are
culture-bound expressions. An attempt was made to create an Amharic equivalent, as in the case
for 'dessert' ..,oTI"''"tf; 'dressing (for salad)' "'fiiJL~; 'lawn' f.,O. 1 -il.h; 'oasis' fOC::'Ii "1~+.
and other.:;.
Other lexemes are ad-hoc creations, such as 'brochure' oP"'JAAf.' A'tft.'j:.; 'leaflet' Jt'b'i: (also 'article
in a newspaper'); 'diagram' P"M'I! oo.,AAf.; 'dock:' f..,.Ch-11 1 .,6-"'tl.f; 'drain' f1t.t1Jil """m-C::)f,
and others.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PUNCTUATION

An important deciiion had to be made in the domain of the orthography of Amharic. The Amharic
alphabet has various leUer.:; representing originally only consonants, some of which have become iden-

XII
ticaJ in pronunciation. This is tho case of .h and 0 (letters that have lost their consonantal value
and serve mainly when a word must be written with an initial vowel); 0, dt and 'l pronounced h;
u> and 1"1 pronounced s; II. and D pronounced ~ As a result of the identical pronunciation of these
letters, there is lack of consistency in Amharic spelling. There are three possible solutiOns in dealing
with Amharic spelling : 1, a radical reform of the alphabet; 2, the adoption of the commonly accepted
orthography; and 3, the standardization of spelling through etymology.
In a radical refonn of the alphabet, wherever there is a choice of two or three letters for the same
pronunciation, one would have to adopt arbitrarily only one letter, regardless of the origin of the root.
Thus, if in the case oft. and o, one were to choose, say, the letter 11., one would have to write h(l'
'imprison', h.m+ 'know', ht.1' 'eye', all with the h, even though .1',10.,. goes back to Geez I+ (with 0),
and h.f..') likewise goes back to Geez O.&') (cognate with Semitic 'ayn). Similarly, if between"" and il
one were to choose il, one would have to spell ..,.IJA 'vow' and +IJA 'be painted' both with ll, even
though etymologically .,.... A 'vow' goes back to Geez MA, and "''r\ 'paint' goes back to Oeez IPdfl..
The same arbitrary principle wou.ld ha.ve to be applied to the other letters that have become identical
in pronunciation. I did not feel that I could use this solution in a dictionary that is intended for
use by Amharic speakers.
The orthography currently and commonly accepted is highly unsatisfactory. Indeed, not only
different speakers of Amharic. but even the same speaker will spell indiscciminately Mol- and :r.o:,.
'sister', ~'1111 and .(.tJ'i" 'well', fJtJA and fJifiA 'culture', rh+l1 and v+l1'just', om+ and 11om+ 'know',
and so on. In this connection it is interesting to mention two authoritative dictionaries published by
Ethiopian scholars. Abba Yohann~ Giibtii Egli'a~her (JI.Q 1 \"'rh")h 1 Hit: 1 2\"'tU.ofl:.r..C) in his
..-,,n 1 .+o'\-1- J -1-"'K?l- hf"rhC,_, (a Tigrinya-Amharic dictionary) spells the Amharic verbs hOC:
(p. 46), h.(.C:: .(p. 47), hr\L (p. 49), all with h., whereas Kidana Wa.J.d K::~Oe (h.-'1~ mA~ h'AA.)
in his OUK'rhL fl'I"Rm- ltDOU'tJ1R J>o'\T hJth (A Geez-Amharic dictionary) spells the same words
withO; thus, one: (p.470), ou (p.473),andPA"-(p.478).Incidentallythew ordfor 'Amharic' is spelled
h....,C~ (with h) by Abba Yohann;)S Giibrii Egzi'abQher, but D"7Cii" (with II) by Kasate B:u-han
TAsimma (h"fir -flcn Tl\"7) in his f0"7Cii'- -1t10 ?11-l- (Amharic-Amharic dictionary),
p. 979. On the basis of this evidence it seems to me that it is not practical to follow the normally accepted
speUing.
I decided to adopt the principle of standardization through etymologies even though this principle,
too, presents certain pitfalls. In the case of h and D, Geez as well as Tigre and Tigrinya and the other
Semitic languages could be used as guides for oorcect spelling. In the ca!le of V (h), .h (b) 01 -1 (b),
only Geez (and Arabic) could serve as a guide since Tigre and Tigrinya retain only 0 h and dt b. this
last sound representing a merger of th b and.., !J. For w and (I as well as foe ~ and I, Geez alone
could serve as source of information, since in both Tigre and Tigrinya IP and (I ace represented as
(I s, and " and 6 have merged into " I It is on tho basis of this principle that I adopted spellings
such as OCD4' 'know' (Geez 1+), UFC 'ten' (G. dFC), 7.1-l- 'sister' (G. 7..'1-l-), rM 'three' (G.
wAn-tt), ift'tlt 'building' (G. ifa'l~) .nn 'baby' (G . .nn), :r..+ 'things, baggage' (Tigrinya lt_.da),
bi:A 'fortune, luck' (Tigrinya IJ.Rr\), and so on. Less generally accepted spellings ace those of om.t.
'double', a~ 'mow, IJ")Q-:,0 'wood', and 'tCD-1'\<' ~<f.n 'whirlwind', but here again the speJling
with o was adopted be<::ause these roots have an fl as first radical in Geez : om.t. I IJP.R J /JiJ and
IJID'tr, re'!pectively.
Special mention shoUld be made of w6- 'work, do', and its derivatives F~ 'work' (noun), V"&-+11
'worker', ""'Yf/.f 'tool', all with~~'. It is true that this root is the closest connected with Geez flCdl
'labor, endeavor' (with ll), but it can also be connected with Oeez uco 'arrange, dispose' (with 1.1").
If one adds to it the fact that the most frequently used Amharic spelling is,~ (with 1P), I thought
it advisable to spell it with IP.
The Amharic verb for 'to take a rest, to die' is spelled 1\C:I. (with h) even though the root is DU.
The spellinj: with h is justified since Amharic hU comes from hM.L becoming hU., the h of which
is that of the prefixed morpheme of the 1\-stem. The noun 'rest, vacation' is spelled,. however,
M~+ (with o) going back to its root.

xm
Etymological spelling is also used in Arabic loanwords. Thus, .h.llil 'bill', Arabic ~,.,.~I_.; rhh.f'"
'doctor', Ar. ~; O,o\'"7 'aim', Ar. -;_.~; 1-ol\., 'object, purpose', Ar-l...:N.. and sO on. It-is likely that ).:,OJ!' 'plan' comes from Arabic~ but since its origin is doubtful and it is normally written
with ilt., I adopted the spelling :P..lt~.
The standardization of spelling through etymology is not intended to conflict with actual pronunciation of a lexeme. Thus, for instance, the verb 'be went out' is pronounced wdtra, with J,
and is therefore written tatiJ (with "1), and not m~ as it would he if one adhered strictly to the origin
of the verb, namely Geez OJirlt.. Also, the verb 'he is' is pronounced a/Iii, with an initial a. It is therefore
written hi\ and not PI\ as it would be if one adhered strictly to the etymology, namely Geez 1.11\ ...
The samecoosideration applies to 'new' addis, written h.ll.n and not rhJI,h as the etymology would have
required.
In roots for which there is no corresponding Ethiopic or Semitic ctymoloJY, I have adopted h
for an initial vowel, fJ for h (except in lit? 'water'), 1\ for s, and A for ~
A labiovelar with the vowel ii is often reduced in pronunciation and in writing to a velar followed by
o. Genetally, I kept the spelling with the labiovelar; thus ojLm.l. (and not "'m4 This spelling is,
however, not consistent.
In the verb forms of the 1.2.2. verbs in which the last two consonants are in contact I have adopted
the spelling with one consonant; thus, -+(pronounced marro) for ,..:t+ (from ,..:"').
Jn forms in wbich there is a meeting of the vowels tl-tJ I have no:rmally adopted the system of eliding
the vowel a; thus, /1C for fA1C. In entries, however, I also keep both vowels; thus, fMC (see
'airlincs'). In the meeting of the vowels 11--a I ha.ve normally kept the two vowels; thus n.~ (and not
f~J, but Ml'lo (and not hl'\:l'!.{t).
Tile conjuoctions are not separated from the verb5l; thus, RAI>IJ, The prepositions that have more
than one letter- are written separately; thus, ilr\ 1 11"i"il. They are not separated from a pronoun;
e.g. 111'\ll- (for ilA"Il-), or occasionally in combination of nouns in which the f of the first noun is
omitted as in ilr\tJ')P.':f- 1 ).~forM 1 (f)tnJl.olC >c.
The end of the Amharic sentence is not marked by . Only the question mark(?) is given wherever
required, and occasionally the exclamation mark (!).

PRONUNCIATION
No pronunciation is given for the English Iexemes. The student will have to know that the pronunciation of 'entrance' (n.) is different from that of 'entrance' (v.). Only in exceptional cases where
the swne part of speech is pronounced in two different ways is there an ind.ication for the pronunciation; see 'row' (n.) rhyming with 'low' or 'how'; or 'tear' (n.) rhyming with 'pear' or 'fear',
As for the Amharic lexemes, it would have been hJghly desirable to indicate the gemination with a
special symbol, but this would have increased the cost of the dictionary considerably.

ENTRIES AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT

In the enumeration of entries, the verb is given before the noun.
Within each entry, the arrangement is alphabetical. Example : 'close. close down, close in, close in on,
close out'. A word in parentheses does not count for alphabetic arrangement; therefore '(be) closed
up' is not placed under 'be', but after 'close out'.ln the subentries in which the word of the main entry
is at the beginning, it is treated first. Thus, under the main entry 'near', the subentries 'near at hand.
near here', are listed first. Only then follow the subentries in alphabetical order where 'near' is not the
first word, as in as near as. come near, get near, nowhere near.'

XIV
An English entry is occasionally translated by two Amharic entries. In this case the symbol J
is used to separate the equivalents; see 'anger' (vt.) h.'iU I lt.lt...IIJ; 'abduct' mill. 1 .l't'i=IIJ" m(l,_
The second Amharic lexeme is either illustrated with a different sentence (as in the case of 'anger'),
or is used in the same sentence. The second lexeme is then put in pareotheses (as in the case of'abduct').
Wherever there is only one meaning for the English entry, the Amharic equivalent follows immediately after the English entry (see 'ail'). ff the English entry has more than one meaning, no Amharic
equivalent follows the entry directly, but the Amharic equivalents are below the entry and are
numbered according to the various meanings o the entry (see 'aim').
The English verb entry is normally rendered by the Amharic verb in the perfect, singular 3rd
masculine; e.g. 'build' w&., lit. 'he built'. The Amharic verb is cited in a verb form other than the
perfect wherever the perfect is not used; see 'not bad' (under 'bad') Mf" Af.l\ since in this idiom
the verb is used only in the negative imperfect.
The Amharic verbs translating the English verbs with the prefix un- are also occasionally given in a
verb form other than the perfect; SEe '(be) uninhabited'.
The 3rd person singular, masculine is alro used if the Amharic entry is a gerundive or a relative
imperlect translating an adjective. This is the case of'late' (adv.) !MIA-, but one of the cited sentences is
'she arrived late' Jl..,,.;f- f.~(l"f where the fonn is that of the Jrd person, singular, feminine. Or,
'favorite' (adj.) f"'l.tD.Rm-, lit. 'that he likes it', but the cited sentence is 'my favorite' f'/"tJJf.ID"
lit. 'that I like it', that is, the first person.
The Amharic impersonal verbs are cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine followed by the object
suffix pronoun of the singular, 3rd masculine in parentheses; thus '(be) thirsty' m"7(tD-); 'understand' 'l'l(ID').
An Amharic verb that is used with prepositional suffixes is cited with the prepositional suffixes in
parentheses. Examples: 'rage' Qf'\(O'f-); 'rally (to)', 2. Ufi(RT).
While the Amharic verb entry is cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine, the verb of the translated sentence can be used in any verb form. Thus, in 'base' (v.) -.,.~.,., the verb of the translated
sentence is likewise in the perfect <-.,.~Thm-); in 'backbite' (h."'J), the verbal noun ("7..,-fit) is used
in the Amharic sentence; and in 'benefit' (m+"-), the imperfect (,_m't'"YA.) is used.
Occasionally an active or a transitive verb is illustrated with a passive in the English sentence.
In this ca..<:, the Amharic verb is cited in the active with its passive form in parentheses. Thus, for
'announce', no. 6, the sentence has the verb 'was announced'; the Amharic entry is therefore i'l~ (+i1
"),
At other times, the cited English entry is in the passive rather than in the active; see '(be) imprinted',
without the active 'imprint'. This procedure was adopted for cases where the p&SSive usage is more
frequent than the active usage. When an active form is required, the reader will then use the Amharic
active verb of tho cited verbs ++"a and~. that is a and li+o-.
Whenever a stative verb is expressed by 'be
adjective', it may occasionally have a special entry
beside the adjective entry. Most often, however, this kind of verb has no special entry. but can easily
be translated by using the cited Amharic adjective followed by irD< 'he ill'. Thus, the adjectives 'curious,
nasty, hollow' and others can serve as bases for the stative verbs ('be+ adjective') by the addition
of idt- 'he is' to the adjective: 'be nasty' h.llm~lo t, or
t~~to,

_.,6:.

The passive of an English vecb is not cited as subentry since normally the passive is formed in Amharic by the -f<-stem. For instance, only 'betray' h-'1 is cited, since 'be betrayed' would normally be
expressed by .,.M, However, in verbs in which the passive is not rendered in Amharic by the +-stem,
but rather PY the basic stem or by another root altogether, the English passive is cited as subentry.
Examples : 'demolish' l\toXrno (expressed by the h.-stem), but 'be demolished' m~- (expressed by the
basic stem); or 'lift' ht.., J h~ AU1, but 'be lifted' i9 translated by other roots (l\R..+ I +li~H).
See also 'affoct' and 'be affected'; 'form' and 'be formed'.

XV
Verbal nouns ending in -ina (weeding') or abstracts (such as 'oondemnation') are usually not cited,
since they are expressed either by the Amharic verbal noun that can automatically be formed from the
verb or by a verb form.
Phrasal or complemented verbs such as 'go in, throw away' are listed separately as subentries since
the tnmslation cannot be inferred from the main entry. More complicated is the question of a method
for listing those verbs which are followed by a complement, but the combination is not a phrasal verb.
Thus, for instance, 'deal with' in the sentence "how shall we deal with this problemT' is not a phrasal
verb. This combination is, however, listed separately because the proper Amharic equivalent for
'deal with' could not be inferred from the equivalent of 'deal' followed by the Amharic preposition
'with'. Besides, the Amharic equivalents -f'~fi>,.. (no. l) and SH (no. 2) are not even used with a prepositional element, but are combined with the marker -'1 of the direct object. Combinations of that
kind ace, therefore, listed separately. See also 'contribute' and 'contribute to'; 'bore into' (under
'bore'); 'zip through' (under 'zip').
A good illustration of separate listing of nonphrasal verbs is 'ask after' (as in "he asked after your
hea.lth")or'askfor' (as in "did anyone ask for me?''). It is true that in both these case; the.verb 'ask'
is translated mf'-t which is the translation of English 'ask'. However, since Amharic does not express
'ask after' or 'ask for' by a combination of mf'-t 'ask' with the prepositions 'after' or 'for', but by the
direct complement, the separate listing seemed advisable.
Occasionally the preposition is put in parentheses, as in 'account (for)', 'adhere (to)', 'answer (for)',
'cut (through)', 'depend (on)'. A preposition placed in parentheses after the verb indicates that while
the combination is not a phrasal verb, the preposition is required for the special meaning.

The Amharic key word does not always indicate the syntactic structure of the sentence which is
conditioned by the key word. The reader should, therefore. read the whole sentence to familiarize
himself with the function of the key word in the sentence. For instance, 'make believe' (under 'believe')
hll-M does not indicate that it requires the verb lo be in the relative. Indeed, the sentence "the boys
made believe they were fighting the enemy" is translated AF,:P 1 ml\_.,., 1 f<"t'P1- t..h-i'l.fto
(with the relative verb f"t,.....).
The functioning of the key word ~IJA for 'about' (no. 4) is understood only through the whole
seiJtence "this house is about as high 8S that tree" ,f.-IJ I 11.-l- I .f")') I lflj! I ~tJ/Jtt. I .E~1f"T/Jtt. Where
it becomes clear that the compared object 'that tree' has the suffix -1' (in ~'J't).
Or, the position of O.ll 'devoid of' after the noun in the construct state is evident only from the
sentence "she is devoid of shame" :h.'i!~.,. ll.h ...-......

LABELS
An English verb is labeled transitive (vt.) or intransitive (vi.) according to the usage in the existing
English dictionaries. A verb is considered transitive if it has a direct object; it is intransitive if it does
not have a direct object. Thus, read' in the sentence "he reads a book" is transitive, but in the sentence "he reads well.. it is intransitive.
The labels vt. and vi are used only when the same verb can be either transitive or Intransitive; see,
for instance, 'dutter, read'.
Most nonna11y an English transitive verb is translated by an Amharic transitive, and an English
intransitive is translated by an Amharic intransitive. At times, however, this is not the case. An
example of this is 'circle' (vt.) in "the moon circles the earth" translated "'~.4> 1 o-&.:r- 1 ,,.tJ' 1
."f-PU:f (where ~~~ is used with the preposition :and postposition 0 ~ - - tt-t.f). Or, 'bang at' (an
intransitive usage) in "he banged at the door to be let in " is translated ADIO"J(J:T 0{-'J 1 J!~O (that
is, a transitive in Amharic).

XVI
The labels vt. (transitive) or vi. (intransitive) are not indicated for the Amharic verbs. It is through
the translation that the reader wiU be able to deduce whether the Amharic verb bas a transitive or

intransitive USa&eThe label n. (=noun) or v. (=verb) is used only for entries that could lend themselves to con~
fusion when taken out of context. Thus, 'abuse' out of context can be either a noun or a verb. The
label 'abuse' (v.). 'abuse' (o.) is therefore necessary. But there is no need for a part-of-S);'JeeCh label for
'accessory' or 'accommodate'.

INFLECI'ED FORMS
Plural of nouns. The most frequently used plural marker S, -es (dog-s, match-es) is not indicated.
Any other plural marker is given in parentheses; thus 'calf (calves), child (children)'. Besides, the special
plural fonn is found in the appropriate place with a reference to the singular; thus 'children, see child'.
Past tense. The most frequent marker for the past tense -ed is not indicated. Any form of the past
tense that deviates from the regular form is given in parentheses; thus 'come (came), carry (carried),
commit (committed)', These forms of the past tense (except those of the 'carry' and 'commit' type)
are also found in the appropriate places with the reference to the main entry; thus 'came, see come'.

CROSS REFERENCES
The cross references are indicated as [See also ...] placed at the end of the entry; see such entries as
'advance' [See also 'pacific1; or 'advantage' [See also 'operate']. The choice of p1aciog a subentry
under one or another main entry is arbitrary. For instance, 'make pacific advances' could have been
entered under the main entry 'advance' rather than under 'pacific' where it is placed.
There are no cross references to the verbs 'get, keep, make, put, take' since they are frequently
combined with other parts of speech. Nor are there cross references to tbe prepositions used in phrasal
verbs, such as 'come in, come out, come by' and so on.

SYMBOLS
The symbols used are : ', +, ( = ), and [ ].
The symbol ',

11Ds symbol is used wherever there is no exact Amharic equivalent fOI the English entry. For iiJ..
stance, there is no precise Amharic equivalent for English 'afterthought'. The meaning of'afterthought'
can, however, be rendered in Amharic in a sentence such as "the idea came to me as an afterthought"
t1{., f+1t1Hlh-+ 1 lrlfJii 1 hD-, It would, indeed. be misleading to translate the entry 'afterthousht'
by any of the Amharic Iexemes in the above-mentioned senteoce. It is the traoslation as a whole that
renders the idea of 'a.ftertho\liht'. Or, the idea of the noun 'adhesion' in the sentence' adhesion of the
intestine to the muscles requires surgery" 1'1.1)!-l- bm-1!f= ;~c. 1 1\.I"IJR."t 1 +1!- 1 '1'1'1 1~A
is undoubtedly und,erstood in the verb form 1\."'R~ 'when it adheres'. It would be misleading, however,
to translate the noun adhesion by 1\.I'IJR."t. The symbol' is, therefore, used.

XVII
A sentence preceded by " is not necessarily the first sentence following the entry. For example, the
first sentence followins: the entry 'advent' hu the Amharic equivalent ....,,.."1-l-, but in tj:le second
sentence 'since the advent' is translated by bor>Rt ID,ILtJ, It is the whole unit 'since the advent' that
is translated and not tbe isolated word 'advent'. The sentence is, therefore. preceded by .
When the English entry has neither an Amharic translation following it nor a *~sentence, it means
that the key word equivalent is lengthy and is shown only in the translation This is done in ca9eS
where the sentence that illustrates the entry contains only few additions to the entry. See, for instance.
'false alarm' (under 'alarm') illustrated with the sentence "it was a false alarm" fm-'ft'.-,. "1hm"t<M:
' ~D"ll!T ~nc. I adopted this procedUJ'e for the sake of economy.
The syffi.bol +.
This symbol indicates that the Amharic sentence has a different subject from that of the English
sentence. This symbol is used if the difference in gubjects affects the entry. This is the case in the soM
called impersonal verb of Amharic; see, for instance, 'understand' no. 1 +1Q(m-).
The subjects may differ between the English entry and its Amharic translation in many other verbs.
Thus, for instance, 'be bored' (under 'bore') where the subject of the Engliili sentence is the person
whereas in the Amharic sentence the subject is the speech. See also 'absolve, be absolved'.
The symbol {"" ).

Occasionally a specific part of speech of the English entry is not rendered by the same part of speech
in Amharic. In this case, the Amharic entry is preceded by the symbol ( = ). Examples : 'advance'
no. 3 (= adv.); 'literal' no. I(= adv.); 'oddJy' (=adj.).
This is likewise the case when an active verb of English is rendered by a passive; or when a passive
of English is rendered by an active o.r transitive; or when an intrami.tive verb of English is rendered
by a transitive verb in Amharic; see '(be) knocked down'(= tr.); 'lean over', vi.(-= vt.); 'bark', vt. 2
( = passive).
For many sentences an equivalent part of speech could have been obtained by forcing the Amharic
translation, but the more natural way of translating the English sentence was through a different part of
speech in Amharic. The Amharic part of speech preceded by the symbol ( =) was therefore kept
Incidentally, the adverb(= adv.) in these cases refers not only to regular adverbs, as under 'vain'
( -= adv.) Rh't-1>, but a1so to adverbial or circumstantial expressions, as under 'twofold' ( = adv.)
IN\-l- ~~;'token'(= adv.) M- fUA, or tti'l- +'t'i'i.
The bracket symbol [

J.

An English lexeme that has no equivalent in Amharic is explained by a definition. The definition
is placed in brackets; see 'ale, allergy, delta, galley, jury'. and so on.

ABBREVIATIONS

fern.

active
adjective
adverb
common
conjunction
feminine

Jie'.

aerundive

act.
adj.
adv.

com.

000\1.

intr.
~'

n.

pl.
prep.
pron.
resp.

intransitive
masculine
noun
plural
preposition
pronoun
respect

XVIII

...

tr.
trans.

v"b
v.
intransitive verb
vi.
transitive
transitive verb
vt.
transitive
d.
(zero) indicates that the English lexeme is not translate
singu]ar

to express my own feelings while workThe motto at the head of the introduc tion is merely intended
I am well aware of all the pitfalls inherent
ing for the last six years on the compilat ion of this dictionary,
im:onsistencies in the arrangem ent of the
in a work of this kind. There undoubte dly are occasional
the material offered in this dictionar y may
subentrie s and even in the orthogra phy. For some readers
ns themselves, in many cases other renderbe too abundan t, for others too scanty. As for the translatio
s of aU kinds and my own occasion al hesita.ings could have been used. Notwiths tanding the difficultie
of the student of Amharic as well as of
tion5, I thought that the time had come to put at the disposal
prove helpful in furthering Amharic
would
that
y
dictionar
a
English
learning
student
n
the Ethiopia
studies.
on of the dictionary. The technical
Many persons and institutions were involved in the preparati
support of the Office of Educatio n
executio n of the work was made possible through the financial
al financial aid came from different
of the Departm ent of Health, Educatio n and Welfare. Addition
Near Eastern Center, the Afrlcan Studies
parts of the University of California, Los Angeles, namely the
tive Studies. The printing expenses were
Center, and the Committ ee on lnternati onal and Compara
(AID) which purchase d a certain number
partly covered by the Agency for Internati onal Developm ent
Sellassic University and to the Ethioof copies and made them available for distribut ion to the Haile
y would not have been possible, however,
pian Ministry of Educatio n. The publicati on of the dictionar
witz. I wish to thank in particula r
without the enterprising spirit of the publisher Otto Harrasso
and sound advice in publica.tion matters
detail
to
attention
nary
extraordi
whose
Petwlt
Helmut
Dr.
ste in Louvain was cooperative and
helped me in many stages of my work. The Imprimeric Orientali
tbe printing went along.
as
make
to
had
[
that
changes
many
the
accepting
in
very patient
sentences. I would like to mention
the
of
n
translatio
the
in
involved
were
students
n
Many Ethiopia
very helpful thanks to their excel
were
who
Sellasie
Walde
Girma
and
Shewaye
in particula r Tesfaye
helped me greatly in solving
also
Bekele
Abebe
:nce.
perseven:
their
and
lent knowledge of Amharic
Kane who participa ted
Thomas
Dr.
student
my
to
grateful
especially
am
I
usage.
problem s of language
with Amharic as well
ty
familiari
thorough
His
ding.
proofrea
including
in many stages of this work,
ble value from
considera
of
be
to
proved
problems
n
translatio
of
nding
as his exceptional understa
beginnin g to end.
admirati on and my sincerest thanks to
I take once more the opportun ity to express my profound
and whose spirit guided me in
Amharic
of
study
the
into
me
my teacher Marcel Cohen who initiated
my scientific endeavors.
without the wholehearted cooperaThe completi on of this dictionar y would not have been possible
of my wife. My deepest gratitude goes to
tion, patience, understanding, sacrifice, and encourag ement
he<.
Los Angeles, Decembe r 1972

Wolf LesliLU

abeyance

a
I. (zero). A boy came. A~ "'""
2. 1>11:. A boy came. 1>11: A~ "'""

aback, be taken ~ f.t.,.(IIJo)

I was taken aback by my friend's refusal to
lend me money. aJ-'1:(_ ~1H-II 1>1\0f:CU
.,. fl.ll't f.t.,.'t
abandon (v.)
I. .,.dl. He abandoned his efforts to achieve
his goal. h'ti\"711Jo II"" 1:~11 Yf.C.*I f
tO~BJo1 '1'~'1- _,.dl
2. 'I'll- 1\f.. The man abandoned his family.
l'tiiJo\1-BJo IL_,. 1'111-1 'I'll- 1\f.
3. 'I'll- lflf. The captain gave the command to
abandon ship. trt1:l- l'tl"'ll DDChll-1 'I'
IIIIJo l\1-'l.lflf. 'l-l\~11 l'tm
abandon (n.)
*The students cheered with abandon waving
their arms and shouting. -f-"7t:.l"'ll ll!f'I'BJo
1 0"7dl~dl11<; 0DD'""1i 0?11 11"'1.'1-
f.ll;I-'I'BJo1 111Jt.
abandoned (adj.) f_,.,.,ll
The abandoned child was begging in the
streets. f.,."'IIBJo A~ 0foP1~JI. Y.ll
.,., tnc

be

abandoned

+l.

The prosecution will he abandoned if the stolen

money is returned. f.,.l't~.,...,. 11Hil h.,.,..
111'1 hl't- Y..,.&-A
abase 1>'1'~
A man who betrays his friends abases himself. aJ'I.l('ll1 f"''..h-'1 l'tiiJo &-l't-1 Y'I'C'IA

abate (vi.) .,..,.tl't

The ship sailed when the storm abated. "76
011- ......,.til DDChR- -MH
abbreviate
I. l>o'im~. He likes to abbreviate long words.
~lf~!l" :1'11'1-1 "7o'imc f.aJ'IA
2. l>'lK"f!'.,. :I'A 1>1'.~1. How do you ab.
breviate 'doctor'? 1'-h.,.c f"'1.1111Jo1 :I' A
l\1.<'.'1- l>'lK"f!'_,. :I' A :J-f.C~'I'IIU l
abbreviation l>'lK"f!'.,. :I'A

'Dr.' is the abbreviation for 'doctor'. fP..h.,.

C l>'lK"f!'_,. :I'A 1'-C tiiJo
abdicate lf"l.l-1 11.,..,.
Why did the king abdicate?
,.of.<;'f'IIJo") 11.,.411

1.,.,.. 11!1"1

abdomen IFf:
The sick child's abdomen is swollen. f01i.,.
;;- A~ 1 rrf: l>iltll.A
abdominal rrrf:
Abdominal pains may he caused by eating
too much. h""m1 01\Y. 1 DD-1111'1- 1 IliFf:
,,...,. DDt If (I.IF") Y.:f-1\A
abduct milL I l>'i''l' aJI'tf.
The rebels abducted his daughter. ODDD'l''ll
f(t.1 I A~ I mii~'J- I (l>'i'tiiJo I dl~'J-)
aberration fl>ll!l"f!' 1 u-h'IHe stole the watch in a moment of aberration.
(t't1:1 I f(t~.,.,. I fl>l\!f"f!' I rJoh'J- I f.C{I
0'1- I OtO~O'I- dl~'l- tBJo
*His speech was full of aberrations from the
main subject. 01"1"1'1- 1 1\f. 1.?"1'1" 1 h'l'
....... l>Cll/1'1- f.dl"' I )OC

abash l>ltol..~
The rebuke abashed him. t.,.ll..:J-BJo l>o'ioi..~IIJo
be abashed hoi.~
The little girl was abashed when she saw the
room filled with strangers. h'i'll- Ol\1"1'1
l'tl":f' _,.'I"A.f flf:f' '1..11 A~;l: l>L~:f'

abet (abetted) l>l'.of.L~

Only one man stole the tire but his two
friends abetted him. i"7BJo1 1 fl't~.,.,. h
11: ....... I -11!1' I llrF1!1" Yf.of.L-1-'1- u-11'1- I
l'tl":f' 1>11-

abate (vt.) .,.tl't

The city administration abated local taxes. f"7
ll?!f IL1: fh-f-"711Jo1 "lilt: .,.M

abeyance, be in - "'""'"
His interest in stamps has been in abeyance
for weeks. 1:!l"iiC fDDI'tofll'tofl 'i'l\i1: 1 11oft
, . I '1!1"1;1-'l- I YUA I T'll~fl )01:

abhor
hold in abeyance O+mt!" h.f.t'

The judge held the case iri abeyance until

addition al witnesses appeared .........76 V"il
hl!':f l.ilh.of>Ctl- J:"~il ' Jl'f.,. ' '1--'ll''t '
Oof>ml!' h+f.,.
abhor (abhorre d) m'l
He abhorred cruelty to animals. Ol.'til(\:f
'If. """"h't' t m'l
abhorr ence 'l''lil'
I cannot hide my abhorren ce for her. Ajl.
.fA'h 'l''lil' Milof>., . ht>.:f-t>.V"
abhorr ent hilmll.
Treacher y is abhorren t. hdi-'l.H hilmA..
)

aboard

....

abide (abode, or abided), vt il'A

I cannot abide loud noises. ""l"'i:J- ht>.:f

AVO
abide (vi.) hJ'.of>CV"
Even after disappointments hope still abides.
'1--'l.f:f-'t qf.<\IJA'tV" l.'t\>, ...il4- ..,J:~;>:f't hJ'.of>CV"
abide by

!. hhO~. You must abide by your promises.

f1q1i.,.' t :J>t>. ..,hOC hAilU
2. 0 ao;. I abide by what I said qf>.b-l-
M<;AU

abiding H'l<l:
He manifested abiding devotion to his country.
'11~ H'l<l: '1'11-C't h<\f
ability (abilities )
!. ":ftt-:J-. He has ability to swim like a fish.
l.'tf.. 'i"f fOD'I'"f'l- :ftt-:J- ' hll"'"
He is a man of great abilities. h'i! .fA
":ftt-:J- '""'" II..... ) ....
2....11'1'9'. Musical ability often shows itself
early in life. fDDoiL-"' ...11'1'9' hilq'f~
'1..11. 01>.)!')'1- J'.:J-11J-"'1>.
abject M-"'4:
Abject poverty is visible in the beggar's tattered clothes. hA.,"f' R--Io+ t>.ilil hll-"'4:
J:-1i)'l- ' l.'t"'AO'I- J'.:f"W-"'1>.
abjure !Jf..
He abjured his religion. ,,.._..,,N't !Jf..
(be) ablaze
!. ...'tll1fl1. The streets were ablaze with
lights. 1-f-<;"9''fl ' QODilt-'J- 0 -l"'tfl1(1-1'ff>.

2. 01.<\'1- ....f.fH. The whole building was

ablaze. .b'ta.,. QDDoll- 01.<\'1- ...,,.,.
)QC
3. -1:"1 hA. I was ablaze with anger when
he kicked my dog. .,.lftlo't 0~1m '1..11. 0
't ...'l--ll"' ht>.h-

able
!. ":ftt-:J- .fA.,.. He is an able speaker. ":ftt:J- .I'll"'" ....<;;>& ) ....
2. '""' An able speech won the king's favor.
f ...f-~1"'" ' '""' ' 't"'"'C ' fi'I-P'-'t ODI>.IJV"
hil....ff'l- hil1"f
be able il'A
Will you be able to come? 1\0DV""''I- '1-":f
'I AU!
able-bo died , ....,_,. 11.,.)'1- .fA.,.
Only able-bodied men will be accepted into
the army. wf.. fllC llt-'E-11 1\oP"'q'J- f
"t.:f-11- , ....,_.. 11.... )'1- '""'"'" ilil'
<;,.,.
ablutio n OD:J"mil
Ablution must be performed by Muslims
before prayer. l.M1":f h""all.f ,.,. R.I.
'1- oP:J"mil t.Aq'f.,.
abnega te 'i'of>
He abnegate d his family fortune and became a
monk. fiL-J- liM Uil'l- 't+ OD)h-11
abnega tion (= adv.) F;>~ OJ:"ttA hermit lives a life of abnegation. q;,:J-0
F ;>~ OJ:-tt- J'.'ft-1>.
abnorm al
I. h ....I.'I'C' f ...Af. It is abnorma l for a
J:- II.... ...
man to be seven feet tall.
ODif't ' h ... .I.'I'C' ' f ...
OD'J- ' llq'J- '
Af ) ....
2. Ohl.V"C'.,. 1111- .I'll. Abnorma l children
require special teaching. Ohl.V"C''I''I'"'" 1111-
.fA- A~ AI' f..,il...._,C H... .fil.l.l>.
;>'1''1'1>.
3. 11-'1' .f"' I .fi>.... AODS'... His abnorma l actions show that he has been drugged. 11-'1'
.f"'"'" ' (.ff>....I\ODf...,.) o h\>,:\). o ODJ:-'1~'1-
OD1jooPI\-'t o .f<\.ff>.

""1.., '

aboard , go~ .......,~

We went aboard an hour before the boat
sailed ODCh!l 1>.'1-~J:- h'tJ:- ll'i'l- 11.4'
t-'1- ...<\.I,C't

abode

all aboard floPCb11

aJol)'f'

f)ofl"- 11-fto

When the ship went under all aboard were

drowned. ""Ch!J. 11~11'1'11" fliD-IItjJ. f)fl
tt- r flo/r llm.,...
all aboard I .,.114.'1- I

All aboard! The bus is about to leave. .,.114.

-1-1 h,..,_fl'll- ii.'U: ~,.
abode (n.) ou<;&Y
His abode is far away. OD'f&YID- -1-:J> ~,.
abode, see abide
abolish hi14'&
He abolished slavery.

qc~~'t

hil4'~

abolition "'1'1'4-~
The abolition of poverty was the main purpose of the bill. fa,.,. 'I'<; 'ill"'' .l:''lh
~'t "'1'1'4-~ ~flC

hilh4. lf'f Y.II"'''I'A

2. hll:l'of:. The abominable cruelties of Nero
are well known. f~ hll:l'of: "l"IJ~ fl"''.
f;ND4' '

~,_

abominate mil
He abominates strict discipline. 'J'Il:J> .,....
'I'C Y.miiA

abomination ( = adj.) hllh.L

The man's cruelty is an abomination.
,. "l"IJ~ hilhol. ~,.

breakdown in communication. hoo1'i~ -flA

'li~ N~"f f_,.f..~~,. '1':1'~ hifol.

abortion 6'tll't "''llm~s:Is abortion a crime in Ethiopia? 6'tll't "''ll

ID~.I:' flh.~f"kY dl't"-A ~,.?

abortive
I. P'C YAIIf..f... An abortive case of smallpox will leave no scars. P'C YAIIf..f.. fol.
"JIIJIIJ O'li:t- 1 mq/1 1 hY.-1-m-11"
2. 'i!ol. 11.11. The early attempts to fly were
abortive. 4'1..11" II.A 1\0Dofi~C 1 f.,.f..~.,.~
.....h&-l":Y. 'i!ol. 11.11 ,~,. "'""

abound '1"11
Animals abound in this forest. flll.ll ""liJ
ID-11'1' h&-'~ 'I"A:1:A

The river abounds with fish. m'tlf< ID-11'1'

'l"' 'I"A:1:A

abominable
1. hllh.L. The weather this year is abomina.
ble. flll.ll 'l""~ Yf-1- mq,e hilhol. ~,.
He finds this music abominable. Y.ll ,....11.:1'

~q

about

f{UDf

aboriginal f'l"t~ lll":Y.

Traces of aboriginal dwellings can still be seen.
f'l"t~ lll":Y. OD'f&Yl":Y. C'll&-'l'r h

11-'tll" Y.:t-YA

aboriginal Inhabitant '"""-""&Y ~'I'&

The aboriginal inhabitants of Ethiopia are the

Agaus. fh.~f"kY '"""-""&Y ~'l'&l":Y.
h~l":Y. ""'"'"
aborigine '"""-""&Y ~'I'&
The Agaus are the aborigines of Ethiopia.
Ml":Y. flh.~f"kY f"""-""&Yl"'li )'I'&
l":Y.. ""'"'"

abort
1. 111).~~4.. When a pregnant cow is iqjured,
it will abort. hofl.l:' flf~:Y. 1111" 11'1-7-JI
o}-111). ~"14-11:y.
2. hlf4.. The attack aborted because of a

about (prep., adv.)

I. 1111. They were talking about the war.
1111

,..c~-1>

ym-1-

~flc

What is it all about? Y.ll 11-lr Ill\ ll"'t

.~:").

~,.!

2. fl--- IIY.. There is something queer about

him. 1111- IIY. h't.l:' 7.'t"'JI ~~c

.e:r

YA
3. h't.l:'. There were about thirty people present.
h't.l:' P'll/1 lll":Y. ~~~-~4. YIIA. This house is about as high as that tree.
Y.ll IL~ Y't't q'i' YIIA Y.~11"'1A
5. flll.ll hiJqfl., Are there aoy wild animals about? flll.ll hiJqfl. f-'I.C h&-'~

hM

6. fl - - - lf<&Y. The dog capered about its

master. m-lf,. fl'l.;t-m- lf<&Y 11~4'
*John is adept at repairing things about the
house. ]('t fiL~ 7.:l'l":Y. faam~'t :Y.

11-:t" hi\ID0He is about my age. flcl.l:""'. 7.11-Yf ~,.

about face I 4''{ :\11 11-C I
The officer roared, "about face"! ODho't\Oo 4'
"{ :\11 lf<C oflll- hHH
be about A
imperfect

)0>'

The pail is about full. q/:I,JI,m- 11.'1"11

~.,.

Lunch is about ready. 11"11 il.f..CII

be about the same
{II\ I )tJJo

f.,.4'&-~fl

~,.

~,.

I f.,.OD/1

Is the weather in Addis Ababa better than

in Harar? It is about the same. fhJI.II h

above

abrupt

Rfl ,ffC v-~;1- bm<:C J'.lfiiAt f.,.-1'&<:R (f.,.oPfl(lA) I ~liJo

*It's about the same. ~ )m--

abrasion

+ imperfect + ~w-(~nc)
He is about to leave. fl.'t1: ~"'"
I was about to send for you. AAb11tl ~nc

abreast mt. 1-1

The soldiers walked three abreast. m;t-t.r:'ll
,,. 1-1 V'll."f- V'il."f- l\fll'). 'tJI.

be about to A

have about enou1h of fl:J"(tD-)

+I bave had just about enough of your arguments. ,., ... 1."~'1> R'l>.f'i'A

how about It l :J-JU'ill

[See also 'somewhere, up, wbat']

above (prep.)
1. b - - - RIIJ'.. They live above the store. bll"'. RIIJ'. I J'.'U..tr
The water came above our knees. tD-;)tD-
b.,_ol\R;J-:Y..1 RIIJ'. ID"'
The temperature was above I 00 degrees. ..,.
-t-lo I boP.P. -'1."16 ' RIIJ'. ' ID"'
His bravery was above all praise. )';"11H
b!l"il:>., RIIJ'. ~ nc
2. b. A father should not favor one child
above the other. hfJ."f- h1JI.1 ol\~ t,
1-'1. .,RIIII'I' fiiR."f-!1"
*The book is above me. ""K".hf. b:fll-:1"
jl. RIIJ'. ~w*He is above suspicion. 'tl{t- fli):K.or h.~
m<:mC!I"
above (adv.) b'IJ'.
Seen from above, the lake looks like a mirror.
biiJ'. ' fi.;J- J'. ' m.J'."' ' OD{l.,.'l'."f- ' J'.oPilllol\
As mentioned above, the letter clarified the
matter. b'IJ'. l\11..,.m-tilw- 1.11'1tLw-
"1-.111'1 h11&-e.f;J-ol\
*The bookstore is just above. foPl\.h"i'."f-
""'-11~ ."f-111 b"i' 1111- ~"'"
above all bll-fl-11" J'.RA'I' ! bll-fl-11" J'.ol\:,0
Above all, remember to be on time! ho-A-!1" J'.RA'I' R'l.ll. oo~T."f-1 hil;l-w-{1
Above all, don't get discouraged! bll-fl-!1"
J'.ol\:,0 .,.il'i- h."f-.,..<:'1'
[See also 'far, over']

Abrasions of the skin are painful. f.,.llm

oii'IY.,A

keep abreast (of)

I. n:,Oc11 .,.b:J-.,.11. He keeps abreast of scientific developments. f<'IJ'.1il1 ,.~..,. n:,.c

11 J'.b;J-.,.IIol\
2. b --- ;JC .,.&-.,..1.. He keeps abreast of
the times. b'l.ll.liJo ;JC J'.&-OD'IA

abridge hllm.:
The book was so long he had to abridge it.
""K"mf. o'.'fr!l" ilii~R.: .,lime ~n.:n."fabridged (adj.) ,fm<:
This is an abridged version of David Copperfield. J'.ll ,fmo'.w- fF..li.f: b-TC.I.ol\1:
l\."f-!1" ~"'"
be abridged .,.~t,
The rights of citizens must not he abridged
without proper cause. Yll ~IL !l"h1Y."f-
f.h1111 ou11."f- OD~t,."f- fiiR."f-!1"
abridgment
This book is an abridgment of a three-volume
history. J'.ll ODK".h"i' V'il."f- '1'&-11 f:J-&h
DDl\.h"i'."f-1 R.,llmc f.,.l\.1. ~"'"
abroad w-op h~C
He studied three years abroad. V'il."f- '\OD."f-
w-op MC .,..,<:
abrogate lfo'.
The Emperor abrogated all laws permitting
slavery. 1.,.,.. ~~1"-lo fJC~."f-1 f"''..oi.:,O.t~-."f-1
.n-t:f ll-fl- lf~
be abrogated Ll..ft.
A binding contract cannot he abrogated by
only one signatory. X".,. m-A Q'l ~ 1..6"'1.. 11!1' hJ'.oi.Cil!l"
abrupt

1.
abrade
1. lim. The stone abrades theskin.1:1;JJ'. 41'1 1
J'.ol\"'A
2. ( = pass.) .,.lim. +The boy abraded the skin
of his knee when he fell. ol\7!: m!:oll .,.ol\
R-Jo~m

.1!-1~.,..,. The road is full of abrupt turns.

1:1~.,.:;' '1'9"119"11 J'.RqR;J-ol\

""1~-'1.

We noticed an abrupt change in his attitude.

""II'I'ID'I' .,..,.,llb."f-1
nv-~:t-w- 1:1~.,..,
2. ( = adv.) R1:1~."f-. The abrupt awakening was
caused by a noise. R1:1~."f- n -"'"'" R<Qo
1i."f- !l"h"iY."f- ~nc

absolve

abruptly

--~~------------------------------------~

The road made an abrupt rise up the hill.

OD't"J-'1- -""'"" 'If. {IJ'.Cil OIIJII" h lj" :,0(1
f.a>IIJA
abrupt manner

He has a very abrupt manner. OIIJII" "'ilt.

'i'-t-'1' ) ....

absently 01\.'1 .h/111 ,.11'1' 1-,.tn 1111

She absently nodded in response to the
question. 01\.'1 .h/111 ,.11'1' 1-,.IIJ Ill\

:f.

abruptly 7.'tS'.)"JoiHe treated me rather abruptly. 7.'tS'.)"Iol- Jill

1-'i"IS'.'S

abscess 7.fi"P
The doctor had to cut the abscess . .h h....
7.'1""-"t h.C.<:mll-r

abscond, - with IIC.f' 1>01111

The clerk absconded with the store's money.
~~.... .~..... ' fODS'-11-1-'t ' "l'tH11 ' IIC.f' 1>01111
absence hll""'l"C
The absence of water keeps plants from
growing. f..,.;) hi\OD'l"C 119'1'-r't l.'t-'1.1'
Y:.,. ' .I'S'.C:>'I''I'IIt.
In the absence of the director all work stopped.
'l.~h* ' ill\# ' 1"6-,. ' IHt- .f'oo
*Please be my attorney during my absence.
M 01\.1\o-O.r '1.11. )"1.1: .C.)';. o-"t
[See also 'leave']

absent (v.), - oneself <!'<:

Why did you absent yourself from school?
h-r11"11c-r o.-r liM -1'<:11!

absent (adj.) f-1'<:

The absent members could not vote.

oot.+:f o-~;1" 1\ILII h"IC h/1110. :f"'

c ' .C.'J'lf'.llt.

f~

:,. httll-l- Y:M'I'~ 1\.llm- hllt.il'll-9"

be absent
I. .,.<:. Three members were absent because
of illness. O.ftou!l" ll"h't.l':,. 1"11:,. hfl
11-l- _,C-1',. )OC
2. hllt.1'1"fll". Snow is absent in some countries.
fl't-'l'tY: h1r:l- O<:P.. h!'-1"19"
in an absent manner IJ1llfl

She was daydreaming and answered in an

absent manner. O.h/111 1',."1 111\)0C II
:f"il-11 ooiJt.il llm:Y.

1\'J'f., ....

ODIJt.il

6-!}.'t

:f.

) ... ) ...

absent minded 111.,.

He is always late to appointments because
he is absent-minded. 11't.,. 111\lf) o-llt.'l.
H. 1\_,ml!' H"'U J'.S'.CIIIIt.

absolute
I. 'i'll-11". That's the absolute truth. !'-II 'i'
l\.9" ' 7.fllo),. ' )fllo
The dictator excercised absolute power. 11.9'"
fl 1H 'i'l\.9" Olf) 1"/lt.IIJ't 1~
2. .C.'I"P '11.6-"P. He has been an absolute
ruler. .C.'I"i" 'll.6-"i" 11C )OC
3. 'i'l\.9" 7.C"'ml;'. It is an absolute fact.
'i'l\.9" 7.C"'ml;' )1C ),.
4. 1S'.11 fl\.1\fllo. The absolute authority of

the director was burdensome for the teachers.

"JS'-11 ' fl\.11 .... ' f'l.~h* ' l"llt.IIJ't ' 1\aD!I"
116-'t h'IY: )0C
5. 'tll-.ft. Absolute alcohol has no water in it.
'tll-.ft hllt.l>llt. fllo;) fllo-rll"

absolutely
I. O'i'll-9". He is absolutely right. 7.11- O'i'
l\.9" ' llt.h ' )tJ>o
2. O"i"6-'1i (with negative verb). He is absolutely dishonest. O"i"6-'11 :1""7"1 hJ'.S'.I\9"
3....11- o-11-. Do you agree with me? Absolutely. h~ :>C -rll"7"71\lll -11- o-Il-

absolution 'i':,..h:,. l 'i':J"-r

The priest performed absolution. .,,... 'i':,.
...,. ' ('i':J"-r) ' hS'.<:.,.
give absolution L:'"

"Give me absolution'\ he said to the priest.

., ....'t ' j'.'i'-J>'S ' h'l'l'fllo
pronounce absolution 'i';f":,. hll"7
The priest pronounced absolution. -ttr fi:
:J"-r ' hll-

absentee
I. f"''...,.C 1"'7t:. A careful teacher keeps
track of absentees. m't .+.+ OD!I"IIC f"7...,.
o~-.r"t ' 1'"7t:l":Y. ' J'.WO!m6-llt.
2. Ooo~-J> 'lj'. f"7J'.'l"C. The problem of
absentee landowners is a serious one in this
country. ooo~:f"'l',. 'If. f"7J'.'l"-l- ttl\

absolve
I. )II hS'-<:1. The judge absolved him of guilt
in the accident. flF...? 1 ~t;{UD 1 ...-4-+
-""'"'" ' )1\ '

hS'..1:1tJ>o

2. II<:H(II-r). He absolved me from the promise

I made. 111'1111-r f)O.I:fllo't .+A II<:HIIt.'S

absorb
be absolved 1-l'la(ll 'l-)
+He was absolved from his sins.
(It: fil-l-

~m.h.1:

..,.

absolve (someon e) of his sins L:Jw

The priest absolved him of his sins. -t(l. I.

.,.,.

absorb
1. oomm. The sponge absorbed the water
QUickly. (tlj:~.,.. I 8Jo;'}oli.Jo") I fD.IlJtD- I ODffi
mtiJo
2. }'II. You cannot absorb all that material in
a Single }CSSQfl, n1- I flo/r I f)") S: I :,.,..IJC'I- A'I-.1'-UtiJo 1\'1->fAI"'
3. tf'm. Large companies absorb smaller ones.
'1-AA:,O &q1}'l" >f 'I-1'Jll"'ll1 }'.tiJot!llf'I'A
4. .,..,.1111. The United States absorbed millions
of immigrants. 1\"'UIJ 11"7.11.1'"1 f"7. 4-.m~
111.1-'l'>f ' 1-+llll'f
5. 11'11. The company will absorb all the

research costs. b-Q1' ym- fT'i"-IJ') r mQ;a. ,.

11-J'.>flt.A
6. a>l'lf..(fl'l-). This job absorbs all my time.
}'.II .1"&- "1..11.11.1 11..,.11- }'.dJ{l.I!-11>;'A
7. "7t:h. The circus absorbe!l the boy's attention. I'ICh(l. fA)I:1 ""11..11 "7t:ht1Jo
be absorbe d +oo(lm
He was so absorbed in his book, he did not
hear me come in. noox-mf. OIIJ,.. +ou
iltn iiii~IIC 111q I\A1'1"7't9"

absorb ent,

~ paper DP9"m""'. m.:HAbsorbent paper is used to dry hands . .,..,.

m""'. m.:.,.:r- 1\)('1 11"7.(-t::,O }"11\"lit.A

absorb ing f"7.DPil'l'

He told me an absorbing story. f"tooil- r

;hlh ~~.:'t

abstai n
I. 1-4-.mfl I 1-mfl.,.. The doctor ordered him
to abstain from meat. mh...,. hP':> 1\1
-'1,4-.mil 1\UUtiJo
Athletes usually abstain from smoking. liT
C1-'1'>f l\it~>;'..,.1 "1..11. h"7..._1l J'.m
11:1'112. .1:-9"6 I\AI'Im9". Three nations voted for
. the proposal and two abstained. 1Pil'l- 1\~
~>f r.,..:n..,. 1 m'lil II.Y-"14- v-1\i>
.,
1 11;9"6 1\AI'Im-9"

absten tion
I. ""mfi:,O. His abstention from alcohol kept

abstra ction
him healthy. hi\AI>A ""mil., lim.1~'1-
1\'1'.: ....
2..1:-9"6 1\1\DPilm'l-. The meeting acljourned
after a vote of three for, two against and
three abstentions. IPil'l- floPf..~'i! 1 v-11'1-
IIDP:I'm !"' 1 IPil'l- .1:'9"6 qi\DPilm'l- llil
(lq..,.. 1-111-~

abstine nce ODmfi:,O

Abstinence from liquor is good for health.
h"t}'l'lh C ""m'l' ""mfi:,O l\m.1~'1- J'.
fl)fA

abstra ct (v.)
1. hmar. They abstract iron from ore by
smelting it. 1\I..C 11"7:,011'1' ilt:'l- }'m
"1112. 1\'lm.:. The student was asked to abstract
the book. 1-"7tlt1Jo ""!l;m#-1 1\1-'I.J'il'l'C
1-mf.,.

abstra ct (n.)
I. 1\"111;~1- ,.,.<;:.H e published the full speech
as well as the abstract of it. 1"1"1~1 11..,.11<; ' 1\"111;~1- ' 11;....#-1 ' 1\/11-DP
2. f~1C 1 i19". Sweetness is an abstract; sugar
is concrete. IIJ4-?~T 1 r~1C 1 il'l"" 1 )m- 1
ll'>.C "11 f-1'/l.,.._{l ill"' ~..,.
make an abstrac t lt.ll"l'l:' 1 "-L
He made an abstract of the book on Ethiopia.
Ill\ ' 1\.'l-\'"ti:}' ' f1-l\l..t1Jo1 ' DP!I;mt;! ' 1\fi'J'

C'

"-Lm-

abstrac t (adj.)
I. <:4::,0. Only advanced students can understand the abstract theory about the nature
of the soul. Ill\ ~'i!ll q,"hCJ'. <:4::,0 1\
111-'ll'lil ll.t:-'1- f"7.>fll- fi'I-9"11C;f-'ft1Jo
f~4- ' 1-"7tll">f ilil' <;'fmo
2. f"7J'....,fl'l'. That is an abstract question.
y f"7J'....,fl'l' ~~c ~..,.

abstra cted (adj.) f1-""iltn

He gazed at me with an abstracted look.
fl1-oP{ltf1 ' 1\{11-}'f'l- ' 1\'l-h-~ ' 1-0DI\h1-'t

abstra ction

<:4::,0~'1-

The abstraction of philosophy contains the

essence of human experience. ft;:Ailt;:li" 1 ~
4::,0~'1- fl'lt~Jo'J A)(' 6.....,.'1- <;:.:,
~
~c .1'-JI.A
*In a moment of abstraction he grabbed the
wrong hat. Oth/tofl 1 +m-tn ' lJ!d fA.I\ a (l!m- '
qc~"'

m(lf..

abstruse
I. f"7 f.""R'I'. What he said about the matter
is abstruse. ilo\ "I-'ll< fof-<;~t.m- f"7f.
Q;l.fl'l'

academic

abstruse

~CD-

2. o\ODt."'."J- h."';J:f. +His ideas are abstruse.

.hO\(J-") 0 o\OD(."!."J- 0 h."!;J:f 0 ~OJo
absurd DO-lIt is absurd to think I would steal. 7-.~ 7-.11
C:J'o\11- oflll- "7/lofl DO-l- ~mabsurdity ;1!'.1\H
It is an absurdity to wear shoes_ on your
head. """.tl":f"t 7-.&-il ~f. "7Y:t."' ;1!'.1\~
."1-' ~"'"
abundance ofi~."JThe abundance of fish will develop the factory.
f'i"' ofi~."J- of.ofl&l)m-"t Yf.t."P;A
in abundance

I. R~<;:. Food and drink in abundance are

to he found here. ODoflol\<; ""m'l' 7-.H.II
0~<;: ' f.~"ifol\
2. OY:II-."1-. Since the end of the war they have
lived in abundance. ,nc~1: I}O:J' mJI..tJ
OY:II-."1- ' <;t.'I'A
abundant
I. fOo\K~. Is Ethiopia abundant in minerals?
t..."J-I'"kY 0"7bY:"t fRo\K~:f <;."J-?
2. 11ft'. We have abundant evidence to convict
him. fl(to I /tf. I j\ODij.':~_e- I 1Jit' I OD~)f I
h.o\"t
abuse (v.)
I. t..1-o't-to\. The mother abused her child.
7-.<;."1-1'"'1' ' A:(."t ' h.1-o't-to\:f
2. 1-"1. My brother abuses his eyes by reading
in dim light. m"tY:"" Rf.ofl~~ -ocn
0"7"t0ofl 'if.l-"t f.1-"'A
3. Yo\ t.."'qofl w&-(0."1-). The manager abused
his authority. F&- t..ilh.J')I: OFA"'l-
Yo\ t.."'Q-R w&-O."J4. t.mh. The demonstrators abused the
speakers with their shouts. 11~"7'1! IIA.C.'l"'ll
of-<;;J&l"'ll"t ' 0""1i;f''fm- ' t.m\>,'l'm5. 111.0 I Oh"t1: m&-. He sinned by abusing
God's narne.fl'."'H.h.ofi.J.C"t ilr oooilf.-R
(Oh"t1: OOD'J'&-."1-) "lm.t..."J- ~"'&abuse each other +MY..O
The candidates abused each other during the
campaign. -1-0J"'"'&l"'ll ' om-s:-~ ' 1.11. '
-1-Mf..ll-

abuse (n.)
I. iiR:-R. No one likes to listen to abuse.
i~R:-R"t ""ii"'."J- f"''..mY: 11m- fAr
2. -1-~R. YAII'~ t.Y:&-~."1-. We hope to put
an end to abuses. -1-~R. Yol\11'~ t.Y:&-~
."1-"t ' o\..,il... ~Y: ' -1-ilof.. ' h.o\"t
3. Y~"'qofl ""m4'r. The abuse of power
corrupts the official who does it. P'A"'"t"t
Y~"'Qofl oum<tr f.ll"t f"'L.f'f.~m-"t
qiiP'ol\"'"t oflol\lf. Y~'l'ol\
4. 0 - - - oom4'r. Abuses of public office such
as taking bribes are punishable by law.
"1-11 o ODo(I~."J-"t o o\OD0\/11\-."J- ' h.Y:&-~ofo:f '
0"""t"'FT FA"'"t ""m4'r Om"' Yil
4'"1.1\

abusive fBo\4.
He showed me an abusive letter. fHo\4. f.ofl
"111. ' h.o'tf'S
abut (abutted)
I. -1-YYH. The two houses abut. o-o\1: 11.-fo
:f f-1-YYrt- <;'l'm2. 1-"t ~m-. The street abuts against the railroad. OD"t1-'l- hqiK- .h.II..Y: 1-"t ~"'"
abysmal
I. h<;: Yo\. The people of this region live
in abysmal poverty. fH.II h.I)QR. lll":f
h<;: Qo\ :f"'c m-ilT f.'f&-112. OJf.C fll.o\m-. He showed abysmal ignorance of Ethiopian conditions. ilo\ t..."J-I'"kY
o-~;1' mf.C f/l.o\OJo t.~'I'4:~."J- ;f'fO."Jabyss 1!..1\
The bus crashed into the abyss. hm-ofo!l-(1. 1
f.A m-il'l' mY:.J -1-/IQOt.
acacia "1&-C

academic
I. f<to\r ."1-ruc."J-. We should have an institute that can grant academic degrees.
A4'Ar ."1-ruc."J- Y:"'& f"'-11'1' Y:c;l!'
."1- 7-."t.ll..'ft."t Y"ifA
2. o\hil-1-0\llofl oflll' f"''..m:J>r. Whether or

not to have a language academy is now an

academic question. f:lrt* t..l)"'"''.. f.\-C
hf.1-C f"''..o\m- 'I'Y"' qo-"t 1.11. At..
il-1-o'tllofl ofl!l' roy_m:J>r ~"'"
academic preparation .rruc+

He has sufficient academic preparation for

the job. o\F&-m- 04: fll'~ ."1-ruc."J-
ho\OJo
[See also 'year1

academy

acceptance

academy l\OJ-'1"'1.
There is an urgent need for a language academy. r!t'l* l\OJ-'1"'1. 1111'1'\>..1'. YII~IA

accede, ..... to
I. .,.+1111. He acceded to my request. TJI.,IIo
., ' .,..,.011
2. JIH. He acceded to the chairmanship after
the incumbent died. f-l'.l:"'l"fll- 11.-1' OD'I
OC 11.'1"'1- l\1\- II.+ OD'IOCt_,'l JIH
3. fD~il. When the king died his son acceded
to the throne. ., ... ,.. II.'1"-1: lA )I: l\IA;Jfll'1 ' fD~II

accelerate (vt.)
I. 'i!'l't'l- ....... ~. The drivers accelerated
the motor by stepping on the pedal. tl["''ll
o.'Ill.'I ""ll""lfD-'1 o-c..T f'I"-K-'1
'i!'l't'l-' """""2. l\'1-mt. Foreign aid is needed to accelerate
Ethiopia's development. fl\.'1-I'"A:JI'I IA"'I'I-
11"'1'1-m'l ffll-.,_.. l\C-'1;1- l\11.1.1\'1. tfllaccelerate (vi.) fi:.'I')-T Q;t.oo~

The stone will accelerate as it rolls down the

mountain. J!"1,."J'- ' +&o&-tJJo"t (l.mcJ!" r tt:
'l't'l- 1lf""""~ Jl.lt'IIA
acceleration
*Stepping on the gas pedal causes the acceleration of the car. 0.'Ill.'I ""ll"'ifll-'1 11'1~"'mfll- f""ll_""'" 'i!Tt-1: JI. ...'/"6-IA
accent(v.)
Accent the first syllable of this word!
I.
fll.ll'l :l'IA f"""Y..""&JI h'i!ll :l'IA l\'1"1
2 l\1-1\. Her scarf accented her blue eyes.
JI'I"J:t G:"' II"'IJI'Efll-'1 'iJI.'f!l!'l l\1-1\'ffll-

M"'.

accent (n.)

I. ~.,-.-,..,- .(--1-'J-. Where is the acoent in this

word? fll.ll :l'IA ~.,-.-,..,- .1:"-1-'1- f'l- 1\JI.
tfll-!
2. ..,_..~.-,.. The French alphabet uses different
acoents for the vowels. f .I.~'I fiJI. .I.S'.IA
11.1:"'1"6 ' 1\..IJil"':r- ' 0.,.111'- ' .,...~.,.:r- ' Jl.
m+"'IIA
3. M;J"JC. His foreign accent betrayed him.
f..,.. I ft1C I {liD' I Jrt),;>1"- I 1\,."J/ltnlD*He still speaks with an accent. M;>"Jol- ll
'IS'. ' 1\"Jol- ' .,....1\~ ' 1\JI.S'.II'F'

accentuate l\1-'1
Her black hair accentuated the whiteness of

her skin. '1"1!'1- 1!.'1-<:: f.,.-'1'1''1 '1"1'1-

l\1-1\fllbe accentuated +out-

The rhythm of the dance was accentuated by

drum beats. f.,_...l.&-fll- fD-11'1'11. f"'l.""6-fll-
OhOI!' 'F''I- tfllaccept
I. .,.-1'011. Will you accept that position?
Jl"n ' F 6- '1-+0IIIIIJ!
She accepted the gift. lltn;J-fll-'1 .,.+Oil:rThey accepted our invitation for dinner.
JIS'.~"''I'I:ffll-'1 ' fl\6-'1- ' "111"1f ' .,..,.0112. lllf. l\11. He asked her to marry him, and
she accepted. li'I.I:";J-11Jfll- mJI.*+ toe
lllf. ' l\II:J-fll3. 1\'I""S'.. The children immediately accepted
their new classmate. A}(:ti J\.Jl.ll-1 fh
'i!IA 'IS'.'>''f,_., fD/!Jfll-'1- l\'1""'1-'1be accepted
I. 11_.,11'1- !I'll. Only able-bodied men are
m~

accepted into the army.

lPC

'-1: 11"""111'1- r"'l.:J-11- r.,.~~~

{l,t..

llfll-t'l- '

Jl'l'ffll- ' 11!1' ' tfll2. :J'""t. It is now generally accepted that

the world is round. ~~ 'ill'/" h11t:t

Om~l\1\fll- :1-'I").IA
3. .,.-I'IJJI.t'l- M"f. Einstein's theory was
widely accepted. fl\JI.'III:J-JI.'I 6'111 dall11
Oll.l.fll- ' .,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l\1"f
acceptable .,.11"'1"'1.
His behavior is acceptable. mill'- .,.11"'1"'1.
tfllbe acceptable

++Q,..)-l-

h17

The plan was acceptable to everyone.

'1- Oli-11-'F' .,_+IJJI.t'l- M"f

l\~

acceptance
!.""+RIA. Her acceptance of the flower they
brought delighted the children. Jl""m-'1'1-'1
l\OIJ ""+0~ IA}('Il'l l\IIS'.II;J-'1'111The acceptance of responsibilities is a sign
of adulthood. "1'1.1.t'l-'1 """'""' l\OJII oum
'I f"".l:"~ll 'F'IAh'l- tfll2. .,.+IJJI.t'l-. The invention found widespread
acceptance. l\'lll f.,..l.llll.l.fll- t1c 11.1.
.,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l\1"f
*She was delighted by her acceptance into
the club. fhnn- l\IJIA l\'1.1:"'1-.r'l 1111.,.+0
~'I-' S'.ll' l\'1'1-

access
access

9
oo..e-~l'l

Access to the mountainous towns is often

difficult because of poor roads. h""'t~P..'f
OD'J'G:H ' fN"f ' hofi~'?CD-"t ' "1.11. ' .,.&&-"'/ mF. rr1- hi-"'',.'f -~.:n t.h'f':>
6

)fDo

gain access A."IQ 1 !J=Il J "IQ

They gained acoess through a back window.
h'il!" ' 111\11> ' ount>+ II.~~~- il'tr
The queue was too big and I couldn't gain
access to the theater. I'IAf. hi\O~ofl'{ -t:f
+c ""~" -t<:vhave access to
I. 11.....,11+ !1'11. All children have access
to the library during the afternoon. hl'l't+
0:\11 A}('li ' IJoflo ODl\ih'i''l- o.+ 1\oo>"IIJ
+ f.'flltr
2. 1\"":,0<:o(l !1'11. Only high officials have access to the Emperor. h1'?-1P r )"IP'-1: H1'.f.':
1\oo>:,O<:ofl f"'L'fll-'1- h'i'_,.'? 111\P'A"''l"'f
oflil' ' ""'""
3. 1\"''f'l- !1'11. He has acoess to the files.
P..ll.jP'fi't 1\"'/f'l- f.'fiiA
have an access of
He had an access of coughing. ,..,_ f.fi:J-A
accessible 0-tlltr f"'LF.<:h
Debre Bizen is an accessible monastery.
F.ofl<: ' lln't 0-tllflo f"''.F.<:h ~'IIJ" )fDo
A telephone should be put where it is acces
sible. hAh 0-tllflo II.F.<:hO'l- O"''.ii'AO
+ h'i'&- ou-tou'l' hl\0'1be accessible to T+Oil
An open-minded person is accessible to reason.
., ... 0 1'1.1. fiT) ' (lfDo fl\.11-'f't hh.,. ... l'lofl '
,1'.4'011A

accession oo"-loooC
The school was increased by the accession
of fourteen new pupils. OF&- t.&-+ h-'1.
h i-"76jP'f 0""""""<!-'ffDo '1-IJ"IIC'l- 0.
"' t.F.~
accession to the throne frt'-i-'l 1l,m&ot.lt
The constitution defines the accession to the
throne. .n~ ""'t"IF1> fit-of.'t't h<&-<:h
,I'.F.)"I;>A
accessory (acoessories)
I. .,....,...,6 l\:J>jP'f.'Duty has been imposed
on automobile accessories. nooh.'i" ..,."'"'16 l\:J>jP'f 11,1'. +<:'1' _,.F.C11J'f1>A

acclamation
2. "'.IIJ 1 1.'1'. A woman likes her accessories
to be of the same color as her dress. ll.'l- 'l
"' '1'1' hAofiP, :>C _,._,..,....... +Ill>"
ll'l'&-'ffDo ' 'I-< 'Ill'f
accident
I. t.F.;J. When did the automobile accident
happen? foo>h.'i" t.F.:> """' F-<:1'11
2. ( ~ by accident) l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1.. Our meeting
was an accident. f.,.~'i"T)fDo 1.'t'l:>"l"'L )
oc
by accident "-1'~;JliJ""l..
I found it out by accident. l'.'t'I:>"'"'L F.<:h
h-0'1[See also 'overt, prevent']
accidental (= adv.)
I. .-.,r.;J-I'Iofl. An accidental discovery of oil
was reported in the paper. "J.'.:J-I'Iofl HJ.'.
'1- ' .,.,~,., 0.;>11."1 .,.)~<:
2. O~'t~'l-. Breaking her doll was accidental.
t.7I"t.,./l.:l:'t fi'IO<:fDo O~'t~'l- )fDo
accidentally O~'t~+ l l'.'t'I:>"'"'L
I dropped the plate accidentally. .-..nl-'t
0~~'1- "'Ah-'1I accidentally learned the truth. l\11Jo)1>'t
l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1. ' F.<:hh-0'1acclaim (v.) f:>ll h~'i".,..,'t ~1111(11'1-)
The crowd acclaimed the fireman for rescuing
two people from the burning house. fl'..-.'1-
t.F.;> .,.hii!JI< h.,.:J>ml\fDo 0.'1- fDoh'l'
fo-11'1- l'ljP'f ihf.m+ M.,.<:of.. ih1111-
f:>ll h~'i".,.1>'t ~1\KII'lbe acclaimed i-oflll- .,....,0...,0(11'1-)
He was acclaimed winner of the race. Aft.
fl\11:,0~1>"~- t.lf'i".l. .,.oflll- .,. .... 0 ....
Oil+

acclaim (n.)
I. T"ofi""IJ'i" l'.AA;J-. The Emperor was
greeted with acclaim. 't.,.,.. )~P'.,.'t O"i'"
ofi""IJ'i" Ol\AA;J- _,.+011-'l''ffDo
2. IT :1-. The birth of the new nation was greeted
with acclaim. f-'1.1'1-'t Me ououp><;'J-
OIT;J- .,.+011-'lacclamation t.~'i".,.+
A shout of acclamation was heard when the
winner was announced. hif'Jd.(l)o "71 1 7t.
'tF.IT) 0_,.)~<: "1.11. ft.~4l'l- "i'"off""
II' _,.1'1"7

10

acclimate

~~~----------------~~-----------------~tr/1 il.t.il'l" 0"?11"'-Q

He was elected president by acclamation.
!1:'1"6 ltJ.'.h'l' O"i"f'.U.fJ 1 "f'MVI")+ 1 II'

by acclamation

If

..,.ODl,tn

acclimate 1\00Y..
The dogs acclimated quickly to the colder
country. tJJol\"'li 11C'I....., h1C D.P.II-
1\0DJI.+
acclimate oneself flODI..

Tom acclimated himself readily to the new

town . .P.V" h-'1.(1-") h+"'/ D'i''l')+ 1\0DY.

acclimatize hll.,ouY.
They acclimatized the plants to the dry
region. 68'1'+") bJ'.G"' h'i'll 01C ;JC h
1\.,0DJI.

accommodate
I. MI.,.,. I will accommodate my plans to
yours. f~") M.1:" It").,. ;JC hil.,.,'l'llv2. hil.,.oum. This table easily accommodates
six people. ,I'.IJ mGA.~ il.J:-il+ (ltJJo f
ll"f--C fil.,.9"11J/.\
3. hHG;J. The big bedroom will accommodate
six beds. """'"' ou'S;J- n.:,. il.J:-il+ h

/.\;J?l":f fHG;J/.\
4. G-'1. He accommodated his friend with
money. 'IY.'i'tJJo") D1")H11 G.lltJJo
5. h1"f(ll+). He wanted change for a quarter,
but I could not accommodate him. 1\il.,..t
V"")~& .f./.\1 )DC l "I") 111'S11+ h/.\;1'
Alt-V"
accommodate oneself &-fl-1 Jtil'"ID'f
He accommodated himself to the circumstances. hv-~;1-tJJo ;JC &-(1-") hil.,.,

The man was accomnlodating enough to lend

me a dollar. {ltJJoftJJo -nc I\..I'D.I:"G'S .f.:l'
Y.'i' )DC

accommodation
;JC

_,II_,_,,_ _,.;I'll

2. V"+. The hotel has a restaurant for the

accommodation of its guests. 11'-1:11- llfi")"l
J'.":f V"+ f.,.H;J}! f9""111
accommodatlons '7~~y

n,:,. hllm-

They finally found accommodations in a

small hotel. nouou.Gif lt")-'1.+ :,.-,11
11'-I:A ,.11'1'

I. lf"f. His friends accompanied him to the

railroad station. 'IY."l''li 1\ilh fJii-C "10.
f .~:"Gil lr"f.+
2. .,.h+ll- """'Evangelists accompanied the
Spanish colonizers in South America. BJ"t'll\lD"
.,.h+11m-

n r7.il;r'S h1c h~'tl".,..,

I ,g{Ml I Jr..Oit'.ft I OD1fto

3. o;t!n. The orchestra accompanied the singer.
t.cb.M&-IIJo H<f."f.") o}!OIIJo
The nobility accompanied the Emperor to
church. .,.,.,. )11"1: n,.,. hciltn fl.~
Jl. OD\>,")")1: o;t!!l.:f"'"
4 . .,..,.11.,.11(0+). Wind accompanied the rain.
)<f,(l- 11o;11 _,..,.11~11-D+ )OC
*He accompanied his speech with gestures.
")"I"IC {LfY.C"I b{liiJo):,. 7.")~11:1'<'1.
.,_.,-c )DC

lOY,.

accomplice "111G hOC

Who was his accomplice in this plot? Dh.l:"
"'"'" "111G hO-I- _,-, )DC!

accomplish
1. l..:t.oo. For one day he accomplished quite a

lot. fJ") .1:" .,.., 1111' uoo

2. hbo;ro). Did he accomplish anything?
Nothing to speak of. fbo;aJ)IJJo )1C hill

f"'U1CII+ h,I'.Y.IIV"
3. .U.G(l. With their work accomplished the
boys went out to play. A]l;'li P'&-:ftJJo") h
.U.G(l- 0:\11 1\0D"'idl:,. ~JI.

accomplished (adj.) faJ"'II+

He is an accomplished speaker of English.
fdl"'ll+ ' 7.")"111.11 ... ' .,.o;;.& )IIJo
P'<l- l fP'&- "'"""""
His mother is proud of his accomplishments.
1\o;-J: ' DP'ci-IIJo ' +ll-&-1\:f

These accomplishments are merely collateral

to his primary goal. Mli.IJ fP'&- IIJom..P.":f
f'l'o;IJJo 'til.,,. '

I. .,il.,.,+. The accommodation of old ideas

to a new plan was possible. f .l:"~tJJo") hil.,.
fi~ .1:"

accompany (accompanied)

accomplishment

accommodating .f.:I'Y.'i'

lt(l1J lt-'1.(1-

accord

.,u.y t.."f.

~C")"'i::f

' o;:f,.

accord (vt.)
I. hY.G1. They accorded him a warm welcome.
+A~ h.,.fJOA hY.G1-II+

2. hm. We accord praise to those who deserve

it. 9"ll;.o; 11"7.1fJ:ftJJo fi"){lt1JII")
accord (vi.) .,.il.,.,

His account of the accident accords with yours.

ill\ ' hY.;JIIJo ' DPJ:"Gil ' 1.(1- ,.,.o;1G11Jo ' h
-,_,. lt/.\hiJJo ;JC J.'.il.,_,A

accord

11

accord (n.)
I. """IQQ'I-. Theyactedincompleteaccor d with
him in releasing the prisoner. l'.II<:"'IIYJ 11.
.I..,. ' hi\- :>C 0"""11- .,...,qq'!- )UC
2. 119"9")'1-. France and England reached an
accord over certain tariffs . .1..<:'11'11-<; 1.'1"1
11.11 1111 h'1-'1'1Y: 4'<:tn:Y. hll9"f")

'1- .1'.<:1\be In accord Tll"7"7

Their opinion of war was in accord with his.

1111 tnC)'I- 11\'l'm- hiiTI'lll11 1.1\- 1J
1\tJ>o hiiTil/111 :>C Tll"7"7
of his own accord 0"111 r L:J'/1..

He did it of his own accord.

n~q

L:I'JI.

h.l'.<:~..,.

accordance, in

fO<J

with

I. l\'1.1'. + (noun). We tried to live in accordance with the customs of the country.
l\'1.1'. h~-1- A"7Y: ll""'l'C 'l"hC'1
2. fl ~ - ouavt:T. In accordance with your request we are sending you three books. R'I'1111J
"""'<:'!- ' 1"11'1- ""ll"m'i: l'.'1AhAYII'1

according to
1. l\'1.1'.

+ (noun). He will be punished accor-

ding to the seriousness of his crimes.

J\1'~

m'1)':11- hQY:)'I- f.4'"1A

2. n - - - """'<:'!-. Everything was carried out

according to instructions.
our~~m-

3. 0 - - -

ODU.I~T

oum'}.

v-~t--,.- r ~1C r

TUOD

He spends according to his

income. f'"'t,.fmnJm- 01flaJo

oPm"J r

)m-

4. ( ~ conj.) l\'1.1'. + (verb). According to

the Bible, God created the earth in six days.

""~~""'"' :,.,~~.11 1.'1.1'."'1.1\tJ>o l'."IH.h11m.c

9"Y:C'1 RIIY:II'I- n .t.m<:

accordingly 011.1 """'<:'!- 1 l\'1.1'. .1'.'111I have told you what to do, so act accordingly.
9"'1 1.'1.1'.9";1-.I'.C"I )"1"-YIIrr l 011.1 """'

<:'1- P'&.
I have heard the evidence and will judge
accordingly. oP<:]ffDo'1 119"!1'1\rr<; l\'1.1'. , .1'.
'111-

tJ>o{)~..,.,

l\11"11\IJo

*He felt unwell and, accordingly, left. m.'1H

1111;1-mh 1!.1'.

accordion hi>CJI.M
He plays the accordion. hi>CJI.f"'1 1-''"l.m;J-A

accost
I. M:>~<:. A stranger accosted me. f"7ilfDo4'
..,. II..,. h) :n<:'S

account
2. T"7m). A beggar accosted him begging
for money. 11"7"t' 1'1H11 tl.llm'S 1111- .,.
"7m)

account (for)
1. 9"h'11-1- ~llll. We must account for every
dollar spent. l\1'1-'1'1JI. 11C fm"'n'l-'1
9"h'11'1- """IIIli" hl\11'1
2. 9"h'11'1- lim. How do you account for that?
1111.1 ,., ' 9"h'11'1- '1-11"111111
3. 9"h1'1- hl\fDo. How do you account for
your lateness? II""H"If'l-11 f"'1 9"h'11'1-
hi\ Ill

4. f"h'11'1- IT). His illness accounts for his

actions. 1\..(-~-')i: 9"h'l.r+ r ftriom-- r ;,.ouoo- ,
)fDo
5. "lilt. IT). You will have to account for
your actions. 0~;1-.('.C'JaJo )1C r ;1'\L r ou
IT'1 f.'l'C11YA

A dry spell accounted for the poor crops.

h11""&."'" fTRilifm- hY:C4''1- f-1")"1
)fDo

account (n.)
1. oP11\1. His account of the accident is
not clear. ill\ r h.F..;Jm- fftmm- r 000"11\1 r
"lAX" hf-.1'.119"
2. ;1-&h. He gave acoloredaccountofthe battle.
1111 tnC)-1: 14'<:UfDo ;1-&h fTifQ )tJ>o
3. .,..,..,11" ..h.l'l11. I have an account in this
bank. 1.11.11 IJ'1h T4'"711" ..h.l'l11 hii'S
4. ..h.il11. You will have to give an account
of every penny you spend. 111'1-'1'1~ 1m"l
Y'l- 1'1'1-1:9" rrll- ..h.l'l11 "7:,0<:11 hl\1111

5. 9"h'11'1-. I did not do it on this account.

f"'&.rr'l- RH.I1 9"h'11'1- hf-.1'.119"
1 have an account to settle with him. h(t.
:>C l'.'1T1J'II'1
accounts r ,.h,/111 t oP1f11l
The company's accounts were in good order.
fh-Q'11fDo f..h.l'l11
by all accounts

""11~11

0.1'.'111 )UC

~"'JF..BtQAm-

It seems, by all accounts, that Ras Ali was a

rival of King Theodore. l'.'1.1'."'l.QIIm- &.II
'til. f'1"l-P' -J:li'Y:c-11 .,..,.<;:I''S nn
-1-. '-""1111"'
call to account ?'"li"J.,f'-IJ"t r

.,...,.

A'l.ll)""l~(l)o

mr

He called his secretary to account when he

found some money missing. 11'1111 ootptf..
1:'1 1Jm4' 1." 9"h'111:'1 l\'1'1.)"1<:..,.
K"'t.tJJo'1 mf4'm-

of no account 'P;J

accurate

12

accountable
{lh

His advice was of no account. rtr

'1':> ILll )0C
on account fl,.IJ..fl.

She bought her furniture on account.

rhc

ro.:,.

~:J>'I''t f1'1:fa>- O'l-0. )a>-

on {one's) account Af\o -RA- i llA(to

Don't go to any trouble on my account.

Ill!. .flllll (lllll!.) 'l"'t" 1>:,.'1'1C
on account of
I. 0 - - - "h't ,1':,.. The game was postponed
on account of rain. 011.,.fl "h't ,1':,. ""

.,,...,. ...'111.1.
2. 0 - - - f ... )..,. On account of that, he was
fired. 011.,1' , ... ).., hP'&- ....
on no account OM?"' r"h~ 1+
On no account must you open this drawer.
0"')" "h't,l':,. ,I'.IJ')') ov/111.,1' ovh
.,...,. fll.flll"

.,1,.

take Into account

t.Aov'fH). You have to take all the facts into

account. rNI't" )1C "''OV'fH') l>ll.flll
2 ....ovllh.... The provisions of the law do not
take this matter into account. f.b'l- A't+l<:f
,I'.IJ') ' 141,1'. ' l'o,I'.OVI\h-1>"
3. "'"t a>-11'1' l'of.G1. Before building a
house he took into account the increased cost
of materials. o.:,. hovP'&--1> oo~.:,. f.b'ta
OV"f&,l'fl':f OVOJM'f'CD-'t "1".... ' CD-11'1' '
l>f.G1
take no account of ~ Jr..A

Take no account of his words. f"'L.,1Ga>-'t

:f'l 01\CD-

(be) accountable for '1'1.1. )a>-

Each person is accountable for his own work.

~JI')Jl. lieD- 1\P'&-CD- P'&- '1'1.1. )CD-

accountant th.ll.fl O'Pof:

Since I did not agree with my partner, we

consulted an accountant. h1icll. :>C 0
th.ll.fl MA... II"''"'''t th.ll.fl O'l!+ 1>"'1
hC't

accredit
I. l>"'f ...+011. The committee accredited
Parker's report of the events. ;rchc 1111

Qo~;ND I ffttnCD-") I OD"'Il\dJ. I "-C"J-. I J\tJP'f I

#01\CD2. .fill- ...+011. We accredit the invention of
the telephone to Bell. O.A IIAh't f4.111'1
.1. )a>- .flll't ... +oflll)'f'A

3. fif.ov:,. f..flJIO. l'l'l'.f 'lha>-. The minister accredited him as ambassador to England.
"'1.111* O~'t"'11.11 l>1C Arqllf.C ~')
Jl..rn fif.ov:,. f.ofiJIO. 1'1'1'.....,. '111-l4.....,.q,l'.):,. 1>11. +The committee accred)I: Of.C1- H't Y:
ited the college.

MqM:,. M"f

"II.

accretion f.,.Q;~.oul_
The last part of the legend is a later accretion.
f;f-t:!J. ' fOVIA(;lf h<;:A h'l.ll. 0;\'1
f ... ,;Q,OV(; ' )CDby accretion 0'1':1'~ l>IJII-:f OV'I'.hY:
Some rocks are formed by accretion. l>'tJI't
Y: !1/'l''l':f f"''..,.o;.:,. 0'1':1'~ AIJII-:f
OD'f'th.(" I

accrue

~aJo

,;u.oo~

Interest will accrue on my savings account.

7,q')h ,I'll'S ....,..,.,_.. 1'tH.fl OJIIJI. ,I'.
"""&-A
Benefits accrue to society from hetter education. h ...lf11 :,.rue:,. f ... ).., '"r.flG...
l'l.fl ,l'.m+"''A

accumulate (vt.)
1. l>h"'''l'. By working hard he accumulated
a big fortune. m'thl!' oovp&-:,. ofltl- II
-o:,. l>h"'':f;tA
2. Am&-+ov. He likes to accumulate money.
1'tH.fl "'ltn&--1'" ,I'.OJ.IIA
accumulate (vi.) ...h"'''l' I ...m&-'i'OD
If you don't sweep, dust will accumulate.
IJAmG"'1ia>- 1>!1.&- ,l'.h"''!J'A
If earwax accumulates, it may hurt the ear.
11-h 1\}(1!' l'l..m&--1'" 11.'1-Jia>- f.:f'IA

accumulatio n

The accumulation of knowledge is a result of

reading. ba>-+:,. f"'L.II.flGa>- .fill- O"'''t
"'" )CDHis accumulation of old papers filled three
trunks. ,l'm&--l'"'''l'a>- An OJG'i'.f:f
IPII.... "''J'') '1"111 :,.hhl\0:: oo!l'')
I trust the accuracy of his story. f;f-t:!J.'t
....hhl\...).... l>"..1\nThe attestations of all witnesses were checked
for accuracy. f"11hl!':f :J>A n-tr :,.hh
II... 1\0DIJ'). ...OD(;UD(;

accuracy :,.hhl\0::):,.

accurate :,.hhl\0::

She is very accurate in her work. OP'&-'1'

0"1" ....hhl\0:: .......

accurately

acid

13

Give me an accurate report of the accident!

lll\ hS'.:JID- '1-hhl\>;' m>"'ll""i lim'S

be accustomed flODJ?..

He was accustomed to hard work. hlJS'." P'

&-.

accurately 0'1-hhA.
She described the accident accurately. hS'.:J
ID-1 l'-.1.1'.'1- l'.1S'.S'..!ll 0'1-hhA. 111
K:f.,.

accursed (adj.) f.,..!1""

The poor man felt himself accursed. S'."'>lm-
nm- f.,..!1"" ODIJ'\L .,.,...,"'"

accusation hll
The man denied the accusation that he was
a thief. (lm-\LfD- llolJ tu .,.oflll- f<I>.!O
0'1-1 hll IJS'.
brina an accusation against bfa(l

Why did he bring an accusation against him?

liM hllllm-1
lay an accusation against hfl(l

He will lay an accusation of theft against

the official. ~ Ollooflt'l- f.hll'I'A.
level an accusation hll A+t:R
He leveled an accusation against the governor.
Oh1.! 1'JCID- ilf, hll h<I>.!O

aecuse
I. hllll. He accused him of theft. Ollooflt'l-
hllllm2. m+fl. You can't accuse me of being lazy.
llt'i' tu ofii\U A.'l-m:,Oll'S h'l-:fA.V"

accused (n., adj.) .,.M11

They brought the accused to court . .,.h..,lf-1
'i'CS'." IL'I- h<I>.!R-'1-

accuser h..,11
The judge gave an adverse decision to the
accuser. ,ll>;'m- 1\h..,lf. f"'1..1--'IID- "'""~
llm

accustom hi\"70DS'.

1 hlli\ODS'.

He accustomed his hunting dog to the noise

of a gun. fhS'.1 1 m-lfiD-1 1 hm....,)l' 1 m.
'Ji'l- :JC hi\"70DS'.IDThe job accustomed him to meeting many
people. JP &-.ID- I b-flft" I (ldJ- I ,.?C I 001'if
'f-1 ' hlli\ODf,.IJ)o

accustomed (adj.) f.,.II.,..S'.

By Monday he was back in his accustomed
place. ll'if .,....,A.i\ ,.,.1\...,S'.m- 11:1' t
oc

ODJP~T')

I f/t.ODJ?.. I

)lD-

get accustomed T/tODJ?..

He couldn't get accustomed to the strict

discipline. '1"110:,. hll'tm- P't P'C't'l-
;JC 1\liODS'." hA.iJ'I\V"

acerbity

1-f"~~H

The acerbity of this fruit set my teeth on edge.

f'i'"-"'" 1-V"~~t'l- 'I'Cil.1 hS'.tllllaJ*The acerbity of his words makes the students
angry. ooclf>;' 1"1"1~ .,..,&l"'l?t y<;S'."II
'I"PA.

ache (v.)
I. h_oooo(m-). My ear aches . .l!l!''-1 yoo>;'A.
~~. He ached for his freedom. 1\tllt-1> ~~

2.

ache all over (laJo)., =J"l-A

After riding the mule all day, he ached all over.

4>\0-1 -~r oo:,-11- 1111~11 llm-t-1> ~1-11
(one's) heart aches &-.&-.

Her heart ached for the starving animals.

11.,.&-11- :t.1ll ...,. &-&-:f

ache (n.) ih""V"

This medicine relieves all aches. f,IJ ""S'."
~~,. "71>;'1D-1V" ihODV" Yll:f"''"'A.

achieve
I. IJ..OD. He will never achieve anything. ?"1
V" t1C ll.d.~V" hf,':fA.?" .
2. u>&-. I have achieved only half of what
I hoped to do. Au>&- hV"oo'fm- 1"'1..ll-1
ofi;F u>Cil'l\113. h1'f. He achieved distinction in mathematics. OmAofl 1\.0:,.t'f-1 h1'f
4. h"'ofl hS'..!ll. He achieved his purpose.
"'~"'"'"1 h"'ofl hS'..!ll

achievement
1. h'i'.,.>;' m-m.'l-. Hoover Dam is an engineering achievement. riJooiic 1~ fih"t2\
P' &- h'i'.,.,., m-m.'l- tm2. f P'&- h11D-1. By his achievements, the
president dignified his office. OP'&-m- h
11D-1 , -r"-11-'111> lf.oo-1>1 hllhO.!.,.
3. "7"1'f'l-. The achievement of skill takes
practice. :,OA.'!"i'<; 11"7"1'f'l- A.V"V"S'."
"71.".!"1 Yll.t.A.:JA.

acid (n.) hii.S'."

The acid ate into the iron. hii.S'." ofl.!-1>1
Oilm-

14

acid
acid (adj.) 1>1"'"1"1
A lemon is an acid fruit. 11-"7. 1>1"'"1"1
'i!"- I ~IJ)o
acknowledge
I. h<::nm. This is to acknowledge receipt of
your letter. f.tJ f1.ofi'IILtJ't ooY:<:il 11"7
;J1'1"

)aJ-

2. 11111. Please acknowledge receipt! ooY:l:{to't

"11111'<1\'S
3. hl"''l' .,..,.1111. He acknowledged his own
faults. f &-{to't '1'4-'1- hl"''l' .,..,.1111
4. om+(ll'l-). The boys acknowledged him
to be the best football player. h.,."'11''1i
IN\" ' I"'C'I' ' .,."'11'T ' l\{to ' ODIJ').'t ' <1\]t.

'li omoflll'lacknowledgment
I. "7<:;>1"'1. A receipt is an acknowledgment
that a bill has been paid. 1.<:11'S 1'tHofl
IIODb.f./1- ' "7<:;>1"'1 ' ~(I)<
2. "711ofl. The company gave Mr. Parker a
medal in acknowledgment of his long service.
11-Q't}'m- f<:'frll" '1.11. MA"I/1-;1-'fm-'t
ll"''ilofl II"'Lil.,.c ;rchc "'L'lf. ifll"'''l'macoustic (adj.) fODil"'L.f'
Earphones are acoustic aids for deaf people.
f]t.l: "7Y:OD"'',-T 111.'t.Ji:,-T ' IIODil."''.
.I' ' <:-'l.f-:f ' 'O'I'macoustics Y:l/"6 oo(l"''
The acoustics of the new hall are excellent.
.f'P,.{to ' h-'1&-11 ' Y:l/"6 ' OD{l"'i ' fl"JI"' ' ~ '
~"'"
acquaint 11111(11'1-)
I want to acquaint you with the facts of the
case. f"l--'11'-'t 'i't. ~1C <1\1<1\11'<1\tJ l\.1.<1\
;>IIIJo
acquaint oneself +~
It will take me a week to acquaint myself
with all the problems. T"i<-'t II'I"I\ II
ODl:-'l'f- ' h'tY: ' ill""t'f- ' f..f.~...<l\
be acquainted (with)
I. .,.<:-'1. Are you fully acquainted with the

case? '1--'11'-'t 111.'tofl .,.<:Y:.,.1i1'<1\!

2. .,.1'm+. He is acquainted with my father.
IJQ-1: ;>C f..,.1'm?<l\
3. .,.11"7""1.. I am acquainted with the work.
1"&-m-'t ' .,.11"71"')';.1'111Jo

acquisition
get acquainted with each other

+.,to+

You two should get acquainted with each other.

rrii;J-:frr OD.,.1'm:,O hiiQ:frr
[See also 'intimately')

acquaintance
I. f"'L.f'm-+m- ilm-. An acquaintance of mine
came to see me yesterday. h'JJ': rrPtm-+,.
nm- '1-'0't'l- ll.mf.+'S """'
2. =i1.'S~'I-. We struck up an acquaintance while
we were abroad. tDJfJ" h1C fl~IIC'tll'l-
'1.1 ' =i1.'S~-r ' """'l:'l-'t
be an acquaintance ( = know)

om+

He is an acquaintance, not a close friend.

.t.m-+1'11rr ll't:<[ v:,.cofl 'i1."'"" hf.1.11ll"
have acquaintance with

om+

He has some acquaintance with Amharic,

but does not speak it fluently. h"''C'l' II
ODffi). ' .f'm-?A ' ~1C ' "l't ' h+l\'1'6: ' hf.'O
1l:fDol/"
make acquaintance +film+
I was very happy to make his acquaintance.
illl.,.1'm:,Orr'f- 1.il oflil-'l'A

acquiesce in flhCll"'l" .,..,.1111

We acquiesced in their plans because we
couldn't suggest a better one. f.,.lfll .-hilofl
11"7:,0<:ofl M<l\ii'A't ft{to't l\:,OY: llhCI"'
.,. ' .,..,.11<1\~tlJo
acquire
I. 1l1'f. He acquired a good knowledge of
Amharic. ~ .l'"lC'l' :f/1-;J- h"I'S:I:A
He acquired considerable skill in football.
fl"IC \>.il OQ,1';J- h'i'_,.'l' :f/1-;J- h1"f
2. +.,oo. He has an inquisitive mind, and has
acquired a lot of knowledge at an early age.
_,.,...&-"'16 hlll/"1: Mllm- 1'0 llm"l

""~"" ' ofiH- ' 6m-+'l- ' "'"'"'""'

3. m<:n. We acquired the house when our
uncle died. h'l;J-T't II.'I"'I- IL.,.'t m<:il"J
[See also 'polish')
acquirement Mflfm- ~1c
One of his recent acquirements is a knowledge
of French. IJ:,Oclt h1fl.l''l'm- ~1t!':f f ~
l:'tflf. ' !fn!l/ 0 ODiJ'/1- 0 h't-'J; 0 ~IJ)o
acquisition "7"11"'1Acquisition of skill in riding requires much
effort . .l.l:il fOD;>IIofl't :f-~:1" 11"7"11"'1-
ofiH- '1'<:'1- f.mf.?A
This land is a recent acquisition. f.U out.
'1- (J:,0Cofl f-1"11" ~m-

6. R 1\f.. They are going to construct a bar

(be) acquisitive (of)

1. ,.,..,Oi'IOll

A miser is acquisitive

tDU,

of money. ..,:,. (ltJJo 1'tHofl "7"1RIIRII

f.a>"'A
2. .,.,..,.. . A great scholar is acquisitive of
ideas. :J-11:,0 11.:,. m<'lofl1 ,..,.P'"7A
acquit (acquitted) R)l\ 11.,..,.
The judge acquitted him. "1'1tJJo R)l\

II.,.

"'"'"

acquit oneself well

*The new player acquitted himself well in the
football game. lVI.(I- -1-"i'P:f 1'7\"'C \\{I
"'-'I':f-tJJo1 '1'-1- -1-"iaJ.,.
*He acquitted himself well in battle. tpC)
.,1 ~-.<; h.I:"Ci .,....;J

acquittal R)l\ oo11.,.:,.

His acquittal was published in the newspaper.
R)l\ 0011.,..,. R;JII."' _,.11\l\
acre [fDD&.'I- DDI\IU']
acrid h'i'1""i f"'i.h~hc
I smell acrid smoke from the burning rubber.
.,.'1A
7i:J-
h'i!1""i f"'l.h~hc
*The old man has an acrid disposition. 7i"7"1
1\.tJJo )"'l'<;""i )tJJo

r.,.,

.err

seem acrid h~h~

Smoke seems acrid in your nose. m.ll OAt;:

1""i h11J f.h~h&-A

acrimonious f"''J'IIDDCC
He sent an acrimonious reply to my letter.
lll\'i!h-11'1- ~ofi"'IJ. f"''J'IIOOCC OOAII
llhA'S
acrobat [:,OA'I"i!<; f.,.DDI\R'I- A f. f(ltJJo)'fo
1-.1:,011.+11. f"''J'<'If. lltJJo]
across (prep.)
I. h 'llf1C. I looked across the room.
hh'i!ll- 'llf1C _,.oollh'l-o2. h "7 Jl.. He lives across the street.
hOD11JI. "71'- o f.'f&-A
3. ( = adv.) h"'C hllh "'C. Draw a line across
the sheet of paper. Rm~.,..., 1\f. h"'C 7-.11
h

act

15

_acquisitive

"'C hP'!I"CThey sttetcbed a rope across

4. R h"'S::!I".

the path. RDD11JI. h"'S::!I" 1DD.I:" 0~15. R h!l:c.... He hiked five miles across the
desert. R!l".1:"~ R"'tJJo h!J:Ctp h!l"ll'l-
"7Y.A ' _,.'IH

rage across the river. OtD1",..

It~

..,~

l\.1)tl- )tJJo
across (adv.) h"'C h"'C
What is the distance across 1 h"'C h"'C C
.,.... M YIIA )tJJo?
*The river is a half a mile across. tD1",. M
"77i "7f.A 114.'1- hl\tJJo
[See also 'come, just, pass, now, walk')
act (v.)
I. h~~1. I will act on your advice. h1~ou
hch'S h~:>llv2. hll<l.ll1.tJJo1 ~~1. He acted in time to
save the house from burning down. 0.~
l'.1"1.P..+mA R1.11. hll<l.ll1.tJJo1 ~~1
3. If). Don't act like a child. 7-.1~ a.n h
'1-v-1

4. lf'l' .,.""im.,.. Who is acting Hamlet?

U!l"l\.'l-1 lf'l' f"'i.""iaJ_,.tJJo "7)tJJo?
5. tJJoft~(lm. I am required to act by tomorrow.
hllh )1 .1:"~11 m-It~ h1S::{I'f' .,.mf.'l:
Yllv-

6. hiiDDilll. She is not really crying; she is

only acting. 1'7\tJJo)'fo A:,0(> hf.~l\!1" 1 "7
iiDD{I!\_ 0 )tJJo
*Please act your age. l'.'ihll1 P'&-11 Rb.l:"
"'1.11 Ah .P.o-1
*Tbe boy acted badly in schooL A)l: R'l-!1"
IIC'f- IJ.'fo fD-11'1' OD'J'G: m'lf. h<'lf
act as R +abstract + w&The student acted as interpreter for the Emperor. .,..,&m- 1111-w )1P'., Rhii.,.C'I
'''U'I- w&act for
1. a>hl\. My lawyer acts for me in my absence.
h~ Rl\.1\o-R'I- mR.+IL f.a>hii'1A
2. l'-.1~&-11 lf'l' ....&-.Heinvestedhislawyer
with complete power to act for him. 1-.1~&-(1-
lf'l' 1-.1-'1."'&- 1\mR.+m- oo-11- P'A"l1
(lmtJJo
act on

+h:,.A-

IP~

He acted on his lawyer's advice. fmR.+tJJo

1 !l"hC _,.h'l-11- "'&act out

*Everyone roared when Henry acted out the

episode with the teacher. %1& hOO!f"ll-1-
;JC ' s:-c-.....1 ' Yll ' 1"1"1C ' R!I"Ah'l- ' iii" '
1\.Y<'If. v-1\-!1" ' h'l- oflllm- ..,.,.
act up 1\.,.'I''I'C hii'M~
The children always act up in school tile day

activi ty

16
act
------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---il "-"' m4before a holiday. -t-"'1<19''1i IIO'tll'l- 'I'll.
"'I M'M'C fll'l'-l&-11-

act upon IP6This medicine acts upon the heart. _,., oo

~"1tT ' f"'/.IP<IofDo ' 0>1\11 ' 1\f. ' )fDo

[See also 'collusion, friendly, humble'].

act (n.)

1. J.':C'I.'l-. To hit a baby is a cruel act. ih!"t

oo'/";l'' l- f'i"lt~ J.':C'I..'l- )fDo
2. 11lC. I do not want to miss the first act.

.,,.

f""'f.""<lffDo 11lC 7."t-'I.J'ooAm'1 hAL/A

3. f;l'm'f. ih"l. By act of parliam ent demon

strations require a permit. O;rCII"'I O;l'm'f.
Ill
ih"l OOIPl.T IIM"'I'I! {l(A<;: L?J.':
LA;JA
In the act of il + imperfect

The thief was caught in the act of stealing.

llo'lfDo (L(IC:Jo 7.~ b'i'"t~ -t-S'H

acting (n.)

1. 1/tffDo h'i'A. Tbe acting of the main

performer was disappointing. lf'itD- +fl''i
,. S'itf,. h'i'IA :Joe f"7.f(l' 1 )OC
.
2. f"'lllOO{lfA I"&-. His acting fooled nobody

f"'lilOO(l{A ' J"<lofDo ' "'l"t"t'/" ' 1\1\'f"'f'/"

acting (adj.) -t-m'l'l-1:
He is acting minister in the Foreign Office.
OfDo'i" 1--'lf. "7.tll1: C -t-m'l'l-1: "'l.tll
'l-C )fDo

action

1. J.':C"L'l-. The action takes place in a garden.

J.':C'I..-1> f"'I.L~,..,. '1'1-h/A'l- ll'i'&- )fDo
The adventure story was packed with action.
f'f,.11-'l. ;l'&h J.':C"L'l- fO~O'l- )OC
2. P'&-. Emper or Theodo re was a man of action.
" ' . 1:9'J.':t:ll fl"<l- ......... )0~
3. M'IC. To betray a friend is a base action.
'IS'..';'"t ODh.ll'l- ~<;: M'IC )fDo
4. M:'/")1". Has aoy action been taken on my
case? llll). 1-.111- f-t-m(lf. 7.C'I"ll" l\117
5. -11-IA. Tbe action of the water wore away
the rocks. f,.~,. -11-IA 1\ll.f-'li"t Ifl.lft-'ffDo
He was killed in action. OIPC "'t.JJ .,..,.
actions 1\J.':&-1'1-

His actions are hard to understaod. 1\J.':<I-11>

"t ll""l.'l' l- 1'1'1:1'/A

be In action tP&.

The machine is not now in action. Jrtu-"t

""h.'i'fDo ' 1\f.IP<Io'/"

be mlssln a in action OtnC)-

He is missing in action aod presumed dead.

OIPCH 111- llllmof. 'f":::A -t-1111- 1-1

"":""'

see action +"P;J

The battalion saw action in Korea. ;r1\:J>tDIPC 01><11 -t-'1'"1;1;/A

activa te 4'(14'(1

The noise of the alarm activated the fire

compaoy. f"'lllm"t4'4:1fDo S'.mA <Ll>'li'l-
l?>it'l- 1\S'.;JfDo"t J.':C~'l- 4'(14'(1 ,.

active

1. oo-tr. Are you an active member? tiO"fr

"'I"'OC-t-'i' )II!
2. 11C1>. He is still very active for his age.
OtLIJ ~J.':"'LfDo 1\11-"t'/" 11C1> )fDo
g
3. "t41. Children are more active in the mornin
thao at night. /A-,_':f- h"'l:l' 1-IA:Jo '11-'l-
fOIIm "t 'i''l'fDo
4. h.f:t-."L. "Eats" in "he eats bread" is an

active verb. 'All- Jl{l 1 .r.oi\A ,, 1 fl""l..A

fDo Ol.'i'-t- )1C fDoll'l' 1-011/A hJ.':&"1. 1 "'Ill

~d)oo

*He leads ao active life. 11-/A'I..H. 7."ti.IP<Io

)fDo
be active
1. o.r;>T IP<Io. Is he still active in this
club? l\11-"t'l" ohon- fDoil'l' O'l-:J'l-
f.IP<Io/A!
2. -t-4-. How long ago was Zuqwa la ao active
volcan o? 1111:'1 7./t-t- 1'1"<1- f.-t-4- no
l.fDo bM 111/A '1..11. Oo!.'l- )OC!

take an active part oo-tr 1 floo-tr 1 .,.114-.r.

)fDo
He takes an active part in the government.
fl0it'}"''F1: I P6- I m-il"'r I ao-tr I OCJD-Ir
-t-l:tof.f. )fDo

active ly o-tr /A11

He is actively interested in tbe project. oM

-'1. f"''.l:t.C./1,. ooa-tr "'11 ),.

activi ty

I. l\"t:Joll,!l'(l.. There is very little activity around

here on Sundays. l\d.J.': 1..Jt.J.': OtLII h

l:t'lll 1/lfDo 7."t:Joll.!l'(l. 0"1'/" T"t1i )fDo

He has to give up all physical activity for a

while. 11'1'4:'1- '1..11. "'l"t'i'fDo"t'l" 1\l:tll'l!

7."t'tll.!l'(l. ,..,.,. 1\110'12. f P' <1- "11-A. When a mao is over 70, his
time of full activity is usually past. 1\"tJ.':

{ltD-

{If!

-too-l- ltll.l.m- h-tW;'m-"J

"1.11. fP'&- '1,_11- ,_4')ilA

3. 1""1fJC. A student who has too many

activities does not have time to study. ofltr-
1""1fll!':f"t f"'L..'h'i"m-"} 1""'ltl IIT'i"-1-
"1.11. ' flltD-11"
4. h.l:-&-1'1-. The government was aware of
the activities of enemy spies. OD'l..,P"-1: f'
m'l-1- Mf":f-"J h.l:"&-1'1- ym-:t- tRC
*The committee is probing into his financial
activities. S'.C?- 1"JHII-"} hi"'"} P'&- h
"JJI'I'IIm- ' ,_,..~11"&-A
[See also feverish']

actor ....,.,.,_
Charlie Chaplin is a good actor. !I'CII. ii'T
11."J '1-R"lf 1"'1''i",_ tm-

actual
l. "-m-}+;;:. The actual reason was an entirely
different one. hm-t1"'i'm- !l"h"JY-1- 'i'~
II" At< tnc
2. ."1-hhll::'. Can you give me the actual
figures and not an estimate? "'19'".'J- lt.etr
"} '1-hhll'fm-"} 'I'C A'f-{lm'"! '1-:f-'1

1111!
The actual state of affairs in the country
is not known. 1/~tl:J: hiJo"J Yll:f-R-1- '1-h
hll'l' ' 11-~:J- ' h,.;J-OJ:t-11"
3. f"l.ll.. The teacher described the actual
position of the moon. OD9'"U~ r f"LH.8Jo'l r
f ....~,. '

IJo~;J-

'

hii~JI

actuality
1. f"l.ll.tD- 11-~;J-. He had to adjust to the ac
tualities of life. h"JS'."J.II.tD- 11-~:J- oo<rc
MR-12. hC"I'I' t~C. The actuality is worse than
your suspicions. hC"Ifllo t1C 1 h"J1" hll"-1m~'l'~tD- ,_hof.A
become an actuality flP"~ 4\t. r 1'A
The plan never became an actuality. h:t-JI.
RP'&- '1,_ ll,_m-A 4'~
in actuality hC"Ifllo"J 1 I\OD'i"1C
In actuality, the battle never took place.
hC"Ifllo"J ' IIOD~C ' tnCt-1: ' h.f I hA1"S'.~1!1"

actually
1. Rhm-t-1-. Do you actually believe that story?
1 :r.:h nhm-t-r :J-II"'i"llu 1
2. ( ~ adj.) hm-t1"';'. The president rules in
name only, as the party is actually in power.
htD-t1"';' ' P'A"'"J ' YIIOJo I f?""M:ItOJo I

n.,

adapt

17

actor

1\.11"'1 ' T&.H.-'1"}1: ' f"'l.~~,. ' Ril!l" '

11-.1:""}

11!1'

tiiJo

actuate h"J4'114'{1
He actuated the pump by an electric motor.
7"11""1'"} ' Rl>~"}of: I '1"1"C ' h"J4'114'{lmbe actuated.,..,..,..,

She was actuated by love for her mother.

f1"t"'"':f-tD- I llh'i":J: ' fi'IT I 'i':t-C I tOJo

acumen 11Atlt."JHis business acumen made him rich. llA

"J"I.I:" I YlltD- I 11Allt'l- ' t11l;J-9" ' hS'.~~,.

acute
1. .,,_11'1'. Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
IIJoil":f- 0 .,,.Ill;' 0 f"'lii1"!1' 0 :f-flo';J- I hl\'fiiJo
2. ltllJJ.lA.. Aacute appendicitis prevented him
from going on the trip. haJ-'1.1. 1 f-1-C'i' 1 h"}~
T I ihOD!I" ' h?-l'tD- ' h{l'i"hllm3. l\")o. A bad tooth can cause acute pain.
Rii1"';' I 'I'Cil ' l\")o I ihOD!I" I 1\JOD") '

,_:foliA
4. f{ll\. Some sounds are so acute that
we cannot hear them. h"JJI"J.I:" .1:-!I"P:f-
R"'!l" ' f{lll- I bODII"'i"'fm- ' f1"t"' ' A"J{l"'l
'I'm- h"J:f-A!I"
5. h'i' 1 Yll. Due to the drought there was
an acute shortage of vegetables. h.!:"C4'1:
f1"t"' h'i' 1 Yll Y-1-hA-1- 1 h'l'~-1- 1 toe

6. -,41:. He is an acute observer of the political

1"h;J-;J-,_ 1
situation. R?"llof:ltOJo
)IIJo
7. iiA. An acute angle is less than 45 degrees.
iiA 1 "'lhH"J ttcfl hll"il-1- 1 .11."ltl n:r:r- 1
tOJo

,_,.;r .,.,.

be acute

1. K'i". If the pain becomes acute, call a doctor.

hll'i" I dJ h.!l" 0 'No
2. h~~- The political crisis became more acute.
f?"llof:I}IIJo 0 1I'J'1J'J' I hfh~~ I '/.f.

ihODDDo '

(be) adamant -,:,.-,:,.

1 h,_A!I"
Once he has made his decision he is adamant.
h "}J'. ' IIJo/1~ I ltf.~1 ' "J:t-"J:t- I h,.A!I"

Adam's apple "'l'lc-1He scraped his Adam's apple on his collar.

"'l"JC-J:"J Rl>I\.;J-OJo 'lm

adapt
1. h&-oof.. Schools should adapt their currie
ulum to modern needs. '1-!I"UC-1- 1 O..f:f- 1

P'C'H 'I-?"IIC-1>1 hHoo). <;:111'1- ' ;J

C I .,&-ODY: I hllq'f'a>-

*The ministry adapted the American textbook

for use in Ethiopian schools. "''..tiH:~ fh"'/.

' .,111-"''M ' ' ODJI".h'i' ' 0"'1..11.,., '

HF. Oh.'I-f"A",1' '1-?"IIC'I- M'.f 0'1':,0?"
llf. 7.1-'l.<D-A M'-~1
~II11

adapt to 1\oPY.,

Most children adapt easily to new surroundings. 11rt- A"Jl.'.f h-'1.11 hMR.1 04'11
II- f.II?"Jiotr
adapt oneself -1-'\0D.<'. l -1-11.,.,

He adapts himself easily. 04'1111- f.IIODJioA

He adapts himself to new conditions. h"''..
,1':J'l',_'l- h-'1.11 ll-~:t"9''.f Y.ll.,., A

adapta ble
I. 7.1Polll.ll1.t-l> 11.1\'l'dl'l' f"''..'.fA. Mother
has an adaptable schedule. M'-1: 7.1Polll.ll1.
t-1> 11.1\'l'dl'l' f"''..'.fA '1"1!"'1&-?" hll'l2. hll-'i'-l:a>- ;JC f"''.ll.,., . She is an adaptable person. hll-'i'-l:a>- ;JC f?"'l-11. ,.,
lla>- ' ..,..,.
add (vt.)

J.

..,oo~.

additio nal

18

adapta ble

You will have to add some sugar.

'1'-1:'1- 11\>.C OD..,_ODC ' hl\1111

Add it to my bill. o~ .h.ll11 llf. ""?"~..,.

2 . .<'.OD~. He added 8 and 2. 11?"1'1-'i' fl-11
'1-1 ' ....... ~
3. hhll(o'l-) . The committee added a rider to
the bill . .<'.CI- O.ih'l- ~-1::,0 llf. h1J.': .,
?.$ hhiiO'I4. Ht4'. They debased gold: by adding copper.
omc41 llf. oo~~o11 O""Ht:,O h~hll-'15 .,.114'11 (-1-_,.11.,.11). Pigment is added to oil to
make paint. 4'11?" 1\0DP'&-'1- .,:,01\"''..,,'<D-
hHY.'I- ;JC f.4'114'11A
add (vi.)
I. .<'.""~- They started learning to add and
subtract. oPI..DPC'i oPcf-'H'l oPDI/C ~,.,"-

2. o.,...,., t hll. "I hope you will come

early," he added. 0-1-..,., t 4'.<'.?" 1111
II 7.1.<'.?"'!-oD"' -1-114- h.<'.C:JIIll- h

add up to hODI\h-1-

The evidence adds up to a case of murder.

ft'i'll "lllof. dl1)';A ODIJ')-1

oo~'/{111'

,l'oollh;t- A

*How much does the bill add up to? .h./111'

om:,OIIIItJJo 111'1- f.ll''i'Al

[See also 'luster']

addict 11-11:;<

The cigarette addict finds it hard to stop

smoking cigarettes. fii.:J&- 11-11:;< 11.1{&-
.,1[>?" ,I'II'I'"I~'I'A

(be) addicte d to f- --11-11';< ll't If-- -11-11

Mo'IHe is addicted to smoking. fll.'/{&- 11-11:;<
li'!<A
He is addicted to strong drink. fODm'J' 11-11
Mo'laddicti on h.<'.1';< fll't 11-11

Opium is an addiction-causing drug. h"l:f.?"

t..._.,:;- ,

fll't 11-11 , f"''..,,'l\.11 ""mt'l-

till'

additio n
I. Y:?"C. Is my addition correct? J.':?"t. A
h ' till'!
2. oo.<'.ooc. Addition is taught in second grade.
OD.<'.ODC ' Ofl-11-1-';< ' h'i'A ' Y,II"'A
3. """"ooc . The addition of flour will thicken
the soup. Po-'1:'1- oo..,ooc ll'cq1 ,1'
dl'i'&-A
4. :,0'1',1'. Workmen are building an addition
to the house. P'&--1-'l''ll f .ih1,.tJJo1 :,0'1'
,1' ' OODP'&-'1- ' llf. ' 'i''l'lll'
in addition 0-1"....,<1

In addition he asked for ten dollars. 0-1....,<1 OP'C 11C mf_,.

in addition to h - - - f\.1\
In addition to his fixed salary he gets a commission. hoo.<'.O';< .<'.'l"rt- 1\.11 1>"'1..111'"
1 ,1'1';<A

*He works in addition to going to school.

hfu>&- f..,&-A

/liD-

add to MII(O'I- )

His father's illness added to his troubles.

'q"" , .noo?" ,
add up

:y..,~1

t,qllo'l-

.<'.OD~

Add up these figures! Mrt.ll1 41'l'C''.f .<'.

?"C

additio nal -~""""'<1

An additional difficulty is the lack of money.
-~""""'&"'" '.f"lc f11H11 htn'l- ttJJo

*For an additional dollar you get better

quality. h1Y: 11C 11'1-..,?"C f-1-lfll
'tY,t'l- ' :J-1';<1\1)

=a=d=d=r~e=s=s--_________________________1=9~-------------------------a=d=J~ective
address (v.)
I. hY:6o'lf IlL. He addressed the letter to
me. 1.11JI0.tl)o"t ' n~ ' hY:6o'/f ' 1\ol..tl)o
2. "t"'"'C hU1. Mr. Parker will now address the meeting. "tMc ;rchc hv-"t 111-q
I'. "t"I"IC YY.C:>II3. h.,.<:n. I would like to address a question
to th~ speaker. 11.,.<;;>6"" '1'?41 "7"1-<:11
't\.t./:\;JIIIJ4. lim. He addressed a warning to a friend.
'l"tY: mJ17!: "7llm"t.,.4:.1' lim
5. h<;1<:. I addressed him with respect.
nhh111!''1- h<;1Cl>.'l'
6. m6o (.,.m6o). Protocol requires that dignitaries be addressed by their titles. Qll P'IA"'
<;";f n"7b.l:"l 11"7'1' 't\"t'lm~ Tl!'.f-1>/A
YII1Y:JIIA

*How do you address a mayor? fh"li:ll f

h11C oom6Y MY:tl
address oneself .,.Ctl' +)out
He addressed himself to the task of doing his
homework. fO.'I- P'6otl)o"t II""P'6o'l- 4'
Ctn

.,_t"'

be addressed

The letter is addressed to me. 1.11'10..,. f.,.'l

h n~ hY:6o'lf t

address (n.)
I. hY:6o'lf. Do you want to write down my
address? hY:6o'lftL"t lloPI\'i' '1-.t.IA;JIIIIl
2. "t"I"IC. The Emperor delivered an important
address. "t1-"' )1P'-I> m?"t flft "t"l"l

c ' h1..1:13. "'ftt-;1-. He managed this difficult affair with

admirable address. hll'l':>6"t 1-JIY. noy_
Yll!."t"'> "'ftt-;1- uoo""
4. oofAh. A salesman should be a mao of
pleasant address. h'lf'lf"l' fl.ll 1.11 oo{A
h ?II II oolf"t hlln'ladduce m.,.ll
The lawyer adduced a decision in which the
judge freed a man charged with robbery.
mn? no~.'!- >~';' nn<:'l- f.,.hllll"t
II ntll fll.,._,.n'l-"t .,. ... ~ m.,.ll
(be) adept at "'ftt-:1- hll
John is adept at repairing things about the
house. ~ fO.'I- 't\?l""'f"t fDDm1"t ";f
tt-;1- ' hlltl)o
adequacy 1141t'IWe doubt the adequacy of his training.
f'I-9"1/C-I>"t 1141t'l- 't\"tm6om6oll"t

adequate
I. not. The lawyer presented adequate proof.
mn? not oo<:lf h.,.<:n
2. h'l':>ll f.,.':'.ll. His schooling is not adequate. 'I-9"11C-I> h'l':>ll (f.,..,.ll) hY-1.119"
3. 1141. Mr. Smith is adequate for the job.
"tll.,_C 11"7.11 IIP'6o"" 1141 t

adhere (to}

.,...,n.,..

I.
That scotch tape will adhere to
anything. hlll>:f -I:T hM9" )1C :>C
Y.arn?IA

2. l\'1'11<1' .,.h.,.ll. He adhered to his plans.

h"'--'1-"t ' h'1'11<1' ' .,.h.,.ll
3. .,.h.,.ll. Most people adhere to the church
of their parents. h11~';'1",.; lll""'f fa>'l
}!:ll''l'"t ' '/Y."7'f'l- ' Y-11.,.'111-

adherence Y.;J.Lt'IHe declared his adherence to the cause of

freedom. lltllt'l- 1-Jif. Y.;Jol.t-l>"t 11111

adherent (n.) 1.:>.1.

The adherents of the church party supported
this plan. ro..,. hcll-tn mn l.:>ol.l""'f
.l'.ll"t"t' '1."1-Y: ' 1.14adherent (adj.) f"tarn+
Adherent materials should not be placed
together. f"t"'n.,. t11!'7f"t h"tY:t'l- "7'l"C
hMQ9"

adhesion
*Adhesion of the intestine to the muscles
requires surgery. h"t~'l- llm-"tll' ;JC II.
arn"'> "'~'- '1'1<; Yll.LIA:>IA

adhesive (n.) "7"1not? flft t1C

Glue is one of the many adhesives. _...., "''
arnot? ' hlf!o- ' 1111- ' )11!'"'f ' h"t-'1- ' )tl)o
adhesive tape T'lll.,.C

Give me some adhesive tape for my wound.

1\41111\. f"tlf"t T'lll.,_C lim'S

adieus, make

~ .,.llo;n.,.
He made his adieus and left. .,.11<;11-f- l'Y.

adjacent

"'"'II-

?II
The house adjacent to ours has been sold.
II';' 0.'1- _,.'I'll- ?II 0.'1- .,_il'tii-IA
be adjacent .,.'I'll- )tl)o l .,..,.lit
The house is adjacent to the church. 0.-1> II
0..,_ hCII-1:?1'- .,.'I'll- t (M'II<;A)
adjective "1-ltA
The word 'heavy' is an adjective. hll~
f"tlltl)o ' -"'"' ' "1-lt/A ' )tl)o

adjust (vt.)

adjoin -1-'l'tU

My garden adjoins his. .1''1-hoM il'i'&-IL

fll-"1 .1''1-hA't- il'i'&- J.'.'l'il~'I'A

adjoining f"t-t'I'A

The adjoining room is empty. f"t-t'I'IIID'

h'i'A. qp. ~..,.

adjourn (vt.)

I. -tm.:. The judge adjourned the court until

the following day. -'~"'"" 11"7.-t'I'IIID' -t"l
-tm.:
2. R-1-~. The chairman adjourned the meeting.
11.-t ' OD"j0~ ' il11ilq..,.., ' R-1-~
adjourn (vi.)

I. -t-R-1-~. The meeting adjourned at 10 o'clock.

il11ilqtD- q,:.:,. t'l'\'1- -t-R-1-~
2. lloft(lq..,. hR:I". With the concordance of
the membership we will adjourn. hqtl-'ll h-til"7DD> ll11(lqtD- .I'R:I"A
3. -1-ll.l'f. It was a strange proceeding when the
senate adjourned without any decision. tl'l
oPOJ(l...tD- .I'll ID'/tlr, 1\.II.I'J.'. .I'Ai"IIOD!l.
~1c

administ rative

20

adjoin

~nc

be adjourned hR:I"
The meeting is adjourned. ll11(lqtD- hR:I"

(be) adjudged
1. ,.roll~. The boy's case was adjudged in juve-

nile court fA:q: 1-JIJ.'. RID"''t- '1'4-1"'1'

:f 'i'C!l.' 11.'1- -!-IBM
2. R'i'C!l.' -1-t'lm. The property was adjudged
to the rightful owner. "1110:-1> R'i'C!l.' 11"""~-~'"'"" q11u11'1- -t-t'lm
3. -1-L.:!l.(R't-). The accused man was adjudged
guilty. -t-blt!F- ... ..,. "'"'"""' ~u -t-1111" -tL.:!l.R'I4. -J-1DD-J-. It was adjudged wise to avoid war.
tnC~'t- hl\"7"1"1'1- fi">fll ll''l' -l-1""-1-

adjudica te R'i'C!l.'

hiliDt'l~

It is better to adjudicate disputes than to

settle them by fighting. mR-"1 R'I'A bDD<U.
<:il J.'.A:t R'i'C!l.' "7il1Dt'l"l J.'.>fiiA

adjunct -t-<U."7tl ,_,..

A radio is a common adjunct to an automobile.

t.ll.f'' 1\0Dh.'i"' f-J-1\0D!l.' -J-<U."7tl ' , . . ' ~ ....

adjure

adjust oneself

..,."oP"-

1 cannot adjust myself to the climate here.

hiLU ' 11'1'&- ' h fC ' :>C ' ODIIODfl.' ' hA:fA'/"

adjustme nt

I. "711-1-IJh.l'. Our radio has an adjustment

so that we can make the tone loud or soft.

ft.JJ.f''i"l-"1"1 !l."/"6 h'i''i" 11:t f'l"'i"!l.C

"'R'I- "711-t-IJh.l' hi\ID2. f"t..'-t &-C11 H!l... They worked out an adjustment of their conflicting ideas. f"7J.'."'q
o-q'f'ID-"1 .bltll:f f"7..1'-t&-C11 H!l.. Lm~
make an adjustmen t ,.11"7"7

Try to make some adjustment of your differ~

ences. RooiJhll:ftJ> ili\1\ID' hll"""'qq:, .
1\0011"7"7'1- ' 'l"h~

adjutant .:JI't-

The colonel's adjutant gave a report. fl>lllr.

tr .:.11'1- &?'c'l- h-t.:n

administ er

I. h11-J-JI!l.<:. Who is administering his estate?

C111>"1 f"7..1'11i"JI!l.'O:ID- "7~1D-1
2. h11Ll\oP. Ethiopia has many good lawyers
to administer justice. h.'t-f'A-.1' '1''1-.h"l
f"7..1'11LK'DD>' '1"1-' fll')o ' 1111" ' f.h"' ' 0'1'<1:

l":f ' htr'l''l3. t'lm. The nurse is entitled to administer drugs.

~C!L oP~).'t- l\oP11m't- P'A"'"I l\11'1-

administ ration l\111-JI!l.C

The country is in need of good administration. h1t1;t '1"1- h11-I'JI!l.C .1'11LA:>:f'A

administ rative .1'111-JI!l.C

1\oP~

I adjure you to tell the truth.

!l.''t-'i"1C "-III"'""YIIIJ>

I. hil-1-IJbll. The manager will adjust your

bill. 1"&- ' hilh..l'1t ' .h.lt11tl"l ' .l'il-1-IJh
AAYA
Y au cannot see through the binoculars unless
you adjust them first. 0"")'."""<1.1' IJIIili"IJhA
hiD' ' Rh:tMLID' ' OD~K'C ' 11"7f'l- ' h'l-:fA'I"
2. h111D1!l.. The elders tried to adjust the
differences in the quarrel. 11"7"11\.l"'fi Rmtl'
fi".C.m<:tD-"1 hlloP"'qq:, . 11"7111111!l.' 'l"h~
adjust (vi.) &-11-"1 hlloP!l.
His son adjusted to army life. fll- A'f:
&-/1-"1 ' hlll:f'!l.C ' ).(!" ' ;>C ' hlloP!l.
*He has to adjust to the actualities of life.
"-"l!l.'l.niD- U>lr.;f' ou'l'C hiiR'I-

,_..,.~.,.,

"-"I

This is purely an administrative job. ,_.,

0'1"11 ' .1'11-1-JI!l.C ' 1"&- '

~ ....

administrator
administrative assistant ~.-;+

h.ll+S:-46

The administrative assistant has executive

powers also. ~'I+ hil.,.-'1-'ltl +h~11 roo
ilm+l"' FA"''J hl\tJJo

administrator hil.,.-'1-'ltl
A good administrator treats the poor and the
rich equally. 'No hil.,.-'1-'ltl .<:-"lio; 1111
;foll"'t hh-A YYA

admirable f"''.YilS'.1;r. 1 f"''.f.);r. 1 Mf.<;of:

He performed many admirable deeds in the
war. fltnCH 'IJ'. 1111" f"''.YilS'."J'I- l
11-'l. oPC;J:A

His determination to go abroad to study is

admirable. mF.. 1 m-? I\1C 1 '/.P. /lOD"''
c Yl\tJJo 41C'l' hlt11 f"''..':)'i- )tJJo

Since she has a goiter her admirable face is

ruined. h"J;r.c:,. Mm"'":fo hili'S4: ooA\>.
.,.fl'llf

admiral ffJ.ftC "1J'.A .,.., h~'fr

The admiral's ship sank. ffJ.ftC "1J'.A 'I'
'i h.tJ-n; ODChofl 1 (loomladmiration h.<:-o;.J+
Your admiration is exaggerated. h:'i""+u
,.,._,)) ' )IJJo

*He is the object of everyone's admiration.

Ml ,.,,. rrtr f"''.Yf.'Jof>tJJo )tJJo

admire hf.)of>
I admire your patience. +b"'F+o"J hf.'J
:J>IIrr

admirer f"''.YI'.'J;r.
She has many admirers. 1111" f"''.YI'."J!t+
ill"":f-' htr

(be) admissible
1. .,.Lof>l'.. This form of argument is not
admissible . .eo 'lJ'.)+ hchc hJ'.Lof>l':r
2 . .,..,IJJ'.)+ hl\tJJo. Hearsay is not admissible
evidence. flil"''. il"''. f.,.1"f mt:. 1\"'lil~ll"
),. ' .,..,IJJ'.)+ ' fl\tJJo!l"

admission
1. OU"'IOJ'. Free admission is limited to certain
)l\ """'fl..l' f"''.Lof>l'.tJJo 1\.,.m(l)o.
of>'l'":fo' 11il' ' )tJJo
2. "7ou"). His admission proved my innocence.
f(lo ' "'IOD'J ' f~') ' '!'of..,.:;' ' hi\ODIT') o h~;>
1tn
*Admission to school is by examination only.
+P"oc+ (I.+ f"''.11JOJo IlL.,.., 11il' )m-

days.

admonition

21

admit (admitted)
1. hil11J. The servant opened the door and
admitted the guest. h "lib>~- fi-1-'J b<t:of h'J
"1-'IOJo'J ' hil11J

2. 1\.0D). I admit that I was wrong. il.ft.,.

.,.'i' , ""IT~"J h!I"<;Arr
3. ~of>flll. Jordan does not admit any Israeli
claims on her territory. I'"C-'I'l'il hilt-h.A
tJJoil'l' f~ )tJJo fl"'+lltJJo'J rrtr
h+of>fiA!I"
4. YH. The harbor admits three ships. <DI'.
flo IPil+ oocb!l":fo J'.J'.~A
fi"'~:J:

*His answer admits no reply. ooA,(l-

4!:C"1"

Yll )mbe admitted

1. h'J-'1.11J .,.Lof>l'.. Children under fifteen
are not admitted. bOP'<!- hl"'il+ 'lou+
fi;Jo":fo Ytr ;r,yo;+ h'J-'1.1 flo hJ'.Lof>.l:-11"
2. ;foOD), It i generally admitted that a good

wife is necessary for success in life. om:,.Ott

11m- 11.,./t!J )o.t:" "'"- "''.il+ "'lilLIIli
;fo!I"~A

3. ( ~ active) hil11J. Mention my name

and you will be admitted. il"''J 'l't- Yil
1fi-YA

4. ( ~ active) .,..,fill. He was admitted to

the club. fhflflo hiJA h'J-'I.IT'J .,..,
fltr+

[See also 'bar']

admittance fOD"'IJ+ L:J>.<:He gained admittance to the park. <DI'. ""
<;L"iftJJo ' il't't- ' fOO"'IJ'I" ' L:J'.I:" ' M"f

admittedly
*He was, admittedly, the thief. flhC"I'I' II.IJ
m- 7l(l- 1 ~oc
admixture ooof>'lof>A
The admixture of foreign words makes the
language hard to understand. ffJb.l:" :J>'I+
ODof>'lof>tr ' !t"J!ttJJo'J ' 1\0D~-'1+ ' Yil'F"It-A

admonish
1. 1U'l\. The teacher admonished the boys
for being lazy. hil.,."'ltltJJo A;o::r; il)'l'
ili\IT)o. 1U'l\:ftJJo

2. hilm)of>of>. The policeman admonished him

not to drive too fast. ?'1\.(lo boom') fill
J'. h'J'IJ'.M hiltn)of>of>tJJo

admonition .,..,.,,..
The teacher's admonition to the student for
his careless work was of no avail. hil.,.*Ytl

tJJo Ill\ -1-"''tltJJo f"'~l\11 P'tl- film

)'OC
I
tJ)o I ..,..,UfJt I ~ I fl.ll

adobe (construction) hm-11 f-1-"'<1The houses in this area are of adobe construction. fll.ll hiJqn. 0.-l':f hm-11 f-1-"''~--
<;'ftJJo

adolescence f't-A'/"11<;<;

adrift

22

adobe

fi><:J!~'l-

'1.1
Adolescence starts after childhood. f't-A'/"11
<;<; fi><:J!~'l- '1.1 h.'h!'t~'l- R:\'1 f.
~oo.:.A

adolescent
I. i<:'l"lt. He is still an adolescent. 1'0 i<:'l"
/J I ~(IJ2. !><:-'!. She is still an adolescent. 1'0 I><:J!
~:f

adopt
I. RP'tl- 'If. h'l'/1. The government adopted

the present civil code several years ago. DD1"1

~""" .f'rl-'11' f<t:'l-.h -nm.c .'h"' h

'1'4:'1- "'\oo:J''l- n.c.'l- nF.:. llf. h'l'l\

2. -t-+nll. The club adopted the motion by
a vote of 20 to 5. hnn- f+<:RtJ>o"l' .hltil
U.f' Rh'l"ll'l- Rll'~ .f':'I"IJ -t-+RIItJJo
3. n - - - -1-111111. For the teaching of Amharic
we adopted a new method. h"''C'i' 11"'111
-1-"''C qJ!.Il H~ -1-1111/i\1'
4. ouctn fH. He adopted a new name when
he became American. fh"'UIJ'E~'l-1' 1"1~'1-
IU'1'S hJ!.ll 11'1" DPCif' .f'H
5. R't-J!.Lil' -t-+RII. My aunt has adopted
a little boy. hhll-1: 'l-1'11 A7!: R't-J!.L
il' -t-+nll:f
[See also 'habit')

adopted (adj.) f't-J!.Lil'

It is an adopted child. f't-J!.Lil' A7f: ~tJJo
be adopted
I. RP'tl- 'If. 'I'll. k flexible pnlicy was
adopted.1.1'.J'. hllL'I'I.~'l- f"''.l\'l'dJ'I' 7"11.
II. ' RP'tl- ' 1\f. ' '1''1
2. -t-+qf-~'1- h1i. Christian practices have
occasionally been adopted by members of
other religions. h1'J!1'.f': fhCM:n '1""1
ql!':f Rl\.11-:f 1.'1"~'1- -1-h:l'l'":f H1'.f':
-f-+qM'l- h"''S-1-'I'A

adoption
I. 7-J!.Lil'. His adoption by the kind old man
changed the boy's whole life. .f'.'t- 11"'1"1

1\. 7-J!.LiJ' ll'I.J'.<:1tJJo fA)!: 001\ ihf.

m'l- -1-1\fllm
2. oo+RA. The teachers are talking about the
adoption of a new course of study. h.lt+IPI
tll"'ll f'l-'I"IIC'l- hr'l"''l' hJ!.ll oP'J"tl
.f' lloo+RA f.~:nt~-11-

adoptive,

father fm-'1- hq'l-

His adoptive father is very rich.

hq-1> R"'!l" llil;l'!l"

rm-+

~tJJo

adorable .J'.Il f"''.A

He is an adorable baby. .J'.Il f"''.A .'hf
~(I)<

") I

adoration "''hRC
Adoration of the Virgin Mary is widespread
in Ethiopia. .f':1'"1A "''C.f''/"1' "''hnc
nt..'l-l'"k.f' tJJoll'l' nr'l.C.tJJo f-t-1\oof. ~IJ)o

adore
I. hL+<:. She adores her family. 0.-1-r'l!l.1'
:l'L:t-tl-1\:f
2. fll.J'..J'.. The baby adores being tickled. ihf)-1'
ll.h-<:IK-'1- f.lllJ!A
3. h.ooAh. In ancient times, Ethiopians adored
idols. 0'1'1''1- 1.11. h.'l-l'"k.f'tJJo.f'"l' R"'P
:r- .f'OOA!J. ~nc
4. h<t: .f'll hiJC r'lm. The followers of
Gandhi adored him. f:>1'J!. -1-h:l'l'":f h<t:
.f'll h-nc f.r'lm-'1- ~nc

adorn
1. h.ll1.m. The municipality adorned the city
before the return of the Emperor. 'l"NP )
"'JP-h hooooAta:fm- r flA..+ r OUU;J1f 1 fL-JJ h
T"''tJJo1' hll'l.m

2.

ht\oP~.

1."1~'1-

Kindness adorns his character.

mq\<1' .f'lt!I"<:'I'A

adornment "'1'1.""1
A flower was the only adornment on her
dress. Ailjl. 'If. .f'lltJJo .,'1.""1 hnq
-nil' ~nc
busy with the adornment of the room
*She
the day before the party. f.f':"'r'l- '1'1"'1 II
'1- 0.-1>1' 11:1''1.'1' '1'1\:f

was

(be) adrift .f'/1 oo.: -t-1'+'1'1111

l '1'1111
The boat was adrift in the ocean. ~Aq'l' tJJo
:t-.f''l" r'l- 1\f. .f'II oot1 -1-1' +'I' /Ill:f
A derelict ship is adrift off the coast. (ll":f
f"'~'1- oochil Rm<:4- h:t-.:.n..v '1-'I'AA
~nc

advance

23

adroit
adroit HS'.o;:

We admired the lawyer's adroit questioning

of the witness. mil,....,. llll"llh~ .r.,..:ll
..,.'t HS'.o;: llm.l'f:t- II~):,O't

adulate hDDm't 11'1.1'- 11'1"?1'1

Some young people adulate singers of popular
songs. ll'tJI't.l:" ID"'fo':f ' HOO'i'' H'f.'l'':f
't hoom't 11'1.1'- .I''I""I(J.'f'I'A

adult 0'1'4!
There was milk for the children and coffee
for the adults. IIA;tt.:'f IDT'I- ' IIO'I'<i!l"':f
flo'i' )IIC

adulterate
I. ll.,.m). He adulterated the heer with water.
m'l..,.'t ll..,.;lo ll.,.m)..,.
2. f"7J'.t:Q P':> .,..,.'1.,.11. The company
was fined for adulterating canned meat. IJ.q
't}IIJ)o ' 7.:f"lf?IJ)o ' P';J ' IJ)o/I'J' ' f"7J'.t:Q '
P' ;J 0 II00.,.'\.,.1\- 0 .,..,."J

adulterer IIOO't11t:'i'
The adulterer was killed by the husband.
IIOD't11.:o;:..,. IIQA.f..,. -1-?~11

adulteress H"7''1- 11.'1- l J'OO)Ht:':f 11.'1Adulteresses were stoned to death. H"7'.1'

'f- ll.fo':f ' (J'OD)H~ ' ll.fo':f) ' 11.1:-'t;JJ'. J'.
ID?~ )IIC

adultery 11..,.'1The Bible condemns adultery. ODK'do'i! :t-.11.

II 11..,.'1-'t J'ID"I~A

adulthood llltll oom't OD.i:"t:ll

The acceptance of responsibilities is a sign
of adulthood. '1'1ol.)'f-'t """'11"'- llltll oo
m't ' fOD.i:"t:/1 ' II"Ah'f- ' )IJ)o

advance (vt.)
I. mt. o!.'l- IIOD"J'f.'l- l.'t-'1.~.1:" 11~.:?. The
general advanced his troops to the new position.
)';.~t-11- o ID:f"J'.C'fl o IIJ~ ' ol.'f- ' IIOD"J'f.'f-
IIJ~ 11.11.1'1- "l'tQC l.'t-'1." 1\.1'...:1

2. .,.~11" ll~t:?. The chairman advanced the

time of the meeting. II..,. DD'tll~ fllofll'l
QIJ)o') ' 1.11. ' .,.~11" 11~.:.,.
3. ll:t-.r..-u' l'lm. Could you advance me
some money? '1-'til ?'tHofl ll:t-.1:-"'l..l' A'll'lm'1 '1-':f'IIIU l
4. 1111~.:. The banks often advance money to
farmers. Q'tl>'ll 11-fl~o;:..,.'t 1.11. 1\?11"-l"
:f 1'tHofl .1'11.1:-t-11-

'

5. 11.,..:11. The plan he advanced was not good.

.r.,.-:11..,. l.:t-.1:" ~ IIA)IIt:ll"
6. 7.'tJI.I'I'i!'t 11~.:?. The minister tried hard
to advance the cause of peace. "'l.tll~ M
II" 7.'tJI.I'I'i!'t 11"7.1:-t:"l -flit" ~boo
7. 11-'111.:. His purpose was to advance his
own interests rather than the company's.
~""'"'" ' ft-1'1-'t ' 7.'tl[ ' fiJ.Q't.I'IJ)o't ' 'i!'l
i'l- 11"7-'IIIC IIA)IIt:ll"
8. 1\1\1..1. They advanced him from lieutenant
to captain yesterday. '1-'l't'l-'i' boufo 1111
:,0)'1- m~ lfii"IIA)'f- 111\f...,.:,..
advance (vi.)
I. T'IH. We advanced twenty miles in one day.
Q't.l:" .,.'t u.r "'""' T'l11't
2. Q;Loot:,, Since the war, prices have continued
to advance. htoC~-1: mJLtJ ~ "P;J llfa;toPt:,
~J!.

3. m.r.d.T r

+t-oo~.

Has civilization advanced

in our century? JPAU:. fl~ htt:A noo

't ' ID.I'.ol.'l- ' Tt-11"J!...Al
4. ?4- I m.r. ol.'l- ?4-. The army advanced
toward the enemy lines. to<-. m~ mil+ .,'l
qc' ?4The soldiers advanced under enemy fire. m:f"
.r.c:'ll fm'l'l-'t Tlt-11 '1'1'1..,. ro~ o!.'l- 14be advanced lt."tJl.+Cofl r +F..t;.1

The date of the meeting was advanced from

April to March. fllofliiQ..,. 1.11. h"'l..1'11.1'
m.r. oo;~R.'I- 7.'tJI..,.Cofl .,.~C'IA
advance against M14- """1(11'1-)
The forces of the enemy advanced against us.
fm'l'f- ' '1.1'-A ' 7.f1'f. ' OD"Jofl't
advance upon 1"m;J

He advanced upon me in a threatening

manner. 1\.l'IILt-t- Tm:>'1

advance (n.)
I. oolflfA. Great advances have heen made in
medicine during the last few years. Qllf.'l-
~ou:f"'f- IJ)o/1'1' ll.lohll"'i' oflll" oolflfA
TJ!.C'IA
2. 1'i!fo ODII""J'I-1 OD"J'f.'l-. Nothing could stop
the advance of the enemy. fm'l'l- 1'i!fo ooll"
"1'1- (oo"J'f.'l-) Mil" /1..1'/fODIJ)o IIAiJ'IIII"
3. ( ~ adv.) ll:t-.1:-"'l...'. Can you give me an
advance on my salary? hJ!.'I"n ll:t-.1:-"'l...'
ll.h'i!ll-'1 ' Y..l-'111-1
in advance ll:t-.1:-"'l..l' 11111.,..1:"'1" I .,.~11" -tillLet me know in advance if you are coming.
"""""' 7.'t~.r) o:t-.1:-"'l..l' 1111:1"..,..,.'1

advanced

After this, please let us know in advance.

hll.ll ' 0:\'1 ' hii<I'J!"ODII ' hii;NJJ<I''t
I arranged it in advance. <I'J'.9" illlo hH:>
~,.,...

In advance of h---

+J!:"'P

They walked on in advance of the king.

h'J.,.,_... ' <I' J!"ODOJ- o

~.fl.

(be) in advance of b--- +"'oo

His ideas were in advance of the time. thft

flo ' h1.H.OJ- ' f<I'J'.OD )OC
[See also 'pacific']

advanced (adj.)
I. h<;:-J-0::. He is not smart enough to take

advanced courses.

adventurer

24

her;:+~

J'lclt

i\.ODOJ-

(IJ!- ":f-~:1-ID hf.L:J-J:.-fl'l-9"

2. f14-. He is very advanced in years. 0/1..("'1. ' 0"19" ' f1<f. ' )OJ3. 0'1-,.:IIC-f: f1<f.. Only advanced students

can understand the abstract theory about

the nature of the soul. {II\ )lf:.il llihC.e
M::J- hll1'fol'lil fl.t:JI. f"''."'f-11- O'l-9"
IIC;f-'fm- f14- -1-"'l&l"":f il!f' 'O'fm4. h1.H.IJJo <I' Y:'l" f~J'.. He has advanced
ideas. h1.11.m- <I'J:-'1" f~J'. mfoil hflm-

*Our army is in an advanced position.

fo:' tDC "l'tQC _,.J'.9" )IJJo

advancement
I. f"'IM"I '-F-'1'1-. The captain has hopes of
advancement. !f9"011- f"'l~l."l '-J:.-1'1- {I
"'I"IT'I- -1-ll<f. YJ'.C:>A
2. "'llflfA. Advancement in school reform
requires more teachers. f,'J-gs>LJCT O..f~1' '
f.Jf;f- ' fl"'llflf"' ' .,. ....
hll-1-"'l&l"":f '

..,& '

YIILA:>fl3. "1!'"'1&. Loyalty and hard work are what

usually bring an advancement in pay. f"''l"
'If "1!'"'1& f"'/.YII1'f. :f'"'l'h'l-'0 m'th
C' ' ODP'tl-'1- ' 'O'fOJo

advantage
I. 'I':J-9". This method has advantages and
disadvantages. f.ll HJ'.. 'I':J-?"'0 '1-'1'1- h
{IOJ-

This is to your advantage. .e.u t\&.iltl

:J-9" ' )OJ2. iiA"'i. George had a good education and

this gave him an advantage over his friend.

}!:C)!' 'No '1-?"IIC'I- )Ot.m- ! )'.II?" h
~J'.o:'m- iiA"'i't hi11Tfl'l-

have an advantage fl+ifA r v-~:f" It~ )aJo

You have an advantage over me. hi. 1 fi+
lffl !Jo~;f- llf. )II
take advantage of wtl-(0'1-) l -1-m<l'oo(O'I-)
He takes advantage of every opportunity. rot
y ;J'J'ODIJJo') ' M:A ' !Joll- ' J.'.oPtl-0;1-A ' (f.
m<I'9"0;1-A)
Don't let people take advantage of you! l'll"":f
hf.m<l'.....,..ll
to advantage }\{Jguf!"
The draper will arrange your draperies to
advantage. oo;>t.'1/: w.:.-1-o:'m- oo;>t:)fl"":f
ll't hfo!I"C' )'.wtl-AYA

[See also 'operate']

advantageous
1. fotm:t-gu. He is in an advantageous position.
f"7.m:J-oom- (1;1- llf. )IJJo
2. r=ti. This advantageous position commands
three roads. f.ll ll"'fi ll<;:tl- 1"11'1- oo')1
P.":f't {loo<f.flJmC Yll"'fllA
advent oo?"flJ'IThe advent of spring is a joyful occasion.
fKU OD?"flJ'I- f"''.YIIJ'.II'I- m:J-'1- )OJ*Since the advent of modern medidne, diseases
have been reduced. HOD'O' ihhii"'O hooflJ
OJ-'1.11 ' 0'11:1' ' -J-<1'){1
Advent of Christ f""X"h-1-

The exact day of the Advent of Christ is not

known. f?"K'h'l- '1-hhflo:' <l''t h}.'.;f-m
:J-?"
adventitious -~'"""'1&

The exciting life of the author gives the book

an adventitious interest. f~fl..aJo 1 1tl'l1&."t
).C' fiODK".J.4- -~'"""'1& hJ!"'O.J.'I- .r.n
m'I'A
adventure
I. ~il.fl.. The soldier told the tale of his adven
tures. m;f-J'.~ f~il.fl.m-'t OJ6. hmtl2. h:>"'"''.. The title of the book is " Adven
ture in the Forest ". fODK'.J.f. hC'-11'1-
O""lto IJJoll'l' fJ'.l.l'l h:>"'"''. f"7.A
)IJJo
3. Y..."JtnODaJo 1 )1C. He regaled me with stories
of his adventures. Y :>moo-'1-') )1C'":f ;1&h R"'l"'im'l- hiiJ'.I'l-1-'S
adventurer
I. f~il.fl. l'lm-. The traveler to Africa is a
great adventurer. mJ?.. 1 h_ij:;&1J 1 fOIJ.=lHaJo r
...,. ' :f'll:J- ' f~il.fl. ' ..., . ' )IJJo

_a_d_v_e_n_t_u_r_o_u_s______________________-=2~5--------------------------~a=d~v~isory
2. fl"'ilo. The adventurer looked for an unmarried girl whose father was rich. f.A-/t.(J)a
1/A-t-IU..":f- f'lllll;> lA~ ~M

adventurous
I. )';il'l- fn~n'l-. An expedition to the North
Pole is an adventurous undertaking. tJJS'.. {I
"''.o;-<em- 'PIA:" ""'111 J>:it"- rn~n'l-
Y:C"I..'I- ' ~ ....

2. S'-4-C. The adventurous explorer was

applauded by the listeners. ll~of.~ h<'t1i
hY:"?fl"''ll ' h.U.fi.U.tl-11'1-

adverb -t-m-lth "Ill

The word 'now' is an adverb. h&"t
f"''.II<D- :J'IA -t-m-lth "Ill ~..,.

adversary
l. 11/\;J&.. He is my most dangerous adversary.
R"'!l" t 1\.~1'1 '111:>.:.\L 1\.ol- ~..,.
2. mll'l-. The United States and Japan were
adversaries in World War II. Ro-11-t-'i'm- f
'\11!1" tnC~'I- 1.11. h"'L&IJ"}<; )f;r"} m
1\.Y.":f-' )fi~
3. of-:>"1"7.. Which school is our adversary in
the football game? RII."IC '>.ll .U.'I':f' f
'i' of-:>"1"7. ' '1-!I"IIC'I- !1.'1- f'l-'i'm- )a>-!

adverse
I. f"7.1-JI. The judge gave an adverse decision
to the plaintiff. Jl'i'<D- llhltlf. f"7.1-JI<D- mItt lim
2. 1/A-t-:J''i. He struggled against adverse
circumstances. ttA+:J>'i" ll-'i-1: ;JC ;Pli\.
3. 'l't\:F s .fHl\. His adverse criticism discour
aged me. '1'1\;F 1HIIa>- ~.,.of...,. -t-llof.
1\.ll.,.Gm'f
4. h.l.'l- 11.1.'1- fOD"'. An adverse wind delayed the boat. h.t.'l- 11.1.'1- fOD"' ~of.ll
oot:h!l."} II.H11'1-

adversity oob,:.
He knew many days of adversity. ofllt' foo
h.:. .,.<;''f-"} hlt/Aj,IA

advertise
I. hll:I'OJ.,.. He advertised for a servant in the
Sunday paper. RII..Jo.Y: :>11."1 11.1ihC oo
4.11-,."} hll;l'm.,.
The mayor advertised the hours of the public
meeting. h"}t'lm- .lo11'1'1! llilll'l f"''.
1~C"I'l:fm-"} ' 11'\.Y.":f- ' hll;I'OJ.,.
2. f"}"/.1:" "7ll:I'OJ<t1 hm"'. Stores that wish
to sell things advertise in a newspaper.

1\.:J' ll""lf"' f"''.l.IA.,. -~ilf!''f- n:>

11."1 ' f"}"!Y: ' "7ll;I'OJ<tf ' 10J"'tr

advertisement
I. "7ll:l'm-t1. I saw your advertisement for
employing teachers. hll-t-"7&9'":f- 11oo:r-mc
10J"l1!m-"} ' .,ll:f'ID<t1 ' hftJ2. f"}"IY: "7ll;I'OJ4!1. I saw your advertisement on the special sale. lA I' 111-P II."}
~!I";I'~C"I ' fi"}"/.1:" ' .,ll:f'OJ4!1<D- ' 1\J.'- ' II.
ftJ-

advertising
I. "7ll;l'm4!1 "7ll)1C. Advertising on television is very expensive. 01:1\.ii.V1' tl'/ll:r
OJ4!1 "7M1C R"'!l" m-Y: ~m2. f"7ll;l'm4!1 F.:.. John found a career
in advertising as an illustrator. V"dt"tll 1 n
"7ll:f'ID4!1 F.:. a>-ll'l' ' R"''\11..)'1- ~
"7. F.:. 1\.11"

advice !l"nc
My advice is- to leave immediately.
' )ID-

9'"h~

1}-).). ' 11."}.1:"'1-~.1:"

advisable f"''.lfiA
I think it advisable to stay home today. ~.~.
!1.'1- OD'I'/A f"''.lf /A f-ODllll'i'IA
It is advisable to cross streets only at corners.
oo"}11'-'f-"} oo:J'm.t.1:fm- ~f, it;F "7~
G'l' f"''.lf/A f-oollll'i'IA

advise
I. oPbG. What do you advise me to do?
M 1\."}JI~C"I '1-oohG'i'lllll

He advised me against it. l\.~~1\s-..C'uD 1

oobG'f
2. hll:l'm.,.. Please advise us when the merchandise arrives. lf.,.m- 1\..~Cll 1\.'lhtJ"} 1\.ll
;I' <D-.,."}
be advised of-~1G(m-)

He was advised of the latest developments. n:,.

en- llii~Gol-'1- )11!''f- f,)1G<D- )fit:
[See also 'ill1
II'~ ill\"
He used the word advisedly. :J'fr"} f-t-m.,.

advisedly
oPfl+

(I"~

1Jf\-

~tl)o

advisor h"71J&
My legal advisor is away on business. fih""l 1
h"71J&I'- RF.:. -,..111- ' OJ~ tD-"P ~.\:..lA

advisory 11."71J&
He is a member of the advisory board. fii."71J
6m- s

nc.e- hQA

~m-

advocate (v.)

affect

I. l'tOh. He advocates Amharic as a medium

of instruction for secondary schools. ftN\_,.

Of Jl.<'.7f 'l-9"11C'l- fl"'IC'f ~'t-'l.l't'l'
,l'.(toflltA
2. t.T1l4' !!.1.1.. He advocates education at
the age of six. OIIJ!.'II'l- 'loo'l- 'l-9"11C'l- oo
)!OOC't o h'J'1l4' ,1'..1'."14-A
3 . .,.h&-h<'.. Parties of the right advocate free
trade. f.,.'f h<;:A :rctl"':f 1\)11 1"1
Jl.' ' ,l'.h&-h&-11-

advocate (n.)
I. mO.+. He is studying to become an advocate. mo.+ 1\00IJ''t ,1'."'1&-A
2. -1-h&-lt<'.. Mahatma Gandhi was an advocate
of passive resistance. "7'1+"7 .?"JJl r f(l~"''
'I! _,._,..,.... -1-h&-lt& )OC

advocated (adj.) f-1-mf.,.

A reform long advocated by the younger
generation was finally adopted. Om"''l- 'l-mAJ!.' 11<'.1!:9" -z.n. f-1-mf.,.,. oolf'lfA
OOD .... <'.lf ' 1"&- ' '1,1'. ' 'I'll

adze oo-r<'.ll..l'
In olden days they made boards with an adze.
OJ!.'I!'
Y )0C

-z.n. ll't .+

affectionate

26

advocate

f"''.m<'.Om- Ooo-r<'.O.

aerate t.<; t.l't

This device aerates the room.

~IJ OOUf~Y

h<i:ll-'t y<;<;:ltA

aesthetics fl") '1'011 -r<;'laether [htl'l'm- h'i' 1lll- f"'1.1'f fmt.c

h'i'A]

afar -1-:J.
I saw him from afar. h-1-:J. t.fv-'l-

affable
I. :,.,._:,., He is affable with everybody. 1\tJ-11-
,..,. ' ,.,.,. ' )ID2. t.ll!l.lt':f. His smile is affable. .1.1"1;1-m-
t.ll!l.lt':f' )ID-

affair
I. "1-.11,1'.. I don't meddle in his affairs. Ol't-
"1-.11,1'. t.A1fl9"
2. )1C. Their wedding was the most brilliant
affair of the season. om:J.-1: h-1-Jl..<'."l-'l-
)11!'"f v-11- !!.9"4' f;l-fiD- f)(t- l'tC
"I )OC
[See also 'state')

I. t..+m(l. That cold climate affected his

health. .,.11.+qm- t.fC m.<;m-"t t..+m(lm2. 1--'5. War affects a nation's external trade.
tnC)'l- fti1C't fiD-"P 't"l!l..' ,1'.1--'IA

Cold doesn't affect him at all. 1lC!l..' ' .1.11''1"

h,l'.'l--'IID-9"

3. h.m4-. The disease must run its course;

there is no medicine which affects it. f"'"l.l'm

4-m- ' ODJ!.'U'l- ' 111111.11 011;1-m- '

~'t!l.1fl '

,I'.ID-"1

4. +K"6'r J\lllD". Edison's inventions have

greatly affected modem civilization. f.I..Jl.-11
"I ' <;:A(I<f.jP':f ' OHOD<;'f!m- ' I"A"'~ ' 'I
,1'. h'i' Yll -1-ll'b'l" t.'l'l'm5. .,..-...,(m-). His wife's death affected him deeply. f"'/.11-1> 'l"'l- OTA:J> -l-l't9"-I'-;I-A
6. m!l.Jl.. He affects loud neckties. Jl."'I:J>
h&-'i-1'-':f"t ,l'.m.IIA
*He affectedJ(not::!tolhear me. 1'19"-1'-'f YA<'I
"'I ' OD(t/1 i!ii b,)
be affected
I. -J-)lt. The lung was affected by tuberculosis.
lt"tflm- Olt'tfl ).,.Cit ' _,.)h;I;A

The stable foundation of this house was not

affected by the earthquake. 1\'). fll')ID- fll.
II I 0...,.. I ODrP,l:r- I ODD"-..,.. I 00").,..,..,..... I hA
-J-)1}9"
2. ;J-oooo. If the epidemic is unchecked,
thousands more will be affected. 011;1-m-"t
ltA-1-41."1m-l-'l- 11.11-':f on:u f"'/.41.m-l-
,1'.;1-00"'11\-

affectation A9"1'tA IJ,I'.

v-~:1'

Her little affectations annoyed me.

A.~(tA.

IJ,I'. rH;I-'1' hO't..,_'f

affected (adj.) f&-l't- YAU')

He has affected manners. f&-l't- YAU') '
miJ,I'. ,l'.!f.A

affection <;::Joe
He hopes to win her affection.

'i':J>~"t

II

"'l"l'f'l- ,l'.ooo;'A

The affection of a mother for her children

is well described in this book. ~<;:,. IIA]I..
!I! Y'l'l- <;::Joe 011.11 ODI\'m'i' m-11-r
0"'1.1fl -I-1A!I.A
[See also 'crave, starving']

affectionate
1.

(tm-

ffl7.lDY:. She is an affectionate child.

(lm- f9"'l-m!l..' A"J!: -;:,.

27

affianced
2. TID-'I;t'. She has an affectionate nature.
TID-'I;t' Q.bCf. M+

(be) affianced"'""'
He was affianced at an early age.

~<;

IIA:t'

)-Jo' "'""'

affiliate (v.) T<i''lof>ll

He refused to affiliate with a political party.
11?'11-1:11

11-~"J

;>C lloPof>'lof>A l>A

Lll~'l"

be affiliated with f - - - 'l'~'i'

)CD-

The college is affiliated with the university.

1>11.)1: fllkliCotof:m- 'l'~'i' ' )<D-

affiliation 11'1"~<;
The affiliation of the two languages is shown
by the many words they have in common.
fll-11-lo :t'J:tl":f 11'1"~<; f'"l.;J-mof>m-
II;>&- ' q~'I'm- ' i!H- ' .4''1+ ' )<D-

affinity_
I. oPof>&-~il. There is close aflinity between
those two tribes. lll>HU' v-11+ )~1'-:f oo

llhA 'l'il:Jo oPof>&-~il 1>11

2. Tfl'l'l". He has an affinity for languages.
f:t'J:t Tfl'l'l" l>II<D-

affirm
I.

l>~~m.

He affirmed his loyalty to his

country. '1~<1- Yllm-"J :J-"'I'h+ h~:>~m

He affirmed that he was not guilty. '1'4-T'i'
l>lloPII"\oo"J t.~:>~m
2. l>KJ'.of>. The higher court affirmed the
lower court's decision. htt:..,.;;:m- tt:CJ!" r CL
.-,. fll;J-:f 'i'C~ IL-r"J m-{)~ l>KJ'.of>

affirmative fl>l""t:JAn affinnative answer is indicated by nodding

the head. fl>l""t:J- ""'-h t.&-h"t -"-"- of>
11"'1~~., ,ll-1111\A
*John was on the affirmative side of the debate.
}("J llhCh-1- 'If. dollflo"J h-"-~4-+ m
~"J )flC

<;

affix (v.)
I. l><r ~. I affixed my signature to the letter.
-"-il-'IIL<D- 'If. d.C"'IIIo"J l><;'Ch-'S
2. llmL. Affix a label to the jar! ~"JIIm- 'If.
I"'Ah+ ll'l"i'll+

afford
2. l>m.4'. Starvation afflicts India from time
to time. ~;)11 U"J~"J llf'I.K<D- Ym.4':J-A
be afflicted
I. .,.,..~H. Is Congo affiicted by sleeping
sickness? I>"Ji lll>"J:J>A'i' ll'ii:J- .,.,..C~II
:fl
2. .,..,.4'f. Farmers are constantly affiicted
by locusts. ~11<1-l":f llf'I.K<D- lll>"tll"' f.

"'-"'Ytt3. T'l--'1. The world was afflicted by the financial crisis which began in 1929. 111iiffill
n;eou~m-

f~"JHil :f"lc 'till"' .,.'1-~.f

)flC

4. ( ~ active) l>m.4'. +Hararge is often afflicted

by drought. do~C'I."J illl- 'I.K ~c:Jo Y
m.4''PA

affliction
1. foub,&. "l.H.. She was brave in her affliction. flouh&-'1' 'I.K ;J-.:>11 )fl~:f
2. ou:,.Owtt:T. Some diseases are terrible aftlictions. l>"J-'I"J~ ll'ii:J-l":f h4- ou:Jo.,'i'.f

:r- '

<;:fm-

3. 1".4'1-. The affliction caused by this disease

was considerable. 1111.11 ll'ii;J- fT).., f-"-~fl
I& I P:f"~ f h!J: I Ill I ~fl)o
affluence
1. Vofl+. Affluence will not guarantee happiness.
11-ll-'l- -"-h:J-"t 11"'/h~'f:,. 'Ph+<; hf.-"-11'1"

2. O"Jij: DP'iC. The affluence of minerals made

the country wealthy. f"'lb~"J ll~'i' oP<;'C
11~6-Jo"J ' l>llllll.:>+

+"l.il
The people of this country live in affluence.

live .in affluence ).C"iD"

flf.U MC {ll":f \oot!''P:fm- fT".7.'1 )

....

affluent (n.) :t'~+

The affiuents of the Awash River are dry in
December. <D-"- l>'P'ii <D"t11 f'"l.Lfl- :t'
~.f';f fl:J-"r..,JP f.-"-C.4'1taffluent (adj.)
l. q{l,.,;J. The minister was an affluent man.
'"Lth+-1- ' Q/111;> ' {lm- ' )fl-1-

2. f'l' .:>il. Affluent times followed the end

of the war. IPC)-Jo 11114' 11:\~ f'l'.:>il
lfOJJ")

OfJIIJ

afflict
. I. 11"1'1" '1--'1. War has long affiicted mankind.
IPC)+ llilH- 1.K {lm-"J 11"11"' '1-~
.f;J-A

afford
I. flm. Reading affords pleasure. "'I"Jilil -"-11
:J-"t ' f.I'I"'A

afforest

28

after

----------------------------------------------------2. hil1'f. His own garden affords vegetables

for the family. f..:-(1. ,1''1-hA'I- ll'i'<!- IIIL
.,_ llll- h'l-hA'I- ,I'II1'SII;f-A

llt 1\H.,I' O!l.GIIh- 1.n IL-l> Ollil'l- .,_

4>"1'1'11- ~nc

71\

can afford

Can you afford now to buy a car? h&'t

""h.';" II"""Jq'J- '1-lf'llllll
cannot afford

I.

h,1'.1.:,0~'/".

.,.

2. ho:,..... 0'1,1'. ~ ..... I cannot afford that.

n'l.r. ~..,.

3. o:,..... h,I'.L:,O~ll'l-'1". I cannot afford to

buy a car now. ho-') ""h." /IOO"Jq'J- o:,.
"' h,I'.L:,O~A'S'I"

[See also 'pleasure']

afforest !!..') hiiOll
The government is trying to afforest the area
around the capital. 0""';"111" h.,.., hl)Q!l
,l'llfDo')
OODIIJC I

M:..:. !!.') 11"7AOII

~"IF-I:

~.,t.. I )CD"

affranchise hc~'J- hOJtiJ

Lincoln is famous for atfranchising the slaves
in America. Oh"'<l'l II.')j>A') QC'lf') h
c~'J- 0"7..,."1-1> f;f-OJ4> ll'S:A

affront (v.) M'.:F.

He affronted me by walking out in the middle
of the speech. 0')"1"14. """A .,.~/".,. n
oofDoti)'J- M'.:F.'S
affront (n.) fDoC!l.'IWe cannot take this affront. ,l'.tJ')') fDoC!l.'l-
h')4>011fDo'/"

afield Of"'VV
The hunting dogs are afield looking for
rabbits. h.ll'l''li ..,.-p.f 'l'"t'I'A 'I'll;> Of

""' .,,.,..,.

far afield OJ!!. ~:,. Me

The traveler wandered far afield. oo')1!!.'1..,.

OJ!!. ~:,. h1C ~!!.

*To discuss that topic takes us too far afield.

OH.,I' 1--'1,1'. M .:>1C hhCl\11-1: .fill- ,I'
OJtiJ';"A

(be) afire OM'I- .,..I'.I'H

The house is afire. IL-l> 01\il'l- .,.,l',l'.!f.A
set afire h.+11Jmll

A spark set the house afire. fl.il'l- 'l")tiJ<I

IL-l>') h4>"1mll..,.

(be) afloat
I. .,.')iti.L. The logs are alloat. "J').f'.'Ji """
')itl.'i' ' '1,1'. ' .,,.,..,.

A busy man cannot afford delay.

p>,:. f"'l.OqO'J- {lfDo ""H"If'J-') h,I'.L:,O~

.r ho:,O"'

(be) aflame OM'I- .,..,."'mll

The house was allame by the time I got there.

2.

)L{I.

.fill-

There were many rumors afloat.

.,....,..,_...,.;~-

.r.~'i'll

~nc

get afloat h')itl.l.

We could not get the ship alloat. oocbll-')

A';"')it'i!l.fDo hA!J'A')'/"

afoot Oll"IC
Afoot it is two hours, but by car it is ten
minutes. Oll"IC o-11'1- ll't'l- ,I'.OJII'IA
Oooh.';" "J') OJPC !!.<1::1' .fi!J' ~..,.
be afoot .,..,.{14>{1
Trouble was afoot. <:.fill" .,..,.ll:,.{o ~nc

aforementioned h'\,1'. f.,.m+ll

The aforementioned students can leave. hi\
,1'. f.,.m4>(l.'J- .,..,<ll!'lf 11.~.11. ,l'.:f'ltt(be) afoul .,..,.n.,.n
We cannot use the rope because it is afoul.
1""'1- f.,..,.n.,.n llllll'~ A')m4>'1"R'I-
h')lfA'I"
run afoul

*He ran afoul of the law. .h"l-')

'J'{o lf"lc

fDoll'l' OJJ!.4>

(be) afraid
I. 1...:.. He is not afraid of anyone. "7')')'/"
h,l'.l...:-'1"

I was afraid of hurting her feelings. hll4>,1'."7

;f-llo- .fl\1- I.C!I'IIo-

2. ""llll(tD-). I am afraid it is too late.

1.""'"

fH1f ,1'.""1111'1A

I'm afraid I can't help you. At:-'111 f'l"lf

A h,I'.""IIII'S'I"

after (prep. adv.)

I. h--- 0:\'1. Can you call me up after supper?
b..:-'1- 0:\'1 A'J-J!.fDoAA'S '1-::f'lllll?

He fell sick on Tuesday, and died two days after.

"Yhll'l' """"""" bo-11'1-

n n:\'1 .,..,.

2. 1111. Your aunts asked after you. hhll.,.lf-11

11'1').,. mf41
3. ( = conj.) .fl + (imperfect). After all her
suffering she is still cheerful. ,1' o-tt- .,...,_
il-I'A ll!l.CIIQ'J-'1" ho-')'1" !!.11.,_'1 'J-oo
Mlllf

against

29

afterbirth
4. ( ~ conj.) (I + (imperfect). After the rude
way she acted who could like her? li'M,II

Can you come this afternoon?

ll'l-q<l\"1 :l'f.:l' "7't f.ID'I:l'Al

fl:\'1 ' 41\'l-00"1 ' '1-":f-'11111!

*He wrote a fable after the manner of Aesop.

fh.fiT't ' .hllll'i' ' flOObof-41\ ' h'tJ:" ' -l-0:'1- '
llof..

*He closed the door after him when he left

the room. fl-1-'t H"l+ ID"'
*He failed his exams after all that studying.
n't filA 1>'1"1-fo 1.-1-'i"fD-'t mS'.+
*The brazen girl told lie after lie. ""1'1'0:-1- 11.!1.
<~>'1':

'

S'.:J"/"7 '

'l'li-l'

(verb.). I answered immediately

after I received his letter. S'.il'lfl.fD- ll'tS'.
S'.O:(I'f I IDJjJfD-). I ODjl\{1 I l\'i'b2. b
verb
fl:\11. He left after we ate.
bfl'l't ' fl:\'1 ''t.S'.

bil~'l-

[See also 'late1

afterthought
*The idea came to me as an afterthought.
~~-1-'t fof-1)Hilb-'l- H"lf.'f ~fD-

afterwards fl:\'1
I will talk to you afterwards. 0:\'1

M :>"'

C?llv-

q,:.-1- ' 11~'1- ' OOIIJ ' ll~?" ' IDJjJfiJ- ' 't.J:-'11-

again
I.

ll'tS'.~'i".

I will tell him again.

ll'tS'.~'i"

1. f'l" II'~ f. II 1 fll'~ ll''l'. After all, he

failed his exams. f'l" II'~ f.ll of..-1-'i"fD-'t
IDS'.+
You are right, after all. fll'~ ll''l' Ah ~~~
2. oo'f?". What can I do? After all, he is my
friend. ?"'t 'IJ:"C"' 1 ou'f?" ID'I:f.: ~fiJI! appears the best after all. oo'f?" bv-11-?"
f-1-lfll f.ooMA

after that blf..l' fl:\'1

After that, there was nothing else to do. bH.
1 n:>.'l .,..,,. 1\.'1 f"''.f.O:"l ~~c hA
~flO:?"

after this hH.U I n:;\1\

After this, please let us know in advance.
btl.II ' fl:\'1 ' hll+J:"OOIJ ' h(I:J'fD-+'t
be after
I. -1-b:l'-1-11. The police are after him. 7'1\.fo.":f-
f.h:l'-1-11-:l'A
2. LM. It is quite plain that he is after her
money. ~'tH!J.'t oo.t.l\'l- "141\l\"" ~fD

[See also 'ever, long, one, shortly, soon']

afterbirth fll't"lf. A'l':

ll'tS'.~

fll't"lf. A'!: M ."(fD-

'i" f?":J-~q f.oo{IAVA?

2. bH.II?" fl'lf.. Again, I must say that he
is very honest. bH.II'I" fl'lf. fl"'?" :l'
"7'5 , oo!l''l-'t 00"/1\l\"" l\LA.:>IIv*It might rain and again it might not. II.H'til
'/" 'lf.H'til'l" f.":f-'141\
again and again F.;J.,tt"

I told him again and again. S'.:>"'"'L

fD-"1!'

-t-+11.:

bil~'l- fl:\'1

~~C

11-'1do a1ain 1..10D

Don't do that again! f.ll't't ll't'I'I-S'."l'/"

[See also 'happen, never, now, once, over, time']

against
I. b--- h'tl\C. The sailor tried to row against
the tide. oocbfl'i'fD- 1 b'I"~JI. h'tl\C 1 1\00
::,OH'i' 'l"bO:

2. fl - - - 'If.. He had charms recited against

his opponent. nqll.:>.:.fD- ' 'If. ' hll"7'1- ' hll
S'.~oofl'l-

3. noo.+m?". He voted against the proposal.

f+O:flfD-'t mltil noo:I'ID'I" J:"'/"6 lim
4. 1\00fD-.:>'1-. The Ethiopians went to war
against the invaders. h.'l-f"kf11J-n ID.:.t.fD.,. I

The afterbirth was buried outside the hut.

"10:'1'1\v-

Do you think she will marry again?

after all

afternoon

He came at ten and I left shortly afterwards.

~.:.

shortly afterwards tDJfJt-

after (conj.)
I. ll'tS'.

this afternoon tf&. hlltJT 0:\1\

/toPt- ,;J:,O

+~LP"

5. ( ~ adj.) f"''.bllhA. Is there a law against

begging in this country? l\11.11 h~C 41\0D'i"'t
f"''.bllhA <h"l hill
6. 1\00b'lbA. The parliament took energetic
measures against crime. 'l"hC 1 fl.-1> 1 ID't;eA

He goes home every afternoon at three. v-A

'1.11. bil~'l- fl:\'1 ' flHm'f ' 11~'1- IDS'. ' fl.

't ' 1\0IIb'lbA ' 'l"ff:jo ' liC!I"ll"

of> ' f.'t.'IA

7. 111. He was named chairman against his

IDIIS'.

age

agglomeration

will. Yll W.1.:rm- 11.+ ou"tOC ~1'.11.11"1'

-t-oo.:m

aged (adj.) fUM

Do you like aged wine? fOI'III fWJ'-1' m

*He saved money against difficult times.

~ '1-w-'11111!

ll:f-'IC 1.U 0"7(111 11'H11 .,.'I'll hMoum

be against T..4-tDoP
Are you for or against it? '1-J'."I<l.'PI\11 w)'.il
'1-:J'WOO'f'I\IJ!

A boy aged ten came to see me. YPC

The police are against student agitation.

7"/l.fol- ' f-J-"7&P'l-1' 00)"1"1'1- )'.:J'W"7(1o
[See also 'time, up']

age (vt.) hifou111

Fear aged him overnight. 'i'CY'I- q"t.l', hlfoo
11\0Jo
age (vi.)
I. h.:)!. He has aged a great deal lately.
h~{:11 1.U W-'1.11 0"1!1" ' hC~tt.
2. 01'111. This mead ages well. J'-11 fWJ'-1' m
~ J'.~'i' fOI'III )m-

age (n.)
~~111''i'

He is about my age. n~~ ~11-YIL )m2. '"""" He is thirty years of age. "''~" '

oP"fl

The aged man was wrinkled and bent. 11"7"111.

OJo "'""'"'" hoolf1Jlffl-!l" 01\J'. 1-11m
'Ptt.
aged woman hf!'1..'1-

The aged woman was wtinkled and bent.

he"!.;!: "'""'"'" hoelf11lffl-!l" 01\J'. 11lm'Ptt.

agency
I. J'.'c~'l-. Employment agencies help workers
find jobs. fhil+"'& J'.'C~l- "'tl--1-'l'l-
P'tl- ~1'-'l.Y1"f. ' J'.t:-'111-

2. wh.tt.. The company has an agency in Addis

Ababa. &q"tym- h-'1.1'1 hnq OJoil'l' wh.
to,' hiiOJo

I. ~~- State age and occupation!

P'tl-111' "IIIli'

3.

~ou

,. ' to,~ ' /l.tnJ'.+~ ' OD"J

aged man 11"7"111.

3. h"7t,J'.)'I-. Sand is made from rocks by the

agency of water. hlf'P h!t'l''l'l- f"''."'tl, . OaJo;> h.,llJ'-)'1- )OJo

[See also 'employment']

)'OJ-

~C~'i'.

His back was bent with age.

n~c

~.....

!l"h"t y:,. ' 1-1Jtp.l>t,

4. f~~ oo"l<l-'1-. Because of his age he
stays at home. MJ'.'"''.Y'fm- """1<1-'1- f-1)"1 ML'I- OJoii'Ptt.
5. f1.U 1Jq'l-. The bread turned black with
age. -'lflm- h1.UID- 1Jq'l- '""'.:
6. "7C)!'I-. The boards of the floor were
cracked with age. fWIIII- ll"t:J'P'l- h"7C
)!:1-'fm- f-J-)"1 -1-M"''I'+'Ptt.
7. HOD'}. This is the age of invention. ~IJ ftt:
A.(l:cf. I HOD"} I )'OJ8. f.,f ,...,..,., Its age heightens the value of
the painting. f.,f oeU"). fP'~II-1' 'P:>
YilWJ'.'J'.'Ptt.

be of age IIO~"" h-'1!1" J'.t:(l

He will enter the priesthood when he is of age.

1\o~oe h-'1!1" II.J'.Cil Y.+il'ltt.

come of age lli't.l]ll oom'}

~~{t

He will come of age next year. 0"'1."""1"'"

,_,. 1\ht,l\ ' ODffi"t J'.J',.ClJtt.

in ages Aoflft" HOP'i+

We have not seen them in ages. ltofl.lt' H

,....,..,. hl\f'i''fOJo!l"
[See also early, old, tender']

agenda h)':"t-'1
The secretary read the agenda of the meeting.
11"'"-"'" fil1J(Iqm-1' h)':"t-'1 MOO

agent
I. mh.tt.. Your agent has already called on me.
wh.AI1 +J'.!I" (Lt. mU'i'A
2. h)"111. Agents are fomenting rebellion in
outlying districts. M"'itP'l- tl-~ q(lo:,.
hm-&-"jfP'l- IJ>oil'l' 11'1'11'1' ' y)"'"'il3. DD16\1Y. Heat and electricity are important
agents in the life of today. oq&.m- 'N!' '
1><:1'-l:'i' ......,.,_ m:J-"'1. OD16\1YP'l- 'i'

"'"'"

agglomerate (v.) hJ'.qll+

He agglomerated rocks and clay to make a
kind of brick. J!:"t:>SW lfM 0"7MII~
fm-fl 'J'-)'1- ....,:.

agglomeration, ~ of
I. ~~ Yll-. An agglomeration of houses
could be seen in the distance. 0'1-~ ~~
Yll- IL-I'l- J'-:1-Y. )OC
2. f-1-0Jo"'"'. His plan is an agglomeration
of other people's ideas. f(lo ~~J'.' h/1.11l- o'IP'l- .bll11 f-1-ID-"'"' )OJo

LAPSLEY I BROOKS FOUNDATION, INC.

1701 N. GREENVILLE AVE. ST. 810
FIICHARDSONI TEXAS 75081, USA

agglutinate
agglutinate ..,1"1m""

The word-particles agglutinate to form long

words. f:l'l/t. 'lhoil h'i'II-:Y. ...1"1'1'""""
~11';1!'1"' ' :1''1'1-'1 ' 1'>1.'1'&-flo

agglutination oo'f'mJ:'
The agglutination of asphalt and gravel
solidifies the highway. ft.'l'fl'<; fmme
oo'f'mJ:' '1-S'.<;ID''I ,l'm)h~'l'l/t.

aggrandize h<U'.1
He aggrandized himself at the expense of
others. 011.11-:Y. +hlf &-"''1 h<U'.1
1.

h.Ota~.

His tardiness aggravates me.

'l ...''hol- ,I'O<'l..,'i'A

2. hq(t(Ool-). +He aggravated his sprained

ankle by walking. oo&-ooJJ.. tiJfl'r fl\tJJa'J

4!e"'l'l"''i'"'7.1>'1 t.qnool-

aggravation oflil"'I''II got nothing but aggravation. hoflil"'l'+ 0

ll..,+e 1"''11"' h'l1'fv-1"'
cause an aggravation ftflf}(t

The treatment caused an aggravation of the

pain. ihh!l"<;fDo ih"'"""'l hqq(t,.

aggregate (vt.)
I. h+'l+ll. Farmers should aggregate small
fields into one large field. 1Rt.l":Y. '1-'1'1'11
"7<'ll":fo'l 0"7+'1+A h'IJ:' +A:'f- "7<'1
"7J:'G"I hllqlffDo
2. hm:l'l\11. He aggregated his holdings into
one company. 'loflG1>'1 v-11- q'IJ:- !Joq'l
,1' hm:l'llll

aggregate (n.) m:'f-'1'1 J:'l"'e

The aggregate of all his debts is a hundred
dollars. ,1'110'1- M m:'f-'1'1 J:'l"'~ ...,.,.
11C

2. mO'i'. Nobody likes an aggressive boy.

"7'11"' (tiD' mO'i' A)!' hY.mJ:-1"'
3. 'l'ofl:'i-. The police are making an aggressive
campaign against crime. ?'fl.(l:fo ro'I,J>;A'I
1\0Dh'lhl/t. 'l'ofl:'i- ol-"11/t. 0"7J:'G"I 'If.

""'""

aggressor mofl h""'..:

1 h'l'ol:
The aggressor was Italy, the victim, Ethiopia.
mofl h""'.&'l' h."'A,I''I ll+tl"' Rm'lol-
7.:1!' vmY.+:Y...,. Y.'l" ' t..+f'w.l' )O~:Y.

As restitution, the aggressor government gave

ten million dollars.

h.~J>-tm-

oo')..,po:,. OP"

e "''.tl.M ofle IJ<'l hl.ll

aggravate

f"'

agitation

)(J)o

aggression
I. fmofl h""'.&)ol-. Haile Sellassie the First accused Italy of aggression. oJ>-'1"7'1! '11'>11 I"
'Ill. h."'A,I"''I Omofl h""'.o<l)ol- hll!l'l2. mofl "7""1.e. Aggression is condemned by
the United Nations. mofl "7""l.C o ... qo
~T OD'I"JI" ;fool- f ...fD"IH ' )fDo

aggressive
1. mofi f Mt.6. An aggressive country is always
ready to start a war. mofl -w'. h1C J tnC
H ' 1\0DJ:oue ' 1""1"111.1"' ' 11"1)1: ' )fDo

~ :joe ..,(t'f
He felt aggrieved when I was promoted. 1t,).
fS'.GII' 1.J::1'1- q,-r,. 'l.H. :joe ..,ll'f

aggrieved, feel

(be) aghast h,. oflll- S'.)1m

He was aghast at the damage the wind had
,I'S'.GllfDo'l 'l'of.'l- qf '1,11.
caused.

)<!."'

tJ(D-

ofll\-

~~1ffl

stand aghast tJ(D-

1\ll

He stood aghast at the horrible sight. hll.+ot

aJo1' I ~1C I l}f I "l..f'L I tJID" I 1\/l

agile
I. +A"'of.. A basketball player has to be agile.
f:'f-e""'.ol- ' l;>,ll ' ...""'.'I':Y. ' +A"'of. ' ODIJ'
'I hiiO'I2. '14!. You need an agile mind to solve the
problem. II~ ou-;:'1-m. 11"7il1'f'l- '14!
h1.1"'l!' ,l'ili.A"IVA

agitate
1. 1\~"1"1. Foreign agents were sent to agitate
the people. ih1111''1 11"7)"1"1'1- ffDo"'l'
Me M"fif'.f ...AhiD' )Oe
2. hli'OG. The news that his enemy was
promoted agitated him. fm'11> ou!l!l" m
to hli'RGfDo
3. h<;mK. The wind agitated the lake. )of."'
mf.4!'1 h<;ro,...,.
4. h"71111. The maid agitated the soup. 1~JI.ol>
ll'eq,.'l h"7llii:Y.""

agitation
I. OD)"f"f'l-. The police are against student
agitation. ?'fl.(l:fo f ..."7.:l":Y.'I ou)"f"f'l-
Y..+m"71\o
2. fOD'II.il ooGO'il. His agitation wouldn't
let him sleep. fOD'II."' ooGR'il 1.'1:'1-A'i!
)"ffDo

3. ooli"mT. The agitation of air causes the dust

Yf~ ou<;tn'l' l\!J.&-"'"1 1~"1

to rise.

'I'A
be In a state of agitation

.,..ifflt:.

She was in a state of agitation due to her

recent bereavement. fl-1-Ctl- flf.<;(lq'Jo fH
OU: ' 'I"'Jo ' 9"h1f'Jo ' .,.lf11&- ' )flC

His face was aglow with pleasure.

h:J- ffl&- ~nc

4-of:

flf.

I don't happen to agree with you. 1!1.,. :>

C l\All"7"79"

agreeable

ago

I. h - - - flll-'1-. I was there two months

ago. hll-11'1- tnC flll-'1- l\11..1' )flCII2. f~~. The club began two years ago.
hfltl- f~~ o-1\-1- <tou-1- .,_!1/!1/ou

[See also 'how, long, moment, week, while']

agonize (vt.) 1\h..,)<i'

His decision agonized him for weeks. 11..~

~.,. ' .......~ ' 111111- ' ft9"1-l''f ' 1\h.... )<i'IDagonize (vi.)

agony (agonies)

I. tiJ<: '1"-1-. His agony lasted hours. tiJ<:

.,...,. ' 111111- ' "1.11. ' .fof
2. F :I' f.. An earache is an agony. f;t:C: .h
OU9" ' F :I' f. ' ~ ....
3. l\{l:J'-1: 11-~;1-. The viper bit her and she
died in agony. M-'S-1- ~::1,-1- q(l:J>oJ:
' .,..,.,_

be In agony +w?f

He was in an agony of remorse.

I. 1\llf.ft'f. She has an agreeable disposition.

1\ll.l'.ft'f ' qa,<;y. ' l\11'12. .,.11..,..,_, They played music agreeable to
the occasion. A"Lrt.m- +il""l"7.. ftr~ .,.,..

IU' '

1-"'itDof:

{be) agreeable {to) .,.11"7"7

Is he agreeable to our suggestion? l\{1- q4'

<:11~,_ dtft11 f.ll"7"7A?

agreemen t

..,..Q;a.~+

Even though he was right, he agonized over

the decision for weeks. 9"19" l\1\\1 -1hhA ll11'1 qf.<;~,_ ,_..,~ 111111- ft9"
1'1-.,..... ~"'

nuT

~.,

:J'f. ~nc

suffer agonies bf..~ TIP :J-f

I suffered agonies with that headache. fl&-h

9";1--l- hf.:;' .,..,.:l'fll-

agrarian fl\Cl!"

Our agrarian laws are very strict. n..c;r ih1,."J

:1-'f-1 ' flt1J9" ' '1'11-1' ' "'~'"'"

agree

and gender. "Ill flouf.11'0 fll<:l' hqllfl.

T ' :>C ' f.ll"7"7A
2. l\11. I agree that he is the ablest of us.
hll-ft:f-19" fl'f-11-:1' f..,_flA'I' ~,_ l\111111agree with one +ll"7t11J
This food doesn't agree with me. f.U 9""1
11 ' l\f.ll"7"7'S9"
happen to agree +il"7-'l

(be) aglow 1\fl.:.

11-~;1-

agricultur e

32

aglow

I. .,. .....,..,. He agreed to accompany us.

ll.lf71 ' .,. .....,..,
We agreed on a price. Ill\ 'I':>.,. .,.11..,
"71
The verb agrees with the subject in person

I. 119"9")-l-. The agreement has to be ratified

by the Senate. 119"9"~1: fl.h"l ouro(l:;' ou
K".l'.-1- l\llfl-12. oull"7"7-l-. Agreement between tbe verb and
the noun is required in Amharic. q..,cij='
fl"lll<; ' flll9" ' OUIJhA ' OU!I"7"7T ' .,...~..
1\1.

~(Do

3. .,..... ..,..,_~+. There was complete agreement

between the stories of the two witnesses.

flll-l\1o ' 9"1lhC:'f ' :l'A ' OUIJhA ' '1'~9" '
.,_.,....,..,,_)-1- )flC
be in agreement +il"''"''

We are all in agreement on that. o-ll'f-19"

flll.ll ' l\111"7"7111
come to an agreement +il..Y"'7

We came to an agreement on this point.

flii.U '1--'lf. .,_11"7"71
conclude an agreement il~gu~:,.

lt~l..~

The two nations concluded a trade agreement.

11-1\oof: ' 1\~c:':f ' f1"1: ' 119"9"~~ ' 1\f.l.'l-

agricultur al fl\Cl!"

The farmers used modem agricultural methods.

~fl.&.l"'li flHOD'O'I! fl\Cl!" HS'. .,.m<l'oo-

agricultur e

I. "111C'O. What is the state of Ethiopian

agriculture? fl\.-1-f"WY "111C<; f.l':l' l\
1S'.'l- ~,_?

aground

33

2. I?.Clf -1-"!QC. There is not much agriculture in this region. OltU +OA. r -flrf' n.
elf -I""I'IC fllf"
Ministry of Agriculture

1\C.,.. "ttli-J:C

Inquire at the Ministry of Agriculture! IIC

lf "'Ltll1:CJ mf.+
~ ""<l-'1- J.'H
The ship ran aground in the shallow waters.
oPCh!). ' 'l'l\4>'f- 0 01\.1\lflo I fll? I lfloll'l' I
-.:.'1- I J.'H":f

aground, run

aim
aid (n.)
1. Ac.c;:f". Tanzania is seeking only economic
aid. n~v rf"'I-4-A7tD< rt..to<r"''. 11c.11
;t- -fl!J' ~"'"
2. <:-'1'1-. He is a nurse's aide. f~Cll <:-'1'1- ~"'"
come to (someone's) aid S'-<:1'1(11'1-)
When I was losing the fight, he carne to my aid.
0.1:--fl.<:--fl Alf~'i! IIA S'.<:I'IA~
[See also first aid']

ail

~IJ

What ails the man? l'llfloflflo1' 9"1'

ahead
1. mu'l-. There are rough times ahead.
tDS'..f.'Jo I f:Y..,C I "1.11. ' hfl
2. 0'1'.1:-"''.J.'. I want to send my baggage on
ahead. 'lH.1' 0'1'.1:-"''.J.' fiODI\h 114-A:>

1111ahead of
I. 4>1.9" -fill-. He sits thnee rows ahead of us.
M' 1"11'1- -I"C;t- 4>1.9" -fill- -1"4>9"
I\I.A

2. + .1:-'1". He got here ahead of me. h~ + .<:.,. ' 1111.11 S'.<:l'l

be far ahead +"-oo
His scientific discoveries were far ahead of
the times. OF~ ' '1!'1'<:'1- .,..,.,. ' J.'1>;''f'lflo
~7C'":f h"LH.Iflo ,.,.,__ ~0-1be ahead OD6-

Who is ahead in the election race now?

f9"C""ilflo1' lflo.I:-.1:-C f"'/.fiP&-tD<

"7~tD<l

be ahead of

1. +F..oo. Are you next? No, he is ahead ofme.

11'-1" -1"&- ~tiJ<! fllf" 111'1- J.'.+.<:-ou'i'A

2. II+. He is ahead of everybody. rJ-11-1'9"

J.'.Aft'A
be way ahead
I. 74-. I am way ahead in my work. OF&\'- 7'1!!1'11112. -fill- 4>1-"". Hurry up, the others are

way ahead of us already. .l.m1' RA i 1\11'll ' -fill- ' +.<:-outD<..-A

get ahead -f"o'jiJ(Il'l-)
+My uncle got ahead in business. f~ h"l''1- f1'"1.1:- F&-lflo -f"o'jiJfl'I(See also 'go, straight, time']

aid (v.) <:-'1

Can I aid you in any way? A<:-'111 ff"":f-A
n'l- ""1'7.<:- hill

~IJiflo!

ailing 011-l"'i'
He has an ailing mother. 011-1""' 11..-'1- h
11-'1be ailing houou(tD<)
She is always ailing. 11-A"1.11- J.'"7 ;t-A

ailment "'""'"

There is no remedy for his ailment. fflc

ihfiPJ" ' OD.I:-;}t'f- ' ffllflof"

aim (v.)
I. M"'m<:. Aim higher! Your bullet hit below
the target. h'i! oflllll M"''I'C 1 .,.,_,.
II ' h'\.l\"7tD< ' O;J-":f o ~lflo fOD;J-tiJ<
2. hi'IO. He aims to become a doctor. mh.f"
flODIJ'1' J.'IIQA
3. T"'"'<:. She aimed to please her teacher.
hll-1""76'1'1' 11"711S'.I'l'l- -l""'"'<:":f
be aimed at
I. -I"MH<:. He fended off the blow which was
aimed at his head. 11&-1'1- f-l"l'l~Hl:tD<1' 9"
'1- ' -l"hllhll

The President's speech was aimed at men

of his party. I'T<l-11.-'11'., 1'"1"1C tDS'. &1'1- f?'lltiJ n-.<:-1' f-l"l'l~H<: ~oc
2. ;t-1'10. That was aimed at me. f:J-I'IOtD< II
~ ~oc

aim (n.)
.,~"'mC. Is your aim good? 'No .,~"'mC
'I-":filii II?
2. '\'1"7. He has missed his aim. '\.11"71flo1'
ll:t:A
3. 'tl\"7. His aim is to become a good doctor.
'M"7fDo To;.. - tbh.r' I i\ODif'} I )omtake aim 1ti-11Jmt:
He took careful aim and fired at the fleeing
convict. S'.~..- h.!:-C1 M"'m<:..- J.'.lf1i
o~o<:"'" tD"l'.lll"' 111- +hol'l

I.

aimless (pursuits)

fresh air! J'.ll h<;:A ;l''i!'lA l ""ill>.,..,.

'I'~ .I.~~

He spent his life in aimless pursuits. il:"7.

avt

0'1'~

.I.~~ Aloii.I.<JJo

let the air out of hllT~L(t

The child was running about aimlessly. A)l:

.l'll't.'l:f 'tll"'i a>l!..l' <DJI,II J'.C:'f' )0C

).I.(l<JJo
put on airs .,..&- c

~~~

Yours friends will laugh if you put on airs.

'1-&. 11'1-)~ 'lS'.'I'"f-11 J'.P'.,ii?A

air (v.) A<;Ml

Would you please air the room while I am out.

take the air ..,.r;L(t

Let's go into the garden and take the air!

il<D"' h'i!ll-') A<;<;:(l<JJo

air one's grievances .)o&,;t-m-1

h.t.-J-<Jlo<; _1'.').1..110'1-

He let the air out of the tire. 1"'/<JJo') All-J-

aimlessly .I'II'M:f 't'l"'i

>.~

airmaillletter

34

aimless

f1oi'r

"Jl'\~

He aired his grievances when he met with

the minister. h"'Uil.X. .:>C 01"1'i"f '1.
H. ' :,.,:._,......,. IJ-1\' ' 1111\

air (n.)
1. AfC. The air in this room is bad. 011.11 h
~A. I dJoll'l' I Yl'\m- I hfC I OD'I'G:. I ~(Do
Birds fly in the air. ro,;:';f OAfC 1\J'. J'.O
&.II'
2. o-~;1'. The famous man has an air of mystery.
11)'f<JJo (l<JJo il<JJoC fll') o-~;1' AII<JJo
The air was charged with excitement. o-~
;I'<JJo f :>II 11"'1.'1- f'I"IIO'I- )0C
3. ""Ah. The hotel has an air of luxury. 11'-1:11-
f.<':ll-'1- ""Ah AII<JJo
4. 11."'1. This is an old English air. J'.ll f'f'')
'1- f>.')"!l\.11 11."'1 )<JJo
airs .l.ll.'f'

John's city airs annoyed his friends at home.

f)M fh-J-"'1 .1.1\.'f' MI.'!- f"''.11''1-')
m-'l}(lf?t AOio""l'f<JJo
air (adj.) .l'fC

The order of the day was to be alert for air

attack. 6/I;I"E<JJo '1-M11 llfC -r:l''l- 11
"1)1: o-'t- f"''.A )OC
sive oneself airs A:t"~ 1 A.;f'"~ 1 hl'\
She has few friends because she gives herself
such airs. A;I'J'. A:l'J'. "'111'1-') ilM";I'
0~ 'lS'.'l'lf 0"111" -r4:'1- <;If..,.

10 off the air .,.ltlm

Because of a power failure, the station went

off the air. 011./l.h'l-.&h '1-.<':11'1- f-J-)"1 "'
IU'<JJo -J-9/lm
(be) in the air ).1..(1

There are rumors in the air that he will become

President. ).(1- 'l'll-11.-'1')'1- J'.II'<;A f"''.A
"t.>'i""rr'!l";l' J'.)<;:loA

let In fresh air I _1'.').1.110'1-

This room is stuffy; open a window and let in

<1-lhA.,. 11;1' ),')<;.1.11

(be) up in the air ODJ-'1'1

~m-

My plans are still up in the air. dlloO. 1<;

O<Jlo'f'') ' )<JJo

[See also 'current, freight, fresh, importance,

open')

airborne AfC mil.<':

Airborne troops occupied the town. hfC

11.<': OJ;l'S'.C:"f h-J-"'Iavt .1'11''1-

aircraft A<JJoC:'l'l\')
Aircraft must land on level hard ground.
A<JJoc:'l'll'f"f S'.MII 011') m')to&. ""<!.
'1- 1\J'. "'ll'i! Allq'f..,.

airfield A<JJoc:'l'll') "'IL.I'

We will meet at the airfield. A<JJoc:'l'll') "'
IU'<JJo ).')1<;'fll')

air force fAfC 'lJ'.A

The Ethiopian air force is strong. fA.'I-I"A'
.1' fAfC 'lJ'.A 'l.r.ll'f )lD'

airing, give an """

1. A<;.l.(l. They gave their winter clothes an
airing. fhl!l"'l- Aillo'f<JJo') A<;.t.(l-'12. ll<h11il )~. The newspapers gave the scandal an airing. .:>H."'jP:f f1-S'.l1lD'') Ao't'l-6
)1C ll<h11il U,.'l-

air letter fMC ""A>.h'l1 received an air letter today. tf&. 1 fhfC
A>.h'l- S'.l(l't

ou

airlines fAfC ,..,.1.<':

Ethiopian Airlines goes to Athens. fA.'I-I"k
.1' fAfC _.,.1.<': <DS'. A-1:') J'.O&.A

airmail fAfC ""A>.h'IWhat are the rates for airmail? fAfC

ODA>.h'l- 'I'.:><JJo II') 'I- )lD'!

airmail letter OAfC f-J-IIh S'.il-'10. 1 fA

fC ?'11;1' S'.il-'10.

air-minded
I received an airmail letter today.
fC

f-1-'lh

S'.iiS'.IL

~&.

Oh

*Ethiopia is air-minded now. h..'l-f"kY hrJfhfC

OD'J1J':

airplane h,l'.<!'"l"'I'J

'l':f-9"

1il:f:;J-A

! hCD-~'I't

How long does it take by airplane?

1\')

li'J'f- : 1.11.

airport

fhCD-~'I't

OhCD-~

Y,.~A!

fhCD-C'T'I')

air raid fhfC

"'/U.y

The news of war alarmed everybody. ftDC)oJo

I

hJI.ll

)CD-

of-1')

l\')JI.Y,.11

of-)1GCD-

(be) airsick h'I'OJIIOJII(CD-)

I am airsick in this small plane. Oll:Y. '1-'J
1i I hCD-~'1') I CD-!1'1' I Y'I'OJIICD-II'I'A

(be) airtight hfc hY.HA+CD-9"

Is the box airtight? "1'1'). hfc hY.HA+....,.?
*We have an airtight case against him.
Ollll I ......., . I 'IY. I - - I f"t..''I"'CD- I 11
ll

ID&,

rJ-11-')'F'

h/1')

airy
I. Hll f"'l.1fJCD-. He wants an airy room
on the second floor. OrJ-11-!-'I'CD- c::fo 1\Y.
Yll I h'JJ': I )of.ll I f"'l.1fJCD- I h'i'A I Y.I.A
;JA
2. h'J-Io. His airy schemes always ended unhappily. h'JoJo I l\:f-'1. I !J-Il\1.11. I l)Y,.l)IJ I Y.+t!-A

aisle oaof-1\III.Y
The aisle in this cinema is narrow. t'H.tJ lL
t"7 IL'f- ouof-'1111-Y m'lil )CD-

hlfOG

The clatter of the mob in the street alarmed me.

fi0D'J1J':

mu.

The people were told to seek shelter when

there is an air raid. fhfC r mt:.&. (l.ootiJ '
.ft11fl-

,...,,. ' l\')\>,') ' (lOJofCD- I 0"1'1" I YG1. I fl

IJ'"t'F' I hrJ-'J'F' I ) :J> I ill\- ' Y,.H'f'ID<!-A
2. O'i''l')'f- 1 Y'l'tll:Y. "'/OD'J;J-'1-. He accept
ed the invitation with alacrity. 'J'tiCIJ"') O'i'
'J')T I (Y'I'tll:Y. I "'/DD'J;J-'1-) ' -1-+011

alarm (vt.) hlfOG I h!IS'.)1m

"'/u.y

The airport of Addis Ababa is new. YJI.ll

hOfJ

alacrity, with

I. ):J> illl-. Although the man is very

old, he still moves around with alacrity.

S'.Gli'S

air-minded
'J

alarmingly

35

1\Y,.

f.ft11fl-

CIJ"IJ;f"

l,iiS'.)1ffi'S

be alarmed

1. ~~1m. Don't be alarmed if you see a car

COming. ODil.'O I (I.OD"J I ll;f"Y,. I l,~S'.'J"I'J'
2. -1-lfOG. Everybody was alarmed at the
news that war might break out. tDC)'f- Y.
)Ufr 1.-IJ"'iA OO?..AID" m~ r flo& (lm- +
lfii~A

alarm (n.)
1. J':'J ;Jm.. Everyone drew back in alarm when
they saw the snake. ll'lfi-'J 'II< 1.11. rJ11-'r

OJ':');Jm.

fll~'f- S'.OJA.

2.

~oJo')

OJS'. ' :\'1

hl-11.1-

Set the alarm for six! fll

S'.OJA ' 001"<1-

!J-IlT

l\')JI.S'.CD-A

.......

3. f"7llm'J+4:Y S'.IDA. The noise of the

alarm activated the fire company. f"7llm'J
+4:YCD-

')

S'.OJA I ...."Ji'fI +ll+(lCD-

fl\/)'f-

hS'.;JCD-

J':C~'f-

aJarm clock f"7..1.m-A 1"1-l+

Set the alarm clock for six! f"'l.S'.CD-A
001"<!- I !J-IlT
-1-IJhiiCD-

(l~'f-

1\Y,.

ll~-to'J

l\')JI.S'.CD-A

hll

false alarm

It was a false alarm. fCD-lf'f- "7llm'J+4:Y

(be) ajar 1C0il M

The door was ajar. 001f1.J'tD- 1Cfiofl 111\-
)OC

(be) akin
1. of-ODI)l)Y,. )CD-. Most boys are akin in
their love of sports. hil~'l'l"'fi A]F.:Y. !Ill
li7'C'I- I """'"'" I 'i':f-C I of-OD/)/)Y,. I ""'"'"
2. -1-IIDDS'.. The man is an old friend of mine
but is not akin to me. ll:tJJofd)oo f'o(}lf- ~II.
'JS'.'I'tlo I )CD- I l\')7( I hY,.IIODS'.'S9"
Pity is often akin to love. C'l~ iiH- 1.
tL I bODeD-~ .,.?C I fTfiODF.. ~--

....1i,.

)0C

Y:'rll hi1'7
Sound the alarm! The building is on fire. YS'.
sound the alarm YY..~
;J

J':'F'6

hll"7 I .ft')l\CD-

-1-YY.!I..A

[See also 'flurry']

alarming h'l'lfl
The report of the world news was alarming.
f~/1?" I

OJ&,

OD"I/I""iCD-

alarmingly O"tJ'li;J

l,l)/)flo )0C

rJ-~;t-

The fire is alarmingly close. l\1)-to O"t)'li;J

IH;f- I -1-:l>C!I.A

.:::a.:::la=-s:___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____:.3..c6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ align

alas I

m,e~

Alas! I have no more money. mf,.i, ! 9"'l9"'

nn-o t.A-J-<(.1.'S9"

-o + imperfect
Albeit he has failed twice he is not discouraged.
9""'i9" h"'i1>."'i IJ-1\i: O.ro.l:':t9" -1-llof.
h<l.\.,.<(mll"

albeit 9""'i9" h"'i1>."'i

album fC:of-"1&-'i: "'''l'&Y

alchemy (RoPIIhii'O'm- H"""'i fh."'LIIT& oflm.]

alcohol
I. hAI>A. Alcohol is the principal ingredient
of beer. t.AI>A 1 'l'<;m- 1 fm~ 1 h<;:A 1 ~"'"
2. f"tY(thC 1 oom'l'. Drinking too much alcohol
depraves a !person's character. fot..f'(thC ~
fiofllf...,.

oPffill)..,.

f(laJo1'

mQ,.e.

YRII~A

(to(t'O'
Alcoholics must be treated by a doctor. fh
AI><!.\ 1 (to(t'l'':f 1 R.hll.ll" 1 oo:f"hll" 1 hllq'fmalcohollc (adj.) h<I.\1><1.\~T 1 Yllm1

How is the strength of alcoholic beverages

measured? h<l.\1><1.\~:,. 1 Y~'l'm- 1 oomjll':f 1
'1.l'.~'l'm- I f"'LIIIItJJo I h"'i ........ I ~"'"!

ale [fll.&-

algebra hA)!.-fl&f.h./tofl

'l,ll
1

~.l'.)T

alias f.h(t:,.

~tJJo

1111"

The spy's real name was Harrison, but he

sometimes went under the alias of Johnson.
fMf.

.em.,.,.
alibi

t.m-~-J-'0'

h"'io'l"'i.l!'

'1.11.

119"

P:,"'ill"'i

O&{l"'j

R"'LA

~0<(

f.hl'lT

' "l"'i
119"

11<;:&-

h1C

1 ~nc

[ID"'i~A

hA~RCII-9"

-J-uoun:,.
I "''ilT]

(n.) ft1Jo11'

h~C

R-J-qllm-

II.;> i ftJJo"f."

-!-moll~

All aliens must register. fiJJ-IiP h'lC H..79'l- 1

(-J-CD~}':.':f) I IJ-{Io I ""OD'If1-fl I j;jlq'ftJJo
allen (adj.) q~.l:'
A refusal to support one's parents is alien to
Ethiopian culture. ro~,'i(.f"'i 1 hiiOOjllC 1 II
t.,:,.v-t;ym-n 1 quA ' q~.l:' 1 ~"'"

alienate

'l-'1

The cupboard is kept in an alcove in the dining

fOOID. cJt9"' I UflJ"). I fif""""l-fl I (1.~ I flh-A I
qlltJJo

....

alien

alcoholic (n.) fhAI>A

alcove

2. '11"1)1:. The order of the day was to be alert

for air attack. M:f"'l!tJJo 1 Th~ll 1 llhfC 1
...,....,. 11"1)1: I .,..,. I f"'LA ~RC
Algebra is a form of mathematics. li.A:(ofl,t.

He gave her a photograph album for a present.

fC:of-"1&-<i: "'''l'&Y 11"':1" t..<'.<(1~:,.

oPffi'f' ~

A good hunting dog is alert to every sound

in the field. 'No 0 ft.S'.") I tJJo~ I "'/JJtJJo I tJJo
/I'J' I ll"t(t"''tJJo I ll"''"'i'O'tJJoll" I .1:'9"6 I "'joj! 0

T.,.9"qJ.<I,\

~MT]

I. hiiYf. His wife alienated him from his

friends. "tll-1> 1 broo'IP:,'Il 1 hiiYf':fm2. h&-.,., He has alienated his entire family.
11.-1- 1 {ttJ-"'i 1 Roo~ 1 hC!'IA

alight (v.)

alert (v.) hllmH.,.

He alerted the guards that a visitor was coming.
h"'i"l-'1 1 ,1'.00"1<1.\ oflll- 1 HR'l''ll"'i 1 t.llm~.,.,..

"'"'"

The commander alerted the troops before the

enemy attack. m~:,. h"'''l':J'-1> 1 n.c.:,. 1 h
WH' m;f"Y.C:'Il"'i 1 hllm~.,.:J''I'm-

I. hG.I.. The plane alighted. t.m-er~). h<(.l.

The bird alighted on the ground. ro:J, 1 0011,
..,. ~.e. ' l;<(.C.':f
2. ID<(S'.. I ran up to him when he alighted
from the plane. bt.m-1!'1'~). 1 fiiD<(S'. 1 '1.11. 1
c:- I IDS'. I h(to I H"'i .1:' I 't.I:'!J.

(be) alight
I. LII. His bright face was alight with happiness.

alert (n.) "71lm"'i.,.4!Y

He received the alert in the afternoon. O?llm'l
.,.4!Ym- I h(t~..,. I R:\~ ' S',<({ttJJo
be on the alert 'l41

I ,~.., RS'./1:1" I " " "

2. ofo"'iRIIRII. The fire is alight in the hearth .
h<'l-1> I 9".1:'']fm- I tJJo/1'1' I -1-"'iRIIRII

ofl-1-IJ

lf~

A soldier must be on the alert. m;f"Y.C

ODif"'i hiiRT
alert (adj.)
I. "'ioj!, He is an alert fellow . .,.,

(tm-

"'ioj!

~"'"

align (vt.)
I. hl'lll.l.. The officer aligned . the soldiers.
00\>-"'j). I ID;f"S',C:'i?) 0 l;(tll.l.
2. S'.<(S'.<(, We aligned the chairs along the wall.
ID"'iRC:'Ii"'i I 0"1.1:'"1-'ltJJo ...., I. S'.<(S'.C"'i

align (vi.)
I. -1'1\11.1.. The troops aligned. <D;J-.I'.C'lfi -1'1\
1142. q").l'.- ' ODP'ODC ' lt,f. ' -M'f. This wheel
aligns with the other. f.IJ 1"7 hl\.lt.,.. ;>C
q").l'.- ODFODC lt.f. f.'J'i'A
align oneself ,.(tAL

Ethiopia aligned herself with the m<\iority

on that vote. fiiU' "i''lf. .1'.-'1"6 fl"'l.{l'J'fl'l-
1.llo h.'l-f"k1 IJ11~'i',.. ;>C -1'1\ll.l.'f
be aligned -f'qfl<;

Germany was aligried with Japan in World

War II. flll-11-1' ...,.. f'll\'1"

"""t

all

37

alike

wrn :>c

fi'C~'I- ~c

-~"qfl.:'f

alike
I. l\11-A. This law applies to men and women
alike. f.IJ ih"' ll<D"t P.'f'l" flll,.Y.'f'l" l\
II-A f.'ISA
2. h"t.l'.-. All music is alike to him. 1\(1. v-ir
'I" ' 'lf.~'l- ....~~.,.. h"t.l'.- ~ .....
be alike -f'OD/j(lfl
These seats are all alike. MH.IJ """'""""l"
'f 11-it' f.oPij(llt,(to
r J\f
treat alike 111'X"
We treat all our customers alike. o--A-"}9"' f..
"tfl'l'!l"f't"t q").l'.- 'lf."t M'1'l''Pil"t

q.,.,.

aliment 11""111
Bread, milk, and fish are aliments. -'If\ ! tDi"
,.., 'l"f '1""111 ' ""',..

alimentary

fh"t~'I-

Alimentary disturbances ruined his health.

fh"t~'l- fl'ii;J- m."tH"t hfllt.lf,..

alimentary tract fll'.l'.- f'l""'11 oP-f'lt.l\.1.1

The alimentary tract is subject to diseases.
fll'.l'.- f9""111 oP-f'lt.ll.l.1 ' flfl'ii;J- 1\.tll
:J' ' 1-'flt.A

alimentation hOD;>111
Proper alimentation is important for main~
taining health. m."t~'l-"t floPmfl4' -1'1
II. ' t,OU;>11J ' hil.l.lt.1. ' ~ .....

alimony hfiA
After the divorce he had to pay alimony
to his wife. h-f'of..J, fl:\lt. 11"7.11., hfiA
""h.I.A ~fl<:fl'l-

alive
I. flihf.<D'I- 111. Who is the greatest man
alive? flihf.<D'I- !Jit- (ll"'f DPIJhA ;Jlt."7"t~,..l

2. h~ihf.ID.,. Get him dead or alive! '-"~ i

"~<\,.,
II'~ h~ihf.ID., hii""'A"i
3. "t. John is one of the most alive boys
we know. ]!."t hll"'i',..:J''I',.. fl"''l" 't
hll'l-'1- A]!.'f h"t-'1- ~,..
be alive

I. flihf.<D., hi\. Is he still alive? hll-"tll"

flihf.ID., ' hfl !
2. 'l'<:. Being dead is better for me than being
alive. ll~ ' hDP'l'C ' f.A:t oP'I"T f.ifll'i'A
be alive (to)
I. OID4'. He was alive to the danger of the
situation. ill\ 11-l!.;J-,.. h.1'.1'1~+ 1"":t ~fie

2. 1ti\I\L9'". He is alive to his opportunities.

fDP"'I\'1-"t ~.1'.-A h1A.I.tiJo'l"
be alive with rf-'1"1\

The streets were alive with people. OD'l1P..:fi

Oih1111 i''I"Ai'""

~fie

*The room is alive with bugs. htt:A- -1-:\'l

11!1' ' ~ .....

keep alive (vt.) hol'f

His revengeful actions kept the quarrel alive

for years. ffi4'A i'"'q-1- mq'f',.."t 1111H-
qon;t-'1- h-1'1-;J::A
keep alive (vi.) flihf.IDT ol'f
It is a miracle they kept alive. flihf.<D'I- ""-~'
1?''l'tiJo' -l'hii"C, ~""

all (n., adj.)

I. 11-11-. He wanted all or nothing. 11-it'"t IJ
All'~

hA.I.A"''I" hll

That upsets all my plans. 1 l\:t.l'.."t 11-11-

1:J',..ii'I'A

2. v-A

(suffix pronouns). Did you all go?

v-lt.'fll-'1" 1'-'l'fll- ~tiC l

3. onlt,tiJo. Last year, all Ethiopia celebrated

the 25th Anniversary of the Restoration. qll.l.
t..'l-r-1>1 '11 hll"
~' 'l""'l-

""it.""

il-1''1,.."t nu+ fl'lA hhfl<:

4. "7"t'1,... He has to give up all physical

activity for a while. ll'l'-1:'1- 1.11o "7"t'1,.."t
'II" ' h!Jlt.'l! ' l\"t:tii:J'Il. ' ""-~',.. ' hllfl'l5. ( = adv.) fl..,.ll-. My son has appropriated
all my ties. A:( h&-li-Hi'J fl ...it' <Dil
J'.11'1A

all (adv.)
I. fl'i'~ll". He is all wrong. l\(1. fl'i'~ll"
-f'ljil;J:A
2. fl"'l.1q. The men were all ready to start
their next job. fll"lfi f"'L4''1'11~ F&-'1',..
"t {loo~DPC fl"'l.1q i'H;>)'.'-1',.. ' ~tiC

allay

38

all-around
*If that is all there is to it, I will do it.1.'t-'l.ll
1.w&-'I'II!Jo
*That is all I needed. f.l.ll"lrJ-'1- J'.ll't 11
blf~.,

iF ' ~ ....
*The prisoner denied all connection with the
crime. 1.11<:'i'aJo 1111 m't~l\o ?"'!?" hllaJo
:j>?" 1\A 11.1'.
all along
I. ?"'t1.U9". We knew it all along. ?"'11.U9"

"'""'"'" ~nc
M'
2. rJ-A1.U. We have suspected him all along.

IJ-A1.U 1.'t.l'.1'm&-mC~aJo ~OC

3. boo~oo<IJ' ~9"1!". He knew all along that
it was a lie. m-if+ r oPIJ").") hoo)!'ou6Y r
~?"c y.,.:j> ~ nc
*There were trees all along the road. flfoP1'
1.11. ' qc:'f- ' ~0~
all at once O.l'.''t1'1All at once the wind came up. ~'i-ll O.<:-'t1'1-
OD"J
all but

*He all but collapsed. IIODaJo.l'.:j> ?"'19" hA

4'<:..,.?" ~oc
(be) all for 4.:1'.1'.>;' ~..,.
I am all for accepting the prize. 'IIA.,-I:'t II
oooJ>OA 4.:1'.1'.>;' ~'1
all in all Om:j>llllaJo
All in all, he is not a bad fellow. Om:j>llllaJo
OD'J'C: 0 /laJo ' h)'..1'.119"
all kinds of .,.,,...,.,.. 'l)'.~'IThey sell all kinds of electrical appliances.
.,<;'faJo't?" ' 'l)'.~'l- ' fl\.1\.h'l-&b 0 OD"f6
.1' Mf"'llsuffix pronouns
all of II-A
They asked all of us to the party. llll'f-'t'tl"'
11.1'.'"111- :>Oii''t

all over (prep. adv.)

I. o-11- l ODDIIaJo. He traveled all over the
country. h"l~"t floo-A- tft;
Her brilliance as a piano player was known all
over the world. O'C.I''l" 1-'"i'l''f-~'1- .1'11'1- :j>
A'l''i'<; 0""11"'" 'llll"' f;l-m4' ~0<:
2. 0 - - - II)'. 0 ...11-. He left bread crumbs
all over the table. Om<:A.qaJo II)'. Ooo-11-
'i'C-1-& hll4'<:
3. IJol\OD'im-"t. I am aching all over. IJ-ItOD'i
11-'t '.l'""'i'A
4. ODI\ (tm-~~- He trembled all over. ODI\ r
/laJo~-1: 1''t4'm4'm

(be) all over hll-1'

It is all over. You may go home now. hA!II
A l 0.'1-11 11""'/..1'.' '1-'f-111111
*Once the police discovered his identity it
was all over with him. ?"ll.(o.,; 1.11- """
).'t 11m<lt fll- ~1C hO:J' .,11'1- ~"'"
all that

I. 1.11bllll. It is not all that bad. 1.11bllll

""'I'C: ' h)'..l'.lll"'

2. J'.ll't .I'IIA. It is not all that cold. )'.ll't

.I'IIA 11C.I'.' h)'..l'.ll?"
all the better
*If that's so, all the better. 1.'t-'l.ll
h't-'I.J'aJo?" ' f-1-lfll ' ~ ....

hlf~.,

all the same

I. -""'" That's all the same to me. II~ -""'"

~

....

2. O.lf'tl"'. All the same, I want to see it.

O.lf'tl"' llfaJo 1.4-A:>IIrJ-

*His remark was well-meant, but insulting all

the same. hll-1-.l'f'l- fllmaJo O:j>'t ""'t"11 O.lf't?" 11.1'.-11 ""If). hA-l'<:?"
as as all that f.tJ"t ' ftJA

It is not as difficult as all that. )'.ll't .I'IIA

hll'f:>& ' h)'..l'.ll?"
from all over hf(t;J-ID-

They came from all over. hffl:J"m-

oom-

ln all Om:j>llllaJo
How many are there in all? Om:j>llllaJo ll't
:r- ' hl\o l
once and for all fooa~1f aJo"} 1 ~mI am telling you once and for all, stop it .
fi"'~"ICII fou..,<:lfaJo't ~"'" l 1-aJo
[See also 'after, almost, around, at, for, gone,

line, not, once, one, time']

all-around
I. rJ-11 111 flf~. The allaround athlete
earned three Olympic gold medals. rJ-11 111
flf~ :hll?"C-t-'i' 1"11'1- fNI.I""Cb me
:j> flf't M'f
2. ( ~ adv.) .~..,..,., Our attempt to get control

of the meeting was an all-around failure.

1111/lqaJo't ll""oJr."'mC .l'.l'.<:"l~aJo ..,b&-
' <'1)'.<'111 ' 4'<:

.~..,..,.

allay
I. h:J-1111. The doctor allayed his fears. doh.
- 'i'C7-I>'t h:J-111111'12. hll;l-1w. These pills should allay any pain.

39

all clear

allow

Mtlll h.t'l'l- "71:;:'1'm-1!1" 'IM-1- .h

""'~" .filM"Iit-

t.'l.il t.RIJ m-tt'l' illl" mllil ""111':f. hit-

all clear YfC wt.&- "7il-"''1- '/"Ah-1The all clear was given at 8 o'clock. ,ffC

alii ance 1ilt.'l- 1 il'/"'1")'1The two clans have an alliance. 11-11., 1-lll"

wt.&-m- "7il-"''l- '/"Ah-1- Ro-11'1- 11'1'1-

.,.lim

allegation -"'A 1 )1C

The lawyer's allegation was no proof.

rmn:J>

ID" -"'A "7/lt.lf t.A)Rt.'l"

He made so many wild allegations that no

one will believe him. ilH- hl\m-)'1- f&-4o
)1C':f !l.t./1- illl"'l.A "71'1" t.,f'/")m-'1"

allege toll
The man alleges that his watch has been stolen.
llm-\L<D- 11'1-1: _,.llt.4'il~ J'.~A

He alleged that he had closed the door when he

left. ho't.ll. R.I.'!- IL_,1 H"''li,fl\11- toll
alleged (adj.) f.,.IJII
The alleged theft never really happened.
f_,.IJI\ID" IIC-1''1- Rl\C"''I' t.AAt.ll'l"

:1-1 nw:J-!1.&-'1! il'/"'1")'1- 11"71117'1- f

"'l..C.A"' ' )m-

alii ed (adj.)
!. fjllC 'i!l..... The allied nations won both
World Wars. fjllC 'i!l.....:f ""1"1F:I"'I-
11-1\.,1'1" f'll\'1" jllC)'I- .I':A h!l.t.'l-

2. f"'l.~OD.I':. The dog and the wolf are allied

animals. m-lf<; .,.It-~ f"'l.~oo-'1. l\1illl'l-
<;'l'm-

be allied
!. .,.IJRt.. This newspaper is allied with tbree
others. /'.11 :>11"1 hl\.11-:f ?'ll'l- :>11"'
:f :>C f_,.IJRt. )m2. .,.il"7"7. The conservatives and the clergy

were allied on the question of church schools.

allegiance
!. :J-"7~)'1-. In America students pledge allegiance to the flag every morning. fi't.~~li
.,..,C':f tp.'l- tp.'l- 11111!1."1- '1~"7'f'm-
:1""7~):1-'f'm-1 J'.1Ar.ft2. :J-"7~ ""11'1. The soldiers pledged allegiance to their country. w:J-!I.C''Il ~1&-'l'm-
:J""7?f':f OOII''i"'f'ID-1 ' 11\l\oath of allegiance

He took his oath of allegiance.

~)'I- """'~ "711
[See also 'pledge']

:f 1ilt.'l- t.~'l'm-

This line of policy seeks security through

military alliances. fiLII 'IJ'.)-1- 711.11.. ll'l'

~1-1-

f:J-"7

allocate !1.11!1.11
He allocated the money fairly. 11011-1 R
.,.1R. t.'>.:\1 !1.11!1.1\

allot (allotted)
!. OO!f.R. He allotted ten million dollars for
education. OFC "'l.II.M ilC 11'1-'I"IIC
'I- ' OO!f.fi

allegory '1"111\.
He sought to explain it by means of an allegory.
R'/"111\. h.I':C") 1\0D"'I\ll" ' 'l"ht.

allergy [fllm-)'1- t.1'11.1': 'l""!fl:f1'i"

1\tD-'1' f"7J'..C.A'l-'l-'i" 4'/lm-il_, ill\ IL_,.

hU)'I- '1-'I"IIC'I- ~ IL1':f 1-'IJ'. _,.11"7
,._,...,. )RC

oo.r:

:'H:f-1 t.llon4'RA]

alleviate
!. t.il:J-1"'. He takes aspmn to alleviate
the pain. F -"'f-1 11"7il:I"1F t.il"Ctl1
/'.ID-"'A

2. tl-"'1111. Food was distributed to alleviate

the distress of the starving people. ft."1il.,...,.
'Il1 lll":f :f"'c 11"7-"'IIA '/""'ii :J-!1.1\

alley mllil ""11.1':

There are many alleys in Addis Ababa.

2. lim. The teacher allotted work to each student.

t.ll.,..,tliD" ll.f1'11.11. .,..,.: F&- lim

3. hUll (.,.hUll). The profits have all been

allotted. '1-Cf- Rou-ft- _,.h4-~A
all-out
!. ll.l.. An all-out effort is needed to wipe out
illiteracy. oollf.ll"}'l-1 11"7~ 11.1. 'l't.-1-
"7.1':t."' .fll.C.A:>A

2. YA.,.4'.mR. He made an all-out effort to

climb the wall. "'.I':"''IID-1 1\0DID-"f'l- YA.,.4'.
mil 'l't.-1- t.!l.t.1

allow
!. 4.4'!1.. How much time will he allow him
for completing the work? ~&-tDw'l 1\0DAC::
II '1"1 ,filA '1.11 J'..C."'-.1':11:1-Al

2. l\11!1'11. The precision of this instrument

allows us to measure very small things.
fH.U "'"'U.Y '1-hhll'i'H 0"1?" T:l>
:j.') fU'l-'1-'t ~1C':Y.. u-11- lloulllt'l- Yh
":fii<;A
3. ouS'.O. How much should Iallowfortraveling
expenses? 1\00=J=\"lf mQ;t. J irt+ s oooPF..
11 ' l\1111~ ?
4. of-4'011. The International Court of Justice

allowed the Ethiopian claim. f~A9"" fi:.C

Y: ' 11'1- ' fh..'I-NtY't ' TY<fl ' of-4'011
5. hm. He does not allow himself a minute's
rest. 11&-{lo Y'tY: S'-4::1> bG'i''l- hf.h'l'?"
allow for 11.1\4.

This teacher is very stern. He does not allow

for mistakes . .e.o ouruc I Otil?"' I "1"11-t I 'io
w- I h.'h-t-'1-'t hYIA'i'?"

*The dress was made larger to allow for

shrinking. A11{lo {l.b-"'1-t-C ' l\'t'IY.m11 0
"'111'1- 114>:j. of-S'.C1 ofo{lof.

allowance
I. hUlA. How much travel allowance do you
get from your company? hlJ.q')yu f?":t-1
"f(&

f1--fl I hOI!\ I 9"1' I ftJA ~OJ-?

2. Att. mQJ.. How much allowance do you
I

get a week? Ollrl+ Att.

mt;Ll..

UA :f"1 ...11U ?

make allowance for

I. "1?"'1- w-hT hh1q, Indeed, we must
A~~i>'t
"1?"'1- ' tD-h'l' ' "''h1q'l- ' l\1111')
2. l\hof-Yf'l- hS'.G1. We made allowance for
Jack's inexperience. ll)fh fA?"?"Y: l\tn
'1- hhofoYf'l- hS'.G"I't
no allowance oP""IQ-l- bAhA )om-

make allowance for his youth.

No allowance except for authorized personnel.

h-t-L4>S'.II'ftD- w&--t-'l':Y.. Oh-t-4>i: ,..,

q'!-' hiAhiA' ~ ....

allowed, not ~ hAhA
The boss served notice that smoking is not
allowed. hll:j.!Lw-
hAhA ouU''t-'t

"''""h

l\h:f"ID4'

alloy :j.y..,.
This is not pure gold; it is an alloy. .e.u
') g..n IDC:j. ' hf.S'-11?" l T-1:'1- ' :j. f.T ' h
110'1-

all right
I. hT:>O.. His work is all right. F&-tD- h
'1';>0. '

~tD-

almost

40

allowance

2. l\1(. He said, "All right, I wilt do it". l\1( l

l\w&-'l'llflo hll
3. S'.'W. Don't worry; it will he all right.
h'l-..,~:j. t S'.'W f.IJ'<;A
4. OS'.W. I hope the hooks arrived all right.
ODl';'.hC:,; ' OS'....<; ' l\')~G{lo ' ofohof. ' hS'.
C;>llflo
Is that all right with you? OH.U '1-h"''"''
0;1-IIU?

allround 0..,.11- f-t-'1'"111'1He's an all-round sportsman. flaD<of\o

s f+'P

"111'1- l\ilTC-1" ... ~w-

allude h~"'
Don't allude to his wife's death when you see
him. il;f-1'fw- f"''.hi>'t '1"'1- h;f-'t"'O'Iallure h"'/.'1- 110
The sea allures him. q.nc h"'/.-l>'t Y.hO'I'IA
allusion f"''.~lt ~1c
There were certain allusions to me in his words.
hof-'01GtD- tD-h'l' l\~'t f"''.~lt h't'l'tY:
~1c ~nc

make allusions 1\"lvt

Don't make allusions to his wife's death.

f"''.hi>'t '1"'1- h:f"'t"'O'I-

ally v. (allied), ~ oneself ofoqnG

Our country will ally itself with another to
protect its people. l\1&-:Y..'t .'h11!1.'t 1\oPhll
hA h'I-IA ho\.11 h1C :>C '1-of-qO&-II:Y..

allyn. (allies) 'iS'.'i' ! ftnC f:J>A h.'l't

'iS'.If
We need to find an ally if we are going to win.
l\'tY:<;ll''t'i' hLII"I't 'iS'.'i' "'1"11'1- hll11't
France and England were allies in the war.
OtnC~-1> l\'t"l/1.11'0 LG'tllf. ftnC f:J>
A ' h.'l't ' 'iS'.'l':f ' ~0~

almighty -.yA
He prayed to almighty God to save him.
.,Yflo l\"IH.h11.h.C l\'t'I.YY:~w- llllf

almond 11w-11
almost
1. A +imperfect+ )OC. Heslippedandalmost
fell. h'IAtn'l- /I.IDY::j. ~nc
2. A + imperfect + M?" h1A4'G?". The
smoke almost suffocated me. "l.f"to 1\..f"i!"i~ s
?"'t?" t.A4>G..,.?"

~oc

*I almost said that he was a liar. 1\r"t- IIPif

~..,. ' 11"'111'1- ' :1>"1~

41

alms
be almost ~,. fUll\ t.A+t:,.
It is almost time to start. Aoo)!ooc = 1..t1m- s
~,- ' fUll\ ' t.A+t:,[See also 'alone, nothing']

alphabetize

somewhere along

n---

-l.e.

Somewhere along the journey I lost my bat.

ooo"J1.<'. ~f. q(;lr."'tl. m<f-11'{

[See also 'all, come, get, go, line, move, take']

alongside

alms ,.K"'P'l-

The hands of the beggar were outstretched

for alms. 11.,-,: ,.K"'P'l- lloo+OA l\)I:"J
Ht':;>

(be) aloft fl.,Y. ~f. ~Ot':

The planes were aloft at the time of the air

raid. ffC ' Wt':&- ' 01-~<':1 ' 1..11. ' hf.C:T
~<:''fl ' fl.,,. ' ~,. ' ~o~

1. h - - - 1-1 l 1-"J. This tree will grow alongside the eucalyptus tree. Y,.tJ : 'ffi: hQihC
~'i!

' .,.., ' f.<':;J/l\

He parked his car alongside the building.

ooh_<;aJo") ih"Jl\aJo 1-") t..fooP
2. 0 - - - .IIC!I'. There is a bank of earth alongside the street. 0""11'1. .IIC!I' fi.C h,.

c '

toll

(be) aloof
alone
1. 11!1'. We are not alone in thinking that the
situation is grave. o-);.:J"(Do ltll"L = ~aJ-- : -fill
"J f,..,,.., M' 11!1' t.Y.~II"J,.
2. ofl;.F
(suffix pronouns). Do you live alone?
11ii'U"J '1-<:'&-IIU 1

*Because of her shyness, she has the repu

tation of being aloof. 'lf.'J t.<f.C lllllf~
":f- 0111/l\1-'i'~:l: f:t-m+":f- <;:,.
hold aloof A.."JmC 1lil"" 4-DP

He held aloof from the crowd. hih11tl-

I.")

tnCsofl{lo>t"'OO

Meat alone is not the best food for children.

stand aloof

P' ;J 11il'aJo"J 11/l\]t.":f- f-1-lf II ,-"111

I. 11,. 1111- 0111/l\1-"1'~'1- .fof. Their leaders stood aloof throughout the crisis. O'f1

hf.~ll,.

almost all alone

+~T""'

The house stands on the mountainside almost

all alone. n.., 1-~'1'11- 01-&-&-aJo 'I';JT
~f. f.1"1'A

I
"LJI, f 0069'EJ!:ftDAof-'{~'1- ' .fof.

.;...

119'"

-flt\11:)<

011\

2. 1-111- .fooo. One boy stood aloof from the

others. t."J.<': A~ h/1.11-'ll 1-111- .foou

stand alone mS?..C flltD-9'"

He stands alone among the scholars on Ethiopia. llll h.'l-f"kf h"'l.faJo4lT fl..:J'aJo
"J'l- outthA m~c fll.,.,.

[See also 'leave, let']

along
1. 0 - - - .IIC. We walked along the shore. oq
ih~ .IIC of-6-0D.<':")
2. 0 - - - """'t':T. Along the lines just noted,

I suggest we start the new project. hv-"l

01-111~'1- dt<lll":f- ou,.,.;;r. t..<Lll l\'1-

.r: ' l\").<':"J)';,-C '

t.<lllqllo-

3. 0 - - - '1'"1. We aligned the chairs along

the wall. m"JOC:'tl"J 0"1.<':"1-'laJo '1'"1 ~t':
~C")

*We walked along the road for a mile or so.

oP"J1'1."J f,H") t."J.<': _,,A fUI.\ 1~11")

along with h - - - ;JC

He planned the project along with his associates. l\'l-'1.") hiicltl"'fl :>C t.H;J)';

aloud

1. ...,,.,.., h'i! h.<':C1. You may whisper

in the library but do not talk aloud. ll.-1- '
ODl\ih'i!., ' aJoil'l' ' A;t-"JJI"ltlf.h- ' '1-":f~~":f-v- I "11 .<':,-Y":f-v-1 h'i! h.<':C;J ":fv- t.'l-~:>1~
2. ""'h 1111-. He read the story aloud. ;t-&
h-"J ""'h 1111- MOO
alphabet A.~A

The Amharic alphabet is different from the

Arabic alphabet. f.,C'i' A.~ hOt:11"1'
A.f..A f_,./lf

~m-

alphabetical fA.~A

Put the names in alphabetical order. ll'l"'fl"J

OA.~A 1-&-

t.Mq:f.,.

alphabetize OA.~A 1-&- t.~t':1

Please alphabetize this list of names for me.

f,IJ") fll,- 11C11C

A'{

OA.~A

1-&- h.<':C"I

have an altercation

already
1. 1\il_,..1M". I have already eaten. 1\!1_,.~ 0
Ail' /Ill-

When he asked for permission to use the

car he had already used it. oull..'i''l''t 1\oPtD-{1
Y: 1\.m.f.:,O 1\il.,..1M" +m:,O'I"'I'I- )OC
2. .,.1.'1" (LA. Your agent has already called
on me. mb..AII .,.1.'1" 1\.A mJ'.-''fA
3. hlf.ll .,.1.'1". I've burned my fingers once
already. hlf.ll .,.1.'1" 1\'tY: "1.11. +llilil'/1114. Y:r:. We have already used up our canned
food. f-'C-'r: 'l""l'l:f't't Y:r: ""'~il)m5. ~'i' Y:r:. Is it ten o'clock already? ~'i' Y:
r: 1\tl-'1- {I'l-l- ' '1"11 1

also-'/"
May I have some of that also? hlf..l'9" '1't'li Am-{IY: 1

[See also not']

altar
I. oPIP',1'. The priest placed the Bible on the

altar.

alternatively

42

already

of:(to I OOK'"dttJ: I :,0,.l}.(t-") I 00r.Plf!.ftJI'o I

IIJ'. ' 1\'l' ~m2. foPP''J'b'l- "'I:,O~tl,l' 11:1'. Moses went

up to the altar. oo-{1. mi. oup'J'IJ'I- "'I
:,O~tl,I'ID- 11;1-

<D"'

alter 1\mm
The death of the President altered the country's
history. fTt.ll.-'l't-1> '1"-l- fl\16-l>'t :1'6h

"'l'l''fi ....... ~ ' +""':!'""'"'

alternate (vt.)
1.

1\Ltl-~.,..

I will have to have the collar of this shirt

altered. fll.ll't lf"7.11 1>/1.;1- "'lil.,.fC
1\1\ofl~

*I will have my pants altered. 11-6m- : ll.'t-'1.

il-1-IIhAA~ li.LA;>/111-

alteration
1. AlD-'1'. Not much alteration is visible in
the village. oou'tl.6;1: ID-il'l' ofiH-9" 1\ID-'1'

1\J'.:I'J'.'I"

2. "'lil+IIh,l'. No charge for alteration. 11"'1

il+IIh,l' 1\.e.hLl\.9"

altercate +.,.,:1'...,+
They altercated in the Senate for days on end.
O.lt"l oum(l'f 9"hC 0.'1- 1\ofiH- +'i'-l-
+ ....:!' .....,

altercation 't'I-Ch
The altercation between the two drivers led
to blows. fll-1\-1> oPII..'i' H[l":f 't'I-C
h h-'1-11 1\l.~ll'fm-

He alternates work with pleasure.

oup-,&.'1-'i' ouf.{l'l-'t ,I'Ltl-C:l'A

2. li.,I'Ltl-~+ + (verb). Most modern farmers
alternate wheat with barley. 1\ofi~'P'fi non
'i'<D-,I"t ~Ot.9':f (l'tf.'i' ~oflil l\.,I'Ltl~4! ' J'.Htl-11alternate (vi.)
I. -1-Ltl-~.,.. Hot days alternate with cool days
in Addis Ababa. 1\JI.il 1\0'1 m-il'l' 'I"
:1'-l-'i' ' .,.11:1'~ ' .,......,.. ' J'.Ltl-~:1'112. ( ~ adv.) 0-1-tl- 0-J-tl-. Mary and her sister
will alternate in setting the table. "'1.6'i' ll.')
:1: 11-1-tl- 0-1-tl- m~A.~<D-'t ,I'H;>Jfll-

alternate (n.) 9"-l-h

An alternate was sent in his place. 0(1. fl;J-o
'1"'1-h +llh
alternate (adj.)
1. -1-Ltl-tl--1:. Tom and Harry do work on
alternate days . .f-9"'i' ?6 0-1-Ltl-tl--1: +'t
J'.IP<tl-1\2. f-tLtl-~4!. The skirt has alternate stripes
of blue and yellow. +"7.11- f-1-Ltl-~4! {1"'1,1'
'f.'i' tl"'1 on pour::f ' 1\11-'1-

/UDtntD-

have altered hll+f

.,.""..+"'-+

The two teams had an altercation over the

umpire's decision. &A.fl ~ lt:-'i':f J lilt 1\

alternation

"'ILtl-~:,0

Alternation of crops prevents damage to the

soil. {lofiA't "'ILtl-~:,0 1\LC't h.,.-'1'1- J'.m
ofl:l'A

alternative (n.) /1.11 1\"'ltl-"1."

Is there no alternative to what you propose?
II_,.Mihm- dollofl /1.11 1\"'ltl-"1." film-'/" 1
have the alternative 9'"Cfti ' hl\ID'<

You have the alternative of riding or walking.

OLUI m,l'.9" Oli."ICII foP'/.Y; II"C"'l
1\1111

alternative (adj.) 1\"'ltl-"1."

There are several alternative routes from
New York to Chicago. h~<D-1'-Ch mi. 'EII1
f"'l.mil-'1- ill!- 1\"'ltl-"1." ou')~Y..:f 1\11-

alternatively l\.,l'd.tl-~4!
One must run and rest alternatively to cover
a long distance quickly. 1\'tY: ~'fr9" 1-11
'i''t O'i''I')T 11"'1!11~'1' l\.,I'Ltl-~4! our:'l'
'i' ' "'l~'i' ,l'ilLA:>A

although il + imperfect + 'I" I il + imperfect + 'I" ~n.,

I will be there, although I have very little time .
.fA'1 1.11. 0"1'1" h"'I'C O.lf't'l" hlf..l'
l\1'fAo-

I don't know him well, although he lives next

door. '1-.lll.of: O.lf't'l" ~'t'>. ilrt- h~m

+m-'1"
altitude h'i';f- I -l't-t-"7H
lt iS difficult tO breathe at this altitude. fllltJ I
h'i';f- I {loP-f'')ol.il 0 hll'l' ,;J& 0 ttJ>o
Ethiopia's tropical climate is modified by the
altitude. fh..'lf"kf 1 '1"?+ .ffC 'til-l+
q1&-f>

ambiguous

43

although

-f't-t-"7t+

+11+11

)'.~I\

amalgamation .r:-tlii.-10ur nation is an amalgamation of many

different races. 111<1-':f't f-lirt- '1-lll"':f
.f:-1111.-l- .,.,..

amass hh"7:f
The miser amassed a fortune for himself.
"""' At-11- 1111+ hb"7:f

amateur h"7-I'C
She is an amateur painter. 1t"7.,.C w'loll.

.,.,..

amaze hllS'.t+
Your ignorance in money matters amazes me.
1111 ' 1'tH11 ' 1-'lf. ' hA"71D-l-U I .fllS'.'t+'fA

high altitude h'i';f-

be amazed

Because of the high altitude he showed signs of

distress. hh'i';f-a>- 1 f-i't"' fouw?f+ 'I"

I was amazed at his indifference. O"I.I'.A1i

Ah+ ;f-fO+

Otn-1-~~"" IPI\/1 oPJ\"dd::':f

hll-

2. O'i'K-'1". He is altogether innocent of the

charge. ~II- b+.lOO+ hil O'i'K-'1" 't
K-.b tm-

I don't altogether agree with him. hll- :>C

O'i'K-'1" hl\11"7"7'1"

altruism Atl.l't-':f T-1-'1" "7(1-fl

Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Atl.l't':f T-l-'1" "7(1-fl t-ll't fODa>-S'J; T
?t-t tm-

alumnus f+.f:'l" '/"~-lAo alumnus of our school became the principal. f+'l"uc+ ll.;t-':f't f+.f:'l" '1"~-1-
DD&

(J")o

I. IJ-11.'1.11. l o-fl.. I aro not always at home on

Sundays. ~..,_.r;- ~..,_.f: IJ-1\'1.11. (o-fl.)
~11.+ hl\1'1'1"

2. 'l"'t'LH.'I". I aro always glad to oblige you.

I

nm+c Jl.;f-.fA

amalgamate -I'+~+A
The two companies amalgamated to form one
big company. o-A-1> 1!-q't,rl"':f -1'+~-1-A
""

-f'ODflh-f''1

*To my amazement, he came to see me.

oP'/""1-1> 1.l00'1

amazing f"''..filS'.'t-1Ethiopia has made aroazing progress. t..+f"k

.r

f"''..fllS'.'t-1- ' ~C'I"li' h.f:C:>A"f

I
be amazing hilS'.)+ ! 1-loP

It is amazing how fast he learned Amharic.

h"7C'f ~'t.l'.+ I O'i'T)+
IIS'.'t?A (MC"711.)

~'tS'.-1'"7-l

.r

ambassador h'l"qllf.C
The Brazilian arobassador came to Addis
Ababa. f-flt-11.11. 1 h'l"qllf.C h-'1.11 hO
q

ODIJlo

~~~

0.""1 +A'I" hAm-

ambiguity hl"7..)+
His statement is full of ambiguity. f(lmm-
oP"Ifl""i hlf"''.t+ )'.0~'1'11.

t'1

3. nm+c. The scar will always be visible and

will never disappear. mqll 'l"'t'l.ll.'l" 1111"7
Jl.mof.

He looked at me in amazement. 0oP1l.S"'

amber -o~u O.""i

The glass has an amber color. oull-f''l'-1> 11

always

A;f-H11U 'l"'t'LII.'I" oi.?S'.'f

-I'S'.'t-1: toe

t-~>

amazement DD1l.9"

altogether
I. Om-1-~~m-. Altogether there are thirty books.

fJP~ I

+~'i'+

h'tS'.' +A-1- b-q')y If).

ambiguous
I. hl"'1.. His statements on financial problems
are ambiguous. l'aA 11011. l--Ie f(lmm-
OD"Iil""i hl"7.. '

)6>'

2. "It- f"''..f1q, He was left in an arobiguous

position by his friend's failure to appear
and help him. m.<;1j: ,......,.. ltf..l'la>-
OOD-1-.l-f> ' "It-

0"7...f1q

IJ-~;f-

~)'.

IDS'.+

ambition
l. f"'i1+. His ambition is to become prime
minister. '1"'1'-1> m'I>~.J'. "'1.~!1'1-c 11oo
If"")

~(Do

2. '1'~1'1-. He has plenty of drive and ambition.

1111- '1-:>'1-<; '1'~1'1- Yllm- ilm- ~m-

ambitious

1.

~-

America

44

ambition

The student is ambitious for knowledge.

-1-"'l&tD- ' Mm-.,.'1- ' .,..,. ' ~m2. ll"''l" h'i' Yll. He has an ambitious plan
for building a plane. htD-C"''Wt llooF&-'1-
11"1'1" h'i' Yll h'l>.<:- hllm3. h'i'-1-,.. He has an ambitious program for
eliminating the slums. f.Vt 1}1: Yllll'l-'t
iiLC ll"'lii1D1J:' h'i'-1-... h'I>J:- hllmbe ambitious OIIJ9'" +oo1"
John is ambitious to get through high school
in two years. }l:'t v-11-1-.,. f.t.:)f't llv-11
T o quo:,. o IIOD<LJ./.:{1 0 II"J'l" 0 .J'.OD .../:l

lay in ambush Jt~,n .f.f

The soldiers lay in ambush for many hours.
OJ;f-1.1!',; 111111- {lq.f'":f. hJ:-'i'mtD- 4'1'
place in ambush h't'I.Yf.'i''l' Mt.:1
The general placed his troops in ambush
in the woods. :(~&-flo ID;f-1.1!',; "'iltm-
tD-!1'1' ' 111-t-m- ' h't'I.Yf.'i'm- ' hf.t.:1

ameliorate (vt.) hlflfll

He promulgated laws to ameliorate living

conditions. fl-l!"t v-~:1- ll"'llflfA ih"l
hiD"!

The agency is trying to ameliorate the conditions of starving farmers. J:-C~-1> llt.:;)-11
f"'l.oP:I"I''t-'t 106.jP":f. ll-~;1- ll"'llflfA
floPtlfmC

1\~ I

~liJo.

ameliorate (vi.) -t-lflfll

Our living conditions will ameliorate soon.

fl-~":f.'t rH;f- II'I>CII- .J'.lflf~A

His ambivalence made the final decision of

the committee impossible. "700");1-i: F.C'Jo

amen h"''.'t
At the end of the prayer everybody said
"amen", h"-ft--f: I 0::\1\ f frfriJD I (lliJoo I J\
"''.'t ' hll

fOD<LJ.t.:lf ' tD-lt~ ' h't'I.J'.il'l' ' hf.t.:1tD-

(be) amenable -t-mY4!

ambivalence "'IOD't;J-'1-

(be) ambivalent
*She is ambivalent about going to the party.
IDS'. ;rctm- oo'f.J:- hlloo'f.J!..'t hA'Ir.t.:m

":f-9"

ambulance h'l"ll-1\'til

This man is hurt. Call an ambulance! .e.u ft

m- -1-.,..J:-;J:A i h'l"ll-1\'til .1'-m&-

ambush (v.) A~'i'lfl ID;>

The Viet Cong ambushed another government

patrol. li.\1.'1- lo't1":f. 11.1\ fOD't"lP'-I>'t lfl
I

laws. IJ'tJ:" Me m-ilT f"'l.'l'~ ih1111

":f. llih;>:fm- -t-mY4! f>tr<; flo

*A reasonable person is amenable to persuasion. hil-t-'1'1-'t {lm- 11"'1"/IJIJ't- .1'-!1'1\A

amble
I. -t-'t.,..&-1.1.. The tardy students ambled into
the classroom. '1-t-'l',; -1-"'l&jP":f. hf-1-'t.,..
&-1.~ IDS'. h'i'A 1112. hH1oo. The mule ambled along the rocky
path. 11'1>11-'1' ' 1111-t.:lt-'t,; ' OD't1J:' ' ~f. ' hH
10D":f.

rn

People living in a country are amenable to its

~..("' I J\~(Do I

aJ.,..

ambush (n.) Yf.Lmll'l- 11;1- l f.L"'

They lured the enemy into an ambush.
.m~'t-'t h:f'llm- ltf.Lm-11'1- 11;1- hil111-'tThey were killed in an ambush. 111-L"' -1-1
f. flo

amend hlflfll

They intend to amend the constitution.

ih1 ' OD't"IP'-I>'t ' ll"'llflf"' ' Yil'lflo
amendment f"'llflfY ohlt11

He proposed an amendment to the constitution.

llih1 ' OD't"IP'-1> ' f"'llflfY ' ohlt11 ' h+t.:ll
amendsltlt
The court ordered that amends be made to
the woman. 'i'CJ:" fl. -I> 1111.'1-M' ltlt h 't
Jl.hLA hUH
make amends for if .1..~(11'1-)

His letter makes amends for his rudeness.

f~LtD-

1.11-'lfl. 11A"/<;tD-'t .1'-ii'i''tll;f-A

amenity -t-11"'1"7.~'1The amenity of Addis Ababa's climate will

attract tourists. Y-'1.11 hiiiJ YfC 't11t.:
'1- -t-11"'1"7.~'1- MC 111'll'":f.'t 1-IIIJA
America h"'L&It

American h"''.<lta'l! 1 h"''.<lta't

Amharic h"7C'l'
Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia.
h"7C'l' fh.'lf"k1 il.h.<l-'1! !tll\' )a>amiable .,.m'I;EHe is an amiable person and everyone knows
him. .,.m'I;E- (tm- 111\lf) "7'tll" 1a>-4''1'A
amicable
I. f<D'I;E-H. They bad an amicable discussion.
fm'I;E-H a>-Y.Y.'I- hf.C:"I2. fo'tl\11". Instead of fighting the two nations
settled their quarrels in an amicable way.
o-11-1> .tt1e:Y. 11oPtahl\'fm- Mila>- hll""
"11111'1- 11tnil 'IY.If't 11MII" ""'t1.1:"
hllll"ll")'f- f.C:I\amid, amidst 11 --- oPVA
Only one column stood amid(st) the ruins.
11'1'<1-n: OD'/A h't.l:" 011".1:" il!l' <~'"'-A

amiss
I. ( ~ n.) "1-.1:"11'1-. The doctor examined biro
and found nothing amiss. do"-... oPCII"e
"" ll"'tll" "1-.1:"11'1- hl\1711'1-11"
2. ( ~ n.) 1Aif) )1C oPif'J. On entering
his house he at once perceived that something was amiss. n.-1: 1 (I)-itT 1 {L"JQ 1 h~
Y;

f/:\lf"l

feel amiss

"l1C

oPif).

tD.'}J(D-).

1Q(I)o

:r-c hll(m-)

Don't feel amiss if I criticize your work.

F<I-U't ii):,O"i' :r-c hY.I1AU
go amiss "1"4-+ 1 h1.,l1
She certainly went amiss in quitting school.
'1-II"UC:J:'t 11"71\'C:t!J. '1'4-'1- h.I:"C;JII:Y.
take it amiss :r-c hll(a>-)
Don't take it amiss if I criticize your work.
F<I-U't ii):,O"i' :r-c hY.I1AU
amity OJJI;E-)'fThe United States and Canada have lived
in amity for many years. h"'l.<<ta<; ta'i"-'1
/Iiiii" """"""" 11m'I;E-)'f- 'f C:'I'A

ammunition
I. 'I'Y.'t-. The soldiers ran out of ammunition.
m;J-f.e'll .,.y.'t- hll4'11'fm2. """1<11. The discovery gave biro ammunition in his campaign. h-'1.11 111m- )
1C lla>-.1:"~ """1<11 lf)IDamnesia [l1hT,.A .....,..'1'1- ll"h't1'1- f
"'1."""1 f"711;1-0JII't "lY.A f"'l.1'1"1
,..]

...,....

amortize

45

American

amnesty ,..,.,c;'tThe Emperor declared an amnesty for the

rebels. 't"I-<P )1P'-I> 1\h;J"'l.P.'Il 11",.,.:'1-
f"'1.1f.C"I-I\'fa>- o oPif<;'fm-'t hii;I-OJ4t
amoebah"'/.11
among
I. 11--- ODVhA. Don't be afraid to express your
opinion. You are among friends. dlllofltJ1' 1\oP
"'IIli" ' h'l-"i'<l- l 110J'I;E- ' ODVhA )IJ
2. ooVA. There were many nice people among
them. Ml\- ""VA ill!- '1"'1- o'tl":Y. )11'13. h--- m-11'1'. You are only one among the
many who need help. l\C-'1:1" h"'1.111.f.A;J'f
.... hilll-l"'ll ' liJoll'l" ' h'tJI. )IJ
4. 0--- H1'Y:. He is popularamongthemasses.
11,.,1111- H't.l:" f.,_OJS'.f. )m5. 11 - - - 11-<11. Bees droned among the flowers.
'tP:Y. 111111m- 11-<11 MI1)11*London is among the largest cities of the
world. 1\'tf.'t h"l\11" ;l-1\1\:,0 h.,..,..:Y. h
't.l;.. ):f
among them 1\;J&They had less tban ten dollars among them.
1\;J<I- ..,..C ' iiC f"'1.1'tll )11<1-'fmamong -selves
I. 11ootahA + (suffix pronoun). We decided
it among ourselves. 11""tahi\:Y.'t mo't't't
2. l\CII 11CII + (suffix pronoun). They don't
even agree among themselves. l\CII 11C'I'f
.... ' l\'t\\'t 1'.1>11"7...11"
[See also 'other']
amongst h - - - ODVhA
I found the paper amongst my notebooks.
OJC:4'-I>'t hf.ii.,.C''Ii ' ODVhA ' 1'.1711-'1amoral "'ilt: 1il)'f- f'l-f.llm- amThe killer is completely amoral. )'I'll 1'1\t
"i'K-11" "'ilt: ' 1il)'f- ' f1-S'.IIm- ......... )liJo
amorous "i':,OC't f"'l.1All"
His amorous behavior pleased her. "i':,OC't
f"'1.1AKm- 11-l!.;l-m- h!IS'.o't;J-'1become amorous Ott::Joc 1 _,...,,lh
One look at her and he became amorous.
h'tS'. t.Y.:t'l- 11"i':r-c .,..,.:h
amorphous :r-c11 11.11
The amorphous clay became a vase. :r-c11
11.11 n11.:m- l\"h'l K"'l' If)
amortize l\fh"-11 ...,.:11
He amortized tbe loan over a ten-year period.

il~"t

amusement

46

amount
QP'C

~ou-}-

CIJo/1'1' ll.fhd./1

.... ~(1

amount (v.), ~ to
I. II'). His debts amount to 50 dollars. 6-'1
m- ..,II" It iiC f. II'<; A.
How much does the bill amount to? <h.<'tll-
ll"t-l- ' f.li''OA.l
2. -1-<t.m~. Riding on the bus without paying
amounts to cheating. Ohm--1'11-11 ltf.h'i'/1-
OD'/.1: h.,'i'"OCOC f.<t.tn&-A.
does not amount to much 7t.r111J9" i'ID"
His knowledge of Amharic doesn't amount
to much. f(l- f"'C" 'f-11-:1- 7.!1"oflq!l"
)CIJo
amount (n.)
1. oom"}, What is the amount? oom). 9"'1
fUll.' )CIJo!
2. 'I';J. I paid the full amount. -11- 'I';Jm-'t
hd.A.h3. oflq-l-. The amount of evidence against
him is great. 0(1- ~f. f<I'~Om- fou.:JI"
o(Jq-}- h'i' f/1 )CIJo

amplify
I. h"l-~. He used a loudspeaker to amplify
his voice. 1:11"11-"t 11.,.,..~-l- 01:!1"6 .,.,..
ftD-

..,.m+ou

2. hilt:-&-. Will you please amplify that

statement. f-1-......,Chm-"t 7.111: hil&-&3. O"'l.~Q H~H~. The preacher amplified on
the theme. Mh.tJJo he7.1l.,"t O"'l.~Q 11~
H~

amplitude h'i'-1-':'H
The amplitude of his generosity is the subject
of many songs. fii;J/1)., h<;:-1->';)-}- filii"
HL'l''f- he7.ll-l- )tJJo
amply
you will be amply rewarded. h<;:-1->'; 'I';J
f.hLA.YA.
*They were amply supplied with food. 04:
P""'il -1-l'l'l':l:'ftJJo )OC
amputate <t.~m
The doctor amputated his leg. oh h.- 7."1
'1-"t <t.~tntJJo

no amount of r'JfD YUA + negative verb

No amount of discipline could lessen his
exuberance. f-1-):J':J'm-"t ou")L(I-"t P""t!l"

amulet h:t-il
She hung an amulet around her neck.
~f. b:l-il h"ttnA.'I'~II'f-

11111.
hf.+"tl'lm-!1"
the whole amount lJoitI ordered 50 pens for the class and I need the
whole amount right away. llh'i'll- ..,!1"<'1 il
be t.1111: )OC u-11-"t!l" hu-'1-.,. 7.LA.;J

amuse
I. hll.l'.l'l-1-. That amuses me very much.
f.U OIIJP" fll.l'./l-1->';A.
2. h"'<l'. His foolish mistakes amused all of us.
f"''f.&Q llihi-., ~":f-"t"tP" h"'<l'"t

"'"'"'c

h"t~:l:

/Ill-

amuse oneself t-(t.") 1\llF.{I+

[See also 'inordinate, like']

The students amused themselves by imitating

the teacher. -1-"''&l"'Ji OD!I"U'I-"t Oou<l'/11:
l\ofOD{I/1- ' &-lt'fCIJo") 0 hllJ'.(I.,

amphibious Ofilll!l" Om-;)!1" m-IlT f"'l.'l'C

The frog is an amphibious animal. 7."t.,&-&
-l- Ofoflll!l" Om-;)!1" m-IlT f!l"-l-'l'C <;-}ample
I. 04:. Five dollars will be ample for my needs.
ll'i'~,_, hP"Il-l- iiC 04: )tJJo
2. I'll.. The ample room held all the furniture.
(ll.tJJo h'i'A. fn.-l- 7.:J'tJJo"t 0'1"~ '"
ample supply of 04:
Take an ample supply of food for a day's
journey! ~"t 1: <l'"t .,.,. 04: P""'il f1l
amplifier 1:!1"6 .,.,..,
The amplifier broke down in the middle of
his speech. O"t"'"''l- ouuhA. 1:!1"6 .,.,..
ftJJo -1-0~lf

amused (adj.)
I. fi-.1'.1'1-1-. The amused spectators applauded
the play. fi-.1'.1'1.,-l- i-""A.IJ:f -l:f-l-'1-"t o
'i'"ofi .... Q h.l'.)"'
2. .1'.11;1- fou~o.r. The child listened to the
story with an amused smile. A.)l: 1 ;1-&11-"t 1
.1'.11;1- oou~o.r L~"':l- I h'IODtn

amusement
I. ""'1':1-. He did it only for amusement.
fU~tJJo 11""'1':1- I il!l' )CIJo
2. .1'.11;1- I ou.l'.l'l-l-. With amusement, the
child watched the kitten chasing its tail. f 1:""
:J: 1 "11\.~1\. 0 'i'"&-'f'"t I /IOOfll 0 /l:1-ltf:
f: I 1\.:q": I. 0J'./l:f- I i-OD/Ih-1-

He looked at me in amusement. ooo~(l:,.O 1

-f-ODI\hof-OS
3. ooY..ll~. There is not much amusement
in this village. filf.IJ I OD')Y._C I fDoil"r I -fl
If" o ODJ'.(I!J' 0 fllf"

our failure. l\ll-t-"7&tiJo ftDS'.:r.1-R't-1- 9"h1.l''l-

2.

-~-~-~-~

""~""~

-1-"7&9'~

.,. . analyzed
.,'The!'...students

the poem.

-~"""'

anarchy "IC"IC
After the death of the king anarchy broke out.

amusing
I. f"'L.fllS'.M. My friend told me an amusing
story. '\S'.'i'IL f"'L.fllS'.ll'l- tDII. 1\m.:-t.OS
2. 1\P"<I:OS. The man's certainty was amusing
for we could see that he was wrong. f-1-VI
-1- oPif)-1- llM"<;tiJo;r, f{ltiJoftiJo 1\C"l
m'i' ~OS "711'1- 1\P"<J:OS ~nc

an
I. 1\1-Y:. Is there an apple for me? 1\1-Y: ;r
.,. II10S 1\'flll\11- l
2. (zero). Is there an apple for me? ?'9" 111
OS 1\'fllllu- 1

anachronism '1.!1.,..,. fla-tIt would be an anachronism to speak of

George Washington riding in an automobile.
}':C)\' '1'111-"1-f-1- flODIJ.<; 'tS'. o illl- ""
...c 'l.tl.tiJo1- fla-t- """"'

analogous ( ~ n.)

-1-""lalaf.~'I-

A bird's wing and a human ann are analogous.

ftD~ ' h1-~<; ' f{ltiJo ' /;.)\' ' of-ODia/tf.~T ' hll
:ftiJo

analogy "7oPia{IA
The analogy between your problem and mine
surprises me. ,0-t-<; f~1- 'f"lc "7oPia{l
A I\IIS'.1-4''i'A
draw an analogy between }tootailll

The teacher drew an analogy between the

heart and the pump. l\ll-t-"7&tiJo Ait1-<;
?''/"T1-

anchor

47

amusing

/;.ODia{ll\

analysis
I. '1-1--t-<;. He gave a thorough analysis of the
political situation. Ill\ ?'1\i:iltiJo u-~;1-

f-1-":l.ll '1-1--t-<; h ... ~"

2. 'I"C""<l-. The analysis of the water proved

that it Was pOiSOnOUS. gtJCOD&-fDo I fDo:-fDo I O'D
C11 ,1'1\fl'l- ODif)-1- l\t::J1m

analyst -t-1-;t-OS

.
His detachment makes him a good political
analyst. 11\A-t-'i'~-1: '1''1- f?'lltt, u-~;1-
-1-1-;t-OS hY:C1 ;1-A

analyze
I. -t-~-1-~. The teacher analyzed the cause of

h1-1-._... '1"'1- fl:\11 "IC"/C -t-h-1-11

anathema ,..,n:,.
The priest's anathema was removed when the
governor promised to obey. h'J~ 1 11((1)- 1 ll
OD:J-H11 :1'/i\ lli\1CJ f<l:{lo fDo"IHT -!-If~

anatomy
I. l;.<;.f-"7.. Anatomy shows how the body is
constructed. l;.<;.fo"''. {ltiJo~'t- 1\1-.0..'1- 1\1-S'.
-I-1~CJ

,l'll~IIA

2. flltiJo~'t- 1\P'.:.C. The anatomy of an earthworm is much simpler than that of an animal.
f'I-A f{ltiJo~'t- 1\P'.:.C hl\1-llla't- f_,.l\11
~,.

1 1\J''I- :r.Y:"" 1\J'

'1-iM'IOur ancestors were warriors. -1' ~oo 1 1.1+
!1"f1- (I\CJ.fo!F'f1-) .... ~....,... ~""'
Kinship is based on a common ancestor.
1111'/"Y:<; .,.,,..~:,. f"''.lf~,. 1\1-Y: 1\J''I-
;r,Y;-ou 1\J''I- ~,.
*Scientists say that the ancestor of man
was the ape. laf-1-tll+'f {ltiJo f"""'fDo h
111-)!C" ~,. Y.llll-

ancestor :r.Y:"" 1\J''I-

ancestral fHC
They still have ancestral properties in this
province. OH.II m:r.'lf. .,~:,. tiJoll'l' I\
11-1-9" fHC Cll't- 1\'\:ftiJo
ancestral home r:,.(IJ-A~ I h'JC
The ancestral home of the Emperor's family
is in Shoa. 01-P' ~11"1: f'l-tiJoAY: I\
1C I if.- I (1)-il"r I io(IJancestral trait fHC
Curly hair is an ancestral trait in that family.
OH.II IL-l- {lofl tiJoll'l' hCIIII l\1-C fH
Ci-(1)-

ancestry :r.Y:ou 1\J'.fo'f

Many of the early settlers in America had
English ancestry. .,.S'.9" ll.A 1\"7.&11 'I
f. hll.t.<l-'1- ll9''f fil11"9'~ :r.Y:ou 1;.
.l'+'f ~;..,..,....,.,... <;:ftiJo

anchor (vt.)

"""'.n;r. "'ll

The sailors anchored the boat.

f)!ACJtiJo1- o ODA.ft;r, o "'ll-

ouchn,.~

anchor

angle

48

--------------------------------------------------~

anchor (vi.) 1Q

The ocean liner anchored at Massawa at noon.

OOCh!l ' Oil.l:"ll'f ' ll't'f- ' 11"6'1' ' 11J:f

anchor (n.) ool!\.n:,.

The sailors dropped the anchor. oocho'l',;
001!\,"h"} ' "'lllay at anchor ODAih4:"J Til"" : .fooo

The ship lay at anchor in the port. oPChll-

001!\,"h"} 'I'll- o CDS'.Ii" 'If.. 4'":1.1!\
anchorite IJ.h;f"'
The anchorite lived alone fu the desert.
IJ.h:l"'l!"'" ' 11".1:"~ ' 0'1 .... ' .... il'l' ' -llil'm-"t '
'f~

ancient (n.) f.l:"~ (1.,.

The ancients considered the flight of birds as
an omen of good fortune. f .1:"~ M':f CDC:
:f ll.O"" 'If. 1.11. 1.1:" ).,. 1111.,. 111"
1- )0C

anecdote -t-~'1He told anecdotes to the children. 1\.ht'i-1>

-~-~"" ' )1&-'fCDanesthetic f"''.fil-1-'i' oo.<:-;)t'JThe amount of anesthetic they gave you was
according to your strength. f"''.fil-t-'i'm-'1 oo
.1:";)).'1- ' fllm-ll ' oo:,.?"ll ' oom'l ' )CDanew
I. li'IS'.1'i. She had to learn to walk anew
after the accident. liS'.;> CD- 0:\'1 ll'IS'.1'i
006-DD.I:"'I o 001!\00.1:" o )O~IJ'J2. '1-'l.il ool!\h. The architect planned the
building anew. OOI/'1.11.(1. .h'll\m-"t f)S'.
"-"'" ' IJ-'l.il ' 001!\h ' )m-

angel ool!\hh
The angel told Mary that she would have
a son. OOI!\hh- "7CfM CD'IY: 1!\"l:
l\'IS'.?"'J-CDI!\.1:" ' 1\n(I&-'J-

ancient (adj.)
I. h~"l.. Why did you invest so much money
in that ancient building? 1\ILIJ h~"l. .h'll\
f..ll'l'l fill!\ 1'1H-fl liM hCD"'Il !
2. T"J.:t-'1!. I am very interested in ancient art.
'1''1:1"'1! ' h.) ' '1'011 ' 0"111" ' f!IS'.il-1-'i'l!\
3. f'T"J-1'. Ancient man used to live in caverns.
f'l''l'l- {1.,. O'l'lf "'"il'l' f..'l'C )OC
4. h~-l- foPtiJ. Marriage is an ancient insti~
tution. :>11!1' 11'1''1'1- fOO"' 1!\"7.1:" ).,.
[See also 'vintage']

angelic ooJ!\hlJ'I!
His angelic appearance astonished everybody.
001!\hlJ'I! ' 001!\h- ' o-11-'111" ' hilS'.).,.

and
I. (zero.) I brought salt and pepper from the
market. 11101 """'" OCO-' hoP"'o2. -'i. I brought salt, pepper and butter.
"""'" OCO-''i :,.IL hoo"Ju3. -?". I brought salt, pepper and butter.
"""'" oco" :,.ILII" hoo"'u4. -1--. We travelled day and night. 1\.'l- -t+'1 ' -l"'l11'1

anger (n.) '1.<'..'1l.et your anger cool before you do anything.

liM: Mil" )1C 11"7.1:-~"lll 01..'1- 'I
.<'..'I-ll ' f..-11~.1:"1!\ll
rouse (one's) anger ltlltkiiJ
The insult roused his anger. il.l:-11- hil'IO"'m-

and so forth
I. 1\.11-':fr. All my uncles, aunts, and so forth
were there. h'l--f-'fll" hhilof-'fll" tt.ll-l-11"
l\11..1' ' )0""
2. l\'1-'1,.1' fDDlt{lll-'1- )1~:f. They were
singing, dancing, and so forth. f..HII""" l f..S'-'1(1.
l\'1-'1,.1' ' fooft(III-'J-'1 ' )1~ ' fS'.C1- ' )0C
and so on M"fll'l foolt(III-'1I need paper, ink, and so on. CD~.,.'!- +1111"
c; ' M"fll'l ' fODft{lll-'1- ' fil/..1!\1>:'1!\
[See also 'then1

anger (vt.) h<;U l hil'k"'

The nasty remark angered her. hilmfl..m-
hil-t-ff'l- ' h'iS'.-'1'1His boorish manners angered the host. f-Ill!\
"l'i o-'il:m- IJIIIL-1>'1 hil'k"'"'"
anzer (vi.) -1-'iS'.S'.
He angers easily. 0.,.'111- f..'iS'.-'11!\

angle (v.)
I. 1\J"'/IJIJCD- '1"11~. She angled for an invitation to his PartY. by flattering him. l\(1.'1 0
OOS'.I\1!\ o CDS'. o "1-fl"'f ' l\'1-'l.m&-'J- '1!\;l""liJIJ
.... ' 'l"h~:f
2. [Ooo'lm-l''i Oll.IJ1 't"' hmouS'.]
angle (o.) "7l\H'I
The two walls form an angle. u-11-1> "1.1:""7'19'
:f 0"7l\H'I f..:>m"711from all angles hli-A-9" h.:ttiJ&

He considered the matter from all angles.

1-'1~'1 ' llo-11-11" ' h~"'""i ' -f-001\ll-t-m[See also 'obtuse']

angry
I. f<ll"'. She gave me an angry reply. f<ll"'
""All llm:f~

He spoke to me in an angry voice. 0-k"'

:J'A ' -t-..-...:~
2. f-1-<;FJ... The angry child dashed a cup to
the floor. f-1-<;FJ..OJo A'J': o\.tOJo"J mllil-
1\f..

annexation

49

angry

(IJ~aJ,ltiJo

(be, become, wax) angry

I. i"<iU. What are you angry about? II?""J~

~,. ' f-1-<;.<'.~hm- !
He began to wax angry. ooCiY.Y: )!out,
2. -~""""' The merchant became angry with the
boys for breaking the window. ~ ;JJ',.OJo A
;(_,; ' oP{l!>-I>"J ' 11.111111-1- ' -~""""'"'"'"
feel angry -t'IJU
He feels angry whenever he sees her. '1.1''1-
<II'I'C f.<;MA
[See also 'dart']
anguish "'""J<I>'IShe was in anguish until she knew that her
husband's life had been saved. f'l!l"J ;,y.m
'1- oP'I-t:'i' llllh;I-OJo~ ~.:II II"'""J<I>'I-
"" ' ~ll.::f
angular "'ll\H<;'f!

The machine has an angular shape. oob..IJm-

"'ll\H<;'f! ~CK" hiiOJo
animadversion ~+<l.:l"

He softened his animadversions on his- rival's

character. 1111 i"aJ'I'It:OJo m'lf. .fllllJo"J
~<1>.(.;1- ' 11111111. ' IV'..t:1<Danimal
I. li"JM (pl. li"JM'I-). He heard an animal
moving in the bushes. h"J~ li"Jilto 1141'1'
"J<I>to+il ' i"ll"'IOJo
OJoil'l' '
There are many animals in this country. flrt.
u Me ,.~~.,. ill!- li"Jilto'l- hil-

*"'"'" '

a.

2. h.fD"t:., Lions are carnivorous animals.

h"JIIo\:f F ;J IIA haJo-'9':f <;'I'OJo
Wild animalS r.tJ.C

}\,&.'f!+

There are no more wild animals left. f+-1-

fii-C ' ht:-'1!'1- ' fil-?"
[See also pack, stuff']
animate (v.)
I. h.t.>t. A smile animated her face. L 1"1;1- L
:,..,-, hL>tOJo
2. 1of.of.. Love for her mother animated her
work. Ft:.OJo"J li"J~'I-"'t:. f1of.of.'l- f<;
:t'I'~C'~"'"

3. ;,y.m:,. llm. People believe that the soul

animates the body. ll9':f llh>tt. ;,y.m'I-"J
f?"'l-ll'l' ~'I'll <;'I- iJIIOJo .f?"<;ll4. ~?"<1>'1- llm. The speaker's arguments
animated the discussion. fi"<;;Jt:OJo hchc 11
,.,_,._, ' ~,..,.,. ' llmOJo
animate (adj.) ;,y.m;l-'1!
Zoology deals with animate things. Jl9'11-"l[
1111 ;,y.m;l-'1! 'i''l't:.,.:f , ,..,,. , ~,.
animated (adj.) f-1-":1.":1.+

The animated discussion pleased us all.

f-1-.,_.,..,.,. ' ,.,.,.,.' 11-'l:f"t"J?"' hll.<'.lli""J
be animated

I. -t-Hfm. The soldiers were animated by

their captain's speech. m;I-F.c,; lllf?"llil-
"J"'"'C -t-H Ill"
2. -1-"J<I>to+ll. Windmills are animated by the
wind. f)of.{l aJ'I"""9':f f"''."J<I>to<l>{l-'1- II
~of.ll "lf.A ~,.
animation f;JII 11."'1.'1He spoke with animation about his plans for
the city. 1111 h-1-"'I<D- .I'IIOJo"J ~~~~ II
;JII 11"'1.'1- i"..-...:
animosity '1''1!1'
He could not hide his animosity toward his
neighbors. M.:IL.,.,; .fii<D-"J '1''1!1' 1\..<'.il~
ht.!l'll'l"
ankle <IIC""'1""1""'1.'1Did she sprain her ankle? <IIC"l"'l""l""'L;I:"J m
II?" h'l'l-1
ankleth'I"IJC
The woman wore a silver anklet. ll.'l-1'"" h
i!C fi""'t:. h'I"IJC ' h~C;JII:f
annals H.<; ;1-t:h

The annals of Ethiopia were written in Geez.

fh.'l-l'"k.f H.<; ;1-t:h fi"l\LOJo ll"'c!ll ~,.
annex (v.) <1>'1<1>11
The enemy annexed the conquered territory
to their country. mu9',; .1'11.111~'1-"J h1C
>t1t:.'l',. ;JC <1>'1<1>11annex (n.) ~'1'.1' 1 -~""""'It: ;,-,ll
They built an annex to the library. IIlLi" ""
11;,'1'-1> ~'1'.1' (i"""'"'lt: ' ;,"JK) "'"'"
annexation ou+'I+A
The annexation of Texas enlarged the United
States. f-!:htoll ""<I>'I<I>A fh"''.t:>t"J"J "'
~,. ' hllof.OJo

annihilate .1!"9"'1""/m-'t l'unof.

Caesar annihilated the enemy anny. <llftC f
m'l'l-'t tnC .1!"1/"'I'"Ym-'t hmof.

anniversary
I. 0'11\. They are celebrating their thirtieth
marriage anniversary. IPel./t~m-1' 't-oo:,.
f;>ofi!J' 0'11\:fiiJo't .l'hoflc!-112. f'IOD'I- O'IA. Your birthday is an anniversary. fofomll.l!"hO'I- -t't f'IOD'Jo 0'11\
)IIJo
Anniversary of Restoration f)~)T O"'A.

Last year, all Ethiopia celebrated the 25th Anniversary of the Restoration. fli\LiD" ,.oo
'1- ODI\IIJo h.'l-f"t.:.l' ?.1' M"llofo'I'IIJo't
f)I\)'Jo O'IA hhO~
annotate "7-flt-&.1' 1\L
He annotated Shakespeare's plays. l&hll"l:c
111\of.:fiiJo -1;.1''1-l!"'f- "7-flc!-&.1' 1\L
announce
I. hll;l-m.,.. They just announced that on the
radio. .l"t't Oo!..l!"fo 1\h ho-'t hii:J-m
2. 11111. They announced their engagement
last night. ""-1-i"'-:J-:fiiJo't '1-<n'l-'i" "7
;1- 111113. om)!. The Emperor announced that full
authority would be given to the prime minister.
,..,...,., ~.,P-1:

anoint

50

annihilate

tJD-fto

P'AirJ"} Am-l-i\1.

"''..tll'l--1- ll't!."''..h'l' om)!:

4. me!-. The servant announced the names of
the visitors as they came in. h 1ih-1- ll't"l.l':,; {1.111- II"Y:fiiJo't h't.l!" q't.l!" f.m
c!- )OC
5. hO{l~. The trumpet blared, announcing
the king's arrival. f't1-u>o't ""'9""1'1- 11"711
{IC ' 'l'-l-9"q11Jo ' h9"q~.,.
6. )1~ (of-)1~). The capitulation of the enemy
was announced this morning. fml\'1- ll~
ODIIm'l- ""' 111.'1- of-)1~
announcement ,...,ll"'i I "711;1-m<ll.l'
The announcements of deaths, marriages,
and births are published daily by the newspaper. IL'i" M'i''l-'t I :>ofi!J''t I M'l-'t
f"'1..1All-'l- .....,ll"'il"l- ("711:1-m<ll.l'l""'f-)
Of611-lo R:>IL"'IIJo 4\f. .('.m"'llannouncer ofo'i":>& ' "711;1-m<ll.l' -l"'i":>&
The radio announcer confused the dates of
the two events. &JLI'" ofo'i";>&IIJo fll-11-lo't
11-l>:J-l"lf "'""" .1'."7;1-

The announcer spoke in a low voice. '"111;1m-t.l' ofo'i";>&IIJo .1!"9"11-'t 11:,. h.I!"C'I
ofo'i"1~

annoy hOft"'Was that drunk annoying you? .1' hltc!-9"

.I'Oft"l'"U )OC l
be annoyed

I. of-Oft"'-. He was annoyed to hear

plane would be delayed. ha>-f!T'Ilf-l<'t (1.{1"7 of-Oft"'2. ofo'i"!.!.. He was annoyed with his
because his dinner was cold. llc!--1<
Oh1ih-l- ofo'i"F- ) oc

.,.H-

that the
ODH"I
servant
"""'"'11

annoyance "7mh
The annoyance of mosquitos kept her awake.
fmq '1-'t'l':f "Ymh h'lllof-'1' h'l'lannual (n.) 'IOD:J-'1! ODI\'do.'IThe institute publishes an annual. .I!"C~-1<
'IDD:J-'1! ' ODI\'do.T .I'H;>lfA
annual (adj.)
I. 'IOD;J-'J!. This is an annual banquet. f.IJ 'I
OD;f-'J! 0 "lofi"Jf 0 )OJo
2. OJ'ouofo h't!.. f"'1..1'S. Com and beans
are annual plants. O,f.ll-'i" q41i\ 0.1'""-1<
h"l!.. f"'1..11' 68'1''1- ""'"'"
annually O.l'""io
Annually, he receives ten thousand dollars.
OJ'OD-fo OP'C if. ofiC f..,.Oi\A
annuity (annuities) hOI\
An annuity is paid to all wounded patriots.
lltlhll-'1- hCO'l'lf 11-11- hOI\ f.hLi\:f'I'A
annul (annulled) If~
The judge annulled the land contract of the
two penple. 'l'i'IIJo fll-111o't (ll"'f- fODo!.
'1- IIJol\ If~

annunciate, see announce

annunciation f9"llt-:f
The Archangel Gabriel made the annunciation
to Mary. 11..,. ODAhh- 1-fiClo.A II"YC
.1'9" f9"11t-:f ' )1c!-'lanoint .,.q
The coronation is concluded when the patriarch anoints the Emperor. fHID".f: .,...._,.
~ P'C'I'I- :r'I-&.I'Ch- -,.,.,.. )1P'ofo't
{l..,.q,. J'.Ll\"71\

51

anomalous

antecedent

He anointed the sunburned places with salve.

answer back 00/11'1(11'1-)

Pdlf. J.':f'tn/ltD-"t il'i'~ 4>1f:f'q '1>11'1-

4>1ltD-

The father punished his son for answering

him back. A)!: il/lao/l(l/1'1- h. II ' I - - "'"'"'"

anomalous J.'A-t-1\oof.
Rain in the desert is an anomalous occurrence.
09"~<:

0.11 11<;il J.'A-t-1\aof. ~"'"

anomaly J.'A-t-1\aof. ~1C

A heavy downpour in the desert is an anomaly.
09"~<: Roll tD-il'l' hll~ 11t;il "'"'lA
J.'A-t-1\aof. )1C ~"'"

anonymous illl" J.'Ai"liLO'IHe sent them an anonymous letter. ttr Y

answer (for)
I. 0..,'1.1.~'1- i"tnf4>(0'1-). You will have to answer for your mistakes. 11'1'4-'1-11 O..,'IL)'I-
'1-tnf'I>O:J'/IU
2. ouAil l'lm. She was called before the bar
to answer for her crimes. 11-t-hl'll'l:Y..O'I- m"t
)!A aoAil "h"t~'l-1'1'1' 'i'C~ IL'I- 1-tn
~:r-

3. "h"tf. - - - M/1111. A piece of paper answered for a tablecloth. rm<:+'l- 41~? "h

Ai"liLO'I- f.ii.IIIL 'IM'ftD-

"tf. tn<:A.q Ailil h111111

answer (to)

be anonymous

The house answers to your description.

*The author of the story is anonymous.

f:J-&IJ. lldiL illl" t..r.:J-m'l>r

[See also 'call, duty']

another (adj.) /1.'1

I would like another book. /1.'1 OOl\"dl'i'
"ALA;JIIIJ-

(pron.) /1.11
I don't like this book; give me another.

another

Y.U"t ' OOl\"dl'i' ' h.ALA1tD-9"

In another h - - - 0:\'1

/1.'1 ' iltn~

Where will Ethiopia be in another ten years?

h.'I-I'"A:J.' IJFC """"" 0:\'1 f'l- '1-

.,.ll,.,..,

IL-l> IJ"ti" 1/lll ;JC Y.il.,.,A

answer (n.) DDAil

Have you had an answer to your letter?
1\f.ii.IIILU ooAil h1TU l

What is the correct answer to this problem?

/IlLII 'l'J.'<fl '1-hh/\,.tD- ooAil M~~tD-?
In answer to fl - - - oPIP~+
The doctor came in answer to my call. 0'1'&
(&.

ODIP~T I

dth.OD-

I ODtiJ

[See also 'guess1

f.C ... /I:f- l

In another ten minutes, I will be through.
IJFC 1.4::1' 0:\'1 "h""C...IIIJ-

ant 1-"t.ll"t
The ants invaded the food. 1-"t.ll"t 9""111-

one another (is expressed by the stem of reciprocity). They saw one another frequently. il

antagonism 'l''lil'
The antagonism between the two villages led
to murder. Oll-/1-1> ao")f.C':fo aoohA J.'

,. 1.1i Y.1r;r. )0C

answer (v.)
1. ouA(t, He answered the question satis-factorily. 'l'J.'<fltD-"t O"''J'Mil'l- M>,:\"t
tiD I\ (I

2. ooAil l'lm. The student answered the teacher.

'1

m~~ID"

/ltD- 'l"'il' "hilh ao;~f.A h.f.<:..,'ftD-

antagonize f'l''lil' IID"tLil h.~<:O'I.

Her rudeness antagonizes everyone she meets.
i!A"I<;'I' J.'1Til''ftD-"t
"tLil .......~CII'I"PA

u-tr f'l''lil' oo

1-"''&tD- ' 'lili""''&tD- ' OOAil ' l'ltn

3. All. He answered that he knew nothing.

Mil" h.'ltD-'1>9" hi\
4. '1"'1(11'1-). Will this answer your needs?
f.ll 'i''li'I-U"t Y.'I"'IAVA l
5. h.<:IJ. Will this answer your purpose?
f.ll 'i''li'I-U"t J.'<:IJAVA l

she answered the knock on the door.

0~

il/11-"t\0.'>. ~.II hL-t-:fo

The maid went to answer the telephone.

1<:'1.:1; ilAIJ."t 1\.,"t"''l- ~1.:Y..

Antarctic h"t;I'Ch1:h
The Antarctic is always covered with ice.
h"t:f'Ch1;h ll-A'I.Ii OO<:P. "h"tf.-t-lfL)
)tJJ-

antecede h--- o.c.'l- ' 'l'<:

Shakespeare anteceded Milton. lthil1:C f'l'
<:"'" h"'l.A-t-"t o.c.'l- ~"'"

antecedent h - - -o.c.'IThe witness told of an event antecedent to

52

antecedents

antithesis

>1"<;'1.1:

't +hoi-f. f)Ool-'1- f!l"'tll,.'t hil+.l:'oo

, . J'IJ)o:J>fl-

antecedents
I. :,0.(-oo h.l'.f-l-. His antecedents once lived
on the Red Sea coast. :,..(-oo h.f-Hi hooo

The attendance was greater than we anticipated. f>t-1T,. .b111l 1Ill11~m- Ollf. ~oc

the robbery. !l"ilh-1- hH<:'i-,. 0.1.'1- il

11>1".1'..1:1,.

~1C

<;'!- oo~.'l- +f. <J.nc 'lei" f.'l"-1- ~oc

2. f.bf.ID'I- ;t-6h. No one knows the antecedents of the mysterious stranger. flltJ"J 1
l\'t"l'l il,. f .bf.ID'I- ;t-6h f""'..l'"'"
:,. ' h.'t.l:-!1" ' (tiJ)o ' fll!l"

antedate
I. '1..11. hil+l.oo. You antedate a check written
on May 3rd if you put May 1st on it. "l'tP'I-
V'il'f- f>t-II.I.IJ)o't "l'tll'f- h.'t.l:' ' 1111U '
1l'I-K"'i'O'I- f'lih-'t '1..11. ;1-il+.J':"''IIU
2. ooowt-'1- +1.oo. Automobiles antedate
airplanes. ooiJ.<; ' ooowt-'1- ' hh.f.l!"l"ll't '

f.+Y:"''&\

antelope .1:-ltll
antenna h.'t-1:<;
The antenna is placed on the roof. h.'t-1:<;,.
"16ftiJo llf. ' >1-S'.C~&\

anterior, - part ( = adv.) hiDS'..I.-f:

The anterior part of a fish contains the head.
f~"' ' ,1.(1. ' f"'l.1")'1J)o ' hiDS'..I-1: ' ~ ....

The American Revolution was anterior to

the French Revolution. fh"'UII't 1l'MI'I'
ht.<:'tltf. ' ofi'MI'I' ' 4'1.00
anthem, national ""' fib111l 001ftJDoC

The national anthem of Ethiopia is sung on

many occasions. fh.'l-f"t..l' .b111l 0011
I

ofltl"

....

u.

h..,...~m~"'lfm-

in anticipation flOD10D.-,..

He cut more wood than usual in anticipation

of a long winter. f"'l.OO"'a>- h<:!l"'l- <:'lr
!I" "'""" -fill- 000100'f- hiD'I-I!'a>- f
Ollm b't..,'l- 'IL<:m

antidote .,Chlf
Milk is an antidote for some poisons. m++ c
ll't'l't.l:' oocJfl- .,chlf ~m-

antipathy 'I'II/I'
The old man's antipathy to tobacco is well
known. 11.,"111.,. 11'1-!I"IJU' .l'lllfm- 'I'll
"' ' ,,.... .,. ~a>-

antipodes
I. >t-~111\6 P;t-. The North and South poles are
antipodes. fll"'L't<; fl.fHI '1'&\;t-l"l- -1~~~116

P;t-l"l- <;lfm-

>1-:l't.~.

Love and hate are antipodes.

-;::,.c., 'l'llil' +:J><~-t <;lfm-

antiquated '1..11. .1'11.1.0'1Most science books written twenty years ago

are now antiquated. h?.l' ~"";t-'1- 0.1.'1-
f>t-114-'1- h.11q':'l"'ll fl)f.'til OOII.b'i'T
Qu-). ...:,.,. 1.11. .l'llt.IJ'fm- ' .,.,,.

f,HOD&-A

anthology [M'I'!I" i f;t-6h f:,Ot<; f/1.11-

l-11" '

anticipation oomiJO:,O
Anticipation of the battle made the soldiers
nervous. tnC~1:'t oomiJO:,O ID;f-S'.C''Il't

2.

be anterior +f..oo

CJ'D"C

anticipate (vi.) h(lfl

K"Jo.J::l- ' il1lil1l]

anticipate (vt.)
I. >1-il'i- 1>.1..1:1. She anticipates great pleasure
from her visit to Ethiopia. Oh.'l-f"t..l' '1-'fl'S

:J: oflrt- l\'t1.!1"'1-1.ll'l- >1-ilol. ;f-I.C:>IIl2. +1.-. The Chineseanticipatedourdiscovery

of gunpowder. M' IJ-1-.1:' hooP' t.;t-l-'t
oo~.'!- iJ'f.<;l"l- +.1:-ooiJ)o') ~oc

3. ltf.mf.+,. h<:II. He tries to anticipate

all my needs. <;:111-J:'t u-11- lt&\mf.+,.
11..1'<:II f.'l"ht.&\
4. hil+.1:"1" OlD+. Our interlocutors anticipate much of what we say. li,.f.f.-1: h.ofl<:,.

antique (adj.) f'J"t'l1 bought an antique vase. f'l''t'l- .,llC'

1quantiquity (antiquities)
I. f'l''t'l- '1.11.. Adulis was a port famous in
antiquity. h'l-ll.il O'l''t-l- '1..11. 11~':' ID
1.1l ~o.:l-

2. 'J''t;f-'1!~'1-. The Tourist Office has several

posters showing Ethiopia's antiquities. fi:6
il'l- .~:-c~'l- 1111- rt..'l-r-t.n 'l"t;t-'1!~'1-
f"'l.1&\lt- P'bll' OO"III"'il""f- h.ll-'f-

antithesis >1-:l't.t
Hate is the antithesis of love. 'l'llil' f<;::,Oc
>1-:J> M: ' ~a>-

antler

53

antler

4'7~

The antlers of the oryx were plaoed on the

walls of the hunter's home. fAm-.:.&11 .,..,
1'-"4- ' AJI")"' ' 11.'1- ' tD-/1'1' ' "1~"1'1 ' IIJl. '
-t-{1:,0/I'PA

antonym

1-:l'&.t

"Hot" is the antonym of "coldn. .,..:,.

f ({ 4'11:1'~ ' 1-:l'&.t ' )tJJo

anus

m."'m-") ' A'll{l/lm-

The blacksmith held the heated metal on the

anvil. 4''1'-"'"" f ;>lim-") 11~'1- oollf.
'If. All+oomm-

anxiety
1. il:JT. We waited in anxiety for news of his
safe arriva1. 0~'\il oP""JQ-J:'l /I..OUiliPJT
011:>'1- h")mqo:,. toe

2 . .,...,...-,.. Her anxiety about sucoeeding led her

to work hard. b'lll."7'1'

/IOD~~~~

.1'11'1- .,.

.,..-,. m")h&. 7.")~'1-,..:. 1#'1f-t-lfO~

The anxious person was walking up and

down. f-t-lfO~,. (lm- tD!f.ll.f.<; tD!f.;J-"4-
f.ODII./111 toe
be anxious

1.

:J~.

I am anxious to see the new book.

AJI.(lo") ODI\'m'i' 11"7f'l- 'i'l'il'llu2. (I;>. He is anxious about his future. ll/1
mY..t.'l- t-C:m- f.{l;>A

He became anxious when his daughter failed

to come home on time. A)~: 01..11 mY.
11.'1- ' qJiou"!q;t ' {l;J

any
I. "7")9". Any mechanic can fix that. n-,
"7")9" "2.l!th /1.1'J'ODtJJo f.l-IIA
2. 9"")9". Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"")~ ' OD<I.T ' M9" ' 11").<'. ' AJ'0:,0A9"
3. "7")'i'm-9". That boy can wriggle out of any
difficulty. .1' A"J!: b"7")>;'m-9" "4-"le m-11
'I' OH.<'. 1\.J'ODA'J' f.l-IIA
4. "7<;'fm-9" /1.11. Any job is better than this
QflC,

hH.tJ

JP ~

Come any day you like. 0-'.11"1110'1- .,.., c;

any more
!. bh")"IJI.U. He cannot bear anymore pain.
bh")"'JI.U ' M9" ' ihDD9"' 11.:1"11" ' Af.l-A9"
2. /1.11.. Have you any more pepper? /1.11 oe
0<1. A/lUI

Have you any other question? /1.'1 'I'.1'41

A/Ill l
any pi ace

ooll<;:

anxious

6. (zero). Did you find any books there? hii.U

ODI\'m'i' A1Tu 1

any other 1\.1\

<;:")m."J

Diarrhea made his anus sore. -t-:,0"7'1' <;:")

anvil

anything

"7'j:f(Dof""

1\.~ I jP6- I ~

lf'IA

5. A")Jilo. We did the work without any

difficulty. JP&.m-") ,I'II.")Jilo "4-"le .U.M

f:r-r

You will find a radio any plaoe you go.

f'l-9" ' 11'1-'t~ ' <1.'1.1'" ' :1"1'11111
not any (adj.) M9"
I don't have any bread. M9" Jill fii'S9"
not any (pron.) 9"")9"
Keep the cake! I don't want any. b.IJ.") 'I")
T A~e1m- l M9" AA-'.A"I9"
[See also 'better, man, minute, moment']

anybody
I. (lm-. Will anybody be at the station to
meet me? 7.~") /IOD4'0A h"lfl..l'm- f"''.
1'S (lm- f.'r &.A l
2. "7")'i'tJJo9" (lm-. Anybody can do that.
"7")'i'm-9" (lm- 1\.oP&.tD- f.l-'IA
not anybody "'119'"

I don't know anybody here. 7.11.11 "7")")9"

Mm-:,09"
[See also 'else']

anyhow
1. ll''i"9". I said no, but he did it anyhow.
7.~ Af.IM9" AA !J.'S ! ll''i"9" A!!.~1m2. 7.")!f.M9" 1111-. You will have to make
your way through this crowd anyhow. h").J'.M
9" 111111 11-t-(IO(lflm- ih1111 oot,bA "7
ll'i' A/11111
3. .1'9" II') f.ll. I would have gone anyhow.
19" ll't y.u h't~ toe

anyone (1mIf anyone needs help, send him to me. heJI;J-

f"''.-'.A"' (lm- II.<re aJ!f.~ 'Ibm-

anything
1. A")Jilo. Did he say anything? A")Jilo

t~e

1-'i"1~

l
2. t1e. Is there anything left over?
1eAIIl

f-t-~-'.

anyway
)~C. I am so hungry I will eat anything. 0"1,- 111\t-R~ ,-,,- )~C 7.0'11\114. ,--;,-,. Is there anything for me here?
MI.U II~ ,--;,--, 1111 1
5. f.l-11~,...,. You could buy anything at the
bazaar. hou.1'.11"'- f.l-1\"'h,_.., .,....,.,,_ '1:'f'IIIU
anythlns else /1.'1 )~C
Would you like anything else? /1.'1 f,.'l-.1.
A~fl>" )~C 1111 1

3. ,...,,.

not anything r'l9"'

I can't do anything in this case. l'."t.I'.II.U h

II') ,--,,- "1!!:~"1 1\Al-A,not for anything l\r'lr" t"JC ofll\o

I wouldn't do that for anything. 11,...,,.

~c 1111- .l'"t"t h'l.l'.c~ ....,.

anyway
1. ,,. II') Y.U. This may or may not be
true, but we will .look into it anyway. _e.u
l'.fl>")'l- 1\.ll'"t,- 'IY.ll'"t,- Y.l-'IA I y,-
II') ' Y.U ' )~"'-"t ' l'.<;"'t-1\"t
2. ftl') ll''l'. She did not want to come anyway. ftl') II'<:' ou,-"1'1- hA.I.Ml-,.
3. Rf'l-"'"'""'" 1\"tl\C. The answer is wrong
anyway you look at it. Rf'l-"'"'""'" h"tl\C
11'1-0DI\hof-fl>" ODAII- llihof-'1- ' )fl>"
4. 1."1.1'. + (verb). He does his work anyway
he likes. P't-ll>""t l'."tJilffl>" Y.P't-A
*Sooner or later, you'll have to buy a car
anyway. fl>"ll-,. 1\J!:t':,. R.ll'"t ""IL<; ,
OD"J~'I- ' Y.<:'C11'1A

anywhere f'l-,.
I don't want to go anywhere tonight. If"-
"1;t- f:r-,- 1\0D'/.J!: hA.I.A"',01'11 go anywhere you like. f .1.1\"'UR'I- :r.v.
JII\11-

[See also 'else']

apart
1. of"IIYY.of"fl>". They live apart. of"MY.-t-m-
M'Mr
2. R --- AI')'!-. The eruptions of the volcano
came about one hour apart. t?t.IJ.+ 1 1'1"&,. ' OD.I."tJI'I- IJ"t!!: l'l'\'1- ' AI")'!- ,.
.I'.Cil )OC
3. llf11il'm-. They viewed each idea apart.
;r.,"tJI"tJI.-, mlt11 II filii'"'"" ""~"""'"""
be apart

1. of"t-t-.,.. The two houses are a mile apart.

11-111> IL.fol- h"t!!: "1Y.A Y.t-t-:1'11-

apology

54

2.-t-0'11\m. We are four years apart in age.

R~!!:""L ht-'1- '\OD'I- l'."tR'II\"11\"t
apart from h " 011-I".,.C
Apart from newspapers, he reads very little.
h;>H.'"l- Rllof".,.C 1111-,- I\Y)11
The book interested me apart from the plot.
h;t-611- 011-t-.,.C ""1\".hf. Rm:t'I'IOJ- 1\11.1'.
llofo...A
[See also fall, keep, take, tell']

apartment h;rC-t-"1
Our apartment has three rooms. h;rC-t-"1l"t 111\V'Il'l- h'i'A )OJ-

apathy "11..1111)'1After his father's death, he displayed apathy.

hili> h'l"i> R:\'1 "11..1111)'1- Y.;t-Y.O'I-
)OC
ape"'"~

Apes ate up the grain.

"'"~

l'.UA

""~(l

aperture .,.JIJI
A window is an aperture for letting in air
and light. ""111>'1- hfC<; 11C'I"t "11l~R.Y
.,.JIJI )OJ-

apex h'i'-1".,.

.I'.C/(

The apex of Mussolini's reign was the conquest

of Ethiopia. f-o\1\.t f"'~'l- ,,...., h'i!of"
"' J'.ai f.l'.~l'lm- h.'l-l'"t."Y"t om~~
1.11. )0C
f"'L~Al\" ,. ... ~~,
A collection of aphorisms is found at the
end of the book. 0""1\".hf. .,...,~lf 'I
Y. l'.m-)'1-"t f"'L ~AI\" ,-o't/1. hi\

aphorism :r.m-)'1-"t

apiece
The apples are five cents apiece. fl'..I'"IJI
;r,- 'I':> 1\,.11'1- o't"tof:,. )fl>"
we ate an orange apiece. l'..l'"tJI"tJil-"t h"t
Jl"t!!: 11Ci>lJ"t O'l"t

"tJI.

apologize Y.:tc:t- mf.,.

1 Y.:tc:t- 1\0D)
He apologized for being so bold as to speak
to the general. J!,~t-11-"t .l'.'l't': ROD<;~"'-
Y.:tc;J- mf.,.
She lost her temper and apologized in the
same breath. -1"-t.'l':t- Y~m-'l- y.:tc;t- 1\0D)"{I apologize for troubling you. Ill\ hll'l'~c
11-u y.:tc:t- h!!:C"'A~

apology Y.:tc;t- ""mf:t 1 Y.:tc;tThe boy's apology conciliated his angry father.

fA"/f. Y.:tc:t- oumf:t .1'11-1:1 1.1'.'1-

t.o.:.r.wYou owe me an apology for being late. OODH"/
f'l-11 Y.:tC:t- A'l-m.f.oi>'S MilA

apoplexy f"7.'1'A 0"11:1"

He had an attack of apoplexy and cannot

go to work. f"7.'1'A 0"11:1" .,.~P'-1'0'1- it
II~OC P'&- (1.'1.!!: hf."lfA'J"

apostate .,,...,'l''l- fh-'1 ""'"

The apostate from Islam later became a

famous churchman. I?.M9"1 'IM'l''l- f
Mw- ....... 0:\~ f :f"IDT fiL.,. hCil-1:.1'
1 IJ!11 "~

apostle m'I'C.I'
Jesus had twelve apostles. h.fll-lt OP'&- 1111'1- m'I'C.I''l- ~o~'l-

apothecary oo.(-;>t'l- <1'"'1"7.

The apothecary gave me the wrong prescription. DD.I:";>t'l- <1'"'1"7...,.

DD.I:":>t'l- ilm'S

II~

f"''Y.111..,.,

apotheosis
1. [0'1'1'1- r:"''w-n n1..:- 1"1-P' fl.
'1"'1- ' 7-.1~ ' hll"~h ' ODODAh'l-]
2. 9"1111.. To her husband, she was the apoth-

eosis of womanhood. flQAtf

u~.r:

a 'A!l.

fll.'l- ' 9"111\. ' <;')-

appall

hlt~~1m

This news appalled us. Y.ll m&. hlt~~1m1

be appalled .,.lfo.:
We were appalled at the thought of another
war. 1\.~ tpC~'l- f.~"IA -11111 0"'11'1-11
7-.1lfOc ~oc

appalling

I. f"'l.J'il:t:t. I saw an appalling accident in

the street. 0""11'1. ~y. .f"7..1'il:t:t h
~;J ' hfll2. f"t.l'/1111. There was an appalling number
of victims after the earthquake. hOD&.'l- ""
1'i''I'Tm- 0:\~ f"t..'/111'1- -1111' f.,..,_-'1.
~0~

apparatus """16.1'

An apparatus made of bowls and pipes is

used in making arack. l'.1lt&-'i" OD/IIl.l'
\J/ICI)o ' OD"I(.J' ' ht:'l: o 11"'/m-n!'l- ' f.m:t"'/A

apparel A-lilt

appeal

55

apoplexy

His apparel was splattered with mud. A-ll

11- ~.f. "'!':l' .,..~..,.'1'.,.0'1- ~oc

apparent "'AX"
It is apparent that he did not understand
the question. 'l'.f'l:w-1 7-.1-'IA.,.t:'lw- "'A
K"

)BJ-

In spite of his apparent desire to do good,

be fails to help the poor. ODA\JII" P'&- II
oPJP&-'1- ~~~'I- .fllw- llDPitAII" .(-1\
l-1 ' fl.t:-'1 ' hY.:I"J'.II"
His apparent sincerity fooled us. :Jo"'''S ""
9"1'111- h:t-11111
be apparent ;t-f
His contempt for her was apparent in his face.

l'.!l1 """"' o.c.-1: Y.:t-1> ~oc

make apparent O..,A.K" }\ODAb+

His poorly written letter makes it apparent

that he would not get the job. ""'1'6: f~-11'1
IL hl\1\4- JP&-w-1 l'.1~"'1.1'1'S 0"/A
X" J'ODI\h:f"A

apparently

I. f + perfect (affirmative, negative) + Y.

ODii'\A. These stones have apparently fallen from the mountain tops. MrUJ .1:"1:>
l'""lf ' h.,.&-&-.... ' '"i~ ' 'If. ' .,.1hlllla>- ' f
ID~<k 0 f.ODii'\1\He has apparently not changed his mind.
mllfl-1 .I'AIIIDm f.ouMA
2. (relative imperfect) + f.ooMA (or t.f.ooil
All"). He will apparently reduce taxes. "1-11
C f"7.<1'1lt f.ODMA
Apparently, he will not come today. If&. f
"''_OD"' ' l;f.ODitAII"

apparition "'t:'l"'l- -

~A~-,.-\!

He does not believe in vapparitions. fltiJ~'f"

'1- ' h.l''/"1'1"

appeal (vt.) f."'ll'S M

The lawyer decided to appeal the case. mO

:J>w- .f."lll'S 11"'111'1- mil~
appeal (vi.)
I. II""~- The prisoner appealed to the judge
for mercy.l'.lt.:'l'w - 'l'l'w-1 II".Rt:'l- II""~
The Red Cross appeals to philanthropy.
"'" ' ODit'i'A ' fO~ ' h.I:"&-'IJI'l-1 ' l'.C-'1:1" '
f.ll'l"'i"A
2. 110. This book appeals to university
students. Y.ll ""X"m~ fl'tlLCfl.-1: .,...,
t.9'"lf1 Y.MA
3. ~it hll. Blue and red appeal to me, but
I do not like white. il"''.l''l!'i" <I'Y. <I'll"'/
'1- ~it Y.II-'I'A I ~"I!' "11 hAID.(-9"

56

appeal

4. "7~h. This sensuous music appeals to

women. ,.e.u tlt'Plt-l-") fO'/J.,PlPf --~

append
2. oPA.b<; hllqflll. You have to pay more
attention to your appearance. l\oPAhU'I ~

ll.of-':1'-'t ' ,_.,CIIA.

1\qfl(IU fflllm T't:J><I: .,Y:l:"' hl\110

5. f"''.oP/Ib'l- ~1C liL. Many newspapers

appeal to the crowd. 1111- ;>tl.tn':f 1-&-avt

3. nm-~'1-. A man in your position has to be

careful of his appearance. Q")+ v-).;J- fit

.b1111 f"''.oP/Ib'l- ~1C Y.ll''l.ll6. II"'L'l- lim. It does not appeal to me at all.
fl'i'l\.11" II"'L'I- hY.IIm'SII"
Appeal to his conscience! ..,II.'O<D-'t t.'t-'1.
~lim- hY:C1U 't1l:<D-

4. -o:,. .,11'1-. His sudden appearance startled

her. Y:'t1'1- 11:,0 .,11.,. hllf.~1"1'15. oP;J-f'l-. It is his first appearance on the stage.

[See also 'conscience']

I. Y."'q'S. The appeal was denied. Y."'ql'

1-b/lb/1

2. hiL-J::J-. The students presented an appeal

to the president of the university. .,.....,~,.,:,: 1\
1'-tli:Cit-f:m- T&.IL'I't'l- hiL-J:;f- h.,.t:fl3. oPmf:t. My appeal to her pity met with
no response. lt'l.t.!";l-lt'lA.:.S oPmf-t r1
II" ' 'i'~ ' hA.I'Imll"
4. II"'L'I- ,..,.11.,.11. He wound up his speech

with an appeal to everyone's patriotism.

fv-11-'tll" fU1C <;::,OC II"'L'I- 11"""'11"'11
')"1"1'\-'t o f.ODf.OD

-o:,. hi\. He appeared at the last minute.

"""""l:lf'l' ' f.-1:.+ ' -o:,. ' hi\

2. ;f-f. When we reached the top of the hill.
the town appeared below us. blot:ofl;f-<D-
""1'1' ' flf.t:ll't ' 1.11. b.,..,.... bfl;J-il":f
') ';f-f')
3. oonJ. He promised to be here at four, but
did not appear until six. IIOP'C l'l't'l- t.
"'"'11\v- 1111- ~nc 1 ~1c "''t t.llb
OP'&- ' v-11'1- ' l'l't'l- ' hA.OD"'II"
4. .,.l:fl. The defendant failed to appear in
court. 1-bltll' 'i'CY: n.+ ltY..,.C-fl .,.t:

5. "'"' This paper appears every Thursday.

6.

;JH.tlJ I '100o{l I '1DD-{1 I ,.e.mlfJ/A

ODI'II\. He appears to he very sick. 11"111"
I

f:J-OD"" 1-""MA.

It appears to me that the program is a failure.

7.'tf.~ ' TC"''&-oo- ' <D-Y.-:,0 ' ftl'~ 1-0DIII\

'11A
appear as tr'i

......

ODJ.!"~h I

1\.e.

oP;J-f1:

1-0DIII\" :J-f

Mary gives the appearance of being busy,

but she gets little done. "'L& fll"'l-"'f.'i' ""
M 'I-:J-,1'1\':f l "''t P'&- mofl hY.IA~'I-11"
keep up appearances o-~:1" ~ mfl+

Keep up appearances whi1e you are looking

for a new job. h.Jlll P'6- 1 CJ.:t-L.A.., 1 o~;f-U"t mofl:t

outward appearance oPb\h

The outward appearance of things can be

deceptive. oP/Ab hltlt':f 1\.tl''t Y.':f~IA
make an appearance 1l:t-

h.ll

aJ-it..-

7l,")J~,

II -o:t lilA
put in an appearance 11:'fo hi\

I do not want to go to the party, but I had better

put in an appearance. (IJ~ 1-fl"lf'(l)- ll~
1\0D'/.Y: hiALIA"'II" l "''t ofl:t 11/A Y.lf II

'11A
to all appearances

*He was, to all appearances, dead. h'tf."''.:J-f

m-

f'1"1- f.oPMA.

[See also 'majestic']

appease
I. hllt:f.. He tried to appease his anger by
offering him money. 1'tH11 flODIIm+ ofl"'
<D-') ' 1\.,ofll:Y: ' 'l"bl:

2. '1'117'1- ht:II. Chamberlain appeased Hitler

at Munich. ii'II"IICII.'t oo-tb ~f. f'L'I-IIC
't '1'~7'1- ht:II

[See also 'hunger']

appellation hm&-C

w&-

He appeared as the king in the play. 111:,1'

..,..""

....

At least make an appearance! 11.,1")11 11.,1")

appear

.etJ

/t.oP"J!OD6f

give the appearance of (relative tense)

appeal (n.)

I.

nm- 1\I'I<D-~-1: ODm').,.:,. hl\11'1-

")'}-<p-' ;

fr'i

IP&-

appearance
I. oP/Ab. I never judge by appearance. 'I'IIII" ' """"'b ' h/A111"'1-II"

The appellation "Habasha" is not liked by

Ethiopians .... nlf f"''.llm- hm&-C 111>.'1-f-A-.1'

m-n
append

H'tY: hf.rof.Y:II"

h,I',I'H

He appended his photograph to his letter of

application. h.,ODII\h!l'm- ;>C C:of..,t-4-

1 h.I'.I'H
appendage 'I-TA hit&\
The tail of a cat is an appendage. f ~:;-on:,.
t. 'I-TA hit&\ tm-

apply

57

appendage

appendicitis f-rc'i' h1~:,. 01i:l"

Appendicitis requires a surgical operation.
f-rc'i' h1~..,. o1i;r- -tP. T1'0 .l'll4.
11\1'1'11\

appendix
I. -rc'i' h1~-r. His appendix is inflamed.
-rc'i' h1~-t>1 h'I":I"A
2. -1-"".,cl OD"JII"'i. The appendix of this

book deals with the genealogy of the kings.

ffltJ I OIIX"thfi: I .,.Q;I.11"U: I OU"1{lftl I {1:1'\ I
t11";1"-l> fHC "11.1': .1'-'01.!.11\

appertain -t-oullh-1These are the duties that appertain to your

office. S/.IJ .('1-1-1 fl"t. ' h'i!A f"'I.ODII
h-r ' 'l~.l.t-r ' tm-

appetite
I. f9""111 'i!~1-r. Our boy has a good appetite.
Alf:f-1 '1'1- f9""111 '1'~1:,. hii<D-

appliance """lcl.l'
They sell all kinds of electrical appliances.
.,o;:ftD-11"' ' 'tM:,. ' fl\.1\.h:,.&h o OD"'&
.1' ' Y.lf"'ll(be) applicable oPt.
The rule is not applicable in this case. OtlU
MY. ~y. S/.IJ S'.111 hJ'.oPt.'/"
applicant houAit:f'
There were many applicants for the job.
111".!-<D- 1111- hODAit'l':f' tO~

application
I . .,.,..11\b!l'. Fill out this application blank!

.r.u'l

fll/ouAb!f

.::cr

tJD-.11\

2. oum<f'l"'. The application of the penal code

to this case is incorrect. OH.U .,.~,.. 11\,e.
Om1~11'1 oo:J>~

.h"l oum<f'l"' ll.h-t--r

tm-

3. OP"6- ltY.. "7f~JA. Serious difficulties may

arise from the application of this law. .e.u1'
.h"l Ol"t. ~y. .,'I'A h'i! .I'll :f'"Jc
II_.I.TC Y.:f'~A

4. hoPt.C. The application of what you know

will help you to solve new problems. fl"':l"
<D-<f'<D- ' hoPt.C ' ~ll.tl.ll o :f'"JC::f' o OD<j!
.-,...._ ll.,"l'r:,. .1'-l:II?A

2. 'i!~1-r. The lively boys have a great appetite

for amusement. 14ll"'ll A]f.:f' h'i'-t-'1 f""
'1':1" ' '1'~1..,. ' h~:f....

5. .,.~..,... If you show application to your

studies, you will succeed. 1\.."J-,.-uc.-,..u ..-~-1- r

have an appetite t.O(m-)

6. .,...-,._,.-,.. By application to his work, he got

a better job. 01".!-<D- ' ~.('. ' ooo:,._,.., ' foflfll ' l"t. ' h1'r
7. f"'l.<f'q ou.r:;.>~-r. This application is made
of various ointments. f""L+ll ODJ!";)t+

After a walk, I have a sharp appetite. b1ic1ic

0:\~ 0"11"' J'.C0'1A

[See also 'hearty, sharpen, spoil, stimulate,

whet1
applaud
I. h""0""0 l 0"1"11""q hJ'.t<t. When he
finished speaking, the crowd applauded. 1"1"1
~1 ll.""Cll .1.1111- h""O""O (0"1"11""
q ' hS'.t<i')
2. hS'.t<i'. I applaud your courage. 'HI11.,1J1
hS'.1:J'IIv-

applause "V'11""q
He was greeted by applause. O"V'11""q .,.
<1'011-..,.
bring applause ~,;u.q"} h..,.t.L
The speaker's measured words brought applause. -t-o;;>&<D- oucfll f-t-o;1t.:fm- :J'~

..,. ' "V'11..,q1 ' h-t-.:4-

apple -1>4-.h 1 7'1"'

11;1-S'.C"I .1'-llltA?A

f"'l.ovt.m- hAl' AI' '1-q-!':f' tmletter of application "7DPAhf!

He appended his photograph to his letter of

application. h.,ouAh!l'm- ;>C C:-1'"1.!.4-1
h.l'.l'll
make an application ftoPi\h.,.

We made an application to the court for an

investigation. rcout. 1'.1-'I.S'.l:"l ll'i'C.I': fl.
of> hOD/lb.-,.,

applied (adj.) .,..,qt.'

He published a textbook of applied mathematics. .,..,qt.' f.h./111 ODll".h'i' h/1-t-ou
apply (applied), vt .
I. oPt.. I had to apply all my strength.
O'l-1"' IJ-1\- ""1".!-:,. ' t0l:11~

q11~

58

appoint
2. Mit:. The nurse applied a bandage to tbe
wound. ~Cf).. 1 1111-'J 1 04o"lf 1 h.llt:":f
3 . .,.m.,.OD(O'I-). You have applied this rule
incorrectly. f.II'J 1 f.'Jil 1 Oll..lo.,.'l- 1 .,.m
:J>oouO;f"A
4. OP'<l- 1 llf. 1 h.'l'll. He knows the rule, but
does not know how to apply it. f.'Jti-'J 1 fm4''1'41\ I ~1C I .,., I 1\'Jf..'l- I l.'Jf."''..J'ID-1\111- '
h.S'~'I"

S. 4'q, He applied iodine to the cut on his arm.

h'J-'1.

llf.

J'I\111-'J

IIA

h.f-'1.')

4'qm-

apply (vi.)
I. h""llh.,.. I would like to apply for a job.
P'<l- 1 1\'J.C:.IIm'S ll""llh'l- 1\I.A;JI\rr
2. .,.,.,1\h.,.. What I have just said applies
especially to you. h.rr'J 1 f.,.'i"1Ch-'l- 1 0.,.11
f. I h_')_,.-, I f.OO'I\h:f"<l\

3. K'i". This law applies to men and women alike.

f.IJ I ..lo"J
P.'i"A

1\tD"Jf'.":f'J" ' 1\fl..f":f'J"

J\h-41\

f.

4. h."Jqil~'l- h.l\m- The rule does not apply

here . ...,.,. I 1.Jf.IJ I h_"Jqfl~'l- I fi\111-'J"
apply oneself "''l.1t"l V.lr 1\cpl\

He applied hlmself to the task of getting rid

of the slums. 'l't:-lo'J rrll- 1 fh.,...,m--, 1
oll"lf"lf I h'i!<l\ I 1\..,'J''(.-l[See also 'brake']

h.'J'I\

appoint

II"_,.

I. ll"oo. The Emperor appointed him judge.

'J"!-IP I ~1P''io I " " ' I h_f."C11D- I
2. ou.:m. The teacher appointed me to score
for both sides. h.ll.,...,&m- 1 1\rrl\-lo 1 011-:'l- 1
1\'JY:....,.C 1 ou.:m'S
3. OJII~. Appoint a time for the meeting!
1\llfl(lqtD- I 1.1J. I OJII'J

appointed (adj.) f.,.OJM

The time appointed for tbe meeting was
8 o'clock. 1\llilllqm- 1 f.,.mMm- 1 1.11. 1 rrll
:,. 1

11~:,.

appointee f.,.ll".,. 1 limThe official gazette contains a list of tbe names

of new appointees. ~;J&'I- 1 ;Jtl."'tD- 1 h.-'1.11 1
I

(ll"":f

II'J"

1JC1fC

f.!l<l\

appointment
I. 4'mC'. Did you make an appointment with
the doctor? h.!. h..,... 1 ;JC 1 +me' 1 M'..t:"llll
2. ~'1-. The Emperor made several appointments to the office of judge today. -,.,.., 1 ~
1P''io

~<l.

it,.

He got a good appointment in a business firm.

q')f."

oo:,.

I
I

ft"Jf."
h.1"f

f."C~'I-

111-II'J'

f.1'i"

apportion h.hUII
He apportioned the profits among the partners.
'I-C4-"J

I\..,10C.,.'l''Jl

h.h'(.l./1

appraisal f1"".,.
His appraisal of the damage was less than
fifty dollars. ff.t:(ltD-') I 'J''(.'I- I f10D.,.ID- I h
1'/"1}

itC

J')(l ' h.f."C1

~111-

make an appraisal "IOD-r-

He made an appraisal of the deceased's

estate. f"::..'li'J 1 'Jilt:'l- 1 1"".,.
appraise
I. t..-~u~. The teacher appraises the ability
of his pupils. h.ll.,...,&m- ,.,...,&l"'ll'J 1 ":f-11:f" I '""~11'i"A
2. 1"".,. He appraised the property for taxation.
1\"JilC ' h.h'(.l.<l\

1\'J.'l.OD":f

'Jitt:-lo'J

100.,.

appreciable 1-AII
There is an appreciable difference in the results
of the students who study and those who do not
study. O"''..fm}'i" O"'J'm). 1 .,...,&l"l- 1 m-m.
'1- 1 onl}hA 1 "I-AII 1 flf~:~ Al'~'l- 1 All

appreciate (vt.)
I. OJf.f.. We appreciate a holiday after a year
of hard work. I}') f." 1 ~ou:,. 1 bqf." 1 fP'<l- 1
1.1J.

0:\11

~t:'i!'l-

{l(lm'J

J\'JOJ-'11\'J

2. lf';J {tm. He does not seem to appreciate

what I have done for him. llf.t:"lrrl\'1- 1 ~1C 1
'J';J

f"''..(lmtD-

h_f.OO'III\'S'J"

3. 0"1'1" 1 1.11 1 h.l\(m-). I would appreciate it,

if you could come. ofl>Tooat fllflr l.ll
f.I\>;'A

4. h.f.~4'. A frivolous person will not appreciate a thoughtful book. h.ll.,.itlltl- 1 4'1141\ 1
flf~

(ltD-

'J'<l\:J>

OO'Jt.J.'i!

h_J'f.'J:J>'J"

S. h.ODII1t. I appreciate your kindness. 11111 f. "I

~oc

f.,.il".,...,..,

appreciate

f'i'S~'I-

~ . . ., .

/ltn-

~'1-11 1 h""II"I'JYI\rr
6. h.IIOJf.f.. New buildings appreciate tbe value
of land. h.-'1.'1.11 1 ..lo'JI\l"l- foot.'I-'J 1 'I';. 1 f
llmf."-'111-

7. .,.1~HO. Everyone can appreciate the danger

of war. ..,.,.,.m-'1" 11m- fi'C~'I- 1 f"''..S'IIh
'1-1\m-"J ' h.f.;J

11..1~Hil f.":fiiA

8. .,.ll..,(m-). A musician can appreciate any

differences in sound. .,...11.4'>;' 1 01."'1" 1 ool}
hA I J'l\111f.II..,'I'A

..,.,,,111-'l"

~,.~,.

Al'~'l-

appreciate (vi.) cp;J Q;LODl.

This land will appreciate as soon as good
roads are built. f.'"l'i" 1 oP11Y.:f 1 01-IP~
1." I flf.U I OD<l.'J- I 'f';J I J'.Q;I.'/"6-f>.

appreciati on

I. 'l"il:>'i". I do not expect any appreciation.

'1"1'1" 1 'l"il;>'i" 1 hAmQO~'I"

2. hY:'i".,.'l-. The children's concerts foster

an appreciation of music. fih,'i"'I- 1 1>111C'I- 1
f ....lf.:J-1 I hf."'i".,.'J- I ~~:J":J"f>.
3. il"'/.'1-. She has no appreciation for art.
lib.) '1'011 ,.,,. il"'/.'1- fii'I-'1"

appreciati ve

I. hooll:>"i. She does not seem very appreciative

of the kindness done for her. 111"1.~111'1- tJJo
1\:J- hODii;J"i h'J-oo!IA'I"

2. .t./111-1 1-+Qf.. The appreciative audience

cheered. .t.IIR-1 1"+Qf. flf).'J- 1 h,_.....,f!""
':f h"'-0"'-tl-

apprehend

I. fH. The police apprehended the thief.

?"11.11- I\,QtiJo1 I fHtiJo

2. 1"~'1(tiJo). +He fully apprehended what he

read. 1)00tJJo1 0..,.11- 1"~'1tiJo
[See also 'danger']

apprehens ion
I. "".1'11. The apprehension of the thief was

announced over the radio. fi\.Qm- ODJ'1t

fl<l.'l.f"

1")1~

2. "'liD~. Apprehension of the fundamental

principles of health is essential. """'~:J-'1! f
m.'i" hmQfl~ Hf..1 "'liD~

hiiLII1. )tiJo

3. 'i'CV'l-. The roar of the hurricane filled

us with apprehension. f'tiD"flo )4-fto ""
'jj'J- I lj:CV'J- I h/11.~111
be filled with apprehensio n fl"l9" (l;J

He was filled with apprehensio n about the exam.

Ill\ ' L1"'i"tJJo I fltiJ'I" 11"/.f- )fiC
have a clear apprehensio n of fOD~.IJ+
;J-

":ftr-

hl\tiJo

He has a clear apprehension of arithmetic.

.h./1111

fOD~,II'J-

':f~;J-

(be) apprehens ive

hl\tiJo

}!1 1111

L1"'i"tiJo

apprentic e

tiJom.'I-

f.il:> ' ~oc

1"11"'1"'1~

He is an apprentice in masonry. 'h. ft.

)'J-

1"'6- ' 1"1\"'/"'/~

apprise

hllm~++

I apprised him of the danger. ill\

hf.:>tJJo

hllm)+~ll-'1-

approach (vt.)

I. mf+. How shall I approach my boss about

a raise? hll.+\1-1 Ill\ 1 1.'1"11 .,_....,,p 7.11..'1-
Amf.+tiJol

2. M

;>1~.

Who shall I approach about it?

Ill\ 'I-'ll' "'111

11~;>"/C!

Have you approached your father about

letting you have a bicycle? !Lilhii.'I- 7.1'1.1
II-AU hQ'J-U1 M:>1Clt'l'tiJo l

3. hf.~1. How would you approach the

problem? ':f"/~1 7.11..'1- ;J-f.C1'1'1\U l
4. ( = intr.) 1"+6-~fl. The painter used a
green paint that approached what he wanted.
.,.1\'1" +!LtiJo hil- h"''.LA1tiJo :>C f
' h~1~1.. ' .,.11,. ' .,.q
5. f.Mt(fi'I-). As a poet, he hardly approaches
Keats. fl1tiJ"''.)'J- b.'I-111 hY.f.Cilfi'I-'1"

"'1.+6-~il

approach (vi.)
I. +~fl. They approached cautiously. fl-r1.+-t
+~R-

2. """1. We cast about for something to do

during the approaching vacation. 1\0if.ODifJtD-
f~~'i''I- 1.11. f'/"11P6-tiJo1 1\"'I"IT'I- h
1DtiJ1

h1D~Y:1

approach (n.)
I.

oo.+~il.

The enemy fled at our approach.

floo.+~q':f1 mil'!-

irir

2. HI... He invented a new approach to the

study oflanguage. 11!\''1!\' -r'i"'I- h'l.ll Hf..
Lm~

3. h<\''1". Our director has a straightforw ard

approach to the problem. 'l.<l.h1"6-:f1 ill\ "I'll' f"'lfiDIItiJo/:1. h<\''1" hll'l'tiJo
4. f"''.IDIIY: DP'11Y:. The approaches to the
bridge are under repair. mf. Y:t>.Y:f. f"''.ID
11.11.'1- ' OD11Y.':f ' fi0Dtn11 'If. ' 'i"'ftJJo

approbati on

Y::>'i'
Our plans have the teacher's approbation .
h~'l:f't 1111""'1<1tiJo1 Y::>'i' ' h"l"i:tt>.

appropria te (v.)

II:>

John was apprehensive about his test marks.

1

appropria te

59

appreciati on

)tiJo

M9"fl~

I. oPf.O. The city has appropriated fifty

thousand dollars for a new library. h.,...,,..,.

n:

i!C on
11.11.11 IL1" ODl\ih'i''I- ...,,.11
Y:QII:f
2. IDilf.(fi'I-). My son has appropriated all my
ties. AJ':. ' h6-li-Ml1 ' 11..,.11- IDilf.il"i

60

appropriate
3. 11.!-h- ml'l.!'.. He appropriated the most
comfortable chair in the room. h'i'll- m-1'1

apropos
approvingly 11""11.,.,+
She nodded approvingly. 11""11.,.,'1- ' o!-11.')

f"''..~"fm-') ' hv.ll- ' f.&\~ ' !1",; ' fll'

.!'.of. ' .,... ' ll..l'.&~:f

)m-') m'JIIC 11.!-h- ml'l.!'.

4. hllll. The government appropriated land
for a military base. DP't"ll"-1> lltnC I'lL
c ' f"''..ll''t ' (1;1- ' hllll

approximate (v.)

'I' '

appropriate (adj.)

1-~!l

The remark is quite appropriate. h.i11"ff-1:

lll\m-)'1- ' ~ll ' )d)o

approval
I. 4J'Y:. You will need your parents' approval.
fmll)>::fll L:l'Y: f(ILA"I?A
2. li.Y:<;.f. 'I-. The audience showed its approval
by applauding. 1\.Y:.,..., li.Y:'O.f.-1>') 11"1."
oiJQ;l,l) ~IlK

3. oPfl.,.,'l-. He misconstrued her silence as

approval. 11!1";1-'l''t l\'t.l'. oPfl.,.,'l- 1\.Y:
c~ llrt.h-!-'1- 1-<:'lm-

*This plan has the teacher's approval.

~tJ

l\~Y: ' l)(lof-"''&m- ' of-.1'."1!1,&\

on approval

*They sent me the book on approval. IJf.fl.,

.,'S &\DP&\(1 L~.l'.m- DPI\'do4-'t IIII-A'S
[See also 'meet']

approve
I. li.K.!'..,.. The senate approved the treaty.
f.h"l oom(l'f !l"hC IL'I- (1!1"!1")-1>')
li.K.!'..,.
2. l\.DPI'I1). The teacher looked at John's
work and approved it. 1\.rtof-"''&m- f)>:'t't
I".!- ' li.J.'Ao ' l\.oP(I~)tJJo

3. .!'.~.!.. Do you approve of kissing in public?

IJJ\..J'.I)I)f. 0 DDI\1\11"') 0 '1-.J'."Iof.I\IJ l
4. "-"'-"-(11'1-). He approved his request for

additional money. fmf+aJo"t TID.4fll6

'1

'JHofl "-"'.1'.11'15. of-11.,.,. Her fatherapprovedofhermarriage.

1\.IJ:J: ' ll;>ofl!l''l' ' 1-11.,.,
be approved 1-.,.IJf.)'l- ll.~"f I 1-.,.1111

Your application will have to go through the

proper channels before it is approved. "'""&\
h!f'll of-4'1Jf.)'l- h.,"l"f-1> (hoo.,.IJII-)
lld.'l- ll~!ll",; h'i'll-:f IIII-A DD!/""1
,. ' l\.1111'1-

approving f""11_,.,,_
The speaker was answered by a chorus of
approving shouts. .1.1111- ll"'ofl&'l- IJoP(;Ro
1i 111-'0;>&m- foort.,.,'l- DP&\11 l'lmm-

I. of-:1'&11. The translation approximates the

original. '1-c...- h'I''Om- f.:l'&IJA
2. fUA )IJC. The crowd approximated a thousand people . .1.1111- 01'-'C 1(. fUA )IJC

approximate (adj.)
I. ( = adv.) 11"1!1"'1-. The approximate time of
the trip is ten hours. f1-1'm- 1.11. 11"19"'1-
01'-'C 1'1-t'l- )tJJo

adv.) h'l"ll 1-.I'.A. The approximate

length of the room is eight feet. fh'i'll- C
11DP'I- h'l"ll 1-.I'.A rt!l"'t'l- ""'"' 1
2. ( =

UA f.ll''O&\

The painting is an approximate copy of one

by Rembrandt. 1"~11- h'l"ll 1-.I'.A ~'l"ofl
.!-., .... ' f.,..!-.... ' I"~&\ ' "1&\1)"1." ' )tJJo

approximately
I. fUA. He will stay abroad approximately a
month. h."JJ!:' me YtJA ID"~ h.'JC
f..f.fiA
2. 11"1!1"'1-. Addis Ababa is approximately
midway between Asmara and Nairobi. 11"1!1"
.... ' l\.'1.11 ' l\.111) ' lll\.1'-'DP.!-'0 ' II'Of.C'!l
li..,IJ,. ' 1l<i>o!- ' ......

approximation "1!1"'1About 93,000,000 iniles is an approximation

of the distance of the earth from the sun.
hou~'l- l\rth Bdof. film- C.,.'l- "19"
'1- 93,000,000 .,,_&\ fUA )m-

appurtenances 1-"""'6
He showed me the house and all appurtenances, such as the garage and the servants'
quarters. IL-l>')<; l\'t'LV.!I" fooh.<; .,.,
"'1..1 IL-I>'t i fiihC IL-I>'t foPI\1'111-'1-'t
oj-Q;l..,& ' V.ll- ' 11.1\f'S

April "'1..1111
apron iiCT
She wears an apron when she cooks. ,....,..,.. il
'1-,.o!- iiC'l' ;J-ifC"'II:f
tied to someone's apron strings

He is still tied to his mother's apron strings.

~ ..

' hl\'0-1> ' .,., ' l\.&\61"1!1"

apropos of nil - - -

)~C

Apropos of your vacation, what will you do?

1111 ~t:'i''I-U )~C !I"') &\;1-.I'.C"I ll.rtii?A l

architecture

61

apt
apt
I. 1-41. He is a very apt pupil. l'.ll- 0"19" 141 I T"l6 I )Ill"
2. -MO.. That is a very apt remark. 0"19"
1"10. ' ftl') ' hil1".1'f+ ' )Ill"
be apt to

+ negative imperfect + hS'A>C9".

A careless person is apt to make mistakes.
"IY-1111 (ltD- ii.01"T /tf.IP&o hf.4'C9"
2. imperfect + f.ll'<; A. He is apt to come in
the middle of the night. Ooo't 4.4' 11.11.+ 'I
f. J.'.OD"' f.ti'<;A
I. II

aptitude iltn:JHe has an aptitude for foreign langnages.

flD-"fl" Me :t'l-!1/l":f ll"""lC iltn:J-
hl\lll"

aqueduct

[Ill";) 111-~

11:1- IDS'. 1\.'1 f"''..

(lf.]

IIJ(l~O+ ' +A:J> ' !1.9"!1. ' IDJ.'.'l-9" '

Arab o.:11
Arabi a ro.:11 Me
Arabic o.:11'f
Arabic is close to Geez. o.:11'f 11"1611
f.'i'CIJA
(be) arable lll'.C~ II')
The land in this region is arable. fH.II hi!
IJO. oo.:,:,. lll'.C~ f.ti'<;A

arbitrator hii:J-&-4:
The quarrel was resolved by an arbitrator.
'I'll- ' IJII:J-&-4: ' OD'i'Tdo. ' .1\17
arc :til+
The fortification is in the shape of an arc.
9"111- ' O:J>iiT ' :JoCK" ' f-l-IP&- ' )ID"
arcade [09"(1(1 f-I"S'.1f. 1-'i'"'"'f. :J-111'-:f]
arch (n.) :J-11+
The city erected a triumphal arch in his honor.
h-1-"l'l' /Ill ' h11-l- ' f~A :J-ilT .1\.fOD
:fll+
arch (adj.) 4'1-S'.'f
The arch rebel was Patrick Henry. 4'1-S'.'fm- 1
OODfJ'f ;r+6l1 ~'1-6 1 )0C
archaic f'I"'-T

There are many archaic words in Amharic.

IJ"lC'f ' 1111- ' f'I''I-T

:J''IT ' hll-

archangell\.4' ooAhh
The archangel Gabriel made the annunciation to Mary. 11.4' ooAhh- 111Ch.A
il"lC.I'9" f9"ilt-'li't )1&-T
archbishop 11.4' AAII
The archbishop gave the blessing. 11.4' AA
flo ' 11-&-h. ' .......
archeology hCh.l"ll-:1[
archipelago -1-1-&-IJ:f S'.tl..f:f

arbiter hii:J-&-4:
He was chosen arbiter for the border problem.
1111 IDil). ~f. hii:J-&-4: ll''f .,.,...:m
arbitrary
I. f-Moo S'.ll. A good judge does not make
arbitrary decisions. 'No Jl'f f-MODS'.I\ <;:
c~

hf.il'l'9"

2. Ool.:l'JI. f"7..1q. He is an intelligent, but

arbitrary ruler. 11AII )m- i .,.,. Ool.:l'JI.
f"7..1q ' 111; ' )ID"
arbitrate hii:J-.:4'
The judge is going to arbitrate the dispute.
Jl'fm- mll-1- IU'ii:J-C:J> )Ill"
arbitrate between h.hllll""l
The committee will arbitrate between the
company and the striking workmen. S'.C'l-
h-IJ't.f'aJo't<; I /"&- I .f'.f,_,...,. I IP&o-f"'l':f I
.l'il"l"lA

architect
I. "1''11- f)S'.ol.. Who is the architect of this
building? fH.II't .01-l\ "1''11- f)S'.ol. .,.,.
)ID" 1
2. ODIJ'I-JI.il. Is Afework the architect of Africa
Hall? .1\oi.IDC:J> ' f)\<;:61) ' .1\JI&-11 ' ODO'I-JI./11
)Ill"

architecture
I. f.O'tl\ '1'011. The university has a school
of architecture. l').lfCII.-tm- f.O'tll '1'011
+rue+ IL+ hiltD2. f.O'tl\ .1\IP&-C. Some people think that the
architecture of this castle is Portugnese.
.1\1-JI't~ ' (IS":f ' fll.ll ' "l't11 ' f.O'tl\ ' .1\IP
&-C ' f?"C-1>:>11-:f ' )ID" I 111\ID" ' .1'1111113. f.O'tl\ .1\IP&-C HY.. Greek architecture
made use of columns. M6l>:f f .01-l\ hiP
&oe HY. 09"ill\ ooom4'9" 1 )OC

62

archive(s)
archive(s) 0011111 fi.'I-

argue

He filed the document in the Foreign Ministry's

archives. 1'1~.11.'J h"'""l' 1-Jif. "'Uli-I:C ou
11111' fl.+' h'l"~tJJo

archway f:,OII+ ac
The archway by the palace was decorated
with flags. m1. fl.1" ou'J"IP'T f"''..l'll1Q
tJJo r:,-11:,. ac Rl'l't1.:,. ~~~., .,..,_t!>.A

Arctic 1\Cbtb
The Arctic is always cold. 1\cbtb v-A1.11.
.,.11:J-q ' ~IJJo

ardent
I. li"Jo.. He is an ardent defender of human
liberty. li"Jo. fl'ltJJo AY; ou11'1- 1"b<1-lJ
6

~(1)-

2. "1f.lll;'. He is an ardent nationalist. -11/ll;' f01C II"'L'I- .l'lltJJo l'ltJJo ~tJJo

*She is an ardent lover of music. Aoo-fl.:l"
f ;J/1 'i':,.c /\'I 'l-

ardor f;J/1 II"'L'IHe expressed his ardor for knowledge in a

beautiful poem. 1111,..,.+ .l'lltJJo'J f ;J/1 II
"'L'I- RtJJoil "IT?" 1111!.

arduous
1. 11C-I>. He gained strength by arduous exercise.
11C-I> l'.'J:,OII:J-11. 0"7.1:-~"1 1-AR'I- <Q.ou~
2. RIIJr bQJ!". The arduous lesson made
him spend many hours at work. 0"1!1" bQ-'1.
'1-?"oc+ 1111- 1.11. T.,..+ 'If. 7.'t'l..l'm4-
h1.~11JJo

area
I. 114-'1-. The area of this room is 150 square
meters. fii.O h'i'A 114-~ ou.f 1\!1"4 lJt.
"'L'I-C' ~tJJo
2. 1\lJQfl. The area around Addis Ababa is
densely populated . .1'11.11 1\RQ 1\lJQfl
1111- ' .ft1111 ' 1\110'13. ll'i'.:.. Bananas grow in tropical areas.
""'11 R'I":J-'1- ll'i'.:.l"l- f.R:,O'IA
*His major area of study is history. 01"/lf.
f"''..l'm.,..tJJo :1-&h ~tJJo
[See also rural, urban']

arena (11-<l.l'tJJo'J

f:l"m~

aridity

f'I-"IA oumJ11.&

.1' ' 1':1")

argot AI' 't"I"IC

The argot of thieves is meaningless to other
people. f/l.l'l- AI' 'J"I"IC 11/l.~l- +c
1-11" ' hf.I'IT?"

.,....,?...,.,..

I.
He argued with his sister about
who should wash the dishes. lt.ft'l"'l?t "7'J
7.'J1."'1..1'T11 b7.1-l> ;JC 1"<Q.:J"<Q._,.
2. 1"h<l-b~. One side argued for a larger army,
and the other argued against it. 1\'J-'1. m1
'J '1-A:,O /PC 1'1<1-'1!'1- l'.'JJI.'l"~tJJo l'l.h<lbC /l.'ltJJo 1."1'1" aou?mil" 1"h<~-h~
I argued that it would save a lot of time.
1111- 1.11. .1'1"C'i'A....A 11\L 1"h<l-bCb3. 1"".7.11". He argued his case before the court .
01-JI- 'i'C.I:- fl.+ _,.CI' 1"".7.11"
argue into h"'flf)
The boy couldn't argue his father into buying
him a new bicycle. A:( 1\Q-1> 1\JI.II flll
h/1.'1- 7.'JJI.111-II'I- IU'"IQQ:ftJJo 1\Ail'/1!1"

argument
I. hchc ">:,.?:,.. I don't want any argument from you. lJ'J1" ;JC Mil" hChC
(">:,0op:,O) 1\AI..A"I!I"
This form of argument is not admissible.
f.IJ ~~-~+
hchc 1\f.l...,..':-!1"
2. fODb'lb.l' ?"h'J.I''I-. Cancer is a strong
argument against smoking. "7"'-II'J /IDD:J"
m?" flJ'JI'lC 011:1" 11C-I> fDDb'lb.l' ?"
h'J.I''I- ~IJJo
3. ""411. That is an argument in his favor.
.1' ' 7,(1.') ' f"'/.1."1'1' ' """11 ' ~IJJo
4. ou4f. The laWYer presented an ineffective
argument. mR:J"tJJo 1\T;Jfl .I'ArT~ ouar

1\.,.~a

have an argument 1-tiJI\

He is in a bad temper because he had an

argument with his wife. b"7..11-l> ;JC 1111
1""1'1 R"'!l" .,..,..,. ~ac

argumentative 1"<Q.:J""'t.of:
It is difficult to get along with an argumentative person. b1"<Q.:J""'t.of: (ltJJo ;JC IIDD"I
qq-}- ' 1\ll:f;J<I ~IJJo

arid
I. 1.~:,.. The soil in this region is arid. RII.IJ
1\lJQfl ' hi."- 1.~:,. ' ~IJJo
2. f"7.1'111.11'1-. Geography is for him an arid
subject. l[/1."1~ /1(1. M.1'111.11'1- 'l-11"
IJC'I- ' ~tJJo

aridity

.~:-c.,.+

The aridity of the climate is bad for the skin.

fl\f"" 't11~+ .~:-c.,.+ 11-JJI ""TS: ~tJJo

armed

63

arise
arise (arose, arisen)
I. .,.)"1. They all arose at the same time.
rrtr'l" Q't.I:"H .,.)..,..
2. .,.l.ml. The border problem arose some
time ago. f.l:"'tO~ l-Ie h.,.l.ml ol'f
'1- 11!1-o!\
3. 1t;Jmou. As soon as the opportunity arises,
I will start work. b.(-o!\ 1\'t'l;>mou~ I"
&-<JJo't 1.1..'1"&-llrr

arm (n.)
I. 1.~. He has lost an arm. 1\)l:'t .,..,.CIJI.A
2. 1111'1-. Can you carry the package under
your arm? 'I':,Otr't 01111'1-11 I"C A'l-f,H
.... ' '1-:f'll\111
3. OD.I'.11.Y. The arms of this chair are low.
fll.ll m"tOC "".1'.11.J'f':f lf:,O J'lr <;'I'<JJo
arm in arm ll~ All~ 1 +J'~HID"

He walked arm in arm with her.

1.~ 111.~

.,_J'f,H<JJo hit. ;>C 'tJI.

carry in one's arms h.,L

arisen, see arise

aristocracy
I. DD'I\'t't'l-. The priests form the aristocracy
in some countries. 1111<;'1- Q't'l't.l:" Me
<JJoil'l' ' hOD\o,')')')o ' h'i'o!\ ' f.S'.fiDtl-fr
2. "'""l'i''t'l-. The aristocracy has begun to be
interested in land reform. ODIJ:fi:~.J: 1 lh\ 1
fiDlflf o!\ ' "".1'.1'1' ' "f.'l"l'l'o!\
.~.,..

. . ' ,,.;r '

aristocrat Q'IQ'lMany aristocrats lost their life during the

French Revolution. Ol.l'titf. """'l:J-'1!
llfDo'l' '1..11. 1llfo Q'IQ.f:f ;r,y,ro;r'f<JJo't
hm-

She was carrying a child in her arms. a.n

;J-:,Oo(. )OC
have on one's arm h'lmAmA

She had a basket on her arm. :,Oc""l'l- h

'tml\'1''1 )OC
hold In one's arms :Jw+L

She held the baby in her arms. a.U't ;J-4'

l.:f<JJo
put one's arm around 1t+L

He put his arm around her waist. dl1!J.'t h

4'1.
take one in his arms h+L

He took her into his arms and kissed her.

t,:,Ofl; .....,,..

aristocratic
I. f1.'1-)'l-. His pose was aristocratic. u-~;J-<JJo
M'l-)'1- )0C
2. "'-ouR.T~+. Her pose was aristocratic.
u-~;r'l' f1.ou(J.')o)')o )0C

[See also 'enfold, fold, give, length, link, lock,

arithmetic .b.it11
They begin teaching arithmetic in the second
grade. .b.it11 "7il.,....,C hu-11.,.'1 h'i'o!\ f,

armada f,..C ouch11 'i.l:"

The enemy armada is passing by our coast.

1..'1"&-ir

ark ouch11 1 .ttouc

Noah made an ark for the flood.

'l"~ 0'1'
4-'1- <JJo;) '1..11. h't.l:" ""Ch11 (dt""C)

...&-

Ark of the Covenant

fM~

;t-PT

The stone tablets are kept in the Ark of the

Covenant. K"'l-flfi Oh.'l't :J-!1'1- <JJoil'l'

,.,.....,ir

with open arms

fl~ll:f'"

He welcomed her with open arms. O.l'.il;J- .,.

4'011'1open']

fm'l'l- ftnC ouchil 'i.l:" OQa.&-:f't

'ICi!' 1.}'111. )<JJo

armament fiPC oout6J'

The Ethiopian army acquired modem armaments. fh.'l-f"kJ' r ...c 11&-'1!'1-

r ...c ......,,..J'

t.-r~;J:A

""""'!!

armband .,....,
He wore an armband made of silver. h-oc
f.,_,..&- .,...., h't.ll. 'If, h.I:"C'iA

arm (vt.) hil:Jom4'

The Chinese armed the guerillas with modem
weapons. J!'f.<;<JJo.f't f.l'.l."' 1-'l''l..l"'lh

armchair 'l"'ll m'I"OC

He relaxed in an armchair. 'l"'ll m'I"OC II

HfiD<;''I! r ...c ou"ft.Yf':f t.il:Joml\''f<JJo

;arm (vi.) :Jom4'
The country armed for war. t.1t..,. II,..C)
'1- ;J-m4':f

armed (adj.) r ...c ou"ft.J' f.I'H

The police caught an armed robber. ?'11.11-

, .,.11....

r ...c .,....,,.., f.I'H<JJo't 4'"711

.I'll~~>:

64

armed

*Each lawyer came to court armed with facts.

1..1'1'111''1. mO:J' ~C"Im'i' )~C f.~ <;:
c~ IL'l- 4'<:0
be armed
I. ftfiC "'"'16Y YH. Were the robbers armed?
.,....,'l':r; ftfiC oP"f/'.Y f.HtJJo )OC l
2. -1-h'lhll. He was armed against the cold
with a heavy coat. '11-ll'i'tJJo"l' 11C~ om
t;:.!-!1" l>'l- -1-MhlltJJo
[See also 'tooth')
armed forces ftfiC '11-11-"f

The armed forces of our country have good

training. Y1<~-"f1' tfiC '11-11-"f 01.11"11
"'A'I')'I'A
armful (of) ~.]><;: .,..it-

He brought in an armful of books for me to

read. 7.:,0t;:. ~P-f'r OJJK"dtt;:. ~ A'1J.S~11 h.
oo"JA'f
armistice ftfiC "7.f!l" !1!1"!1")'1-

around
(be) up in arms 0'11.+ tl'l.

He was up in arms when he learned the news.

ID<l.tJJo")' ' 011"'/ ' 'l.tl. ' 01'.<'..'1- ' tflol..
army
I. tfiC I ftfiC 11<1-'l!'l-. The defeated army had
to lay down arms. Y:&\. f+oo;ND c fllC oo
"'"''"'""~' ' "7!l<:h11 ' )0<:0'1He fought in the Italian army. Ot.."'II..Y"l'
tfiC 11.!-'l!'l- tJJoil'l' -1-'1':>
2. f!l" ~c tfiC. Did you serve in the army or
in the navy? 1'1A1Ahm- O?""X"C toe ~
"'" ' IDJ'.!l ' OIJ.:hC '11-A l
3. ID;I"S'.C)'l-. I am joining the army. m;I"S'.
C)'l- ' oP"IIJ1: ' )tJJo
4. ou'\'l-. An army of children ran down the
street. f.:hY';''l- oo'\'l- """~'~-'!. ~f. , <!'Ill"
aroma 11:1"

The aroma of coffee is very pleasant. ff't''i"

11:1" ' 0"111" ' t.!lS'.I(';f ' )tJJo

The Americans did not violate the armistice.

arose, see arise

t."''.i'>lJ'l'';f ftfiC "''.f!l" il!I"II"H"l' t.

around (prep., adv.)

I. II - - - IMY. The earth moves around the
sun. oo.:.'l- OB.hf. tMY 'l-~6-II:Y.
They were sitting around the table. Om<:A.
~tJJo ' 11"<'-Y ' -l-4'!1"mtJJo )OC
2. hll..ll. Is there anybody around? Ml..ll
lltJJo ' t.ll l

A"'~!l"

armor [OtJJo'U' 'l.tl. htfiC';' h"l-<1-.<'.. lltJJo

)'l-1' 1\ooMhA f"''.l\0!1 f11<:'l- t\11!1]
armory ftfiC """'"'' "lll"lf IL-l-

The armory was raided by the rebels. ftfiC

oP"f/'.YtJJo "l!l")f IL'l- Ot.:>"''.P..l""f -1-HM..

3. 0 ---

He has hair growing in his armpit. 11-R'i: mil'l' li-,..C O:fo!I,A

He tied the rope around the tree.

O~f.. ~f. t.ll<:tJJo

4. ll"i'>YtJJo"l'. The tree was 40 inches around.
~f. ' 11"/'.YOJo"l' t.CIJ t..'t"f )RC

5.
arms"""'"'' I ftfiC """'"''

Everyone who could carrY arms was drafted.

oP"fi'>Y II""Y11 f"''."f-A

o-tt- -J-oollooll

All arms have to be turned over to the police.

"'l"l''i'tJJoll" ftfiC oP"fi'>J' 11?"11..!1 oo<;h
11 ,MO-lbear arms ftnC ODUf~Y .fff
A grown man is allowed to bear arms. t.lJII
oPtn"J I f~~(l I (tCJ)o I flflC I ODt&f I 7,'}
JI..Y.11 f..t.4'~11:1"A
take up arms ftnC ODUf~.f ,1..1' r 1-'iUf

They took up arms to defend their country.

o~<~-'1'"'""~' 11ooh~hA
HtJJo T'i..,.,.

~f..

~ooJI.1'

armpit 1111'1-

r....c """'"'' ,_

(be) under armslltfiC)'l- :l"m4'

All men were under arms. fl9'if u-& AID
C)'l- :1"'1'4'tJJo )OC

~f..

She lives right around the corner.

IL:t: Ah oo:f"m.I.YtJJo ~f. )tJJo

6. YllA. I have around 20 dollars. ?Y 11C
YllA t.ll'f

7.

~J'.."'l.

tJJ-

He is around forty years old.

~~"'1.

ACQ ct-ooT 1Y.fPI ~

*Is there enough coffee to go around? IIIJoll11" f"''.ll<:!l It';' f.~'i'A l

around here RILU 1 hltQft 1 lUlU

There is very little activity around here on

Sundays. ~,.~ ~,.~ Rll..ll t.lJIJIL (~
11..11) ' ~"l':fo!l:J'I\.OJo ' 0"111" ' 'l-'t11 ' )tJJo
all around
I. 11"/'.YtJJo"l'. His land is fenced all around.
r~ oo.:.'l- 11"<'-YOJo"l' ;1"-rt;:A
2. OYIIR'l-. There are mailboxes all around
the city. Rh-1-"'/tJJo tJJoil'l' OYIIR'l- f?"il
:1" "7m<I-4"'7.Y "1'1'1':f hit-

a~r~o~u~s~e~--------------------------~6~5----------------------------~arrest
be around O.,.A- '-~it

An unfailing friend will always be around in

time of need. 1\<JJotof-,. <D'Il' o:f-le 1.11.

O.f-11- Y.~eltA
be around again F.l.fl

Christmas will soon be around again. 1'1

o:,.eo- .r.~ltA
have (a coat} around IIJA 'hU"'
She had a coat around her shoulders. '1-blf
'I' 11.r. "-"" "'A 1\Y:e:J toe
somewhere around here 1\H.Y.. hltllR..
He lives somewhere around here. Mlll- 1 1\
ltfJO. I .r.'f&-A
with someone around
*Don't use bad language with children around.

AJ!.":f- 1 '111-0'I- 1 r-aA.,., :1'11'1[See also 'circle, clock, up')

1\-l-.,~e

arouse
I. .,.....,..... The mother aroused her son early.
I A!.1 I 0"711'1 .,. ....,. ...>f-.,.
The hunter aroused the wild beast to anger.
1\'1")' I YtiJo<'..<JJo1 "tS'.T .,. ... .,.110'12. 1\~~(0'1-). Her strange behavior aroused
my suspicion. J'A-1-11-~ IJol<:f''l' 'J'e"'<'..
""""~'""'

M~~ofl'f

[See also 'ire1

arraign b'i'CY: IL-l- 1\.,.~0
The prosecutor arraigned the tramp on a
charge of stealing. .lt"l 1\llbfJ<I<JJo 1 011.-tu
T CD1~A I bo\ 'I-CIL<JJo1 h'i'eY: IL
'1- 1\_,.~0,.
arrange
I. 1\H;J~. I arranged it in advance.

.,.~.,.

11

\1. 1\H;J~IJoT

The maid arranged the table for dinner.

~~.11.;1: m~A.If<JJo1 111\&-'1- 1\H;J~
2. 1\~~~- I have arranged to meet him at
5 o'clock. OOF&- 1\"tY: ll'tT I\1Y:"t
~~ ' 1\Y:C"I.J'IIIJo

3. ~~~. Who arranged the books? -x-m.::

'li"t "71 ~~~ 1
4. ~~~~~~ (-1-~MII). The classes are arranged
according to subject. b'i'll-'li r-1-~'1-
0'1-'l"l!e-l- 'tY.)T -"'~-"" t<JJo
5. b - - - ;Je 1\11"7"7. He arranged the piano
music for the violin. M:Y'i'<JJo1 .,...ll:l' b
li\'"1\."t I ;Je I I\11"7"7<JJo
6. mM. The parents sent an old man to act
as go-between in arranging an appointment.

CDII]f.":f- .,.mt!'<JJo1 1\-CDi\1 h1Y:

l\"7'f.'" 1\b[See also 'match1

11"7"1

1\.

arranged (adj.) r;~-.,.~

The meeting arranged for tomorrow was
postponed. fl)~ f:f'_,.~,. MlllfJ of-1\IIL
arrangement "7~&-~'1The arran~ement of the furniture in our
new house(took a long time. '1.11.11- IL:f'":f'1

fDoil1" 1 I f7-:J"aJo

ti'IJ!.&.J!,:'f-

-flit'

"f.fL

~
make arrangements 11"7~+ l;.Y..~"'
They made all the necessary arrangements

to leave the following morning. 0"7"1P'1:

111.'1- 11-\IY: I\IILII1.<JJo1 1f"ll''l- ,.
II-.

1\~~.,..

array (v.) ~~
The general arrayed his troops for the battle.
~1<&-11- CD:f'~t!''li1 1111lC)T 1\~&-~
be arrayed

1\lfn~.,.

She was arrayed like a queen. 1\1~ 1"1F

'1- hif11e:l' toe
array (n.)
I. IIA'i'. The troops were formed in battle array.
CD;f'~t!''li Otnet'l- IIA'i' -1-H;J")f.
2. 1\:J>l"":f-. The array of silver on the table
was quite beautiful. Om<:A.If 1\Y. ftO<(.'I-
b11e r-f-w<(. 1\:J>l""'f- ~- toe
array of -R,..
We were impressed by the array of scholars
who came to the meeting. 11111111fJ<JJo 1111-
fi.:I'<JJo1T -r"';f-lf<JJo 1\M)n

arrears
*The arrears of his debt are well over a thousand
dollars. lt1 Y: i( 11e fOIIm r-hLJ'
1.11. f-1-1\IILO-l- M 1\110'1arrest (v.)
I. YH. The policeman arrested the thief.
7"11.11- ' l\.fJ<JJo1 YH<JJo
2. "7~b. The bright colors of the flag arrested
the children's attention. ~"7-''li ffJ1.1'.&-<JJo 1
.,.1\'l"":f- rA]!.'Ii1 11"''1- "7<:113. 1\.r.oo. Filling a tooth arrests decay. f'l'e
111 "'"" "711'1"1\T OOOII0/11 ,.,.,A
[See also 'growth')
arrest (n.) oo:f'lle 1 "".1'"11
The arrest of the director was announced

artful

66

arrival
in the papen;. f-'1.<1-h ...-1- OD;f-(IC (oo.1'1J)
0.:> 11."1 ...11\ll
be under arrest T J'H

You are under arrest because you ran through

a red light f'l-&.l.h oo11&.'1- lll\"'llh ...
f.H7A
make an arrest .fH

The police made two arrests. ?"ll.(l':f IJol\

..... (ll"':f S'll"

arrival
I. ""J':lll. We waited for the arrival of news.

'll.l"':f"l fOD'I>flJ-1>"1 ' FA"'"I h1<: ' 1

"JCfD< 0&.1\- 1.~ hS'.l1fD<

arrow
I. milo!."lTC. Hold the arrow against the bow
when you shoot. ll'l-m.:m-c Wil.I."IT-1-"1
h.,.ll-1> 'If. hilS'..,.I.U J'Hm2. .,.11'1-. The arrow points north . .,.ll-1> IDS'.
(1"'"1 J'OOI\h;J-A

arsenal
I. f"""I<IS' 4-11&1t. Our arsenal makes only
rifles and pistols. fOD"t&f 4-11t:lt:f"l f"''.
ffiOD"Ili'l"'f"l'i'

'li.,.jD'f"j

11!J'

~fl)<

fH.'i'm-"1 ""J':lll ""mqO'!>"I

OP<IofD<

2. OOJ':l'if. The bulletin lists departures and

arrivals of all buses. "711;1-w-t.rm- fhm-1'

2. fjDC """I <IS' .,ll"li' 11.'1-. Only a few rifles

were left in the arsenal. O"'C """I <If .,ll"li'

11'(1,;"1 Oofl-

-~'lf'i'

ODJ':l'if f.Ht'.li&.A

3. fODJ':l'if '1.11.. He timed his arrival to

coincide with the President's visit. h'f' <I-lVI"I
-1> 'l-O'S'I- ;>&. 1."1-'1.1"1m!l"ll'l- h1:C1
fOOJ':l'/ffD<"j ' '1.11. ' ODffi~
4. ""11""1'1-. His arrival caused a lot of excitement. fl\- ""11""1'1- 1111" .,C.,C .l.m<:
arrivals 1."1.,1'-':f

There are several new arrivals at the hotel.

Olr-1:11- fD<ilT 1111" h-'l.il 1."1.,1'-':f hllensure the arrival h.Y.~f\

This money will ensure your safe arrival in

Addis Ababa. f.U 1"1H11 1\llh h-'l.il
hoq OS'.!I"11 S'S'.Cll7A

[See also 'new, tardy']

arrive
I. S'.lfl. When will the teacher arrive tomorrow?
~1

hll-1""7&m- 11""1 '1.11. f.S'.CIIA l

Did they arrive at a decision? It"If:

m-1\~

S'.ll\-1
2. ...1\lt(ll'l-). Mter yean; of hard work he
finally arrived. h1111" -too-l- Aof.'l- 0:\
" 0"""'-l'if ....1\ltll'l-

arrogance 7.11&'1- I '1-bll'IHis arrogance comes out in every speech he

makes. O"'L...'S'.C1m- .,.,.,c o-11- 1.11&'1-
('1-bll'l-) f.:l'f.O;I-A

arrogant 7.11<1 ...'1' 1 '1-bfl"">;'

Mussolini was a very arrogant dictator. -(1
il.); 0"111" 1.11<1 ...'1' ('1-bfl...>;') h!l"q

1n ~oc
arrogate (to oneself) 0&.1\- 1.~ hS'.l1
The governor arrogated to himself the power
to punish violaton; of the law. ih., ...,.

11.-1> fD<ilT T4!'1- moo"ll!'l"'f 11!1' f.

1'1'11-

arson fll.'l- "7:1'mA m"I)!A

The two young men were accused of arson.
Ool\-1> ID"'.,.'f 011.'1- "7:1'mA ID"I)!A

...hlll\art
I. h.~ T011. He knows a lot about art. ill\
h.~ Tfl11 1111- fm-:I'A

This building contains many works of art.

OILU ih"ll\ fD<ilT 1111" fh.~ T011 P'
&.l":f hfl2. Tfl11. The public speaker cultivates the
art of pleasing his audience. """;>&m- .r1:
ay,;oo':f"j "711S'.I'I!J' T011 S"I-117"1\A
3. H.l-'.. He has the art of making friends.
WJI~ f"7'i'&.'l- H.l-'. hl\m4. 11A7'1-. The witch deceived the girl by her
art. m"llllf.:t Ali'1l-'l.-l>"l 011A7:1: h;l-1\
11!1''1-

artery (arteries)
I. S'.V" '1>'1. It is dangerous if an artery is cut.
S'.V" '1>'1 h""Omf'l hS'.1'1' ~,.
2. 'l''i' 00"111:. Churchill Road is one of the
main arteries of Addis Ababa. f'I'C'I:A 1-'1
.,. hh-'l.ll hoq 'l''i' OD"I11'-'f h"l'l.
~,.

artful f"7"POCflC
The cheat uses artful tricks to get people's
money away from them. h;l-'lf. ff'lm-"1
1"1H11 (loom-(11: 0"7"POCOC H.l-'. J!.m

.,...,A

*The Japanese excel in artful arrangements

of flowers. li':r'f:f hOq OODS'.CS'.C T011
h"7"17" f.A:I'fl-

article

as

67

article
1. 1.:1'. Many valuable articles were stolen.
ofltl- .,.:> fll'f<D- 1.:l'l":f. -!-(1<:.,.
2. l\'tof>K". I am not clear on article 3. l>'tof>K"
V'1l'l- O"IAK" I>A1q'fr
3. &"dtott:. There was an interesting article
about it in the newspaper. ilt\(t.. h"JS: f
"'LJ'(IJ'..{I'I- ' K""'"'i' ' O:>H."'<D- ' llf. ' -1-R"r.':
)0C
4. OD(I-!-l'o9"C. In English tbe definite article
is more often used than in Amharic. I"JIPJC
01 f.A'I> 01.'t"lll.11>1 f-1-a>(l) OO(I-!-1>9"
C f.OAm-'t 1..11. f.)1<l-A
[See also 'definite, indefinite, leading, toilet']

artillery (n.)
1. bq~ OD"f6f. Our artillery was effective
in destroying the city. bq~ OD"f&f:f.'t h
-I-"7<D-'t tl"7'1'of.'l- i1't1
2. OD~.L7f':f.. The artillery is usually some
distance behind tbe lines. oflti-<D-'t 1..11. ""
~.L7f':f. htnC "J"tqc 0:\11 <l-'1> f.llflheavy artillery bq.J:- """16f
The Russians favored the use of heavy artillery. OD!l!>qm-n ' Obq~ ' OO"f6f ' OOtn

articulate (vt.) O"IAR" -1-'01<:

Don't mumble; articulate your words! h~.,...~
9"C9" i O"IAK" -I-'01C
articulate (vi.) T ;JmOD
The arm articulates with the body at tbe
shoulder. h't~ h1lw-H :>C f"'L:>m
ODfll< ' '1-h~ ' ilf. ' )fll<

artisan

articulate (adj.) :J""'.f.

The legs are articulate limbs. 1."1t!':f. :t""l
"" l>ltll'l- <;'fw*He is a very articulate speaker. :1'11'1- ""
Ctn fOD'01C :f-11-:J" fti<D- (ltD- )fll<
use articulate speech AM +'1''1~
A baby cries but does not use articulate speech.
ih!'t fti'I><'IA 1.'t"l[ flf.-r- l>f.'01C9"

artifact (ltD- .,,:.'II )1C

Artifacts made of flint were found by the river.
bqA......,. f-1-"'~ (lw- "'<l-'II )1t!':f.
Om"t11 JIC -f-1")'
artifice
1. H.l'.. He makes use of tbe artifice of flattery. O~tlll H.l'. f.tn.,...,A
2. 'I'Oofl. She displayed a great deal of artifice
in decorating her new apartment. hJl{lo")
t.;rC-I-"7'1''t Oh<;:-1-'i' 'I'Oofl l\1.m:f.w3. ( = adv.) lt't1'1- Ollf.. His sincerity toward
other people is an artifice. fltt.ll-:f. (ll":f.
'l>'t f"'l.OD{I(I<D- lt't1'1- Ollf. )fll<
artificial
1. (ltD- "'<l-'II. Are those flowers artificial?
MH..I' I>Oil:f. (lw- "'<l-'II <;'fw- !
2. hAofl fAll'). She has an artificial smile.
hAofl fAll') .L1"1:t" 1>11'1-

.,.,..,. I

OD~fllo

artillery (adj.) foo~<;:

The artillery fire leveled tbe town.

-1-lt(l h-I-"7<D-'t l>a>J'.oow-

roo.l:"'i'

1. 'I'OO'i'. The weavers of the toga are good

artisans. lf"7~1":f. 'I'~ '1'007f':f. <;'fm2. QA )t~. The silversmith is a good artisan.
ofiC 1><;:<'1~ 'I'~ q(l 1.)!' )m-

artist
1. I>Ctll'l-. This artist is famous for his
statues. f.IJ I>Ctll'l- o"'.:.'fm- .hm-A-r-:f.
11)'i' II'S:A
2. fh.) 'I'Oofl nm-. There is an artist colony
near our home. 1.'i' 11.'1- l'otn1ofl fh.)
'I'Oofl 1ll":f. OD')J'.C )\(1
3. "''ill.. Afework Tekle is Ethiopia's most
famous artist. l'o.La>C'I> -1-htt. f:J"a>of> f
1>..'1-f"kf "''ill. )fll<
4. 11..,.. He is an artist on the harp. 1.1l- fO
1'0 11.'1> )fll<
artistic ( ~ abstract) 'I'OO'i')'IHer artistic arrangement of flowers was
admired by everybody. l>oq fODJ'.CJ'.C 'I'
00':');1: 011-tl-9" -1-J'.)of>
as (conj., prep.)
I. II + (imperfect). Did you see anyone as
you carne in? 1l'l-1q (lm- l\U?A !
2. 1."tJ'.. I regard it as important. 1.'tJ'. 1>11
.1.111.. )1C l>.l:"C1. ML'I'<:'I'fiiiHe is late as usual. l.'tJ'.-1-flooJ'.m- H"lf.:tA
Try to act as a brave man would. J'.of.C 1l
m- 1.'tJ'."'LJ'J'.C1fll< tiOOP'.l-'1- 'l"hC
2. lltl + (verb). As he is leaving tomorrow,
we must hurry. )1 (lfl"'l.~~ ooof.m't l>tl
ofl't
3. M9" 1.'t\\ ofl + (imperfect). Dark as
it was we could still see tbe sign. M9"

68

ascend

t."J\\ ""11"'1 O.IY"J II"Ah_,"J "''f'l-

t."J:fA )0C
4. -II + imperfect + 11". Much as I like you,
I will not marry you. 0"111" oflm.(-1111" h
'11Q1il1"
Young as I am, I have experienced life. tJJifJ
,. ofi!Y"}!I" ).C'"} +ll"l&'l'llo5. 0 + (abstract). He serves as gardener
and as chauffeur. Q;l-hAH')'l-o; 011'-I..C)
'I- Y111"l'IA
we left the house by the same door as we
had entered. 01Q"JO'l- OC -f"DDA(I"J m"'"J
as a 0 + abstract
As a child, he lived in Ethiopia. OA~)., 1>.
'1-f'kY m-11T "l"<':
As a poet, he hardly approaches Keats.
01"1"'U'l- h.'l-11"J hf..O.C110'1-11"
as ...... as 7,"},1:.
Is it as difficult as you say it is? 1\"JT t."JJ':.
11"'1-llm- hQ.(- )m- 1
*I want a box twice as large as this. hH.II 0
IIT'i' ll'i' f"'l.A "'T"J 7..1-A.:>IIoas for 0 --- 011-A
As for him, it is all right. 011- Oil-A J':.W
)m As for you, I never want to see you again.
h"JT"J "I"} JI"JOO';' 'lf,ll 1..11''1" l'.A
1,.:,0.(-11"

ascribe
gain ascendancy over hi'hL

The soldier gained ascendancy over fear.

m;I-J':.'I- 'i'CV'l-"J hlf)l..

ascendant (n.), be in the

1. ~fit Y.~. His rivals were in the ascen

dant, and he lost his position. TaJ-'1-'I<Il"'li
7.Yftr 1111~-'1- I"A"')."} h"l
2. t.ru;e ~,~:.His fortunes are in the ascendant. 11-11., t.f.J':.<:;e ~,~:.
ascendant (adj.) 0"7,1:."1 'If, Yll
The prime minister visited the ascendant
nations of West Mrica. m:,.'l,e "7.~11~
O"''J':."I 'If. Ytr'l-"J fll"b&--11 hUll h
1t::f"} .,..01'

ascension
1. oom-at+. The ascension of the mountain
requires much effort. T&o&-a:J-1' J oum-11)..-,.
-1111- T<':'l- f,mf.:I'A
2. IIC1'1-. Christ's ascension is a church holiday.
fhC11.Y.11 IIC1'1- fVf,"''"l"'l- O'tA )m-

ascent
I. oom-"1'1-. The ascent of Mt. Everest is difficult. f.t..li <:11'1-"J T<l-6- ODm-"J'l- 1'.11'1':><I
)m2. oooo"Jm:t>. The sudden ascent of the elevator made me dizzy. fhit"Jh-'1- 0.(-"J1'1-
ODOD"}m:,0 l'.JI<':'S

as if

*He acts as if it were very important. TA

:,. Y11""1111'PA
*He talks as if he had been there. t.H.Y 7."}
,1:.)0<': IY"l" ym&-A
as to - "} t."JJ':.IY)
As to your brother, I will see him later.
m"J.(-11"11"} 7,"},1:.11') 0:\'1 7.mf,4''PIIo-

[See also 'even, far, long, much, often, see,

so, soon, such, though, yet']

ascend
I. aJ"'. The path ascends the mountain.
ft."IC """J1JI. 0 ....&-&-m- 'If, f,aJ"'A
Yohannes the Second ascended the
2.
throne. -'1"1"7'1! f'<h"J11 rt-of."J 'If. .,..,.

,....,..,..m,

...""

ascendancy

ascertain
I. h<:.:>1m. He tried to ascertain the truth of
the matter. ft1'1-"J t.m-),...';')'1- 11"7<':.:>1
T 'l"h<':
2. h"l&-. Ascertain what really happened!
f.J':.<':11m-"J )1C 1'."16-

ascetic (n.) ooo;'S

Ascetics prefer to live in the desert. OD<;?f':f
11".(-<: 0-'1 m-ilT OD"l"C ' f,ODC"Jflo
ascetic (adj.)
I. fQ.h;l-'l!. His mode of life is very ascetic.
f).t:m- o-l!.:l' fQ.h;l-'l! )m2. f-11:1''1-. The monks live ascetic lives. oo)
lf'l\9':f f-11:1''1- ).t: f."l" &-flo

ascribe to
"1~'1-

The Roman ascendancy in England lasted

for centuries. t:"''m-n 07."}"/II.JI:f 'If.
f)O&-'J'm- "1~'1- 11-1111- """"''~- .,.,

I. h - - - fT)"f )m- hll. The police ascribed the automobile accident to fast driving.
?"ll.ll'li h.J':.:>m- f.J':.<':llm- O'i'T)'l- hoo
"J-'1'1- fT)"f )m- htr
2. 0 - - - ll"h"JY'l- )m- hll. She ascribed

69

ash

her success to hard work. f""m.:l: OD?t;'t-

flhQ~ Ft. l"'h"t.f'fo t..,. hll'f-

*The alphabet is usually ascribed to the

Phoenicians . .J.J'.A"t fd.m-1-'t- 1-"t-l:.f"".f"t

<;If..,. .J'.QIIA
Don't drop cigarette ashes on the floor. fliDI\
0

f(IJI"o!- '

May I ask a question? 'I'.f-1: Am.J'.:r> l

He asked a favor of me. ~;r )\"t.ll!l.C"/11

+ mf+'S

ask after tnt'.,.

He asked after your health. m."tt't-1i"t mf+
ask for

ash(es) hOD~
1\-' II.J'.

asleep

hOD~ '

h;l"o!-"/'i!

The floor was covered with ashes. mA& h.

OD~ -fliJ' tflC
be burned to ashes hooY.: IT)

I. mf+. He asked for permission to go home.

mil. IL't- 1\""Y.~ L:l'~ mf+
2. Ll\1. Did anyone ask for me? fd.A1'S II
..... hi\ l
ask in

}\tlfJ

*Mr. Parker is at the door. Shall we ask him in?

The boy was ashamed of his tears. A)l: fl

"tll-tc ;rchc )l!l.~ ""'"'" 1 .1'-"'R-

)\"tfllllf.... l
ask of
1. mf+. I only ask of you that you clean
up the room. fl"'m.J'.:r>ll h<i!ll-"t 1\"t~:l"ll
.II ilil' t ....
2. hlllf1t:. Have I asked too much of you?
ill!" hlllf'1Ch-ll l

The house was burned to ashes. R..fl

~ll't

[See also 'smother']

(be) ashamed hd.t:
"7A+o\- hLt:
be ashamed of oneself hLt.

You needn't be ashamed of yourself. You

have done well in your exam. f?";l"'i!Cfl'fo
t1C fill'" l L_,.'OII"t 'No .,.C.,.YA
ashore mil. .IIC!J'

He jumped overboard and swam ashore.

hODChil ' Hll- IDI'. ' .IIC!J' 'l'"f
be ashore hoPCb11 mtJ.
The captain has been ashore for two hours.
111:1:). 1111-ll'f- (1'}'1- .filA hODChil ID
Cl'- tflC
go ashore m1.. flihC mt.tj: 'LF.
We were not allowed to go ashore. mi. fl
.ftC mt:<;: 1\"t~"tY.~ hA-tL+!l.A"tl"'
ashtray OD-f-CI>lf

The ashtray is full of ashes. (fll.lft!-)

""-~"

cl>lf..,. h""~ ilil' t..,.

Asia MJ'
aside +c+

All joking aside, I want my money. +A-'1. +

C+ 1"tHIL"t J.d.A:>I\11aside from
I. h - - - flll-t+c. Aside from this there is nothing else we can do. hH.II flll-t+c A t;!l.C
"' fl"'"t":f-11"" t1C fill'"

2. h - - - 11.11. Aside from that there is not much

to it. hll..f 11.11 l"'"t?" .filA f+t:IIJo
t1C fill'"

ask mf+

Ask at the ticket office! -th.'t- ""lf""i"" ll

t: m.J'.:r>

[See also 'excuse, extension, hand, marriage']

askance, look ~ fl'I'C"'t. i-""1\h-t

The students look askance at the plan for

voting. ~!"'~ lll\ OD(Im;l"lf..,. .fll....., )\
;r>~ -t"7&l"'fi fl'I'C"'t. .J'.ODI\h-Jo;l"A

(be) askew -~-"~"""" 1 -1-"t:>!l.!l.

His hat is askew. QCt"'IIJo -t"t:>J!...A (-t"'

".7.A)
(be) asleep
I. -t>;'. I must have been asleep when you
came to visit me. A't-m.J'.+'S flODtiJII 1.
H. _,.'Slfi .J'.II't;A
2. (foot) !l.tHH(..,.). My foot tingles when it
is asleep. J."ltl."t (IJ'.t11H'S .J'.mt:>;'A
fall asleep h"t+ll'l- l .,.,.. I J."t:r>A<i! .fHIIJo
He fell asleep during the sermon. flllilh-Jo
1.11. h"t+II'II simply couldn't fall asleep. l"'"tl"' A.,.>;'
hAil' A h-I'"
I fell asleep while driving my car. oulJ..t; (I)
.II J."t;r>A<;: .fH't
(be) fast asleep ~"t .fl\ J."t:r>A<i! m(l!l.IIJo

He did not hear the burglar because he was

fast asleep. ~., .fll J."t:r>A'i' mll/'..'1-
lllltflt: IL'I- IIClt&IIJo 11.1Q hAII"7..,.1"'
lay asleep .,..:;:

A drunken man lay asleep in the doorway.

!l.1f4- 11.1'- -t'i'
[See also sound']
fllht: (1....

70

aspect

2. 'l'l. Most writers aspire after fame.

aspect
I. '1"1ll. The judge has a solemn aspect.
,II>;'IIJo I (.,;J I Yh I '1"1ll I /'ohdJo

2.

The aspect of the countryside is

11-~:J-.

CXtfCffiC}y attractive. fQ,_,'J.;. I tp..JI,:f" I }..:E-1 I

.,&-h. I ~ ....
3. /'o1P&-C. This house has a southern aspect.
~u 1 IL-l- 1 fJ'.IHI 1 /'o1P&-C 1 l'oh..,.

*The Emperor is a man of dignified aspect.

't'I-IP

~1P'-J:

"JC.,

'f"1(1

/'olllfdJo

every aspect ho--A-r ft1AC

-1-~'I'A

asperity '1~h 1 :t'A

He answered his critics with asperity, fu:r4-'1-'t

l'll":f

R'1~h

:t'A

ODIII'IIIlftD-

asperse l'o.,
A true friend will not asperse his comrade.
l'.IIJo~-f->;'

tD,II~

'}J'.,>;'IIJo't

/'oY.,P"

aspersion m"'L'ISuch vehement aspersions cannot be ignored.

l'.'t.II.U 1 Yll 1 bqJ'." 1 m"'L'I- 1 f"'l.:J-11<;: 1 l'o
~J'.IIP"

cast aspersions on h1-"'L

11~,.

He cast aspersions on my reputation.

't I 1'.1-J'.L

asphalt l'oMA'I- i C:.'t'rr

The road is paved with asphalt. ou't1Jl.
MAT (c:.'t'fr)

l'o

-~-~'I'~A

111f'

(ljP':f

)',~

Some students were aspirants for a scholarship.

l'o't.ll'tJ'."

.,,,.. I

"'""'&l":f

f~ll

ass
I. l'oUY. He loaded the ass before going to
market. 1RY b""'t.ll. Rol--l- l'oUYtD-'t "'i~
He insulted him by calling him an ass. l'oUY
~u

1111- 1 I'IJ'.R..,.

2. -1:'1'. He gave him a kick in the ass. <l:lll''t 1

~1tnCD-

I. R'1~A l'om:t'. The enemy assailed the castle.

mll'l- "l'ttl''t R'1~A l'om:t'tD2. l'o"'J'.L. The student assailed me with
questions. -1-"'i:tD- R'1'Y4: l'o"'J'.L"t

assailant J'.11.111l
The injured man did not know his assailant.
f"'(IIIIIJo ' (IIIJo\L ' J'.11.111l11Jo't ' l'oii<D.,.....9"
~<;:(1 1.11~
The assassin escaped.

assassin

'1-P"UCT

II.,

~,..,.I ~RC

~'i!ll

1-'1'- }lonf\m

assassinate 1F.l\
His former friends assassinated him. fcf'S:f"
'lJ'.'I'~ ' 1J'.~'I-

assault (v.) J'.RJ'.R

That man assaulted me. y 1'1..,.

J'.OJ'.R"t

assault (n.)
I. '1'?'1-. The assault was repulsed with heavy
losses. '1':t'-1: 1111' 1-.11'1- ltl'.t.l'l R:\11 11.
ODII(I

(be) aspirant for Lll"l 1 "'"""'

There are many aspirants for the position
of mayor. fb't-J:q~-1-'t 1 P'A"''t 1 f"'l.LA
I

Ml~'l'

~~~~~h~~~~'}'}~

assail

We have considered every aspect of the

problem. '1-.11\!.'t I bll-~11" I /'o'tl\C I -f-ODAb

'1-

assemble

!J'II

2. J'."11f,q, He was charged with assault.

RJ'."11J'.,q

-1-bl'll'l

assemblage ""1'1111'111
He was responsible for the assemblage of
facts. out.'Jfl":f't 11""1'1111'111 '111.1. ~RC
*This is an assemblage of important people .
~u

:J-1111:r- l'll":f f"7.1'f.R'I-

~..,.

(be) aspirated '1-'tof. 1i 1 -t-1'1.,

The 'h~ in 'home' is aspirated. II"JD tJJollT
f"7.1'f11Jo I u I tUR11 I '1-'tof.'li I ~I'I.,A

aspiration 9"'l''IHe has aspirations to be a doctor.

IIODIJ"t

P"'l'T

mb..r

/'olldJo

aspire
I. -t-ou'f. Many young people aspire to be
dOCtOrs. 111f' I iD"'.P.:f I mh.P" I lloPIY't I ~

.... o;:~

assemble (vt.)
I. I'IRI'IR. He assembled the pupils in the
auditorium. -1-.,&l"~'t Rl'o.ll&-11 1 11Joll'1' 1'1
RMlf..,.
2. h"IIIJmon. He assembles cars imported from
abroad. bdJo"" ' fODtJl' ' ""h.~l":f't ' Y,
"''I'_, A
assemble (vi.) -1-I'IRI'IR
The pupils assembled in the auditorium. "'""'
&l"'li I Rl'o.ll&-1. ' IIJo(l')' I -1-I'IRI'Itl'

assembling ( = verb) {IJ'1"l'I'P"

In the factory we saw the assembling of the
parts which make up an automobile. 114-11
61JIJ)o I IJ)oll'l' I fOOh.'i" I h'i!ll-:f-1 I 11..1'7"1
'~""'"

t.n

is an asset in business. hl'll":f- ;JC fOO"I

qq:,. :f-11-;J- 111"11." P'<l- m-"'"'1. ~..,.
-111~'1-

The bank's assets amount to a million dollars.

fQ111-

assembly
I. 11111'1Q. He spoke at the lawyers' assembly.
llmll4':f- 11111'1Q 1"1"1C l\1.~7
2. '1-QI\.. The U.N. General Assembly meets
tomorrow. f-J-QII-1-'1- oo1"1P':J-'I- m~'l'l
'1-Qll. ~7 ,P.(tiii'IQA
3. li'H. The assembly of elders meets at the
governor's palace. fl\11..,. if11 l\7~ 111:
..,. ' "Ill. ' f.I.~;JA
assent (v.) lilt l\11
She assented to my request.
lt' M:f-'"'i

fmf~:\'1-1

ll

assent (n.) IIP"P"~'IThe governor's assent is needed before the

bill becomes law. ~4:4< ih"l ll''l" h.,...,.
"'"' 11.1.'1- n~ 711:"'" IIP"P"~'I- Yll
.1-A;JA
give the assent +ll"''"'t
He gave his assent to her marriage. 11?11ll'
'I' -J-11"'1"'1

assert
I. -J-h<l-h~. The lawyer asserted that his client
was innocent. mO:J"tu- ~.,c.,..;;:m- -rof.+~
1\,P.I.IIP" I'I.A -J-h<l-h~
2. ht:.:nm.By revolting, the colonies asserted
their right to govern themselves. II11CI"ll''l'..,.
.l-it'1'....1
'If. 1100~..,,. ~'"'i .,~.,.:r11"'111-J--'II.C Y'l'l'ro-1 oo11't- l\~1m-

assertion f-J-'i"1~
His assertion is questionable.
""4'11A Y-'1"1;1-A

f-J-'i"1~ro-1

II

assess
I. 100-J-. The official assessed the house at
$10,000. QIIP'A"'). IJ.-1:1 IIOP'C lt 11C

100.,.,.

2. .._~m. The club assessed each member

20 dollars. hllfl< ll,r1-'11JI. l\QA 'If. VY
11C..,~m

asset
1. 1\:J. Good health is a great asset. '1"1- m.
;f-'1~ l\;J ~ ....
2. m-"'"'1.. Ability to get along with people

1~'1-

assimilate

71

assembling

111~'1-

l\11.- "''.II.M 11C

~..,.

assiduity '1-?'1His assiduity was noticed by all. f(l. :,.;J't-

1111-11- H11." f;J-m4' ~..,.
assiduous:,...,.
He is assiduous in his work. OP"&om-
~

....

+~

assign
1. ""1.11(-J-oof.ll). He assigned two men to
guard the prisoner. l\ll~'i'ro-1 li1'Lm114<
11-11'1- (tl":f- oPf.ll
These rooms have been assigned to us. ~ Hl
II h<;:ll-:f- Ill;' -J-ODI."II'I'A
2. mM(-J-mM). Has a day been assigned for
the trial? '1--'11' ll'i!CI." n.:,. f"''.:J-f.ll'l-
4'1 -J-aJIIS::A l
3. 1.111.11. They assigned all the new children
to the various classes. l\-'l-'1./l'll1 A]t.:f-
A I' A I' h'i'll-:f- aJoll'l' 1.1\S'.!)..'fro4. l\1-'I.YH?;i!' 1\HH..,.. The teacher assigned
us two lessons for Monday. l\11-J-"'/t:ro- 111'1
7f o-1\'f- '1-P"IIC'f- l\11.-'i"H;J)!' l\HH1
5. h~m~. Mr. Jones assigned his home and
farm to his creditors. "'1.11-J-C ]t.111 11.-1:1
..,.. llclfro-1 lll\11-'lt:l":f- t.11m~
6. l'lm(-J-I'Im). He performed the task assigned
him with diligence. f-J-I'Im"'"1 P'<l- 11'1-;J
.-,..I L"J..OD

assignment
I. 1.-AI.-A. The assignment of the various
jobs is taken care of by the foreman.IIAI' AI'
P'<l- f"'/.1.~1..,. 1.-AI.-A lll\1P6aJo f.to
%-'!A
2. F &-. The boss gave me an interesting
assignment. l\11-"'"'" f"''.YII1.11'1- P' <l- 1'1

m'"'i
3. f-J-ODI.III\'1- P'<l-. He used a subterfuge
to get out of the assignment. h-J-OOI.III\'1-
P'<l- 11"'11"'11'1' 11A?'t- .l.m~
assimilate (vt.)
I. .,..,..,.. He assimilated the customs of his
new country.

Yllft.~

J\"IC

IA"7Y: +uOD

2. ( ~ pass.) hl'lro-~-1: -J-'I'dtl.. We assimilate

some kinds of food more easily than others.

l>1'1"tK' l''"'lll:f hl\.11-'ll f.A'I> hAID-~

.:l':f-1 0.,.1111- f.'l'dt-'1113. fH. The girl reads so much that she does
not assimilate it all. A~ -on- h"710
!1. f-1-~"1 11-11-1!1" A,.f-11 l>Aif'll:f!l"
4. oPmm. Plantsassimilatenourishmentthrough
their roots. ~8'1',. I''"'IQ'fOJ-1 OFC'il''f
..... f.O""'IIasslmilate (vi.) .,..,.11.,.11
Swedes assimilate readily in this country.
il'I!K-'l':f MUJ h~C 0.,.1111- f..,.l\.,.1111assist (vt.) <:-'1
Who assisted you in preparing this report?
1-1111 &rc,. ll.:l'H:>JI.' f<:-'111 .,~..,. 1
He assisted the old lady in crossing the street.
1>1!'1.:1: OD1~-'I.1 ll.:l'<IIC'I' <:-'1,.
assist (vi.) .,.,7
The father assisted at the birth of the child.
.bY). {l.miiK- l>Q,.\1-0J- MIJ'CD- -1-~'S.Y. ~

oc
assistance l>C-'1.:1'
He did it without any assistance. 111.
l\C-'1.:1' ' w&-ID-

assume

72

assist

r'"}9"

assistant (n., adj.) <:-'1,.

My assistants are available if you need them.
<:-'I-Hi1 h.l.lllV'fOJ- 11.<:-'1.11 f.:fi\11He is assistant manager. ~4:,.. 1 Ft. 1 hll'hJ
]1.'. ~ ....
associate (vt.)
I. t.~ooJ'.. We associate Egypt with the Nile.
"l-1111'1 hOQf. :>C M'~!l"-'1111
2. ( ~ passive) Odtllll- -1-ffH. In America we
associate Christmas with giving presents. Oh
"'l&II f1'0 O~A OdtllQ:f-1 lltn.:l' hoo
llm,. :>C f-1-ffH ~..,.
associate oneself t-lt-1" 1 1til111
I don't wish to associate myself with what
has been said. 0-1-QIIOJ- ~~c &-1'1.1 liM
q l>ALA"l!l"
associate (vi.)
I. -1-'1--'17. He went wrong as a result of
associating with criminals. hm1~11'l''ll :>C
hoo'l-.'17-1> f-1-~"1 -1-0IIlf
2. "!Tf.H ~O<:OJ-. We didn't associate with
them very much.11H- "l.H. 1 h~f\o 1 ..?C 1 ..,,.
-,_~,. l>M0<:1!1"
3. "11"f.~,. l>J'.<:1. He has always associated
with political groups. II-A1.11. hrM:II "7
"'OC':f :>C "111'~,. l>K"C'\A

associate (n.) -1-QQ& 1 'iicii

He was an associate of mine during the
summer months. OO:>OJ- m&-.r-:f -f-QQ&\1.
~oc

He planned the project along with his associates. l\'l>-'1.1 h'iiCIIl"'ll :>C l>H:>~
associate (adj.) -1-QQ&
He is associate editor of the school paper.
f,.!I"IIC,. 0.-1> 001\'dt.,. -1-QQ& l>H
:>]/.' l\(1. ~ ....

association
I. "7"10C. I don'tthink I will join the association.
f"7"10~ l>QA f!I"IM l>f.OD!lii'S!I"

2. "11"f.~"'- I benefited much from my association with him. h(l. :>C QII'S "111'~,.
0"1!1" -1-m.,.!l"h3. "1-11<:,.. The United States is an entity
rather than an association of states. 1t"161t
h1K-~,. '""' Me l\1)[ fu~c::r- "111
<:,. l>f.J'.A:f!l"
4. oo'f'A.. His association with the embezzler
blemished his reputation. hl>J'.&- 01\..:J'CD-
,;JC I OD'f't\o I 11'i"aJ-"} I h.1-F.,d.,aJ5. ,.11.:1'. The city brings many pleasant associations to my mind. h.,.'"l'f'"} = il,r. ~ 11H- 1
f"''.J'IlJ'.Il-1> ,.11.:l'JP:f f.;l'm(l.>;'A
assort Af
Assort these buttons according to size.
MH.t11 1>11&-C':f l\1J'.foom<;'fOJ- llf'fOJassorted, adj. ( ~ adv.) OfM-1>
A box of assorted biscuits costs five dollars.
h1K- "1'1'1 -llllh-,. Off.~-1> 1>!1"11,.

-oc

fm"'A

assortment, ~ of AI< AI<

This shop has a good assortment of merchandise to choose from. ,r.u 1 tt-:to 1 ft.oPr'l.
'I' f"''.J'Il:fA -IIH- AI< AI' lf.,."' if
1>11-,.

.,.,..;r..

assuage
I. 1>11"0'0. Her kind words assuaged my grief.
f-f-<;~<::f'S ooAI)!I" :J'A hdtH~ l>li'<;'O'S
2. l>O<:J'.. Nothing will assuage his anger.
_,"'CD-1 !1"19" l>J'OCJ'.OJ-!1"

assume
1. 100.,.. He is not such a fool as you assume
him to be. 1>1-1- l\1J'.!I",.~!I"-I-OJ- f-111
filA of:A hM'-119"
The maid did not come for a week; I therefore

assumed

assume that she quit. ~<:.11.:1: II"JJ:- II?"

"t'l- ' 111141\0D"''I' ' P't:-oY'r ' 11:1'11'1' 111'- '
~~?";1-1111-

2. f"'LA .,,..,. .I'll. You assume his innocence before hearing the evidence. .,ll<:jfm"t ' houii.,TU ' 11.1.'1- ' "tl\..lo ' )<JJo ' f"''.A '
.,,..,. ' Tf.'IIIU
3. ooltA- 1 ;l'f. He assumed a humble manner.

T.ftTo; 0 ffltD- 0 ODIIflo 0 :J-f

4. hiiODIIfl. He assumed ignorance of the law.
.lo.,."t f.,.l'm-:, hiiOO(lfl
5 .I'll. He assumed the direction of the office.
fR.I!' Ft:-oY'r hoot:-c .I'll
6. -t-+1111. I cannot assume any responsibility
for that. IIIU' ,."t,. "llloi.)T A+I1A
hATA?"
[See also 'throne']

assumed 11.11
The writer concealed his identity under an
assumed name. 1\d,.l.m- .,"t)-l>"t 1111.11
II,. lfol.)m-

He is living under an assumed name. iloue'}

ii<JJotn J'.'ft:-A

assuming that h1oo.,. 11:\11

Assuming that he had stolen the money we
called the police. 1"tllil'"t llC!IIA .flil"t
h~ou'I-"J

astonishment

73

11:\11 ?'11.11 mt:-"t

assumption .,?":,.
Their assumption that the war could end soon
was wrong. tnC)-J> .Y.II- 1\..l.ll?" ,I'.'I'IIA
f"''.ilm- .,?";1-:fm- ll<h_,.T )11C

assurance
I. h?")T. I have full assurance of his honesty.
1111 :J-"''h-1> ,_tr ~,.H. hil'1
2. -11- ~?")T. He answered all the questions
with assurance. 'I'.1'-lll"'ll"t 11-11- 11-11-
)',,..),. ' 00{1{1

3. 07 ~.."J1fii. The flood victims received assur~

ances of government aid. ftJJo~ DPTA-l-A
~ ' hS'.:J ' fS'.<;(lq:fro- 0 flJ"T ' hOO"J.,
F'l- hCJ!:J- ~"tS'."'LS'.CII:fm- .,<::1~""1

.,.ll"''fm4. 116-11 oo.,..,,.."t. The young lawyer lacks

assurance. OJIIJ-h 1 mfl.+ 1 n,e..ll oPT"''
OO"J ' ,1'.1-J:-ii'I'A
give usurance hG;J~m(il'l-)

Mother gave me her assurance that I could

go to the movies. ho;-t: mS'. ll.l., ~"tS'.
M.t:.- hl::J~m'I'A'1

have one's assurance ( = active) h.~;J1tn(AT)

I have his assurance that he will pay on time.
11"1.ti.<JJo ' f"''.h'i'A ' OO!Y\<-"t ' hl::J.,tnA'I'A

assure

hl::J~m

He assured us that he would be there. MI.U

h"tS'."'L~'1 hl::J~mA"t

Nothing can assure lasting happiness. fHA'iA

,.. S'.ll;l-"t f"'L..'<::J.,'I' ?""t?"

)~C

fil?"

assure oneself h.~;J1m

The man assured himself that the bridge was
safe before crossing it. hoo?l"1?- 1 fl"T 1 (I
fDoftJJo

I S;A_S;f/. I

tpfl<}-

ODIJ").")

}i~;J1tn

assured (adj.)
I. 116-11 foo.,..,oo"J. The speaker's assured
manner impressed me greatly. fi-tf;J&tJJo 1
116-11

fOO.,..,OD"J

!Jo~:J-

11"1,.

)I)'S

2. f.,.I'!IIC'I'. He has an assured income of

500 dollars a month. 11fm~ f.,.l'liiC'I' h

hilm-

,.11'1- oo.y. 11C ~a.

be assured t.,oo~
You may be assured that your son is safe.
A~U

S'.'W ootr)."t

~oo"J

rest assured I h.Tm,e..mc

Rest assured that I will be there!

,.1'1

~IU'

~ "t S'.

hTmt:-mC

asterisk fl>h11 ?"Ah'IPut an asterisk after all foreign words!

hqc)J:- :1'11'1- 11-11- 11:\11 fl>h11 ?"Ah'l-
hJ:'C.,

astern hooch11 :\11

Another ship anchored close astern. 1\")S:
DPCh.fl h/1.11'1' ' OOCh.fl :\11 0041\.ft~ o
"'ll

asthma hll.,
(be) astir.,...,..,.,.
The town is astir with visitors. h+"'' f..-h 11
~c 1-.fll:l"'l' .,...,,_:1'11'1'

astonish hilS'.)+
The gift of ten dollars astonished the little boy .
fOP'C 11C lltn;l- '1-"t if."t A~ hilS'. )+ro-

be astonished fliiJr +1~00

I am astonished that he did not come.
1]{100?""11> ' 11"1,. '

~<:,.!J.

astonishment hJ:-o;-1''1He expressed astonishment at the invention.

11'i'AIIof.m- hJ:-o;4'-l>"t

~ill\

74

astound

~~~-------------------------------------

astound
1. '-:1!'"1 hll1t:ou. The Americans' landing
on the moon astounded us. fh"'Ult'l':f
<U.t!.<l'

il.f. ' .,t!'i' ' '-)!'"1 ' l\111t!OD1

atone

I will be at home. '-0.+ M"'IIIJo

3. '---- ilf.l 0--- ilf.. I will waitforyouat the
entrance. '-"""IIU'm- ilf. '-m11:,0?1\1Jo
The bus stops at the next comer. J\aJo.,.flo-fto
0"'l.4''1'1\m- ou;f-moi.Y ilf. f..f.,A

2. hll.<'.~1m. The news of Kennedy's murder

astounded everybody. fh.~'L ou1J'.A n'i'

4. h. We have not arrived at a decision yet.

llm-1 IJoll- hll.<'.~1m

1'i' '

(be) astray

qb~

Her thoughts are astray. h<'l!l.

10 astray

fqb~

~..,.

m4-

We are looking for the cows that have gone

astray. fm4-+1 il.'l":f OODol.l\"1 ilf. ~1

bm-<'1~

' hAJ'.t:ll1'1"

5. 1\. At the moment I have no permanent

address. 11'1..1"'" *"'l. h~ll-"if fii'S'I"
6. H1~. We were at the tailor's. 1\1111 114.

m- H1~ ~OC"t
7. (zero). It happened at night.

+I

flY~,.

1\.11.

)QJo

The children are at school. A)('li 1-"'6 0.

lead astray h<'l<'li'

The similarity between the two situations led

him astray. fiJoll-1> IJok;l-l":f ouou<'IIIA h

+ ' .,..,,.

<'1<'11-m(be) led astray .,1m

+ (negative verb). I do not have

any money at all. '1"1'1" 11H11 fii'S9"
2. O'i'l\.9" + (negative verb). He has no
patience at all. O'i'l\.9" +6"1F+ fi\11Jo9"
3. 9"'i'Aq+. If you are at all worried, you
shouldn't send your child to that place.

The boy was led astray by bad companions.

A"K. bou'!'G: 0\J'.,.I":f 1'1''1" .,1m

astride, sit ,..., h.'lL&-tu ++oum

He sat astride the log. h1oi.MP "11.11. il
,. ' .J-4'oum

astrology hii'I-C'II-1{. l l>b11 4/.mllMagic and astrology are occult arts. '1'14/.il.'i'
l>b11 4/.mll- (hii'I-C'II-l[) lim-e 'I'OII:f

.,..,....

An astronomer observes the stars. fb'l'b11+

athlete nre1-"'

1 '-ll?"e.J-"'

?"ei'"' 1iA.,+ M"f

astronomy hii'I-C''l'"'l.

atlas h'l-illl

astute 111\'1'
~;JF..

)tJJo

asunder, see drive, split

asylum

ate, see eat

The best athlete received a prize. 9"em- II

' b'l'h11+1 ' f.OD<!'/"11-A

He is an astute merchant. -fiAT

'l"'i'Aq'J- f9"'l-11:> bll'~ A)!'tJ1 <DJ'.H.

y ' (1;1- ' """h ' fl\11119"
[See also 'cost, first, last, least, most, once,
time, will']

atheist ['-"1H.h11m.e ""'l'-1-1 f.,Y'/"1]

astronomer fb'l'b11+ oue.,.-;

oue.,.-;

at all
1. '1"1'1"

'1'1'S~+

The rebel found asylum in the neighboring

country. ooup,...,. o.,_.:o.+ Me '1'1'S~
+ ' M"f

at
1. 0. He came at three o'clock. OHm'S
ll'l+ """'

He could read and write at the age of four.

ot.t-+ 'l"""" .,1011'i' oo11-;: f.:fA ~oe

I was astonished at the size of the city.

Obi'"Ym- +~>.:,O~+ 1'.<'.141 ~oe
2. '- I met him at the station. '-"'IU'"'" h1
"fiJo'l-

atmosphere
1. tJ'I'. The atmosphere is now a subject
of careful study. IJ'I'IIJo h1Jo1 0'1'1.<1'41 0
OPffifi-l- I "~ I ~(l)o

IJo~;l-. The atmosphere of the room is

pleasant. fh'i'll- IJo~:f- f"'l..I'IIJ'.II+ ~,.
[See also 'tranquil']

2.

atmospheric fhfe
Meteorology instructs us about atmospheric
changes. fhfe mqf. '1-'l"tJe+ 111\hfe
""1\'I'ID'I' .l'llt:'IA

atom

h-f-9"

atone
1. 1'il.,_ '111. How can I atone for my sin?
b;IILh-1: h1.<'.'1- 11ldt A1q '-:fii.IIIJo l

atrocious

attain

75

2. 1\{.oo. How can I atone for my bad behavior? OD'J'Il: 1\J':t:.H:'J I\'J.1'.9"'J 1\C
ODID"f

atrocious 1\{l_,..of:
The murderer committed an atrocious crime.
)<j:{l 7.111'- fwt:.m- ID'J)';A 1\{l:J-of: )ID"

atrocity (atrocities) "1'1'

The atrocities of the enemy are revealed in
this book. fml\'1- "1'1' 011.11 oox-m'i' m-11
'1'-I-7A!I.A

atrophy oooo')oo'J
Paralysis of the arm resulted in atrophy
of the muscles. fh'J.tl. oo{l/IA fm-'J!I'll'":f
') ODOD')OD') ' l\11h-J-/I

attach
I. 1\J'J'H. He attached a sample of cloth to
the letter. h.I'.-IMO.m-9" :>C f""C41'J <;ooc; ' 1\J'J'HID"
2. oo.RO (-J-oo.I'.O). He was attached to the
Imperial Bodyguard for awhile. 11'1'4:'1- 1-11
Oh11C HO'f <D-11'1' -J-ouJ':{t )0C
3. O.h"' I\11J'H. We had to attach Mr. Parker's
salary to collect what he owed us. "'t11-J-C
:rchc 1\f. J'II'J'J 7'JH11 11"'111
hoi.A .1'.'1"11-'J O.h"' "'111J'11 )0l.11'J

4. ftm. You attach too much importance to it.

h"'tJ'11oi.A7tD- 01\f. h'i' J'/1 'I':> '1-{lm'l'
/Ill
be attached to mF.F.

I am very much attached to that child.

n'J A., 0"19" 1\ID.I'.'I'/IIJo
attach oneself 1"1-J.;T

He attached himself to a political party.

IJ'JJ': f?'M:IJ 11-J':'J :>il- -J-1-.IIT

attachment
I. oo.c....,+c. The two had a strong attachment
for each other. ,.fl-1: hi: 1 Yfl 1 ooL:J-+c r

ID"'J O'l'f.'l- f7.1'.11m- 11/1-J-<;)+m- oo

ll''t-'J 9"h'JJ''I- 1\J':C"'l h+.:o
He was attacked from behind. h:\1\ID" -J-oo;f2. 1\m:J-. The enemy attacked at dawn.
tnl\'1- ' .,_.,..,_ ' 1\f. 1\tn:J-

Measles is a disease which attacks children.

h-'1'~ A"lf.":f'J f"'tJ'tn:J- Oii;f- )mThe dog attacked the cat. m-lfm- J':oo-I;:J:'J
1\tn....'l3. mt.l.. The disorderly mob attacked the
President's residence. .:JoT ,f"ll ..01111 1 fT~
11.-'l'J-I>'J 11.'1- mt.l.
4. M+. The leopard crouched ready to attack.

)11>~- 11-n~ 1\Y:'i'fii-A

5. -J--J-<;h-11(0'1-). Some insects attacked our
garden plants. 1\'J.Il'JJ': )'i'fl'l- 1\'l-hA+!I'":f-'J
., -J--J-<;h-11-11')
6. O~f.A )4'.1. l Hllol. (-1-HIIol.). The news-

paper attacked the senator's speech. ,."JH."l

m- f .h"' oom(l'fm-'J 9"hC 0.'1- 1\
qA 'J"'"'C O~f.A )oj>ol.

He was violently attacked in the newspapers.

0:>1"11D" ' hf.'i' ' -J-11/Iol.
7. 1\"'.l'.ol.. The hungry boy attacked his dinner
as soon as it was served. f.,.&-flm- lA"/: 1 1l.
il--l> I\'J.I'.4'l.OII'I- mi!JID" 1\"'.l'.ol.fD-

attack (n.)
I. "'''I':J-'1-. In the attack many soldiers were
killed. O"'''I':J--1> m~."J- 1111- ID;f-.l'.l':":f '
-l-7.1'.11-

2. oom-,.?+. The German attack on Russia is

considered a blunder. f;i';C""'J ou111>11'J
oom-:>'I- 1\').1'. h'i'-1-'f 11.1.-J-'1- )!.'!&mil-A
3. ID"1..J'. The general massed his troops for an
attack. :(.~il-11- m;t-.1'.1':,;') IIID"1..J' 1\'JJ':
)'f- {IR{IO

4. mt;&-. The soldiers resisted courageously the

enemy's attack. m:t-F.t::ri fmt\+'l 1 mt;&-
O)';"''J)'I- ' -J-!f/!1/oo-

)Ot:.'fm-

He had another attack yesterday. '1-II'J'I-<;

2. ""J'l'1!io+. She is promiscuous, so don't form

any attachment with her. Ah11h11 (l,'f- 1111
tl')":f h!l- :>C 9"'J9" "''J1')'1- 1\;f-

a.oooo- -J-)P'+ )OC

have an attack of -J-)'"1(0'1-)

He had an attack of fever. mqm- -J-)P'+

.I'.C"'

0'1- )OC

attack (v.)
I. .1'.0.1'.0 l -J-<;)oj> l oo;f-(-J-ou;f-). The thieves
attacked him and robbed him. 1\.(l,; 1.11.<:-R
ID" ' Hl.f-'1He justified his shooting the criminal by
saying that the man attacked him. m'J)';II'i'

attain
I. 1\71"'. He attained first prize. n.l'.'f)'I-'J
iiA"7'1- M'f'
2. h - - - .l'.l.{l. He tried hard to attain his goal.
h"'R- ' /IODJ':l.11 ' 0"19" ' -1-"'"'l.

He attained the mountain peak after five hours

76

attainment

of climbing. t-.9"11'1- ll't'l- .I'UA hi''l

H 0:\11 hi'~~ro- ""l'i' F.t'.ll
3. IJ')lJiol '1"1\ro-. Grandfather attained the age
of 90. ID"tF.- h.l'-1: Hm'O -too+ U'<;'l'ro-
('1"1\'l'ro-)
attainment "7"17'1-

The attainment of complete happiness is the

goal of some religions. J'"tJ!"tF.- YJ/."7'1''1-
'tl\"7 'i'K-9" F-11;1-"t "7"17+

)lJio

attempt (v.) 'l"ht'.

Don't attempt too much at one time. fJ"tF.-

'l.li hODm't Ollf. t.+'l"hc
attempt (n.)

..,.h~

They failed in their attempt to climb the

mountain. +&-&-aJo"J s 1\oPaNJJ-l- ,!!..~.,..:,.
..,.h~

<lf.<l!JII'I'ro- 4'<'.

An attempt was made on Sukarno's life

several times. ll-IJC'l'"t {IOD"/F.A 1111- '1.

attention
""lfD'I- 11'1-LA"/ ..,.H.:I'U"t A11 1111
II 1'ii"70DF.3. 1.1\0D. I still have some things to attend to.
1'0 f9"1.1t"7'l'ro- '1'4:+ "1--'11'-ll' hll-'1
attendance
I. 0011+. Attendance is compulsory. 0011
"IS'.:-" )lJio
2. O'l-9"uc+ 4'"t 0011+. Attendance in
school is compulsory. o+ruc+ 4'"t 'l-9"
uc+ IL+ 0011+ "IS'.:-" )ro3. f-1'17 ih1111. The attendance at the last
three meetings has been very poor. IJM-+
V'll'l- 1111111Jl"ll' 1\f. f1'17ro- ih1111 0
"19" Mlli''i' )OC

be in attendance
1. n~~lfJr. There is always a mechanic in
attendance in the garage. 9""t"lli9" h.:>&"11' oo!Jth hf.:-""19"

li ..,.h~ 1'F.c1 )OC

make an attempt 'i"h~ JF..bou

2. mO+. The nurse is in attendance. )C!t.

At least make an attempt to pass your exam.

take attendance il.9" m&-

+m114''1'llll'

ll..MII 1.1-'0ro-"t ll"7ll'i' 'l"hC

The teacher takes attendance every day.

I made vain attempts to reach him by telephone.

hll1'"7&ro- Of4'lo- 119" f.m&-A

OIIAh 1\);J"/t'.fDo Oh"t-1> F.h9"hattend

I. 1'17. His inability to speak English puts

him at a disadvantage when he attends conferences. fCil- h"t"/11.11'1 ou<;1c .I'll""

!I'll- "1-fJll. 1\f. 11.1'1 ".f"lc 1\f. f.'l'll
'I' A
2. 1"'7<'.. I attend business school. "t"IF.- 'l-9"
uc+ IL+ 7."7~llo3. 1-IJI.ll. He attended a seminar in economics.
011111' 9""1~ '1-f"UC:-"'1! "1-IJh. 1\f. 1-IJ

fi'!I.A
4. t.hoo. What doctor attended you? J'houu
mh.9" "7)ro-!
5. h(t;.l'ouoo. Three nurses attended the patient.
V'll'l- )C{':f 01i.,.'i'ro-"t hll;.l'oo..,.'l6. h1ll1ll. She has many servants attending
her. 1111- f"'L..'1ll"l!l.+ h1ihc-ll' h!l.+

7.

o~O.

A company of nobles attended the

king. 1111- IJIIIJ-I'li' "t"l-.,."t u~oattend to

I. hhO<'.. The child attended to his mother's

warning. A:q: M"-1> fllmll'ro-"t "711m"t4'4:
.1' LhhO<'.
2. A11 -Rh'" +lttl'/oPY.., Attend to your music
if you want to play well. ~ h..("C1tl ftoP

attendant (n.)
I. 1-h:-" f.. The prince accompanied by his

attendants came to our country. AD-ftc b+

h;.l'f-~ .:>C IDF. h1~lf't OD"J

2. mfJ-1:. The attendant at the zoo is sick today.

fh~'l!-l"'l "7'1'&.1' mfJ-1: qil. :-""J.A
gas station attendant R."}fl"} 4-:(m-

The gas station attendant spilled some gasoline. IL"ttl."t 4'l[m- 0."ttl."t hl./111
attendant (adj.)
*The war and its attendant evils are described
in this book. fi'C)'I- .l'llh-1'1\'l'ro- m"t.f.
:f OH.U 001\"m'i' m-11'1' 1'1A!tA
attention
I. 11"'1.'1- 1 DP'tl.ll. The bright colors of the
flag arrested the children's attention. F-"74'~
ffJ"tS'.&-ro- 4'll'l"ll' fA;i':~"t 11"'1.'1- (oo
"tl.ll) "7<'-h-+
2. 'i'l\1'1-. The advertisement will capture the
attention of the buyers. f"t"IF.- "711:-"ID-1:.1'
ro- f11Cl"~"t 'i'l\1'1- f."7CIJA
3. film- 'tf.) All<;. The speaker was the focus
of attention. -fo'i;J~tiJo fftm- r q._e.~ Afl'i
"7<'.4..1' )OC
4. m<l11. Some people's attention is easily

77

attentive

diverted. sM"JI." nl"":f mlt11 o+IIA- m

1. 1\.11 """&-/1\
5. -t-ou/1\lt":f. A pretty girl gets more attention
than an ugly one. .f"J}>: /1\"lf~GI.- hf."J.:>
J'./1\'Jo 1111" -f-OD/1\It":f ;M~II":f
Attention please! 7.1llt":fo- M9"m- I
*No attention was given to my advice. fDht.
-1-+IIJ'. hi\~"f9"
Attention I (military command) -1-m"J+'Jo I
attentions oP~(IOJf''l-

The

soldiers

were

grateful

for

letters,

packages, and other attentions from home.

m;J-1.1:,; 1\-1-llh-'llftJJo 1.11-'IIIJ"":f l 7.:1"1"
";f<; 1\.1\-":f OD:f""{liiJ'l"":f ' hOD{l~).
attract attention dtftfta'} 1\Rm-

Any moving object attracts my attention.

f"''.."J+lt+ll )~C 11-11- mltiL"J Y.il11'1'/l\
*Can you bring in the dishes without attracting
attention? lll"":f lt.l'\<11 lt.ft)."J /1\:f"""""'
'1-":flll\11 1
*I tried to attract his attention. m1.~ 7."JJI.
.l'il-1-0Jo/1\ 1\.,1.-G"I 'l"hChbring to the attention

J\O:t'm+

Any change of residence must be brought to

the attention of the police. hl.-&-"lf 0-t-Amm
"1.11. 117'11.11 .,/l;f-IJJ'Jo .1'114./A;>/1\

attenuate
his attention . .hltll-"J 1\0D.,Gh hC)."J )It
h1.G~":ftJJo

pay attention
1. A11 -fill- Jt.lloom. IPiease pay attention

to the teacher. hll-1-.,&tJJo"J /1\11 111\":fo-

hJ19"m-

n.,.

Don't pay attention to anything he

2.
says! 7."" f"''..l\tJJo"J h."l-ll.,
3. -t-m"JW .,&-. Pay attention to what you
are doing, or you will hurt yourself. f9"'1-"'&tJJo"J )~C -1-m"J'Jo+ll P'&- .1'1101\IU'
&-llii"J ."1-1-JII\11
4. 'l'"t:J-4: l\I.G~. Youhavetopaymoreattention to your appearance. 1\0D/1\hii'O 111\IIOllll
h'i'-1-~ 'l'"t:J-4: .,1.-G"I hl\1111
not pay attention
I. ":fll hi\. Don't pay attention to it! :Y.II
01\0Jo
2. hM9" h/A41.mG9". The warriors paid no
attention to their captives' entreaties for mercy.
9"CI>'I';FlfOJo 9".:hG."I- h'JJI.I.G"!IIlfiJJ< .1'+
Gll-."1-"J (Aoo<; hco'l',; hM9" h/l\41.m
'1-9"
3. I'C 1111-9" hllfOJo. The passing crowd
paid no attention to the sick child. -1-11114-0Jo
.:h1111 O'li-1-~0Jo"J /A~ I'C 1111-9" hi\

,,.

call attention to

show attention l\!10(11+)

1. hlt!lO. I have called attention to that

repeatedly. Ill\ """ 1.;>"1"'1. 1..:>"1"'1. h
ltlliL )0C
2. J\ouAh-1-. He called my attention to the cat
trying to catch the mouse. 1-""":1: hf.l\l."J
1\DD.I'"IJ ' /I."J-'I"hC ' hODI\h-f-'{
*I called his attention to it. l."JJI..I'/1110'1- )

The boy shows his mother much attention.

/1\:q': 1\M"-1> 11"19" .l'll1111:f""IA
[See also 'center, concentrate, focus, snap,
turn']

~ch-'1-

catch one's attention J\'JJLoPi\.h.,.m- rAh

'1-. nm
She looked away when I tried to catch her
attention. 7."J1.-'l-""llh-f-'{ 9"/Ah'l- 1\0D/1
m-1- ll'l"hC 4-:t:"J HUJC h1.G~":f-o'{
draw attention to h.il1'tHO

He drew my attention to my mistake. ll.:h-1-i:"J

hM)HO'{
get the attention

1. ?."JJI.h:f""-1-1\0Jo h1.G~. A teacher must know

how to get the attention of his pupils. h"JI."
009"11C T"?Gl",; l."JJI.h:f""-t-11-'1- .,1.-G"I"J
.,m'Jo hl\0'12. dtltll-"J .,Gh. She jogged his elbow to get

attentive '1-1-

l /I\Q9"
The attentive student learns his lessons quickly.
h (/1\QDD<) -1-"16 ."I-9"11Cof>"J O'i'"i')."J-

Y..,&-IA

be attentive to (guests) 007..111 hll+'i1S!.

The girl was attentive to her mother's guests.

/A:E-;t fl.'O:t:"J l."J"IP..":f 0"'1..~11 :f""ll-1-'0
"11." )flC
~ /Ail 1111- hJI""m 1
II"J:I"+ hJI""m
The teacher listened to the student's story
attentively. l\11-t.,&OJo f-1-.,&tJJo"J :f""&h
/A11 1111- 1\Jioum
The children listened attentively. /1\}>:'ll O"J
:1"+. hJioPtJl<

attentively, listen

attenuate (vt.)
1. hmh. The harsh climate of the desert

attenuates the health of those residing there.

ffla,. ..,,.11,.. 1fC m'l,e MU' f"''.
'l''I-'Jo') (l!P"'f tnS 1tJJoiJA

2. ( ~ intr.) OD~OD~. +stretching attenuates a

rubberband. 'IM:h 1\.Hl f.OD~9'";A
be attenuated
hOD. The power of the kings became
I.

.,.'I

much attenuated in recent times. h:t>c-n

'1.11. ID'I.U n1P';f''Jo .-,,eA 0"19" .,.
'!hOD
2. OD~OD). His body was attenuated by disease.
(l"'"~"" nn1i:f' 1 oo'}f"'l" ~nc

attest (to)
I.

Your work attests to your ability.

OD{lh~.

P'&-U "'fll-;f'U'} _r.oo(lh&-A

2. h~.?1m. The auditor attested to the correctness of the account. .,.41"1"l<ltJJo f.h.llfl-'} 1 '1hhi\,..)'Jo

h~.?1tn

attestation :l'A
The attestations of all witnesses are checked for
accuracy. ff"(lbc-,.; :l'A 1 rNr '1-hhl\,..
l\oPtr'l-

-ToPt:oP~

f.,f.1'1 Aoflll 1\oflo\ mt. fl..,. hCM:1

ODIIJ

The queen is attired in red . .,..,...,"" +.e n

+f. 1\ofl{l'I'A

I. m'l,e. His unfriendly attitude discourages

visitors. (ltJJo 11\0DtJJof..f: tn'lf. 1-ofl'S!P";f'}
1'1C&-A

I don't like his attitude.

1~'

1.}';..

II-'}

attorney for the prosecution ib"'l hilhll6

The attorney for the prosecution hopes to get

a conviction . .h"l hllh'l<ltJJo fl.,.hllif. 1\
,e 1\.,111.~1: .,.llof. 11-C.?A
attorney seneral m:Jtl\.,e. 0..4-lL ih""l

The attorney general asked the judge to acquit

the defendant. m~l\.1'. 0:1'11. .h"t .,.M
1f. fl)l\ 7.'}-'1.11.,.~ '!,..,.., mf+
defense attorney f-Th/t"li I tnfi..+
The defense attorney is a famous lawyer.
f.,.hllif. mn:l' "11),.. mfl:l' )fll-

attract
I. .,~h. The glamour of the East has always
attracted me. f9"P' &-~ fll-0'1- 9"'} '1.11.9"
7.'}1-..,~h'S ~ ....

2. llfl. What is attracting the flies here?

MLII "JI'}fl";f'} f"''.llofl Mf:)tJJo l
.,-.~'1- 11~'1- f.ll'IA

Her dancing was the big attraction in the show.

fl'l-e7..e-f> '1.11. 0"19" I f"''..,ChtJJo f!l.
'l'}ll )flC
have an attraction for J\Jt~
1'}H11 11"19"

.I"J~'I'A

attractive

attitude

u-~;1'.

.,.~

Money has a great attraction for him.

(be) attired 1\fl(l

2.

oj>mC"tJJo .,.., {)f.oj>Cofl

2. ~1~ 1 1."/":. Please be my attorney during

my absence. 7-'lhll'} 1 7.~ flr\.1\u-fl'Jo '1.11. ~

attraction f"''..,Ch

He came to church in inappropriate attire.

I

show up at the hearing. fh-IJ')1fll- mfl:l' n

A magnet attracts iron.

[See also 'attention']

attic ["1<11tJJo P'C 11\tJJo fl:f']

attire (n.) Aoflll
~

attractiveness

78

attest

u-~;f'fll-')

I\AID1.tJJo9"
3. 1\ll.,.S'f'l-. What is your attitude toward
cheating? Ill\ .,;1'1\A 11\U hll.,.1f'l-

I. f"''.ff"C ! f"''..,Ch. He married a very

attractive girl. 0"19" f9";1'9"C A"/": 1\1'1
This film star is very attractive. .eu"'f I.A9"

T-'1''1' fl"lf" f9"'1-.,ch ""'

2. .,&-h.. The girl's voice is attractive. fA"/":;1:
1:9"6 .,&-h. )fll-

3.

f"'LJ"'~.

He made me a very attractive offer.

f"''.f~~ 1:C1:C hoj>~flA'S

'}"'}f:~tJJol

be attractive 1\111.(1.,.

4. h ~:\'}. He stood there in a threatening

attitude. 11"'1.1111.&- 1\~:\'} MU' oi'OD
5. oo'}l.ll. We must maintain a firm attitude.

The layout of the streets is quite attractive.

41&-'1' OO'}I.ll f.H'} ' oool'f'Jo hl\ofl'}

Typography makes the printed page more

attractive. 7.'1-9" K'dtof.'} ffHtJJo'} 1K'

6.

hOD A.

1 1\0DA

That attitude is characteristic of her.

fC!l. 'tf.~.,.,.. m'lf.'l' ~,.

attorney
I. mfl:l'. The company's attorney failed to

fDD'}1JI. ' 1\oj>ffll 0"19" ' 1ll1.ll;I'A

make attractive h./toP~

fl.I'.RA'I' 1119"&-A.

attractiveness tJJofl'Jo
The municipality is in charge of the city's

attribute
attractiveness. Ah.,.DI/OJ- m-o+ ...,1\4- """H

;J'If IL-l-

~..,.

attribute (v.)
*He attributes his success to hard work.
fF&-m-1 ""illt-l- R-l-:>-1: 1"11"11-T ~m-

Y.'IA

*He attributed intelligence to his colleagues.

fF& ~.l'.'l''l> O'l'of!l":f ' ""ll'';"lfm-'t ' Y.
.,.,&A

1. tta.c.e. Mercy is an attribute of God.

P" a.~+ f1."1tt.h11m.c tt.nc.e ~..,.
2. ""llf". The crown is an attribute of royalty.
HtJJo.l': 0'1-F~T ""llf" ~..,.

attrition "7-'lhP"
The long siege turned into a war of attrition.
li~1CP" 1.11. f.,..l'.~1l1Jo oPlJ011 1.11.
"7-'lhP" ,nc~+ 11'~

by attrition {Lfil\

Metal becomes weak by attrition.

11~-l-

1\.R

'I .l'.lt"7 Y,IJ'';"A

(be) attuned to llaa.l'.

His ears were attuned to the noise of the big
city. ](.r:m- f-l-A.,1 h.,."7 m-h;f-';" "'i
"''.;f- liP"P.;f-A

auction <h&)>:'
His property was sold at auction. 111.:1: R
<h&)>:' .,.ifm

The audacious boy rushed into the burning

building to rescue the child. 1.-M- A)!' m
flo.1 ll"7-l-t:'i' f.,.+"'mlltJJo IL-l- m-(1
(!"tfl

1Q

*Today I had an audience with the minister.

~"- "'Ll:.il-l--1- .,.+11llm- M:>1-1<'S
give an audience fl.fo~~ (I..Y

The committee will give you an audience to

hear the plan. 7.:t>.l':t11 li"'/'IDD'J' 1.C'I-

The Emperor granted him an audience.

'~'~-"' ~11"1: .,.+11llm- M:>1-l--l-

auditor
I. l\.1':"7'fl". The auditors sat in back of the hall.
l\.1':"7t;""'li l\'1&-lf. m-il'l' hRll-t-:\'1 .,..,.

"""'"

2. .,..._"1"1&. The auditor checked the account.

.,...."'"'tltJJo <h./111-1 ""~-~

auditorium (f'l-llh.) l\'1&-11

The auditorium in which the celebration was
to be held was small. R'tll- f"'LI.Rf"R-l-
f'I-Qh.m- h'l&-11 T't11 ~RC

augment
I. ...,.,..~. The boss failed to augment my pay.
hli:J-11. 1.'1"11.1 /IY,Q;l.f"CA'S +t:
2. l\111.1. He augmented his income by
writing speeches. 1"1"1C R""R'i' 1tltJJo'!
l\111.1

Everything augurs success. u.trr ~1C foo

lllt+'t .,.(l<f.

~aalllJ;f-A

august "'C"7 '1"1ll

~llm-

Ras Imru is an august personage. &oil 1.?"

-1- "'C"7 '1"1ll ~'llfm- ilm- o;lfm-

audacity .l':'i't:-lHis audacity to ask me for money shocked me.

1.l!.1 11H11 1\.mY.:t> .l':'i'~-1: l\ll.l'.~1m'S

audible f"''.Jl"7
He spoke in a scarcely audible voice. o:Y...,c
R"'Lil"'' .I':P"/1

;>C ll""1';""fT ill":f R.,...,.'lllol.~tJJo 'I

Y. Y,mQR., ~RC

augur .,.(l<f. hoollh.,.

audacious .r.<f.c

3. ""1';""f-l-. People were waiting in the hall

for an audience with the governor. h11CdJ-

R"'Y.:f" Y,i1"7VA
grant an audience T4"1li\- }\):J1l.lD"

attribute (n.)

If'

auspices

79

.,..,.,~

audience
I. f.,.iiRiiR .01111. The audience was asked to
remain seated. f.,.iiRiiRm- .01111 1..,..,..,..
mR+ 1.1-'l..f.Y. .,.mf+
2. .,..,..Ait:Y.. Thetelevisionaudiencein Ethiopia
is still very small. h..-l-f-11:~ m-(1'1' hii-1P"
f-l:lloli.'fn .,.ooAI}:f R"'f" l\~(1.,.,. ~m-

August

~<hll.

aunt 1\hil-laura oP"JLil

An aura of holiness surrounded the saint.
:t-'1-il ""'!Lil RR.I':., 'IY. Y,;f-Y, ~RC

aureole f11CV"t hhii.A

The aureoles are always painted in gold.
f11CV"t hhii.A 11-A1.H. mC:t-"7 +liP"
Y.+IIA

auspices .l'::>'i'
He traveled abroad under the government's

80

auspicious
auspices. floP"J""IJV-1-

Y:;Jfi:

mY..

MC 't.f.
auspicious Tllof. f"''.ll'l'

Our team made an auspicious beginning by

winning the first game. 11-t.-.,:Y., fou)!oo
6Yw-"t "1'1'"'/.Y R.,lh<;: Tllof. f"''.ll
'I'

h)!.,ODC h/lf

austere
1. 11"'1- fll'li. The austere life of the first
pioneers was remarkable. f4' f. !I"-Hi llof-6
l"":f 11"'1- r1111 ).t!' f"''.t.~'l> ~nc

2.

.,--a:,..

OJ-

He is an austere person.

.,--a:,..

(I

)ll)o

3. l>ll:hl. The austere look on the judge's

face frightened the criminal. f.lll;',. l>ll:l-6-
hliTYf'l- m1)!11l;'w-'t hllf.~~m,.
austerity t.-11-'1- fll'li ourn

Austerity is characteristic of monasteries.

f~.ll!l" ).(!'
oPY,. I )OJ-

t.-11-'1- fll'li oorn fTII

relime of austerity

'f-Ie

ffl'lflT )of!"

Because of the war, they had a regime of

austerity. biPC~-1: fT~"' ":f"'c fR~R'I-
).t!' h.?m_,'f,.
authentic
1. 7.,.~.,.>;'. This is an authentic signature.
,I'.U 7.,.~_,.>;' oi.C., ~,.
2. f"''.;J-oo1. I heard an authentic account of

the wreck given by one of the ship's officers.

1111 oochtl- hliiJRC boucbtJ- oob-1'l'":f
l\1/1. ' f(lm,.1 ' f"'/.:J-001 OD"'/1""& (I

.,.,.

authenticate
1. 7.,.~.,.>;'~'1-

authoritative
1. f"''.;l-oo1. The news came from an authoritative source. H.'i"OJ- 1 f.,...,TaJo 1 h"'l.:J""oP'l 1
!1"1"1" ~ ....
2. fh~'l'n'l-. The officer spoke to the crew in
an authoritative tone. oolJ..'l"). 1 lPt-.,..'f~'l 1
RM'I'n'l- :I'A T'i'~&-'1',.
authority (authorities)
1. I"A"'1. Do you have the authority to sign
this contract for him? .1'.1111 ,.A A'I-I..C
!1"11'1- I"A"'1 hiiU 1
2. f;J-ou) 1 ODt:Jf. What is your authority
for this statement? AU..U :J"A f:J""oo) 1 oo
t:JfU Mf.-1 ),.1
3. !1"1"1". I have it on good authority that the
minister will resign. h;t-oo) ,-,.,_. 1 7t'l1.
ll.,u-'1- "''.tll'k- 1"6-"'"1 RUJI. .I'.II:I'A
4. !1"/lhC. This dictionary is the best authority
for English words. 117.1"111.11>;' :1'11'1- .I'.U
oo11~R :1'11'1- hll-11- fRI\m !l"llhC ),.
5. Ym'i' 11.'1> l 0'1'<1:. He is an authority on
labor problems. n.,.&-.,.~":f ":f"'c Ym'i' 11.
'I>.~,.

Everyone recognizes him to be an authority

on Ethiopia. 1111 h..'I-NrY 0'1'<1: oolf).
1 .,1!1" URII'I'A
authorities QAJVAIIJ'l

Apply to the proper authorities.

IIT~R.,.

IJ

III"A"'1 hooAh'fauthorization I"A"'1

We need authorization before we can act.

11.,1.-t:"' boolf'll":f-1 RoL-l- I"A"'1 1.
1'1.llm1 Ylii..A;JA

He had no authorization to sign my name.

ht:;J~m.

The art historian

authenticated the painting. fi"MA ;J-6h

0'1'<1:,. f/"1>111 7.,.~.,.>;'~'1- ht:;J~m
2. hliJ'.4'. The court authenticated his claim
to the property. 1111-1: ,I'.~IJ>;'A .,11-1:1
'i'Cf.' IL-l: hliJ'.4'11'1-

author
1. 1.6-ll.. He always wanted to be an author.
nm'l-c ~ll. ourr1 .eou'f ~nc
2. hou1"'-. Are you theauthorofthis scheme?
fii.U "'"'1'1 hOD1"'- h1T ~~~ 1
authoritarian .l."t"i" 'il&-"1"

South Africa has a authoritarian regime. 1.1111 h'i'6II 1..11"1" 'll&-"1" '

,..,.. 1>11,.

authorize

flf~

OD1"1

R~

Ill"' llool..t:!l" I"A"11

hA~Rt:,.!l"

authorize
1. 1.4'f.. The board authorized the spending
of 10 million dollars for schools. llCJI. 01"
C "''.II.M 11C 11'1-!I"UC'I- IL+":f tD
..... 1.1'1.11'1 1..4'1.

The dictionary authorizes the two spellings of

this word. oo1J~R :1'11-fo ,I'.U :I'A Yll
"'"1 11-11'1- 'l,l'.~'l- hRR'i' ,1'.1..!1-.IIA
2. I"A"11 lim. The President has authorized
him to sign the treaty. ,.11-1 h1'1.1..C!I"
Tt.H..II1-fo I I"A"11 ll'l'-l';l-A
authorized personnel fTI..4'f.ll'f,. "'6-T~":f

Only authorized personnel may enter this

office. fTI..4'f.ll'f,. .,.6-.,.~":f 11!1' hH.U
R.t!' ......,IJ,.. ,l'.":f-1\11-

avail oneself of U'~(O'I-)

authorship
*The authorship of this book is uncertain.
r~u-~m~~~~h~~m+~

auto oo!J.'i'
autobiography

f~ll f.Rf.m'l- ~.:h

The teacher asked the student to write his

autobiography. hiiT"'Mm- .,..,,:,. f~ll
't f.Rf.m'l- ~.:h l'.'tJI$~ mf+m-

autocrat
*The kings in the Middle Ages were autocrats.
OODIJhll'i'm- ' HOD"t' ')-,.l":f ' ~~it' f/l.llfD-'
P'~"'') ' ~0~'1',.

autograph (v.) llou-') R.I.

The film star autographed his picture. f ol.~
!>btl- IIODo't OS:.f"l~~ ilf. R.I.

automatic
1. h-r-a7i:b. This is an automatic device that
turns the heat on and off. .e.u Ot&.,. ,...,..-,.
f"'l.ll-r'i' f"'L..'mof.. h.Y..,-I:h """'<IY ~,.
2. Yll ' QII0.-1> "''I''I'C f~CII. Breathing
and swa11owing are usually automatic. ,.,..,..,.
ol.ll'i' oP'f'J' hitqo;'m-') 'I.U Yll ' QII0.-1>
"''I''I'C f"'l.~Cil- ' 'i''fmh,..,..,.O.~

automobile

! oo!J.'i'

autonomous
~K.

l.

An autonomous nation chooses its

own ruler.
2. ~11-'t

~K

h"lC ft-ft."J oot, f.oPCITJA

f"'l.TJI~. This department

is autonomous; it appoints its own officials.
f.U h~~ ~11-'t :fll- f"'l. TJI~C 111\11'
~

'

f~ll-')

autonomy

l-11-
'

If..,~..,.

'

,_yr.,~

f~ll't h~WH ~R~'I-

This country gained autonomy last year.

f.U h~C f ~ll't h~q11 ~R ~'I- Qllol.m-
'tOD'I- ' h~'f

autumn oobc
l'.llh :J-l"'P' f.Y~

:>'l'!I"U't bY:~ v-1\- ~'1-"'""0'1- f.1Q~

avail (n.) -r:,O!I"

Of what avail is it to study Chinese? fiJ'f.'i'
') ' !1/')!1/ ' .,'l''i''l- ' ~') ' -r:,O!I" ' hllm- l
of no avail tt:~ fi.ll

His efforts were of no avail.

~lt,..

IIi!~

fl

11 ~oc
to no avail Ob"}-J:

The hunters pursued the quarry to no avail.

hJI'l''fi f"'l...'Y:l>-'1-'t l'.'tllil Oh't-1> ~1
IIY:JI. ' '1'11-

available (adj.)

fT~'f

After the fire, every available car was used to

take the injured to the hospital. h:l'mll-fD-
0:>.11. ,.,..,.JI.'I-'t (ljP:f mh.~ o.'l-
II.,Y:O:II f~'fm- oo!J.'i' Oou-11- .,..,
~0'1-

be available T1T

When will the doctor be available? mh.""' oo

'li'

~-~o;:~ l

The dress is available in three colors.

~itll-

01"11'1- ' ~I' ' ~I' ' +11"'1'1- ' ,.,o;:~

avalanche
I. 'i'JI. An avalanche of rocks blocked the
highway. fY:'t.:>f. 'i'JI oo')1JI.') H;>m2. T'tif~~:f fOO:I'- h!I"C. An avalanche
destroyed the village in the Alps. h~-rll
ODUb~ ' f!l"'l-~'fm-'t ' OD'I~C ' T'tif~~:f '
fO.:I'- h!I"C hm~"'''l-

avarice

't4-"I~'I-

His avarice helped him get rich. fll-

't4-"l~

..,. ' QIIR,;J ' IIDDIJ'') ' O:JifD-

aVariciOUS Q;lr.::,0
The avaricious old man gave no money to the
poor. """' 11"'1"1/1. IIY:'Ii ~'tHit h

avenge TO+II
He avenged his father's death. YQ-I>'t ~!I"
.,.0.,.11

auxiliary O:JI'I-

avenge oneself on Tfl+A

The general sent auxiliary troops to the front.

O:JI'I- tnC m~

You should avail yourself of every opportunity

to speak Amharic. h"''C':' IIOD'i'1C f"'L..'

~lim!I"

In Europe, autumn lasts from September

to December. OhfD-C';r oohc hoollh.:~

:(t~ll-

avenger

81

authorship

"l'tQC ilh

He avenged himself on the enemy. mil..,'t

.,.0.,.11

Money will not avail you after you are dead.

~!I" oo11.11
The avenger was a member of the family.

h'l"'l-h 0:\11. ~'tHitU hf.m:,O!I"U!I"

~!I"

avail (v.) m+oo

avenger

_,.If. ho..,. 11o- h'tJI.

~oc

avowed

82

avenue
avenue
I. ,_.o;-;. Churchill A venue is the main street
in Addis Ababa. f'I'C'fA ,_'l'i' fiVl.ll
}1,flfl I ff'lj I 00")1J': I 'jQ)o
2. OC. Hard work is a sure avenue to success.
m'Jhf!" oPJ"&-'1- f1-~:>1m f~~'t-
flC I ';aJo

Books are avenues to knowledge.

oog,n~:,.

f,)fl>o.,.'t- oc 'i''l'fl>o

avert an accident lti.;J

J;'i

He averted an accident by applying the brakes.

'i't.l-'J 00DJ'11 IJI'.:>IIJo 'I)

aviation .l'fC "7oPI\II'l'

Aviation is important for Ethiopian commerce.
.l'fC "7""1111'1' llh.'l-f"t;.l' 'J"I.J:- 1\11
4.'11. )fl>o

avid .,..,.
He is an avid reader.

average (v.)

?-?-

h.'lflll

'im-

*The rainfall averages 30 inches a year.

be avid 1-111010

f11'i'R- "7~h'l' ""m'J IJoD't- U'l\lt

h.'J':f )fl>o
*He averages sixty dollars a week. fltr-t+
"7~hll' 1!lfl>o FAit 11C )fl>o
*He averages six hours' work a day. Of4'). 1 f
"7.U'&ofl>o II.J:-11'1- ll't'l- ,I'UA )fl>o

The merchant was avid for gold. );>.l',.fl>o II

*The cost of our lunches averages one dollar

a week. llll"lt':f'J Oitii"')'Jo fll"'i'ID"'fl>o

I. t."71JJ'.. The average of 4, 5, and 9, is 6.

fl\&-'1- I ft-11"11'1- I fHm'S t."71JJ'. II.J:-11'1-
)fl>o
2. ool]hl\1;'. The average daily temperature was
30. f.,.l- ooiJhl\1;'
3Qo )OC

.,...,.'!-

"7~hll'.

Your work is below the average.

F&-U h"7~hll' 0;1-':f )fl>o

4. oom)l;'. He is above average height. boom

H' 41oo'Jo 01\J'. )fl>o
on an average h'l"-\ 1 "'-I.A.
It rains on an average of once a week. h'f"lt 1
,_F.A Oitii"')'Jo 1\'J.J:- 1.11. J'.H'JIJA

8Jo

"'j") I ;J-~h I ODgtj:

&.aJ- I

Q)o,...

I f07.1P&.l1Jo I

hoP~fl;;:aJo

pi

'if&

1. ifif. He took a devious route to avoid

busy streets. f+"'-'i'i+ 1 oo")1~ 1 Aouif"li 1 o
11"&.1' 00')1.(- '1.1'.

Why is he avoiding me? 1111"'} J'.iflfl;'A 1

2. t.IIW11'.. Avoid that by all means! 011"'}11"
t.'>.:\'J ,I''}'} t.IIW"II'.fl>o

3. h - - - &-.,., This peaceful tribe tries to avoid

war. J'.U M"7' )1.J:' hiPC)'Jo IIDP&-:,0
J'.'l"h&-A
be avoided

+m1~

The main part of his speech was that the danger

of war must be avoided. f'l"'l"'l.._ tt:~ 1 'i1C 1
toC'i+ I f"YJ'ODITJ.Q)o I 1\Y.,;J I 0DaJ1Y:' I 1\t\
0'1- f"7.A )fl>o

on the averase 0"71\hll' {l.;f-1'111

On the average, I go to the movies once a week.

0"7~h'l' {l.;f-(111 01111"'}'1- 1\').J:- .,..,
WJ'. ' {1.):"7 ' ~'f.-'11\11-

avoidance oomo:,O
The surest way of keeping slim is avoidance
of fattening food. ttoo:,:Om'l 1 fJ''iaJo 1 HY..
h"''.J'W'i'C 11""111 ""mo:,O )fl>o

(be) averse (to) m'l

He is averse to hard work. hfl~ 1 JP~~mi\A

aversion '1''1!1'
His aversion to poetry is well known. t\"'IT,..

*Mr. Brown is a lawyer, but writing stories is

his avocation. otil+C 11:&-aJo'l 1 mfl:J> 1 'i

avoid

t."71JJ'. d..lt11 1\'J.J:- 11C )fl>o

average (n., adj.)

3.

wc:,O J'.II1011JA

avocation

,1'1\IIJo ' '1'1\!J' ' f;f-ID.,. )fl>o

have an aversion to m-\

avouch

h~:>1m

The spectators avouched that the man was

injured. -f-oPAIJ'11 (lfDo!LIIJo """"{11\o'J
l\~:>1m-

avow 1\0D'i

He has a strong aversion to eating pork.

He avowed that he could not think. {1..1'11

.1'11"7 I":> oP.flll't- 0"111" J'.mi\A

11 ' hi\OD!J'I\o'J ' hOD)

avert fiC

avowed (adj.)

1\1'.~1

She averted her eyes from the wreck. 0"1"1"

.,
~1':f

h-1-lliJO~IIJo

)1C 'tJ'.S:'J rrc t.F.

*His avowed intention was to rob the bank .

IJ'Jh-'J

lloP11~'i'

A~' 1-'i'1~

't'l"7

~'J-'11\fl>o

0"1

await

83

await

dollars as damages. '1'1',. h!l"lt 11C lilt

I. -1-mflfl.,.. We await your reply. ODI.\illl't

h'ttnflfl:l'll't
2. mfl.,.. Many pleasures await you. 1111- S'.
11;1- f.m11:,0YA

awake (awoke), vt . .,. ... .,.11

The story I heard awoke my interest. fii"71J--l-
;f-<lh 'i''l11:'t .,.11_,.11,.

The photo awoke old memories.

t::..,...,~f.

f'

'l"t-lo -l-11;1-11-'t .,. ... .,. .......

1

~.+&

awake, be (become) h't:,OI.\'1- /\.,..,.,..

Are you awake? Let's go on a walk! h't:,OI.\
o;:u 11.,..,.111 -t-~.- h'tif&-ifc

He received the Haile Sellassie award.

'I! ~.1'-11 ........ ~~.'t 111.\"7-l- ..,..,.fill
[See also 'presentation']

(be) aware

f.,.-'1.,

T1~Hfl

I was aware how deeply he felt the death of

his mother. fht;1: '1"-l- M YIIA h
~fiC

be aware of om+
The government was aware of the activities
of enemy spies. OD't"IP'1: fm'l+ Ml'-:f't
hY:&-1+ ym-:,. ~nc

[See also 'fully']

be (become) awake to
I. 't., ~,.. He was awake to danger. 1\h
S'.:> 't"' ~fiC
2. S'.~ll(fl+). He became awake to the fact that
his girl was seeing someone else. mJl)l:. 1 hi\.-\ 1
(1,_ ;)C ' OJ'I~~o}o ' h'tS'."/:OD~";f < S'.~(lflo}o

keep awake (vt.)

I. h't:,OA'i' ~"'"'" The cannonade kept us
awake all night. fooY:of. M-!1";1- 11.11.-l:'t fl
-~~- 1,'):,01.\<;: ~"''t
2. h'lil-1-'l' hi\,.. The annoyance of mosquitos kept her awake. ftJJIJ -l-'t'l':f "7mh
Mil-1-'l' M+
keep awake (vi.) ~:,..,_ .fof
She willed to keep awake. ~:,.;1- 1\0D.fof-l-
--~tn:f

(be) awash (= trans.) m-;) h'l'l\.,.1\.,.m+Th_e street was awash after the sudden downpour. fiY:'t1-l' ~f.ll'l' 1ft;?" fl"""'ir
DD')1JI.') < ,_;) < h'J'I\.,.1\.,.,.

(be) away
I. hll.ll Til f. I shall he away for some time.
'l"l"C 1.11. hll.ll hi\YI\IJ2. "'""1" 'tS'.. I shall he away from Ethiopia
for five months. '1!1"11-l- me bh..-l-1'-A-Y
"'"""' h'/.'11\IJ3. 'tS'.. She is away on vacation. M~o;:+ 't
'11\:f
4. ~+. The sea is two miles away. llih"" 1 vII+ "7.1'-A .1'-C:I'I.\

*When his best friend is away, he never fails to

stay awake ~-1-.P. 1 4of'

He needs the stimulation coffee gives him to
stay awake. ~:,..,_ h't'l..fof. ffl-t; "7~:1'<1:

Y Yil4.A1'1'A
awaken .,. ....,. ...

backbite him. f:,0C11 m.<;:q: flll.llfl-l' 1.(1.

't .,.,.,') 4.X:'I" hY.-t-m-!1"

awe (v.)

hilS'.~.,.

The majesty of the mountains awed us.

f-1-&-&-m- '1"111

The noise awakened me. ""1i+ .,. ....,. ...~

hilS'.~.,.')

awe (n.) hh111!':J'I! 'i'CY+

awakening

I. ( = verb) n:l',.. The abrupt awakening

was caused by a noise. fl.e-1"1.-,..

'!&~mil+

award (n.) 111.\"7-l-

'tS'.-t-(1"7,_ -t'1't1tll.

awake (vi.) ~:I'

I awoke at seven o'clock. ll"tJ!" fl'l:,.

f'~.4"m-

fl""1i+ !l"h'tY-l- ~fiC

h'l~

award (v.)
I. ifi\OD. He awarded him first prize.
~o}o ' 111.\"7-}o < ifi\OD,.

The sight of the Emperor filled him with awe.

't1-P' ~1P'1:'t flf 1.11. hh11C';f-'l! "'
cY+ '""'"

2. oo't:l'-l-. Their awakening to danger saved

their lives. 1\l'.S'.:> OD't:l';f-'f,. mf.OJ;f'f~

awesome

ns-.'l'

2. 'll;~m(ll+). The judge awarded him 50

feeling of awe 1\J!"'i.f:tThe glory of the sunset filled his heart with a
feeling of awe. fB.hf. 'I'A.,.+ ,.11+ A
11-'t flhY:t; .foo}o .,..,.,.

awesome hil4.6
A great fire is an awesome sight. -l-1.\:,0 :I'm
~ hilu +c~+ ~,.

azure

84

awe-struck
(be) awe-struck .,.,.~.,.
He was awe-struck at the size of the building.
fih"Jllm-"t '1-A'I-H Qf 'LH. TS'.~4>

awful
I. 0"19" f"'L..'II:f>'l-. I saw the accident and
it was awful. hY-;Jm-"J hfiJo'l- I 0"19" f
"'L..'II'I-'1- ~oc
2. hll:l'<J:. He died an awful death. 1'.11:1'<1:

h.,_.,_,_ ' ......

3. ODIJ't::. What awful handwriting you have!

,..., ' 'tf.~-l- ' OD'J'fl: ' l'h~ ' JP;-ih.l-'1- ' 1'.1111 I
4. fQIIO'I-. He is an awful liar. fQIIO'I- mli":J-9" ' ~,_
5. hllmiL. I wouldn't wish that awful job on
my worst enemy.
h.l'lmfl. F6- Atlf.
ml\-1:9" Jo.Aou"fm6. Ah fi\.IIID-. That was an awful mix-up.
f Ah fi\.IIID- 9"ll:f>A:f>A ~OC

awfully
I. h4-'f. I am awfully tired. h4-lf S'.h'I"':'A
2. 0"19". I am awfully sorry that I hurt your
feelings. Mll4>f9"h-ll 0"19" Ml'i"IIIJo

4. mAlt'f... He has an awkward gait. h<!"''""

.11- mAlt'f.. ~,_
5. fot.,fltfi:C. His unfortunate remark was
followed by an awkward pause. T111. YA
!T~m- hiiTYf-1> f"'L..'il'i'C 119":1'"J
hllhTII
*The child is still awkward with his knife
and fork. ihflo 011.1\'l''i" 011"-lt hYY11
1'i" hA,IIm~9"
awlmll.l..
The shoemaker needs an awl for his work.
'"1."7 11.1-m- 111"&-ID- mll.l.. YII"-A1'1'A
awning "ICI'-71
The awning keeps the sun off the porch. "ICI'-11"-
Ot:"JJIID- 'If. Omf. 1\"JJIJ'.a>"l J'.hllh'IA

awoke, see awake

awry, blow ~ h"J:>S'.S'.
The wind blew her hat awry. ~4-11 QC~"''I'
., ' h"J;>.J',.f,.Q'fgo awry TOIIII"
Our plans went awry. 7.'1-JI":f-"J TO'Iil"

behave awfully

She behaved awfully all evening. f"7f.1Q

mQJ'. ll:l'ilf. hou1f'-f
awhile 11'1'<1:'1- 1..11.
He was here awhile this afternoon. If~ hll
<t-l- 0:\11 11'1'<1:'1- 1..11. 1.11.11 ~oc
awkward
I. 1Al1111". Is he so awkward in everything he
does? 0"7,,&-m- IJoll- 1\"JS'.H.II 1All'

ll' '

~,_ 1

2. f"7f.ou":f-. The meeting was at nine which

is an awkward time for some people. il-fl{llJaJo
llih11ofl 0"7f.ou":f- 1..11. 011'11'1- ll't'l- ~oc
3. "1&- 11.11. This bottle has an awkward shape.
f.ll mc-11 "1&- 11.11 fiT~ -l-ey;- hllm-

ax ""T<!Il.Y
He split the wood with the ax. 7.11- 6"J"'--I>
"J Oou'l't:ll.Y 4-llm
axiom 7......, I y;-f."o}>
It is an axiom that no one lives forever.
"7"J9" (lfDo ll.IT"J IIHI\119" 7."JS'."7f.'l"C
7.-"J ' (JP;-S'.-'1-) ' ~,_
axis H"J"I I 7."J11C'IThe world whirls on its axis. q.Ar OH1'=l
(07."J11C:I:) 1\J'. '1-"lih.:h&-ll":fazure fm&The azure sky had only one cloud. fm&-fDo II
.,,. 'h"J-'1,-l-' ,....... '-11!1'' ~0<!0-l-

85

babble

back

8
babble (v.) +I>'I+L
The baby babbled all day long . .h!). .,.).,.
-tr 1\.1>'1-1-'i' 'I'll
babble (n.) .,.e,_e,-;1The babble of the stream was very soothing.
fm"t,. '1-C,_C,-;1- fou'tLil ).CI);I- f.
1l'l' ~oe
babies, see baby
baboon 111-)!1!"
The baboons destroy grain. 111-)!1!" l\UA
.l'moi.A
baby (babied), v. h'tMbO
We all babied father when he was sick. htJ;I-":f
't O;f-oooo 'l.lt. !Jdl":f't,- h'tb'lb11
~

....

baby (babies), n.
!. a.n. The baby is crying . .h!). .I'll :r-Ite.
2. fouQ;~.,:lf A~. Which one of you is the
baby of the family? foo...,.:lf A~ .,,..,.
:y..,. <;":fv- l
baby bird fm<;: "'tm'IThe baby bird was attacked by a horde of ants.
fm!(,'t "'tm'l- f'l-'t'l't ooq'f- m.:&.'I[See also 'change, deliver, newborn baby,
nipple')
babyhood a.nH
The boy had no illness during his babyhood.
A"Jt O.h!'t~-1> 'l.lt. ,_,_,_ ;,oo,- h
A~o.:m-,.

babyish f.h!'tH
He outgrew his babyish habits.
!1-~'1- ' m'll''t ' '!-;toll.

M~1

fa.

bachelor m't~ 'lm.

Even though he is thirty years old, he is still
a bachelor. tPillt q.oo+ n.r.r~m-9" h.Vw
'}9"

fD'}1.,

"ffl.

)(Do

bachelor's degree fR., Jb

.II...,"

He received his bachelor's degree from the

University of California. fll 1o. '1..,,: .1'
1Tm- biJI\.I':C't.l' l'tliel\.1! ~m-

back (v.)
!. b - - - )!etJ ~m-. Our garden backs theirs.
f ... .1''1-llA'f- tl;l- b)(l- .)'."etJ ~m2. ~1L. He backs his friends in every arguhelle m'1,1'1?t f.~
ment.

0.,,..,.,.,.

""""'

back away

*Protocol requires backing away from the

Emperor's presence. fl'}"N"' )1P"-I: ~+
lt'f-~e m~ :\'I ll't J:-'1-'tJ:- Tl!"-1'1>11\ f.
mf.ft'A
back down

I. +m. After threatening to hit me, he backed

down. 1\.0D:1"'1 M+ 0:\'1 +mm2. m~:\'1 hL1L1. He claimed that he could
fix the engine, but backed down when asked
to do it. '1"-K-'t 11\m.,~m- ll":f'lllv- 1111-
~oe lll't'L"'&.m- llmr:r- .,,. m~ :\'1 hL
14.1
back out (vt.) m~ :\'1 ~J:-1' hm"'
He backed his car out of the garage. m~ :\
'I ~J:-1' oo!J.<;m-'t b;>&.'fr hm"'
back out (vi.)

I. hL1.1.1! m~ :\'1 h/1. He promised to help,

but backed out at the last minute. /lODe'!'!-
:I'll\ 1111' ooo...,,:lf ~4::1' hL1L1
(m~ :\'1 1'.11)
2. l\"Jt't hm"'. He tried to back out of
the agreement he signed. hLl.oom- m-A
l\"Jt't 11.,,...,,. 'l"b.:
back up a bit m~ :\'1 't~'l- h/1
Back up a bit; I can't get by. '1-1-11
'I 't~'f- OA I '111\'i' hll\":fll\,-

m~

:\

back (n.)
!. )!etJ. My back aches. )!etJ\L't .l'"""'ol\
He wrote something in the back of the book.
00D!\'m4- )!etJ 'If. h'tJ:- ~1e l\L
2. ""~14..1'. He hung his sweater on the back
of the chair. l.&.11-'t Om'tO~ oo~1.L.I'
'If. .....,.11....
back of hand

He has a scar on the back of his hand. ll"lt 'I

~ I

mQ/t

h/ltJJ-

86

back
back of head "'1~&--lYou cannot see the back of your head.
-l-IJ'J ll"''f-l- ll.-l-"{-Ar
back of knife fO..I\IJ'

"'1~&

~1'1-ll

You cannot cut anything with the back of the

knife. 00.'\'Pa>- ~'J~ll ?"'J?" A-l-'ilC'I'O-l-
ll.-l-"{-Ar
back to back ~C'I II~C'I
They sat back to back. ~C'I II~C'I .,.4'

....

behind one's back

I. 011.110-l-. She slandered me behind my back.

0/l.llrJoO-l- ll."''"'f"i
2. bll- ~114'. They did it behind my back.
b~ ~11-l'a>- ~~.~....,.-r
3. f 4-'l'"i. His hands were tied behind his back.
1-lt f.l.'l'"i :l'ilr: ~oc
in back of the house h0.1: r ~C"

There is a garden in back of the house. bO.iJ

'\r: .1'-l-bA-l- 11:1' l\.11
In the back

I. b--- :\~. He put it in the back of the car.

bDDIL'i'a>- :\~ ll.lloJ>ouma>2. b - - - Oil.,.:\~. She put the wardrobe in the
back of the room. fl'J-'1--k'J bb<;:ll- 0111-:\
~. l\.~<'.1"{-

take on one's back hHil

She took the child on her back. A~'I''J li.HII ";fmturn one's back on

1. ,,.. 11./lt" hi\L. He is unable to turn

his back on any suffering creature. flP".:J>J'.
~.e .I'll "'''J'i':fa>-'J?" 'i'tn-C 11?" 11
/'r> ' "''ll'i' ' li..P.IJ''JII-l-?"
2. 4.-l:'J ll.~<'. (0-l-). He refused to tum his back
on his friend when he got in trouble. 1\~':'m-
,_.,c O~<'.flO-l- 1..11. 4.-I:'J 11.~~.-.o-rr
[See also 'bend, carry, fiat, go, hump, pat,
resistance, run down, seat, talk']
back (adj.)
I. f:\~. The back wheel of the bicycle came off.
fllllb/1.;1: f:\~ ' ..,.., aJII-l'
2. Oll.,.~CIJ .I'll. The back rooms are dark.
Oll.,.~C'I .1'11--l- h'i'fr>"{o ""11"'1 'i':fa>3. b'\r: .I'll. They gained access through a
back window. h=iC" Ql\dJo oulllt+ A."'ll- 1
!1'114 . .1'111.. Send me all the back numbers of
your newspaper. f;>H."l"'frJo'J .1'114--l-'J 1.-l-'1"
"'f rJoll- ~hA"i

background

5. M.l.. He received 500 dollars in back pay.

ll.?"ll-l- ou-r- 11C M.l. ~'1"11 .,_4'011
back (adv.) Y:r:
They met in Addis Ababa back in 1946.
Y:r: ' Oiiif\98 't.?" li.JI.ll l\.0'1 a>-il'l'
.,.1'i'"i.,...,. ~nc
back and forth aJ/iY I aJJl,lJ
The pendulum swings back and forth. f"IY:"''I
m- fl't-l- 1.~:1' a>JI..I' a>JI.IJ _emqmqA
be back +ool\(l

He is not back yet. 1'i' li.A.,..,..II(l9"

[See also 'there']
backache f~C'I ih""?"
Backache is his chief complaint. fifiJ9"" f'""".
107C~m- 1 f'j!CQ 1 ,nou,m. 1 ~mbackbite l\."'1
When his best friend is away, he never fails to
backbite him. r:,Oc11 m'l)t 011.110-l- 1.(1
'} ' "'1"'11:'} 1."'1" ' h.P..,.a>-?"
backbone ll.bCIJ&
His backbone was broken when he fell.
Om~oJ> '1..11. ll.bCIJ&m- .,.flO<'.
It takes backbone 4\,&..'1'~+ 1 ~m~~A.
It takes backbone to stand up to such a big man.
1-'J~H.u .I'll -l-A:,O (lm- 11ouototr .,.
&-'l'~T .P.m.P.:J>A

backdoor f'\r: ' nc

They exited through the backdoor. 0'\C: OC
rom-

background
I. oo~11. The stars of the American flag are
sewn on a blue background. fl\.'"UIJ'J {l'J
~:,. '1~"'1 !>b(l"{o f.,_(l<f.-l- Ofl"''.l''l!
00~11

"~

~tJI'o

2. ou~lf. This book tells about the background

of the last war. ~IJ ~ oPK"dt'i: il"-hLt- 1
IPC~-l- ou~lf .P.'i'1&-A
3. A?"?"Y:. She has a good background for
office work.llllr: F&- '1'1- 11\?"?"Y: ll.~-l4. "'flr>;J-. His background includes courses in
French and German. "'ffr>:J'a>- I.<'.'JII.P.'i''i'
~COD'}';''} .l'm:J>A~A
In the background b - - Oil.,.~C'I
There were mountains in the background of
the picture. bFbll- Oll.,.~C'I .,.&-r:"'f ~0-1keep In the background (vt.) l\.11111
He always keeps his young son in the back-

ground. l\"" T"Jif.") A)I:"J 11-i'\1.11. l\")'11

/\1\aJo

)aJo-

stay in the background r"'7,.e.~,.e.n:,. I {1;1'-. J'H i

IDS'.' :\i\ ' II'~

The mayor's wife tried to stay in the background. fh>J-f:qtD- "'LilT f"''T:l'J.l.OT
11;1' ' iiOD.I'lf ' (IDS'.' :\i\ ' iiDDII'")) ''l"h<::f

backwards and forwards m"J-l-.fo h~C All

h 'IC

He knows his lines backwards and forwards.

T'F'IJC-f>") m-):,04' h'IC l\llh 'IC J'tD-:l'A

[See also 'bend, lean']

backyard '\C'
There was no grass in the backyard.

7t.~C"m-

'

9"")9" "'C AA~0<:9"

backhanded fiiOIIJ
He likes to makes backhanded compliments.
fiiOIIJ 'F'll;J<; "'/:,O<:it J,l.ID'IA

backing t::>'i'-

bacteria <:<l::l'"J

backlog
*There is a large backlog of unfilled orders.
iltl- J'A.,."::.i\ fP'&o 1D-1l'i'- Ail

back rest oos>.1.&.J'

The back rest of the chair is broken. fiD")0-1-
_,.llilt::A

back seat, take a - O:l':f II'~

~'i'-taT

Bacteria causes milk to sour.

T o ID.,.T")

He has the backing of the president. fT t.IL'I"J

-1> ' :;J'i'o ' AiltD-

00S'.1A.f

bad

87

backhanded

~4:..+'1

)t;:.fJ.

J'b-OD'J'IIJ{Io

bad
1. h4-. He heard the bad news over the radio.
h4-tD-") ' ID(. ' ht.Y:f" ' ll"''
2. ..,J.l.il'i'. I have a bad cold . ..,J.l.il'i' 1-"Jof."J
J.l.l''i'A
3. OD'J'G:. There is a bad smell here. l\ILIJ oo
'I'll: 7i:l' Ail
That's not a bad idea. f oP'J'fO': thfJ.-R
AJ.l.J'..i19"

The boy was led astray by bad companions.

He will take a back seat to no one. h"''"J'F'

A)l: h""'I'G: '\J'..'i'll':f 1'1''1" "'11m

O:l':f 11.11'") AJ,l.LA"19"

4. 07i.,.'i'. A bad tooth can cause acute pain.

backward (adj.)
1. fAl\9"C' illliiT f"'L"l-Y:iiiD. Backward
children need a special kind of schooling. f
Al\9"C' ofllliiT ii"'L"l-Y:i\'I'ID- A"/l.:f f.,.il
f f"''ll.,."''C Hf., J'llLA;J'I''I'A
2. ( ~ adv.) IDS'. :\i\. The backward movement
of the car was halted by a wall. ooh.<;'l' IDS'.
:\i\ llT'tY: "I"Jil Afo"''T
be backward IDY.. :\l\ +~

The people there are very backward. fiLJ'

A1C llll':f 0"19" IDS'. :\i\ ' of>C.,.'I'A
backward (adv.) IDS'. :\i\

He walked backward, and then he tripped.

IDS'. o :\i\ ' h.,.&-ODJ'.. o 0:\i\ ' .,.J'..<;of>L

backwardness
An inclement ruler contributes to the back'11C 1\"JC
wardness of a country. "'-*~

") IDS'. :\i\ ' f{lof>&-A

backwards
1. IDS'. :\i\. Can you say the alphabet backwards and forwards? A.S'.ii-"J IDS'. :\i\<;
ID!l. ' A.T ' ATiiiD- ' T:filiiiJ 1

2. fl\"J"IAA. He fell backwards. fl\"J"IAA

ID!l.of>

07i.,.'i'
J.l.:fi\A

'I'C{l

l\'.,.

<fo009" o 1\.fODIIJ o

Bad eyesight handicaps him. 'lJ.l.~ 07i_,.'i'

ooll'-,. ~"):,04-T ll''l'O:l'A
5. 1-'l[. Reading in poor light is bad for the
eyes. OJ'..oflqq ooofl&-T "''"JOil il'lJ.l."J 1-'l[
~ID-

6. f.,.O'Ilf. He is tempting fate by driving

with a bad tire. O.,.Oi\lf 'l"'' 1 0""'J'IT 0
1q l\)1: AS'.:> J.l-1-T:l'A
7. 1\J''i'. He uses bad Jangnage all the time.
rJoi'\1.11. 1\J''i' M:>1C J.l-'01&-A
8. J'A.,.IIJ&o. Please excuse my bad Amharic.
lli\A.,.tiJ&otD- A"''C'i'\1. J.l.:,OC;l' AY:C"I
A~
9. qil1.. If you are bad in school, you'll go to
bed without supper. OT'F'IJCT O.T tD-ll'l'
qil1. hll'"lh l\&-T AJ.l.liTIJ'F'
10. A'I-A. He came at a bad time. OA'I-A 1.
If. I ODIJ)
11. fOliO II. This bad apple upset his stomach.
fOliO/ltD- -!>of. li'JI.") ' AfaODOD(IJo
12. 'I':> flll. He was arrested for passing
bad checks. 1':> flll 'lih llilllm .,.J'H
bad weather fh.fC DPTG:.)+

Do you contemplate any difficulty because of

88

bad blood
bad weather? Ol>f~ oP'J'f::~'l- :f-Ie Y.f.C
itA 111111 T1?";f-I\Ul
be bad

h<f.

The locusts are bad this year. 1>10"1 OII.U

't""T h'i':I:A
call someone a bad name

bag
2. OU'J'f:: l>J:-e1. The barber cut my hair badly.
l\1-e hh-1-IJIJ\< l\1-<1.1 ""'1'1:: l>J:-e1
4r.<:m'5
3. OoP'J'f:: l>\\:\1. He sent me a badly written
letter. OoP'J'f:: l>\\:\1 f-1-l\.1. 1.11.110.
~hA'5

il~n

He called me a bad name because he was

mad at me. 0"1?" 1-'i"P.11'5 hi\ tO<: 1'11.0'5

4. 0"1?". She wants it badly. 0"1?" 'l-.I.A1'1'

ll'f5. 0-)Y,.A. The soldier sank to the ground,

feel bad
I. tiL1)'1- I>A-1-h"''tJJo?". I feel bad today. Per-

badly wounded.

haps I shouldn't have drunk so much yesterday. ~to 1 tiL1)'1- MM"'/'5?" i 'l-'i"1'l- 1

1-111\'i'AG: "''-"'

Badly cooked food bloated his stomach.

1111- qAm"' .l'.lfl\'5 )Oe

2. l>H). I feel bad about your loss. hi\S'.U111
u 1--'1'1- Ml'i"I\IJo

*The car runs badly. ooh.S'I' 01.111 1>'1-

go bad 1-0~if

Fish and meat soon go bad in hot weather.

't"''i" P' :> Ooo-_,.'1- l>fe OJoh'l' .fir-
Y.O~lfll-

go from bad to worse fl)(lm-"} 7t.f+OI\if

'tf.

His business is going from bad to worse.

1"1-'1. fq{lm-1

M-1-0~if

OoP'tJ:"

~,.

tm-

not bad ?"1?" l>Y.A

How are you? Not bad. l\.11.?"1 tu 1 ?"

1?" l>AA
too bad

Too bad that you couldn't come. l\OD9"'11J

T 1>1\oP!J'AU ,l'lt11'i"A

bad blood 'l'~il'

There is bad blood between the two families.

1>11

bade, see bid

badge l>e"''
The policeman wears a badge on his arm.
?"11..1'1- ll.h1'1. ~.1'. he"'/ l>J:-e'iA
badger 1>0/tQ;L
They badgered the speaker with interruptions.
1"1"1~1 1111- "-" O"''ol/<:'1' 1-'i":>tlm-1

1>0/t""'l-

badly
I. h4-'l'. This team was badly beaten in football . .I'.U fi-J:-1 Oll."'e \\h h4-'l' 1if1G: toe

0-).I'.A hl\4r.hl\

01.111 .f'AO{II\m- ?""111 11'-'1.1 t<f.m'tJ:-?"

be badly off 1-'f"'l<: l 'f1<:(m-)

They are not so badly off; they still have

money in the bank . .I'.U11 ,I'UA l>A-1-:f
1~?" !

l>1Jo1?" l\,q1h 11H11 l>~:fm

They are badly off this year. OII.U 't""T

0"1?" :f"';,::f'I'A
take badly Afl-1 t"'(m-)

+He took his loss badly. ff.<:I'IO'l- 1--'1'1-

Afl-1 t"'ID-

[See also 'behave, treat, use']

(be) bad-mannered oP'J'f:: mqY,. l>ltf
He is generally bad-mannered with his employees. Om~~~.,. 0"'6-1-'l':r; ~.1'. oP'J'
,;: mqy. ,l'lt,I'A

[See also 'grace, half, humor, language, luck,

manners, mood, repair, shape, taste, temper,
term, worse']

OIJol\-lo 0.1-1'111 oPIJhA 'l'~il'

m;J-1.~

bad-tempered "'"'"
He is a bad-tempered old man. "'"'" 11"'1"11\.
tiD-

baffle "16- 1>1q

This algebra problem baffled me. 1/.U fl>Al':.
116- '1',1'.,. "16- )>1q'5

bag (bagged), v. '1-<:0

The trousers bagged at the knees. 1'1-tliD- l\.1AO-to ~.1'. '1-e!I.A
bag (n.)
I. Pelt. She took some change out of her bag.
htlelt'l' ID-{I'J' 11C11e 11H11 t.m"''f2. h<:m_'l-. Put these oranges in (to) a bag.
MII.U1 11e-to1J'l"f- ll.b<:m_'l- ID-h'l' l>
J:-e:>:fiD3. P.1,1' l ]1:),1'. The bags of wheat were piled
on the dock. fh1F. P.1.1'!P'f- o-eh11' "''
t~-1..1' 1-h?"<:m- toe

89

baggage
4. 11/.\11'. Farmers bring gristtothemillinlarge
bags. ~0"-l"l- 0-l-/.\/.\-l- 11/.\l"l"l- f"'/.4.
"1" l\U/.\ <D'i'""" IL+

fODifl{t-

bag and baggage ~11

He packed up bag and baggage and left.

'ill-'t m-l-/.\11-

~.r..

the budget this year. ""1"1Fi> H1.1:"1!"

Q~i>

1 hiiTilhll (h:l"'i")
2. 4''1' h.I:"C1 ,.,._. Can you balance a
stick on your head? 0"1"1-l-1\-l-U 1\f. H1"1
4>'1' h.I:"C~U "7.,.11" -l-l-1\1\U 1
3. hm.tll.o'... She balanced a trip to the moun-

tain against the chance of a summer job.

baggage 'ill 1 1i""t"'l"lI want to send my baggage on ahead. 'ill.1

0-l-.1:-"''.f 1\0DI\h l\4./.\;JI\rJ.
He put his baggage in a cart. lf1"1l"'li1 :>&

ID"I\,.-n

m.r.. T&.&.,. ll'lic'lic _,."1-l-'t'i" f

ho'..ll"-1- JP&. f"'/"17-l-1 b.J:o/.\ hm.tll.o'..l4. hltllll(ll+). His kind act balances his rough
f'~""J~+

manner.

JP6-ID-

QA'J.

mQ'-~

fllhlll\:1"/.\

[See also 'bag']

(be) baggy ll4- M

His trousers are baggy.

bail 'PII-l-'i"

balanced

ft.-&~

fttf.. ofl!l.A

1 f~1Hil 'PII

The judge released him on 2,000 dollars bail.

.tl'f,. OrJ.II-1- l( ilC 'PII-l-'i" 1\4>4>,.
Since the trial will not be held until next
month, he's out on bail . .,..til' l\llh"'J.oP"'
, . IDC O'i'C.I:" IL-l- Ill\"'' f. :I" f. 011
H11 'PII Tlllt/.\

balance (vi.)
I. /.\h oPifJ. Does the account balance? .h.
ftfl- ' /.\h ' f.OD"J/.\ 1
2. -1-hh/.\ t<D-. These scales balance. Mil.
u "''.~'l"'f -1-hh/.\ ""'"'"

3. +-r ~ 11ft<> .r-oo. The dancer balanced on

her toes . .tl1ll'f'P 4>'1' 111\ 0'1'~ .,.

_..,.

balance (n.)
"'1.~1.

I.

He weighed the gold on a balance.

me.,.,

He found it hard to keep his balance in the

0"'1.~1

bail out
1. ,.;),., h4.llll. The sailors bailed out
the boat. ODChO'f,. h~/.\..,. ,.11'1' , .
;)<D-1 hol.llll
2. 'PII rr<r l\114.:1". His friends bailed him
out. m.tl;'11 'PII rrt,. hll4.i>+

ouHt,.

strong wind. OhQJI. t<l-11 <D-11'1' "''.~l-1

oumool- hll=f:>& rrto+
2. fOD14.11 l\C:>:I". His balance kept him
from doing anything foolish. fOD14.ll- l\C:>
:1" h1.tl'fll" f"'lf.o'..Q t~C l\1.tlfi.C"I
,_,~~,.

bait (n.) ouftll.J' ll""lil

l "7:1"1\f 11""111

Bait is placed on the fishhook. 't"' II""f1l

ou'Jm.,. 1\f. ouftll.J' 11""111 f.l.o'..;J/.\
He catches fish with bait. Oou'Jm.,.,. 1\f.
"'1:1"1\f ll""lil h.I:"C1 't"' fmll".tl/.\

bake
I. :>~<'... She knows how to bake good bread.
'No .tl(l OD;J~C ;1-<D-:#"1\T
2. mOll. She baked the clay in fire to make
a pot. "'ill!!" 1\0DJP&.+ lfhl\,.1 Ol\ft-1- m
Olll-,.

baker .till :>:>&

This baker has good bread. f.U .till :>:>& 'I'
.;... I

J;fl

hAt&

3. 4>&. Pay one third down, and the balance

in a month. (l.(l,., hrJ.'t h4./.\ 4>&,.
~

Y._Cij'fP

Q"}_e-

dJC

tD-ilT

h4f.A

4. fT<'.ol. "LH.. I will be away for the balance

of the week. IIT<'.ol.,. fft11"1-l- "LH. m.r..
tD-"1" ' l\~.tlllrJ.
keep one's balance .,.,. oflh- ,foP

A small child has to learn to keep its balance

before it can walk.M1 /.\"J': ou&.oo.J:o h
OD!J=fr I fld.:t- I +If' I oflflco I OD ...I}P I 00/:\00Y: I
Mo+
lose one's balance "Y.IJ).''J It+

He lost his balance and fell.

.....,.

"''.~l-1

11-f- m

recover {one's) balance

bakery .till

"":>~&f

IL-lThe bakery is closed on Sunday. .till

"":>~&f

, . IL-l- l'uh-.1:- 11-l- 11"1 t,.

balance (vt.)
I. hiiTilhll I h:l"'i". The government balanced

He recovered his balance immediately.

....~.... 0:\1\ dl.ti.J',..,. "'"' hi\
[See also 'hang']

hT1~

balanced (adj.) fTI.I\1.11

A stable currency is necessary for a balanced

90

balcony
economy. 11-1-~11~11 ll.l>'l""'t f"'lf.ll'l'aJ'I'
~"tH-11 Yit~/A;JI:t.
balcony
I. il1~+. I have an apartment with a balcony.
il1~+ YlltD- ll;rc-!-"'1 1111=-t
2. G:~. We had seats in the first balcony.
0"".l""&YtD- G:~ """'""""l ~O&"t
bald
I. ""11"1. He has a bald head. ?flo ""11"1 ~tD2. ?II 0&-. He is bald, and yet he is still
young. ?II 0&- fLII'"tP" ~<; lA~ )tiJo
3. ~11"1. The mountaintop was bald. f-1-?&-tD-
""l'i' ~~~"' ~oc
be bald +oPc\m
He was bald at thirty. 0"'11<\ ~.,..., -~""""'
"' ~oc
the bald truth Is ~~~...., 1\oP.,~C
The bald truth is that he is a thief. ~~~...., II
OD'J1C I h(r I fa,q I ~(Do
bale (v.) 1111&
They baled the currency in large bundles.
~"tHII-1- 0'1-l:t.l:t.~ '1'~/:t. liM-+
bale (n.) '1'~/A

They compressed the cotton into bales.

'l'tn-"t IIP"4'tD- 0'1'~/:t. liM+

2. f'l"tit P"1i+. He attended the ball given

by the minister. "'ttit'k- IIH;J)I:'l- f'l"tit
P"1i+ ' 'If. ' -~-~'
3. '1'~/:t.. I want a ball ofyarn.ll"tl:" '1'~/:t. h
C 11~/:t.,;JI\11carry the ball ;1\A.~:,. r +ifhoo

You can always count on him to carry the

ball in an emergency. P""t "1.11.11" Ollit'f'>.
f. 0 "1.11. 0 ""'11\of.~'J- 0 ll"t~"'tlfhP" 0 /:t.'J--f-"'100
"tO'!- '1-:flll\ll
[See also 'roll"]
ball ad llm'l1i 1'1'11"

The ballad commemorates the king's victory.

llaJ'Ilf. '1'1'11"' ,.,..... 'fl:"l:t.' OD:f'llfLY' ~(IJo
ballast P""t"''i'
A ballast of heavy stones keeps the rails in place.
flt-&+ ' J:""t,;Jf. ' P""t"''i' ' dt-'1.'1- ' hll;l-tD- '
ll"t'lf.~.4"~~ IIC-1' f.f.ll'l'l:t.
balloon .t.'i'
The child likes to play with his balloon.
.hY). ' O.t.'i' ' OD""ldl'l- ' f.aJ-'1/:t.
ballot (n.) fP"C""l m&4'+ i 1:"!1"6
Have all the ballots been counted? fP"C..'I.tD-
aJ&4'+ ' 11-11- ' 1-<lr.'I'Z:I:t. !

How many ballots were cast for their candi-

baleful hf.
The wicked witch gave the child a baleful
glance. IIC"I-".7. llit"'l-1-'i' i:t.)l:"t Ohf. '
~f.") 0 oj-ODI\h-1-:ftiJo
balk (vt.)
I. 11"1-l:t. 11~&~(0+). A heavy rain balked
our plans for a hike. ""'rf.ll'i' 11.,-11 111iC1i
c no&"t"t ~~~x: 11"1-l:t. 11~&~-fl"t
2. llhlf~(o+). The police balked the robber's
plans. ?'ll.ll'll fl\.lltD-"t 11~1:" llhlff.o+
balk (vi.)
I. 111'1" olloo. The mule balked, and nothing could make her move. 11~11-'1' 111"'1 itll
oi'OD:f P""tP" 1\.Yith.JI'l- 11/:t.iJ'IIP"
2. <\f.it"'l"'l 4'&. When tax reform was proposed, the committee balked. :1-hit ll"t'l.lflf
1:t. dt<\-11 04'&0 "1.11. ~c~- <\f.it"'l
.., 4'&
ball
I. '>.it. They played ball all afternoon.
0:\11 ' '>.it ' 1\.""ldl-1> ' 'I'll-

ban

hll~+

dates? 11-t-oo&-""'iJ''ftD- it"t+ J:-!1"6 1-IIm !

take a baiJOt nml.+..,. ; ~'r(J I {llfl

Let's take a ballot to decide this question.

f.ll"t"t "1-'lf. 1\0DaJII"t Om&4'+ J:-!1"6
II"tit'!'
balm
I. oPJ:":'t+ fll'~ ~11+. She put balm on
the wound. 4litll- 'If. onJ:-:>t+ fll'~ ' ~
11'1- ll~t:1:fO'l2. "'lit:f'11f. Sleep was a balm to his troubles.
ll"t~l:t.'i' f:f1~ "'lithlf ~IIC
balmy liM<\
The balmy weather is good for his health.
llitll<\ llfC 1\m."t~-1> f.it"'l"'l'l'l:t.
bamboo lfP"0-1'
Bamboo grows in Ethiopia. lfP"0-1' 011.'1-f'Ay tD-it'l' f.O~III:t.
[See also 'shoot']
ban (v.) m~ 111C tD-it'l' ll"t'lf-111 hllh
II l 111~

91

ban
The government banned the book. oo't"IP''I-
ODI'i'dt4- lD!l. 1>1C aJoll'l' l\'t-'11-1fl b
llbll (or OO't"IP''I- ODI'i'dt4-'t 1>1!l.aJo)
ban (n.) l\1-'1

The ban on importation of automobiles

was lifted. oob.'Ol":f tD!l. l\1C aJoll'l'
l\'t-'11-111- f ....!l.l.1fDo l\1-'1 ..... lfl.
The court decision lifts the ban on the book.
f'I'C!f.' 0.-1> aJo<'l~ fODll'dt4-'t ' l\1-'1 '
Yt"'II:J-A
banai..,.&She made a banal remark. ..,.&- l\11..,..l'f'l-
llm:f

banana ,..,
band (v.), ~ together ..,.fJOl.
The people banded together to fight the enemy.
<h111t lllll'l-'t IIODfD<;J'!- ..,.fJOl.
band (n.)
I. '1'11""19". I need a new band for this hat.
1111.11 IJC~"' l\11.11 '1'11""19" l\J..A;JIIIJ2. b.l..'i'. The white plate has a blue band
around the edge. )Q;k <'l<h't ,.C.I'aJo't 11"'1
.1''1! 11.1..'1! l\IIIJJ<
3. "'111/..J'. I bought a black band for my
watch. 1111'1-1;
"'111/..J' 1qtJ4. l\IIC. A tight armband will interfere with
circulation of the blood. fm04' fll't!!.' II
.e l\IIC f!l.ll"'t ODH'I'lDC YfD<IJA
5. f..,.H..+ ~!!.'.The band played all evening.
f'oo-~t,.:t-m- =tJ!" 9""7i1:1' Ooo-h- +-Lm+
6. ~!!.'. A band of robbers attacked the trav.
elers. f1l'i!of:f ~!!.' OD't1!!.'l',;'t l\m:l":ffD<

"'"'c

iron band fofl~:,.. dt~

The iron bands around the barrel broke.

ORC"''./1- ,./..1' .J'flfD< f11l.'l- dtll.!l.'
..,.IIOl.
[See also 'decorative']
bandage (v.) Ml. ! 04-lf Ml. (:J-Ill.)
I am going to the hospital to have the nurse
bandage my cut finger. f..,.<ILl.mfD<'t "1-i;'t
l\ll:J-"'I"'L'P l\'t!l.':J-IICA'S lD!l. dtb.ll"
0.'1- l\'t-'lfltJ-

The injury was local; so his leg was bandaged,

.,..o;.,

and he went home.

f!l.l.llfD< fl't!l.'
fl:J- 111- lllllf) l\"1~ 04-lf :J-11.: "'
!!. 0.-1> 't!l.
bandage (n.) 4-lf

The bandage is narrow.

"'-~OJo

+"'V'')

)(Do

bank
bandit 11'1':1"
Jesse James was a famous bandit. J;.ll. J:,ll"
II 11H' 11'1':1" )OC
banditry fD<'t11!!.''0

Where there is no law, banditry is common.

.,., b(l,ll fD<'t11!!.''0 .eoqA
bane, be a

'1'4-'1- l\oo"J

Wild animals were the bane of the mountain

village. ..,.6-6-aJo 111- 1\tl:ffD< oo't!f.C
'l'of.'f- ' f"'L.J'OO<flo ' l\fD<.l.9':f ' )0~
bang (vt.)
1. Jr.Ci;J. Don't bang the door! OD1f'1JtD-'}
l\:J"'O;JfDo
2. ro.+. He banged the book down on the table.
OOI\"dtl-'t bml.A.q,. 111- "'"""'"
3. oo:J-. He banged his fist on the table.
mt!A.IftD-1' r llaJcftl oP7t&4. l\;J"". I banged my elbow. llC~'t l\;J

...1)-,.

bang (vi.) .,,. 1111- ..,.H;J

A stop for the door keeps it from banging.
""111..1' OO"Ii/' ' b..,.O~fl'l- .,,. 1111- boo
H;J'I- Y!f.')'PA
bang at!l.O!l.O
He banged at the door to be let in. IIOO"Ifl'l-
O~'t !!.0!!.0
bang (n.) !!.'9"6
The bang of a gun could be heard from a
distance. fmoo'tlj"fD< !!.'9"6 h~:t 1-11"'1 '
)OC
with a bang
I. !l.'aJo 1111-. The box fell down with a bang.
"f'l'). ' Y:IJJ< 1111- ' lD!l.4'
2. l\.,.,1". He always shuts the door with a
bang. IJ-A1.H. O~'t l\.,_,1' 1-H;J'I'A

banish
I. l\;JH (..,.;JH). He was banished to the remotest
province. 111119" -t-:,0 mF.. lf")m- m.:Jtt\f.
q'f-' ....;JH
2. l\lltD1!!. (fl'l-). The doctor's talk banished his
fear of illness. fdtb..,.. 't"I"IC llfl 011
;f- f)Ol.aJo't 'i!CII'I- l\lltD1!l.fl'l-

1..,

bank (v.) 4'.1111

The wind banked the snow against the doorstep. )of.(l. Ol.P-fD<'t !l.l.li"aJo 111- 4'.
llflaJo

92

bank
bank (n.)
1. Q"}h. I keep my money in the bank.
~"}Hil. "}

Ooa"}~-'J. .IICi" ft.4.C 41AA

toll

The ship ran aground on the sand bank. fl

Q.l.C m-11'1' R"'I.Y~ t.if'1'"7 1-11;1- oo
Ch!l. oot,:J- .I'H"f-

*The water rose until it was level with the bank.

m"}lf- 7-llh t.'i' f.~of. 'I"A:I:A
make a bank of earth hLC tiLAA

The engineers made a bank of earth across

the road to keep out the cars. ooiJ.<;J"'j;"} 11"7
~.r:

001/"}JI.{l'j;

OOO"}~Y:

go into bankruptcy hi\~

The firm went into bankruptcy. f"l"l.tl. Y:C

)('+' M.:

).Q"}h t.ll4'?""1111J-

2. f<D"}11 .IICiJ'. He swam to the nearest bank.

4'.:11 m.1111m- fm"}11 'lei" 'l'"f
3. 41AA. There is a bank of earth alongside

the street.

bar

'1,1'. t.4.C .,.

1111-

[See also 'farther, flow, overflow']

bankbook fQ"}h f..h.<'l11 f.11.,.C
He lost his bankbook and cannot withdraw
money. fQ"}h f..h.<'l11 1.11-J-1.."} llll"'ll
~"}H11 II..I'ID"' t..l'-"f-A?"

banner
1. fll"..,_'i' (111..11. The students carried a banner with "We want better schools" written on
it. _,..,&J"'j; f_,.lf II :J-?"1/C:J- ll.:t-
7."}4.A;>II"} f"'LA fll"..,_'i' (111..11 ,I'.H
..... .,.(11142. (l"}f.~ 'tl\"7. The banners were waving
in the breeze. (I"} f.~ 't'I"7J"'j; Rtof.ll ,l'.m-11
01111-' ~RC

banquet f7.t-+ "111"11"

The Emperor gave a banquet in honor of his
guests. .,.,.,., t~P'-1> 117."}"11'-,.; h11C
f7.t-+ "111"11" t.f.t:'I-

[See also 'wedding']

banter 1..11
The boy's banter made the girls laugh. fA)!:
1.11 Alf~t;l'-'j;"} t."':l''i'm-

baptism hell+<;
The baptism was performed in the new church.

banker Qll Q"}h

Foreign bankers are permitted to have banks
in Ethiopia. ffD<"f!' Me Qll Q"}io"f- I;.
:t-f'"k.l' fDoll'l' Q"}h 7."}-'l.'l"t-'l'm- ,1'.4.
4'Y:'I'I''I'A

bank note ~"}Hil 111C

The government brought out new bank notes
recently. .,...,.,,..,. R~C11 t.-'1.11 ~"}Hil
(-oc) t.'l-'1" t.m"l
bankrupt (v.) t.M.:
They are underselling us in order to bankrupt
us. M'"} 11"7hllC 011~_,.;;: 'I':> Mf"'tr
bankrupt (adj.) fhl'lt:
A bankrupt firm is not solvent. fhllt:
c)('+ MIJ)o"} ll.h'i'A t..e"f-A?"

hCll'l-<; f_,.4.1\00fDo Q.ll.fl-

., m-11'1' toe

11._,. hCM;.I'

baptize
1. t.moa4'. The priest baptized the child.
<Jill- .loY)."} t.mou4'm2. fhCII:t-<; ll?" (lfoo. They baptized their
son, John. fAif'fm-"} fhCII'I-<; II?" }>:
"} ' -RIIm- ' (lfoo-:Jbe baptized hell+<; .,.)..,

She was baptized when she was a month old.

am~

hell'!-<;

.,.~..,"f-

bar (barred), v.
1. 4'0:4'0:. He forgot to bar the gate.

0~"}

OD4'C4'C .:<'1

.r:

2. H.?. A fallen tree barred our way. t."} Y:

He became bankrupt through too many

3. hllhll. The director barred smoking in

the classroom. 'l.t.h-1-1- 7.h'i'A m-11'1'

be (become) bankrupt hfl~

business expenses.

f"}..,.(- Pt-111-

m"'-. r il

IIR'IR:t- hilt:

bankruptcy
1. oohflC. Their bankruptcy reduced them
to begging. oohflt-'l'm- hA.oa<; t.f.t:<'l'fm2. f"l"IY: 11.<'1<1-. There were ten bankruptcies
last year. 't?"<; OP'C f"}"IY: ll.<'lt- f.
C{l toe

f<Df.4' 'l'i' OD"}~.II"f-"l"} H;JfDo

"7f1Lil"} hllhll

bar (n.)
I. f11.:+ H"}"l. The bars in the window show
that it is a jail. Oooll!o+ '1,1'. .l'tr+ fil
.:+ H"}1"f- f7.11C n.+

ODI)")."}

J'ODIIh

;f-Ir

2. R-<; n.+. Let's meet in the bar in an hour!

Q"}

.r: ll't:t-

<D-11'1' 7.(1-<; n.+ )."}~<;"i

3. 'i'C.I:"" 11.'1-. She was called before the bar

to answer for her crimes. 11-t-ho'u'l:f-0'1- m"J;e
A oPA/1 ~"J.i:""'l-11'1' 'i'C.I:"" 11.'1- -t-m.:.:fo
4. oP{I<;hA. Poor health may be a bar to
success in life. fm.'i" OlltiJT A).G" DDI\lt
'1- oP{I'i"hA ll.ln Y.lf-'IA
be a bar
I. h1S'... Foreign birth is a bar to becoming
President. h~ h"IC (tm- oPtJJt\~
T &.IVI"J'I- hoPU'"J MilA

2. hllhll. Disparity in ages is no bar to

marriage. 06.1:"""'1. t.l\oPoPIIJm"J :>11!1'
hf.hllhAI'"
be admitted to the bar 0"1'-fl-1-'i r l't,")Jlw&-
of-.I..,.S'..II'I-

Mter passing his law examination, the young

man was admitted to the bar. fon"' .1.-t-'i"m-, IJI\4. 0:\'1 lDIIJ-1: {lm- 0'1'1l:J.'i"
~")/I.P'ilo I of-.I..,.S'..II'I[See also 'soap')
barbarian (adj.) f~""~'l'lfTo emasculate is a barbarian custom. oo(llt
11 1~-~'l'l- I A"l.l:"" ~"'"
barbarous f"'l".f'i"
The barbarous treatment of prisoners was
described in the newspaper. fMt~"iP:fo f"P
.f'i" hff11 O:>H.IIJm- 'If. of-11\l\
barbed wire IJIIII"II 1 'iill
The soldiers placed a barrier of barbed wire
across the road. m;l-Y.e:~ 1 fflllil"ll 'iill
"'1111" 00U")1/I. "" "''~barber l\1-C hll-t-IJIJS'The barber cut my hair badly. l\1-C hili'
lJIJf. l\1-&.") oP'J'fl: h.I:""C1 <fr.~m'S
barber shop fl\1-C "'111-t-IJIJJ' 11.'1The barber shops are closed on Sunday.
fl\1-C "'111-J-IJIJJ' O..fo:fo 7uh-.l:"" ~d>.l:""
f.H:>IIbare (v.), - the head IJC~ M"'
When the flag passed, the men bared their
heads. II"JS'..:J. 1 '\'1"'/m- ll.fA'i' ll'l''ll fJ
C~IIJ:fm-") M"'"
bare (adj.)
I. IJP.. You should not run around in your
bare feet! OIJP. 1 ~"'CII 1 ""H'I'lDC 1 hMIJ

"'"

He lived in a bare, little house. '1-")'11

IJ.'I-' tJJo{I'J' I 'l"~

barely

93

barbarian

qp.

He fought the enemy with bare hands. hm'l'l-

~)!:") ' of-'1':>
2. (6).:.41'1-. In hot countries, men and women
go around bare to the waist. 0'1"-"''~- h1<:
:r- m"JP.:fo'i" ll..fo:fo hm11J:fm- OilY. 6.:.
ofl;l-:fm-") S'-~113. Mll-t-'1. He was elected by a bare majority.
foJ-oP~mm- OMil-t-'1 f.l:""l'"t 11A"'i ~m4. 1'111J. The top of the hill was bare. f;>tl-m-

:>C ' qp. '

"'if~:

"11\IIJ ~nc

5. f-J-6-<fr.-J-. The Ethiopian landscape in the

north is very bare. fii"''."J 1 h.'l-f"Wf f""
&.'1- ' ,.,.,...,....... fof-6-<fr.-J- ~"'"
*The room was bare of furniture. h'i:h- f'O.
'1- ~... I hA~O~m-9"
*The trees are still bare. lft::=t:i ,c; :,.OmA
f'l:flD-9"
*These are the bare facts. ~:J.op film- 1 ~
m-~-t-'1 ~1C S'-11 ~m*His pay affords him only the bare necessities
of life. S'-'1"11- h~~ IDS'. h'i' hfA'i'l'"
bare of goods QP..

The store is now completely bare of goods.

OUJ'..ofl-1- ' hrJo") ' qp. ' ~tJJo
be bare of fiiO'I-1'"
The chicken yard is bare of grass. f P.<:'l''ll 1
ll;l- "'C fiiO'I-9"
lay bare 1Am I 1l.l.

The doctor laid the burned flesh bare with his

scalpel. P.h-J-'1- fof--"'mllm-"J P' :> OM
IL'I'I' 11\mm- (1LLm-)
look bare +&-41.+

The walls look so bare.

"1.1:"""1-'1'1'~

-1: """'"'"
bareback 1\.IIJ(m-"J)
He rode the horse bareback.
") :>1\0lD-

4.~11-"J

f-J-6-<fr.

1\.ll)m-

barefisted OIJP. ~~
The two boys fought barefisted. rJoll-1: A}!
:fo OIJP. ~:fm- ' of-S'..IJS'..IIbarefoot IJP. ~"1'1-"J
Children, don't run around barefoot! A}!:fo 1
IJP. ~"16-:f-rJo"J mll.f'i" 1 lD/1.11 h'I-H'I'ID'I- I
barehanded IJP. ~)!:")
Don't pick up that hot pan barehanded!
f :>II """'olf 1 tJP. ~~~~., ,.,,..,..,"'"

n .

barely
I. 'lou A. The ship is barely visible. ""'Chfl- 1
'IODA S'-:l"fA

94

bargain
2.

~'t~MII"

1111-. He barely managed it.

1111- 11"~1\..,.

~'tf.ll"'tll"

3. "!AT M':e1. They gave the facts to him

barely. :,.hhM'ID-'t ~7e "IA'I" M':e7m-
~7~..,.

4. 1\:,.'t'li. He barely escaped being beaten by

the mob. h.h1111- J!"11~q 1\:,.'t'li t.ool\m
*This room is barely furnished. h'f:.& 1 flt.t&
~,.,

~11"11~11"

~m-

*He is barely ten. OFC flouT i\.,'9"1\BJo ~m

[See also 'crawl']

barrel
~fl:'li ~'t~e<l!
'lm-'l''ftD2. ( ~ passive) T'l'lm. +I fell down the steps
and barked my shins. ~.:JI"m- 'IY. om~:fo
11-'I..H.:foA'I'"'/.T'I'Im
bark (vi.) '""'li
The dog barked loudly. m-lfm- o.-,y.A '""'li
bark commands 0Q;h1i+ 1 +7t.tflt ()m

to dry them. 70<1-l"'li

The officer barked commands at the soldiers.

oolt-'t). 1\m;J-~I!''Il O..,.'li.-,. :,.~~11 lim

bark (n.)
bargain (v.) Thtl-h<:
I bargained with him about the sale of his
house. Ill\ IL1> 'li$'1!" he"" ;Je Thtlh<:'t ~oe

we had more trouble with the old car than

we bargained for. O.t.c-1.'1' oolJ.'i' ll"h't$
:,. lt1111~m- MY. :f"!e 7mOD't

T"- ..,"JC. This book is a bargain .

'No

,:.,.-,. 1\00JPtl-:,. $11\"I'IA

2. ='li:,.. A bark of a dog could be heard
from afar. fm-lf ..,.'li.-,. h~:fo 11.11"7 Y.'lf'IA
take off the bark 1\m

bargain (n.)
ODX"tftfj! I

..,. t.'l'ftD-

The bark of some trees is used for making

paper. n"''tJ!" ~fl::f A"'"l" (:foe,c.:,.) m

bargain for

1.

I. :foc,c.:,. ! A"'"l". Those sycamore trees have

a thin bark. MH..r mcltl":f !Ill :foe.r.

..,"JC

.e.v

I )(Do

2. "I"IC. The guarantee was part and parcel of

the bargain. '1'11.-,.'i'm- f"I"JCtD- oowt::J-'1!
h'i'A ~oe

3. 1111"11"~:,.. According to our bargain, you

were to pay half this month. ~'t~ llii"II"~;J-:f

't .,.,~'t 011.11 me

drive a (good) bargain

:,.h<i:I\'S ~oe

He drove a good bargain at the store.

Thtl-hl!' h""<l! 70f
in the bargain -9'"

The new houskeeper proves to be a fine cook

in the bargain. t.JI.!I.. "'"fl.-,. 'I"~ fD'I"
IL.-,.11" ' .,..-,.
make a bargain +lllPftlfl

Let's make a bargain to help each other with

our chores! IIP'tl-:f't 1\0D<:-'1.11.-,. ~'tll"7"7
strike a bargain +lt."''"7
He struck a bargain that each one was to pay
half. ~.ll't-'1- "1"71i ~'tJI.h'i'A Tll"7"7
[See also 'seal']
barge f'f!"~.-,. ooeh11
The barge which was transporting stones sank
in the river. J!"'t;JY, Tlfh'l" ftO<:m- f
'1!"~:,. ODCh11 fiJ'tlfo tD-11'1' {!moo

bark (vt.)
I. 'lm. The farmers barked the trees in order

Take off the bark before you bring in that log.

n't "l't .t: h"Y"Iq:,.u o.r.:,. 'lmm-

barkeeper fll-'i' o.:,. ql\o.:,.

The barkeeper is a rich man. ftl-'i"
ql\0...,. 1!11;1-11" lim-

0.1:

~m-

barley 11111
I like beer made with barley. f11111 m'l

fD.III\11-

barn

[~IIA'i' fh11.-,. "71l.,"""'i IL.-,.]

barracks 111-c
The soldiers' barracks are built of concrete.
fm;J-~1!',; {ILe h.t:'t;JY,'i' hii."'L't-1'-

fTP'tl-

~m-

barrage
1. ..,~. They are going to construct a barrage
across the river. Om1,.,. t\f.. 1 ..,~ l\.."J)'flo
~m-

2. hqJ!" Tlt-11. The enemy barrage began

at dawn. m'l:,. 't;J:,. 'IY. hq,t: Tltll
hLT

barrel
I. Oe"'LA l Oe"'/.A. We drank a whole barrel
of beer. t.'t.t: .,...tr OC"''.A fltl- m"''t
2. t.'i'. The barrels of the cannon shone in
the sunlight. fou .1!"4- h'i' 08d>Y. 111:7
't t.'tl!.q.:.,
[See also 'lock']

95

barren
barren
1. out)"). He sold his barren mare. out)'}
IJ11.l-m-'J ifm

basically
base (v.) oow.:-t-On what did you base your figures? f4l'J'C
11C11CIJ'J 9"'J 1\J.l. """'t:.rhm- I

His wife is barren. ot.ll-1: oolJ.") ) 'l-

be based +ooF..fl

2. IJP.'i' m'i'. Above the three thousand meter

line, everything was barren. hi" II:,. I( "'/.:,.
c h'i':l' OIIJ.l. no.:m- IJP.'i' m'i' ~oc
3. IJP.. The Red Sea coastline is barren.
f+J.l. IJ<hC mt:'i' IJP. ~..,.
4. "L'"J""l. Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"'J""l . "",:.:,. 9"'J9" II'J.e. h.I'O:t

The division is based at Fort Benning. h'i'll

tn<~-- ~::c-r o.n., """""Y:!l..IA
The tax is based upon income. ""111~ f+oo
S'..Om- h'JS'.. ~O.m- -o~:,. ~..,.

lA?"

barricade (v.) H.:>

She barricaded the door with a chair. OD1f1JtD'J OID'JOC H:>'lfmbarricade (n.)
1. ooh;J-. They quickly made a barricade to
keep back the enemy. mll.r'J 1\DPhl\h/A
-fll- oflllm- oPh;J- hOlt
2. oo"}1~ = ou1f'1j'. The barricade was placed
there temporarily, not permanently, OD")1.tt" =
O'D1f1_faJ- I f-t+OOtnaJo I l\'t,raJo I )tD- I Jt
'J)( IIHI\4:;1- hM'..I\9"
3. ""il'i'h/A. The students erected a barricade
to keep out the police. ?""ll..(o:r;-, 1\oPhl\h/A
T"76fl':r; ' OO(I'i'h/A ' W-1--

barrier
I. "7~11'. The soldiers placed a barrier of
barbed wire across the road. m;J-s>...::r; filii
'i\"tJ I 7i(1 I Ol/1)f I 00'}1S;' I
I lP.;..
2. ~S'..ofl. The enemy was strongly entrenched
on the other side of the barrier. ml\:,.0 O"l~ft
.t.lf~c os>..9"-o -111 ~oc
3. oo(l<;h/A. The Sahara Desert has been a
barrier to trade. fil.h<l- 9"Y:t: 0'1 II'J"IY:
""il'i'hA tl''l' ~oc

I\,.

barring (prep.) IJIAS'...:il 011-t--+c

Barring accidents, the train will reach Chicago
at 12:00 o'clock. hS'..:> IJIAS'..t:il 011-t--+c
1111---1-- OIIY:II.r (lq:,. 'f1J1 J.l.S'..Clt/A
barter (v.) 1\IDm
Indians used to barter furs for guns. II'JP.:f
f.t.m-.:. 1\.,..C omoo'Jif J.l.llm-'"' ~oc
barter (n.) fl.? oPI\'l'ID'J' 'J"IY:
Barter was practiced before money was introduced. 1'1H11 bODIP,t.-1: Od.T t?t.4" ou
1\'1'111'1' 'J"IY: ,e.w.:.o-r ~oc

base (n.)
I. .,.,,..::,.. The base of the statue was still
standing. f.hm-/A1: ouw.:.r hu--19" oil
.,. ~oc
2. t"'4..C. The government appropriated land
for a military base. oP"J-JF-i: r AtnC liLC
f"''..ti''J (1;1- hllll
3. uos>..a"' :,0oP9". Pepper is the base of this
SteW, 0C0&

ffLlJ

tiJT

OD~O;;:

:,.oo,..

~..,.

base (adj.)
1. 2l,t't;:. To betray a friend is a base action.
'lS'.."''J oPh'l-r l\.l''i' -1--"IIJC ~m2. -1--.l-. Iron and lead are base metals. -o.:-r'i'
7.Cltll -1--.l- oflt:-f:f 'i''fm3. ( ~ n.) m.:-'1 ~~c. No needful service
is to be looked at as base. .,.,,.,..,.,.. '\J.l.
~.-.. hll.l..l\'1. F<l- 7.'J.V.. m.:-.11 ~~c
"":l'f:,. fiiO.r9"
baseless """'.:""" 0.11
This is a baseless accusation . .eu ouwt:T
0.11 hll ~..,.
basement ?"Y:C o.-r
The basement was flooded by the rain. 9"Y:
c 11.-1> 011'i'?" i--'1'11+11+
bashful '\J.l.'i'of..C
She is bashful in company. hilm- :>C ll.rll'
'J ' '\J.l.'i'of..C' ~'If
basic
I. """'t:;l-'1!. One of the basic difficulties of
Ethiopian agriculture is land tenure. ht...-ri"A-.1' fClf oPWt:;l-'1! :f"lf:';f h'J-'1. f
-.:.-r J.l-11;1- ~..,.
2. 'l''i'. He quoted his basic reasons for the
decision. 1\m-lt~m- 'l''i' 9"h'J.1'-r-:r;., m+il
basically""""'.:""
He is basically honest. """"'.:"" ;1-"7~
~..,.

96

basin
basin
I. 1-=.11 llih"t. He washed his hands in
a metal basin. ll}(,;"t hil<:'l- 0-I-U'&. 1K-~.11

llih"t w-11'1' :l'mO

2. lrl\4'. The Awash river basin is being
developed for agriculture. fM'1i IfII.,_ Ill\

elf. P'&..

ooo~.,,..

1\J'. ~ ....

basis
l. ouwil,:r-. We cannot continue on this basis.
OII.IJ OOU'l:T ~"t.,.'l'~ h."t':f-~9"
2. "711<::(. What basis do you have for that
statement? 1\lf.IJ t,.qq~u 9""t "711<::( .hiiiJ 1
3. oo,_fl~ :,,oor. The basis of this medicine is
oil. fooK-:>t-1> oo~O'O' :,Ooo9" HJ!.'I-
~w-

bask.,..,.
He likes to bask in the sun. BmJ!. .,..,.:,. J!.
tD'I~

2. DP!/"!1'. He hit the ball so hard that the bat

broke. 1\!l."t O"lJ!.~ 111\0D;f' OD!/"!J'w-
-1-110<:

batch
I. h9"':f'l-. What happened to the batch of
papers on my desk? hm<:A.~\Io 1\J!. no
<:w- fm<:_,.'l- hll":f:r- f'l- ~<:II 1
2. o-K-"t. A new batch of Peace Corps volunteers arrived today. h.-'1.11 fMII" ~K-
~~-~. ~t.. ~q

*She made another batch of cookies. 1\.1\ illl

h-'1- U'&.':f

bath f~ll oo:J'mtl..t' 1 f~ll oo:J'mtl..t' w-;>

Have you a room with bath? f'll\ OD;J-m
OJ $1\IJ)o h'i'~ hl\11 1
Your hot bath is ready now. f~l\11 oo:J'mO.
F oo-:,0 w-;> -1-H:J:E-:l;~
take a bath "11\ :t"mfl

basket :,Oc"'i'lPut the laundry in the basket! f"'L:I'mllw-"t

~illl l\:,OC"'i-1> w-11'1' l\11.,.9"'1'

basketball f:,OC"'i'l- 1>.11

He likes to play basketball. ftj>C""l'l- 1>.11
OO"'itDT

J!.tD'I~

flm.!'l

:,.c"'i'l- w-IlT ,....,.~

bastard '1.,..1\
He is said to be the prince's bastard. llll-
o-tr VI\ ~w- J!.q'l~

f~

baste tolltoll
The tailor basted the hem before he sewed it
permanently. ~illl IIA.w- mCH-"t hooll
"'"' 0<1.'1- tDIItollw-

bat (batted), v. 1\;J

He batted the ball over the fence. 1\!l."t q'l'
<1- 1\J!. . h.lf"IC' II;J'Inot bat an eye 'lJ!.'l-"t ll"tl>."t A~II0<:9"

The prisoner did not bat an eye when accused

of murder. liii<:'O'w- O~'i'll ~.11,1'.~'1- ll.to
ll"tl>."t

0:\11 ~1\ll"t :l'mil I

bathe (vt.) Amo

Bathe the baby in lukewarm water I ihY'l-"t II
1)

fll\

aJo;)

7..tnofl

He bathed his wound in alcohol. .,lltr"t 0

A~lt~

bassinet fiht"t :,Oc"'i'lThe baby SleepS ifl a baSSinet. tlJ.').

'l,l'.'l-"t

Take a bath after work! P'&.ll"t bQ;J.<:IIh

Amow-

bathe (vi.)~~~ :l'mO

bass [tD'i'&-9"<; 1C<;<; fto"tK- K-9"6]

~:J!:~

bathub

l\~110<:9"

bat (n.)
I. fl\.11.'1- tD'i'. The bats flew about to catch
insects. fl\.11.'1- roc::f ~'i'll'l- 1\0DJ."H
tD/lJ tD-'1.11 0<:<1-

I couldn't bathe this morning because the

water was cold. ~~~
aJo;5o8Jo +11:1-lf
1111~0<: ~11\lo"t ~:l'mil t.~!l'~h-9"
be bathed -1-'1'1\.,.1\.,.
The valley was bathed in sunlight. If114'w-
oom.e ilcn -l-'1'11:,.~*~

Ill.+

so bathlns 'P"f'

We went bathing every day. Of.,.').

ll"t'l'~

~oc

bathing suit f'l'<; ~illl

Put on your bathing suit and go for a swim!
f'l'<; ~illlll"t ~Oil<; to~ '!'<; 'I..K-

bathrobe foo:J'mtl..t' ~illl

I need a new bathrobe. A-'1.11 foo:J'mtl..t'
~illl $114.~~,.~

bathroom fOD:J'mtl..t' IL-lThe bathroom is large and new. fDD;J-mOJ

IL-l> II<~.<; h.-'1.11 ~.,.
bathub Ml\ DD:J-mtl..t' ~"t'l 1 fOD:J'mO.
F ~"t'l I q'l'
Do they have a bathtub or a shower? $1\'l'

battalion

97

fD- f~'l ou;J-m!U' 1't.ll (Q'l') ~ID- tD

f.ll f<flll" ou:l"m!U' l

Watch out that the bathtub does not run over!

fou;J-m!IJ'ID- 1't.ll 'f"tt.+ l>'t.llf.ol.lt .,.
m't+~

battle cry +l.C.Y.

The battle cry of the patriots frightened the
enemy. .('Cfl'l''li +t.c+ m'l'l-'t hltflt.
~~,..

[See also 'lose']

battalion lfll:l'
The battalion saw action in Korea. ~A:J"CDo
fli>C.t' T'I"'':I;Pt.

batter (v.) U.ol.

The waves battered the rocks on the shore.
'Mflll- q,n~ J!C!I' f)fl~'l-1 :l:'l''l':f
~(.of.

batter at 01-,.A

~O~R

The firemen battered at the front door.

fl><'l'l- hf.:J Th'l>il'-'li fd.'l- lld.of>'t
flC fl~f.Pt. .l'.fl.l'.fl-'1batter down

beach

ftQR~

The firemen battered down the door. fl><'l'l-

hf.:J Th'l>il'-'li ODlf1.J'ID-'t (lQfl~'l-

batter (n.) 11..'1'

The cake is made from batter. 11lth-of> fT
;nt.ID- hll.'l' ~ID-

battery
1. Q'l-<1. My car has to have a new battery.
ouh..o;-\1. h.ll.ll q'f-.: .('ltol.Pt.;>;I-A
2. fou~"-"' q'f-.:. Four batteries began firing
on the enemy. h<l-'1- fou~"-"' Q'f-<ll":f m
'1'1- 'If. Tltll hol.-1>
a battery of ilfto
A battery of microphones surrounded the
mayor. flh'J1:qfD- 11-<l.t' 1111- f~l1"6 "'11'
.(' ~flC

battle (v.)
1. ;1-~11. The little ship battled against the
storm. '1-'t!( ouch11 h"'1611Pt. :>C ;1~II:Y..

2 . .,.:>.1'.11. They battled for freedom for many

years. 11~11~'1- 111111- '""""'~- T:>.l'.ll-

battle (n.)
1. IPC~'I-. The Egyptians were defeated in
the battle of Gura in 1875. fl!$f(l:~ ,...,.,.
ll"mt.'l- n-,.,:. IPC~'I- "111P.:f ~A II').
2. ID-1....1'. He heard the sounds of battle from
a distance. ffD-1.J' ~11"6 h~~ ll"''
3. .,.:>~11-. The battle for freedom lasted several
years. ftll~'l- T :>~i't' flCh'l- .('II- -too
:1"'1- ' mll.l'.

battlefield fiPC "'1..111

fiPC~'I- "'LJI

The battlefield was littered with corpses.

fiPC "'L..Im- (fiPC~'I- "'L..Im-) fl"-<'1
TCh'i'hC: ~flC

battleship fiPC ""Ch11

The navy has six battleships in commission.
rq.nc ~f. A Ill".:. 'If. .t'11- ll~ll'l- r
IPC ouchl':f hll-'1lt~~ 11i't' hll+ll
The child bawled because it could not find its
mother. Pt."K. l'.o;-oJ>') M"' ll~~ 1111-
hll+ll

bawl

bawl one's wares 7t.f'~1i 11 }t.")Jli\. mf+

The peddler bawled his wares in the street.
(1-~ 0 flf.(.-J;OJl>'t.llll mf+

flfOD')~JI.

l'.f~1i

~1(

bawl out tDt..l'.(fl'l-)

Your father will bawl you out when he sees
this mess. f.ll't't 11ChCh ~~C II..(' f. h.
q'f-u f.tDC~11VPt.

bay (n.) rq.nc Mm.

Massawa is located on the shore of a wide bay.
11"6'1' lld. flll'~ rq.nc
"'ll:f

Mm. .IIC!I'

-r~

bay (adj.) .11"'1

The farmer bought a bay horse.

~fl"-m-

.11"'1

ol.t.lt ' ~If

bayonet <'l't)f
The soldiers fixed their bayonets on their rilles.
tD;f-f.l:'li 0 <'I'J)f'fm-') 0 ffiOD"J)f:fm- 0 '\f. 0 (Ill-

bay window [m.l'. ,..,_. .(';>.1'.11 ""lll>'l-]

bazaar -1.11c
You could buy anything at the bazaar. hOD.1'.11
~ fLII"11im-1 .....,.,,.. '1-:Y..A ~flC

be, see is, was

beach rq.nc JIC!I'
They built a fire on the beach.
7.<'1'1-' M.I'.JI.

flQ.b~ .IIC!I'

beacon
beacon fmf-11 ou11&--lThe beacon showed the ship where the port
was. f<Df.fl- OD11&--l- mf.ll- ,1'110-l-'t II""
Cbfl- ' hOD/lb.,.
bead
I. P..?. Beads are used for making necklaces.
P..? .l"t1-l- "1'1' Y."'&-0;1-A
2. )m11"111. Beads of sweat showed on his
forehead. fll11 )m11"111 -rtQ~ 'If. f.
;f-f. )OC

beakM:
This bird has a yellow beak. Y.":f- m<;: 0.
"" h'i' hil-lbeam (v.) .1.1> hO&She was beaming with joy. Of.il;f- 11~-l- .1.
;1: ,1'0&- )OC
beam (n.)
I. hm-;J-c. The beams of the bridge are rotten
through and through. fY:AY:f. hm-;1-r:":f-
Q;~.C{lm- O!l11o'l'I'A
The roof was supported by steel beams.
"l&,l'm- f_,.f.14.1D" 011<:-l- hm-;1-r:":f- )0C
2. C11&-11. The steel beams are riveted together.
f11<:-l- ' C11&-ll":f- O&li.-l- ' .,.,l'f.H'I'A
3. mC11. Drill a hole in the beam! mCII-'t
111\ID"
4. '""&-. The searchlight sent a beam of light
into. the sky. q,.~,. f11CV't '""&- mt.
o'l"''f. ' 4.)m4'
beam of plow 'l"LC
The beam of the plow broke. '1"4.~ .,.
o'l11~A

bean Q4:11
Beans are sown in the highlands. Of.;> Q4:
II Y.H&-A
[See also 'coffee bean']
bear (bore, borne), vt.
1. <DIIf.(.,.mllf.). She is too old to bear children.
M<:)(-f h-l-mAY:?"
Where were you born? f.,.<DIIY:bm- f-l-
)ID"!
2. .,.lfbOD. The donkey bore a very heavy load
hU,I'm- 0"1?" bQY: "l")T _,.lfbOD
3. !I'll. He has to bear the whole burden
himself. ifh"""'t u-tt- h&-11- ""ii'A h/10-l1 cannot bear to look at him. O'tY.~ llfm-
hA":f-A.,.

4. ;f-1"'. He cannot bear any more pain.

98

bear
bh't"l-'l.U ?"'t?" <hOD?" ll.;f-11" hf.":f-A?"
5. hHII. The letter bears good news. 1.11-'IO.m-
'I'~ <Do!. MI(I.A
The document bore the Emperor's signature.
(l)JI. f't'fo"' )11"-f>'t .1-C"'' MI(I.A
6. h!l11". The money bears 5 per cent interest.
1'tHII- h?"!l-l- OOD-1'- <D/IY: ,l'il1"1A
7. h4.&-. This tree bears fine apples. Y.U ~<;:
i>of.l"":f- ' 1 4.&-A
8. hll(m-). The director bears a good name.
M" hll'l'm-'l.o!.b~

* '

bear (vi.)

*His claim to the land does not bear close

examination. O'I'"J:I"cf: {l.OD~ooc oo~~ s
f.1Q"lA "'1111> """'<:.}- film-?"
bear down <D"'(O-l-)
The car bore down on him. ooh..'i"m- s llm
"10-l- )OC
bear on
I. .,.,.lib.,.. What you say may be true, but
it does not bear on this problem. h't.,. f?"
-l-llm- .t.m-).}- ll.lf't Y.":f-IIA "l't Y.U't
'fo-'lf. ' hf.OD/IbT?"
2. -f-dli'. Her sorrow bears heavily on her.
.hH't 0"1?" -l""l"S::f'A
bear oneself t-(\o"J

+"'&.IIJm~

The soldier bore himself well during the battle.

OfD"1..1'm- 1..11. m;f-f.-1- &-11-'t 0"'1.1Q
.,.'IL"'m<:
bear (one) out ?"!lhC ' lf)(ll-l-)
Call up my friend. He will bear me out in what
I say. ~.1'."111-'t '1'&-ID" t IIAIJ.-l- ?"!lbC f.
lf)"lA
bear to (the right)

+'1 S'H

When you reach the top of the hill, bear to

the right! to<:11;f-m- ""<;: !1-l-f.Cil +'1
U't ' .1'11
bear up &-11-'t .,.'lr."'m<:
She bore up well during the crisis. o":fo"lo~
m:J-.r &-P,'t 0"'1.1Q .,.'IL"'m<:":fbear upon )l}

These are matters which bear upon the community. MII.U <h1111-'t f"''.)IJ. 'fo-'ll'"

":f.'""'"'"
bear with ;f-1"'
Please bear with me a little longer! hQbU't
T't"li ' ;f-1"''1
[See also 'arm, cross, fruit, grudge, mind,
pressure, relation, witness']

99

bear
bear (n.) .J:-11
In Europe, there are white bears. flh.m-l!";r
~"1" ' ~11 ' hll

(be) bearable il.;f-1.,..:,. f"''.i"A

His ache was bearable enough. atoo,.. fl.
:M.,..:,. f"''.i"A ~nc
beard m.?"
I am growing a beard. m."'"t

h<'l~:>llv-

bearded at."'/?"
This bearded man is my uncle. f.U m."'/?"
(lfD"\1- ' h"l--1: ' ~ ....
bearing
I. t.>'l?". A soldier should have a military
bearing. ID;f-S'.C ffD"T~C<; t.>'l?" ll"t.tl.'l"
:..,. Y'ifA
2. ~1\. She has a queenly bearing. f"t"II"T
~~~ hilT
3. "l"t"f'~.r. His foolish questions have no
bearing on the problem. Y<I'<:Q'f'fD" f"'lf.
<:tl- 'I'Yirll'"'f h"'f"!~ :>C "ITt"'~:,.
fl\'l'fD"?"
bearings t.'JotiJ"'i
The ship lost her bearings in the fog. R"l":>
"I ' fD"iJ'I' ' ODCb!l ' h'JotiJ"'i'l'"t ' <'1-J-"'f
dignified bearing ""'CD? '1"1ll

His dignified bearing is admired by all. "IC"'I

1"1(1- ' 011-11- ' f-1-S'.~.,. ' ~ ....
have bearing on Toolth,.
This has no bearing on the subject. f.U 1-JI\<
"t t.f.ooflhT?"
bearish fQll1.
His bearish behavior made him many enemies.
fQll1. mQ\< 1111- mi\T t..u.n.r
beast hfD"<I. 1 h:""~
He hates that beast of a supervisor. ,.f't") h
"'""- (t.<:oo~) .,..,.tiJtiJ& hf.IDS'.fD"?"
wild beast hfD"<I.
The wild beast attacked the hunters. hfD"<I.
.... ' hJ!'l'<J;"t ' .,..,..,lt-1\'l'fD"
beasts ho!-'I!T
There are tracks of many kinds of beasts in
the mud. "1":1'..,. fD"il'l' f111t' 'lf.~:,. t.
o!-'1!:,. .Lll"l hll
[See also 'bnrden1
beastly fhfD"<~.~.r
The murder of the child was a beastly crime.
fihY). ""1S'.A ft...,..:.~:,. .,..,qc ~nc

beat
beat (vt.)
I. S'.RS'.R. The robbers beat the man and
robbed him. <1'"'/'l'<J; (lfD"\1-fD""t S'.11.1':RID-
HM-r
2. oo;t-. He was beating a drum. hOC" f.
oo;t- ' ~nc
He was beating the dog with a stick. fD"'/f..,.
"t ""-" y.oo;t-,. ~nc
3. <;m. She beat the milk until it foamed.
h:4- llllh.mtiJ ~<:ll ID-1--I>"t <;m";f..,.
4. t.lhl.. We beat them in today's game.
"~"""'" ' .....,;~- ' t.lf)<;:<;'l'fD"
5. t.ll<;<l'. Nothing can beat horse riding as
a sport. RiiTCT :1~ "IAn,rt f"Y.Yll"t
.,. ' fll?"
6. h{l(l. The men beat the woods in search
of the lost child. f m4-fD""t A"/: 'I'll:> (l
'l'"'f ' ""lltfD""t ' h(l(l*1 saw the wallet first, but he beat me to it.
fh.il Pc<'l..,."t ou'f.oo&f hf.'l'.,. ~nc
~1c "l"t l\{1- <1'~1"'S
beat (vi.) oo;tHis beart began to beat faster. Atl- R-lf.A
y.oo;t- , 'f.ooc

M...,..,.

beat against

1. oo:J'. The rain was beating against the

windows. 1f<;"tl- oo{l!>-l>"t oo;t-ID2. t."'l;t-. The bird beat its wings against the
cage. m~ h"t.::m bm<;: 1.1>:..,. :>C
t."'/;t-";f
beat around the bush .&JC -'IC r h.ll

He did not answer my question, but beat

around the bush. 'I'Yir\1-"t t.Aoofl(l?" ~
1C

-n

-'IC

.IC

h.ll

(be) beaten back

The attack was beaten back. <D:.!-fD""t {lao

-1-i"ll

00{1{1 '

(be) beaten down ( ~ tr.) ""1.""1.

+The wheat was beaten down by the rain.

11<;"11 ' ll"t.O..fD""t ' .....~..... .~.....
beat off hQ::
He tried to beat off the bees that were stinging
him. f-)~4--r nn~.r"t "tP"'f li"'IQ<:c 1"h<:
(be) beaten off oo{l(l-:,.
The enemy's attack was beaten off. fmi\T1
~11-1-'1' ' 'I':I'T ' OD{I(l.T
beat upS'.RS'.R
He beat him up because he insulted his mother.
ll<;-l>"t llliMnn-r Y-RS'.n..,.
[See also 'hot, path, pulp, retreat, time, wood']

beat

100

beat (n.) J':li:J'

The beat of the drum was heard from a
distance. fhOC"DJo J':li:J' h~'i' Y.il"Y toe
The policeman's beat is around Churchill
Avenue. ?"ll.il- f"'l.H'PtD<:DJo O'fe:fA.
.,..~~..
b.l)qo. )DJo
[See also 'heartbeat')
beating J':-IIJ'.q
Beating is forbidden in school. J':-{l.<'.q o+
ll"tle+ IL+ 1-hA.h!I.A.
suffer a boating .,.if),!.
The team suffered a beating last Sunday.
IJ-J';). q{I,I.DJo 1-m.J': .,.jf),l.
take a beating i"~O.t'.O

The thieves took a beating. Ml=J; .,..<'.0.<'.11Beatitude 111\.~

His Beatitude Abuna Kerellos died some years
ago. 111\.~ 1.11-t of:ell-il h'l'-t+ ~""
:t-+ ' O.L+ ' 1.<:4beautiful
I. _.., ;<!. She is a beautiful girl. _..,;<': Alii"~
<:J': t:f
2. aJoofl. The necklace is made of beautiful
pearls. :6tD- I haJo-fl I /r/A I f1"LJ.1'6- I ~d.J"
He expressed his ardor for knowledge in a
beautiful poem. l1~.,..,.,_ YllaJo'J f ;Jll !I
"'1.+ 0DJo11 "1'1'11" ~ilK
3. fl.oo+. The ceremony of the coronation
is very beautiful. fHIJNI. O~A. b.hqoe
OIIJII" f.<'.oP4' , tDJo
4. fllfJIJDC. The ceremonial costumes were
beautiful. fh11<: O~A. A.11f\:f f"'l.YII"~
to~

5. - What a beautiful day! l.'J.I'.+ Yll

~+"t~a.t-1

make beautiful h./loP

The priest's melodious voice makes the service

beautiful. filii- M YllaJo J':11"6 'I-.111\DJo
'J Yllll" &-A.
beautifully 1.1111"1!"
She plays the flute beautifully. 'P1i'J+ loll
II"&- '1-ltD;t-ll:f
beautify (beautified) b.!l1.tn
She beautified the room with flowers. h'i'II-'J
Ql..oq l..!l1.m:f.,.
beautify oneself h.rf! ;:f:-f
Women have always used cosmetics to beautify

become

themselves. 1\-l':f 1.11"1!" lloP:f"f+ 11-A.

1.rt. OoP\\\V' Y.m4'"" , toe
beauty (beauties)
I. '}~<;. Her beauty beguiled us. '}~<;'!'
"Y<:h'}
Beauty is only skin-deep. .,-,~., 11il' 1.
Y.O:J'II"
2. DJoO+. The necklace enhanced her beauty.
.h1111- ODJoO:t ~y. DJoO+ "'"""<:~+
We are always finding new beauties in his
poetry. o:,.~.,. rJoA.1.rt. l..JI.!l DJoO+ 1.<;~
~O;f"li'J

3. (~adj.) _..,;<':. She is really a beauty.

01.DJot+ OIIJII" _._,~ <;:,..

[See also 'personal']

beauty parlor f'}~<; 1111-'J
She goes to the beauty parlor once a week.
tD.<'. '}~<; 1111-'J OIIII"'J+ b.'JJ': 1.rt.
+~.llll:f

became, see become

because

I. illl + (perfect). He didn't come because

he was sick. lll\::f"ODOD h.Aoulflr
2. llll + (relative imperfect). Because my
brother is coming from the country, I will go
to see him. tD'JJ':"'/. lt~e IL+ illl"''.""
IIJ ~,.,. ~~.llliiJo
because of

I. llil- 1111-. I did it because of her. till 11

\1. b..<'.<:"lrJo+

2. !lllil- 1111-. I don't want you to do it

just because of me. !Ill~ 11lltl 1-'JJ':;t-.<'.e
~.,. ' b.A.LA."III"
3. h--Because of his age, he stays
at home. h~J':"'/.Y'I'DJo .....,'(.:,.. f.,.t"' lolL

f.,.)"'.

,.. DJoli'I'A.
4. ( ~ conj.) !Ill. Because of the high price,
I did not buy it. 'I';JDJo DJoJ': !lliiJ't 1.
A.~~rJo+ll"

beckon m4'il
She beckoned to me to follow.

1-'JJ':h.,.~+

tn4'il~

become (became)
I. IJ't. A Iamb becomes a sheep. mfl+ 0"1
j!.IJ'<;A.
Flour becomes dough. .11-i:+ 11-IJ' J!.IJ'<;A.
2. flq(DJo). He uses language which does
not become a man of his education. Oil- +

II"IIC'I- ' S'.t.)f ' Yll ' (taJo ' ll.'i'1C ' ,..,,.
111avt ' Y.'i'16-l:t.
3. h..,t.(11'1-). A white dress becomes her.
)"'}' A-fill ,I'II"CII;l-1:1.
*What became of him? f'l- S'.t.ll l

becoming
*She has a becoming smile. fl.lt
M'l-

L1-1~

be becomins +ll"7D7

This dress is very becoming to you. f.U +ot

.11 ' 11"19" ' Y.ll..,..,"if"'

bed (n.)
1. 1\A;.J. I want a room with two beds.
1111~11'1-hl:t.~h~i:t.h~/:t.~ll~

2. DP<JJot.)f. In the dry season the bed of the

river is completely dry. 1111~ w&-'1- fiD
"tfl< ovaJot.)f 11~1\.9" Y.!I.C:J'/:1.
3. ovJ'.-fl. He has a bed of flowers in front of
his house. hfl.-1> ~+ lld.'l- fhl111 ""
S'.il ' hllaJo
get to bed H'

We did not get to bed until 2 A.M. hllh /1.

11.1> IIM'I- 11~'1- Y:t.ll h/:1.1-..."tll" )11C
go to bed-~'"'

I went to bed late. h9"11:ri -~'"'~

The doctor thinks I had better go to bed.
dth.OO< ' 111'... ' f"''."if/:1. oPif).") ' ,l'll"'i'/:1.
lie In bed-~'"'

Don't lie in bed all morning! fll.4:"} r tJD&f'r

1'~1'11 h;l-C~Y:
make the bed h/:1.~ Mm~
The maid made my bed. 11.-'l;J: h/:t.~\1.
"t Mm~:f
put to bed hll-1-"'
The mother put the children to bed late in the
evening. h'i'-1:1: A,l'.::r;"t ovif '1- 11.1:1. h
111-...il'lfaJo
send to bed hll-1-"'
The mother sent the children to bed early.
h'i'-1:1: A,l'.:'ll"t 111.11. hll-t-...:rstay In bed

+"'

The doctor recommended that she stay in bed.

dth.oo- h"tY:'I-+"' hHH

[See also 'change, double bed, flower, head,

hustle, tuck, turn']

bed (v.),

bedspring

101

becoming

down

h!l.t.

We will bed down here in the woods. Mlll ""1

IJ aJoll'l' h'i'S'-"6-II"t

bedazzle
I. ~f.)."t h'1'11t.l1t.aJo. The glare of the
searchlight bedazzled him. fll,_q,. iiC?
") ' ~f.).") ' h'1'11t.l1t.ID"
2. .., t.h. She bedazzled the audience with her
charm. +ovAIJ'1l>t I11D"I1;J: ..,t.hll'=f,.

bedbug '1-"fl."t
Spray powder to kill the bedbugs! '1-"fl.)."t II
..,'1'4-'1- ' oP!f.1t'l- ' hC'l>.IJJo

bedding
I. fh/:1.~ A-fill. You better air the bedding today. q,:. fh/:1.~ 1:1.-fl(t-"t il;l-'i'~it
m-~ ~m-

2. ov~;J-. Straw is used as bedding for horses.

11111 114-t.(':f ov~;J- Y111.,11A

bedlam f.,C.,C 11;lThe streets were a bedlam during the riot.

11-fl'l'11'1' ' 1.11. ' DP")1J'.:f ' ~flo ' f.,C.,C '
11;l- ' )11~

Bedouin 11t.1i"'

01.11

The Bedouins live in the Sahara Desert.

11t.1i'l''ll Ot.l1:f lldt&- ' 9"!1."(. fl.'l ' ID"Il
'I' '

Y.'f&-11-

(be) bedraggled

-~'"""'114'

My dress was bedraggled when I carne in from

the rain. 'll'i'll" ov.f~ 11111 1:1.111\ +""'
"'"'" )11C
fA~ 416-"'
She takes care of her bedridden mother.
YA~ 416-... h'i';J:"t ;J-Il:f"ll"..,ll:f
be bedridden hh/:1.~ -~'""6-1
Because my mother is very old, she is bedridden. h'i'-1: 11"19" 111\t.r-f- hh~

bedridden

+""6-~;l-ll:f

bedroom

ov~;-

n.+

Go to the bedroom and bring me my coat!

....~;- n.+ ' 'I.Y:'i' ' 1>-t:"t ' hll""'/:1.~
~ 11 --- h/:1.~ hm111
The nurse sat by the sick woman's bedside.
hll:l-..,"'1.'1' 111111+"''1' 1\'1- h/:1.~ hm1
11 +oJ>ovm:f

bedside, by the

fh/:1.~ 1:1.1111
The bedspread is red. fh/:1.~ 1:1.11(1- 4'Y. )IJJo

bedspread

fh/:1.~ 1111
The bedsprings are not very good any more.
fh~,. 1111 hh1.,'Lll hy.m:,.,..,.

bedspring

began

102

bedtime

bedtime, at ~ 11.+':' II.A

I drink warm milk at bedtime. 1.\1-'i' Ill.\ '
fL'I ID1"'1- l'.tn"'/111bee 'Jil
There aren't many bees in my beehive. Olo

4':: ' fJJoil'l' ' il,. ' 'Jil ' fll'l"

queen bee f'l11 1 hm-&When the queen bee leaves, the bees disperse.
-,,.;r. J'.O.,.o;~~<
nil t.IJJo&.

11."'"'

beef fO~ I" ;J

The doctor told me not to eat beef.

"" ' O.L'J- ' 0.-I>'J ' hK"i[

That happened before Ethiopia was christianized. t..'l-f"ti:Y fhCII'J-o;') YJ'-"7'1"'1- boo
4'0~ hll4'1:'1" fir) )1C )IJJo
2. II + (negative imperfect). Sweep the carpet
before the guests come! 71.'l..,P..=Ji ~~~oum-
ll;J)I"fDo') '

"'h."""

fO~ I".? h'l-il'l hll'1

beehive +t::
I shall smoke out my beehive tonight.
:Jo ' 4'6:\1.') ' h'l'.. /111-

~~

"7

been, see be
beer
1. (native) mil. My sister brews good beer.
f~ kl'l- '1'-1- m'l '1-m'l":l'll:f

2. fl&.. I would like a glass of beer. h'J!:

ilC'l'"-1' !L&. hLA,;J/111beeswax ll'l"
We sometimes make candles from beeswax.
h'J'l'J!: "I.U hll9" '11.'1' l'.o;O)I"II'J
beetle 'I''JH.~
The beetles have eaten all the leaves.

before (col\i.)
I. ( ~ prep.) h + verbal noun + O<L'I(or hll4'1:'1")
Clean the house before he comes! bOD'/""1

'I''JH.~l"

:f "1-mii-'J 11-11- OA-IIJJo:J-1.\

befall (befell) h.?m""

Whatever befalls them, they are ready to meet it.
f"'LJ';J'I'"7:fiJJo'J 11-11- 11.<'1!1/.,..'1- ' 1-H.?~
1"'1'1.\

befell, see befall

befit 1"11"7"7
You must wear a dress to befit the occasion.
II"I.UIJJo 11-~:Jo f"'l.ll"7"7 Ail(l oPI.\011
hlliliJ

before (prep.)
1. h - - - O.C.'J-. I will be there before two.
hll9"'J'I- ll't'l- O.C.'J- 7.11..1' M'i'llo2. ( ~ conj.) II + (negative imperfect). The

telegram should be here before evening.

/IJ'.OD1i ' -1:1\."1&..,... l'.II.IJ 001:~11 hiiO'J3. ( ~ adv.) <L'I- II<L'I-. She stopped before
the -gate. h'l'o;IJJo OC <L'I- II<L'I- ol'oo:f

*The question before us is very complicated.

f4'~0A'J "l-JIJ'. 0"19" f1"fDIIIlO )IJJo

'l'~"l.fDo

3. h + imperfect + J'.A:t. I would starve

before I surrender. l'.:('J h'l"ll'l' J'.A:t '
o.::>il A .... ,.
before (adv.) hii.IJ O<L'I- l hii.IJ ' 4'S'.9"
I have seen that film before. Y'J'J <LA'/" hH.
IJO<L'I-hJ'.'fi'I'IIIII have never been there before. hii.IJ 4'S'.'I" '
7.11..1' ' ~:( ' h'IIJJo-l-9"
before long O:tCil "I.U IJJoil'l' I O:tCIJ- l h
'1'4:'1- "I.U 0:\'1

Before long, he will be able to help you.

o:tc11 1.n IJJoll'l' 11.<:-'lu J'.:f'IA

Before long, we will have saved up a hundred

dollars. 0"1-Cil- ou+ ilC l'.o;m&.-l-"7/I'J
I will see you before long. h'l'-1:'1- "I.U 0
:\'1 7.'J1o;':'II'J
[See also 'ever, night, shortly, yesterday']
beforehand hll4'1:'1"
I knew it beforehand. t.ll+Y."''. hiJJo</1'1'1111befriend 'IS'."' lr)
He befriended the new student. IJ.'L{Io ' 1"
"7& ,;JC 'IS'.':' lr)
beg /IOO)
They begged me to help them.

7.')1:~-'l:fiJJo '

/100).'{

The children begged for coins. A}('li '1'&.

'Jh ' /100).

*I beg to differ with you; the situation is not

that way at all. J'."'-C:Jo h!:C"IA'1o; ' ...,
1" ;JC hl.\11"7"7'1" I 11-k:J'IJJo ' O'i'K-'1" '
l'.'JS'.H.J' ' hJ'.S'./1'1"
*I beg your pardon! J'.:tC:Jo
beg off ID~ I :\1\_ I Jl.fl

He was assigned to help us, but he had begged

off. 7.,..., 7.Vl.t:-'1 """"!:P ) oc 1 )1C "I
') IDS'. :\'1 ' h/1

[See also 'question']

began, see begin

beget (begot)
I. <llS'. Abraham begot Isaac. .t.oflC'/!1" f.
h.h~'J

behave

!03

beget

tllll.

2. hhh-1"11. Idleness begets crime. I"&- II.

'1-H m"t)!A"t J'hh'I-'IA

beggar 11"7'S
There is a beggar at the door. 11"7'S l\OC <I'

?.A

begrudge
I. 4'<;. I don't begrudge him the honor.
Ohil~ hA4'<;0'1-ll"
2. <1'..,(..,.). +I begrudged the money it cost me.
J't"'!Jo'l- 1"tHofl <I'""'S

beguile

begging Aoo<;
Their bankruptcy reduced them to begging.
ouh(l&o'faJo hAoo<; .t.ll.t:<\'faJo

begin (began, begun), vt.

I. )!not:. She began work on the project
right away. f:l'4'1l.aJo'J I"&- ""1"6-'1- m.o:.
J'aJo ' )!oot:"f.
2. .t.!l/!1/oo. Two friends began the club three
years ago. v-M 'lll..,.'l""f. hOIJo'J f'l

to v-11'1- '\00'1- ""**-'~begin (vi.)

I. of")!out:. Life began many million years ago.

ihf.m'l- fofo)!oot:aJo hill!' "7.11.\"'J '\
"""". 0.!.'1-. ~ ....
2. )!oo,: l -1"~"1. Where shall I begin? f'l- A
)!ll"c 1 (or hf'l- M"' 1)
3. ofo!l/!1/oo. The club began two years ago.
hOIJo f'lt. !Jo/l'fo '\OD'fo ofo!l/!1/oo
begin to A + imperfect + ~..,.
It's beginning to rain. fl..H'111

begot, see beget

)oro-

to begin with

1. ooy_oot,y )1C. To begin with, we have not

enough money. OD"f.OD~f J )'lC 'i Ref: 1'1
Hofl fll'Jll"
2. hv-flo 011.'1-. To begin with, I want a
competent man to have the job. bll-h- J Od.-l-
"f.ll-:1' J'llaJo ......... 1"6-fDo"t li'J.O:.f.11 '
l\II.A;JII!Jo

.1>11111-'12. "7lh. Her beauty beguiled us.

lh'J
3. hhll.l'l-1". He

411~<;'1'

"7

beguiled us with stories.

-l"l+"f. ' .t."'ifDo+ ' .t.hll.(lofo'J

begun, see begin

behalf, on ~ of hill 0 --- hll" ll''l'"
He worked for weeks on behalf of the organization. hll ll.'C~ llilli' <\!1"1'1- u>&o
I want to thank you on behalf of our organization. Oll.'C~:I'"f."t hll" ll'o 'l""l'l"l
<;"{ov- ' l\II.A;JII!Jo
on one's behalf llll

He intervened in the dispute on my behalf.

1111~ ohchc fDo/1'1' trJA:l' ,q
His friends intervened with the minister on his
"'L~h~'J 1'."711

behalf. 'lll.'l',; liM

"'""

behave
I. ooAIJll" li"""QC 11.11"". Did you behave
today? 'ft. ooAIJll" li"""QC ll.~oo?A ?
2. mQf.'J 1 .t.<\oot:. On my honor, I will do
my best to behave. Oofo!l'll'S oom'J mQ\1.
.,

11"7<\DDC ' :l'A '

l\~Qilv-

3.... &... How does your car behave in heavy

traffic? OOh_<; I 00'f0'fo ' OD'J11l.' 0 '\J'. I 0D

beginner )!"76
He is still a beginner. 1'i Y..fl76

I. h:l'llll. They beguiled the enemy into an

ambush. m'I'I-'J .t.:J'IIfDo ltll.ll.ffloO'I- 11:1'

)m-

beginning
I. foo)!oo6J'. This is only the beginning;
the worst is yet to come. ,.e.u foo"f,.OD&fm-
~fDo f 1<; fQ(l J'.OD"'A
2. foo)!oo6J' h'i'A. I missed the beginning
of the race. ffDoll.'~'J foo)!oo6J' h'i'A
Mfv-'1-ll"
3, hY.."""ODC. Our team made an auspicious
beginning by winning the first game. IJoll.'<;"f."t
fOD)!OD6J'fDo"t ' "l'l'"'LJ' ' 0"711')<;: 0 ojoflof.. 0
f"''.l'l'l' }>)!"70DC .1><\f

h.<;tJ

l\'tll.,T

'fou>&o/l"f. 1

He behaves like a fool. ll"tll.4:A f.u>&-A

*He doesn't know how to behave. oP~tar r
mQJ'. Wl-ll.'II'I'A

Behave yourself! .1>'1-QA"I

behave oneself badly OD'l'G: mll.e. a h.ltf

The little boy behaves himself badly in school.

'1-"tn:. A~ '1-ll"tJC'I- 0.'1- fDo/1'1' ""'I'
t:: mQJ'. J'<\J'A
behave well hi..O

She behaves well in company. (lfDo (l.'l'"C

:J'Il.'Qil"f.

behavior
also 'awfully,
shamefully']

[See

104
naturally,

normally,

behavior
1. mq)'.. He was commended for his good
behavior. l'aA ooAttr mil~ = TODfi'Jio
2. h~&-1'1. Account to me for your behavior! llh~&-Hu ?"h1-,l''l- lim'S
3. u-).;1-. His amorous behavior pleased her.
'i':f>ct f"''..U\ll' IH;l'ro- hll~(l;l-'1[See also 'indecent, presumptuous, rough')
(be) beheaded h1-11:1- .,..,..:m
In the England of former days, a pretender to
the throne was often beheaded. ~r: Ol'.1-"1
11.11 h1e ID-11'1' Odt(l'l- H-of.'i- f.1q'i'A.
f"''..A nro- t.1-11:1 f.4r.<':'l' ~oe
behest .,.,qq.r
At the behest of friends, he decided to take a
rest. O<DJI~ "7"1qq.r f.,.~.., 6<':'i'-l- II
"7~<':"1 <DM
behind
I. h - - - :\11 I h:\11 I h - - - O(l.,.:\11. The boy
was hiding behind the tree. A.1!: h~'i' :\11
.,.~11~ ~oe
The dog was running behind the car. w-2fw-
boo h.'i'ro- :\11 f.r:'l' ~oe
He sits behind me. h:\1111- "'"'"'"'lA
The bridesmaid walked behind the bride.
~11m-;,: h .....'li&-'1' oll.,.:\11 '1-Y:~ ~oe
2. Fe. He hid behind a bush. '1'!1/tn Fe

...~0.,.
be behind
I. "'~ :\11 .,.<':. Mary is behind the others
in her sewing. 16 OA.11(l 111..'1- h/1.11-'ll
"'~ :\11 .,.e:l'll"'f
My watch is ten minutes behind. fl'\1: ' OJP
e ~4!:J' til~ :\11 4'e:l'll";f
2. H1r. The mailman is behind his usual
time today. ?'ll.,.'i'ro- ~&. ,1'/I<D-l-r:ro-
H"I,I'.;J:A.

3. ~14.. The Congress was behind the President on the last bill. ooo .....:lfro- f.lt"l '
<':4!:f> 11,1'. ?"he IL-l: T&.II.JI11:1 ~1of.'fiD
behind the house O'ir: 011-A.
There is a garage behind the house. O=lt: I n
11-A. I fODh_'i' I "7~?",1' I h/1
from behind h:\llroBe was attacked from behind. h:\lltJJ- .,.oo:1'
[See also 'back, leave, time']

beleaguer
behold (beheld) hf
At last, they beheld the Promised Land.
Ooo .....:lf :f-~11-l- Me1 hi'
behold I .r.'liro-A.u
And, behold, three soldiers appeared! .r.'liro-A.
U I "'11-l- <D;l'~r;";f 11:f> hll(be) beholden to ro-11;1-ro- .,. ....,....
I am beholden to you for your advice. l'al\
(lm'Ji'S ?"he ro-11;1-U f.{l...,'i'A.
behoove, it behooves
I. .,.,0. ~ro-. It behooves a child to obey his
parents. A~ /I<DII}':'Il ou:J'H11 .,.10. ~""
2. 'l'<':(0-"1-). It behooves you to work if you
want to keep this job. ,I'.U')') P'&- ,I'.H
u /IOO~f-"1- ' h4.11"1U OOP'&-'1- f.'l'e117A.
being
1. tt:lftoC. Men, women, and children are human
beings. <D')J'.";f (1.-f-"'f'i' A.)>:";f (l11h'
'i'tn-C ' .,,....

2. UA.a>-'i'. God's being is beyond the comprehension of man. fl'."IH.h11dt.e UA.a>-'i' h

(lro- tro-.,.'1- 011,1'. ~""
3. u-).;1-. Her whole being thrilled to the
beauty of the music. oof\m- u-~:1"-P ~ Ocro-H.
:J"(I)o I dJo0..,.. I 1-0D{affi
come into being 1-W*oo
The Boy Scouts came into being in 1908.
l'.{lt,ro-'1- O!ilf "too.,. ?".lt<':-"1- .,.!11!1/oo
[See also 'human']
belabor
I. ooiiA.(> M"f. He kept belaboring the point
after we had agreed. h.,.ll"'1"'110-l-?" 0:\11
1-.111'1 I ODIIA.(> ..,,.,.,, hll!ll<':tn?"
2. h"1~4.. They belabored the candidate with
questions. .,.<DJIJI&tJJ-1 0'1',1'4: h"1~4-lbel a ted fH1f
The belated letter arrived at last. fH1ftJJ-
11.110. ' ooo .... .:lf ' ~<':()

belch
I. M"'. Every time he eats, he belches.
0011 '1'e .1'1"fA.
2. .,.of.. The volcano was belching smoke and
ashes. 11.111" ~ ,.,,:.m- 'T'lt~ 1 t.ooY: ~1"
of. ~oe

beleaguer bOO
The enemy beleaguered the city. mil-l- h.,.
"'IID-1 bOO

belie
I. lf.l.). His appearance belies his feelings.
oPAh- 11"1.-1>1 ,l'.if'i')'I'A.
2. J.m-H .t.I\ODIT\-1 hl\f. His cruelty belies
his statements. "l'"IJ~m- :Nr 1.m-H hi\
""ITI-1 YI\YA

belief 1.f"H
My belief in him was seriously shaken. Oft.
1\,1'. $11"1 1.f"H fl"'f" -l-<1'1itA

He never expresses his re1igious

beliefs.

11'11\m- f'IW''I'l" '1- 1.f")'f- ~Alt t.ym-

't>r
[See also 'superstition']

believe
I. .t.oP). He believes in God. l11."1H.hildo.C
Yf"<;A
He believes in a lot of exercise. 011tf" f(tm)'J- 1.1't>ll:l'll. $'!'";A
2. oPill\(m-). Will they come tomorrow?
No, I do not believe so. )1 ~ooartt-- ? h.
,I'.ODIII\"1f"
3. ~""-!-. They believed him to be insane.
~-fl.e' I )aJ- I ofll\(1}- I 100-IJ
make believe

I. hllou{ll\. The boys made believe they were

fighting the enemy. A]l.:'ll m'l'l-1 f"7. '1'"1-
.t.(loP{li\2.0Dilll- :J'f. The girl liked to make believe
she was a queen. AJI"~t:'l:t 1"1P''I- ""~~'~
oP:J'f'f-1 'folD.':" )flC

believer h.,"1

2. :l'"l'"A. The cat has a bell on its collar.

.':"""'); h1~:t 1\,1'. :l'"l'"A A'l'lring a bell 'hi hll(m-)
His name rings a bell. 11.,.. '1-11 ,1'.1\'1A

bellicose fmfl'1)'JHe has a bellicose disposition. fmO;o;),;'f- m

q,e. ' hl\m-

belligerence mil """-fl"'

I cannot understand his belligerence about
such a trivial matter. 1.1'1.11 'Ill tl.,,l'.t:
q )~C mil .,..,_fl.,. h,e.~q"1r
state of belligerence mofl

A state of belligerence exists between the two

countries. fl!l-tl-1> h~r::f' oPIJhA mil t.fl

belligerent mil ro.IIJ:"

Some nations seem more belligerent than
others. h1.'11.1:" ' h~r::f h(l,ll-:f ,I'.A-l-
mil ' ID.'IJ:" o ,('.ODill\1\-

bellow (v.)

h~&-

The ox bellowed when the farmer hit it.

10"-aJo

I flOD:J'"(I)o I

"l.fL

fl&,.tiJo

h,:},&.

bellows (n.) ro<;'l!

Use the bellows to make the fire hotter.
1.1\-1>1 fl.,"l.I'.J:" OtD<;'i! -1-m<l'f"

belly (v.) -f-)'1The sails bellied in the wind. if&-m- fl)'i-ll-

-f-)'1-

belly (n.) IT.!:"

The faith of the believers was shaken by the

capture of the holy city. f'f> .1:"11'1- h-1-.,

""Y'H ' y.,'l''ll1 ' oP").f.ll ' .t.<;;>mbelieving, convert into ~ .t.l\ou)
Can I convert you into believing that the earth
is round? """'~- hil ""ITS:1 '11\f""t

u ' l.:f'll\11- 1
belittle A1\o.M

belong

105

belie

l h1!'1lflf

When I found out he was a Frenchman, I felt

like a fool for belittling his country. .1.<:11\'
""ITI-1 ' IJtD-l-11- ' fl:\'1 ' .t.~-1-1 ' 0.,1\o,ll
II. h.I.Cho

He constantly belittles my efforts to write

better. K"ih.l.-1:1 1\.,lflfA f.,.l'.~m-1
Tt:'l- 11-A'I.II. Y1!'11ilf A

bell

He kicked him in the belly. IT'!. '1,1'.

l~

mm-

bellyache f'I<Cm'J- "'""'"

His bellyache prevented him from going to

school. fof<Cm'J- "'""'" '1-f"IIC'I- 0.'1-
hoP~J:"

' hll<!'t:m-

belong
I. f +noun (or pronoun) + )m-. Does this
book belong to you? ,1'.11 ' n+ ' oPK"dt'i'
)m-1
2. "111'-)'J- )flt:m-. He never belonged to any
political movement. hf"1f" 't,I'.)'J- f?"fl
1;1! 1.1-l-11.4'11. ' ;>C "111'-)'J- hA)flt:..,.,*He too belongs to our club. 1.1l-f" fllfl
q:f") hqA )m-

*You don't belong here.

~tl.tJ :r

ootr1' J\,1

I. .<'.IDA. The bell doesn't work. .I'.ID/1- h,l'.

q11r

w&-f"

*This book belongs on the top sbelf.

f.ll

benefit

107

bend
bend over .,..'lOll

gave him benediction. {lm-tLm-

hA

He bent over to pick up his wallet. IIC<'Ifl,...l

11.,'1"1'1- 1-'IO!l hi\
bend over backwards fot;r:'AaYJ I f}o/r I l\~l,1

She bent over backwards to make sure that

he was always pleased. S'.h >.'1'1.1\fDo f"''.
il'll'l-'1

l}o[\o

hf.t'.1l-

hcll-tf

'I !lillY) "'"" Qt'.IJ.'I-

benefactor f.?.!. I <'.'1'1He was the benefactor of many artists. f1U,.

hCthofol-o S'.;J.!. )0C

He is rightly called our benefactor. t'.'l:l"lf.,.m~CD- r RO'f.1Q 1 iom-

"t +-flA-

be bent

I. ( ~ active) S'.-1-. +Her head was bent over

the books. ""ll.lt'i'-lt 'If. t-!l.'I S'.'i':l" )0C
2. nu.. He was bent on mastering Amharic.
h.,c>;' Of.ll"11 h"'C-fo 1\.,m'l> "'t'.
(one's) back is bent .,..Otn

beneficence l-t::l"
His beneficence relieved the poor. '::fi!:I"CD-

l-/t'.'l'l-'1 ' ?.JI'ffDo

beneficial m:f>"''.
Fresh air is beneficial to health. 'll\..lt hf

The farmer's back was bent from years of toil.

h11rt- "OD:f"'l- A-1-'1- ' ,.,.).., 100:.fDo '

c 1\m.'1~'1- m:J>"''.. )fDo

be beneficial m+oo

1-11tii.A
[See also 'effort']

I hope your holiday will be beneficial to you.

f~t'.'i''l- 1.11.11 >.'IS'."''.m'l>ll"ll _,.h-1- h!'.C?

bend (n.) m?"qq 11:1"

The bend in the road was straightened recently.
""'11.11- 'If. Yll"'" m?"qq 11:1" O'I>C

II- .,._,-;

*There is a sharp bend in the road here.

>.tlll 11:1" ou'11JI. OJ:-'11'1- ~'l''i' f.'IA

bended, on ~ knee .,.'lOCh!>

He begged for mercy on bended knee. .,.'lOCh
1> , ?".ltt'.'l- , 1\oP)
beneath (prep.) h - - - I"C I 0 - - - I"C
I put it beneath all the other papers. h/1.11-,;
mt'.-tofolo IJo[\o I"C ' 1\ll-I'OD'J'IJ.'IHe was buried beneath the tree. M4- I"
c .,.4'0<'.

He walked beneath the canopy of flowery

trees. 01\0Q., qG:l- 'I'll I"C .,.t-...,S'.
beneath (adv.) h:l"l- l hO:I"lWhat you drop will fall upon the step beneath.
fll"'l-'1'1\fDo )1C h:l"l- 0"7.11""'" S'.t'.

!I" 'If.

f.mJ:-:J>A

The fortress commands the plain beneath.

?"'1i1- hO:I"l- YllfDo'l O'LJI 1\oP'Il"'m

Yhl--1\A

*The work was beneath him.

l-11-:1" 0"111" 11'1>

JP/,:.t&

tu\lD"

Yl\ )OC

[See also 'dignity']

benediction 11-t-h.
The benediction is part of the church services.
11-t-h. h'I>JI<l. h'IS'.?/fDo h'i'A )fDo

He received benediction. 11-t-h. .,.4'011

give benediction ll:l.h

Since the man is a good Christian, the priest

1\IJo

beneficiary (beneficiaries) .,.m:f>"''.. ! .,.oj>q,e

My brother was the beneficiary of the insur~
ance policy. m'IJ:-"7. f.ltf.m+ 'l'll'l-<;..,.
.,.m:f>"''. (.,.4'Qf.) )0C
All the children are beneficiaries of the new
playground. A]>:,; u-11- h'l.h O.,.tvt-fDo
fou"'.mil' "'1.'1 .,.m:f>"''..l"l- <;'f..,.

benefit (vt.) m-too

Rest will benefit a sick person. clt'.'i''l- .,J:"
<'."1 1\0'Ii.,.?/ f.m'I>.,A
benefit (vi.) .,.m-too(O'I-)

He benefited from his past experiences.

fl~

ff.t'.liO'I- ' )1C '1-ll"llC'I- lli\IY)fDo

.,.m-touo+

benefit (n.)
I. 1''1>11". I do not expect to get any benefit
OUt of it. hrt.U I i'1C I f?""lll'lfl-ttD- ; 9""'19"' I
'1''1>11" fl\'111"

2. 11AK"'"Ili". Benefits accrue to society from

better education. h.,. 'I"II '1-?"llC'I- ~11<'..,.
{111 11.:\W"I<; Y1'1A
3. 1t1A..,A-+. Does your insurance

include medical benefits?

policy

va..em+ 'l'h'fo<;

II f.lth?"<; h1A"III--l-'l ,ea..?"t-o:\ l

4. mt::l". My new friend showered many
benefits upon me. JrtJl{\o 1 m~:( .... ,.,. 1 me
:1" hf.t'.1A'1
5. 01 hJ:-t-1'1-. Tonight's show is a benefit
for crippled children. tJq.:...,. ll"''i'l- '1-cJ.
,.,.. f"'1..1"f.... 10. f"7.fDol\fDo ' hill\
ll'IIJ.A 1\IY). A")('f 01 hJ:-t-1'1- )fDo

benevolence

beseem

108

be of benefit m+oo

..,.,.m-

The trip was not of much benefit to us .

M'l" J'UA hAtno!>OD't'/"

bequest
I. fDoC11. Henry received a bequest of 500 dollars
from his aunt. ~'t6 1Jh11-1> J''/"11'1- .,...,.
h~1

for the benefit of

ofiC fDoC11

I. 1\A. Speak louder for the benefit of those in

the rear. :\'1 '111-'1- 11'1-A '""h 111\U T'i"~C
2. 7.01;1' llou(lofJ(tofl. She is holding a great
fete for the benefit of the hospital. ll.hh.'l"
(J.of> 0 A01;1' 0 IIOD{lofl(l1J. 0 ;1''\ol- 0 "lofl"tf" ' ;I'
S'.C;>II"{-

2. ).qH.. His philanthropic bequests have

created museums and libraries. Oft. 2 r".ft::J-

Iive the benefit of the doubt

*He gave him the benefit of the doubt, and so

released him. ~~'1- t.m&-"16 111111'~ IJAT<:
:>~mR'I-

R"711'1- 11-1>-l>a>-

M'.<:~fDo

benevolent
I. R1 h.l:"&-"1.. A benevolent person will always
give money to the poor. 0') 11.:&-"1. lim-
IJ-A"I.tl. 11.1:-"Ji J'.oP'I.fDo;I'A
2. f~"l~'l-. His benevolent smile showed me
that he forgave me. f~"l~'l- tl.~"l;l'fDo't q
fu- "1.11. J'.ol-C;I' l.'t'I~<:~A'f omol-u-

benign
I. T11"7"'1... The sick child was taken to Harar
because of its benign climate. t. f'l- T11"7"'1..
111111'~

2.

R'li_,.,.,.,. A"J': m~

f~"l~'l-.

tl.~"l;l'

.h<:C

He has a benign smile.

TaJ~

f~"l~'l-

hllfDo

bereave (of) M"'

The accident bereaved him of his entire family.
hF.;Ji& I oPI\ I fl.+ I (tflo"} I h.{).IIJ(I)o

+ f'I"TR'I-

bereaved (adj.) noun

The bereaved mother showed little sign of

aftliction. A)':'l' f'I"TQ'I- l.'i"'l- h't-'1"{-'1" f
I" :l'J'. 'I"Ah'l- h'lllf"{-'1"
be bereaved OIIJfU

r h.H~

He was bereaved by his mother's death.

Rl.'i"-1> '1"'1- fT~"' R"''l" h1t'l' ~RC

bereavement fHooJ:- '1"'1She was in a state of agitation due to her

recent bereavement. Rol-Cit- R~<:iiQ'I- fH
ODJ:" .,...,. ' 'l"h'tJ''I- Tifofl&- ' ~RC

berry 'i't.

't't'li ' -1>J'J'. ' 'i't.l""{- ' J'.!f,A

bent (n.) Til'l'l"

fi"~A

Til'l'

l" ' hllfDo

benumb M~llll
The cold benumbed my fingers. ofiC-'1. "'.f.
'In ' M~Jiq'f,.,.
be benumbed

ID:(1
berate~"'"

The shrub has small red berries. "''~'*"'"'" '1-

bent, see bend

He has a bent for painting.

1"11~-l- I ftlD~(l

l.'i"'l-1'"'1' A)':'l''t 1111 ofiA"I'i"fDo ~,p."{-,.,.

His benevolence led him to work for the

church. ol-'t~-1> O.T hc11tJ''t't 7.'tJI..P

make a bequest

He made a munificent bequest to the university. 111'-tliCI\tfDo ;1-'lol- 'tofl<:'l- h

The mother berated her child for his rudeness.

benevolence ol-n'I~II"IA

).qtl,l""{- O.T ""llhC'"{-'i" O.T "'"i..h

'l'.f."{- TP'CT'I'A

~~HH

My fingers were benumbed by cold. "1-Hi R

ofiC.I:" 'l"h't,f'l- ~'t11HfDo ~RC

bequeath t.m<:(l
He bequeathed me his gold watch. fmcol- (l

berserk, go

~ ou'l ol-m- h"'

He went berserk at the terrible news. t.il:l'-1:

CIJ'"1 I aJ~ I (1{1."7 I "J..IJ. I ODI\ ; :,Om- ; l\lf)

berth (f)oo'{;t- h'i'A

I found a stranger in my berth on the train.
Qf}o?.

dJoo{l..-

Ql\dJoo

l.'t"l-'1 (lfDo

I OD:.S::f" I

h'J!I\.

aJo{l..-

t.~iu-

beseech (besought)

II""~

The prisoner besought the judge to be merciful.

7.11<:,.,.,. -'~"'"'" l.'t-'l,&-&-11'1- ' ~~-~

beseem

J'.~IJ'I'A

't-l>'t t.m<:(l'f

It hardly beseems you always to quarrel

The artist bequeathed his talent to his son.

with- your sister. li-A1..H. h:J\..,-l-11 ;JC

"""1'1'1- h,MQII'I"

t.C-1:11-1> "{-11-;J-fDo't IIA)I: t.m<:il

beset
I. oq(O'l-). Danger beset his path. oo"J1'1.
t.Y.:J roqo'l- ~..,.
2. t.'l'bO. Many doubts beset him. -11,. 'J'C
"lt. t.'l'bOIIJo
be beset

I. -t-m<:<:. In the swamp, we were beset by

mosquitos. 0<:"1<:1- ll'i'o!- OmiJ '1-"J'{
-t-m<:c"J
2. -1-'l'm. This task is beset with difficulties.

,.IJ . JP&-

I OtiJtiJ I f+'Ptn I )ID3. ( ~ act.) Am?. Sioce there was a drought

last year, we were beset by famine. Ql\4f..Q)o
'tOD'l- ' J':C:J> ' ill\~0<: ' <:~of! ' h'l':J>-I'<;A

beside (prep.)
I. b - - - .,..., l .,..., . Please put this trunk
beside the other one. Y.ti"J"J li"J.ti.:J> h/1.
l\_(l)o I

1\).l,aJ-

.,...,. I

WhO is that standiog beside your father?

y t.IJ'l-tl .,..., fiJ.fiDIIJo ..,., ~ .... l
2. 0 - - - t.m1ofl. She would like to live beside
the sea. OIJ.lt-1- t.m1ofl 1\0D'l'C '1-/..A:>II'f
3. JIC. The cat lay stretched out beside the
fire in contentment. J':fiD-1:;1: <:b;J- l\11'1-
JIC -1-H<I-II'f
4. 0 - - - /..'1- 1\d.'l-. The teacher put a check
beside the correct answer. 0'1-bbll'i'IIJo fiDA
II d.'l- 1\d.'l- t.ll.,_..,6..,. II"Ah'l- h
1'.<:1
5. b - - - IIJo"'.". That's beside the poiot. Y.tJ b
)"J~ I

fD"6f!'

)liJo

*Mary seems dull beside her sister. "'16"J h

7...,;1: ;>C lt.fmJIJ':~'l- M !Lll 'l-ou
Mll'f
beside oneself

*He was beside himself with rage. O"J.I'..'I-

.~-

best

109

beset

....., n-r- ~oc

[See also 'mark, question']

besides (prep.)
I. b - - - 11.11. I have three other hats besides
this one. bH.tJ 11.11 1"11'1- IJC~nJ All'{
Besides his wages, he gets tips. bY.'I",. 11.11
1-Clf Y1'i'A
2. b--- 011-t-+c. We spoke of no one besides
you. IJ"J-t- 011-t-+c ill\ "'I"JII" t.llmo!-"JII"
besides (adv.)
I. hii.YII" 11.11. We will have games and
danciog and food besides. l'."J""lm;f-1\"J l'."J
S'."Jiti\"J I bii.YII" 11.11 l'."JOIIII"J
2. hii.YII" OilY. 1 bH.tJII" OilY.. It is too late to

go for a walk. Besides, it is starting to rain.

1ic'lic 1\00'/.J': H"'f.;I:A l hii.YII" 011,1'.
1\.H"J-11 ' ~..,.
He is a good worker, and besides, everybody
likes him. 7.(1. '1"1- wo~--t-'i' ~..,. I bH.tJII"
Ollf. l111Jo rNr ,l'.mY.'I'A

besiege bOO
The English besieged Emperor Theodore at
Magdala. 7."J"li\.I':Y. AI -1:9'J':C'li"J oo:,.
Y.ll llf. bO!I.:fiiJo
be besieged with

*During the flood, the Red Cross was besieged with calls for help. 01-C'i' 1..11. f+Y.
ouli+A "'1-,0C .fl'.CJI;f- 'I'Y4l 1-<:/..11'1-

besmirch t.1-Y./..
The newspaper besmirched the director's good
name. ;>ll.nJIIJo f'Lt.b-1-<1-"J ODAIJII" 1111"
h1-S'./..

besought, see beseech

bespeak t.ltf
His good manners bespeak a good upbringing.
oPAIJII" mill' '1''1- t.li-1-JIY."l l'."J-'111
..,. YltYA

best (n.) II"C'I'

We want only the best. II"C'I' ftJ'~..,.., of!
i1' ' l'."Jd.A:>II"J
best (adj.)
I. II"C'I'. The boys acknowledged him to be
the best football player. b-t-""'1''11 flolt-
II"C'I' -1-i'l''f ,., ..... ODI}')."J AJ('f 0
m4!11'l2. f:J>C-11. He betrayed his best friend. f:J>C-11
IDJI)t"J ' bJIIIJo
3. fOI\m. This is the best beer I have ever
tasted. b+oollb-'1- Ito!- flolt- ,l'.tJ fO
Am )CDo

4. bflolt- f-1-lf II. The best student was appointed monitor of his class. bflolt- f-1-lf 1\IIJo -t"'16 fh'i'A All? tJ''l' -1-0D<:m
best (adv.)
I. f.OA'J' l fOI\m. I work best in the morning.
,I'.OA'J' fll"wo!-IIJo IJI-'1- ~IIJo
I can illustrate this best by an example.
,l'.tJ"J 011"1111. fOIIm 11-II~IIJo l'.'f-111\flo
2. bflolt- t.of!Atn. I like this book best.
f.tJ"J ""~~"""'~' bflolt- A-liA"" l'.mY.'I'I\flo
3. bo-11-11" f.OA'I' t.ltii"C'. Who reads best?
hflolt-11" Y.OA'I' t.ltii"C' f"'U'~-11 "'I~IIJo l

bestial
4. 0"111". I like it best this way. 0"1!1" f!l"tD
S'.IJJ< li'J.II,U (LII"t ~IJJ<
best of

rc-r

I have had the best of teachers. !I"C'I' hh.,...,

611'l- )0-1-o'S
(the) best part of an hour J\"}.(- r {1'\T YtJA

Driving to work takes the best part of an hour.

tDY,.

betrayal

110

JP&-

floP h.'I

oP'/..(-

1;."}1:

fl'lT

YUA ,l'.m!IJIA
at best '"14. r fl.A
The book, at best, will sell 1,000 copies.
"!of. tl.f>. lt't.l:" lf.U OOll"m~ 011,1'.
h.!'. if'I'?"
for the best
*Let's hope for the best. f.,.lf II ,l'.oo"Jf>. 11
ll't .,_!Iof. M'.I:"C"'
*Don't cry; it is all for the best. h:f'A~Il 1 oo
""l:lftJJ< Y!l"&-t>.
get the best of someone
I. h:f-1111. We have to be careful that he does
not get the best of us. l\'t'IY:f'AII't oom
'tof>~ hll11't
2. Ohchc <::f-. I gotthe best of my teachers.
hh.,...,&9''li't ohchc ll<::f' ~oc
had best

you had best phone your father to tell him

where you are going. fol ll'tS'.!I"T~.I:" II'IT
u -o+F.m-A ooAI'J.r i'aJo
make the best of something fi"!J!i\fDo") Y
ut>. .,.mof>ooo:,.
We do not like our new house, but we will
have to make the best of it. h.ll.""'t ll.:f'l-'t
't h'ttS'.tJJ<!I" i fll') ll''l" f.,_!l'll't't YU
A ll'tmof>!I"O;I'II't
one's best f.,.;FI\liJo ! O..,.;.r:l\m-

I DPffi1'

I'll try to do my best. f.,.!l'II'S't 11"'1.1:"<:"1

ll'l"ht:-11110n my honor, I will do my best to behave.
0.,_!1'11'1 ""m't m'ltL't ll"''ft""C :J'f>.
l\1'11111to the best of
Answer to the best of your knowledge. f!l":f'
IJJ<of>tJJ<'t YUf>. OOf>.!l
[See also 'bet, do, far, knowledge, level, next,
none, second, seller, suit, very']

best man "'1.11.

After the woman quarreled with her husband
and went off, the best man brought her back.
<l.TI'"'I' h'l!l. :>C .,_"'A:f' ~'I "'1.11.
'l'""f>.(lhoo"J:,.

bestow
I. iflloo. The Emperor bestowed a medal on
him. )i''tll'.l'. "'1.'1.1'. if11-:,.
2. l'lm. The rich man bestowed thousands
of dollars on libraries. '1111\;>IJJ< 11,. if. 11
C 1111..,. oPl\lh~:,. {lm

bet (v.)
I. .,.m&-<:S'.. I bet five dollars on the black
horse. '1'41-1- .1.<:11 O"'t>.ti.Y Yif'tof.A
11\L 'III"IIT 11C l\m&-<:JIIIu2. l\C"'m"' )IJJ<. I will bet she is never going
to pay him. ll'tS'."''Th~lltJJ< l\C"'m"' )'S

bet (n.) tJJ<CC.I:"

When are you going to pay up that bet?
Y't't tJJ<CC.I:" f!I"Th~IIIJJ< ""'"' )IJJ< l
make a bet +m~~,g

Let's make a bet about who will finish first!

"'''t 4>.1:"'1" ll'tS'."''.""Cil l\'tm&-<:.1:"
your best bet f"''.Y'I'"'tl
Your best bet is to try for a scholarship here.
f"''.Y'I'"'U ' liH.U )I\ T!I"UCT ll"''"''f..,.
OO'f"hC )IJJ<

betray
I. h'l. He betrayed his best friend. f~C11
tDJI)I:'t hJIIJJ<
2. hmof.. She has betrayed my confidence.
O!l. 11.1'. f)O<:'S't l\!I")T hmof.lotJJ<
3. ( = pass.) :f'tof>(OT). The boy's face betrayed
the fact that he had been eating chocolate. 'I'
1>11:,. .1'.011 ll'tS'.)Ol ht>.)l: d.T :f'm+

o:,.

4. 1111\(0T). His mistakes betrayed his lack

of education. f .1.1\"'''l'tJJ< ll.h.,..folo l'olloo
"'1-1-'t 11111-0T
5. h;>llm(OT). His foreign accent betrayed
him. ftJJ<"f!' Me l'ltJJ< ooll').'t M:>1~
h:>llmOT

betrayal
bestial fl'otJJ<&.)T
The fighting was carried out with bestial
cruelty. iD"'.J'tJJ< f.,.S'.l:11JJ< fhtJJ<&.~T "f!'
It~ o.,.,..11o:,. .,.~,. ) oc

I. h'IT. She reproached him for his betrayal

in bitter words. !Ill hJI., h!I"C&- .,..;-,;:lotJJ<
2. "'''I'S'.f>.. A broken promise is a betrayal of
trust. :J'A't "''m~ l\!I")T't "'''N!.A )IJJ<

III

betroth

betroth Me..,
The father betrothed his daughter to his
friend's son. All'l-\lofDo 1 4.'1- 1 A)I:'J 1 ll'i~'O'
A"l":

"'" I

All...

between
'I" I f'J"'.I': I P'&. ' 11..1"1"'1U I (11..1';1-AAU) '
.l'o'l"h&.A
3. -l'm<i'oo. I got the better of him in the
swap. OAfDofDom- 1 '-~ 1 -l'm<i'!l"h-

be betrothed

had better

I. "'""'""' Mary and John are now betrothed.

*You had better return before dark or you

will get lost. ll.l'o..,A'I" 1 11'1-ooll(l .l'olfiiA l

"'L&'i"

}!:'J

AfJo'J

-1'""1'?-I''J'A

2. ,...,, His daughter was betrothed to a doctor.

I!.'I- I A )I: I lido 11.1"' I ,...,..,.

betrothal "7"'-'1His betrothal was announced in the newspaper.

.,..,., I

O;JII."'

-1'11111

They did it better after a little practice. h'l'-1:

AI"''/".I': 0:\11

f-l'lfll

I\.I':C1fDo I

"'"'"'

*You ought to know better than to play with

matches. Oh11&'1- oo<i'lll: 1 '1"1- 1 1\IIODIY
').')

.,.,:,. I

.MIIVA

better than h- -- r.,.ifit

He is a better man than his brother. hm"t Y:,..

f-l'lf II

... . , . '

)fDo

be any better -l'lfll(fDo)

Is your father any better? AII'I-U 1 -l'lfll'l'tJJo l

~.~.

-l''liii-;1-A

be better off -l'lfll(fDo)

Because of his asthma, he would be better off

in a different climate. llhl1"7tJJo 1 AfC 1 ll
lltJJo'l'

f-l'lfll )0C

'-J'ID:,.lJ-'1-

{1'/.f:

,1'.0A'I'

"IJJ~IJJ-

.l'olfllfDo

be better off if 11

~ODC

*The sooner the better. .P.II- lliY'J 1 .l'olfiiA

+1' Ot\f.

'-lf..l'

IIODf:GiJ.

tJ"'"71i

.,..,

011,1'.

,I'.IJJ

MA

[See also 'all, think']

better (v.) Alflfll
The government is trying to better the farmers
conditions. oo")..,P"-1: f'lfl~,~") r u-J:.:f"
11"7lflfA

OOD'f"hC

11,1'. ' )IJJ-

betterment oulflfA
He labored for the betterment of mankind.
illl (lfDo 1 A"f": 1 oolflfA 1 1111' 1 ~h?.A

be better -l'lfll(fDo)

The sick child is better today. .hooi"'-I''O'tJJo 1

A"l":

'-C(l.

It takes the better part of the day to get there.

better (adv.) f-l'lfll1 1\.I':Co)

"' I

011..1' ' hChC

the better

the better part of the day h"'ID11i

fiiUI"'?

He had the better of me in that argument.

*The better I know him, the more I like him.

better (adj.) f-l'lfll

Don't you have a better room? f-l'lfll 1 h'i'
A

1\IIHJ 1 '1-mof.IIU

have the better of one h--- +ifit

)OC

+ imperfect + .l'olfiiA

This house is too small; we will be better off

if we move. ,I'.U 1 0.'1- 1 0"11"' 'I-'J'Ii 1 )fDo 1
0.'1- 11'J<i',I'.C .l'olfiiA
change for the better -t-?f'ifA

His work has changed for the better. P'M

between 0 - - - ooiJtJA
The car was caught between two trees. ou!J.'i"
'I'

-l'lf'li!I.A

feel better -l'lfll(fDo)

Do you feel better? -1'1111-VA l

get the better of someone
I. 1\lf).C.. Fright got the better of him.
'i'CV'I- I Alf).C.fDo
2. A'l"'f ! 1\;1-1111. He will try to get the better

of you in every business deal you have with

him. bC(l. 1 ;>C 1 09";1-~1"'" 1 0"7'J'O'fDo

~c:".f

ODIJhA ' .,..,..,.,..,..,.

relation
between teacher and pupil is friendly. llil-1'"7
&'i" 0-1'"7& '

)'1-

ODIJhA ftJJ'I"f":)'l-

..,.,.,

All

We will meet between six and seven. OOP'

lJ-11'1-'i" I 1\')f: I (1'1'1- I ooiJtJA I '-'J1
'i"'O'II'J
2. fl - - - li n -. Between teaching and writing,
my time is completely taken up. 'l.n\lo 1 0,...
flo I 0"7iJ.-1'"7C'i" I 001\'do'i: I 0001\'i: I J'A
of.A
3. h - - - '-ilh. He earned between ten and
fifteen dollars. bOP'C 1 Ailh 1 OP'&. 1 All"il'l- 1
11C I J'1'11 )OC
4. ID,I'.'I". It is between five and six miles to
Betltlehem from here. hH.U 1 Ailh 0.-1' Am.
'/" I Al"'iJ.'I- I IJJ,I'.'/" I iJ.f:iJ.'I- I "7.('.A I )fDo
&, '

Ov-11'1-

between ... and

I. 0 - - - 'i" 1 0 - - - ooiJhA. The

~eve rage

112

*This plane flies between Addis Ababa and

Dire Dawa. 1-11 hw-C'T~1 bl>-'1.11 hn
II ~1:. -'1'1' Y,IMA
be~een

you and me

*This is just between you and me. ~tJ no-ll

;r:Y.1 oPIJbA y.:,.c
*Between you and me, it is his own fault.
O~<; 111-fo y.:,.c<; Tof.-1: f&-11- )wbetween us {you, them) q")J!"'Ft ! lt;J&.

They caught twelve fish between them. 111 ~)

:,. ' 01"&- ' v-11'1- ' 'l"' ' J'flo
They have only one dollar between them.
11:>&- h1~ -oc -nil' h~'fwWe shall finish the job between us. 1"&-w-1
11:>&- h1..,CII'1'111
in between ).. - - - aJoil'l'

He found a letter in between the pages of his

book. ;r..ouK-.Jti- W<IIT h1~ S'.-fl-'10.
M"f

beverage oom-r
Beverages are sold in this store. "-tltJ

c tD-il1'

oPffiT

oo~11

~iflfJA

bewail hll.,.fl
He bewailed the loss of his son in battle.
A)l: ' OtnCH ' ~,. ' OOD'f"i> ' h/1.,. ...
bewareofom).,..,.
Beware of dogs! bw-ll.f ofom1.,.:,. I
bewilder "1&- h:>ll
The unfamiliar streets of the city bewildered
me. f.,~w-.+'fw- fbi'., ""111'-:Y. "1&-
h:>tt-'1

bid

stated price. hofow(l)w- 'I':> 0~1- 9"1

" hAb'i'Ar'
She is living beyond her means. f"'1-'l" ~w- IJ
:,.".7.' O~Jl.' )ID"
God is beyond the bounds of human knowl
edge. 1-."IH.l>-fl.to.C bfl-flM! bw-.,.'1- K-1'1'
O~Y, ' )w4. hAG:. The road forks beyond the village.
OD11JI. OD1 S'.~1 o hAG: ' Y,hd.~A
*Your work is beyond praise. ltJP&.tl rit.
;><;" ' fi...I'1(1W< ' )ID"
*He is beyond help. 9"19" 1-.C-'1;.1- /Ul.~"l
11'1- l>Y.ii'Ar'
beyond (adv.) W-'l.J' .,,..
Beyond were the hills. :>&ol"'li W-'l.J' .,
p..' )0~
be beyond one 11.1111D" l>Ail'llr'
It's beyond me how he manages to keep
from being fired. bl"&o 1-.1-'-'I- h1S'..,Y.
11.111'1 hAiJ'IIr'
[See also 'description, dispute, doubt, measure,
number, question']

W"'

bias h~Al"
His judgements are always without bias.
fll- -'1'1)'1- 1JoA'1.11 J'll h~Al" )w(be) biased 1\S'.~
A mother is often biased where her children
are concerned. 1-.<;'l- 1JoA'1.11 IIA}I:lf! ;.1S'.~II:Y.

Bible ""K'.h'i' :,.JI.II

The Bible was originally written in Hebrew.
ODK'.h'i' o :,.)1.11 o fiOD)';OD6J' o fofol\LID" ' 0
b-fl&-Jl.iiT ' )ID"

bewitch
I. ouojo'fo hS'-~10'1-. The old woman bewitched
the cows so they gave no milk. ltl:"L:t IVl";ri
Wofo'I- 1-.1-'IY.flm- ouojo'fo hS'.~1:Y.II'fW<
2. hd.HH. They used magic to bewitch their
enemies. m~.Y.if''fw-1 Ohfi.,'I- J'<Lflo
)0C
3. Mll'/111. Her beauty bewitched the audience . .,.1~<;"'1' ofoouAIJ'1l1 Mll'llll

bibliography [l\1~1 hehll'l- f"'l.oullb

1: ""K'.hG::f WY,r' K'd>G::f ' 11C11C]

beyond (prep.)
I. b lllf1C. The house is right beyond the
hospital. 0.-1> Ah bll'll1:;.1'11- lllf1C )w2. b 011-fo.,.C. He has no income beyond
his pension. bm-~;.1- hOA 011-fo.,.C 10.
f/IID"r'
3. b O~Y,. I will pay nothing beyond the

bicycle (v.) OO.fl.h/1.'1- i-1lf&olf~

We went bicycling last Sunday. 11/ld.ID" hdo.
~ no.fl.h/1.'1- nlf&olfC1

biceps fh1~ m-1il'

His biceps show he is very strong. fh1JI. m1il' ' m11J&o)i>1 o J'OD{Ih;.I'A
bicycle (n.) O.fl.h/1.'1- 1 O.llb./1.'1My bicycle needs fixing. O.fl.h/1.1: T1<;" J'
lld.A;>;.I'A

bid (bade, or bid)

1. m&o. The king bade the nobles to a feast.
1'1-P" ' OD!>,11-1>1 ' "1-flC ' m~W"

2.

bill

113

bid
~.:-1-.

I bid ten dollars for the bicycle.

(L{L

hl\.i>'J OOP'C 11C ~t:'l-h3. t.HH. The captain bade us halt. lf?"
011- ),.'J.<:-'J4'?" t.HH'J
bid fair OD{It\

The winter bids fair to be a cold one. ht:?"i>

f"''.OC.I:' 1-0D{IIIA
bid farewell +ll'iR..,.

He bade his friends farewell. 'U'.'l''fi'J -t-11<;

0;.1-'fw-

bid (n.) f""'t:;.f-

'I':>

Companies are invited to submit bids for

building an annex to Africa Hall. 1\t.'i:<:IJ to
'1&-11' -1-......,6' ih'Jll' 1\0DP'&-'1-h-<l'JJ'l"'l'
f..._t:;.f- 'I':>'l'w-'J ),.'J-'IJ'.,.CII- -!-mY..,.'!'I\

one's time t-:>"1"'1. 1,11. mO.,.

;.1-"IV' ' 4'f
He bided his time until his rival was absent.
-t-m'I'I61D- f"'L.,.CO'I-'J t-:>"1"'1. 1.11.
mO.,.

bide, -

He bided his time until the minister went

abroad. "'Ltll'l-'1- mS'. tD-11" t.~c ).lib.

[See also 'great, hand, selection, shot, splash,

this1

bigamy [11-11'1- "'1.11-1''1' Ot.'J.I:' 1.11. ..,.,

<I 'I-]

bigot [f&-11- .1'1\lf) "'I'J.,.'I'w-'JII" 'tY.)'J-

ohll11 ' f"'IY..,.OI\]

bilateral

f:>&-

Sweden and Ethiopia signed a bilateral agreement 11'1!.1:-'J<; h..'l-f''k.l' f:>&- w-1\ -1-1.
&-.:oo-

bile t-1"'1He mixed pepper with bile.

OCO~w-'J

Ot-1"

'1- Amnw-

(be) bilingual u-11+

lt'J!I/ .,...,.~.:

Many Ethiopians are bilingual. 1111" t..'lf'

'k.rw-n tJoll+ !1/'Jl\' 1 .r.~<~-11bill (v.) oh.ll11 llh

Please bill me without delay.

4'1-H~Y.

oh.411-

'J ' 1\hi\'S

't.l:' ' .1:-t:ll ' ;.1-"IV' ' 4'f

biennial OftJolli> 'tou'J- f"''.S'.t:"l

The biennial meeting of our society was held
in Washington. Ofu-11-1 'tOD'J- f"'LS'.t:~w-
f"'l'tO&-'f'J 111111<1 O'l'1i'J"l-t-'J -1-S'.t:~

bier C11&-11
The coffin was placed on a bier in front of the
church. t.llh~). h0.-1- hCII-1;.1'). .1.'1-
11.1.'1- OC11&-11 11.1- hCt:: )0C

bifurcate -1-ll.l'f
The road bifurcates at Dire Dawa. oP'J1'1-
.<:-~ ' '1'1' ' "'" ' 1-11.1'.1'1\

big
I. 'I-A~ ('l-1\1\~, with plural). They live in a
big house. 'l-1\~ 0.'1- <D-11'1' 1-'l'&-11Her children are big now. 1\}':;1! t.tJo'J 'II\A4''1' lf)'l'l\

2. ;.f-11~. The day he entered college was a

big day in his life. 1>1\.~ f~<IO'I- .,.'J Oih

bill (n.)
1. oh.411. The garage bill was high. f :>&-1f
oh.411 h'i' .I'll )OC
2. f oh./)11 S'.lii'S. I handed her a sheaf of bills.
h'J.I:' h?"C ' foh./)11 I S'.lii'S ' hlllhofl\\:t3. f oh.411 outJI..I'. His bill became delinquent.
f oh./)1!- o ODtJI..I' 0 1,JI.ID- o -1-1\1\~

4. 11Cl~'JH11. Thegovemmenthasputnewbills
into circulation. OD'J"/P''I- t-.11.11 11c (n
Hofl) hiD-'!';1:1\

Give me a ten dollar bill! h."J.t: qA OFC

11c lim'S
5. fih"l l<l:~. Tbe senator submitted a bill

authorizing the construction of a new business

school. fih"l ODaJ(I"' ll"hc O.i> t.<tl\
to'J.<:- t-.11.11 n"l.<:- '1-ruc'l- o.+ ),.'J
.ll.w&- f"'/.1\<D-'J fih"l l<l:~ h.,.lO
6. "'111;.1-m<J:.I'. Post no bills! "'111;.1-m<J:.I'IP~

t.+A'I"''

7. M:. The bird has a large bill. mj, :t-1\~

Y.mi> ;.1-11.~ bl\'1- )OC

t.'i' t-Il-l-

3. f;.f-m.,.. Her father is a big lawyer. t.<t;t

foot the bill ID"'-ID"'J hl.l\

f;.f-m<l< mO:I' <;'!'was big as f"'L..'UI\

Who is going to foot the bill for all this? 1\li.U

The hungry boy ate a slab of cheese as big as

his hand. f &-Ow- 1\~ ),."lf.'J f"'L..'UI\ <I<

small bills 11C11C s oflC

&-'? t::C"'I]I: Oil

Cllm'S

flo/\-

ID""-ID-'J ' f"'/.h'i!l\ ' "'I)ID- l

Give me some small bills, please. 11C"HC 11

114

billboard
billboard fi"l~ "7(1;rtD4!.1' 1\11.'1
The billboard advertised radios. fi"l~ "7il
;J-ID4!.ftJJo 1\11.'1 il..f. f.:O.Il.l'" "7ii;J-ID4!.f
_,.ll'l'll:O;J-11\
billion 'It "'1..1\.M
bill of fare fll""'il 11C'IIC
The bill of fare lists only Ethiopian food.
f9""1ii11C'IIC f"''...fODIIb.,.tJJo' fh.'l-f"k.f1 '
ll""'il '""' ttJJo

binding (adj.) X"lA binding contract cannot be abrogated by

only one signatory. X"l- tJJool\ ll't~ .1-&"'1.. il!l' h.f..I-Cil9"
be binding .,.hOG
This agreement is binding on both contracting
parties. .f.ll tJJool\ Oo-11-1>9" .,.'l''l'.f. "'~
<;>';(- .f.hO&-A
binoculars Jo.:jo&-IL OD)X"C

You cannot see through the binoculars unless

bimonthly (adj.) Ofv-11'1- "'~ f"''..:J-.,.9"

A bimonthly magazine comes out six times

a year. Ofv-11'1- "'~ f"''..:J-.,.9" ,.,......_,._
<IOD'I- il~il'l- '1..11. .f.ID"'/A
bimonthly (adv.) OIDC v-1\i:

The magazine appears bimonthly. oo&-m.-1:

birthmark

OIDC 11-llof: .f.ID"'ol\

bind (bound)
1. hi\G. She bound her hair with a ribbon.
K-..;::'t O&O't hi\G';f
2. 1\il.,.ili\G. Deep friendship binds these
two peoples. '1'11\:j. ID-'1~)'1- MH.II't v11-l>'t ID~'l'';f ' .fil.,.ilil&-11\
3. IIIDI\ (.,.IIIDI\). Stones bound together with
asphalt make good roads. Ohilof.ol\'1- f.,.ll
CJJ{l I I'll.+ I 1\00')1~ I JP~ I If'~ I ~iD"
4. IDS/.G. He bound the cow's legs for milking.
,.,.,.. 11"711il f'I":L't 7."/C IDS/.G
5. ( = intr.) ll'i'. The contract binds him for
twelve years. tJJoll- II OFII- v-11'1- -tou
,.. .f.ll'i'ol\
6. l\41&-'f. What binds you to your job?
liP' &-II :>C .1'<1<&-'fll M ~)tJJo l
7. mGH. The bookbinder bound the magazines. m~V oo&-th.-fJii") m~H
be bound ~S/.1'.
The witness is bound by oath to tell the truth.
9"ilh~ 7.tJJotof>'t 7.'t.C:.'i'~C 0"""'" .f.~S/.-'111\
[See also 'honor')
binder m&-'fr
The newspapers are at the binder's. ;>H.IP'Il
m&--u> H't~ 'i':ftJJo

you adjust them. >til.il.,.>thol\btJJo Jo.:jo&-IL

OD)~ tJJoil'l' 11"7f'l- Jo.'l-';fA9"
biography fih.f.ID'I- ;t-&h
This book contains the biography of Abraham
Lincoln . .f.ll ODX".h'i! fhiiCV9" ll.'tl>A
't f ih.f.ID'I- ;J-&h .f.!!. /A
biology;llr-11-i(
bird ID'i!
There are many birds in this garden. OH.II
h'l-hA'I- tJJoil'l' illl- ID&:';f l\11[See also 'baby']
birth

1. """'II~. They announced the birth of their

child. f/AJI''f'tJJo') ' ODIDII~ ' Jo.fl;J-ID4<
2. '1-tJJo~. What is your place of birth?
f'l-tJJoA~ h~CII f'l- )tJJo l
Are you American by birth? 0'1-tJJoA~ h
"'tG>t'l! )Ill
3. ououp>G'I-. The birth of the new nation was
greeted with acclaim. .I'.C:.fl-'t MC ouoo
FG'I- Oll';J- .,.+011-'lllve birth to tDI\F..
She gave birth to a boy. ID't~ II\~ IDIIS/.l[See also 'humble, low, mean')
birthday
When is
'll )tJJo
[See also

fM'I- +'t
your birthday? fM'I- +'til ou
l
'happy')

bindery foumG'lf h<i!ol\

The newspapers are still in the bindery.
:>H.IP'Il ho-'t9" 7.oumG'lftJJo b'i!A .f.~'>lll-

birthday party fM'I- O't/A ~il

His birthday party was attended by many
people. OM'I- O'tll- ~il 'l.f. illl-
1\!P';f fll'

binding (n.) '1'11-11

The book has lost its binding. fODX" .114- '1'1111. ~'t~ol\

birthmark, have a ~ "7C.I'9" l)ou';ftJJo

He has a birthmark on his arm. h't'l- il..f.
"7C.I'9" il'"l'l'll';f

birthplace
115
biting
~~==~--------------~-------------------birthplace f-1-<11.1'.0'1- ll'i'&Write down your birthplace in the application !
0"7ooAh!f'tJJo ilf. f-1-IDII ....hO'l-"t ll'i'&-
It'I'

*Philadelphia is the birthplace of the Constitution of the United States. 4-ii.Jl.A.C.Y f\W
,.,...... 111:'1-ll a.1 ""'"~~"'~- oo;(oo&
y f-1-ltd.'l'l- h-1-"7 .,,..
birth rate M<ll-'1-'l- 41'1'C
The birth rate increases while the death rate
decreases. f"'L<II-'1-_, 41'1'C II..:U.II"C f
"'1.'1"_,_, ~M WMIA
biscuit oflllh-'1This biscuit is too hard for me to eat. l\"t-'IAOII.
tJJo f.U oflllh-'1- 0"111" .I'.Gol> )ID"
bishop AAll
bit (v.), see bite
bit (n.) A'lofl
This bridle does not have a bit.
of) flltJJoll"

A~-

A'l

bit, a - 'l-"t11
She is feeling a bittired. '1-"t 11 .l'.hll" of! !~.;f-A
bit by bit +"t11 o+"t11
We learned the story bit by bit. )1~"t 'l-"t11
O'l-"t11 11"7)tJJo
bits of htU'II" hH.UII" I 'I':1'-l>"t
He is out picking up bits of information.
hliJ'II" hii.UII" ID&, 1\oPII:I'-l>ll" ID'I';l:A
They pieced together bits of information to
discover the cause of the explosion. fd."t7(tJJo
"t ll"h"t Y+ 11"7"11+ f-1-11''1-"t 'I':1'-l>"t
"7llG7fiP":fo l>m.,of>~
a bit more 'l-"t11
Can't you wait a bit more? 'l-"t11 A~f.
1>'1-":f-AII" l
a bit of 41&-11
There is not a bit of bread in the house.
l\11.'1- ID"ll'J' 41&-11 l\"t:(.tl-11" fll
a bit too..... 'l-"t11 I '1'4:'1The tea is a bit too strong. '1'1' 'l-"t11 <d.
C ofi!I.A
The bread is a bit too old to eat. 1\oPofiA -'1
""'" '1'4:'1- .,.f+ S'll )ID"
not a bit 'l-"t1111" + negative verb
He was not a bit angry. 'l-"t1111" l>A"'"".I'..I'.
II" )OC

not a bit of r'lr"' + negative verb

That does not make a bit of difference. f.U
ll""tll" Af.)'l- l>J'oP"'II"
not one bit 0~~"li + negative verb
Are you tired? Not one bit. .l'.h'I"?A l O"P&o11
l>A.P.boo'{jl"
quite a bit 0"19"
The uncertainty of my position worries me
quite a bit. f P' &-- )1C f"7 Yll-1""711""t
ooll'). 0"19" y.-,110 ...A
[See also 'blow, dash, every, old, smash']
bitch 11.'1- "'"'~'
bite (bit, bitten), vt.
I. )hll. Our dog will bite any thief who
enters our house. ..,.~ n.:t-":fo"t ID"ll'l'
f"'L11JID""t 1\.IJ Mh.-,A
The mosquitos bit me all last night. f<IJ '1-"t
'{ 1\.ll._,"t ODofl- ll.)hll'1 l>.I'.G
2. l>:l'mll 1 d.;(. Pepper bites the tongue.
oco&. ll"il.ll y :l''l'ii.A (f."-'TfA)
3. 1oom. She bit the apple. """-"'"' .1oom

.,...,.

4. Oil. The small boyJjbites his fingernails.

'1-"tif- A"J!: f"''l- 'M'C''Il"t f-OliA
5. 1Gd.. The cold wind bit our faces. ofiC-'1.,..
)'i-ll .t.;J-":fo"t"t 1Gd.ID"
bite (vi.) "'""hll (in the imperfect)
Does your dog bite? tJJo'I'U ,_.,h..,A!
bite Into 100m

He bit into the apple. """-"'"' 1""m"'"

bite off
I. 1oom. He bit off a piece of bread. 41&-11
-'lift I 10Dffl

2. -t.:m. The leopard bit off his arm. )ofiC

l\)l:"t -a..:mtJJo
[See also 'lip']
bite (n.)
1. "th'f. The dog bite became infected.
ftJJo'I'ID" "th'f oPC"If II')
2. "1-C'f. Carefully chew each bite! l\J'"t-'l"t
-'1-"t "1-C'I' .1'.~ .. l>....C1U J;'{h
a bite Mil" ll""lofl
We haven't a bite left. ll""tll" ll"""ofl l>A-1Gd."tll"
have a bite

~UA 1

+oo(t

Have a bite with me ! h~ ;JC l\UA ol>ODll

biting (adj.)
I. f"'L;JG'i'. He went outside into the cold,

116

bitter

biting wind.

tD!f."'f.:>U.OJ<

11CJ!ay Hil

tD"'

2. l\'1'"1'1- f'UII. He made a biting remark.

l\'1'"1'1- f"'l.~ll ~1C T'i'U.
bitter

1.

OD&-&-.

Bitter grass is sometimes used as

medicine. ODt-t- I ..,C I 1\"J.-;")f... I {lOD..(:'-1~..,. I

f.m:JoayA
2. fOOl:l:. He surrendered himself to bitter
grief. Oool:l: .hU"I T'l'm
3. f"''...'"lU."''i'. He has had some bitter
experiences. O).(!'tD- l\"1'1"1.1:: f"'/J"I1L"'
4- ~1C':f. l\;J'J'oPtD-;1-A
4. Ml:l'-1:. They suffered bitter hardships
during the war. OI"CH 1.11. l\1'1:1'4:
ooh"- !f.l:(lq:ftD5. hf.. They exchanged bitter words. hf. :1'
A T~:>1<r

*She reproached him for his betrayal in bitter

words. ill\ h-'1-1> l\II"C"- T'i'1l::f.tD*They are bitter enemies. l.ll'l-'i' 'fl'J:: 'i':ftDbltter (adv.)
1. hf.l;'. It was bitter cold. hf.l;' f.OCJ:: ~oc
2. ( = adj.) f"'l.lf~.,...'l'. The night was bitter
cold. 1\.11..1: f"7..1f~.,...'l' 11CJ:: ~Ol:tDbe bitter about ..,.ODl:l:

He was very bitter about losing the job.

""'"~"" ' 0"19" ' .,.,.,l:l:
taste bitter ODl:l:
This medicine tastes bitter. f.tl OOJ::"1\'I-
f.oo"-A
to the bitter end Alah ODQ;t~ ifwThey fought to the bitter end. l.ilb ooou.l:lf

P'"-"""' '

tJ)a I

blacksmith

black (v.), ~ out "-(1."1 liT

A person who is on a high mountain will
black out if he works hard. h'i'Tl;' .,."-"-
'If. ' f"'l.1'S ' (ltD- ' P'"- ' 0.10~ ' "' ...."' '
f. II?" A
black (n.) 'J'<i<C

The blacks in the United States are struggling

for a better life. fl\"'1.611 'l'<i<I!':Y. fTlfll 'i-

1!' , 7."1-'l.'l'"-:f"" ooo;J-1A 'If. 'i':ftDblack (adj.)

1. 'l'<i<C. His hair is black. m1+ 'l'<i<C ~""
2. fm.,.l:. The black clouds forebode a
StOrm. fmtll,t:,fD- I J!..OD'J I ~,e..l\;;: I 1ffjfD I
009""1-1>"1 .fOOI\b;}-A
be black At.AoP
The room was black at night. 1\.11.'1- h'i'll
....A.,.

~oc

turn black mtfl.t:.

The bread turned black with age. 'liltD- b

1.11. 11~'1- m"'l:

[See also magic, mark']

blackboard 'l'<i<C {11\.JI

Write it on the blackboard! 'J'<kor {11\.J!

'If. liLtDblacken (vt.)

I. l\m~. Soot blackens kettles. 'l''llf '1- ;e

O'i'"l fm.,..."-A
2. l\1-f.L. This article blackened the director's reputation. f.tl K'dt-'i' f'l.t.hT<r"l
11'i' l\1-U
blacken (vi.) m.,.l:
The sky blackened. (lay\!- m-t;l:

...,..,.,..

(be) blacklisted O:J-"1'1- 0011111 .,..,..010

bitterly .,..,1!' I l\II"CC'

He complained to me bitterly. T"YC' ~1l:'S

He cried bitterly. l\II"CC' l\114'1'1
His hateful remarks reveal his bitterness
loward his teacher. 'l''lil' fTOOI\0'1- hilTf
f-1> q(l.,..,&OJ< ""ool:<r"l fltfA
biweekly

This paper is a biweekly. f.ll :>11."1 Ollll"

*He used pictures to blackmail his boss.

.fi\:J'tD-") ' OO'J'G: ' G:.,..,"-'1' ' 1\(ltD- 0 l\lt
filii- ' WI\ ' ""'ilL"-"-"' ' 1"1H11 ' .,..,.011
blackout fhT"Y oo<U.I\9"
The blackout lasted until the enemy airplanes
left. fhT"YtD- oo.,..l\9" fml\'1- l\tD-C'T'I
l.ilh.~-'1- ' J::l:il ' ol'f

-r:r- '

"1'1- 11-11-1: f.tD"'A

bizarre "1"- fll'~
l\1\tD-

hiiTltilfl- O:J-"1'1- 0011111 TOOH10

blackmail (v.)

bitterness """"l:C

His behavior is bizarre. "1"-

This actor was blacklisted because of his

political ideas. f.tl T'l''i'f. ill\ ?'11-1:11

blacksmith 4''1':l''fl'
fll'~

mqf.

The blacksmith works with metal. 4"1':l''fl'

11l:?" 11G'I- f.u>"-A

bladder
bladder .:.>i'

Rattles are made of dried pig bladders and

peas. f"'l. '1-.:U.IIQ;l.A "'"'"I.OJ!I' hJ'.l+ f
t.it"'l .L>i'<; r hQ<tll f.rP<'--A

blade
I. 1111'1-. I need a knife with two blades.
Qll 11-11'1- 1111'1- llll'l' "ALA;JIIIJ2. 11"11"1'". These blades do not fit my razor.
MH.II r ll"ll""":f IIOO'Ifiil'- r t.f.IT'>-11"
3. '1-mA. The wind waved the blades of
grass. Hll f"l-1-1- '1-mA hOJo/IOIIOIIJo
[See also 'razor1

blame (v.)
1. m+ft ! ~+ 4.. Under those circumstances, I
could hardly blame her. 011.11 o-~;1- 11"1-11"
Am'l-11'1- (M'I'ol-'1-) t.A:fAII"
2. t.ootff. Bad workmen often blame their
tools for their mistakes. ODTG: .,..&-,"':'l-
1Jif"OJo't r "!." r j),"h.,.;J-'fdJo't I fiOO"f<lf'fdJo I f
ool)>i'll3. llhh. He tried to save face by blaming the
accident on me. hS!;JQV} fU. 1\.e. Oool\
hh .,.. ....,. 1\J'OJ"' 'l"hl:
*He blamed us for the accident. 1\f.;Jm- s oo~
l:il '1"4.,..,. t.f.l:11-

blame (n.) m+it

The letter was full of blame. 1.11-'!0.dJo m+
it fO~O'l- )ftC
put the blame on m+(l:
Don't put the blame on me! "1.~1- t.'l-..,.+ll"i
share the blame +m::t-i\'lc r;:fmWe must all share the blame for this deplorable
condition. 1111.11 t.ilh.L o-~;J- o-ll"'f-1-11" .,.
m,..il':f n
take the blame +m+(l

He took the blame for their mistake.

ol-'1- "1.(1- .,.m+il

blasphemy

117

0)(1- 'I"

blameless "1.1-h't fi\.110'1The teacher praised him for his blameless con
duct. mQI' "1.1-h't 11111\.110'1- ""11"11-1- h
oP(l-r~~

bland
I. "'""'" f 1\.IIOJo. I do not like bland food.
'1-ooll" fl\.lldJo r ,-.,-o t.AmY:II"
2. liMit. His bland manner won him many
friends. liMit mQI' 1111" 'lf."'':f hL<'-11'1-

3. L~~- He is a bland young man who does

not seem interested in anything. ,..,.,. )1C
f"'l.l'ilf.il.,_..,. r L~~ A'J!: )dJo

blandish MOll
They blandished the guard into letting them
through the gate. 0-1-1- "1.1-JI,J'itAof.'f..,. H
O>i'OJo't t.QOII-'1-

blank (n.)
I. I::CII". Would you help me to fill out this
blank? )!.111-1- r !::C9" ,.,..,11'1- r '1-l:-'!>i'llll I
2. qp.. P;J-. Fill in all the blanks. qp....,.-,.
{l;f'- I lJo(to I tiP-1\
3. fiJJolf'l- 'I"J!.'l-. The bullets that he fired
were blanks. f.,.h-it'fdJo f1JJolf'l- TU:f
)0-1*My mind is a complete blank. ,..,.,. )1C
Mil;l-IJJoi19"
blank (adj.) qp..
The envelope contained only a blank sheet of
paper. 11.1-li.l'l-1> qp.. ml:+'l- 11!1' Y.!I.A
*There was a blank look on his face. h.L-tr 9"
1-11" IIODl:-'1'1- t.Y.!I'A9" )OC

blanket
I. 11CY: A-nil. Take another blanket, and you
won't be cold. 1\.11 11CY: A11il 1J'J-Q;l,
II"C t.Y.OCY:II9"
2. h9"C. A blanket of snow covered the
ground. fOl:P.. hii"C oo.:.-tr't lfL)IJJo

blare (v.)
I. """h 1111- )1l:. He blared his instrnctions
at the workers. oo9"&.1'0Jo't llrP<'--.,."'''Ii """
h 1111- )1<'--'ftiJo
2. t.II"Ql:4>. The trumpet blared announcing
oPII""''l- 11"'1
the king's arrival.
11/IC ' '1"-1-II"QIJJo ' I\9"Ql:+

n.,..,.,.

blare (n.) =1i'lThe blare of the radio made conversation

impossible. ft.Jtf"m- a;b"fi:r- 1\0DQ;l.Cf'tD.'t-
Mill!'II II"

blaspheme 119" t.?-f.L! 119" Oh1-1r M"l

The drunken man blasphemed God. fllhl:IJJo
/ldJo\<o f"A"'Il.h11.h.C1- 119" . t.?-f.L (Oh
1--tr ' M"l)

blasphemy f"A"IH.t.11m.C1- 119" Oh1-1r ..,,.

"IT
Blasphemy is prohibited in some religions.
f"A"IIl.h-ll.h.C't 1111" r Oh1-1r "'11-"1'1-
Q't-'11-Y: ' 'IJ!."'I'f.f:f f.,.hllhll )liJo

118

blast

blast (vt.)
1. .1.")1( 1 0.,4."t-'1'1- hm"l. They blasted a
tunnel through the mountain. 4.").1( 1 0.,4.")
.11'1- 1 R-1-&-&-m- 1 m-Il'!' 1 oo-t-'11\.C..I' 1 hmm2. R~f.A 1 H . He blasted his horn irritably at
every car in his way. 011ll"'"T oo")'lJS. 1\
f. I q_:Jffi ....T I Ollh.'Ol":f I ljf. I rJ.{Io 0
foPh.'OtJJo") ' 'N-9"q I R~f.A I )of.
3. h""'014.(R'I-). Failure in the exam blasted
his hopes for college. 04.1-'0 1 .,....,.,..,. 1 ltll.)!'
l\0011q'l- I f)O<(t&") '1-llof.. I h""'014.R'I4 . .l:'l"''l'.,tn-"t 1 hmof... Heavy artillery blasted
the enemy off the hill. bq.l:' 1 on~ mil-to
") I b-J-&-<1-tJJo I ljf. I .i:'I"''J'"?tn-") I hmof..f&
5. 4..(\Jb{> 1 hil<D1f.. They blasted the fallen
rocks off the road with dynamite. f<Df.4t'l-"t 1
lt'J''l':f I R.!:'.,"''.'l- I 4..(\Jbllt& I boP")1.11. I
ljf. I hilfD1JI.
be blasting 0"19" 1 b'i'-t-'i' 1 )0.(

They turned down the microphone because his

voioe was blasting. .I:'I"'P. 1 0"19" 1 b'i'-t-'i' 1
il/1)0.( I f.i:'9"6 I .,'t--_1'1&") I .,.)fl-T
blast (n.)
1. f.l."t1( 1 ""1i'l- l f.l."t1(1 .1:'9"6.Youcould
hear the blast for miles. f.l."t1(~&1 ""'li'l- 1 b
~~ I f.(I.,A
He was deafened by the blast. R.I."t1(t& 1 .!:'
9"j I f.)41.<(
2. f 4."t1( 1 ~f.A. The blast pushed out the
window. f.l."t1(t& 1 ~f.A oo(llt-Jo"t 1 )~II-
hiD"! I&
one blast of the siren was enough to clear
the streets. {J,e.~). h'l ..\!"" "l.tL fl.~ll OD'J
1JI.") I qp.. I h(l.,.<(f&
a blast of(~ adj.) 0"19" 1 f"'L.:><('i'
When the window was opened, a blast of hot
air entered the room. oo(llt-to 1 (l.h.l.-1- 1 R
llJI"' I f"''.;><(Oj: I 'I":J>T I hfC I IDf. I b'i'l\o '
aJo{l"l"

1Q

full blast ~~D-fr floD-h'o

The factory is going full blast. of..11&1Jm- 1 ..,.
/r I flfJOoj\- I ~IP&-A

blatant
I. 1\'i''I.C.. The blatant children were quieted
by the teacher. 1\'i''I.C.l"'ln 1 AJ('f 1 hil-t-.,
61& I l\'J' I hf.<(;J'ff&
2. 't-All. The student made a blatant error
in simple addition. "'""'""'" 1 R.,.'IA .1:'9"
C ' 't-All I fll') ' fl.loTT I hf.<(1

bleak
blaze (v.)
I. hR&-. Their faoes blazed with joy. .C.:l"l't& 1
Rf.ll;l' I hR&2. 1-"t.,./1.,.11. There was a fire blazing in the
hearth. h<'l-to 1 Rl"'.!:'ll'm- 1 ~&11'1' 1 f."t.,./1.,.
A I )OC
3. hlfR<(.,.. On Christmas eve, the big house
blazed with lights. IIM'I- 'I'll.., 'I-A4t
0.'1- noo-n..:-'1- I hlf11C.f. I )OC
blaze a trail fTfl1l 4...- 1tLI\+
Pasteur blazed a trail which other researchers
followed. ;r!l-J-C I _1'4.1\.,.tJJo") I f'1'01J I of.
'0 1 11.11-:f -t-oo&-.,&9':t' 1-b-1-11-'1*He blazed a trail through the forest. R
"'i\J I ....(1-J' I J'I\4.0T") I 00")1.1:' I (l.,ooAb
T I hAt:: I hAt:: I Of~4- 1").1:' I 'If. '1-'l'li
"l"<(T I hf.<(1
blaze up h<'l'l- 1 1\Rfl
He blazed up at the insult. 11111-flf.O 1 h<'l'l- 1
1\0(1

blaze (n.)
I. :J>mll-. It took the firemen two hours to
put out the blaze. :J>mll-~&") 1\.,'l'of..'l- 1 fh
{)T I hf.;JI& I 11'&--J-'l':f I rJ.I\T ' fi'IT I .l.'f..
q'f.,.
2. f"''.).i:' 1 h<'l-1-. We could seethe blaze across
the beaCh. bm<(4- I .,J'.. I f"''.).i:' I ).{)T I
f.;l'f") I )OC
3. I"'Ab-1-. The hunter made a blaze on the
tree with his knife. h-'11' 1 114> 'If. 0(1")
m,t& I 9"Ab'l- l'of.<(1
make a blaze of color

.t:r++ ltm

The flowers made a blaze of color in our

garden. hR!l,; '1'1-hA'I- 1 !l;l':f"t 1 .1:'1"'.,.
T I (lmblazing m&-&We had to stand for half an hour in the blazing
tn&o,&.aJo I

SUD.

.f.l"'

1.1:'

fJ.rh.e-

1\.e-

.,,.,7(

I {l~-l- I 0D

IJ'HJ")

blazon)~

Big posters blazoned the wonders of the

coming circus. '1-AA~ 1 P'b'l'f! 1 oo11\"'il"
:f I fOOl ....~&") (IChll hllf.'Oof:)T I Ht-1bleach [Bmf. 1 'If. 1 0.,.1:'<(1 1 m.el"' 1 AI' 1
h."'i.IJA I R""""""C I .,")"1'1-]
bleak
I. "'"""" I did not go out because of the bleak

weather. .,.). .,.4-.r.

blessing

119

bleary
1111)0~

hO.'l-9" t.Am

"'""
2. ~'IIIJ. The rocky

peaks of high mountains

are bleak. Y:'l ;J1., fll').'l- fh'i'Tl;' T&-&9'"'1- ' "'iG:"'f ' ~'1"1 ' <;'('m3. 1111" f"'1.1Mll'l- l\A)0~9". Life was
bleak for unmarried women in those days.
Oll.,l'"t 'Lit. '1'1~11- 1'1.-f-";f )of!' 1111" f
"'1.1llS'.ll'l- l>.MO~I"'

(be) bleary .&.HH

His eyes were bleary from lack of sleep.
hl\"t:f>A'i' l\11''1- fT)"' 'tf.'l''tl .&.H'I'A
bleat q 1>.11
The sheep bleated piteously. 01'tl 0"'1.1<'111
"t ' 11-ll.:f' ' q ' 1>.11bled, see bleed
bleed (bled), vt. to~""
In earlier times, doctors bled people to make
them feel well. 0.,.S'.-'1" 'Lit. mh.'1""'1- 119'
";f l\"tJI.lf'l'fm- 0.,11'1- 1"/":J.'f'ID- )OC
bleed (vi.)
I. S'..,. If you cut your finger, it will bleed.
"1'1-ll"t 11'1-'IIC'I' f.S'..,A
2. S'-9" to.r.nn. They fought and bled for free-

dom. ll)lO'l- 0""'1';J'l- S'..,'fm-"t to.r.nn.

*My heart bleeds for him. hAll. l'o11"tll:f'llll(one's) nose Is bleeding )f'l~(m-)

Since my nose is bleeding, I don't want to sit

in the sun. ll/l"''.)ll~'t Bmf. 'If. ,..,.,.
'I' l>.A.&.A"'I"'
blemish (v.) MS'..&.
His association with the embezzler blemished
his reputation. hh.f.&. fll\.;1'- ;JC ou'f'&
11<;tJJo"t 1>.1-S'..I.tJJo
be blemished

*The book is blemished by those long descriptions. """""4-"t fT"t~ll"'l- .,11&-619'"'1-

l'o0'11iTID-:f'A
blemish (n.)
I. 1-S'.-11 '1-. This manuscript has too many
blemishes to be worth anything. .eu fl\)!'
".h-'1' 1111- 1-S'.-11-f-"'f Mll-0'1- 'I';J f
1\ID-9"

2. l\"th"t. His reputation is without blemish.

11<;tJJo l\"th"t l>.Y.~'tO'l-9"
blend (vt.) .,.fm
The grocer blends Ethiopian coffee with

another kind of coffee. fll""'11 lf.,.'l' );JS'..

tJJo 0 fh..'l-f"kn 0 (lo<; I lJ/1.11 0 'tf.)'l- I (lo<; 0
;JC I ""'""'A
blend (vi.) "111C 1 llm
These colors don't blend. MH.U 1 .,.11'1""'1- 1
"111C I hf.hm-9"
blend to1ether

I. .,.'14'11. The painter blended two kinds

of color together. IP'tll.tJJo 1 11-11'1- 1 'tf.)
'1- I .,.1\'f""'f I .,.1\.,.11
2. h'l'ihl'- 1H. The rainbow blended two
S'.""<; 1 11-/1'1-
kinds of color together.
.,.1\'l":f h'l'ihl'- Y.!f.A

.,.n.,.

blend (n.) :f>.e...

Harari music is a blend of Ethiopian and
Arab music. f.h~C H.&."t fh..'l-f"k1<; f
0~11 ' -n.."' ' :,.,.... ' )tJJo
bless
The priest blessed the people.
.h1111-"t ' q~&
2. ,.~.,.. The father blessed his son before
he went to America. A)l: mY. h"'L6'I h
""11-'~- , o.r..r , ~;q.rtLm- .,..~.,.m3. l\ODf'l1). We bless Thy holy name. fT.,.S'.ll
ili"'U"t ' l\<;OD(I"'<;II"t
4. OS'.II. Fortune blessed him with a good
disposition. IJY:A horAl)9'" mil,. J ;JC
I.

q~h.

4:(1. '

OS'.-ir':f'A

*May you always be blessed with good health!

'1''1- tiL"t)-l-"J f.il'I'U
blessed (adj.)
I. :f>-'1-ll (fern. :f>Y.-11-l-). Pray to the Blessed
Virgin for sucoess! l\"tJI..,.<;Il 1\:f>Y.-ll-l- .,Cf
9" KAY.
2. fTq~lJ. Mary is blessed among women.
.,Cfl"' hM";f fTq~lJ";f <;-}blessing
I. 11-&-h.. The priest's blessing was said in Geez.
4:(1. 11-&-h. fllm--l- 0"1~11 )0C
2. "":f'S'.A. It was really a blessing that she
came. f!l OD9"11J-l- Ol\tD-)-}- "";1-S'.A
)tJJo
you have my blessing. _eqchu
cast blessings Qlh
The priest cast blessings upon the sick persons.
4:(1. ' f;f'OD...--}-"J ' {t9':f ' q~hgive blessing oot.+

The elders give their blessings to the children.

'11.,.,/l.l""'f ' A;t('f"t f.ODC.4'11-

blew

blizzard

120

say the blessing f"il;J~ h+t:.O

go blind ;J-m<:

He said the blessing before he ate supper.

I hope he is not going blind. 1.') 1'."7.e;J-me

1.&--J,') hou1J~-J, O.t.'l- 'l"fl;><; h4'

<:0

1"114- ' hii'S

blind alley"""'""" f/1.1\w- 4'"P'J OD'J11'.'

blew, see blow

He was trapped by thieves in a blind alley.

OOQJo- I ~i\.i\aJ- I .,.~'} I OD'}'J.i!" I

blight"""'"''~'""

War is the bl'ght of mankind.

tne~'l- f(lw-

A~' ou'l-'-"'1''1-' ~w-

1\f. I 1\.

p'f' '"'""

blindfold 't.e'J

if4.~

The robbers blindfolded the storekeeper.

blind (vt.)
1. h'lm<:. The disease blinded him. 01i;J-w-
h'lm<:w2. h'!'O<:O<:. The sun is blinding me. 8.hl'
h'!'O<:O<:'S
3. 'l.e).'J hl\1\w-. A bright light blinded him
for a moment.

il~U 11C'1-,.

''"1'4:+ 1..1

'l.e).'J ' hl\1\fJJ4. &-1'1-'J h'l1"fJJo. Anger blinded him. 'JJ.'.'I-

&-1'1-'J ' ,.. ....,."'"

Close the blinds because the sun's rays are too

hot. f8.h.e'l' ""'l:e 0"1'1" illl"'l.'l"'l-
o

blindly 'l.e).'J

""''~''l'

The younger child follows his brother blindly.

'1-'Jlf. A~ 'l.e).'J ...'i''l' ;f-'1-k'J .eh1"
1"~A

blindness

~w-e~'I-

Do not make any reference to his blindness!

~w-e~.,

1111

'l"'t'l" h;f-'t"l

blink

blind (n.) ou;><:)f

OD;Jl;)fw-')

H&-.t.!P'Ii q11 1'1--k'J 'l_e).') if4.).'1-

"tf;JfJJo

1. hC1010. Blinking one's eyes when someone threatens to hit you in the face is a reflex
action. h'Jf.' (lw- 1\."";f-11 fl.:l'"' q_e')
') "7e111111 fl\ q111L_, ' -k'l''l'e f"'l.f.<:

blind (adj.)

..,

1. 'l.e~ ilw-c l ~w-e. This man is blind;

help him cross the street! {UD-'"ro- r '\f.~ r il
w-e (~w-e) illlll'~ ou')1'1.'J hlf"l<:w2. f"7.e;J-.e. A blind curve on a highway is
dangerous. Oou'J1.1~; ~.e f"7.e;J-.e oum'J"
".,. ' 1'.1'.1':' ' ~"'"
3. (~ adv.) O"P'i"J. She has blind faith in his
talent. f(l-') 'f-11-;f- O"P'i''J ;f-'1"<;1\":f
blind man

-lf.~

C.m-c

'l_e~ fl-') OD')1X: ' hlf1e~w-

bliss

1"1'.'~<; f.ii;J-

After they got married, they lived in bliss.

h1":>It' 0:\'1 01" !'.'~<; Of.il;f- 'l'<l-

He announced the blissful event of his child's

birth. fA)I:'J ouml\~ hilf.'l'f n<; hil
;f-<Doj>

be blind 'l.e'J fl\fJJ-'1"

Love is blind. <i:'l-e 't.e'J fllw-'1"

be blind in one eye h'l..t.!- q.,.er; r II"~
He is blind in one eye, and cannot drive in
heavy traffic. h'JX: <t_e<; ill\11'~ '1-&-.t.h
0"7.0~0'1- OU'J1X: 'I.e 11.~-'! h.e'fA'I"
be blind to

*Mothers are sometimes blind to their children's faults. 1-.<;.f-";f h'JJ!'JJ.'. fA}!.il"fw-
'1'4-'1- ' ,..,.,.. f'fw-'1"

blister
*The blister on his foot hurt him.

f!f:tn

~Q)o I h""J~ I 1\oPoPQ)o

have a blister

He has a blister on his foot. h""l~;

blithe, -

m-~

!f:m~

heart 'i'A'I-A'I-H

Everyone loved her for her blithe heart.

fl'i'A'I-A'I-~:t (lw-

11-11- mf.-'!'1-

;JwOJ~

In his old age, he became blind.

;J-m<:

~mo

blissful Mf.'l'f

We helped the blind man across the street.

become blind

2. 11A"P f.'C"I'I" 1'.1'.<:1. He blinked his

flashlight to signal he was ready. ouu;>)';-J,'J
11"7'1<D'I- q'l-&w-') 11A"P f.'C"I'I" h
1'.<:1

Oil1"e~<;w-

[~4-il f1"4'~<1'110'1- fl"''l" h'i'

1"':' '1-"H:I'U<; ..._el\0::~'1- fl\w- O<:P..]

blizzard

bloat

121

bloat H.
Badly cooked food bloated his stomach.
OY.'Hl .t'A.O{II\<D- 11""1-11 11'-'1."t ~4-mblock (v.)
I. H:>. When I tried to get by him, he blocked
my path. Qm1flo 11"71\'i' {l'l"hC oo")1
-'!."t ' H:>-ll'f
2. 11.1Y.(;J-1Y.). Their forward march was
blocked by a river. f)C(I. "lil:>ll. Q"t.l:"
m"t'lt :J-"IP. ~oc
3. Y..U(.,.Y.L~). The irrigation caoal was blocked with mud. foo{l'l"m- llJ!. 0"1",1> .,.Y.'i'

or ~oc

4. hllll. A large pillar blocked my view of

the stage. h"t.l:" '1-A.:,O w.<:- oo.<:-<:11-"t
h"tJIIIJ!. hllll't

block (n.)
1. ""I"J.(-. The butcher cut up his meat on a
large block of wood. 1":> lf= P':><D-"t
0'1-A.:,O "l"t.l:" 1\J!. 'll.t-<:mm2. "7hH"t. What do you plan to do with those
blocks of wood? f~"t..,'l- "''M'l"'li"t 'I"
"t ;J-Y.C"IQ'f'PIIll l
3. [ht-'1- ' OD")1Jl."f- ' f"t.t'IJAII-~ ' fh.,..,
h'i'A.]
*The block in the pipe was caused by someone
stuffing it with cotton. !l.'l"!l.<D- f.,.Y.L~<D-
h.").f:

{)(Do

T'f'

I {lfl.tiJ-t~t& ~

block of stone TC1l

ioaJo

= .(-"},;J~

The pyramids were made of blocks of stone.

'Ct-"7.1'-"f- f.,.IP-1-'f- h'I'C11 ' .!:""),;>)!. ' ~..,_
blockade ( ~ to block) DD'lf:>'IA complete blockade of this harbor would
require many ships. Y.ll"t"t IDS'-11 O'i'l\.'1"
1\oP'If:>'l- -1111- ' DPChll"f- ' .t'ilLA.:>IIdeclare a blockade fOC"lo oPII,;JT hil~m+

The Egyptians declared a blockade of Israel.

"1111\<D-.t'"). fhilt-t.A"t. RC'"f-. DPH:>:J-'fm-"t
hll;J-m<lt (or "1-111\<D-.t'") fllllt-t.A. oPCh
ll"f- RIDY.Il;F'fm- ll"tJI.t'A4- hllhll-)

bloodstream
Love of the sea runs in his blood. Qihct oo
tJJaFJ:

hll~ I )liJo

*Blood is thicker than water. hQ().(- uou

.1:" J!.lfiiA
blood pressure fY..'r '1Y.A

His blood pressure is low. fY..oo- r '1.eA

.,..,."t!l.A.
*My blood pressure is high. fY-'1" -flq'l- h
1111't
draw blood lr.F..,

He struck at me with a knife and drew blood.

RILII'P OJ"I.P. hY."'l'f
in cold blood R"l'i' I R"l"IJ~
They were murdered in cold blood. R"l'i' (n
"l"IJ~) ' .,.,Y-11give one's blood

,f.oP-"}

}\.f.(t{t

The soldiers gave their blood for their country.

m;I-Y.C''Ii Y."'/'f<D-"t 111t-'fm- hL{I(I.
[See also 'bad blood, clot, cold, flesh, stream,
sweat']
blood bath fY-'1" ouof.(lll
The blood bath that followed the French
Revolution was terrible. hL<:"t<'IJ!. """'l::J'1! 1\<D-'1' 0:\11 f.,.Y.l:1<D- Y-'1" ouof.{l
11 hh,~>-t ~ nc
bloodless Y-'1" .t'AL{I(IR'IThis was a bloodless victory. y_,- .t'AL{I{I
n'l- .<:-A ~nc
bloodless cheeks fd-:,.0 oP1Clll-l-

To judge from her bloodless cheeks, she must

be sick. h.L;J: DD1C"''I- l\"tY-"7.;1-fm- <'1'1;J-oP'/" h'I-.,.C'I"
blood money fY.,. 'I':> l 1-"'1
He refused to accept the blood money. fY-'1"
'I':> (1-"'1) l\A.,.RA.'I" hi\
blood relative fF:> uou.<:Only blood relatives were invited to the
wedding. hC"I f.,.m-1-'1- fl":> UoPJI."f-
11il' .,.,...,.

blond~"'

.t'll
She has blond hair.

~"'

.t'll l\1-C l\11'1-

blood
I. S'-'1". There was much blood shed in the
riot. R<:11lfm- 1.11. -1111- fY-'1" ooof.{l
1l ' ~n<:
2. HC. They are of the same blood. Ht-'fm-
l\").1:" ' ~ ....

bloodshed fY-'1" ouof.{lll

The riot resulted in bloodshed. -11'1'-llm- fY.
'I" oPof.{l{l") ' hllh.,.l\
bloodstream fY-'1" P'C
The doctor injected the medicine into the
bloodstream. dt h.oP- ' n~r t JP'r ' ODC4 I
OJ,;><D-

bloodthirsty
bloodthirsty 1.f" f+m"7

A bunch of bloodthirsty bandits captured them.

1.?" f+m"7 l'1i'i!.fl- ~1." J'~:fm-

blood vessel fl'.f" FC

He cut a blood vessel in his arm. fh't-'1..1' fl.

,.. I

JPC

"'r.m(l)o

bloody
I. 1.?" f-t)ht:. He denied killing the man,

even though the bloody knife was still in his

hand. 1.f" f+)h.l: ""II. 117.)1': 11-~ !l
:1",.,. o'IID-11-ID-1' ' """11.11-1' ' 111.
2. 1.?" f"'U'41111. The shooting triggered
a bloody riot. +lt-(l- 1.f" f"'U''I-1111 11
'1'11'1' IIM"'
3. fll'.f" f+flh/1. The bloody corpses made
me shudder. fll'.f" f+flhll-+1' "-itl":f
"7f+ H1H'S
be bloody 111.?" +llh/1
His handkerchief was all bloody. ""m.l:!l- 111.
f" +llhll- )flC
bloom (v.)
I. 111111. The roses bloomed all summer.
IM.I:-'!9',.; fl;>ID-1' """II- 7.1'-'!1111- )fl~
2. 11"7.1:(11+). The children bloomed at camp
this sununer. A]!,.; 1111.11 11;> 11)11~11+ f
OD1f)';' ' (l:J" ' 11"7.1:fJ:fiDbloom (n.) hf"!I-T
The rose has a bloom that can easily be
damaged. IM.I:-'! fl4'itll- II.""-'~ f"'l.l-A
7.?"11-T ' 11/IIDbloom of youth fll1111)+ 1.U
She was in the bloom of youth. 11111111)+ 1.
U'l' )flt::f
be in full bloom h-'!C 7.11h ' -'!C 111111
The apple trees are in full bloom. f.,'f.,. ~
.:::f. h-'!C 7.11h -'!C 111111'1'A
blossom (v.)
1. J\00. The trees in our garden are about
to blossom. fl+hA+ ll:J"l-1' .I'll-+ ~.::
11..1'1111- ' )ID2. .1.11. These yellow flowers blossom on the
slope of the mountain. Mll.ll !l'"II IIIIIJ
l":f h+~m- _,.A.,.II+ itf. 11-.I.IJII-

:r- '

blossom (n.) llflfl

The blossoms are falling off the tree. 111111,.; h

~4- itf. M.1:14- t;:fmblot (v.)
I. lloomm. Blot the signature before you fold

122

blow

the letter. 1.11-'!11.,..,. h"7m'i!tl 11.1.+ .1.

C"?m-1' llf"Tmm2. +llf" Mml1. His pen slipped and blotted
the paper in two places. 11b~ llf"AIP+
mt:4'.,.,. o-11+ 11:1" itf. 4'/lf" lltml1

n+
blot out

;J~

Clouds blotted out the moonlight.

fQ;~,.I::J''I'

1' ' 11C71' ' Jl.OOt; ' ;J.I:Jl.IDbe blotted out mof.

Many words in this letter have been blotted

out. hll.ll 1.11-'!11. itf. 1111- ?it+ m'i!

+'I' A
blot up h.oomm

Take a blotter and blot up the ink! 4'11"""1'

114'/lf" "7f"m'"i llf"mmblot (n.) T'l-+

She has been haunted by a blot on her past.

fl'."t: ' T'f.;J: ' l\l\., ' J'u>:J'J':J"A

*The page is full of blots. 1l\. 1111- +llf"

+"tmfJT(lfl:J"A
blotter f+llf" "7f"m'"ll

Take a blotter, and blot up the ink! 4'11_.,. II

4'/I'F' "7f"m'"i llf"mmblotting paper "7f"m'"ll mt:4'+
Blotting paper takes up ink. "7f"m'"ll tD.I:
4'+ 4'/lf" f.OO"'A
blouse lf"7.11

Do you need any elastic for the blouse?

lllf"7.11'1i itM:h +.I.A1.J'II'Ii ?
blow (blew, blown), vt.
I. t'f.. The herald angel blew his hom three
times. llofllt&m- ooAIIh oo/lh.,.,. V'11+
1.U' t'f.

The police blew his whistle three times.

7"1\.{l- V'11+ 1.U .1.'liiJm-1' t'f.

2. llo'l"7. The driver blew his hom three

times. )'l(m- V'il+ 1.U ~f"IJID-1'
11(1"7

3. 11<1-1.1.. Blow the dust off the books! 11!1.<1-tJJo

.,. h""ll'm4- "" 11&-"''i!
blow (vi.)
I. t.l.o'l. A strong wind was blowing. 11C.,
t'l-11 f.)'i!11 tflC

2. '""1i. The siren blew just as we reached the

hospital. Ah lfii"I::J"A ii1'1.C11 itf.t:

.,. ' '""1i

3. IIU(II+). The dust blew into my face

blow

123

blow

through the open window. Oh'l'-1: oolll>'l-

OH11'1
Oil-A h!lt- .C.-I:
4.1-:l'mll. A fuse blew as we sat down to dinner.

'1,.

Ah 1\l.t-'1- "'""" ll"JA QAII'IfDo 1:l'ml\

5. 1Q. The dust blew into the house. h!J.t-fDo
<1'. IL-l- 1Q
blow away

*The paper blew away.

m~+-t:"J

)'i-ll m

{IJ'.tiJo

blow (Itself) out 7..1'1'-C 0~1'.

The storm has blown itself out. '),.t\'i'fDo )
'i-ll 7..1'.1'.C 0~1'.
blow over hilL

The storm will blow over soon. "''bOI\- t .Y.fto

.I'A 'I-A
blow to bits 11'1-"J-l-l'-"J hiD"l
A mine blew the ship to bits. ~"'L:,. oochfl., 11'1-"J-l-)."J hrD"'tiJo

blow up (vt.)

blow down 1)"1mll l 1M1'.1l

The storm blew the trees down. )'i-ll
., 1)"1m'l:ftiJo (1)'11'./l:ftiJo)
blow In )L(I

I. R1'."7"'L 'I- h.f.t-~{1 i RL"J'I; hLt-~(1 l

hL)'I. The enemy has blown up all bridges .
m'l'l- ~A~f":f"J tNr 01'."7"'L'I- hL
t-~ll:fm- (OL"Jl[ hLt-~ll:ftiJo, or hL)'I:ftiJo)

The house was half-buried by the dust that

had blown in from the desert. IL-l: hO~"Ii,.

2. hm'i-. The charge is enough to blow us all

up. L"J'I;tiJo tJo'l:f"J"JII" t\"7'1'4-'1- 114: ')

~,;::,;

O)L(IfDo h!lt- Oh.I.A -t-4>111!' )OC

,.A

blow off (vt.)

3. )'i-. Blow up my tires, please. 1"7lP'In

I. ht-11-
milS'.. The wind blew off my hat.
)'i-ll- QC~"'\I."J ht-fl. II,. rllS'.tiJo
2. 0;1"-J-). The hand grenade blew off his
head. 1?.~ 111'"11 "l'""J:r.'l-t:"J 0;1"-J-)tiJo
3. 1)"1mll. The gale blew off the roofs of
some of the huts. 'itiJoll- )'i-ll- .I'"J'I"J~
IL.Y.:f"J "16.1' 1)"1m'l

"J'i-A'1

'1,.

blow off (vi.) )'i-ll rll1'.0-l+My hat suddenly blew off. QC~"'\I."J )'i-ll
0~1'1- rll1'.11'1

ht\m-

blow up (vi.)
I. LM. The powder plant blew up. fQ-1-'1.
'i-1161) ' L)'l
2. O"J.I'..'I- tnL. When he heard he had not
been promoted, he blew up. f1'.~7f 1.~1'1-
ht\"7"1'f-I:"J 0(1"7 1..11. O"J.I'..'I- tnL
[See also 'horn, nose, wind']

blow (n.)

blow on

I. 11"'1-. The power of his blow split the

wooden door. fll"-1: '),.A fb"JQ;l.-J:"J

I. -J-)Lil(O'I-). Blow on your hands to warm

them! 7.;l(:fu"J 11"7'1";r. 1-"J'!'M:ftiJo
2. 7.'1' 7.'1' hi\. The child blew on the hot soup.
A)l: '1-h-ll-"J !l"cq 7.'1' 7.'1' hl\tiJo

2. flom.. The boxer was laid prostrate by the

blow. fl-m. 'i'tiJo Oflom. 1-H~~
3. 1-'1'1-. His losing his car was a hard blow.

""111...1' (l)"'m+tiJo

blow open (vt.)

DPh_'i"fDo"J "7"1-1: '1-A:r. 1-'1'1- )OC

I. OL"J'I; hL-1-. Thethiefblewopen the safe.

1\.QtiJo li11'i"tiJo"J OL"J'I; hL-1-tiJo

at one blow ll"JJ!" "l.tL

2.

0~11'..

The wind blew the door open.

R-1-"J )'i-ll

0~11'-tiJo

blow open (vi.) 1-0~11'.

The door blew open and scared me. 0"'- +fl
C"IP.. hll1'.)1m'1

blow out (vt.) hm'iThe wind blew the candle out. )'i-(1- "if"7m., hm'i-tiJo

The entire province fell to the enemy at one

blow. ""'~"'" m:r.'l,. .,~:,. q-,~ 1..11.
Om'l'l- 7.~ <1'.+
come to blows

+~QF.O

The enemies came to blows. 'l't\'l':r; 1-S'.QS'.fldeal a (hard) blow

1. hrt\4>. He dealt me a hard blow on the
chin. h1..,.., h<ll+'1
2. h'i";J. The President's death dealt the
country's politics a blow. fT~II_'I"J-1: '1"'1-

blow out (vi.)

I. m'i-. The light blew out. OOoflt--1: m'i2. L)'l. The old tire blew out. hl!'"l.tiJo 1"7

f1J16-I:"J Tt\-I;IJ h'i":uo

exchange blows +~fli.O

LM

They almost came to the point of exchanging

blows. II_.I'.QS'.flo II""JII" hA+t-lf'fDo?" )OC

3. 1-:l'mll. The fuse blew out. QAII'ItiJo 1-:l'mt\

124

blowout

blunt

blueprint 't~

(begin to) exchange blows Jl.'l ~""""

The two men argued and began to exchange

blows. 11-11-1> (lfP';fo ..,..,.,:J'.,..-1',. Jl.'l

The blueprint of the building was drawn up

by an engineer. f.n'tl\IJJo 't.l:'<;: fTV'6-IJJo
ROOIJ'tJI..h )RC

~""""

get a blow of"OII ;1-

He got a blow on the head. 6-(1- 'If. """":1'

launch a blow 11-m. MH~(tiT)
He launched a blow at my chin. tiM..,. 'I
f. 11-m. (I)H~11'i

into thinking they were being attacked by a

huge army. 1\:>"''..F-fP'Ii m'I;J-:fiJJo't tiT

lay on heavy blows .f.flF-0

He laid on heavy blows with a short club.

tl-1'"'"1' ~tl~tiiJJo
11.~~(1

lead to blows h>l-'1

The altercation between the two drivers led

to blows. fii-IIT ouh...,. )l{fP:Y. 'tTCh
hJI.'I h~~""'"'"
strike a blow h.Y..;J

bluff (v.)
I. h;J-1111. He bluffed the guard into admitting
him. HR'i'IJJo't h:J-11- 1.'tJI..Yh1fJIJJo h~~1
2. h'1"1. The guerrillas bluffed the enemy

11)1\

Our army struck a swift blow at the enemy.

A:J> tpC fTm:J' t1"7hoo(IA h~T

bluff (n.) -1''1' Yll 1~A

Caves are seen in the face of the bluff.

-1''1' IJIIIJJo 1~A 'If. 'l'lffP';fo f..:l'YIIbluff, is only a - 1.'tJI..YID- liM )OJHis threat to fire you is only a bluff. hP'6- II..
YhiD"'IJ f~1-11U 1.'tJI..YID- llh4- )IJJo

tp6-';fo't tlm'IT 'If. .l:''t11-'i' h~:> "'ll

(without) striking a blow fit h.,.Jil- ~ +:J-m-'1"

be all a bluff rLmt:e&

The fortress was taken without striking a blow.

ft1~:Y.'t :J-&h h'i' 1'tH11 II"'/"11T

hTA fLm~:Y.,. "'"- )IJJo

11"'111 Yll h'tJI:Y. 1-:J'IJJo'l" TYH

suffer a blow d.~ll

The solidity of their friendship suffered a blow.

fmti<J> IDJI)(');J-:fiJJo L~(l

[See also 'vital']

We had a blowout on the way home.

"'~

IL

T h't't.l:' 1"7 L)JI1J't

blowup f;JII

.,..:,."'*

The blowup caused angry feelings among the

members of the committee. f ;JIIIJJo .,..:,..,..
:,0 ti~C'l- hfJII-';fo oul)hA :J>t~.:J-'t L
m~

blubber (v.) T)of..~-1'

Stop blubbering and tell me what's wrong!

OD)~.,') ' T1-IJ ' 9"') ' 7,')~1J"'th ' 't1~'f

blue
I. fi"7Y'. The cat has beautiful blue eyes.
.(oout;t li"7Y' fll"). ol''t} 'tf..'f';fo

h,_..,.

2. fThH. He was lonely and blue. 11:f'i'..,. f

ThH )RC
out of the blue

He arrived out of the blue. htLU ootrt II

f..IJA h:Y. hll
[See also 'moon']

'

~m-

blunder (v.) ..,. ...... .,.

She blundered and failed to write down the

names of all the people. 1-llh:J- f(lfP'fi't
hll" tl ...... /1- ""'~~'"' +~:Y.
blunder into Oiaih++

blowout, have a - 1"7 L)JitiT

m~

Her story was all a bluff to get money from us.

111

Without my glasses, I blundered into the wrong

room. OD)l\'tl.'t ll'I~C"' -tc'li tlh.n1..,. /1.'1 h<;:A IJJoh'l' 11111blunder (n.) h<;:T'i' h.n1-T l h.n1-T

The German attack on Russia is considered

a blunder. f~C""'t ooh1>1l't .,.,.;JT
1.'t~ h<;:-1-'i' h.n..,...,. Jl.4\m6-A

I made an awful blunder when I spoke to the

minister thinking that he was a secretary.
1\.l,L ODhll-'i h"''..~h"'"" ;JC ht;J1C
TA:J> h.n1-T h~~"'llblunt
I. ~UI. This knife is blunt. f..U R..'I'P ~)
1f

)(Do

2. JI.AJI-11". The pencil is blunt; please sharpen

it! 1.Cll(l- JI.AJI-11" !IIIII") ;r.~I\IJJo
3. <;:C'I' Yll. He thinks blunt speech proves
he is honest. <;:C'I' fiiiJJo M:>1"" :J-"7'i
OUIJ").'t f"7..1Al\' ' ODh/1-;J-A
become (be) blunt
I. ~)H. The ax became blunt from cutting

bluntly

125

too much wood. -1111- ~"t""''l- 111\T,..<:mO

'!- ' ""'l'l:OJ'ID- ' J'.)H
2. /'.11/'."". The spear is blunt because it
struck a stone. tn~ 1 ~1.?~ ' lU\aJ;J F-A
JI..,_A
bluntly 'i'C'I' h.I':C~
He told me the truth very bluntly. hm-)-l>"t
'i'C'I' h.I':C~ )1<:'5
blur (blurred)
I. hl\1\. Mist blurred the hill.'?;>"! l><:-11:1'
ID-"t hi\1\ID2. hJ'.OHH. He blurred the page in two places.
1K."t v-1\'l- (l;l- '1.1'- hJ'.OHHIDblurred (adj.) J'.il~~
The print was blurred. 7.'1-.,.. J'.il~~ )OC
be blurred ( ~ tr.) h-1'<:<:

+Her eyes were blurred with tears. q.,r.s:

"tQ h~Ct!' )OC

blurt out HhHh

He rushed in and blurted out the news.
C"tfl ~11-f m~m-'l Hhllh
blush (v.) hoi.<: l .1.-1> '1'9"

<fl'{ll\

She blushes easily when she is in company.

hllm- .:>C 11'1-11"1 ' 1'11- ' :1''1'<1-11:f
She blushed with shame. OM:<:'!- .1.;1: 'I'
IJD I OD{JI\

blush (n.), at first ~ oe'f.oo&y (1.;1-.('.

At first blush, the plan appeared very simple.
oo'f.oot.Y {1.;1-.('. h~JI. 4''1A .('.oollA
)0C
blusterJ'.H.

When the police arrested him, the motorist

began to bluster. ?'ll.fl:f (l..('.H-'1- oah,q
H(m- ' ""J'."t'i-'1- ' 1..""<:
boar, wild

hCht!'

They went hunting wild boar in the mountains.

hCht!' 1\.Y.r:-,. mJ',. 1'<1-<1- IDtJlo
board (vt.) 1'44..<:
We boarded the train in Washington. QII'C
fT4.1.C)ID- 'l''li"t"'T"t )IDboard (vi.) 1''1-1111- <;'<:
She is boarding with us. h'i' ;>C T'l-11'1
'1-'f.l-1\:f
board up ~")""''!- hJ'.<:10'lDid you board up the window? ""111>-1> '1.1'-
~"t""''l- hl'.<:"!IIO'l- ?

boastful
board (n.)
1. l)"t :J'. The boards of the floor were cracked
with age. fiDI\11- 4"t:J'fP:f h'"/C'f.;l-'l'm-
f-1')"1 Tll)"''J'4"1'A
2. llii.JI. Please nail the board to the wall! M.
'lfDo"t "1.1':"/'lfDo '1.('. 09"11'"/C 9";1-fDo
3. 'I'.,C llii.JI. Write it on the board! 'I'.,C
{1/l.'lfDo '1.1'- ~~.~.....
4. llC.I':. He was elected to the Water and
Power Board. 1\fD?<;" oe-fl<~-'1- llC.I': }lq
A)'!- 1-oe<:m
be on board 1"114.

Is everybody on board? (lfDo v-11- 1'4'1'a:A ?

[See also 'cutting, room')
boarder h'lt.
Do you take boarders? h'lt.fP:f 'l-4'0'1'1 :fv-?
boarding
*In this town, many people make a living by
boarding students. 011.11 h-1''"1 -1111- (lfP
:f 1""/t.fP:f"t 1"tHil 7-.Yllh.l.ll- 0'"/'f
c .1'-1-'IJ'..l-11boarding house 11""1-11<;" oo'5:f' f"'U'50'l-
ll'i'<lDo you know of a nice boarding house?
-No 9""1-fl<;' oa'5;1- f"'/.1'50'1- ll'i'<l-
;1-ID-:l'l\11 ?
boarding pass foo4J.t.Y '1-K"
Have your boarding pass ready! fool)ol..t.Y
~l\:fo-"t ' JIH;>lf.
boarding school h'lt. '1-II"IIC'l- 11.'1He goes to a boarding school. h'lt. '1-I"'IIC
'I-' 11.'1-' .1'-'"1<1-A
boast (v.)
I. G:h<:. The enemy boasted that he would
never be defeated. m'l'l- 9""t'l.l19" hAlf)
..,,.. -1111- G:h<:
2 . .,..:. )~.He boasted thatheneverfaile d an
exam. 4..1'<; h-1' m.l':"' hl\~9" 0'"111'1-
.,.<1-.,."t )~
3. 11-t.-. Our town boasts many fine parks.
h1""/:f"t Q!l,'1- -1111- f"''.Y'""II"~ fouq 4..
lf ll'i'<l-fP:f '1-h-t.-11 :f
boast (n.) .,..:.
His boast bored everyone.
Mil 'I'

..,...~tD-

v-1\-1'

(be) boastful .,.t.-ID-"t )~

Yohannes was boastful of his strength.
l'"dt"tll ill\ 'l'"tli.:.fDo .,.t.-m-"t .('.)'1 )ftC

boasting

126

boasting 4-htIn the past, victory in battle was followed by

boasting before the king. OT't'l- 'I.IL 0
tflet'l- Y:IA h-t-.1'.<:7 0::\~ "''lt<:'LJ'm- 0
't.,._ .,.,. 4-ht- O"''Y:<:"' toe

boat
I. ooeh11. This boat goes to Australia.
J.'.IJ ooeh11 mi. hm-11'1-t-iiJ J.'."IA
The boat trip will take five days. fooehll- .,.
~ h9"11'1- ' 4''t J.'.4.1f1A
2. )!IAQ. We went fishing in his boat. 011- )!
IAQ 't"' II"'''J'OOY; Y;'t

boating O)!IAQ ooY:

Boating is discontinued in winter.

O~AQ

OD%

Y: Oh<:9"'1- J.'.li/<:"1/A

bode 9"/Ah'l- tO<:

The frequent mishaps boded disaster. f-1-.1'..:>1
...,. h.l'.:>fP~ f""'t'l- rAh-1'~ to~

bodies, see body

bodily (adj.) fl"lm-H
Bodily pains are a sign of old age. fl"lm-t'l- .b
oor \?.e~'i' 9"/Ah'l- tmbodlly (adv.)
I. 0.,./AO'I-. He was dragged away bodily.
0.,./AO'I- -1-1--1--12. Q'tY:t'l-. The audience rose bodily to cheer
the hero. hY:"''"" )!"l'i'ID"t II"''Y:t:J>
Q't Y:t'l- 11Y:"' hll
*The tornado picked him up bodily and threw
him against the wall. '1J.'.II'fm- H-11 h'tF
.,. h"'Y:"''IID' h~:>ID'

body (bodies)
I. l"lm-t'l-. He has a large body. "111-'i! l"lm-t
,. hiiiD'

2. <loll I hllh<l.'t. They took the body to the

cemetery. <l.ltfD''t (hllh<!.io't) mi. oo.4'1Je

......

.~~.,.

3. hlJIA. A lake is a body of water. dtJ.'.:J> h

'tY: fm-~ hlJIA tmThe human body consists of many cells.
fi"IID' hlJIA f-1-u>t-m- hilll" I"I.IA tmChemistry teaches us about solid and liquid
bodies. h."'l.ll'l-6 1111 TTe'i' .Llt'il hlJII~ Yll-t-9"<:'i'IA
4. '\Y:. A large body of singers sang at the
church. '1-A:J> fH"7&fP~ '\Y: 00.-1- he
11-I:Y.... ID'liT HOD<:

boil
5. 'l''i' h'i'IA. The body of the book contains
all the essential facts. f""X"dt4- 'l''i' h'i'
A 1L~1.fP,;'t 'i!<l. t7C'~ o-11- Mt
!I.IA
6. h'i'IA. The legislative body makes the laws
for the country. ih"'l J\QJoQil.(Do htt:A h
IJ76;1: .b1~'t J.'.!f.t"'.?/A
7. 9""111t'l-. Thick soup has more body than
thin soup. <D'i!t-9" Jl"eq h4'"i"'t Jl"eq
fOIIm ,...,1lt'l- hllm(the) body of the people h1Jq'fm- .b1111
The body of the people favor the President's
policy. h1Jq'fm- .b1111 M"<l.tVI't1>'t ;r
11.11. ' J.'.!f."l<f.IA
in a body Q'tY:t'IThey left the hall in a body. Q'tY:t'l- lJ.IIt-

lf.mmkeep body and soul together

*He hardly eats enough to keep body and soul

together. t'i!ll ll.'tY:'I-M11'1- 11!1' J.'.MIA
[See also 'exercise, foreign, legislative, lifelessj

bodyguard o)I'O.
The rich trader was told to take a bodyguard
with him when he went on a trip. llil,.....
t:>Y. O"'l.l\110'1- 1.1L h'tY: o:oro. ll.'t
JIJ'.11 i't7l:ID'
Imperial Bodyguard fhile HO'i'
The Imperial Bodyguard protects the Emperor.
fhile HO'f 't.,.u> t71"1>'t J.'.mii.4'1A

bog down
I. I"IODm, The car bogged down in the mud.
ODb,.'iaJ- I 'Alifl":J-(J)o I aJo{ltp I {IOOffi
2. -t-l\-1--t-. Negotiations bogged down due
to disagreement. lJIIOD"/QQ'I- f-1-t"' fll9"9"
t1> 't"l"'e Tl\-l--1-

bogus fdti"I'IThey were condemned for making bogus

money. fdtl"l'l- 1'tHil Mrom- -1-.L<:!f.Q:fm-

boil (vt.)
I. h.L~. Please boil the water! ~ID''t h'i'~m2. 4'4'11. Please boil the eggs two minutes!
ll.'tMII-'t llrJoll'l- !1.4!.4' 4':J>IImboll (vi.)

.L~

The water is boiling. m-~m- ll.f.l.~ tmThe kettle is boiling, so come and make coffee.
)!O'i'm- .L~ I tJ.'. 11-'i' <R.9"60'1He was boiling with rage. !'.... .LIA.f t
oe

bombing

127

boil
boll away LAofo 1111.,.

to the general.

The water has boiled away. IJJ-;)IJJ- LAofo

~c;J- mf.,.

11M/A
boil down
It all boils down to this: He won't come.
11~ ..... 11(1- '/;J'.0'"'19"

After I talked to the secretary, I knew that

it all boiled down to the fact that I was wrong.
ll"'ol.'f'') ll~;>1Cl>.-l- fl:\'1 11"1."&.11 : ""<'1<'1
-1:1 +1~Hoflh(be) boiled down

*The water was boiled down to obtain salt.

+'l' 11/IIJ...I'A~

"""'" 1\"''lii-IIJ-l-
+LI\
boil over 1tLI\

,.;>,.

The milk boiled over. m+., 1~LI\

make (one) boil over(= boil over) fl').l',.o}o
tnL

Any mention of the incident makes her boil

over. .,.~,.,. n+~"' .,....c fl').l'.-l- -l-tn411lput on to boil

"I~

Put the kettle on to boil. lR'i'OJ-1 IIJS'.IJJboil (n.) ofi'Jo')~

He has a boil on his neck. 11')1., 'I.e ofi'Jo
')~

OJ'I'of-O;J-A

boiler f"''.l.f ;>')

The intake of each boiler is 300 gallons an
hour. f"''.l.f :n flll~-l- V'll-l- ,...,. ;>
II-')

IIJ.11 .el-1\A

boiling, be ~ hot 1.:<:

The sun was boiling hot. Bm.e'l' hf1<:<::Y.
-l-~S'.'

~nc

boisterous o-tt;J- rn~n.r

The boisterous party lasted until midnight.

~~&.11-')

Y.'i:r: 0""''i'1'1- .e

boldness Y.4-C~-lBoldness in women is not admired.

Y.4-C~-l-

ffLof~

h.eY.~~,.

bolt (vt.) .,.<:.,.<:

After the farmer put the cattle in the pen,
he bolted the gate. 1fl&.OJ- hoflofo'l?) hfl<:
.,. l'tll11J'I'OJ- fl:\'1 fl-1-') ' .,.<:_,.<:.,.
bolt (vi.) Y.~O<:! lfoomm

Suddenly, the horse bolted. L<:a. S'.'')1'Jo F.

~0<: (lf""mm)
be bolted Ofl-fr'') +ffH

The plates were welded together, not bolted.

m'i:IIJt::'fi ofl<:ofo:f +O.eY.'I'A 11'):( 0
fl-fr'') I hA.,.fJ'II"?"

bolt (n.) h'i'-l- l ,.,,..,.

The nut came off the bolt. fl-fr'). hh'i'.,
(h""'fVIJJ-) Oh-A OJI\_,.

bomb (v.) OP?"ofl S'.OS'.O

The planes bombed the factory again during
the night. t.m-r:TI\'l''fi 4-ofl&l'tm-') 11')S'.1'i'
11.11.-l- fl(l9"ofl S'.OS'.fl-

bomb (n.) (l?"ofl

The whole district has been destroyed by
bombs. _,.OII.OJ- oou-tr O(l?"ofl mY.""
set off a bomb

P.r-o.

h.LtJS

They set off a bomb in the street. floP')1JI.

1\_e (l?"ofl hL~JI.
bombard OP?"ofl Y.OY.O
The artillery bombarded the enemy all day.

.,.>., ,..tr OP?"ofl

ooS'.'L'if''fi mil-l-')
S'.OY.fl--lbombard with 1\0J<:S'..(O-l-)

o-tt:J- rn~n.r "'of!V 11/lh 1111-11 11.11.-l-

S'.'<:ll ~f

The audience bombarded him with questions.

hS'.""'""''fi 'I'14: t.m<:JI.O-l-

bold
I. Y.4-C. The bold explorer saw the whole
country. Y.'l+ 11<'111 M&;J;') 11'1"11 111-l2. liS'.' hY."'. The bold little boy mocked us
as we passed. liS'.' hS'.'l- -l-')11 A~ II

bombardment f(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJ

He went mad during the bombardment.

'i'A'i: h'11mofl')

3. .,. ... fll. Bold cliffs fronted the sea . .,....

ftr 1S'.fr':f hfJ.h-1- JIC .e:J-ftr

4. fS'.''i:<:-l-. That was a bold statement. fS'."i:

<:-l-

M:nc

~nc

*He apologized for being so bold as to speak

O(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJOJ- 1.K 'i'I\OJ- P<:

bombast 'Jo&.
His bombast impresses the boss, but not his
colleagues. 'Jo&.OJ- 111\,J>OJ-') 11'):( f I"&.
'iY.'if''fi') hfilS'.')~?"

bombing f(l?"ofl S'.'of!S'.IJ 1 (19"ofl ooiiJA

Tbe bombing reduced Germany to chaos.
f(l?"fl- S'.'of!S'.IJ lC"""1 h+&-i"'ll

Indiscrim inate bombing results in many civilian

casualties. h~ 1 h1'-'fioPIIJ {19'"11 oollJA. 1
1111" {l.ii./1-:f'! f.1!":1t.IA

I. 1'1'!(111'1-. The prisoner broke his bonds

and escaped. hll<:'i'ID" l'l'!l'lll-1>'1 fl'J'{l hoo
lim
2. "ITf.)'J-.

The treaty strengthened the

bond between the two nations. m-tr fo-ll-J:
'! h1t::f "ITH'I- hm)h<:
3. DP'Jof.ll. There is a bond of loyalty between
the Emperor and the patriots. flli''!!Tf.'i'
fl/>Cfl'J''!i ODIJhfA f;J-"7'h'J - DP'jof.ll
hll

bought

He

government

bonds.

foP'!"IP' 'I- ' (t'j!f: ' 1'1

bondag e fJC)'J-

The Jews were held in bondage in Egypt.

hf.IJol'o: f fl"I11K' ID-11'1' flfJC)'J- 1-f.HID-

)flC

bondm an 1fJC

A bondman could not own land in old England.

fl'l''!'l- 1.11. flh'!"ll\.11 MC 1fJC Cll

'1- ' hf.'l' l:ID-'1"

bone (v.),

bony h'l''!;f-'1"

The skull is a bony structure. f&-11 :tfA

h'l''! ;1-'1" hiJIA

)OJ<

boo n=h'l- ' -J-:J>moo

bond

4. fl'!Y:.

booksh elf

128

bond

up Mlll'l

I have to bone up on my history for the exam.

11;1-611 of.-1-'i' oohlt.llll 1>1111'1

bone (n.) h'I''I'I-

Give the dog a bone! 1\ID"lfiD" h'l''!'l- llmiD"

I feel chilled to the bone. 11CJI. 7.1111 h'l'

'!-1: ' 1-1'1"7'1

have a bone to pick with someone

I have a bone to pick with you. f'I"11AK'IAU

:t.:.;J- ' 1>11'1
make no bones about

He made no bones about his intentions.

.hllfl-'1 ' 11t.'lll:f ' :t.:.;J- ' 11111

bonfire

I. J'.oo&-. The children made a bonfire for

the Mesqel holiday. A].!'li I\DP11<1'1A S'.""
&- ' hll~

2. '1-A:t 7.11'1-. They built a bonfire on the

beach to attract the attention of passing ships.

hlt..L oocl11':f h'lll..l'l'1 ''fiD- flfJ.ltC

llCil' '1-IA:t hl\'1- MS'.JI.

bonus 1-Clf

The company gave every worker a bonus.

11-fi'!.I'ID- 1\.f'!ll'!JI. P'&-1-'i' 1-Clf (lm

The audience booed his lamentable violin

playing. f"7f.<:fJID"'! fii.l'll.'! '1"-1>'1 h
!":"7~

fl""1i'l- -1-:J>m.,...'l-

book (v.)

I. DPH1fl. The police booked him on a charge

of drunken driving. 7"1\.fto 1'1111: flOD'!/l'l-

'J'of..'J-' DPH1fl1D"
2. 1H. How many seats did you book for
the theater? 11-1:1'1-~ 11'1'1- DP<i'DP"'"1l":f
11111!
book (n.) ooK"Jo'i'

There are many pictures in this book. htLU

DPK',h<j: ' ID-11'1' ' 1111" ' P'/)/1-:f ' />1\o

accordin g to the book

*The solution was not according to the book,

but it served the purpose. f:f"l~ DP'i''l-.h.
S'.'!fl-'1 IJf.h-l"fA'I" 111-lll' -1"11"7'/";I;IA
keep books 0011111

,.fH

The accounta nt keeps my books. f .h.l\11

1'4:1D- DP1111L'I f.f.111A'i'IA

bookbi nder DPK'.h'i' m&-'fr

The bookbind er will repair your book cover.

DPK'.h'i' ' m&-11' ' foPK'.h'i'U'! ' 11-1-'1 ' f.

m"I'!IAYIA
bookca se fDPK'.h'i' "1'1''1

The bookcase is small, and I cannot place in it

all my books. fODK'.h4- "1'1''1 '1-'111 11

lilT) ""K'"'"-' ! n-11- lt.11<1''1"'1'fl'l- hfA

:fA'I"
bookish foPK'.h'i' <l'fl'i'
A bookish child does not like football. foPK'
.h'i' <l'fl'i' f!T)ID- fA]!: I?."IC '>.11
hf.aJY:'I"

bookke eper m.l\11 1'fr

The bookkeeper found a shortage when he

checked the accounts. .h.l\11 .f1CID" .h.ll
II-'! ' -~""""1'1'1: '1-Y:I\'1- M'ffl'l-

bookle t '1-'111 ""K'm'i'

The booklet you gave me has

paper cover.

fl'lm1i'1 '1-'111 ""K'm'i' fAIJ{to fm<:<l'

'1- ' )ID"

booksh elf fDPK'.h'i' DPS'.CS'-61

My bookshelf is wide. foPK'.h'i' DPS'.CS'.t.1

... I

~\.co I

~(Do

foP~.b'i! oPf.11C
You may be able to get it in a second-hand

bookstore

bookstore. bh.C'1. oPK"dt'i! oP.l!.oflC

ltD- f.I]'<;{A

~1

+fl'f l fon~.h'i! 4l&-'f

Since he is a bookworm, he got the highest
grade in the exam. fOU~.h'i! +fl'f (4l6-'f)
flOUIJ'). ' flL-f-'0 ' h")f,.'f ' WIIJ

bookworm

foP~.h'i!

boom (v.)
1. IVl&-. At the announcement of victory,
cannons boomed. fY:A H."i 0+1llK '1.
1L onf:~"f- h'i-12. -t-M-'1- l .,_..,_..,_.,.. After the war, business
boomed. htnC)-1> fl:\'1 "J"'f: -t-il'i-'1-
(-1-..,_ ..,_.,.)
boom out 1-'1 1111- -f-(1""1
The big man's voice boomed out above the rest.
f"'IH- (lm-IL 1:9"6 hi\.~ '1-'1 11
II- ' .,_ .....,

boom (n.)
I. f:"J'i-;1'. He could hear the boom of the
cannon. fouf:4-") f:"J'I-;1' lloail""l't- !I'll
2. .,....,_..,_:,.. The business boom lasted five
years. 0"1-'l- .,....,_..,_:,. hilh h9"il'l- 't""
,_.off

boost (n.) "f!'""l&

The newspapers announced the tremendous
boost in food prices . .?rt.flll- ; 09'"1-fl r if oM'
'If. h'i!-t-'f f'l' ;J "f!'""l& .,..,._~.,.., 1111\give a boost

m~

~,.e. 14-

Give me a boost so I can climb over this wall.

flli.U "1")11 h'l'C 'If. onlfii/A h"Jf:"fIA ' a>f. ' 'If. ' "1'1-'S

boot, high -

11'1- _,_..,
When I go fishing, I wear high boots. 't"' II""I
'J'OUf: il'tf: (l'f- ""/.""/ hf.C;JIIrJIick someone's boots +Aaotoom

The private refused to lick the lieutenant's

boots to get a raise in rank. m;r~~ 1 11\n:oP
'I- 1.1:1'1- 1\IA on.fo hii:J-m-") ao11
""/OD'J' h"/fL~'S ' hll

booth
1. Jill. There were many booths at the fair.
h."'li.IL11). 1111- J!{l"f- )fl-1-'12. 1;1':. There is no telephone booth in this city.
fliW h-t-""1 ID-il'l' fil/Ah 1;1': fll9"

booty 9"CI>
They shared the booty after the battle. htnC)
-1> fl:\'1 9"CI>m-"J -1-h'i-LII-

border (v.) -1-'i'M

boon, be a ,...., OIIJ!r" m+oP
Those warm stockings were a boon to me
in the cold weather. MHJ' f"'L '1"4l fh"'C
if-6-P"f- flHJ' 1101""1 YfC mQf. m-il

.,. otiJr m+fiD"~

boor ilf: hf."'

The boor talked only about himself. ilf: h
,._.,. ' 1111 &-~ 11!1' ha>&-

boorish f111A"''O
His boorish manners angered the host.
f111A"''O 11-'0-l:tD- QIIIJ.-1>") hil.,."'tD-

boost (v.)
I. a>f. 'If. 1'1-. If you boost me, I can climb
that tree. QJ.J',. 'If. 11'1-1'1-'S y-,-, 'l'i!
ha>"'llrJ2. h'i! 7.1.~1(11'1-). The award boosted his con-

fidence. f-t-1.~111'1- 11A""I't- fl&-~ YIIOJ-")

hf")'f- h'i! 7.1.~111'13. hila>U. The drought has boosted the
prices of grain. f:C4l fhU/A") 'I';J hil
mum-

His land borders mine. """-"'

border on f - - - fiJIA

f~")

Y,'f'(I<;A

~OC

His remark bordered on insult. f(lme&

-1-yr't- filf:11 YUIA ) flC

h.il

be bordered
I. -t-'f'(l). The garden is bordered by a stream.
Y't-11/A-1> 11:1' >t"Jf: 'I-"J11 m"Jll f.'!' (I<; A

Ethiopia is bordered on the south by Kenya.

k'l-f-t.Y flil-t-f..fl-11 hh."JY 'f-'I'(I'OII"f2. -1-hLL. The dress is bordered with lace.
<f>"'L~ 11'1'11'1- f-1-hLL )OJ-

border (n.)
I.

m~'i!.

hm~4-

When do we reach the border?

OD'Ii h"Jf.C<'lii"J l

2. m(l") l f:")flC. He was chosen arbiter for

the border problem. 1111 a> (I). (1111 f:"Jfl-1-)
'1-J!f. hil;l'&-<1: ll''l' -f-OD~m
3. J!C. We camped on the border of a lake.
Q") f: mf.:t J!C (ILC")
4. mCll. The border of this rug is getting
frayed. fli.U '}"")IIJ'i! mCll hf-t-11~11~
)OJ-

both

130

borderline

*There is a border of flowers around the lawn.

Rh'I'C "l!lm- DPllh H-&f l\RfJ9':f Allborder post (f)mt:'i' "'!lf

He fell from grace and was exiled to a border

post hfJII".7.At-l> mCP. IIJS'. h'JJ': m

_,u

from boredom. '1-'t'tll",; A;(:f houfiA'f'l-

f ... ) "I

"""'""'!' h'l>;t'fm-

....,...tm)m-

born, see bear

born, adj. ( ~ adv.) a ....C.'l't:
Yohannes is a born poet. f"m'tll R....C.'I't:

t:'i' ' "'!lf ' ...

share a common border +tf'fli'

tiJ- I

Ethiopia and Sudan share a common border.

h'l-f"kf<; ' 1\-JI'J ' f.'l'li<;II[See also 'zone']

borderline J':'JRC
The borderline is not marked on the map.
J':'tR<~- nttc:J-m- 111- hA... ""IIh... !l"
*He has a borderline case of mental illness.
tDS'. ' l\ilS'.'I- ' f ....4't:R ' fl\l\!l"t: ' ii.OD!I"
l\1\R'I-

.,trJ""l,

i'fD"

borrow
1. +Of.~. He borrowed a lot of 'money
him. hi\- illl- 1'JHil ... RS'.t: .
2. ...'I'll. She borrowed the book from
oox-m4-'t hi\- .,.'l'll:f
3. m(lf.. Rome borrowed many ideas
Greece. t:"7 h"l&h illl- c!11Jo4''1-

from
him.
from
mll

S'.:f

bosom

lloo-t.c.c fllfJ/1-

I. m-'1-. The dress barely covered her bosom.

4'"'1.1\- l\ODA m-;l:'t lf'i''l":J'A
2. S'.t:'l-. Rest your head on my bosom!
&-ll1i't ' S'.t:-1: ' 111- ' hllS'."Iof.IIJo
3. Ail. My bosom swells with joy. All. OS'.
11:1' .,..,.A;l:A
bosom fr1end fAil ms;~
Bosom friends share secrets. fAil m'l;(:f
ll"ilm.C f.tt.C.II/1in the bosom of 1\ - - - oouhA.

be bored ( ~ bore) hllll'f

+r am terribly bored by his speech. fo\- 't"l"l

He did not mention it even in the bosom of

his family. l\0..,_ llll- DPUhA h't\>.1

bore, see bear

bore (v.)
I. l\llll'f. His speech bored me. 't"l"l-1- hll
II~

He bored me stiff. R"'!l" hllll~

2. llt:llt:. They bored through the rocks.
!1/'l'~'t

llt:ll-1-

3. ok.C.t:. They plan to bore a tunnel through

the mountains. 0 ... &-&-m- ' m-ilT ' ool(ll hJ

C 0"19" hl'tA:f-1'-...A
bore a hole through Olt

l\Am4'lltJJo!l"

boss (v.) hUH

We will have to bore a hole through the wall.

The captain bosses the crew. tt"Ci:l- ooch

"IJ':"I'Im-'t ' ooiJ'I'I- ' l\llil't

bore Into liCllt: 1'1 l llt:llt:

n'l',;-, f~A

This kind of worm bores into the wood.

fiLII 'tf.)'l- '1-A c!'JQ;l.-I>'J liCllt: f.
1fJA

boss (n.) l\11.4'

Who is the boss in this house? RJLIJ 0.'1-
IIJoil'l' ' hii.4'11Jo ' "7)dJo l

The drill bored into the ground. ouflcll

botany .f11Cl\'l-<; 1'1-hA'I- T<;'l-

&fm- ' """-"''t ' llt:llt:dJo

bore one's way through (lClll!"

both 11-11-1>11" I 11-11'1-

't"

A mole has bored its way through the earth.

'i'A.C.A """--l>'t liCilt: '1-S'.
[See also 'death']

bore (n.) l\liA'f

It is a bore to have to wash dishes three times
a day. R4''t '11'1- 1.n 'lih't "7mil hliA
'f' tdJo

boredom DPliA'f'IThe little children wriggled in their seats

+ suffix pronouns
Both brothers are in the army. 11-11-1>11" m1
J':"7"7:f ' IIJ:I'S'.t::f ' <;'fdJo

Do you like swimming or horseback riding?

I like to do both equally well. f!l"'l-mS'.m-
'!'<; tdJo m)!.ll "IA!lf l 11-11-1>111" "7
J':t:"' ' l\11-A ' l\m'llluWe both visited him. u-II:J':f't!l" mf'l>ttJJo
botha ... anda ... -r- .. -r
He is both a soldier and a poet. m:I'S'.C!I" 'Ill
'1>~11" ' tiiJo

bother
both of o-11'1- + suffix pronouns
Both of us were going to the movie. o-11:1-":f-1
'r mY. ltt"7 l\1Y." ~fiC
bother (vt.)
1. hll'l'1t:. Does the smoke bother you?
m.o\- YII'I'-IC? A l
2. ~H~H. Don't bother him when he is in
bad humor. :,Oc Qllm- 1.11. h'I-~111Hm3. m+(l. His conscience bothered him. ..,t\!i"
(Do m+flm4. ~11. You look so sad. What is bothering
you? YH1h '1-ooMIIU I '1"1 ~11U l
bother (vi.) 1-'1'1<':

I cannot bother with her now; I am too busy.

ho-1 1"6- llllfllofl~ llll!l. A'I'1C hilt.

":fA'r

bother (n.)

.,..,C.

I.
We had a lot of bother in getting
here because of the fog. fl"l":n 'rh1 Y'l-

J..lf.U I 1\oPJ.!"~il I -fl:fto : ~C I 1ffi0D~

2. hll'l':>&. He is just a bother. l\Co\- hll'l'
;J~

}(Do

!31

bounce

4. oo~il". fd like to know what is at the bottom

of all this. fH.U1 o-11- OD~il' 11"7m:,O
l\LA;>IIIJ(the) bottoms of faJoll'l'

The bottoms of the feet are ticklish. fm-11'1'

l\"'C f-114''1'"1/lt.
at bottom floorPt..it

They knew at bottom that they were wrong.

f!OUU'(;-1> oo{)i);J-lf'm-1 Ym-41
at the bottom of P'C !

~ - - -

~fiC

P'C

The road branches at the bottom of the hill.

001111- ;>6-ID- I"C ltY.CII f.h'ILIIA

He found it at the bottom of the trunk.

l\..,'1'). I"C h1Tmfrom top to bottom hltf. 7..llh ;t-";f I h
-'IC l\llh -'IC

The house was searched from top to bottom.

tl.-1> hllf. l\llh :1-":f (h-'IC l\llh -'IC)
-1-fl(;fl(;

on the bottom of b - - - JPC

The green book is on the bottom of the pile.

ht:1'1.<'.aJo ODK'.h'i' bODK'.h~ 41AA

*It's no bother at all. 'r1'r hYilllofl'r

fPC

be a bother h11'1'1t:

bottom (adj.)
I. foo.U.t:lf ,:,..,..,, What is your bottom
price? fOD.U.t;lf ' 11:,0-1-"' ' 'I';>U ' 111'1- ' ~
m-?
2. l"t:.,. Put the book on the bottom shelf!
ODK'.h~1 l"t:"'m- ooY.CY.&Y llf. hll4''r'l'
3. f;J-":f.,. Thebottomdraw erofthe bureau is
stuck. fmt:A.~m- f;J-":f.,,. oo{)II.Y ~h!l.A
[See also 'rock']

Flies are a great bother. 1111l":f fl"''r Y

11'1'-l~"'A

go to any bother ..,.:f-11.. I +~)'+

Please don't go to any bother on my account!

1111~ ,..,,.. h'l-ou.~:,. (h'l-'1'1c)

bothersome hililll.

The bothersome problem did not let me sleep.

~m-

hililll.m- 1--'lf. l\1:,0/lt.'i' hlllla>IIY.-

hi\~

bottle mc-11
bottleneck, be a ~ "l""):j>"):j> Lmt:

This narrow street is a bottleneck during

rush hours. oo!J.'i" fl"''.fl~fl'l- 1.11. f.U":f
mQ11 oo11Y.- "1"1:,01:,0 '1-L'l'&-ll":f
bottom (n.)
I. l"t: ~1C. We have to get to the bottom
of this affair. fH.U1 1--'lf. l"t: ~1C out,
-'1'1- hll111

2. OD&+. The lake is so deep, a swimmer

cannot touch the bottom . .hf-41 '1'/lt.:,O floo
IJ'). o 'l''i"-1-"' OD&.-1>1 o 1\.~11 hf.":fl!t.'r
3. 4:'1'. She spanked the child on its bottom.
A11:1 -tm- "" OD;J-";fm-

bough :,OC1"'i'i'

He sawed the broken bough off the tree.

f-1-(lQfi(;ID-1
'ir.t:mm-

:j>C"J"'i'i' ' bq~

llf.' fiOD;J1f '

bought, see buy

boulder '1-A:,O *'~'~

The falling boulder pulverized all the stones

it fell on. '1-A41 *'~'~ fmY.4'Q'I'm-1 Y.-1

:>f'":f IJ-11- hY-4'...., , .

boulevard [fib.,.., m-11'1' Yll ill. ""1

1Y."]
bounce (vt.) Mmt:

The boy bounced the ball on the sidewalk.

A11: fll\"IC oo1111- llf. \>,1\-1 Mmt:

bounce (vi.)
I. )tno<:. This ball doesn't bounce.
hM'l'C9"
2. LH'.,.. His heart bounced
All- R~!I;J- d.)~.,.

bound (adj.), be
~II

8Joll"1'

m~ h"'L&lt f"''.'t.l:' )robe all bound up

*He's all bound up in his work. OP'6-8Jo +m-

Hh- .,q

She bounced out of the room. bh'i'll- m-il

1-L-l-Ait m"'"f-

The baby likes to bounce up and down on the

bed. .hfS: hA;>'I' ~~~ oP1111A -l-m-'1
ll"f-

bounce (n.), in one ~ L 1mC 1111In one bounce, he was at the door. L "tmC 11
II- hOC ~,:(1

[See also 'outward')

l ml't"t

A pile of stones marks the boundary between

the two fields. frJ-11-1> "711l""f- .1:'1RC f.l:'"t
;>~

h!I"C

)ro-

The commission delineated the boundaries of

Somalia. l>"''.ilf'.,. f{l-"71\J'"t m(t"t hllll
have a boundary ..,.cp(t~

Ethiopia has a boundary with the Sudan in

the west. h.-l-f'k,l' R9"6tl-11 h(lo-'11' -l-'1'
Mll"f-

bound, see bind

boundless

bound (vt.) h'f'l't)

A highway bounds the farm on the west.
7.Clfw- htD-tl- '1--'1<; R9"6tl-11 RIJ.A
,l''f'il)'f'A

bound (vi.)
I. 1-'I'M. Canada bounds on the United
States. It<;.<; bl!.<;~-l-.1:' !1-1:-l-!1 -l-'l'l't<;ll"f-

2. 11.:.,.. The deer bounds through the woods.

h;>H-,. ""lttD- tD-!1'1'
be bounded -f''f'(l)

~IIC:I'A

Ethiopia is bounded on the west by Sudan.

h.-l-f'k,l' R!l"6tl-11 h(lo-'11 -l-'I'MII"f-

ml't"t fl\.llm-

He is a man of boundless energy. toll'l fla.fl

""' I 7'AO!J- YfltDbe boundless tDI\"} ~

(lm- ~m-

hA~Ol.tD-,..

The jubilance of the crowd was boundless.

f.h11R- L"ttn11.1' ml't"t hA)Ro<:m-9"

bounteous f-1'-l-o<:Lo<:L
Bounteous presents were distributed to the
poor. f-1'-l-o<:Lo<:L ilfH:J' 11.<:-'Jl"f- -I'M
Lll

bountiful 11.:>!1
My bountiful friend

helped me greatly.

ll;>(lo m-'1:( 0"19" o<:-'I'S

bound (n.)
I. IM'i'. God is beyond the bounds of
human knowledge. 7."1H.h1l.b.C bl'l11M! 6
)ro-

2. oPm"l 1 m{l"J. His pride knows no bounds.

IJ.tl--1> -m1 fl\tD-!1"

His gratitude knew no bounds. 9"il;><;w- m

..., flltD-9"

3. hAA. He drives a car only within the

bounds of his estate. R"IA -t!.-1> hAA II
~ 11il' -bs ~)'lA

4. 1111~. He jumped over the fence with one

bound. q").<:- 111\J'. h'l''l-1 hilL
*Keep your hopes within bounds! 11-l'il'lll
A~!l" h11~11-l[See also 'leap']

I!I.A
it was bound to happen ao;~(1-. s ftA+l.~
It was bound to happen sooner or later.
ID-11- h.<:'C: -.<:-.:(lo hA.,.o<:9"

boundary .1:'1RC

bounce up and down HAA

w-.,.-l- K'"t'i' RIIJ'.

't~

joy.

with

bounce out +L.-,.Aft mtrJ

'I'

for

That boat is bound for America. Y oPChofl

bounce Into Hit'" "lfl

I

1>.!1

The boy bounced into the room. A:( h'i'

&

bouquet

132

bounce

a bountiful supply of ( ~ adv.) 01'1'

We have a bountiful supply of tomatoes.
-1:"'1-1:9" 01'1' hll"t

bounty
I. "f-t::J-. This hospital is supported by the
bounty of one man. ll'il"t;J-11- f"''.lt't~w-
q") .<:' ...,. "foe: ;J- )ID-

2. 'fC)T. Through God's bounty, we were

saved. R7."1H.h1ldo.C 'fC).}- -'11'1'
3. '1-Clf. They paid a bounty for each viper
killed. II-1'1Mm- 11,1'")-'11''1. oPCH>;' 7,q1J
'1-Clf l'tm-

bouquet 7.:t'i'
Where did you get that beautiful bouquet of

133

bout
roses?
1"11 1

n. ~1; flM.l-'1 1\:,0o;: bfol h1

bout ""~~c l "IT"''J'

He watched a wrestling bout. fM&\ tD-~ ~
c . -f-oPI\b-1'

Those are the two boxers who will appear

in the main bout. O'l''i'tD- "IT"''J' 'If. f
"'1.:1'1' 11-111: 11-m.'l':f MHJ' 'i''fiDa long bout of f ~Yr 1 "l,rL

A long bout of illness left him weak and

without money. ft'..'irfD ttl. ihoP.,.,.. = Y..II
"'''i' ~'Jj h~C'I hil4'l1Dbow (v.) l\~ ~"I
The singer bowed and left the stage. Hof."f'
,~ ~ ,...,. boP ~lh- ' 'If. '[,f.
bow down 1'111.

They bowed down to the idol. 1\"'J'-1: 1'11.1;..

bow (one's) head
I. .!-<FJ 11:,. h!.l1 . They bowed their
heads in prayer. 111111-'1- .!-"'ftD-1 11:,.
h!.l12. l\~ ~"I. I bowed my head to her, and she
bowed hers in return. l\~ M"''l- l\!).11"
001\of.ID- oPI\(l:f&\~
3. l\111:1 I'IOl. The girl was shy and bowed
her head. &\~;1; M.l.l:f l\11;1;1 I'IOl:f
4. h'I-Om. Age has bowed his head. l\C~'i'
h1'11tn;J-&\
bow to
I. 4.11"". He bowed to his father's wishes.
.I'Q-1:1 ' .I.:J' ~ 4,1\oP
2. -1-4'011. We must bow to necessity. hil.l.'l
1. flf). ~1C':f1 oP4'0&\ hl\111

bow, n. (rhymes with 'row')

I. 4'11'1-. Boys like to play with bows and
arrows. &\'Jf,:f 1 04'11'1-'i' 1 Omil.l.1-rc """"i
"'"' f.tD-'1112. 1.:>1. His back was curved like a bow.
)!CQID- ' l\1 f. I f.:>1 I '1-111\l.ol\
3. f0..!-0.1!' 1 :,Ocll'. She tied her ribbon in a
bow. 6Q).1 1 00..!-0.1!' 1 :,Ocll' hl'll:ftD-

bow, n. (rhymes with 'cow') f.L'I- 1\.L'I-

'i'A

The ship's bow was damaged when it struck

a rock. foPCb!l. f .L'I- 1\.L'I- 1 h'i'A 1 0
m:>f. illl-~'"":1' 1 ....,..~~
make a bow A~ ~...,

He made a low bow. liT

1111-

l\~

~.,

boycott

bowel l\1)!'10nly a dog eats the bowels. l\1)!'1- f"''.O

1\

tJJ>?f'

11!J'

0 ~tJ)>

bowl '1-~'1.11 1 ".n1

Put these oranges into a bowl! Mtr.ll1
-I:IJ'f:f

l\'1-~'J.';

...

.ft1

dJ{IT

1 11C
J\114-ll"'r

bowstring f4'il'l- """R..I' 1 f-1'11'1- ODtDm6.1'

The bowstring is made from the sinews of
an ox. f-1'111: """R..I' 1 (oPtDm6.1') f-1-"'.!"" bO&. ' ~..,..,.

~""

box (v.)
I. 0"1T1 hii1Q. He boxed the books before
he shipped them. ""ll'mG:'Ii1 0oPCb11 1 b.,..
'Ill- ' O.L'I- I 0"1T1 I iD'IIT. hii1Q'ftD2. 011-m. "":1'. Do you know how to box?
011-m, I oP!I":J-'1- I :f'aJo:J'I\11 1

box (n.)
I. 1'11.1;..:,0. Shall I put the shoes in a box?
""i"''l"'li"J 1'11.1;..:,0 ID-IIT 'I~C:>'ftJJ> 1
2. ;rio. I have another box of cigars. /1.'1 1 ;rto
1'1..:>.!- hi\~
Give me a box of matches. h1~ ;rto 1 h11

6'1-

lim~

3. 011-m. 1
hurtS. '/f,(!' '

A box on the ear

.,...,..,...,._

1\f.

011-nl.

oPOD:J''I-

_1'... ,.

"''A
(letter) box ?'11:1' 1 "''r"J
Would you drop the letter in the box for me?

f.U11 I /.11.110.
AA,I\11 1

?'II:J' ' "f'r1 ' ID-II'r ' '1-T

boxer 11-m."'
The boxer was badly hurt in the last fight.
0oPQ;l.l?f'ID-

"JT"''.J'

1\f.

11-m,... ID-

4-... -1-'1--'1
box office 1;11.'1- 1 oPlffii
I bought three tickets at the box office. htb.'l-
oPlffii

!f'll'l-

1;11.'1-

1~11-

boy
I. m1~. The school is for boys only. '1-V"UC
.... ' 0.1: 0 ftD1/'.:f 0 11iJ' I ~ID2. A~. How old is your boy? A~U 1 111'1- 1
'1-oP-fJ

~liJ"

[See also 'office boy, paper boy']

boycott (v.)
1. -t-IJ.f.f. b""lf1 1 1-'lr.mO. The Arabs boycotted the meetings. Olll:f fii111'1QtJJ> 1 1-IJ
4-1'-:f boPif1

1-'lr.mll-

2. 'l.l'-11f .,.(1"7"7. The town boycotted the

store because of the unclean conditions. Oi\oP
.<'.il~ ' 'tK'ih'i" ' 1-.1:"11'1- ' fb_,..,..,. ' ih11

il

boo.<'.o(l~

'I,I'.1Jf .,.(1"7"7

The boycott was lifted. hY:"7CJ>o hR:I'

boyfriend fh'tLC

m.o;~

She has a nice boyfriend.

'I'~

fh'tLC ID'I

~M'lRA~

"''

I. lk-IJ. She redoes her braids every month.

lf.~IJ'I''t RfiD~ 'l-u>&-'l'll":f2. 1-'t1-'t. The king's uniform was resplendent
in gold braid and medals. n.,.,.. fiD:J-.<'.
c Ailll nmc:,. 1-'t1-'t'i" ntlf'l''f h

fA~

ODAh h/ICDo

brace (v.)
I. M :1':1'. The cool, fresh air will brace you.
+11:1'JfCJ>o 'tll-ih hfC n-"':I'?A
2. Y::>'i' h.<'.<:1(R'l-). He braced the wall to
withstand the wind. t'l.""'t l.VI."-'"-'9" "I
.1':"1-'lCJ>o't Y::>'i' h.<'.:1R'lbrace oneself

braided
*She wears her hair braided. lk-IJ '1-u>&-/l":f-

brain h't.,.A

fA~

He has a boyish face.

t. At"ICIJ tCJ>o<; _,.H:>~

brains h7.9"C'

Nature endowed her with both beauty and

brains . .,.,1./I'C' CJ>oR'l-<; h1.9"C' OY:!\.:1-A
[See also 'rack']
I

mO(l

She braised the chicken for the dinner. 117.&-'1-

P.C'CJ>o't noom'l- mRI'l":f-..,.

brake (v.) 'i't.'t YH

brace (n.) OD.<'.1A-Y

He put an extra brace under the shelf. boo.<'.c
.<'.&YCJ>o P'C '1-C'i' "".<'.1A-Y hll+oom

bracelet h9"1JC
The bracelet is pure gold.
roc:,. t..,.

h9"1J~.

'tll-ih

I. OD.<'.1A-Y. The bracket holds the shelf against

the wall. OD.<'.1.1.YCJ>o OO.<'.C.<'.&YCJ>o't h"IY:"l
-'l :>C ,I'.,I'.H'I'A
2. .:,O'l'f:. Brackets are not used in Amharic.
h"7C'i' n:,.'t'i' h,l'.m+9"9"

brackish "'-tD- Q;LtJJo f"'l..A

There is a brackish spring in the desert.

"'"m-

The driver braked suddenly, so I crashed into

him. t:<[CJ>o RY:'t1'1- 'i't. 't li/IYH 1"'-o-'1-

brake (n.) 'i't.'t

The brake doesn't work. 'i't.'i- h,l'.u>&-9"
apply the brakes 'i!ll'..'l

bracket

rotA

r7

Does he always brag that way? v-A"t.tL

.<'.ll.J' 1-&-CJ>o't ,l'.tJfA l

"-'1

OJle&

The bullet had penetrated his brain. '1'.1'--1> h

't,_ll-'t thof-:1-A
He hasn't a brain in his head. h't,_A f/ICJ>o9"

braise ooom').

+II.:J'J:

Brace yourself for some bad news! hf. m

a,..J!"l. ,

She braids her hair every evening. ~.,.2;:,.

:J- ' "7:1- ' :J-71"7/I":f- ' ('1-.,.t"l''i"ll":f-)

'VII. A
A~H

I learned to swim in my boyhood. 'I'<;

t-1: .,..,ell-

boyish

braid (v.) t.lfoo 1 .,.t.,.t

braid (n.)

boycott (n.) hY:"7

boyhood

branch

134

boycott

Q.l.m-

..... 'h/1

brag (bragged) 1-&- tlf

braggart 1-<:'i' ,.,..,.

The braggart told of his brave deeds in the war.
1-<:'i'CJ>o (ICJ>o Rfi'Ct-1> '1,1'. liiiLI\"7:fCJ>o
fl"l'tt'l- .,...Yl"":f- hro&-

.rn

He did not apply the brakes in time. 'i't.'i-'t

R1.11.CJ>o hAYH9"
put on the brake fi:t."}

Ill

He put on the brake, and the car slowed down

tO a StOp. tj:&,.).'} I fl.fH I 'l.fL I ODh..'itJJo I 11""1 I
i)f\'>

1/>00

branch (v.) .,.b'i.L/1

The road branches at the bottom of the hill.
OO't1'1. ' ;J&-CJ>o ' P'C ' l'l..<'.Cll ' .1'-b'i.L'IA
branch off .,.IIYf I .,.1tmll
The road branches off here. OO'l"f-4. 1 J..H.IJ 1
.1'-/IYYA
This road branches off to Harar. f.IJ 1 OD'}"f
Y: ro.<'. m<:C f"'1..1tmA tCJ>o
branch out
1. .,..(1&-ta. A successful business will soon
branch out over the country. f.,.i\11 1 f'l"'IJ!" 1

bray

135

branch

P'&- o:Joco- q1-~o ,.,. IJ-11- 1/-h&-""lA

2. f"t"'.<:" P'&- 1\llof.of.. My uncle is thinking
of branching out by opening another hotel
in the city. 1\'lvof: 11.11. lfof:A b.,.., ,..
11'1' Oooh.f.'t- f"t"'.<:" P'&-tD-'t fi..J'Il
of.of. .J'MA

branch (n.)
I. :J-C't""l'i'. The wind broke off several
branches. ~of-11- 11H- :J-C't""lG::Y.'t 1~"1mll
Our firm has a branch in Harar. lJ-q't.r:f't
m.!.C ' :J-C't""l'i' ' 1\/IIDHis education encompasses many branches of
knowledge. fll- 't-!I"IIC't- 11rt- fbtD-4'-l-
TC't""lG::Y. .J'm:l"Aii.A
2. h'i!A. Chemistry is a branch of science.
ll.'''l.ll't-6 f{)f.'tll 't-!I"IIC't- 1\'tJI.. h
'i'A' ~,..
[See also 'collateral']
brand (v.)
I. II!I"Ah't- .,.h-(1 (.,..,.h-(1). Have the new
horses been branded yet? 1\-'l.,..'ll 4..!-,..:Y.
1'0 /I!I"Ah't- l\A.,._,.h-11-!1" 1
2. of&m.!. (.,.of&m.!.). He was branded as a traitor.
"1\'tJ'. hm-'1. .,..,.m.!.
brand (n.)
I. 'lf.~'t-. What brand do you smoke?
!l"'t 'lf.~'t- lL!I"&- ,.. .......11111
2. ooo.,.h-!1 f"'l.J'..!-"1 !I"Ah't-. Brands are put
on cattle to show who owns them. hofl-f':f'l
ooo.,.h-!1 f"'l.J'..!.-,.'t- !I"Ah-I':Y. q/IIL-1>
"7't "1\'tJ'.If~ 11"7()m:Jo ~,..
brandish t.of&ooHooH
The soldier brandished the sword at his enemy.
m:f"J'.-1- 1&-.J'.tD-'t Omil.'t- II.J'. t.of&ooHoo
HIDbrand-new '1'~!1" l\-'1.11
My car is brand-new. f). ooh..t;
-'1.11 .......

Et:.&..~

Jr..

brash f11A"''O
The student was punished for his brash be011A"''O mqf.
havior.
*The student gave a brash answer without
l\4- "l\'t-'IOO"J/1-l- 00/1{1
thinking .

.,..,6,..
.,..,6,..

.,..,."!

brave (v.)
I. .,.!11:1/oo. He braved the king's anger. f't1-IP"
') "'"' .,.:1/!1/00
2. 04&&-'1'~-l- .,.;J.f.m. He braved death on the
battlefield many times. fltnC 0'/Am- 1\Y..
'1"-l-'t 11H- "1..11. filA 041.&-'1'~-l- _,.;J
.f.m
brave (adj.)
I. ~..,'i. His father was a brave warrior.
}\qoJ> ' "f."''O ' "'.!."' ' ~0-12 f"f."''t~'t-. The braggart told of his brave
deeds in the war . .,..!.,.,.. ' (ltD- o ...c~-1>
,.,. ll/l.f.ll"7il'ID- f"f."''t~'t- -.r9':Y. l\
m&-

3. F-4-C. He is a brave boy; hyenas do not

frighten him. J'.of.C A."f": ~,.. 1 "f":ll:Y. h
f!IJ'.~"'m--1-!1"

4. ;I":77i. She was brave in her affliction. floP

h&-'1' "1..11. :'";.11 ~0.!-:Y.
*It was brave of him to enter the burning
building. h"'l.~S'.ID- .ft'tll tD-!1'1' oo"!qoJ> 1.."1
't~'t- ~oc
brave act "f.11JI..
His brave act redeemed his faults. "f.11JI..tD-
'l'of.-l>'t ' (l.!.H/1-l-

bravely b'i' q11 1-1111<;

Our troops held their ground bravely. m:t-J'.
~!li':Y.'t ' b'i' q/1 1-1111'0 ll:f"'fiD-'t ....,
~~~~~- ol'f.
bravery "f."''t~'tThe general decorated four soldiers for
bravery. ~~&-11- h&-'t- m:t-J'.t!:Y.'t !Ill
"f."''t):f"'ftD- lfii"J.'ftDbravo 1111
Bravo! You did a good job, Kathy. l}oJ: 1
11! '1'-1- P'&- oP&-11 I
brawl (v.) .,.&-Olf
The youngsters brawled in the street at midnight. 0"1\b-11 ll.fl.'t- aJ"'-I':Y. 000't1.<:" II.
,. f.&-Olf. ~oc

/IJ'.mA .1'1/l"'ii.A

brawl (n.) .!.1111" 1 '!'A

They were arrested because of a brawl. 0.!.11
If !l"h'tf't-
Several men were wounded in the brawl.
0'1'11- ' "1..11. ' l\.J'/1. ' (19':f ' '11.(111-

brat of>O'I'
His younger brother is a brat. :"''Iii m1' ~

bray h'Oof.
The donkey brayed all night. 1\li.J'tD- /1.11.-1>

brass ~mil
Brass is used for bells.

oo-

+fl'l'

~(Do

~mil

.,.,It-

,. I

,..fto

J\lj"tf...

brazen
brazen
1. Mdtil f-1-w.:-. The brazen door handles
need to he polished. h~dtil f-1-w.:.m- foo
11'1J'a>- ~)!:f' oom<:"' J'il~IA1'1'/A
2 . ..,'1'<:1- llil. The brazen girl told lie after lie.
..,..,<:1- ll!l. lA~ fl.;J"/"7 ' 'l'lf:f

breach (v.) "'ll

The enemy's fierce attack finally breached our
lines. f ,;Jl\ID- fm~+ .,... "'"' noo ....<:
'lfm- "''tq.:.:f't't ' "'ll
breach (n.)
1. .,.,.e-q, There is a breach in the hedge.
cf!:T:IftnlD-

lD-/lT

.,._e-1]

11.1\

2. :,./..~. There was never a breach between

the two friends. OrJ-ili> 'l.l'.'l':f oooh/A :,0
.l,:f' ' -~-~'I'C: hJ'a>-:,0'/"

For me, to leave work today would be a breach

of duty. ~.~. hP"<I- oo:,O<:'I- ..,~.!.)'1-'t

His smoking was considered a breach of the

rules. OIJft. ih""l 1 h'l~: OD"'il .,..,_TC" 1 HlC
make a breach In 'JODfl
The cannon made a breach in the wall. uo..e-4-
')OD{tDJo

bread
I. ~'t)!<l-. Ethiopian bread looks nothing like
American bread. fh.'l-t"kJ' ~'t)!<l- hh"'/.
&tl't ' .<Ill ' ,;JC ' 0'/"'t'/" ' hf.ooia(lfA'/"
2. 'Ill. Please slice the bread . .<lllm-'t .,..:.
Cila>-

bread crumbs t;:C4-6

He left bread crumbs all over the table.

~f. n.-11- 'i'C<I-& hil-l><:

earn one's bread

*How does he earn his bread? ,..,. rPC.P.

loaf of bread .';(t

1

.';(t

J' ll~IA1 <;lA

[See also 'cut']

breadth il<I-'1The breadth of this room is ten feet. fllll h
I

{lof._-l-

)olD-

A)>:'ll oo!l!oi>'t 110'1-

Bombing broke the enemy's resistance. f(t9"'fl

The runner broke the old record.

~Q;b

f+

.l:''l"a>-'t hi!<: <Dil't liD<:

2. (part of body) 1-110<:. I broke my leg.
~"1.1. 't 1-iiOCil3. Omil. He broke the string. (Lq1a>-'t Om
(1m-

The prisoner broke his bonds and escaped.

~!l<:'i'm-

il'tilil.,'t 0'1'11 hooilm

The thick hedge breaks the force of

the wind. '1':,.'1':,. .fila>- f41'1'lllfll h'I'C

4.

oJ>)(I,

5. 1-<D 1 hil<D1.1'.. He broke the habit of

smoking. (l.;J&-. 1 f""""'-ll 1 A~~'l s +m
(MID1.1'.)
h~<:il. The company refused to break the
contract. &q't,rm- a>-11-'t h~~Cil'l" hil
Why do you always break your appointments
with me? 1\~'l 1 li-A".t.H. 1 h~ 1 ;JC 1 f/\U

't -l>mr: ;hf.CiliiU !

7. "'ll. He has broken the law. ih'l-'t '1'!)./A

8. amL. He won't break his word. ..4"tr'l

hJ''I''i''l"
9. h"16-. The police needed only a week to
break that case. J''t't '1-.<lf. 11"7"16-'1- ;r
il.l':f ' h't.l:' ' il'l"'t'l- ' 11;t' ' <D(If.q'J'm10. 11111. They will break the story tomorrow.
1-'ll''t )1 f.11All.:t'IA
11. '16-. You have to break a horse before you
can ride it. L<:il't ' hOO,;Jl\ilU 0.!.'1- 00"/
6-.'1- ' hili!U
12. hmh. The braying of the donkey broke
the silence. fhUJ' "7<;4-'l- ll'f':t'a>-'t hmh
break

(vi.)

I. 1-iiO<:. Glass breaks easily. oo!l;t-m'l- n

We need two loaves of bread. o-1\-l-

tj:A,

(l.f.

6.

OOH't:>'l- ' lf'l" ' f.ii"7"11A

breach of rules ih""l 1 OU"fil

nm<:A.~m-

h9"'C"

break (broke, broken), vt.

I. liD<:. The boys have broken the window.

f)<l-11-'t .-,f./A f.-l>'tii'I'IA

breach of duty ..,~.!.)'1-'t OOH't:>'I-

""J~.';DJo'l I

mind. ;t'f. flf) ila>- h11~"1m-'t 1.1 h

.1'.-flf.q fm~'l-'t fooMh/A ..,f.IA il

n<:m-

brazier [fhii/A "7'1.''.)1" 11<:'1-]

J'.O~/A

break

136

0,C

-AOIJ

)otiJo

A tolerant person usually has breadth of

-1>~11- J'.ii06-/A
2. 1-0mil. He pulled too hard, and the string
broke. 0"1'1" illlilOa>- 100.11. 1-0mil
3. '11\tn. The clouds broke, and the sun shone
through. f.oo<;m- 111m<; Ddtf.'l' '1-:f'f.
)!ooc

4. ( ~ tr.) h~<:m. The blister broke when he

pricked it. tiJo;) I f,t:tnaJo") I h)l:'l I flODCA_ I
m..,.,. ltLmaJo

break
5. hil.:. When the bank broke, most people
lost their money. q11J. o'l.hllc h11~'l',.;
M':f. ?1Hq'ftJ>o1 hm6 . .,.-t&-O:m. I broke with my old friend when
he failed to keep his word. :1'11-1 /ll\1\hOO:
h4'f 'l~"'IL :>C _,..,.&-0:'1'11*The woman's heart broke when her husband
died. 11..}-f''l' q!l. il/1'1".,. !Jq.~:- mH1 ~
O:M.}o
break away +L+ith
The runners broke away before the signal gun

was fired.I"'A!J-1> ..,~.,.h-11 ;J:""1l .,.L.,./111break down (vt.) 1100:

The vehemence of his attack broke down the

door. fl"'-1> ~~/1,.).}- ""11'1.ftJ>o1 1'100:
break down (vi.)
I. .,.01\lf. The machine broke down this
morning. ""h,'i'tJ>o ~.-.. t!l.T .,.01\lf
2 . .,.~0:""1'1. The bridge broke down during
the flood. 0'1-C'i' 'Lit. .1:-A.I:'f. .,.~,:ou(l
3. .,.1'100:. The loaded truck broke down.
"l")T fO~O.}o ouh,'i' _,.1'100:
4. !JtJ>o l'./1. He broke down when he heard
the news. m~m-1- fl.llOIJ tuu- s hll
*The thief denied stealing it, but broke down
under questioning and admitted it. 1\.llm- oo
il0:4l"i ' lt~ j "11 ' 0'1'11:,0 ' {LODO:ODC ' .,.{1
<f. ' ...c ... ' l\tJ>o)-1>1 ' hOJ"'
break even

I. """ /l..,of. .,./Iff.. They played cards all

evening and broke even. ltc;l- {L "'iOJ-1> hi"'
'li.,.tJ>o ' """ ' /l ...of. .,./Iff.
2. TC'i'?" h...,&-?" fiiO.r. He is just breaking

even and can now start a new business.

break

137

2. TA.cl- hll. He broke into the conversation

at a crucial momerit. fl'T"tD-IIH: h~t\ 1\,.e..
'I'A:,Oh/1
break (the) news H.'i )1l.

We will have to break the news to him gently.

rt.'i'tJ>o1 Ol'.C:>;I- A1)"10:tJ>o

~1qA

break (the) news of ones death la~J;

Since he is ill, let us not break the news of his
wife's death to him soon. htt;t"oooo r f~P~.il
-l>"i .,..-,. -foil- h'i'OitJ>o
break (oneself) of the habit of

+m

I am trying to break myself of the habit of

smoking. o'l.)f&- II"""""'" l'.;I-11\IIY.
break off (vt.)

1. h~~m. They have broken off relations.

"ITH;I-:fm-1 M/Cm'I'A
2. 1~mll. The storm broke off the top of
our big tree. 'lm-11- )<f..(l. NA4l1 ' ~<f..:f.
'}

"Atj:; 1~mt\m-

3. 1'100:. He broke off the handle.

ilOO:tJ>o

l'.~;f'ID-1

break off (vi.)

1. .,.1)m/l. The branch broke off in the

storm. :,OC1"'if. O'ltJ>oll- )<f..il .,.1)m/l
2. 1"1"1~1 hol'ou. He broke off in the middle
of a sentence. O~'f:+ )1.;.,'} ll.ea;a.cfl ; '}

.,.,~1

' "'"'""

3. (a piece) .,.lfO:L. +A piece broke off my cup.

o'l.t!L ' _,.lf O:L
break off a piece (of bread)

tiL~ (I

He broke off a piece of bread and ate it.

h'lflm-

~~~

-tc(o 011

break open (vi.) 1'1111!'

hL.,.

.rc'i'l"' h...,&-?" il/1/l.llo.r hY.1 h.'l.il

1"1.1:' II,)!I"'C ~:f-1\A

The thief broke open the cashbox ../l.qtJ>o f1

1Hfl-1 lt11'i' 1'1111!' hL_,.,_

break In (vt.) hoP/1m)

break open (vi.) Oou(IO~ .,.hL.,.

When the box fell, it broke open. Uf"J'').
.~:-:,. ' OOD(IO~ ' .,.hL.,.

I will have to break in another beginner.

h.'l.il ~"76 .,,.Am"i h/111'1
break In (vi.)

1. tiJA:I- 1ll. Don't break in on the conversation when elders talk. 'li"7"1/1.9':f. {L"'im
-1> "'A:I' hMq
2. fl.iz") llfl~. Someone broke in and made
off with all our money. h1.1:' (lm- 0.;1-:f.
"i1 1'1111!' 1110:;1-:f-11 HO:L1
break into

I. 1'1111!' ?q. Last night thieves broke into our

neighbor's house. .r111.r'i' /1.11.T /l.(l:f.
f'l-0:0.;1-:f-11 ' o..r ' il110:1D- ' ?II-

(Lw

break out
1. .,.)"1. The fire broke out toward midnight.
l'..-,-1> Ol'.IJ./1 11.11..r 1~"7 _,.)"1
The war broke out last year. "'C)-I> 'll"''i' .,.).,
2. 1Q. Measles broke out in Harar. dtt:.C b'i''1 111:1:A
3. l;ou/lm. He broke out of prison. hl'.iiC
o..r l;uo/lm

4. 0.(-").,.-,.. +1\mm. The discussion broke out

into a fight.
~,

,.~~-!>

+t\mm

0.1:-11.-,. m~

.1:'11

breast

138

break

5. ThTII. After the death of the king, anarchy

broke out. b.,..,..,. '1"'1- 11:\11 '1C"'C .,.
hTII

take a break b<:'i''l- 1 h~<:1

Let's take a five-minute break at three! OHm
'f 0 (lq't- 0 1\J!. 0 f?"il'l- I ~4:.4' 0 b<:'i''l- 0
1.<;.(-C"'

break through

m"'.

The cattle have broken through

I. "'"
the fence. boft.f:f 1.'1'>1-'t 'l'(lfD mm2. "'" 'ts'.. The hunters broke through the
underbrush. lVI'I'~ 41'1'!1/tnm-'t 'J'{lm- ~.~~.
break up (vt.)
I. (lQfl<:. He broke up the boxes for firewood.
"''l''l'~ 11"711'- (lQOt-:fm2. flT~. The opposition tried to break up
the meeting. fT .4''1"''/.m- mn ll11(1Qm.,. /IODflT't ' 'l"b<:
3. b(lb(l. The farmer broke up the clods of
earth with a pickaxe. 1flt.m- 1 'ill-') OP..
"'/ ' b(lb(lmbreak up (vi.)

1. +0+)'. The meeting broke up in confusion.

il11(1Qm- 1111'1'11'1' TflT~
2. l.(1. Their marriage broke up last year.
:>11;F:fm- ' 'l?"<; ' of.<:{l
3. T'iLc!-<:m. After this, the two friends broke
up. bH.IJ O:Vo o-11., 'i~':''l":f .,. ...
t-<:mthe day broke 1-tlt

+J!.Y..

I. b<:'i''l- ! <(.;1-. He spoke all day without a

break. oJ>).'t 11.,...11- 111 1 b<:'i''l- .,..,,.,:

This morning I have been doing this work

without a break. 1ft. fll.,T 1-IJ"J.,. ~t- '
11\'t.ll:f <(.:f' ""'t- ~oc
2. .,.,..,.~,. ""*<:'!'. A break between the
two countries can no longer be avoided.
1111-11., ' h11!':f ' OD'JjA film- .,.,..,.~,. '
""W<:'I' bh't'1JI.IJ mJI,IJ 11.m1.(- hf.
:fA?"
3. ( ~ verb.). There was a break in the window.
""ill>., .,. ....,."'"' ~oc
give a break

IJ~A

ilm

He did not do too well on his examination, but

let's give him a break and let him pass. flof.T<;
......

"J'?I

,&

)'aJo

breakage fTI'lfl>l- 1..4'lP:f

The insurance company had to pay a lot
of money for the breakage. fh. 'tlf.c!-'tll bQ')fm- ' IIT(lflol-'1- I 1..4'lP:f I 1111- ' ODbof.A '
~11<:11'1-

Shipping crates have to be carefully made to

prevent breakage. 1..4'lP:f 1.'tJIJ!.(lfl>l- 1 f"''.
1\b-Q:fm- "''l''l':f ' fl'l''t .4'-t ' """'c!-'1- ' h
IIQ:fm-

breakdown
1. 11A11'1-. A breakdown of the machinery stop.
ped production. fODb.<;m- 11Afi'l- fP't-m.,. I DJom.+ 1 1\.foOOt&
The attack aborted because of a breakdown in
communication. hoo1c;~ 11A7i+ f+~...,
fT.R<:1m- '1'.4''1- bifof.
2. fhh?"l!' o-b'l-. He had a breakdown due
to strain. b"l"'toJ>'I- fT~"' fhh?"l!' o-b'l-
.R<:{lfl'l*The boss asked me to make a breakdown of
the time I spent on the job. h/1.4'\1. flP' c!- II
f. ' fol'fiJofl'l-'t ' 1.11. ' flfP't-m- 'l!-~'1- '
h't.(-H0::11C mf4''1

breakfast 4lcll

break (n.)

This glass is breakable. f.IJ 11C"l"<l' Tl'lQ

make a breakdown

Day was beginning to break when we left.

il')~.(- I '1-.ft I OD:,. ~.(- I ,;?"(!' 0 ~ flC
[See also engagement, ground, heart, laughter,
loose, peace, piece, resistance, wind']

breakable Tl'lQt:

f./l'i'

1\A_fP/:-r

.,.,

/J~b\

1l,'}i\ffi

I eat breakfast at 8 o'clock. 41Cll Oo-11'1-

(lq't- ' 1.111\/IIJo

breakup OD/Iff'IThe breakup between the two friends was due

to an argument. fo-11., 'i.R':''I":f ""111
f'l- ' fOD"'m- ' flhChol- ' ?"h'tf'l- 0 ~IIJo

breast
I. ~.:'1-. When her son died, she wept and
beat her breast. A~ I\'1"'1- ~<::t't hf
OD:f':f ' h/loJ>(l:f
2. m-'1-. Her dress slipped, revealing gently
rounded breasts.

+OOZ.!t 1\,mc..t!"

ao-Aoo-A

111-'1-m-.f-!1!:1'1'f~<:'l- oJ>H<(.
He uses the breast stroke in swimming.
oJ>Ho!- WI'':' A

breast stroke

O~l.-l-

139

breath

breath 'i''Jof.1i
His breath came in gasps. 'i''Jof.lf. C'I'

not breathe a word

Don t breathe a word of this to anyone!

J!.li'J'J 11"7'}?" ' 1\'i'.,.'J'I'il

C'l' l\11

Hold your breath! 'i''J4-1iU'J '1''1' l\Y:C1U

.I'HtD-1
catch one's breath

I have to catch my breath first. ootoo&.r 'i'

'}of.j'( J!.ODIIil
draw a breath

Draw a deep breath! 0"1J!.ol\ m1. tD-il'l'

'i''Jof.1i i\ofl
hold one's breath ~'j:(l-

+a;a.~+~

We held our breath while we watched the man

climbing the tall building. llm-\l.m- .::{?" ;,

n. ~f. ll.m"l to'Joollh'i' t'i'il:f"l

.,...,t

+":f
in a breath hoo~ltO'i'

It all happened in a breath. J!.U IJofto flft

tD- hoo~ltO'i' tiD"

She lost her temper and apologized in the same

breath . .,..,_'1':1' .r~ar). J!.~C:l' IIODt";f
(be) out of breath 'i''Jof.1i hm.:ar l 'i''Jof.
if. C'I' ' C'I' l\11

I am out of breath from running. hoPC"m. f+

t"l 'i''Jof.1i l\'I'C"'i'ol\

The portly gentlemen was out of breath from

climbing the steps. mtt:~oo- (tm-,. r ,g)fm'J (l.m"l 'i''Jof.lf. C'I' C'I' 1111
take a breath
'li m~ m-ilT ll(l

.-,..,4-

The nurse said to the patient "take a deep

breath"! tC!l. fl1i.,.'i'ar'J fl"1J!.ol\ 'i''Jof.1i
I

m-ilT

(J-fl

under one's breath

h.A":f-.m-

oar~

He muttered a curse under his breath.

fllf~

.,. .... ,.fl

breathe
I. .,.tof.ll. He is breathing regularly. flf.'Jofl
,..,.t'i'ilol\
2. .,.'Jof.il 1111. I can breathe easier now that the

work is done.

~&om- r

lll\lt+ +1'Lll AlA

ll":f~IIIJo

breathe again "-l:f..

h.tl

Now that he is gone, we can breathe again.

IIIJo'J illl~f. 1\r::J'. 11"711'i' II'J":f~II'J
breathe hard -l!'i"

breathing .,..,.'Jof.il
Breathing is more difficult at very high altitudes. h'i'.,.'i' h'i't. ~f. lf'l' /IOD.,.'Jof.il .I'll
'l'"lt.ol\

(be) breathless 'i''Jof.1i llm.:(ar)

The spectators were breathless with excitement.
.,..,..Alt'1i hf.h:l' f.,.t., 'i''Jof.1i lim
t.'l'aJo

leave one breathless T14-if.1'

"'-~miD-

The climb left him breathless. JI1.,'J ooar"l

~ 'i''Jof.lf.'J

.,..:mar

(be) breathtaking ol\ofl llmof.

The view from the mountain top is breathtaking. hfot.t.ar "'i'i' ~f. f"''.:l'far
'i'~J!.'J'i' ol\ofl .l'mof.ol\

,.('~m-).

in the same breath

U7 ' (IJ~

breeding

._'i

+~L(t

She was breathing hard from the long climb

up the hill. .:'li".,..'J Jl1'i' noom-nJ:t 4!
<; <; 'i'.,.t'i'il tflC

bred, see breed

breeches m'lofl (to&
His breeches were torn in the seat. tnfl1l
6tlJ4

ou+OD-J.(Do

t\f.

(l.

.,...,.-'!..A

breed (bred), vt.

1. 1t~ll. My uncle breeds horses. 1\"Jui: L
.:to .r.:<Jol\
2. 1\0D"J. Dirt breeds disease . .f.lflf ' fl1i:l'
J'OD"Jol\
3. 1\ilh.,.ll. War breeds misery and ruin.
fi'Ct'i' ":f"lc;<; 'l'of.'i''J .l'ilh'i'~ol\
breed (vi.)
I . .,..LIIof.ll. Birds breed in the spring. m,;:";f
fll\J'.J!. mt.'i' J!.of.llof.~ll2. .:<1. Cattle breed in the spring. fof>'JY:
hofl+ f"''..:<Jar flllf.J!. tar
3. .,.t-'1. Rabbits breed rapidly. 'I''J'fll-":f fl
'i''l't'i' ' J!.t-'111-

*He was born and bred a gentleman. Tw-A.';.

?" llil.,.-'11.1-?" f""'P tar

breed (n.) HC
Fertile cattle are needed to improve the breed.
H-1-'J 11"7lflfol\ m~Y: f+'JY: hofl'i'
.l'ilof.oi\,;Jol\

*She comes from a fine breed of people.

hODol\lt?" HC 'i'miiJIII":f

breeding
1. hil..,..-'1~1. His manners show good breeding.
m'll' '1'-1- llii.,.-'11."1-'J .l'il.l'ol\

brethr~en~________________________I_40
___________________________b_r_i_d~g~e

2. '1''1- h!l-1-.'lf."l. You can teD when a girl has

breeding. '1''1- hil-1-.'lf."l .1'11-1-~ A"/!: II
"''fD:r- -1-:fl\lltl
3. "''CQ-1-. Careful breeding of livestock will
improve the meat. hil-l':f~ fl'l'~ :1>4:
q-1- f-1-lfll F :> .I'M'1A

"''C

breeding ground DDC{tf

This marshland is a breeding ground for

mosquitos. ,..u ; t:..,t:1 hli=~ t'mQ -l-'l~ '
oPCRJ

\om-

man of breeding f""'P A-,:

His uncle is a man of breeding. 1t.,..1: f"''1' ' A"/!: ' ~"'"
brethren, see brother
breeze nof.!l 11m-:t- l 11!11\11 ~of.!l
The breeze ruffled her hair. nof."" 11m-;J-
(11!11\lltJJo ~of.!l) ' l\'J-<::'1 fi:J--1-~tJJo
[See also 'fly, whip']
brevity "''me
Thanks to the brevity of his speech, the meeting
was soon over. h"t""l""l<;. ..,me f+~Vf il
ii!IQm- fl-1'11- hM
brew
1. moo+. We brew our own beer. f&-ltl-1'1
mil 7.~m9".4'11~
2. mM!I. Children are good at brewing
mischief. A~'ll ~1C oom~(l!l f.IY'lll'f'I'A
be brewing TtnHtll

There is trouble brewing between them.

flootlhll'fm- :f"lc -1-m~!l!l.A
brewery fll&- of.il&lt
He has an interest in the brewery. Ofl,t.. of..
il&lt ' tJJoil'l' 'l':r-9" ' hllmbribe (v.) fl'f-(l .1'.1111 I 'I-ll ilm J flnH
il hQflll
You cannot bribe him. fl'l-11 A-1-f.AIIm-
h-1-:fA9"
He bribed the guard by giving him a gold
watch. 11Hfl'1m- hmc:r- f1""'&- !I'l-l-
"t-fl (lmmIt is difficult to bribe an incorruptible witness.
fi.:J-IIA f"''f.:fA~ 9"!1hC flnHil "''
QfiA hf.ii'A9"
bribe (n.) '1-ll
He was caught accepting a bribe. 'I-ll !l..,.fl
A' 1".1'H

take bribes .,.p Ot\

Taking bribes is punishable by law. 'I-ll oo
ill\-1- fl.ft"l .l'ii.,."'A

bribery 'I-ll ooiii\-1Bribery has corrupted many a judge. 1-P

illl-1- ill!- .'l'l':f~ flh!l'f'PA

oP

brick m-il
Their house is built of red bricks. 11.;1-:fm-
f-1-"'il-"'" fl.,.,. m-il ' ~"'"
bricklayer m-il 1~1L
A bricklayer gets a good salary. m-il 1'lll
'1''1- .1'.'1"11 .1'1'1A
bricklaying "l~il h"'&-e
That is a skillful piece of bricklaying. .I'-ll
'l'fl11 ' .1'110-1- "1'111 h"'&-C ~"'"
bridal foo-11&Her bridal gown was red. foo-11&- Ail!l.
.,.,_ ~fiC
bride oo-11&The bride wore white, and the bridegroom wore
a dark suit. oo-"li&."P ' ~.,_. oo-"li,t.m- '1"4:
C Ail!l llil!lm- ~fiC
bridegroom oo-11&The bridegroom wore a dark suit. on-"li,t.m-
'1'-kC ' oo.tr Ail!l llil!l.A
bride price [oo-11&-m- m.l'-9" fi..J-!111- 11
oo-11&-f.-1: 11.1"(1(\:f f"''..l'fl~h:t-'fm-
f1~Hil 1Df.9" f7..4' ilfll:J-]
bridesmaid f.~1m-C
The bridesmaid walked behind the bride.
f.~1m-<:: hoo-11&-'1' fl!l-fo:\1\ -1-.<:-- ~fiC
bridge (v.)
I. .<:-"A.<:-".1'- "'&-. The engineers bridged the
river. ootJ~'Lt\'ll nm~n- 1\f. ' .<:-"A.<:-".1'- "''~-2. 1";>f.oo. A log bridged the brook. "1~-'l.
1":>f.oo
3. hilfD1f.. Politeness will bridge many
difficulties. -1-.:h-1-'i" ill!- :f"lt::f~ .film
"I.'lA

n=. ""

bridge (n.) .<:-"AY:f.

There is a bridge a mile from here. hH.ll
.<:-" "''f.A Col' .<:-"A.<:-".1'- f.1'1A

h~

burn his bridges

*He burned his bridges behind him. IDS'. :\1\

fi.OOII!I' f"''.:fAfiT~ 00~1.<:-" hflllif

0"7.~
I f'"7..1Pt- I

bridgehead [b'l''i'ID- H"7:Y. 4'1.'1"

S: :

~..(:'

I fltnl\+
ftnC hl'I'I"J

brilliant

141

bridgehead

~ ffl'j!

1\.e.

bridle (v.)
1. 111-oo. He bridled the mule. R:f-11-'l''t II
'l-00
2. 1:1'. You must bridle your anger. 't.<'.'I-U
') ' OO"':J'T ' hii111J

bridle (n.) oM?"

The Ethiopian bridle hurts the mule. fh.'l-1'"
kJ' A'i'l" R:f-11- f.'I-JIA

brief (v.) foo'I"&J' OO"JII"'i (lm

4. 'tl\...lt. The bright water trickled through

his fingers. bh)l: ll.f. 'tl\...lt ,.~ f.'tmq
m11 )fiC
5. '1'0:.. He has a bright future. wf..C.-'1- '1'0:.
bf:A hllfD6. hllf.lt:Y.. She always has a bright smile.
1JoA1..U. hllf.lt:Y. .1.1"1:1' hll.'l7. 11AIJ. That was a bright idea. 11AU f
If) ' .hlt11 ' )fi~
He is a bright boy. 11AIJ AJ': )ID-

*Rub the silver cup to a bright polish! f11C

'l''t"'i<D-'t hllb.J''tRqc:f> WAID-IIID-

brighten (vt.)

The captain briefed the soldiers. lf'I"RII- II

1. hF.,.oo+. Flowers brighten a room. hfl(l~

W;l'f.C:'fi o fOO'I"&J' o OO"JII"'i o (liO)'ffD-

b'i'A't J'f.'I":J-112. f.llT'1 h1.~1. Her smile has brightened my

day. d.1"1:l''l' -tl<-'t fi""'ll- f.llT'1
h1.~1'S

brief (n.) h"'l"C OO"JII"'i

His brief was printed in the newspaper.
f(lmfD- h"'l"C OO"'II"'i R:>U."' :J'Too

brief (adj.) h"'l"C

His speech was brief but to the point. 't"'"'<-
h"'l"C'i' .,.'1" )1C J'IIID- )fiC
be brief ~..,...,~,. ll.ittnl.

Please be brief; we have to leave in a few

minutes. 't"'"'CIJ't hlt'l'~,. i b'l'-1!'1- 1.4!:1"
l":Y. ' n:v oo~f: t.ll11't
in brief Q1l".;..
In brief, our plan is this. q"fl"<- t.:f>JI:Y.'t f.
II I ~ID"

briefcase Pelt
There were important papers in my briefcase.
PClt\1- ID-(1'1' b'i'T'1 1-JII'""f f J'H- W~
-t.Y.:Y. ' )flO:.

brigade 11C1.f:
The brigade is stationed on the border.
11C1.JI. wn't "" .,.oof.n

[See also 'fire brigade']

brigand 4'"7'1
The brigand eluded the police and escaped.
.,..,.,.,. Tll.(l-'t h:l'll- t.oollm

bright

brighten (vi.)
I. mtl-. The sky brightened. (1"71' m<l2 . .C.It. Her face brightened. ~ d.lt

brightness 1:'1"-t-lThe flowers lend brightness to the room.

t.nP:Y. llh'i'll- 1:'1"-t'l- f.{IIOJII-

brilliance
1. "7'tRq~:t>. The brilliance of a diamond
makes it desirable. fb't.,. "7'tRq~:f> Td.lf.
1.. J'f.C1'1'A
2. :f>A'I''i''i'. Her brilliance as a pianist was
known all over the world. fi"CJ''l" T"'i'l'"f)
'1- J'II.T :f>A'I''i''i' fioolf.ID- 'M'I" f;l'W
.,.

~DJ-

3. 1111\IJ)T. His brilliance put his teacher in the

shade. R11AIJ)-f, oo?"IJ<-'t hll'i'-t

brilliant
I. 1."7:f>. You can teD his paintings by the
brilliant colors. fC(l-'t l"bii-:Y. R1."7:f> -t
II'I":Y. lloollf'l- '1-:Y.II.IIU

2. f"'l.J"tRqc:f>. The briUiant jewels were

admired by aU. f"'l.nRqc.,.'l- 1."1 1.'1'
fiiJoll-'1" Tf.'t-t'I'A

1. 1."7:f>. She likes to wear bright colors.

3. f:'t:f>. He is a brilliant speaker. f:'t:f> T'i'

1."7:f> 4'11'1" J'IIID- A111l 0011\fill '1-WJIII"f

2. 11<-U. Sunshine is bright. fB.hf. 11C?'t
11<-U )IDHis bright face was alight with happiness. 11<-

,;J&,

IJ ' """" ' Rf.ll;l' ' .C.It

3. P"' J'll. I like a bright fire. P"' J'll

hltT ' hWJIIIIJo

')aJo

4. 11AIJ. He is the most brilliant man I know.

b"71D-:l"'I'ID- (ll""f IJoll- 0"1'1" 11AU
)ID5. '1-011. He is a brilliant scholar. 'I-fill
f"' rJoC I )o fJ)o
6. hllf.'i'4:. The musician gave a brilliant per-

bring

142

brim
formance last night. oo-n.-t'i'm- 'l-'01'1- 'I"
7i+ , hli~'04! +cll.e+ h,..f
7. 1'.'/".f f;f-f. Their wedding was the most
brilliant affair of the season. Om:J>., h-1-1'.<:
7-'l- )~C':f ' INr ' J'.'l".f ' f;f-ftJJo ' f)(l- '
{IC"I )0C

brim
I. 1\'i'. The glass is filled to the brim. 11C"'.".f
"'" llllh l\4- '1"/A:f:/A

2. hLtt:. The brim of his hat is worn out.

rqc~"'"'" h.t.'i' hiA!IIIA

bring (brought)
1. li.oPtlJ. Bring me a glass of water, please.
h1Y: 11C"'.".f tD-:' h'I""'IA'S

What brings you to this town? l\11.11 h-1-"7 '

'1"1 1-."IC 1\DP"'IJ !
2. .P-11 """1. May I bring a friend with
me? 'il'.'i'll-1 .e-n: IA'I""' 1
3. l\llh-1-11. Spring brings birds and flowers.

YoJ'.F- mc::f1'0 l\Oil:f1 .l'llh'I-'1/A

4. hmar. These cars will bring a good price.
1-.)11.11 oPh.'Ol":f 'I'~ 1':> .fdJ"'ft5. 1\M'f. Loyalty and hard work are what

usually bring an advancement in pay. fl.fP

11 "1.""76 f"'l..l'il~"f. :J-"7'S~:r-... tn1h
f! I OD JP 6-T I 'i':fm-

bring down
I. 1\m<:l'.. I also brought down the big box.
'I-IA4<1'1" "1'1'1 hm<:Y:h-'12. hi"/A"'1 1\ml:!'.. The strike brought down
the new government. 1\Y:B'IfD" s h..'l,lto1' 1 oo
1"11"'1- hi"IA"11 l\m<:!'.m-

3. -t~il. I won't buy that lamp unless you

bring down the price. 1':>tD-1 IJ/A-l'~llh
oo11.J._,1

h/A~~II!I"

4. -f-IN "'ll. The hunter brought down

a mountain goat. 11.~~ 1 f'"L~ lf:f&1'
-f-IN "'lltD-

brlng face to face

He brought the enemies face to face. mO'I''Il1

.t.+ 11.1.'1- h:>tn"7'1'1Dbring forth h-1-<:.1..(11'1-)

His idea brought forth a storm of applause.

.1'-l'l:OfDo oh ...11 f-l'lltn "1."11""q h-1-U.II'I-

bring in
I. hll~1. The dance brought in a hundred
dollars. -'111'l- .,..,. 11C hll~1
2. Mq. Take off the bark before you bring
in that log! .1'11 "11Y: h"?"lq'l-11 n.t.+

"'""'"

3. 1\0DIIJ. A camel caravan brings salt in from

the desert. f"loP/A "1'1-IA'I-IA h!l".r:<: 0-'ltD-
Q;a.IJ)a I

YODIIJ/A

6. h.,.t!L. Edison's inventions brought him

glory. fll.-'lil1 'i'/Ail<l.l":f h11C l\-i-<:4-11'1Wbat will the future bring? IDF..d..T M r
.eoo"' .P-11"1 !

1-..1-.,1 011C"I .-.a.1 h-t<:o:f-11+

bring about
1. ftoPtlJ. The

.-..e1ll
q(A

war brought about a change

in living standards. tDC~., 0)-C' Ulf 'I
~

I ACD4' I il.ODilJ

2. l\llh-1-11. The disappearance of the airplane

brought about a search of the area. fl\tD-C'T
,..,. """'"'"~- o-to11.m- 'I'll:> hllh-1-11
3. .l..m<:. Equality between men and women is
hard to bring about. 0dJ1 P.:f<; 01'1.-f:f
ooiJh/A l\11-/A~'I- lloP'i'tnC hll'l':>6

~"'"

bring along .f.fl ODtlJ

He brought along his entire staff. P'.l--1-'l''ll

I fl--1\- I .f.fl I 0011)

,.

bring (someone) around to h."'Q1l.P.

h.IJoo~

He brought me around to his point of view.

l\"lq11-f'S Ooh ... ll-

1\ ... oo~'S

4. l\-1'<:0. She brought his supper in on a tray.

5. lJO. The school's prominence in science
brings in many students. f'I-!I"IIC'I- 0.., 0

oo;rm:J> 1111- -l-"76l":f1 .ell

bring on
1. l\llh-1-11. This incident will surely bring on
a disturbance. .r-11 7--'IF- 01-.C"I'I' 11'1'11
'I' .l'llh'I-'1/A
2. l\,..1'-<:(0+). His smoking cigarettes brought
on an attack of coughing. {l.jf.l- .,...,,...
r.-."' ' o7i;r h.-.1'-.:o'lbring out
I. 1\dJ"'. They are bringing out a new edition
of his work. foPI\'.J.4-1 h.ll.ll '-'1-'1" .fdJ"'ftCan't you bring the ball out?
2. 1\ID-T.f
\>,(1-1 l\tD-'1'-I-11 "7'1""1'1- 1\'l-:f/A!I" 1

h"""'.

The holiday brought out large crowds.

110'tft" ' 1111- ' ih1111

bring to

~'I'll

-f-{10{10

1\H.l-m-

bring back oPII{I

Cold water brought her to.

Please bring the book back! oPJ\'.J.4-1 oo(All

~'I'll l\H.l-'1-

4'11:1'~

"'"='

(not) bring (himself) to II:J'TtJ>o

They could not bring themselves to believe
the news. m&m-'1 Afl7oP") l\:J-7:flD"
(bring under), be brought under +l.O

The various points were brought under three

different chapters. A I< A 1< flf'l--1- "l-'II'":Y.
01"11-l- fTII.I'I< 'l"b&o~:Y. .,.COtJ>o )0C
bring up

I.

II<V.~.

Her aunt brought her up. 1\hil:l: II

liJ'.~il'-r

2. M"'. I will bring it up at the next meeting.

O"''..,.'l'lltJ>o 11-tll'lfl ilf. M"''I'II!Jo
bring with it hilh.,.ll

Old age brings many diseases with it. l\C~'i"

.fill- <hOD'/" ,l'llh-1-IIA
[See also 'accusation, attention, control, dis-

credit, head, home, house, life, line, mind,

naught, order, pressure']

brink
I. mC11. He went to the brink of the well.
I tJJ-;)lD" I "J-J.!"~J.!" I ffiC"If I 'tF.,.
2. 114-'i'. The country is on the brink of war.
11~&1: OtnC)or 114-'i! 'If. -1-~ ...II:Y.
IDF.,

brisk
I . .t..m"t ,I'll. A brisk walk brings him home
from school in ten minutes. Lm'l ilfl 7t.C
'l")f OOFC 1.-I::J' hor'I"IJCor IL-l-
l\IL-1: f.J'.CliA
2. f"''.,,'):J':J'. A brisk wind was blowing.
f"''.,,'):J':J' )4-11 f.)'i!ll )OC
*He took a brisk walk. t:-ooY: ~oo1: ~ ofl
II- T"tlf&olf t:

bristle
I. T1m1m. +"The line of soldiers bristled with
bayonets. Om;I'J'.C',; I'IA'i! ilf. ll"t)f .,.
~'l'"ltn )OC
2. lfoo. The eat's hair bristled when the dog
barked. tJ>olftJ>o 1'1.1.""11 f!!:ao;J: 11"1-C lfoo
3. J'.ao- .t..il. He bristled at the insult. 1111
TMOJ'.ao-.t..il

""'"II-
Beware, the glass is brittle.

brittle

broaden

143

brink

f"''.I'IOC

Ttll"t.,."'> 1 ODII;I'
ID-1: 0.,.1111- f"''.I'IOC )tJ>o

broach (v.)
I. M"'. How do you broach an unpleasant
subject? 1111"'1,1'111.11-l- )~C l\"tf..-1- ;I')
"'IIII l

2. ) !!:II- h.t..T. He broached a barrel of wine.

fm)!:"t OC"'1A )J'.-11- h.t..TtJ>o

broad
I. I'IA.. He has broad shoulders. I'IA. -1-h
lf lllltJ>o (or, J'.t:T I'IA. )tJ>o)
His broad education prepared him well for
the job. I'IA. flf)tJ>o or'I"IJC-1: IIF&otJ>o
O"''.~fl IIH:>)>;tJ>o
He has a broad view of the situation. lll\
11-~;l'tJ>o I'IA. IIIIT,I'f-1- 1\lltJ>o
2. 11'1' ,I'll. The broad expanse of the plain
was dotted with trees. 1\'1' fl\t& OIJ.Jo; h
A~ IIAG: ~~:y. TThlltJ>oO;I'A
broad outline m:t>l\1\

"711&-61

Give the broad outlines of today's lesson.

1111 >l<l.tJ>o or'I"IJC-1- m"'>ilil "'/.fl&-&,1'
11'1'
in broad daylight .,."t O.,."t
It happened in broad daylight. .,."t O.,."t
flf~

~1C I

)ot&

to broad daylight

lt~L~

fl!\1\

He awoke to broad daylight. ltt:.t..J'. 0:\11

T)"'
[See also 'jump']

broadcast (v.)
1. 0&--'1.1'" IIIITIIII.t... They will broadcast
h
directly from London. 0&--'1.1'"
ll"tJ'."t ,I'IITIIA4-II2. 111'1"7. The radio broadcast a speech filled
with menace. ~iF fT'I"ii0-1- "t"I"IC &-'1.\'"'l- 111'1"'1
3. 111'16-"". Don't broadcast the secret! 'l"lltn.""t 11;1'1'1&-"fl"

""'"':1'

broadcast (n.)
I. f&--'1.1'" TC'"I&-9". The broadcast was called off for technical reasons. 01:hth "1-1.-11-l-
'l"h"t,l'or f&--'1.1'" TC'"I&-'1" .,.<:
2. 0&--'1.1'" fT)~t:. Did you listen to the
broadcast? 0&--'1.1'" fT)1t:tJ>o"t 1'1"'111 l

broaden (vt.)
I. 111'14-. The municipality is broadening the
new street. "'IH:>)f IL-l: 1\JI.(l."t oo"t~J'."
0"'1114--l- "" )tJ>o
2. 1101111~. Reading broadens our understand
ing. "'l"tO.fl btJ>o.,.;I':Y."t"t ,I'OIIl\'1'1'A
broaden (vi.) 1'14The river broadens at its mouth. m'ln- 1 floP
"IIU'tJ>o ilf. ' f.I'IM

(be) broad-minded h111-J'fof> (I.C.

~.,.

He is a broad-minded person, and people

ask him for advice. h111-.l'f-l> (I.C. 11111f
~ (19':f l"'hC '-m'-4l:t"A

broadside 0'1-'t
The ship drifted broadside toward the shore.
ouCh!]. 0'1-'t IDS'. "'CiJ' 1-'t<'t.C..C.:f

brocade ft:.,., '1-1'1-1

The royal regalia is made of velvet and gold
brocade. f't'J-w ~11"-1> fh11C ' A1111 llh
'I''IM' llt:.,., fmc:,. .,.,.,., f-f"w&- ~.,.

brochure """111'"'1 ~~'"'""'

They published a brochure for the exhibition.

ll/1."1110.1i). ' oP"III'"'l ' ~~'"'""' ' hft-f"OU.

broil (vt.) mO(I

He broiled the meat. P';JIJJo't ' mOI'I
broil (vi.) -~""'mil
You will broil if you stay in the sun. 8dt'- 'I
'- 11'1-4''- '1-,..m'IIIU

broke, see break

(be) broke 'II'- 11.11-'t ~.,.
I am broke again, and it is only the day after
payday. AS'.;t- IJII.C.:f h'tY: .,, 11il'
rr<r ' 'II'- ' h.ll.' ' ~'S
be dead broke

broth

144

broad-minded

Q~

7t)t1'

~aJo

It is the end of the month, and I am dead broke.

ftD'I- ' "7114!.1' ' 11111f~ ' 'II'- ' 7.:(1 ' ~'S

go broke bll~

He went broke gambling. 04l"7C ll(lt:

leave broke QP.. lt)f."}

hll+l.m-

A siege of illness left him broke, ft:~l"' 1.IJ,

"'""~"' ' 'II'- ' 7.1!:1 ' h11.,t:m-

[See also 'stone-broke']

broken, see break

broken (adj.)
I. f-i"I'I'IOt: I 1'1'1&-. The broken glass ruined my
tires. f-f"(lfJOt:m- oP11;J-m'l- 1"7\L't hO'I

il"11'S
The broken glass gashed his arm. 1'1'1&- me
.,...11 b'tJI..1 'l<t:mfD2. f-l"ll.l'f ! f.C.t:l'l. A united family is healthier than a broken one. 111-ll.l'f (ll.C.t:l'l)
0.1- 1'111 O'i':,.C f4'fm- '-'lf'IA
3. .I'A-1""1&-. The foreigner speaks broken
Amharic. fiD-"P M<l- (IIIJ- )'AT"!&- h'"IC
If W;'I&-A

*A broken promise is a betrayal of trust.

,..A't "Ym'i' 1.11"~'1-1 "''.,..S'.A ~.,.
*His broken health was due to age. m:n.J: r
1-,.tD(IIIJ- 07.C~'i' l"'h't.1''1- ~IIJbe broken +1\Rl:.
His backbone was broken when he fell.
OmS'.., 1.IJ, hllCIJ<IID- 1-(IOt:
His spirit was broken by his wife's death.
"7.11-1> 1111'1"1-:f :,.11.,... 1"(111~A
be broken down Ll,(l.

This detour is necessary because the bridge is

broken down. Y:AY:f- 1111.C.t:(l tl-f~ ao'f.Y:
h11.1.'11.' ~ ....

(be) broken-hearted dtH't

1-'"'l~ID-

She was broken-hearted over her son's death.

OA:{ ou'f"'l- l"'h't,l''l- mH't 1-"P).;t-A

bronze

~dt11

The cross is made of bronze.

(t I f-f-IP& I )aJa

outt+tr

h)dt

brood (vt.)
I. ,..., .C.. The hen is still brooding her eggs,
but they will hatch soon. P..r:'l' hll-111"
7.1S'.:t-.,.c.:f ~:f 1 .,, o:,.co- '1-.C.II'i''lll:f
2. Ohl.?"r:ID- m-11'1' ~oc. +For years he
brooded vengeance. 111111- 'toP:J-'1- f4!1"'
o.,A m<'l11 Oh7.?"r:m- fD-11'1' ~oc
brood (vi.) OdtH't 1-hH
He brooded all day long over his misfortune.
""'"1'1.': ' ~Y:fl- ' .,).') ' -(1- ' " " ' " ' ' ll.
1-h11 ' 'I'll

brood (n.) '"'l""'of:f

The mother hen walked about followed by her
brood. l.'i'of:-1> 1'-r: '"'1....,_!1! 1-b'l-11'1''1-
mf!.l' m,11.u +A ~oc

brook ~t:+
The brook dries up in the sununer. ~t:'k 0

O,;J ,I'.S'.C,..A

broom oo'l't:1..1'
The woman got angry and hit the child with
the broom. ll.'I-1'-'P 1-'i'"' A~'P't OOD'J't:
1..1' ' oo;t-:fiD"

broth lfc'l 1 oPt;:,.

A hot cup of broth on a cold day tastes fine.
011C"-' n +11-11 lfc'l 1-11'"1"7.. ~.,.
Meaty broth is given to sick people. F ;J f
o~o+ ""t::,. IIO'li-l"'l':f Y.I'I"'A

145

brother
brother (pl. brothers, brethren) m'tX:9"
My younger brother is in the tenth grade.
:1'"71 m'tX:"''. '+P'~>;' h'i'A )m-

f(ll":f't ID'tX:"'/"7:Y.H 11"7114-4-'i' f.'I'&-A

2. J"tX:)'i' "7~0C. The railroad workers belong to a brotherhood. rqfK. u>&--1-"'':Y. ,
'tX:)'i' .,~nc .Mlfm-

brother-in-law 'I'CII (wife's brother); A"7:Y. 1

h."7'i' (husband's hrother)
brotherly fm'tx.-"7"7:f)'i'
There was a brotherly feeling among the boys
in the class. Oh'i'll- m-11'1' qll-'i' /A}!.:Y.
ouiJhA fm'tX:"7"7:f)'i' DD'td-11 )0~

brought, see bring

brow nqc
He wiped the sweat off his brow. '111-'t h"'
'If.

m~1

browbeat
Don't try to browbeat me! ODDJ'.'t'l-'i'., 1.
'i'll't 0"7'1'"'C A:l'lld.&-&-'S A'i''l"hC

n-.,., n-.,
Y.'l"lfi .,.119" n-..., )tJJo

brown
1
'\f.)'i'
His hair and eyes are brown. fii"K-., f'+
The brown cloth is flecked with green. II-., '+
J!.)'i' /A11!l. h.~'t'lf. .,.119" "'A "'A 11
11-0:I'A

[See also 'dark')

browse
I. :>m. The cattle browse in the field. h11+
lfi O"'LJJ 'If. f."'"'ll-

2. -f-DDIII)h-1-. He likes to browse among the

books. ""1\"dtG::Y. ououlll)h'i' f.mJIA
bruin X:1l
bruise (v.)
I. l'l'tOC t.m"'. The boy bruised his knee.
A)!: .,.AOi> 'If. l'l'tOC h.ID"'
2. h.OIIII. The gun's recoil bruised his shoulder.
fmDD'tlftJJo l\C"'"'i 'i'hlfm-'t h.OIIIItJJo
3. 1-JI. His harsh words bruised her feelings.
f-1-.,.1&-'i' ~f.ll>;' ?A ll"''.:l:'t 1-Jim-

Tbe stirrup bruised the horse's flank.

't 7l't'l' l\CI)11 1-X:-r-:J'A

bruise (n.) l'l'tOC

He had a bruise on his left foot . ...,&- A-x.

"" moe )O~m-

brotherhood
I. m'tX:"'/"7:f)'i'. The YMCA tries to promote the brotherhood of man. m. m. h. "7.

'tq~

brutal

fd-~(1-

brunt h'i'-1->;' ~Y.A

The island town bore the brunt of the storm.
fJ'.Il.:f: h-1-"7 f"76011- h'i'-f->;' "lf.A J'.
~M'i'

brush (v.)
I. ll~if. I brush my hair every morning.
tl>-T tl>-T 11.,.1.'t l\Pclf1111Piease brush my coat! 1>-l:'t IIC71A'S
2. A&-1d.. Brush the dust off my coat! h.!J.&-m hl>-1: ' "" ' h.&-"'.l.tJJo
4-4'. I have to brush my teeth. 'I'Cil.'t ou'l AII11'S
h.OI'l. The leaves of the tree brushed my
face as I walked through the forest. O"'il)m-
m-11'1' ll'tX: rq4- :,Omt~-:Y. 1.-l:'t An
(1-'i'
5. m~1. The child brushed the tears from his
eyes. A)!: l\'tqm-'t l)f.'l"lfi 'If. m~1
brush aside h,-")gu AAtfLm~r"
He brushed my excuses aside. f{lm~Jo'i''t 9"
h'tf'i' h9"'t9" h.A._m~9"
brush lightly against Jo;(l(l
't
3.
:,0
4.

The leaves brushed lightly against his face.

:,Omll-lfi ' l.i>'t ' Jl(l{I-T
brush up on hi\A(I

I am brushing up on my Amharic. h."7C>;'IIo

't ' ODDh'lllll ' "" ' )'S

brush (n.)
I. 11~71. You can use this brush for your
shoes. 011.11 11'1-if "'i"711't A'i'Pc7in+
'i':f-'11111
2. 'l'lf. Much of this land is covered with
brush. fll.ll ' DDI.T ' A11q>;'m- ' h'i'A ' n
'l'lf -1-if'i'S:A
3. Mil fll "'"P'i'. The troops had a brush
with the enemy. tn'l- hm'l'i' :>C Atil
fll "'"P'i' AJ'.~1

brusque 4lC'I' fll

His answer to our request was a brusque ..no".
11'1' fi:f:f't fl'lm't ouA{I h.Y.If't9" f"'L
A .,C'I' fll ?A )0C

brutal
I. ""I)'S. He is a brutal ruler who has his
own people bombed. Mq <h1111-'t Dllf"11
f"'LfllJ'.OX:-Il ""I)'S ""6 )m10

2.

f"l"l)~.

He acted in a brutal way.

f"l"l)~

1\oPtl-C h<'lf

brutality "1"1)~
The brutality of the punishment shocked the
onlookers. :,.,..,.,. f\{1'1" ftR~CD- "1"1)~ 1"
ODAI)~ 'hM:t''fCDSome tribes wage war with brutality. h'M't
Y: .,..<'ll!'l- R"l"l)~ WI':>flbrutalize 1\CD-tl. hJ'.~'I
War tends to brutalize men. tDCH (tCD-'t
1\CD-tl. YJ'.C'I'I'A
brute
I. 1\CD-tl.. He is a brute. l\C{l- hCD-tl. ~..,.
2. hJI:>l-. Man has struggled long against the
brute forces of nature. (l.m- J\~1'9"" "l.H.
M:>l- fof-.1..'1"1: "l,l'.i!\ :JC :1-"'!I..A
bubble (v.) 1"<;:114'114'
The water is beginning to bubble. m-:-m-
<;:11:,011:,0 )'..'oo~
bubble over

oP

L')o~+

The last time I saw her she was bubbling over

with enthusiasm. hH..U R.I.'!- <'IY'I- R:JII
ll"'L'I- '1-.t.~Y::,. ~nc
bubble with

*His mind bubbles with plans and ideas.

-art- m<'lll:foi' l\:,OP..l- hhl\9"1:"'" CD-ll
'I"'

,('.OD~"'ifl-

bubble (n.) h<:-1You could see the bubbles rise to the surface.
h~-1- tDJ'. 11,1'. 1\tD"' .1'.:1-YA
buck (v.) 1-:J'moo
The mayor bucked at the school director's
suggestion. h't>J:QCD- f'I-II"UC'I- IL.,.'t Jl.
tl.hof"C ' m<'l-11 o 1-:J'IDOU
make buck ~4'~4'

The turbulent air made the plane buck. fof"o;m

lieD- hfC 1\CD-t!'TII~'t ~4'~4'CDbuck, n. [ID'tY: h:JH't l tD,I'.II" m'tY: 'l"'t
'fA I ID,I'.II" ' tD'tY: ' f"'JI ' <;:fA]
bucking l\'t"''l" f"'LA
The bucking horse unseated him. l\'t"''l' f
"'LIICD- .l..~ll hi>Cii'CD- 11,1'. "'IICDbucket QAJI.
He carried the water in a bucket to put. out
the fire. l\<'l.,.'t 11"7'1'4-+ RQAJI. CD-;) h

....,..,

budge

146

brutality

buckle (vt.) 4&11.1..

I cannot buckle the strap. fmt;:'l-'t HIIR+
A'I&A<;: hAl-All"
I cannot buckle my belt. 4'R.f\lo't A'I&A'i!
hA:f-AII"
buckle (vi.)

of-(1~.,..,._

The bridge buckled under the weight of the

heavy truck. hODhSCD- h-111'.'1- fof-~"1 Y:
AY:\< ' of-(1~.,..,._
buckle down hl\ll"f!'CD-'t liP'&- (tR(tR

He was by nature a daydreamer and found

it hard to buckle down. R-1-.l..'!"f!'CD- m<'IR-
f"'LQh't 0 iiiiiJ'~ 0 1\l\jl"f!'CJJo't 0 IIJ"tl- 0 0D
(1-fl(t-fl ' h:t-1-CD-

*It's about time we buckled down to work.

:14'4"t fll"'toP&-R'I- "1..11. ~..,.
buckle to 1-YYH
She buckled to the housework. fiL-I>'t P'
&- 1-YYH:f-CDbuckle under

ltn: hA

He refused to take the medicine, but buckled

under when the doctor told him to. ooY:"lt.,.
't hACD-'1"11" -1111- ~nc "''t P..hT'I-
l\'tJI.CD-'1" IU"'~CD- l'.lf.. hll
buckle (n.) HIIR'IThe buckle came off my belt. HIIR.,. h4'R.f
\!o 11,1'. tDII4'
bud (budded), v. l\ll"tl-'1' YH
The rose bush has budded.
tl-'1' ' ,l'.!f..A

IM.~JICD-

l\11"

bud (n.) l\II"R-'1'

The frost killed all the buds. CD-C"" l\II"Rtl',.;'t 11-11 hm-1-'fCDbuddy r:,>c-o 'IJ'.'f
He was my buddy all through my school years.
'1-II"UC'I- IL'I- R~Rch-R'I- "1..11. 11-fl- f:,O
c-o 'IJ'.'f\!o ~nc
budge (vt.) M:t-~4'
The stone was so heavy that the child could
not budge it. Y:'t:J\< R"'ll" hQY: 1111~
n~ A'JI'.. 1\Y~n.,...,. hAil'llll"
budse (vi.)
I. 1"'t4'{)4'(t. The mule would not budge.
n:,Ot~-'1' hA't4'<'14'll hll:f-

2. m<'ltl-'t lltDm. Once her father had said

"no", he wouldn't budge. hfl:t A~l. hf..
ll"tll" 1)11 m<'ltl-'t h.e.IICD-'1'9"

budget
budget (v.)

build up

You will have to learn to budget your salary.

J'.'l"1fl)") ' 1,")1..'1- o 1,")J'.f";J-ID"l ' ODODJ'.ofl '
Od{AODJ/; ' hl\ofll)

,n.

budget (n.) Q)';'l-

l ID"l'i'
The ministry's new budget exceeded the funds
allowed it last year. f"''.th1* hJI.h Q)';'l-
'l9"'i' h_,.L4'J'.II'I- Rlltn
Balancing my budget is hopeless. W"l'i' ,
0.\1.1' "7:J''i''l- hf.IMII'S9"

buff
I. [IIMI( fll"t M11 -I'JI ,_,.,..&- tn"tiJ
tl- ' -I'JI]
2. (J'.ofl~~ ' R."'i]

buffalo 111

buffer f"l"l''l- ooh'\11)'

The buffer in front of the car prevented any
damage from happening. nooh.'i'ID' ' .,_,. '
YIIID' M"l''l- ooh'\11)' 'l'JI'I- 1.1'JIJ'.J'.
Ch _,.h'lhll
~;-,,,.,_,.

The waves buffeted him.

buffet (n.)

I. hJIR<!. He built up the business. "t"IJI.1' h

JIR<:
2. hJ'.tl-)1;. This country is building up its

army to counter the threat of invasion. .eo

lo h,C ID<!tl-1' 1\0dl\'1\'9" lf'a:"t 7.Y

S'.&-)';l- ' ~l3. h.,.i!l.. The firm has built up a wide
reputation for fair dealing. Y:C;e'..,
llll"t ,RYID' h'i'_,.'i' 11.,.., hTC,i-IA

.,.,n.

(be) built up .,.h.,.oo

The area near the airport is being built up.
RhiD'I!"l''\1' "'R.YID' htn,ofl YIIID' 11
<;:&- Rooh.,.9" 'If. ~ID'
[See also 'slightly']

builder

The buffalo and the ox look alike.111'i' """

J'.OD/({111/Io

buffet (v.)

bulge

147

"7~0/lo

h"t,'\;1-ID'

I. foP&-. The builder of these churches is well

known. Mll.ll"t IL_,. hCM:Y'l"l- fD'tl-ID'
0"1!1" ' f;I-ID4' ' ~ID'
2.
The builders were pinched by
a shortage of good lumber. R'l'-1- n..,:,. 1.
'1'<!'1- 9"h1'Y'I- ,"fiU"'Il ' _,.,,"~-

,-,n..

building

.h"t~

Both offices are in one building. o-11..,9" 0.1!"

l"l- ' Q")J!; ' .ft")~ ' IIJoll'l' ' .,.,.

build-up "7S'.C)';+

ooJ'.CUY

The dishes are in the buffet. l(.ft'l"'ll Roo

J'.CJ'.6Y ID'h'l' 'i''I'ID'

The build-up of the nation's heavy industry

is vital. fll,6.., hQJ!: h.1'JI.ll'l-69':f"t "7
S'.C)';'I- 1.;e'"l hhL'\'1. ' ~.,_

bug (n.)
I. 'I-A. The leaves were covered with bugs.
:,Omll-'ll n+A .,.mt:tJJo tnc
2. '1-""a1'. The mattress was full of bugs.
'i'tl-if. ' '1-""a1' ' '1"/A-fR;I-/A

buggy [h"tY:

{liD'

oflil' f"'LJ'.11 ;M]

bugle [Mdtll ,.,.,..&- '1'111''1-

f"'',oo(lfA

, ...11.:1' ' 00"16,1']

build (built)
I. D'tl-. Our neighbor is building a new house.
'1-t:IL;I-:f"t hJI.h IL-l- 1.fD'tl- tiD'
2. hlt!too. They built a factory for canning
meat. P';J R-I'C-1'1!" f"'l,Y"li"l of.ofl61J
hl\'1\'3. ou,..,:.,., Don't build yourfutureondreams!
fiDU'I- ~J!:IAII"t Rh"t... 9"'l''l- 'If.
h'I-DDP'CT

built, see build.

bulb
I. hf"7:1A. This bulb is burnt out. J'.ll h
f"7:1A ' .,.:1''1'!1,/A
2. &-11. He planted some onion bulbs yesterday.
f1i"JIH:'I- ' tl-11 ' ,...,..,,...,. ' .,.hll

bulge (vt.) MRm

The apples bulged his pockets. ..,4-l"'ll h.
{lo"t hi(Rm-'Jo
bulge (vi.) .,.mm.:
His schoolbag bulged with books. f'I-II"IIC'I-
IL-l- (lC/(ID- Roo~.no;:-'1- . _,.m'l'a:A

bulge (n.)
What is that bulge in your pocket? Y h..
hll't YI(RmiiJo t1C MY:~.,.. 1

bulk
l. ,MJJf':'. The bulk of my salary goes for
rent and food. 11.1'.'1"11. h11Jf':'ID" f"''..ID"II
.,. IIIL'I- 11.<1-J'.'i" 1111""111 )ID"
2. h111f'>' h'i'A. The ocean covers the bulk of
the earth's surface. m-+Y'l"ll foP<l.'l-'t
h11Jf':'ID"'t h'i'~ J'.lf'i')'f'~
3. ""tn't. The carton was hard to carry because
of its bulk. IJC-f-). h""m). f.,.)"' II""
lfhf" hJI;:>:f- )0C
4. "111-'i')'l-. The bulk of the elephant does not
prevent him from walking fast. 111r't't "111-'i'
H O'i''l')'l- hoP!t.l:"' h$"1!'.1D"9"

bulky
l. ""m). '1-~'1- flY). It is hard to carry this
bulky package. f.ll't ""m). '1-~'1- flY)
'l''i>A 0 oPlfh9" I h-'l:>:f I )ID"
2. 0"19" 1 "111-'i'. Since the man is bulky, the
mule can't carry him. {liD"\LID" 1 0"19" 1 "111'i' I llllll") I 0'1-11-'1' I oPlfhf" I h.!l':J-'1-

bull (n.) I>C.,

The bull is more expensive than the ox.
!>C.,

h0<l.

I ,('.0~'1' I

ID".I:"'

)ID"

bull (adj.) m't.l:"'

A bull elephant rampaged through the jungle.

h't.l:"' I fD't.l:"' 111f't
fD'I' I )0C

O"'ilJID" ID"ll'l'

J'.t-

hlf ID" I ID"{I'f' I 111-f- I

[See also 'shoot, stray')

.,(.

O:J-...,... 1 1..11. fm.'t):J-'1'.,. """'ll"'i 1 or.,

,('.fDd) I )0C
2 . .,li:J-mof;.l'. The bulletin lists departures and
arrivals of all buses . .,li:J-fDof;.I'ID" 1 fh.,..,.nMi't I IJ-1\- I oP)lf'i" I oP.I:"'(.lf I ,('.0(.11.1-~
3. -~m.'l-. Our club publishes a bulletin each
month. hoq:f-'t 1 OffD'I- ""~m.'l- 1 YH:>lf~
). I

bulletin board .,{1;!-mof;.l' 1 {lii.JI

Put the notice on the bulletin board! "7li:J-mo!:
0

{li\,JIID"

IIJ'.

II'J'I.ID"

bulletproof 'I'J'.'I- 1 f.,J'.HA.,.,.

The car had bulletproof windows. ""h.'i"ID" 1
'1',1'.-l-

bully (bullied) M"'OC:

He is always bullying his employees. IPt-.,.'l':r;
't

o-A'I..H.

$1"111.1-'I''I'A

bulwark
l. "1.1:"'11. A bulwark of sand and stone keeps
the water out. fhlf'P'i" 1 f.l:""t:>J'. 1 "1.1:"'11 1
ID";). 7.'tJif.1q ' J'.hllhll~
2. :>lf. Freedom of speech is one of the bulwarks of democracy. M"'"'C 1 )11)'1- 1 f!l.'l"
ht-/1_ I ;Jlf I )ID"

bump (vt.)
l. 1t;R.'1-1 h!'.C:1. The bus bumped the car ahead
of it. h.,..,.n-n- h.L-1> 1 noc::fiD"'t 1 ""11.
'i" I , ........ I hJ'.(.;J."I2. "'ll. The cat bumped the vase off the sbelf.
yoq I "7ll.,.... "'iiD"') I hoPJ'.CJ'.
.1:-0D;f:. I
t.YID" 'If. I "'ll:fiD"
3. 1\fDC:J'.. The voters bumped the senator and
elected his rival. oPt-,;o>:r; 1 h.,IJt.ID"'t 1 h,.
CJ'.fDo I .,..,.,.!l''f.'t I ooc:........
bump (vi.) .,.:>""
He bumped into the chair in the dark. Ot;R.II
hfD'tO'I- I :>C I .,._, ....

MJ'.HA.,.,. ""lll>'l-

The bus bumped along the unpaved road.

J\-IJ-{1- I
.,.'t1"'i1t;R.

q~.,.)ti\I.ID"

00')1.1:"'

'\,('.

bump (into) h;:>moo(,.).

bulletin
1. ou..,;\Mi)., During the President's illness, a
medical bulletin was issued daily. T<l.H.JI't-1> 1

"7{1;!-fDof;.l'

htto 1 "1'1-c 1 lllllf) 1 Yll"'"'t 1 O'i'~,. 1

hf.ll'l-9"

bump along ..,.1111,;u.

bullet 'I'J'.'IThe bullet lodged in his shoulder. 'I'J'.-1> 1 '1-

bull headed hltO 1 "1'1-C

He is so bullheaded, he never gives in. 0"19"

., I

bulldozer 11-MHC

$1D"')

bumpy

148

bulk

hiiiD"

+Guess whom I bumped into yesterday? '1-'i"

't'l-'i"

"7')')

7,')-'!;JtnOD~

;J-ID".!J'IIIJI

bump (n.)
l. -Ml:J-. The car went over a bump. ""h.'i"
.... I 01-11:1- 'If. I hill.
2. 7.11tn'l-. There is a palpable bump on his
head. 0.1-(l- I II,('. I 1\.JI{l{l I f"''..:f~ I 7.11tn
.... I hll

bumper I.C:of.'t-t
The bumpers of the two cars were locked
together. fiJ-111> 1 ""h.'i"l":f- 1 I.C:of.'t't 1 .,.-a;
1111.1.

bumpy
l. J\q"' 1 1-Cq"'. We drove for an hour over
a bumpy road. OJ\qd) I 1-Cqd) I 00')1.1:"' I
11').1:"'

fl't'l-

0""11.'i"

't.l:"'')

2. +11'1''1''?. Bumpy air made the passengers

uncomfortable. +11'1''1''? l'ofC fl'of.C'T'I
'j.') I

burdensome

149

bunch

-1-<'IUl"":f

)',ljolllflllflffll<

bunch
1. "l'-11'1". Let me have a bunch of radishes,
please! /'o')f: I "l'-ff'l" I .,.,. I P'C I lltn'S
2. Hll'l. The woman sold me a bunch of
bananas. ll.'l-1'"'1' l'o't1: Hll'l """11 lfm":f
A'S
a whole bunch of -Rit'
A whole bunch of us is going on the picnic.
ofltl- I IJ')') I fiJS'. I 1iC1iC I l'o')~JIII')
bundle (v.)
1. A..,_.,. 1 l'o"l-<!. We bundled all our clothes
into one suitcase. Aofl<'l":f't't 11-11- Q't1: lf't
IIJ A ....hiD- I (l'o"I-C)fll<)
2. Al'l<!. Bundle the newspapers for the trash
man! .f.lflf I II"YJ)"'fll< I flfll<jl. I ;Jfl.t1Jfll<') I l'o
II ell:,.
bundle (one) off

1. l'oiiJI:C: milS'.. They bundled me off to

the hospital against my will. l'oiiJI:.I.fll< 1 Yll.l.
:J'Jl. I fiJS'. I 11'{11:;1-A I fiJ(IJI.'S
2. h.ll'tNI 'lh. They bundled her off to
the country. Ail'ttllm- mS'. Q'I1C '111.'1bundle up m+AA

The mother bundled up the child in a towel.

ll.'i"'l-1'"'1'

.OY'i-'t

OC:IIJ

tn4'1111":ffll<

bundle (n.) T:J.A

Is that bundle too heavy for you? Y T:J.A
0"19" I f.hofii:YA l
make up in bundles }t"}J!' ~f.. "AY~l-1
AM
Make these books up in bundles for shipping!
OODChofl I l'o'tJI.'Ih- I MILU't I ODl\.ft'i''l- I
}',')f: I 'If. I l'oYS'.<!1U I l'o{lc!-lffll<
[See also 'compact']
bungalow Mll+"' IL'IThe bungalow does not hold more than twenty
people. Mll+.,.m- IL'I- hYY {lm- O'lf.
l'of.119"
bunk .f.T O.m.
The soldiers sleep in bunks. m;I-S'.C''Il .f.T
0.aJ. I 'If. I f.-f-...flbunker ODhiiY 9"111
The soldiers built two bunkers yesterday. m
;1-S'.C''Il I 'J-'i"'t'J-'i" I 11-II'J- I ODhiiY I 9"1ii
":f I oP<I-

buoy [OQ.ftC m-llT AS'.:>'t f"''.Y""IIh'l- )1C)

buoyancy
1. fDD't<'l.l.'i' ,...,,.A. Wood has more buoyancy
than iron. c)'t"'"'l- hofl.::,. fOIItn fOD't
<'l.l.'i' I ....f.A I /'ollfll<
2. fS'.ll-1-.,.)'J- OD't.l.ll. She lost her buoyancy
due to the death of her son. OA).!''I' """"'~-
ll"h't.l''J- I fS'.{I-f-...)..,. I ""'tLjl. I tn'f.
buoyant ( ~ n.) +'t<'l<f.ol. )1C
Wood and cork are buoyant. c)'t"'"'l-'i" 11-11
-f-')<'l'f.ol. I )1C'":f I 'i"lffll<
be buoyant f"ll:J- ; oo"}Lll hAtiJ<o
Children are usually more buoyant than old
people. .OY'i"'l- h1i.,1/l.l"":f fOIIm fS'.
(I;J- I ,..'),1.{1 I h.'llffll<
burden (v.)
1. "U 1 "i)(O'J-). They burdened the mule with
many pots. O:J-11-m-'t ofltt- .,Ill!' ""l'i0'1He burdened me with the responsibility of
cleaning up this mess. f.U't lloflcljoc:J. )
1C I l'o'tJI(I-f-l)hA I .... 'loi,)'J- I ""l)ofi'S
2. l'olllf1<!. I do not want to burden you
with that. OILU l'o'tJilllf1cu AA.I.A19"
burden (n.)
1. lfh9". The porter carried the burden on
his shoulders. 11-ll.m- lfh ...'t 0'1-hlfm-
'If. I -J-lfbOD
I would like to accept your invitation to stay,
but I don't want to be a burden to you. IJ't+
:>C I l'o'tl:.f.f. I YS'.<!1UA'S't I 1ofl"lf" I . . .
4'0A I S'.ll I f.II ...A ! 1't I lfh9" I All''tofl
u I AALA19"
2. 4''t0C. To support my family became a
great burden for me. IL+ {l(l~ o .,ll-1-JIS'.
c I :,.A:,. I .,.'tOC I ll')ofi'S
3. 'l''i" 'i't. )1C. The value of peace was
the burden of the President's speech. lrrt.ILJI't
11

"}..,'"JC I
)OC

fJ"jtD-

-lj:;""

)"'C

f(ll\,..

...:,.,.. I

beast of burden f"P):,. ' hofi'I-

Donkeys, camels, and packhorses are beasts of

burden. l'oUI'"":f 1 1""11-":f'i" l'o:>llf>':f f"P
)'J-

hofl-!'":f

'i"lffll<

burdensome hQ1:

The President's duties are burdensome. t"r&.H.

JI')'J-

-f-1QC'':f

hQf:

'i"lffll<

bureau

3. h,l',I'H. He burned coal to heat the room.

bureau
I. 0.1!". The travel bureau is closed today.
f"'-flaJo I fl.(!" I tf~ I lf""l I io8Jo
2. m~A.If. The bottom drawer of the bureau
is stuck. fm~A.IffDo f:J-l-'1..,. oo{)O.,I'
)hti.A

burglar

{IC{)& /1.'1

vo.:,. {tel)&

He surprised the burglar in the act of entering

his house. {IC{)& /1.'1 (fO.T {IC{)6)
0.-l: ' fDoii'J' 11.1'1 ' .<'.~{10..,.

burglary o.:,. {till!" fou"'fiT m"!lA

Several cases of burglary were reported last
week. fJIILfDo {)?""}:,. ill!- o.:,. {till!"
fOD"'fJT ' OJ'tlA ' ODLl\.... ' 1")"1.,:11\

burial
I. 4>iiC. Burial of the body will take place next
Thursday. 4>il-l- f"''."""'"'" "1 ...11 ,I'.Ll\"'IA
2. ou.]>oc. The Egyptians embalmed their dead
before burial. "'ill\'l!,l''t """:l"'t't hou-1>0.:.

"'"'" ' o.c.:,. '

.<'.~1-fJ:ffDo

~'tJI,I'.LC(l. ' OD.<'.""1tT ' h

burial grounds fou:J>oflC (1;1-

Burial grounds are within the church compound. fOD:J>iiC P;l- 00.1" hCM:,I"t '
-l>'I'C fDoll'l' .1'-1'1A

The sailor's story conjured up scenes of buried

treasures. fODChO'?..,. ;J-&h f1".<'.04> llil
1

oo"f.;..~

h'i'/1-'t 11"'1'1"-1> h{tA h,l',I'H

*This train burns coal instead of oil. f,IJ

I)

IJ<C OHf.T ol-'t;l- Oh{tA ,l'.'t.'IA

burn (vi.)

I. ).<'..<'.. The wood bums well. b't....., 0

.<'.'til ,I'.)JIA
2. Oil-. All the lights in the room were burning.
Oh'i'/1- ' tD-11'1' ' ,1'11-T ' ODil<l-1''1' ' 11-11- f.
0-1- )OC
3. 1":J>mll. The house is still burning. 0.-l:
hu-'tl"' M1":J>mll )fDo
4. ;Jit. The pavement bums in the noon sun.
04>TC 1.11. f~"'C ""'t1JI- ,1'."1'\A
5. .,.~..,... If you had stirred the soup, it wouldn't
have burned. l>"CflfDo"! il;l-"lllllm- 'l'C"
flol\1-~..,.. )OC
6. 1"4-l. His forehead burns with fever. "''tfl
-1- o:,.h-{):,. l"'h't.I'T .1'-4-!fA
7. 1"'Pm. He is burning with enthusiasm.
R;>ll II"'LT 1"fDol\l-A
*I'm burning with curiosity. ltOOim:J> ~~..,
'l"l'iJ'II!Jo
be burned ,;u.(t
The incense is burned in a censer.

......

,........,.

6t1J~ r

0"1"

burn down (vt.) h:J>mll

buried f1".<'.04>

.:r-

burn

150

fldtfa11 lD-l'IT Len

be half-burled Oh.C.A 1"4>0~

They extorted money from him by threatening

to burn down his house. 0.-l:'t ll"l:J>mA R
"'IIILt-6-T 1"1Hil hllhLII-T
burn down (vi.)

The .house was half-buried by the dust which

had blown in from the desert. 0.-l: ho~"li

I. 1":1''1'11- OJ.<'."". The building was burned

down . .b'tl\fDo 1":1''1'11- w.<'.oo
2. R~. The fire has burned down. ~{)of: RC

..,. O)L{tfDo h!).<l- Oh.C.A 1"4>ill!" )OC

.I!._

Truck drivers are often burly men. 1ltf-aJo"t '1..

rt. hfl.<'." oolJ...,.. )l[l":f mil.<'.ll-:f ..,..:f..,.

burn (burned, or burnt),

burn (one's) fin1ers

burly mii.<'.A

+tala+

I've burned my fingers once already. bll.ll

.<'.?" h'tJ': 1.11. 1"()11iJ'II!Jo

burn oneself +:J>nu\

vt.

I. h:J>mll l oi-l. They burned their old papers.

hl!""l- m~4>;J-:fw-'t h:J>m/1Pepper burnt his throat. OCOt. 1-C"C"m-'t h
:J>mllm- (Llm-)

The coffee is very hot, so don't let it burn

your mouth. !K'm- 0"11"' Th-11 OODII'
). ' ~'tJI,I'.L)('IJ
2 .. hO<l-. People used to burn candles for
light. l'tl":f iiCV't ll"l"11"T lf"l ,1'0-1-
)OC

Look out, you will bum yourself. 1"m't4>-l> l

T:l'm'\1111
burn out mof..

The fire burned out for lack of wood. b't.U.

:,. 1111/1.11 ~{)of: mof.
{be) burned out + :J>mt\
This bulb is burned out. ,I'.U hi"'7'A 1":J>'I'~A
burn up

+:J>mt\

His books burned up in the fire. OOI\"mfl:'li

0~{):,.

1":J>mll

bury

151

burn

burst (vt.)

taste burnt "Jo~'i

The rice tastes burnt. '~-~'" 1-C't;I:A

[See also 'ash, bridge, sulphur']

burn (n.) :l'mll- 1 f.,.:l'mll l'lro-F!

This is a serious burn. f.U hll.l:" :l'mll-
)IJJo
Put some salve on your burn! f+:J"m/UD
l'lro-F!U 11.1'. :,Oq'J- h.I:"C"'O'IThere is a burn on my hand where the fire
touched me. hll-1> .l':l'mii'S ll;f' .,.ll!I.A

burned .l't.t.
A sickening odor of burned flesh pervaded the
room. f"'LJ':,OIIifA'Ii .l't.t. P':> 'li;f' h
'1!11-'J .,.... .,.

1. Om(t I I'IOt.. The prisoner burst his chains.

hllt.';'ro- li."'C ilt....'J Oml'lro- (I'IOt.ro-)
2. h.&.M. He burst the balloon with a pin.
d.';'ro-'J Omt.<l''l- ouc1. h.&.Mroburst (vi.) d.M
The water pipe burst. fro-;)ro- !J.'/"!1. d. M
The water tank burst when the bullet hit it. f
ro-;)ro- OC"'LA 0'1'f. 'I- l'l,ou;f' d. M
burst forth 1).1.1\
With the latest insult, his pent-up rage burst
forth. n:,.co- O~t.I'IO'I- II~ ;f''i!'l" f)
Ot.ro- ' 4<"1ro- ' ~)d.l\
burst (into) HA- 1Q

It was brave of him to enter the burning

building. h"''.)~ro- .ft'JK ' IJJoll'l' ' OD"'Q'J- '
)!"''J)'J- )OC

He burst into the room. mY.. 'hfi;l\- Hit- "JQ

*She burst into tears. !1:,0 ill\ hll<l'l'l:f
burst into flames 11"1 illl- .,..I'.I'H
The paper burst into~flames. m~+1: p.-, -o
II- ' _,..I'.I'H

be burning hot h..+mll

burst open {to()(!"

burning f"''.).l:"

The sun is burning hot today.

.1':1''1'1\A

If~ fJthf.

bL+
O~'t

l'lil

burst out

burnt, see burn

burpM"'

After drinking the milk, the baby burped.

.nn. m.,.'l- hm"' 0:\11 h~"'

burrow (v.) 'ild.t.

The mole burrowed a hole in the garden.
'i!Ad.!l. h'l-hA... ro-ll'!' .,.~.~:" 41d.t.:f
burrow (In)
I. Ot.Ot.. He was burrowing in an old trunk.

ht!'"l.ro-'J "''l''t f.Ot.i!C )0C

2. hJ!C hllh J!C .&.111. She burrowed in the
library for a book about Indian life. 111\U'JP..
:f 1-1!' f"''.~AK' ODK'do'i! 11"7"1'f'J-
II..,. ODI\.ft'i!... ' IJJoll'l' hJ!C ll.llh J!C '
d.ll1:f
burrow (into) ~G"

We had to burst open the door.

(.'J oo>h.&.'l- ' "1.1:" ' lf')ofl'J

"IQ

The obscure sound is made by termites which

have burrowed into the wall. "'AK' .I'AIT)
.,. ' .1:"'/"6 "'.I:""'J!IJJo'J .....'i!(.IJJo ' h~ll-'1- '/"
lltfl:f 0 f"''.ODdJ ' )IJJo
burrow out of sight DD~-1:1' 'rfa 1 "IQ
The mole quickly burrowed out of sight. 'i!Ad.
!1. ' lJ'J.<'.. ' OD<l....'J ' '/"II ' ~lJ:f

burrow (n.) .,..~:"'\.~:" l 1-il.

The rabbit hid in his burrow. 'l''t'fll-
'\.~:" (1-il.) IJJoll'l' .,.~04'

.,..~:"

She burst out crying. .,.'ti'I:,Oll:l' hll<l'l'l:f

burst (through) .,..&.'1-Al> fD"'
He burst through the doorway. 00~ .,..&.'1Al>fD"'
burst (with)
I. d.)J!. The granaries were bursting with

grain. .,__,.,:..,. OhUA il~'l- ll.d.)J! )0C

2. .1.)~4'. The people were bursting with joy.
I'IS":f O~ll;f' .1'..1.).1:"4< )0C

burst (n.) ltlt;f'

We heard from afar a burst of laughter.
h~:,O ' f"':,. l}l};f' ' 1'1"7'J

bursting, be -

with

I. ll."l'"+ hll. +The house was bursting with

people. II."" ro-ll'!' .ft11il h"i"'l' illl-
)0C
2. A..'I"+ 1 ~m-. She is bursting with curiosity .
0"71D:,O .,..,.'!- A'l-'1"'1- )roto the bursting point ll.llh.d.M .l:"t.ll
The balloon was distended to the bursting
point. d.';'ro- hllh.d.)J! .l:"t.ll .,.)'i!-1'- )0C

bury (buried) <I'Ot. (.,.<I'Ot.)

They buried the corpse in the church compound. il.IIIJJo't II..,. hCM:n :,O'l'C "'
0.' 4'0~

!52

bus

My passport was buried under the other papers.

f1-ll'i' mt:4'-l: h/1.11-l' mt:4'.P.:f
.,._,.-IIZ:A

Fe

busy
1et down to business mf,.

-P'i ,.._.;;,_

ODI\{1

He buried himself in a book. ""ll'oh'i' O..,"t

They finally got down to business and signed

the contract. floP~if 1 m1.. 1 -P'i ..,.....;,r.
+ouA(tm- 1 m-tt--1' 1 .,.L~~oo-

O-Il .,....,flm

10 Into business 1'""JJ':

bury oneself (in) .,.ouflm

bus hOJo.P.!I-ll
It is better for you to go by bus. RloOJo+R-ll
-11'1-'t~ 1-"ifAYA
bush

I. "''l'!l:tn. He hid behind a bush.

"'"'*"' '

beat around the bush -'lie ..';C hi\

Stop beating around the bush; get down to

the subject! .<:e .<:e h'l-OA l llll "I--'ll' .,.
<;1e
bushel (hUA 1 'I'll- 'i't.<;' h;t-hA+ f"'/.11
11-0'l- ' OD{IL6.1']
bushy
I. b~ .I'll. He has bushy eyebrows. b'f:
-II .I'll 'liof.A hi\OJo
2. J'."t fl\011. The bushy land shelters small
animals. J'."t ' fi\O{IOJo """-"'~- ' 'l-<;"t'li h"t
lll'o+"t .l'llm:>A

business
1. 'l""l..e-. Business is good. 'l"'l-4- Tot- ~m
They sold their business for a million dollars.
"t"'.C::fOJo"t q"t~ ' "'1.11.1'-"t -fie ' lfm2. f"t"'~Ft-.Abilitytogetalongwith people

is an asset in business. hfiJP~ ;JC foP"'IIJll .

+ l-t.>;t- 1\"t"'~ Ft. m.+"''. ~,.
3. "f-J:f.. Let's settle this business right away!
1-U"t"t ' M.e hll-'f.'f. h"t.l.ll'?"

Don't meddle in other people's business!

0/1.1\0Jo {llJ>o M.e h'l-"'q
Mind your own business! A&-ilU .,..qf. 1iil11
4. JP,&.. What business is he in? JP,&.m- 9"''1

.... ,

He knows his business. p,&.m-'l YID-~A

5. r P ,e. "l-Jif.. I have to see him on business.
1\P't- ' -,..c;.e ' hfl-"t ' ..,..,'f+ ' hll-fi'S

6 . .,...,qe, It isn't my business to tell him that.

.eu"t"t 1111- """e

n .,...,qe

lt~~oo

"t"'~ ' hll/1'-11\l[See also 'export, mean, talk, venture']

businesslike 4'A"'of.

P'

e' .,..1'.04'
2. J'."t. The hunting party was lost in the bush.
fi\J'.'). I ~..(; I ,_). I dJo/t"l" I ffi4.

~~

She has gone into business for herself. f ~!f..1'

h1-l.l\?"

7. oooflT. You have no business coming into

this house. :1\ttU fVt hoP9'"tlJT 1 ouoflT 1

He is businesslike in all his dealings.

Oh~.l-1

., ' 11-11- ' 4'A"'of. ' ~,.

businessman ~:>J'.

He is a good businessman.
bus stop hOJo+R-ll

T<-

~ ;J ..

~ m-

...,_."'1..1'

A shelter was built at the bus stop. hOJo.P.!Iil

I OD.f.Ot/J I 1\~ I

ODtnl\Y

I ~flC

TWC.f

bust (v.) flOt:

He busted the chair. m"t0-1-"t flOt:OJo

bust up h.l.t:fl

They tried to bust up the meeting. (1-fl{lq,.

"t ' l\"7'i't:ll ' .,.hoibust (n.)
1. f..t:T. The seamstress measured her bust.
A-fill 114.'1' J'.t::t"t 1\lt:f-OJo
2. hOJ1-fl M.e ,.,.,...~- ohOJoA'l-. A bust of
Ras Makonnen is in the hallway. OoP.,.I\1\.f.
fiD" I dJ-ilT I haJ1ofl I fllt.r. I f+W~ I f~ill
oPh-"t"t .hlJ>oAr 1-1'1A
bustle
I. 'lie-,.~ ' hi\. He bustled about the room.
h'i'll- OJoll'l' 'lie-,.~ ' hi\
2 . .,.~ .,.~ hi\. She bustled about the kitchen preparing food for her guests. ltlt1'""1F-!f 1
?""'-ll ' 1\..,H;>)!'l- ' ..,~ ' 0.'1- ' OJoll'l' ' .,_
.1':' ...~'hill'
3. 1..6-. In the afternoon, the market is
bustling. hfl't'l- 0:\1\ 10.1' J'.e:tA
bustle with 0~0+

The office bustled

"'C"le m1+n+

withactivity.oP~~y

1 0.-111

~oe

[See also 'hustle and bustle']

busy

1. ~~ f'"LOifOT. A busy man does not waste

his time. JP~ fOif..OifOT 1 (tm- 1 ~t&.m-1'

fi\U?"

h.l'qh"t?"

*That's none of your business! hY.,QtJ9'"

His secretary left him in the lurch at the

peak of the busy season. 1\.1,.1.'1' F&- fl"'Lfl

~fl'l- 'l.U '1-;f-fDo Y.S'."f
2. f-1-""'i'~.,. I -1-H'I''I'tl f"'Lfl~fl'l- I '1-&-.1.
h f"'Lfl~fl'l-1 -i-""'1'111 f"'Lfl~fl'l-. He took

a devious route to avoid busy streets. f+t;g,'i")+

tiJ-")

0D"J1.(;' I

butt

153

busybody

floPi'f1i

flft(;.,f I 00')1.('- I

Y.S'.

They live on a busy street. -1-H'I''I'tl f"'Lfl~fl

'1- ('1-&-.l.h f"'Lfl~fl'l-, or -f-00'1'111 f"'L
n~n'l-) oo"t1S'." "" wr &-tr
be busy

I. F&- fl~(fl'l-). He couldn't see any visitors

because he was busy. F&- illlfl~fl'l- 'Ill
1--'11'-"f'l ll.f~,;J"IC ' ~1\if'/19"

2. 1"&-,I'H. Don'tdisturb me! I am busy right

now. ~;f-ii'I'"I<:'S i ~!Jo'l F&- f."ll:fii!Jo
3. flF&- of-mooS'.. The doctors were busy
in the promotion of a health campaign.
.hh.'l""f ' ftn.'i'. '1'11:1''1 ' nouif' ' 11"7114-of..'l- '
flF&- -1-tn9"S'.fDo ~flC
4. JP&- 1P&o. The students are busy at their
desks. -t-"7tll"'ll flf-t-.,.oum-fl-1- F&- floP
F &-'I- 'If. 'i':ffDo
5. -1-"'S'.L. She was busy decorating the room
before the party. hS'.""""" .,.'! 11.1.'1- h'i'
11-'1 11"71.'1' F&- '1-"'S'.'i' ~flC
6. -1-.I'H. The line is busy.""~"""'~--' -1-f.!l.l\
7. 1111" 111.1' ~/1,., The shops are always
busy just before the holiday. hfl'\11- 11.1.'1-
OOS'.11C''Jl !Jol\'l.U 1111" 111,1' ' ~'l:ffDo
busy oneselftfLDJo'l s 11-k ~6- 1\,r. hlti\L
He busied himself with compiling a dictionary.
OD111fl ' :1''1'1- ' fl"7H;J~'I- ' 'J.UfDo'! ' !Joll- '
F&- ' 'If. ~<'1/IL
be too busy .Ft. fltfO:r

I am even too busy to read the paper.

JP &- i\fl
"'Lfl~11'S ;JU"' '-'11>. 11"7'11111 'l.U f

II'S9"

be very busy/"&- fl~(fl'l-)

'I o O.;f-"f-'1'1 ~'!IDS'.fDo?" I fll') ll''l' '

f-1-if'll'l'l ,I'UI\ '-'ltn.,.?"fl;f-11'1
*I don't doubt but that he will do it. '-'IS'."'Lu>&.
m-: .h.Amt-mcr
but (prep.) h - - - flll-1-.,.C
Nobody was there but me. hk flll-1-.,.C
"7'19" MU' ~1\)fl<:?"
All but one were saved. lJ'!-'1. flll-1-.,.C !Joll9" -'!).
but (adv.)
I. 1'i'. He is but a child. 1'i' .nn )fDo
2. ofl;t'=. He has written us but once since he
left. hY.S'. ~'l.r: 'l.U 11il' 11:~1\'i'l\
There is but one God. ~'IS'." ~'J"'Ih 11il'
~,.

but then :f"-'1..1'

But then I won't have any money. r1'9'" 1 .,,.
H11 ~f..,.<:"'i9" :f"-'1..1'
*The suit is expensive, but then it fits you well.
'I' ,;JOJo fDo.J:" 11.11''19" ' 1\11"" 11"19" ' -t-11"7
9"-'l-?1\

[See also 'all, not, nothing']

butcher (v.)

1. n.a. He butchered an ox and ten chickens

for his daughter's wedding. 111\:lt (IC"I ~'!

S'." flC:.'i' OFC f'.C' ' ~<:S'.

2. q. The army butchered the helpless civilians. tnC (1&-'1!-lo ODh'lhf f/l.'l:ffDo'!
ll.ii.ll-"f ' L~

butcher (n.)
I. 11-lJ'!-'1 );JJ'.. His father is a butcher. ~'I
.,. 11-lJ'I-'1 ' ~,;JI'. ' )fDo
2. F ,;J 7"1.". The butcher sliced off a piece
of meat. F;J 7f= 'l-'111 F:> 'lr.<:tn

butcher shop trlJ'!-'1

We are very busy at the office. MI.C' 1"6-

f.fl~11'i'l\

busybody !Jol\111
He is a real busybody. !Jol\111

3. flf~ U"l". We don't like our new house,

but we will have to make the best of it. ~-'!.""

~,.

but (conj.)
l. )1C ""l'l. We can go with you, but we
will have to come back early. lt'l+ ,;JC
1\0D'/.S'." '-'l"f-'111'1 I )1C "1'1 .,.,._?" 1111
'l I ODODia.{t I h,{tofl,.
2. '-'l'l[. I did not mean you, but your friend.
'\S'.I;'U'! '-'l'l[ ~'1-1-'1 "7111: ~f.S'./19"

,.,.

Try that butcher shop! hH.J''i'fDo 11-lJ'!-'1 tn

butler ['l''i' fO.'I-

butt (v.)

~11hc]

~;J""

The goat kept butting its head against the fence.

'i'fll- &-""'! lJ'I'-1- :>C '-fS'.:>1"" ~
:J""

butt (n.)
I. 4>&-"1.". He threw the cigarette butt away.
f(l.;J&-fDo'! ' <f<&-"1." ' tlll:IDl:

!54

butter
2.

(l~t;:.

The rille butt is held in the hand.

A:e' f~(l. oul)M:.I' ~OC

butter (v.)
I. ~0. +q. Please butter my bread! -'IP\l."t
~0. ' +qA'S
2. a~a. l'o(l(l. The cook buttered the pan.

'

ID'I' o 0.:1; o OD'J'O?fm-"t 0~0. }\(l(l:f

IP6-

dJ'I'

fT

l\1-'1

oFc 1 -nc 1 ' " " ' 1 ~":>" a..~o S'-1'1A

2. lf ou.,.. He bought grain in the market.
h10Y I 7-IIA lf.... .,.
3. 1-tl flm(Tflm). It was charged that the judge
had been bought. A-'! 'I'm- 1-tl Tfl'I':I;A 1 .,.
q(l

buy off OnH-11

1 ~AA

H11

~M'fm-

buy up O,...l\o .,.,

He bought up all the books from the bookstore.

[See also 'sweet']

butterfly 0.&-0.C'
There are many butterflies in the rainy season.
Oh<:!l"+ m&o+ 0.&-0.C'l- J'-0'1111\&.6- hm..,.:,.:

M'I'A
buttock <1:'1'
There was a scar on his buttocks. cf!m- ltY, :
mql) ~0<:0+

button (v.) <lr.At.

He buttoned his coat. lt-J>"t <lr.AL

7.0D~1J'Io

I. 1>11&-C I 4<A'i'. She sewed the shirt button

on for me. lf"''.U ~f. 1>11&-C (4<A'i')
ThAl-IA'S
2. ou~mY. When he pressed the button, the
doorbell rang. ou~mym-"t ""l"t q(l 1.U f
0'1- ~IDA t;li
3. OD'J'&Y. Please press lightly on the button!
OD'J'&Ym-"t ' 4>(1 ' -RAil ' .,.""'~"'"

buttonhole f4<A'i' 4>-'1-'1

Please sew up this torn buttonhole! fT4>Um"t f4<A'i' 4>-'1-'1 H9"119"

buttress -~1.LY
The buttress keeps the wall from falling down.
"IJ:-1-'lm- 7-"t-'IJ'.<DJ:'~ J'.m-R:JoA

buxom -'lti.Y!I"
Only women are called buxom. -'lti.Y!I" f!l"+
q{Aoll.+-11!1'..-+

buy (bought)
1. "Jtf. The mother bought sugar cane for her

f"'/.11'+-t

ODl\.lot;:+

Q.... /1-

10f

[See also 'spree']

buy (n.) "111;
You paid only 300 dollars for your car. That
was a good buy. floPh.'i"U V'll+ oo..f 11
C

-II!J'

/'oiD"JIJ l 'J"'-

"111;

~QC

buyer 111;
This advertisement is calculated to attract the
buyers' attention. S'-11 1 f"t"IJ:' 1 "'lfl:J'<D<I:Y
f111;lP:f"t I ll"'L+ ' 1-"t-'l."'ICh ' ll'<r I fTH
;>)!

~(Do

buzz (v.)
I. '1'11

button (n.)

00 ~1d.Ym-

lf"tltC

The official bought off those who might expose

him. qAP'A"'l- f"''.Y:>Am-+-t 1 fl!Pl- an

~tl)fi:lfJA

buttermilk l'otl.&o
Buttermilk is made from milk.

AA}(~

Ten dollars will buy a lot of meat and beer.

The fat boy was the butt of their jokes. mt;:?

butter (n.) ~0.

Stew made with butter tastes good. 0~0.

children. 7...-+r-'1'
1'1~'1'....

fmou"t)l" (l~t;: 07-:e' J'.Y'IA

the butt of (one's) jokes f(t. OD/tlt-l:f
-

buzzard

1\A. The bee buzzes. "t!l.

'I'll

+~

A:f.
2. "f!"m- 1 l'oA(R+). My ears buzz because of
the altitude. hht;:;J-m- 1 ,.,.~.., 1 }(C'\l. Of!"
....

l'oA-11'1

3. ,;n"Ji. Buzzing flies are a great irritation

tO me. f"'',t;>O"Ji. I 11't(l:f I 0"19" I y..-J:-~'1'/A
4. .,.~.,. The town buzzed with the news.

h.,...,..,.

om.:.

1 .,.~.,

buzz (n.) J:-9"6

The buzz of a mosquito kept me awake.
fa>q

+-tl'

J:-9"6

7-'t~/At;: ' ~..,'1

The buzz of whispers stopped when the teacher

entered the room. f~hif.h;J-m- J:-9"6 1 l'o
llT"'I&m- ht;:A I m-IlT I 7."t~1q I , . _
give a buzz ~mA(A+)

When I find out, I'll give you a buzz.

m-~ Um-AAYArr
buzzard 'l'"t-11 1 1\"t..,
We counted four buzzards in the air.
f. htl'l- T"t11 1\"t..,

<lr.me"t

~1'1-"t

1 {)

(lfP/~

1\

bystander

155

by

by and by Wf..C (Wr..~\

by
I. fl. I will send it to you by rail. OQ!I-C 7.&\
h&\YIIIIWe came by car. floPll.'i' OO"''t
That is done by machine. l..fl. ~ f+tP&-lD- 0
""ll.'i' ~ ....
We like to travel by night. 011.11.'1- ""'111
7.'tfD'III't
By my watch, it is five o'clock. 0~ ll~'l-
01"&. h'tY: .... ~,. )f&
He ought to be here by this time. 011.11 "I.H.
7.11.11 OD1'f'l- hllll'IThe apples sell by the kilo. -to'f. 011.11- f.
if"'&\

The room was 10 feet by 12 feet. h'i'll- 01"

I OOP"&- I lN\+ I

MiJ,"7

I ~lD"

They came into the room two by two. tN\:,..

011-11'1- fDf,. h'i'&\ 1!1-

Closed by order of the police. fl?"ll.il '1-7.

You will get used to it by and by. Wf..C '1lll"'f..'l'l\11

You will see that it is not true by and by.

7,f&)'f- ' fiiODIJ''I-') ' 7.ff..~ ' 'f-~'11111
by and large WI"~ '1-f..A I Om~~~~.,.

By and large, the results were satisfactory.

h'l"~ '1-f..A (llm~'l~f&) ~&m.-to
ll ' )flC

by oneself 1lEJ!lD-1'

He did that by himself. f't't ofiJI'f&'t "'

6-f&
by that

*What do you understand by that? .e.u : 9'"1'

.,11'1- f.OOilAYA 1
*What do you mean by that? 7.'t.ll.ll ll'I-A
l"''t .,11'1-11 ' )f& ?

[See also 'heart, now, then, way']

bygone

q1J f.,.H;J

h'l';J

f<I'Y:'I"

I just know him by name. f"7m-+m- Oll,..

The ancient Romans lived in bygone days.

>(IJI'. ~ ....

f'l''t'l-
)flC

This book was written by a Frenchman.

f.ll ' ODK"di'i' ' f.,.f..~{lf& ' Q') Y: ' d.~') /I' 0
)f&

He is paid by the hour. f"''.hd.llf& llll~'l-

~

....

2. 0 - - - 'IC. Artifacts made of flint were

found by the river. hQ&>='I- v......~ .........
w&.'II )1C':f' flfD')H- 'IC .,.1'f.
3. ll - - - """'~'!-. By act of parliament, demonstrations require a permit O.TCl\07 ~1
;J'I. ouw~'l- M_,' llA'i' d.:J'Y: fil
d.A1'1'A

4. ll --- H'tY:. He is beloved by all. 011-11-1"'

H'tY: f.,.fDf..f.. )f&
5. ll - - - 7.~. The collaborator was shot by
the patriots. "lofl~ hll~ llhCil'l''ll 7.~
ll'l'f.'l- 1-11.11
6. hm1ofl. The garden is by the house. f'l-hA

hnrl-fl I ~fDo
7. 7.llh. Can you finish the work by tomorrow? 7.llh )1 J"&.f&'t A'f-Q;~.Cil '11t

{liJ!t-

{1.-J:

:f-~1111 ?

8. h - - - 0,!.'1-. Be back by ten o'clock! hh&.

,.

...~,.

lld.'l- .,..... 1111

9. ll - - - llh-&\. I go by the post office on my

way to school. fDf.. '1-I"'IIC'I- IL'I- ll~Y: ll
?"il;J- IL-Io Oil-A hA'I-1111-

10. 7.1-'t. Come and sit by me! 'i'

OD'J'

7.1-~

.,..,.

!!'.,....,., '

f'f~'l- ll<I'Y:'I"

-r.rt.

bygones IIlLi&

Let bygones be bygones, and begin again!

filL"'" 7.'t'IIIL f.~C'i' 7.'tf..1'i' 7.'t;erc
bygone era 1/t.l-:r ; HoPti+

Throwing rice at the bride is a carry-over

from a bygone era . .;.11 ao--1i&-f.i2 e\f. 1
ODfll''t 1)114-'1- """""" ' f-l'f QIIA ~ ....

bylaw

~&llm

f..'tofl

The chairman read the bylaws before the

meeting. ll.+ 1 oo")O.;.o fOIJ~fl~") 1 t&hm 1
f..'tofl hllofiM~& 0.1.'1- MOD-

bypass (v.)

I. 0 - - - 1-'t hilL. The cars bypass the city.

ODll.'i'l"'ll ' llh.,..,.... .,..., fA'I-112. Hfto> 1 fDF..I fle\f. 1 'Lf... I am his supervisor, but

he bypasses me in matters of importance.

.,.4r."'"'&f& 7.~ )~ ! "l't h'i'.,.'f .,.'If.

(Lf ;J'J'UDI& ' 7.~') ' HI\" tDf,. ' 01\J'. ' f.~'IA

by-product

*This is a by-product of refining oil. f.U

Hf.

'I- 0"7."1&-ll'l- "Lit. llf..IJA)'f- f"'/.1~

)f&

bystander .,.,..AIJ:J'
The bystanders gatbered around the injured
man . .,.ODAIJ'f.'ll 0.,..,_'1.,. (If& H-&f .,.
(lfl(l(l-

cab

!56

cagey

c
cab :l'hlt
The doorman hailed a passing cab.

cache fTJ!.O.,.O't- fl:l'

O~'f<D-

hi\.!.<D-"1 :l'h!t m&.

TS!-0.,.0'1- 11:1' h11'

cabal hY.:-7
The students who had formed a cabal were
expelled from school. hY.:-7 YJ!.~'l-'1- .,.
...,&IP":f ' b'I-?"IIC'I- ' ILT ' TID1'1.

cackle hii'I'I
The hen laid an egg and cackled. P.C''I' h"t
4ti\A "11\";f<; hii'I'I:f

cactus rq.nc 4tAotA

cabbage .,..,._,
Buy some cabbage for me at the market!
h10Y .,_,._, "11CA~

cadaver t.lt
The cadaver was buried by the police.

~i'lm-

OTII.II":f .,_.,.0~

cabin '1; 1 h'i!A

They lived in a log cabin. 06't""''t- '1]1:
<D-11'1' ' 'f~

I had a cabin by myself. 0""Chtt 1\,P. f"l

A h'i!A )0~~

cadaverous

f"'~'l"'t-

The old woman's cadaverous face frightened

the children. fhC'"I.;l: f"'~'l"'t- ODAh A
;'1l"t hilS!. )1"1'fm-

cabinet

cadence P"'t-

I. 4t?" "!'l'"t. We keep our good dishes in the

small cabinet. 'I'~IP'Il"t lt.b'fil'":f"t"t 't-"t
~ ' 4t?" ' "f'l'"t ' <D-11'1' ' l.<;'f&.ll"t

2. uu. The cabinet met with the President

yesterday. 'IO.~m- '1-1\"J'Jo<; b'l'MVI"t-1>
:>C ' T1<;"f'
cabinet meeting f"'l.tll't-C'":f -,.qll.

The prime minister presides over most

cabinet meetings. m:r-1\,e "7.111'1-~ hit~
'f<D-"1 ' f"'l.tii'J-C':f ' "1-qll. ' 011..,. OD'JO
C)'t- ,eoo&.A

cable (v .)

They discovered a cache of food. ?""Iii 1.

h"JJ!.J!.~IIh -1:1\."1&.?" h.I:"C"I

cable (n.)
I. O"'P" ID'i!&.?" fll') 11 fl. The bridge is
supported by cables. .1:-A.I:-. 0"1?" m'i!&.
?" 011') fifl Tf.!lA
2. fifl. The cable is covered with copper
plating. fifl<D- foP-'IiJ fiof."t hi\<D-

3. -1:1\."I&.P". I want to send a cable to Addis

Ababa. tJ!. h'LII hoq -1:1\."1&.?" , 11ou
1\h 7.-'.A;>IIu-

cacao 'I'IIP

cadence of speech

h~;J1C

The cadence of her speech shows she is from

Sweden. 1});>1l!: fll'l!.l:""t TIDI\~ oo
II'S: ' f.;l't:l'A

cadet 1...., ""h-'t"t

The air force cadets are in Debre Zeit. fhfC
"lf.A ' 1.""' ' ODIJ."J'f":f ' J!.il~ ' """' ' ""'"'"

cafe ft<; IL't-

-1:1\."1&.?" hS!-~1

Cable immediately when you arrive! mum-

The cadence of waves breaking on the shore

is pleasant to the ears. '1"'1~ c fQih~"J =
-'ICil' ' It1C'i! ' f"'l.(l...,.... ' ?"'I- ' YIIJ!.II;I'A

There is a good cafe at the airport. Ohf.C'TI\

"t "'~"-Y

~ tt<; IL't- hll

cage
1. ri'iP a.+. The lion was in a strong cage.
h"JOlt<D- Om"t'I&. filii IL'I- <D-11'1'
)0C
2. fm'i! 'I;. He keeps a songbird in a cage.
m'i!"t Om'i! '1]1: <D-11'1' Y'f&.A

""'&

cagey IIJ'.'f
The cagey politician would not answer the
questions directly. IIJ'.'fm- fTM:'I (lm-
'l'Y4:11''1l"t 0.,.'1';1' h,P.ooA(I?" )0C

cajole

call

157

cajole !l.IIA
She cajoled the child with candy. A)l:"t
Oh~"'/A !l.lt.l\'fotD<
He cajoled me into signing the note. F-Air> =
tD~.,.-f>"t h11.t.~oo'{
cake h.h 1 <(11111-T
I like cake after lunch. hl'"ll 0:\11 h.h
(<(11111-:,.) l'.ro'll\o[See also 'soap']
calamitous hli:J'<J:
The calamitous journey ended in the death
of the entire family. hlt:J'<I:tJJo .,.,. fO..,.
1\11-"1 o-tr l'.A<I:T h11h_,.l\
calamity
I. t.Y.;J. The bus accident was the worst
calamity in years. fhtJJo.l'-11-1\- hY.;J 1\<(lfl<
~oo;t-:,. h!l.~l\-:,. h!l.?l"'f- o-tr fhof. ~oc
2. oo:J-,..'1':,., War is always a calamity for
a country. IPC~:,. l\h16;1: v-11. oo:J-,..'1'
,. ' ~tiJ<

3. il;JT. Dire calamity threatened the town

when the water was cut off. m-:5ow- R+*l:m

"1.11. h1"'7'1' h!l.1'i' 11;1:,. 11/1. ro!l..,.'f-

calculate
I. toM. It is difficult to calculate the costs.
iD"'.tD<"t 1\"11111:,. h11'f'?6 ~..,.
We calculated the day of the week on which
Christmas will fall. 1<; hlll'""t-1> OfT'i'tJJo
.,."t l'."t!l."'!.tD<A hM"t
2. hl\0. Pilots have to calculate the drift
of the wind when they fly. hiJJo(!'TII"t ~ltl"
'f- O"'!.Oo~-0:,. "1.11. f~of.l\-"t h:t"'"'l
.,{1<(1 ' hl\ll'f'tD<
be calculated to

I. ;J-1111 .,.1\~H~. His remarks were calculated to inspire confidence. h11.,.1f-f> 7.1'"~:,.
"t l'."t'U'lt!l.-c ;t-1111 f.,.MH~ ~oc
2. ll''l' i-H;J)';. This advertisement is
calculated to attract the buyers' attention.
f.U O"l!l.' "111;1-tD<J:.I' f11Cl"'f-"t 11
"'LT l'."tJ1."1Ch ll''l' fi-H?)'; ~tD<

2. f+"t h'IL"'mC. The Muslim calendar

differs from the Christian one. fl'.lll\1'" f
.,."t h<IL"'mc hhc11tn fi-111' ~tD<
3. h)';"t'l. The judge proceeded to hear the
next case on the calendar. 'l'i'tD< hh]l;"t'ltD<
11/1. f"'!..,.'l'lt.tD<"t "!-'If. oo11"1:,. ]/;00-1calf (calves)
I. 'I'll'. Cows and calves were grazing in the
field. 1\'l"'f-<; '1':/('f oo1111- 11,1'. ,l'.o"lm-
~oc

2. q:,., The bullet hit him in the calf. 'l',l'.o-1>

q .... 1\,l'.o oo>;J-tD<

caliber
I. fhL-11 114-T. The caliber of tbe gun is 50
millimeters. fmOD"tli'tD< h.t.-11 114-T h
1'"11 "7..1\."'LTC ~tD<
2. 'f-1\";J-. My uncle is a man of higb caliber.
h'l-1: '""' 'f-ii";J- 11t.tJJo {ltD< ~tiJ<
calico [Cl!7i .,.1\"1'1! 1."11.'1' 111-:,.
fi-P'<I- ' "'-C:J>)

h'l''l'

calk O:J-'1'11-"t -~1 (i-""~1)

Boats are calked to make them watertight.
)';Aql"'f- tD<;> l'."t'l,l'.o1q'f'tD< O:J-'1'11-"t ,e.
""~?II-

call (vt.)

I. milo (.,.milo). I called him, but he did not

hear me. mC'IitD< ~oc "l"t hAfl"1'tl'"
Call a doctor! dth.l'" '1'11Has my name been called yet? 11"'!. 1<; hAim<l-1'"!
2. hi\, What do you call this in Amharic?
,I'.U"t"t q"1c'i' M Tlt.'l'/\11 l
3. !l.tD/1(11:,.), Call me when you arrive!
11T!l.C11 !l.tD<AA't
4. .,.m.: (i-.,.m~). The conference was called
for Monday. 11<(11\q..,. ; 1\1\'/f .,..,....a:A
5. (lfoo. They called the baby John . .ihf)."t

<(11\tD< fir-:,.
call (vi.)
I. milo. The child called, but no one beard him.

cal cui ation .J../1<(1

Keep quiet or you will throw me off in my
calculation. 111'" OA 11\II.J' .J../111-"1
;f-1111i-'i'I\U

A)!: R.m<l- "1"tl'" hAf1"1tD<I'"

2. 1\"J-<(1'{:,. <(l:J> hi\. The minister called, but
did not stay long. "'!.tilT'~- lt."J-<(1'{:,. <(I
:t <(11\tD< ~nc "l"t '""" hA.fol'l'"

calendar
I. f.,."t ooof>'om61. I have noted it on my
calendar. O.,."t ooof>'om61tD< 'If. "111;1rolf h!l.'CI.fl\o-

The doctor is not in. He was called away on

an emergency. dth.- f/11'" I 0!l.'"t1.,.'i'
l'"h"t1T i-mC.fo 't.C..A

(be) called away

.,.me+ 't!l.

!58

call

call

call back oP/:\(t m&-

call (something) one's own

The President called him back from Asia.

T&ll.-'l"t1> hMIJ' ool:..( m&-mcall for
I. mf4>. The conference called for solidarity
between the two nations. "t-llh.m- Ov-Aofl
OD"J"IP';J-'1- ' ODIJhA ' h"t.i:")T ' 0\"t-'l.OD ...
<:'1- mf4>
2. a>l'l-"-. I have to call for my laundry.
h"lll IL'I- J'flm-"t A111l."t oom-1'1.1:" h

*We have nothing that we can call our own.

fl11~

3. 11-1> 1111- hf. Will you call for me at the

hotel? w-"- ll'-I:A 11-1> 11flll t.;J-f~9" 1
*The riot called for an explanation. rrt.u t:
11lf 9"h"t.l''l- oo;J-m-1> t.fiR'Icall for help 0\tl 1111- ""'1i
I called for help when I was robbed. RTH<:<;:
II- 1.11. 0\tl ' 111L ' '""1ihcall forth (lin

The circumstances of her childhood called

forth her courage and resolve. fA~)T .,.
~:"'1' 'l-fl11'i'"t'l 4<&-'l')'f-"t 1'1"1'1call in
I. m&-. We had to call in a specialist. AI'
0'1'<1: OD'J'&-T "1.1:" ' lf)11"t
2. t.ll11J. Call him in! t.1111Jm(be) called in 0\"t'lODflil .,._,_<:1
All old bank notes are being called in. hl!"l.
11C 11-tr 0\"t'lODfl/'1 ROD-"-<:"1 ' '1,1'. )mcall (one) names

(1~0

He got mad and called me names . .,..,...... 1'1-"R~

call off I'I<:H

They called off the program because of rain.
R11'lll- 9"h"t.1''1- Tl!""'&-"7'fm-"t 1'1<:11-'1*Piease call your dog off; he is bothering me.
m-lfll hil'f1<:~ i 0\ili: W-"- h"tT '1'&-m(be) called off 4><:

The broadcast was called off for technical

reasons. R-J:hth '1-.1:-fl'l- 9"h"t.l''l- f&-'l
\'" I Tl!""'&-9" I 4><:
call on
1. mf4>. Why doesn't the teacher call on me?
t.il.,..,&m- tiM 1 0\~"t t.J'.m,1'.4>~9" 1
Call on my friend when you visit Addis Ababa.
t.'lil t.RIJ ll'l-~.1:- "-"-"'\lo"t 1 m,1'.4>m2. O\"t-'l.m4>9"R'I- tl-"-<:1m-. The danger called
on his energy. h-"-:>"'" n-tr 1 ~,l'.tr 0\"t
'lm4>9"R'I- 1 Mc:1m-

f .... )m-

fM(Im- 9""t9" ffl"t9"

call out
I. hHH. The President called out the army
to restore order. T&ll.-'l"t-fl ,..C 1'1&-'1!-fl
ll'l';l' O\"t'l.l'llh11C hHH
2. '""h 1111- MRR. The secretary called out
theanswers.lldt.C.'I' ooA/'1-"t 1'""h 11'1MRR:f
call together {10(10
The leader called his men together. oo&m-
l'll",;"t ' I'IRI'IIJ'fmcall up

I. -"-a>fl(fl'l-). I will call you up tomorrow.

)1 "'-"-m-AA?flll2. hHODT, If war breaks out, the Ministry
of Defense will call up many civilians. ,..C)-'1-
(l)"' ' fODh'lhJ' ' UI'Ii:C I 1111- ' l'l.ii.ll-:f
"t J'H9":J'A

[See also 'attention, bad, colors, dirty, mind,

name, order, question']

call (n.)

'1'<1

Did you get your telephone call from New

York? htm-\'"Ch f.,.-"-mfiAII fiiAh '1'<1 1
-"-C:I'Ill 1
*The students gathered at the call of the
teacher. hilT"7&m- 1 l'l.m&-'fm- .,..,&9',;
_,.I'IRI'IR*Were there any calls for me? ilAh 1 f-"-a>fiA
~ )RC 1
*He answered the call of his country. h1tl-il
fi.M:fR'I-"t .,.~~~ I l.l\OD
A busy man has many calls on his time.
F&- f"'Lnqn'f- nm- 1.H.m-"t f"tmil
.1:-R'I- '1--'1,1'. 1111- )mcall for

I. m.l'<l:. There is no call for raincoats in the

dry season. OR;> m&--'1- f11<;11 A11ll 1
m.l'<l: 1 fflm-9"
2. 9"h"t.1''1-. There was no call for you to
laugh at us. f9"'1-P'-1>1l"t 1 Mil" 1 9"h"t.1''1- 1
t.AtR<:9"
call for help l't-l't-;l'
He heard a call for help. h-h-:J' 1 1'1"7

answer the call 01l~ ++flA

The manhood of the nation answered the call
to defend the country. M&-il"t 1 hm&-& 1 fiDD
h'lhA I fTU1m-"t ' 0'1'~ tJJ"tP..':f 11-tr
MRtr'l-

be on call ofol.~

2. <:;J hi\. Little by little he calmed down.

)lD-

The doctor was on call all night.

11.11..,., o-11- -l"<:'f )OC

mh....

pay a call mf'+

I have to pay a call on the governor. h1l.

~1CID"") ' oomr:,. ' hllofl"i

within call

*Remain within call while I am ill. Oih.oP"'

"1.11. A't-mt- b,-'1-:fAO't- hiJqll ~f.

[See also 'close call, duty, roll call, telephone']

calligraphe r .,,.

lldtd.

A calligrapher is not paid much nowadays.

.,,. ' l\dtd. ' qu-") ' "1.11. ' '""" ' hf.b.I.I\ID",.

calligraphy ,.,,.

l\"ih.l.'t-

Not many people know calligraphy. f<ll,.

ll"ih.l.'t- ' f"''..:f-11- ' '""" ' hf.!f.ll-,.

I. 1f")ql\.. He has a calling for a military

f<D;t-!f.C)'fo 1f")ql\. hi\ID"

2. ...y. It is important to find the right calling.

-l"ll"7"7..1D"") ...y "7"11'1- Yll.I.A"'?A

callous

l\Y!f.C <:;J hi\

calm oneself l.;J hA

Calm yourself; the dentist won't hurt you.

<:;J IIA t f'I'CI'I-

calm (n.)

mh.,- hf."l-'IU,-

l\'1';1"

Calm prevails in the country.

q~&:f: ~f.

l\

'I';1" ' l'l'i!S:A

calm (adj.)

f<:;J

They rowed a boat on the calm sea. Ol..?aJo

~f.

q,"hc

)';Aq +HI-

Although she was frightened, she answered

with a calm voice. ,..,,. l\")\>,") ofl'fo!f.)"'
'I' ' II<:;J 0 J:.-,.6 ' ODI\(I:f
be calm

1. KT hit The sea is calm again. llih"'- J..

' l\'1' ' 11'-A
2. oP"t&.i'l c.,.. ~m-. He is calm in the
presence of danger. hF..;J Q;JmoPOJ- "UL

")!f.~<;

calling

career.

camouflage

159

calligraphe r

C'rcl-..., fi\.1\ID"

Only a callous person can see suffering without

trying to relieve it. (liD" oobt- ll.!f.CIIO't-
hf..Y. 1\0DC.<I't- ltf.'l"hC f"''..YA'i! C'rcl.... ' fi\.1\ID" ' 11.!1' ' )ID"
be callous oP~ hO+A

My hands are callous from work. l\:( OP'cl-

,-h-,y't- """1": hofi:,.,_A

callus """1":

Toil left his hands covered with calluses.

ofiC_, P'cl- l\)1:") OD"I": 11.!1' hJ::C'I;t-A

C"J-

)OJ-

keep calm R'l' 1\A

Keep calm! The doctor is coming. RT

mh.... '
calmly

OA. !

l\foDtiJ ' )ID"

0'1''1"'0

She took the news calmly. H.'OID"") 11'1''1"'0

-l"+llll:f

calumniate

h"7

He calumniates his friend behind his back.

ID-'1)1:") ' 111\.1\0'fo ' f"7'1'A

calumny m"'l.'t-

His charges are nothing but baseless calumny.

fC{Io ' "'"'"'"" ' """'l+ ' 0.11 I fll') ' ,..,,. '
)ID"

calm (vt.)
I. h<:;J;J. We tried to calm the frightened

animals.

oP'}.(.(l

f!f.)O~M l\")lllt't- "7V;J't-

'l"bC")
2. hO.:!f.. The cashier tried to calm the furious
woman. ~")H11 -l"+ql' f.,.,.!f.!f.:y.,.,.., 1\'l-
1\.YOCJ:." 'l"h.:
calm (vi.) l\'1' hi\
After the heavy storm, the sea calmed. h"1f.ll
';' "7MA o:'VI q,"h~ l\'1' hi\
calm down (vt.) h<:;J;J
Try to calm him down! l\(1-") 11"7<:;J;J't- 'I"

he
calm down (vi.)
I. l\'1' hi\. The wind has calmed down. )of.
(lo ' l\'1' ' '"'-A

calve

<DI\!1.

The cow is pregnant and will calve soon.

~".7. l\C.,.11 '0'1calves, see calf

came, see come
camel "JODA

II:,.Cofl 't-IDA-'11\:f

The camel is an animal of the desert. .,,.A.

,,.J::l ' 11.<1 ' l\")lllt ' .,,.

camera

IJ"'l.t-

1 bought a camera in Japan. llJI";r't lt"'l.cl-

~~~~-

camouflage (v.)

*They camouflage their guns with greep paint.

moP't)l':fa>o .,.llf..fo l\'t'lf.;J-m'l> 1\~

't'\.1'. +M" MII-;1-A

camouflage (n.)
[1\llQO.tJ>o't ' f"''.oP/IA ' +M" ' YlltJ>o '
ODPA0/1 l\'t'lf.;J-m'l> "7~~"1]
camp (v.) 114.~
We camped in the woods.
ii.I.C't

cancel

160

camouflage

1\~A~.I)m-

)~C

'

s aJoll'f'

camp (n.)
I. fjllC ii.I.C. At what camp did you get your
training? flr."l-~m- VlflC (14.C IP'Atn'lb l
2. ""11"'i' ii.I.C. He shipped his children
off to camp. A}('li"t mF. ""11"'i' ii.I.C
'lll:ffDo
3. dJ1'l. The students were split into two
camps with regard to their school's rules .
.,..,M''Ii /Ill '1-ll"uc+ O.:J-'1'.,. a,.,
11-~;1- ' 011-ll'l- ' ID1't ' .,.h'i!li'I'A
live in a camp ..(-1-J.\"} ~ Tht\- ':"~
Many people live in a camp near a lake in
the summer. OO;J iiH- ill":f ~'t\\'t .,.
hlla>o .hf.'l> 1\m~il f.'f &-~
campaign (v.) HoP;J' 1\J'.~~
The students campaigned for their candidate's
election. .,..,&l"'li ll.,.""&-""l.:ffDo HoP;J'
1\J'.~"J-ll'l-

campaign (n.)
I. HoP;J'. He took part in the African campaign. 01\<;:&11 HoP;J' .,.ll'i!!\.A
2. tD-~Y:C. American presidential campaigns
last several months. fh"i&ll fT<!.H.Jl't'l-)
+ .,.~~c iiH- w&-+ f.wil'lA
3 ..,.:JY:tr-. Ethiopia issued stamps commemorating the U.N. campaign against hunger.
f.,.Q0-1-'1- ' oP't"II":J-'1- ' ~...ofl't 0 {1"7/IID~
h.'l-f"ti:Y
~ li"''.YJ'.C~.,. _,._,~11foP;J-/ID.Y 1:9"iiC hiD"':f
4. +"lA. The police are making an aggressive
campaign against crime. ?"ll.fo'li ID't~A't
ll""h'lhA '1'11'1> +"lA 0"7~~"1 'If.

.,.,.,.

5. '1'~'1-. The campaign to raise money for

the college brought in a thousand dollars. lll>ll.
)1: ~'tHofl floP/Ioflilofl f_,.J'.~~.,. '1'~'1-
1f. ofiC h/111

[See also 'literacy, wage']

campai-gner .,.".l;J:f
He is a strenuous compaigner for literacy.
li1-A"7fo:f '1-II"IIC'I- iiC... _,.".l;J:f )fDo

campfire [11c"lic il.h.~ f"''.ii.I.CO'I- fl;J-

llll""lil ""I"&YII" II') H-<IJ'fDo't _,.II
ofl/lfl {loP""I.ID'I-' f"''.)~ 1'.4'1-]
campus !/"~~ "10.
The campus of the Haile Sellassie University
is large. f+Jl"7' ..,,_ll 1"'11\ l'tlicll.
1: I fP.(:"t. I ""Jil I {ll. I ')oaJo
can (canned) OC1!' hif1
They built a factory for canning meat. I" ;J
0C1!' f"''.Y"Ii"l 4-ofl&ll hl'.'!l/...
can (could) ;I'll
Anyone can cross the street here. lltUJ ~ ;J
"7't9" ' /ltJ>o ' OD')~JI.'t ' {1"7!1/~'1' ' f.:f'IA
Once she could sing beautifully. ~I!' '1'-1-
h~C;J DPHODC '1-:fA )0C
can (n.) "14
Give me a can of peas! Jt"JY: tJJ/e h..,..C
ilm'1
canal flf.
The irrigation canal was blocked with mud.
foP/I'l"a>o flf. 0"1.":1' _,.J'.'i!'l" )0C
The Suez Canal is blocked at present. qu-'t
1.11. fil'll11 flf. _,.H"I:tA
[See also 'drainage']

canalize
I. Oflf. M..-1. They canalized the two creeks
and the small lake. 11-ll-l't ~~.fo:f..- '1-'t~

1\1.,_

't .hf.'l> Oflf.

2. ,,.. ' h't~ ' h'l-"1""1. ' ll'tJI.oP&- ' l\1'.~~.
The war canalized their efforts. jllC).., 'I'
~;J-:ffDo II-~ IDJ'. ' h't~ ' j<,lj>"J""I. ' l'.'tJI.
oP6-

11,~(;.~

cancel
I. 1\4.~11. I had to cancel my doctor's appointment. h.hll.... ;JC f)0~'1't +mC'
"7<;:~/1 ' .,~ ' ll')il'1

2. ii~H. The post office icancels the stamp

on a letter that is mailed. 7"11;1- 11.-lo 0.,.'1
h J'.ofiJlO. 'If. f"'1.~1fDo't -1:!/"ofiC f.il
C'IA
He canceled his order for the books. oPl\".hll:
'II l'.'t'l.'lh-ll'l- Y+~OfDo't 'l'Y4r ii~H

3. .,.,. I would like to cancel my room

reservation. l'.'t'U'11A'1 fmf'l>u-'1-'t h<;:A

1\0D.,..,. ' l'..I.A;JllrJ4.

"7~.

He canceled the rest of my debt.

f+~il'1't M "7~'1

can opener

161

cancer
be canceled

+l.

canine fh&-"1!1'

Today's meeting is canceled. f'lft.dJo lt1lilll

Wolves and foxes are canine animals .. +tJ..I\9'l<; 4'l1C'l":f fh&-"1!1' 7."1/l<'l..,. .,,.,.

4'C:J;A

canine tooth h&-"1!1'

cancer n4'c<'l fl'li:f'

Cancer is a strong argument against smoking.
"'1"'-ll"l 11"'/ll1't- f)4'C<'I fl'li;f' 'I'<;
9"11"1.1'..,. ~OJ-

candid -l-"1
Give me your candid opinion! :,..,. dlll110
"I ' "I'I~'S
be candid ~m-~1:1'

I like a man none the worse for being candid.

7.t-~1>"1

ill\1'<;~~

,..,

canned (adj.) f.f.C.f.C' I f:f'ih

We have already used up our canned food.

h"IY:"I (It- hAtn

The company was fined for adulterating canned

meat. 11-Q"I.I'OJo 7.;f'lf~m- F:> OJo/l'l' f
.,,.~q

~t-9"

John announced his candidacy for the senate.

]>:"! fl.h"l oum(ll;'m- !l"hC
A~..,. 7. ..... 1'W.II.II6 ODif)."l

n.:,. 7.q
~Ill\

I. 1'W.II.II6. We have three candidates for the

position. /l(l;f't- V'll:,. 1'W.II.II6l'':f

hll-"1

..,.oPt.,...

How many ballots were cast for

2.
their candidates? /11'oP6-""!I''ft- ll"l.-,.
Y:!l"6 1'1'1tn 1

floP4'~4'11-

.,..,."'

f"''..fl~

(ltD-

Cannibals eat people whom they capture in

wars. f(IOJo F :> f"''..fl/1- l'll":f fltnc~:,.
f"'/~l>.'ft-"1 l'll":f f.fl!l. 'f'I'A

Canning makes tbe preservation of food

possible. fl"'<'l "''lf"l 11""111"1 <'lf.fl~'li
11"'/'l'C .l'll:f~A

cannon

ODS;tj:

The Ethiopians captured many cannons from

the Italians. h..-,.f"k.l'tD-.1'"1 hh."'IA.I'"I 11H-
oPJ:'C::f "'/~It-

candle lf"''
When the electricity went off, we bought
candles. !>~"It l'l.tn'i- lf"'' ~W)
We dined by caodlelight. fllf"'/ 1,,:.:,.

fl~"l

The cannonade kept us awake all night.

f'~"7m-

The candlestick is made of brass.

< h~.h/l <

f1'1P6- ' ~OJ-

cane (v.) nn:,.c oo;JHe caned the dog, but the dog did not budge.
I

..,,.

(1)-~(1)- I

hA1'"14'114'(19"

cane (n.) hH&.

The old man was leaning on a black cane.
'11"'1"1/l.t- '1'41C hH&. 1'S'."I.t.tD- ~flC

[See also 'sugar cane']

f~"IH11

~~C

l'l.tr"l 11A'I' f.tr<;A

canoe ;J-"11>.

h~"'L~

OD;ril)o

~...,.,

He is canny where money is concerned.

1

Children like chocolate candy more tban other

kinds of candy. a,y<;:,. h/1.~ h~"'L~ f.
Aol- f'fh-11;1- h~"'L~ f.W.II/1-

'I'

canny 11A'I'

candlestick flf"'' oo-'"'1...1'

oo+c

cannonade foPY:'i! M9":f'

fooY:f. M9":1- /1.11.1>"1 n-11- 7."1-l-A

candlelight lf"''

Q.)o~Q.)o1' I

P' :>

canning fl"'<'l "''lf"l

candidate

candy

cannibal f(lm- F:>

candidacy 7."" 1'ID'I'I6 outr"l

OD-'"'1...1'

~4'11

canker [fh'i! 41/lA]

f-'C.f.C' 9""1Q:f"l"l Y:C' "'-~MID-

..,.'i"'(.

The child lost his canine tooth . .hY). h&-"1!1'

The canoe sank in the river. ;1'1'\l.m- 1 m1'1t'

a-lt'l' 1 (lmoo

canon
I. .h"l. The church canon regarding marriage
is often violated. :>11!1'"1 f"''..OD/Ih1'0Jo f
0.1' hCll-1:.1'"1 .h"l 11H- "1..11. f."'<'IA
2. S'-"111. His remarks violated all canons
of good taste. hil1'.1'f1> f~IU.-,."1 S'-"111
!Jo/1- "11'1

can opener f-'C.f.C' ouiJ.t.!J'

I need a can opener to open the can. lUlU "'
C.f.C' f.f.C.f.C' ODh.t.!J' 7..1../I;>A!Jo
11

162

canopy

canopy
I. 1\1-0C. The newly married couple sat under
the canopy. ,...'lit!',; 1\1-0C <D-/1'1' .,..,.
P"m'I'A
2. 'I'll. He walked beneath a canopy of
flowery trees. 01\0'1"7 ~G::Y. 'I'll P'C
T&-ODJl.

cant f&-"" ou~:n61

The thieves have their own cant. 1\.P,; f&l)'f'm- oo~;n6f 1\ll'l'tJJo

canteen
I. M. I could tell by the gurgle that there
was some water in the canteen. nfl.qm- ~ll
'I' <D-;) h't'IA 0"7'tll""i"'l' II<D-:,0 !l'Ab2. DP11'i""' IL'I-. The officers have their own
canteen. ouho't'l',; f&-l)'f'm- OD11'i""' IL
,. ' 1\II'I'<D-

canter
*He cantered across the field. 011"1.,..,. "lA
11,.1' "'L-''tD-'t hl'l<:m

canticle OD1f"""C
The most famous canticle is the Song of
Solomon. hu-11-P" f:I"OJ4' oo11,...C f(l
d-'fP") r ODdaAf I ODdaAA

)(I)-

canton.,~,.

The Swiss cantons confederated to forin a

union. f/1'1!11 "1~-I':Y. 1\'t.f: f1il<:'l- oo-,

""'**'" '

"IP''I- '
-1-'10<1canvas (n.) If&Tents of canvas were given to the refugees.
llll.T'I',.; fif&- .f:'tl>.'t Tll'l';t'l'm- ~

oc
canvass (vt.)
I. oo,:oo.:. John canvassed the papers hunting
for 'help wanted' ads. ]!:'t f P'&- ol.ll"l..l":Y.
., ' "7/1;1-0J<I!f ' OOD.I.r\"1 ' :>ll."'l":Y.'t '

-~-l.

2. 1\llll. Salesmen canvassed the whole city

for subscriptions. Jl.'tO"' r\"7"11'1- 1\lflf
~:y. '
1\{l""""
canvass (vi.) 0fOD't1JI. -1-H'I'OJ<:
The students canvassed for their political
candidate. A~"" )\... -!-OJ-'1'16 .f:P"6
r\"7"11'1- -1-"761",; OfOD't1JI. TH'I'OJ<I-

h.,..,...., '

canyon 1Jl.ll"7 ifA4'

There are many canyons in Godjam. 01-)i"!l"
<D-/1'1' iiH- 1Jl.ll"7 ifA4'l":f 1\11-

capacity

cap (capped), v.
I. If.I.). Snow capped the hills. O<:P.. :>&-l"

:y.-, '

lfol.~

2. OJT.I.. The storekeeper capped the bottle.

Qhoo,g_11.;. r mC,.,.fr'l r aJTL
3. II.Jl.C/10'1- !J'A. The other runners could
not cap John's winning time. /l.tr-l- a:.""'"
:f ]!:'t fif~oi.O'I-'t "1..11. 1\J.C""O'I-
1\A!J'II-1"'

cap (n.)
I. 4'il. He is wearing a cap. 4'il 1\.1:-C'JA
2. h'l't. I have lost the cap of my fountain
pen. fi16t. h'l't m<f.ii'S
[See also 'feather']
capability :Y.II-:1"
The boy shows much capability for learning.
AJI: r\OD"7C h<;: ' fr\ ' :ftt-;1- ' hr\<Dcapable :Y.tt-:1" YAmMany capable doctors work in this hospital.
:Y.tt-:1" ' !II'I'm- ' illf- ' "'h.'I":Y. ' 011.11 ' "'
h.l"' IL'I- f.w&-11*He is quite capable of telling a lie. Aoo'l'if
,. ' "1.1:- ' fr\<D-!1"
be capable of -1-!l'A
This novel is capable of many interpretations.
f-11 Ail OJr\.1:- .1:-Cll'l- Oi!H- OD't1
.<:- fl.ol.:l" Y.!l'IIA

capacity
I. P'A"''t. What is his capacity in that office?
OIU' ' OD/"61 ' IL'I- ' <D-il'l' ' P'A"'\oo ' M
.1:-~<D-l

I am here in the capacity of guardian. AH..U

f!l"11aJo 0'1""111.'1-~'1- P'A"'t ~IJJo
2. :Y.tt-;1-. He has a great capacity for learning.
)\"" '1-A:,O fOD"7C :ffto:J- hr\IJJo

This book is beyond the capacity of third

graders. Y.ll ODI\'do'i' hl"ll.,..,. h<t:A A
]!::f ' :Y.tt-:1" ' OilY. ' ~ ....
be crowded to capacity 111.9" hi\.

The hall was crowded to capacity. 1\'1&-if. m.

,. iltt- ~oc
be filled to capacity m.P" hr\

The theater was filled to capacity. f-1:1'1-C

IL-io /\-'!&-'11 m.r iltt- ~oc
have a capacity of YH

The tank has a capacity of one hundred gallons.

OC"7.11- ouof :>fto't Y.Y.~A
[See also 'crowded']

cape

caption

163

capital punishment JD'l)!ll'i''l 0'1"'1- ""

cape
I. t,q. All the dignitaries wear capes. lf..,P"'l
1> 0.,..11- t,q .f.Millll2. Cl\11 P"!!:C. The ship reached the cape
safely. ooch!l Of.~<; Cl\11 P"!!:C f.t:

Capital punishment is no longer in existence

in England. Ol\'1"111.11 Me JD'l)!ll'i''l o

ll"'f

Capital punishment was approved. fJ'.oo-+ fl

, 'i'C!!: l\<;0'1-

caper lit:+
The dog capered about its master. ro-?['(JJo 0

capital (n.)
I. 1'<; h-1-., I oo<;11f h-1-.,. Mogadishu
is the capital of Somalia . .,.,.,-'1.11" fll-.,fi.J.'
~IJ)o

Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia.

t.-'1.11 t.oq fh.'l-f"<&J.' oo<;11f h-J-.,
(1'<;. h~). ~IJ)o
2. 1'<; 1'lH11. He doubled his capital in two
years. 1'<; 1'lHII-'l 011-11'1- -tou'f- 6T'i'
t..l'.t:1tJJo
3. '1-A:t- t.f.A. Begin every line with a capital!
l\J."l'l'l-'1-'l ' ODJ"ODC. 0'1-A:t- t.f.A. )!P"C

make capital

.,..m+oo

capitol 0.-1- OD'l"'P''ICOpper, f{L,. I oP'l..,P-f: I 4f-fl;f" I

-I-ll''I'$:A

capitulate

flOD~-fl

l\~ lim

The Italians capitulated to the Ethiopians in

1941. "11\,J.''f"'f ' Oiiil\9!: 'tOD-J- 9";,.,.::,.
hlf'l'tJJo'l II h.'1-Nr J.'tJJoJ.''l lim-

capitulation

l\~ ou(lm'f-

The capitulation of the enemy was announced

this morning. fml\:t- 1 J,.;E- DPilm:t- 1 If~ 1
1\l.'l- -1-~1.:

caprice
*Her refusal to go is a mere caprice. 1tA'tr:

He made capital of his father's fame to get the

job. P'tl-tJJo'l 11.,"11''1- qq-t> 11<; -1m+oo

capital (adj.) 'tll.J.'.

9". J.'ll"'ftJJo' .I'll ' P"h'lJ.''I-. ~IJ)o

(be) capricious .hllll-'l Of1.1f.tJJo 111'JDm

A spoiled child is often capricious.

'I"A,.,,.,

A~

These are the capital points in our discussion.

MH.U ftJJo.f..f.;J-"'f'l 'tll..f. 1'-'lf""'f <;'l'tJJo

capital crime 0'1"'1- f"'U'il+"' JD'l)!A

Murder is a capital crime in most countries.
~'I'll "1'11- Ot.11~'1l"'li h11!"7f 0'1"'1- f
"'LJ.'il+"l JD'l)!A ~tJJo

capitalism ll"I::J-11.119"

0.1'.'111 ill\'1.1'.1 .hllll-'l OM.H.tJJo

.f.ll1'tJJo"'A

capsize -l-1110m
The boat capsized because of the strong wind.
0"11-11'1 Hil P"h'lJ.''I- )!AqtJJo -l-1110m

capsule hP"II-C
The powder is contained in a capsule. q..;..r:
OhP"II-C tJJoil"l" f.4'0D"'A

Communists are against capitalism. l>"''.tii.P.

.,. t,"!;;J-1\,11P"'l ,.,.,., /\-

capitalize (vt.)
I. ouf.o. They capitalized the firm at $100,000.
11'!"1!!: .,iiUJ.' f"''.rM $100,000 oof.o2. O'I-A41 liL. Capitalize the first letter of the
sentence! fOt:'i'-1- ~1"-'l fou)!oot.J.' t.f.A
O'I-A41 ll'i'
capitalize (vi.) -1-m+ou

He capitalized on his adversary's mistake.

oqll;>tl-tJJo ilih-1-'1- ' -J-m+""

capital letter '1-A:t-

.,.:,. , ou:,...,:,. ' +c:tA

The cupola of the capitol was sheathed with

'I.;J-tJJo rn.J.' lit:+

1'<; h-1-., '

:t-"1'1- l f.e-'1- 0, 'i'C!!:

l.f.A

Begin every line with a capital letter! t.n'l'l-'1.

'l ODJ"ODC 0'1-A:t- 1.1-A )!P"C

captain
I. lfP"OA. The captain was taken prisoner
with his soldiers. lfP"OII- hJD;J-f.C"'Ii :>C
-1-.,t:h
2. t.P"OA. Who is captain of the team?
fit-!!;). t.P"OA .,'l ~tJJo 1
3. ll1:1:'l. The captain managed to land the
plane despite its broken wing. fl\tJJof!"T'I).
h'l'i' II.IIOCP" ll1:1:). l\tJJof!"T'I).'l
ll.,llt:'i' 11'11
The captain of the ship is very brave. fODChll-
ll1:1:'l 0"111" f.<f..C ~tJJo

caption OD"'II..,_ <&.r..'i'

Pictures in newspapers have captions explain-

ing them. 0:>11."1 11.1'. f"'l.CDm- JP~IP~

h"IC"I.,I':ftJ>o Od"JI\""& K'.Jo.'i' hll:ftJ>o

carcass '1'1il l 'l'll"il

The vulture devoured the carcass. T111

He captivated the audience with his wonderful

voice. "1-1-11" 011') f:ll"lt- h1:"7<Wt "7
t:h

captive II"Cto>;'

He was a captive of the Italians. fh."'A,I''l'~

II"Cto>;' )OC
+"7~h

He was captive to her beauty. nm-n:t T

"7t:h

captivity II"C!o>;'H

1 II"Cto

The prisoners lived in captivity many years.

hll<:'l':r; Milt- 'l"";f-'1- Oll"cto>;')'J- 'l'-1He redeemed his friend from captivity.
1'tHil h'i'IP '!.<'..>;'tD-1 hii"Cio
"'tD-

)R

hm

capture (v.)
1. "7 <:h. They captured a general and his
entire staff. h11: :(~&-A hhq~ :>C
"7<:11-

h'l

card (v.) ).<'.4.

The woman carded cotton for spinning.
ll.'l-1'"1' 'l'm-1 1\""'i'TA ).<'.t.':ftJ>o

card (n.)
1. IIC;f-. They played cards all

;1-1\IJ3. ,1'1:1;."/f m.-;<1>:,.. Here is my card. Call

me when you need me! ,1'1:&-'if'l- m.-:<1>:,.
.1'.1itJ>o'i' l (L,I'Ilt.A"III .<'.ID-AA'S

4. Od;f"CD4:,1' m.-;<J>:,., I don't have my member

ship card on me. fhqA):,. Od;f"CD4:,1' mt:<J>
-1:1 hA,1'11h-11"
[See also 'identification, playing card']

cardboard IIC.f-1
Use thick cardboard for the package! 1\oom'l-11
,I'ID- OCD'i'&-11" IIC.f-1 Tm<l>ll"

cardiac fAil

111'1- .1'."7CIIA
2. ,I'H. We captured butterflies with a net
O.MLC'l"~1 O""i:il .1'111
[See also 'defy']

fT)"' 'I"T

He died of a cardiac disease. hAil 011;1-

cardinal 'lll..l'.
Honesty is his cardinal quality. .&<J>'St:,. 'lO.
~ mQ(t ~m-

capture (n.) "".1'11

The capture of the spy is certain. fl'lll f. ""
,1'11 hC"Im>;' )tJ>o

My elder brother bought a new car. ;J-11'1-

~~

caramel h<:"''.ll
The child likes caramels. A)l: ht:"''.ll .em
.II A

+&- = -I!:*J'C

cardinal number

'Five' is a cardinal number, but 'fifth' is an

ordinal number. hll"/1:,. T&- '1'C I hii"IIT
~

car ""ll.'i'
CD11:"'/. hJI.II Od!J.'i'

evening.

IIC;f- {L""&CD-1: hoo~

2. IICf:. I will send her a card when I go to
Ethiopia. h.'1-l"t...1' 11~1: lief: hAhll

The advertisement will capture the attention

of the buyers. "7/l;f-CD4:,1'tJ>o f~"!Cl":r;1 'i'

"J"}

oP~0~

cf:*J'C

~lD-

cardinal point 'P~~ h:'I-"1-L

The cardinal poin~s are east, west, north and

south. 'l't'l':r; h'l-"'""&l"':f 9"1"&-'1- l II"
~&oil l l'l"'1.1'i' .<'.tl-11 'i':ftJ>o

care (v.) 4.111

Do you care to come along? l\oP9"1fJ:'f- :'f-L

caravan
l . ..,...,., The traders' caravan was robbed while
traveling through the desert. f);>J'..l":r; .,.~
00<:7 h*Ctn (L,I'A'i' 0CD10J'..l"~ THU.

2. "1'1-A'l-A. A camel caravan brings salt in

from the desert. f"I""A "1'1-A'l-A h!l"f:t:
fi~iD- I

"' '1'1tl-1 ('l'll"tl-1) 011

captivate "7t:h

be captive

care

164

captivate

"'"(Do

fODifi{A

carbon paper fi)C(l1 mt:<J>'lUse good carbon paper for the copy! 1\"IAq
..., 0-N- fi)C(l1 CDt:<l>'l- Tm<l>ll"

A:>l\11 ?

*What do I care? 9""1 ""t<J>'S? (II"") :f~t:

'S ?)
*I do not care for him very much. 1\{l- A)!'"!
II" t'S
care about
He cares about music. ooon.:J> ,..m~A
care for
1. mO<J> (TmO<J>). My sister is caring for the

mu

children today. h'l.J: rr&. 11\,l('li't 'l-m11

:J'll."fo
This garden is well cared for . .I'.U ,1''1-hol\'1-
11;1- n.l':t11 r-r-mn.,. )cu2. Lll1. Do you care for sugar in your coffee?
11-<;U CD-11'1' 11\>.C h"t'l.""""Coi\U '1&.11\;>ii.U 1
(be) cared for 'l'"t:J''Il -r-.1'.<:1(11.'1-)
Feeble-minded children are cared for in a
special home. h1.,0r: .I'.IJ"7 .:.}("{- 011\1'
"7li.I'.1.J' IL'I- 'l'"t:J''Il .l'..l'.<:"'l'f'l'ol\
for all I care 1-"t:t" fll~r"
You can go alone to the dance for all I care.
a>.l'. J!"t(l- ll'i'o',. 11JI'U"t 11'1-~..... .l'."t;l- '
fii.'S!I"
not care -,r; 1 fllr"
I don't care what he thinks. 1.(1- 1111."'1..1'110
.... ' .,..... ' fii.'S!I"
He doesn't care for television. ll..J:A.ii.h 1
., ..... 'fii.CD-11"
I don't care to go to the movies.lll\.t"7 -,r; ~
fii.'S!I"
care (n.)
I. 'l'"t:J''Il. The work is done with care.
P'o',.CD- ' ll'l'"t:J''Il ' .,.,...,.

I put a lot of care into that. iltLU 11ft

'l'"t :J''Il h.._..C"I.Il;l-11.112. 'l'"t:J''Il .,.._..<:"!. Regular care of the teeth
is important. ii.'I'CII fHm'l-c 'l'"t:J''Il .,.._..
:"1 ' hii&.'I'L )CD3. .,.bqb11. The care of a baby claims much
of a mother's time. .ftY).") 1 oohQh-fl f11.'1-J:") 1
1111- 'LH. .l'.a>IIJ!ol\
4. -r-"'qc. The keeping of the records is in the
care of the secretary of the club. ""11111
"".1'11 fbllll- lldt&. -r-"'qc )m5. 11:>'1-. He is rich and free from cares of
every kind. 1111;1-!1" )m-<; b"7"t'i'm-!l" 't
.1'.)'1- 11:>'1- )II fll') )m6. m'l11. Care has made him look ten years
older. m'l11 M ....."'Lm- IIOP'C -too'!- ,1'<:
)';

care

165

care

hiiODII/I";f-11\

7. 1.1"'l+:,.. Music was his refuge from his

many cares. b111Jo "~.""}.,.., f"''.'l.,_.,...,.
fllfii-IJ..:f" I ) .
commend to one's care 1t.1.&- : (lm
She commended the child to her aunt's care.
11\"ft..."t 'lhll;t h.l'.o',. llm"f*I commend you to God's care. 1."1H.h11m.C '
.l'.m11-l>u

commit oneself to one's care T""im)

He committed himself to the doctor's care.
mh..-"t -r-"7m)
have care (for) lt.flfi
A mother has care for her baby's health.
1.<;'1- il..ftYS: m:a:r- ;1-llqil."fln care of fl--- fib-A
Send me the letter in care of the university!
.1'.11-'!IL lll'tiiCll.:tcu- llb-11\ 'lhoi\'S
in one's care i\ - - - h.S!&May I leave my valuables in your care?
......... ' fll''l-'1-"t 1.:J'l"'ln. 'l"t-r-' h....-.. .:.-r-cu-1
*The baby was left in her sister's care. A.1':t
.nt:;:"t 1."t.....'l-m11-'l> -r-.1'.<:1
take care Tm)++
I took care not to mention anything. 9"'lf'"
1."tJ!oi\<;1C -r-m).,..'J>otake care of
I. mll.,.(il.'l-) l mil.,.. Don't worry; I will take
care of your children. h;l-1111 i 11\,l';"f.U"t 1.1-.
1.m11-l>oi\Yil.oTake care of my money for me! 1'l HR.1 1
m11-l>oi\'S
Mother charged her with taking care of the
baby. 1.<;;1-"{-"t .ft!S:"t 1."t.....'l-m11-'l> hH
HJI''I2. hm""'"' Before I can leave for Ethiopia,
I still have a few things to take care of. a>.l'.
h_'l-f"k,l' boP~.<'. 114.'1- f"7m<;-l>:J''fcu-
)1r:"f- ' hii-'S
3. -r-m).,..,.. He takes care of his clothes.
11.11\11(1- .l'.m).,.:J-11\
4. hb<;m). The office boy takes care of minor
things. -r-'1'1 h.CD- 'I':J'-l>"t P'.-..l""f-"t ,l'h

""'"""'

5. hll;f-oooo. Who will take care of me when

I get sick? 11;1-oo!l" "7"t ,1'11;1-'l"ao'i'.:. 1
*We'll take care of everything. il..,"t':'CD-!1"
)1C 1.'i' hil."t
take care of oneself &-lt-'1 1 mfl-t
Y ou have to take better care of yourself.
o',.IIU"t .1'.1111\'1' aomll-'1> hi1.11U
(be) under the care of
1. II - - - P'C -r--'!.1'.<:. This library is under the
care of the Ministry of Education. .I'.U IL-r-
DPI\.ft'i!'l- f"''.-r-J!.I'.<:m- 11'1-II"UC'I- "''.tll
-I:C

FC

~m-

2. II - - - <II'I''I'C P'C )cu-. He is still

under the doctor's care. ho-"t!l" llf-h-r-c 41
TTC FC

r )&

[See also 'confide, consign, maternal, recom-

mend, trust']
The ship careened in the strong wind. R..,.l'-fl
"'"'" )<1-11 !l"h't.l'-l- onch!l. h;Jf.fl":f

career
1. JP to. Her career is more important to her
than her marriage. fiC!l. h-l-J!~ .1'-A:,.
1"&-'1' .1'-RA'I'IJ:I"A

2. !t"'t 1 ,.,to. John found a career in advertising as an illustrator. t'"..h'lil r 0"71l;J-m4:

.1' 1"&- RIPOI\.)'f- ' !1/"'1. 1"&- M"f
3. fihf.m-l- ;l"&h. We can learn much by
reading about the careers of great men.
f:l"llll:,. IIJP":f't fihf.m'f- :l"&h R"'''tR
11 1111- A't"''C l\'t":fllfl't
).1!' f.

'l'&-A

careful
I. 'l''t>l!:,.. She is a careful secretary. 'J''t>l!:,.
Rdt.C. <;:,.

2. R'J''t.4'4: f-!IP&-. This is a careful piece of

work .1'-IJ 1"&- R'l''t.4'4: fof-IP&- )tJJo
.,.m~++

Be careful not to break this dish . .1'-IJ't't >'I

ih't l\'tJ!'I-1111<:tJJo of-m'tof>:,.

carefully
I. R'l''t .4'4:. They lifted the stretcher carefully.
.4't:.~tJJo't

R'J''t.4'4: h).,..:,.

2. 1...,.,. hf."C~. Chew each bite carefully!

l\.l''tJ!'tJ!.'t "1-C!f ,_..,.,- hf."C"IIJ h'fh

careless
I. "l.<'..fl"li i "'11.-ffl"li. A careless driver is a
danger to the public. "l.<'..fl"li H( flih11R-
h1.1'i' )tJJo
She has become careless lately. h:,.c11 "1.11.
IDJ!.IJ "lf."ffl"li ' l}'<;(l";f
2. f'I'A:I". The police charged the accident to
careless driving. ?"11.(',; J'f.;JtD- on)lf R
'I'A:I" on'tJ!'I- )tJJo hl\o
be careless "1Y: 1 fi\lD-9"
He is careless with his money. i\1'lH11 1 -J.t:
f(lfDo!l"

carelessly
I. R"'/1.". ffl"li)'f-. Don't throw your things
down so carelessly! l\.4'1J't R"lf." ffl"li)'f-
h:l"11<:hchm-

carelessness
I. "If." ffl"li)'f-. This is another instance of his
carelessness. fill- "11." ffl"li)'f- .1'-1! 1\.11
(Do ' "''ll<:)f ' )tJJo
2. 'I'A-t-'f)'f-. Carelessness is the real cause of
the accident. .l'f.;JtJJo l\C"Im'i' on) If 'fA
-t-'f)'f-' )fDo
3. m1' :J> :J> h.i\oPtr1'. His carelessness neutralized his efforts. m'l:J>:J- h.i\oPtr). 1 -rtl..JJ1' 1
'i'.:O !lll hf.:10Jo

caress f.IJRII
She caressed her baby. Al_'t f.IJRII!l'-l-

caretaker (n.) IL-l- miJ<I:

carefree f"l.<'..fl"li
He leads a carefree life. f"'l.<'..fl"li

2. l\'tf-)1~. The student ran carelessly through

his homework. of-"''&m- l\'tf-)1~ R'I'F.-.1..1'
fiL-l- I" &-tD-'t ....<:II

careen h;Jf.fl

be careful

carnival

166

careen

He left a caretaker in his house when he went

abroad. mY. m-6J.I" Jr..1C tt~Y: r o.+ r
miJ<I:' +-r-' ~1.
caretaker (adj.) "Lti..J"

A caretaker government took over until the

elections. !I"C"'l l\llhJ'.:"1 F.-<:11 "1.11..1'
'I! ""'t"ll"-l- I"A"''t .I'H

carfare "">'1.1..&.1'
Do you have your carfare ready? OO/iL61

hill!!

cargo "l")'fSince the cargo is heavy, the boat cannot move

fast. "l"H hiJF.- llfiiJ') onchR- R'i''l')
-l- 11.~1." hf.":fA!I"

caricature hl"<l:'f 1"6A

A caricature of the enemy was published in
the newspaper. fmll-l- hl"<l:'f 1"6A R;JII.
IIJaJo

aJT:J;A

caries onniiRII
Tooth cavities are caused by caries. -rctalf"''.l':11~'1-

honRIIRII fof-)"1 )tJJo

carnage l\A<I:-lThe carnage continued until dawn. l\A<I:-1> l\

llh 't;J-1> -l'f

carnal

fJP:J

Gluttony and drunkenness have been called

carnal vices. tr~r~+c; m~~+ 1 f JP ;J c oo
'1'1': !I"""IJC'":f .1'-IJIII\o

carnival l!Ct'iA

1 OA
The lion is a carnivore. h10lt

carry (carried), vt.

carnivore JP ;J

JP;J

OA

~"'"
JP ;J 1 OA
Lions are carnivorous animals. h10f\l-

carnivorous

:> OA htJJoo!-1!'"1- 'i''l'tJJo

carol fAJ'.'I- oo11-c

We sing carols at Christmas time. il1'i' fAJ'.
'I- oP11.,..C 1\")HII"t.il"t

carouse <:O lf
They caroused all night long. 1\.11.-l>"t -11-
11.<:111. M'.~

The carpenter is fixing the broken stairs.

h'i'm.tJJo f-J-{10~'1-"t S'.<:Y{I!'"f- Mtn1~ ~"'"

fh'i'm.~'l-

-Y

The artist has a sideline in carpentry. oP'tll.

"'" bP't.tJJo 1\.1\ fh'i'm.~'l- -Y Yh
'i'tJJo'i'A
(~pass.)

carpet v.

11:>7{ 1-~tn<I.O'I-

They carpeted the stairs for the Emperor's

arrival. 1.,.w ~1JP-IJ 1 hltotoom- 1 U)f
tJJo 11-11- 11:>7{ 1-~tn<I.O'I-

carpet (n.) 11:>11'

Sweep the carpet before the guests come!
1\")"IJ'..'fi ' """"""" ' 11:>7ftJJo") ' 'l't:1tJJo

carriage
I. (1<:111. His Majesty rode in a carriage during
the coronation. "Jf1trY. 1 OHm-IS. O'lA r "L

H. 0(1<:11\ ' 1-l\H-

2.

~1\.

She has a queenly carriage. M"IP''I-

1\ 'hl\'1-

A carrier of bad news is never welcome.

1

mt-1 flP/Joont

9"1

"LtL9'"

OF.

11;J- f"tof>OiltJJo fM"

be a carrier hl11-"ltd.

Flies are carriers of several diseases. 11"tll"f-

1111- 01i:J-I!'"f-"t Y11-t-I\A4-Ir

carrion '1'11"11 I 'l'"t11

Vultures eat only carrion. '1'11"11 h"t"f 'I'll"
11 ('l'"t11) 11!1' Y.OI\A

carrot tu!''l-

carry (vi.) -J-{1.,

Her voice carried to the back of the room.

S'.-11"!1.. 1.11h h'i'tr ~C'I o -J-{1.,

carrier f"YJoont
oo-rc.::

I. 1-lfhoo. He will carry your bag for you.

1.{1- 'lf")IIJtJ") Y.lfhii"AVA
He carried the gun on his shoulders. mou")YftJJo
") ' O'f-b'lftJJo ' 1\J'. ' -J-lfbOD
2. YH. Do you always carry an umbrella?
11-A"I.H. 'Of")TI\ '1-Y.~iltl 1
The elevator cannot carry more than 10 persons. hll"t(l~ hOP'C (ltJJo fOiltn hY.
119"
3. hl\l\H. Freighters carry our products to
foreign countries. f'l."~'l- ODCbll"f- M"IS'.'
1.:1'"1-"t"t ms>. tJJo'l." h1C Yl\'1'~114. lfm. He carries the best line of shoes in town.
Oh-1-.,tJJo f"7.11''1-"t II"C'I' 'tY.~'I-
1!'"1- Y.lfiiJA
5. hHII. The letter carried a threat. S'-11-'IO.tJJo
.,11<1.t.&Y YHII ~"'"
6. h-'1<:(1. He carried the news to everyone
in the village. l\oP1 F.~ (lm- 1 11-lr rot.
tJJo") ' h-'1<:(1
7. hllil~' nm. The treacherous soldier carried
reports to the enemy. h-'1-t-';'tJJo m;J-S'.C II
tnl\'1- &TC'I- hilA~ (lm
8. h11-t-l\il<l.. Air carries sound. hfC S'.'ll"
6 Y111-IIA4-A
9. hlf~<~. l <:;J-. Our side carried the election
for club president. f'1 mn fhOII-"t fT
o!.IL'I"t'l-~'1- II"C"'i hlf~<l.
John easily carried the argnment. ]F:."t hch~
") Oof>l\11- hlf~<l. (<:;J-)
10. O:J'(tJJo). This money will carry us for about
a week. Y.tJ 1"tH11 llllll"")'f- YtJA Y.O
:l''i'A
*That crime carries the death penalty. Y m")~
A 0'1"'1- Y11of>IIJA

""1.,

carpenter h'i'm.

carpentry

carry

167

carnivore

be carried 1-of>'IY.~'I- h1'f

The motion was carried. do<'lll-

1-of>'IY.~'I-

h1'f

carry away m~
The rushing water carried away the bridge.
1-Cf. S'.'AS'.'f.") tiJ(IS'.tJJo
{be) carried away

..,.~UfUf

The crowd was carried away by the speech.

f-J-{IO(IOtJJo ih1111 0")"1"1~ 1-~"1"1

carry off
I. mns>.. The police caught the spy

and

carry-over

case

168

carried him off to prison. ?"A.i'=li 1 ill\'-'1

f.HIJJo mS'. Mte ILT mll.ll.T
2. A.:J'... The disease carried off thousands.
01i;J-fDo 11rt- lf. llfDo L)>;

cartography flte;J- P'<I-

carry on +ma\

carton flte-lo'J "''I''J

His son carries on the business. r(l.

A~ s

'J"I.Il.'} f-4>'1'11&\
carry on the back hila\

She was carrying the baby on her back.

ihY't-'J Mill ~oe

carry oneself

*She carries herself beautifully, like a queen.

~11'1' 1.'JS'. 'J"IP'T f"U. ~fDo
carry out

I. Ll\oP 1 hh..,.m~. They carried outthe orders.

:,.1.~n-'J Ll\..,. (hh..,.m't-)
2. h"IR- hS'.~Il. We will try to carry out your
plan. 7.:tJ:-u'J h"IR- ll"YJ:-~11 :l.'J'I"h<lll'J
(be) carried out

+ll~.r.

The war in Vietnam is carried out by guerillas.

fli.fT ....9" tne~:,.
i-'1'1.jP'f- ~ ....

f"Y.ItY.S'.fDo OS'.L"'

(be) carried over -t-1\a\L

The last item on the agenda was carried over

to the next meeting. Oh)>;'J'Im- llf. no~
..... foP<U.~!fm- ' .hll11 ' ll"7.4>'1'llfDo 1111(1
Q i'llllL
carry the day t-S:S:"t-'1 ltif~L
The new party carried the day. h-'1.(1- :ret
fDoS'.'S'.'-1-'J hlf~L

carry weight
1. 4!9'" ~1C ha\t-. His opllllon carries
great weight. hlli-Yf-lo T&\:t 419" ~1e
fa\f- I ~(Do
2 . .,.;J hi\.(&. That argument does not carry
much weight. heh-1- 1.9"11~9" 'I'~ flla>-9"

[See also 'art, ball, conversation, piggyback']

follf Qll&\

[O~Utn'l' llf. f"7.1't 1111 ;J-m

4! I (t~iftj I rtll. I I.JJ,(D< I flo).;:f' I O.h.il I
noAh f"7S1e P'6&\]

cartoon

cartridge 'l'f.T

.He,. 'put a cartridge in his gun.

moP'}jf(Do")

If",.

h.,.~,.,

cartridge belt 'lfljC

Soldiers used to wear cartridge belts. m;f-S'.C:'I'

~oe

,,..,.e f.;J-m<l!

empty cartridge +AtJ

The battlefield was full of empty cartridges.

otne~., "'1.'1 111- 4>llll '1"&\.Y. ~oe

carve
1. +t:l\. He carved his initials in the bark
of the tree. fii..,.'J foo)>;oo6f A.S'.w'l' 1.~
+- :teA.:,. 111- .,.~ll
2. <f.-4>. Is the knife fine enough to carve well?
0.11'1'111- {\oo<f.-4!1 0"19" IIA ~fDo?
3. oP-t-i:. The cook carved the meat at the
table. IDT I f1.:t I JP ,;JtD-'} I tlli:J\.IflD" I 1\Y., I
oPi-~'1'

4. m4>~ (i-m4>~). For the grain to be ground

thoroughly, the upper and nether millstones
have to be carved. "-tJA 1 0~'111 oo~Q;l.+ 1
:l.'J'I.iFA ' m<;:'""" ' oo)l: oom4>e hiiOT
carve out O,&..(t-

"**oP

He carved out a career in business. Ot-tt- r

'J"IS'.' P'<l- M:ll:oo

cascade T'J1i j,j,-1:

0oP'}"J~

htn111 T'J1i j,j,-1: hll

Throwing rice at the bride is a carry-over from

a bygone era . .._.'H ,...'lit-.e.-t: "'"' 1 oP0+'1 1

uno.,.:,.

Please bring me ten cartons from the stationery! hK"ihL-r oPJJt61 ~ oPf..-flC OP'C r
lte-lo'J "''I''J h9""1&\'f

There is a cascade near the road.

carry-over follf Qll&\

ltll+-.-,.

Cartography helps to delineate the borders

of territories. flte;J- P'<l- f"I~T'J S'.''JO
e /loP/If f.m:t"7&\

~,.

case
1.

Pflf''}.

Leave the bottles in

the case!

me....{I,;'J "''I''J m-11'1' i-'l''l'm-

cart

~6 l

2. "l..,f.C. I need a case for my glasses.

i-110.

He put his baggage in a cart. !f'J"Jji',;'J

~6

1\oP~l\"~

"7"tS'.e :l.LA~/111-

He trundles his cart behind him wherever he

goes. OY.S'.OT tHr i-110.111-'J 1.1'1-i-i-

3. MY.. I read about the case in the newspapers. 1111 7-'11' h.?U"' llf. M011hWhen will the case come before the court?

f.Y-'111\

7-'11' <;:eJ:- o.:,. oo'f f.4>eQA ?

(Do I

1\,.

1~

cast

169

casement

4. hChC. The lawyer stated the case briefly.

He cashed a bond at the bank. fl'tJI. 't q')h

mo.+w- hch~'t q"JK. .t.4><:0

5. 9"h't.N. He presented a strong case
against the proposed law. f4><:0w-'t ilt"l
f"t.:J>ID9" ' l>T.;>Il ' 9"h't.f..,. ' )>4><:0
*This is not the case. l'.'tJI.Il l>.f.S'.fl9"

'tP. > OU)H<:

*There were five new cases of malaria. aut

:,.co- f.l'~'l'w- .t.9"11..,. o'li+'l':f )0~

that is the case "-,Jl.u ~ hlf~

if

If that is the case, you '11 have to work much

harder. ""J-'lU htr~ OllJ9"' m-,h~U 1 ao
Ft.:,. .f.'l'C11?&\

I. fl"'l't':'a>-9". I will call in any case. fl"'l't>;'

a>-9" ' 11&\h ' l'.S'.a>-1\flll2. f9"' 1 If~ ~ .e.u. In any case, there won't

be any necessity for you to come.

f9"'

.f.ll ' ""9""'"' ' l>.I'II.L&\"11)9"

in case 9"'1J'Ail+ 1 11. + imperfect.
Wait for me in case I am late. fOIJ'Ail+
.f. mofi4>'S

If~ ~

no cash with me. 0:(

2. h)!- 0)!-. I will pay cash. !'.)!- 0)!- h

h'i!l\1111-

cash payment "-~ 0~ 1 ootJ,c.A

Redemption of articles is done through cash
payment. h.+ll':f f"t.OUflll-:,. h)!- 0)!-,
oaohA.A

)'f&

We sell only for cash. f9"'tlf mllJo h)!- 0

;Eo ' ll"t.h.L&\ ' oflil' ' )IIJo
hard cash *l"t. : 1'lH11
He sold his house for hard cash. O.'i:") 0*1"~ :
1'tH11 lf mllJo

[See also 'petty cash']

1

11H1

in case of
I. f + perfect + !'.'t S'.tn. In case of illness,
please notify my family! f;J-ou9"h- l'.'tS'.IT)
1\HouP..:f 't1C
2. 11 + (imperfect). In case of fire, call the fire
department! .+mil- ll)"f 1\l'.il:,. l>S'..?
h'i!&\ ' S'.Wo&\
in no case 09"'-,9"' 9"'h-,f+

He should in no case be a11owed to get up

until he has completely recovered from his
illness . .LX''!" l'.llh.S'.''t S'.'<:ll 09"'t9"
9"h't.l':,. lt&\,;JIIJo l'.'tJ!.f.)"f ouh&>h&\
)IIJo

in this case ll.-,,g,H.U hlf~

I can't do anything in this case. l'.'tS'.Il.ll h
IT) ' 9"'t9" ' "'IS'.'<:"I ' .t.&>:f&\9"

lose the case +t:.;Jw

He lost the case he brought against his uncle.
q,.., 1\.f. q4>,:ow- hll +.:;J-

this was not the case "-m-~+ s hA~0~9"'

He said he had done the work, but this was
not the case. F&.IIJo't IPCil'llu- 1111- )
OC )1C "l't l'.a>-):,. l'.&\)0<:9"

cashbox f1'tH11 lt11'i'

The thief broke open the cashbox. 1\.fltJJo

f1

'tHII-'t lt11'i' (1111!' h.L+w-

cashier 1'tHofl +4>q.f.

Women are often cashiers. 1")H11 ++ll.e. :
oflll'w-'t ' 1.11. ()..,... ' ""'""

casing 'liol-'t
The casing protects the wires from the rain.
'liol-~ 'liflw-'t

hll'i'9" .f.hl\hfl'I'A

metal casing oflt:.+ : Q..")Q,.

The electric wires are enclosed in a metal
casing. fl><:'tt 'liflll':f 11.::,. !1.'t!l. ' w-11
'I' 1-4>ofi<:'I'A

cask [M'tQ;~,'J- f1-1P&. ' OC"'&A]

casket

..,..,'II

"f'l''t. He kept his jewels in a casket.

I.
'l."''l.m-'t o:,.'t'li ' ., ..., IIJoll'l' ' .t.'l'<:
2. r ~It : "'lfi. The body was put in a wooden
casket . .t.llh.:.~ O't..,..,. f.:Oil "f'l''t IIJoll
'I' ' +S'-<:1

casserole J'.ll:,.
He put the casserole on the table.
<:A.~

~.f.

..('{1-h")

.t.ll4>oum

cast (cast), v.
I. "'ll. They cast lots to see who would go
first. ooo;eou,:.f ' ..,, ' l'.'tS'."t.'tS'.' /\"'ltD

[See also 'emergency, test1

casement [foullto:,. mC'If]

)1fC&>'S :,.:fl\flll ?

1. *l"t. 1 1'lH11. I have

'1'.:0 1'tH11 fii'S9"

for cash h)!- O)!- 1\"t.h.LA

in any case

cash (v.) ou)H<:

Can you cash a check for me?

cash (n.)

:r:h.-,

:,. ' b"l ' "'ll-

A+ao

The fisherman cast his net into the sea. '\vt

Jrt*J"D'f':(.

oPt':.,fP)

liJ~ I

{)ifl~ I

11)1\

casualty

170

cast

2. hS'.I\.1'.11. The director will cast the new

play next week. JP&- oot;.m- flOIIJ.oPilJ8J"
1111"'1:,. h'l.""'t ""'1':1" ff.~S':~IA
3. 4'<:11. He cast a statue of the Emperor
in bronze. n-,.tp I )'1F~'} I thtD-A+ I h
""'111 ' 4'<:11
cast about (for)
I. 11"7.,-r:,. 'l"h<:. He cast about for a new job.
h'l.ll ' P'&o 11"7.,"f..,. ' 'l"h<:

2. 11"7.,"f:,. tDJI.f ID'I.Il hll. We cast

about for something to do during the
approaching vacation. ilOWJ..oPIIJ(I)o rift:.'f:+ r 1..
II. ' f!l"'tW&o<D-'t ' 11"7.,"f..,. ' tDJI.f ' IDJI.IJ '
h/A't
cast aside ll)i\
He cast aside his tom clothes. f-1"4''!.1'..1'. A
11/IIJ;') I "JII
cast away
He cast away his humble habits when
1.
he became an officer. oPlJ..'l'} Otr)' ~ "LIL +
t:- mll\t'l r +m
2. fl+)'. He will cast away this money just

.,..m,

as he has done in the past. hH.Il 01.:,.

h'tJ!.I'.<:1<D- o-11- 1'tHfl-'t .1'.0.-,.<;A
(be) cast down
I. of"f.<:oo(l. The columns of the building were

cast down by an earthquake. f .ft'tl\<D- !l"(l

MP":f- ' Ooot.:,. OD't4''1'4''1' ' of"f.<:OD""
2. :,.1!11. hf.<:(o:,.). I was cast down when I
failed the test. Lofo<;<D-'t llmS'::,O :,.1!11.
hf.<:11'S
cast in 1\'}1: r h.Y..t.'l
He cast in his lot with the gangsters. bl:tt-'1
h1D't01.9'":f- ;JC h'tf: h.1'.<:1
cast off IIJil I tDJIJ "'ll
The snake cast off its skin. l\Qfl- :,Oc.t.-l>'t "'ll
He cast off his shoes. "'i"7<D-'t tDJI.f "'ll
[See also 'aspersion, blessing, chill, eye, glance,

spell, vote']

cast (n.)
I. :(11. How long must you keep your broken
arm in a cast? fof"{lO<:<D-'t h'tf:ll't llll
't..,. ' '1.11. ' 01:,11 ' h'tf.;f-(l<: ' .,.,f..,. ' ....
'l'C11YA l
2. -l""'i'l'"'1'. A party is to be given for the cast.
11-i""'i'l''6 .,11"11" II.J'.<:., ~,.,.

castaway oocho- fof"{lO<:o:,.

(ltD-

The castaway was rescued years later. ouch

fl- I fof-(}0<:0..,. I (ltJJo\1. I h'lOD:f"..,. I 0:\
~ ' .1'.<:""11..,.

caste "t11<:of" (}11M! h'i!A

In India, there are many castes. OtJ'l..t!'" s h1C
1111- ~11<:1" (}11M! h'i!ll-":f- hll~4'L (of"HL)
He was castigated by the newspaper. O."Jtt.lfJm-
h4-'l' 1"~4'L

castigate h4-'l'

cast iron 11<:-lCast iron is used for making stoves.

!I"S':"Ji ' lloPJ"(.f '

11~+

1111.,~/A

castle .,'til
Have you seen the castles in Gondar? 1-'ll.
C ' 111-:,.'t ' .,'t(l":f- h.l'.of"?'f'I'A?

castor bean f"l-11- 'i!t.

This company will extract oil from castor
beaos . .I'. II h-Q't f n.e:,. h"l-11- ' 'i!t.

'"'"'"'

castrate
I. hl1-~ If. He castrated the goat and the ox.
'i!fll-'t<; Ot.<D-'t l'lb-~lf'f<D2. {1110. Slavers used to castrate boys so
that they could serve as harem guards. Qt.f
L't;J'f"":f- ID'tP.":f- Ql!'":f- f64!Q:,. mQ
4:9'":f- .t.'t'l.ll'l>- .l'.{lA!J.'f<D- ~oc

casual
I. f.,S'.II"Ih:,.. He has a casual attitude toward
study. llll :,.rue:,. MS'.II"li~.-,. mQ.I'.
hii<D2. ( ~ adv.) S':'t1:,.. A casual meeting on the
street began our long frieodship. 00D't1S': ~
.... ' S':'t1..,. ' fofo1<;"f~<D- ' ll<:'fr!l" ' '1.11. '
IDJ!)!'~;f-":f-'t ' !l"h'tf..,. ' II'~
*It was just a casual remark. htt: ll"tJioP
"' f-1"~1<: .t.llof"ff..,. ~oc
*He is only a casual acquaintance. hC(lo ."JC
fii'S ODojo'l'tD:,O ' fm04' h.l'.f.ll!l"
[See also 'glance']

casually h4- h'tJ!OD"JII.-,.

He said it to me quite casually. h4- h'tJ!
OD"'II:,. ~1<:'S
*I know him casually. ODof"'I'IDft'":f-'t h!1"11q
fD

I)'~

pi aster. cast :((l

All his members were covered by a plaster cast.

h)!'<; h.,-1- lt.1'.4'C 01:,11 of"lf'i!$:/A

casualty (casualties)
1.

111-."l~

r+?-.11. The casualties ran into

cat

catch

171

n:

the thousands. qJ>.;>m- f.,.1-'l-'t- 11

f.~m~ )11C
2. fJ'.<:(l11't- .....C't-. Our casualties in Africa
were small. 111\'i'<llt dJo/1'1' fJ'.<:MI"t .,.
'l't- Mllofo'f )11C
cat J'."ou'tThe cat hunts mice. J'."OD;f: hf.tn":f-"1 :l'
J'."t;(l";f

*He let the cat out of the bag. 9"/lm.C h

qh)
cataclysm ,..:,.,..-;::,..
He prophesied a cataclysm for the evil city.
"1m.h.,.'fm- h.,.., 'If, ,..:,.,..-;::,.. f,w
C'IA .fill- _,.)11f
catacomb [f""-"'oflC 'l'lij
catafalque [11+.flc P'C~'t- 1.U &.II f
"'U'C'i'l1't- ' h<;: ' Yfl ' )1C]
catalog (v.) ""H111
He cataloged all the books in the library.
110Dl\<h'i''t- ' 11.-1> ' Yll-'t-"1 ' ODl\<h'i''t- ' ll-11- '
ODH1q'fmcatalog (n.) 11C"IIC
He received the catalog of books yesterday.
't-<;"l't- fODl\<h'i''t- 11C11C h1T
He received the catalog showing the latest
kinds of gnns. 11'1>CI1- fwm-'t-"1 mou"l!f
P'":f- f"''.Yilf. 11C11C MT
cataract ~~.,
The cataract falling down the mountainside is
quite attractive. h1"t-~m- 1'\.e. ~ rD?..mc~
m- ~~1: 11"19" Yll!.ll:l'A
catarrh "1-"l<f."l
He suffers from a violent catarrh. hf. .,...,.
<f."l ' f.I':J'A
catastrophe ou:,.,.-;::,..
The earthquake which took place in Japan
was a great catastrophe. 111f;r"l fJ'.<:{lm- f
ou,:.'t- ou"l+'l'+'l' :1''1'1> ,..:,.,..-;::,.. )11C
catch (caught)
I. YH. We caught many birds . .fill- wc:":f-
Y11"1
The police caught the thief. ?"fl.(l. 1\.qm"1 YHm1 did not catch his name. Would you please
repeat it? 11""""1 h<I\Y11h-9"! l\111: J'."1oum2. YH(m-). +Put a warm coat on; you will

catch cold. f"'/.'1"'1> to't- <1\1111 l "1-"l<f."l

f,f,11YA
3. YH(11't-). +He caught his jacket on a nail.
lfh.-1>"1 ' 9"/I.,C YH11't4. +t111. He caught the ball which was
thrown to him. f.,.w<:w<:m-"1 '>.II +t111
5. J'.<:{l(11't-). I caught the boy stealing fruit
from my garden. All: lt't-hA't- fl;l'l'- 'i'
&. 'i'tl. (l.(IC'i> J'.<:llh-11'tl caught him just as he was leaving the house.
Ah ' hfl.-1> ' {l.W"l ' J'.<:lllt-11't6. .,.:>q(11't-). +J caught the measles from him.
h-'i''t ' h(l. ' .,.;>qo(J'{
7. .,<:h. The neckties in the window caught
my eye. l\oullto-1> 'If. Yll-'t- h&o"li.f":f-
~,.~, ' .,<:h-'t8. h<:.,..l... +J caught my finger in the door.
11~ ' "11:"1 ' h<:.,..l..'{
9. mfi.C.. +My sleeve caught on the doorknob.
fDD111.YdJo ll)!;l' l\~"11'-"1 ' mtlol..dJo
10. hmouJ'.. The fish that I caught were flopping
around in the bottom of the boat. YmouJ'."'>.'I'
w- ~"'P'":f- )!Aqw- WtiA 'If, f,"lol..&-.1..
.,_ )11C
II. 1q(m-). I didn't quite catch your meaning.
9""1 .,fl't-11 li"I.J:IT) 11J'."I.fl hA1q'f9"
12. h"'J'..I... The teacher caught the student
off gnard with a question. 1\11.,..,<1.,. .,..,
.:m-"1 i1Yil11to- 11'1'4< h"'S:I.w13 . .,.11.1..<: l 'tJ'.. I will catch the plane for
Addis Ababa at nine. 111"/l't- (l~'t- WJ'.
h-'1.11 hl1q 11"7.'/.J'.m- 1\dJoC'T'l"l llil.l..&.flll1 have to catch the five o'clock train. flO,..,
&. ' 1\")J'." ' (l~-J> ' qfl-C ' OD'/.J'." ' 1\fl.fl'f
14. J'.<:{l. Is there any chance of catching
the train? qn-.,. ilf.'t!." {IDDJ'."l:ll .,.ll<f.
htl?
be caught .,.+<:4'<:

The car was caught between two trees. oob..t;'P J

I11Jotl't- ' qc:":f- ODithA .,..,<:.,<:":fcatch at mUm-"1- r ,..,.01\

He caught at the chance to get free tickets.

)l\ -th.'t- f.,"l"f't-"1 bJ'."A W-'I.Ym-). '
.,..,.11{1
catch hold of 1H

Catch hold of the other end! 1\.'IID-"1 ""'.'i'

Ynmcatch on
1. 1q(w-). +He catches on quickly. 1'11- f,1q
'I' A

cause

172

catch
2. M-t-mf..f.. '/.f... That new song is beginning
to catch on. h-'l<l- HL't 7-f-t-mf..f.. '/.f..
catch oneself &-{l-'l '1:1'"
He caught himself before he said the wrong
thing. f-f"ltlt-f" ' ~'IC ' hoo<;1~ ' 0.1.'1- ' &<l-'t .,,.
catch up with .1'.<:1'1(0'1-)

He made a sustained effort to catch up with me.

I\J'.Cil11'5 f"Y.f!I/CT ' Tl:'l- hf..l:'l
*Try to catch up in your work by working
weekends. 7.m..l':'> +-'l"'L Oool"&-+ IDS'.
:\1\ foJ><:UO'I-'t 1\"Y";l.l\'l- 'l"hC
*Leaves were caught up in the wind. :t-mtr-:ri
,. ~of.ll ' fD(lJl:ftJ>o
[See also 'breath, cold, fire, glimpse, short, sight']

catch (n.) -l"'tb-A

There is a catch in it somewhere. Jt.,J!' +
'tb-A hi\0'1*The fisherman brought home a large catch.
'\"f ' hT"Y)I: ' 1111' ' '\"f J'.Jf 'lq
catchall1111' .hltll:f"l .I'HII :l'A
The word 'freedom' is often used as a catchall.
~10'1- f"7.11tJ>o :l'A 1111' .hltll:f't .I'HII

~"'"
catching -1"1\1\.1. 011;JMeasles is catching h-'i''5 -1"1\1\.1. 011;J-
~"'"
*Her laughter is catching. f!l. "f+ /l.t>o:f
't ' .I'P':l'A
catchword oui\A{' f"7..1'1l"YtJ>o :l'A
'Graft' was the catchword of the demonstrators. '1-11 M"Y'I! llAL>f':f ODI\IC\IltJ>o f
"7..1'1'1....+ :l'A ~oc
catchy f"7..1'11f..ll+
He sang a catchy tune. f"7..1'11f..ll+ H."Y
hiJ.OO

catechism [0'1".1'4: DDAII ou.c>h f-I"H:>l':

fV.I'-"Y'l''l- "YII-I""Y6.1' oPl\'.h'i']

.,c.,.

categorical
.I'll
His reply was categorical. oPAft.
11 ~oc

of=C~J> r

category (categories) h'i'A

He divided the subject into categories. hCJ..ll

1>'t Ofh'i'il' oof..OtJJo

cater 9'"'111'> h'IA"It>o'l- llm
He caters large parties and weddings. II 'I-A A+
.1':"111'> llC"I ,.."111'> h'IA"Ii>''l- .1'-II"'A

cater to
1. 1\oP/til r liJl.. This store caters to young

people . .1'-U ' oPf..11C ID"'.,.:f't I\DD/t11

.1'-T&-A
2. A"7Mfl+ 1 llJl.. The new magazine caters
to boys by printing stories about airplanes.
hJl.l)- ' ODl\'m.'l- ' Ill\ ' htJJot!'TI\'f:f ' ;J-6
h OODI\'j: A]t::f't 1\"YIIf..(l'l- .1'-T&-A
caterpillar .t,q

<WI~

cathedral IJ-J;f.."&-A
This cathedral commemorates the Emperor's
ViCtOry. f.tJ ~ }]1:-&-A I f")..,..IP I ~"lP"-J: r S;
A I OD:f'(Ul...' I ~mCatholic .,.,.ll.h
There are not many Catholics in Ethiopia.
Oh.'I-1'-A'.I' tJ>oiiT 1111' IJ.f.ll.ll:f fll-9"
cattle
I. h11+. They raise fine cattle in this country.
MI.U h1C tJJoll'l' 'I'~ h11_,.:f .l'<:ql\o
2. foJ>'t .1': h11:,.. All cattle eat grass. foJ>'t
.1': h11'1- IJo/1- ' "fC )'.01\A
[See also 'range']
cattleman h11+ hCfl
The occupancy of the land by farmers was
opposed by the cattlemen. ,..~., q&-j\':f
"".I'll'"! h11+ hCtll":f, -t-:1'"'""""'" ~oc
caught, see catch
cause (v.)
I. h.-stem, hit-stem. He causes her a lot of
grief. 1111- .1'1111'>;1-A
2. t.ou"J. What caused the accident? hf..:>tJ>o
,. ' .foP"'tJJo ' ,..,..l':~tJ>o l
3. hllh-1"1\. It is my contention that poverty
causes crime . .l':li~+ m'tl':A't .l'llh'I-1\A
111'- h,..'>IIIJo
4. Lml:. The news caused a furor. m~m-
1i11C Lm<:
*What causes malaria? rau] 1 oo~ itm- 1 EJD
't.l':~tJ>o

cause (n.)
I. ,..h"l.l'+. What is the cause of the dday?
f-I"H1f0'1- ,..h't.l''l- ,..'t.l':~tJJo l
2. T:JY:Il-. World peace is a cause she works
for. -1":>f.." I>' f,..;J-f..C'ItJ>o f'\11,..,. M,..
1\"Y"I'f'l- ~""
3. '\1\"Y. He died for a good cause. f'l"-fotJJo
fl"1"?-

1ol\"7

~to-

4. oP~'if. We cannot stop war until we get

rid of the causes of war. ftnCH't oo~'fl":Y..
IJ~ii1D1J:"'t tnC~'I-'t A'OiiiD"IJ:" ll.'t:Y..A9"

5. -r-'1.1'.. He declared his adherence to the

cause of freedom. ~~~~~~+ 1-'1.1'. f.;>.f.H't
11\ll

be the cause of hllb.,.ll

Parents' lack of firmness is the cause of much

trouble today. q.:. ffD~,i:Y.. '1'11:,0 l\.1\oo>
ll''t 1111- m't:,O .l'llh'I-~A

caustic f"'i.h~h't
He made caustic remarks about my proposal.
ill\ ' l\.<1'~1111-'1- ' .h411 ' f"'i.h~h't ' ll.il-t-.1'
f'l- (lm

cauterize -t-lt-(1
He cauterized the wound with a hot iron.
4lilll-'t ' 0;>11 ' 11~'1- ' -t-lt-(IID-

caution (v.)

ll.ilm~<l'<l'

I cautioned him against being late. "ll.'t'I.I'.H1.1'.

ll.llm~<i':,Ot~-'1-

caution (n.) ...,.,...,

The path is slippery; you had better proceed
with caution. oP't1'1- iiii"'L.I''IA'I' O'!''t
_,..., 11'1-~ooJ:- .l'.'f~A
caution sign f6'/llm'l+cf:f

oP'I'i!'t ' f"'/..1'4.1'. ' f'l-~h ' ,..

Ah'l- f_,ilm't<l'<l:.l' ?"Ah'l- ~,_

f.~11D- '

cautious 'l''t:,0
cautiously

~:(

~OJo

<1'~!1-

The cavalry attacked first.

t.~(l';'w- O~J:-"'1.

1\'li'i!-I':Y.. ' '1''1- ' oPf.O<I:.I' ' (I;J- ' ~,.

cavity f-t-(1~(1~ 'I'Cil

The dentist filled the cavity. f'I'Cil .hh.-

'l'Cil

'I"~

*The abdominal cavity contains the stomach

and the intestines. Olf.t: 1 7l.4'0Jo 1 ID"ll"l" ~~
~<; ' ll.'t)';'l- .1'.1::'11-

cease (vt) ll.ol'oo>

The factory ceased making bicycles. 4-11&1J
ID- ' 0,1\.h/1.'1- < oP/"~'1- < l\.oi\OD
cease (vi.)
I. l\.0,... The Aksumite empire ceased to exist
in the lOth century. fll.h(l-9" _,.,,..,._
O'lF~'i'w- h'i!ll Hoo>'t l\.0,..
2. -t-oll ~m. The music ceased suddenly. -"-"'
,. OJ:-'t1'1- -t-oll~m

cease fire f-t-li'll

"'"'~"' !19"9"~'1-

The cease fire was violated by both sides.

f-t-li'il ' "'"'""' ' !19"9"~'1- ' 0<1-1\-J,?" ' ID1

ceaseless f"'.l'oliC'I'
A brook's ceaseless murmur is enjoyable.
f"'.l'oi:Cmw- f~~;l: 1-'1-9"'1-9"?' 1\llf.'a

:y..'

~,.

cedar 'I'J:The room is paneled in cedar.

9"C'I' t.~(l';' 1\oPII''t , ~'liD-

in

..,~~m-

cede 11<1'<1'

1\')1\:,09" ' 1\11-

I.

t.~(l:;'

His equestrian training helped him become the

best cavalryman. Ot.~(l:;'~'l- """'Am't-
-t-f.~OD(I

Look out! The wall is caving in. -t-m't<i':,O l

"IJ:-"1-'IID- <

The cavernous mountain is a good hiding

place for the outlaws. 'l''f fOqO'I- .,.~~

ceiling

.l'll.m,..

cavernous 'l''f foqo:,.

They refused to cede their land. oo.:.;t-:fw-'t

t.~(l';'

cavalryman

(1:

,. O'l''f w-!1'1' .e'l'c ~oc

'I'J:- -t-1111J!,.A

O'l''t,...,

They approached cautiously. O'!''t,...,

cave (v.),

Ancient man used to live in caverns. f"l"'l+

'l':Y.. ' -t-"1(1

~Ah-1-

The traffic signal showing a palm facing the

road is a caution sign. OOD'l1.f: = 1\.e rott.

He is a cautious driver......,.,.:,.

cavern 'l''f

f-t-(I~(I~ID-'t

[See also immediate"]

cavalry

celebrate

173

caustic

1\.f.~ODil

< ~ID-

CaVe (n.) 'l''f

He hid in a cave. 'l''f w-!1'1' -t-1.0<1'

O.~!::'t.

The ceiling is low.

O.~!::'t- 11:,.

.I'll ' ~ ....

2. lfltJ.I. The government imposed a ceiling on
prices .,..,..,,..,_ f'l' :> "1&.1' wM

celebrate

I. 1\hO~. We are celebrating his birthday

tomorrow. f(l-'t fAA+ <l''t ~1 li.'Oh11~
1\'t
2. 1\'1"1(1, We celebrate the names of great
men. f:J''II\:,0 (ll":Y..'t !19" ll.'i'l""l'all't

celebrated

174

3. .,.f..l'l.,.. The salesman clinched the sale and

went out to celebrate. h lflf.., n.,JI."I .,.
'Ill- LX"'!" /U'.I'I'I- 'ti'.
*The newspaper celebrated the end of the war
in red headlines. ;JtLilJaJo r ftnC'io-ll'l 'i!"-"1
O.,.Jl. .,.119" li.LID[See also 'Mass']

celebrated (adj.) 11)1;'

Longfellow was a celebrated author.
/r> 11)':' f..&-1'1. )0C

,.....,.,~..,

celebration
I. fO'A hhqoc i hilt: O,A. The cele
bration took place yesterday. fO'II- hhqoc
'1-'l"t'l-'i' .,.h'i'm)
The streets were illuminated for the celebration.
llhil.: 0'11- """11/'.,; hlf11C.,.m- )OC
2. P') .-c,'l-. They commemorated the
victory with a special celebration. f.l:'ll-"t 0'
A OA\!. P') P'C''I- hhO<-

celebrity 11)>;'

(1m- l 1'1"" 'I'C

Mark Twain was a celebrity. .,ch
11H' {lm- (1'1"" 'I'C) ) OC

'1-'ll"t

celestial
I. f{l.,Jl.. The stars are celestial bodies.
h'l'hil-l':f ' f(I.,Jl. ' h!Jir>:f ' 'i''I'ID2. _,.,,...,. 1'1.,.1''1!. The couple enjoyed celestial happiness. qA'i' "'l.ll-1> .,..,.,,...,.
1'1"'..1''1! ' f..l'l:f' ' M'f.

celibacy -n.n'l-m-'i'
The monks live in celibacy. ou)lt-<\'1- 0-11
.n'l-m-'i' wr &-A-

celibate .I:'"I.,A (pl. f..'i'"IA)

The celibates live in a monastery. 1..Mir '
f"'l. 'l'<-'1- ' 01'111" ' ID-/1'1' )a>-

cell
I. h'i!A. Take the prisoner to his cell! 7./lt:l;'
fDo'} I tJJ1.. I b'f:l\- I d)o(t1.,(Do
2. I'I.A. The human body consists of many
cells. fl'la>- h!JA f.,..,.&-,. hillf' I'I.A
)ID-

3. fl'o~'l. The underground movement is di

vided into cells. 0..1:'-11'1- f"'l..l'.t:1a>- 7."t'l<ll
:1'1'1. Oll'.l:'"t f_,.b<f.LII )a>-

cellar 'I".I:'C IL'IThey shut the boy up in the cellar. A"lt"t 9"
.I:'C ILT fD-11'1' H.,.O'I-

centennial

cello ['1-A'I- ou(l"t<l' ooltJl., """#&.I']

cement (v.)
I. Ooo"''A h.I'.I'H. The housewife cemented
the broken plate. ffLT """IL:I: f.,.I'IO.:m"t lt.n"t R""'"'i t...r..rn:fm2. 1'1. "'l."t-1' hiiOI'I. They cemented the floor
of their house. ffL;f-'l'a>-"t tDIIA 1'1."'l."t-1'
MOI'I-'13. hm)bt:. Time cements friendship. 'l.li 'I
.I'..'H'I-"1 .l'm)b&-A

cement (n.) l'l."'l."t-1'

The cement hardened. 1\"'l."l-l'a>-

.!'...:.,.

cemetery oo!J) ou:J'-Rc

The cemetery is near the church. ooiJ.'io ou:t-11<- IL_,. bCII-1;.1').. hm111 )a>-

censer T"i
The incense is burned in a censer. biiJ). OIJ'
'i' ll-""ltA

censor (v.) "".:"".: (.,."".:"".:)

The article was censored before it was printed.
b .... ,..,..... ' OLT ' .,.OOC'/"1!' ' )OC

Yod.l- '

censor (n.) flt"ti'I-C IF'/"

The censor banned the book. flt"tl'l-<- IF?"
""X'"'*'"~ h1.1'.m-

censure (v.) 11Pll.

The man he worked for censured him for
being late. IIIIH1f h1P&a>- 11PI\ID-

censure (n.)

.,..,..,Yo

Censure is sometimes harder to bear than

punishment. h"t'l"t.l:' 'l.li h'l-"1'1- Jl.A'I<

_,..,..,Yo

J~,b-II'IA

census f.ft11-R 'l&m&The last census was made five years ago.
fiiLa>- f.ft11-ll 'l&m&- IJ9"11'1- ,.,..-,.
0.1.'1- _,..1'..<:1

cent lt"t1:'1"
An Ethiopian dollar has a hundred cents.
h"t.l:' fh..'l-f'k.l' -oc .,...,.. lt"t1:'1" )m-

centenary ou-1'':' ,.,...,. O'A

The university celebrates its centenary this
year. \!.UiCI\1:"" .,._,..;;: ,.,...-,. 0'11-"1
H"I.I:'C' .l'bii&-A

centennial .,..,..;;: ,.,...,.

Our nation celebrated its centennial in 1880.

central part of oP"IjA.

The central part of the city is occupied by
shops. Rtn>"JiA h1'"71D- 1111- ,....,.l- l\11-

l\1&-l-"1 oo-l'>;'fDo"/ 'tOD.'I- R!;iif~l ' 't.9".

1\hn.:lcenter (v.)
I. OD"IjA M'll. Try to center the design
on the page! 'tm-1' 1 tDl.+-12 1 oo"liA 1 AO'J
'I'A 'l"hC
2. l\1\U... We centered all our attention on
the baby. dli\Ql-"1"1 o-11- R.lo!'i- 1\J'.
l\1\t:'i!"l
center on OTAf.. TODAbT
+He centered his novel on the war. OD1ifh4-
01-IIJ', ' I"C~-1>"1 f"''.ODIIh'l- ~IDbe centered (on) 1\U..
All his thoughts were centered on her. dll\fl-
IJ-1\-

Oft 1\J',

1\C~A

center(n.)
I. OD"JiA. The center of the city is occupied
by shops. noo"liA h.,..., 1111- (1-.,.lo
l\112. l\9"ofiC'I-. New York City is a center of
trade. fttJJo I'"Ch h-1'"7 f"/"1.1:" l\9"11

c+' ..-:r-

3. h'i!A. The university has a center for

African Studies. l'tliCot1:tJJo fl\'NIIJ 'l''i"
'I- h'i!A 1\lla>center of attention

"'She is the center of attention. f(UD< rri't"

'tJ',"I ' "7.:4.1 ' ~lin the center 'A-- - oo"liA. j oolthA
The table is standing in the center of the room.
m.:A.~a>- llh'i!tr """liA "'".7.A

The house that is in the center of the village

is very big. """'f.~ ""IJhA 111,.,. n.:r- n
"19"' '1-A:r.' ~,.

centigrade II."11:"14..1:"
centigram 11."11:"1&.9"
centimeter 11."11:"7.'1-C
central
1. "7llhl\'f!. We chose a central meeting place.
f9""11MR'I-"1 ' "7llhl\'l! ' /1'1!&. ' ODt:'J'"I
2. 'l''i". The father is the central character
in the novel. R;f-&h- tJJo/1'1' 1\Q'I-\'"a>- 'I'
....... ' Qll;f-<lh ' ~ ....
central idea 'f:c'- ~'IC
The central idea of the book is not very clear.
ftn>~dlf. 'i!t. ~1C 0"19" "lA~ 1\
J'.f..ll9"

ceremony

175

center

centralize Q"/.1:" l\111-.>lf..C I"C 1\m?llll

The mayor centralized the school system.

h"11:QtJJo 'I-9"11C'I- Ml-"1 Q"/.1:" l\11
1-'lf..C I"C 1\m?llll
century h'i!ll H"""l 1 .,...,. <too+

Airplanes were invented during this century.

l\ID-1!..1"1\'l'l- ' f-l'd.ll/14-'l- ' 011..11 ' h'i!ll '
HOD'l

~(Do

America was discovered five centuries ago.

1\"Y.&IJ IJ9"11'1- oo-r- <too-l- Rd.'l- 1'
1"flfor centuries A1lft' 1 gootjT
The Roman ascendancy in England lasted for
centuries. C:"7a>-1"1 Rl\"1"11\.Pl- 1\J', f~n
&.'ftJJo "1~'1- lloflrt- uooo;.'l- .,.f
cereal
I. llllA. Wheat is a cereal; so are barley
and millet. 11"11'. llllA ~,. I 111/l'i" m.'i!
9" ' li"I.>I.IJ2. hT& '1'&. 1 fi'IP& 1 ,-,-o.. He eats cereal
every day. frfA I .,.,. I hT& I ']',&. I f.,..IP&- I
9""1ofl J',RI\A
cerebralfl\" liA

Cerebral nerves are located in the neck.

fl\"liA ~-l'l- f"7.1"F'I- l\"11.'1- tJJo/1'1'
~

....

ceremonial

1. fh1ll. OtlA. The ceremonial costumes were

beautiful. fhofl.: R'tll- A111'l- f"'i.19"
~'

~n~

2. I"~ FC't~ 111a>-. The inauguration

of the airport was a ceremonial occasion. fh

a>-C:TI\"1 "'IU'ID- 9".:.4' I") FC't'l-

111"'" R'tA ~nc

ceremoniou s ( ~ adv.) Rl\h11C:'I-

He made a ceremonious bow to the Emperor.

.,.,...,. )11"-1>"1 Rl\h11C:'I- ll~ ~"'

*He greeted his rival with a ceremonious

display of friendship. T ?'l'"''.a>-"1 IIJ'.Il1\ ' h'i! ' Qll l\\\:\"1 ' l\);J1t:tJJo
ceremony
I. I"~ FC't'l-. The ceremony of the opening
of the parliament was celebrated properly. f9"
he 11.-t> t.h-1-L'I- F~ FC't'l- Rl'."l
'" 1-hn.:

chagrin

176

certain
There is no need for ceremony between friends.
n'IS'.'I''f ootth<l\
hf7f'l"

J")

I"C~'I-'J ooh

.,.<!\'

was amusing for we could see that he was

wrong. f.,.'l'l.,. oPIJ''I-'J 1111'/"o;tJJo:,O f{l
tJJoftJJo hC"'m"' )~ "711'1- h1"4!~ ){IC

2. hbflOC. The ceremony of the coronation

is very beautiful. fH<D-Jl. n~A hhflnc n
IIJ9'" I fJ'.oP+ I 'iodJo

certain
I. h'J"''J.I':. Certain people, whom I'd rather
not name, ... h'J"''J.I': ll"Y'f<D-'J /loP'J'4'll
f"Y<I\4.<1\~<D- ll!P'f - - -

2. J\"}Y:. A certain person whom I met yesterday told me so. '1-~'J'I- .... n"fu.'l- ' h'J.I': '
""'""" h'J'Lll ' 1111- )~:~

with any certainty fl1..CC"JT

I cannot say with any certainty where I will

be next week. fl"'tODIIJtJJo 1\9'"1'+ r f+ 1
h'JS'.'I"ll''J {lhC"''l' 11ooo;~c hA'fA'I"

certificate f'l"llhc m:4''1He needs a doctor's certificate. bdth.9'" r

'l"llhC ID:4''1- ' "7"11'1- hlln'I-

(See also 'gift certificate']

certify (certified)

There is a certa1n shyness in her manner.

I.

h'J.I': IJW<i-C)'I- mflf. hllfl'l3. hC"'m .... One thing is certain ... h'J.I': )
~c hC"'m"' )til"
He is certain to come. t\oP9'"1IJ+ 1..CC"Im'1 1

.r.u rn- oox-.~><t: h'JS'-11') h<::>~'l'll2. OD{lb~. This diploma certifies that you have
completed high school. f.ll 'I."1'11-"7 1 fll-11
.,.,.. I S'.:)1' ' '1-'l"llC'I- oP4.1\P"ll'J f.oP{I
h<l-<1\

)til"

4. 1.,oo-"}. His eventual

{loP ...:7f h'JS'-"'1.4'.....,.
5. f.,.IDM. At a certain
Will close. 01"atfl'io ~ "UL
f.H:>/1-

h-'J

certitude

)til"

hour, all the stores

I ODJ'.11:C"~ r l}o~ I

fti\.1"11J~

iD"~

11::,0tn11J

I know for certain that he will pass the exam.

4..,......,.'} h'JJ!."''.f<!\'i". RhC"''I' htJJo:I'IIU.
h.~;J1tn

I think there is a plane at eight, but you ought

to make certain. flv-A+ 1 (lq.:,O hm-~1\"} r
Ill f.oPllii ...A "''J "'1::>~'1' f.~IJYA
[See also 'dead, degree, extent']

certainly
<t:~'l"

n<t:~?".

She is certainly right.

'i".~

'/". <1\h. )'f

Now I certainly won't do it.

R<t:~'l"

h<!\u>tl-

"'"'~"

2. htll")'!-?". Your boy has

a lot. htJJo)'l-'1" <1\~ll
3. h'JY.:J-. Will you pass me
Certainly! ll\\'1-'J :J-4'1111~
[See also 'most']

h"'

h'/")'1- hfl-l'il''f'J nn.:.'ftJJo'J

'I- f-1-.I':II'I'A

<t:~P")

cessation

for certain 01-.CC"JT

I.

<t:~'/")'1-

0ur belief in God lacks the certitude of our

fathers' belief.
Rh"'llh11m.c fii'J

oo'f"'l-ll hfmt:.'l'C'I"

make certain

I certified that this is his book.

success is certain.

you will face certain death if you drink that

impure Water.

h<::>~m.

certainly grown

*During the summer, there is a cessation of

work. {1{1;> ' ID<l-'1-' l"tl- o f.oJ/:"1<1\

chafe
1. hf4.~4.~ hiloPoP. A stiff collar may chafe
your neck. S'-<::,0 1>1\.:J- h'J~'I-ll'J hftl.
~4.~

2.

IW''IP"'I"ll f.~A

h"-"" She chafed her cold hands.

h~'J

lllln<:"''l- M . ..,:y.

chaff (v.) 4'11S'.(n'l-)

The boys chaffed him about his mistakes in
speaking English. h'J"'/1.11"' ns~c {l"''.f
S'.c~..,.

11a..,.'l- A}(<J;

chaff (n.)

4'11.1l-n'l-

~IIIJ

n"'?" h.I':'IA

The wind blew the chaff from the grain.

the sugar, please.

l h'JY.;J- I

His opinions are mere chaff. dtiJ:flo 1Afl

certainty (certainties)
I. Mf.4'C. Death and taxes are certainties.
'1"'1-o; "111C oontl.A f"Y f-4''1- o;'ftJJo
2. hC"'m"' )~ "711'1-. The man's certainty

)<f.{l-

hll/1-'J h~IIIJ<D- llftll"

)til"

chagrin (v.) :,Oc h{ll'

The rejection of his proposal chagrined him
deeply. /4'<:n<D- .!.'111 .,..,.flf.)'l- "7"1-1>

:,.c

hn"f..,.

chamber

177

chagrin

--~------------------------------------------------

be chagrined

:toe +fll

He was chagrined when he did not get the prize.

1ill\"7-l>"l ' qtoJ ' 1.11. ' '1-c ' .,.l'l"f

chagrin (n.) '1-&.:J-

hl'l~

Have you chained the dog? fD-iftD-'l Oll'l

I'IIIT hll~li'l'll\ !
be chained (to) .,..._6-"f
My brother is chained to his job. III"I~"'L b
F&-w- ' :>C ' _,..,.&-'1:1:11\

chain (n.)
1. 1'1"11'1/IT. They put a chain around his
hands. J>.;.p 01'1"11'1/IT hl'l-1-T
2. )..-JC -R~T. The prisoner burst his chains.
l'.ll~':'w- l'."'C 11~-1>"1 Oml'lw3. do1lll\. She wore a golden chain around
her neck. biiiC'I> f.,.,.,&- do1lll\ h-rll\:J>
)OC
4. "711&Y. He was unable to detach the
watch from the chain. l'l'i-1>"1 b"71'l&Yw-
/IOD/IYfT hll\il'/19" )OC
chains ~ilt-+

He lived all his life in chains. ihf.lll-1>"1 0

oo-fl- 07.11&-T 'l' ~
chain of events .,..h;t-;t-f-l- J!'C''l..-flThe chain of events started with the Emperor's
arrival. .,.b;J-;11'-'Il ~C'l.-l':f ,..,.,., )1
0 h"lf.j'.~(l- 0 .,.J':OD-1[See also 'mountain chain']
1"-f>

chair (v.) 011.4' oo"IOC)T

oo&-

The teacher chaired the meeting. hll.,."7&w-

1111(lq0Jo"l ' 011.4' ' OD"IOC)T ' OD&-

chair (n.) 1119"0C

! III"IOC

The chair has four legs. 111"10'1- h&-T 1."1

c'

chairmanship 11.4' oo"!OC)T

He acceded to the chairmanship after the

He didn't win the prize, and his chagrin was

apparent. 1ill\"7-l>"l M~1"f '1-.:.;J-w- "111\K"
)0C

chain (v.) 01'1"11'11\T

mittee. f'I""'H.T hll.,.-'1!'.'1- "'"l.'l: 11.4'

OD"IOC ' )OJ-

hllaJo

They created a chair for Ethiopian history.

fh.TI'"k.l'"l ;J-&h 11"711_,..,C h'l.ll Ill
"IOC M/1/ootake the chair {ltj:t-aJo") .frl
When the chairman took the chair, everybody
was quiet. 11.4' oo"I0-1- ll'i'&-'l'w-"1 (lJ.
Jto 1 tJ-/t-f"' I ~'I' I l\A
[See also 'back, easy chair']

chairman 11.4' oo"IOC

He is the chairman of the Trusteeship Com-

incumbent died. f+.t:'l"tiJo h.+ DP"tOC 1\.

.,...,. )',(!- II.+ ' OD"IOC)-1>"1 YH

chaise longue t:'fr'l" G:-1:

He sat on a chaise longue.

fl~Yr

t:;.-1:

f.; I 1"4'0Uffi

chalice K"'f'
They found a golden chalice in this church.
bcM:n w-11-r
flllc'l> K"'l' 1.n.u
h1"f.

o..,.

chalk

moo~

The teacher writes with chalk. hll.,."7&w-

Omoo~ f.K"of..&\

challenge (v.)
I. h&\.,.4'0119". South Africa has challenged
the U.N. decision. !'.ll-11 h'i'&IJ f.,.q0-1'l"l ' OD"I"il":l"T ' .......~ hll\.,..,.0/l:f'l"
I challenge your way of thinking. doll1111"1 h
ll\4'0&\9"
2. <;:~1.-,. 4'1'14'1'1. Science challenges today's
young people. llf."lll fH"")."I 111"1-l':f
'i'~1T f.4'1'l'I>IIA
3. .,.m&-m~. I challenge the wisdom of his
decision. f(lmdJo'") aJo/Jk 1 TA~i'-l- 1 )..m&m&-/lv4. .,.G:IJbt:. He challenged him to come out
and fight. Ill!'. OJ-"1!" III'I'.,.OJ- 1."1'1.'1'"1~'1'

w-

.,.G:IJb~w-

*1 challenge anyone to race me. 0""- "71"

9" ' f.'J"toJA'S

challenge (n.) f"''I'"'/J 'I'&

Our team accepted their challenge. It.(-';:f"l
f"''l'"''.f 'l'&f'l'w-"1 .,..,.011
*This job offers many challenges to an intelligent man. f.tJ 1"1:- fhll.,.'f'f.)T..,.. fhl\9"
f!"I:J>T"If.mf.:J>A

chamber
1. h'i'll\. The Congress of the United States
has two chambers- the Senate and the House
of Representatives. fh"'L&IJ"I f'J"hc 0.
..,. IJ-1\T 11'1'11-:f hil-T l fih"' ODtD(l:;' ..... '
f ih"' oo'}"&Y
2. fh"I"'JI ou4'0Y h-'1&1i. The Emperor meets
with important guests in a large chamber.
11

chameleon

't"I-IP ' ~1P'-f> ' 'l-1!\:,0 ' fh't"IJI ' oP+flJ' ' h
Jl&-'li DJoll'l' f;ND-1< ' '1\'t"IP.":f-'t ' J'.+llll/13. (f)"ll!\ h'i'l!\. She retired to her chambers.
tD!f. ' "II!\ ' h'i'!l. ' 1fl"'f-

4. :n. The bullet is stuck in the chamber of

the gun. 'f"f..ofJ I ffiOD1':q'OJ- I ;J"J I iD"il"J" I
.,..,.t.+t.

chameleon '1\1111'1chamois ('i'fl!\ f'l";f-IJI!\ !f."h-11)

champion (v.) .,.:>!f.ll
He championed freedom of speech. 1\'t"I"IC
~IU'I-

change

178

_,.:>!1.1\

champion (n.)

the Literacy Campaign? 11.,.9"1!' "'111.,."'/C

TC:"I&-9" IJ"l 1\0D"I~'I- '1-LI!\;JI\IJ l

*The chances are that the train hasn't left yet.

'/"<;"1!\fJ'I- ' q(K. ' ... ' 1\1!\.,.~"1 ' ,1'.1!'<;"1!\
by chance 'h'tJI;J"'"'l. l 'h'tJioP"'I\'1I met him by chance. 'h'tJI;J"'"'l. M"fo-'1He works by a system, not by chance.
f"7.1P&-IJJo ' IIP'C'l'l- ' 'h'tl( ' 'h'tJIOD"'I\'1- '
1\J'.!f.l\9"

have a chance /JS:A 1moo(m-)

I had a chance to go to California. ID!f.

"II.

G:CV 1\0D't!f." ' IJ.I:-1!\ 1T'I"'S ~IIC

take a chance
I. IJ!f."l!\ 'l"ht.. The movie may be closed but

should we take a chance and go?

I\.~"'',.

.,.

I. lf9""CM l fo-Il- t.'f fll'~. The tennis

champion won all the games. f1:~11 '1"'1"1:
1'"1- "IT"'l.J'DJo't ' 11-11- ' 1\lf~L

H"l+ J'.IJ'<;"I!\ "l't IJ.I:"II":f-'t't 'h't'l"hC 1

2. fJID"' J'ID'"'fll' 1\11. He took a chance
when he swam the river. m'1H"} 'P~.P. /too

The champion won by a knockout in the tenth

round. fo-Il- t.'f fll'~,. IIOP't.'?DJo 11-C

[See also 'happy, sheer, stand']

IIJ'. floPHt.C 1\if~L

2. .,.;JJIJ'.. He is a great champion of peace.
;f-11:,0 fM9" _,.:>JIJ'. ~,.
champion (adj.) ID!f.C fii.I\DJo I .,.IDJIJI6 f
11.1\IJJo
He is a champion football player. ID!f.C fll.ll
DJo (_,.wJIJI6 fii.IIDJo) fh"IC \\II _,."'i
'l'":f- ' ~,.

championship 1\'t!f.'h'l- l 1\lf<;.c.~:rOur school won the championship in football.

'1-'I"IJC'I- 11.;1-":f-'t ll'h"IC \\II 1\'t!f.'h'l-'t
(1\if<;.r.H't) 1\11"

chance (v.)
we chanced to meet. '1:>"1"7. .,.,.,,.'t
chance on
I. fl!f."'t1'1- 1\;>mou(DJo). He chanced on
the book he wanted. fLI\"IDJo't ""K'm'i'
fl.l:"'t1'1- ' h;JtnODIJJo
2. fl.l:"'t1'1- It f. She chanced on a rare kind of
mushroom on her walk through the woods.
ll"'i..,. ' DJoll'l' ' 11'1-'t!f." ' fl!f."'t1'1- ' 1!\I' '
'lM'I- 'h't"I-JIJ'. hf":f-

chance (n.)
I. IJ!f."l!\. This was the chance he had heen
waiting for. 1\.tnfiii+DJo ' nnt.DJo ' {1.1:"1!\ ' ....
IJ

~IIC

2. .,.114-. Is there any chance of catching the

train? fi(K.' iiJ'.'t!f." '1\0D.I:"t.ll' .,.114- ' hi\ l
3. IJ"l. Do you want to buy a chance for

i'f1C

f1fllD-

t}(IJIIJ

ftJJ41fJtD-

1lir"

tOJo

change (vt.)
1. l\mm. We may have to change our plans.
'1\:,0JI":f-'t't ' ODI\tD'I' ' J'.'l'C11't ' ,1'.1!'<;"1!\

He changed his money before going to Addis

Ababa. w!f. 1\JI.II 1\llfl tJOD9""li> IlL
'1- 1'tHI1-'t 1\IDtn

2. +ft. (.,.+ft.). The linen is changed every

week. J'l!\;> 1!\1111 flfi19"'ti> J'.+f&-1!\
3. ou~Ht.. Can you change a ten-dollar bill
for me? OP'C ' 11C 1!\'I-OD~liCI!\'S ' '1-":f111\IJ 1
change (vi.)

1. Tltmm. The weather is going to change.

.l'f'!- mfJJ'. 11.1\IDT ~,.
You will be surprised how he has changed.
9"'t .1'1!1!\ 'h't!f..,.I\IDtn 11;1-J'. J'.1C9"
Yl!\
2. 1!\1111 +ft.. It will take her five minutes
to change. 1!\11!1.'t 1\oP+fc 1\'1"11'1- !1.4:,..
J'.L;E-fl;f-1!\
3. 11.11 flll-C .,.iiLt.. We have to change
at the next station. 'h"'l.+TIIDJo "111..1' 1\.
II ' flll-C ' OD{)LC ' l\1111't
change (the) bed 1\'tl'll +ft.
Mother changes the bed every Monday.
'1\<;";f-";f-'t ' (l>f' ' (l?f ' 1\'tl'l\ ' '1-+J'.&-1\":fchange (the) baby f .ltY't 1!\1111 1\IDtn
The nurse changes the baby several times a day.
~C!t ll+'t 1111- 1.11. f.lt7S:'t 1!\1111
'1-IIDJo"'ll":f-

change to

The rainy season changed to autumn. ht;9"-l- r

t'l.m"' 'I'll J'.-1-IJ~
[See also 'better, hard']
change (n.)
I. ACIJU1". I am for a change in the administration. Qll-1-'l.<'.o:- m-11'1' lldJ-'1' ~"1-'l..<'.l:
.., '~"'of-11112. f-t-llmm )1C. Have there been any changes
in my absence? lt.~ Ol\.1\v-O+ f1"Amm )
1C ')..,:~ l
3. oPA.{t I have no money now; I will give
you your change tomorrow. hv-1 11H-fl f
11'1?" i ou~IIU"I )1 ~11'1'?1111-

Can you give me cbange for five

dollars? f?"ll'l- -ac ?""!~& ~'f-(lm'1
'1-":kiiU!
5. 11C11C 1"1H11. She took some change out
of her bag. bPCII'I' m-11'1' 11C11C 1"1H-fl

4.

?""!~&.

haJ"''f
for a change 1\1\(l)o<T 1tJIA

For a change, I would like to go to the movies

I "7:J" I tiJ~ I 1\,

tonight. 1\1\dJoT I fU/A. I If&,

~"7 outy: ~L~;JIIIIundergo changes

chaplain

179

change

+tuum

American society has undergone many changes.

fh"'l.&ti"l ' -.-n<:-t- ' (lofl ' 1111- ' 1-IIIIJotjl.~
[See also 'heart']

channel (v.)
I. t.II-1-~IIL. The secretary charmeled the
information to the director. KdttL"P r ool,:q"(l)oo
"I 11-'I..:Ob-t-o:- hii-1-~IIL'f
2. hH)OII. +The student charmeled his interest into studying law. f1'"7&11Jo '1''1~'1-
aJ.<'. ih"' hH)OII
channel one's way fll.{ll,
The river had charmeled its way through the
rocks. m"!H- Os:-"!;JI''fi ouub~ P<:P<:
channel (n.)
I. MtiL l fQihC m'liou'l'. The two lakes
are joined by a narrow charmel. 11-11-1> .hJ'..f>
";f OmQ-fl MtiL (OQihC m'iiou'l') ,e.
1<;'1112. t.:,O"'~. He hoped to direct the conversation to a new channel. ?Q)oiD"-1:1 m1. 1\.1\
t.:,O"'~ ' 1\.0D&-m- ' Ll\1
channels

I. h'i!~. Your application will have to go

through the proper channels before it is

approved. "70D~bil'U 1-'i'QJ'.)'f- b.,.,,.,

0.1-'f- 0 0T1(ljJ',.; ' h'i!/1-'f 0 011-~.' OD?""J'f- 0
MO't2. DD"!1Y:. The information carne through
secret channels. oo~)faJo foPliJOJ- a,.-r-.n.
c ' OD"J1P.'f ' Oil-~ ' )IIJo
chant (v.) HOD<:
The crowd chanted softly. ih11o- O'i'II;J-
uou<:
chant (n.) IL"7
I recorded the priests' chant. f'l:(lo"l IL"7
'i'<:K"b
chaos
I. 'i!CIICII. The chaos left by the bombing has
only recently been cleared up. OP?"o- """"1'1'1- ?"h"IY'I- f.<'.<:(lm- 'i!CIICII f-1'
m1.<'.m- o:,.c-o )m2. '1-C?"II?"II. The city was in chaos after the
hurricane. b'tm-11- )of.(lo 0:\~ b-t-"7
m- 't-C?"II?"II m-11'1' )OC
reduce to chaos

hifnt:.

The bombings reduced Germany to chaos.

f(l?"(J- ' Y:-fl.<'.Q ' )';COD")")

hifOt:

chaotic, ~ condition ?"11:,0~:,.~

The room was in a chaotic condition. hij:.fl-
?"11:,0~:,01\- aJ'I'.fo )OC
chaotic mass 1fQ11'lh.

There was a chaotic mass of books and papers

on his desk. fODl\ih'i!'l-<; fm<:'i''t- 11lJ11"1b.
m<:A.~m- ~,e. )OC
chap (chapped), vt.
1. M"lm'i'. The surmner heat chapped the
ou.:.-1>"! M"'m
ground. fO;Jm-

.,..,.

..,..,.'!-

2. h"'l:L.<'.. Cold chaps the skin. -RCY: .f>

'1"1 ' ,...<:'1!'1~
chap (vi.)"'<:.!..<'.
My skin chaps in cold weather. OofiCY: 1..1L
.f>-'1(1. ' J'.'lr.t:'i!-'1~
chapel fllll-'1- 11.'1The minister has his own chapel. "'UII'I-o:-
f&-ll'fm- ' llll-'1- ' 11.'1- ' h'l'l'mchaplain '1:11
The chaplain, who went on a mission with
the soldiers, gave the blessing. bm;J-.<'.C''Ii ;J
C o fHOD-I>'f- o <J:II o (1-,6-b,. ' (lm-

chaplet OD'I"m<l.l'
This chaplet is made of beads of various colors.
.1'-11 OD'I"m<l.l' &\I' AI' <J>I\"7'1- IJII'f':ftJJo P.:J>ll'"'f f-1-0P<Io ' )tJJo

chapped (adj.) f-1-M"'m<J>

He smeared butter on his chapped hand.

f-J-II)"'m<J>tJJo l\)l:"t :to. <J>QtJJo

chapter

I. '1"/>6-'i'. Did you read the last chapter of

this book? fH.II"t ODl\'.h'i' fOD=<:'l'tJJo"t
'1"1>6-'i' l\"t-llll?A l
That is a closed chapter in my life. .1' Oihf.<D
..J:

I DJ-{llf' I f.,..,Lg_OD I 'r/J~EJ:. I ~ll)o

2. :tC'I""i'i'. The Los Angeles chapter of the

American Red Cross celebrated its tenth
anniversary. 11-11 l\"tJ!'IIII f"'l.1itJJo f<J>f.
ODll<J>A :tC"t""i'i' Ol"t.>;' ~OD-J>") l\bllt.
chapter and verse h~.f: Q1".f:

The deacon knows the New Testament chapter

and verse. 'lf.f>). 1\-'l.ll IVI"t"t l\"tl:
Q"tl: ' .l'tJJo:I>A

char (charred) 1\'lt.t.

The woman charred the meat by cooking it

too close to the flames. ll.'l-1'"'1' l\'1'1- l\1111
;To P';JOJo"t 1\il(.(.";ftJJo

character

I. mQf.. I have misjudged his character.

mQI'"t 0-t-'1'1+ l\ll-1-.l'f'l- 1""'1-il2. Qll ;T-&h. How many characters are there
in the play? 01:.1'-'K- tJJoll'l' ll"t'l- Qll ;To
&l>"'f l\11- l
3. 4.1'-A (pl. 4..1'.11'1-). Ethiopian characters
are difficult to read. fl\..'1-l'"kn 4.1'.'1'1- "7"t
n-o l\ll:f:>& )tJJo
4. ~f.)'l-. What is the character of the plan
you suggest? f'I":T"<J>ClltJJo 1\:tl: 'l""t ~
f.)'l- )tJJo l
5. -1-.I.'I'C". The trees of those islands are of a
particular character. 011..1' F.ll.'l- .1'11-'1- q
t:.,";f f-1-llf -1-.I.'I'C" l\1\:ftJJo
6. OD"t.LII m"tiJ<I-)'1-. It takes character to
endure calumny . .h"'L'I-"t II""**'" OD"t.l.
II m"tiJ<I-)'1-"t .1'-mf.:I>A
7. lim-. He is a strange character. m'ltt fiPJ
.e1Q

charge

180

chaplet

(laJ-

~fD-

*My uncle is quite a character. h.').J: mQ\t

blltJJo ' f-1-llf )tJJo
In character with

*Such behavior does not seem to be in char-

acter with what I know of him. fH.II ~f.)'l-

mQf. l\~ b"7tJJo<J>tJJo IJo~;l-tJJo f-1-llf
)tJJo
[See also 'virtuous']

characteri stic (n.)

I. ODI\.1'. He has all the characteristics of a

scholar. "7"t>;'tJJo"t'/" f'/"11-C'I ""11.1' f.!f.A
2. QihCf.. Arrogance is a characteristic of a
rude person. '1-i>IL'I- fQI\1. QihCf. )tJJo
characterist ic (adj.)

I. f.,.II.,.F.. She received me with her characteristic kindness. OTltOD!..tD- ~ 1....,t:t .,...,.
Oll"'f'S
2. ~f.).,.>;' mQf.. That attitude is characteristic
of her. .1' l\ODA fC!I.. ~f.)-1->;' mQf.'P
)tJJo
3. ~f.).,.>;'. Yellow and green are characteristic
colors of September. -ll""i'i' 1\t."t'\f.. f""
llht.'l" ~f.)-J->;' <J>II'I""'f 'i':ftJJo
4. f"'l.ll.l'-0'1-. Nationalism is one of the characteristic features of our age. 1lm.&-'1! ll""
'1- ' 'I.H..I'"'f"t b"'l.llf.Q:ftJJo .,.'1\'""'f ' l\"t-'1.
)tJJo
5. fh\f. Bananas have their own character
istic smell. """11 f.,.llf f<l-11- 1i;J- l\1\tJJo

character ize

1. 1oPT. I would characterize our teacher as

a very kindly person. l\ll-l-"7<1.1'"'f"t 0"1'1"
f-., ' lltJJo ' )tJJo 11\L l\1'1":1'11112. 11-~:l'tJJo"t 1Al< 1\llt.'l. He characterized
her in a few words. u-~;l-'l'"t Q"l"~ 1A.
l< l\llt.'l
3. ( = pass.) ;J-m<J>. Short lines characterize
his poetry. fll- .,..,,. Q"l"C .ht..,. f.
;J-m:J>A

be characterize d hA.ll-l-- +llf

The camel is characterized by the hump on

its back . .,.,.A bl\.11-"'f f'l"'l-1\ftJJo n
'l'>;''P )tJJo

charcoal hilA

It is customary to buru charcoal in the city.

b.,."7 tJJoll'l' hilA "711'.1: f-f-1\0DJ'.
)tJJo

charge (vt.)

I. mf<J> l 1\llb.LII. We charge only fair prices

here. l\11.11 ODm)>;' 'I';J 11!1' l\"tmf.:l>ll"t
He charged me a triple price for the book.
I\ODll'.h4- ?'ll'l- i>'l''i' 'I';J 1\llb.I.II'S
2. l\HH (:l'HH). Mother charged her with taking

charge

charge

181

care of the baby. ).<;;f-:f't .ltYS:"t h"tf:

'1-m-fl:,O 1\HHiJ''I-

The minister was charged with carrying a

personal message to the Emperor. "7..tll'l--1- f
"lA ' ODAhh'l- 1\"t.,..., )~,...., h"t.fi.J'S'.
Cll ;f-HH
3. 1\/1.1'..1'.. The bull charged him, but he
climbed a tree and escaped. tD!/.4.). 1\/1.1'..1'.
tD- I ~1C I "''"} I Iff. I 1\,.e I (DIIJfj I J\OD(\ffi
4. 1\m:J>. The soldiers charged the enemy.

tD;f-S'.C''Ii m'l'l-"t 1\m.,.

5. '1"'1. Please charge my battery! q'l-6\lo"t
..,.1\A"t
6. hM. They charged him with theft.
01\.-fl)'J- ' hfl{l-'1The police charged the accident to careless
driving. ?'ll.l'"f YS'.:>t- oo)il" O:fA;f-
OD"tJ!'J- ' )ID- ' 1\1\*lf you have no cash, this store will charge
your purchase. -rt. 1'JH1l hlbAIJ f.tJ oo
S'.-flC ' JI.(LtD-"t OD11"1fl Mf-rAYA

3. hll. What were the charges against him?

O{l- 1\1/. f4'~11-'l- hl'"f M )0-1- l
4. "'lll"''l-. His charges are nothing but calumny. f{l- "'11\"1'1- do"'L'I- -1111' )tD5. "'7'1':1'+. After a fierce charge, our soldiers
drove the enemy from the hilltop. h~!/.11'0' "'I
-r:J>'I- 0:\1\ tD;f-S'.C'iJ'"f"t mll'l-"t hi>
~-fl;f-t- '"i'i' ' t,q~-~6. lfh?". I hope you will never be a charge
on your parents. ?""t?" 1.11. 1\tDI\,'l>:"'-11 If
h?" h"tS'."'I'I-II'"t -I'll<!- 1\11'1
7. 'F;J. I won't pay these excessive charges .
1/.ll"t"t hoom"t 01\1/. fll') 'I':> 1\Ah'i'
A?"

8. ~1\k)'l-. He took complete charge of the

library. fiL-l' ODI\.lt'i'-l>"t , ..,.11- ~1\k)'l- ,
tDI'IS'.

9. h.lt6-. The improvements were made at

the tenant's own charge. 0.-1: f;t-~(lm- fl
-1-htl-\l.tD- ' h.l\6- ' )tD*There is no charge for alteration. l\D?C.-t'lth!

charge (vi.) -1'4-.,.llh

l\i/.h4.A?"

The boy charged through the door. A"/f. 0

be in charge

no~-

-J-4.-J-IIh
be charged .,.h(l(l

Who is in charge of this section? fH.U hfi:

The driver was charged with speeding. ))(m-

be in one's charge M&- +flm

hoom"t ' 0'11/. noo"tJ!'I- -1-hl'll'l

*His mind was charged with important matters.
01\M"C'tD- -1111" '1-AA:,O .,.J!\""1- 1/.!f.A
charge for hit
What do you charge for these shoes? MH.II
"t '"i"'ll""f ' ll"t'l- ' '1-111111 ?
charge with f - - - '11\4-~:,.. ll)i\

The law charges policemen with keeping law

and order. .n.,. .lt"l"t<; 1\T;f-"t f"'lllhO
C ~1\k)'l-"t 07'11.l'"f 1\j/. 1/.T'IA
(be) charged with
I. ( = active) 1\HII. He spoke to her in words
charged with longing and love. <;'1'4''1-'i ..,:,.
c qu11 1\l>.:\"t M:>~tl-'12. '1"11(0'1-). The air was charged with excitement. rH;f-tD- f :>II ll"'L'I- f'l"l\0'1- )OC

""A.

..,,.A.

...,,.

~m-

~OJ-

The baby was in Mary's charge. .ltY). 11"'1.6

1\S'.tl- -1-I'IT.f- )0C
free of charge
1. 0)11. We will mail it to you free of charge.
07'11.+ 0)1\ h"tAhAYA"t
2. Yl\:,0-ry 'I':>. This store delivers free of
charge. 1/.11 ODS'.-flC Yl\:,0-ry 'I':> h:J>
hiL'I- f:~ll Y"""'A
on a charge of fl - - - Th(t
The tramp was arraigned on a charge of
stealing. O~"t'! hJ!6tD- 01\.-11)'1- .,.h(o

'i'Cf: IL'I- 4'~0

prefer charges h{l(l

He preferred charges against the driver of the

car that hit him. f~""ID-"t ""h.<; ))(
hMtD-

charge (n.)

I. 4."t)(. The charge is enough to blow us

all up. 4-"t)(tD- ' v-11"1-"t"t?" ' 11"'1'1"1-'1- n
-1! ' ~1/.A ' 1\1\ID2. 'l-h~11. The officer's charge to the men to
keep watch was disregarded. oob-"t). 1\tD;fS'.C''Ii fl'lm-'1- f-rO:J> 'l-h~11 "f'' .,.qll

take charge of
1. ~Ilk II'). He is taking charge of the new
branch. 11!..{1- :,OC"t'"i'i' ~Ilk ll.ll'"t )m2. ~1\k)'l- mi'IS'.. When father died, she took
the charge of caring for the family. 1\q;f-';f"t
0'1"-J- ' 1.11. ' f(L.,. ' (liJ-"t ' fODJ'.~<j: ' ~
1\k)'J- ' h!t tD(IS'."f

chase

182

chariot

3. Rll~ IIS'.t:1. The military took charge of

the village. {lt-'f-1: ou"tS'.tl-l:"t Rl\)1: liS'.

be charmed fllfJ9" ..,.Y..c'l+

We were charmed by the play. Rtf+"- fl"'

II" .,.S'.il.,."t )fiC

t:1

chariot (lt:111 l :>&

The Romans used chariots for fighting and
racing. C:"lm-f"t 1\tncH<; llll"li:f>S'.-S'.-ll" '
0(1t:111 Y.m4'oo- )0C

The invention of chariots was a forerunner of

the automobile. f ;Jtl oo.t.A(I'i! bllm-.Y.'I"
ItA 4'S'.li"'I-H ) Rt:mcharitable
I. fR' 1\S'.-t-''~- Homes for old people are
often charitable institutions. Y~Y{. 1 (lSJJ':f 1

<I-'

ou<rtlffl'"'f 1111~'i'm-"t 1.11. fM liS'.""

'1- S'.-C~.Y."'f ' <;'fm2. M IIS'.-t-1.. He is charitable to all the needy

charm (n.)
1. w-n:,.. He fell victim to her charms.
(JtD-fl;l: ' .,..,t:h

2. Y..,.,1r')+. The reason so many men are

seen talking to her is because she has a lot
of charm . .l'.ll"t filA f"''.f""'.m-;f-'1- (I
m- fMm- S'."lll")'l- Mil-l- )m-

3. All. Our grandmother did not lose her

chaim for us as she grew old. 1\f;f-"'f"t fl6S'."'& llf1f. ll'tJI.ll" M:fm-"t llllm-il"tll"

4. h;:t-11. He wore a charm around his neck

to ward off the evil eye. bfi-JI 1\oPbllbA
ll"t1-l: 11_1'. b;f-11 ' llilt::A
charms 1111"1'1-

persons. A+:f1t;.. = v-~ 1 01 ' 1t.f:&-"l. 1 )w-*lt was charitable of you to overlook my
mistakes. ilih.,.i:"t fll'i!b'1 OR' 11"71''1-

He had charms recited against his opponent.

11

She has a lot of charm, and everyone likes her.

)(Do-

be charitable ':ft!":l"

1tY..~1

nqll:>t-m- 11.e 11(1"1'1- llilS'.1""fl'lhave charm fY..il Y..il hl\tiJ4

fS'.il S'.il Mil-l- 11-11-ll" .1'-IDJI;f-A
have great charm for ,.,~b

He wished he had the means to be more

charitable. fRIIm "'fc:;f- 11"1S'.-t:'1 f"''."'f

Paris has great charm for tourists. :rt:.il 11.1

AR'I-"t HJ'. llf1'1 .,._,.

C 1-111:fl'"'f"t '1-"lC,I\"'f

[See also 'lucky']

charity (charities)
I. ll"ll"'l''l- l "'fc:;J- l l\C'I;f-. Even though she

is very poor, she is too proud to accept charity.

0"111" S'.-"li 11'1-ll'"tll" ll"ll"'l''l- ("'fc:;J- ll\C
Jl;f-) ' I\OD4'0A ' 0"111"' b-0:. <;'l2. A"'il<;. Charity begins at home. A"'il<;
hO.'I- Y.'l".ll"t-A
3. fM 1\S'.-t-''1- S'.-C~'I-. He left his es
tate to one of the charities. ~11~-1:1' 1\1'
S'.- fR' 1\S'.-t-''1- S'.-C~'I- '1-.f- .,..,.

4. 01 IIS'.-t-''~- They contributed unlike sums

to charity. liM 1\S'.-t-''1- f.,.llff 1"tH11
(1m-

;f-' M'I-

His sister is a very charming person. 1..'11: fY..

il ' S'.il ' fliT (ltD- ' .,,..

chart "C;f- l (111.'1

He marked the enemy positions on a chart.
mll'l- fllfl'l-"t {I'J!t- fl"C;f- (0{1/I.JI)
11.1'- 1\oPI\b.,.

charter (v.) .,.11-.,.,.t:

We chartered a bus to Harar. mY.. dt~C fot.
y;s:- ' 1\m-.Y.R-il ' .,.11-.,.,.C"t

give to charity :f~

He is too stonehearted to give any money to

charity. 1\{lm- f"1.1'11"t ill\11') 1"tH11
IIY.:fCll"

charter (n.) ih1 ouwt:'IWe must respect the charter of the United
Nations. f.,.Qfl"-'1-"t oP"t"'P';f-'1- ' ih1 ou
wt:'l- "lbflC 111111"t

out of charity hll'ill+

She looked so poor that we fed her out of

charity. 0"111" f.,.:f1t:"'f ooM Mf<;
'1- 111f)"tll'l- 11"'111 (lm<;'l-

charm (v.) "lt:b

His friendliness charmed the audience.

charming S'.il f"''.A l fS'.il J.'.il filmShe has a charming smile. Y../t 1 f""l.A L 1""1

charwoman f+1' 1 11'&-+<j=

The charwoman comes twice a week. f4'"}

1 "'

t-.,.':''1' flflll""t'l- o-11'1- 1.11. '1-ou"'ll"'f

chase (vt.)
f(la

fiDJI~)'I- 114't-t:11 IIS'.-"lll"'"'fl"t "lt:b

I. llflS'.S'.. Dogs like to chase rabbits. m-J>""'f

'l'"t:fll-"'f"t ' "1f1S'.S'.- ' f.IDJII\-

cheapen

183

chase

2. hill:<:. I chased him out of the house.

hR.-1> hii<:Cb--13. S'H. The two children dropped behind the
group to chase butterflies. 0.&-0.C'l":f'l 1100
111 11-11-1> a,yo;.r hiJ-~). .,.11,..,.,.
:\'1 "'"~-

4. .,.h:J-.,.11. He chased her for three years

before she consented to marry him. A~ lim-
boo'i'.,.J;.. O.t.-1- Y'llT <too-l- .,_h;J-.,.'1-1-

chase (vi.) .,..,:.,:111

I have chased all over town looking for you.
h'tT't 'I'll;> 0bT"71D- 0..,.11- _,..,:.,:'1'11chase away tDJ}J I J\l)l,l,
Chase the dog away! ID-lfiD-'t <D>I.f hiiCGID-

chase (n.) "7flJ'.~

After a long chase, they caught the thief.
h11H- "7flJ'.~ 0:\'1 1\.IIOJo't S'H--1glve chase 0"/Ql.C ~ +mh

The hunt began, and the dog gave chase.

h.!'.). T)':I"'C' ID-lfiD- "7/ll:C .,.11111
chasm

1. '1S'..A. The chasm was too wide to jump

across. 1S'.Il- il.t. liMO<: 0111\J'. 11.:1'
11'1' hJ'.ii'AI"'

2. oo:J':J'c. The chasm between England and

the American colonies resulted in the Revolutionary War. Oh't"111.11o; Oh"'L&I)'t :,O'S
"'qf-:Y. oouht>. no<:,. ou:J':J'C hl1lCt
-1- hS'.<:II'ftJJo

chaste 'tK'.h-1Saint Mary is chaste.

:,0~(1-1-

"7Cfl"' 'tK'

a.-r '

o;.r
.-emaln chaste fi.e-l"'IAIJ

_,.fifo

O~'t"'Ao;o; 0~1i
tor h't'l"&.ll't 1lll1D- """'"' hllll'f,.

poverty. outtt-ll.l":Y.

chat (chatted) , v. T""l<DT ! .t.ro;> 1 h<D&.

We chatted all evening. ll't""l<DT (llo;ro;> 1
{lo;ro&.) .t.ouif't

chat (n.) '?OJoOJoor

We had a nioe chat. '1'<1- '?OJotJJoor hS'.
G"''t

chatter (v.)
I. IILIIL. They chattered inoessantly. 111"7?1
l:'l' IILilf.

2. T't1""11Q;l.. My teeth are chattering. 'I'Cil.

J'.'t1""11""1A

chatter (n.) A'i'I\4His chatter bored me. A'i'll'l-a>- hilll'f'S

chatterbox 1\'i''l.t.
She is a dreadful chatterbox. hf. 1\'1'1\L
t:Y.

chatty 11'1'1\.t.
I get all the gossip from my chatty neighbor.
<D~a>-'t

11-11- bll'i''lol.a>- 1-<:R.i: hil

"71111-

chauffeur ll"I..C
The chauffeur did not bring the car on time.
ll"l..-1- ODhSa>-'t 01.11. hl\00"11"'

cheap (adj.)
I. Cl)1i. Fruit is very cheap here. 7.11.11 'I'
&.<w:. 0"11"' cl)1i tiD-

2. """'*"~ He is too cheap to buy her a new

dress. <t.'I'W"' lllllft h>l.ll Aoflll 1 hf.1q
'1~1"'

3. hA/11\.. She looks cheap in those clothes.

Custom prescribes that a woman remain

chaste until marriage. ll.-1- AY: hlli)111:Y.
~Gil O~'t"'Ao; h't~-1--I'J'. 1111'1' "'J'.

4. Ocl)1i f"''.if'l'. Shealwaysbuy sherclothes

;J-

in a cheap store. r1-A1.tL

)IJJo

chasten

.,."1. The teacher chastened the disobedient

child. hllT"7&1D- f"7J'.:J'HHIJJo't ' AY: .,."1..,.
I.

2. .,.til. Age has chastened his violent temper.

hcY:o; "'A'i'T'1t-l>'t .,.'t{l;J-A

chastise .,."1
The father chastised his son. hllorfOJo A)l:
't .,."1

chastity ~"'Ao;
Monks must make a vow of chastity and

f't't A11ll il-1'1111/l hA/11\. -1-ouMII:Y.

1

A.1lll

rr:r-11JtD-

OCI)1i ' h"''.if'l' ODS'.11C ' )a>-

5. oP~~. The radio is made of cheap parts

that will wear out. &.>1.1'-). ,.,..,&.,. 0.,.'1
II- ' h"''.fl>."' ouo;l;' 1 h:l'l":Y. )a>cheap (adv.) OCI)1i 'I';>
He is selling his car cheap. ouh.o;m-'t Ocl)
1i ' '1':> J'.if"'A

cheapen

I. hOI\ if. She cheapened her dress by adding

a fringe to it. 1>.11!}. 1\J'. 'l'IIT "'"'" '
M'lif:Y.m-

~c~h~ea~t~------------------------~1~84~----------------------~check
2. 11~1-'i' "I?"T Mtm. Constant swearing
cheapened him. 11.1:-11 IJ4- 1111"7.1'-mof. 11
~1-'i' "I?"T Mtmm-

cheat (vt.)
tro'i'A

He is always cheating in exams. li-A1..tL

4.+

<; 11.1'- J'"'."O<:ilil-A (.1'-<lC,.A)

cheat someone out of h6L'"OC-RC" r mil~O+

He cheated him out of all his money. "J"}Hflo'l r
11-lr ll"l"OC111!' m<l.I'.OT

7.1.1:'T1:J' 7,.ouhC?II11-

1\- ' ;>C .1'-lt"7"7A

When did he check in at the hotel? hlfi:/1-

f11JlD- J oo:r; 1 ~m- ?
check off r"AhT

h.S'-.~1

He checked off the items as they were called

out. fh.ol>l"'fl 1 It?" (Lmt'~ ?"Ah+ 11.1'.<':1
check {on)

cheat (n.)
I. II;Jolt.f.. They all know he is a cheat and
a liar. II:J'It.f.<; 1 m-jf:J'?" 1 oPlf).1 1 11-lr?" ,
J'ID-,./r
2. ( ~ adj.) "7 ;JollA

1 fO~o+. The game was

a cheat and cost him $50. "7 :JollA fO~O+

4!"7C ltlllf~ 11?"11 11C llmof.

cheating "7"1"0COC

! ~'l'd.T

.&4'"1/r

"?;JollA

cheating. +lPI&tD- OOif"f.l"OCOC T.;.. {lou-

"} ' h.m4-m-

Cheating got him into a mess. -l-TL-"t

h1-1-aJ11111-J'fT

?"1.1:-~ID-1

lit'~+

<l<i+ 114"tl oom-"1+ 11111ltJ

1 1\h
I will check my bags through to Chicago.

1f1"1l"'Ii1 ' 04''1':1' <.1'. 'f1J1 7.AIJII11-

check (n.)
1.

:r:h.

I will send you a check tomorrow.

2 . .1..1111. When we finished eating, I asked

the waiter for the check. OA1-1 11'>11,.
""il-1-'i'm- .hAil 7.1.11.J'4"C11 mf~II-T
3. ?"Ah+. The teacher put a check beside

the correct answer. 0-l-hhlt::;:m- ooA{l

check (vt.)
I. oo<;oo<:. Will you please check the bill once

more? dt..t\flo"}

~""JODtJ

oocr~m-

11.1'.<:1(0+). The teacher checked

the correct answers. OD9"'U<- +hhA rrr
).T1 I oPA(I:f I ?"AhT I 11.1'.<:1Q'fm3. 11"1.:.. Check the figures carefully! .1..1111'1
0'J'1,.<f: I II"Jil-

2. ?"Ah+

~7 'Iih l.AhA?IIvll)ll)

What is your attitude toward cheating?

I

2. +tk"'m~. Don't forget to check on his

work! f"''..IPil-ID-1 1 oP<Jt"'mC 1 :fit. 7.1.11TA
check out lt.f. J roll)
You have to check out by 10 A.M. 7.1th tJl.
check through 0.,.'1':1"

The student compromised his good name by

lt11"7:J'IIA' J'IIIJ

1. h.flJ&... We have to check on his statement.

,..tt-1 "?"'il-T 1111111

-~>

II;Jolt.f.

Cheaters will be punished. II:J'it.\'":f

check (vi.) 1-11"7"7

Our figures check with his. f'i' .1..1111 h
check in 1ll

cheat (vi.) 11"1."0<:0<: l <\<:4'

fD-it'J'

h+q ... ' 01i;Jom- ' 7.1.11.1'-ltil-"1" ' h1.1'.

7. 1:1'. I advise you to check your anger.

1.l'.,TIJ1

11:1'1111

He cheated me in the agreement I made with

him. hi\- :>C Q.I'.<:"III-T It?"?"~+ II:J'

cheater

The vaccine checked the spread of the disease.

The Bible concordance is very useful in

checking words. foPJI'oh'i! ~>!.It f ,..,.,..

'""'"'1..

11C11C I ,.,.,..1 I 11"7"1il-T '

I ~ .....
4. llf(ll+). Please check the oil! MhtJ H.&
-1>1 I 7..1'-A'S
5. lllt4'oom. Check your hat and coat here!
QC~"'IJ1'> I I>TIJ1 ' 7.H.tJ ' 11114'?"'1'
6. 111.1'.. We have checked the enemy's

advance. ml\:r- r
4-+ II"I.I'.~'I'A

mY.~

footff.C.,m-1 r oo""J

lld.T I lllt1-"761D- ' ?"Ah+ ' 11.1'.<:7

4. -1:11.+. Show your trunk check when you
want your trunk. "1'1'1tJ1 lloom-<\.1:- IITL
A"l f"''1'11J1 -1:11.+ 1111.1',.. I

5. oo41.11Jm~l'. The increase of duty is an

effective check on imports. f+~'l" 1 oo,;g.ooc 1
lD-fl'f' : f'"7.1fl" I ~1C"l-1' I /tOP
'f'.;,. I H~ I ~QJo
6. 11.:.+ 1 "77.H1 1 ~ex-. The checks in this
11
dress are big. OH.tJ 4'"'1..11 II.& J'
il-T "77.H1 ~Clt:f TAA~ '>'fm-

aJS'. ; 1\1C

4r.IIJtn~f I

tr+

*High tariffs act as a check to trade.

4'<:'1'

b~+;;:

1"1.1:-1 ' J'.llh"7A

make a quick check 0~'1"~-l- : L,.if

We made a quick check, but found nothing
missing. O'i''I'~T .t.+if1 ?"1?" 1 f"l-.1'.11 1
~7C 1111171?"

put a check to J't_,oP

We must put a check to so much tardiness.
.eu't H"l.e.Y. ou9"nJ'l- "79" 1\MI't

eheekbook f'lih .1'.11.,.c

As it happens, I have my checkbook with me.
1\'t-'1;>"1"'1. f'lih .1'.11_,.C F-"11"/111

eheekered
I. AI' AI'. Winston Churchill enjoyed a checkered career. 'f'tll.,.'t 'fC:fA fiAI' AI'

fP'&. HC'i' _,.l)'f'II'I'A

2. 1\&.~ "71\H't "'>Cll' J'llfl'l-. This checkered fabric is attractive. 1-tJ }',&-.:,. "71tH1'
ol>Cll' ,l'llfl'l- Q;l.Co}> ,1'9"&-A
Do you play checkers? ~"7 ...,.M>Am;f-IHI ?

I went to the doctor for a checkup.ltlJOCoP&- 1

m.l'. 1'-h-K- Y..l'.-11-

eheek "1-'t"'."
My cheek is all swollen. "1-'t= ' fl"'9" 1\11
Ill. A

[See also 'bloodless']

eheer (vt.)
1. fii\AA;J-<; fl"l"11""'q .,..,.fill. The exuberant crowd cheered the Emperor. flf.l'a:J- f
,l.1f1)

"t'l'IV I

)1,..,1:'}

fl}t.A&\;f"

.. ' fl"l"11""'q .,..,.fl!l,.,.

2. fl.l'.ll;f-' 1\Q;l,fiQ;l,fl(ll'l-). The crowd cheered

the speaker. fllP'Il .,.-;;>&m-'t fl.l'.ll.r
1\Q;l,fiQ;l.ft-1\'13. };,~~+. The audience rose bodily to cheer
the hero. hf.'"7<DJ )!"l<;tD-'1 11"7.1'.'~-l> q
't.l'.'~+ 11.1'.'"1 1\11
4. ( ~ intr.) .,.,_fl.,.. It cheered the old woman
to have us visit her. ht!"'l.;l: M' 111\mf-l><;
'I'm- fl"'9"

.,.,_M,

cheer (vi.)
I. fl.l'.ll.r <-1i. The crowd cheered. f.,.(lfl
(lfltD- ' ih1111 fl.l'.ll;f- ' <-1i
2. .1'.11;1-tD-'t 11111. The students cheered with
abandon waving their arms. 'h){:fm-'} flo>J
mqm11 .,...,&lP'Il fl:>ll 11"1+ .1'.11;1-'f
aJ-1' I 11\Jt.
cheer on 1\1~4-Ll.

She cheered him on when he was about to

give up . .,.114- ll.ofi.C'I' fi.I'.&M+ '1.11
h.1'.4-A.&:fm-

'I- 11H- 'I.IL 1\'tm,e.... ;f-ll't

His periodic visits cheered up the ill. hAC:. =
1\AG: ll.m.e,..'fm- ooY.-'1. .noo9".,.'l''ll
't ' hfl&;l-.+
cheer up (vi.) .,.ll'<;<; ! .1'.11 1\ll(m-)
He cheered up at once when I promised to
help him. 1\'1.1'.9"&-'lm- .,.114- ll(lmm- m
l!.,l'lD- ' .,.ll'<;<; ' (.1'.11 1\1\tD-)
cheer up! h.eflu
Cheer up, he will be back soon! 1\.eflll I -I'll-
,eoollilA I

cheer (n.) .1'.11;10011~

All.'t fl.l'.ll;f- .e'I''II'I'A

cheers
I. f.I'.II;J- a;u'Ji+. We could hear the cheers

eheekup 9"coo&.

cheer up (vt.) All'<;<; l hfl&;f-;1We visit her often to cheer her up. ll"71t''i'1

The song brings cheer to my heart.

eheekers '1"7

+'f"l\aJo

eheery

185

eheekbook

from quite a distance.

r~h;J'm-'}

Q;b"fi-1-

M"'> l\'tfl"7 ~fiC

2. 1\AA;f-<; "1."11a>.q. The crowd greeted

the President with cheers.

r... ranranm-; ,'h1Jfl1

TMl'l'l-1>'1 fii\AA;f-<; fi"1."11Q;l.q .,.-l>fllltD3. "7fi&;J-;J-'l-. The cheers of the crowd reanimated the losing team. f.,.ooAI)'1l "7fll:;f;t-+ 1\.,.ii<;A.m- 11-.l'.''t 1\1!.11 "1.eA
iltnlDbe of good cheer ! OC:J'
Be of good cheer! Things could be much worse.
fiC;f- I fq(l ~1C /1.00"19" ,e:fiiA

cheerful
1. hilf..lt'l-. This sunny room is cheerful.
.eu:f B<h.e r"'1.1q+ h'i'A AIIY.il:f -;+
2. 'i'A-l>A-l>! .l'.il.,.'i'. She is a smiling, cheerful
girl. A-1"1 f9"-l-A 'i'A-l>Aol> A~ <;')-

After all her suffering, she is still cheerful.

J' rNr ou1-il4'A fl.l'.cllq'l-9" 1\u-'!9"
.l'.ll.,.'i' '1-oullllll:f
be cheerful .1'.11 1\ll(m-)

He heard good news today and is very cheerful.

hll.l'.il:f m.:. llllfl"7 q,:. fl"'9" .1'.11
1111-;f-A
[See also 'disposition']

cheerless -1>4-A.
It was a cheerless day, dark and rainy. "1!>/t.IP/
<; f"'/.11'19" 4'4-A. 4''1 ~fie

cheery hll.l'.il:f
Sunshine and the singing of birds are cheery.

chief

186

cheese
fBdt,l'. 11CV1'i' fOJG:"f 11"'/t. l>M.<'I

A donkey does not chew the cud. t.Uf h

';f' ""'"'"
cheese t.U 1 G:C"''}>:

foP)'fr"Ji!l"

The farm sells a Jot of cheese. fClf<& "'lL

f ' 1111- t.U (G:C"''}>:) .1'-lf"'A

chemical fh."7.11A

The puppy chewed a hole in my slipper.

chew over in one's mind haJo'l'.f l'tm-CP..

MO(O'l-)

He chewed the problem over in his mind.

"1--'lf.") hOJ-'1'-f- hOJ-CP. l;(IOO'l-

chemistry h."''.ll'l-6
cherish
I. ll'i'H' 'I':> hm. Our grandmother cherishes her childhood memories. hf:J'"f") fA
~)+ 1.11. '1-11:1''1'") 11'1'1-'1 'I':> ~
hm'I'A"f
2. h")lJQlJO. A mother cherishes her baby.
1-'i'+ A:g,") :J'")lJQhQA'f
cherish the hope O+llof. ; mO+

The old woman cherished the hope of her

son's return. 11.~1..:1: fA:(..,. oooot\_{1
0-1-M- mo+"f

cherub h.~O.A
A cherub is one of the holy angels.
A ' 11~-'l.<'l") ' ODII7oh+ ' 1;").11. '

chewing gum onll-1;11

Don't stick your chewing gum on my seat!
ODll-1;11U") lJoP.,.oP""1'- ' 11.1'- ' hTII'l''i'

chick ""'""'~The hawk carried away the chick. "I!"A"-+

""""+

OJ(I.l'.

chicken P.r:
They eat a lot of chickens at Easter. f'i-(1.11
t\'1- 1111- P.r: .1'-01111-

chicken pox h-'i''S

The child has chicken pox. .nt"l- h-'i''S
M:l'A

~.1'-)T]

chess (l")m~'fr
I like to play chess.

chew a hole in fl'I'Ctl- Ott

o-"fll'l' )mil """'11'-") O'I'C!l oto"f,.

~oo!l"

The two chemicals interact. &l\11 fh.I17.11A :

~,...,.';f ' 1;").11. ' Q").lj. ' 11.1'- ' -l-106<:' ' ht\OJ-

cherry [f'i't.

chew cud Jtoo)1f1i

chickpea 11!1"11&h.~O.

)OJ-

chide~"'"

The teacher chided him for being late. llt\H1f

hll-1-"''&OJ- ' ~"'""'"

(l")m~'fr OD""lOJT hOJ

-'lAogame of chess li"Jm~'fr

Would you like to play a game of chess?
(I") m~'fr 1>")"'iOJT !

chief (n.)
I. t.t\:J-. The village chiefs assembled to
listen to a lecture. "}'"l""JC floPil""lT foo
").l'.~

")

chest
I. -"-~+. He was hit in the chest by a bullet .
.l'.~-1> ' 0'J'.('.T 0 .j-OD:J'
2. (1").11.~. Put the tools in the chest! OD"f6f9'
,.;") 0(1").11.~ OJ-ll'l' hll.,.!l"'l'

chestnut [ft\OJ-11 ~.eH]

chest of drawers Qt\oP<'I!Lf 419" "f'J'")
He placed the chest of drawers in the hall.
419" ' "f'J'"io") ' OD-1-IIt\o(.fOJ- '

Qt\OD<'I!Lf o
oo?A h.l'.~~,.

chew
I. hill. Chew your food well! 9""111U") ..._..,
'i' hJ:-C~U t.'Sh
2. hl\oom. Girls like to chew chewing gum.
A7f1~p.';f ODll-1;11 "'/IIOD'J' .('.OJ-'111-

l>A-I'"f 1-(IO(lfl-

2. if.?'". The various chiefs in the department

will discuss the plan. fAf. Af. h'i'll-!l'"f
~.,.';f.

lit\

h~-'1.

.('.OJffll-

3. oot.. You have to get permission from the

chief of the tribe to pass through this land.
OII.U oot.+ II.('. h!IICmU t\"''t\'1' f
,_...,.") oo,& "''lloi..,.J:- ht\11U
chief (adj.)
I. 'l''i'. What are the chief exports of Ethiopia?
h.'l-1'-itf OJ.l'. OJ-"f!" MC f9"'l-AI1'1'
,. ' 'l''i' ' 'l''i' ' )~r:';f ' !I"") ' M ' 'i''I'OJ- !
2. fOilS'-. They constituted him chief advisor.
fOilS'- h"'/116 hJ:-C~OJ- if..,.+

3.

:J-11~.

He is the chief poet of our time.

01.1J.f';f") :l-1141

Qt\~~

loll- )OJ-

in chief 'Pt;'

The editor-in-chief writes the leading article.

'l''i'a>-

l>H;>~

~(Lf.") 10dto'i' ,1'.104-A

chimerical

187

chiefly

children, see child

chiefly
I. t.il~.,...,.. Candy is made chiefly of sugar.
hl:'"/.11 f"'/.JPt-m- ' hit~ ....... ' hil'>.C ' ~..,_
2. 11-1-i\,.. We visited Washington chiefly to
see the White House. '1'1i'l"li"'l'l f"l-ll"f~w-
11-1-il,_ .,.,_:,. Ym-11'1 il"7f't ~..,.

child (children) lAY;

They took the child along on the trip. IA)I:'I
"""'" -1-'lrt-

have been used to it ever since I was a child.

child welfare f<hY'O't 111 t.!l:t-1't

I am interested in child welfare. il<hY'O't
111 t.!l:t-1't ii"'L't toil'S

.
I. t..,.H.,.H. Please chill the fruit! 'i't-'i't.IJJo'l

chill (vt.)

t..,.'ll:tHm-

The wind chilled her. H.(l- t..,.H.,.~'t

2. t.il'fl.<:m. The news chilled his hopes.

hiAY;H: "f..'l"t. filoo~h-'t ~..,.

rt.'Om- -1-ilof..m-'1 t.l'l'fl.<:mm-

be with child hl:1H'f-

chlll (vi.) "'""'"

The woman is obviously with child. ll.+f""P

lll\C"I'I' ' hC"I~il'f-

[See also 'conceive, heavy, illegitimate, only,

problem']
childbearing /AY; oow-A)f
Her childbearing period is over.

A~

)f'l' HOD'! t.IA~IA

childbirth
I. lAY; oom-A!l:. Childbirth is painful for
women. lAY; oom-i\Jl: , M.-l''f- , r :J-,.. , ~..,.
2. '1"'1'. His wife had a difficult childbirth.
qi\0.-1> '1"'1' 11'1-l'q't ~IIC
in childbirth lAY; f"''.<Dilil:fl't '1.11.

In childbirth, women pray for Mary's help.

lAY; f"''.<Dilil:fl't '1.11. (1.-l''f- "7Cf'l"'l
l\C-'1:1" ,_ii'I"'Oir
fAY;~'t

'1.11.\lo'l q1c ll.'t t.IIM:h-'t

I have a dreary recollection of my childhood.

f/AY;~'t 't'II:J-11. f"7filS'.il't ~..,.

childish a.n ! l\'IS'. a.n

He is an adult with a childish manner.
rt-m- ' o-tr '

a.n '

~..,.

be childish ih.!'l

a.n t.'to-'1

oPif") ~m-

Crying for things you cannot get is childish.

"7"11't i1"7't'f-i111Jo ~1C "7/A.,.il <h7'1
OOIJ''j ' ~ ....

childlike l\'IS'. a.n

His childlike frankness wins the heart of
everybody. l\'IS'. a.n f'I'U ""11'.,. f"7'1.,.
:fm-'19" (lm- /Ail ,_"7Cto/A

chill (n.) iiC!l:

He suffers from recurrent chills and fever.
The chill of the evening is not good for your
health. f'1"1i't iiC!l: Am. 'l~'t ~ t.,_
S'.i\9"
cast a chill

*His entrance cast a chill over everyone in

the room. Ol\- 1 DD9""flJT Oh~j:l\ lD"'il'l" = f

ililrt- .,..,:,. t.t-1'1 O.'t 't.ffil'f-

Don't be so childish! l\'IS'.

{l

'tm~A:t oPt.'t :,..,.u:t~A'f-

iiC!l:'O 'th-11-T l\f1<:1f fl'l'f"I<:'I'/A

oPtJJofl.

childbed t.t-11 O.'t

She will be in childbed for several days.

childhood fAY;H 'l.llo ! IAY;H

I spent my childhood in the country.

The earth chills when the sun sets. fJdtY..

/rT ' (ljl''fget a chill

OO'!I.il

"'""'"

I got a chill. iiC!l: iiC!l: t.ii'S

chilly .,.'II:J-1
I dislike chilly rooms .

.,.11:1'~

h'i'/A l\ml\

fill-

We were given a chilly reception. +llr+lf

.,.q11"' t.S'.<:'I'IA'I
be eMily lll:S'.
It is chiily outside. m-"l

i\

f..OC~A

chime (v.) '""li

The hells chimed at noon. ll.,.'tc II,. S'.<D
A

'""li

chime In -1-11"7"7

The new building will not chime in with the

surrounding architecture. hJtft. = ,'h"}~ 11:1111:
fl.w- totr't ;JC t.,_il"7"7'1"

*As the other men were talking, Mr. Jones kept

chiming in with his comments. 1\.t\<"=ti {l,-';.f
0"'1.~;J1-1-II't '1.11. "''.ii-1-C }<'Ill "1/A:J'
l\f1q hil-1-ff't ,_(l'l' ~IIC

chimerical
*He has chimerical schemes for getting rich.
vii:J-'1" ;~oorr'l f"7,.S'.<:illl~ l\:t~ toil"'"

chimney f"'.ll "'/aJo"i

This house has a chimney. J'.tJ
{l

,.,(J)oftl,

have a chip on one's shoulder

n.:r-

ftJJ.

}\/\(114

chimpanzee [1'1l"t)!l!"

~J'.

}\(laJo

U"i'

fl.

When the chips are down, he proves to be a

loyal friend. 4!Cm"i'lJJ< 1.11. .too"! ;1'"'/'S
'!f.'S)., h.l'm&-'l'C'I"

chin up I h.Y.flll

Chin up! Things will get better.

~"ll"IJ~

She always has a chip on her shoulder, so

nobody wants to be with her. i'..,.'iMi ill\
tn:Y.. "''"t'l" II.+CQ'l- hJ'.I.A"I'I"
when the chips are down of:Cm~m- "l..tl.
OD"'

~J'.H]

chin 1'.1"1."
He has a beard on his chin. hMm
ffi.~ I

choice

188

chimney

hJ'.~U

1 rHt-

'1" )1C ' llf-1-lflfII ' J'.I'.JIA

China !J'J'.<;
China has a great many people. !I' J'.<; '

chirp "l'lJJ<"l'lJJ< h/1

The birds chirp toward evening.

mY~

01 ;1-

1.11. IDG::f "l'aJo"l'aJo ' f.~/1l\~"1

1111- ' ih1111 ' h'l'l-

china fifh~ ltih"t

China is made from white clay. fifh'l ltih"t
f"''.u&-m- h)"!' ifh~ )m-

Chinese (n.)
I. !J'J'.'>'I!. There are few Chinese in Ethiopia.
llh.'l-I"A-.1' aJoll'l' '1'4!'1- !J'j'.<;lJJ<,r't hll2. fl'f."t"i'. Chinese is a difficult language. !I' f.
.,,... ' hQ~ 1/"t!l/ )dJo

Chinese (adj.) f!J'J'.<;

Chinese civilization differs from ours. f!Ff.rJ
QUA ' h"i' ' J'.II.I'A

chisel (v.) .,.<:l\

He chiseled a statue from the stone. h.'!"'t.?tt r
mlJJ<A'l- .,.<:ll

chisel (n.) oocHe made a hole in the board with a chisel.

it"J :J'aJo"J

:J' f.l.).'l-

chip (chipped), vt. if <:1.

The maid chipped the edge of the bottle.

(JOD(!" ' (JitaJo

lll:aJo'l" I -!-&- ' ID&. )IJC

chock-full
*He had a briefcase chock-full of papers.

mt:+'l-

chink h'i''l- P;JThey sealed the chinks between the logs.

h"l"tf..'ll ooiJhA .1'/lm-"t h'i''l- (1;1- II.,_.

chit-chat -!-&- m&.

The discussion was nothing important, just
chit-chat. "t"l"l?- M'l" 'i'&. )1C 1\A)

f;l-...,.,.11'1-

ttclt

)fll:lJJ<

chocolate '1'1>~;1Is this chocolate sweet or bitter? .e.u

tiJ4-,.,.. I ~llJo I tn.e.i'J I OD&.&. ?

=t-111\.:1'

choice
1.

rc1.

There is a wide choice of colors.

1<:.<:.., fmC..,.t\-"t h'i' if <:1.:-fm-

11ft' f.,./1'1" ~f.)')- ' 'I"C"i h/1

He chipped a piece of stone off the statue.

You made a good choice in picking that new

man. rt'l hlli'l-1 ' (laJo\t. r ooor~..-u 1 ..-

hmlJJ<A., ~f. ~"t:Jf. if<:1.

chip (vi.) -!-if&-<:1.

The cups chip if they are not handled carefully.
ll'l'"t:J'<I: IJA-1-.1'11- lttl"'ll f.if&-<:4-11-

chlp in h'l'"'
We all chipped in to buy her a present. lltn;J-
A"J1q~')- 11-~:Y.."t'l" h'l'"'"t

ll'i'&-\1. ' m-(l'(' IIII-'1- f"'/.ODlm- ""'"'"

3. ~too&."..-. Her mother takes a dim view

of her choice of clothes. l\<;t., ll/1 A~

-1-ifC~A

A11ll J<.oo&-<:'1' :,Oc '1-l'l"i'II:Y..

4. (~to choose) oo'J"<:'I'. I will leave the choice

of a movie to you. ft..tOIJavt oor~trt-1 1
~.,-~-

h-1-'1'/111-

fine choice of 9'"C'1'

rrr~

This restaurant has a fine choice of wines.

,.e..u

have a chip +j'(' (.L

h~C1YA

2. roy_oo~..-. These flowers are the choice of

my garden. MH.U hiiQl":Y.. IJ'l-hA'l-

:t

chip (n.)
1. ll11CQ6. The chips of the cup fell to the
floor. flttm- ll11CQ6 ID/111- ~f. mf..,.
2. '1':,04--t. The ground is covered with wood
chips. oo&,., ll~"t""'l- 'i':,O<f.-1! -1-if'i'S:A
This glass has a chip. J'.U 11C"l'-l'

.;.. 'I"C"'t

1 9"-"Jfl
1\/llJJ<

a..:r- rc..1

fil'~

ro,.e..1 m

choicest

chop (chopped)

have no choice about

*The child has no choice about going to school.

A)l: ' T"''~ ' 0.-l- ' t1P't1: ' "lf.:t'ID" ' ~,.
make a choice

DDl.tn

You made a good choice.

-r<-

oocmVA

The choicest food had the highest price.

9"Cm- 9""111 h<i!-1-'i' 'I':> ~O~ID"
Choir fOOlfOOOC

1. tl..Am ! tJ:.t:.m. Did you chop some wood?

.1.11'1'11! ('11.~'1'111)
'1'-t-1- ' b't ....
2. hi-t., The cook chopped some meat for
the stew. m-r 0.-1: Am..- r ;J hTL

+'

chop down 4r.l.m

choicest 9"C'I'

:}.(-

He sings in the choir. Ooolfa-;.. : =l..t!'

11'1' f.H9" <l-A
in a choir

chorus

189

m-

fH."''il-

choke (vt.)
1. h~+. My shirt is choking me because its
collar is tight. lf"'l.H. l\'t1-1> mq11 11/111'
~ ' f't<i''i'A
2. 1\-'lt.~. Too much wood will choke a fire.
b't""-1- (LO~ 1\<'l-l>'t f-'l'i!~'I'A
3. 1\t.~. The thick smoke choked the firemen.
'1':,.'1':,. fil"'" m.il fl\<'l-1- 1\S'.:> -1-M
l}f"'f't ' """""'"'"
choke (vi.)

I. :t-~4'. The boy choked with laughter.

A)l: 0"1:,. :t-~4'
2. ( ~ tr.) M<i'. +I choked on a piece of meat.
fl" :> 4!.!-'i" M<i'~
be choked '1"1\

The storeroom was choked with furniture,

luggage and boxes. fl\:J' 0.-l>'t f0.-1- 1\
:J' l lf't"'<;' "f'l''t 'I"A.f:t-A

fS'.~<i'ID"'t

.,.~....

chop off "'Ll.m

Be careful you don't chop your finger off.

"1-1-ll't >.'t-'1-1-1/.C'I' -1-m't<i':,.

Meat is often chopped up before it is cooked.
I":> ' hOD<i'<i'il- ' Od.-1- ' l\11~.,.,.') ' '1,11. '
f.h#A

chopped meat h-1-G:

Chopped meat is the dish I like best. 0"19"
f9"1DS',m- ' 9""111 ' h-1-G: ' ~ ....

choppy Til'l''l''i"
A choppy wind is not good for small boats.
-1-il'l''l''i" ~4-11 ll'l-<;'t1i ~Aql"'f 1\
f.OD'f'J"
make choppy h'itDm
A strong wind made the lake choppy. '1f.ll'i'
~4-11 ' mf.4!'t ' 1\<;'mmm-

choral ( ~ adv.)

O'r11~-1-

Choral singing is characteristic of worship

in some churches. fl'"t1l~:r oouooc f")~
'tf: 0.-1- hcil-tf'l''f A"'11: ~..,.

chord
*His story struck a chord of pity in the listeners.
ff:"''ll"''li't A11 ~lJ

:P~h-

choke back 'Pm

She choked back the tears. 1\'tq'l''t 'l'm'f,.

choke to death )\"}.f. s "'IF..ll

He choked the dog to death. ID"lfm-'t 1\'t.f>

11'./IID"

cholera [fm~c11~ 01i:t- 'iM-1-)

choose (chose, chosen)
I. 11P~m. I chose the books carefully. ""~"'
G:'ln ' O'!"t:J-4! OD~'J'hThey chose him for their leader. ""~f'I'ID" 1\
'tJI.If't f OD~<Jlo-12 t./11. She did not choose to go with us.
h'i' :>C {loo'/.1: l\At.il1'f9"
3. 1\lf(m-). +Do asyouchoose!>.'t-'llfll 1\f:C"l

choosy OD.l-'i"
Don't be so choosy!

~<;:

chop up hi-t. (-1-h-1-d.)

o.-.-nt:.+

The priests sing in a choir. lJ:tJ'i"-1: O'l1ll.T-

They chopped the dead tree down.

~.,

OD.J.'i" l\-1-u-'t

chore
I. f"'l.fllil'f l"<l-. Scrubbing frying pans is
a chore for her. OD'J'Olfl"'f't """-T"' /1
!). f"'l.filil'f Ft. ~m2. fHm-1-c l"<l-. All the children had to do
their chores. A]l:'li 11-11- fHm-1-C I" .J.'I'm't ""F<l-'1- ~o~q'f'm3. I".!-. Let's make a bargain to help each with
our chores! 01".!-:f't 1\0D~-'1-'1-1- 1\'til"''"''

chorus
I. fOD11.,..C '\1:. They formed a chorus in
the school. 0-l-!I"IIC-1- 0.-1> ID"/1'1' fOD'JI.,...C

"**-

'}1: '
ooll"''fi. The speaker was
2. q')f:~-1answered by a chorus of approving shouts.

190

chose
..blltl- WH':H ooo"""li fi-t-<; :u.m-
fOD(I"'/"'/'f- ' OD&\(1 0 flmtD-

chronology of events leading to the French

Revolution. oogoo.;.. r

m~

Lt:.")lt,r..

OOlP~

:J-'1! ' lltD-'1' ' .I'OD-1-'f-1 ' i-h:J-:J-.1'- ' .,.~,.

,:y. o:,>.r.!l" -t-h-t-A ll-t-"'1.:"'"' ~>.r.
<:'1

chose, see choose

chosen, see choose
chrestomathy [hP') ll"dt-'i'
ll"dt-G:':f]

church

f-t-m-"'m- '

christen
1. hmoo+. The priest christened four children
last Sunday. q{lo~.m- hdt-.1:: '11(1- l>t-'1-
A}t.':f l>.mooof>
2. fhCh'l-<; M" 1>11. We christened our
baby, Y ohannes. f A)f':f-11 fhC!I'I-<; !I?"
l'".h1h />A)IJJo
3. hfoo. They christened the farm "Stony
Brook". hC?f:fiJJo1 M't 11-1-h 1llltD-
hfoo-'fchristening hCh'l-<;
The baby's christening will be next Sunday.
f..l.Yl- hch'l-<; O"tof>'l'liiJJo hd..l:" )tDChristian hch-1:.1'1
Christians used to be known for their charity.
hCM:.I''f':f OA"'h<;:fm- f;J-m<l< )0-1Christianity hCh'l-<;

Christianity was introduced to Ethiopia in the

fourth century. qfl.-t-'i'm- oo.Y. h'i'll """
1 hch'l-<; m.r. h.'l-1'-k.l' 1q
(be) Christianized fhch'l-<; ?.1'-"'''f'l- iof>Oll
That happened before Ethiopia was Christianized. h.'l-1'-k.l' fhCh'l-<;-, 7.1'-"'''f'l- h
ODof>O!I. ' Ool.'l- ' l>hof> .1:"'1" fll') ' )1C )mChristmas 1<;

Christmas is celebrated in Ethiopia in January.

Oh.'l-1'-k.l' 1<; f"thO<:m- 0;1-'I"'P' )IJJo
[See also 'merry']

chronic
1. At7~~. She is a chronic complainer.
A"''f.'i' )11<;..,- )':f
2. P'C fhf.f.. He has a chronic cough.
P'C f(lf.f. 1\A 1>110'1-

chronicle tL<; oo'f'iJA

A chronicle is a kind of history. IL'O oo'f'iJA
f;J-.:h ' 'tf.)'f- ' )IJJo
chronology
The teacher explained to the students the

(be) chubby <1-<f.

The baby was chubby. .bY\- f<f.<f. )0C
chuckle .,:,. l>ll
He chuckled over the joke. Oof>AJI. .,:,. />{I
chug .1:"!1"6
You could hear the chug of an engine. f'l"i--11 ' .1:"!1"6 ' {IODfl"'''f- ' .1'-!J'~A
chunk
I. <l<ll-"1/'. The dog found
IJJo?ftD- fP':> <l<ll-"1/' '
2. r.q.:. I found a chunk
my tire. f.l:"1:>.1'- (lq.:
.Y. M"fv-

a chunk of meat.
1>17
of stone stuck in
1"'1\1. ~f. 1-flh

church
I. 11.1- hCh'l-.1'1. We went to church on Sunday. hd..l:" 11.1- hCh-1:.1'1 lt.1:"1
2. f.11C (pl. l>..l:"qc). This priest is new to our
church. .1'-tJ '1111 llf.1lt-':f1 7.1"1'1 )m3. ?.1'-"'''f't-. Most people adhere to the church
of their parents. 1>1l~'i'jP'Jl fljP':f rm~}t.
!F:fm-1 ' 7.1'-"'''f'l- ' .1'-hi-~114. f?.l'-"'''f'l- .I:"C)!-'1-. A missionary goes
wherever the church sends him. ~1P (II) b.
f7.1'-"'''f-l> .I:"C)!-'1- h~hm- P;J- IJ-11-
.1'-MA
5. f?.l'-"'''f'l- mn. The two churches have
been incorporated into one.v-ll-1> f7.1'-"'''f'l-
OJ1'f':f 1-'l'..bf.'I'A
6. :,OJ! a.. What time does church begin?
:,OJ!(&. Oh1'1- .l'-1qA !
church (adj.) fll.i- htJ)'fThe conservatives and the clergy were allied
on the question of church schools. liiJJo'l' f
"'1.1'-oi.A"t-'t-<; +1\m-h-to hll 11.-t- htJ)'f-
'1-!l"tJC'I- ll..Y.':f 7-'1.1'- 1-h"''!l"i-IJJo )OC
go to church 11.1- hCil-1:.1'1 l)oo
They go to church every Sunday. hd..l:" hd.
.1:" 11.1- hCh-1:.1'1 .1'-h"''11marry in church OThA.A I n-,q
Were you married in church? .1'1q1i,. Rihii.A )IJJo!
[See also 'rite, service']

churchman fll.-1- hC!l1:.1'1 tun

The apostate from Islam later became a famous
churchman. fhil'\9" Y.l'>.,'l''l-1 fh'ltD- II
"'" a:\1\ f:t-m+ fll.-1- hcll1:.1'1 It
U1

II")

There is a cemetery in the churchyard. OiL+

.,IL IIJoll'l' ' oult) ou:J'-fiC

hCII1:.1''l-
hi\

churn (v.) 'i"m

Chum the milk to make butter!
ll)ro- m+~"t 'imaJ<o

~II.

h1-'l.m

churn (n.) oo'i"-t

Butter is beginning to form in the churn.
I

aJoi\'J" I ~fl. I ODaJollJ-l- I floP}!

ODCIt~~m-

cider f.,<f. "1'"'7-1:

cigar (L;JC
cigarette (l.)f,:.
cigarette holder -c;r
She uses a cigarette holder when she smokes.
hC!l. 11:1-..,.11

a-c:r '1-m+.,ll:f

cinder Jo.ou.l':

circle (n.) ha-a

He drew a circle in the sand. ahif'l',. 'If.
ha-ft "'I\
*He has a wide circle of friends. mJl,'(=Ji t:l
If" ' 'if.)'J- ' 'i"'l'tDcircles
*Diplomatic circles agree that war with China
must he avoided. hil'.l'>'i" ' ;>C II'C)'J- h1
'lf.)"f oum1+~ h1!'."'1.~q f?"l\1:'1
{ljP:f ' !'>II.,.,11around in a circle lt't:..ftiJo")
We drove around in a circle. tfct:..t'aYt 1 )Jl1
[See also 'commercial circle, inner, narrow,
vicious1

circuit
I. 11"&.1'. The circuit of the city walls is three
miles. fh-1-.,tD- .,9"-fl 11"&.1' 1"11'1- .,,.
I

)(Do

2. o-!'.'1-. Every year, the earth completes its

circuit Of the Sun. oP~T I fi8th.e I ff-61 I
f9":J-!'.C~IIJo1 ' o-!'.'1- ' 1\0D .... :11 ' h1.1': ' 'i

cinema 1\t.,
go to the cinema. dJ!'. 1\t., '

h~-'11\IJo

cinnamon +<:4Cinnarnon is used to flavor food. +t:.4- ll'r

.,-fl .,"1.1.""1 Y.m~.,A

Mohammed was born circa 570 A.D.

!if!:

OUT .I'>L~q:J-A
3. oupouc. The telephone circuit was broken
during the storm. fiiAh- aop>ODC a.,cl
a11- m~'l- -t-am{l

circular

circa 1Y.,fP1
.1': f-t-mi\!'.IIJo
a:\1\ ~!'.., ' )IIJo

.,.,ii

&\_

The wood was burned to a cinder. b1'lJ.l.i:

}",ODf: hllh.11"1 H'J'.

rn

circle (vi.)
I. 11:. The plane circled a half hour before
landing. htD-C"TI\'1- h.,:4- a.t.'l-
il'i'l- .I'UA 11:
2. a.,1ll'a-a 11:. The airplane is circling
over the town. 1\aJo-f!""f'lt). Oh.,.,.,aJo
a.,1ll'a-t1 .1'>11<1-A

lt.e.

churchyard fll.-1- hCII1:.1'1 .,IL

floPij-a:Jo

circular

191

churchman

oPdtoP

hhCII-1'11 A!'.'l-

A)a:9"

2. f"''.m""~H11. A circular stairway leads up

to the balcony. f"''.m""~"""'" !'.<:11' m!'.

circle (vt.)

I. a - - - ,,.,,., ' ODp>ODC ' }","'00:. Circle the

correct answer on the exam paper! OL.,.'i"OJ-
m<:+'l- 'If. a'l-hhl\'i'tD- DDAII INl.l'
au JPODC ; h.Ff"'C
2. ( = intr.) 11<:. The moon circles the earth.
Q;t::1' aoo&.'J- n-&.1' '1-llt.ll:f
3. haa. The enemy circles the hill. milT I>

<:-tl:l-11Jo1 hfl:t-A
4. a - - - 11"&.1' hl\.1.. He circled Chicago to

save an hour's driving time.

1. h11. Ancient coins were not circular in

shape. f'!'1'1- 11Hil:f ~CR'i'IIJo h-fl h

n :

llllT

001~.1': 11.,'11 a'flt1 11"&.1' hi\L

~~~)_,

'.l'aJ"'A

3. tt-61 "1'9""1'fD. Circular arguments are

ineffective. 11"&.1' '1'9"'1'9" hChf!":f IIJom,
'1- hf.{lm-9"
circular letter (I:Ch--1\C

All departments received a circular letter today.

!Joll-9" h'l'll-:f If&. ' iiCh-1\C !'.<:it'f'IIJo
circular motion oupc

The circular motion of the earth is still not

completely understood. fou&.'J- oo11c ~
'i" -1-"'C-1' hA;I-mo/>9"

circulate

192

circulate (vt.)
I. t.(I&-Q;J., He circulated the news of the
holiday. f'loo'f- O'lll-"t m&. h(I&-Q;J.

2. hil-t-1\ilol. He circulated the letter among

the students. .1'.1VIIl.a>-"t fl-t-"7&9'':f hil-t-11
{I~

He circulated counterfeit money and got caught.

nu-n t.il-t-1\AG:

fm(l'f-

t-J'H

circulate (vi.)
1. -rncrmt:. This causes the blood to circulate
faster. ~u ' ~r 1 .f.~ ' .f~ ' )t.'l.ILH'Pmc '
J'f.C;JA

2. +(l,t.&Q., Bad news circulates quickly. OO"J'f:! r

m&. 0'1''1')'1- J'-(1&-""'.A

3.

~L(l.

There is a strange rumor circulating.

h"t"IJI ftJ') "f!''l""f!''l":" J'.)'i'ltA

*She circulated among her guests. h"t"ll'-!f"t
hf-t-H'Pm~"f hil-t-'01.1'."f

circulation
1. ooncrmc. Open windows increase the circulation of air. fooilt>.f-':f h'i''l- ODIJ'"t fh
fC ' ODH'PaJC"t ' J'.Q;l,'J"&-A

A tight armband interferes with circulation

of the blood. fmO+ fh"t.l:' 1\J'. hilC
f.l'.'l""t ODH'PmC J'a>-IJA
2. t,")q(llJ'':f. Our paper has a circulation of
a hundred thousand. ;JH."'"f"t oo.f- lf.ll
h"tqn.l""f ' hii-'1-

*He suffers from poor circulation.

~liP"

0~

"t11 ' ilfi"7J'.H'PalC J'oo'PA

put Into circulation hmnt

The government has put new bills into circulation. oo'}"'IP"T 1 hJLh 1 1'lH11 1\(DoT
;!:A

circumstance
70 feet. foo'P'i' fl;t-"f"t lt-&J'a>- (lq ""i
,.,

~(Do

circumlocution

It'~/ ' T9'"T9'" 1 "J"'I""IC

He used circumlocution to avoid using some
words. q")JI"t.J:- :J'I\'1- h"tJIY.m+'l" 0"7

fl'l- lt-&J' '1''1"'1''1" "t"I"IC J'-'01C )OC

circumnavigate 0--- 11-&J' -t-'iH

This ship circumnavigates the earth . ..e.u

oo

Cb11 O'lfl'l" 11-&J' J'.'i'IA

circumscribe
I. mM (-t-mM). The father circumscribed the
activities of his daughter. t,q'f-11-m- A)':;t
"7!!:~"1 f"'1.1q'f-"t mM
A prisoner's activities are circumscribed. f7lll
~ .......

' .,..,qc:"f ' f-t-aJ(I). ' <;'fm-

2. ~~L. The teacher circumscribed the city

on the map. oo'J"IJ~ b-t-"7J'..,"t IJC:" 1\J'.
).I'.~

circumspect 'l'"t<fl'l>

A judge must be circumspect when he makes

a judgment. Jl'i' 'i'C.I:' (l..(IT T"t<fl'l> outl'
"t' hfln'l-

circumstance
1. ~1C. There is one important circumstance
you haven't mentioned. J'Am+ilbm- h"t!l:
'1-A'I- )1C hi\

Weather and other circumstances permitting,

we sail on Monday. Jrtf~'i 1 i\.1\m-~ 1 ~.,C
b-t-il"7"7"t ' (l'r '

00DCb11 '

h"t)"'fl"t

2. v-).;r.-, Under those circumstances, I could

hardly blame her. 011.11 u-~;t- 'l""t'l" Am
'1-lt'l- hA':fA'/"

(be) withdrawn from circulation

This book has been withdrawn from circulation. oo10m4- fl.h1111 h"tJIY..I'.Cil -t-bA

3. h\\:\'1. The rich man is in good circumstances. 111l:t-- ' ....... ' 0~ ' h'>.:\"t ' "'

h!I.A

4. h.!J"lD?.. His arrival is a fortunate circumstance. f(t. I ODJ!'t:,{l I ODAlJ.r I h.;JIIJD7. I ~lD"
5. 'I':J''I>"t 1-Jif"':f. The author dwells on circumstances rather than essentials. ~fl.aJo 1 ODIP

circumcise 1~H (-t-1~H)

The man circumcised the boy.

(l(Do~aJ- 1

tl.7

)."t UH

Girls are also circumcised in Ethiopia. h.-l-f')\'

J' a>-il'l' A'fiU..I'-':f-'1" J'-1~'111-

circumcision "ICH'l- l "111~'1-

Circumcision has been practiced in Ethiopia

since ancient times . .,cnT :r tlh.TV")\'1 1 hT
"tT ' 'J!,'/"C: ' f-t-{IOD.I'.

)ID-

Circumference 11-&J'

The circumference of our swimming pool is

'l"&-A

~:J-'1! btl').'!- Y.A'I> O'I':J'M 1-Jif':f 1\J'. m-t-;J- J'O'IA

under no circumstances 09""'lr" I rh"J..f'T J
O'l""t'l" 'lM'l-

Under no circumstances should you go to see

him. O'l""t'l" 'l"h"tJ''l- (O'I""t'l" 'lM'l-)
~.1'.11 ' h(l-") ' OD1<;'fT ' fl\1111'/"

under the circumstances h.flo"} 1 QAOJo 1 o--).~

Under the circumstances, there is little hope

193

circumstantial

for an early settlement. 1>11-'1 1 QllfD- 1 11-~;f- 1

o'l>cfl" 1 ~c'l> 1 royY:t"."l 1 .,.hof. 1 7.)!'"111" 1 ~,..
circumstantial
1. lt;JilJfPI... Minor details are circumstantial
compared with the main facts. h'P'IdJo a ,..q
Y. :>C h.oo~Hl- 11C111!"~ ~11!"lf ' I>

:>"1"7.9'lf ' ""'"'"

2.

fl.~.

The policeman gave a circumstantial

report of the accident. ?'h.i\- hll~<:{lmI>~ 11-~;f- {14,. <l?'C'f- 1>4'<:11

He produced documents to circumstantiate his

{1~.1:-

1>4'<:0

circumvent

1. flH.<'. /;on lim. Some people try to circumvent the law. 1>'1.11'1.1:- h9'lf h.b"l flH.<'.
11"'/11"11'1' ' Y.'l"h.:-112. flH.<'. l>hlf.r.. The colonel circumvented the
plan of the enemy to blow up the bridge.
mll'l- .1:-A.I:-Y. 114.'1:1( 11"7'i'<:h nfl<:<D-'1
7.'1>.1:- 1>11-~11- flH.<'. l>hlf.r.m3. flH.<'. 1>114.. The speaker carefully circumvented the real issue.
'I'<;"<D-'1

~1C

..,.'I;J~tD-

fill~

H~

dJo I t1C I ,."JC I ffPI..oP/J(ll\. I t\.1\ I .,_.JS,. I

mof>h
be cited (for)
1. 'i'C.I:- 0.'1- 7.'1JI.of>C11 :f"HH. He was cited
for bad brakes. f.,.fllllf 1 '1'.:.'I l>lltD- floP
QA. 'i'C.I:- fl. 'I- 1.'IJI.of>C11 ;1-!f.A.
2. {loo- fih11C .,.mt-. The soldier was
cited for bravery. m;f-~-1- hll ~"1'1~'1- h
000 I fih1JC I .,.tntcitizen
l. r&.;J. I am an American citizen. ~~ flt'"L

circumstantiate h.l.;J1tn

statement. ,J'II-'1 11"7<::>1'1'

civil

l>llt.<D-

circus hChh
cistern ftD-;) "7m.:.of>"''J'
The cisterns of the city were dry. fh.,."7tD-
ftD-;) "7m.:-4'"7J'9'lf ~of>'I'A
citadelll""li"l
The enemy conquered the citadel. mll'l- II"

111-'1 ' '"

citation
1. '1''1-h. Citations from Scriptures are used
in sermons. h'l-.11.11'1 oPI\.b'i''l- f.,.m{l-'1.
'1''1-illf flhilh'l- IIY. M1.:-ll2. f?"h;><; m-:4''1-. He received a citation
from the President forbraveryin war. flfllC~-1>
IIY. ll'lf<D- ~"1'1~'1- hTcl.ll.-'1'1-lo f?"h:>
<; m-:4''1- .,..,1111
3. oP'J'<lf. A traffic ticket for speeding is a
citation. h11Pm'l OilY. floP'I-'1'1- ?"h'lf'l-
h'l-~h f"thmm- 1-tQ ""'l'<lf ~"'"
cite mof>{l
He cited the Bible to prove his statement.
flltD-'1 11"'1<::>1'1' ""K'm'i' '1-.ll.h'l mof>h
The lawyer cited another case similar to the
one being tried. mfl,J'tD- 1>11-'1 h"t:f"f

<li-t ' 11.:> ' ~'t

2. f1J1<l-l> ~'I'&. The observance of the law
is required by all citizens. f1J1<l-lo ' ~'l'<l9':f
11-11- ' .b"l'l ' 7.'1JI.fh11-l- ' F-1~.1111citizenship 11."1~'10ne must fulfill the obligations of citizenship.
"7'111" I {ltD- I flf."l~'f-'j I "l.<',.:f" I IIP,I.I\11" I
1>1111'1citron [fll-"7. 'iM'I-]
city h.,...,

The municipality is in charge of the city's

attractiveness. i\hTIP/tD- tD-O:r- 1 '11\A. 1 "''H
;>7{ ' 0.'1- ' ~"'"
city hall "7H:>JI" n.'ICity hall has given bids for construction of
a hospital. "''H;>7{ 0.-lo ' rrh"I;;f-A. 11"'/oP
.:-'1- ' .... .:;~- ' I><D-'I';J:A.
civet 11Q.I:"

Civet is very expensive. 11QJ!"

OIIJr

OJ-~

~"'"
civet cat 'I'C't
It is forbidden to kill civet cats. 'I'C't oP"I~
A. ' .,.hA.h~A.
civic

1. .b11Q'I! l fH."I~'I-. Obeying the law and

paying taxes are civic duties. ih...,'J 1 ""lhfiC
<; "111C 11Pht.A. .b11Q'I! "l.<'.:f"9'lf <;'fmThey understood their civic duties. fH."'~'I-
.,...,q.:-:ffD-'1 ' .,.1~Hfl"
2. fh.,..,. The mayor is making great efforts
for civic beauty. h'11:QfD- llh_,...,,.. fD-11'1-
11"111" ' fhQA.
civil

I .b11Q'I!. Civil liberties are guaranteed by

the constitution. .b11Q'I! oo1]-flf fl.b1
""'1"11"-lo f.,.mfl.,. <;:ffD13

2. 1\.li.A. Post offices are part of the civil

service of the government. f?""il:l" l>il.,.-'1
.I'.C fl\.li.A l>ii.,.'I.I'.C h'i'A ~tJJo
3. ..,..,....-,., He is always civil to everyone he
meets. 1\"''J~'l'ftJJo ill":f rHr '1-d>'l- ~tJJo
civil rl1hts f(l.tJJo A}({- s tnt-a:,.
He is in the forefront of the civil rights move
ment. ill\ iltJJo A]t.:f ooi]'f- 0"7..1'..:~

tJJo "t'l>'i"il ),{1- "I!I"QC

[See also 'marriage, service']

claim

!94

civil"code

.,.,_?"

~tJJo

civil code f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l

The present civil code was adopted several
years ago. 111-'1- f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l
h'l'<l:'l- 'tOD;f"'f- Od.'l- OP'<lo llf. 'I'll
civilian (n.) 1\.li.A
There were civiliaus and soldiers in the crowd.
0.,.110/IOtJJo ' <h11il ' ODIJhA ' 1\.li.ll-:f-'i" ' ID
:f".l'.t::f- ' ~0-1-

civilian (adj.) fl\.li.A

Was he wearing civilian clothes? fA{l(tm1\.li.A Ailil ~oc 1

civility '1-<h'l-'i"
He treats his customers with civility. .I'."JO'l''Jl
"J 0'1-<h'l-'i" 1il.,.'i""I'IA

civilization
I. FA"'~. The civilization ofmankindhastaken
thousands of years to reach its present level.
filtJJo A~ P'A"'~ 1>11-"t IJIIO'I- .I'.C/f
1\tiOJ';,:il ill!- lf. 'tOD;f"'f- ' a>il.-;._A
2. QUA. Chinese civilization differs from ours.
fJI'f.'i" QIIA h'l f.II1A
3. 11"'1- 1110'1- '1-t:. Mter a week in the woods,
the scouts looked forward to civilization again.
).iiiJtJJo.f:f l>"JS': 119""J'I- "'ill tJJoil'l' '
h ... l' ' 0:\11 I !1"'f- ' ID-'11\0'f- ' '1-t: ' 1\0DOD
1\il ' OJ.,.

civilize 1\JPI\m~
School helps to civilize people. '1-?"IIC'I- IL
'1- <h11il"t I\"7JPe\m"t f..:'IA
civilized (adj.)
I. fJPI\m~. The civilized world must fight
ignorance. fwAm)m- ~llr ..e-1'-kC'it
"7'1'"f.'l- 1>110'12. ooAIJ?". Civilized behavior is found in all
countries. ODe\IJ!I" mQf. OfM-1- f.~'lA
civil law f'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l
Loans are decided by civil law. f1"JHil il
S':C O'i''l-olt ilolt.C <h"l f.a>il'i"A

civil servant fOD"t"IP'T JP<l--f"'l

Civil servants retire at sixty-five. f'OD1""JP"T s
JP&-.,.'l':f OiiS':II l>?"il'f- "too;l"'ftJJo
m-.::1" ' ,.. q /\civil war fCil OCil tnC~'IThe country was tom by civil war. Mtl-1: 0
Cil OCil tnC~'I- _,.1~"1'1'11 ~OC
clack (v.)
1. l>:>"". He clacked the cup against
saucer. 1\.ttJJo"J h"7ii.,.OD"'itJJo :>C
Q;l.tJJo
l\11. Her heels clacked on
2.
pavement . .,..:hll. l>MA-1> llf.

* *

the
1>:>

l\11
** the

(be) clad 11011

He was clad in red . .,.,. Ailil llii(J.A
claim (v.)
I. ot.M. I claim my share. S':C!f\loo"t ).of.A:>IIIJ2. m f.,.. Where do I claim my baggage?
'lf"t"'\loo"t f'l- Amf.'l> 1
3. f~ ~tJJo 1>11. Does anyone claim the pencil? ).CII/1- f~ ~tJJo f~A l\11 1
4. 1>11. She claims to know the man. iltJJo\lootJJo"t
1\tJJo.,.'I'IIIJ-. 'I-IIII:f.
5. a>(l.l'.. The care of the baby claims much of
mother's time . .,.,.,.., oobQhiJ f).'i"-l>"t il
II- "1..11. f.a>il'IA

*This matter claims our attention. _e.u-,.'J .,..

'If. A'i"iliiO'I- f.1Q'i"A
claim (n.)
1. f.1Q'lA f.,.QII. He refuted the claim.
f.1Q'lA f_,.QIItJJo"t l>ii.,.QOII
2. f.1Q'lA "711'1-. He relinquished his claim
to the throne. 11-4-'1- f.1Q'lA "711'1-"t .,...,
3. f~lltJJo ~1C. Can you make good your
claim ? f!l"'l-ll'ftJJo"J ~1t::f A;l".::>"l'l' '1:f-111111 1
4. ooiJ'f-. He forbore his claim. ooiJ-J>"t l>
IIAt:: (lm
5. 'I'1i:. The International Court of Justice
allowed the Ethiopian claim. f'tll!l" 'i'CS':
IL'I- fl\..'1-f"A-n '1'1i: _,..,.RII
file a claim
I. hil 1>.,..:0. He filed a claim in order to

recover damages to his car. Oooh!'im- tt,e.

11.1'..:/ltJJo "1--'1'1- IJII 11"7"11"'1- hil l>

.,..:o

2. f.1Q'lA 1\.A 1\0DI\h.,.. The farmer filed

a claim for a piece of land. "10"-CD- DPt.of:z
f.1Q'lA ' 1\.A ' 1\0DI\h.,.

195

claimant

clarity

have a claim on

set up a clamor +'lGt.-A

*She has a claim on us because she is my

mother's sister. hh!l:l":f"t !lllll"t:Y. M' A
,.,~ f"'L1<1-r ~elf hll

The eager children set up a clamor to get

lay claim

1. .f.1'1.,.A hll I f~ ttD- hll. A distant

relative laid claim to the estate. fo;.ol- HoP
~ ell-!> .f.1'l ...A hll
I lay no claim to that. Y f~ ttD- hilA
h-9"
2. hll. I have never laid claim to being an
expert in geography. n[l'o"'.:-1. 0'1'4: t~
il\1. ' hl\tD-~9"
make a claim to ft.. ~ID- h.A
She makes a claim to the pencil. he<'l{l- n
ttD- Tllll:f
make no claim to
*He made no claim to being an expert in
history. f;f"&h 0'1'4: t~ f"''IIT il"''.T
hll<'lf9"
[See also 'satisfy, stake')

claimant .f.11J.,.A IJ.f.

He is a claimant in the affair. o ......~~~
A IJ.f, ttD-

,.,q;,;:

clamber up Oh'l~ ..,..,A <DtiJ

The boys clambered up the cliff. A}(,; 1Y..II"t Oh'l~ .-,..,A mmclamor (v.) O...'li..,. Ml"''
They clamored their demands at the meeting.
~lli;f":ftD-"t ' Oll-fl(ll}tD- ' 1\.f, ' O...'li..,.
h(laoclamor for
1. -1111- ""''li. The foolish people clamored
furw~.~~:Y.h~:Y.~eh9""1-lllltD-

""''&
2. -1111- 1-t""lt<Q., The child clamored for

his breakfast. A"/f. 4leil il~ -1111-

1-t""lt<Q.
clamor (n.)
1. 11-hT. There was a clamor in the m~ket
place. 10Y,. tD-il'l' o-h-r toe
2....'li-r. The clamor of the dissenting members broke up the meeting. f1- :J''P"'L~,; "'"
'li-r !1-llil'ltD-"t 01-ttD3. f-I-111K il"''.T. The senators could not
ignore the clamor against higher taxation.
f;l"h!l"t oPOQ.ooe 0oP:J'fD9" o f1-111KtD-"t
il"''.T h"''lt&~,; :Y.II 11.11-T hAi#'tt.-9"

into the movie house. A"''f+ ' f:J...,..T A

}l::f mY. ILt"'' ILT lloP"''IT .f."tOO""
toe
clamp f11&T "''tiJ04:Y
He held the two pieces of wood together
with a clamp. 11-ll.,."t b"t.....,_:Y. 0-ll&T
"''t1J04:Y hYY~:f,.
clan mn
This clan descends from a common ancestor.
.f,IJ ID1"t lt"t~ ~~YT .f,fDIIJIA
clandestine f9"!lm.e
They held a clandestine meeting. f9"ilm.e
ll-fl(ll} ' hY..&...
clank 1-:J'OQ.II
His fetters clanked when he moved. ILt:J't~
fh"'e -11&1> 1-:J'OQ.II
clap (clapped), vt.
1. h<Q.OOQ.O. He clapped his hands to smnmon
the servant. h"iih~"t llou'l'.:.T h<Q.OOQ.O
2. .,.,. .,.,. hY-&1. He clapped his friend
on the back. mJI"/f."t ;p;eq,. ll.f. .,.,.
oP,. ' hY..&1tDclap (vi.)
1. h<Q.OOQ.O. The audience clapped for five
minutes after the play was over. "1::.1~ hT
LK"" 0:\11 1-""Att,; llh9"ilT Y-4:
:J' ' h<Q.OOQ.O
2. 1-"tl>lfl>lf. The shutters clapped in the wind.
f<'l"t:J' ""hiiY otof.il 1-"tl>lfl>lf
clarify (clarified), vt.
1. h-11.:-.:-. He tried to clarify his statement.
"t"'"'<-"t ' 11"'1-11.:..:.-r ' ~h.:
2. h"'.:.. She washed her hands in prep~ation
for clarifying the hydromel. -newt 11"'1"1.:.
-r h:!_"t :l"mO:Y.
clarify (vi.) "'AR" IJ't
He was certain that the political situation
would eventually clarify. f 711-l:lttD- 11-~:l"
WY-e "'AR" h"tY.."'LII""t hC"'m"' toe
clarinet ['P"ii"t-r

-om. """1<1.1']

clarity (=adj.) "'AK"

His clarity of speech makes him a good teacher.
"'AK" ' M;J1<- ' '~'<- ' OD9"1Je ' YY..e1'PA
with clarity "'AK" II"<;'
The problem was presented with clarity, and

classical

196

clash

~=-------------------~-------------------everyone understood it.

.,...c;,. """AJt'

!11\.,.~0

-~-~'! ....

' !Joll-'1" ' {lfDo '

ll"'f'

clash (vt.)
I. 11..?""'. In her haste, she clashed the pan
against the stove. 'I'II-II oP'J'07ffD-"J h'l"~
"jffDo .."JC 11..?""'".1-"'"
2. 11"-""' They clashed their swords. 1-tl-Jl.l"!J'
:ffDo"J ' 114-<Llo
clash (vi.)
I. -1-.."J""'. The armies clashed on the plain.
lltl-'1!-r-:J; ' "'L'!fDo ' llf. ' -1-..?""
The employee clashed with his boss over salary.
... tl--1-';'fDo ' 0~'1"11 ' 'l"tl"J.I'.... ' lti\:l'fDo '
.."JC' -1-.."J""'
2. T:J>,l~. Their stories of the accident completely clashed. Ill\ 11~.."1..,. f.,.~o-:,. DP"'i\
"'il"".fo ' 'i'l\.'1" ' f"'L:J>~)o ~0-1clash with 11A-1'!1"7"7'1"
The color of the curtains clashes with the
carpet. foP.."J~7f .... ' .,.1\'1" ' hll.."J"JffDo ' .,.
1\'1" .."JC 11)'.11"'1"'1'1"

clash (n.)
I. "'"l":r-. The clash between the workers and
the factory owner led to a strike. O"'tl--1-'l''li'i'
O<f..O&ItfDo 111\11.:,. oolthA f-1-~"'fDo "1"1"
:,. Ftl- tD~

"'1'1" 11~~{1

There was a border clash yesterday. l-1\"J:r<; ' ftD{I") ' "1"1".... ' )0~
2. ~'1"6. The automobiles collided with a
terrible clash. ooh.<;l"'j; ll.:>"" h<;:
.1'1\ ' ~'1"6 ' -J-{1"'1

clasp (v.)
I. .I'H. He clasped a
""II. 01.)1: f.!I.A

knife in his hand.

2. 11.,.1.. She clasped the child to her bosom.

ihY\>o"J ~~;/:; II)'. 11.,.1.-.y...,.
clasp hands 1.)(' 1\)(' ' -~"""110m-

They clasped hands as a sign of friendship.

1\tD'!)(');I-:ffDo ' '1"/1\h .... ' 1.)(' ' 1\)(' ' "'"""'
110m-

class (v.)

oo~o

He classed Churchill among the world's

greatest men. :fc".foA"J h'li\'1" ;1-1111:,. {I
jP".fo I 1.")~ I 11"JJ!. I OO~I1:ffDo

class (n.)
1. :r-'l"llc:r-. Classes begin in September.
..,..,..tiC.... ' f"'L)>;OO~fDo ' OoP!Ih~'l" ' )tD2. fh'i'A '1.11.. My first class starts at eightthirty. foo"f_oo&f ' fh<;:A '1.11.\L 01Joi\:,.
{1'1:,. ' -J-11-A ' f."f_'l"tl-/1\
3. f:r-'l"tJC:r- 'IJ'.):r-. How many classes did
you have the first semester?

floo)!oo~ym-

f:r-'l"uc:r- noo"J 11..?"711 !I"J:r- f:r-'l"uc

:,. 'lf.H".fo )0-1-11 l
4. -1-"'161"".1-. The class had arrived on time
for the lecture. -J-"''&l"'j; "J"'"'-1-"J 1\"'''!oo
'I' O'l.tl.fDo ~~(1.
5. "'16~"1. We went second class. OrJoi\-t-1;'
"'16~"1 -1-III.C"J 6. f'rofl~ {lofl h'i'A. In America there is
a strong middle class. Oh"'~lt 1 aJoll'l' oo
lthi\1;' 1IL fi\"'" 'rf.i\1;' f'rofl~ ll
oflh<;:A111\
7. 'i'l\.'1"~:,.. She is a good performer, but she
lacks class. '1'-1- -J-'1'<;)'. <;:,. lf'f'l"
<;:11-'1"):,. )'.1-~11;1-A
*Ras Imru has a high standing among the
educated class of Ethiopians. tl-11 1.'1"-1-
0-J-"7~:,. 1\.:r-f"k.l'tD-.I'"J H"J~ :r-A:,. "1'1"
.... ' 111\:ffDo
hold class hll-J-"7~
It is to no purpose to hold class the day before
Christmas. 1\A~'l- '1'11."'1 i\"'111-1-"''C ""'I"
he h"J'U'..,. )..,.
take a class (In) h'i'A 111
I am taking a class in English. 1."J"'II.11';' h<;:
A 1.1111\rJo

classic 'IM-t-1;'
The building is a classic example of modem
architecture. ih"J~tD- 1\nou<;'J! fih"J~ h
"'tl-C 'IJ'.)-J-1;' '1"111\. ~..,.

classical f'i'"J.-,. C:'l"<; "'&h

clasp (n.) oo.f-.r
He rummaged through his drawers looking
for a tie clasp. fht~-li:r- oof">!"fDo"J 1\00I.i\
.., ' OOIIIU'l"".fo"J ' 0~0~
glve a clasp

*He gave my hand a warm clasp . .,..:,. .1'1\

11""'110'1' ""Om'S

This is a map of the classical world. )'.II f'l'

-,:,. C:'l"<; "16h ltC;I- ~..,.
classical language fot~ti=O:'f- 1 :frt,Jt
The speech was written in the vernacular and
not the classical form of the langnage. "J"'"'~
1."Jlt
f-t-111."'" , rJoA'I.H. ' O"'L)1cn:r-
hA~o~,.
o"'LR'i'o:r-

:rnw

:rnw

classics [f'l'"!'l- c:.,m-n<; "lt<l>':f

P')

ll".....'i']

classification S:IS:A
The classification now in use requires revision.
.h~Jo') f"''.wt-n'l- S:AS:A ool'fl'f A 1

I. llff. He classified the objects according

to size, weight, and color. 7t:J>PJ:ti"t r 7l.1Y.foo
m<;'l'm- l\"!.<'.fh11.<'.:J''I'r- l\"!.<'.f+ll"'''l'
"'" ' 1111'l'r2. ooF.o. He classified the students according
to their ability. 1-"''&l"'ll"! l\"!.<'.f':f-11-:J''I'r-
OD.<'.Q'f'r3. fill"!lm.c 1H. The government classified
the report on the new plane. ou')COJP"+ ill\
.h'l,a- ' .hr-C:T~"! ' 111r-"! ' 00"111""1 ' fill"
!lm.C ' 1H

classmate fh'i'A '\.<'.;;<

He surpasses his classmates in strength and
skill. fi'I'"!IJ&.<; fi':f-11-:J' fh'i'A 'l.<'.'l''ll

me

M'i''l- f"''.l.~ s:

2. dt~..,. The main clause has the verb at

the end. '}fi.f. mG"I "Ia- h""""Gl'f ~f.
)(I)-

The clavicle joins the shoulder to the backbone.

11.1-1;>, ~hl'f')<; l\hCIJ&'I-1 111-tfA

claw (v.) fi'l''i'C 1H

The cat clawed the mouse.

S;OD:f:.

ltf..m-"J

fi'l"i'C '1H':f

claw (n.) 'l"i'C

The hawk had a mouse in its claws. "f!"AI.:J: l\
J!.tp. ') fi'l''i'~ f.tf;J'A':f

clay ifM

1 "f!":f>

The pot is made of clay. l\"!!lt-r- hifh~

fTw&-

1 ~m-

He worked the clay into a vase. #if1'..+m-1'

fiQ ' "'/!l+OD""l ' l\')Jl,!l"') o

fn

OP,!.fDo

clean (vt.)

"! Y.A:f>A

classroom h'i'A
The teacher is still in the classroom . .h!l-1""76
l\!liJ~Jo')

t1o r-il'l' 11 s:
A'S ' l\"!+ll" ' l\11.

clavicle 11.1-'>.

il.l.A1'1'A

classify (classified)

r-

clean

197

classics

l\h'i'A )r-

clatter (vt.) .h"!'>.'>.

The cook is in the kitchen clattering the pots
and pans. aJT ~ 0.;1: "7.e-o.:r- ~ aJo-lt'T' r ay
(lC:l"'Jl')<; OD'J'fil'fl"'Jl') :J'')I;>,I;>,ll.':f

clatter (vi.)
1. 1"11""i1at. The bus clattered down the
bumpy road . .hr-1'!1-a- fi.hQ"' 7-CQ"'
OD"!1S: ~f. f."!1""11""1A
2. 111.111.. She clattered on and on about her
children. M A}(!f! 111"'/!IU.'l' 1\l.lll.':f
3. ( ~ tr.) l\C1fi1fi. +The shutters clattered in
the wind. f<'l') :1' ODhl\1l"':f') H-a- l\C1
fi1Q'f'r-

4. 1"~""11""11.. When I run, the coins clatter

in my pocket. ilC:'I' l\h.il. r-il'l' 111
r- 'i't-"!h f.~""II""~A

clatter (n.) r-IJ:J'

The clatter of the mob in the streets alarmed us.
fi"""!1S: ~f. f.hll!l- r-IJ:J' .h!l.<'.)1m"!

clause
1. h"t+~. There is a clause in my contract
which allows me a month's vacation. Om-1\;.t-

I. mG1. Has the maid cleaned the room yet?

1G'l,:J: 1<; h'i'll-1 l\AmG1':f9" l
I have got to clean my shoes. ""1"'/tlo') """'
G"l l\11.11'1

2. mAmA. We still have to clean the windows.

1<; ' OD!li>+'Jl') ODIDAIDA ' l\11.11')
3. l\!Vl. Clean the house before he comes!
hOD9""J-J, 0 fil.'l- ' IJ.-J,') 0 l\JI"l(
4. 4-+. I have to clean my teeth. '!'Cil.') ""4~ ' l\11.11'1
clean (vi.) TIVl
This kind of fabric cleans easily. f.IJ 'tf.)
'1- ""C~ n+~ll- f.IVIA
clean out
1. fiGfiG. He cleaned out his pockets, but
could not find the ticket stub. h.ll'll1 nt:nG
"11 f!JC~r-') 1-t-;E- /IJ"I'S .hAif'AII"

2. ""GI'I. He had cleaned out his savings.

fmt-+OD(D-') ' 11H11 ' ""G(l
(be) cleaned out T :>Q
This drawer has to be cleaned out. f.IJ oP<\fi.
1 ' OD;>Q'f- ' hll.fiT
clean up (vt.)

I. l\lVI. The maid cleaned up the house.

1G'l.1< 11.1<1 l\IVI':f
2. l\!l-i"!Jhll.. He burdened me with the responsibility of cleaning up this mess. f.IJ') 11

clean

clear

198

ofiC~C~
"'i~ofl't

~1C 7\t>lll1-lthil\ ~~~.1.~'1-

clean up (vi.)

cleanly ooKJ!-'1'1- f"''..IDX""

A cat is a cleanly animal. !:oPT oox_.q;.q:,.
f?"'J-ID.(- ' 7.1'11<'1 ' 'O'J-

1-IVI-'1

I would like to clean up before dinner. h&-'1-

0.1.'1- 001.-'!J!'l- 1ul..ii\;JI\1Jo
[See also 'house')

cleanness 1K-th

ODrr)

Th cleanness of the boy's room pleased his

m ""' fil\)1: h'i!il\ "tltoih ool}'). 1.'0

clean (adj.)

_,._

I. "tlt.ih l 1."-'1.. This plate is not clean. f.IJ

<'lih"t ' "tlt.ih ' (1."-'1.) ' hr.J'.. (t'J"
Give me a clean sheet of paper! 1~.n mt:.+
"" ' iltn't

The saint has a clean heart. KX""<I! "t lt..h

11\ofl ' hftiD""
2. f1-il1-lthft. Her face has clean features.
ol.:f: f1-il1-lthft ~C1." hftiD""
3. ( ~ adv.) OS'..'J"ofl. A sharp knife makes a
clean cut. ill!\ lll\'1' IIS'..'J"ofl f..,.C"'il\

The younger people often make a clean

break with tradition. ID"'-f:f ofllt"ID"""t 1..

MS'..(l:J-'1-

cleans~

;t-mn
Oeansc your hands before dinner ! h7tt-+ fl

.1.'1- h~:fll"t :J-mofl

.,,.."If

cleanser

They used to use sand as a cleanser. A"7X")f

nt.if'l' "'""'...... ~nc

clear (vt.)
1. mt:..'l. His son cleared the snow from the
sidewalk. A)l: ' hh"l~lfiD"" ' OO'J1X"" ' 1\f. ' n.:
~m-'l 1

ml-1

H. ' hiJIJII\ o 4..1M" ' f.ID"'fljump clean ltf..~lt HAll.

2. hii1D1S'... The fan cleared the smoke from

the room . .,&-11lYID"" hh'i!il- ID-11'1' tll..(l-

The horse jumped'clean over the fence. Lt:.(to ;

"t ' hii1D1S'..

3. t.lloot:oot:. Did you clear customs? 1."'11
"t 111-'J"~h oP&-1-'I':f h(louC?"t:?A 1
4. IJP.. h(l"'~- One blast of the siren was
enough to clear the streets. ,..~l.). 1 lt'lY: 1
1..11. ll""'1i oo"t1-'l."t IJP.. hiiMID-

h'l'~"t

<'lf.~l} Hftft

slice clean

n+"\A- ...Ctfl

Hll+

The sharp knife sliced clean through the meat.

llft;J-.... ' lll\'1' ' .1":>ID-7 '
Hft.,.,..

""'"II- ' ... '

~

wash clean :J"'l'fl m&o

This shirt will never wash clean. f.IJ if"''..

"H ' 'l""t"I..H.'I" ' :J-'1'11 ' hf.tntl-'1"
[See also 'lick, slate']

clean-cut (111\ltlt
Her clean-cut features make her an aitist's
model. ooil\\>, (111\ltlt llftiJ'~ oP'III..l":f
'I"Y.il\ ' hX""C1'1';J-11\

I. fil\oflll "t1."ih'O OOII"'i. Do you know a

good cleaner around here? 011..11 hltiJil 'I'
~ ' fil\oflll ' "t1."ih'O ' OOII"" ' ;J-ID"",.,(tiJ 1
2. 11\oflil h"'ll. The cleaner said he couldn't
get the spot off my coat. 11\oflll h"'lliD""
1>-1: 1\f. YftiD-"t tnofl:f"" ft.,llft.,.~ he\
il'il\11-'1" ' hft

cleaning oo1."J!'lThe house needs a good cleaning. 11.-1> OS'.."t

of! oo1."J!'l- Y(l4..11\1'1'11\

cleanliness "t1."ih'O
Cleanliness is good for health. "t1."ih'O ftmS
I

hoPir).

f+~...,

l;).(t.

oPl.fl-'l 1'\oPA FA

of..A
6. <'IJ!.~I},.. hft4... The plane barely cleared
the trees. h.ID-1!"1""1\). oU"f ~c:!li"t ft'l'-t-1-
<'I.Mit'fiD- hft4..

7. h(IID"'. They cleared the courtroom of

photog.raphers. 6:.,...,&-'i! h"tif.l":f"t 11-11-
h'i!CX"" 11.'1- h(lmm-

cleaner

'1'.;..

5. hft4... Her serve is so weak that the batt

hardly clears the net. hft:>'l 11"1'1" S'..lt.,

)m-

8. h:>IJ. The child cleared his plate. A)l: <'l.n

).") ' h:>fJID""

9. oP~tn~. The settlers made a stubborn effort

to clear the forest. M&l"'li "'iltiJJ<"t (toooo")
me hiJX"" '1'~'1- hS'..t:"l-

10. ~~~ ft.,..,._ The verdict cleared the accused

men. 'i!C-'1. 1-h<'llf'li"t ~~~ ft.,.,.,,,.
II. h."'&-. She clears the water by means of a
filter. O.,'l'ftY ID"";)ID-1 ;f-"1&-ft:f
12. -t-"lf1t:. He cleared the ditch with one leap.
111'-"t ' IJ"t.(- ' "HI\Y. ' 1-"lf1~1D""

13. h1-t:4... He cleared $5,000 on the sale.

h1iY"" h?"ll-1- if. ofiC h1-t:4..

14. ( ~ intr.) liS'..,.. +The bill cleared the Senate.

f .R'l-

M::,O

R.R"I

DDm(t ...

9"hC

n.-r

1\f..,.
*You must clear your plan with the chairman.
h"t.ll':f-9" I ~1C I b.,~G"IU I Rof.T I 1111
u I hll..,. I OD"tR~ I .1.:1'~ I .,..,.RA

clear (vi.) hQ<lIt rained, and then it cleared. HHI'i"

7,:,0~

hQ;l.

1. M"f. Ask her to clear away the dishes.

fl.h)."t I 7."t~;N"f I "t1.!-T
2. -~mG (.,.""~mG). Most of Ethiopia's forests have heen cleared away. hofl~.,...,. 1 "'Tf-k.l' I S'."t I .,.. . ."t'l'/;:1.\

clear away (vi.) 1.1..1.

When the smoke cleared away, we saw that
the house was in ruins. ~ft. r (l.1tj:; r R.-JJ
DDJ'.9"(t(t.")

hfi

clear of trees

oPiotn~

The farmer will clear the land of trees. 1R<I.

I

OD<I,of:")

f.DD~'J';l.lo\

clear out (vt.) h;>Q

Please clear out this closet! f.U"t"t 1 419" 1 "f'l'
") I

h;JQfDo

clear out (vi.) lflf

The police are after you; you'd better clear out.
?"ll.fo':f

Y.h;I-.,.1\-?A

i1Tlf1i f.?fAYA

clear (the) table

Did you clear the table? m&A.qm- 1 111-

fl\m-"t 1 7.? M"f"f'lim- ? (or 1R;Im-"t 1
M"'U ?)
clear (the) throat

..,..(!'(!"(Do'}

ltm&-

He cleared his throat several times before he

could speak. hOD'i"1~ R.LT 1 ofllfo 1 .,_1:1. 1 .,.
C'C'm-"t 1 hm<l-

clear up (vt.)
I. hllm1S'.. They are trying to clear up the misunderstanding between Poland and Czechoslovakia. R?"ll"t~'i" 1 R'fll1111-"lih..l' 1 ODlthA 1
f.,..l.mGm-"t 1 hl\.....,qq:,. 1

11.,11m1~

3 . .11~(11-r). His wound finally

(tODQ;I,Gif I 411111- I .11~1\T

1 ROD

"'C I 111- ""'"'"

2. R"'AK" h.,.GR. He changed the report in
order to clear up the essential points. 'P'i 'P'i9'
'6"t '1-.llf-':f I R"'AK" I 1\.,:J-Gofl &?"Cof:"t I

cleared up.

(be) cleared up

1. .,.IIJ&-. Several matters remain to be cleared

Up.

clear away (vt.)

fDo

clear

199

clear

ofllfo

DDnJ;l.T

.f'I\Q'ffDo

~1f!'':f

hl\-

2. .,.m1S'.. The chaos left by the bombing has

only recently been cleared up. RI19"R- 1 ""
.l."t.IIT I 9"h"t.I'T I fS'.GIIfDo
1S'.m- 1 n:Jocn- 1 ~..,.

'i'CIICII

f.,.m

clear (adj.)
1. ~- The water is deep and clear. m-;)a>-
'I'A:Jo'i"l ~I~ ....

2. rm&-. His voice is very clear over the radio.

~'1"11-

1 RMM

11.11., 1 fm.!- 1 ~..,.

It is a clear day; let us go on a picnic! 1ft.

fm.:. 1 .,."t 1 ~..,. 1ic1ic 1 7."t'i.~

3. "IAK". He made a clear statement on the
accident. 111\J'.G(tfDo I hJ'.;J I "11.\K" I fll'~ I
.....,1\"'i 1 lim

He has a clear voice, and everyone understands

him. ~9"1Jo 0 "11.\K" I 111\11'~ I .,")'/" I (tfDo I
f.I'I.,'I'A

*Is the road clear up ahead? b.L;I-':f"t film-

OD"t1~

.1'<'11.\of.A?

clear (adv.) RThhA

The bullet passed clear through the target.
'~''-"'

RThhA

R'\.11.,....

fDoll'l'

hilL

clear weather -fl&o

We have had clear weather all week. <'l9""tof:"t 1

flOOol\o

ofl&o

~flC

be clear
I. ;I'm.,.. It is clear that it is going to rain.
7."tS'."'-H"tofl f;l-m.,. ~..,.
2. R"'AK" ;1-m.,.. The cause of the last war

may never be clear. YALm-

,.,.;y;

fllC~-l-

oP~'if

'l"h"t
9""t.,_l:l.9" I R"'AK" I hf.;f-m419"
3. .,.111111. I wish I were clear of that
encumbrance. hH..I' ':f"'c 1 ofi1111A 1 7.m~ 1
~nc

*It is clear from the letter that he is not

satisfied. hl\oPS'.I't.,"t 1 S'.ofi.IIR.m- 1 R"'AK" 1
.I'IIG.IIA
be clear about ltCC'Im~

~QJo

ttmmmclear up (vi.)
1. m<l-. The weather has cleared up. 11.,1' 1

I am not quite clear about what you expect

me to do. 9"'t 1 h~C"' 1 7."tS'.'I"TII~ 1 7.C

mC:tA
2. hQ<l-. We can go out when it clears up.
1\.fQ;l. I lo\")mnJ I 7."t':flll\")

be clear on 1Q(m-)
I am not clear on the speaker's proposal.

"'m"'

hf.S'.I\v-9"

.,.....,.: ..... .I'.,.GRm-

oh<'l-11

hA1Q~'I"

clearance

200

go clear through flC..P. a 1ll

0

ODlf"I.J'ID-'}

011-f '

~lJ

(be) In the clear

*He is now in the clear with the police. llrJo'l

IJTII.{>:f 'I'C'"IJ"- hii"At!l.A

keep clear

is hard to keep the desert roads clear of

sand. fO~?ID-'J ou'}~J'.:f Ohlf'l' houlf 1..
'J 1\0Dhi\hA hil'l':>6 ~..,.
make clear

11-n ~ID[See also 'question']

cleat A..t:

Some shoes have cleats to keep people from

slipping. h'J-'I'JY: ""i."''lP'f /liD- l..'J-'1
.t''Jlf&.-1-_, II. 'lA A.t: h'l'l'm-

1tl~

Make it clear to him that we will not submit

to his demands. f"''.mf.+ID-'J f"'''JI..l\"9"
ODIJ''i"'f'J'} "11\li"I\T
[See also 'apprehension, perception, see, sky,

steer']
clearance
I. l..:l' ~. The plane received clearance from
the control tower. Jt(D<t:'TI\). 1 hootJt.IIJtn~.f
"'O..t' l..:l'~ h~"f
2. qp.. fl;t-. There is not much c1earance
between the top of the car and the bridge.
Oouh.<;ID- h'i"T'i" O~A~I< onvhA
o(llt" 'IJ'. ll;.l- fl\9"
3. 11\IIJ fl;t-. The house stands in a clearance
among the trees. IL., O~t.::'f ou"hA
O"'i.~"fiD- ' ~i\"1 ' (l;.l- ' ~ID-

They announced a clearance sale this month.

011.11 tDC f"''"16.t' 1i.t'.,. OD'f~'} h
il;J-<D<Il
clear-cut
I. f-1-~:>~m. He has clear-<:ut ideas about
C.fl0'7..LP6-(D<

P6-

f+t.:;nm

cleavage hi\OD"/lJ'I-1-

There is a cleavage between the two countries

concerning duties. flrJotl"= 1 ll1t:T oovh
A Ill\ +~'I' h'JY: hl\oP"/fJ'I-1- hi\
cleave (cleft, or cleaved)
1. Ltlm. This knife is sharp enough to cleave
a man's head. ,1'.11 0.'1'1' film- ~:tl\-1-
1\0D'i'l\'1' ' 04: ' 1111-1- ' hi\ID2. Mm+. His blow cleft the log in two.
fll- 9"-l- "l'J-'1.'J 1..11-11-l- Mm+wThe lightning cleft the tree. ouofl~<ll ~4-'J

Mm+wcleave a path through

dt

"'" hi\ID-

2. not. His sale of secrets was a clear-cut

example of treachery. l"'llm.&.'E II~J'.'f'J oo
lf m- llh-'1-1-'h+ 04: ~~""II. ~oc
3. IIA"" His face has clear-cut features.
IIA.... 1..-l- hi\IDclearing f-1-ou~m~ """-"" l 9"'J'I'C

OD")~J>f: ~ OD"}"J.f: =

h.OJ:

The boy scouts cleaved a path through the

wilderness. hillJ.(D<.P.:,i a '"'il'J.(D<'l = OD"}~J>t.:m-'
OD'}~Y.'

' h0)1:

cleave (to)

clearance sale f"''"16.t' 1i.t'.,.

his work.

h.V:C~II -1-'i"
1C
,. -"<",.._:..~
2. L?t'P. It is clearlY"'out of question to drop
the case. hii-'J 1\0D-!-IJJ- l..ll"'l" f"''f.;.l-

Please speak clearly! "/All"

The bullet went clear through the door.

'l'J'..,

clench

~tj

He cleaves to his belief, and nothing can

change his mind. 07..9"~., 111\"''.K'i" 9"'J
9" ~~c

.m..,o-'J

ll..t'illlm-mw- hf.'fAI"'

cleaver [1111-1- .t'I\ID- 'Ill h.,.C 1..l;.l-

OD"16f]

cleft, see cleave

clemency C~&..-..

The judge showed clemency toward the young

prisoner. ,t:;;;=-(1)< 1 AmnJ-1: 1 Ailt'.:~ ~ C'16-'\. =
h ... \<
clement

The clearing is now overgrown with bushes.

1. c~o;.~. I have never seen a person as

clement as my teacher. l..'J.e. hil-1-"'161'- C

f-1-ou~m~ID- ou"-'1 (9"'J'1'~) hii-'J

<ll'l'!iltn 1\o(I!).A

2. ooAlJ9". The weather in Harar is clement.

clearly
I. 0"/All" l "/All" h~C"). The student enunciates his words clearly. I-"'161D- :1'1\.,'J
R-iAll" f.~&.A

~~~

' (lw- 1\1\fll-9"

f..h~C

' hfC ' ODA..9" '

~..,.

clench
I. ""lim. He clenched his fist and shook it
in my face. l..)I:'J Q;l,ofltfl hftDHIDH ~Tofl'{

2. tbll. He clenched his teeth

ll.ftou..,. f-1-t"f TC(I-'t tbll

pain.

in

clergy 11.-1- htJH 1 lttJ'i'lThe clergy makes laws for the faith. 11.1- hut
'1- ' f?f."7'l''l-'t ' .n1:Y. ' '1-f.t"':>/\:Y.
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
counsel. l"?.""'il'-'i' lttJ'i-1> llilllfl 11"7
F:-~"1 -1-11"7000
clergyman lttJ't (pl. ltu<;'l-)
Only clergymen are allowed to enter the
sanctuary. ""Tf.ll m-11'1" 7.'t-'1.11Jo f"''.ol.
_,.F:II'I'm- ltll'i'l- il!l' <;'l'mclerical fii.J,oi.9':Y.
Filing is a clerical task. ODlf'J11 r hf.f1f s
fli.J,.f.9':Y. F~ tmclerlcal robes A1l(l ThtJ'i

The priest wears clerical robes in the church.

., .... 11.-1- hCM:.I"t tD-11'1" Ailll 1hll'l' f.llii4A
clerk
I. lid, .f.. He is a clerk in a big office. Y't F:
'1-A:J- ' ODF&Y ' 11.'1- ' lld,.f. ' tm2. lfT". The clerks in this store are very friendly.
fll.tJ ouf.iiC lf(;&>:Y. lim- aJIIY.:Y. <;'I'm-

I. iiA'I". He is a clever speaker. iiA'I" 1-'i

2.

~(1)-

~it..

He is a clever businessman. (;'ib/b

t:>.<'. ' tm3. 1lAIJ. He is a clever man.

iD"

personalities don't really click. flf.flflf. f.

11"7"711- I 7."tf. ;>.m-t-1> "''t fJ.ftCY'I'm-
hf.... ~l:il!l"
2. -til -til hi\. I heard her heels clicking
on the sidewalk. R"'l:'i' ""'t1F:" llf. 11'1~ouF;- f"l."7'1' -J-l:b11 -til -l:il II.A
II"71Jo
click ones heel

He clicked his heels and saluted. ""l."79''1i"t

h:>T"-f- 11119":J- lim
click (n.) "":J"OQ.A
I could hear the click of the key in the lock. f<ll
Al--'t I OD.4'"'-A flODtJ&.l\,&..fiD" I ;J"} I lD-ll6J' I

7.11"7 toe
client
I. f"''.':'L 1'1-11'1- lim-. The lawyer presented

coherent arguments in favor of his client. mfl

?m- f"''.':'L1'1-II'l-'t lim- f"''.f."''i' f1"'~ hChC h_,.l:ll
2. f.'tll'i'. The clients of this shop are mostly
town people. fll.ll (1-:j. f.'tll'I':Y. hil~'i'
9''Ji ' fh1-"7 ' 119':Y. ' 'i'l'mThis lawyer has many clients. ,.e.u c mO..+
il,. ' f."!ll'I':Y. ' hll-'l-

cliff1f.A

There is a high cliff on the mountainside.

clever
,:16

climax

201

clergy

"-(1.

oflAtJ

(l

)tiJo

4 . .,...011. This student is clever in arithmetic.

f.tJ 1-"7& ll<ll'I"C '1-011 tm-

5. flH1.. fTLml:. These pearls are clever

imitations. MH.II b't4:9':Y. ' llH.<'. f1-ol.
m~ 11m- w~li":Y. <;'l'm*1 wish I were clever enough to make my own
clothes. f1~ Ail II.'t foull4-'l- :Y.w;t- ll
'l'l:'S

h1-~~m-

'1-'t h'tF:

~1C!I"

1f.A hi\

climate hfC

The climate here is colder than I expected.

7.11.11 ' hf~ ' ltllii!J.'l- ' llllf. ' ...11 .... ~ ' tiDclimate of opinion DD"tLil

There is a favorable climate of opinion among

the students. ll1-"7&9''Ji ODI}bA ill"'!l"t
;t-'l'm-"t ' f"'1.1AK' ' OD'tol.il ' hi\
[See also 'temperate')
climatic ffC
Climatic conditions prevent settlement in this
region. Orttl ' ht;:A t V1C {loofic ~r
~ rJo~:f" hf.LT F:-9"
climax (v.)

cleverly llFC't'l-

flP'C

*His election climaxed a brilliant career.

""""l:tn- f'-F:-11> b<i:1-'i' f.l:7f tllC

click (vi.) h:J"OQ./1

He clicked the metal pieces. fil~-l>'t 4:~
""':y. ' h:J"OQ./1
click (vi.)
I. .,..,.~l:R. They get along in public, but their

climax (n.)
1. DIJhTotf. The victory was a climax to a
week of fighting. F:-11- Y't F: 4!1"'t'l-
m-1.1 "7h1-"''.Y tllC
2. b<i:1-'i' h'i'A. The climax of the play

The plan is cleverly conceived. Tit>

't'l- ' f:J-.,.f.' tm-

202

climb

was the prisoner's escape. f'ICllf.., h'i'H'

h'i'A fllll<:'i'tJ>o .,11"11'1' )flC
climb (vt.) "'"'
The boys climbed the tree. A)>:,; ~~- ~f.
IDIJlo
I do not like to climb stairs. Y.<:'Jf """""'
T ' hAID;!1"
climb (vi.)
I. IDS'. ~f. oom+. The plane began to
climb rapidly. htJ>ol!"l'~'l- fl'i''J'H wf. ~
f. , f.oo'l':r> ;s:ooc
2. 1''111. We had been climbing for hours,
but we had not reached the top of the mountain. ~1im- A-flfto 't.tL = {tl'~ll 1'1' .,..
&-&-lJ>o --<;: hAS'.<:II'J!I"
3. Y-<:11. From a lowly beginning he climbed to
occupy the highest position in the country.
hll:r>of'':' ' J'.<:'jf ' of')P'-f- ' '11&., lJ>oll'l' '
hh'i'of'':'tJ>o ' Y.<:'Jf ' S'.<:o'l
4. 1-WJ'.S'.. After the war, the prices climbed.
h"'C)., fl:\~ fl\:1" 'I':> of'ID!.S'.
climb (down) w<:J'.
The boy climbed down the ladder. Aij: hoo(l
~II- ' IDl:J'.
climb (over) 111111
The thief climbed over the wall and escaped.
(I.QDJ-

fl..,?'"(}o

climb (up)

ID"'

~ "~ I

Hflo

}\DDl\tn

Can you climb up a ladder? oPflt\A

tJ>o"''l- '1-:Y.~IIII ?

r ,..,._ oo

climb (n.) h+fl'I-'J OOlJ>o"''IOur climb took two hours. h+fl.,'J """""'
'1- ' o-11'1- (1'\'1- tJJ(IJ'.-fl'J
clinch
I. hmn+. He clinched the barrel with a band
of metal. flC"''.II-'J flll'J-'1 hmfl+tJ>o
2. <1.11"". The salesman clinched the deal and
went out to celebrate. h '1''1'..., f'J"IJI. 'J .,.
-'If. "-"'I" 1\J.(I'I- 'tf.
cling (clung), - to
I. h'l'-11-1' of'h-1'11. We cling to the belief
of our fathers. .1''1-f-il':f'J'J l\11")'1- h'l'
-ll+'J li'Jh-t-IIII'J
2. h'l'-11-1' .I'll. Despite the unfavorable returns,
the candidate clung to the belief that he would
be elected. !I"'J!I" li'J\\ f11JtJ>o f!I"C"'ilJ>o
tJ>otn.T ' f.,f.f."l<l.tJ>o ' fl.ll"t!l" of'IDJIJI&tJ>o '
l\OOl:"'llll- f"7.A l\!1").,') h'l'-11-1' ,I'll

cloak

3. -t-moomoo. The child clung to its mother.

ibY). l\'i"-1: t\f,

+moomoo

4. of'"'fl+. The wet paper clung to the glass.

l\C'I'fl- w<:+'l- ooii;I-ID., 'If. -t-"'fl+
cling to each other +?+f.
The children clung to each other in the dark.
fl.,_.ll.,lJ>o m-11'1' A)>:,; -t-:1"+4clinic hll.th
The government opened a new clinic in the city.
OO'J"IP'., ' flhof'.,m- lJ>oll'l' h-'1.11 hll.t
hh<l-1'
clink h-"'"'-11
He clinked the key against the penknife in
his pocket. flh.ll- lJ>oll'l' A4-'J'i" (I'J
m,lJ>o'J. h-"'"'-"
clip (clipped), v.
1. tfr.tl.m. Don't dip my hair too short!
1\'J-&.'J fl"'ll" hlJ'I'<:II h-'1-.,..<:mlJ>o
2. +P. hiD"!. I clipped this article out of

a magazine. ,.e.tn

K'"dtotJ":

hoolt'm..:t-

llJ4

11'1' + Y:l':, hiD"'II-'13. hlJm<:. We clipped a week off our visit to

return home earlier. +F..r -flit") = to!.. : a.+
IIODOOIIII ' hllfl'J ' 111'5;1-:f-'J'J ' IJ'J; ' lJ
!I"'J'I- hlJmC)mclip together h,I'.I'H
Oip these papers together! MH.II'J w.:+-r-

:y. '

h.l'f.~'fm-

clip (n.) h"l&-'i'

He fastened the sheets of paper together with
a clip. w.:+-r-,;'J IJ"I&-'i' h.l'.l'~'fmclippers oo+ll
The farmer used clippers for trimming hedges.
1fl&.lJ>o ' "'"'*"'(J)o'J ' noo+ll hll-t-lihll
barber's clippers fii'J-C .,111-lih,l'
The barber's clippers are dull. fii'J-C .,111'
l!h,l'm- ' f.'J!I.A
clipping&-.,_..
I enclosed the newspaper clipping you wanted.
f<l.ll"l1ilJ>o'J ' f:>JI."' &-.,_.. ' h.l'f.'lf: '
Ah.AYIIocloak (v.) if<I.)
Fog cloaks the city buildings . .,_..:>"1 fh-1'.,
lJ>o'J ih'Jlll":Y. J!.if'i''i"A
cloak (n.) l!IJ
He wore a blue cloak. ,-,.,.1''1! l!IJ 1111!1-A

close down +H..?

drop a cloak_ over 1\"L)

The fog dropped a cloak over the city . .,...,.

h-1-.,tJJo't lf'i!'f;h~\

(be) cloaked (in)

I. F.<:R. She arrived at the theater cloaked

in black velvet. '1'41C h'l'~il S'.CQ mF. '
-t:.I''I-C (J._, "'"'l":f2. TJ.'H. The mission was cloaked in mystery.
ODAhh., Rf"iltn.C -1-.I'H

clock il't'IWe set our clock by the radio. il'l.,'t R.!-'1.

M hil-J-lthA't
around the clock i\,:,.0 r ++'l ! "I1 s 11&.+ 1
il't'IThe factory works around the clock. 4-116lttJJo
A.-l -1-+'t (Y.I' h.!-'1- il't'l-) .f.oP.!-A
[See also 'alarm, pendulum, set, work']
Turn the screw clockwise!
aJS'. ' +'t ' hll'l:tJJo

:,.C1'4-"'-"} h'"l&o

clod 'lA
The farmer broke up the clods of earth with
a pickaxe. 1Rt.tJJo 'lll-'t RJ'.., hilhiltJJo

clog (clogged)

I. S'-4. ~. Leaves clogged the waterpipe. :J- m~

:J-mA ftJJo~tJJo't !1.9"!1. F-4-~tJJo
2. '1"~. Cars clogged the highway. htJJo.!-tJJo't
I

oPlL'i

The factory closed down because of a lack of

workers. 4-116lttJJo oP.!--1-'l'":f- M"' -1-H;J
close In M+<:R """' I -1-:l'<:R
The fog closed in from the sea . ..,..tJPo hroF.
q.nc hf+<:n """'
His pursuers closed in rapidly. hQ.!-69',; R
'1''1'~'1- -1-:l'<:R-'1close in on hflfl

Police closed in on the rebels from all sides.

?'11.1',; 11'1!-r-,;'t h.I':J-"'""itJJo hR!I. :ftJJo
close out h:l'tJJo't nctt11 h"'.!He had to leave town, and therefore closed out.
h-1-.,tJJo't ' ouA+:J- ilii~R<:R'I- ' h:l'tJJo't '
nctt11 h"'<~(be) closed up TH;>
When I carne to the shop, it was closed up.
ms-. 11-:J- ... .,.,,.. ' .,."..,.,.. ~nc

of II..I'A:J1 will see you at the close of the meeting.

il11MtJJo II..I'A:J- h't1'i''fll't
from close up +~11 1 11ft- 1 {t.ftl+
From close up, it looks entirely different.
+<:11 1111- 11..1'1'-'1- R'i'K-9" Af. '.f.oo{l

close (n.), at the -

clockwise h"'.!- mF. +'t

0'0'}11:

close

203

cloaked

"'~dJ-

clOiSter 1.119"
There are beautiful cloisters in Italy. Rh.!'IA.I'
tJJoil'l' f"''..l'f"~ 1'1'1"":f- ' nil-

close (vt.)

I. H;>. Please close the door! hQhll R~'t

11;>tJJo
2. Q;~.l.). dose your eyes, and the smoke won't
bother you. 't.f.'tll't 11'1-..,'i!'t "11'11- h
.l'il:f"'Cllf"
3. s-.ous-.ou. They closed the debate in the
morning. hch~'t '11.'1- s-.ous-...,.+
4. hm:>:>. The captain closed the ranks of
the troops. 'lff"RII- ilA4.'l',;'t hm:>:>'l'tJJo
close (vi.)

I. -1-H;J. The box wouldn't close properly.

"1'1'). RS'.'t11 h.f.H:>f"
2. hR:l'. The meeting closed after the Ern
peror's speech. h't1-oP ' ~11"., 't"'"'C R:.\
~ il11ilQtJJo hR:l'

~A

'

close (adj., adv.)

1. f:,.Oc-o. He is a close friend of mine.
f:J-C11 'lS'.'f\1. ~..,.
2. R"'f" -1-+.!-<~-IL. It was a close race; the
two horses were only inches apart. 0"19" 1
T+<~-<1-IL h1i:J-F.-9"S'.'f" ilii~R<: 11-11_,
4-<:l'":f- Q't'l.'l- ' ll.l'tS'.' ' 1-+.IIS'......
3. 1'11:,., The matter requires close investigation. 1-.llf. '1'11:J- f"COD.!- .l'ilLA1'1'A
4. ( ~ adv.) s-.-,'i' hS'.'C~. Pay close attention!
s-.-.'i' hS'.'C111 hil-1-tJJoA
5. ( ~ adv.) n:J-cn-. He was a close observer
of the war sitnation. f<"C~.,'t u-~;1- R
:Joe a- f"''.h:J-TA hll- ~ nc
6. (~ adv.) Q"'/'~. Recruits receive a close
haircut. f"Af"A m;J-F.e":f- 111-<1-'l'a>-'t '
q~ .l'il-i'ttMIIclose behind tn,."J

1lir"

Follow close behind! m:> 111111 1-h-1-A

close by

I. Ml.ll hltQIL. Is there a restaurant close by?

Mt.ll hltQIL 9""111 R.'l- .f.1'fA 1
2. hm111. The house stands close by the river.
(Lofl I OJ"}tf- I h.1n1ofl I ~(IJ-

close call
close (to)

204
.t.m~ofl

The hotel is close to the station. IF1:fto CJ

ftC IIJRJ 1un'1-fl )m(be) close with one's money

She is close with her money. 'H"' <;'!be close

+11>~0

The fire is alarmingly close. h<\-1> fl"''.,l'll:>

rH;J- _,.:J'C!).A
be close to A.tr't )lD'
It is close to five o'clock. OF&. l;')J:.- ll
't'l- ' ll.li"J ' ) ....

be very close

I. fl"'ll" -l>cofl )m-. The restaurant is very

close. 9""/11 IL-l> fl"'ll" -l>cofl ' ).,.
2. ;rA.1. The air is very close in this room. 7lH.
II h'i'A ""liT l>f~ ;l-'i''iA
put close together hm;J-'1-f ltil+oum
He put the chairs close together. tD1flC''Il1
t.m:>"l-f- );{loj>muq'fmstand close tn,.? 1lftoo s
Stand close to the wall! tDJ!. "IJ:.-"1-'l.,. m
:> ' 111111 ' 419"

.,oo

[See also 'drive, proximity, pull up, range,

vicinity']

close call, be a

~ IIT-1!'1- t.oul\m
It was a close call; the heavy rock fell and
grazed my elbow. .J:.-1:>1'- h').._') 11!1' ""
Cll:~ ' fl"'/114- IIT-1!'1- l;oPI\Th-

(be) closed
1. 11.., ll"i'. The museum is closed Sundays.
hm.J:.- hm.J:.- IL_,. ounh~ '11"1 )II>'

2. .,.l.llou. The deal was closed this morning.

1&/l" tft:. IP-T .,..,~.,.,oo

closefisted =-1>
The closefisted old man gave no money for
his son to go to school. """' 11"'1"11\. IIA
)1: uP"'/6,1' 9"19" ~')Hofl l>AiltniD'II"

closely
I. fl!l.ll"ofl. Listen to me closely! fl.l'.ll"ofl t.
'lll"tn~

2. nm-A. Look at it closely! nm-A .,..,.A

h.,.ID'

3. n.:r.cn-. The doctor followed the child's

development closely. mh...,.. fA)I:1 h
~'1- n-l>cn- .,.h:J-.,.11
4. o....n:Jt. His movements were closely watched.
uP"IIU' ' .,._....., ' flTofl.P ' ,l'.h;J-.,.11- '
)flC

clothes hanger
5. fl"'ll". Cousins are closely related. f.t.hll'l<; f.t.'l-'1- A}>;':f- fl"'ll" f_,.-1'&.~11- <;'!'.,.

close quarters, at

~ -l>Cofl 11-l>Cofl IY)ID'

They fought at close quarters. ol>Cofl 11-l>Cofl

lf~BJ- I

T'f"t-

in close quarters +"'-'i14-aJo

The prisoners live in close quarters because

the prison is small. hllC IL-l> '1-111 (Ill
IY) h1l~'l''fl _,..,.,.,.,4'1D' ' ,l'.'l'&oil-

closer, on ,.... examination O.P..9"11

{L

ODt!,ODC

On closer examination, the wound turned out

to be superficial. 0.<'.9"11 (t.oo~ouc <1!1lll-
4'1\A

rr-: .,.~,

closet <1!11"

"1'1'1'

The closet is full of clothes. "'~~" "'T). Aofl

(I 'I"A.f-fl;J-A

(be) closeted with

*He was closeted with his lawyers for over an
hour. hmfl4''1l :>&. fl"IA ll"""""hc IJ
.,. .... ' ll'l'l- ' fll\,1'. ' .C.)':fl'l-

clot

(v.) ~:>

His blood takes a long time to clot. f(l. .<'.

II" 1\oPC;J'I- 11ft' '1.11. ,l'.tDll'lA

clot (n.), blood

f.l'.ll" ouc:>'I-

.,.).., ' .,..,.

He died of a blood clot. h.l'.ll" oPC:>'I- f

cloth
1. ""Col>. Use a clean cloth for dusting! fl')l\.
ih ""Col> tDAID'A

2. if&.. Leather shoes usually outlast those

made of cloth. .t.ofl~>;'.,.') '1.11. f-1'-'l "'i
.., hlf&. ""1"7 .r.n~h:J-A
[See also 'spread, stitch']

clothe .t.llflll
St. Takla Haymanot clothed the naked and
fed the poor. l>fl-) .,.hll ?,1'."'/'l''l- f;J~HID'')

l>llfl(l. f_,.&.fliD'') .t.fl/1-

The sun clothes the earth with light. D.h,l'. 9"

J:."C') 11C?1 :J-1111<\II':f-

clothes Aoflll
I want these clothes cleaned and pressed.
Mll.ll Aoflr\':f- h1-'l.tn~?-<; h1-'l..,.h-(l.
h.C.A:>IIrJo

[See also 'ragged, tattered']

clothes hanger fA111l oo(l-1',1'

A clothes hanger made of wire breaks easily.

h'lill f-t-w,:. f<l\1111 ooll+.l' 0+'111-

f.IIO<l<A

cloud (vt)
I. if"-~. The smoke from the fire clouded the
sun from view. bhil-11 V"t.tDIIJaJo 1.1"il
Odtf.'l'') I if"-"'~2. hm.,.G. Grief clouded his face. dtH't """'
't h'l'.,_.C';t-A
3. M':OIIOII. Don't cloud the issue with unnecessary details! 0"7.1'114.<1\1 1 'IICIIC '1--'1
n 1 t.:t--":'0111111
cloud (vi.) m'I&G
Her face clouded with worry. 4-:J: 1 Odtlt11 1
m"'G
be clouded over nJ?.oofj"

+if L ~

When I woke up, I found the sky was clouded

over. II~ :I' 1 11"71' 1 OF.oo>; +if'i''l' 1 ~oc
doud up

Just after we started, the sky clouded up.

h')J'.~oPC')

clung

205

cloud

.... , . . ,

II'~

cloud (n.) F.oo>;

The sun has disappeared behind the clouds.
Odtf,'l'') I ....,.., I ;>G-'1'1cloud of locusts f'lRtiJ DD'l;J
A cloud of locusts covered the sky . .l''tO"' 1
OO');J > 11"7\<') I if.f.~IDbe up in the clouds b111

~tD-

Her schemes are usually up in the clouds.

Om:J>'I'IID- h:J>J;.. 1 h't-1> ~.,_
[See also 'threatening']

Ethiopia. f.J-II~m+ 1111->; 1 .l''l'fm- h'tllta

T I 011..'1-f-A-.1' I ID-11'1' I f.O'IIIclover [f"'C 'if.~'l-]
clown hF4:'S -t-'l'>;f. 1 -t-<l-0.
This circus has many clowns. ~u ltchil
1111- ' t.F4:'S -t-'l'"tn 1 (+.:.o.l""'f) 1 t.11--r
club (clubbed), v. oo;tThe robber clubbed his victim and ran off.
.,.,.,~(Do I {taJo\LaJo1' I OO.f- I C"ffi
club together h'fllfJ

The children clubbed together to buy their

mother a present. IIM';J-'fa>- 1 lltn:J- II""
1~'1- I A;t>:'ll I h'l'mclub (n.)
I. -'1.'1. The policeman had to use his club.
?"11.11- I 0.11.'1 oP9":J'T 1-":' ~OGOT
2. h011. Are you a member of the club?
fhoo- 1 hilA ~u 1
clubfooted h1G 1 ~<1\"7"7
The child was born clubfooted. A:(
~"'"'"' ll''l' -i"OJIIJ'.

h1G

cluck (v.) hllltlt

The hens clucked as they searched for food.
J'.(!'jP'fl I h,l'lll)h- I 9"111 I 'i'II;J I "'i~
cluck (n.) "711ltlt'IThe cluck of the hen woke me up. f J'.C''I'
llltlt'l- +Mil'S

"7

cloudburst J'.'i'
I rarely witnessed a cloudburst in the dry
season. J'.'i' 00;> M"11~9" 1 h'lfll-9"

clue 'i''t"i"
The footprints were a clue.

cloudy
I. J'.o>;"7. Since it is cloudy today we can't
go for a walk. ~~~. 1 J',.oo>;"7 1 111111'~ 1 11
oo')if.:.ifc 1 h't"'fA9"
2. fJ'..f.GII. He could not see through the
cloudy liqnid. OUGIIm- 4./t'li ID-11'1' 1 9"
')9" I 1\Jf, I J<.<l\iJ'II9"

clump (of)~~~ .I'IIA clump of trees conceals the house from view.
~~~ I J'/1-T I ~C:"'f I (J..,.') I f,h<I\/1-;J-<1\

fh1~

-'l-It 'i''t

clump along M-t-'1--t--t- 1 '/.J'.

The lame man clumped along. 'liiJID- limf. I M.J-'1--t-+'/.J'.
clumsy ~All'lf
The clumsy boy bumped into all the furniture.
~~..... "'"" hO.T I ltlla>- I h:l' 11-11- I

clove (n.) :J>C't#--":'

clove, see cleave

cloven f-t-Mm+
The cow has a cloven hoof. '19" f-t-Mm+
(Ill->; I 1\'IT

""'1 ~nc

cloven-hoofed f+Mm+ 1111->; .I'IIIDCloven-hoofed animals may be eaten in

-~'-"""'
be clumsy :J>A'I''i'>; '1-J'.IIIDHe is well-intentioned but clumsy. :fo'l
1't :J>A'I''i'>; f,'l--":'11'1'<1\

clung, see cling

)m-

cluster

206

cluster (of}

coagulate l::>

I. :f.tl:fit Ytr. A cluster of houses was

seen from far. h-1-:f- :f.tl:f.tl nr O..fo:f
;I-I'

2. f+(I:Oftll-. There was a cluster of tourists

at the gate. (JOD"'IJ..I'm- o\f. f.,.IIRIIII- A
1C 1-II"U':f ~R-1In clusters ~~~ oflfr>

This flower usually grows in clusters.

q f"''.YY:1m- ~~ illl- ~..,.

~tJ

h.O

cluster around hRR

lim- hRII-'1-

clutch (v.) """m

The child clutched my hand. A;.j: '-:('t

tnC,.,..(a- m--ll'l' s

~;J

coal
I. hilA. Put some coal on the fire! '-<'1-!>'t
hilA ""II"CR'I-

2. fY:'t:>f. hilA. Coal and salt are minerals.

fY:'t:>f. hilA" ..._..,. "'I~Y:'l"?f .,,...,.
live coals fhftA tj:.9'"
There are still live coals in the fire. '-<'1-1>

coalesce .,.qn,:
The thirteen colonies coalesced to form a
nation. OP'&- !Pil-l> f:f-'1 "'~+:f A'tY:
A1C /IODODP'l:'l- o .,.Q(J-1-

COalition

""Rm'1
clutch (at) /IOD.I"'f 'l"hl:

~ii.:'I-

The clergy and the nobility formed a coalition.

He clutched at the rope, but missed it.

/IODYll 'l"hr::' ~(JC "''t ... .,.

100~1'

clutch (n.) 'i'.:OII.M

Let out the clutch slowly, or the car will stop.
'i'.:Ofl.l'-).'t 4'il it/Ill A4':f> t AIIRIIHJ'

IJIJ"of>"

'

OD\>,'t'tof>

> ~ofll:'l-'t

A-'1~ ....

7l.~

They fell into the clutches of the moneylenders.

1'tllil AR-'I&l":f '-:t!' m.!'.41

clutter (v.) :f-'1' A<'l"'

I. hC-'1.11. He used some coarse cloth to make

a bag. Rhc-'1.11 ""C:f> ht:m.'l- 1142. >IIJ&-. This cloth is too coarse for me.

The table is coarse and is not suitable for

writing. ml:A.~m- >IIJ&- II/IlT~ llll".bd..'l-
A.eoo:fr
3. .!'.ft':f> YAIT~. The beach is covered with
coarse sand. fQ.b-1- -'IC!I' .!'.ft':f> QAIT~

Mf'l' f.,.lf .t.~ ~..,.

4. YA;f-t:oo. His coarse language angered the
teacher. YA;I-t:oo M:>1'1- OD!I"IJ~'t A

Heaps of books cluttered her room. fODl\.b'i'

ML"'m-

'1- 41AA h'i'!l.'t :f-'1' A<'l"'mbe cluttered +llilh~h

*His manners are coarse. QA'l

His desk was cluttered with old papers. ml:A.~

m- illf< Ac-1 mt:4''1- _,.lll:hCitR;I-A

clutter (n.) ll"il:f>A:f>A

Please tidy up the clutter in your room!
fh'i'Ail't !l"il:f>A:f>A Aii.,.IJhA

coach
I. ill:1o'l.

When Queen Elizabeth visited

Ethiopia, His Imperial M,Yesty came to meet
her in a coach. 't"'P''I- .li.A<'IO.'I' 11..'1-1'-A-

n II.7-R't'

"'C"'I'I! 1f't1Tf. Rill:1

o'l ' _,._,R!I.'fm2. AwA"1'1. The coach of this team is very
good. fu.u 11-Y:'t AwA"''1 R"'!l" 'I'
~

~(Do

o ODWl;of>

coarse

f.ll ""C:f> R"'!l" >IIJ&- f.IT'tii'1A

"""-""'" ' f.I#"'IA

*Quick shooting saved the hunter from the

bear's clutches. d..'l''l" oo.,.ho(lo A-'l't''t
Into the clutches of - - -

The milk coagulated in the bottle. m.,.-1> (J

aJoil'l' fhiiA 'i'!l" 1.. All

Many people clustered around the accident

victim. illf< M'?f M'.:'Jm- f.!'.l:IIR'I-'t

hY:il

coast

coarsely, grind -

)m-

1.:.!'..t.

She ground the barley coarsely. 1il(lo't 1.:.1'.

.t.:fm-

coast (n.) ml:'i' I fQ.bC ml:'i' I fQ.bC -'IC!I'

We approached the coast at night. hmM II.
11.'1- .!'.l:il't

On the map, the coast has a jagged outline.

RIJC;I- 11.;1-f. fQ.b~ ml:'i' (fQ.b-1- -'IC!J')
dJIJfl -"Jf} I )liJo

coast (v.)
*The old car coasted down the hill. Anm-
"""-" '1"-1-'1- m'i'+ 41A4111-I>'t mt:.!'.
coast alona ml.tj: ml.4-"t ~H
We coasted along South America on our trip

last year. IJI\.I..<D- 'lOOT .,.!l:f't I.IHI

h"''.<llt't m<:'i! mG4-'t .,.'i11't

coastal RffJihC "1<1- f"'l.1'1

The conversion of the coastal tribes to Islam
occurred in the 19th century. RffJihC "1<1-
f"'l.11'T 1-itlP:f tiJI. 7./IA!I"'i' Yf."'l
'l'T f_,.l\tiJm-T flOP'&. HmH'<D- h<;:
I UoP7 I ~(Do
"

coastline m<:'i!
The Red Sea coastline is barren. foi' f. IJihC
m<:'i! ' f.,.&.oe;.,. ' )<D-

cobra [Rh'i!<llt rof.!l" Rl\11,1' f"'1.1'1 ""

C~!l"

l\'111]

cobweb flf<:<IT .I':C

The flies were caught in a cobweb. 119""fl=ri

mr.:.:T .r:c

.,..r""

cock (v.) hoi'IJRII

He cocked the gun and threatened to shoot.
moo't)f.,..'t h4''11111- 1\oo.,.b-ll .4'"1

cock (n.) h<D-&. P..l!'

The cock crowed at dawn. h.,.&. 1'-1!'.,.. 1ih (1..4'.1':. t;a1i

coat (v.) 4''1

He coated the wall with paint. "I.I!"'I"'<D-'t 4'
1111" oi'IJ<D-

coat (n.)
I. l>T. What is the difference between a coat
and overcoat? l>T'i' lt?'CT Af.);J-'f<D-
!l"'t.I':)<D- !
2. 1\.,.C. The leopard has a sleek coat.
)11C liMit 1\.,.C hi\<D-

*Our house has three coats of paint. O.:J-:f't

V'liT 1.11. .,....,.,.,.

codify

207

coastal

.,.4'11:1:A

coating TIJT
We must put a protective coating over the
drawing. RP'bll- llf. ooMh,l' TIJT "'I
.1':<:"1 hl\11't

coat of arms :>lf<D- llf. ,1'1\<D- hC"'I

His coat of arms shows he is descended from
a king. :>lf<D- llf. ,1'1\<D- hC"'I f't.,.P'
HC ODif\-'t ,l'llt:"'A

coat of mail f11<:T A11ll

A coat of mail protects one against sword cuts.
f11<:T A11ll h"l-&-1.. lii\T J'.m11:1'A

coax
I. hfJRII. He tried to coax the child to come
with him. All: hili!'T l\'t'LOD"' 11.,1''1
111\<D- 'l"h<:

2. .,.1\"'loom. She coaxed her father to let her

go to the dance. tiJI. "''tll- ll'ti."T~.I': h
IJ;I: ll't'Loi..T.I':IIT .,.1\"'IODm:f<D-

3. hl.'i-.L<:. He tried to coax me to take the

medicine. ool.";lok-l>'t l\'t.l':m"' 11.,1'1.4-'i!<:
'1 'l"h<:

cobbler ""1"'1 1'14.

Let's take the shoes to the cobbler's! ""l"'llP=J;
't ' ""1"'1 ' (I.L ' H't.l': ' l\'t<D-1'1.1':

cockroach ll<:l!'
(be) cocksure
*He would not be so cocksure were his father
not the boss. h'l-1> hl\.4' IJJ'.If't 'l'l!'
Rh4- """~'~- hf.'i'1CII" ) nc

(be) cocky T!l"hih-1> h'i! hi\

Jim was very cocky about his chance of
winning first prize. 7{'1" ,l"tl.'f)."f-'t 'iiA
"'IT 1\"'l"l"fT T'l"hih-1> h'i! ,I'll
)ftC

coconut [fH'tfJIJ 1(1J<1f]

coddle h'l"114'4'
If you coddle your child he will not grow up to
be manly. A)l;ll't lt'1"114':J>1i<D- 1-011 If
'f

h,l'.(-'!'/"

code
I. l.'t11. You must observe the code of the
school. fT'I"IlCT n.-r.'t l.'t11 "'lhnc
MilII
A traffic code contains rules for driving.
fT&.ol.h l.'t11 .l')"'.l':'t P'C'lT f.f.~A

2. f'l"llm.C 1\'.ft.'i!. He found a message

written in code. nrllm.C 1\'.ft.'i! f.,.ll
.C. ooAllhT. h1"f

3. AI' "'lli:J-rolf. The code on the label

shows the date of manufacture. R't"ll." l\:1'
.,.. llf. ,I'll.,. AI' "'lli;J-rolf l\:1'.,.. f
.,.,.,.:.n+'t 1.11. .roollh:J-A

codex (codices) f'l"'tT II'dt-'i!

The monastery owns many codices.

~JSBD-

oft

II- f'l''tT II'm..:::f hil-T

codify (codified) Rll'dt-'i! hflol..l

Justinian codified Roman law in the sixth
century. )1:11-l:'t,l"t fi!'"'I(IJ<') ih"l fill
.l':ll_,.'f.,.. h'i!ll IIOD't Rll'dt-'i! .1\c\.C..l

co-ed

208

co-ed A1!'1t:.l':

cognate

There are more boys than co-eds at the college.

01>/1.~ <D-ilT hA1!'1t:P.:Y. .f.A:t- m'}P.

:y.

.f.O~I\-

He coerced the prisoner into confessing.

7.ilt:'i'ro-'} 7.VU'9"'J hil1J'.S'.<D-

coexist 7.111!' OM9"

coffee fl-'i'
I drink coffee every morning.
'i'7.tn"'llll-

IJI.+ cp.:,.. lt-

Coffee beans are dried before they are shipped.

fl-'i' 1110.1' OooCh11 hoo~h- oo~.-r 7.
'}'LJ'.t::t> ' .f.J'.t:;JA

coffee grounds ffl-'i'

hT~

Empty the coffee grounds in the garbage pail!

ol'lflf "Ytn&-+"'l.J'ro- qAJI. <D-ilT ffl h'i!(l<D-

a.-r

OH.U oP'}J'.C 9"'}9" fl-'i' R..f:f fl\-9"

~O'i'

Coffee pots are sold at the market.

~O'i'

coffer "'T'J
She put the coffer under the bed. "'TS:'} lJ

+~J;

Take cognizance of what happened and act

accordingly! fTS'.t:1m-'} ~1C D"'l.1q hT
t:JIU 0:\~ Olf..I'<D- oooPt:T P'&-

(be) cognizant of om+

.fro-:t- ~nc

coherence :t>'J11C
His composition lacks coherence. J!-C(tof: .:to
'J11C WI-.1':1\'I'A

coherent
I. fT'Ili. A sentence that is not coherent
is hard to understand . .I'AT'IIJ Ot:'i!T ~1

2. fT"'&-. The lawyer presented coherent

arguments in favor of his client. mn?ro- f"'l.
?.1TIIT'J (lro- f"'l.J'."I'i! fT"l&- hch

c t.+.:n
She cannot talk coherently any more. h7.'}"Ill.
U hilTlJh~ oP'i'1C hT:fA9"

cohesion foP"JO:t-

A;J'I' P'C hlt+oom:Y.

~.f.A

Wet sand has more cohesion than dry sand.

1 t.lt

Kennedy's body was put in a bronze coffin.

fh.l!.ll. hilht.'J h~.hil 0ToP&- ft.'l
"'T'J 1 <D-ilT ht:L
Sorrowful relatives followed the coffin. J'H).T
ll.T uoop.:f t.lt<D-'} TbTI\-T
*When the coffin was lowered into the grave,
his sister cried . ..,oflhT -~+ ~.., 'A
'rof> hll+(l:f

cogent hT;Jtl
He found no cogent reason to change his mind.
.hltfi-'J lloollmT hT:Jtl ll"h'J.I'T h
~1"fll"

cogitate O'J'11:t> Ton&-oot:

The senators cogitated about the problem.
h"YIJ<Il"'ll ill\ .,_.;f. O'J'11:t-

take cognizance of

coherently hilTIJhii-

7.10.1' <D-ilT Mf"'A

coffin f t.tl "'T'J

He has a wide cognizance of the habits of

animals. ill\ 7.'}il'IT mq_e (1.1. b<D-

C'J 1\oot:JIT hil'l':J<I ~..,.

There are no coffeehouses in this village.

coffee pot

h"YC'i''i' Ot:11'i' f"'l.~""JI. :11'}-r:l":Y. 'i'

The general was cognizant of the movements

of the enemy. :(~&-1\- ftn~T'} 7.'J:t-il.4'(1.

coffee bean fl-'i'

coffeehouse fl-'i'

,..,.

.,...,. hii<D-

<;~

Nations must learn to coexist. oo"J..,.P";t-+ h

111!' OM9" OD'fC'} ODo!\00.1': hllq'f'ro-

hT~

f"'l.~"".l':

Amharic and Arabic are cognate languages.

cognizance bro-+-r

coerce hil1S'J.

'i'<D-'}

coil

&-....~

.,....

7.C'J'11 hlf'l' hJ'.t::t> hlf'l' .f.A:t- foP

"'O:t- 'r.f.A hii<D-

cohesive f"'l."'D:tClay is cohesive, but gravel is not. irhl\

f"'l."'O:t- (I.IJ''} tntnC "I'} h.f.J'.I\9"

cohort 'i.l':
The enemy's cohorts were struck by a plague.
fm~-1- 'iP.:Y. nm.:c"li't

.,..,_.!':.,...,. ~nc

coil (vt.) '"""'"""

The sailor coiled the rope on the deck of the

ship. oochO'i'ro- 1"".!1.'} OoPChfl- mil

A I ""' I h~") I ffiODffiODliJo
coli (vi.)
I. Ttn"YHH. The river coils through the valley.
OJ'}fl- Dlflloi'<D- <D-ilT .f.tn"YH~A

209

coin

2. -t'PoPI\oPI\. The snake coiled, ready to

strike. 1\DP"lhil 1-H:>~-1' >.QR- 1-'f'oPI\oPI\
coli up tnoPffiOD

He coiled up the wire. 7iflm-'l 1 tnoPtnoPlD"

coin (v.)
1. h.-too. The mint is coining pennies. 11 H1l
onf"t.Yw- lfH:'I":f 0"'11-9" II}.'. ~w2. A.cnl:. He coined a word for his invention.
1\I..MII..Jo ~1C :'>A l..mt:l\'1-

cold
common cold 1"'14-'l

The scientist isolated the virus of the common

cold. ltJ.'."l1:il., f"l-"1<1.)."1 'iiJ.'.t:il hl\.11-'!i
1\fJo

get a cold "l-"1<1."1 YH(w-)

I have got a bad cold and cannot go to school.
hi- "l-"1<1.'t 1\1\YH~ 'l-9"tJC'I- IL'I- A
'tY: hA:fA9"
have a cold "l-"1<1.'t ' YH(ID-)
He has a bad cold and cannot go to school.

He gave me a handful of Ethiopian coins.

'1}.'.1\';' "l-"1<1."1 111\YHJo 'l-9"tJC'I- IL'I-

fl.'tY: hJ.'.:fA9"

h"lY: >,.-,;~ fh.'l-f"kY 'l't-"lh lim~

cold (adj.)

Ancient coins were not circular in shape.

fT"l'l- 1"1HII:f ;r.c..'l'w- h11 hA~Ot:9"
[See also 'toss']

I. Ot-Y:. I like to drink cold coffee in the

afternoon. +'l 1 0&-~ 1 fl-'i" 1 oomiiJ+ l\

coin

(n.) 'i't-"lh ! 1"1011

2.

coincide
I. h"lY: II"~. Jesus' birth coincided with the
appearance of a bright star in the sky. h.fil-II
il.a>I\Y:'O h"l-'1.'1- 11~11 l>h11 01\"'1,1'. II
..... (l'J-,:f-,1'. h"lY: .,.~
2. 1'11"'1"'1. The two stories did not coincide.
u-1\_, ;1-t.l:f hA1'1\"'1..,.9"

3.

+;~moo.

Our vacations coincided.

fc')t:~:r-

~.,:,.

1.11-Y:f"l 1-:>moo

coincidence

m.l!l\11-

h..?IIJ"7..

What a strange coincidence!

9"1-~

h:>"'"''. ' ~w-!

[See also 'lucky']

(be) coincident Q"IY: 1.11. 1Q

Winter in the United States is coincident with
sunnner in Australia. fh"''.t.li"l h.:9"'l-<;
fhw-11'1-t-AY 0:> Q"IY: 1.11. J.'.1QII-

oj>11:f>~.

Give me a glass of cold water!

h"lY: 11C"'.".f> .,.,,..~ w-;> lim~

3. 11C.I!9". The cold wind bit our faces.
11C.I!..,. ~<1.11 .1-:f":f"l"l on,:f-")
4. f11CY:. A hot cup of broth on a cold day
tastes fine. 011CY: oj>") '1-h-11 lfcq
11"'1"'1. ~w5. 11C.I!"''. November is a cold month. '"J.I!C
ofl.CJIOIJ : tDC I )lD"
6. 11CY: foP:f"Jo. He massaged his cold
fingers. 11CY: fon;f-'fJo"l ar.,.,;"l hlf
7. ( = adv.) >."1~~1~. They gave us a cold
greeting. >."1~~1~ 11119":1" ilm-'t
be cold
I. "'""'" The water is not cold enough.
w-;>w- f"''.I..II1Jo"t YIIA hAoj>Hoj>H9"

2. o.:~. The coffee was cold, so I drank it

at once. R-<;w- 11110.:~ Q'tf... m"'u-'13. O~(w-). I am cold. Give me a blanket!
IIIlO~~ 11CY: A11il lim~

coincidental, purely - >."1.1!:>"1"'1.

It was purely coincidental that we met this
morning. ~&. f\1.'1- f1'1<;'f~w- >."!'!:>
ar"''. ,

~o.:

get cold feet

,(.,&.

He promised to speak to my boss about my

promotion, but he got cold feet and backed out.

cold (n.)
I. 11CY:. I cannot stand this cold. J.'.ll"t"l 11
CY: hA:fi\J-9"
2. ;r.11:'>11.. Heat is the converse of cold.
.... .,."" f;r.,,..,.. 1-:'>t-'i. ~w3. "l-"1<1."1. You have given me a bad cold.
hi- "l-"1<1."1 h:>111'tJ11';'A
catch a cold "l-"1<1."1 YH(w-)

We all caught colds during the

feel cold oj>Hoj>H

The air feels cold. hf~ }.'.oj>H;r.rA

winter.

Oht:9"'1- mt-'1- !Joll:f"t9" "l-"1<1."1 YH"l

ill\ 1\'onof: hl\:'>'1-"l fi.Y~:>"ICA~ :'>A

1111' ~oc "1"1 .t.c-1' m~ :\11 hi\
in cold blood fi'T"tt1. ! n..,.r;:
They shot him down in cold blood. O"l"li~
(01'1') ' 1~11-'1out in the cold

*When the new manager came, John found

himself out in the cold. h-'1.11- hii.,.J!J!t. II.
oP"J ;f:'"l hi"tow- _,.l..<;oj>l\

"

turn cold hf~ +11+11 r hi\

It turned cold at night. "'1:1" hf-1- 4'114'11
1111- )flC
[See also 'shoulder, throw']

cold-blooded ..,lt't

1 t.~oo~

The cold-blooded criminal killed an unarmed

man . ..,ltl' (t.~oo~w-) m'Jll\"' OO"'&Y
Y/AYH (Ia>- 11'.1\

colder 111:'1"'1
The dogs acclimated quickly to the colder
country. w-lf~ 11cJI-'} Me fl-1'11- II
ooJI.'I-

get colder fU.Y..

The nights are getting colder. 1\.11.-1> llffl~S'.

7. ;1-mL. This table :collapses. f,IJ m~A.

~ f.;J-m<f.A

collapse (n.) a>-J':4''1Let us presume that economic collapse is

imminent. fl\.l>'l''"l.. w-J':4''1- f"'l f.4'C
)a>- li'JflA

Corruption will bring about the collapse of

justice. l\9")'1-'J "'11'1'-A f'i''l-<h'J a>-J':4'
'1- Yllh'I-'IA

collar
I. 1>1\.;J-. He sewed a button to the collar of
the shirt. flif'"l..rt- 1>1\.;J- 'If, h11&-C .,.
hi\
2. Hllfl'l-. The dog's collar broke. fa>-!fw- H
1\fl'l- -t-flml'l

3. h'J1'1-. The cat has a bell on its collar.

WtJ': l""C

colic Y'Jl'l-

collect

210

cold-blooded

m""'l"

The baby had an attack of colic. <ht). Y'Jl

T mOD'/" f.~T )flC

J';OD:J:. h'J1:;/:. ltf, :#'"f."A hltT

[See also 'seize, white']

collateral (n.)

""'"~"

The bank requires collateral on loans. Q'Jh-

collaborate
1. Ant:.. During the war, a small number of
people collaborated with the enemy. fltnC)-1>
1.11. '1'4:'1- l'li":Y. hmlt'l- ;JC h11~w-
)flC
2. h11C''I- 1\L. I collaborated with him on
a book. h'JJ': OOI\"dt'i' h11t.a>- 1\'i'h-

collaborator "111~ hflC

The collaborator was shot by the patriots.
"111~ hfl-1- QCfl'l'~ ll~ flTf.'l- -t-11'.11

collapse (v.)
I. -t-<;S'.l L~il. If the foundation is not sound,
the house will collapse. ,..,~., m'Jlt&- lt
All') 11.-1> f,<;JIA (f.LC<\A)

2. L&-~il. The earth shook and many buildings collapsed. oot,-f> floo'J4'T4'm- 1111
<h'Jl\I":Y. L&-Mt3. -t-S'.~DPI'l. The bridge suddenly collapsed.
J';AJ';f. flJ';'}1T +S'..~OO(l
4. mS'.4'. If you cut the tent ropes, the tent
will collapse. fJ';'}\>,).'} ha>-:J-Ci 11'1-flTll
J';'} \>.). .emJ'::1' A
5. -1-111\'i'AG: mS'-4'. Hecollapsedinthemiddle
of the street. l\DPVA oo'}1J': 'If, -1-1111'1'
AS:' mS'.4'

6. .,......,.L. Our plans will collapse if we

don't get some help. l\CJI;J- lt1t1TI dt<\Q
:f'J ' f,..,<;1<f.A

11J':C 1\oollm'l- ouy'tf f,mf,:I'A

collateral (adj.)
I. h - - - 1-'} f'"1..1't. The collateral wing
of the library collapsed. hfl.-t- ODI\<h'i'-1>
1-'J f'"1..1"fa>- :tTY h<;:A L~il
2. ( = n.) :tC'J"''.'i'. These accomplishments

are merely collateral to his primary goal.

Mll.tl fl"&- w-m..fo:Y. f'P<;w- <tlt"'la>-
:tC'J"''.G::Y. <;'fwcollateral branch

*He is not a direct descendant; he is from a

collateral branch. f'P<;w- "I'JJ': -t-mlt~
hM'.I\'1" i :,01:'}"'1.<;: -t-mlt~ )a>-

colleague fl"&- 'IS'."'

My colleagues refused to work with me.
fl"&- 'lS'.'l''f h~ ;JC h'JP'&-'/" t-Il-

collect (vt.)
I. l'lfll'lfl. Did you collect all the notebooks?
11-11- {lfl(l11h 1
2. (1'JH11) hllhLI\. The company is trying to
collect the money for the furniture he bought.

S'..11+C'~

fll.'l- l\:1' f1~fl'l-') 1'JH11 1\"'lllhLA

11-Q'JYa>- flOD"'C 'If, )a>3. h'JJ': 11:1" hS'.-~1. Hecollectedhisthoughts

in order to think up a solution. illl oo~.'f-db

ll"'lil11 dt<\11-'} h'}J': (l:J" hl'-~1
4. milS'.. I went to the office to collect my mail.
S'.11JIIJ. 1\00a>-hJ': liii.C' ~~ )flC

collected

colonization

211

collect (vi.)
I. 1"lliiM. A crowd collected in the square.
1111- ' (ltJJo ' qf.qq(!. 1"llllllll
2. 1"m.:...,.-. Lint collects in the pockets of the
suit. 11.11 tJJoll'l' fhCt; fQ;I.C'Jo 11t;'1 .em

.:.."'"'"'

college ltl\.~
Many students have graduated from this college.
htr_U ltl\.~ 1111- .,._,&l":f 1"-~

collide
I. .,._,..... The car collided with a bus. -IJ.t;tJJo
hAa>--1'-fl-ll :>C 1"_,..._

collected, remain calm

and~ IIC:>;f-ol'f

Despite all the furor around him, John remained calm and collected. 111!- u-h+ IL
hlltJJo!l" }('t IIC:>;f- ol'f

.,.(1.,

IIH_U "1-llf. Allq:f't f.I\J'J'IIt.

collection
I. flllllllltJJo. This volume makes my collection complete. .eu -~tm'i' fllllll11h-M
'I'
2. 11111111. He has a collection of curious old
coins. AI' ~,e)+ f!(:f: ~'tHII:f 11111111

,.,_,lilt. A

Al\tJJo
3. t,(lq(l11. The government is trying to remedy
the deficiencies in the collection of taxes. 11"1
11C t,(lq(l11 llh-llt. fl\tJJo't -J-1(:11+ '
_,.,,....-,. 1\.,lflflit. 11-'l"hC 'If. )tJJo

*The library's collection of books is kept in a

large room. -ll.n'i'+ fl,-1> f m.:...,..,'ftJJo
-ll.n'i'+ A't!(: +A'I- h'i'llt. tJJo/1'1'
.,._m-

The cars collided with a terrible crash. -ll.t;l"

'li it?"" ' h'i' ' fl\ 1(:!1"6
2. 1"1\J'f. Our ideas collide on this matter.

1"

*The library has a famous collection of books

on America. -ll.n'i'+ fJ.-1> Ill\ A"'L&II
f1"114- f:f"ID<It -~tmc::f All-+
take up a collection 1'lHofl {lfl(lfl

They took up a collection after the concert.

hlt'tllC-1> 11:\'1 ~'tH11 llllllfl-

collective
I. f:>il-. Collective security is important for
Ethiopia. f:>il- 11'1':1" llh.+f-kf m:I'"'L

collision (f-IJ.t;) "1"11'+

There was a collision on Churchill St. last night.
+'i't+ 11.11_+ ll'fc'fA 1-llt; r-ll.t;
"1"11'+ )IIC

colloquial expression r-'tf.C

It- f-'tf.C M:>~C ,e~'{q'f'l'llt.

~ "111~ Aile II')
The cashier has worked in collusion with the
thief. ~'tH11 .,_.,.q(!. hl\.qtJJo :>C "111~
AIIC li'S:IIt.
act in collusion Al\~(11+)
Some of his employees were acting in collusion
to rob him. A'tll't!(: "'il-1"'1''1i 11_llC4t+
fl\<1-11+ )IIC

collusion, work in

colon
I. J(:C11 ll~ll. The colon is used for punctuation . .e-Cofl I (1~1f I P'CO.,.. I ~T-fl I )oaJo
2. +A'I- A"tJf..+. The surgeon will operate on
his colon. mil.,_ +A'I- A'tJf..-l>'t .,.I'- 'I'
~t;

ff.C:>IIt.

colonel

)tJJo

2. ( ~ adv.) f :>Cf-'11. The state is promoting

collective ownership of coffee-cleaning facilffl-t; "'"MJ' 7-.:l'l":f
ities.

_.,.,,...-!>

f:>Cf-'ii 7-.'t"LoPil-q'flll- J'll~;t-;1-llt.

[See also 'security']

collectively

11~!1"'1

Consider these points, first severally and then

collectively. Mtr_U't Mf-:f -JI..-&f II
11C"IIC J 11:\'1 f."l'l" 11~!1"'1 1"-llt.h;t'ftJJo

collective noun f'l''l-llt. 11!1"

"Army" and "crowd" are coJiective nouns.
tnC llil-'+t; .b1111 f'l''l-llt. ll'l":f t;'ftJJo

M:>~C

There are many colloquial expressions in

Afework's books. fALIDC'I- -ll.b'i'+ 11

ltll-~llt.

He is a colonel in the army. fltnC fl&-1!+ s aJo

11'1' ltll~ )tJJo

colonial f'l-'1

~1Cl":f

The colonial government oppressed the natives.

f'l-'1 ~1Cl":f _,.,,....-,. A~&.tJJo't ..._<t,)tJJo

colonialism '1-'1 MqlJ

The subject matter of this book is colonialism.
.eu -~tm'i' f1"K4..tJJo 1111 '1-'1 t,~qlJ )tJJo

colonization f'l-'1

A~qll

Colonization was widespread in Africa in the

19th century. IIOP'il- Hm)'l'tJJo h'i'l\ rr't f'l-'1 A~qlJ IIA'i'&h 1"114-'i'of )IIC

call (v.) to the colors ll.Hoo;J! ' m&-ID<

colonize
h(ILG. They hope to colonize the
area with farmers . .,.0/l.a>- ~f. ~06-l":f-'t
fl-11~'1- 11"7iiLC 1-ilof. f!f.C;Jir
2. '1>'1 "1~'1- h!f.G~. Italy colonized Somalia
in the 19th century. "1/.\f'l flOP'.:. Hm~
'O'm- h'i'il nou't to"7/l.'t '1>'1 "1~'1- h

1.

fl-11~'1-

!f.G~il'-1-

colonizer '1>'1 ~1C

Evangelists accompanied the Spanish colonizers
in South America. <D't1Aa>-f't l'hil:r'1 'I>
'1 ~1CI":f-'t 1-h'l-lla>- to!f. ,!f.IMI h
~1} I ODffio

colonnade [01-toM c.,.-1-

f-1-!f.G!f.~ 'l

!I"P..:f-]

colony (colonies)
1. '1>'1 "1~'1-. Mauritius is a British colony.
'l"&lfil l'h't"ll\.11

'1>'1

"1~'1- ~:f-

2. oo~Y.C. There is an artist colony near our

house. h'O' 0.'1- hm~-11 fh.~ 'l'fl-11 ill"
:f- OU't!f.C ' h/1

*There is a considerable American colony in

Paris. nch-1- fir h"'L&IJ'l':f- ;r.:il mil'!'

column

212

colonize

.r.or.:.tr

color (v.)
1. h/IC "''~ The child colored the picture
with crayons. A7f. P'bir't h/IC .,.
f)a>-

He colored the illustrations in the book.

(JOUK".h4- a>-il'l' fir'l-'t P'btr-:f- ' h/IC '

"''~"'"'"

2. hhil/1. The fever colored her cheeks.

'1-h-lt-1> ' ~-'),;oo!J!'t ' hhll/la>-

3. h~IJ. The dishonest general colored his

report of the battle. h;l-~1' '(k.:.A il/1
tnCH filma>-'t _.,ll"'i

h~IJa>-

color (n.)
1. "'M". I do not like any of these colors.
htH.U ' .,.11"7'1- ' h'tJI.'til" I hA<Dt:!l"
2. f-1-/lf m-n-1-. His gift for description adds

color to his stories. Aoo..,I'Ur Yttm- +{1-r

I" I /1"'1.)"1-:.'fa>- I ;J-&f>:f- I f-f-/lf I a>-flT I
f.ii"''I''I'A
she has a lovely color. !1."7!1" 1 <;'1call (n.) to the colors fh-1-'1-

11.:.''1- 0'1'~

The call to the colors was answered by Ethiopians of all ages. fh-1-'1- 11.:.'-l>'t 1 0'1'~ 1
T't1i ' 'f-A41 0 h_'f-f-kf' I T.,.fl/IIJ)o

His country called him to the colors. h~~

m,t...mgood color ff..JD "'Ill.-,.
Her good color indicates robust health.
1\HoP~

f!f.!l" ' "IIJ;J:

uo.tr '

m.'t);l;'t ' '"'"'

[See also 'blaze, flying colors, salute']

colored (adj.)
1. IJA "'"~~" Have you any colored shirts?
I don't like to wear white ones. IJ/1 .,.1111"
lf"'1..11 h/111 ! ~"1" lf"7.11 """-Oil hAm
1:11"
2. f-1-~IJ. His account of the battle was colored.
il/1 tnC)-1> f.,.Gfla>- :l-6h ' f-1-~IJ ' )flC
colored people~? 1ArF'I-

There is still discrimination against colored

people. hu-'t!l" ~<; )11' IJAIJ'). ~f. f
.,./Ill" Al'-~'1- f,!f.G:JA

[See also 'print']

colorful
I. f"''..f'l"C. Thisroomhasacolorful wallpaper.

.r.u

1 h'i'A f"''..f'J"C Mt:"IJI mt:.,.-1-

h/la>2. '1.'1' ffl~fl-1-. The dress of the 18th century
was colorful. fOP'.:. il!l"'t-1-'0'a>- H""'t
A-oil 1 '1.'1' rn~n-r 1 ~nc
3. f"''..fil!f.'t'J>. He told us a colorful story of
life in the jungle. il/1 "'iiJ ).C' f"''..fil!f.
't'J> ' ;J-&h ' h"'i<D-1-'t

coloring "'"~~"
The picture's coloring looks fine. fP'bll- "'"
9" !f.~<; f.ooMA
colorless t:c'J> 1 111
The journalist gave a colorless description of
the parade. ;JH.m'O'm- il/1 IIA4- t:C'J> 1
fA """1/l"'l lim

be colorless +llf'"

fll,.f'"

Pure water is colorless. 1"&-ih

tD?

+A

II" ' f/la>-11"

colossal 0"111" 1 '1-A'l>

Tokyo is a colossal city. .f-h.l'- 0"111" 'IA'!>

h-1-"7

"""

colt fLGil a>-C't"ll'~ l fLGil "IA~A

The colt runs around in the field. fLG!l. 1 . , .
C't"l"~ ' ("IA~A) ' "'LJJ I a>-il'J' ' TL)"'i/l:fcolumn
I. 'l!l"t:. You can recognize the house by its

coma

come

213

white columns. IL1:'t Ot""'"l'" 0,!1"1'-'ll

A'l-1\flD- '1-:f'IIIIJ
The article is in the third column on the first
page. ll"d>4- oou)';ou&J'lD- 111" 0,.111"
'i'lD- 0,!1".1:" 'IJ'. tlD2. ~<;:. He summed up a long column of
figures. 0<:.1:"<;: f1"1'.t:l'.<r 1111" .......C':f't
j'.ODt:
coma, be in a ~ O.ftOD!I" t-11-'t J.J'lD-:,.!1"
He has been in a coma for the last two days.
Ql\4-'l- 11-11'1- <l>'l':f lD-ilT O.ftoP!I"
t-11-'t 1\J',..,.!I" toe
comb (v.)
I. 1\0m.:. Did your mother comb your hair?
M"'l-IJ 111-CIJ't 1\0mt::fAu !
2. Ml(l. The police combed the whole city.
7"11.(\'fl ' h1""'1lD-'t 0'1"'1 ' )\(1(1-'lcomb (n.)
I. "''OmJ'. Where can I buy a comb?
"''Om<IJ' f-1- A1l l\:f'll\11-!
2. "'1.1'-. He bought a beautiful Ethiopian comb.
fh.'l-1'-AcJ' "'1.1'- ' 1q

* '

combat (v.)
I. 1-Mhll. Vaccines help to combat disease.
h'l-Q'l- 07i;l''t 1\0Dh'lhA J'.t:I!A
2. 1\mof.. The whole village turned out to combat the fire. DP'tl'.<r 11-11- l\lt1:'t 1\"'1
Tof.'l-
3. ""**""The U.N. tries to combat militarism.
f1"QO<;.'l- ""'t"ll";l''l- Otnc ~J'.A oom
<l>!l"'t ' 1\0D**~~" ' OOD'I"hC 'IJ'. ' tlD-

ID"'

combat (n.) lD-'l.J'

He was wounded in combat. Ot&tfm-

r ~.e.

business.

]\(to

b.,.

p-' ,&.~ I ~fl:f" I

,;JC

1\f.<I>'I:,.A!I"
3. l\<1>'1+11. She combined the ingredients to
make the stew. tJJT 1\0DI"t-+ f"''.J'll4.A
.,.;r.'t ' t1C'":f 1\<l>'l+ll":f
4. h1'..\!"' 1 ;J Mt!.1. If we combine all our
money, we will be able to buy a car. 1'tHQ:f't
1'

~]eft" I

J\1'1:

,;J

ofl'i.r.C1iD"

oPh,fj

A't1q l\'t:f'lll't
5. l\{11-QO.:. They combined their efforts to
pull the car out of the ditch. oo!J.'ilD-'t h"I.1:-'JJI. OJ-IlT I\OD.,..1"'l- 1-AO.;I''flD-'t
l\111-QO<r
combine against fl -- -~.e. 1\~oo(o:r-)

The employees combined against the new boss.

'-"<l-1-'l''ll ' QJ!.ll- ' l\11:1' ' 'IJ'. ' l\1'..... 0'1combined 1-l'.!l"t:lDThis country produces more coffee than all

other countries combined . .e.u 1 h1C 1 ll.fto

'Jl l\1C'":f 11-11 ' 1-l'.!l"t:lD- ' h"''.J'ODC1:;"f-'
fOIIm 11-'i J'ODC;f'A
with combined efforts floo+llflC
With combined efforts, we will be able to do it.
0oP1"QOC A't'-"6-lD- l\'t:f'lll't
combustible M~
Wood is combustible. b't..,'l-

tl!~

tlD-

combustion DP<I>"'mA

Once the combustion of gasoline begins, the

process is irreversible. R.~H.1' h~F.. oo+
"'mA h)';ou.: 1\.oPI\{l 1\J'.:fA!I"

"'(Ill

be in combat

combine
I. 1\"JODt:. Can't you combine the two sentences? 1Joll1:'t Ot:'i'1" t1C'":f A;l'"'!l"t'I'OJ- ' 1\;"f-:fA!I"!
2. +'1+11. He never combines pleasure with

+'P;J

Our soldiers have never been in combat.

ID;I'I'.C'!J':f't ' 1"'1'"11-lD-!1" ' 1\J'OJ-.,
combative fmO>;'t+
He displayed a combative attitude. fmO>;'t-1-
11"'1.+' 1\ltf
combination ~-oc

How do you like the combination of red and

gray? f<I>J'.'i f"lt-""' 1-IIC f.ll J'.AYA !

come (came)
1. oPIIJ. When does he come to town? m~ 1
h1""'1 o OD'fi o J'.OD"'t\ !
Let there come what may! foP"' f.!l""'
2. 1'.<:(1. When your turn comes, speak up!
1"6-IJ ' I\.I'.Cll 01'.'t-Il 1"'i1C
3. 'I'll. That holiday comes on a Monday.
J' OO,A (l"lf' 'IJ'. J'.lD-'IA
*He comes from a poor family. ;"f-lD-AJI. h.!:"
"li IL1"{11J tlD-

*The college is supported by a combination

of private money and government money.

*This cloth comes only in two colors. ~tJ

....c~ +11 .... u-11+ o,y.t+ 11!1' t.,.

1>1\.)1: f"''.lt~l'..... ' O"IA'i OOD't"'l"~ 1

1'H11 I oPlppto I )t&

*That's what comes of being careless. f"'f.117it

..,. I liJ"ffl..f: I f.tJ I )'aJo

come

214

*When it comes to making a decision, he has

to ask his wife for help. <D-<'1~ "7Y:~"' ll,l'll
I../A1<D- ' "7.11-Jo"t ' l\C'I:J' ' ODmf:,O ' "'Y: '
J'.ll'"tO;J'A
come about t\.IM 1 !f!il
How did all this come about? ,.u 1 IJ-Ir 1 '1l.,_
Y.'l- ' ll.ll'"t ' !I'll !
come across

1. }l,t:Ctf\1 ouiiJ. We came across the mountains

by car . .,.~~m-"t OODh.<; A*Cm"t "'"'"
2. h11. I came across my friend's name in
this book. 1"\S'..'l'\l."t M" Mf.ll ""ll".h'i'
<D-11'1' ' l\1'fflo

3. h:Jmou(m-). +we came across hard words

in this book. 'hH.U oux-mct: 1 m-ilT ~ bll
Y: ' :1"'1'1- ' 1\;Jm.,.."t

*His speech came across effectively.

.,_..,..,?-

""<l-'1- m11 1\J'.A'I"

come along
I. l\111!''1- """' I ho\- ;JC """' Do you

want to come along? h11l.1i1' A.:'f-ooiiJ

'l-1../A;Jilll !

We tried to prevail on him to come along.

h'l' '

2.

;JC '

.,.tt~.r..

l\"t'I.OD"J ' {A.,....,qqm- ' 'f"he"t

How is your work coming along?

P'&-11 ' l\"tY.'l- ' J'.IJ%.11/A !

come apart
I. .,.ll,l'f. The chair is coming apart already.
ID"t0-1- ' IJflo)o ' OD/t,l'f'l- ' .l9";,:/A
2. <D'\114>. The bus came apart. 1\m--l'tJ-o\-
<D'\114'
come around
1. m.r.flU 1 hl'Jllfi. oPIIJ. He comes around
about 2:00 o'clock. Oll9""t'l- o'l't'l- 1S'."7
IDS'.If.ll ' )\IJqll ' J'.OD"J{A
2. 11:,0 l\11 1 1&. l\11. Why don't you come

around some evening? h.,_..e- ~ +'l m.r. 1 oy

:J" ll'l""t 11:,0 h'l-A9" !
Please come around at six! OOP'&- v-c\.:'f- r
o'l't'l- ' 1&. ' 0/A
3. .,.11"7"7. After our argument, she finally
came around. h.,.~;J1C"t0'1- 0:\'1 +11"7"7':f.
come around to
I. 0 - - - .,.11"7"7. He finally came around to
my view. f:\'1 :\'1 0~ .h<'l11 +11"7"7
2. 'hit he\. He came around to our demands.
fmf:,O)m-"t ll.lf. l\ll"t (or ll.lf. 1\(l'f)m-)
come at .,.;JOH(O+)

He came at me with a knife.

H11'S

O~R.

.,...?0

come
come back .,.00/\{l

He came back to Ethiopia a changed man.

/AI' (ltD- ll''l' IDS'. l\.'1-f"k,l' .,.oufl(l
come before

I. 4'Y."".

Ladies come before gentlemen.

' hOD\\"t"t'l- ' J'.4> Y:"7 flo
2. 4>~0. The complaint will come before the
U.N. Assembly next week. l\0.-!>:J"m- fl.,.qo
-1-T ' OD"t"'P':J''!- ' 0"7.0D"J<D- ' <'1'/""t'l- ' J'.
<D.('.~11C'l-

4>Cq/A
come between

}\11)-\

Love of money came between the two brothers.

flo/t1>"t ' ID"tY:"7"7R ' 1"tH11 ' l\"1'\'f<D-

*Don't let a quarrel come between us! 'h.,_.c;.,_

"'"

come by
1. OtlU : oPIIJ. Did you see anyone come by?
(ltD- 0 011.11 ' (l.OD"J 0 )\J'..,.?/A !
2. l\1'f. He came by his wealth honestly.
IJ111>"t ' ,l'1'f<D- ' O"tl\..ft ' OD"t1Y: ' ~ ....
come down

1. ml..r... Can you come down for a moment?

'l"tY: 1\'i':J" IA'!-<DCY: '1-':f.'lllll !

2. +'Hl. We cannot come down a penny on

this price. hrt.IJ '1':> <'l"tt9" l\"t4>"tll'l"
3. .,.J'.~""Il. He was present when the building
came down . .ft"tli<D- ..._.._~.,.(1 l\rt.,l'm- )0~

come down with ,I'H(m-)

He came down with a bad cold.

DP'f'G: -,..

"tof."t ' ,I'H<Dcome forward +l.O

Will anyone come forward as a candidate?

ill\"")'}- f"7. 4'C11 l\11 !
come in

1. 1Q. He carne in at nine o'clock. nvrll.:'f- r fl

't'l- ' 1q

The money owed us is slowly coming in.

,I'OS'.C~<D-

1"tH11 4>11 04>11 l\Mq '

~<D-

2. oPIIJ. One day he carne in to see me.

h"tY: ' 4>"t ll.mf.4>'S """'
come inside 1Q
Why don't you come inside? 11'/""t l\'l-1qll"!

come into

m~f)

He came into a large fortune at the age of

twenty. 0?,1' 'tOD1> 1111- 011'1- m<:ll
come into one's own
I. P'A"'l-"t ,I'H. After the king's death,

the prince came into his own. h.,_-,..tP- : 'l".:'f-

0:\'1 Ao-11- P'A"'"t ,I'H

2. t.(l-1 !I'll. He came into his own after his

father died . .t.IJ1> h'l"-1- R:\'1 t.(l-1 !I'll
come now I +m-

7-.QhtJ

Come now, you don't really mean that!

"""'" l\f!llu t,1;t>:+u .t.f.f./1'1"
come of ( = tr.) m-m.+ M1"

Nothing came of his attempt to simplify

English spelling. fl\1"111.11:;:1 f:l''l+ .t.llll'i'
"f"IC ll"7:l'llA f-J-f.(.11D" .,..h.:.
+ .t.'l11"11"

m-m.

come off
I. -1-Rmt'l. The button has come off. h11t..,_
-1-R'I'Il.A
2. 1Dil4'. One leg of the table has come off.
.t.11.:;:m- fm(.A.qm- l\"IC IDA!I/1\
The handle came off. l\)';;J-m- 1Dil4'
3. -1-'l'"'(ll+). His speech came off satisfactorily. 1"1"1.,_ RDPAt,!l" IJo~;J- -J-'I'"'Il'l-

4. +Ltttn~. The contest came off on the day

fixed. ID-Y:J':{. R-f<ID(I)ID" ' 4'1 -f<.l,&oP
come on

)!oo~

The film will be coming on in a few minutes.

.&.A- 0'1'<1:'1 f.<l::l'l":f ID"il'l' f.)';ll"t.A

come on!
I. .f-ir' OA. Come on! It's getting late. .f-ir'
OA I OO!I"lf1> ~ID'
2. t; l\ll-1:. Come on; let's race to the end of
the road! t; l\ll-1:' DP11-'l- """"<'.lf Y:<'.il
"
l\1114'-'11.11"
come on something h1"f

He came on a cabin while wandering through

ID'il'l' II.H'I'IDC l\1.11.+
the woods.

"1.""'"

1:0: M1"
come on with .I'H(m-)

+How are you coming on with your new job?

l\.11,(1- P'tl-11 l\1.<'.+ f.fiYA ?
come out
1. 11.:,.01 hi\. Can you come out for a moment?
.t.1-'l'i':J' ofl:t> A-l-A '1-"f'lllll !
2. ID"' .t.ll. Why don't you come out to the
country with us? IDf. IJ'11C .t.i1<'.1i1 II
11"1 ' ID"' ' .t.'I-AII" !
3. mtiJ. He came out of the1house. hlL-1: 1 m-

ilT I aJIIJ
A bimonthly magazine comes out six times
a year. OftJoll'l- ,.,.,_ f"t:J'-J-11" ""~~' .,,..
IJoP'I- ilY:il+ '1,11. f,.ID"'A
4. :J-+'1" ID"'. My book has just come out.
fll'i'lJ.'I- ODJI'.J.'i' All h1Jo1 :J-'1-'1". "'"'

5.

A++. The stain won't come out. 'A~f.

f.ll:t-11"

come

215

come

6. TliD7. When the news came out, everyone

was surprised to hear of his demotion. fOD'If"" 1
ID<I. O-J-(1"7 ' '1.11. ' IJoll-11" ' -1-1.~4'

7. ;1-t'. His arrogance comes out in every

speech he makes. 0"7..1'f.C11D" 1"1"1C tJoll-
l\ilt<1> f,.:J' f.O:J'A
(it) comes out :J'ID4'

Now it comes out that I was right. All

ODIJ'~

' hl/"1

:J'ID4'

come out against

.,.!~-moo

The President has come out against changing

the constitution. 1'6-IL-'111> f.b1 ""1"1P'
~1' I oPi\aJT I .,.!J-aJOD
come out with haJIIJ

The publisher is coming out with a revised

edition of the textbook. oPl\'.h'i' l\:J'"7.1D-
fOD"76fiD"1 I ODl\'.h'i' I .t.-'l,{l I l\-l-11" I ll.f
aJIIJ I i'dJo.
come over

1. oPIIJ. Some friends are coming over to see

us this evening. q<~o "7:J' '1'<1:'1- ID-'I:O:i""f
1' ll.mf.-1<1 f,.OD"ll\<
1 hi\. Come over and see me sometime!
.t.1.1': 4'1 il:t> ill\11 tnf.4''1

2. -fl.)o

He will never come over to our side. h.f. h

...

ID11

1\f,.t'll\'i'!l"

come over one )l}m1 can't imagine what has come over her.
11"1' l\1f.~t,+ 'lm-:t> l'lA"fA?"
come (through)
I. .t.lld... Does the bus come through here?
.t.ID".f-11-(1- OILII OlJ.A .1'A4-A !
2. l'tf. He has come through two world wars.
tJoll'l- f'll\11" ,nC~.fo"f1 hf.;I:A
come (to)
\. ~'i'il Htlo l

~'i'(l-1

OID4' I ~'i'(l- ' -1-

oPi\ll. Mter a few minutes she came to. hT

-t+ Y.<l::l'l""f 0:\'1 ~'i'll n.:."f (~'i'll
-J-oPI\t'l)

When he came to, he found himself in the

hospital. ~'i'(l-1' IJID4' '1.11. t.(l-1 ll'il"C
:J'A ID'il'l' ll''l" h1"fiD-

2. f.<'.t'l. The dress comes to her knees.

4'"'1.(1- h'i'AO;I: f,.f.CIIA

3.

~"'"

The bill comes to two dollars. dt.'llt"

tJoll'l- iiC ~"'"

4. ( = tr.) l\11". +They promised no harm
would come to us. '1--'1+ l\11."7.1'11"1' h<'.
;n....A1

comedy

216

come to pass
*It came to pass that she married a prince.
AD-A ~'tJ:-:Mq rn

come true hi.K-(11-l-)

His fondest wish came true. OIIJ?'"
-l- ?"'l'_, .,..l.l\_11-lcorne (under)

n - - - ~c

~ f~~A

how come l
*How come she is still here? 7llltu,..1 1 7l1' ~
~ ~11..11 .f.f':f I
[See also many nouns combined with 'come']

comedy !>"VV.
The comedy attracted a large audience.
l>"'t'l.m- 1111' .,..,.Ali:Y.. <'In

.,..,,.

What regulation does this come under?

r-11 f"'l.11"m- nr-l-'l'm- ~1"'11 P'C
~ .... ?
*The company came under the control of a
new management. b-ll"}.f'm--'1 hllll ; lli\"J-fl~
-l- TGhnm*We came under heavy fire from the enemy.
hm~-l- fTtNI M?":l" tD~11't

comely
I. f~il ~!I ,1''1-l-. She is a comely woman.
f.!:il ~!I .1'~-l- fl.'t- .....r
2. oPA.I"J9". Her comely behavior won his
love. -Ali?" rH:l"'' ~'t.O:.tD-'IT h.I:G
11D'

comestible 11""'111
He imported French comestibles.

come up

1. oPIIJ. Won't you come up for a cup of coffee?

-TTI1 fl-.,. h'l-m"'l"' I
2. lDIIJ. The water came up to my waist during
that heavy rain. fllf..l' ' nhq.o:. ' ,..,..11 ' 1.1L '
tlJo~iD" ; fD1(). I J.!'l,{ll

comfortable

dJITJ

When the sun comes up, the dew disappears.

D.hf. !1-l-tD"' m.~ f.G"'I<I-A
3. ~MI. She only comes up to my shoulder.
n4l-.r -l-hlf\1.. :> -l-~C<'lii:Y..
4. n+ll. The wheat is beginning to come up.
il't.<',.m- -11+A ~l"'t::A
5. T~"'. Did the matter come up at the
meeting??-'!\< flil11ilqm- 1\f. T~P'.Y. ~
nc 1
6. +Lmt!. This problem comes up every day.
f-11 :Y....,c nf+> f.Lm&-A
7. h:>m-(m-). I can't go with you. Something
has come up. li'tT :>C A't.J:' hA:Y..A?" l
h'tJ:- ~1C h:>T'I"'l'A

come up to TiiTlihll l :1-hll

He does not come up to her in skill. O(JD<..f 1
hf.iiTlihll-l-11" (hf.:l-hll-l-11")
*It doesn't come up to my expectations.
,l'il11h--l-'t ' ,1'11A ' hf.~lll"'
come up with h+~O
He came up with a new idea. 11.-'l.il r thi\11
+Gn

11.

come upon ~Gil(n-l-)

I came upon the solution by accident. OD'J::,.Om.
m-'t ~'t-'1:>"1"'1. ~Gil&n-r
The police came upon the thieves while they
were stealing the money. 11.11,; 1'tH11 il.
ilC4l ?'fl.il ~Gilq'f'm-

fd.~1'il.e-1'

l"'"''(l':f' hil-"1

(be) comestible f"'l.n~

~.,.

Some mushrooms are comestible.

't1--'II":Y.. ' f"'l.flll- ' ....."'....

11.1'.';1'~

comet 'Jf:&-:1"1"' l>h11

A bright comet crossed the sky. 11?-tJ
'Jf:&-:1"1"' l>h11 il"7\<'t MIGm

comfort (v.) Mr.,..,.

He stroked her arm to comfort her. 11"71'0'..,....,..-l-
h'tJ;..'t .<~n<'l-r
This news will comfort you. ,.('.tJ at~ ~,.

. . . ,A

comfort (n.)
I. ?"r. They lacked many comforts. 1111'
11"-l- ' hl\11"11"
2. oP.K"-'1;;:. My sister is a great comfort to me.
~-.-1: ' ~~~ ' -l-A'I> ' _l'O'..,..'l'\1. ' .....r
3. ~!1:1". Good health is a source of comfort.
-Ali?" m.'t~-l- f.!:il:l" l""t"'." ~.,.
give comfort h,.c;c;
Your kind words give me comfort in a difficult
time. ooAta9" 1 ,...,..,CtJ floPh&.tt. r 'l.H. hK"'
..,..'t.Y.'l'A
see to the comfort of ThQhfl
The hostess personally saw to the comfort of
her guests. ~-ll.t., &-lt'l'm- ~'t"IJ'.,;'t
TMhfl-

comfortable !"',;
This chair is not very comfortable. ,.e.u r at'1
nc R"'?" !"',; hf..l:lll"'
*Make yourself comfortable! 1-'t"l-'1 h~v-'t

comfortably

commemoration

217

be comfortable .,.,.,'l'(w-)
The baby is not comfortable. Let him down
from your shoulder! .ihU h&\.,.,.,'l'w-,- I h
'1-hlfll llf. haJoCJ'.m-

be placed In command Jtti:W T~l.1

He was placed in command of the army.
ftnC 11&.'1!'1- t.~'fr .,.J'.t:1

feel comfortable -Mf'i'i

Does he have a good command of English?

1."1"111.'ll'f J'.'W h~C1 Y.:fll&\ 1

I don't feel comfortable in the same room

with her. h~ :>C h"!~ h'i'&\ a>-11'1'
1111'"1 ' h&\'~~"""'
comfortably
*We are comfortably established in our new
home. t.-'1.1\o IL:l''h .,.11"'1,-.f<;A
comic t.F4!"t
A clown is a comic actor. T&.Q ' hF4!~ ; T
.,.,,. ' )IJJo

comical t.F4!"t
The most comical things always happen to
him. 11-&\"1.11. 0"1,- hl"4!"t )1C':f f.J'.
Ch-0;1'&\
comma "lh-11 flt:'ll
When nouns follow one another they are
separated by a comma. 11'1":f .,.h:l''l-llw-
11.1R- O"lh-11 flt:11 1'-llfllcommand (v.)
1. hHH. He commanded the soldiers to
advance. m;l'J'.C''Il"l mJ'.d.'t- h"l-'1.14- t.HH
The captain conunands his ship. ll"C'io). ' oP
Chtl-"1 ' f~&\
2. IIOD<fl."'mC t.11ll'll. This advantageous
position commands three roads . .e.o r=ii ll
'I'&-' ?'il'l- ' OD")1f..:f"! ' IIOD'II."'tnC ' f11:fll&\
3. hila>- (for subordinate *f,'fC-). He cannot
command so large a sum of money. ,.e.o1' 1
IIA hfft. ' 1"1H11 II.':' t:w- t.J'-:f&\,4 .,.flm(m-). +He commands much respect for
his attitude. llo-~;l'm- 1111" h11C f-{lm
'!'&\
5. t.11.,.JIJ'.t:. The Pharaoh commanded 10,000
slaves . .f.Cf) OI"C lf.ll Q&\'":f f11.,.JI
~C )OC
[See also 'respect']
command (n.) '1-M'II
Why was my command not carried out?
'1-h~tl. ' 11,.."1 ' h&\.,..1.1\0D,.. 1
*I am at your command. :l'~'frl" t"t

have a command of ;J!I\

take command of
I. t.~'fr)'l- mfiJ'.. When

the major was killed,

the captain took command of the regiment.
lfii:J'OJ- ' 0.,.11.11 ' "1.11. ' ,..,.till- ' ftp~") '
h~'fr)'l- ' OJ(tJ'.

2. '111.1.)'1- m(tJ'.. He took command of the

task of feeding refugees. 11J'..,.'l''ll"1 fODDD1
11 '111.1.)'1- m{IJ'.
[See also 'bark, second']
commander t.~'fr
He is a commander of the First Regiment.
f"IJ'.'f ' t:7{"'1 ' h~'fr ' )aJo
commander in chief'!'<; t,q'fr
The commander in chief will visit the battalion.
'!'<;OJ- ' h'l'lf' ' lfll:l>aJo") ' f-'1-0'fllcommanding officer t.~'fr ouh-"1"1
The commanding officer set an eight o'clock
curfew. h'l'lf' ouh-n ho-11'1- fl'i'l- ;i!
ffl'i.,. hlld. ' OJ{I)

,..(!' '

commandment
I. '1-M'II. He violated the commandments of
the church. fiL.,. hC11tf)."l '1-h~'ll h.l.
t:{l
2. .+1\.,.. ; }'.&T. Moses received the Ten Commandments from God oo-(1. OrPC-1: = .+1\
~ h6'l-"! hh"'H.h11.h.C j!j.,.<j>OII

commemorate
1. hll~m{t. Christmas commemorates Christ's
birth. 1 .. ' fhCM'11"1 ' ODOJIIf: ' f11;l'w-ltA
2. Jl.hfl~. They commemorated the victory
with a special celebration. r.f.!"h-") ; 01'\-A = n
Af. F) FC'i't- hhtl~

3. OD:J'{Ifl.f )OJo. This cathedral commemorates the Emperor's victory. .eo = lJ.,.J.!t.
A f"!"J-w )11"_, ~A ou:J'(IO..I' )ID-

commemoration

oo~{tflJ

be in command }1.111" s )ID-

The commemoration of the former king is

next Sunday. f<j>~a>- "I'l-l" ou:J'{IO..f
fl"'l.<j>'l'llaJo ' hd>~ ' )IJJo

Who is in command here? Mttl JVI'lf

"'1"1 ' )IJJo 1

A hospital is being built in commemoration of

in commemoration of 1\- -- oo~{tflJ

commemorative

the princess. 1\AbAt-1> ou;Nlll.l' mh.9"

n.:r- ' OODoP&-:r- ' ~,. ' ~ ....

A commemorative monument will be erected

for the king. 1\'t"l-,.. ' OD:f"l\fl.('' miD-A 'I-- 0 f.
oP&-A

commence )!oPt.
We will commence work tomorrow.

~1

r-6-:

h"t)';ll"&-1\'t

I. f"'l.)';ouco:r- 4''t. The commencement for

construction was postponed for another time.
f.ft'ti\ID- P'&- f"'l.)';DDCO:r- 4''t Ill\.~ '
_,.~A~A

2. f9"<'.:1' O'}A. The commencement will he

celebrated at the end of the school year.

"""""-"If fll"<'-:1',.,. o'

commentary
I. dt"f";J-. His commentary on Ethiopia was
well received. Oil 1\.:r-I'"A:.t' f(lmiD- ,..,.
_,. ' .,..,.q,.~+ ' "~'
The teacher told the students to read the
commentary on the Gospel of St. John.

I.

lv"'il1~.

't

o {II\ o )';"l't~:f"'fiD-

~~&-'fiD-

2. :r-c'i"'L. Some Bibles have commentaries

that give much information. J\1".q1.("

.;: "1-.o:.r':Y. 1111-
M'frv-

The general commended the

troops for their bravery. :(~&-II- m;f"f.r:'ll
'

I\OD()1~

2. M9":f" 1\4'<'.0 (ll:r-). Please commend me

to your aunt! 7,qhu"t ~hn:r-u M9":f"
IL't 1\-l-C.f!A'5

The commentator on this radio station is my

friend. fiLU &-11.1'" "'!l.t' ,..,._,. (lm
~,.,.

commerce

1""J~

Ethiopia's commerce has doubled in recent

years. O"'>C11 ,.,.._,..-,. fi\.'1--I'"A:.t' 't"lf." b

.,..;: rrs:A

commercial

[See also 'care"]

commensurate i"OOifJifJ'S"

oPX"dt

b,..,...,. f"'l.(l.,. :r-rn"'L

commentator,..,._,. (lm
mil:(

commend

! f.,.OOIIJm~

Was the pay you received commensurate with

the work you did? :f"~'f f~O<'.ID- f.'l"11
hoP&-1i,. .:>c .,..,."1"1'5 ~oc 1

His punishment is commensurate with the

crime. !JolfJ~ 1 hm1J!h" ;JC 1 f.,.ooiiJm')o 1
~

~ ....

'

+"7&9''1l 011 "1-.0:.Il l'"m'tll m'I"I.A

f.,.(lmiD-'t ,..,._,. 7."tll.no- 1\0.,..,&,.,.

commencement

o:r-9"uc:r- '""""
A f.hO&-A

3. f..,_)11. The play is a comment on modern

society. t.t':r-~ uou<;'f! ~11<'..,. (111"t f
"'1.~1)

commemorative

"I."

commission

218

....

I. f't"lf.". Commercial laws are regularly

issued by the government. f't"lf." f.'t!l:Y. 0
f"l..""'" ' ODD't"IP'..,. ' f.OJ"'I\-

2. ~'t1111't 1111' f"'l.oo>llh:r-. His attitude

toward theater is very commercial. Oil t.t':rC .t'IIID- 1\{l.,..t'f'l-- 1'tll11't 1111' f"'l.oo>l\
h:r-' ~ ....
In commercial circles 0')o;JY-..9'l- : H"JY:

He is well known in commercial circles.

comment (v.)

l. .,.:f. He commented on the situation of

Ethiopia at length. {II\ h. 'I--I'" A:.t' rH:f"
O(ld.ID- ' _,.'f

2. hll.,.ff+ 1 flm. Everyone commented on

her new hat. (liD- rrll- Oil 1\JI.(l. q
C~"'1' 1\(1.,.yy:,. (lm

comment (n.)
I. 1\{l.,..t'f:r-. Did he make any comments?
1\{l_,..t'f:,. (l'l';I:A 1

O~.:>f.fi':Y. ll'tf." 0"19" f:f"m4' ~,.,.

commiserate .hll't

~111\(ll:r-)

He commiserated with his friend on his misfortunes. mll)l: 1\f.<'.(IO:r- ""h&- mil
).')

'

~~~~~~~.-..

commission (v.)
I. mhl\. He commissioned him to buy books
in Ethiopia. hh.:r-1'-A:.t' ""K'm'i' 1.'tii.~Ofll

+ mhl\ID-

2. +:f+. The teacher's comments on the essay

helped us to understand it. l\{l.,."7&1D- f(l

2. .,.'P'PA. The owners commissioned a

painting for the building's lobby. q11n..f'fl

:,.:y.:,. f."C(I-f>"t 1\0D<'.II:r- hM'

O.ft'ti\ID- oo_,.~lld..t' ~f. P'bA 11"7"1

A hoP'}/\. .:>C -1'1'1'11-

miD-
1\'t

common

219

commission

commission (n.)
1. .,...,tl.C. Mr. John's COmmiSSIOD was to
send the students home. f"''..IHc ;(1 .,...,
QC T"''&l"'li1 ID~fiL;NftD- ""1\h )OC

2. l>"''..{l.M. The President appointed a commission to find out why food costs so much.
Tci.IV11-I> 11""111 fof-IDUO'I-1 l"'h1,1''1-
f"''..,,'tn<; 1>"'1..{1.1'"1

t>**""

He receives 10 percent commission on all

orders he gets. h"''...l'll"""'"'" t.:J> hou-f-
OP'C l>"''..fl.\'"1 ,1'1'"/A

3. '"liJt:..,. He received his commission as an

officer from the Emperor. f""h-11)-1>1 "'I
6t:"' ' h11-W ' )11"-i> ' -f-.,.011

4. oPA.IttJP. People are punished for the com~

mission of crimes. c'\SD?f. 1 m1'l'A 1 (]ooL~OI/
if'tD-. ,..,."'llbe out of commission h.~w&-'1"

My car is out of commission. ooh.'lfL.

h~

w&-9"

In commission

0~&-

1\,t.. r fit

The navy has six battleships in commission.

fQ.'hC 'l,I'.A liP'&- 1\,1'. ,I'll- 11~11'1-
fi"C oochfl:f t.ll-'1put in commission )\'}JlLP&-

h.~t:.1

A great deal of work will be necessary to put

this radio in commission again. ~u ~.tr-
t.1'1.w&- ll"'l~t:"' 1111- !"&- ,I'II.LA1'1'A

committee ~C"' 1 1>"'1..-1:

The committee studied the matter. S'.C1- (I>
"'1..-l:tD-) 1-'11'1 htn'O
commodity (commodities)
1. f-rO.. s 'r1"-1". Coffee is an important com~
modity for Ethiopia. 11-'0 llh.'l-1'-k,l' m:J>
..,_ f10. 1"'1'1.'" ' )tD-

2. t.:J>. The price of coffee and other commodities is regulated by the government.
fll-<;<; f/1.11-:f t.:J>l""'f 'I':> 0""1"11"'1-
~~C ~ PC r ~m-

common
Is that a common practice?
; 'iaJo f
2. 1-6-. This is the age of the common man.
~0 I f-J-6- I (I~ I ftoP'} ~ 'jQ)o
3. f;J&-. These two countries have common
interests. o-ll.-J: h-re';f 1 f;J&- 1 ~:,.'r ' h.l\
1.

f-J-Iloo~.

~0 I f-J-1\oP~ I ~-.C

"'"'"

4. t.1J': q,l'.)'l-. The two

common language. IJ-11-1>
q,l'.)'l- ' <t1<t t.l\'l'tD5. h.'lX'. This clan descends
ancestor. ,I'.IJ fD11 ht."l'~

nations have a
h11!':f t.1~

from a common
'1-~"7,1''1- f.

IDC'IA

6. fT(I&-Q;~.. Gonorrhea is a common venereal

disease. Q;l.o{ltfl f-J-ll&-Q.l. 1 fltf1A 1 nc = 0
1i;t- )tD-

commit (committed)
1. L'laoP. Who committed the crime? m'll'h-1
"'11 ' .ti."I.OD 1

2. t.II1Q. The judge committed the thief to

prison. 'I '"ltD- /I.QtD-1 t.IIC IL'r- t.II1QtD3. 1\h. The commander has committed all his
troops to the front lines. t.WH' w;t- S'.l!''li1
o-11- IDS'. 11''1- ' "11QC IIIJ'f'tDcommit oneself ?A 1tl

He has committed himself to supporting his

mother's children. f'0-1>1 A;(:f IIODC'I'I-
:J>A 11I;I;A

[See also 'care, excess, murder, suicide']

commitment t./10.)'1His commitment to his job prevents him from
taking a leave. 111"&-tD- ,l'lltD- hll0.)'1-
f6t:'i''l- 1.11. h1'1.1DII~ t.,I'..L:J-~11'1-1"'

make a commitment :J>A

-rq

We made a commitment to work at the

hospital on Saturdays. 'l-'1"'/. 'l-'1"'/. II'II"I:
;J-IA :

m-il~

ltoPF&-~r

: :I'IA s 1111'

7. ~to. She is very common. OtiJ'r ~~ 'i":,..

8. fiA:J'"t:.oP. She has common manners.
,I'A;t-t:ou IJ-k;t- ,l'.;t-,I'.Q;t-A

*He has the common good at heart.

IUJ-.fr

h'IO. ' )tDcommon knowledge f;J-m+ : 'i-re

It is common know1edge that he lies. oorpif1:

f;t-ID.,. )1C )tD-

be common

1.1-17. Bananas are

of the world. ..,.11
:f M'"IA
2. Otf. Where there
common . .'h"' h/1.11

common in many parts

01111- fqlll"' h'i'll-

is no law, banditry is

tD-111~<; f.O~A
have in common h.'}J!' ' 'im- 1 O;J&- h.llm-

She has much in common with her friend.

01111- )1C h'l~'"/'1' :>C t.1~ <;'IThe affiliation of the two languages is shown
by the many words they have in common.
fll-11-1> ' <t1<t9':f ' 111"'~<; ' f"''..;f-ID.,.ID- ' 0.:>
&- ' Q!l."'"'" 1111- :I'll 'I- ' )tD-

commoner

220

we've nothing in common. f0f.Y1n"J

~c

fll?"
In common with

In common with educated people, he likes

poetry. h"IJ'..,."''o;. nl":f rHr :,On t.m'lA
[See also 'border, consent, ground']
commoner "71vP 1 limThere are precedents for a commoner becoming a king. "7"),.- 1 {lm-
i\
ODIJ'"I h"IJ'."''.:fA f"''.J'il\!. 9"illl.l":f hll-

.,..,..r

common gender fCDA 1 2t~

Some names of animals are nouns of common
gender. h"l''l"l.t:- fh"lilil i19" fmA :<:1"
M'fm-

1. h.-tlr~w-1' 1 "L.fL. Arithmetic is commonly

taught in elementary schools. h.-tllf~m-'} 1 1...
II. ' mAil ' q"IJ'.'i' ' J'.<'.'fl: '1-?"UC't- '

tl.

.Y.:f ' ID-il'l' f.II"'A

1

"l.fL.

Boys commonly enjoy sports.

illf-ID-"1 '1.11. m"IJ'.:f A]f.:f ' hiiTC't- '

f.aJ'l/1-

common noun rwA {l,.A common noun has a singular and a plural.
fmA il9" nm'lo; ill!- <I<'I'C t.llm-

commonplace f.,.II.,.J'.

)~C

Today television is a commonplace.

If~

-1;/I.Ji.'l"1 ' f.,./IODJ'. ' )~C ' )ID-

communal labor

Why don't you use your common sense in

handling your child? ill\ A~U hJ'J"H 119"
"I f_,..I.'I'C' bm-+'1-U"I t.'t-<P&.O't-9" 1

commonwealth
I. [)l\)'f- J''l'fm- ' h~C':f ' 0~~ ' .I.:J>'l'f
"'"" ' 'i''l1:1"'fiD- ' 11"1"1.1:"... 11/1.'19". f:>&.'
-,.)lf. 'ril<'.'t-1' f.l.m.;. MC':f]
2. &."l'illl.h. After the king of Greece was

deposed, the country became a commonwealth.

f"l&h ,.,.,.... hll-4-"1
<lo'l'illl.h IJ')':f

h.,.m~JI.

~'1.

Communal labor is widely practiced in

Ethiopia. ~'1. 01>.'1-Y.t:J' Oc'I.Lm- f.,.llou
I

~lJ)o

commune (v.) "!Tf.)'i' ' t.r\mIt was thought that witches communed with
the devil. m"loi/Y.:f hc'lf."'"l .?C "!Tf.
)'i' t.'l'fm- hf_,.Qr\ f.;I-OD"I )OC

communicable .,.'1'14.
Measles is a communicable disease. b-tl!~ '
.,.'1'14. ' 011:1" ' )ID-

communicate (vt.)
1. il.ll+-\dL. Flies communicate many diseases. 119"il ill!- 011:1" :l"il.,.'IA'i-1\:f
The messenger communicated the general's
instructions to the men. T-\lth..w- f:(:k&-i\"1 't-1.~11 ' 1\aJ:I"J'.C''Il t.il.,.'lr\.1.

common sense f.,..I.'I'C' bm-+'1-

0:\'1 t.

~,._.,.

commotion
l. 7i-nc. The news caused a commotion.
w.:.m- 11ilc t.ilh.,.ll
2. rJoh-l-. There was a terrific commotion in
the street. OD"I~JI. 'If. h'i' J'll 11-h't- )

oc

communal
I. m:,O-\~. Communal punishment was used
against the village so that it would turn over the
criminal. m"l)':ll'i'm-"1 hVI.J'mm- nou"IJ'.
.;.. 'If. m:,O'I'I :,."1:,. .,.mM
2. f;J&-. Communal ownership of land is
practiced in northern Ethiopia. Oil"'fl 1>.'1Y.t:J' ' roo.:,:,. ' f.fl:l" f:>&. )IDIead a communal life O{l-fl{l-fl If t!
Members of the Mormon community still lead
a communal life. f'I"C'I""I "'''rOC t.qll':1' hll-"19" Oilililil f.'l" &oil-

F.

commonly

2. -tl,.,.lD-1'

communication

2. h+~fl. I asked my sister to communicate

my greetings to you. h'r-1: M?":l"l'-"1 1."1.1:"
:1-+CilA'f mf.of!J''I- )OC
communicate (vi.)

1. T"''il. You can communicate with most

parts of the world by telephone. hhil~'i'm-
f'lr\9" h'i'll-:f ' OilAh 1\ou~o;;:,. f.!J'
'lA.

2. f"''.J'1<;'1 OC t.r\m-. The living room

communicates with the' dining room. /\t\->'1-
h?""l-11 0..,_ :>C f"''.J'~o;'f OC hllm3. ..,...,IJQ. They communicate easily. fl+-\&
,..,qq/1communicate with each other +1'if.

They communicate with each other every day.

Of+l- .e~o;'i'll-

communication
I. "11-"f.)'f-. All communication with Asmara
has been stopped by the rains. 011o;o- f.,.)

"' hiV"""~ :>C ' Yilt- "''t"f.)-}- v-11-

-l'oi/ClJl.A

We're not in communication with them.

hHI :>C "''t"f.)-l- fil't'l"

2. ou-t-lll\~1. There is no communication

between the two rooms. RIJ-il-1> IJ<;:w:f
""lihA ""-i'ill\4-Y fil'l"

3. ( ~ to communicate) "711~...,-l-. The communication of news by radio has only been

possible in the last century. rt.'i"l":f't R.!.-'l.
I'" "'"~""'+
HoP'}

aJ,ilO

companion

221

communion

. f1-!l'iltJJo ltl\4-tJJo ?'?.1-

)-aJo-

4. ou1t;?/. Radio is a medium of communication. .1.-'l.l'" fOD1'i"._, HJ'. )IDS. 'l"'"'C. I gather from your communication
that .... h't"'"'CII l\'t.1'.1-t:'lv--l- -6. ouAJthT. This communication is confidential. Y.ll ooMb-l- 'l"ilm.C )OJ7. oPi"ill\f"l:. Do not spit in public, since it
leads to the communication of disease.
fR1i;t- ""1-illl<;:'t
qqy. ' 'I"~Tii't ,

llii"'LYilh-l-A IJ.I'.

t..r.r.;..

*Among the deaf and dumb, communication

is carried on by means of the finger alphabet.
.l'.'t.$~<; .('JI ftr). nl":f milofl f"'Lil

'l'mm--l- R"';t-'fro- R"'LIIm--l- II"Ab-l-

)IJJo

Ministry of Communication and Public Works

f I"~<; fOD1'i"._, "'LtlloJ:C

The Ministry of Communication and Public

Works has charge of the telephone service.
fl"~'i" foo1<; ... ' "'Ltll-I:C filAb h1
A"'ll--l- ~il.!.)T 1-'1'11-R:t-A

community
1. oo').I'.C. How many families are. living in
this community? RH.II oo').f.C ll"!-l- !1.1(l(l":f Wl'~ll-7
2. .lt1Hl. These are matters which bear upon
the community. MH.II ihllll-'t f"'L)h- 1JII'":f .,.,..,.
3. I>"'Lt-1:. The European community in Addis
Ababa organized a Christmas party. IJ-'l.ll
t.ntJ f"'L17,. rt.,.~;r,.n I>"'Ltt
h't.(' fA.I'.-l- R~A "'ofl'lf hH:>~A
4. ( ~ adj.) 1-0D/1/IY.. Community of interests
causes people to work together. 1-DD/1/IY.
'l'T'I" lll":f't flOD1-t)flC l\'t-'l. ....-1- Y.I'.C

:>A
commute (vt.) h7f7fil(il-l-) 1 T)il(il-l-)

The Emperor commuted his death sentence

to life imprisonment. '}'}-orP 1 )'1F.J: f"JDT 1
<;:C-'1-'t m.l'. b.(-"'1. y.<;:;t-11 t.7f7fll-il-l-
(T)il-11-l-)
commute (vi.) i"OD-\1\(l

He commutes between Debre Zeit and Addis

Ababa. hh-'l.ll hRIJ .l'.oflt: HY.-l- Y.DDill\
ItA
compact
1. f1-mTmT. It is a very compact bag.
R"''l" f1-mTmT ht:m.-l- )t-

2. .,..,..:,. ~I\. A compact package requires less

paper for wrapping. 'l'oflT Yil 'l'TA l\oo
mTiiA nn mt:T-l- Y.l.]fA

3. fmmt:. This soil is too compact for growing

anything. Y.ll hLC fi"''l" f mm.: Ill\
II") 'l"'t'l" )1C il"7oflTA

communion
1. DPi"/t(lC. The close communion between
friends helps in overcoming difficulties. fm-'1
;v.:f oo1-1tllc :f"'~:f't i1"71lm1.(' Y.t:'IA

2. oi=CQ'l. Communion is given only on

Sunday. 41CIJ't f"'L{lmtD- l\m..(' ofl!l' )tJJo
receive communion ~fl
He received communion last Sunday. fltLfD-
l\,&..(' '

.,..:n

communique DP"'/\65J.
The two leaders signed a joint communique.
IJ-1\of, '

OD6l"":f ' f;J~ ' OD"'l\~

o 1-4-~t:oo-

hY.!I'AII"

4. l\'l'C '/"'l''t Yil. The report the president

gave of his trip was compact. ill\ 1-ofl'S.Jo
T~ff.JI'l.J: 1 f(lmm- oo..,A-1 h-rc 1 9"'-r'l 1
Yil )fiC
in a compact bundle h"P.,.

1lir'

His books were tied in a compact bund1e.

oux-mt::'li

l\"'.'"T oflilm- 1-m'i't:'I'A

companion
1. '\.1'.._.. He was my close companion all
through school. -l-9"11CT n.+ fi)flC'tR-l-
v-11- fTCofl '\.1'.._,11- ) nc

-..n.

Where is the companion to this glove? fH.O

f'\'t-1: '\.1'.._, f-l- hill

Communist I>"'Ltll-l-

The Communists took over the government.

I>"'Ltll-Hl OD')"'I"-I>'t 11\Rm--l-

2. f'}-ofl =J.e..?/. We were companions on the

journey to America. m~ fte1J.6lt ll'l%-'!"
f.,.fl 0\.l'.'l':f )flC't

companio nship

222

companio nship h(l- :>C ""11"1

He enjoys the companionship of his dog.
ftJ>olftJ>o h(l- :>C ODfi'"J .l'llJ'.Il1-'I'A

company (companies)
1. 'IF.-. She guided a company of tourists.
~>"1.<:-
1-11'5l":f '1.<:- hll?-ll'f:f
2. 'IJ'.'l':f. We are known by the company
we keep. 1>11<:"1 ll?""ltJ>olltJ>o 'IJ'.'l'!J':f"l 1.
"11"":1-11"1
3. 1."1"1/'.:f. Are you expecting company this
evening? q.:, "'':t- 1."1"1/'.:f hii-IIU I
4. f(to 1 hl. ~ ,;JC ODIJ"'l. His company has
been a great consolation to me. f~ h~ ;J
c ODif"l +A+ """"" ll''l'"/A
5. h11<:tJ>o!J. ftll-1- lll":f. His exposure of
his anger shocked the company. 4l"'tJ>o"l h
I\ODJ'.fl4l ' />11(;tJ>o!J. ' ftfl-1-!J."J ' (ljP:f ' };.{)

nc

J'.~1"l'l'tJ>o

6. lf?"IIA. I served in his company. lllf?"ll

II- tJ>o{lT h1A"I.I'I\1Jo
7. 11-Q"I.I'. What company do you represent?
ff'l-"/tJ>o 11-Q"I.I' mh.A ~u 1
in company (U& l"t!'fC

She behaves well in company. (ltJ>o

(L'l'C

;1-J'.-QI\:f
(be) In company h(lm- .."JC

= tr)

She blushes easily when she is in company.

.,.11-

hlltJ>o :>C ll'l-11'"1

;I-<;:&. II:f
keep company 'IJ'."/ hll~
Don't keep bad company! ""Tt:: 'IJ'.'i' h
:t-11~

keep someone company

1. h""'.m.,., Keep me company for a while!

1\Tof:'l- '1.11. h'"'laJ1-'J
2. 1>111!"+ .f.f. My wife kept Mrs. Belaynesh

company while her husband was out of town.

fiDf.HI!" ll'lf.~'li QA hh1-"'1 1D"'1'

lltll<:ll'l- '1.11. fk "''.ll+ 1>11&.'1- .,.

f:f
part company 1-1\f

l 1-1\.l'f

I was sorry to part company with such a

pleasant fellow. h"IJ'.II.U J'.ll h"''.A ll
(J)o

llllf. 11"1?" 1>11~ toe

They disagreed violently and parted company.

1-"'A.,.fDo .,.1\.l'f.

part company with lldt<'l11 .,.1\f

On this question, I must part company with you.

llii.U '1-'lf. 'If. lldt<'l11 IJ"I1- <'IAI\f.
hA.,.C?"

compariso n

comparab le
1. 1-tllll&. A fire is comparable with the sun:
both give light and heat. 7.<'1+ Mdtf. :>C

1-tllll& ~"'" l 11-1\-f,?" 11CV"I<; _.,.,..

f.ll"'ll2. f"'/.ODqH"J. The present world situation is

in no way comparable to the situation in 1930.

-""".,. f'll\?" o-~;t- hiiiflfltJ>o 'l. ?". ""~
;t- :>C II?""!?" 'lf.t+ f"'/.ODqH"J hf.J'.
II?"

comparat ive (n.) f"''tllliC J'.Cif

Amharic has no special form of the adjective
to express the comparative. h"''C"l f:ti'CA
"I f"''tllliC J'.<:'lf 1\DD"I/II'C f1-llf H
S!. ' f/lfDo?"
comparative (adj.)
I. ( = adv.) OoPm~. Screens give us compara~
tive freedom from flies. ou:><:'!fl":f 11"1fl:f
"I floum.,. f.MMII2. ( ~ adv.) fl"''aJ'IJ'.C. I am making a comparative study of the weights of boys and girls.
fm"IP.:f<; fll..,.:f"l h11J'.'I- fl"''a>'IJ'.C '
T<;'l- hJ'.C;>/111-

comparat ively
I. hll.'\fDo :>C {L:J'f.. It was comparatively
easy. hll.'ltJ>o ;>C (L;f-f. .,.'lA tllC
2. hl\.'la>- {l<;ooq1J"J. Cotton goods are comparatively inexpensive. hll.ll-:f

if.,..., if.,.

'I" ll<;ooq1JttJ>o hTT ' f1-"''l- h:J'l":f ' C

IJ'li <;'l'fDo

compare (vt.)
1. A )~A~. Compare the two translations,
and tell me which is better! o-1\-f,"l '1-C'I-'1"
:f lttlii'Ct:U f'l-"/fDo h"IJ'."''.lfA "11<:'5

2. h""<'illll. Poets compare sleep with death.

Qll+~l":f h"I:,OA<;:"I h'I"!J. :>C J'OD<'I

Ill\-;I-A
compare (vi.) 1-ID'IJ'.<:

Artificial light cannot compare with daylight

for general use. 1\m:t'l'l h1A"III-+ (lfDo
P'tl-'li oflCV"I hB..hf. 11CV"I :>C hf.
ID'IJ'.C?"
[See also 'note']

comparin g "''tliKC
Comparing France with the United States
is not a good comparison. d.t:"l<'lf."l hh"?.
&IJ :>C "''tliKC '!"'~- "''tllliC hf.J'./1?"

compariso n "''~liKC 1 "''ID'IJ'.C

The teacher's comparison of the heart to a

pump helped the students to understand its

function. 11.11of-"7&1D- All-"1 b7f"T .:>C
"7~1\l\'1- ' ("7<D-'1.<'.<1-) ' of-"7&l"'li ' 1\.P'tl-'1-"1 ' 1\

"1.11.7~HII-'I- m4'"7'fmln comparison

(l.~UC

1 f\.oPIJH")

The tallest buildings in London are small in

comparison with the buildings in New York.
011"1.<'."1 f"'l.71''l- G"l{'l" f"'l.qll-'1- ih"l
lll"'f- ~m- \'"Ch h"'l.11''1- .ih"llll"'f- .:>
c ' n. ~Ill\'I- ' 1\."''."'l'C:'fo ' ""'"'"

This parish is small in comparison with

others. f.ll .<'.i!C h/1.11-'f- .:>C /LODqU")
M11of-... ~m-

compartme nt
I. h'i'A. All compartments in this car are
crowded. l\11.11 k:-t llf. fll-'1- h'i!ll-'f-
rJoll- of-"101'A

2. 11'i'&o. The document was hidden in a secret

compartment. 11).11. 0'1"11m.&o'l! 11'i!&o -1.<'.il.f

~nc

compass (v.)
1. ( = pass.) -1-hllll. +An old stone wall compasses his property. "liiG-1< Ooff fKJ.:>f.
ltil -1-hA!)..A

2. 7""-1-. His mind couldn't compass the

extent of the disaster. f.<'..:>OJ-"1 h'i!of-.,.~'1-
11.1\'/"C:m- II.7'1"'1- II.AiJ'II'I"

compass (n.)
1. lt'l";r11. You need a compass to draw
circles with. hOi! IIODJ"tl-'1- lt'l";r11
f1II.A1VA
If you are traveling in the forest, you should
take a compass. O"''.lt OJ-11'1' f'l"'l-'111 h
II'~ lt'/";r11 ODf11 11.11-RII
2. hAA. A prisoner must remain within the
compass of the prison walls. l\11G"' Omll~
0.1: hAA m-h'J oP<;C 11.110'1stay within the compass h - - hAmiiJr

Her actions stayed within the compass of

propriety. rr~:l'1' rJoll- h-1-10.~'1- fAW"'
~nc

compassion h'i! fll c-'1&-..,_

He was filled with compassion for the refugees.
1111.<'.-1-'l''li ht;: fll C~&-"1. of-(l"7marouse compassion h.I\H~

The meager face of the beggar aroused his

compassion. fof-1-1\'lr.llm- fll"71' 4-'1-
11.1\H~ID-

competent

223

compartme nt

compassion ate C"r<l-"r

He is compassionate toward the needy.
m- llof-'!'7G rJoll- C"r<l-"r ~m-

{l(J)of

compatible

1. f"'l.11"7oo-. They are the most compatible

couple I know. l\"1.<'.11.11 f"'l.11"7oo- qA<;

"'1.11'1-' 11.1\frJo'l"

2. of-11"7"'1.. This lamp is compatible with the

style of the room. f.ll 'i-0:11 hll.ll h'i!A
1\.oP&-C .:>C of-11"7"'1. ~"'"

compatriot f1C A"f.:

I try to help him because he is my compatriot.
f1t. A"f.: 111111'~ AG-'IID- Mh&ollrJo
compel (compelled) 11.117.<'..<'.
You compel me to take this step. f-11"1"1
1\CII'?f l\"I.<'."OJ11.<'." :1'117.<'.".<'....1111

[See also obedience']

compensate
1. ltl'l. Italy compensated Ethiopia for war
time damage. OII'C~-1< II.<'.UIID- '1--'1'1-
II.."'Af 11..'1-l'"kf"l ttn'f-

2. .,...,.,& .h.l\il hl.ll. This company

compensates its employees for overtime. ~IJ 1
!l-q")f ' 0'\'1- ' l\114. ' ll"'f.P'<I-'1-' .,...,.,& '
.h.l\il f.h'i'IIA
3.11.11-1-hltll. Glasses compensate for weak eyes.
""~1\"C .<'.lt"7 '\f.O::f-"1 f11of-lth11A

compensati on
1. ttl\. He received compensation for his
injuries. II.<'.GOO'I- '1--'1'1- ttl\ of-4'011
2. 'P;J. He receives adequate compensation
for the work he does. ll"'l.P'ti-ID- ' I" jl. ' n

4: 1'.:> f.h1.111'A
compete

1. of-OJ-'I.<'.G. Of course I can't compete with

you. 1\C"I'I' ~"'" It'l-l- .:>C Am-'I.<'.C II.

A'f-A'I"

2. of-ltof.f. ~"'". Are you competing in the

contest? OJ-.<'.".<'."'I- m-11'1' -1-ltof.f. ~~~ I
competence ilofi~'IHe is without competence for that job. 1111.11
l"il- ilofl~'l- fii.IIID- ~m-

competent
1. 'f-11-:1' film-. It isnecessaryto haveacompetent leader. 'f-11-:1' film- oPtl 1111-A.:>A
2. 1-011. He is a very competent businessman.

, .... ' 0"1'1" ' 1-011 ~.:> .... ' ~ ....

competition

224

competition
1. m-Y.:Y.:C. Competition is
of trade. 11JoY:Y:C 1\'t"IY:
1r::f h"M.. ~IIJo
The swimming competition
Saturday. f'I'<;IIJo 11JoY:Y:C

2.

ODaJJ;~C.

each other.
f. ' <;'fiiJo

a necessary part
h"'U'lloi.A"Jo'l- ~

will be held on
~JI"''. Y.Y.t::>A

They are in competition with

~C(I

OC<'l'fiiJo OoutoJIY.C 1\

competitive
I. IIJoY:Y:C J'l\0'1-. Football is a competitive
sport. f~"IC \>,{1 11JoY:Y:C J'IIO'l- ..,.,.,... '~IIJo
2. f-7tDS'r1..t,Y. A competitive examination for
the job will be held on January IOth.IIP'&-IIJo
f"''tDJIY.&J' .!..,_<; 'I'C OP'C 4''t Y.ll

"'A
competitor f't"IY: .,..tDJIJI&
My competitor sells at lower prices than me.
f't"IY: .,..tDJIJI&I'- ~~ hll"ifmiiJo '1':>
tU(l Y.if"'A
compile
I. hH:>)';. He compiled an Amharic dictionary. h'tY: h"''C'l' ""1110 .4'1\'l- hH;>)';
2. DPH10. He compiled all the figures asked
for by the tax inspector. f;f-hll .,...,."1"1&
IIJo fmf4'11Jo't .b..<'l11 rJolr ""H10
complacent 0&-11- ooy_(l.,'t f"''..J'""IIh'lThe winner's complacent smile annoyed some
people. hif<;.l.IIJo 0&-11- ooy_(l.,'t f"''..J'""
llh'l- ' .!.1"/;f-IIJo' h'tJI'tY:' lll":f't' hO{)'"'l'fiiJo
be complacent l.il

He is quite complacent about his work.

OP'&-IIJo h.!.l\l\9" t:1Y: 0"19" t:h:tA
complain
I. h"'/t:t:. Why don't you do

something

instead of complaining all the time? HtDTC

h"''"''t"..C 1\ll"'t h'tY: ~1C h;f-Y..C?-9" 1
2 . .,.."''t:&. She complains of severe pains.
1111.+4: , a.oo9" , '1-"''t.&-ll:f
3. h""llh.,... We complained to the manager
about the noise. lll\
liP'&- hll
h.J')I: ' l,oPI\h'l't
4. ML.,;f- h4't:O l ML'l- hll. It won't do
you much good to complain. hiL.,;f- "''~&
11 1111- hY.m~9"119"
Sir! I carne to complain. "l;f-1'- hiL-l- AA
oP'J'!J'I\115 .,..~'"'~"" Nothing satisfies her; she is

..,1i.,

complete
always complaining. 9"'t9" ~1C hf.'l""/'l9" j 11-&\"1,11. ' 'l-~""1~'"11\:f

complaint
I. hll. The court dismissed the complaint
after a hearing. tt:CJ.!" lL-1: -,.J;'-'1 ltJ;ou
m 0:\1\ hll-'t llt:H
2. ~&.;f- I ll'l";f-. Do you have any com
plaints? ~&.;f- hl\11 1
Your complaint is unjustified. il'I";I-U DDtPl.T
fl\fD-9"
3. hiL.,;f-. His boss rejected his complaint.
hl\:l"IIJo hiL.,;f-IIJo't h&\.,..4'01\IIJoll"
4. 't11't11. I am tired of your everlasting complaints. "71\oi:J' fi\.1\IIJo 't11't1111 hiiA:f.P.
'l'A
Backache is his chief complaint. 0"19" f"''..
J'"''Ct"..IIJo f)\"CIJ moP9" ~IIJo
The doctor asked her the nature of the
complaint.dth...,..., ll"!>:'t ~'tJioooy'l- mf:l"'lcomplement (v.) h"J..I\
They complement each other well. h'tJI.. 1\.
1\IIJo't Y.W hY:C1 J'"J..I\'1'&\
complement (n.) "''"J..J'
In a race horse, endurance is the complement
of speed. O.!.t:ll "/AilJ' Y:IJ9" OD!J'&\ f
'i''l')'l- ' "''"J..J' ' ~(Do
*The ship now has its full complement of men.
oocb!).. f.,_DPY-01\'l-'t .I'll&\ (liiJo h"/
't;J-1\:f
(be) complementary to h"J..I\
These two books are complementary to each
other. MH.II 11-1\'l- DPl\"dtG::f h'tJI..
1\.1\IIJo't ' J'"J..'IA
complete (v.)
I. oi.K"" 1 ""<"..11. Did you complete your
work? P'&-ll't ol.l\ll"h 1 (""t:llh 7)
2. h"J..I\. I need several stamps to complete
my collection. fll01111h-'l-'t 1\"'/"J..'I'l- 11
II- 1:9"11C':f J'llo!.A?-'l'A
complete (adj.)
I. 'i'l\.9". It was a complete surprise to me.
11~ ~1-r 'i'l\.9" J'l\1111h-'l- ~oc
2. -~r. They acted in complete accord with
him in releasing the prisoners. ~llt:'l'IIJo't II.
"-"" hll- :>C o-~r DD"/flfl'l- ~oc
3. ( ~ adv.) o-tr &\11. She has complete
confidence in the doctor. dth..~ o-tr
A !I.. ' ;f-9"~'1'11 ";f

225

completely
4. (= adv.)

Omol>~~tJJo.

The complete trip will

take two months. Om:t--l.~m- r .,..,.(Do = .v-AT

we f.d.7iA
*This is a complete edition of Shakespeare's
plays. f.tJ fltllil"CC1 K-6-"'ll"'f- 0.,..11-
f.I'H )tJJo
be complete +.t.Koo

When will the project be complete?

~-1>.11.

ou

'li ' S'-4.?."'1/A 1

make complete h".tl\

This volume makes my collection complete.

f.tJ oPJI".h'i' filOililll-:,.1 .I"':JAIA'11A
[See also 'oblivion']

completely
!. 4.11"'1". I admit I was completely wrong
about him. ilMr .l'il"i hil1-ltil11 4.11"
'f" ' f1-/t/t1- ' OOIJ').") ' h'J"'O{I!Jo
2. 0.,..11-. My time is completely engaged.
"LUlL fioull- 1-f.!llA

complicity
2. h\\:\~. The complexion of our lives is
changed by modem machines. f)<.ll:';f") M>,:\
1 OHoo'O'f! tiP"16,1'l"':f '1"111.1':,. 1-iiWm
[See also 'fresh']

complexity tJJoilililil):,.
He was puzzled by the complexity of the
problem. RTC:il/1...,. tJJoilililm:,. "16-
1111':,. )OC

compliance (with)
!. "'1":1.~:,.. Compliance with his father's demands is distasteful to him. YQ'ft") ~i\')
:,. "'1":1.~:,. f.m~IA
2. "'lhRC. Compliance with the law is necessary for peace. ih"l1 "'IIIOC liM?" h
114.'1"1. )tJJo
in compliance with 0 - - - oow~:,.

I am writing to the director in compliance with

your orders. n:,.7.q1Jt) ' """'<!:..,. ' il'l..!.h1ot- I 00~1.,. ; ~tJ)o

3.... C('. He is completely out of his mind.

(be) compliant :f-HH
Japanese women are compliant toward their
husbands. f)f;r") (1.-l'':f iiiJII-il''l'tJJo f.;f-H

...C(o h~'I"C:tD-1 ii;I:IA

completion
!. 'i'l\"7.. His last book

represented

completion of his literary achievement.

the

fODQ;t.

l:lf OOJI".h4- fll"m.'i' ':f-11-;f-tJJo") 'i'R"'I.

f"t.l'ltf. )tJJo
2. ( = to complete) oo ...t:il. The completion
of the job will require another month. JP&-m1 {lou ...t:!l 1<0 h1J:- we .l'ii4.1A1'1'1A

After the completion of the job, the workmen

went home. JP~m-1- ht;~;~.t:ft. 0:\1\ IP&1-'l''ll ' WJ'. ffl.;f-'f'tJJo ' 't.ll.

complex (adj.)
1. f+ffliti'IO. Democracy is a complex form of
government. '1.'1"116-il. f1-Wltiln Mqll )tJJo
2. f1-H06-l:of>. The directions for reaching the
house were so complex that we couldn't understand them. M1.1: Aoo.e-t:.il ooh+A
.1'11111 .I''J>IIJ'"'I, oP'J"t.! f1-H06-l:of>
!Iiiii') IA1l:JitD- ' h1Aii'IA1'1"
3. t:<I:'J>. An X-ray machine is complex. f6-

q/1-

complicate
I. h.-7?-. Don't complicate matters any more
than they are! )1-1-1 Rf.RIAT h;t-"'l;t2. hflil(n:,.). The bad weather complicated
his illness. oPT!.':tJJo !fC 11-~;t- 071
;t-tD-1 hiJiln:,.

complicated (adj.) tJJoilililil l f1-WltilR

The procedures to follow in applying for a
visa are complicated. ii.lf i\"7D"IIJ:,. r fM
111-ilt&

F)

FC'i:,. tJJoilililil ' )tJJo

I don't know how to operate this complicated

machine. f.tJ1 f1-Wltiln """16.1' "'114>
ltof>il' h~tD--1>'1"
be complicated Cl(l

His headaches were complicated by eye trouble.

6-il ?";t--1> R'if.") .boo?" '1"111.1':,.
ffJ(O ' II')

complication

l( """'"' l:<l:-1' )tJJo

complexion
1. ooAh I fJ.:'f- ~-". Her complexion was a
lovely, dark brown. ooA\\ ~h 1 fOI/.A 1 m

*The complication of little rules makes this

game hard to learn. f1-Wltilflo T:I"'J>1 f.")
(l';f ' ...'f';f-tJJo") ' {IOO"'IC ' hil'f':>6 ' ff.C
"I-;f-A

f.?" )OC

His complexion is spotty. fk'i: .,...;

m4' hiltD-

m:J'

complicity hilt. ouiJ'") l "lilt: hOC):,.

Complicity in a crime will be punished the
15

same way as commission of the crime itself. 0

tD"l')';~ ' F&-' hQ6 ' ODIY"l' ' ~h ' h"l'f. ' 'I'

<;tD- '

tD"l')';~

' .l'h4'"1~

He was charged with complicity in the theft.

O~fl)T

~fl~ hOC)T Thilil

compliment (v.) houhn

He complimented me on my cooking. lid
ll"~fl

' hoP&-<1. o hOD{l1)'S

compliment (n.) ll"il;><;

Thanks for the compliment! ill\ ll"il;>'OtJ h
~H.C ' .J'.il'l'~ OS
compliments llt\?"":1"'

Take this with my compliments to your mother!

.J'.tJ"l' hMII";J-\1. ;>C 1\h'OTtl tD-itf.~'S
pay a compliment h#fi'"Jil
Pay a compliment to your boss if you want
him to like you. hll:l'tJ h"l'-'l.tD.I:"tl h.C.II
~t}

'

h'l"~iltJJ<

complimentary
I. f"'L..''I"~il. She made complimentary re
marks on the new house. llA h-'l.i'r a.:,.
f"'L..''I"~il hilT.I'fT ilm'f

2. )l\. I received two complimentary tickets

for the theater. 11-l:.I'T~ floi\T )ll -I:IM'
'f ' h17tJo

comply (complied) hit hi\

They asked him to leave, and he complied.
h1'-'l.'t.l:" h11HlD<T hit hi\
comply with LY.OD

We regret that we cannot comply with your

request fmf~1itD-1' 1\0D.c.l\9" Qll""il'll
,..,. ' 0"111" ' h'011'0111'

component, ~ part hl}~ (pl. hl}IIT)

The blade and handle are the component parts
of a knife. iliiT'O h)';;J- fiLII'I' hiJI\T
<;'ftJJ<

comport (with) TDD"'m)

His remarks did not comport with the seriousness of the matter. hilT.I'N:<; f1-JII' hll
/IIL)T h.J'.ouiOJm'l-9"
comport oneself

*He comported himself properly. f"''..1Q mQ

,. ' hllf
F..~ll.

He composed that symphony during the war.

il.ll"t.:ttD-1' ff.~iltJJ< 011lC)1: 1.11. )tJJ<

2. hm<;4'~. He composed his speech from

many research notes. 1'~~~1' hflll' fii"C
ou&- "''il;l-tDlfl"'f hm<;4'~
3. h~:>;>. He composed his thoughts. m/111'1'
h~;>;JtJJ<
oneself~ ItA
Stop crying and compose yourself! "'111:1'4'il-1'

compose

TT1i ~ O.J'.

(be) composed
I. T4')Q0~. The figures in the painting are
well composed. 01"~11- 1\.J'. .1'11-T ll"il
11-'f 0"'1..1Q fT4')Q0~ <;'ftJJ<

2. ..,......~. This fabric is composed of wool and

silk . .J'.tJ at.C~ fTP'&-tD- hh-'1'<; h

me )tJJ<
be composed of il.IUD

This book is composed of three main parts .

.r.u ""ll'm'i'

?'itT "'" "'" h'i'll-'f

hil-T
remain composed t.:J 1 ill\

He remained composed during the whole trial.

t1~ O'i'C.I:" ILT 0"'1..;1-.J'.O'I- 1.11. ~:>
flll- )OC

com poser f..,.IU' f.&- h.

Beethoven was a famous composer. 0.-fii''J
11)'1' f..,.IU' 1.&-il. )0C

composite fTtD-"1"1
The photographer made a composite picture
by putting together parts of several others.
1.:.,...,&-'i' ' h"l'ittJJ< ' hflll- ' ~~~-,. ' 1.:1'
~&-t.:'f fTlD-"1"1 h"l'.1:" G:.,_..,&-'1' htD"'

composition
I. .1:-CilT. Have you done your English
composition? f1.1'~11.11'1' .1:-Cil'l-tJ"l' li'LY~ l
2. f~~{lm- oo-fl:J'. The orchestra is going
to play his compositions tonight. .t.Ch.ilT&tJJ< '

q.:. '

"'1;1- hit-

ff.~iltD-1'

.....11.:1'

.J'.""tD;I-~

3. .1:-fl~~. The metal is a composition of

copper and lead. fl~-1: fODJifl<; fhCIIil
.1:-fl~~ M'SO;J-~

*Scientists are studying the composition of

the soil. fii.J'."l'il ll.lf>'f hL~ hM hll"
1' h"l'f.TP'&- O"'''l''OT II.J'. <;'ftJJ<

compose
1.

composure

226

compliment

He has composed much poetry in

Geez. flll' ~'I'll" 0~~11 f.C!l.~

composure 7.C;>;JThe insult failed to rufile his composure.

il.!:-11- ' hC;>;I-tD-1' ' hi\'OIDl\tD-9"

keep (one's) composure l.;J h.l\

He kept his composure in the crisis. 01l~J>11m-

1.11. ' <'.;> ' oflll- )OC

compound (v.) +fm

He compounded a beverage from several fruit
juices. boflrt- 'i!<l-'i!t.l":f "11""'14! 1\11:
ODtn'J" I

+ftn

The pharmacist compounds medicine. OD J!";)~

T ' +"'1"'1.111< ' OOf:?~T ' .J'.+.J'.Ifl&\
be compounded 04f'lm- a 1'lHo()

compromise

227

compound

It~

-t-1..

00<'.
Your bank deposit"s interest will be compounded quarterly. bq1b 0.-l- .,..,."'1"11"
11HofiU f"'l.1"ftD- -l-eo;: Of?'ll-l-
0'1'..,..,. 11Hofl llf, f,Y..oo,:.p,
*The misery of loneliness was now compounded by his poverty. f:1h-l- fofl'l''"h-l- F:J"
1'1 1\q(IO."l-

"*

compound (n.)
1. 9"1:<'. "'ll. The school compound was
crowded with students. f-l-'I"UC-l- 0..., 9"
f:<'. "'ll o.,."''.:l":f T:J"r~ oflll- ~oc
2. t&Jt..f:. Split up a compound into its elements! 1\11:1 w-m.f: Of'P1.,. 1'1'-1-
hllfflll<
3. f:ofiA~. The soil is a compound of clay and
sand. h.t.-1- flrbll..,.. fhif'l' f:ofiA~ )w-

comprehend
1. 1q(111<). +He does not comprehend the meaning of the play. f-l- f-l--1- -l-C'I-9" h.J'.1qw-9"
2. fH. Science comprehends the study of
physics, chemistry and biology. II.J'.1ll f.I.H.
bll I fh."'l.ll-l-&..,.. fqf-11-1[1 '1'..,..-l- f,f,~&\
(be) comprehensib le f"'l.1q )wYesterday~s lecture on electricity was comprehensible. ;r...,..,;r. llll 1\.lloh-l-&h f.,.
ilmlll< 1"/"IC f"'i.1q )0C
comprehensio n fOD<'.4-l- :fll-:1' 1 bw-+'1Arithmetic is beyond the comprehension of
a child. .h.llofl bA:q: foo"-4."1- :fll-;1-
OII.J'. ' ~(Do
God is beyond the comprehension of man.
fl'>"'H.hofl.h.C UAw-..,.. hil111< biD<+."~-
OII.J'. ' )(Do
comprehensiv e
1. hm:J"II.J'.. The term's work ended with a
comprehensive review. f+C,.,. ~&- Qm
:J"II.J'. ' hllll ' .,.l.l\00

2. ll.t.. A comprehensive mind can grasp

everything. ii.C. 1\1.9"1!" "'11':'w-19" )1

c '

f,f,~&\

compress (v.)
1. J\OD+. They compressed the cotton into
bales. Tm-1 h'l"+w- 'P~A hY-<'.'1-'12. Ofl14 hilt'.. They compressed the cotton
before shipping. ~J>m-1 1 mi. ID"6f!- boot\\]
'ffDo I 0.1-T ' 0fl1"1 ' l\(1-1-T
3. Q;Loo+. He compressed the beans to obtain
the oil. H.J','I- tl"''w-"1'1- f'l-11-tD-1 H.J'.
:,.

g;a.oo+

4. hm:J"llll. He compresses a great deal of

meaning into a few words. 0'1'4!'1- :J-11'1-
oflrt- dtllofl Ym:J"&\11&\

compress (n.) .,.,c~

He put a cold compress on his head. 1.C'Pofl
Q;I,C~ 6-il- llf, 1\Y-<'.1

comprise
1. J'H. The Soviet Union comprises several
republics. fl>li.\1.'1- 1ofl<'.'l- oflrt- t."l'oflll.ll:f
1 ' f,.J',~f;\
2. 1"11"(0'1-). +The committee comprises men
of widely different views. Y-C'I- f.,.llff.
hll.,.ff-l'o:f ' fl).'l'w- ' (ljP:f ' .J'.11'0;1-&\

compromise (vt.) hmof.

The student compromised his good name by
cheating. _,."'1&111< 0"'1"1.1"0COC 'Pol- II
_ , hmof.ID<
compromise (vi.)
I. "'A"'A 1\Y-<'.1. The two parties could not

accept each other's views but compromised.

v-ll-t: awr:r- f 11414'1'111<1 dtllofl q.J'.

+011-9" "'A"I&\ 1\Y-<'.'12. bll'/"9"~'1- Y-<'.il. They compromised on

the amount of salary to be paid. lltl"'l.b.t.tlw-
Y-'1"11 ' bll'/"9"~'1- ' Y-<'.(13. ")o}o"}o}o 1ti\A9"". He never compromises
with his principles. b"'i.f'/"10'1- ~1C 1
~1~ h.J'.A'I"
compromise (n.)
1. h1.k f,~C h1.k f.~ f-tt>. 119"9"~
."1-. A compromise is never fully satisfactory
to both parties. b1.k .J'.~C h1.), f,~C f
"7..&\ ' 119"9"~-l-' (lo-(1... 9" ' dl11 ' hfllY-11-l-9"
2. 1\11;1-6-4! dtllofl. The strike was settled by
a compromise. hf:"''ID< qll;l-6-4! dtllofl

"'""

228

compulsion

we had to accept a compromise between

cheaper and more expensive material. bcttif.
<; ' fl"'!l" ' IIJoY: ' IIIJ'~IIJo ' ~:J' 0 DDI)IIII'i''
fii'~IIJo"t oo_,.flA ~fl<:ofl"t

compulsion

'

compulsory "lfl.:l"
Attendance in school is compulsory. 0-T?""tJC
:,. _,."t TII"IICT n..r oo11+ "lfl.
-J~;Jw

Compulsory education has not yet been introduced into Ethiopia. h.'1-f"kf 11Joll'l' foP
..,C "lfl.:t- 1<; hA-f"}!oo<:!l"

compunctions, have - -i"lll\-1"

He had no compunctions about being late.
floPH"If_, hf.llll'l-11"

compute hllll J'.<:ll(fl'l-)

He computed his losses at $50. 11.'16-IIJo hll"
'I -ac ooiJ')."t hllll J'.<:lln+

comrade 'iJ'.'i'
They were faithful comrades to the last.
~1111 ' _..,<:lf f;J-oP). 'iJ'."'I''f- ~~~-~-

con

hll-:1"

The two debating teams argued the questions

pro and con. o-11., -1"116-lt& t1'l''f-
n1<~o"t hlP"t:J-<; hll-:1" -1-116-ll<~on.r

concave 1-Y:'I-Y:

I. auJ'.fl-l-. The concealment of facts by a

witness is a criminal offense. r,..lthC 1 l1.m-~
-1-'i'"t ~1c oPJ'.fl-l- f'"l.fll.,."' m"t]!

2. f-1-J'.fl.,.(IIT). He came out of concealment

for brief periods of time. 11-1-J'.O.,.fl'l- ll'l'<f!T
1.11..1'+ -n;F m"l

concede

~IIJo

:1" ' ~IIJo

compulsory education foPOIJC

concealment

A ' ~m-

"1'1~

A defeated country usually signs a treaty of

peace under compulsion. hofl~'i'IIJo"t 1.11.
f-1-lHL MC flli\11" llii"!I"H f'"I.LC
oPIIJo ' 11"1'1~

conceive

fll

The palm of the hand is slightly concave.

oo>;<;: 'l-"t1i 1-Y:'I-Y: ' fll ' ~IIJo

conceal
I. J'.fl.,. l 1f1f1. She could not conceal her
curiosity. 1-?-:l:"t ATJ'.ofl.,.IIJo (A+1f1i111Jo)
hA;FII'f-11"
2. lfL~ (-1-lfL~). Thetreeswereconcealedbya
very heavy mist. tfG::ti '1'-l>'l'ol- Qfl ,.,..
-1-lf<;:~IIJo ~IIC

I. hoo~. You must concede that I have tried

hard. II "'ll" oo'J"II~"t "1oP"t hllof!IJ
2. llm. He conceded us the right to walk
through his land. floP~., 1\f. foP-f"i\11<;:
oo-n:,. llm"t
3. oolf~#-"t hoo~. The candidate conceded
early in the evening. +mJV;6m- 1 ooif~f.~ 1
..,:1" ' .,.J'.!I" ' oflll- ' hoP~

conceit

~-n.:.r

The film star was puffed up with conceit.

f.I.A.,.. l>llofl fl~ofl&'l- -i"aJ'1'6-II'f-

conceited '1-Ml-1-'i'
He is a conceited fool.

f~A

+MI.-1-'i'

~IIJo

conceivable
I. f'"I.;I'A. We take every conceivable precaution against fire. ~'1'1-"t lloPIIi\IIA f'"l.
;I'II")"t 'l'"t:l'-1: 11-11- ~<;J'.C;>II"t
2. f'"I.:J-llofl. But that isn't conceivable. "l"t f
f..,f.;J-llofl ' ~IIJo

conceive
1. h.ftO. I cannot conceive of her doing such
a thing. ~!l. ~"tJ'.Illl 111 ~1C ;1-J'.C:>
11'1- ' of!~ ' hlllloflll"
2. Tl..'C. It is difficult to conceive how this
motor works. f.ll '1"-1-C ~"tfl.T ~"tJ'.'"I.
w6- oo,:.o;:,. hll'l':>& )IIJo
be conceived

1. T~1l.. The warning was conceived in the

plainest language. "1llm"t.,.<f!f11Jo f-1"~1l:I1Jo
fl"IAll' M;>1C ~II<:
2. :1".,.J'.. The plan is cleverly conceived.
~-l->1. IIP'C'\T f:J-_,.J'. ~IIJo
conceive a child 8Hll-

She concealed herself behind a tree. M#-

flll-1-:\11 ' -1"1f1f1'1- ' (-1-J'.fl.,.,.)

She conceived a child twelve months after she

married. q1q'f- IIOP'6- 11-11-1-'i' m;,:
DM'f-

conceal from view bt\t\.

conceive the idea h(IO

A clump of trees concealed the house from

view. ~~ 111- ~t::'f- fl..,"t 111111-'1-

Who first conceived the idea of using steam

to drive vehicles? ooll.<;lP'f-"t fl~"t4-11"'1-

conceal oneself +ifif1 i +1.0+

concentrate

concern

229

..,,I'.A o OD't.ll'f-'t OD"J!.OD6f ' f{IO .,'t

~(Do?

have no conception of L~ 1 hfm-:,Or

He has no con~ption of what we .are doing.
?"'t , l'>'tf.?"'t"'o:. tt.~'l" hfH?"

concentrate (vt.)

I. (IO(IR. The general concentrated his troops

to attack the enemy. ~~.:.11- mll'l-'t 11"'1'1'
,..:,. OJ;I"f.C''Ii't (IO(IO
2. 1\fDA..~. You can concentrate orange juice
by removing water. m-~m-1 1 ooo+~r. f1l
C-1>11-,.'t "11'"'14! A;I"OJ'i!60Jo :,.:fiii\U

3. 1tmHt~. The soldiers concentrated their

fire on a single enemy position. tD~f..C:=ti r
-1-lt-il:fOJo't q't f." f mil'I- ll'i!O:. 11

!I'

hm~h-1-

4. O.,.,.tt- 1 1\'Fi\. The student concentrated his

attention on the problem. -f"tl'lt;m- ' m"lo-1' '
ooo-11- o.,..o:l' II.J'. M'll
concentrate (vi.)
I. -1-(IO(IO. The crowd concentrated near
the gate. ihllll- OD.,fl..l'.,. hm111 -1-(IO
(10
2. h'1'1l.f. -!-ODI\h-1-. We will have to concentrate on the ffrst part. fODJ!,OD6fOJo't h<;:
A ' h'1'1l+'t ' ODODAh't- ' hl\1l't

be concentrated -t-h,.,=f
The most important industries are concentrated in the north. 'I'<; 'f'<;9''1l h.'tJI.Il't69':Y. f-1-h.,'li't- 0(1"'/.'t ' ~ ...

concentrati on
1. ooh"''=f:r-. _,The concentration of enemy

troops along the border worried the population. fmll't- tnC Of."'t0-1- 11,1'. ouh.,
"'"" ihllll-'t ' hii(IOOJo

2. 07C...,..-PA. Chess is a game that requires

concentration. (l'tm6'fr .,11-!-'I'A't f"''.m
,1'.:,0 t:Q.'f';l" ~ ...

concept mil-11
He has no concept of hard work. !Ill hqf." P'
.:. ?"'t?" mil-o fi\OJo?"

concern (v.)
1. ..,..OOi\h..,... This concerns you. ~tJ 1 h1'..,..
't f"''.oPI\h'l- ~ ...
2. 11/t(lfl. His poor health concerns me.
m.<; ' "'1"1-1> ' fii!IO':'A
concern oneself
1. J!hoo. He concerns himself with obtaining jobs for the refugees. 1\llf.-!-'l''li P'
,:. 11.,.,-y:,. ,l'.f.h.,A
2. milll-'t h'l'l\. He concerns himself with
such trivialities. 0"7,.~{}- ~1C:l-- 1 1\~ ' m.
1111-'t fOJoiiA

be concerned ( = concern) -f"ODAb..,..

+where the children are concerned, the mother
is always ready to do whatever is necessary.
A}!'li't O"''.ODI\h'f- ~1C l'.<;'t-I'"OJo f"''.
flltJ.A10Jo't 1\"'11."6., ' 11-A1.11. 11.,)1: <;:fOJo

be concerned (about, with)

I. h(IO. We are concerned about their safety.
Ill\ 1..-,'t~;l":fOJo l\<;MII't

2. -1-'1'16. I am not concerned with the details.

Ill\ 11C11'1- 11-~;1" hA'f1C?"

as far as he is concerned fl --- flh-A

As far as he is concerned, it is all right. fl(l

011-A .,f." fll?"

concern (n.)
1. 't-1\"7. Our primary concern is the transport
of troops . .,..,.,.
'i'ill '

~ll"'l:f't OJ;I"f.C':f't .,

~ ...

2. , ~- Revision of the new bill is the chief

concern of Congress this week. flH.tJ 1 ./tM
'1- f?"hc

o.-r .,.., FO:. h-'1.(1-'t ih.,

.,lflfA ~.,.
3. 'i"1'+:r-. The mother's concern for her
child kept her awake all night. l\<;-J:-1> Ill\

1. 1' ~t;:. The architect presented a fine conception of the building. ouY't-'1.(1- 1\ih'tl\OJo

oil:(. ff.6q'l- ' "11'1+'1- 1\.11.-l>'t -~~-

1\'t:,OA<;: ' ~"1'14. f"''.filll-11 I mil-11. There is no reason for
concern. f"''.filll-11 ?"'t9" ~1C fll

f"''.ll''t ' 64!:,0 ' 'tf."<;: h+60

2 . .,OD'tt:Q.'f-. He will get credit for the con-

.,.., mii!J. 1\0.-!-{lP!f!

conception

ception of the plan. milll-'t O"'IOD'tt:Q.-f>

9"!l;J<; ,l'.(lm'f'A

*The conception of the United Nations was

in 1945. f-!-q0-1-'f- ' OD't.,F;I"'f- ' f-1-D~(lOJo
ox;;r~:;;

~.?". ~oc

Her family was her paramount concern.

~oc

5. .(-C~'t-. How long have you been with this

concern? OILU f."C~'t- OJoil'l' ?"'t fUA
1.11. .f.fU 1
*She said it was no concern of mine. hf11ltJ
9" ' hii:Y.'f

have concern h(lO

The mayor has great concern for civic beauty.
h'H:'ICD- Ah1""/CD- CD-0'1- -1111- .1'11'1&1.
show concern +Q;l.io+

The phlegmatic fellow showed no concern

about the coming hurricane. "11..flif. (lll)o 1 ll
1\"''."""'CD- ' '\CD-11- ~-1-11 M'l" h&\._,.""~.,.'1"

concerning Ill\
Nothing was said concerning vacation. ilfl
~O:'i!'l- M'l" f_,.~1.: ~1C fl\'1"

How did you like the concert? ftJDoH.:f"tD-1

'1-0.J'.'I- ID.<'.~hCD- 1

in concert 0..,1U.T
0..,11~+

rPo;..

concerted f.,.'IR.:
Their concerted efforts resulted in victory.
f_,.'IOO:CD- '1'0:;1-'I'CD-

~A"t

1'.1117

concession
I. 4.:1"~. The Ethiopian government gave the
Sinclair Oil Company a concession to explore
for oil. fh.'l-f"t;.l' ""'t"IF'I- All."thi\.C
h-'l"t.l' ~'I~ HJ'.'I- f"'1.1'tO'I-"t ll'i!&-
>."t-'1.4.&1."1 4.:1" ~ lim
2. 'l".h<:'l-. He consolidated his position with

the nobility by granting them tax concessions.

1\oPI>.TI-1: f"I-IIC 'l".h<:'l- h.l'.l'.0:11\'I'CD-
h~ll- :>C .1'1\CD-"t "l"tl'~'l- hm~h.:

3. ,.,oo'}. His concession that he had made a

hasty decision was all we wanted to hear.
>."t~'i"CD-'1> f4-A"I~m- f'fh-11 m-il~ ""

llm-l:"t "'/oP)."t -ail' , ~..,.

4. h>.~ J'.'I>C h>.~ J'.'I>C "''ll'I-. The quarrel

was settled by concessions. mflo

hM~

f,:t-

c h).~ J'.'J>C 0"'11\'l- _,.ID1.<'.

"1&-'I'CD-"t A"''ll<D1~ 11-1\-1:'1" ID1<:''f

h"t'l"t~ ~11!''f"t 1\0D.,...,. .,.11"'1...

conciliate
I. hll;f-0:.,.. He tried to conciliate the two
parties in the dispute. 11-A-l:"t <D1<:''f A
"''ll;J-.:'1> 'Ph.:
2. h'IOA. She conciliated her cook with a
present. IIIR:f" OoPilm'l- <D'I' O.;l:"t h
'101\".f

'1-l:"t "t.<'.'l- hO<:.l'.m-

conciliation
1. ll"9"'9"'~T. Conciliation between the workers
and the company proved hard to obtain.
Oh-ll"t.l'"'"" o....:..,.'l''ll ""lthA 11'1"'1"
~ ..... "'1"11'1- ' hll'l':>6 II'~
2. be:,.. Conciliation involved payment of
damages to the worker by the company.
MC ou.,.,:'l- 11-'l"t.l'm- ll'-'&-.,.>;'m1)11 ouh4.A ~0<:0'1-

conciliator hll:f"&-<1!
A conciliator must be able to understand the
opposing viewpoints. hll;;t.~ct 1 fo--fl~'} ~ ro
1<r".f .mil-11 """.:'1'1-

"""'&\. hAO'I-

conciliatory hll;f-&-<1!
His conciliatory remarks were very welcome
after so much disagreement. h1lff" 1 h.floo{l
"'1"'1'1- 0:\11 hll:f"&-<1! milll-"t OouAI)
.,. .,..,.011-'1-

concise l\'l'C r'T'}

ffl

He made a concise remark. l\TC

fDT'}

.I'll hll.,..l'f'l- nm

conclave f.f.Y.:f" 11111'111

as a concession to fliiiJCtt+

As a concession to popular feeling, the government reduced the tax. f.h11R-"t ll"'L'I- A
"''Cit'l- oP"t"IF-1: "1-fl~"t .,.HI

.,.aJ

make concessions ll++ ! fl+.:J- 1 hF.~1 I

\ I had to make some concessions to get them
\ to agree to my plan. 0~ ),'J>~ >."t-'1.11"'1
h"t'l"t~ 1-'lf"'f"t ""'"' "'1~0:"1
'. &~..,.., 1 .,..,...,.) ~o.:-a>t

-(....

make reciprocal concessions h.'}-'Ji'}J.!"

'f"t """.,...,. .,.11"'/0D<

Both sides made reciprocal concessions in

order to settle the border problem. f<DI'l"t 'f

3. 1'.00:.<'.. The boy's apology conciliated his

angry father. fA)!: J'.'I>C:f" oumf'l> .1'

concert foo-fl.:l> '1-0.J'.'I-

They acted in concert.

conclude

230

concerning

~1C"

A political conclave was held to select a new

prime minister. h.Jlil 1 m:,OI\Y., ottll+c 1
1\0D'/"0:'1' f.f.J'.;f- f?"A-I:It llill'lll .,....
0:1

conclude (vt)
1. F.oaF.oo. He concluded his speech with a
prayer. "t"l"l~"t 01~11-'1- J'.oPJ'.oo
They concluded the deal with a handshake.
tJJoll-"t

h~

A>.~

0oPIJ>.II0'1' J'.ODJ'....

2. ol.li""(.,.Lll""). The coronation is concluded

when the patriarch anoints the Emperor. fH

a>-f: I OD...l") I P') I P'C't'f- I ;r'f-&J'Ch- I

") ...IP I )1P'i:"l I l\.4'1}a>- I f.4.'1."71lt.
3. -1'1)00. From the tracks we saw, we

concluded that the animal must be a deer.

}\t&~t& I 1\,."Jff~ I OIJif).") I f}f~tJ)o I 4f.'i" I ..,..,
)Hofl"l
4. OJS'."''II'l- S'.<:ll. After study, I concluded that
Amharic is a difficult language. b9"C9"C 0:\
1\1 h"''C'i' I bllf: I * " ' " " I )a>- I fDS'."''II'f- I S'.:!111-

5. 11111. At the end of his speech, he concluded

that all problems were solved. 0"1"1"1~ ou
....:lf I ":f"'r:l- I IJ-1\- I OD<j:'J-d., I "''"'"f:J'
:fa>-")

11\11

concurrenc e

231

conclusion

concomitan t l'oilr: f"'L'/.1:

Happiness is not always a concomitant of

wealth. S'.!l:J-<; ii&I.K""''O HOJ't-C l'oil<:a>-
f"''_'[.,ll.

1\f.S'.I\-'/"

concord !19"9")'1These two nations live in concord.

IJ-11'1-

Mr:l-

Ril9"'/")'t-

'A~H.U

f.'f&oil-

concordanc e f:J''I'l- 11CHC

The Bible concordance is very useful in checking WOrds. fODK".h'i' I ~,11.!1 I f:J'I\'f- I 1fC
I :J'I\'f-") I 1\"7"1&-'f- I m:J'"''_ I )tl)o
In concordance with 0 - - - ODav~+

1fC

conclude (vi.) ..,.I.OOY..oo

I must act in concordance with the rules.

The book concluded with a warning to alcoholics. ODK".hf- I f-1-S'.ODS'.ODtJ>- 0 1\/'o&\.l>llt. I

Oih... I ODIP:'f- I OD P' &.'f- I l\1\ofi'"S

with the concordance of h..,.lt"''oo-

(l.{l>f'lo

"7ilm")4'.J:J'

00D!lm'f-

)tJ>-

*What do you conclude from his remark?

1));>1~ I 9""1 I /'o{)ofl I J'l\tJ>- I f.OD!l&\.Y&\. 1
[See also 'agreement']

conclusion

1. tJJolt~. They failed to reach a conclusion

on building a new bridge. l'o"l f: l'oJI..!l f:llt.
ill\ I ODJ"&.'ff::!1 ' l'o:J':J-:fmf:f.

.,.,~~,.

btJ>-{)~ I

0D

T11\ll

2. oPQ;t.t:,if. At the conclusion of his speech,

he suggested that support be given to the
government. 0~-J..,?o oot;U.t:,'i'f 1 AoP'}COJP"
i: I f: _?<j: 0 OD!lffi'f- I J'il4_&\.;>&\.
.h{)ofl I l\4':0
draw a conclusion ..,.1')oH0

f"''_llt.

What conclusion am I to draw from his speech?

b(l. I ")"'"'C I 9""1 I &\.1)Hofl I 1.~1\IJ- 1
In conclusion Ooot;Q.t:,'i'f

In conclusion, I should like to state that ....

00D .... :lf I llt.'01C I f9"4.1lt.1tJ>- - - jump to conclusions
Don't jump to conclusions I 'R:..(- 1 /tODltm-T ~
l'o't-:fltllt.

The evidence against the burglar is conclusive. 0fl.T I (ICIJ.t.t& I ...., . I f+~fl(Do I 0D
I

f.,J'<n&.'J'C

)a>-

The cook concocted a new recipe. m-r 1 O.:t =

I

f9""1ofl

0D9"6J'

concourse fih11il OD-!-1\11.1..1'

A concourse is being built beneath the bus
Station. b/'o..,..Y.IJ-(1. I "Jfl..l' I P'C I fih1fofl I
OD-!-1\1\,I.J' ' hfTIP&.

)a>-

The bridge is built of concrete. f:llt.f:fl. f-1IP&.a>-

bl\."7_").,.

)tJ>-

COncrete (adj.)

1. r..,.,;u.om. Give me a concrete example.

f-1-<Ll.Om

9"{)1\,

!lm'"S

2. f4r.IJ:v-lt. "Sugar" and "salt" are concrete

nouns. !1\o,C<; ""m- f4&{).,....!1 il'l"l-
<;:fm-

concubine Mll'lHis wife and his concubine quarreled. "'Lili:

<; I c)411i: I T"JI\o

concur (concurred)

1. -1-11"'1"'1. All the judges concurred in the

decision. "''l''li 0'1"'1 Oa>-lt~m- -1-!1.,..,.
2. -1-;>moo. Careful planning and good luck
concurred to bring about victory. R'I'"I:J'4:
f:&\

/'o~f:'O

6f:llt.

!IIIT_?ffi....

T'J"f

concurrenc e

1. oP~<;"f'f-. The concurrence of three large

highways causes traffic jams. fV'!li: :J-1\1\~

COnCOCt 1\H;>)!
1\JI..!l

J'O:J'Ilt.

f-!-S'.:1

conclusive f"''.l'm&.-rc
:)f

lllla>-

COncrete (n.) II."'L"I+

The conclusion of the treaty was announced

in the newspapers. flt9'"9'"')o~ 1 tJJolt~ 1 O.."J
lf.'f)

With the concordance of the membership.

we will adjourn. l\1111-l- b-!-!1"7..,. !Iii

1\H;>~

htJ>-;1. I 0D")11'-l<;):,0 I f.4.'J'&.Ilt.

0D1<;"f'f-

f'J-&.,I.b

OD<Q.

concurrent

232

2. llrr)+. The concurrence of the committee was unanimous. fF..C.,.. 1 llrf'")-l- a

11..,.11- Q't.J:- .1:"'1"6 fTJ'.1d. )flC

concurrent
I. h't.I:")T fTJ'.~1. The concurrent attacks
by land and sea defeated the enemy. flfilll.,.
flQihC h't.I:")T fTJ'.~1m- "7'1'_.,..-,. m
......., IU'if't'i' !I'll
2. ( = noun) oooolt:flA. The concurrent views

of different observers show that the minister

was in the wrong. fAt!- 1 Af. ~ +ooAtt.Y:~
hilT.l'fT ououiiiiA "''.~IIT-1- fTiliiT ou
11"'1-'t fouflh;f-A

be concurrent with TJ'.&-~fl(flT)

His illness was concurrent with his financial

troubles. iftooOfJ<o~ 1 f'l1'H11 IP/lf).f: 1 +F..&.
~n-n.r

His novel appeared concurrently with the

play. fAil Wll.l:" ODl\'.hf. h-1:.1'# ;J
I

f'I1'J!:

condemned the slum dwellings. "7H;J1{' 0.1:

1.,f1

tiJlf)

concussion
1. .,..-'::,... Because of the car accident, he
suffered a concussion of the brain. OoPh.S 1

J'.ilil ' i}(l"'f-' flOD'f<'.f 0 hJ1.1fl-'l" I hfl

be condemned
1. ll't'l.d.CII 1 ;1-!f.A. This building has been
condemned. f.ll ih'tY. ll't'l.d.Cil :f"!l.A
2. hJ1.11"7"7'1" TQil. The meat was con-

demned as unfit for consumption because

it was full of worms. P" ;Jt& +A s 11T llA
II") /lODiiA hf.il"7"7'1" ' TQil
be condemned to hell Tho))

The sinner was condemned to hell.

;)m.h+~

m- Tho))

condensation rm-~ oom.11

Condensation causes windows to become
clOUdy. f(l)o~ I O'Pffl.1J I 0D{lfl-Hi1' ; .,..,.. I 1
llilil'f'I'A
make a condensation of

concurrently Q't.J:- uL
C

condition

h.fJ.m~

Would you make a condensation of the report?

:f"ii'J'~'J'fllJI

OD"I/l"'iiD-'} '

condense h.lJm~
The newspaper condensed the long speech to
a paragraph. ;Jitlf)DJo ~i(on-1' 1 1'"1"1C 1 q
't.l:" h't4'l\'

hilm~w-

condense to water hm.H

hJ'.;J 'l"h't.I'T .l''t1A 1-'IT J'.MlflT

2. OD'i ;~+. The concussion caused by the
explosion broke many windows. OL1''j{.m- 1
'l"h't.I'T ' fJ'.~IIm-.
illfo' ODIItoof'f-.

Steam condenses to water when it touches a

cold surface. ll't'l-11-.r 4'11_...~ hlJA (L)

Mfl~

Milk is condensed by evaporation. m++

"""?..,.'

lJ ' .l'm.~A
be condensed
"t.~;JdJ-

condemn
I. d.~J'.(fl-r). The judge condemned him to
life imprisonment. ~~m- 1 f/J~ort Ah ltll
.:..r d.~fl.r

2. )+L. The newspapers condemned foreign

agents for the lateSt distUrbanceS. 0:,0C(}o I 0
Td.Y.oom- il'l'il'l' fiD-"f!" Me M"'ll"

,,.

,'f- ' TlJ'i-}1. flODIJ"..-'I'm- ' ;Jit.iP'Ii )oj>~

~;J

; t&;)t&

fioPTU

condescend t-(1-'t 11:J>

)(Do

hJ'.~1

The king condescended to eat with the people.

'}"l-IP- hih1111- ;JC flODii'IT t-(1-'t
11:,. hJ'.~1

condiment :,.oor
Pepper is a useful condiment. nco&. m.+
"7.

:,0.0DIJD ; )DJo

3. t.m"JH. The church condemns corrupt

morals. IJ.T hCil-l:.l''t m-s:-:,. 1 "Iii~ 1il

condition (v.) f --- oorP~T 1 )OJo

Ability and effort condition success. 'f-11-.+..-

)T't ;f-W"I~Il'f4. lllJAG: flm. Poverty condemned him to

a life of toil. .J:-1h.r flooh&- '1-1!" 1 hilA
t:: ftmm5. hih11il WIIJ'.. The government has had to

+His boyhood conditioned him to hardship.

condemn much land for new highway construction. oo1'"JP"1: 1 11ft' tm&.+1' 1 At.m-&. 1

The gift to the boy is conditioned on his

good behavior. llA)I: f"''.llmm- iliP.+ 1 A

1-'1... I /"&- I hih11il 0 ODIJ)<{l.J:" I )fl~flT

6. {loo'f&.l' h.MQ'I" hll. The municipality

ODIPl,T

'l'~T fooillJT oow~:,. .,.,,_

condition to ( = be conditioned to) ADPF..

RA~)-1: 'f-"IC't ll'I"J?..,A

be conditioned +oorP~+

)1: fl"''..l'ilfm- ooAlJ'I" mQf. '1}1. fT

I

)I&

233

condition

telegram.

condition (n.)
1. Y.l.;t-. The rug is in good condition.
ll.:>ll"fDo ' 0'1'~ ' ~~-~:1" ' flY. ' ~ ....
Social conditions have changed tremendously
in recent years. f-1'10&-~ 1 ).C" r Y.l.;t-$Pl- 1
n"'-c11 -tou:f"'f- fDoll'l' 1111- 1'1\fDom'I'A

I'm in no condition to go mountain climbing.

1'&-&- 1\0DfDo"J'I- O"'L.I'II:fA v-~:1" flY.
hf.J'.I\11-?"
2. h '>.:\'t. He keeps his things in good condition.
3. hiJ't~. He tries to reform the working
conditions in the factory. flof.ofl&ltm- m-il'l" 1
fP'&-fDo't hiJ't~ 1\.,lflfA f.'l"h&-A

4. h11Lfl1. ~~c. Ability is one of the conditions for success in life. l-1\-;t- r l\)..1!" ; oP/t
IJ'I- h11Lfl1. hll').'f- ~~<!':f h'tll-

....

5.

This contract has seven conditions.

Y.ll fDoA (lfJ'f- "IY.:f"l":f hll-'1-

1 have one condition to make before I will

accept. houof>OI\. no~.+ flof>COfDo f'I"L
A~.,. h't~ "IY.:I" hi\
keep in good condition 0~1'11 ~ fH
He keeps his things in good condition. 7.:1'1"'11
't

R~'t11

Y.Y.~A

on any condition ,.-,.,.- r {ttl""}

I won't go on any condition. "1~ tl.IT1
on condition that
*I will go on condition that you will too.
7.'t~ll''t

'

)o1P"rf:

fdtff"}

oP.,l\1

1. ~" 1 11/\- hl\L. I cannot condone your

rudeness. 11A"It;ll't :ffl 111'- hfiALfDo'/"
2. .t.+~. Church dogma does not condone
divorce. ftl.1' hCII1:.1''t .h"l ou<f,.:J"'f-'t
hf.L"'-~9"

conduce R)!
'tH Y.Oli"A

(be) conducive

<:.ll

Good food and exercise are conducive to a long

life. 'I'~ 9""111<; ;e'?"t;llth <:'fr'l"
6~"'L ' 11.,.,,.,. ' Y.<:.llll-

(v.)

J. ltii%1.. He conducts his business affairs

very badly. 't"IJI.'t OOD'J'G: 11-~;1" .I'IJ't"lA
2. ltil.,..fll. He conducted the visitors around
the museum . .,..11"5sP=ii1 r 0.+ r oPffb?-1' :
hil-l!' ' hll'l-01

3. h-1\.h'l-&h hll1'fii\L. Copper conducts

better than any other material. h{l./\-lo r ofll:;t11t:.f-:f Y.A"'- oo..;11 01'lfll h'>.:\'t
h-1\.h'l-&h .1'111'fiA<!-A

4. oo&-. Who is conducting the symphony

tonight? 1&. .,:1" 1\.'I"G:lfDo't f"'Loo&-

hA't~9"

7.~ f'l"'t~fDo h't1'9" f'l"'l-'t~ '

condone

conduct

.,~;t-.

"}"}-U"

lffDo't ' 01:1\.&-9" ' ~Ill\.

Exercise conduces health. ;e'9"<;111:h 1\m.

7.:1'fDo't 0'1'~ h'>.:\'t Y.Y.~A

conduct

fll'~ '

~ ....

.,'t '

~ ....

The usher conducted the people to their seats.

hll1't;IJ& (ll"'IJ't '
&-lffDo

aJ~fooof>OD"'ilffDo o

OD

1111'

conduct oneself &-(1-1' r +4l.trJml:

He conducted himself well during the crossexamination. flooil+l\~iD" 1 "''f-k 1 "'..tL 1 &-(to

I will accept the offer on one condition.

't

on one condition t11'J!" r iD"A r oowl:+

fof><:RA'h f'l"of>OI\fDo IJ't~ fDoA ""

w<:'l- ' 1111' ' ~.,.

[See also 'humble, insanitary, living, unsettled']

(be) conditional

O~'t11

.,..,_"'m<:

She conducts herself like a lady.

v-~:1"'1'

7.

't~ 4'1- aJf.H<!' ~.,.

conduct (n.)
1'ouw<:1'

My promise to help you is conditional upon

your good behavior. A<:.llll f(lmv-11 1'11
<!- 0'/":f"<lffDo ouAIJ9" IJ.hCY. flY.
f+oPwl;1" ~iD"

condole hi'Ot;<;
He condoled him on his loss. 0~<:(10'1- :f
"IC hi'Ot;t;fDo

condolence fdtH1 r oP.,l\1

The Emperor expressed his condolences in a

I. h""A. Your conduct is disgraceful. hoPAII

.l'<l'i!&-A
2. mtl,J',. The teacher praised him for his
blameless conduct. mfJI< 7.'th't 11111\.11
0+ I oortJ?- I 11.00(11)-iD"
3. 1'"11JC. The Medical Association discourages unprofessional conduct among its
members. f.hh9"<; .,-,oc h'lil-'ll II""".I'
1'~0. fAll'~ 1'"11JC 7.'t"lf.LZ'Oao- Y.hllh
fiA
[See also 'safe conduct']

conductor

confess (vi.)

I. th..r 41.&-"i'". Did the conductor punch

your ticket? th.T 41.&-"" th.TII'J n
... l

2. oo~. Who is the conductor of the orchestra?

f,.,.fl:J" I :}..("' I 00~ I "7~8Jo f
3. hii-1-Vtt.. Copper is a good conductor
of electricity. ""-'~11 'No fl\.1\.hT&h h
il-1-'1'1.1. )ID-

cone [h;l-:f 11'1- 1111- >."Jf. "'&f lfIIA

1111- f"'I.W"']

Confederacy [1\J.Cil neil

""~-'1-'IT f""

"J"'P'T ' "r11~T]

confederate (v.)

confidence

234

conductor

-Joqn~

The Swiss cantons confederated to form a

union. fil'11 "'~.f-:f h"JY: f"r11~T oP"J
"1FT 11"7!11!11?" -Joqn~
"111~ hOC
The thief was arrested, but his confederate
escaped. 1\.qm- -1-S'H "111~ hn~ "'"J

confederate (n.)

l. '1m.Jt:r-- +'i"HH. My sister confesses every

month. J."r-1: Ofm~ "1m.h:t"J ,..,H~II:f
2. hoP). The defendant confessed. -1-h<"llf.
hoP)

confession
I. "Jil.t.. The priest is ready to hear confession in English. <1111- "Jll.t.m-"J O>."J"'IL11'i'
ll""ii"7T -1-H.:>;i!'-I-'I'A

2. f).II")T :I'A. In his confession, the

thief incriminated two others. Oftmm- t?..9"~
:,. :I'A 1\,qm- v-11-r lll":f hm"'
go to confession 'lildt 1tl.
She goes to confession regularly. S'II"7W~'I'
"Jil.t. T1qll:f
make a confession h_oo)o ! T'i'HH

The criminal made a full confession. m1~i\~

m- '1''1--t."J Ooo-11- hoP) (-1-.,HH)
[See also 'extort, extract, wring']

confessor Oil.t. hq:,.

1 n-;:n hQT
This priest is my confessor. "-'ttl 1 rf:il 1 f'}il:
.t. (n-;:n) hq-t: .,,.,.

hoPI\tn

confidant (n.)

confer (conferred), vt. lim

The university conferred the degree of Ph.D.
on him. l'tliCII.tm- f'i!Ail'i!" P..h-1-C)T
'l (tmdJo
confer (vi.) -f'oPlJh~

The criminal conferred with his lawyer.

m"J)';I\>;'m- htnO:I'ID- .:>C

-f'oPlJh~

ll"llm.~>;'

He tells all his secrets to his confidant. II" lim.~

"J o-tt- 1\ll"ilm.~>;'m- f-"1&-A

confide
I. hlJ.I-11. She regularly confides her troubles
to her friend. :f"J;,:"J Of'LI1D- 11~1.':''1'
;1-lJ'i!'lll::r-

2. lim. She confides her baby to the nursery

He held a conference on housing at city hall.

iiT~Y: A~"J
ll.h'""" "7<"11-'LS' Tll"'ll:f
confide in ,..,oo~
He confides in his father. qq-J, f.-i'"7"""A
confide to the care hi.&- 1 {lm

"7H.:>lf II.T ID-il'l' ill\ ""'l'&S' II.T

.,..~~,. il11ilq hf.~~

They confided the children to the care of their

aunt. A.l!:rl"J 'lhil;l-:fm- hf.&- 11'11-

while she is at work. I"&-

conference 111111q
He had a conference with the mayor. hh"J-I:q
m- ;>C 111111q )O~mhold a conference ilofl(IQ h1.t!1

:fm-

confess (vt.)
I. 111m hMQ. The priest confessed my
sister. <1111- >."1-t:"J "Jil.t. hil~!l.:,.
2. hoP). I have to confess that I have not
read the book yet. oPK".t.i-"J ~., hii"7"JO
II."} "7""'J hl\11~
3. ~~~~~. She confessed her secrets to her friend.
ll"ilm.;,:"J 11~1-'1'!1! ' ~1\ll:f
The soldiers confessed allegiance to their
country. m;l-1.1:'11 '11&-:fm- ;l-"7'1':f
:fm-"J ~Ill\.

""II'"

confidence
I. J.II")T I 0&-11- S'IIID- J.II")T. Nothing can
shake his confidence. >.9")-t."J II""J?" /LS')
:I'"J4'm- hf.li'A?"

The award boosted his confidence. f-1-1.~11\T

1iA"7T 0&-11- fl\m-"J J.?")T h'i! h
1.~111-r

I have confidence in him. 11ft.

t\.f.

"-9"~:,.

hii'S
2. (IDofr A-fl. He described the situation with

such confidence that the audience believed

him completely. rJ-~:f"tJJo'l 0.,..11- Aofl ill\
~Ill\ t.'l"7t.'"''fi rJ-1\- t.on'l-'fo
3. 9"llm.C. I listened to her confidences for
half an hour. f~~<::f'h 9"llm.C 11"1"711
(l<J'fo ' t..'lon'l'lt-

He told me that in confidence. 09"llm.C

~~

gain one's confidence ( = have confidence

in) -t-"7on~(o+)
+He has gained my confidence because he has
always been so honest. IJ-A'I.n :J-"7~ II'
'l' M~1"1J-'fo ~-t-"7on'IO;f-l\rJ-

[See also 'strict']

confident (adj.)

He was confined to prison for two years.

IJ-1\'t- ' <Jon+ ' :J-(1<:
be confined to the house hR.+ J\AlDIIJ9"'
She is confined to the house by her duties.
l"t- ' ll11"7.0~q:,. ' b!l.'t- ' t.'t-1D"'9"

1. ;J-<;:'l' on'I'A. Confinement in a small

room is bad for one's health. R't-'l'li h<;:A
1\tn..'U:t-

I oPTii: I

~llt-+. His confinement lasted

~ilt-., ' IJ-1\'fo ' 'JOD'fo o ol'f

two years.

6Jolt"l" I ;J-"f:i!f ; OD'{J/A. I

~IJ)o

2.

confinement in prison hiM-+

~C"Im"'

We are confident of victory.

be confined to prison ;1-(l.l

confinemen t

<:~

~'1.<'.9"'ilf'l'i'

~C"Im'l':f ' )'I

be confident

confirmatio n

235

confident

+"''oP)'

I am confident that everything will turn out all

right. rJ-11-9" ~~c ~'1.<'."7.:1''i ~-t-.,on<;

He was sentenced to three years' confinement

in prison. f!Pll't- <Jon'fo ~llt-+ -1-tl..l:

.<'.O'fo
solitary confinement 11\A+~ flf~ h~A

The rebel was put in solitary confinement.

ID'I01..tJJo ~1\A-t->;' 011'~ b<;:A :f"llC::A

1\IJconfldent manner AO CJP-fto)o:,. 1 0&-ll foP

-t-"7on'l ' mq,e

His confident manner gained him popularity.

AO .,..11-H: -1-ID.'I~~'t-'1 h-1-.l:tl.l\'fo

His confident manner dispelled our fears.

Rt-ll fon-f-"7on'l mql' <;:C?:f":f'l'l
t.lliD~.<'.A'I

confidential

1. AI'. A confidential secretary should be

discreet. AI' l\.1,.1. ,...,.,:,. on!l''l t.IIO+
2. 9"(lm.t-'f. The confidential report was
distributed only to the ministers. 9"llm.t-'ftJJo
&TC'I- 11"7.tll't-C''fi oflil' :J-.<'.11
become confidential rnm.c I }lftlaJ..,.

Don't become too confidential with strangers!

ofll!- 'I'IID:,O?:ftJJo 9"llm.Cil'l h;f-"''.tJJo'fo

confine (v.)
1. w(l~. Please confine your talk to five
minutes! 'I"I"ICIJ'I q9"ll'l- .<'.<1::1' ID!l'l
2. t.~.<'.. The banks conld not confine the
swollen river. fiD'IIf- 'ICil',.:f f'l"'ltJJo'l
tJJo;) ' 1\J"I/l. ' t.Ail'll-9"

3. t.'l'll. Illness confines him to his room.

ifoon9" Ml.'t- ftJJol\'1' A
confine oneself Tm(l)o

I wish the speaker would confine himself to

the subject. -1-'i:>&tJJo 0'1"1"1<1- t.~ll+
(lw{l'l "'"' ~oc

confines bAA

These people have never been beyond the

confines of their valley. Mllll (l,.:f blf II
-l''l':ftJJo ' hAA ID'I'TIJJo hftJJo4l9"

*God is beyond the confines of human knowledge. ~"IH.t.1l.r..c f(ltJJo ~tJJo<Jo't- b"7..<'.
CllO't- 0'1,1'. ~tJJo

confirm

I. t.m~b<:. That only confirms my faith in

him. f fi(l- 'If. fl\~'1 ~9")'fo fm~h
<:'I' A

2. ~tJJo)'fo on(l''l-'1 t.<::>~m. He confirmed

the news we heard over the radio. O~.ttr- 1 r
fl"''~m-"t ' m~ 1 Am-~T 1 oPlf)."t 1 h.t:;nm
3. t.l\.<'.4'. The Senate confirmed the treaty.
f ih"l onw(l"'tJJo 119"9").,'1 t.l\.<'.4'tJJo
1 Jr..qA. ~m

be confirmed fiPo/r f'/f,"'''fT

She was baptized when she was a month old

and confirmed when she was 13. owe:: he
ll't-'i -1-~l":f" R!f <Jou;J: .,..II- f?f.
"7'l''fo ' t.qA ' ll'):f

confirmatio n

1. 1\C...m~~:,... We are waiting for confirmation of the news. fiD&.tJJo'l ~C"Im.,.~+ 0

onmqo:,.' 'If..

2. "7..?11. This is a confirmation of your

discovery. f.ll t.'l-1- 'I~TiitJJo "7<::>~"'i
)tJJo

confirmed
3. fhCII't-'> ou4'0A O'llo\. Confirmation
was celebrated in St. Mary's Church. fhCII't., ou4'oA O'lA o:,.J:-Il't-
.,_ ' hCil-f:f") .,_hO<:

confirmed (adj.) f'll.<:m

He is a confirmed bachelor.

"IJ).

confounded

236

.,c,.,.

rc::m

IL

. , 0 Q{l.,..,&jP":f- ' }',/IOO"IQQT 0 'l"h")fT

.,_.,&1"'6 h'i'A l'o")1Q'I" toll-

conflicting

.,.:J><~-t

I have heard two conflicting reports. v--1\-T

.,.:J><~-t &;rc-r-":f- (l'l"iJ'IIvm"} J?.. ;

~(J)o

confiscate
I. IDll'l. The government confiscated the
smuggled goods. OD")"IFr 4'<:'1' flo\.,.
hd..IIQ'fw-") "h:J>I"":f- m<:l'l
2. CDoClt 1\f.l."l. They confiscated everything,

even personal property. f""IA "}oflt::+ : "-'l

l>. il.l'4'C .,")>;'<JJo")'l" t1C OJ-Cil l'of.<:'l-

conflagration f"h'l't- :J>miiA conflagration destroyed most of the city.

f"h'l't- :J>mll- fh.,..,w--, l'o11~'i'w-")
hlf:.A I 1\tiJY.,ODt&

conflict (v.)
I. l'olo\.,.11.,.,'1". Their account of the accident
conflicts with ours. ill\ h!..;JtD- f()m-+ ; OO""I
11""1 "h'i' hl'lmt<JJo ;JC l'o.f.il.,.,'l"

2. 1-;JQa.. According to my schedule, the French

class conflicts with my Amharic class. 01 ; f
'l.lf, 1'1/1.-'1 ouw<;'t- fd..l:")il.f.'i'<; f"'
eli' h'i'll-l- f.;J""LII-

conflict (n.)
I. MI.\. It is the eternal conflict between
good and evil. Oh4-<; 00~ oolJhA 111
Hll'lll.,'l! 't-"IA tw-

2. A.r.~+. There is a conflict of opinion

between students and professors. o.,..,&l"":f., ' Ol'tiiCil.-1: OD'I"IJ6-") ' oulJhA ' fil
11 1.\l't't- l'oll
3. l'ollooll.,.,'t-. The workers adopted a policy

of obstruction due to their conflict with the boss.

IJw&f'f<JJo ' ;JC ' Q/IOD{I.,.,:J"'f<JJo ' f.,.).., '
w.:-.,.'1''6 O.,(I<;IJf HI. .,.m.,..,...
4. m11. This incident can create a global
conflict. f.ll o-k:J" 'lll'l" l'o4''i' m11
1\.d..'I'C' f.":f-~1.\
5. OJo'l.f l "l"'l''t-. The army is stockpiling fuel
for any future conflict. ftnC c'l&-t1J mY..~
:,. 1\"'l.ounJw- w-'l.f ("l"'l''t-) t-'1~ fm

,:.:,..,A
conflict-of opinion hi\.DP"'IQQ:,.O

The conflict of opinion between students and

professors led the students to strike. o.,..,&l"":f-

confluence oo1<;'i'
The town was built at the confluence of two
rivers. h+"7m- ~ f+rP&olD- Ov--1\-1: a.J'11'

l-

0D1'i"~

confluent

Jtat1ofl

~QJo

~,::,.

This confluent is completely full in the rainy

months. ~<:-!: Oh<:'l"'t- m,:.:,. m.'l"
1111- ' 1-'1"~1.\

conform (vt.)

l'oil.,"''

The stranger conformed his ways to ours.

1.")"!'Ia>- (Ia>- l'oS:S:~") h'i' ;JC toll.,.,

conform (vi.)

1. +ll"7"7. Her dress conforms to the times.

lo\11!). h'l.lf,OJo ;JC 1-ll.,"''IA
2. ThTI\. You must conform to the rules.
f.")(l'j;") ooh.,.lo\ 1'.111111

conformity
1. oolt..,..,T. Conformity of opinion is sometimes necessary in deciding important matters.
}',")-'!")J:" ' l'oild..~'l. 0 1--'lf"":f-") 0 /IODfD{I") o
fm'l11 ""ll"''"'''t- t.IAG: 't.IAG:' filLio\;Jio\
2. Q")J:" l'oll.,.'lfl11 oooo.:.'t-. Strict confor-

mity often prevents original thought. Jt'). 1

flft Q")J:" l'oll.,.'l(l11 ouoo,:.:,. 1111- .....
If, lVlll mil11 h.,'i'/1:,. 1"1-'llo\
in conformity with 0 - - - oPIP-T

In conformity with your request. I am sending

you the necessary forms. O~J>.r-tu ODrP-T =
.,_d..~'l.l"'6") G:C'I"":f- IAh.lo\?1111-

*He lives in conformity with the law. ift'"1'1

l'oh11C" f.'l' 6-IA

confound
I. l'o.,:l". Their demands confounded the
situation even more. 1+floT ~ ..-f4l r v-~;.1w-") fQ{I l'o.,:J"w2. l'ollf'l" ! l'o'l'l.,.. He confounds dreams
with reality. iftlo\'1"")'> "hw-t't-") l'of.llf-'1"
(Nil:l"A)
3. 1til10D. The news of his appointment as
governor confounded me. 1t1 11( lf'f'
ooj'foo- l'olluoo'f

(be) confounded

.,.,_t.,.

I was confounded to hear that he had become

a professor.
Tf.:t<l:

"f'(!"d..{tC l oPif).") I flODi\...,,.. I

~nc

confront
1. 1moo. The difficulties that confronted us
have been overcome. f1m0001'1' l-..,e";f
hlf"t.C.';'A
2. 1";JtnOD. Our army confronted the enemy
with great bravery. I'M'E:I':f't 0;1'11~ l
"l'tH mll'l-'t T ;>moom*The lawyer confronted the prisoner with the
forged check. mO-"'m- l\II~'O'm-'t h"i."OC11
~VA nooqA fTbllliO'I-'t 'lih hltfmconfront each other +4-mm

Egypt and Israel confront each other across

the Suez Caual. "111K'';' l\116-1\.A bll'll
11 Pf. q>f1c Tof.m'PA
confront with the need

hll1~

This situation confronts me with the need to

make a QUiCk deciSiOD. Y.,U I (lo~;f" I f,.tf.tn
t .,.,..,. llf. l\'t.l:-f.CII fll1.1:-f.'O'A
be confronted ,c.:,. 1\,l.:,. +,.?mOD

The prisoner was confronted by his accusers. l\II~'O'm- bblti"'li ;>C <~.+ ill!.
:,. =

+:JmoP

confuse
L

hf.';'1~.

His talk confused me. 't"l"l-1- t.

f.';'1~"i

2. ll.oofl+A. Don't confuse the papers on

his desk! m~*-~.,. llf. fiiiD-'t m~+'l- t.
,.... ,..~An+
3. J\171:1". The radio announcer confused the
dates of the two events. t.Jlf" +IJ';J6tiJw
+<;'!- h"7;1'
fll-ili>'t '
*He must have confused me with someone else.

.,.,.,.,.,;r. .

/l.lt I {IQ)o I OD{\{LQ)o ; 'i'OC

confusion

congratula te

237

confront

1. OD1..'i1C. There was confusion in the room

when the fire broke out :J>mll-m- RT~"I
'l.tL I h'f:A- I dJ"l\T I OD"-'11C I )0C
2. '1-Cf"llf"ll. There was au inordinate amount
of confusion on registration day. fl9'"111Q 1 +
't bAb filL '1-Cf"llf"ll ~OC
3. "IC"IC. He escaped in the confusion.
O""lc-'1?- I uP"//A I hDDI\tn
4. 7ioflc. The army retreated in confusion.
m;l'f.<~o n'li11c t..c.~.c.
5. 11-MIT. The meeting broke up in confusion.
111111qm- 011'1'11'1' TOT~
6. "7.C.C. I couldn't hide my confusion.
"7.C.t.'t r iiODf.fi~ ' hAiJ'A!J.f"

~ the claim hiiTQRil

The student confuted the claim that he cheated
in the examination . ..,.DIJ~m- OL..,.'l "7~
ncno~-'t t.IITQOil

confute,

congeal

~;J

The blood around the wound congealed.

~;>

04<1111- t,l)qn. fiiiD- ,._,.

congenial
1. uPltA. He has a congenial roommate.
oo{IA fb'i!A '\!.>;' t.ilm2. TID'!~. People like to visit his house
TCD~;E- h(l
T';';>~ llllll"~ {ljP'f l\IL-Jo ooy...:- f.

because he is a congenial host.

IDJ!/13. f"''.ll"7"7. He has found a congenial job.

f"'1.11"7"7m-'t F.!- h1'f

congest h1f.
Parades congest traffic.

fOOh.IJ

{IAij:

oo

H'PIDC't ' f"IJ!A

(be) congested

T"""~'i"

The streets of Addis Ababa are congested

with traffic. fh-'1.11 t.nq ""'t11'-:f Ol\
"I~"P'f<; RT'lihClJ&jP:f T""';"t-I''PA
cause to become congested

"-L.,

A cold causes the nose to become congested.

1-'tof.'t h'i!'t""".'t f.f.'J!';'A

congestion """""~~

Traffic congestion is caused by the narrow

roads. RmQP'f oP't11'-:f f"b'tf+ foP
bSjP:f """""~~ f.f.CfiA
congestion of the lungs ffl.,.q

oo:J-L"t

He died from a congestion of the lungs.

Olt'tQm- """'"-'t f"b'tf'l- 'I"T

conglomera te

Tm~:J'+oP

Pebbles have conglomerated into rocks in the

course of millions of years. mmf!'~ 1 n
"''.II.M '\oP;f'-}- m-11'1' Tm~_,~,.,_
Ail+ Y.ll't;/1-

conglomera tion 'I'C-"'"'1.

This is a conglomeration of useless facts.

f.ll 'i!t. 0.11

fll'~

~1C

'I'C-"'"'1.

~.,_

congratula te l\'t'>.'t !.II filii hil

We congratulated him on his success. ilh+ll
lJil'l- l\'t'>.'t !.II filii t.A~m*May I congratulate you on your birthday?
llil M'l- 0'\AII l\'t'>.'t !.II filii

238

congratulation
congratulation fS'.Il;l- OD"'I\"'i
Let's send congratulations to the winner!

connect

conjugal f:>11il'
The husband failed to perform his conjugal
duties. 'IA\I.a>- f:>11il' T"''l<-"t ol)'h'i

1\lf'i,!.tJJo ' fJ'.Il:f" ' OD"jl\"'i ' l\"JI\hi\'1COngratulations I ltt,"}l)."} ~il YlttJ

..,.., ..,,_

Congratulations on your appointment! ill\

*Their conjugal

Tifll"h l\"t'>."t S'.ll

11111 I

*Our heartiest congratulations! hAofl ftr

) S'.ll:f"':f"t"t l\"t1Allll"t

congregate T(IO(IO
Don;t congregate in the hall! fioP-f-1\lt-'-.fm-
llf. h'l-MIM

congregation
1. "1-IJii.. The Protestant congregation meets
in the American Embassy. fTI!"i:ll;l-"t'l- -..
flh. Oh'"/.&IJ"t h.ll"fl(l. tJJoll'l' f.(l0(lf1A
2. hii":Y.'l-. There was a congregation of bees
around the beehive. 04'&:tJJo hiJ'IIl f"t11
hll":f'l- )OC

Congress ll"hC n.'lThe Congress discusses the matter of land

taxes. f'"hC I 0.-Jl I ill\ I oPc'c...,.. I "'111C I Y,.~;.J1
&.A

congress l'l1l{l1J

The congress of Ethiopian Studies was held in

Addis Ababa. fh..'l-f"t;f 'l''i'l- ll11(lfl
Oh'l.ll hO'I TS'.<'.1

(be) congruent Til"?"?

The plan to expand the school system is
congruent with our aims. 'l-11"11C'l- n.-r-:Y.
"t ll"?ll-1-4-'l- flltJJo l\:,0~ IJII"t 'til
"? :>C f"'l.ll"?"? )a>-

congruous Tll"?"'l.
The plan is congruous to the needs ofthe school.
l\:,0'1-. ll'l-11"11C:'l-. 0.1>. '1'111'1-. Tll"?"'l.. )tJJo

conical if"'"'
Fujiyama has a conical shape. 4-"/if"? fT'III

..... mn . T&.&. lf"'"' .:tcK" hl\tJJo

conifer [:tmll 4'"'i"""t q'i']

conjecture

(v.) 0"111"'1- T'i1<'.

Columbus conjectured that the earth was

round. 1>11-II"Oil """'~- h11 ODIJ'!<;"t 0
"111"'1- T'i1<'.

conjecture (n.) f.ll''iA

happiness

is

exemplary.

0'1-.0:&-'ftJJo tJJoll'l' fl\tJJo S'.ll;l- hCh

n'l- 111m- )tJJo

conjugate h<'.fl
Please conjugate this verb in the past! .eu'J'J
"'ll. Rhll.l.. '1.11.

hC'I

conjugation hG'111
The conjugation of the Amharic verb is
different from that of the Arabic verb. f"?C
>;' "'ll h<'.q11 h0<'.1l'i' "'ll l\<'.'111 fT
1\f )tJJo

conjunction
1. ounJoac. The conjunction of fog and rain
made driving impossible. f"":>"''i f11'i11
OD"JODC OD!J.'i 1\0D"J,Il')- l\llllil'l\11"

2. ou{l..,.tf"C. The word 'but' is a conjunction.

~1C ..,., 1 fO?..AiD" :J>A. 1 oa{l+tf"C ~""'
in conjunction with h - - ,;JC 1 +m9"(!"
High winds, in conjunction with rain, made
travel difficult. ..,f.ll'i' )'i-ll b11'i11 :>C
T"'"ll"l!" -..JitJJo"t hll'f:>& hS'.G1tJJo

conjunctivitis f'tf."t "?1f'l- a.oull"

The children suffer from conjunctivitis. A]t.

'fi ' f'tf."J ' "?1f'l- ' ihODII" ' 1\1\fl'fa>-

conjure
1. noo+T li.ID"'. The magician conjured a
rabbit out of a hat. hll"?T'i'a>- OouToJ>
'l'"t'fA b'IC~"'a>- a>-ll'l' hiD"!

2. 1\DD). I conjure you not to betray your

country. h1C11"t l\"t.O:'l-h.O: l\1\II""JVI\oconjure up

1. ..,....,...,., The sorcerer conjured up an evil

spirit. m"t*~'- (lf."'"t 'I-TT
2. O..h/111 tJJoll'l' .l.m<'.. The sailor's story
conjured up scenes of buried treasures. rouch
o'i'"'" :l-&h 1 fTS'.04' 1111'1- ou<r<."t om
lt-R I BJoilT I Ltn~

connect (vt.)
I. h1IT. Operator, please connect me with
the main office! "?JI&f I b'l''itJJo Ill!" :>

c h1<;1'S

This bqok is based on conjecture rather than

research. ODX"d\4- f+oorPt:..+m- flf.lf'iA. r

A bus line connects the two towns. tN\'111

l\"t7( OII"CII"C llf. hf.S'.I\11"

hT"?l":f h<JJo-1'-R-Il 11'i'i''f'I'A

conscienc e

239

connectio n

not do. hll.ll :>C 0"7,1',1'11 'lo"tS'."7,1''1'"1

2. -tmll. The telephone company connected

my telephone today. f-1:/I.G:"t 11-<l"t,I'<JJo q
~ llA.h -tm/1111.'{

3. "l"t"J')'l- ,1'/I<JJo ou(l/I<JJo. Do you connect

Bill's silence with Mary's arrival? flLA 1 1t
9" "711~ h"'L& oP9""1'1- :>C "l"t"f')'l-
,1'/I<JJo ,l'.oP(lll\.?11\. l
connect (vi.) of"1<;"f
The two rooms connect. 11-11-1> h'i'll-l- ,1'.1
<;"/{lo

be connected

*The two towns are connected by train.

O!Jollof> h-Jo'l"l- oultbll\ QII-C ,1'.00~/lltll\.

be connected (with) "l"t"J')T I>II<JJo
He is connected with several firms. h1111"
f"t"l~ ~c~'l- :>C "l"t"J')'l- I>II<JJo
*Mr. Parker bas been connected with this
firm since 1918. "''..(lof"C ;rcbc h!iif! '\.
9". "f.9"e 011.11 f"t"l~ "7')0C ..........
oPC;tll\

)1l:<JJo
in what connection 1 OM DD)i'f
In what connection did he mention it? OM
ao)lf m-t(l<JJol
make connections OD=\"If AlDtn

You make connections at the next station.

0"'1..-t'I'II<JJo "'tl.l' ou'\"tf" '1-II<JJo"'/111

connivanc e ao(l"7"7'1-

The robbery was done with the connivance

of !he police. ilC-1'-1> f-1"4-K"""'" h?"ll.
ll :>C Oao(l"7"7'l- )OC

connive .,.oP/tm,l

The general connived with the enemies of his

country. l':,t.&-11- h111<1- mi\.Y.l- ;>C
of"OD/tm<:
connive at if4-L)

Some policemen connive at gambling.

h1~1

~ ?"ll.fol- f-1!"7C"t ' ID"t"f.A ' f,lf'f.'i'<;{lo

connote l>lt(IO

connectio n

I. ou1<;"/. The connections wilh !hat town

are very poor. btUJ 1 b1""7 1 ;JC 1 fAt- 1 oP

1<;"/ ' '1'<1- ' I>,I'.S'./19"

2. "l"t"J')'l-. The two governments sundered

diplomatic connections. 11-A-IJ oP"J..,P';tw

The word 'equator" often connotes heat.

f9"~C

OD-t)'l- f"''..II<JJo :l'A 1>11q"/

dJo"t "l..rt. .,..-t'l-"t ,1'/tllQA

conquer

'1- f-'1. Tll-"7-l:h "l"t"J');l"'f<JJo"t 1>!1/<:m3. ( ~ to connect) "7ll-tmlll.. The connection

of our telephone took two days. (lAltl-"t"t
11"7(1-tmA o-11'1- -t"t 4.1.

I. 1q. He wanted to conquer the whole world.

'\119""t 0.,..11- IIOD"Iq'l- 4.111
2. ,I'H. The Italians wanted to conquer
Ethiopia. h."'A.I"l"l- 1>.'1-f"t.",l'"t IIOD,I'11
4./l"fo
3. l>lf)L. He conquered the habit of smoking.
fll.:>&o ' "7m.(l ' (lo/l"t 1>1f)4.

~lllf l>""llm'{

The soldiers sequestered food from the people

they conquered. <D;l"S'.e'll ltlf)~'f..,. {19'

4. "7oPI\il~. I missed my connection in Dire

Dawa. h~~ S'.'l' <D-'1.,1' f"''..<DllS'.'{ "'""
He bas some important connections. lD11
fflt-

(lQJo.

)(I)-

She is a connection of ours by marriage.

0:>1111' :,.qaoS'.<;IIlget a connection ,.-,'if

~A

1>~<1-"1..

The conqueror was given a warm reception.

~A

1>~<1-"I..<JJo f ;>II 1>-tQOA of"S'-<:111'1-

conquest

Because of bad wealher, it is difficult to get a

connection on the telephone. .l'f-1- IJo~:l"
(111-1"01\lf OllAh 11ao1<;"f'l- l>ll'f:>&
)(Do

In connection with b-- ,;JC

l- 9""111 H<:4-

conquero r

be a connection of 1-lfoP"

f1".1fH

I have an idea in connection with your last

remark. Oao..,<:lf ltll\h<JJo ;>C fof".I'.I'H
l>"t~ ' mlt11 ' 1>11'{

in this connection btt.ll ;JC fl"''f,11f

In this connection he told him !hat it would

I. ~A "7.1':<:"1. The enemy's conquest split

!he country in two. fm~'l- ~A "7~<:"1 I>
1<1-l>"t ' 1111-11'1- ' ht-1\'12. "",1'11. The conquest of Mexico by !he
Spanish is described in this book. fM;r'l'l-
"'Lhll.to"t ' OD,I'11 ' 011.11 ' ODK"do'i' ' <JJoil
'I' ' -1"111\.!I.A

conscienc e 'llt.'i

I have a clear conscience. 1&..ih ..,tL'i h.

II'{

conscientious

240

consent

IJ+

appeal to someone's conscience

(not) regain consciousness

*He appealed to his conscience in the hope of

getting the money back. 1'1HII-'I f.oPIAilil
'I- H'l.(- il"ril.'i"aJo h'l-'l.il"7ro- h.(-C1

The injured man did not regain consciousness for two hours. r.,.1-s;m- 1 (tm- 1 llo-llT =

~.~

....

have something on one's conscience

*She behaves as if she had something on her

conscience. ..-4..-,.. ),'l-'lm-4- J (tm- J .-,..lf'ill";f
[See also 'guilty']

conscientious
1. o..-'l.?k I r+w~. Conscientious work gives
good results. OT'l.?k 1 r+w~ J JP~ : mm.-1: 1'1"&-lA

2. .-,...,..t.J. The conscientious student received

the teacher's praise. :,..,..,_ 1 +171/t:. 1 I"Jli+UIJ
i!liJo '/"il;J<; h1"f

conscious ( ~ adv.) 11''1 1111He made a conscious effort to be kind. 1.."'1

floPII''I ' 11''1 1111- ' '1'~'1- 1'1!'..~1
be conscious ~fto'l 1 om+
Doctor, is he conscious? .hh.9"' : II"~
'11aJo:l'IA!
be conscious of om+

m+";f'l" ~nc

consciousness
I. tblJ1l. The memory of the event was gone
from his consciousness. )-1.;.. J h.h/Jfi'o J m,.::tA
2. hh'I"C:. Gradually, the sound of the bell
penetrated the sleeping man's consciousness.
(I

A consciousness of impending danger kept

him awake. h!'..;J 1\.!'..Cilft't- f"''..";ffA oull'
;,~m~"}

conscript 'I"IA'I"IA
Conscripts are trained in marching before they
are sent to their various units. IJDA'r/'r>":f m
!'..f-1-0D!'..IJ-q'fro- ' hoP'Il!'fro- ' ftol.'t- ' (lfA'j:
f-"7&-11-

conscription O"'l..l'o;t- 1 ononfAODA

Conscription is necessary in time of war.
ftiPC~'t- 1.11. 0"11.;1- oooufAoofA hilol.
'11. ' ~ ....

consecrate
1. l't"Pil. He consecrated his life to the service
of the church . .hf.m-1:'1 illl.-1- hCil-1:1'1
h11A"111-'t- h'l'il

il-1:1'1'1 h'l-'1.11ii"'IA ilil't- (lm";f

be consecrated

*A church is consecrated to worship. O.T

She wasn't conscious of his presence in the

room. lt.fto hlf:l\o 1 m-liT ontf-;...'1 1 hi\

).'! Mm4> h'I'I>IA'i' h"'

lose consciousness ~tj:fto"} 1 ,...,. !
"IT

(lq't- 1UIA .nf.m-1:'1 il-l' ~nc

2. ilil't- (lm. She consecrated her child

to the service of the church. lA:{'I 11.-1- he

~(to

f!'..mtr .(-'/"6 4>il ft4>il f-1-.,..,.'1

ro- hh'I"C: Hil4>

,'h~m-1:"} 1

hCil-1:1'1 iiKII-'1- f-1-mM '1>'1-il !1;1-

~

....

consecration f'l"~:l' P'~ P'Cq'tThe consecration of the church took p1ace

last Sunday. fll.-1- hCil-1:1). f'l"~:l' P'
~

P'Cq't- f-1-!'..~1..,. q{l,l.ro- hm..(-

~nc

consecutive
1. -1-h:l';l-f.. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday are consecutive days. (17! "7h(l7!<; ~
11-b -1-h:I':J-f.. 4>'l'";f' .,,..,.

2. ( ~ adv.) ""f.-'lro-'1. He came on three

consecutive days. ?'liT 1 +'l onY.,,t;;m-"} ODIIJ

She lost consciousness due to the extreme heat.

h ...f.{l"'aJo ' .....,T ' f-1-~"1 ' ~'i'!).'I ' (.hf.ID
:1:'1) ' H";f
recover consciousness ~,.:11 = H~ ! )olf:fto'1
om+
She just now recovered consciousness. hv-'l 1
1<; ~'i'il H&-";f (~'i'!t'I om+";f)
regain consciousness ~fto'1 om+ I ~,.:(1 H~

consensus llrr)oT
The consensus was against the war.
IPC~-1:'1

f"''..:l'm'l"

h9"'9"')o~

~nc

consent (v.)
1. -l'il"7"7. He consented to stay. fiOd.fof't-

After two hours, he regained consciousness.

-l'il"7"7
2. L-1'1... Ann's father would not consent to
her marrying a foreigner. fh'l hq't- fro"1!" h1C (lro- h'!.(-;J-1q hf.L'I>.(-'1"
3. hit hil. When I asked her whether she

hu-il't- (lq't- ft:\'1 &-(1-'1 om+ (~'i'il

H&-)

11mf.:l''t- hit hfl";f

would marry me, she consented. 1\1-m.?q

consider

241

consent

conservat ive aJf.

consent (n.)

1. U 1:. This was done without my consent.

,_II f-t-1.~~,. fll~ 4.? 1: )ID2. ""11.,'"1'1-. Silence often implies consent. h-11
""'ID-"t "1.11. 119":1' ""11.,.,'1-'t foollh:I'A
by common consent fl ~ - - rJ.-Ir h,..'!l"'io+

By common consent of the class, he was

chosen president. R-t-.,&J"'j; rHr 11'1"'1"
)'1- 'l"t.Jf)l't'l- ll''l" -t-ou~m
by general consent Q11: Y;gn[J

He was chosen chairman by general consent.

'l-hhll"'w- f"7..4'~11

He gave me a conservative estimate of costs.

dlf. ' 'l-hhll.,,. ' f"7..4'~11 ' f'l';> ' "19"'l- '
r'lm~
be conservative f.f.f A."''Y:~ "7bRC IDU

Old people are usually more conservative than

young people. h11~.,,.'t "1.11. haJtlf.P.:f
,_A.,. 11.,"11\.l":f fol'f A"lf:'t .,hn

c'

,.dl~(lo

conserve (v.)

IJ'tf: 1:9"~ 1111.4 ou'tRC)'I- T""~m

1. ll.'l.t.;f.mi!f. mfl+. Scientific farming conserves the soil. HoP<;'f! t.Clf hoi.C t.'t

[See also 'yield1

~,.mof.

consequen ce

f"''.fllh'l-11 ,. , .... ,..

I am afraid of the consequences. fol.ll-11-'1- f
"''.fllh'I-IIID- 't ID-m.'l- )ID-

*You must take the consequences of your

action. OP"t-tJ lUll foPIIJm-1 ')o"IC oo
oJ>RA t.MIII

*The consequence of his fall was a broken leg.

OOID-f._, f ... A'I',..'t oor'IRC t.llh-1"11

In consequence of 0 --- 9'"h'l1+

An investigation was initiated in consequence

of the disaster. IJf.;>ID- 9"h'tf'l- '/"Coo
t- t.'t.OU:ouc -t-1.~~
it Is of no consequence tfl;J fi\m-r

That he still has the title of president is of no

consequence. f'l"t.tVI't-lo't .,,.,~., ""'""
of no consequence lt.H.U "'JQ f"''.r.qA

He is a person of no consequence. lt.H.tJ ""IQ

f.,,_IJA r'laJo )aJo

consequen t fllh-1"11

The storm and consequent flood caused great

danger. '"li>RIK" fllhof"IIID- 1-C'i' 'l-A
... ' t.f.:> ' t.Ur'l

*His long illness and consequent absence puts

him far behind in his work. 1111- "1.11. ;r
,.. llP"t- ooo}-~ofl Pt-11t a mY.. :\1\ '1-t-.,.R'I-

' 'l-A... ' ol.of-'0 ' IIDD4'm11 '

'I"M
conserve (n.) Roi'Coi'C"

f:l'lf~

Since we have no fresh fruit we use a lot of

conserves. 'l-h-11 'I'll- 'i't. 11111\.ll't n
oi'Coi'C" f:l'if~ID-'t R11'1'l- t.'tmoJ>9"R:l 'll't

consider

1. hcf:fD ~1C "'&.mt::. He never considers

the feelings of others. fl\.11-:f't ll"'L'l- h.,
'I"

2.

)~C

<t.m~.

h,_<t.'l'C'I"

I consider him an able chemist.

:fll-:1' fiiiD- h."''.ll'l- t.f:C"I. t.<t.'l'~'i'llll-

3. ToutthT. We have to consider his age.

4. h.ilO. You should consider the traffic and
start early. foolJ.<;ID-"t 11'1'l- hllRII Rt!l.
:,. ' oP)"f'l- ' 1;111111

Will you accept my offer to work with me?

I will consider it. h~ ;>C t.'tf:'l-"'11- foJ>
~1111-AII't mo\11 'l-oJ>R~IItJ

l t.ll11R;I-1111-

5. t.'tf.--- hf. He considers him his foe.

t.'tf.ml\-to ff'I'A

6. hoo'fH~. He wants- to consider the pros

and cons before he makes up his mind.
mo\11-'t ' hoo.,...~m- ' n.c.'l- ' "'"'-'t" ' "1~-lo't I\JOD~1f't ,_oi.A;>A

*I consider the story improbable. ;1-611- f"''.

consequen tly

*He failed to come on time; consequently,

the meeting broke up without settling anything.

Rr'l't-lo ,..,__tlf lllloJ>~ "1-IJ.t..ID- M'l"

)~C o\,_aJII't of"Rof")
TO:J"

The conservation of forests is important to

our country. ff.'t '1'0.4' IIIJ~t-"1 m.4'"'1.
)ID-

IIJo ' II"'Lf.~~ID-

i>f:"'LID-'t """"Ah'l- h1111"t

'I';> ' fiiiD-9"

conservat ion

,.m11.4'A

2. <t.mR. He tried to conserve his strength for

the big test the following day. "1-AR-Io't OR);>

ll"t ' t."""llil~9"

be considered
1. .,.fit\. This nation is considered to
aggressive. .e.u OD'l""JP"+ mofl. "'I~
, . ' ,_IJ~A
2. -t-<t.m~. Pride was considered a sin
the churchmen. ntou<;'l- H'tf: h-11-'l-
f. "1m.t.'l- ,.._me )fiC

be
)

by
t.'t

10

considerable

consignment

242

considerable
I. Olf fil. That is a considerable sum.

take into consideration

I. hil-1-ff+ hJ'.t:1. When grading the pa-

Olf fil 1"tHil ~,.,.

2. ill!-. It took considerable effort. ill!-
Tt:+"t mf.,.
3. ill!- I .:"('1". The distance between Harar
and Addis Ababa is considerable. O.ht:C<; 0
IVl.il .t.oq ODIJhA 111,.,. c.,...,. ill!-
(.:"('1") ' ~ ....
4. b'i'.,.'i'. He acquired considerable skill in
football. O"IC \o.il ..,.,.,. b'i'.,.'i' "/ffr>
;t- h1T
*There is a considerable American colony in
Paris. Ocb+ ftr h"'UIJ'l'"if ;r&il
fD<il'l' ' f.'l' &-oil-

pers, the teacher took the student's long illness

into consideration. ooru.;. m~+-Ai'l c (Lf

considerably 0"1'1"
The boy was considerably older than he
looked. A:ll: DD<I\11- h"''.fo'tffD< 01\f. ~
f:"''.fD< ' 0"1'1" ' 14- ' fil ' ~ ....

fl"'r

consideration
1. 61/1\11. Giving a correct answer requires
consideration. +hhil'i' DD<I\il 1\DDilm+
"'iilil fii4.1A:JA

2. ho'tll~+. The girl's consideration for her

mother is in contrast with her brother's
rudeness. fA"(-fo 1\h<;:J: ho'tll~+o; fm
"t~".7.

ilA"I<; f.7t:&.tr

*Time is an important consideration in this

case. 011.11 .:1~ f1.H. ~1C 11.;1-ililO+
f"''.1q' )fD<
alve consideration TODAh+

I will give your project full consideration.

h~~l)") 0 0"'/.1q ' hDDI\h.,.'l'l\11ln consideration of
1. lli\. In consideration of his services, he
received an award. ilil h1A"Ii'r'-fo iiA"'I+
-1-ilmfD<
2. ODDou&~h+. In consideration of his age, the

judge ordered the boy released from jail.

f~f:"''.fD<"t ' "'IHl ' OODOD&Ib+ ' &1:11: '
hhiiC O.+ h"t'Lil.,.~ -'l'i'fD< hHIInot have consideration -,,: fi\dJor
He has no consideration for anybody. il"'i"t
'}" ' ..,~ ' filfD<'J"
show no consideration f'""JVO .,~ flttD-,..

They show no consideration for his feelings.

ill\ ' ii"'L-fo ' '}"")'}" ' "'~ ' fl\lffD<'}"

.,...,& ' hil-1-f

2. .,..oPithT. When you criticize his manners,

you should take into consideration the fact
that he is foreign. mql'"t il+~~'i' ffD<
"rl' Me il,.,. outr)-1 ouOD&~b+ hil
illl

3. illl(l- hiiO. Then too, we must take him

into cons'deration. hH.f'J" 01\f. illl(l-
"'iilil ' hilil"t
treat with consideration 0"7.111 s fH

One should treat one's mate with consideration.

h>t~ il,.,. f+-'lc ~,._'i',.,.>t 0"'1.1q ""'
11 hiiO+
(be) under consideration floPm'i+ 1 1\t.. 1
~

considerate 1111,.,. ho'tll

My boss is very considerate. h.A..4>"'
ililfD< ' ho'tll ' ~ ....

C'J" ' ill!- ' 1.11. ' 1\;J-ODODfD< '

f+ hJ'.t:1

....

Three plans are under consideration. ?'ll:t-

h~P.."/f ' ooum<;+ ' 1\f. ' ""',.,.

considered (adj.), - opinion

*My considered opinion is that the project
will never sucoeed . .,..,.&.'1""' h1J'.J'.t:llh-O
+ A~JI. '1""t1.11.'1" b'i'"' hf.J'.Cll'J"

considering (1.;1-ilil
He did well considering his lack of preparation.
hiiODH:>)>;-fo ' (1.;1-(lil ' OD<I\1)'}" ' fD<aLT '
h"''S;J:A

consign
I. IIh. We consign the goods to Asmara by air.
"h:l'fD<1 OhfC OJJ'. hP'OD&. h"t<I\IJII1
2. ODJ'.O. He consigned two hours daily to
studying Amharic. h"'IC'i' 11"'1'1'<;+ Of.,.).
o-il+ ' il't+ ' ODJ'.O
3. hl'.&. ilm. Theyconsignedhertoagnardian.
ilho't-'11. hJ'.&. ill\l.+
consIgn to one's care ~ lim

He consigned his child to his uncle's care.

11\:ll:"t 111-fo hl'.&. ilm
consign to one's use 7t.'1.1lm+ro+ hF-.~1
The host consigned this room to our use.
q11o.-~o f.ll"t"t h'i'A h1mm.,.'1"o+ h
J'.t:~

consignment
*He received a consignment of Swiss merchandise. f.,.llb-+"t fll'11 1..11'1""/f #Oil
*The trucker lost a consignment of pots.

ouh........ llf. ftO~'I- lfhlll":Y.

tnf-0'1large consignment of -fltf"
He sent me a large consignment of books.
11tfo OUl\.h'i''l- IIIlA~
lf.l..~

consist
I. .,."'&-. The human body consists of many
cells. fllfD< hilA f.,.JP&-fD< 1111tfo I!.A
~ ....

2 )fl~ (past; )dJo for the present; negative

past hA~Ot:9"; negative present hf.S'.ll9"). The
lunch consisted of fish, vegetables, and coffee.
9"<'1..,. ~., 1 h'l-hA'I-o; n-o; ~oc
Wisdom does not consist only in knowing
facts. '1'011 l\fD<~.,.,. ~1C"t aym:,. 11!1'
hf.S'.il.9"

3. .,..,T, Cooperation consists in working

together. out:JI-'1'1- h11C' houP'&-'1- f.

,,.A

A week consists of seven days. Olt?"''l:,.

....,. (lq."J- .,.'l':Y. hil.-

consistency .b<'IO

lD"

ll"l-~'1-

Consistency should guide conduct. milO ll"

H'l- ouout.f ll.lf't f.1qA
*There is not always consistency between
words and action. 't"I"'C<; .,..,qc 1JoA1.
rt. h11t:fD< hf.'tll-9"
*His behavior is marked by consistency.
f"7f.li'I'OJ'I' tnqf. hllfD<
increase the consistency hiDL~
Flour is added to soup to increase its consistency. .....:,.'t il."7aJLC JI-'J~."J- a f.<J;LOU&-A

consistent
I. Hil-t. He is a consistent friend of Ethiopia.
fh.'l-f"lrf Hil-t aJ'I)!' ~..,.
2. dtltfl &").. What a consistent person says
today agrees with what he said yesterday.
.b<'IO ll"l- llfD< ~t- f'l.<;1,:..,.o; '1-<;"t.'J-

f.,..,,:..,. ,.. .

.,.,~~.-

consistent with each other ,.F.;J;Jd.9'";f.

The ideas in his various speeches are consistent
with each other. 0f1.rt.fD< O"'U'S'.C;>'ffD< 't
"'"'C':Y. fD<II'I' f"'1.1All'ffD< .b<'lll:Y.
_,.S'.;> ;>Ll":Y. ' <;'ffD<
be consistent (with) .,.11"7"7
What you said today is not consistent with
what happened last week. ~(.. f.,.<;"1ChfD<
qii.LfD< <'tll"'t'l- hlf~fD< ~1C ;>C h
f.II"''"''V"

conspicuous

243

consist

Driving on the right is consistent with the

law of most countries. 0.,.~ OU't'l'l- 1111
tfo h1C':f .h"l ;>C f.II"7"7A

consolation OUl\"<;",.
Your company has been a great consolation
;>C OUif't '1-A:t-
"~
to me.
OUl\"<;... ' lf'l'... A

n.,.

console hll"<;<;
He consoled the widow for the loss of her
husband. 11.'1-f"'l''t llll q!l. '1"'1- hll"<;<;'l-

consolidate (vt.)
1. J\.110~. The company consolidated its
gains. 11-q'ty..,. '1-Cf.'t h'IOt:
2. hm~llt:. He consolidated his position with
the nobility by granting them tax concessions.
ll.oul;>,'t't-1> M11C V".ht:.'J- l\fS'.t:111'ffD<
h) (I- ;>C fil.fD<'t "l't"~~.'J- htn~ht:
3. hm:l'il.il.. He must consolidate scattered
land holdings. f.,.O;J-.,.~fD<'t foa>t-."J- 1/.1'
;J- "''tn:l'liA hii.O'I4. h'l'.bS'.. They consolidated their three
companies. ?'11-l>'t !1-q'tfl"il''ffD<'t h'l'mJI.
consolidate (vi.) ,.'PdtF..
The two airlines consolidated. l.N\.Jl 1 fJ\fC
""'t1P.:Y. -t-'l'.bJI.

consonant (n.) J/:9"{1 ll"'-

1 .,.~qll

Some Amharic consonants are not easy to

pronounce. h't'l'tY: h"YC>;' J/:9"{1 (I'""
:y. (.,.~q(l:f) 0.,.1111.- hi/.~011-V"

(be) consonant .,.11"'1"'1

His actions are consonant with his principles.
hY:&-1-t> lll\9"~-t> ;>C r.,.ll.,., ~..,.

consort (v.) 'I'll.

Do not consort with thieves! hA.Pl- ;JC
'I-'I' A

consort (n.) qA
The consort of the empress has no authority
over the government. f't"'P'-f::t qA oou
'J"IP'-1> fD<II'I' ll"'tV" P'A"''t fil.fD<V"

conspicuous
1. ~.,e.),.'i'. Lincoln is a conspicuous example
of a poor boy who succeeded. ll.'thA't r.,.<'IIIII
'ffD< ' Y:~:Y. ' AJ(lf- ' ~,_~_,.>;' ' 9"<'111. ' ~..,.
2. 1-AI.I. Traffic signs should be conspicuous.
f'l-t.-d.h 9"Ail1'-:Y. 'I-AII OUif't hllq'f..,.
be conspicuous 1-IA.f- 1 ;1-f
She was conspicuous in her red dress. .,.,e. 1
A1111 Ooa>AOjl. 1-A;I- '1-;J-fli:Y.

conspiracy

conspiracy hS!:"'ll ll..!The conspiracy to overthrow the government

was discovered in time. oo')GJp-J:') r l\oP1Afl
'I' f.I.J'.t:111Jo hY:_, 01.11. -1-.J'.t:(IO'J1 don't want to be a party to aoy conspiracy.
OM9" 'tJ'.)'J- ll.o!- IJJoil'l' -1-IJof.J'.
oll\11") hALA"/9"

conspire
1. h.F..oo. The army conspired against the
government. fi"C ~J'.II- Ooo"t"'P'-1: II
J'. h.J'.tiD

2. hll.t:. His enemies conspired to ruin him.

mll.f'fi II.J'm4-'1- hll.-13. -1-"J.I\. All things conspired to make her
birthday a happy one. fA.J'.'I- O't!l"t f.J'.il
;1- M'l- li_,Y:t:"' rrll-9" )1C -1-"J.I\
constancy .'M)'J-

He serves with constancy and devotion.

o:r>"t)'J-'i' o;r.,'h'l- .1'1li"'IIA

*We admire the constancy of Columbus in

believing the earth was round. """""" h11
'i''l- f"''.liiJJo't fl>ll9"0il"t m"tiJ.!- 1.
9")'1- l.'i'.J'."t:J>ll"t
constant
1. f""l.f*C-r. The constant noise is getting
on my nerves. f.,.I',.,.CmiJJo """"1;1- .1'0<\
.,.,'O'A
2 . .I'A-1-'i<mO. Constant encouragement helped
the crippled child to walk again . .t'A-1--t.mO
_,.J'.of.LC 1(q,.-, A'!': 1."t.J'.1'i' l."t.ll.
&.OOY;-

constitution

244

~J.;fDo.

3. fHm+c. His constant criticism flustered her.

fHID'I-C ).,.of.,. "1.!- h;>q'J4. ( = adv.) hHIJJo'J-~ 1 hrr"t9" hrr"t9". He

harassed me with constant requests for money.

t.um-'1-~ (hrr"t9" hrr"t9") 1"tU1I M

mf.,. )U)H'S

S. X").. He is constant in his devotion to his

country. 111-1- .l'liiD' 'i!:r>C X"). )ID'
6. :f'"1'S. A constant friend helps you when
you need help. ;r.,'S 'i.J'.'O' ll'f"'cu
J'..J'.CiiA?A
7. h"tY: 'tJ'.)'J- fiJ'). The soldier walked
at a constant pace. ID;f-.J'.-1- h"tY: 'tJ'.)
'I- Rll') 1.C9"ll' '/..J'.
constantly
I. <\.I'*C'I'. The phone has been ringing constantly. iiAh- <'t.I'*C'I' J'..J'.IJJoA )OC
2. Rf1.11.1D'. Farmers are constantly afHicted by

locusts. 10il.l":f Of1.11.11Jo Oh"tO"' J'.w

:1>.1'113. rrA1.11.. He constantly belittles my efforts to
write better. K'<hL-J:"t ll.,'l''l' A f.,.J'.C111Jo
"t Tt:'l- rrA1.11. .l'"t*1i'l'A
constellation ')111: l>h11
The Great Bear is a constellation. '1-A41
11 h"tY: ~11;'; l>h11 )IJJo

.r:

consternation .t.!"'l;.m
The consternation he felt during the earthquake was beyond description. floP.'...-,. 1 ou't
.,.....,..... 1.11. f.J'.t:(IO'J- Y:"t:>m. J'.IJ )IJJo
II..QA hJ'.:fA9"
*To my consternation, my wallet has disappeared. llC<\\L ll..mof. hm- hAllbe in consternation +"'-~.,.
All the women of the village were in consternation.foP"t.J'.-1- ll..f:f rrll- -!-.,.,.,.,.,.
)0C
constipate IJ'Y: h.J'.t:.,.
Chocolate often constipates. '1'1>11'1- 1111'1D'
"t ' 1.11. ' IJ'Y: ' .I'.J'.C:J>A
constipation IJ'Y: J.':C.,.'IHis constipation bothers him seriously. 11":
O~J'.A .f{l'f"'t:'f'A

.r:c.,..,

constituent fof-tiDt;mO'J- .,.01\.

The congressman received many letters from
his constituents. f9"hC IL-l: t,qA h-1tiDt;mO'J- _,.01\. 1111' .J'.11'11Ll":f J'..J'.C(l;1-A
*Sugar is one of.the constituents of candy.
ht:"'LII h"''.wo!-q'fm- )1~:f h"tJI. il
'>.C ' )IJJo
constitute
I. ~'""" They constituted him chief advisor.
fOIIJ'. h_,IJ<I hY."C111Jo 11"-'12. rr\'. Twelve months constitute a year.
OF.!- rrll'l- m~:f h"tY: <too'J- J'.ll''i'll3. -1-'ILmt:. Being seen at the scene of the crime
does not constitute guilt. m't)!ll- h-1-.1.11""'0
'1- ll:f' oo;rf'J- hm"t)!:A t.J'.'i<mC9"

+**ou

be constituted
Courts are constituted by law to give justice.
'i!CY: IL.f:f 'i!'J-<h l.'t.ll,W-1- O<h"l f
-!-**-. 'i''fiD'

constitution
I. <h1 IID"t"'P''I-. The constitution of the
United States went into effect in 1789. fh"'L<I

ih1 ' OD"J"'I"'f- ' 01f;fifji '\00-J- ' 9"ilo(.

~,. 'I'll
2. fOD-1-.IU'.t..l' f."t11. The structure of the
organization is explained in its constitution.
ff."C~-1> 1'.!119" OOD-1-.IIf.l..l'fllo f."t11 flloll
'I' -I-1A!tll\
3. ou!l/!119". The delegates recommended the
constitution of a peace commission. ouAl\h_,.
'l'~ fMI"' 1>"'1.1\M OD!I/!1/I"'"t 1.144. (UD~+. He has a very strong constitution.
11Cof> 1\fllo~-l- 1'.1\fllo
*The physical constitution of the moon is now
known. fQ>,(.:J' hiiA 9""t l"'"t l\"t.lll\0
,. ho-"t ;1-fllo!I/A
draw up a constitution ih"l OD"}..,P"T h.
t.++
The committee drew up a constitution for the
COUDtry, S'..C.,. I i\J\1t,~ I tlt1 I OO"}""I,P":r- I
ht.++
[See also 'strong')
I} '

,. 1"&-

constitutional
1. f(tiD"~+. A constitutional weakness makes
him susceptible to colds. fl\fllo~-1: f.II"1~-l-
1111Cf." 071:1" hliAil: '-1\m'I'A
2. Oih1 ,..-,..,,..:,. f-1-4..4'1.. Freedom of
speech is one of our constitutional rights. 0..,
"'C ~~~~:,. Oih1 OD"t"'l"-1> h-1-4..-I>JI.A
, oP11.f:Y. h"tJI. ~fllo

constrain
1. hlt1U. One must not constrain a child
to eat. iloY'i'-l-"t 0"11." l\"t.II.OII' "11111.1."
hMIJI"'
2. 1:1'. You have to constrain your temper.
"tS'.'f-ll"t oP"';I-'1- 1'.111111
constrain the growth 1t-t4l.al.

Cold weather constrained the plant's growth.

4>11.4'~ hfC 1'.-l-hA-I>"t 1'.4>""'""'""

constraint "'S'.:I"
He kept silent under constraint. O"'S'.:I" II
.... I hA
show constraint J\1..0

The boys were usually noisy, but they showed

constraint when visitors came. A;l.lfi 1 Jtfllf'1
fllo"t 1.11. '-'"'"'"" ~oc 1 l\"t"'P.:Y. a
OOtJlo I

"'.fl,

""11

consult

245

constitutional

}\~(}o

constrict Mf.
He tied a rope around his arm to constrict
the blood vessels. f.l"' I"!::Y."t 11"111."
h"tJI."t. 01oPf." hi\(.

constriction 'I'R-lA constriction in the neck of the bottle kept

the water from pouring out. fmCoooll 1 h."J
1'1- '1'0-l- fllo~fllo l\"t.ll'-4..11 Mf.fllo

construct
1. IP&-. They plan to construct a building on
this site. 011.11 ll:l" 11'- ih"tl\ 1\0DI"&-'1-
.
.I'MII2. 1)Q, They are going to construct a
barrage across the river. Om"t,.. 1\f. 1 ..,
1."11 11.1~11' ~fllo

construction
1. ih"JR. That new construction is a bank.

y t.JI.{Io ih"tl\ IJ"th ~,.

2. OOIP&-:r-. Construction of highways is im
portant to Ethiopia. fhfllo&- '1-.ll'i'l":Y. ""
oP&-'1- 111'..'1-f'k.l' 0"11"' 1'.114..111. ~fllo
The bridge is still under construction. f."Af."
" I ,~ I OODIP&-:r- I 1\f, I )CD3. 1"&-. The construction of the building was
stopped for budgetary reasons. fih"tl\fllo I"
&- Olll-l- l"'h"tY-l- -i-!1/t.m

4. h.w&-C. The construction of this building

is modern. fH.II

ih"tR h.w&-C noo~'

~fllo

constructive m:J'"''.
He engages in constructive activity. m:J"DY.
fll'). 1"&-l":Y. ~,. '-1\"1&-A

construe
1. 100.,., He construed from her expression
that she was furious. IIII-1-.I'f:l: f-1-<fl"':Y.

ootrs:_'}

111P.,.

Different lawyers may construe. the

same law differently. AI' AI' mO:J'l":Y.
h"tJI., ......, 0-1-ll.l'f oP"t1f." .1'--1-t..,.._.
:,. ''-ll''i'A
2.

T~.:1--oo.

consul 4'"ti\.A
The Emperor received the British consul .
"'M'I! -,.,., ~~1"'1- fl\"t"111.11"t 4'
"ti\A M.:>1~

consulate 4'"tllll
Were you at the American consulate? hh"'UII
). ol'"tM H"tf." ~OCh ?

consult (vt.)
I. h"1ht.. You should have consulted us.
M'"t "1"1hC ~Ot.1111
2. h - - - .:>C -J-ool}ht.. He consulted his

consultation

t~<- hm0.4'
;>C .,_,..,h.:
3. rhc mf.,. (.,.mf.,.). He is consulted regarding such problems because of his long
experience. ft.)r:r 'l.H. IAIJDY: hl\1\m- ,
MJUJ"t illl""illlll- ......:r-:f rhc f.mf.4'"'
4. mf. - - - H"t f.- Y.f.. If your coughing continues, consult a doctor. ~AU hm'i1lll m
f. ' dtlt_9" ' H"tf.- ' 'Lf.5. .,.,.1\h.,.. When in doubt about the mean-

lawyer about the case. ll/1

I&

ing of a word, consult a dictionary. l'at\'lY:

,.,,.. '1-c-,.r n.,.m&-mch .,_,
.4'11'1- .,.,.,.h'lconsult (vi.) .,.,..,h.:

.
"""h"-

""11~0

h"7f.-t::>'fr& 0.1.'1- 1'-h.,.C':f .,.

consumption oo-fiA.
The meat is unfit for consumption because it is
full of worms. I";>r& '1-A 11!1' llllll't II
OUiJA ' hf!.ll"l"79"

*Consumption of cotton cloth has increased

50 per oent. h'l''l' ,.,..,."- Ailll:f"t ouA
Oil "19"'1 oouf- ""!"';!:"'
*The consumption of coal is much greater in
winter than in summer. hO.."J 1 "l.tL 1 ~A:t

*This food is for our consumption on the trip.

~&u 9""111 o-,.p<p:f"J m:r>+ fl"'"t"""IRm-
tr&

consultation 9"hc

contact

The three doctors held a consultation to

decide whether an operation was necessary.
1"111: .... ~~_.,..,. .,.,_ '1'1<;" fllol.,..,. ~"tf.ll'
"t 11oumll"t rhc t.f..:.,.

(v.)

1. mf+. I will contact you as soon as I arrive.

~"tf.f.t:llh- ~mf.:r>?llu2. .,.1IT. I will contact you by mail or by
telephone. Rf..il-'10. m~&r RllAh ~"t
~<;">;'1\"t

consume
1. 1\;Jf. The flames soon consumed the
wooden huts. tR,.QII- 1}!,'1l"t m.ll__l'r&).
h:>f'fr&

2. Q;&.t.(l. We consumed a lot of food on our

hike. 111ic1ic RY.f.-"t .,_, 1111- 9""111
.....:ll"t
He soon consumed his fortune. Y1l4:"J

the first prize. f"tf."h'l- 1i,..,.,"t Q~"f

... , 9"'1'1: h0.4'

Rht:9"'l- "1.11. f"7_tf.r& hllA f.RA"'A

for consumption

The doctors consulted before operating. .,.,_

'I'~..

contact

246

contact

(n.) "IT~t'l-

Contact with the main office is maintained by

radio. h'l'<;m- oup>&f IL'l- :>C "l"t1'
t'l- f"7_f.<:~r& Ro!.Jlf- tr&
be in contact +,;Jmoo

mu

Our troops are in contact with the enemy.

"'-/.(t
3. m"f. My car consumes a lot of gas. ooh..'i
II. 1111- 0."tit"t f.m"'"'
4. h'Pil. A student consumes much of his
time in studying. +"7~ 1ltND'l 'l.rt.lD"

The light is turned on by the contact of the

switch with the wire. oo-fl&--h 1 fot,O&-m- 1 "7

lD-).

"t f"7_fl&l\l& 11'1'<;"'1- tm5. hmof- (0'1-). The meetings consume much of
my time. {liJ(IQ"''fl 1111- "1.11. fmf-fl'i'"'
be consumed

I. t.ll.,.. The copious supply of beer was oon

consumed. R~'i! r.,..:Rr& llt- tJU'r&).
hll.,.

2.

+crm. She was consumed with curiosity.

R"7m:r> 'i!l\1'1- .,.m-"11\:f

~ "1.11. 1&4."/{"'
Preparing reports is time consuming. &-rc s

consuming, be time

"7H:>~'l- "1.11. /!.4."/{A

(be) consummated t.R.4'

His ambition was consummated when he won

m;.l-f.C'!l':f"t fm'l'l-"t I"C .,.;>'J'oPr&;J-A

by the contact 1\.1<;'5

il&f<; "7'l'ol.fa>- h1i!lr& :>C 1\.~<;'5

tr&
come In contact )t)

When the mirror came in contact with the

hot iron, it split. f ;JII.m- 111!.-l- oolt;Jwm.J:
"t 1\.t.,m- ou!l;.l-m1: .,.(l)m.,.
come into contact IIJ'},:~:,..

1 A1..l.1
He has never come into contact with foreigners.

ha>-"1" h1C ll,:f :>C 9""t9" "l"t"Ft'l-

t..1:-c1 t.fr&:r>r
make contact ""J"}"f.)-l- 1 A1..l.1

The food salesman made contact with the

grocers in all parts of the city. ,...,11 t.lflf
..., Rhi-"71& r&ll'l' .. 11-'1- ,...,11 lf.:f ;>C "l"t"Ft'l- hf.t:~

[See also 'immediate']

contend

247

contagi on
contagi on

-1-'I'I.L 1 1111;1-

To avoid contagion , the water must be purified.

-i-'1'1.1. I 1111;1-'t
t-'f- I f il.L/>.;J />.

contagi ous

fi"'I(IID1J/:

IJJ-~')

"'I"J

2. l'oil'lilfl. He was contemplating his futnre.

hfiiDU'l- ).1!',. fMhA 1 toe

The traveler contemplated the beliuty of the

desert. 011')1.J'.lffD- 0 f!I"J/:<1 I IIJIIJJ-'t I fD-0
T

t,(l'l(l{l

There are several contagious diseases in this

3. 1ou-t-. Do you contemplate any difficulty

because of bad weather? flf~ 1 OD'J'G:t'l- 1

COUDtry.

:Y..,e

-1-'I'I.L

Oft.I.J I J\1C I l1Joi't4f" I ofltf- I 1--\/t

1111;1-l":Y. I l'ofl,?q
be contagiou s
Yawning is contagions. "'1~:>'1- 1 f.:>IJA
.1.

contain
I. l'ofl(ll'l-).
I il't>!.ll>

That trunk contains clothing.

I

A11il

l'ofiiiT

2. !H. A kiloliter contains a thousand liters.

l'o'tf:

h.fl-1\.'f-e

l'o'tf:

1(

1\.'f-e

f.f.~/>.

This book contains a biography of Abraham

Lincoln. Y.U 1 OIIK'do'i' 1 fl'o11C'/!I" 1 11.'tb
A't't

fihf.IDT

;1-<lb

f.!l/>.

3. )m-. A pound contains 16 ounces. 1\"JS:

;riD-'tf: I OFt- I (lf:il'l- I l'oiD-'til I tiD4. l'oHfl. The body of the book contains all

the essential facts. fOIIK'dof. 1 'l''i' 1 b'i'A 1

-i'of..'I1.9':Y.'t I <j:t, I t1c-:f I 11 .... {1- I l'o1J!\_{>.
5. 1:1". He contained his anger. 't1.-l>'t 1 1
;1-ID6. h't-'IY.hof.'i- 1 t.1.J'.. The Western powers

hope to contain Russian military strength.

f9"6t-11 I ...,,.... , 0 OII')"IJ";I -T 0 f~l\.f't I

ftne I ...,,./>. ' J>..'tJif.(lof.'i- I fl"'l1f: o f.'l'
t-Il-

be contained +4'oom

The powder is contained in a capsule.

b!l"(l.e ' ID-h'l'

IJ~

MOll"!/>.

contain er

I. "'1(14'011"1.. He used old bottles and boxes

as containers for his food. ht:1. mC.,.,..f\if-'1
'i'

f..J'.efl/>.

11fiU

T1!1";1-fiU !

"f'J''f:Y.'t

{19""/11

"'1(14'011"1.

l'o'f'fl

2. "''m&-+O f.f. Place refuse in a container!

41lflffD-'t

"'lmt-4'"'l .ffD-

fD-il'J'

"){liD-

COntam inate

I. ou<~n. Flies contaminate food. 11!1"P:Y. !I"

"111't y.oue~ll2. llbfl. The villagers contaminated the

well with sewage. OD'tf.e-t-' l''ll fiD-~ID-'t 1 .,.
!:'if: I 0-'lflf ' Obll-'1-

contem plate

1. hfiO. She was contemplating a visit to

Addis Ababa. l'o-'1.(1 1 l'oOIJ't fl0111-1l"f'l- 1 ;1(111 1 toe

contem plation

l'ofl11

He was sunk in contempl ation.

11~-R

.,..m-,..

tile

contem poraneo us

*The lives of Thomas Jefferson and John

Adams were contemporaneous . .,.,..,il 1 "/.LCl'

't'i'

]0 ' l'o-'19"(1

f'tf:

HOD't

t'l'&l":Y.

til~

contem porary (n.)

1. Q'l.(- HOD'l 1 r'f' l.. He was a contemporary of Washington. l'-.(1- 1 b'l'11't"l-l- 't 1 :>e 1
fl't 1: 1 nou't 1 r-r <~ 1 toe
2. 111.ti.ID- 1 ft 0<11 (liD-. Menelik towered above

his contemporaries. !l"tAb 1 IIHOO'i''t'ID- 1 M

0~T

(l9":Y.

/>.4'fD-

f.;f-f.

toe

contempo rary (adj.)

I. ftOII<;'J!. I like contemporary furniture.
HoD'i''J! ' fiL'I- l'-.:1' I l'.ID-'Iflll-

2. f1.tl.. He gave a leclure on contemporary

events. ilfl1.ti.ID- 1 11-ll.;l-l":Y. 1 't"l"le 1 l'o.J'.
<11

contem pt

I. (~verbal noun) ou<;:J>. His contempt for

her was apparent in his face. l'o!l,'t 1 011<;41 1
II.L-1> 1 """" 1 tile
2. ( ~ verbal noun) ou:>4-'1-. He was fined for
contempt of court. 'i'ef: 1 IL'I-'t 1 0011;>4--1> 1
0114'"1. I TIDMO'I-

contem ptible

f"'l.'i'li>

Cowards and cheats are contemptible. ll"b'f:Y.

'i'

l'o;J-'If":Y.

COntemptUOUS

f"'l.'i'41

'i''f'fD-

f't4''f-

She gave him a contemptuous look. O't4''1- 1

')f.') I -1-0DfltJ-i-:Y.fD-

COntend (vt.)

-t-bt-b<l

Columbus contended that the earth was round.

fofl9"0(1 I 'tfl!l" 0 tJ11 I 'i'T I 1\.{>. I -1-bt-b<l

contend (vi.) -1-ID-'I.J'.G

They were contending for the first prize.

conten t

248

.l'"t~'h'l-"t 7iA"7'1- fl"711"'1- ,em.o;~~

~oc

contend with

+**OD

The first settlers had to contend with sickness.

fOOj!006J'lP'Ii ' ll'i-&lP:f ' O"ii;P) '

?" ' ~O.:'l'l'm-

""**

conten t (v.)
1. lfJOD. Nothing contents her; she is always
complaining. r'Jr 1 )1C 1 h.f>.T"'': t-r I rJo

A'l.l '1-~""l~""ifl:f
2. ~~~ hfl(m-). Will it content you if I let
you have the ball tomorrow ? ~~ \\ll-"t 11
-t-m-AII ~(l ,I'.AYA ?
content oneself &<(to"} 1 11,~1)

I must content myself- with reading about

travel. llfl .,.,. 0"7"t011 &-ll."t "7CIJ

'1- ' hfi11'S

~.,.1111

-t-~111-YA

conten t (n.)
I. ,1'.1';1-. The alcoholic content is negligible.

fhAI>A ,1'.1';1-m- l\9"11~9" ~m-

2. 'i'<l. ~~c. The content of his speech was

good, but not the form. hh+&-.:11- 011-t-4>
I

f'"}""J""Jo;..

~ I

)1C

'No

)flC

contents YlltD- 1 )1C I YlltD- 11...+

Dissolve the contents of this package in one
glass of water! 11.H.U 1 Qlt 1 tD-{IT Yilt&"} 1
~~c 'l"t.l:" 11C""'-~' ,.~ "'~~,.

The contents of your trunk have to be exam~

ined. hUfT"JU 1 m-IlT Yilt& 7....+ OD:f"f

'1- hfiO'Itable of contents foPK"dl'f:

"''tD-SA

The table of contents is printed on the first

page, foPf\J.I- I "7l&lilii, r flOP~OD6YlD- I 1

ll' ' 1\,1'. ' :J-'1-~A

[See also 'heart']

conten ted 0-"''S '1,1'.

A contented person is happy with what he has.
0-"''S '1,1'. 'lflm- ,l'.~ll;J-A

conten tedly

oo.:,'l- h11 <;'I- f"'l.fltJJo fl>fl9"011 hll

1-.l'f'l- l\m-~'1- ll''l' -t-~1"
it is my contentio n 1Jtl- 1 h.'r'il1rJo
It is my contention that poverty causes crime .
.1:-lH-l- m"t)!A"t .l'llh'I-1\A 11\1. h9"<;flu-

conten tment

""~Il-l-

Her contentment was apparent in her smile.

oo~ll:t: 0.1. ~..,,..,. .e:J-m:,O ~oc

in contentm ent ~h.Y.

The cat lay stretched out beside the fire in

contentment. J!-oot:t 1 ~h;t- 1 >t.~-1: 1 JSC 1

1-H&-fl:f

contest (v.)
I. 1-h&-h.:(o-l-). They are contesting the will.
,l'.h&-h~O;J-A

They contested his right to speak.

Are you content at your present salary?

earth was round turned out to be correct.

OJo.~nm-

(be) conten t 1-M-t'111-Jo.

contine nt

flou<;~C

ou11'1- ll"t'lflm- -t-h&-h~

2. 1-:>~fl. The soldiers contested every inch

of ground. m;J-~r:'li fl.l'"t'l"t'l. ll"t11C

ou,:.'l- ' 1-:>~fl-

contest (n.)
I. m-.1:".1:-C 1 "l'l'"'l...'. Who won the contest?

tJJo.(-.1:-~"t

' .,.,. '

hlf~J.!

At last the fatal day for the contest arrived.

""""".:If

4<Cm'fm- f"l'l'"'l..l' .,..,. ~.:ll

2. oo,;:tth&.l'. Games and debates are contests.
.....,.,.., ' hchc ' out::tth&.l' ' .,,,.

contes tant -t-m-'1'16

The contestants shake hands before a fight
begins. -t-m'l'l&lP'Ii hDP:>m"7'1'm- 04.'1-
fll)(' ' lll\9";1- ' ,l'.fl'l'aJ"'fl-

contex t

l\~'111

\Vords can be understood best in context.

-"'11'1- 'I-C"I-"7'1'm- O"'L~'l f"'L:J-m+ m-

'1~'111 ' ~m-

contigu ous f-1-m:>:>

The two contiguous houses were destroyed
by fire. 11-fl-1> f-1-m:>"l- o.-r-:f Ol\'1'1-
-~-~-(1(1.

-t-~11-r-

The cat purred contentedly on my lap . .("oo;t:

-t-~II:J- """'~ 11.e -t-'S:J- :J-"t\\c'i! ~oc

conten tion
1. m-fl. This is not a time for contention.

,1'.11 fm11 '1.1 h,l'.~fl'r

2. l\111-.l'f'l-. Columbu s' contention that the

contine nce t:../1"} oP""J:f"T

Continence is a desirable quality. &.II"J

OD""J

:J-'1- -t-.1.11'1. ti.nc.e ~"'"

contine nt (n.) l\11"1-C (pl. l\U"I-&-'1-)

Africa is an old continent. h..-,:611
'1- hU"I-C <;'I-

T"J;f-CC

249

continent

The Roman empire stretched over continents.

ff.':'l" 1~'1- Ol\U'Joll-'1- 'If. +M'i'of- )0C

continent (aclj.), remain ~ ~:1'

A monk is expected to remain continent with
regard to sex. oo)tl"fl. 'i''l-m+ P'?1 l\1
II. ~:I' Y.mO.+A
contingency (contingencies)
*We sent the supplies for contingencies.
11.1:'1~+"' l\Y.;J9'';f oomQ0-1:,1' Y.rT1

H1.1:' !"1'1><; '1-T'I> llh1

contingent .1:'1~+"'
The traveler set aside $5.00a day for contingent
expenses. OD11S'."'tJJo 11.1:'11+.,. rom M
11'1- ' l\'1"11'1- ' 11C ' ODJ'.O
be contingent (on)
1. Tmflt. Her coming is contingent on the
weather. OD'f""''l- l\IIOD'f""';J: Qf-1- m
qy. Y.mll<; A

2. TDDrP~T. His promotion is contingent on

his passing the final test. oif.oo'f- ' "''S'.'Jo ' f
ouQ;J.t:lftD-1 .L+<; 0"'1114- 1\f. f+OD
IP~T

tiD"

continual f"'',I''J/CT
The continual noise is getting on my nerves.
f"'',I''J/CmtD- =li'l- ,I'O<'l"""'A

continually .I'II"'''J/t:T 1 1111- 1.11.

The line was continually busy. fiiA!J. """'
ODC ' .I'II"'''Jit:T ' .,.,.,. '

)0C

His speech was continually interrupted by rude

exclamations. 1"1"1'1- 011A"I<; """"" 11
If' 1.11. +'J/Ctn )OC

continuance ou+mA.
His continuance in school depends on his
health. '1-'I"UC-1>1 .,...,.mil- m.1)-1>1 f
"''.mY.'I> )1C )tJJo

*His lawyer asked for a continuance of the

trial. mO.+ID' 'Jo.lli< O.,.mf.': l\111.+1\ll'i'
l\ODIIh+

continuation ( = to continue) oo+mA

Continuation of my work was hard after I had
been ill for a month. 1\1.1:' me h;J-ou
'I"IJ. 0:\11 F&-'1-1 .,...,.mA l\11'1'?& rr
'l'11'1 )OC

continue
1. +ml\. We will continue with our work.
P' t.':fo11 ' l\1.,.'1'11111

I hope this hot weather will not continue.

contract
.r.u .....,.,. li1Y."7f.4-I'A +114- l\1'.
C?IIIJo
To be continued. ,_.,.'1'1\A
2. .fof. The king's reign continued for twenty
years. f1'JolP' 1 Mlf.-,. Hou"t 1\01 f\ou+ 1
ol'f

3. HI\+. How far does this road continue?

.eu ""11.1:' llllhf'l-

Y.HA.+A?

I want to continue on to Nairobi. llllh

'i~c-:

IL ' IIOD1111'1> ' li.LA;JIIIJo

continued, adj. ( = adv.) 1111- 1.11. l l\h;l'1-11-

Continued failures dampened their enthusiasm.

1111- ' 1.11. ' <'l.f.<'ll)l\'ffD'
<'l'ffD"1 l\"""""""'"

OD'!>t:-J> ' OD").I.

The boy's failure was due to continued disregard of his studies. fA)I': ODID'J'.'I> T<;-1>
1' ' l\h;J-'f-11- ' ':fol\ ' h"711-J> ' fOD"' ' )tiJo

continuous f"'',I''JICT
Where does that continuous noise come from?
,1'' f"'',I''J/CT' .1:''1"6' f"''.OD"'ID'' hf'f- ' )ID' ?

continuously ,1'11"7'J/t:T
The phone has been ringing continuously.
IIA!J. ,l'll"'''Jit:'l' f.S'.ID'A )0C
contort 1\Q;~."''S'.J'.
The clown contorted his face. +&-!LtD- .L
-1>1 ' 1\Q;J."''S'.J'.

contour 'I>CK'
The contour of the mountain can be seen from
afar. f+&-&-ID' 'I>CK' h-1-'1> Y.:I'.I'A
contraband fl>1'f-f.':Q1J!' ll.+ 1 ,I'A+.,..:m
0'1- ' ll.+

The guards make a rigorous search for contraband. HO'I''Ji fl>1'f-f.':Q1.1:' ll.+ l\1-'lf.~

q '1'11'1> 'i'+lf ,I'S'.C?/1-

The smugglers were caught with contraband on

them. fl>1'f-f.':Q1J!' )?f.9'':fo .I'A+.,..:m
0'1- ' ll.+ li1S'.,I'H- ' +.I'll-

contract (vt.)
1. hltm~. In talking, we often contract words.
111);J1C 1111- 1.11. .+11'1-1 l\<;<'IT.!-111

2. l\h-"'1+.:. Heat expands; cold contracts.

..,._,.,. ,1'11'1-4-~ l '1>11.+11. ,l'h-"'/'I-11-A
3. .I'H(ID'). +r contracted tuberculosis. f<'l'I"Q
)_,.C<'l ' .f.fi ...A
contract (vi.)
I. +!><;+.:. They have contracted to put up

contract

250

the building in five months. .ih'JK,..'t IJ!I"

il'l-

we ll""""<(il , .,.l>'i''l-<('1'&\

2. ltoo~. Bad habits are easy to contract and

hard to get rid of. "'"1'1:: &\"7/<.'f't """""

contribution
on the contrary

The economic situation appears to be quite

good. On the contrary, it couldn't be worse.
fll.l>'l'"'l.m- o-~;1- 'I'~ f.oPM&\ l fiH.U
l\'JKC !l"'t!l" fiJ(l ~1C l\f.ll"t!l"

Y: "'~" (l.lr't -~.,.., .,'t fil:f"l&.&\

be contracted hm~

to the contrary

The Amharic word for God ..Egziabeher"

is often contracted to "Egzer". l\..,H.hofldl.C

we will come on Tuesday unless you write us

to the contrary. l\'1-!l"m- ii/IU IJ&\R'i'h&\

f"'LII""' f"?C>;' :l"&\ hofJq>;'~ "!.It

~.,nc

"""'~" 1'1'&.&\

contract (n.) ""'"

I refuse to sign that contract. m-tt-'l r hALC
II"!I"

contracting .,.'l''l'f.
This agreement is binding on both contracting
parties. f.U """ o-11-l>'t!l" .,.'l''l'f. w
1'l'"f fil1Y:II&\

contractor 1"&. .,.ol/&."1'

The minister was accused of taking graft from
the contractors. "'l.~il'l-~ hi"&. .,.,..M...
'll 1-11 """""'ilY: .,.h... ~fie

contradict (vt.)
I. l\.1.<((1, He contradicted his own story.
&.(1. f.,. ... <(,..'t l\.1.<({1
2 . .,.?<:~. The facts contradict the theory.
~""~"">;'"" ~c fof>t:fiUJo't 6'til .hili!
f.:l"t:'i'&\
contradict (vi.) +~moo

Don't contradict me when I present a good

suggestion. 'I'~ .hili! fl"7of>Cilfl'l- "!.It
l\'t.,. l\'1-:J-wou"i

contradiction
I. f"'l.:l"W!I" l\il-1-ff'l-. He hates any contradiction of his views. d\ilwt f"Y...+mr
1\il.,.ff'l- l\f.W:9"
2. oo:J>t.."'i. There is no contradiction between
my words and my actions. fi!I"IIID"i' fl"7.<'.
C11D- ouiJh&\ oP:J"t:'t filii"

contradictory f"'l.Yt:C
We heard the most contradictory reports on it.
ill\ '1-111'- fl"'!l" f"'l.Yt:~ &.7't:"f il"7't

contrary
I. -1-:l"&.t. Hot and cold are contrary terms.
_.,.'I-., 4>1f:J>q ' .,.?&.~ :J-~'1- <;:fm2 . .,C!I"fl.'1'. The contrary boy refused to do
what was suggested. .,C!I"fl.m- &\;e' f.,.
~1i:~ ' h&\IP&,!I" ' hi\

't flil-t-of>C "7hl'l'l' ~'JoP"'/I't

[See also 'expectation']

contrast (vt.) MKI\t:

He contrasted the programs of the two
parties. f!J-11-I>'t!l" fD1't 'Yt:"l&-9" MKIIt:
contrast (vi.) .,./Iff
His actions contrasted sharply with his words.
f"'l.f.<'.C11D-'i' f"'l.'i'1t:UJo .I.K"'I" f_,.llff
~c

~m-

*The black and the gold contrast well in that

design. fiH.U '1.'1' f'1'41C'i' fmc+"Ym-
4>11"7'1- &\1'-~'1- '~-""' f.:l'f&\

contrast (n.)

&\1'-~'1-

There is a big contrast between the two

brothers. flo-111> fD'tY:"7"7'Pf ouvh&\
'I-&\+ &\1'-~'1- l\11

be in contrast +Yt:t:

The girl's consideration for her mother was

in contrast with her brother's rudeness.
f&\7(1> 1\~'i'::J: l\ilfl.~'l-'i' fm'JY:~ il&\
.,., f.Yt:&-11-

contribute
I. l\'1'"1. How much money did you contribute
to the organization? 1\Y:C;e'-1> !l"'t fU&\
1'tHil l\'I'"'U !
2. K",_'i' l\of>t:fl. He contributes to the local
paper. llof>flllotD- :>rt"' K",_'i' fof>CIJ&\
3.
!l"h'tf'l- II'~. Poor food contributed to the child's illness. 11&\lt .ihOD!I"

.,..,.,.,&

OD'J'f::fDo < !l"""iJ ' .,......,&

' !l"h'Jf'l- '

II'~

contribute to
I. <:II. Your efforts have contributed to my
success. 'l't:'l-U ~'tll.iiiJ&\"i 11"7:<:., <:
:.,.>;'&\
2. l\IJil. jThis noise just contributes to the
confusion. f.U lJOr'Ji'l- o-h-l>'t filil'l'&\

contribution
l. oucp,;-, We received your contribution
with thanks. """''""U't hll"il:>'i' :>C .,.
of>illl )'I'"

convalesce

251

contrite

2. 111":1". The contributions of some liberal

donors assured the construction of the hospital.
.l'"lo'I')J:" 11.:>11 M li..I:-<1-"L!I'"'f 111":1"
11'111;;1"11- ' 7-.').IJ.oP&- ' 9"11').1''1- ' II')

The police moved into the riot area, and now

everything is under control. ?"A.il IDS'.. o-

3. K"'dt-'1:. The newspaper is short of contri~

butions to the May issue . ..?fLIIJ(I)o 1\..,.tt.J:

bring under control

7-.'1-9" ' wm.~::"'f ' li.Tt:m-:f"A

4 . .1'4't:Om- dollil. His contributions to the
discussion were well received. IIID"J.'.J.'.1: 1 .1'4'
.:om- dollil h'i' .I'll .,..,.q,.)'J- 11.11

contrite RK'I- f'l"'lfl'IHe wrote an apology in contrite words.

KK'I- 0'1"110'1- l\.).:>1C ff.'I>C;J- Y.il
'IlL ' KL

111: ll'i'&o IIII~Y. l\.11-') "7')!fm-9" )1C

0-l:'l""l"C

fPC

~fl)o

~"1"

hS'..l.1

The police brought the riot under control.

?"ll.io'll o-111:') K'l' li.Y.t:"l-'1get control of T'knJmt.

The attempt to get control of the meeting

was a failure. llilo'lq,.') ll""'*'"'mC f.f-Y.
t:1m- ...11&- L~ IIJ.'.IIIJ 4'.:
keep under control TtkiiJmt.
A stem teacher is needed to keep the students

under control.

..,.,.,~,.~

I\.OD4r.IIJmC "1"

il;r. l\.11.,...,6 .I'IILA.:>A

contrive (vt.) Lmt:

The engineer contrived a new engine. ODV")Jl.
II- ll.-'1.11 'l".f-C Lmt:
contrive (vi.) 7-.')Y.M?" ill\" !I'll
I wiD contrive to be there by ten o'clock.
q&o'J- o'l'\'1- l\')Y.9"')9" il\1. MU'
IIODJ:"t:ll ' 7-."'f'lllo-

control (controlled)
I. fl:e.' .I'H. He controls sixty percent of the
business. 11')1'1- lJooofo 11.1:-/lm-') 0)1: f.
!I. A
2. .,..,."'mt:. A captain controls his ship and
its crew. II"C-1:). ooclJR-')<; ouclJR'l''ll')
J.'.'*'"'m&-A

Efforts are made to control the disease.

fl'li;l"') ll""'*'"'mC 'l't:'l- J.'.Y.t:.:>A
3. 1:1". It is hard to control one's anger.
').1','1-') 0 001;1-'J- I J\.ll'f;J6 0 )fD"
control oneself

t-{a-"} "J;I-

Though I tried hard to control myself, I

could not. &-1\.') 11001;1"'1- Tt:'l- qY.c
19" li.A.f-IIIJA'S
be controlled fl - - - okt..rc PC )omThe railway is government controlled. rllfK.
do-'1..1:- flDD't"'P''I- ok'l''l'C I"C )ID"

The controller checked the accounts and found

no errors. ..,.,_IIJIIJ~fDo th.Afl"~ 1 ..,.4:."1"1"1!"
Mil" "1-.1:-11'1- l\.'1179"

controversial ll.h&-IJ6
The exact location of the border is a controversial matter. faJ(I). '1-hhll'f 11;1" ll.
h&-IJ6 ' "1--'IJ.'. ' ),.

You won't get anywhere by writing such

hh6controversial reports . .,.,,.,. foP(IA
II6 ' Wm.'i' ' ODl\'i' ' l\..1''1'"1119"

controversy (controversies)
1. ,_,:,.. The controversy concerning the
war took a long time. tnC~.J:,. f""LoPI\.h..,..

,. ' .....,+ ' t:;e.'9" ' 1..11. ' mo'IY.

2. 'I'<; foPh&-116.1' 9"11').1''1-. The religious

controversy centered around the nature of

Christ. f?f-"7'/'1: 'I'<; fooh&-116.1' 9"11
') .1''1- flJCII-1'11 qa.cJ.'. ),.
3. ')'1-Ch. The director declared his position
in the controversy . .ll.t.h# fl')'I-CIJ. 1..
H. f"'l.J'Mfl'l-') do/Iii 11111
4. l\.IIDD1qq'J-. They decided to settle the

controversy once and for all.

l\.lloP"Iqq;~-:fm

') ' 1\HIIof:;J-,. ' ,.11~ ' ll.o'lm-'1- ' .f-11"7 .....

control (n.) ok'l''l'C

Government controls have increased in recent
years. h:r-cil 1 1..11. aJ-'1.11 foo')1P''I- ok
'l"l'C ' l\fQ;l.ODt: o ~J;,..f).

The children are getting beyond my control.

A]('ll llok'l''l'C ll.ll'f1t:m-':'A
be under control n - - - 41~C

controller .f-4&"1"16

PC

\'CD-

contumacious f"7J.'.:f"H11
The contumacious child was expelled from
school. f"7J.'.:f"HH,. A;e.' ll'I-9"11C'I- IL

tiJIIJ

convalesce J\1100

A child is under his parents' control. Alt

He is in FJorida to convalesce. l\"711,..

flaJ'I]('Il _,'l''l'C P'C ),.

,._ ' 'i'll-6-'1 '

~,._

tD

convalescent

252
converse
------------------------ --------------------------convalescent 1""9"-1-'i'

He is still a convalescent and cannot partake

in sports. )..(}. h.&'1r 1DP9'"+"1 lll\ll"~ 1
flM?"C-'1- II.IJ.I.A hf;:fA9"
convene (vt.) (lfl{lfl

The President convened the Congress for a

special session. T"-11.'1'1-1> f9"hC 11.-1>'1
IIAI< 1-'l.t.. t'lflt'lfl
convene (vi.) -f-(lfl(lfl

111\II'C 9"CI>'l':f hJ'.NI 'll\9" h4''i'

(19"9"~-l- hi\

3. IJUA. Does convention in your country

forbid women to smoke? J'1&-:f!J< lJUA
1\.Y.:f 1-'I'IJ'..,_fl. f.hllhi\A 1

4.

A.r7~.

His actions mock convention.

h.~&

'1-1> A"'l:'1 J'LC<'IA

The Parliament convenes next week. rrhc

f-tllooS'.m-'1 DD'11: 1-0DC"li\IJ<

convenience (n.) 9"-l-

Our new apartment has every modern convenience. h'lfl. h;rc-t"'l:f'l "'l'l'i'm-9"

""""'!! '

9"-l- ' hllmat one's convenience fl"tOD:fOJo

fl"'l'l'i'm-9" fl"7_oo:fu 4''1 1,00"11\IJ<

at one's earliest convenience

Call me at your earliest convenience! +it-

qou:fu "1..11. S'.tiJoAA"i

for convenience )..1Jl.oo:fl1Ja

hhlJ6 111\ll'~:f noo<;'l! hllllflll'l h-'1-ID:9"

I.

..,.1~.

The four roads converge at one point.

h&--f> 0 OD')1J'.:f 0 h'l;" 0 (l;J- 0 1\f. 0 f.1'0'i'/l2. hJ'IIfl-'1- 1-~.1.. The crowds converged on
the stadium.Mit!- hJ'IIfl-'1- IDS'. 1-II:J--'1.1'"
,.,. I 1-l.L

(be) conversant with OID4'

I keep the book near my desk for convenience.

tn~A,~\L

2. A"'': hhll6. She is very conventional and

does not like modern ways of dress. A.at~ 1

converge

I will come any day at your convenience.

conventional
I. f-J-1\ouS'.. I prefer the conventional method.

11.-1> fl"7.ou"Jm- <'19"'1-l- f.{lfl(llJA

l\'1-'I.OD:f"i 0 ODI'o"m4-'l
hll4'9"tn'I'I\1J<

2. llrr~+. There is an international convention for the treatment of prisoners of war.

htn1ofl

convenient 9"'1l 1 foo:f

He is conversant with Ethiopian history.

fh.-'1-I'"A-J"! :J-6h fm-:J'A

conversation

m~ J

.,_.liJaliJa.-,.

His conversation was all about his family

problems. ID.I.ID- IJ</1- 1111 11.-tt'ltl- :f-"1

The bus service here is very convenient.

MLU fhm-.f<tJ-(1. MA"III-'1- fl"'9" 9"'1l

C ~tiC

Conversation tends to slow down work.

....

Their house is convenient to all transportation. 11.;-:fm- 1\"'l'l'i'm-9" oo'\'\..,. fou:f

~

....

be convenient +OD:f

It is very convenient for me to take the bus.

flhm-.Y.tJ-11 ouy;,o;. II~ fl"'9" f.oo:f'i' A
conveniently fl"7.fou:f IJ<~;J-

The book was conveniently arranged according

to subject matter. ODK"m4- fl"?.foo:f !J<).
;J- flfhC1.11-I> -1-H:>~A

*The hotel is conveniently located for travelers.

11'-1:11- I\00'11S'.'l':f h"'ll!f. (l;J- 1\f. ' ~ ....
convent fii..Y.:f 1'19"

There is a convent on the top of the mountain.

fl-1-&-&-m- 1\f. f(&..f<:f 1'19" hi\

convention
I. llilt'llJ, Were you at the convention last
year? '11\o!.m- 'loo-'1- lliJ(llJm- 1\f.
~flCh

IDol. P'&-'1 f."I-'1-;J-A

He hoped to direct the conversation to a new

channel. OJ.>~'! IDS'. 11.1\ h~"l"'i
/1.00&-111- 'l"h~
carry on a conversation ..,.IIQ.'P'm+
It is hard to carry on a conversation in a
crowded room. oh1111 flfl~fl-'1- h'i'A mIl'!' """"'I'IDT hll:f:>6 ~111have a conversation .,.~ ;J1l.
I had a long conversation with the boss.
IJII~fiD- :>C ll~'fr9" 1.11. -1-~:>"lil.J'I\IJ<

conversational II'I"I"IC f"7.~'1

The students study conversational Amharic.

-t"'I69''Jl 1\'I"I"IC f"7.~'1:fiD- h"'IC'i'
f."'l&-11-

converse (v.) -1-IDff l -1-""'I'IDi-

We conversed about the language problem for

a long time. 1111 !1:'1!1/m- :f"lc l\~"f:9"
"1..11. ' -f-IDJ'f'l

We conversed about our childhood. Ill\ 1>.'1':

~:f":f'J 1.n -~"""'PID-'1-'J

conver se (n.) -1-:l't-t

Heat is the converse of cold ....-t-'1- f:t-11:1'

" ' -1-:l't-t ' ~ ....

I. OOl\ID'I'. The Israelis are setting up a plant

for the conversion of salt water into potable
water. 7-llt-lo.I\ID",I"} ftt.RC't ID";} IDF.
1

m-;)

AooAm'l'

4-i~,tlt

001/..ff"' 1\

"'~'"'"

f. '
2. oooo1uc . Conversion of Ethiopian money
into foreign money must be done at the
National Bank. flo.-'1-f'W,I"} oflC IDF. ID"
"1." h~C ~'JHofl l\OOOO'JHC f"''JJ'l\ID"

Rofldo.t-1! tt'Jh

~..,.

The conversion of the coastal tribes to Islam

occurred in the nineteenth century. n ftt.Rc
'1-1- ' f"'', ~1''1- ' 1-lt!P:f ' IDS'. ' 1>111>.9"<; ' V
,...,'1'-l- f-1-l\IDtno-'1- ROP't- Hm)li'ID"

h'i'l\ o HOD'} o

~ID"

The conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity

took place in the 4th century A.D. lo.-'1-f'W.I'
ttt--J-:;'ID" h'i'A goo'} hCii-'1-<;"J -J-ot
RA:f

conver t (v.)

I. oo~n<:. He tried to convert Ethiopian

dollars into Swiss francs. flo.'l-f'W,I"J oflC ID
1'. 11'1!11 'i't-'Jh 11.""~11C 'l"b<:
2. Amm. These machines convert cotton into
cloth. MILIJ OO"f6.1'lP:Y. 'I''I''J IDS'. A
oflll f.I\ID"tno:f"A
3. lv\ou). Missionaries are trying to convert
the pagans. "''.llf'<;ID",I"J l'o<:oo~!P:f'J A
"'//tOD'} I ftOD'f"bC ' llf. ' <;'f'ID"
[See also 'believing']

conver t (n.) l'o.ll.ll Vf."'''l'-'1- f-1--I'RA iiiD"

The converts swore to destroy their idols.
l'o.ll.ll Vf."'''l'-'1- f-J--I'RII--'1- lllP:f "'P

.f-;f';I'ID"'J ll..l'm4- ' "''llbecome a convert to 1"4-flA

He became a convert to the Christian faith.

fhcll-'1-<;"J Vf."'''l'-'1- -1--I'RA

convex [h'JI'. \o.ll hilA IDI'. .....,. .rnm]

convey

relatives. M9";f"\lo'J 1\HOOP..'fl l'o-t<:RA't

3. hltf. Her expression conveys her disappointment . .L;t :t>~:f"'I''J Ylt.l'l>.
4. l'oll-J-111\.L. The old farmer conveyed his
farm to his son. 11"'1"1/I.ID" ~n~ "'//tiD"'}
AA)I': l'oll-1-IIA.I.

conver sion

oom'l'

convinc ing

253

conver se

I. l'o'\'\H. The train conveys passengers.

IJ(K. iiiD" ' '""'~"'
2. l'o-t<:n. He conveyed my greetings to his

convey ance

I. "'111-J-IIA'i'. Books are for the conveyance

of ideas. oPI\.lo'i'-'1- .hltofl'J l\"'111-J-IIA'i'
f.<:'lll-

2. "'1""111\7, Railroad trains and buses are

public conveyances. ttn-c-:f<; l'otJJo.f-11-l':f
f.R11ofl "'/oPIII\7 ' <;'I'ID"

convict (v.)

I. ol.l:I'.(R-'1-). The judge convicted him of

murder. 'I:;'ID" R~'i'll "!'If. ID'J~A oi.<:F.
n-l-

2. l'olloi.<:I'.(R'l-). These new facts will be enough

to convict him. f.IJ l'o.ll.ll "'111<:!1' ft{lo II
f. 1\"''lloi.<:F." ' flo!: ' """"'
be convicte d -1-ol.<:l'..(n-l-)

He was convicted of murder.

R~'i'll

~'If.~

-'1- ' -1-oi.<:I'..R-lID'J~A:;' I f-1-oi.<:F.R-l- ID'J~A'I'

ID'J~A'I':Y.

convict (n.)

Three convicts escaped. 1"11-l-

""""""

They caught the fugitive convict. fi>Rl\1\ID"'J

f-1-oi.<:F.R-l-'J ID'J~A:;' .1'11-'1-

convict ion

1>9"~'1-

I fll<;

Ml"~'l-

1 hope you will hold to your conviction.

RMI"~-'1-IJ 1>'J1'.9"-l-l\<; 1-M l'oA't

His statement lacked conviction. fft- ?A

fll<; '

1>9"~-l-

' 1-1'.1\ID"

*The conviction of the embezzler was announc

ed in the newspaper. h"f."RCIJ61D" 7-'JI'.-J-ol.
<:F.n-'1- "-"""' ~"~~

convinc e hftoo)

I had a hard time convincing her. 1>!0 A

"'//tOO'} 0 ft"'9" ' l'.b9"bbe convince d J;,oo) I 1"4fiiOD)

Many are convinced that smoking has a great

deal to do with lung cancer. flt'JIJ ~-I'Clt

1\.li't- b"'/ .... 11 ' f"'',oP"' ' ~.... ofll\tJJo

oflu-lP:Y. ' '"'"~~"

I am convinced of his honesty. R:J""'''t~-1: 1>

-1-"'/oP<;l\IJo

convinc ing l'o'l';>II.

The illumination of his theory was not con

vincing. ill\ of:f"~tD:>11. 1\A~R<:!I"

f(tmw-

0071l~~J'

h"''

no~.-r

,.,:> h.,...,..,. II-

,l'.h.,.of.A

h11'1'i'a>-'t 1.11.

cook (n.) dJ'I' n.-r

convivial fY.il Y.il

A convivial gathering was held when I returned
from my trip. h"l-~tl- floollfl fY.il Y.il "I
11"lf" _,.Y.C1 ~RC

She is the best cook we ever had. M R-1-'t

tD'I' n.-r-:r- IJoll- -rnA"'II'f-

cookie 11ilh--r
The child likes cookies. Alt 11ilh--r ,r.m

convocation il1J.(t1J

There was a convocation of clergymen in

Aksum. Rl\hl\-!1" fliU..,....,. fi11(1Q .,.Y.C
1 )RC

convoke fi11(1Q m.:.

The President convoked the Congress. T Mf..'l
't-1: !l"hC 11.-l:'t ii11(1Q m.:.
f:I'~R fODChfl'f- 'iY.The convoy was attacked by submarines.
f;f'~Ra>- ' fODChfl'f- ' 'iF.- ' Rl'lC'i~ ' ODC
h11 ' .,.tn.+

convoy

truck convoy r~)!.-..

coop

254

convivial

' ootL'i",-T

The truck convoy was attacked in the desert.

f;f'~R-..,. ' ODIJ......9''f- ' R<:?a>- ' <D-il'l' ' 1\
Y.:> ' 1-"'IIQ:fa>-

She prides herself on her good cooking.

R'l'-1- ID'I' n.-r~:t -rto.:.R;f'll'fHe complimented me on my cooking. ill\ 1
!1""111 1\"'.:-&. 1\ooM)'t

cool (vt.)
I. 1\"'""'" She blew on the soup to cool it.
Jl'cq..,.'t 11.,.,.11.,.11 h'i' 1\ll:f-..,.
2. ( ~ intr.) h - - - R<:Y.- 1\11. The father advised his son to cool his anger. h.IJ-1-Y..m- A
lt h<l!"'a>- R<:Y.- 1\'t-'I,A ooh<:a>cool (vi.) "'""'"

The soup is cooling. Jl'cqa>- 1\f.,.H.,.H )a>-

cool (adj.)

convulse R"':J> loJI..

The comedian convulsed the audience. h.1tp
'li _,..,.Ali'1i't R"':J> tl.lf:fa>be convulsed
I. .,.'t.,.'""''" l .,.'tHti.Htl.. The patient was

convulsed with pain. 07i-T~w- 1 O:ttoor

!l"h't,l':,. _,.'t.,.tn.,.tn ' (_,.'tHti.Htl.)
2 . .,.'th_,.h.,.. When the audience heard the
joke, they were convulsed with laughter.
_,..,.Ali'1i .,.All.'t (1.(1..,. R"':J> _,.'th
.,.h-1:

convulsion ""'t"''l'"''l'

JIA

cooking ID'I' IVIH l !1""111 1\P't-C

i OD'tH'i'H'i'

The child's convulsions filled me with fear.

fih!'l- OO't"''l'"''l' (oo'tH'i'H'i') 'i'CV-r
MY.<:11't

cook (vt.) 1\RM

He cooked the meat in an oven. F
R!I"Y.-!1" 1\RI'llla>-

;JtD-'l

cook (vi.)
I. !1""111 ....:.. She cooks well. -No !1""111
.-,....,:.ll'f2. !1""111 1\H.:>~. We don't have time to
cook tonight. '1&. "7;1' !I"""Q'f-'t't 11"7H..?
~..,. ' 1.11. ' fll't!l"
be cooked +++A
Meat is often chopped up before it is cooked.

I. .,.114'11 ,I'll. Keep it in a cool place! .,.11.,.

11 ,I'll il'i'.:. M<:a>-

2 .,.11.+'1. Hot days alternate with cool days in

Addis Ababa. 1\-'Lil 1\RQ a>-il'l' '1".+-r
..... ' .,.11.+'1 ' .,...,....,. ,l'.tl..:-<:.+113. '"'""'" They gave the visitor a cool
reception. 111-11'a>- '"'""'" 1\.,.QRA 1\
Y.<:"l-11..,.
be cool
I. R<:Y.. The coffee is not cool yet. 11-..,..a>- 1

..,.. 1\AR<:Y.!I"
2. <:.:> ,I'll. He is cool in the face of danger.
()~ I

1..r

I ~;J I

J'l\

)tD-

3. R<:Y.(a>-). I'm cool, but open the window

if you feel hot. 1\~ RCP..'i' A 1 1/''r!l" 1\
't.,. ' h'I".,.U ' ODfllo-Jo't ' A-rh'i'..,. ' -r'f-'1
IIU
it sets pretty cool +11+11 ' 1\11
It gets pretty cool here in the evening. "7;I' "7
;I' l\fi.U .,.114'11 ,1'.'\A

coop (n.) Qll'lifl -1''1'

The chicken is in a coop. P..r:'l' Qll'lifl
-1''1' ' <D-il'l' ' ..,....,.
~ up H.:>(R-r)
They cooped him up in a tiny room. -r't'li
h'i'A a>-il'l' H"l-0:,.

coop (v.),

cordially

255

coopera te

---------------~---------------------------------

copious supply of O'J'i!

cooperat e

I. .J-.,Q11.Y. "'tl-. He tried to cooperate with

his co-workers. bP'tl- 'l~'l''li :>C -t-.,Q11
.Y. 1\-F tl-'1- 'l"hG
2. -t-QRG. The people in the village cooperated
in building a bridge. r-'t~-1- ih1111 fi:A
fl:f. 1\-Ftl-'t- .J-QRG

cooperat ion

I. 7-.C.t!;f-. Can we count on your cooperation?

Q't-1" 7-.C.t!;f- l\11"~'1- A't'l'A 7-.'t'f<l/\'t !
2. 't-1111C. The cooperation of the two com-

munities became greater over the years.

fo-1\., .,.RII.l":Y.. ~'I'&I":Y.. 't-1111C 'N'~

c m~hG

The cooperation of the two communities

resulted in the building of a bridge. o-1\.,
-'t~C::Y.. -t-Q11GID- fi:Afi:Y. "''~-

cooperat ive (n.) f'r11G'f- fi:C)';'tThe farmers market their grain through cooperatives. 10<1-l"'li 7-.U'I:fm-'t R'r11G't- !1:
C)':'t- Rh-A MfnJII-

(be) cooperat ive <:.1!

The librarian was most cooperative when I was
looking for the book. -ll"dt4-'t iloi..A.,
r-1\a.'i!'t-

n.., "'<~-+'1

RnJ9" <:.1!~

coordina te (v.)
I. l\il-f"QRG. It is necessary to coordinate
economic and social policies. flo.l>'l""''..'t<;

f'r11G-t- i111't 'i'l"71":f "711-t-QRC f

iloi..A:>A
2. l\il-t-lthl\. Let's coordinate our watches so
we will have the same time. 'l.lf,J':f't l\'t.t!f.
1\fU't il'i;J-:f't't 7-.'lil-t-lthA

coordina te (n.) '1''1-il

What are the map coordinates of Washington?
f'l'1i't.,-t-'t fltC;I" '1''1'(\:f- ll"'t <;'I'm- !

cope,

with his rudeness.

+**-I will try to cope
o

11A.,.,,_.,. 7-.ltlt-'1'1\IJ

copious RCh't- fit

He kept copious notes of the meetings. ill\
i111i1Qm- :1'1\ .,.q~o.
lf' '"

copper -.1111
The pipe is made of copper. !J.9"!l.ID- h.1!11 f-i""'tl-

~,_

copy (copied), v.
I. 11\Rm. Copy the letter exactly!

~11-'!0.m

.,. R't-hhA 1A11'1'

2 . .,..1!. He copies his mother's way of talking.
:>1c .1..11.'1' ,..,..~~A
r.,..,.,.

copy down h(ILt:.

He copied down the notes in his notebook.

"7il;l->lfl" 'li't 0~11-1"'1- 'If. l\l'loi..G

copy (copies), n.
I. .,AQ"l". I made a copy of the letter. f~11.1!
R.m-'t ' .,AQ"'." ' 1\'i!h2. :Jo:(. The copies of the examination are
in the blue folder. f.t.+o;m- '1-J(I":Y.. 1'1"7
f'l!m- .,..,~c m-il'l' <;'l'm*Send me a copy of his book. h{l- -1\"dt'i!
l\'tJI.'t 'lhA~

coral (n.) f-t-h"7'1' WI-A

Coral grows on the ocean floor. f1"hlfiJ=f
WI-A 0""'1-f'l"il a>I\A 'If. ffi::>A
coral (adj.) fWI-A
She wears a coral necklace. frJ'l-A 1 th.1lA
;1-~C:>/\:f-

cord I'I.Q~
I haven't enough cord to tie up the package.
'1''1'11-'t f"7iiCR't- 04: (I.Q~ f/\~11"

[See also 'umbilical cord']

cordial AQ'f!
The host gave us a cordial welcome. 111\fL-J:
AQ'I! l\.,.QRA

l\~G1A't

cordialit y

with

I. l\Git. One clerk could not cope with their

demands. l\'tf/: lf"l" 'i!'l~;l"'l'm-'t l\JG
lt'l'l'm- l\Ail'/\9"

2.

f+~O

The copious supply of beer was soon consumed. R1'i! f.,.GRID- R.tl- m,IIJ'm-'i- l\1\.,.

nch't- fl\

"7ii;J-m

I. '1-ih't-'l. The clerk's cordiality pleased all

the customers. flf""' '1-a.'t-<; ~'tR'l''li't
!Jolt- l\ii~I'I;J-'I'm-

2. ( = adj.) AQ'I! fll'~. The cordiality of his

welcome pleased me. AQ'I! fll'~.,. l\.,.QR
A l\il~l'l+~

cordially R:>l\ ii"'L'tHe shook my band cordially. 0:>1\ ii"'L't-

.U.Rm~

cordon

256

cordon '1.1:'
A cordon of police protected the bank. h'tY:
f?Yo.ll 'IY: IJ'th-'t m04'

core
I. m-IlT. The core of the apple was rotten.
-!>4-w- W<llm- 01111!}.&\
2. 'i:~ 1 }1C. Let's get to the core of the subject! 1111 'l-111' '1'&. ~~c h't~;nc
to the core floP-&
This apple is rotten to the core. ~tJ 1 -JJ4- 1
ooo-11- Oll11!l.A.

bus. Ooo'J~Y: IIC 4'"'1 hm-1'11-11 m04':Y.

5. mc11. He struck his arm on the corner
of a box. f"'"l''t mCII h't.ll.'t "";t-waround the corner ~tl.tJ oltcil
They live around the comer. 1.11.11 -l>c11
J'.'l"&-11ln all corners of the world b&-"Jt;:; 1 '-.C.h &'t'i'
People have searched in all comers of the
world for gold. IISI':f wc-'1> 'I'll." hlM'i'
hllh ll''t'i' of-1'H'I'A.

[See also 'turn']

cork (v.) Wt-4.

Don't forget to cork the bottle!

mcoo-~'t

oPIDof-'1' h'I-H't;J

cork (n.) 11-"li

The cork of the bottle came out and the liquor
spilled. fmc-~ 11-"li of-~-'1>11- ht:'i:w-
.t.M

cornerstone
I. foPIPt:'l- .<:-'t;JJ'.. The President laid the
cornerstone of the new university building.
T&.ll.ll't_, .l'll.~'t 1'-tliCI\1: .h'tll
foPIPt;o}- ' .I:''J;JJ'. ' h'l''l-

2.

ODIP~-l-.

I bought a corkscrew at the market. ftnCoP11 ouh,!.il' h~O.I' ~qrr

~IJJ<

Commeal is used in making bread. f0-1'11- II.

-1:'1- .11(1 J'.tT'i&\

corollary

corn
I. 04'11-. A lot of com is produced in America.
Oh"i&IJ ' 04'11- 011q'l- ,l'.out:;t-A.

2. MIA.. Fields of com are a common sight

in the Ethiopian highlands. Oh.'I-I"A-.1' S'.;JSI'
:f fhtJA. "'/ ...SI':f Oflq'l- .f'.:t-.1'11-

3. uo')!o. He removed a large corn from my toe.

hh"l&. "1'1- ~J'. '1-A.-l> """" 4't:L&\'5
[See also 'ear, parched']

corner (v.) "'111"11""1 """'

J!'OO:f:

Thrift is a cornerstone of wealth.

4lm1J fo{IAll'"l'i oPIPt;'l-

cornmeal f0-1'11- .11.-1:'1-

corkscrew fmcoo-11 DPh.lJI'

The cat cornered the mouse.

corporation

il.~tp.

't "'111"11""1 ' """'il''l-

corner (n.)
I. "1'"1 I P'Cil'. The man you want is sitting
in the comer. fi"''I-,!.&\1W< aw-\1. h"l''l-
of-4'9"lJI.&\

The cat hid in an obscure comer of the room.

.I:'"";I: IJ'tY: h"'l,l'.;t-,I'. P'Cil' w-11"1'
~o{l;t- of-J'.04':f
2. ou;t-m.l-,1'. It is advisable to cross streets
only at comers. ou'J~P.:f't oo;t-m.l.,l''f'w-
~J'. 11!1' ' "'*t:"l' f"t'l'A. J'.00/11\'I'A.
3. hiJIJfl.. He likes to read in a quiet comer
of the house. ML., ll"l' IJII hiJIJil.
"'l't011 ,I'.WII&\
4. IIC. She waited at the street comer for a

w-m.'I-

Good health is a corollary of having good

habits. ~ 1 m.~ 1 f~ ABYY: m-m.+
)IJJ<

coronation
I. fHtJJ- Y: O'tA.. I was not invited to His
Majesty's coronation. 1\"IC"'/'I!);t-'fw - fHtJJY: O't&\ h&\of-m&-11-P" )flC

2. fHw-.<:- """"l't P'~ P'C't'l-. The

coronation is concluded when the patriarch
anoints the Emperor. fH"'"J!' ou-J."} tp
) P'C't'l- ' ;r'I-C,I'Ch- 't'l-IP )1P'_,'t
11.4'11 .... ' .f'."-11"'/A.

corporal (n.) fOP'C hl\:1'

The corporal was demoted for insubordination.
fOP'C

hl\:l'ID<. 1)1\00;t-HII-. h"'/6l'l-

11-'1>

of-J'.l~

corporal punishment flh!JA.

l"/

~,1'.

f"t.<'.

o}>"Jo}-

Corporal punishment deters delinquency

among the young. flh!J&\ ~J'. 1 f"t.<'.l"l 1
-'1>"1'1- I ID"'.f:Y.'t h"l"i-'1- ' .I'C:l'A

corporation

"'l~flC

They formed a corporation to sell steel goods.

f11t:;t'
"**-

fil-l-

h:J'

1\DDlf<J'

'"l~flC

corps

corridor

257

corps 'l.(He established a corps of engineers to supervise

highway construction. fl\ID"~ -,...';'it JPt-
1\oPot."Jme foPI/'M,{l':f :}.(- h>l/>1/oP
[See also 'peace']

corpse
1. <1.11. Mter a mao dies, the old men wash
the corpse. {lm- h'l".,. R:\'1 "li"7"111.9'':f <1.
ftm-'t ,I''J'IJI\-

2. hilh<!.1. The grieving relatives placed the

corpse in a beautiful coffin. mH1.,_'l',; IL

.,_ HoPJ'.':f hilh<!.l-1 R"'LJ'II"e f<l.ft
"1'1'1 dJo/l'l'. h'l''l-'1-

corpulent ID'U-9"
Who is the corpulent old mao? ,I'.IJ ID'i!<l,. "11"7"1/1. "71 tm- 1

corral 0~'1The cattle are kept in a corral during the night.

f.,.,.(- h-fl.f':f /1.11.,. 0~'1- dJo/l'l' ,1'.(<1-1\-

correct (v.)
I. h~"". Please correct the mistakes in Amharic ! ,1'"7e>{ il.lt.,.-r-':f-1 hell"
2. "'"'You ought not to correct your children
for their bad manners in public. M oPTt::
9""111<1-'l'm- A,lt':f-111 IJ1.1JIJ,I'. oP:J-"1'1-
h,I'.11JIJ9"
3. il.lt.,.'l- h~oa. I had a hard time correcting
her. il.lt.,_:t1 ftell" 0"19" -H'-Jeh4. hil.,..,h/1. I corrected my watch by the
radio. {l't-1:1 0"-".l'"m- hil.,..,hAhbe corrected .,.:J'';"

correctness '1-hhll,.t'IThe auditor attested to the correctness of the

account . .,..._..,..,6..,. f m.'lll-1 '1-hhll,.t
'1- h~:>1m

correlate h~oPf.
The student correlated his knowledge of history
f
with his knowledge of geography.

.,..,6..,.

;f-6111';" fODAhh 9".(-e '1-II"Ue-1>1

Mou.ll'J'm-

correlation "111't'IThere is a correlation between climate and

vegetation. IJf'l- miJ,I'.';" RbD1''1- """h
A "111't'l- hi\

correspond
I. .,....,11{1/1. The translation does not correspond to the original. '1-e.,.- h1'';"m- X"
,'i! ;>e h,I'.OD/I{IA9"
2. .,.11"7"7. Her hat and shoes correspond with
ht"l"
her white dress. 1Jel!."'1'';"
A-fl!l.. :>e ,1'.11"7"7113. 1.-fi.IIIL .,.111\h. Menelik corresponded with

..,..,,.!J!

the Emperor John about an Italian invasion.

h'l ll"tAh hhl ' l'"m1il :>e 1111

1\.."'A,I''l":f m~<!- 1.-fi.IIIL .,.111\hcorrespond with each other ..,..X.KL

We have been corresponding with each other
for six years. 11.(-11'1- '~""'~- uo-tr il1llll
'i! toe

correspondence
I. .,..,./1/l,l'.t'l-. There is not much correspondence between their ideas aod ours.

His deficient knowledge of algebra must be

corrected before the exam. not ,1'/>.~nm-

U"i{';" Ot{l- m/1-fl """hA -fill- .,_.,.1111

M'l- fl\9"
2. f1.-fi.IIIL ""llll'i! 'l-.11,1'.. My job is to

fhA:J>:-fl<l- ':fll-;f-m- h.l..,.';"m- 01.'1- ""

:1'';"'1-. hl\0'1-

take care of the correspondence. ,,_

correct (adj.)
I. '1-hhl\"i{. Is this the correct address?
.e.u '1-hhll"i{m- h.(-.t.~ tm- 1
2. Ah. Is my addition correct? .(-9"<1. Ah
tm-1

3. ""A"'" His correct manners are admired

by all. .,.A.,,. mill' nu-n- H1.(- f.,.f.t
.,. tm-

[See also 'stand']

correction l\C"'/'1Piease make the necessary corrections ! hil.l.'l

'l.m-'t l\C"'/'1- h.(-C"I

~~

ff.ofi.IIIL oPl\ll'i!1 1--'l,l'. "'/h';"ID1 tm*He carries on a wide correspondence. hofllt-

{lm- :>e ,l'.l\1\4-A

correspondent "" hm';":J'6

He is a correspondent for the Times. f;f-,1'.9"ll
"" hm';":l'6 tmbe correspondents Tgg+-

She aod I have been regular correspondents

for over a year. l\e!l..';" l\l!. ,1'11"7>11~'1' "1
.(- """"" OilY. l\1llll'i! tne

corridor _.,.'1111-.1'
Large cupboards were set up in the corridor.
17

'1-AA:r- 4!1"' "''l''l""f- hou-1"~11.1-.t'ID- ~f.

-l"~~t.'I'A

corroborate At.;nm
The facts corroborate his account of the
accident. f~t.I'IID- ~~c ;>.(to 1111 l\t.;JID-
f-f"<;"~t.ID-'t

.t't.:J"'"'A

corrode -1"0~ 1 q~
Iron corrodes easily. ilt.+

04'~11-

f.O~A

(f.11:>A)

corrosive fouil~+
The corrosive action of the salt water ruined
his watch. f........,,... ID-;) fouil'\'1- "1.t'
A l'l'H't l\O~lfO+

corrugate tJJ"' ~q t.f:C"'I t.1-qom

They corrugated the cardboard to pack merchandise. If4'm-'t ll.hoJoO'I- IICofo).'t
~q

t.t:c~,... t.1-qom-+

ID"'

corrugated iron oi'Coi'C'

In Ethiopia, they use corrugated iron to cover
the roof. 01\.'1-f"t;.t' "'t..t' 1\0Dlfol.'t Ooi'C
oi'C' ' f.m.,.., 11-

corrupt (v.)
1. l\O'Ilf. Love of money has corrupted his
ideals. f1'tHil o;:;r.c 't~"71D-'t l\O~iiof-O;f-A
2. l""''qt. h'tofo t.~t.~. The abuse of power
corrupts the official who practices it. FA"'
't't .t'll t."'qil oum4'1"' f.U't f"''...t'~
C~ID-'t qiiFA"''t l"'"'q(. h'tofo ' .t'~C
~'I' A
3. Ohll. Bribery has corrupted many a judge.
"fo(l ODil~+ iiH- .ll'l'':f-'t ' Ohii-'I''I''I'A

corrupt (adj.)
1. l""''qt. iiA"ii. Thecorruptjudgeshould be
removed from office. 9""1q(. iiAlf. .11':'
hFt.-ID- OD~4'A l\110'1-

2. f-I"O~lf. They tried to overthrow the corrupt

government. f-1"0'\lfiD-'t OD't"'F'I- II""~
AO'I' 'l"h-1-

3. ID-t::r-. The church condemns corrupt

morals. 0.-1" hCIIof:.t'). tD-t::r- "'ilt. ~il
~+'t ;f-tJJ"Jqll':f4. f-f"qq_ The text of this book is corrupt.
fH_U fODK".h'i' :l'A ' f-f"qq ~ID-

corruption
1. iiA"ii'l- I ODO~lf'l- I fqiiFA"''l"':f- ' l""''q
t. ILM+. We must put an end to corruption.
iiA"ii'l-'t (ouo~lf+, or rqiiFA"''l""f- 1""'1
q(.

ILII~+)

cost

258

corroborate

oi.K"OD't .,.,.,. l'.llil't

2. ;\1"'~'1-'t "7"1'~A. Corruption will bring

about the collapse of justice. ;\1"'~'1-'t "7"1'
~ f'i''l-.b't ID-1:4''1- .t'llh'I-~A
3. ID-f:;r. "'ilt. ~il~+. The church condemns corruption. 0.-1" hCIIi:.t"t ,...t::r-
"lilt. ' ~il~'l-'t ' ;f-ID"'ql\':f-

COrtege, funeral ~ f4'iiC .,.,. I 114'11-1"':'

The funeral cortege moved slowly down the
street. f4'il-l- .,.,. ou')~JI-'t f.l' , t.n~oo
The funeral cortege walked with measured
steps. 114'11-I">;'ID- O-f"oom~ f11"1;f- ;\CI"'
)I" ' -I"'IH

corvee <Pt.--l"'f't .t'll'l':> "711~~1:

Corvee was used to build the roads until
recently. ;\llh :r-cil 1..1 oo')~f: f"''..
"'t.-"'" <Pt.--l">;''t .t'll'l':> 0"7M~ ~oc

cosmetic oo\>,\o,J'
Women have always used cosmetics to beautify
themselves. (l.ofo':f- l\1"'1!' 1\00;J-f'l- 11-A
1..1 ooo\>,\o,J' f.m4'"711-

cost (cost), v.
1. l\ID"'. How much does it cost? l"''t .t'UA
.t'ID"'A l
2. l\IIID"'. The accident will cost him a pretty
sum. "'~-""'" nch+ .t'll ~'toil .t'IIID"''I'A
~- Making war costs vast sums of money.
fllC~'I- "7f:t."' iiH- 1'tHil f.oi.)I"A
The battle cost many lives. fllC~ofo iiH- 1'1

3.

..... o!."J'..
4. mf4'. Renting pack animals will cost a lot
of money. f"l'"~+ hil+ ooh&-f+ iiH- ~
'tHil f.mf.:l'A
5. l\<\AG: l'lm. It cost him his life to save
his son. Alit.'t 11"7JI't .bf.IDofo't l'.<\AG:
l'lm

cost (n.)
1. mm.. The cost of living is rising.

f).{!"

.... h'i' ;>.111 OOO~f: ~~- ~ ....

2. '1';>. The cost of this hat is $10. ru_u
qClr."' 'I';> OFC iiC ~,.
3. "l-.11'1-. The victory was won at a frightful
cost. 1:11- f-l"~"f,. l\1'1:1'4: "l-.11'1- Mt.l'l
R:%~ ' ~,.
at the cost of

*The fox escaped from the trap at the cost of

a leg. 4'0C'IJJo ' hiD'J'OOJI- ll.fOOA'I' ;\"1-1-
4't.
at all costs Rl"''tl"' 'tf.~'l- ! Ol""tl"' ' 'tf.~
+ HJ'..

~....

counselor

259

costly

He wants it at all costs. R!l'"tll" ~.M'I- 1.

~'J t1C "7"11''1- f..I.IA:>I>.
We must get it at all costs. R!l'"tll" ~f.t'l-
HJ'. "7'11''1- hMI'J
high (increased} cost of living f).C" IIJo~~T
The high cost of living means nothing to some
people. h'J.II'J.I:" l'll":f f).C"t. ID".i:"t'l-
h!l'"tll" hf.<t.-N-11"
increased cost oPtDF.Y:
Before building a house he took into account
the increased cost of materials. tL+ hoo JP
&-1: O.C.'I- f.h'Jll OO"f(.YPJ:f OOdlf..ll'f
ID"'J "111"'1- ID"IIT hf.t:.1
[See also 'dear, living']

a cold. <'Ill- ll'l-11"'111' "1"11 f.,.t.., J.'J

)( 1-'tof.'J hf.f.AII"
coughing, fit of ~ hnJ.II.C. ill>.
He had a fit of coughing. hnJ.II.C. itt>. ,.,.
-r tnc
[See also 'seizure']

could, see can

councillo"''.of: i ll"hC n..r

The teachers' council recommended a raise.

Yll.,..,t.P':f lo"''.-1: ff.'l"ll "1""71.

cot if&- hi>.:>

During his stay in the country he slept on a cot.
'1'11C R<t.fR'I- 1.1L ~&liT if&- hi>.:>
'If. ,..,.'i' tnc

1\'J-'I.J'.t:."l hiii'IR
The council slashed the mayor's budget.
ll"hC ' 0.1:. h'J-1:'11&. Y+t:.RID"'J. 'I)!:'I-. 'l-00
.r.n-r
Regency Council fHID".I:" h"7ltt.P':f
In the event of the Emperor's death, a Regency
Council will take over until the Crown Prince
reaches maturity. 17-IP' 1 io1P'-f:t f\'1"-11 1
hi>.:> m&-lf. 'I~"" h.llll" 1\llhJ'.cll f
HID".!:" h"7ltt.P':f P'AnJ'J f.f.~llhold a council .,..oulJ:h~
The rebels held a council to decide what to do
with the prisoners. 11<;:-H; 1\llt:.'l'<J; !l'"t
J\'Jf."7.f.t:.1- o {IOOdl(l'J ' .,.OOI}h~

cottage 1]
They have a small cottage on the lake. .bf.4J
hm111 Mll.,.'i' 1] h'l'fiD"

counsel (v.) ooh.:.

He counseled us to leave early. +1.11" 11A'J
J.'J .I:"'J~.I:" ooht:.'J

cotton TT
Cotton grows in warm countries . .,...,. 'I",:~-:,.
h1C ~&liT f.R~'IA
You will find some cotton in the medicine chest.
OO.I:";)t1: ' "'T'J ' ID"II'I' ' '1-'J'Ii ' '1''1' ' ;l1'i'AU

counsel (n.)
1. rhc. Let me give you some good counsel!
'No ll"hC 1>.11'1'11
2. mO:l'. They could afford the best counsel.
II"CT mR:l' 11.111' f.:fll- tRC
hold a counsel 11111'1'1 Mt:.1
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
counsel. 11"1.oo<;-,.<; lt1J<;1: 11111'1'1 11"7
.l:"l"l .,.11.,_
take counsel .,.,...ltbt:.
They took counsel together before deciding
to invest all their money. Y'l'f~&'t 1'JH11
IJo/1- P'&- 'If. 11"7'1'1>. hoom(l<;'f~&
n.c.-r .,.,..ltb~

costly~&.!:"

She wears a costly necklace.

;1-f.C:>A:f

DJo1:

dt11A.

costume 1>.1111

The actors wore historical costumes. ..,...,,_ f

> fT't'l-

1>.1111 111111..,. tnc

couch (v.) 1All

Poets couch their ideas in beautifullangnage.
1"1"7.P':f .bil'l'fiD"'J ""'"'" :1''1'1-
MAI\11couch (n.) ooh.ll
The nobility of old had couches in their houses.
f'l"t'l- oo\>,'J'J'I- Rf!I.:J-'1'~& ooh.ll tR&'f~&

cough (v.) itA

The baby has been coughing all night. .lotto
11.11..1:'J Rou-t~- (1.111>. hf.t:.
cough (n.) itt>.
His cough is due to tobacco smoke and not

counselor
1. mR:l'. He engaged a counselor to defend
his case. 1-.III''J J.'J-'l.h&-hCA'I- mn,.. 1~
2. h"7ltt.. The prime minister is the king's
counselor. m~'lf. "7.~11-'k- f't'l-"'" h"7lt
&

)CJ)o

count

260

3. -t-&"1"1&. He is a counselor at a boys' camp.

IICD'tl'-:f A~ DD1fo;''t'. M.e
)ID"

.,..,..,..,& '

count (vt.) 'll.m<:

Please count your change! ouAflll't .,..me
count (vi.)

1. otm~. Can you count from one to twenty

in Amharic? IJ'tJ!" l\llh VY Q"7e't' A'I<&TC '1-:f<\1111 1
2. """m<:. This one is broken, so it doesn't
count as a whole one. .e.'li't'ID- 1111-1-1'111<:
ll'tF. ""'ir ll.e.ofl.mell"
3. 'I':> JIIIID". Every moment counts. l\Y't'l't
Ji:.. .r.-t:r 'I':> J\11'14. ;1-f. It's not the quantity but the quality
that counts. f"''.:J-fm- 11~., <'t.e.rn 'l.e.t

., )IJJ-

count among
*You count among my best friends. It'lT r h
A11 ' CD'I]('f: J\'t-'1. )II
[J count {one) in u;LOD~
Count me in if you want to know how many
are going. f"''.lt-'1.'1- ll't'l- ll'tF.trl- II
"7m:,O '1-LA"' l\')F.tr) l\~')9" ..,_II"<:'S
count off Aofl~ 1Lm~
He counted off a hundred books. ouof DDl\ih
'i'T 1111!1' ofl.m<:
count (on)
I. .,..,ou)(ll'l -). You can count on each and
every one of us. lln'l't'l:f' t A'l-.,..,ou'J11
't '1-:fllllll

You can always count on him to lend you

money. ,..., 1.nll" ll.tr't ~'tH11 ll'tF."''.Y
IIJ!"ell A'I-.,..,DD'tll'l- '1-:f<\1111
2. J\1'111. You had better not count on an
increase in your salary this year. 1111.11 'lou
+ ,,_.,..., "P"''& }l~'t'lltJ- 111111 q;r
1111 .e.lfiiA
3. l\ll"t'l- "'ll. Can we count on your help?
Q't-1- l\e'I;J- ' l\9")'1- A't'I'A ' ll't:f'lll't 1
count oneself &oft..,. t&m~
He counted himself lucky to have survived
the crash. IJJ:;>m- 1111'1) &.fl.'t ll'tF. iJ
.1!"11'>' 'l<m<:
count (me) out I li'I-"'-II"<:'S
H you are planning to go there, count me out!
l\lf.Y 11""1!.1!" fii":J-1111 hir) ll~') . }\

""""'"<:'S
[See also 'nose']

counterb alance

count (n.)
I. 'l<m&.. The count has not yet been taken.
mt:.ID" 'JIA.,.F.-1:111"
2. m't~A. He has been found guilty on two
counts. 1111-11'1- m't~A '!'of.-1-'t' tr<r
~o;o

~'f

take count of h.m'i J om+

Before going on a trip, you should take count

of the weather conditions. .,.II hoPio...,+u 0
1.'1- Yf"''t 11-~:1' "7'1'<;''1- ("7m:,O) }I
111111

countena nce 1.'1His angry countenance frightened us all.

41m- ~.., tJ-II:f't'tll" JIIIF.t~m't
noble countenan ce "?C"'' lfl'1ll

The king has a noble countenance. 't.,.....

"'e"7 '1"~11 J\IIID-

counter (v.) .,.!11!1/ou

This country is building up its army to counter
the threat of invasion. .e.u:f Me m<:&.
't llou!l/!1/9" tD~'t 1\Y.r.&-~ )T

counter( n.)
I. th.'l- ouif"'il (1;1-, He was standing
at the counter buying a ticket. th.'l- ,..if
"'iliD- fl:l' th.'l- 1100"1~'1- .f>'l" tile
2. Q'tlo. Let's have a drink at the counter!
Q'tlom- '\,1'. ll'tm"'
under the counter n~:Jo

The banned book was sold under the counter.

,.,.hllhllm- ODl\'do'i' IIJ!"off:,O .e.il''l' tile

counter (to) h - - -

fDo"f/'

He acted_ counter to his promise. h.,.o;"1<:m-

~I

LKDD

*He acted counter to orders. f ;I'HHtJJo'l '}1C

.,.,..&.~rP&.

countera ct -thllhll
A hot bath and a hot drink will sometimes
counteract a chill. 11....:,. CD? ou;J-m11
<;' -:,. ' )1C ' DDm"'T I }\')'l'tJ!" o 'l.n 0
11em .ehllh'IA

countera ttack (v.) hllof.ID-'t oull(l

The enemy counterattacked our position last
night. mil+ '1-'l't'l- "7;1- ,1'.~;1-:f't't hll
of.m-'t. DDM

counterb alance ou!II!II"''.Y

Religion is a counterbalance to feat. 'i,....,<r+
f'i'C'/'1-
)ID"

""**"'LY

261.

counterfeit

counterfeit (v.) 1\lloullll- ffDolfol- ofle ,.,,:.

He was sent to prison for counterfeiting five
dollar bills. Ql\. 1\9"11-l- ofle 1\ltOD/111- f
fDolfol- ofle 11/loPtl- l\lle 0.-l- ,q

ne ' (lfDo.

He is a countryman of mine.
Y"'~ I (laJo I ioCD[See also 'fellow']
2.

counterfeit (adj.) ffDolfolOn inspection, the coin proved to be counterfeit. ll_ou~ooe 'i'tl-"111- ffDolfol- IY'r +

countryside q11,e I ,me

Pure air is found in the countryside rather than
in the city. hh-I'"Y 1-A:Jo q111e (,me)
m-11'1' "ll\..b life .e1'1'A

counterpart
I. -f-)1111&. An admiral in the navy is the
counterpart of a general in the army. rq.ne
"l.f.A 1\f:"''.tl-A h11'e lltl-'1!-l- J!:ktl-A
:>e of-)llll& )fDo
2. +.+tl-'i.. Night is the counterpart of day.
11.11.-l- ' f+"l +.+tl-'i. )fDo

coup
I. 1\f:"Y. The coup against the king failed.
"}"t-IP''l I AOD1Atl6J" I ,.,.~t:.'1CDo I It~
41-o\lt .,.~
2. -t-"'qe. His getting the news to his newspaper before the others was a brilliant coup.
cDcl.lJJo"l ' h/1.11-'li +1:'1" ' /ltl-{lo :>tL"'
.,~;~{to f:"I:Jo of'"lqe )Oe

counting h--- :>e

Counting the children, there are fifteen of us.
hA;'Ii :>e OP' tl- l\9"(1.}- n

couple (v.), ~ together 1\.,."'m/11 1\-t;l\/lol.

He coupled the two cars together. 11-11-1>"1 4e11"lf 1\.,."'ml\:fm- (li..'lllof.ll'm-)

countless ofl'l'e f/1./lfDo

There are countless mistakes in his composition. Of:ell-1> fDoll'l' ofl'l'e f/1./lm- lim
++. 1\/1

couple (n.)
I. qAo; "7.11-l-. I am living with an elderly
couple. f9"'r ~..,. Oc!1:"'L h14- qA'i" "'1.
11-l- t .;>e )lJJo
2. -"ll~"'f. The priest joins the couple in
marriage. -11(1- -11~~ O:>oflil' .1'11-f-o\lltl-A
3. cD"I/'.lf'i" ll.oflf '1'"11: '1'"11: IY)m-.
On the dance floor, many couples were dancing.
0-'l"!{lo h'i'A m-11'1' cD"IJ'.:f'i" ll.oflf
'1'"11: '1'"11: IY)m- 1-f."l(lo )Oe
a couple of 1\"11; 11-11-lI have only a couple of dollars with me.
f,1'1tb-ol- li"lf: 11-11-l- ofle ofi!J' )fDo

,,-

country (countries)
1. h'JC, I have seen many countries. oflft'
M~"'f 1\.f.!l'lluI have never been out of the country. lt,e
cD'I''Ii 1\1\~9"
We drove through Wooded country on our
way home. mt. O.:l""'f"l ll"lou/111 "'ilt.,
Me 1\!1/~'1'"1
2. .bltofl. The country will vote tomorrow.
.blttl- ), 1:9"11-"1 .f.ll"'A
3. q111e. My aunt lives in the country and I
live in the city. 1\hll-1; q11,e -l-'r&ll"'f l\
k ' 1"1 hi'., m-11'1' ' l\'r tl-/111o..r
country (adj.)
0.-l- 9""1ofl
He likes country food.
.f.cD-'IA
[See also 'native country']

ne

ne

ne .

o.+ (ljP";f
countryfolk
Countryfolk still know traditional dances.
o..r (ll""'f Au-"19" rqoA .a.'l':f""l
.f.""".cD;I"/1-

ne

countryman
I. q'l,e. He looks like a countryman to me.
Ilk l\{lo q11,e .f.ouii/1'/'A

newly married couple

oo-1ir:l-

The newly married couple sat under the canopy.

-"II~'Ii MOe m-11'1' M9"m'I'A
couplet u-11+ o.+
The poem Was written in couplets . ..,....QDo
11-/1-l- 011-11-l- 0.-l- f-t-llol. )Oe

coupon -th.-ly ou can get coffee here with a coupon.

l\H.II 0-J:h.-l- tl-'i" A,.,'S -l-lf4\/IIJ
courage ~1"1).}- I ~1t'i"
The soldier was rewarded for his courage.
cD:f"f.<lo t /1/1 0 ~1"1)-J> 0 -f-lf/IOD
I applaud your courage. ~1t'i"ll"l 1\f."I:J"/111Iose courage ..h'l"'* Lfl(l

When he saw how many opponents he had

.J

262

courageous

court

it~

of course
I. l'.'tF.;f-. Of course I know what you mean!

take courage! h.efltl flC:I"

l'.'tJ'.;f- l V"'t "lll-l-U l'.'tF.Il') 1\IJlo:I'I\IJo

Take courage, things will get better! hJWU

2. 7t.C1T ~m-. Of course I cannot compete

with you. l'.C"''J' )fDo I IJ'tof- :>C AID'IF.

to face, he lost courage. fof-ID'I'I6S"'Jl't

T ' QID4' ' "1..11. ' .11'1"1> ' ,1.(1(1

OC;f- IJoft-V" )1C Y.lflf'IA

C 1\A~AV"

[See also 'evaporate, fail, infuse, master']

courageous~"'<;

He is a courageous soldier. )!"'1-; ID:J'"-C

)fDo

3. oo=r:r. Extra services are charged for, of

course. ""'I!?" 1\AI' h1A"'II--l- Y.hoi.I\A
(must) run its course

1t1~1Q t

J!,m-ar

The disease must run its course; there is no

medicine which affects it. f"7Jmtf.m- 1 oor;

courier ""Al'.h-1-'i'

Government dispatches were sent by couriers.

'1~-l- 111111.11 01i;f-1Jlo l'.'t~11J f.IJlo"'

f""'t"'P'-l- F.it'IILS"~ O""Al'.h-1-'l'~

l'.;t' J'.l\11- )OC

take a course In ,.......,~

I am taking a course in French. L~"Jtr.r.;;: 1 1t"7
o!-1\IJo

course
1. h.-1-IIJ". The river has changed its course.
ID'tll- h-l>"'""ifDo't 1\fDotii.A

2.

H~.

The only sensible course was to go

home. ~ I OD{lf'r> I f :f"f:-s I flY. I (JJ~ I {1.
-l- ""'/.!!: it!f' )OC
3. "'LJJ. The golf course is large. f1A'i' "'LJJ
{J.C.

taJo

4. ""P'""C. The plane is taking a straight course.

1\IJloC'TI\~

5.

4''1';1- ""P'""C Y.!I.A

~f.)-}- V""'it.

The dinner had four courses.

1'..!--l- ' 1\J'. 1\o!--l- ~.et+ ,..,it 01\'t

6. ~.et+ -l-?"UC-l-. What courses did you
take in college? l>ll.;t' IJloll'l' V"'t ~.et+
-l-V"UC-1'~ hm<;U ?
course of events ftH.m- fl-i-:f"

He has been following the course of events

since the end of winter. h~V"i> hiD"! ~?"

take its course .P"C'I-.'1- ....h ....t\

The law must take its course. ;,..,. : .P"C'I--1:1

""h-i-A 1\110-l-

[See also 'race course, study']

court (v.)

I. 1\111>~"""" He has been courting her for

quite some time. ~Hr 1 1\t\ t "l.tL _t'1ifl~r"7
:t toe
2. h"'IJQ. A good politician will always court
the voters. 01'<1! f?"M:II (tfDo rJoA'l..tl.
""o!-'""~'t f"'IJIJA
court danger h~..71 ....;JLm

It is foolish to court danger. 1\F..:>'t

"".:>"-

.,. ;t'At-l- )fDo

court disaster ouh~ a mt:He courts disaster by reckless driving. boom

t: f"Ltl.IJlo't IJo~;f- Y.h;J--1-A )OC

't 01\Y. 111\"''.t-'1 ""ho!-'t Y.m.!-A

as a matter of course h'l""+AooY.m-

court favor

~1:

m'i

No need to ask him, he will come as a matter

of course. 1.11-'t ""mf-1> hflloi.A"'V"

He has been courting the minister's favor in

the hope of getting a job. P' .!- ll"l"17+ II.

l'.'tF.-1-11""-"-IJlo J'."""'A
In due course "LH. (LI.Cil I O".t.rt.myou will be notified in due course. 1..tLm- fl.
F.CII Y.t1aA
I will speak about that in due course. 111\lf.U
0"1..11.1Jlo 1'.<;1.!-1\IJo

court (n.)
I. 'i'C!l: IL-l-. The court found him guilty.
'i'C.I:' 0.1> 'J'of.-1-'i' ODIJ'~'t ID(t)OT
2. ~II-+. The king held court yesterday.
't'l-..... 't<;'t-l- ~~~-+ 1\11!1'11

In the course of
I. 0 - - - IJloll'l'. I heard from him twice in

the course of the year. n'ioo+

11-l- "1..11. lloi.A'S

aJolt'l'

v-

2. n - - - 1\.e.. In the course of the conversation, he.learned that he was to be promoted.

0 ....1';1-fDo. 1\J'. f"liJ~"' 1.!!:1-'t f"'I..I'1'S
....,.~'t ll"l

A "'1.~11-'t{.'t F.;t' .em<; toe

"'ll.

3.
The ambassador has not yet been
received at the court. 1\V"IJ/IF.{. 1<; 1."1
IL 'I.P. l'.;t' hAt"'?"
4. 0.,. 1 OO"t"'IP'T. The court went into
mourning when Prince Sable Sellassie died.
Ao-A "'UI\ P'l\1\ II.'1"1> IL-l- ""'t"'P'
.,. O.hH't 11.e toe

5. 1tT'C ""IlL. There are many trees in our

cover

263

courteous

court. h'I'C "lfl,I':Y.'t <D-11'1' 1111- tft::

:r-.

hll6. "'L-'1. The tennis court is private. f-J:).o\- "'1.

I f""IA I ~lD"
bring to court my,. I fi:C.(;' I

Jl

fl...,.

mt. 'i'C.I:" IJ.T .t.<J>:11-T

covenant :l'A h.JI't

C llhi'II!-1\.A :l'A h.JI't 111
[See also 'ark']

cover (v.)

.,.ll~H

The case was thrown out of court for lack of

evidence. oP(Jf ooo;l-"11> ho\- .,.II<:H
(~noun) fTihT'i' .,..,qc
It is courteous to help an old lady. IJA-I:T oo
OIT fTihT'i' _,..,IJC ~,.
I ftftf
be COUrteOUS
He could at least have been courteous. f<J><:m-
fl<J>C TihT'i' .,ilfT ,!'.111m- ~OC

courteous

..,.tft..,.fi'

I. hf.~. He covered the roof with straw.

"'t.,I'<D-1' "'C hJI't hf.~<DThe maid covered the pot. 1:.11.1> .,iiC'm1' ' hf.~:Y.m2. !fl.~. Snow covered the fields. 0<:1'- "'1.
JI<D-'t if'i''l';l-A

In Ethiopia, they use corrugated iron to cover

the roof. Oh.TI'Ac,l' "lt.,l' lloolfl.'t 0
C1!' ,l'.m<l>.,ll-

3. hiiOII. Use this cloth to cover the table!

courtesy
I. ,1'.11-"i;l-. I have to go out of courtesy.
llf.ll-"i:l' !lA OD'/..1:" hll11"i
2. ooAtt?" hc>l;r. The costumes for the
play are by courtesy of the museum. liT.I'T
~ ooFt..l' f'I'II-T A11(o':f ooo-n.foo-
OOAI)?" hc>l;l- f.,.11' ""'"'"
*Thank you for the courtesy of writing to me.
hh11<:11 IIIIR'i'hA"i .t.ooll"l't?IIIJo

courthouse 'i'C.I:" ll.T

The courthouse is built of red brick. 'i'C.I:"
0.1> ' h<J>,I'. ' m-Il f.,.P'&-

~ ....

hh11C _,.h:l-1'-'fl ;>C OO"J

His irreverent attitude towards the king

hh
annoyed the courtiers. O,..,.IP< 1

k.-,.

IJII"J.II-'Il't h'i'f.f.

court-martial vm;rt.c 'i'C.I:" ll.T

The deserter received a court-martial. hJIH'

,. m:rt.e hm;ru 'i!C.I:" ll.T <J><:O

courtroom 'i'C.I:" ll.T
The courtroom was ful1 of people. lf!C.(;'
11.1> o.n1111 .,..,.A.,.

~oc

courtyard h'I'C "Ill

The courtyard has a small garden in it. h'I'C

"Ill,. <D-il'l' h't.l:" T't'li .I'ThAT

fl;l-' hll

cousin ,!'hilT A'J': 1 ,1''1-T A'J':

My cousin remained unmarried. ,l'hil-1: A

'J': ' (.f'l--1: ' A'J':) ' ., ' <J><::Y.

't 0"7..111 hm:J-11115. hm'i'<I><J>. Have you covered everything that

is important in that book? OH.U

OD&"th.fi:

""il'l' m:l-"7.. fli').T't ~1C':Y. v-11- hm

:~i!;l\#/l
'i'H'IiA't!
6. hm'i'<J><:. He covered the fire for the news-

paper. ll:ft :J-mA-m-

i\;JUIIJlD" nli

i'un

'i'<J><:
11"4.1.~.

Do not

try

to cover a mistake!

llih.,.TII't lloolfof.l.'t hT'I"hC

The king arrived with his courtiers. ,..,.IP<

?""Ill~

m<:A.tf<D-1' f.ll't .u.c.P .t.A1111m-

4. hm:J-1111. The lectures covered the subject

thoroughly. f.,.llm-T 't"l"!C':Y. T?"IICi>

7.

courtier fh11C .,.h:l'f. l IJII"J.A

11C'T f'l-f.II<D-

,.~,.

f. ?".1:-C 111 ,I'IIOT fflihC hliA]

God made a covenant with Israel. h"!H.h11.h.

I n+~O

They brought the accused to court. .,.hillf.'t

be thrown out of court

cove [hiJihC Mm. oollil ,I'll

8. .,.~H. The camel covers sixty-five miles

a day. "/OO!l O<l>'t il.l:"il h?"iiT .,,I'.A
T'itfii:Y.

9. Hll<l> l Ml<:m. We covered the distance in

three hours. OO't1J!.'t O?'iiT ll'tT Hll
.P~m-

(M'<:'I'~<D-)

10. '/.f.. We had to cover the rest of the way

on foot. f<J><:m-'t 00'11.1:" Oh"!&-:Y.'t OO'/.
.1:" ~0<:111'
I I. .t.JI:11. The hunters fanned out to cover
the whole field. .t.JI'l''ll "'L-'1,.1' 0-11- II
.,JI<:il _,.O;l-_,.).
12. 11<:<:. The stallion covered the mare.
l.<:o\- ' 1111&-'l''t ' 11:&-T
be covered

I. .,.'I'm. Because of the heat, his face was

covered with sweat. hoo-<J>i> f.,.~.., .t.i>

0'111 .,.,.,..

~oc

2. ( ~ tr.) .,.oollh.,., +Is this case covered by

the rule? ih'Jo ,1'.111'1' 'JoJI,I'. f.oollh-I"'I'A!

The check is covered. 'lib- f"7.1HI&') 11J

lA -1-+.,"1."

~')Hofl

take cover
1. .,.mAlt. It is raining; take cover quickly! f.
H')QIA l of/1" -1-mii/A
2. '1'"1 1H. When the soldiers heard gunfire,
they took cover. m;l-.l'.~'li fmoP'))I' -1-lf-il

hl\1&

cover oneself up AOfl

It is cold outside; cover yourself up well!
,...._ .('.OCillA i .1'."1.... hf:C~IJ IAOil

(L.{IfiOo

cover oneself with .,..,..lj"g,L

This hero covered himself with glory in the

last war. Y.tJ )';"1.,.. QII.C.I& lfiCH h
o(IC')....

cower

264

cover

11) ... )'J-') -1-1-....1\.C.

cover over
I. .I'. .C.). They covered over the hole in the
road with asphalt. Oon')~/1. IIY. 11\1&')
"1-1:'\1: Qil4-IA'I- .I'..C.l-'12. if.C.). They covered the picture over with
cloth so that it couldn't be seen. 1.')/11.;1-Y.
0.,11'1- FIJI\-') 0Q;l,C:,0 if.C.l-'1
cover up "-04"

How can we cover up our tracks?

1.')1..'1- on.<'.O:,O "l.'):f-1111') 1
cover up for f - --

.,...,qc

~lil-'1'1

ftf"

Arrangements for the escape were made under

cover. 11.,11"11'1' f-J-.1'..:~,. 11"1~'1- Oll"il
m.C ' -I-1H

coverage 'J''):,Oc
The television coverage of the coronation was
excellent. 1:1\.ii.'frl- ill\ Hl&f: 0')11- hhQO
C 1+.:01& 'J''):,OC 1.~"1 OIIJII" 'No )0C

covering IAQil
This rug is a bed covering. Y.ll MIIJ'i' 1
The exterior covering is made of iron. f'm-Q;t.
,. IAQil hil.:'l- f-1-w.l- )I&

The commission tried to cover up for the

corrupt judge. l>"''.ilf'l- fofl/Al!'l&') II':'
-J-"'QC 1\oPifU') 'l"h.:

covert, take a

glance at (1,::,0

hf:C

1 ' -1-""llh-JI took a covert glance at the note. .,il;l-ID!fl&

') (1,::,0 hf:C1. +onllh'l-11-

(be) covered with AOfl

)~C

h!l.<l- llilj),IA
[See also iground, insurance, mildew')

covet -J-on"f
Do not covet your friend's wife!

f~"-~tJ")

"'LilT h'l-on"i

The boys coveted his new hat. A].!.'li 1'.11.1'1-')

QCtiiJI&') -J-on1''1-

cover (n.)
I. f"''...'..:il Aoflil. I did not have enough
covers last night. '1-11')'1-.,.. 11.11.'1- 04: f
"'i...'..:ofl Aoflil h/A)O.:"ill"
2. 1..1.1. When the water boils, remove the
cover from the pan. ~&':)~& ll.L-'\ ~f~&
') hf:ilof> IIY. h')i(
3. hll'). Where are the covers for these
boxes? f)lf.IJ "''l'<r'-f hll'l':f- f'l- hll- 1
4. 114.') I IAQil. Who has tom off the cover
of this book? flf.tJ') oPl\'.h'i' 114.') (AQ
il) f+.l'..l'. .,') ' )I&!
5. -1-n. The land was bare, and provided
no cover for the troops. ont,.if 1 '1-'\"1 ltl\~
0.: ' ID;l-.l'.~'li -!-~') h/A)O<lo'fl&ll"
from elver to cover h-'IC s llllh JIC

I read this book from cover to cover. f.tJ"J")

oPl\'.h'i' hiiC "hilh IIC h)Ooflh-'1remain under cover

'l'CIJ

lA:> IAQil )I&

=

1f"-L~

Everything is covered with dust. tJoll-

under cover nrllm.C

.,.,_n.,.

He remained under cover until the police left.

?'11.1\'li "hilh.y;/1. ' s:-.:il -1-.1'.0+

cow 1111"
The man breeds cows.

coward .C.&

(t~&fl&

1111" 1.:qA

1 11-h')

Don't be such a coward! "h').l'.lf.IJ .c.& h'J-v-')

Cowards and cheats are contemptible. 11-h'l':f.,.. ' 1'.;1-llf':f- ' f..,_.,..., ' .,..,,.

cowardice .C.&)'JThey laughed at his cowardice. O.C.&)of> ..,.,

0'1-

cowardly
I. .C.&. The cowardly soldier was censured by
his superiors . .C.&I& m;l-.I'.C Qllol''li -f-)
+.c.
2. f.C.&)'J-. He was blamed for his cowardly
act. ilii.C.&)'J- -J-"'Q-1- -1-~wl\

cower -J-mlf+
The whipped dog cowered under the table.
f-1-~.:.c.,. ~&If m.:A.~..,. P'C -J-mlf+

cowherd "'->:
Two cowherds were guarding the cows.
11-1\T

"i.'l':f

1\'1",.;1

J.'.mofJol

tOe

,,.1
A

coy

'Jf.>j',.;

crack (n.)
I. 1-"':1"'1-. The cracks in the wall have to be
filled. f"'J':"'JitJ>o 1:1"-"''1- oof.L1 hll

0'1-

co-worker fF&o 1 '1.1'.'1

He tried to cooperate with his co-workers.
hJ"&o
'I"hi.

cram

265

cowherd

;Je

-I'"JQ11.f.

1\00J"&-T

2 "'"" I could see it through a crack in the

fenoe. Q'l'~ "'"" ll"'lf'l- !I'Ah3. ll1'1':J>. There is a crack in the plate.
fl.'h). ' ll1'1':J> ' hl\tJ>o

hol-e

coy girl will not have many friends. ,,.1

hol-e A7f1i.J': 1111" 'l.l'.'l':f hJ.'.'l"~'l-9"

cozy
I. f'l".,.. They have a very cozy home.
0"19" f'l"_,. IL'I- hll'fw2. .l'.ll f"''..A. It was cozy sitting around the
fire. "'"''~""' """" oo.,..,. 1.11 f"''..A toe

crab lfe"11
Crabs are found only in salt water. lfe"'1
"""'" QIIO'I- q.ne w-ll'l' 11!1' .e1

':A
crack (vt.)
I. lltm.,.. You have cracked the window.
OO/l!>-1:1 ' h1'1'.,.1i'I'A
2. Li.hh. I will crack the nuts. 11D-H-1 ""-'hh'l'l\113. h""'1i. The driver cracked the whip over
the horses. Qll;>&w- Lt.(',; 1\J.'. hl\1;>
h""'1iq'fwcrack (vi.)
I. -l'htm.,.. The glass cracked when I poured
the hot water in. f Lll ,.~ 11"'-'l"eo'l-
11e"l".,.,. -1'/ltm.,.
2. f"''..ht'I':J> J':9"6 hh"'l. Thunder rolled
and lightning cracked. t"I-J':'I-'1. Q'l't.oot.
00 ' "1.,11. ' 0011l..,. ' f"''..ht'I':J> ' J':9"6 ' hh"'l
3. hl\11. His voioe cracked. J':'l"lt- hill\
4. ""'1i. The whip cracked. ~&of. ""'1i
5. :J>e'li'l" hll. The branch cracked under
the weight of the ice. Ot.P..w- llllhO.I'.w-
:J>C1""if. :J>e'li9" hll
crack down '1'-R:,.O ofl:TTC 1'J.~1

The authorities are cracking down on illegal

gambling activities. QIIFA"''l",.; h.'h"' , .

"1" fll't .,...,C1 11"'1'1'4-'1- '1'11:,. "''~"~'

e ' 0"'1J':i."' ' 1\J.'. ' .,.,,.

'I-tShe was in danger of cracking up under the

strain. h"l"1.,.;!: f-l't"' &-!I.1 1 "1-'1'1-ll'l-
Cl"ack up ,&.(to")

fh:>:J"A

4. =1i+. I thought I heard the crack of a rifle.

fmoo17f =1i+ fh"'lv- oo(lii'S
[See also 'dawn']

cracker 11llh-'1Children like crackers. ""'""" 11/lh-'1- J.'.

a>JIII-

cradle

I. f.'hY1 hA;J. She rocked the baby in the

cradle. .'hYI-1 o.nn hA;>w- 1\J.'. .,m:fw2. A.l'.'l-. They have insurance from the cradle
to the grave. hA.I'.l- "llh '1"'1- f .'hJ.'.a>'l-
'I'll'!-.. ' hll'ftJ>o
3. M'T". Boston is the cradle of the American
Revolution. llll-1'1 f"'UIJ ftlU'I- 1:,..,.
.,. ' 9"1"P ' t:f

craft
I. """' He learned the mason's craft. f"'9"0
'St'l- ' _ , -l'"'ll.
2. '1'011. The carpenter fitted the bits of wood
together with craft. h.,m.,. 0'1'011- fb1
"""" e'l'&o""':f1 MdJmou
3. H.l'... By craft he got all the money from
them. OH.I'..OJ- 11Hil-1 Vll- hte.r mh.l'.

craftsman Qll "~

There are not many craftsmen in this country.
"H.Il Me 1111" Qll "~ fll'l"

craftsmanship 'I'OO':t'IHis handiwork shows craftsmanship.

fl.~ r

1"&-ID- 'I'OO':t'l-1 fODI\h:J"A

crafty -1'11>1\'i'
He is a very crafty person, so don't make any
deals with him. 0"19" -1'11>1\'i' (ltD- t
,..,. he.r :>e '1"1'1" ,J.'.t'l- ID-A
h:J"J':e"'

cram (crammed), vt. h"'-"'

He crammed everything into one trunk.
11-11-1'1" t1e Q1 J': "1'1'1 h"'-"'
cram (vi.) lfou.l'..l'.
It is better to study regularly than to cram at

266

cramp

the last minute. flou...,<:lf 1.11. houif9"f..

~ f-lAil> Rf1.11."'" "7'1''i''l- f.lf~IA

crawl

3. mf.. - - - m~ .,.fiQfl<:. The bus crashed

into the abyss. ll..,..f-11-11- 1S'.IA ..,.ll'l' m
.,.,.,Qfl<:

cramp (v.) llifoo++

Fear cramped his stomach. 'i'CV'I-

,.,..,.~-!>'!

llifoo++..,.
cramp (n.)

*The cramp in his leg prevented him from

crossing the river. l\""1"" llA.,.ifoo++ m"Ht'1 "7!11<:'1' 11.11"1-f'l- ~RC
have a cramp ifoo++(..,.)
l have a cramp in my leg. l\"1&.'1 f.ifooi/>

"'"'"'

cramped (adj.) f-I"IRR

He lived in cramped quarters. fi.,."IRII h'i'

crash through (lofl(!" 1 1Q

A rock crashed through the window. ~'1.:>1-
oo{l!>-J>'I fliiC' 1Q
[See also 'powder1

crash (n.)
I. "'"i"'l-. Was anyone hurt in the crash?
11"1"1"-1> f_,.'l-.11 ,.,..,. ~IIC l
2. m~o$ oo(IQIIC. The plane crash was
shocking news. fii..,.C'T~l- m~.f. oo(lqfl
C H.'i' llfl:l'4: ~IIC
3. ""-""""~- The crash of dishes woke me up.
f<'l.h'i"'6 ""-"""~ M.+"i

4. ~ s:+:,. This year there was a big business

crash. 1111.11 <too-l- '1-IAil> 1 f'l"'.t:" ..,..t:"+

"' 'i"<:
crank (v.) f1"7l-lL~ .,.m+oo

He cranked the car to get it started . .,..,..,..,

11"7ll~"''l- 11"7l-0:~ .,.m+ou

crank (n.)
1. Gl/).itl\. We need a crank to start this motor.
.,._,..,.., 11"7M"''I- "7l-ii~ Yll&.IA1'i'IA

'1- ~IIC
loud crash

(~verb)

'i 1111

The pitcher fell down with a loud crash.

ll'lll&. ...........~.,. 'i 1111

crass
1. fi:Jt-9"". His crass ignorance shows lack of

2. mLA.. The President received many letters

from cranks. Ttl.ll.-'1'1-1> hro&.o(.l":f illl'

edUcatiOfl, lj!X,.,.. I ~CCjfD" I

f..il-'111. .,..,1111

f{)YIA

cranky ~"l"'i'""l

The cranky child cried constantly.

lA~ YII"7!'1<:T llll+fl

~"l"'i'""l..,.

h.i\OO""l?"J I

2. fiiiA"''i'. His crass joking annoyed everybody. fiiiA"''i' +AI!. v-tr'l9" llfl<'l""
crate "1'1''1

A crate full of oranges has come. lt"t!: ..,.,

crash (vt.) 'l'o\ 1Q

The boys crashed the gate at the football game.

IA}/;'6 fll>.ll ""'I':1'..,. 1.11. fl ...'I 'I' fl..,.

'""

'I iiC-I>It'l """'

crater fll<'l.,. 1'1"&. ll'i''I-

The volcano has a lake in its crater. 7./t+

crash (vi.)
I. .,.fill<:. The beam is going to crash soon.
11..,.:1"'" fli!>Cil ll.flfiC ~..,.
2. m~o$ .,.fiQfl<:. One plane crashed. II'!~
11..,.1!''1'~'1 m~o$ .,.(IQfl<:
3. 11"19" ""''li. The thunder crashed. ouofl<:
.,. 11"19" ""''li
4. +:~m.. Two cars crashed. tN\1: OOh.'i"SO
:f

.,._,<Qo

5. _,..,h:f'h.,., The vase crashed to the floor.

YIIQ "7ll+OD""l(J)o aJIIIr ~" .,.'lh:f'h.,.

1'1"&...... ll'i''l- ~" ,.,..,. 1111

crave
1. tD/.1.. He craves chocolate more than
anything. h"7'1'i'..,.9" ~1C '1'1>~:1' lliiiA
f.ID.IIIA

tn '

2.

II""~.

He craved a favor of the king.

.,.,.,... 11'1~ mC':f' l\'1-'IJS'.C"'II'I- II""~

crave affection =l=l

The child craved his mother's affection.

A:(

llll'i'-1> 'i'i

craving (n.) h'i'

crash Into

I. '"" The driver braked suddenly, so l

crashed into him. ~:(..,. 11~'11'1- 'i'&.'l
lliiYH 1""11-'12. h - - - .:>C .,.~.,..,... The bus crashed into
a tree. II(J)o.flt-11- h~'i' .:>C .,.~.,..,..

Yll

-,.-,..r

He has a craving for sweets. i\ht:.DII\ hifi:

fll

.,..,.T

IIII(J)o

crawl (v.)
I. .ll'li. Her child is beginning to crawl.
lA~. OD.II'!i o ~9"/;:IA

2. -t-110. The snake crawled across the ground.

7.1111- Oov.!-'1- 'If. -t-110
3. 0.1'.<:.,. M-t-110 ~~~- The dog has crawled
under the table. m-lfm- 0.1'.<:.,. M-t-110 m
<:A.'m- ' P'C ' ~q
4 . .,.if,..++. My flesh crawled when I saw
a big snake. '1-A:,O 7.Q11 lifo- 1.11. (l
m-)1: 1-if.,.,.,..,.
5. -t-'1-1-1- 1 -t-'1-.,.1-(0'1-). The work crawled.
P' &.m- -J-"1-1-1Time crawled that day. 011.,1"1 +'I 1.11.m-
-t-"l--t-1-11'S
6. 11"1 hi\. Traffic barely crawls during the
rush hour. OP""&- ODaJo-L {l'l+ DPh.''i

1111"7.0' '1-Jf 0"19" 11"1 f.IIA

7. 4-m~~- The place was crawling with ants.
(1;1-m- 0'1-'111'1 -t-mt::A
~ 11"1 1111Traffic was moving at a crawl. oPh.t;,:,i 0
"19" 11"1 111\m- ).'.'[./!. ) oc

crawl (n.), at a

crayon hiiC
He draws best with crayons. OhiiC fOI\m
f.P'IIA

craze .1.11.'1'
Dancing the twist is the latest craze. 'l-'11'1-'1
oo~HI f1.H.l1Jo Lll.#J' ~m-

crazy
I. 7.11.1'.". The crazy boy was taken to the
hospital. 7.11/!. A-, m.l'. lfll"!;;f-A -t-m
(l.l'.
2. f"7f.<:Q. That is a crazy idea. f"7J'.<:II m
1111 )mbe crazy hOI.
Are you crazy? I would never do such a thing.
l\11.1'.7A 1 7.'1.1'-H.II fll )~C Au>&. h
Al-A?"
be crazy about

I'm crazy about bananas. l\f1Do1f '

).'.m"'A

creator

267

crawl

')ott:{l.

drive {someone) crazy hiJOI.

You will drive me crazy yet. l\'1-t- 11;1-1111

.!'.'S h'I-+C9"
go crazy ( ~ tr.) l\110.1'.
+r am going crazy because of the gnats.
Mll.ll '1-'t'l'l- 11.11111/!.'S )m-

creak
I. ll.m.'l' l\11. The door creaks terribly.
0"19" ll.m.'l' J'.IIA

2 . .,.'1!11!11. The stairs are creaking. .l'.<:lfm-

J.'.'I!I/!1/A

cream

I. [h'i'-t-lf :,Oq'Jo)'Jo film- fm-t-'1- M''l-]

2. m++. Do you take cream with your coffee?
11-'i fll"'l-m"'m- hm-t-'1- :>C )m- 1
3. :,Oq'Jo. That cream smells good. f :,Oq'Jo
~ 11;1- hl\m4. reT. This tobacco is the cream of the crop.
f.U I ...,..iJ'"f}tr I h+oPi:.-f-liJo I U.fto I 9'"C'f' I ')oliJo

crease (vt.) l\<."7.1'..1'.

Sitting in that position will crease your trousers. 7.'1.1'.11.11 fll l\4'"7""'1' (l-&11'1 f<.
"7.1'.-IIA
crease (vi.) +Q;l."7YJ..

The dress creased in the suitcase. +"7.(lo If'!"'

liJo I iD"llT I ilh++oom I i""'-ti"IU

create
1. Lml.. God created man in his own image.
7."11ll\11m.c (lm-'1 Rl\11"1111- .l.m<:mWe have to create a position for him. lt(t. 1
f"''.ll''t P'&. oo<;:mC 1\1111'1
The students created a disturbance. 1""7~9'
'li <:11lf .l.m-12. hllh-t-1\. This incident can create a global
conflict. ,.eu r ..,.,_...,.. 1 f\ltfP 1 ,...,tt:. 'I'A 1
1\.fllh'I-A f."f-IIA
3. 4'(l<f>(l. The incident created a lot of excitement. .I'."C1..,. f1111'm-'t II'"L'I- <f>(l<f>(l

creation
I. 'i''I'.I:T. The creation of the world was
accomplished in six days. tt:.'l'l.-t '\1\9'" 1 Oil
.1!"11'1- +'I -t-h<;m)
Let all creation praise the Lord! tt:.'l'l.+ 1 u.tr 1
7."1ll.l\11m.C't fooll"l't
2. .1'.-C(l'Jo. Shakespeare's plays are great
creations. fithii"I:C .1!"&."711'l- "1~11" .1!"
C(l-l'"f- ' <;'l'm3. P'&.. At the art show, the creations of the
various students were on display. Oh..) 1 'I'Oofl
'I-C7.f.'l- 'If. fAt< At< .,."7&11'"f- P'&.
ll'l- ' ;1-1<
creative fol.m&- "f-11-:1- filmSculptors are creative artists . .:r-cJt" 1 "'aJo~Ja.$P
l- f .l.m&. "f-11-;1- fll'l'm- l\C-1:11-I'l- <;
'l'm-

creator
0~

.1."1&

He worships his creator in every way. 0-7")"1

aJoiJD I o-~:l" I ,l.tJ)~aJo") l J"oPAlJA

creature

268

creature

creditor
2. JI.O.. We can buy the furniture on credit.

I. 'i''l'&'l-. We do not know what kind of

creature may inhabit Mars. O'"ICll 1 1\~ 1 r

ffl.'l- 7-.>l'ro-'t OJI.O. """1~'1- 7-.'t:filll't

3. h11C. This hero is a credit to his country.

't 'l.M'I- 'i''l'&'l- 7-.'t.l'."''.'l"C l>.'i'tJJo:,OV"

f.U ~1<; '11'1- h11C ~,_

2. tt=m-C. He is unable to turn his back on

any suffering creature. OP':J"~ 1 1\,.e. a Ill '

4. 11<;. This new book will not add to his

credit. _e.u I J\..ct.fl I ODK"th,fi: I r ' ) ' r I 1f'i I

"1't,tJJo'tV" 'i'm-C 11'1" 1111- "11\'i' 1\

f.IMII'I-V"
3. 1"1~. She is a charming creature. 1../t 1 fiJD
'I-A' (ltD-'<;'!-

5. '1"1- ilV". If you pay your bills, your credit

will be good. ,I'I\11U't do.'l11 0'1.11..,. 11
'1-h'i'A 01'tH11 Oil-A '1"1- ilV" ;f-.,.C4.11U

poor creature fl\'"IH.C J!-"lj

The poor creatures are hungry. t?t."1nC :

6. h"-'1.'1-. A semester course is worth three

credits. Ol'l'"/.il.,.c f"''.l'l'l' f'l-ruc'l- 'lf.~

'JI:f _,.CO'I'A

"" ll'il'l- hol.-'!.'1- ' 1\1\ro-

l\,I'_,.C'i'll'l-'1"

credit for raising the most money in the drive

goes to the third grade. 0.,..1'.<:1ro- OO'J',;o>o

credentials
I. fif.ou'l- .1'.11-'!0.. The ambassador presented his credentials to the Emperor. 11.9"

1111- 1'tH11 Mil1"f. ll'il_,., h'i'll-:f

Q'l.l'.'l- fif.oo'l- .1'.11-'!0.,I''I'tJJo't 1\'t"l-w ~

11"-1> ' 1\<1'<:112. ou<:)f. Only those with proper credentials
are admitted. .,.11l ou<;)f 11;1' ,l'il'ftJJo f.
1QII-

set (the) credit

I. .,.oufl1~. I did the work and he got the credit.

His story sounds credible. ;f-& 11- f"''.;f-oP

't f.ooMA
hV"11~V"

1\.;f-oP't

f"''.;J'A }',f.ouilA'1"

hoP~.

Ow&-IJ-'1- h(l- .,.oo(ln

3. .,.'km<:(l\'1-). Will you get credit for these

courses in college? MII.U '1-ruc.f:f 01>11.
;t: f.'km'I-AVA 1
give credit for l\oP{l1~(0'1-)

There is one thing you have got to give him

credit for. 7-.(l-'t A:f-""il"''tO'I- f"''.1Q 1\'t

credit (v.)
I.

h~

2. '1"il;><; .,.l'lm. He will get credit for the

conception of the plan. dt'lll-'t 0"1oP't.....,
V"il:><; Y.l'lm'I'A

credible f"''.;f-oP't 1 1\.:f-oP't f"'i.;J'A

It hardly seems credible.

f.oPf11<;1\'

You cannot credit those reports.

Mll.,l"t &?"C.f:f A;f-'1"<;'ftJJo 1\'l-:fAV"

2. 0(1- do.'l11 ro-il'l' l'oil1Q. We will credit
you with this amount. f.U't't Q't.,. do.'l11
ro-il'l' h<;il1Q'I'II't

we credit Edison with many inventions.

11H-9':f 'i'Ail'i'<;9':f fh.JI.(l't <;'fro- h
'tilll't

.1:"~1Cl'oll

outstanding credit b.t;

He has an outstanding credit of $50. 1\'1"'1
11C M

1\110'1-

place credit tt.oo~

I place full credit in what the boy says. A)l:
f"''.llro-'t ' -~~- ' """""' 1\V"<;I\IJ-

be credited (with)

reflect credit on h/tou(l1~

His son's behavior reflects credit on the father.

1. +ItA. In former times, many herbs were

credited with healing powers. 0.1:"1!" '1.11. 11

fA)I: mQf. 1\Q-I>'t .l'il""il"'~'I'A

take credit (for) .,..,..(11~

If- bO'I''I- fol.'l'ii~'l- '1f.A 1\il'fro- y.q

~nc

2. wf-oP(I1~. The heroic woman was credited

with saving the lives of many children. f1111-
A}Cf't ;r,y.ro'l- 0"1'1-<:j, ~"1<;'1' ll.'l-
.,.OD(l1~:f

OOil1't ' f.tDJ!A

(be) to one's credit

credit

h./tODll1~m-

It is to his credit that he admitted his guilt

and took the punishment. '1'4--l>'t 1\V"'l" :,0"1
-l>'t ' OD<i'OII-

credit (n.)
I. 11.1:-C. The bank refused further

He likes to take credit for what somebody

else has done. A,.l\ I (I~ I fitp&,aJo I 'Aft. I 0P

f"''.,,'lloP{l1~ro-

'

~,_

creditor Ql\ M 1 1\R-'!&

to the firm. Q't 11- 1\'t"'JI. .1:-C;t:'l- 1\.'1

He settled with his creditors. hQII M9''1l

11.1:-C hllhll

(IJ0-'!&9''Ji) :>C .,.il"1"1

credulous .J-;f-'lf.
She was so credulous that the other children
could fool her easily . .J-;f-'lf. illllf):f A
;'1i ' 11+'111- '

cringe

269

credulous

IIJ.,.,.'I',. .

f.:f-'111-

creed hf")'fThe French creed is "Liberty, Equality,

Fraternity". fl..l.14f. hf")-'J- 7.11-A)'f- 1
)l\)'J- l ID1.1!:""'/"'/:f)'J- ' )ID"
creek ~l.'IThis creek is dry in the dry season. f.U ~l.'l-
1111;> f.f.C:l'A

creep (crept)
I. '11i. Our baby learned to creep before it
learned to walk. All":f-1 ooo~-ooF: booiJ'II-
llol.'l- ' OOJI1i ' /IOOf.
2 .J-411. The vines crept over the castle walls.
dol."!- ' "1111- ' "IF:"!-'1 'If. ' .J-411
3. Y.f.. There is a bedbug creeping on the wall.
,.~1 ' "IF:"!'IID" ' 'If. '1-'f.-'lll:f
creep silently 'Af~Q ~40
The cat crept silently toward the bird. F:"":t
IDf. ID!f, 7..ff.q:f .J-411:f
creep up +il ill\- ft""A1
We crept up and peeked over the waiL +II 11
111 q'N- 'If. I\1/"A11 .J-aollb'l-1
make ones fJesh creep (lm-~-t: Tll++

It made my flesh creep to hear her moan.

ii;J-11'1>11 llil"'/u- "1..11. {ltJJ-)1: .J-il++

[See also 'stealthy']

cremate, - the dead 4.4 1\:l'mll
It is not customary in this country to cremate
the dead. l.ILU I\1C 4.4 "'l:l'tnA fi"
/loPf. hf.f.IIV"
crept, see creep
crescent, - of "1"'111
We could see the cresoent of the moon behind
the trees. flq4- ID"/1'1' "1"711 ..,l.:l' '1;f-f'OII:f

crest "1-'I-\L
This bird has a red crest. f.'f ID<;: +f. .,.
'1-\L' M'l-

(be) crestfallen ll-V"1111 1\11

The players were crestfallen at josing the game.
-1-1'1'-l''li iiii.J-lf)4- ll-V"1111 1\11-

crevasse .,..Y;-q
While mountain climbing he fell into a crevasse.
.J-ol-t!- ' il.fDIII 411 ' "1-F:q ' ID"/1'1' ,q

crevice il1'1':t
Give me sorile plaster to plug up

~is

crevice!

f.U1 111'1''1> fV"f-<;:111'1- 1/":l' ilm'1

crew
I. OP<!-.J-if:f. All of the plane crew are Ethiopians. fi\ID"(!'T'I). ' IP<!-.J-'P:f ' 11..,.11- ' l\.'ff"fk11D"rt ' ""'"'"
2. oocbOitl-. The entire crew was saved when
the ship sank. oocblt- il.iiV"'I' oochllif'li
11-11- ' Jl).

crib
I. f.h!1 1\IA;>. This crib is too small for our
boy. f.U f.h!1 1\A;> IIA)i":f1 l\1(1;f-A
2. 1-.J-o!-. He took all of the corn out of the
crib. fl,fll-.,., u-11- h1-.J-&-ID" 1\ID"'

cricket I.1"1
The cricket eats grass. I.1"1 "'C f.ll'IA

crime

I. w1lA. Auto thefts and similar crimes are

on the increase. foub.<; /IC,f'f-<; .J-OD44
f. 1D1l11-:f lloo..,ooc 'If. <;'l'ID"
2. '1''1-'1-. It would he a crime to throw that
away. f.U1111 ODIJIA '1''1-'1- , )ID"
[See also 'partner, wave']

commit a crime m"J)!A tP&- J m~}:A

Because he committed a crime, he went to jail.
1D1lA ' /1/IIP<!- ' (/1/IID)l/1) ' l\!IC ' ll.'f- ' 1q

criminal (n.) 1D1l11"'

He looks like a criminal. 1D1l11"' f.ooii'IA
criminal (adj.) f1D1l11"'
Arson is considered a criminal act. O.T """
:l'mA f1D1l11"' Fo!- )ID"
criminal act f1D1lll"' Fo!- l 1D1lA
A criminal act harms society. fiD1lA F
<!- ...11/..J- (111 f-1-'IA

Arson is considered a criminal act. O.T "7

:l'mA ~11. 1D1lA Utno!-A

Criminal law fto"J~h~ I OD:,:0MO). I i'ft.,
Criminal law defines the different kinds of
crimes. f1D1lll"' oo:t""l .h"l AI' AI'
1D1l11-:f1 f.IDII<;A
criminal offense fot.,f{l4'11J I to"J)!A,

The concealment of facts by a witness is a

criminal offense. fV"ilhc ~.,.).J-"'1 )1
c oot.n:t f"''...'il+"' 1D1lA )ID"

cringe .J-lf"'l++
The dog cringed at the sight of the whip.
..."If... ' 1\111;>.,., ' IIJf. ....if..,.,.+

270

crinkle
crinkle 1>"""7f.J'..

Try not to crinkle the paper! mt:o!'i>"t 1.

"tJI:J'"""'I ~ ~ -1-m"t-l':r.

cripple (v.)
I. Atoll 1-S'.II- l>S'.t:1. The accident crippled
him. l>Jl.;JID" Atoll 1-S'.II- l>S'.t:1m2. t.ll<;hll. The strike crippled the steel
industry. fwtl--J-'P";f l"tl- "7-''r f11t::J'
11.:'1- 1>."t"l-ll'l-t:m-"t l>ll<;'hll

cripple (n.) Atoll ll"th-A

The cripple is an object of charity. Atoll ll"t
IJ./1- o -f-OOjt'J'";f ' tm-

crippled 1iq
The beggar held out a crippled hand. 11"71'
1iq ' 7.71:"t HC"'.P. /lOOt
Constant encouragemeot helped the crippled
child to walk again. ,I'A-J-41.m0 "7S'.<f.LC
1iqm-"t ' A"J!; 7."tS'.1<;' 1."tll.tl-OO~ ' (;JimI. Atoll 1-S'.II- If). He will be crippled for
life. c!S'.""'l. Ah-"t Atoll 1-S'.II- f.lf<;'A
2. -1-ll<;'hll. The ship was crippled by the
storm. ouch!!. 0"7c!OII- 'rh"t,l''l- -1-ll<;'h/l";f

crisis
I. l>ll1.. .,..~:1'. Doctor, has he passed the
crisis? dth..'r Iff. I hl>ll1..m- .,..~,r t.'r
Atll.A?
2. l>ll1.. m:r.'l- l 11'1"11'1'. She bore up well
during the crisis. Ol>ll"l.. m:r.'l- tl-!l.."t O"'l.
1q -1"41."1mt;";f

He kept his composure in the crisis. fl11'Mlm-

"I..IL t;,;J 1111- )OC
3. "'f"IC. The world was afflicted by the

financial crisis which began in 1929. O!flf61i

n~oo.:m- f1"tH11 "'f"lc 'lll'r -t-'1-~ t

oc

4. m"t:r.. The border incident precipitated a

crisis in international relations. fJ:-'10~ ..,~
'1- O'lll'r "l"t1')'1- ilf. m"t:r. l>llh-1-11

crisp
I. "I-AII. He has a crisp way of speaking. I\.
)' ;J'1C

I ~lJDfJ- I

2. M:J':J'. The air is crisp today. q.:. l>f""

n:J>:J>t:t.

crisscross 1.,1'41..:-.:m hilL

Railroad tracks crisscross the valley. dt'l.."l.
lfll-'tJJo"t 1.,1'41.tl-t:m ,I'A<f.A

criterion

ODoon~

A student's grades are not always the best

criterion of his ability. "7Ch 11!1' f-1""7<1
m:r.1111 "'fll-:1' oooou>;' hf.S'.II'r

critic
I. -1-'f. Johnson is an art critic. }t."to'"t f I"
t T011 -1-'f )tJJo

2. ):J'4.. She was such a constant critic that

the other girls did not like her. um'l-c ):1'4.
lllllft";f t\.11-'ti A'1f1t:P..";f t.f.m~'1-'r

toe
*The director is a poor"critic of men. 4."-h-K-
(ltJJo 001ou'l- l>f."'fAP"
.

critical

be crippled

2.

criticize

.,..AtJ

~Q)o

~c;r.

,I'll. His crisp manner of speaking

is offensive to some people. J!"C:,.O YIUD 1\
t;J1"" l>"tJI"t~ lll""'f"t ,1'll4'f."71A
be crlsp
I. h-C1i'r h-C1i'r 1>11 The bread is crisp.

Jl(ltJJo h-C11P" IJ.c1iP" """'

I. TA:r.. His critical analysis of the economic

situation was approved by all. ll/1 h.lt'l'"'l.m-
.,..~:}' ' ,I'S'.(;1tJJo"t TA;r, 'rCODtl- .,..11'r -1-4'011-'12. l>ll1... His condition is critical. .,..~,rm- I>
ll"l.. )tJJo
3. 1ti'l1Jtl. This is a critical situation which
could lead to war. f.ll mS'. tnCt'l- 11.,1'
S'.Cll f"'l."'fiA 1>11/IIL .,..~:1' tm4. 'l't>;'. This was a critical step in the

experiment.

fleJD-~

aJo{l'r

,.etJ

.,.~;;:

m-

S'.t:'lf )ftC
critical opinion '1-"'f-l-

1 would like to hear your critical opmton.

fP"'I-IImm-"t '1-"'f-l- ll""ll"7'1- 1.LA,;JII.,..
be critical of )+J..

He is critical of my efforts. Tt:-l:"t 11-11-

r.t:r.<f.IA

criticism
I. '1-"'f-l-. His criticisms are always negative.
f(l.. .'1-";f-l- .,..A"I,IL "1-~11'1-"t f"'l..fOD/Ih'l-
tm2. t-1'1..:1'. He cannot stand criticism. t4'1.:1'
hf.m~'r

3. t-1'4-. His adverse criticism discouraged me.

Tii!J' ,I'H/ItJJo t-1'4-m- -1-ll<f. l>llo&t:m'f
[See also 'target']

criticize
1. t-l'L. The inspector criticized the un-

~c~r~o~a~k~--------------------------~2~7~1--_______________ ____________ cross

sanitary conditions of the kitchen. +'ILiriiiJ6fD" 1
f"7~1L-I>"t f"tll'.h .. '1-~11'1- t4'L
2. ~P'&(-MP'&). The faint-hearted soldier was
criticized by his superior. "-'-"'" a>:J"F.C. 0
1>11,.,,. ..-~ ...~.
3. oaU)(II'I-). It helps a music student to have
an expert criticize his playing. "'-'I' :J"ID-"t f
"7_0U11"tii'J- 0'1'4: (liD- "7"/"f'J- '""""-"'
-J-"71-"t ' f.~J!'I'A

croak """11
Frogs and ravens croak. A"t41t-t-+:f., 41t-l"
:fS'-"""'11-

crocodile

I>~

There are many crocodiles in the Nile. OOQ,..

a>"tll ID-11'1' I>~ 'l"A;J:A

crook
-'!.~.

The shepherd's crook was

<SA"7"7 Jl.~ -J-(10~
2. DDmf"ll"lf". A crook in the stream causes
lloods during heavy rains. ObQ~ 11.,-fl 'L
H. ' faJ"tlt- ' DDtn9"U"If" fiD-;> OU'J'/1:,011:,0
"t 111h~A
3. l>'i"OCQ(.. This person is a crook. f.IJ
{liD- A'i"OCQt- )ID[See also 'hook']

1. <U\"7"7

broken.f).~'f,.

crooked
1. '""'"', This needle is crooked. f.IJ oac1,.

m.,.,' )"'"

2. i..OCQ". All the merchants in this section

of the market are crooked. 011.1! -1-t- 111-
);>~';f 11-11- l>'i"OCQt-l":f ""'"'"
3. ( ~ adv.) ~1111:. An inept carpenter made
these stairs<~~ -1 fi\.IIID- I>.,&. A
tH.IJ"t tt.t:J(I'f. . Alf"tlo': P't-'I'IDbe (become) crooked +"JDD""
The nails becanHi crooked dne to the intense
heat. h"lf.ll'fiD- .,...,.,._ f-1-t"f f"II.,C''Ii
+liJODooMH~ All
The woman crooned softly to her crying child.
11.'1-M' f"t111:,0{lm-"t A'!."t Alk--~ A
ll:f-ID-

croon (softly) to

crop (cropped), v.
I. ;>m. The sheep have cropped the grass.
0'~ "f~"t "'miD-:J"A
2. 1-..'lm~. The farmer cropped the tail of the
horse. ~Ot.ID- fL~II-"t 'Pt. 1>1\m~,.

crop

up1-Lm~

Many new problems are sure to crop up.

-on- 1>-'1..11

'f"'C':f 1\"tS'.."tLm~ l>f.m~

mCII"

crop (n.)
I. {l.fiA. The farmers expect a good crop this
year. ~Ot.l"lfi 011.1! ' 'tDP'J- 'I'~ ' (l.fiA 11"7
"'"f'J- f.mQO?II2. II"C'J-. The tenant farmers get a percentage
of the crop. 'P(l'l''fi b9"C-I> boo-r- f-1ro(l) A~ f.S'..CII'I''I'A
A crop of new writers is coming up. h.-'S"l.ll
S'...:.(IJ"t OOD<;:/1:,0 ~" ""'"'"

cross (vt.)
I. -1-l'f~~- He crossed the river in a boat.
ID"tll-"t O~AQ -1-l'f~~
2. 1>*~'"- Cross the street at the green;signal!
/>~"t'\F., OD.flt-'J- {l..Ot- o OD"t~J!."t I>*C'I'
When do we cross the border? ro(l)."t ,,..,
*CtniD- oo'li )ID- 1
3. h.11Jout:. He crossed his arms over his breast.
A}>:'li"t OS'..~-1> "" />"JOD~
4. S'..t-~0. He sat down and crossed his legs.

...... ,...... 1\"'C''Ii"t

S'..t-~0

5. dtlltl-"t I>A-J-4'0111D-9". If anyone crosses

him, be gets very angry. dtlltl-"t 1A-J-4'011'J- ' A"tS'--11") 0"111" ,........~~A
cross (vi.)
1. .,.,~. The two principal avenues cross
over there. 11--11-1> />ID-t- 1-J!.,l""f- f"t ~.,
1'--'1- AIU'' )ID2. OD"t~~ I>* ~m. Remember to look both
ways before crossing. ""'t~~ b"7*~'l'IJ
Oof.'J- "'t-.. ....~ ODODAb'l-"t 1>'1-H"t:>
3. OOD"t~~ liS'- -1-lt.IIL. My letter to her
and hers to me crossed. M f&'i'h-11'1-., A
!l. fKL"f-A~ S'...fiJ!IL OOD"t~~ liS'- ' -J-lt.IIL
cross oneself ft..,.,..O
The priest crossed himself when he met with
peril. 'irll- I>S'..;> q~"fiD- ' 'LII. 1>"7-J-0
cross out {lt:H

Cross out the items that you do not want.

f"7'1-LA;>:fiD-"t )~C''f IIC~'fm-[See also 'mind']

cross (n.)
1. ""114'A. Do you see the church with the big
cross on the steeple? 'I-AII-I> liS'- '1-A:,O
.... II.,.A 1110'1- IL-J- hcM:n Y.:J"s-.
YA?

cross

272

2. -'l.4"'-. The mule is a cross between a horse

and a donkey. 11-l-11- fl.il<; ft.IJJ' V
II ' <;'l3. f-J--'1+11. This fruit is a cross between an
orange and a tangerine. f.tJ 1 ~&. 1 boo"}F.~
")<; h11C1>.."1 f-1'-'1+11 ~,.
bear one's cross ODb6-'l 1 ++flA
A patient person bears his cross without
complaining. ;.1-:>if. (lm- ooht:-"1 J'l\"7
"7 C Y.+IIIIA
make a cross on OIIJ.Jz 1 ~~OD

The illiterate person made a cross on the

contract. OD'/f,t~Da m-&'l 1 OIIJ.Jz 1 L~OD
make the sign of the cross h"7+fl

He made the sign of the cross before entering

the church. rof. fl.-1' hcM:J''l- IJJoil'l'
tJOD"JIJ.j: ' II.!.T ' h"7-f'{l

(be) cross -1'11<'1..,

He is cross today because he had an argument
with his wife. h"''.il-1> ;>C ill\-1'"":1'""
+ tf&. -J-II<'I'P:!:A

cross-country J'1C h!'/tl-T"

There will be a cross-country race next Sunday.
11"7."'"'II"'" 1..,.1..
t.*.:.T- f~
"" m-Y:Y:C Y.f.;>A

nc

crossing. hii.IJ "'*"" IIY. f'l-.:..!.h ou

11.:.'1- filii"
2. ou-J-111\.I.J'. Troops have been stationed at
the border crossing. {ltJJ(l'). oo-J-111\.I.J' II
J!. tD;.I-f.r:":f -f'DDY:Rm- ~IIC
*Did you have a good crossing? f.'l<; -J-lf
1Ch?

crossroad outt+ll'i' """11: I f0D"11P..":f

001<;>;'
You will find a sign on that crossroad. Rtf
outt+ll'i' """11: (fOD"I1P..":f 001<;'i')
IIJ'. II"Ah'l- h'i'IIIJ

cross section
*The newspaper polled a cross section of the
city voters. ;>R"'m- llh-J-"7m- h"7.1"1''1-
oo,:.'"'"":f hhJ'"!-'1"1'1- h<;:A 119"<'1/1. J'l!
A ill\ :9"6 oottm+ 1--'IJ'. mf+

crosswalk "7*"0 il'i'tlCars are to stop for pedestrians at a crosswalk.

11"7*"0 il'i'tl- ooh.<;l"":f 1\h"'l'l'":f oo
.JII" ' t.IIIJ'fm-

crosswise, be placed

~ -J-oo<'l+ll .
The sticks were placed crosswise and then tied
together. 6"1~ hf-J-oo<'l+ll- ;.1-(l~

crouch

crosscut t<*tl-THe took a crosscut through the woods.

11""..,. m-il'l' f"''.J'AI.m-"1 t.*tl-T" -1'
h-1'11

cross-examination oott+ll'i' 'I'J'4l

He conducted himself well during the crossexamination. flooll+A~m- r "1'1-1: 1 "LtL ooA.
..,.. II""'IJC t.<'lf

cross-examine oott+ll'i' 'I'J'4l mf+

The lawyers cross~xamined the accused.
mii:J'l"'j; -J-h<'lif."l ooil+ll'i' 'I'J'4l m

r+

I. hf.l.m. The leopard crouched ready to

attack. HI~ 11..1'"1-l> t.Y:<;:tp.A
2. "'m.'l' toll. The child crouched at the
foot of the wall. A'/f. "'Y:"'J~m- P'C 4<m.
'1'1l!I.A
crouch low hF..Lm

The raiders crouched low in the bushes .

+"7'l''j; ' 'l'lf,. IJJoil'l' ' t.f.l.m-

crow (v.) '"'"1i

I woke up when the cock crowed. P..r: II.

'"'"1i

~:I'IJ-

crow (n.) .:.

cross-eyed ifm-.:..:.
The child is so cross-eyed it is hard for him to
see properly. A'/f. 11"19" ifm-.:..:. ill\11'
~ 11"7f'l- f.'MC ~IIC
.

crossfire, in the

crowd

O-J-;f-11-il-ll'l- 1.1

An innocent man was killed in the crossfire.

11-J-;.1-boii-R'I- 1.1

t."IY: "11\..b (lm- .,.-1'

crossing
I. "7*"0. There is no traflic light at this

The crow caws every morning.

tll.T Y.'"'""liA

crowbar f1ll'l-

q~..:,.

oo~.A+<I:J'

I had to pry open the box with a crowbar.

"''l''l-"1 1111<:'1- ODI.A+<f:J' Ml&. oohi.T

"'Y:

11'~11'S

crowd (vt.)
I. t.mRR. Let's not crowd the room with
furniture I fl.'i>"l Rfl.'l- h:l' t.'O'I'Rm-

crowd

273

2. hoo4'. He crowded the toys into the box.

h7f'J'I-I\.+fl I l\"''I"J I CD-lt'J' I hDD:J''J'CD3, '1"11. People crowded the beaches. ll,.:Y. 1 f
Qih-1-'J 1 m<:'il 1 '1"11-'lcrowd (vi.)
I. Roflq-1- 1 -1-llRllR. People crowded to see the
show. '1-Cl\F...,'J 1 1\0DODII\h'l- 1 ll,.:Y. 1 Oil
q.r I 1-llRllR2. ;J-1-<:. We all crowded into the bus.
11-1\':f'JP" I h.....,.(Jo(l. I CD-lt'J' I ;f-1-C'J
crowd around hRR i R11q'l- 1 hRR
The pupils crowded around the teacher to ask
questions. T"'/otl,.'li 1 'I'141 1 1\oomf:,O 1 hll
T"'/<1..,.., I hRII-T I (R11qT I hRII-T)

crowd (n.)
1. f-1-llRllR 1 ih1111. Have you seen the
crowd in front of the theater? h1:1'1-'1- 1 .&.'1- 1
11.&.'1- I f-1-llRllR..,.., I ih1111 I hf.-1-VA l
2. ih1111. There was a large crowd at the
market. l\101CD- I CD-lt'J' I 1111- I ih1f11 I tRC
3. fih1111 1 "in:,O'J:,O, We were nearly crushed in the crowd. Rih1111" 1 "'nh:,O 1 A'Jll
qnc 1 tnc
4. -1-t- 1 ih1111. Many newspapers appeal to
the crowd. 1111- 1 ;JH."':Y. 1 -1-t-..,.., 1 ih1111 1
f"'I.DDI\hT I t1C I f.K"of.ll5. oo(lh':Y.. He and his crowd wentto the dance.
l\C(I.t;' I OO{th"!i I aJI. I ,11')(1. I JI.
crowded (adj.)
I. '1'~:,. 1 111. It is difficult to drive along
crowded streets. '1':,.'1':,. 1 Ql\ 1 .....,.,.~:" 1 llf. 1
OO'J,IIT I hll'f';Jotl I tCD2, ih1fil 1 fRqR-1-. It is hard to carry on a
conversation in a crowded room. ih11ofl on
qRT I h'illl\ I CD-lt'J' I OD,;g,'faJT I hlt'f',;Jotll
)mba crowded
1. -1-tiJRR. All compartments in this car are
crowded. l\lf.tJ I 4-f:1 I 1\f. I 111-'1- I h'ilh'
:y. I 11-11- I -1-tiJR'I'A
2. -l-""t;t4'. The polling booths were crowded
with peop(e, f.J:"P"(t I oo>lt""il"'fl I tiJRJJ":f I
Rih1111 1 -~'"".,..,.,...,. 1 tnc

[See also 'capacity1

crown (v.)
1. um-s:- 1 n(ll-1-). The patriareh ciowned
him king. :r'l-.&1Cit- I HCD-.1:" I ""iMT
2. ( = intr.) '1-111 hi\. A fort crowns the hiU.
f"ii'l- I (l<;ofl;J-CD- I 1\f. I '1-il I 11,.11\

crucify
3. h'il 1 hl-<:1(11'1-). The Nobel Prize crowned
his career as an author. f'l'ILA'J 1 1111\.,T 1 ao
4'01\- I fl.t-ll..tT I ,_1DJo'J I h'il I hl.<i:1
11'1success crowned his efforts. -r~.Ja u-tt- T
<'11111'1be crowned HiD" J.': U

The sovereigns of Ethiopia used to be crowned

in Axum. .1:"1! 1 fh.'l-f'*1 1 t1P':J-'l- 1 II
CD-,J:" I f"'l."l"I-T I hh(l.ll" I tRC
be crowned with success fTittt fD"tiL:,. 1\1"f'

His efforts were crowned with success. J.':tt,...

11-11- I f-1-<'llt I m-m.-1- I MT

crown (n.) IICD-.1:"

This crown is made of silver. ,.., nm-J.': fT

ll't-CD- I h11C I tmcrown of the head Ali+

He struck him on the crown of the head.
ht;'... I 1\f. I OO:f'CD-

[See also 'succeed']

Crown Prince hA.:> 1 mt-11
The Crown Prince will succeed his father on
the throne. hA:> 1 mt-lf. 1 1Q""'J 1 H-of.'J 1 y.
mc<'IA
crucial .,.CT 1 f"'I.IIY.R-1This was a crucial battle. f.tl
1\Y.R'l- I .....,_, I tRC

.,.CT

f"'l.

crucial moment Afi:l\

He broke into the conversation at a crucial

moment. R"l"m-..,.... 1 h'illl 1 1\f. 1 TA:,. 1 hi\
crucible (fmc:,Ot;
ll'hll)

f11C

.,:,.1\"'i

1-~.tl

crucifix 11:,011'1-'J 1 f"'1.1<'1f. 1 :rocK"

There was a crucifix on the church wall.
l\(L-J- I hClt1:1). I "JJ:-1}1 I 1\f. I 11:,01\T'J I
,..,_,...,. 1 :rocK" 1 tnc
Crucifixion 11:,011'1A picture of the Crucifixion was given to our
church. fll:,OI\.., 1 P'6A 1 1\IL-1- 1 hCII1:1t;'
:Y.., 1 -t-llm
crucify (crucified)
1. ll4'1\. His enemies crucified Jesus on
Golgotha. mil-Hi 1 h.fll-ll'J 1 'lA'l;J- 1 1\f. 1
(1~1\-T

2. hll':l'f. The mob crucified him for failing

to solve tbe country's problems. }'1oti..,'J 1 :Y..,
c I 11.,11....,-'=' MAil' A I ih11 n- I hll'ft'fCD11

crude

274

crude

crumble (vi.) T'i"J'.

1. qA"J.. He is a rather crude person. QA"J.

OD/t.,e. I (t(Do I )QJo

2. J'AT"'&.. Ethiopia has to import crude oil

from abroad. t..+f"t.J' J'AT"'&. H.l'>'l- h
ID-"f!- "711DD"''!- ' hiiQ'I3.J'ATlflfll. An eye for an eye is a crude
principle of justioe. 't,l'.'t J'mof. 't,l'.). ,1'.
mof.A f"''.l\m- J'ATlJ"lfII f'i''l-.h Fe't

,.

'~m-

4. <:ot:r.~+ f'I-J'.I\m-. The ancient inhabitants

made crude paintings on the walls of the caves.
f4'~'1"' (UI':f' <:o!:;r,~:,.' f'l-J'.'I'ftD-' Fbir':f
R'l'lfl":f "'.I:"'IJI '1.1'>' "ill-

cruel

..,.,'1.

I.
How can you be so cruel? h'tF.'I-
h'tJ'.If.ll
'1-"'i"llll 1
2. f"f!-IJ~. To hit a baby is a cruel act. .h!'t
OD'/":J-'1- ' ,.,..,~ ' ~e'l.+ ' ~m3. hl'l:J-<1:. The cruel war left thousands dead.
hl'l:J><J:m- toe~+ oft,. l'll":f't ~.-,_

..,_.,'1

cruelty (cruelties)
I. "f!-IJ~. Cruelty was customary in the prison
camps. Rhll<:'l':f l'll.e m-IlT .,..,~ f
TI\ODJ'.

~ne

2. f"f!-IJ~ MQe ODI.l\'J". Cruelty to children

is now forbidden by law. R.ht'i"+ '1.1'> f"f!t,~ ' MQe ' DPI.K'I" ' .,, ' R.h"l' fThllhll'
~

crush

....

3. _..,h't. Cruelty to animals in a perverse

act. Rh'tll<'l'l- oo..,h., "1m.h+ ~m-

cruise (v.) TH'I'ID<:

The polioe car cruised through the park.
f?"l\.11 ooiJ.o; DD'i"l.lfm- .,.11'1' TH'I'ID<:
cruise (n.) foPehoft 1ic1ie
I still think about the cruise we made last year.
Ql\1..,. o 'toP'!- J'J'.l:"l~.,. fooehoft ' 1ie
1ie hlliJ!Jo't +11 .l'>ll'i'A
so for a cruise n-,_Aq T'tlf&.lf<:
We went for a cruise on the lake last summer.
QI\I.ID- R:> R.h.l'>41 11.1'> R-,_Aq T't
lf&.lfC't

The wall crumbled after the heavy rain.

"'.I:"'!Jim- 0"1,1'.1\'i'm- 11'i"oft T'i"J'.
The general's hopes crumbled as his soldiers
retreated. m:J-J'.c:'fi IDS'.:\11 IU'I.~'i'.,. l':
~II- Tllof.tD-'t 41<:m
crumple ..,qnm
He crumpled the paper, and tossed it away.
1Dl:4'-l:'t ' ..,_Qoftto o fDl:IDl:tDCrUnCh (vt.) 41<:"1mOD
The dog was crunching the bones. m-lfm- h
T't'l- .1'>41<:"1'1''1" ~ne
crunch (vi.)
I. T'tl>lfl>lf. The dry grass and leaves crunched

under our feet. J'.<::r. "te'i" :r.mA ll't<:

"'mm- T'tl>lfl>lf
2. h1i h1i hi\. The broken glass crunched
under our feet. fDDII:J-fD-1: IIQ& ll't<:"lm
m- ' h1i ' h1i ' hi\
[See also 'bread']

crusade (v.) :1"~1\

He crusaded for better housing. IIT'l"II OD'f
&J' ' IL'I- ' :1"~1\
Crusade (n.) rooii+A toe~+
There were several Crusades in the Middle Ages.
fioPIJhll'i'.,. HOD't oft,. fooMA toe~.P.

:r-,

~no~-

crusade

+;J.f:lr-

Everyone was asked to join the crusade against

canoer. "7't'i'tD-'I" (lm- IJ'tl'lC't 11"7'1'4+ .,.:>~tr> h't'l.l'J'.C"' Tm.l'>~ ~ne

crush (v.)
I. h"""7J'.J'.. You are crushing my hat.
qe~"'\1-'t ' h"""7~1im2. ""1.114'. They crushed the castor beans to
obtain castor oil. r-,.tr> H.l'>+ 11"7m-nr+
'i't.l":f't ' ""1.1141
3. T""l~. Don't crush this box! It has flowers
in it. .l'>ll't "f'l''t h'tJI'I-""l~m- 1 m-llm- hn
q hi\R'I-

,.,.ir' '

crumb 'i'C<NI
Sweep up the crumbs! o;:e<N:ID-'t 'l'l:"l
[See also 'bread']

4. l.ta. This machine crushes rocks. .,e.u oo

h.'i" ' ~'t:>J'. ' .I'>I.""AA
5. J'.'lll'l. The maid is crushing salt. ~<:JI.;t ..,
m- ' '1-J'..,...<'II\:f
6. J'.OD{l{l. The ruler crushed the rebellion.
~1CID- 0 QODIJ-') 0 J',.OD{l{l

crumble (vt.) 1.<:1.<:

He crumbled his bread, and put it in his soup.
JIPID-'t ~oeo;:c: nil"eqm- m-IlT ..,.,.,<:m-

Losing the job crushed his spirit. hP'&. ""

ID-"'-1: ' :r-11....., ' (lfi<:m-

crush one's spirit :,Ot.,.,..,. flOtm-

cud

275

crush
be crushed

cry out

I. .,.(lqOl:. We were nearly crushed in the

crowd. O.b11il "l""t:J>'t:fo A.'t(lqoc )01:
2. .,.Ll:IIbl'l. The tlimsy boat was crushed like
an eggshell. S'-:1':1''1' )';A.q A'tS'. A't<ll
1\A. :f'Ck'l- .,.Ll:IJM"''
3. ( ~ act.) :foil...'t I'IOl:<JJo +He was crushed
by the news. mt.m- :foiloao't I'IOl:<JJo
[See also 'powder']

I. ,;a'JI. He cried out in pain. OP":I'f. ,;a'JI

2. .,."'<l-. She saw her father .and cried out,

crush (n.) "141.Y

There was a frightful crush at the gate. 00'1-

111- ~1-11>:' "1"-Y )OC

crushing
Menelik won a crushing victory against the
Italians at Aduwa. P"kA.b "'A.Y't't M':'l'
"" A'ts-..,ni'I.J..J. hY:C"Im- 1\IHI-'lThe enemy suffered a crushing defeat. tnll'l-
A'tS'."7ni'I.J.<l- 11''1' .,.lf)L
1 cannot eat the crust of the bread. fJIIl<JJo't
:f'ck'l- A.OII 1\A.':I'A.'I"
When the metal cools a crust forms at the top.
f ;JII ill:'!- l'l.of>H:J-11 :f'C41.'l- YOlfA.

crutch 'I"Cit-11
He has to walk on crutches. 0'/"Cit-11 """
,. 1\110'1'!'';'

)~C

I 'i't.

)~C

The crux of the matter is this. f'l-'1\l '!'';' )

,.e.tJ I ~tl)o
The crux of the matter is that we can't afford
a new car. 'i't. )1'1- A.ll./1 1 oub.';' 1 IIDD
1C

..,~,..

cry (n.) Q'JI'lThen we heard a loud cry. of>'l'll-'1" '1-A.:f-

,;g,'JI'l- (1"7't
Have a good cry! 1\A.:f-/1';' f.<JJo"'A.ll
*This is a far cry from what we expected.
1-1.1 ).>;' bLII"')<JJo 0"1'1" f.,.llf '1-'11 )<JJo
cry for help .t.-A-;1He heard a cry for help in the distance.
b<~o:fo 11;1- .t.-.t.-;1- ....,
[See also 'battle, head']

crying (n.) II:J>o\

Stop your crying! ll:f'o\ll't A<IIP"

crystal [b'i'.,.'i' -r.l-'1- Yllm- ""111"'1''1- f

"Y.""ilA. .l:''t;Jf.]

crust :f-Ck'l-

crux

"Papa"! 1\q:J:'t AY.;I- 1\qq ill\ .,."'<l-"1'

[See also 'heart, shoulder']

1\ll""!l'll"'''t )<JJo

cry (cried)
I. 1\llof>l'l. She cried wbeo she heard the news.
tDt.m-'t 11'1-1'1"7 1\llof>/1':1'

The baby cried all night. A.)t I'I.YII:f'ilii\S'.l:

2. ,;a'JI. "Help, help," she cried. A- I A- I ill\
,;a'JI':J'
*Peddlers cry their wares in the street to
sell them. A:l' 1 1\!f.<ll""'' f"Y.IfqJ.'fm-'t fA:#'
l""'"t il'l" Aftn'l- I 1-I'.J.tr
cry for AOD\'
The starving people cried to their chief for
bread. l:~.,.'l''li 1 All:l'lfm-'t 1 'l""'ofoIIDD).'lcry (one's) head off
The child cried his head off. A.)t A<l 1 illl-
1\1\of>(l

crystallize 1\m';'of>of>
He crystallized his plans. Tll).'t 1\m';'of>of>

cub

"'A.~A.

The hunter found five lion cubs. 1\JI'f. 1\'1"

11'1- Y'tO<'l "'A.1A. MT

cube
I. [il.l:'il'l- 1-'t Yllm- :f'CK"]
2. A'tW:. Give me a cube of sugar! A't.l:' 1\

't\\C IIW: lim'S

3. <II.J-'1.". He made a pair of dice out of two
cubes of wood. bo-11'1- fcl't-'1- <!I.J.,;a
"'' 11-11'1- Jlf.il w.J.

cubic lt-ofl
The tank contains a hundred cubic meters of
water. OC"''.tr DD"f "'1.'1-C lt-ofl m-;> 1MA.

cubicle 'l-'t1i h'i'A.

He went into a telephone cubicle. IDS'. 'l-'t1i
f/IA.h h'i'A. ~q

cubit h't.l:'
A cubit is half a meter. A't.l:' h't.l:' f"''.'lC "1"711 )<JJo

cucumber

fLl:'t~

Jl.q

cud P"'t'IM..
The cow's cud consisted of grass. fii"Y..,.,
'l"'t"li"'L "'C )01:
[See also 'chew']

cuddle
1. 1\"thqb(l. h4'L. The mother cuddled the
sick child. M'-1:.,. f:t'"""""'"' A'/!: 1\')hq
tJqoi\4'L"foOJ2. t.:r-'1! hf.l~. She cuddled her baby in her
arms. A:t_"t Oh"t.ll.. t.:r-'1' hf.<!~"foOJ
cuddle up IH:!I"-1- oflll- .,..,..
The children cuddled up under the blankets.
AA'Ii n-ne~ A-n~ OJ-/IT IH:!I"-1- -n
{tOJ-' .,..,..

cudgel .foOD'!'
His cudgel cracked when he struck the man with
it. 1\0J-fOJ-') n.oo;J-0-1- .fooom- .,.,Um4'
cue!I"Ah'l1 will give you the cue when to start. oo'Ji 7.')
J'.!I"'I-)!;!I"C !I"Ah'l- M'I''/Aucuff (v.) 1\'""A
The father cuffed his son for his. impudence.
A'JI: IIAqM 1\q'l-fOJ- h'""ft"'"
cuff (n.) ft.'/!:-& hL'i'
His shirt was tom at the cuffs. flf"tH- 7.'}!:-&
hL'i' MJl,.A
cufflink ft.'/!:'& oJrA'i!
I lost one of my culffinks. 1\11.'1,. ft.'/!:'&
\1. oJrA'i! m"""'S
cull

""c"' 1\ID"l

The lawyer culled important facts from the

mass of evidence. mO:I'OJ-

It~,.,.

'1'4. ' hl"t '

1\ID"J

DD(Ilf. 0

cumbersome

276

cuddle

QD(;(P 0

-nu-

culminate.,.,_"",_""
The tower culminated in a cupola. "1!1"11- 0
oJrofi;J- .,_,_!I"~A
0 His career culminated in the presidency.
fP'&.l- f.<IJr ""Q.llf ' T4.1V11'1- ""
1M )0C
culprit m"t)!;A'1
I am on the culprit's trail. ffD'))!;ft'10J-') of.
<; J'.CltO;J-Aocult 1\!I"AI>
The cult of Apollo was widespread. fl\?"11-
1\!I"AI> .,.114-'1'+ ~nc
cultivate
I. 1\A.,. The farmers cultivate fruit trees.
104.,.'1i f'l"'- 1\'l-hA'I- YA.,II-

2. b-.,.11-1-. She cultivated roses in her garden.

lM<!JI q-1-hA'I- 11:1''1' b-.,_b-.,_"fo
3. 1\JIO<!. He cultivates his mind by reading.
1\t.!I"C'OJ-"t ' 0"710ofl Y'lofi&-A
4. ftODfDJI).';-1- "ll. He cultivated the important people so that he could get a better job.
f.,_lfA P'&- t."tJI..I'~'S h:J"'I'I;r. l'tl'';fo
:>C ' fi""ID-'1).1;'1- "'<!
5. 1\,.A...,I'I. The public speaker cultivates
the art of pleasing his audience. .,.<;;>&OJ- Y~
"7~ "71'11.1'1!1' 'I'Oofl ,.A!I"I\A
cultivated (adj.) f:t'<!l'l
Cultivated land is scarce in the desert. f:t'<!l'l
"""'~- Oil"~.: n-'1 OJ-/IT -nc:r- ),.
cultivation "7<!11
Better cultivation of soil will result in better
crops. ooil.-1-"t O.,_lfA u-~;J- "7<!11 f.,_
lfA MJA YII1'1A
cultivator 1\&-11
The cultivator must protect the soil from
erosion. 1\..:-lf. 1\L<~-o"t boo4.'1- oolfclfc
oob'lbA 1\AO'Icultural rquA
There is a cultural similarity between Japan
and China. Oif;r"t<; DiJ'JW ""lthA fq
UA """"1\I'IA 1\A
culture
I. quA. Universities should be the centers
of culture. f.~licn.-t,."fo rquA t.!l"offc
.fo';fo ' ODIJ'') o 1\{tq'fOJ2. (Physical) ""JIOC; (of mind) ...,,.Aoo/1.
Physical culture is important, but we must
not forget the culture of the mind. fi'IOJ-)'1-
oo.<;OC m:l'"'l. O.IM!I" fht.!I"C'"t oo
,.AOD/If" 1\IIL'I'U'I- ""CI\'1- 1\J'.~q"t!l"
3. oo-1-hA. The culture of cotton was only
recently introduced to Ethiopia. '1"1' oo-1-b
A ' 01\.'1-l"kY OJ-/1'1' ' f.,.).';oo<!OJ- o:r-c

'" ' 'l.li ' )OJcultured Q.'f

She is a cultured woman. Q.'f n.-1- <;'l(be) cumbersome 1\J'.oo"fo!!" 1 fi"".MI h
,......,.!1"
It is cumbersome to carry this package.
J'.U ffA fi"".I"H hf.oo';f-!1"
Old-fashioned weapons were cumbersome.
f~C' IPC fiD"I&Y"":f fi"".MI f.,J'.OD
'li' )0<1-

277

cumin

cure

copper. f0.-1' OO'J"II"., 4111;1- flOD-'111

-i'I\111Jl.A

Only cumulative effort can solve the land

cupping glass 1'19"'1A cupping glass is used to draw blood. 1'19"

+ S'.9" I\OD9"m"'i ,1'11\"1'11>.

cumin hoo-1
Cumin serves to flavor sauce. h,....,

mrr

I\"7"1L'l' .l'm~A
cumulative Rf'I.H.CD- f-i'mt-+oo
problem. 11oo.:.+ f.P;f- ":f-'lc oo-;:'1-.t..
f75fCD- Rf'I.H.CD- 0-i'mt-+,.. '1'&'1-
11!1' teDbe cumulative ~ftn~hl. 1 %~
The evidence against him has been cumulative.
RC(l. 'If. f"'L+CflCD- oo<;)f l\fm)b<:
'tS'.

(be) curable "'I'I'J -1'!1'11

Pneumonia is easily crirable today. flt'Jq'J fl
11;1- ~.:, R+'llr "7-'I'J J'.Jl''IA

cunning
l. 11AT. He is too cunning for anyone to be
able to deceive him. 111>.'1' 111\lf) "'I'J9"
........ (IJ;f-1>.1\CD- hf.':f/>.9"
2. f"'LJ'iiS'.il'l-. Kittens and babies are
cunning. Y:"".f.':f<; .hY<;'I- f"'L..'IIS'.il.,
<;'fCD*He is a cunning old fox. "fl't-CD- f"7J'.J'11

curb (v.) 1;1You will have to learn to curb your temper.

'JS'..'I-U'J OD"J;f-T 00/>.0DY: h1111U

f.&/b

I ~liJo

cup (cupped), v.
I. h1oo. In rural Ethiopia, they cup people
to cure headaches. flh.'l-l'"k,l' CD-il'l' flf
q'\1'1- t-il 9";1-'I-'J 1\"'IJI'J ,_,...,,...
2. h.,_Y:'I'P. mfl+. She cupped her hands
to catch the ball. l>.(l.'J II""J'1f 7.}1:/J!'t
h.,..Y:'I'-'1 mfl+':f
cup (n.)
I. il.t. She served coffee in a cup. tJ-<;CD-'J
flil.t h+<:fl':f
2. 1''J-. The Ethiopian team won the Africa
Cup. fh.'l-l'"k.l' tJ-Y:'J r:r.-;:&tn 1''J-

M'f
horn cupM-A

In former days, Ethiopians preferred to drink

mead from a horn cup. RY:C' '1.11. h.+
\'"k,I'CD-,I"J m~ fl1''J"'i oom"''l- f.ID
'I- )flC
cupboard 419" "''I"J
We put our dishes in the cupboard. lt)b'l'Jl":f
'J'J 419" "''I"J CD-il'l' l\<;ii+9""11\'J
cupidity 1"1"'1His cupidity made it possible for the swindlers
to cheat him. 1"1"., 1\h;f-'1\'"':f oo'J1Y:
ii"''I'CDcupola 4111;1The cupola on the capitol is sheeted with

curator

~'lol.

The curator of the museum knows much

about picturea. fii.T oonh<l-
p>()fr'':f 1111- ,I'CD-:1'1>.

~'1.1.

ill\

curb (n.) fOD'J1Y: mC"If

The curb was so high that the child could not
step up. fOD'J1'1- mC"If b'i> ,I'll ill\
If) 1>.1!: OOCD-"JT h:f'-i'CDat the curb OD"J1JJ. 1 T""l
He stood at the curb while waiting for the bus.
OD'J1JI. '1'"1 ~'I" hCD-.f.tl-il J'.m11:t> )flC
put a curb on 1:1'"
You have to put a curb on extravagant
spending. 1'JH11 "'lqb'JU'J ,...,,_,._ hi\
11U

curd l\C1
Curd is used in making cheese. l\C1 hf.11
1\"'ICD-"1'1- J'.m:t-"7A
curdle<::>
The milk curdled in the sun. 111-i'., 9.hf. ..,.
il'l' <:?
cure (v.)
I. hJI). This medicine will cure your cough.
.I'.U ODY;;)t'l- IIAU'J ,I'Y:'JAYA
2. LIDI"I. The holy water cured him. mflll- b
1111;1-CD- LIDI"ICD3. hm<f.. The government tried to cure unrest
at home by making war abroad. oo'J"JI"., It
1C CD-"fl' tnC)'I- fl"'IY:<:"I q1c CD-il
'I' ,1'1\CD-'J IJ>b'l- 11"7'1'4-'1- l'l"b<:
4. -1'111. He finally cured his fear of the dark.
flOD<Q,l;"/f I "f!'l\"7 I OD'j:t-.,'J o TID
cure of l\'JY: +negative imperfect + 14-4Low grades cured me of neglecting my homework. f'I-9"UC>f: CD-m'l- 11T-i'"' 1 oolf'J
fO.'I- l"t-,_'J :Y.'I r l\'JJIAA 14-4-~

be cUred Jl)

He is completely cured.

current

278

cure

.1.~'1"

Y:<;.A

cure (n.)
1. ,..~..,t+. There is no cure for cancer.
t.-t(IC ' ODY:-"1~'1- flltD-'1"
2. f"''..C.tD-11. This treatment is a painless cure
for tuberculosis. .eu ihh'l"';' hlt1Q )4'
Cit Yll '1"1'1" P':l'.e f"''..C.m-11 )m3. OD-'S"). His cure took six weeks. 1\DP-'I"J 1
11:11'1- lt'/"1'1- .1.)'."0'14. -~+~. The cure for ignorance lies in
education. f Y:141C';' OD'i!'l-m. '1-'I"IIC'I-
)ID"

curl (vi.)
I. .,..,.,..11,.,11. Her hair curls naturally. l\7-a:
01-.I.TC"ID" .eTODIIODIIA
2. +lfQIIII. The parchment curled in the
intense heat. h-l.ell'i'm- _.,.,._ f-J-)"1 -II
&-';'ID" ' +lfQIIII
curl up T'I"A'I"A 1\11
The dog curled up and went to sleep. fDolj""tD-
T'I"A'I"A-1111-+'i'

curl (n.) T-tA l\7-C

The girl's curls hung down to her shoulders.
ffAli"~~JI.:t T-tA l\7-C '1-hlf'l' ll.e 1-

'S:I:A

curly hC-'1'1

curfew fll't'l- l\11.1.

The commanding officer set an eight o"clock
curfew. ll~1f ODit-11 hu-11'1- ll't'l- )'."'1"
C" ' f(l't'l- ' l\11.1. ' <D(I)

Curly hair is an ancestral trait in that family.

011.11 O.+ 1'1-11 tD-11'1" hC-'1-'1 l\7-C ' fiiC
)ID"

currency (currencies) ~1H-fl

curiosity (curiosities)
I. 7-7-'1-. He yielded to curiosity and opened
the letter addressed to his father. 7-7-'l- ~of.
'i!-1''1- ' IIQ., ' f+li.C.ID"') ' 1.-11'10. ' h.C.+m2. f"7<D-t 'i!lli'l-. She was consumed with
curiosity. 0"7m-t 'i!lli'l- +m-"111'1'
3. -oc-t. A fire engine pulled by horses is
now a curiosity. fllf&. 1 "l.tL 1 OLl.il flJI/..,..
.,.,._ , n.tt'l- 1\1.:1 ODhllhY l1~111 -oc-t

*She is bursting with curiosity. 'l'I':J- (0"71D

:,. ' 7-7-'l-) ' A'l-'1"'1- ' )ID"

curious
1. .,..,.._ Don't be so curious!
,..,..1

}.."J.IltJ 1 .,.1 1 11.

2. A~- What a curious looking car this is!

,.,, ' '/"') ' <t.e)'l- ' AI' ' fll') ' ODIJ.';' ' )ID"
3. AI' <t.e)'l- fll'). He has a collection
of curious old coins. AI' <t.e)'l- fll') fY:
C" 11HP:f' 11-1111-11 1\IIID"
be curious
1. ~~- 1 am curious to know what the answer
will be. ooA(Io '1"1 1\11.11') 11"7m-t 'l'l'

if'II,.
2. 11"7m-t 'l'l. Small children are curious and
they ask many questions. '1-1111 A]t.":f II
"7m-t illl"''.'i?- -1111" TY<tlP":f .em
.e:~>tr

curl (vt.) m4'1111

She curls her hair every morning. floA"l.tL
'1- l\?-a:1 'l-m4'1VIII ":f

ttl.

A stable currency is absolutely necessary.

'I':>"'" f"7.ell'fm.,. nn-o 'i!l\.'1" 1\11
Ll\"1.

)BJo

*Belief in witchcraft has wide currency in

certain countries. '1"14'11 Q1-'11Y: MC":f
OI'I.C.m- .e:J-oo10:J-A

current

(n.)

m-:> ! 111:>11 m-:>. The current

carried away two people. .c.~n'i'..,. m-:> (111
:>if. m-:>) ,.II'I- (ljP":f m1'11.
2. MI"7"Y.Y. Newspapers influence the current
of public opinion. ;>H.tn:f 0.1.11-11 ll11+Yf
'1- ' ll11"7"Y.Y ' ll.e ' .,.~b'l' ' 1\ll'ftDHe swam against the current. 1\lf-tP 'l''f
I. .c.~n'i'

current of air hfC

A cold current of air came into the room
through the open window. O+h.C.-1-m- OD111>
'I- 4'11:1'~ 1\fC 1Q
[See also 'electric1

current (adj.)
I. ,,...,.. The biD for the current month was
small. ,,...,. me m.lt-11 M11+'i' )OC
I read that in the current issue of "Life". 11''1 1
rll.e'i! -~m.'l- ll'lno-ott-+
, . I 1\Y. I )aJo
2. 01.11. Yll. Read the newspapers to keep
track of current events! fl"l.tLdJ'< 1 fl\m-"} v.~
;J- ' IIODh;J-+A ' ;>11."1 ' 1\1-11-fl

q,...,.

be current .,..)If
A rumor of an invasion was widely current.
rm~&- m"" on.c.m- +)111' )OC

no longer be current Qr.r-). 1..tL

}t~aP&O

""'"

"1..11. ol\.'1-l'"k.l' ..,.11... h.e .....~-o-r,.

currently

1. Qu-). 1 'Lii. He is currently working on

the project. qo-). "1..11. l\:t--'1.1 O.,H:>~'1-
"" ' )ID"
2. ll'f")-1. There is a good film currently
being shown at the nearby theater. Oh:t-.!-11..1'
ID" ' qi\ID" 1:.1''1-C IL'I- ll'l")-1 Ooo;l-f
'I- lt.Y. .I'll "1'-l- I.A?" hi\

curriculum P'C'H '1-?"IIC'IMusic and French are included in our curriculum. P'C'H '1-?"IIC;I-:J-1 ID"il"l' ao11..4'.. l.t.11l.e'i M"f-0;1-A
curry [hAl' A f.

:,.,.,.,+ f.,.H:>~

many errors. f.11'10.1D"1 O:fi>lt. 0.,1011

l\1\>,1 ' 1111- ' ila..,.-r ' 1"1')'

The use of Maria Theresa dollars is no longer

current in Ethiopia. f.,C'I-<1-q oflC qo-).

-1-111

11.,"11."1' ' f"'/J11\"'A ' :,OOD!I"j

curse (vt.)

I. 1.100. He cursed us in God's and Mary's

fh"'H.h11m.C 1., f.,C.I'?"1 II?" m
C-1'' 1.1""1
2. "'"'..,., h<Dt.f.(O'I-). God cursed the builders
of the tower of Babel. fqO.II-11 "1111 f1)
11-'1-1 l\"'tt.C "'"'"'"1 l\tD(.f.q:f..,.
curse (vi.)

names.

.,.,..,._o

The teacher told the boy not to curse. oo?"IJ

-1- A:( 7.1-'IY.llf-11 )1 l.ID"
be cursed oo:t>...,'i''l- <Dt.f.O'I-

This country was cursed for centuries with

floods. Y.ll:f h1C 111111- H001 fiD";> oo
"1'1\:t-1\:t- oo:,O...,'i''l- <DCI'-q'l- )OC

curse (n.)

I. l\C"1.,1. His curse did not frighten me.

l\C"'.,). ' hlt.ilf.)1tn'S? "

2. OD.)olP~:,.. Locusts are a curse in this part

of Ethiopia. l\10"1 1\H.II'i'ID" fl\.'1-l'"k.l'
h'i'A oo:t>...,'i''l- )ID"

*He muttered a curse under his breath.

011'-'1. ' .,.o!-10D

cursive fM"'mll
The Ethiopian alphabet has no cursive handwriting. fl\.'1-l'"k.l' l.f.A f.,.+"'mll h
~~'i'

custody

279

currently

' fl\tD-?"

cursory ( ~ adv.) O:fl>lt.

Even a cursory reading of the letter showed

curt s:-c:t- .I'll

He gave him a curt answer. s:-c:t- .I'll ooA

ll llmmcurtail

I. -a;t.m(O'I-). The government curtailed the

student's stipend because he wasn't studying
enough. .,..,tl..,. f"'1..1qiD"1 .I'IIA illt.lt.

tn.,

001"1P'., +11111 -a;t.mO'I-

2. +)ll. The ministry curtailed the supply

of free books to the students. "''..tiloJ:-1- 11.,..,
tlll':f ' 0)~ ' ODI\'m'i' ' ODiltn"'1 +M

curtain oo;>t.Jr
I want curtains for the windows. 1\00il!>-l"'i
oo:>t.Jt lii.A:>IIocurtain off :>t.f.
He took two sheets and curtained off a space
in the corner. o-11'1- h1{llt.ll':f <Dllf.., "I'
"1-1 ' :>t.f.
curtsy l\)(' )"f
Women will curtsy when they meet the
Emperor. ll.-l':f 11-"' )11".,1 ll)(' Y.
)"'ll-

curve (v.) ;1-ml..

The road curves to the right. OD1"1"- mF..
+'S Y,;l-tn4-A
curve around til

The road curves around the town. ""11-'1.

h_,..,..,.,

Y,~t.'I'A

be curved 1-flm

His back is curved like a bow.

~cq..,.

ll

1 f. ' f-:>1 ' .,..111\l.il\

curve (n.) oom?"H"If'

Watch out for the curves in the road! 0.,_-'1.,...,.,
lt.Y. f"'1..1"f-'l-1 ODtn?"H"If'll'lf- m1+:t-
011-q:f..,.

cushion '1-.!-il
We need some cushions for the sofa. 11{\4-ID'
'1-o!-il .l'ili.A1 ..A

custodian mq-1:
The custodian of the museum showed us
around. fiL.,. ""Hh-1- mq-1: hil.,..01'1
custody f.,,..,._.., "'rlt.I.)'IThe custody of the child is given to the father

cut

280

custom

in Ethiopia. Ol>.'l-I'"A-.1' ,.11'1' fA~ "7~

"11 ' ..,'1.1.~-l-' f"''.IDII.I!"' }\q'l- ' ~ ....
be held In custody 0 - - - J.~ T'J1
The car is held in the custody of the police.
ooh_o;''l' 0?"11.11 ).~ 'l-1o;'ll:ftake into custody "7/./..Y 1 o.:r- 1 ]\.ftf
The police took a suspect into custody.
?"11.11- -1-tnC"'<I...., "71..1..1' 0.'1- 1\~f,.
(be) taken into custody fl - - - 'l"fl:J" 1 JPC 1
).1-'1.11'1 ' -J-1.1.1
The traitor was taken futo custody by the
police. IYt-'1.,. 0?"11.11 '1'0-"' P'C J.1'1.11'
1 ' -f-1.(.1

custom A"7.1!"
Eating raw meat is an old Ethiopian custom.
Ol>.'l-I'"A-.1' ' ....11'1' ' '1'.:0 ' P':> ' OOil'l'l- ' f
~f ' A"7.1!" ' ~ ....
Social customs vary in different countries.
r.-..11-o A"7P-"'f- J.1f.fll% f-1-ll.l'f. .,
lf....

merchandise next week. 11-q1, , . 0"'1."""1

,. ' il9"1'l- ' fif+IP:f-1 ' 'I':> ' .e+1il.l\
4. h - - - +t.. The lazy student cutthree classes
in history. IIH A~ h;l-<lh h'i!A 1"11
'l-+1+t.
5. +Q;~.. The quarrel cut the ties of friendship.
tnflo ' '\f.'h;l-lf...., ' .,.Q;l, ....
6 .hll+t.. She had to cut two songs from her
program. hT~<I-".t 11-ll'l- HL<:':f- "711
+t.+ ' ~nt.q'l7. 1\11-J-IJhll. The barber cut my hair. 11"1-C
ot.<l-.... ' 1\"1-.:01 ' hlli-IJhii'S
cut (vi.)
I. 'ILt.m. This knife doesn't cut well . .eu 0.
'1'1' Of.1il t..e-tc'l'l"'
2. -1-'llt.m. This meat cuts easily. .eu P':>
0+'111- ' .eott."'.l\
3. -1-LIIm. The wood cuts easily. b1Q;l.-J> 0
+'Ill- ,eLII"'A
cut across 1\*t.m

He cut across the field. "'1.-'l...., M/t.m

customs
1. -r.r"~h. When do we pass the customs

cut away 4r.t.m

inspection? l"'-9"'1-h1 I"'COO<I- fl"'o;'AL

He cut away the burned flesh on my arm.

h1.<'. 'I.e f-1--"'m11,.1 P':>ll-1 'ILt.m,.

.... o DD'f! 0 ~ .... !

2. +t.'l'. Do we have to pay customs on this?
1111.11 +t.'l' oohLA hllil1 l
custom (adj.) flAil- f-1-114He wears only custom clothes. 011\ h- f-J-11
4- ' 11\illl ' il!l' ' .ellil/)11\

(be) customary -1-ll""f.

It is not customary in this country to cremate
the dead. RH.U Me .!.il "7-"'tn.l\ f-1-11""
f. ' 1\.ef.IIV"

customer 1.10"'
He is a regular customer of mine.
1.10;;'\1- ' ~ ....

customhouse

1"1-11"<~-h

rrrA. 1 "LtL 1

o.+

The government built a new customhouse.

DD1"1P'-I> ' 1\'1.11 ' f"I-V"'I-h ' 0.-l- ' 1\P'<I-

cut (vt.)
1. ofl.t.m. He cut his nails with a scissor.
'l''i!'l-1 ' OOD+II ' 'kt.tn
He cut wood for the fire. 11"711'- b1Q;~.'l-
ot.t.m ~~...
2. OQ;i.f. . He cut a load of hay last week.
q11L,. il9"1'l- 1\1.1!" o ifhl"' "'C OQ;i.f.
3. +~II. The company will cut the cost of

cut back 1\11-J-IJhll

They cut back the stick until it could be fitted

in the hole. h+.o;.o;,. J.1'1.1q 11"7.1!-t."l
fil#1 ' "'i'i! ' 1\11-1-IJhll-'lcut back on .,.HI

They cut back on expenses in order to save

money. 11Hil IIOD'ktnil mm..rlf....,
+~11-

cut bread '111.11

Will you cut the bread, please? .o;p...., ""'11,.
cut down ort.l.m

He cut down a tree with an ax.

DD'J't.ll.l oflt.m

lflj:

fl

(be) cut down -J-+Q;l,

He was cut down in the prime of life by cancer.

o.-..,em-t> 1\'i!'l OIJ111C -J-+Q;~.
cut down on

+~lt

We will have to cut down on our expenses.

m.....,:T-'t1 -+~II l\lli11
cut In 'I'A:Jo 1\11

He likes to cut in when people talk. II,. II.

fiDel- 'I'A:Jo "711'1- ,elll-'l.l\

home. O"'iltfD" ODI}bl:\ t.*Ctn fllf. IL

cut In ahead of

., '1q
2. ot.~m. He cut through the wood with a saw.
"l't.<l.'t floP;>11 ot.~tnfD"
3. hl:\1:. .,.,.,_ You have cut through the lining.
hll\Lil 111'1-'t .,.f.'li1'1:\

Accidents are often caused by drivers who

cut in ahead of one. t.oflq"'CD-"t 1.11. t.f.
:> f"''.f.CIIID" flf."'t1-l- b'l-'t ID'I'+
f."~'t ' 0"'1.11- ' t:(9':f ' !l"b't,l'-1- ' tiD"
cut In half :!.IJ-1\T b.l.ll
He cut the apple in half. -1>-I-ID"'t :!.IJ-11-l- b
4.1\ID"

cut up

I.

to make the chicken sauce. "ll..tl.fJ

cut (n.)
I. 41111:\. The cut is nearly healed. <flitll- 11.1'."
't ' !l"'t!l" ' hl:\.,.~fllo!l"
2. f-1-'fl.~m. He held out his hand and showed
me the cut. :!.7t't HC"I-f f-J-ot.~tnfD"'t h

ltf't
3. ( ~ to cut) """'tit. A cut in expenditures

~til,.

2 .,.tmfl. He cut off a piece of his cigar and

chewed it. 11.:>'1-'t .,.'t'l'll t."fbfD"
3. tml\. They cut off the vanguard from the
main body of the troops. h11"7,.;'t tnC b1'
<;ID" tnC tmll--1(be) cut off OD/"ODC -~"*~m

+I was cut off while talking to him on the

phone. fl-1:1\.f::'t fl"7t:>"I~ID" 1.11. OD/"DP
'1- ' -~"*~m

is necessary if we are to avoid bankruptcy.

:l.'tJI'tbitC ' b-J-LI\1 ID"'-..':f't't """'tit
hit.l.l\'1. ' tiD"

cutbacks, make

*Many factories made cutbacks when their

orders were canceled. -fill" 'i-il6ltl":f 1i
,..,_.. ' ll..,.'tit ' f"'L"'<I-1''ffD"'t ' :!.:J>l":f ' oflq
-1- .,.HI

cute ff.it f.it .I'll"'"

She is a cute little girl. ff.it f.it ,1'1\-l- 1:\

7h~f." ' t:f

cut open

I. .,.f.f.. He cut the chicken open and removed its gizzard. f P.C'1''t If'f." .,. P. oo
*f.lf1''t ' hfll"'

2. h.l.~m. We will have to cut the blister open.

ID? f*m~ID"'t "7'i'~'l' hllil't
cut out
I. -1-fll. He cut out drinking. DPtn'l' -1-fll
2. ot.Ctn hfll"'. I will cut out the picture.
1"611-'t 'fi.C..,.. hfll"'1'1\IJ(be) cut out -J-4.1\4.1\

The churches of Lalibela are cut out of solid

rock. fl\11.01\ t.f."qt--1- lt't f." *"''t f.,."h.t.+-7~

1\oPif''t -1-11'1'9' ' fi\ID"!I"

cut (through)
~m. He cut through the woods to get
I.

h*

[See also 'groove, loose, short, throat, tooth']

Cut it off at the end! "'i4- 1\f. .,....

*He is not cut out to be a teacher.

tD"l"

""F<!--1- P.C'1''t 1t"'mll:f

cut off

114.11- ' <;'I'ID"

Cut it up in four pieces! bt..l--1- .,....

2. 1t"'tnl\. The maid cut the chicken up

cut Into strips

I. HIIHII. They cut meat into strips and dried
them. F ;>ID"'t HI:\111\ID" 9/'t"' t.f.~1-T
2. ""'""'..,_...,. ot.t-~m. He cut the paper into
strips. fll~.,..,'t ""'""'..,_...,. 'll.t-~m,.
ot.~m.

'fl.~tn.

~til ....

cut into
I. ot.~m. He cut into the cake with a large
knife. b.b-'t fllll\1' ot.~m
2. t.f.boo. The guerrilla raids cut into the
enemy's strength. ff..l."' -1-1'1.9',.; fml\-1't ' ~f-1:\ ' hf.b...-1-

I.

cutting

281

cut

"""'""-"~""' """16,1'
The best cutlery is made in Germany. 9"C'1'

cutlery f:!.:J>

flf'.,.T f:!.:J> OD'fl.o!-~"'l OD"!6,1'9':f f

"'1."''1-T )';COD't h1C tiD"

cutlet 1>-J-1\t

I like my cutlet well done. !>-J-Ilt f!l"fllf.fll<

IIIII:\ ' 11.1:\ ' tiD"

cutoff

I. t.*.l-.,.. Let's take the cutoff to Harar!

fllf. .n~c f"''.fllltf.ID"'t t.*.~o.,_.. :t.'t.l'11

2. OD.I.f."'L,,'. The cutoff date for this project
is in two weeks. OrJoll:t- IJ:MT 'l..tL d.J-/1:
'I' ' fH.II ' TC':(ll-1- ' OD.I.f."''.,l' ' f-11'<;'1:\

cutting f"'Ltlt

He prefaced his speech with some cutting

cycle

cypress

282

remarks about the principal. R't"'"'-1- ,.,.,R.

1 11.1'- 'l..&.hi"-1-'t f"'Uit All.,.If+ lim
cutting board ouh+d..f

They slice the meat on a cutting board.

F :>ID"'t DDh.,..&.J' ill'- f.h'l-4-11cuttlng edge 1111'1Be careful of the cutting edge of the knife!
fR.11.1'1D"'t 1111+ .,.m't.,.:,.
cycle o-~+
The epoch is reckoned in cycles of 52 years.

H-).

RfM"II rJ-11'1-

o-~+

,_.,...,.&.A

*There is a cycle of stories about the adventures

of King Arthur. 1111 't.,.F AC-t:C f lhf.tJJ

+ :J-<Ih

11,. .,.h:J-:J-1'- :J-<II>ll' .,.,..

4.1'A
cynical .,.m&-<'1<1
He is a very cynical person. Afto fllllr .,.m
6-IIJ6

{l(D

~ID-

cypress ['1'-': f"'l.-IIA

~'i!)

283

dab

damnation

D
dab (dabbed) 4'<1fl
The girl dabbed her face with powder.
-1> .1.;1:1 0'1'.(-C 4'1JIJ:f

All'1~'1.

d ai 5 fff-4."J I OD+OD- I il~&The Emperor was sitting on a dais with a lion

by his side . .,.,.,.. ~11"-1> ~10/ltJJo") ~m1
q'f..,.

dabble

*My brother dabbles at painting. tD").(-"'1.

AI:: ~AI:: P'~A f.F~A

daddy M<l

Children often address their father as daddy.

IJI}f.:f oflrt- 1.U ~IJ;l"'ftJJo") ~IJIJ ~~

tr f.mll-tr

~f.

~.(-C1"'"

ort-4-., .... .,. ......, II'I'll-

.,..,.,.m..,.

dally, -

~oc

away ~flh~

He dallied away the afternoon. hl'l'\'1- 0:\

~ ' ffltJJo")

1.U

~flh~

dam (dammed), v. 1f..O

They dammed the river with rocks and clay.

tD1rt-10.(-");Jf.'i'OWh~1f..~

dagger""IL

The man was killed with a dagger. (ltJJo\1-tJJo

f.,_1f..fltJJo ' O""IL ' ~"'"
daily (n.) Of4'). f"''.:J".,.I"' ;JU"'

There are three dailies in this city. OlllJ

h.,_"7 tJJol'l'l' Of4'). f"''.:J".,_ ... !Pil-l- ;J
UIP:f' ~fr

dally (adj.)
I. fM'l-. The "Los Angeles Times" is a daily
newspaper. 11-11 ~"))!fill :J"f.l"'il fM'l-
;JU"' '

~..,.

2. ( ~ adv.) nf4').. That is a daily occurrence

around here. f.U ~H.U Of4'). f"''.f..~"'

~"'"

dally(adv.)
I. 04'1. The mail is delivered twice daily.
f..ofi'IIL on u-ll'l- 1.U f.:J"f..~A
2. OfM'l-. The announcements of deaths

dam (n.)

"1.(-11

The dam is broken.

"'.(-~

.U:!t.A

damage (v.) ~o~w

The storm damaged the roof. '\tJJoll-

"'&f..,.,

~4-11

~o~w....

damage (n.) .,..o;'l- l '1'4-'1-

How much damage has_ been done 1 ,.,. 1

UA .,..o;'l- f..~(l 1
His appraisal of the damage was less than fifty
dollars. ff..~(lfDo") '1'4-'1- ,,...,.,...,. b.-,9"/1
11C YM ~.(-C"l ~..,.
damagesltll I fm.f.
He had to pay damages in the automobile
accident. ~f..~(ltJJo f~tJJo.,..,.fLA ~f..;J ltll
(Ym4-tJJo1) ""h.I.A ~o<:o'l-

and marriages are published daily by the

newspaper. n'i' ~~'i''l-1 ;Joflif'") f"'1.1All-

damn
I. hoH(.,.hoH). Verily I say to you: the transgressors of God's law will be damned. ~..,.~..,_
~~:f:\llu- ~"'H.~ofldo.C .h"' f"''.'l'il

dainty
I. liMII. She was dressed in a thin, dainty
dress of blue. llll'i' liMII fll'~ 1'1"71'1!
4'"'1.11 ll1111 ~oc
2. 0"19" :,09"'1'A. She is dainty about her
eating. 11'1-o~ 0"19" :,09"'l'A 'i''l-

2. .l.~f..(O'l-). God damned the Sodomites to

everlasting punishment. ~"'H.~ofldo.C 01'11'-"7

'l- OD"'ll"'il":f OfM-1> O;JU"'tJJo ~f. f.

tD"'ft-

dairy farm fh11'1- CfL "'!Lf

They started a dairy farm in Debre Zeit.

Of..ofl~ Hf.'l- fhofl'l- CfL "'!Lf Ml* ...

f.ho~'i'A

tJJof") ~f. fHll'\lll"' :,0"1'1- .l.~f..IJ'ftJJo

3.

~...~~.

All critics damned the play . .,.;r.,.~

... ,.. OQ.'f';l"tJJo")

~~,..

damnation

*The priest preached concerning the damnation

of sinners. .,.... ..,m.~.,.'l':f ~1-'l.ho~).
~~~.,..,~

284

damned

damned (adj.) f-1-h-H

The wailing of the damned souls is well
described iu this poem. f-1-h-H'I- 1 )'i'/t'l- 1
.uo'li'l-

RIUJ

"1'1'9"

ll.l'."HI

-1'1A!I.A

damp (v.)
I. lvi'H-I>H. Continued failures damped their
enthusiasm. ofiH- 1 1.11. 1 4,1'./t>t~:f.,. 1 oo~;:
. , I .....,.,....'1'.,.1 I l\oJ>H-I>HaJo
2. 'Pm. The many rugs iu the room damped the
sound. llh'i'll- 1 aJo{I'J' 1 Yll-'1- 1 ofiH- 1 O;>ll"
jP":f- I ~1/-1 I 'Pm-'1-

damp (adj.) l\C'I'ofl

He wiped the window with a damp cloth.
OD{I!>ofo1

fll\C'J'ofl

.U.C~

aJI\aJI\IJ)o

dank

dancing .11111
Her dancing was the big attraction in the show.
fl'I-Cl\....., I '1.11.
.111(1 I )flC

fl"J!I"

f"t "7CbaJo

fi).

dandle ii~ofl 1 ii~ofl 1 h.l'..:1

The mother dandled the baby on her knees.
1\t;'l-\'"aJo I A~1 I ll'l-AII:t I ~.... 1\.(-C;> I
ii~ofl

ii~ofl

J\.l'.t:1":f-IJJo

dandy [Ill\ 1 l\AQII/1- 1 (lA 1 ooAh- 11"19" f"'L

m)oJ>~

(laJo]

danger
I. 1\.l'.;>. The doctor says she is out of danger
now. doh.... 1 hl\1"1.11.11 1 >t.l'.;> 1 oo'l-t::J,1 1
-J-<;1<:

Everythiug gets damp iu the cellar. 119".(-C 1 IL

'!- I IJJo{I'J' I Yl\ I )1C I IJ-1\- I ,l'.a>t:lfA

Caution! Danger! -l-m1-l>~ 1 1\.l'.;> 1 l\11

2. M11;')'1-. He was alive to the danger of
the situation. Ill\ 1 v-~:1".,. 1 M1'i')'l- 1 , . , .

dampen
I. aJo;) 1 1\Ch.l.h.l.. She dampened the clothes
before ironing them. boo-t-11-il. 1 11.1.'1- 1 Aofl

~I )flC
3. ( ~ adj.) M1l;'. A careless driver is a danger
to the public. "'.l'..l\"11 1 H( 1 l\ih11flo 1'..1'.1
I;' I )fDo

get damp -t-mt:H

/1-1

IJJo;)

l\Cb.l.b.l.":f-fl'l-

2. l\&-11. The child dampened the hand.

kerchief with his tears. A)l: 1 oudot:ll-1 1 11

apprehend danger 0~"11

A guilty man appreheods danger in every

sound. a>1)';AI;' 1 hii 1 QA 1 4<'1'C 1 ,l'.llt:"';>A

J\1QIJJo I 1\.tl-{IIJJo
3. 1\-I>H-I>H(II'I-). He dampened their joy by

be in danger of hll;>(aJo)

telliug them of the money that they would

have to pay. 11Hofl 1 ooh.I.A 1 l\1.111\Q:faJo 1

.IIY"'

)"'C'

.l'.{l:f":faJo"t

1\oJ>HoJ>HQ:faJo

dampness C'I'II'IThe dampness of the climate decayed the books.

J'f'i- 1 C'l'll'l- 1 ODK'.ht::'ll"t 1\mt:lf:faJo

dance (v.)
I. .P.M. They danced until midnight. l\{lh
MI-A

11.11.'1-

He is in danger oflosing his job. P' &-aJo1 l\1

I

YII:>'PA

[See also 'court']

dangerous
I. l\.l'.11;'. Is it dangerous to swim here?
Ml.ll

,1'.11

flii:f"

"""''""

M11;'

.l'.)/1-

2. .U..I.t:. The villagers danced to celebrate

the marriage. .....,.l'.t:>f"'fi 1 ;>ofliJ'aJo"t 1 A"7hll
C~L~

1\iJ.ft;'l-

dance (n.)
I. H.l.1. We are goiug to see the dances put
on by the Ethiopian Patriotic Association.
nt..'l-1'-kY 1 ih11ofl 1
1 'i'~c 1 .,..,nc 1
f-I-H;>)';fDo1 I Hoi.1 I At;,l'. I l\1~.111\1
2. .11111. He invited his girl frieod to the dance.
aJ-'1)1":1 I 1\.111(1 I ;Jfllf'l-

dancer .P.t;"ii
He is a good dancer. 'l"io

.l'.t;"li

)aJo

1'.(11.

)IJJo 1
I

)fDo

dangle (vt.) hmlfmH

The boy dangled his legs over the edge of the
rock. A)l: 1 lt'1'1' 1 ~,1'. 1 -t--l>ll"lfl ; l\"'C''Il"t 1
hmlfa>H
dangle (vi.) -t-1mA'I'II-

nc

2. 1>11'1.. This disease is dangerous for babies.

-t-mlfmH

We found his corpse dangliug at the end of a

tOpe. ~.,..6)- I fi10D..("- I

+"JtnA.'J'I\- I I\,IDifDJ1J I

MT)aJo

*He dangled the promise of promotion before

his eyes. f"76.:"1 I l\.(-1'1- I of-(11, I h't'tfDo
dank Mlf
The dank air of the swamps is bad for your
health. flt:"'t:'l- I ~,1'. I Yl\aJo I 1\lflf I hfC I 1\
tn.'i m'1:t- ~

dash

285

dapple

(be) in the dark 1\1>..,.)1/:m-!1"

dapple 'fM.c"H:
A dapple horse makes a handsome mount.
'fM.c1-C 1./:ll fi>Cif' hil'l- f.dl"''f'i>.

dare

As usual, he was in the dark about our plans.

ll'tf..,.(IODf.m- 11"1-.ll:f't 1\1>..,.)1/:IJJo!l" )OC

darken

I. Y-1.1:. I did not dare leave the baby alone.

ih!'l't ilif'liVt '1-:f (IOO't.Y: 1\i>..I'.I.Ch-9"

He dared to tell his boss the idea was no good.

1\lj(J- ' 'No ' 1\(IOOIJ"'I-'J ' llfl?m- ' f.'i'C:' .,.'i"1/:
2. .,..111.1:. He will dare any danger. "7't"'l1Vt
9" )1C f-.111.&-1>.
3. OY:'i'/:'1- .,.'i"1<':. He exposed his chest and
dared the enemy to shoot him. Y-1:-l>'t 1i>.iltn
mll-l>'t. .,_li"ll Wtl OY:'i't:'l- .,_'i"1<':

dare someone AF.U~

He dared me to jump over the stream. m"trt-'t
Hi>.\1. II'JY:lf1C 11.1'.4-l.t:'S

dark (n.)
I. ""fl"7. The road is hard to find in the
dark. ""fl"'l m-IlT ""'t1JI.'t "'l"l'f'l- J!ll
'1'"1&-A
2. "7;J-. He works from dawn to dark. ht!l.'l-
llllh "'l:J- f.U'&-1>.
3. 009"lf'l-. The workers tried hard to finish
before dark . .,&-.,.'l''Jl boa9"lf-t> O.l.'l-
(100 . . ./:ll 0"19" "'""
*Don't keep me in the dark! 11>.1111 't1t:'S
dark (adj.)
I. ToJIC. His skin is very dark. ""i>.h- 0"1!1"
'1'41C )m-

2. ""fl"'l. A night without a moon is dark.

I. 1\""fl"". He darkened the room to develop

his photos. G:-l'dVt tl"'lmil h'i'll-'t 1\""fl""
2. lfl.). Clouds darkened the sun . .I'.OD'i" 9
lfl.'i"'l-

..hf.'l''t

3. l\m4t.t:. The sun darkens the skin. 9..hl',I

4'.11') ltn.,...&-1>.
4. \>.fl. She darkened her eyelashes. t Y:!l. 't
\>.ti:Y.

darkness Al>tl"'l
Darkness is absence of light. al.tl"'l fi!C
'1'1 1\(IOD'l"C )mbe in darkness Q;l.AoP

The room was in darkness.

h~&

darling ilc"l-

He is his mother's darling. AIJ-If oflC~ i'DJo

*My darling children! f!l"m.II:Y.IJ- t>.]I:'Ji I

darn m+oP
Did you darn my socks? II"IC lf.&-O.'t m<t

9"11 l

dart, -

a glance

He darted a glance at me. 'if.'I-'t "'I>. 1\Y.

<':1il'S
dart after .,.h'l-11- .,.l..,.tlb

al.l:? fol.ti:Y.O'I- ol./1.'1- al.tl"'l )m-

The dog darted after the rabbit.

I couldn't find a thing in this dark room. 1111.11

'1'!1.'t .,.h'l-11- .,.l..,.tlb

Al-(1"'1 h'i'i>. m-IlT !l"'t'l" )1C 111'S

Ill>.

il'i>.h-!1"
3. "f!'i>.!l" !fl. We had to go through a dark
passage. "J!'t>.!l" llfl """"llfl.l.1 "7tl'i' )0/:il't
4. m'II.Cot.c .!!fl. It is a somber room with dark
furniture. Oh'i'll- 1tlm- fO.'I- II? mot.c
4t.C 1fl llfiiT) h'i'll- f.hil.lli>.

5. "f!'tl"7. Things looked dark for him. "'l't"'

m-!1" )1C "J!'tl"'l IJ")O'f-

6. 1/l\.l'.oo-t. I don't like dark colors. 11>.

,_,...,. <ttl!l" 1\i>.dlY:'/"

dark brown

m,er

Her complexion was a lovely dark brown.

oat>.\>. mf.!l"'i" .I'.II f"''..i>. ) oc

get dark, grow

dark~-

In summer it gets dark late. 00:> H"IU

""""'"'"'

It began to grow dark. ODAlofl!l" )';oat;

,;D.&\'f'l

)OC

,.'If,. T't

dart an angry glance at 11\oPm

She darted an angry glance at her sister.

ll'r;J:'t 1110dtnif''ldart away ifDPmm

The deer saw us and darted away. 1\:>H'I-

1\.ffi ' lfODtnffi

dash (vt.)
I. 1\11:>. The waves dashed the boat against
the rocks. '1"1JI. )';i>.IIIJJo't hl\tl'l- :>C
1\ll:>m-

2. Y-4-. We dashed water over him. 0111' llf.

m-;) ' Y.'i-'JO'I-

3. hl'lhll. The angry child dashed a cup to

the floor. f.,.'i".I'..I'.IJJo 1>.)1: {l.tdVt dltl
II- llf. b(lb(lm-

dash (vi.)
I. .,.....1'.1.. When he dashed across the street,

dash

286

he almost got killed by a car. OD't1'1.'t fiOD

"1.<'.'1' ll..l'ltC'I' ""h.'i',. fi.1Y:ll,. ~fie
2. 1-1.1-llh. He dashed to safety. &-a-'t ll"''
'l't II.A 1-1.1-llh
dash by 1-1.'1-AI> l>lll.
They dashed by in a car. fiODh.'i' 1-1.'1-Ah
..... 1>114dash (one's) hopes 1-1'14- l>h'IL<:mfDo
The boss dashed my hopes for promotion.
l>li:J'\1- lll'..<'.-1'1- .l'll'h 1-h4- l>h'IL<:m'S
dash off (vt.) fl'l':.1.,1' X"&: llh
He dashed off a letter to the director. liP'&-
OD(.fDo ' fl'l':.1.,1' ' .<'.ofl.llfl. ' X"&: ' lib
dash off (vi.) 1-'t.<'.CY:C' IIJ"'
llefore I could answer, he dashed off. ODAh
bODhm..... fi.I.'J- 1-'t.<'.CY:C' ' IIJ"'
dash to bits hl'lhl'l
He dashed the bowl to bits on a rock. 1-Y:'I-'1
,.., ....,.., hY:'t;>,l'. 1>;>"1/'.,. hl'lh(lfDo

dash (n.)
I. "11'<:'1-. Put a dash after the first word!
bOD)';OD(.,I'fDo ' :J'A ' fl:\11 ' "1/'<:'J- ' />J':C"'
2. Y:?".,.-1-. Mary always adds dash to a party.
"U IJ-A'I.H. ll;rCof:fDo :9".,.'1- '1-hm
1'li:Y..
a dash of'l-'til
Put a dash of salt in the salad I M"'fDo 11,1'.
'1-'til .U.fDo I>Y:C"'fl-1make a dash OC1i C"m
At the cry "Fire!", they all made a dash for
the door. l>ll'l- f"'l.A ""1i'l- fl(l-
"l.tL I IJwtr'r I OC118Jo I tDJ! I flo;.. C"tno

dashing .l'lrfl<:.,.
She wears a dashing costume . .l'lrfl<:.,. Aofl
h lloflllli:Y..

date (v.)
I. .,.).') l\1.. Do not forget to date your
letters! fl.<'.ofi'IIIJP'Il 11.1'- .,.).') ""ll'i'
1>'1-Cll
2. 6Y:"'L ow.,. I 6Y:"'L 1-'i'1<:. He dated
the tree by counting the rings in its trunk. fq4'l I hofl I ODJPOOC I fiDDODAh-l- I ftf.,."J I
6Y:"'L OIIJ.,.
Can you date that castle? fHJ't -n-a iJ
Y:"'L A'l-'i'1C '1-":fllliU l
3. 1-W-'1)';. Our relations are somewhat strained because he found out I am dating his worst
enemy's sister. fl"'9" mllofl hll'~ (lfDo

dawn
1>1'1- ;>C ODIIJ-'1)';.....') hi\IIJ.,. , '1.<'.>;'~;1-:fo
't lfh.,:A
*The oldest house in town dates from the
17th century. flh-t-1 fDoh'l' h"'l.1"t''l- 11.
.,.:y.. IJ-11-. 'l"t;l-1!~'1- ,l'(lfDo. ,I'I"&- (lq-1-l;'
fDo ' h'i'fl ' ftOD') ' .ft')l\ ~fDo
*The letter is dated June 6th. .<'.ofl.llll.fDo f-1-l\
.l.fl-1- n h~ hY:h-1- ,I'.IIA

date (n.)

n.

I.
What is the date today? q"- .,.). h't
'1- ~ .... ,

The date of Lincoln's birthday was February

12, 1809. fl.'ti>A't f-1-IDll.<'.fl'l- n fiJ-1:-'1-
I;iifli ' 9". ~ ....
2. '1.11.. The date of the meeting was advanced
from April to March. fhof!(lq,. '1..11. h"'l.
,1'11,1' ID.<'. DD.:>fl-'1- l>'t.II,.,.Cofl I +.<'.C'IA
3. HDD't. At that date, there were no airplanes.
fiiU' HDD't />fDoC'"I'II'I':fo I>A~fl~9"
4 .,.mC'. I have a date for lunch today. q"-
f9"ll .,.mC' l>llofi'S
5. 1-V'C. How much are dates by the pound?
l>'tY: ;rfDo'tY: 1-9"C h't-'1- ~,. l
[be out of date .,.). l>lll.(fl+)
Short skirts are out of date. 1>"1/'C .,."'Lh
.,.). I>A&:fi;I-A
to date l>hM"- I l>hiJIJ-'t
We have not beard from him to date. l>hM"-
(l>hiJv-'t) ha- 9"'t9" fl'l"7~fDo ~1C fll9"

daub .,.q
She daubed salve on his burnt finger. f-1-:J'm
(lfDo') ..., ...., +q+ .,.q:Y..ll+

daughter ll.+ A)!:

He bas two sons and three daughters. 11-ll-'1-
ID'tP.:fo A]l.:fo'i' l"h-'1- M:fo A]l.:fo 1>11--'1-

daughter-in-Jaw fA)!: "'Lh+

My daughter-in-law comes to visit me once a
month. fA'( "'Lh+ fiiDC l>'tY: 1.11.

l>f"""':Y. +m.l'-.,.'1li:Y.
daunt 1-1'14- I>M<:m
Even the risk of death did not daunt him.
f'l"-'1- ' />.<'.;> ' f"'l,,';J'J'IIDfDo ' ODIJ')o') ' "7
,.,. l>'t\>,'t 1-h4- l>llh.,<:mfDo9"

dawn (v.)
I. ~.:>. The day was just dawning when we
left. I;>;' fi~Y:'t '1..11. 1'i' ao');>ofo tfiC
2. 1-)';0D<:. A new era of peace is dawning.
l>.ll.ll fl\119" HDD't ""J':- tfDo

dawn

dawn on l-11111(11-l-)
It finally dawned on me what he meant.
,..., ' "711-to ' )."}S:If~ ' hY:t: ' .,.1111111\'t

day off fb-1:'1!-l- 4'"}

Sunday is the government workers~ day off.

IIOD"}"'lP"-l- u>6-.,.'l'':f- ).d>Y: fb-1:'1!-l- 4'
") I

dawn (n.)
I. "};>-l-. Don't come before dawn! b"};>-l-
RoL-l- ' ),"}JI-l-OD"'
2. tp.-l-. He works from dawn to dark. btp.-l-
Mtb "7;1- f.ov6-ol\
3. oub.l.il'. The invention of the airplane
marked the dawn of a new age. fha>-t:TII"}
OD.I.ol\11'1! ' J'J!.il o HOD"} o ODh.l.iJ' If~
dawn of history

Man lived in caves before the dawn of

history. :;1-&h bou;t-m.,. RoL-l- {Ia>- R'l'
If m-11"1' f.'l'c ~nc
at dawn 1-.lt 11.4'Y:
We had to get up at dawn. 1-.lt 11.4'Y: -~..,
-l-hMn
at the crack of dawn 1-ih

daydream

287

r I\+~

We got up at the crack of dawn. 1-.lt 11.4'Y:

.,.~..,,

day
I. 4'"}. I will finish the book in three days.
ODJI"do4-"} ' RIPII-l- ' .,, ' )."'CII'I'IIIIHe has been sleeping all day. 4''1-"} ,_II-
.,.'t.,. ' 'I'll
2. M-l-. The day he entered college was a
big day in his life. folio~ f1qn:,. 4'"} R.ltf.
moJo ;t-1\:t- M-l- ~RC
3. 1.U. He was the best writer of his day.
fl"LH.tJJo hou ~ A.dt4..

toe

.I'AI"''

*Let's call it a day! M.:.

*Colonialism has had its day. f'l>'t h1~11
HOD"} ' hoi\G:R;f-oll.
day after day R~;> Rmq l Of4''lDay after day, he tells us the same story.
R~.:> nmq n'l- ;t-&h S:.:>"'l'l" f.~"'l.'..'Ooll.
Day after day, he returned to the same place.
Of4''). ' MU' ' (1;1- ' .,.ODI\1111
(the) day before b-l-<;)-l-'i' di'I.J'
It had rained the day before. b-l-<;)-l-'i' m
J!.J' H"}ll ~nc
day by day h4'"} ms: 4'"} l Rf4'').
Day by day, his condition is improving.
b4'"} mS: 4'"} (Of4''l-) o-~:;1-m- M.,.
IfII f.Y.J!ol\

i'aJo

by the day

I. b4'"} ms: 4'"}. He gets fresher by the

day. -Roll."'l'i'a>- b4'"} ms: 4'"} ).fq(l f.'/.Jiol\
2. 04'"} do.<\-11. You can rent this room by
the day. f.U"} h'i!ol\ 04""} do.<\11 ol\-l-b6f. -l-':f-1\IIU
(the) following day RO~;>m- 1 R.,"'lP"-Io
He tried to conserve his strength for the big
test the following day . .,.oi\0-Jo"} OO~;>m- II
"''J'..1:1a>- -l-111.'1> .,_.,..,. IIOD'fl;m-R .1.111
The following day it rained. O.,"IP"-to H~R
for days on end 1\ofl,.. r +'iT
They altercated in the senate for days on end.

O.lt"'l oum(l'f l"'hC IL-l- 1111,. 4''i'-l-

.,....? ....,.
from day to day h.,.'l mF.. r +'l
It is getting worse from day to day. b4'"} m
s: ' .,, ' ),fq(l ' f.Y.J!ol\
one of these days h'l.(- +"J

I will drop by your house one of these days.

h"}Y: 4'"} ).IL-l-U -11'1> ).1\1111some day 1t."J_e. r

....-t

Some day I will visit you. h"}Y: 4'"} ).mf.

:t-71111the other day 04'S:I"' 11-l1 met him the other day. 04'S:I"' 11-l- h1

,..,.,.

these days {l'f"')."}

Prices are very high these days.

0"11"'' b'i!' 11!1.11\
this day n~.:. ....

(l'f"')."}

'I'.:>

' .,,

Where were you this day last year? QltLm-

"tou-l- n~.:...,. .,, f-l- ~nch 1
[See also 'all, better, break, carry, few, fine,
former, next, night, one, other, preceding,
rainy, reckoning, registration, same, spend,
tomorrow, very, yesterday']

daybreak, at

I. .,11-'1. He always gets up at daybreak.

o-oi\1.U .,11-'1 f.~'"lol\
2. 1-.lt 11.4'Y:. We reached the city at daybreak. 1-.lt 11.4'Y: bh_,..,..,. Uil"}

day in, day out i'.? mQ

They fed us beans day in, day out.

q4111 J'OII-"} ~ nc

~.:>

mq

daydream
I. Odo<'l11

qb~.

Toomanystudentsdaydrearn

daylight

when the teacher is talking. 1\ll+"'lt.IJJo (L<;1

C iiH- +"'lt.IP':fo Rmllofl ~flh'OII2. Rmllofl -t-<;mH. A faraway look in her eyes
showed that she was daydreaming. 119"
ill\ 1\:,.tt~ "'lf:t R.hllofl oP<;m11 Y
oPI\h;hl\

daylight ft'J oflcfi

The light of a lamp is not as good as daylight.
f'l-'l'll of!Cfi ll't.O:. 4"J of!Cfi l\~lf't9"
at dayllsht "l-.la (L+.<:.He was up at daylight. "l-.la (L+.<:.- -1-~P'
.,. ~nc
before dayllsht P.h~ 11:,.m"1
He started on his road before daylight.
P.h~ 11:,.m"1 ""'t1JI.'t ~"".:
[See also 'broad']
-~'""1111"11 T"'lt.
He is a day student at the Menilek School.
011"1"'1'1! 9"~~h :,.?"uc:,. IL:,. -J-oPI\1\
"li -1-"'lt. ~,.

day student

daze
I. 1\I.HH. A blow on his head dazed him so

that he could not find his way home. ~11-'t r

-J-oP;J-IJJo MI.HHIJJo IL-l< "".t:.'t:ll 1\:J-.f:,.
~nc

2. M~HH. The news of his friend's death

dazed him. f~.O:.'O'IJJo '1":,. 1\.0:.~HHIJJo
be dazed LHH

His meaningless gestures showed that he was

dazed by the blow. :,.c.,.,. fii.I\IJJo l\'t:J-11
.!l'/I.IJJo R?"-1< fi.HH oPifl<o't 1\oPI\h-1'

dazzle
I. 1\"l"Rt:R.:. Looking straight into the sun
dazzled his eyes. m.o:. Bm\< {LoPI\b:,.
't~l<o't 1\"l"Rt:Rt:IJJo
2. 1\ll.<:.~+. Her singing dazzled us. HI.). 1\
ll.<:.t+'t

deacon 11..1'4''t
The deacon serves in the church. 11..1'4''t IL-l'
hCM:n IJJoil'l' Y,l\"111~

dead (n.) oo-:,. (pl. -:t-'t)

They buried the dead. -:t-'t't +R'Iin the dead of the nlsht OIJJo.t:.-:J>:,.
It happened in the dead of night. flf~,. R

,.N:,.

dead

288

~,.

dead (adj.)
I. f'l"-1'. A dead person was found behind

the hotel. 1\'t.t:.' f'l"-1' lliJJo 0111:11- ~c

fl -t-1T
Latin is a dead language. llof:'t f'l"-1' lin
llf ~,.
2. r.o:..:+. The dead leaves swished in the
wind. r.o:..:.,.n :J>mll-':f- ~'1-11- 1\'tltll'
ltll''I'IJJo
3. 'i'll-?". After his speech, a dead silence ensued. hll- 't"I"IC R:\11 'i'l\.9" 11'1';1-
~nc

4. 0"19" +11.!l'~. The party was dead so

I went home early. ;rCof;IJJo 0"19" +11-"'~
llMRC 0'1.11. m.O:. IL1: .<:.-11dead matter om
A rock is dead matter. ll/'1''1 R.t:.-'t ~,.
dead (adv.), ~ certain 'ill\.?" liC"Im'O'
I am dead certain that I put it here. l\11.11
ll'tllil+DD'J'b-:,. 'i'l\.9" l\C"Im'O' ~'1
be dead tired ...:,.:,. oflll- .O:.hDD
He is dead tired after his long trip. h.:'fr-
.,..,. R:\11 _,.,. illl- .<:.h'l" ~nc
be dead
I. '1"-1'. His father is dead. 1\fl-1< 'l"of-'1'~
2. m'l-. The fire is dead. l\11-1< m~~
3 .<:..:+. The flowers in my garden are dead.
fl:,.h~:,. 11;1-llo IJJoil'l' Y~ 1\Rfi!P:f .0:.
c+'f'~

be (a) dead -n +H+H

Summer is often a dead season except in
businesses. OR.:> '1.11. h't'1.<:.' Rll-t-+c IJol\-

,. .'"'""'" .~,.

be half dead
1. 0.<:.-'t If~. He was half dead with fright.
0.<:.-'t.:>m. 0.<:.-'t If)
2. _,.,. 1\11. The beggar was half dead
from hunger. 11"7~ Rt:'MI ...:,.:,. oflll-
~nc

be pretty dead '1"-1'

That meeting was pretty dead.
'1"-t- ~nc

Y llofl(lf]

become a dead letter 'I'.:> A"'

After the legal reforms, this law became a
dead letter. a."l:f h-t-ll'll'll- IIJJI.II .eu
<h"l ' '1'.:> A"'
fall dead ...:,.:,. All
I worked all day and fell dead with exhaustion.
liP'~ R.t:.-IJ9"
A~b0The bunter fired, and the lion fell dead at
his feet. All~ Ttt{l A'tRIIIJJo't "11\IJJo

289

deaden

go dead of-!1/ ~~~~

During the storm, the telephone suddenly
went dead. ll"7b011- 1 "1.11. 1 IIAIJ. 1 0~1-1'1- 1
of-!11~111

I. 1\S'.. )HH. The drug deadened his pain.

OD~;)tofo I P':l'f.1- I 1\f..)HHII'I2 .,.)ll. Heavy curtains will deaden street
noises. lll'i'&-1"' 1 uo .:>~"li 1 hou1-1-'l.. 1 f"''..
0DIIJIJl""1- I ~6 I J'.n{)ol\

dead end """'""'"' 1 fl\.1\lll""

There are many dead end streets in this city.
MI..U I h-1-"7 I lll""/1'1' I illl"" I ODID"""'i I fM'f
OD1-1J'..":f

f"''..J'.,.CofiO'f-1-

fOD"'-~If

.,..,. I

IJJ(l)

deadlock
*Employers and strikers were at a deadlock.
IP.!-of->:''f;!l"

I\1P&jP'f;9"

I\1-01C9"

1\1\-

deadly (adj.)
I. f"''..1~A. Typhus used to be a deadly
disease. of-11(1 1 f"'1..1~A 1 O'ii:l"" 1 )OC
2. f-1-"7~~- The deadly enemies have a fierce
hatred for each other. 0-1-"7~""" 1 1111.:>&-l":f.. 1
ODI}hol\ I fh~~ I 'J''\JI' I 1\1\
3. f.,.H.,.H. The dinner party was absolutely
deadly. fA&-'f- I "'ofi..,..IJl"" I 011J9" I f.,.H.,.H I
)OC

*Her deadly pallor frightened us.

1Cm:l:

l\1-f..<~.l)

1 ""

l\llf..)1m1-

deadly (adv.)
He is deadly serious. f1"'"""1-

"7/11111-.,.<J:.!'

1\f...:>

1\ol\{1"7!1"
1

deafen 1\f..)..,~
The noise is deafening. """li-fo 1 /f..).-..&-A
be deafened f..) ..~
He was deafened by the blast. OL1-)[lll"" 1 ~
!1"6

f..) ..~

deafness ~1-.,C<;
Deafness is a disability for a musician.
<;

If...,.,...,.

.....

1\1\-

deadline f"""'-~lf 1 .,..,.

The teacher gave the student a deadline for
the composition. llitT"76tD- +"7l:at- ..e-c(t-J:
1-

f"''..llllllll""1-

'I',.,

deaden

be deaf to I\Ail"71"'
He was deaf to warning of danger. Ill\

turn a deaf ear

*He turned a deaf ear to my request.
l).,.Cofll\'f- I flJIM I }(f: I J'./1111'1 I 1\1\

[See also 'broke, earnest, faint, strike1

Ill""

deal

~1-c

f{l<;h'\ol\

deal (dealt), v.
I. T1'i"f. He deals directly with the company.
hh-111-IID"" I .:>C I 0.,.'1':1"" I f.1<;'i'A
2. of-<;1~ l 1\llll). History deals with the past.
;l""&h

11'11\L

)1C

J'-<;1&-A

This book deals with the Italian invasion.

J'.l) I ODK""dt'i' I /11\ I IIJol\11- I Ill~,!. I flllo')ol\
3. T"lllll. That man is easy to deal with.
hlf..IJ I (liD"" I ,;>C I OD"'IIII'f- I " ' " " ' I )Ill""
4. "11-"f.)'f- 1 l\f..~1. He is diplomatic in dealing
With people. hlllll"" I ;>C I .,.,."f.)'f- I (l.ff..C
" ' I HY.'i' I
)Ill""
5. "JatOD. Don't deal with him; he is very foxy.
0"1!1" I of-1-lt-1\'i' I /11\IT) I h(l- I ;>C I 1\'f-"11119"
6. """'""""' 1 l\1'f. Only an expert knows how
to deal with that problem. ll:f"l""" 1 """'""""' 1
f"'1..11'flll"" I OP'&-IIl"" I fiPI\111) I (liD"" I illl' I )Ill""

deal in
I. lfm. This garage deals in gasoline, oil, and
tires. f.ll 1 .:>&-'fr 1 o.1-11..1- 1 Hf.'l-<; 1 "'l"7 1 f.

if"'A
1

)Ill""

deadwood
I. "1."&-r:. The children are gathering deadwood for the fire. A}('6 1 11"71J'.. 1 "1."&-r: 1
J'.l\:,0"71\2. 'I'.:> 1 fl\.1\lll"". He cut the deadwood from
his staff of advisors. II"71I&l"'6 1 DDI)hA 1 'I'
,:> I fl\.'\'flll""1- I .,.){1

deaf f..1-.Jr:
He is completely deaf. '1'1\.1"' 1 f..1-.Jr: 1 )Ill""
deaf-mute f..1-.Jr:<; 1 ~,o;
Her child is a deaf-mute. A;E-'1' 1 f..1-.Jr:<; 1 ~
,o; l)lll""

2. )1f... My uncle deals in coffee. 1\1-1: 1 fr<;

J'.)"I'IA

deal out 1\h<f..LII

The Red Cross dealt out food to the hungry
soldiers . .,.,_ 1 uoll.,.A 1 1\of-&-fr'l- 1 m;l""f..r:
";f

9""1ofl

1\h<f..LI\

deal with

I. -1-H"" 1111(0'1-) How shall we deal with this

problem? J'-111- 1 :f"'c 1 l\1-S'.'I- 1 l\1-!1/!1/0DID""?
Deal with that problem yourself! .,..'lll1- 1 1\1of-

,!./11)

"'IIO'f-

2. IH. The husband dealt fairly with his wife.

1111\flll""

fl.'f-1'"1'1-

0"'1..111

J'.P..;f""ol\

3. ""~""~ He is dealing with the first question.

"

death

290
ft10'f.t1D~ft1Y)

'MJ'. RoPoPCoPC 'If.

t ....
deal with a problem

+m+OD

How shall we deal with the problem of bringing water to the city? mF.. h+"Y m-;5o 1\"7
MIJ-1- RM H.J'. 7tm+ll" ?
[See also 'blow']

deal (n.)
I. ""~Rff-1-. He made a lot of money on
that deal. RILU oa~Rff'l- ofltt- nnofl h
-~-~~-

2. m-A. They concluded the deal with a handshake. m-11- h-1-.l.l\"" R:\'1 ll~ Ill\~

1-""IJRmHe is a very crafty person, so dont make any

deals with him. R"'ll" 1-"lh-11,. llllll"t hll-
.:>C II""!II" m-A h:l"Y:C"'
3. P'&-. He will try to get the better of you
in every business deal you have with him.
hll- .:>C Rll";f-.t:C'Im- R"'i"l ...m-11" f"l
1: P'&- tU"I"'SU J'.'l"h&-A
4. f"I1Y: '1-J!J'.. The salesman clinched the
deal and went out to celebrate. hlflf"" f
"11.11-"I '1-J!J'. Lrl" IU'-11'1- ID"' hll
*Well, it's a deal. tmAII9" 1 1"11"'1"'1"1
a eood deal ..... ,.

He smokes a good deal. 1111- 1""0\A

a areat deal
I. ofltt-. I have worked a great deal on that

thing. RILU t~C 'If. ofltt- .<!.h"''.R:f"

11112. R"'ll". He has aged a great deal lately.
h:J>Cofl 1.11. ID-'l_U R"'ll" t.caA
give a good deal R+'IA 'I'.:> Ifm
If you buy this radio now, I can give you a
good deal. J'.U"I ~I" hll-"1 oft+~~ R
+'lA 'I'.:> lllf'I'AVI\11-

dealer t.:>.J'.
The automobile dealer sold two cars today.
fhm--H"Illl- t.:>.J'. If.!. 11-11'1- oPh.'i"
!P:f lfm
[See also 'retail']

dealings
I. J'-11:1". His commercial dealings are being
investigated by the ministry. f"I1Y: J'-11:1"
m- R"''.tll-t:-1- a--c-e "" tm2. hY:&-1'1-. He is businesslike in all his
dealings. IJY:&-1_,. 11-11- +A"'<f. tm-

dear
I. 1-IDII~. Wbat a dear, little child he was!
li"I.J'.'I- 111 1-<DII~ A~ tRC
2. m-Y:. Ivory is very dear these days. ~.!.
Mlll'1' ..-ell UtiJ9"

w-r: ~,.,.

He is a dear friend of mine. ID-F: =lF.~tc.

tm3. h'i'-1-'1. This was a dear price to pay for
our independence. J'.U II~~~~ :1-":f"l fhLA ~
m- h'i'-1-... 'I':> tRC
be dear to someone

His sister is very dear to him.

II" J'.<DII;f-A

~"r'f:"J

OIIJ

oh dear!
I. <Dfm-. "Oh dear! I will be late today",
she said. <c mfm- i '1&..9" /.\ll"lf. )om-

M":fo
2. O'f.ofl. "Oh dear! I will be late today",

he said. O'f.ofl i

~<loll"

AH~J'.

tm- hll

dearest AIJ'I!
His dearest wish is to go to Ethiopia.
AIJ'I! '1''111> <D.<!. h.'l-l'"kf oP'/.J': ttJJo

dearly R"'ll"
He loved her dearly even though she was
not his mother. Mil" l\"1\>, ll'i".,. 11'1-11"
"Ill" R"'ll" J'.<DII'I- tRC
He would dearly love to get his money back.
nHR- flODI\1111'1- R"'9" J'.<DY: ~RC
He had to pay dearly for his mistake. R'l'<l1> R"'ll" 1111- M'l- .<!.~IIR'Icost (one) dearly .,....;:,. -\f. IIJAtDThat mistake will cost you dearly. '1'<1-'1-u '1-11
'I- 'If. J'.'I'AVA

dearth

l\'1'~'1-

There was dearth of food after the war.

biPC~-1> R:\'1 fll"111 l\'1'~'1- tRC

death
I. '1"'1-. His father's death saddened him
greatly. fiJ-I> '1"'1- R"'ll" h<\H~m2. DD'f"'l-. His death was announced in the
newspapers. OD'fP.., 1 fl.?ntiJ 1 .,..,lt.A
3. h".7.".7.'1-. Themysteryofhisdeath is unsolvable. 1".7.".7._,."1 ll"llm.C 1\J.~IIR'I- hf.ii'AII"
4. a.J'.<D'I- OD'J'<f.'l-. Hitler is responsible for
the death of millions. R"''.II.M 11"'1.4<m-l-
II!P":fo .bf.m'l- DD'J'<f.'l- 1-mf-1: Y.'l-11
C

)fD-

5. liA-1:'1-. The calamitous journey ended in

deathbed

the deaths of the entire family. hll:J-4!,. 1P fiL-l- (Ill') rrtr 1.A4!'1- hllh-1-11
6. H.'i" b~'i''l-. The newspaper has a column
in which deaths are reported . ..?H.IIJaJo tL'i"
b~'i''l- f"'1.11111"0'1- 't9"J:- 1\llaJo
7. 'i'll"". The last war marked the death of
the empire. Yl\l..aJo /PC)T fOD'I"'I".,
'i'l\"" ' IT)
Don't work yourself to death! )'i'flll 1.!1
h'l-a>"' .1:-~ll 1\'l-l"tl(be) bored to death llM'(tD-)
+she was bored to death by the lecture.
'1"1"1~ 0"19" llA~'l- )OC

?"11.11- 0-1-"'q~ 1\f. 1.'1-'111 '!"ofput to death 11.11 l 0Tf.T ~0~0(-1-~0~0)

The soldiers put the traitor to death. w:r~r:

'll hd,JI.IJJo'l 1~/r'lThe sergeant was put to death this morning.
YV"II 1\1\:J-aJo ~"- tll.'l- 0Tf.'l- -1-~0~0
sentence to death f'l".-,. fi:C~ L~O.'I-

He pleaded for mercy, but the judge sentenced

him to death. 9"ih~'l- 1.'1.11.~~"111'1- 1\0D)
"1'1 Jl>;'aJo f'l"'l- 'i'CJ:- 1..~~0'1-

[See also 'break, choke, sentence, starve,

stone, violent')

f"''.Y~

debate (v.)
I. -1-htl-h~(O'l-). They debated the question for
hours. 1--'11''1 ~H9" Ill\ 'I.H. -1-htl-h~O'l2. oo~oo~. The mayor debated the property
owners' demands. h'l-l:q,. fqll '1-ll~.f-'f
"}

'l".fttfl

00{.00{.

debate with oneself

}too);~'

I debated with myself whether or not to go.

A'f..l:" A:,0c 0"711'1- 1\oo):J-rr

ll't'l- '

1.."1'.

debating team fhChC 11-.1:-'1

The debating team came off with flying colors.
fhCh~ 11-.1:"'1 .1:-A'I -1-+JI"I'.

debauch 1\0IIlf
The life of the big city debauches the youth.
fh-1-"7 ).1: a>"'.f-'f'l YOII!fA

debilitate

h~hoo

A humid climate debilitates one who is not

used to it. 1.CTO'l- YllaJo YfC '1-11~
'1- 111\oo~,. llaJo Y~h"7A

debit (v.)
Please debit Mr. Jones' account for $5.00!

deathbed
On his deathbed, he sent for his son. {l.J'"'T
C A~'l 1\ilmtl-

His death penalty was revoked by the Emperor.

f'l"'l- 'i'CJI. O'I'NP )11"_,. -1-lf ~

The old man was in his death throes when I

arrived. 1.~ ll~ll 'li"7"1/I.IJJo ' 0"1~'1"'1-
1\f, )OC

debt
I. b-'1. Is he still in debt? hrr'IV" b-'1 1\110'1- l
He is up to his ears in debt. 1.ilh 1\'11.,.
.1:-~il

w~~

The troops debarked in the dark.

The street was covered with debris from the

explosion. OD'11-'l- hi.'11(1JJo fof-)"1 0
'i'Ciltl-'li -1-lf'i''l' )OC

"1~'1"'1-

debark hooch-a

O"''.ll-1-C ;li:'lil f.ll-IL d..ll-11 1\f, hV"

il'l- -IIC ""II"CO'l-

debris 'i'Ciltl-'li

death penalty f'l"'l- 'i'C.I:"

w:r~r:'ll

0""11"7 hDDCh-11 ' W~Jl.

h~hll

They debased gold by adding copper.

1\f. ""-'~'"

1\f.

C(IIJJo 1-JI'l- f"''.Yhtl-hC )IJJo

The debate went on for hours. hCh"" 1lrt-

meet one's death ,..,..

debase

question. '1-voqrr Om.'l)'l-

debate (n.) hchc

The policeman met his death in the line of duty.

death throes

debt

291

owe.,.

h~hll-'1debase oneself ,&.(to"} h"Pl.S!

He debased himself by cheating. 0"7'i"OCOC
tl-11-'1' h'l'~

ooonH

debatable f"''.Yhtl-hC
The effect of tohaoco on health is a debatable

OM -1-aJotp.A

2. aJol\:t-. My debt to him for advice is not

easy to repay. 1\IJI..II'S V"hC IJJol\:}-aJo'l
O+lltr Ah'i'AIJJo hA'fAll"
keep in debt I')~ 1 lD-llT 1 h++

His extravagance kept him always in debt.

1'1H-II 1\qiJ'S)_,. rrA'I.n M
,.,~hof-1-IJJo ' )tJ>o

make debts

I')~ 1

aJoiiT

1Q

He dishonored his family by making debts.

M 0"""1q'l- ILof- {IIJ-'1 h'l'~~
[See also 'honor, run']

deceased "l.:f-

debtor
I. QIIM. He is a debtor of mine. f~ Qllb
'I ~ .....
2. of-fl-'1<1. The creditor exacted full payment
from his debtor. hfl-'1<1.... of-fl'l<l....'t n tr l\'t.ll..h'i'A hii~U...,..

The names of the deceased have not yet been

reported. f"l.-l''ll II?" l\lll!u-'t hA-1"~11
~,..

be deceased .,..,.

His father is deceased. hQ-1: 'I";I:A

deceit "'':f"IIA

decade OP'C 't"":f"""

Addis Ababa developed greatly in the last
decade. QM:,. OP'C 'too;J-:,. ..,..11'1' h-'1.
II hflQ fl"'?" -1"114-'i':f"II:Y.

decadence ..,..1:<1'.-,.
The decadence of morals was one of the causes
of the fall of Rome. ft:?" ,...,.F.:,. ?"tl't
~.Y.:f- hll''l-:,. h't-'1- f'l"t!-A ..,..~:<~'.-,.

~flC

decant hmllll
Decant the wine into each of the glasses!
..,,..,.'t nn>~'t-'1- -flC"l'".f. hTII..,..

She is incapable of deceit. "'':f"IIA hY.ll''t

II:,.?"

deceitful h:J-IIY.
A deceitful person cannot keep friends for
long. h:f"IIY. II..,. f-flll' '1.11. 'JY.\":Y.
II.'l'~:,. hY.:f-A?"

deceive h:J-1111
When he sold me a gold watch, he deceived me.
ll't-1: fCDC:,. ~..,.. 1111- ll.lf'I'A'S h:f"
1111'S
His wife is deceiving him. "'1.11-1: :f":f"AII'I'II:Y.
'i''l'~-l:'t <1'~11
The plane decelerated just before landing.
h"'ll.4-. '1'-1:..,.. <I'Y.?" 1111- h ....C"f'll'l- 'i'
'1'~-l:'t <1'~11

decelerate

decapitate <I'll
The soldiers decapitated the defeated prince.
CD;J-J'.t:'ll 1:<1\ fll'~~ OOII'i''t <l'tr:,.

decay (vt.)
I. hflllflll. A hot climate decays fruit. 'I":J-.-,.
hfC 'i'<l. ~flll-fl<\A
2. hCDl.H. The dampness of the climate decayed the books. ~f~ C'l'fl.-,. OOl\".hC::Y.
't hCDmlf..,..
decay (vi.)
1. flllflll. Old fruits and vegetables decay,
f.f.l' 'i'<l.l"lf<i' :,.mil :,.mii-:Y. Y.flll-fl<\tr
2. l\fof-Jiboo V.Y.. After the Muslim states
reached the limit of their glory, they decayed.
fl\1111?" I OO'J"IP':f"..,. I bh'i'-f"'i'.... I b-fltllf..... hY.l.ll- fl:\11 l\f-1"-'lhou- '/..11-

decay (n.)
I. ooflllflll. Decay set in rapidly after the
animal was killed. l\'tll<\..,.. l\'tY.of-~Y.II ""
flllflll )';oot.
2. ooflllll':,.. The decay of the international
situation worries us. f'I-Ar" v-~;t- oPOI\
if:,. h<\lll"i'A

December ,...,...,,..
decency, common ...... ooAltf" r-JQC
Common decency requires a healthy man to
try to support his family. ooAI)?" ,..,QC
h'tl: Y.~'i' II..... 11..,. 1111-'t 11"'111.,.-'IY.
C l\'t'l.'l"hC ~li11:Y.'I'A

decent
I. Y.~'i'. Put on some decent clothes before
you visit your friends! 'JY..\":f-11 H't 1: bDD'/.
1:11 flo!.:,. Y.~'i' A-fill Aflll
He is a decent fellow. Y.~'i' II..,. ~.,.
2. ""'"' He gives the impression of being a
decent fellow . ..,.,. A)f: ooltll- Y.:J-~A
3. ft.Q, I haven't eaten a decent meal in
weeks. 111111' <\?"'t.-,. ft.Q ,...,11 hA
flllll-?"
4. ~II.. The old lady says that it is not
decent to wear short skirts. ht:'l.;l: h"l'"C
<1'"'1.11 ""Aflll -1"~11. hY.Y.II?" :,.1111:Y.
5. fl-1:. He gets decent marks at schooL
n'i'A
fl:,.?"IIC:,. 11.:,. fl-1:
6. ooAli?". He comes from a decent home.
bOD&\\)?" 11..,.11-fl f,CDII'IA
7. h<\4-& ~All'~. Make sure the jokes you
tell are decent! f?".-,.~l...,.. <I'AP.:Y. hit
4-oil ' IIIIDDII''i'lf.... ' 1\C"Im... I 11-'t

..,..m..-,.

decease ,..,..-,.
The decease of his uncle saddened us. fhi-1:
.,...,..-,. h<\H~'t
upon the decease d.'fOoT

He will inherit the estate upon the decease of

CII-J:'t f,CDC<\A

his uncle. hi-!:

decent

292

debtor

II..,..-,.

decipher

deception
I. "7"PRCRC. He stood there shamefaced
when his deception was discovered. "7"POCO
-1- r 0-f-):J'R'I- "1.11. R7.t;:~'l- r 1-1'1-1: r .,.~
2. f"7;f-IIA. 1"&- ""''"' He discovered the
deception too late. f"7;J-IlA. I"&- DDII").'t
h"l.ll. R:\'1 om.,.

The outward appearance of things can he

deceptive. or>A.h 1\ltlt:Y. ll.ll"'t f.l-'IA.

decide

I. -a.~m. I decided to stay. /loP.ff'l- -a.~Th2. mM. It is not easy to decide that question.
)~-1-'t I OOOJ(l't I " ' " " I 1\f.S'.. /l'l"
3. h'i'~"7. 1\S:.~II. That one battle decided the
course of the war. J.''f _,_y ti'CH't h'i'~
., 1\S:.~ii:Y.OJoo
4. 'i'CJ:- ilm I on. The judge decided the
case this morning. J;~fD"' ~~~ q~.:,. 1\
)~<~- 'i'CJ:- ilm ()~-1-'t on)
decide against 1..~(0'1-)

The judge decided the case against him.

'I'I'OJoo R(loo r 'If. 1..~0'1decide in favor of l..a..(ll'l-)
The judge decided the case in favor of the
plaintiff. '1'1'.,.. AMI. I..~S:.Il'loo~m

She finally decided on the blue dress.

lf ii"7J.''I!OJoo't A-1111 ""~m:Y.

I. MOO. It is difficult to decipher his handwriting. 1'1.)(' K""ihl..-l:'t l\"7'tRil hll'l'

,;J~

)BJo

2. 1..;1-.. He was able to decipher the secret

message. 'F'IIm..&-'1! or>A.7.hi:'t 1\or>t;:;J'1- 11'11

decision .,..,..,_

deceptive 1\ltlt:Y.

declde on

declaim

293

deception

oon..,~

decided (adj.)
I. f"7J.'m&-TC. There is a decided difference
hetween the two. 011-1\-1: ""llhA f"7J.'m&'I'C A.f.)'f- r 1\ll
2. h'i' J.'ll. His height gave him a decided
advantage. <l<or>-1: h'i' J.'l\ fDD111\'I' (IJ:-A. r
1\ll~"fll'l-

3. <I<C'I'. He has very decided ideas on the

subject. 0'1--'11' <I<C'I' J.'l\ "'"11 1\1\0Joo

decidedly ,.,.,.. RDD.foo

Her work is decidedly hetter than his. I"&-'I'
.....,.. ROD.foo. b(loo f-1-lfll )OJoo

decimal system

J.'l"&-'1- t.-a."'mC
Ten is the base of the decimal system. OI"C
J.'l"&-'1- 1\-t."'mC ouw~'l- )OJoo

decimate l\11q'l'.,.., h'i'A 1\mof..

War has decimated the trihe. tnC)'f- f11t.,..
, l\11q,..,.., ' h'i'A. 1\'l''i'.f..:J-A.

At last, he has come to a decision. oon..,~lf

.,..,..,_ ' 1\J:-C'\A.
The judge studies all sides of the question before he makes a decision. .,..,..,_ h"711-1-'lll
4- 0.1.'1- '1'1'.,.. )~-1-'t 01111' h't~C
f.or>l\h-I"'I'A.

hand down a decision

fj:C.("

d..lY.

The judge handed down an unfavorable

decision. '1'1'.,.. f"7f.ll"7"7 'i'CJ:- I..~S:.
man of decision ofi:Cm~ (lQ)o

A man of decision makes up his mind what to

do and then does it. <I<Cm'l' (lOJoo M 7.
'tS:."7..J.'S:.C"I r OJ'I''l' Rl"&- r 'If. r fOJoo
I\'I'A
[See also 'judicial']

decisive
I. "711-tJ.'. The battle of Stalingrad was decisive in bringing about the ultimate defeat
of the Germans. 7.11:1"11.'t"l&-.1:" f-1-S:.~~.,..
tnC)'f- r ~C""'l':f't r J:-A. r 0"7M"'T r 1\tnC
)-j: ' "711-tJ.' II")
2. <I<C'I' fll. He spoke with a decisive tone
of voice. <I<C'I' q11 M:>~C of-<;'!~
decisive manner tfi,,&..T~.-,..

The general was known by his decisive manner.

~,_&-11- r R-t.&-'1')'1- f;J-OJ.,. )RC
or>J:-~h 1 foPCh11 dii\A.
The upper deck is reserved for first-class
passengers. fDDChR- f'lf.'I'OJoo ODJ:"~h II
1\'tS:.'I' "7M"I -1-ltof...ll":Y. r -1-f.!f..A.
The sailor coiled the rope on the deck of the
ship. ODCbO'I'OJoo ~-.~~.., oouchn- milA.
t\f.. I Jrt~C') I ffiO'DtnODaJ-

deck foPCh11

declaim
I. 7lfof-.,.'i'"' -1-'i'~~. He likes to declaim all
the time. 11-A-"1.11. 7lf-l".,.'i'"' oP<;'IC f,m
'lA
2. 0:>11 11"7.'1- ""'~0. He' declaimed his
speech hefore a large audience. ,..,.,-1-'t Ill\
0:>11 ' 11"7.'1- ' ,.,.~0

J:-"7""""

294

declaration

decomposition

declaration
I. 0'1'~ oo;f-OJ~. The declaration of a state

4. tt.e.+OA +~. We sent him an invitation,

but he declined. YS'.<:"l'tfl'l't 'I'& ilf.-tO

of emergency caused great excitement. fll:f

'>..r. 1.11. 0'1'~ ..... ,..,~. h'i'. Yll ODS'.

5. hH-tH-t. The sun declined in the skies.

A ' -t<:

"i1TLm~

Oohf.'l' hH-tH-t:f

2. 00"/111. They made a joint declaration of

policy. f?"il.fl..,.'t f:J&- """1111 hOJm3. 1\)S'.". The law requires all travelers to hand
in a customs declaration. ,n..,... oo~11.if'":f-

6. 11:,. hll. The rating of this hotel has

declined. fH.II lf-!:A S'.<:Yf 11:,. ii'-A

IJ-11- 1.>l' f"'LJ'llol.'l-11'0'1- f.,.?"-1-h IUS'."

1.'tP,Jiaf. f.mf.>l'A
declare
I. OOJ)!. They declared war on us. tRCH
OOJ)i:il't
2. hll. The accused man declared that he
was not guilty. 1-hilll' '1''1-1""' hf.S'.IIo?" hll
3. hil""H10. Do I have to declare the tobacco at customs? :,.,.-Qlfl&1' )t'}-9""~h
.,il00111il hllil't l
4. 11111. The director declared his position

in the controversy. -'l.&h-H- Ohch<- "LH.

f'"l..l'?"'tO'I-'t mlail 11111
[See also 'blockade']

decline (n.) .,)il

The decline in exports transmuted the economic

life of the country. mJ?.. m-lfJ!- f"Y.I\hm- 7t
>l' .,)il Y,&-l>'t fll.l>'i'"'l.. o-~;1- IIOJm.,.

*The decline of the Roman Empire was due to

many causes. rr:r 1 oo1..,P"+ f"-hooaJo 1
01111- ?"h'tY-f-:f )OC
be on the decline
I. 11:,. Wll 'tS'.. Ivory sales are on the decline. f111f't 'I'Cil 1iY"'!' 11:,. 1.YII
't.I;..A
2. hfO<:S'. V.S'.. The epidemic is on the decline .
1"1111.1..,. 011;1- hfO<:S'. 'tS'.
there Is a decline in m~F: 1 hA

There is a decline
,_A

in prices. 'P;J

declivity, extreme -

declension 1.CQ;l-

The declension of a Latin noun is quite

difficult. f'l-l:'t fil?" 1.CQ;f- hll'l';J& ).,.
decline (vt.)
I. hA1"-tOII?". They had to decline his invitation. T~m-1 r Jti\.o'-,.OA 1 ..,~ I}')Q

He declined to
2."'"
"'discuss
his plans with the reporter. llll A:,O
hAol.-tS'.'I" (hA-1"4.-tS'.?").

Jl. hll.<; hm<;',J'tl(IJo ' ;JC IIOO);J1C

hAol.-tS'.?"
Request declined. f1"mf-t.,. hA-1"4.-tS'.'I"
3. h<:Q. The teacher asked me to decline
three nouns. V'll'l- ll'l":f 1.'t-'I<:Q hili"
mf-t't

.,&.,.

de<llne (vi.)
I. -t)ll. His strength is declining rapidly.
.,.A0-1> O'i''l')'l- 1.f-t)l\ f.'t-'IA
2. h11.1111.11. The hill declines to a fertile
valley. l><:il;l-.,. OJS'. 11'1"11?" ifMI

m~l:

11

-t'l' .,11.-,.

The extreme declivity of the mountain makes

climbing impOSSible. f.,..&-&-liJo I .,.,. ~ "''i\+ I
II"""'""'"" ' Y-'1"1;1-A
decode

*He learned to decode while assigned to the

embassy. h.9"flfl..aJo 1 aJoitT 1 fl..IP&- 1 OAf!.
?"Ah'l- ' f"'l..~oi.(IJo't ' OOA1.h'l- ooo;:;f-'1-
1".,<:
decompose (vt.) fiYf

Heat decomposes certain chemical compounds.

oo--t-'1- h't-'l'tS'." fh."'l..IJA (IJo.J./'.:f't f.
IIYY'I''I'A
decompose (vi.)
I. 4.<:11. The flesh had decomposed, leaving
only the bones. P' :J"'" oi.C(o h'l''t-f-'li il
il' ' -tC1"'1'A

2. .,..i\lf. The compound decomposes when

it is exposed to sunlight. aJo,.ft..4. 8.bf. fl..
oo ,..,. f.IIYY A

Y1r.II~A

3. OJS'.-t. Critics declare that morality is

declining in this country. 1-'flP:f 011.11 h
1C

f.'ltr

dJ"llT ; '1"6-A

ooom-~:,.

... , . I

)dJ"

decomposition
*Lead is the result of the decomposition of
uranium. 1.Ciall 1'&-'tf?" fl.IIYf. f"'l..1
"{ ' .,(JS'."'t )(IJo

deduce

295

decorate

in the last few years. >.ll;J--f:ll-l:h flllf-'1-

decorate
I. hll'l.m l h'l.m. They decorated the church
with flowers. 0.1' hCll-l:.t'>"t OhOfJ hll'l.m-:,.

The gay young people were singing as they

decorated the hall. f.ll f'I'FID< CJJI'Iof:f h

'!&.lf."t O"''.f'l.m-0:,. 1.n f.H'i'> ~oc

2. ll'll"". The general decorated four soldiers
for bravery. :(~&.II- t,,:.:,. m;J-t.C':f"t ll
II )!:"l"t~;J-'FID< il'll"7'fiD<

decoration
1. 1.'1'. The girl wore some sort of decoration
on her dress. A11'1c!:-'l.., 0+"'1.!1. 'If. h"t
Y: '\,('.~:,. '1.'1' hY:C;>II:f
2. 11A"7:,., What did he get the decoration for?
11A"7_,"t 0!1'") M'f 1

decorations 1.liJ1.T

The decorations are not pretty. 1.tJJ1.m- hi

'I"C'I"

decorative, """ design

1.T

This fabric has an interesting decorative design.

,t'.U Q;LC<}o S'.ll f"''.A '1.'1' hlltD<
decorative band lf'A-l-

'1'4:..,. ' '\oP ;~-:,. ' ID<ll'l' ' f"''. .,.., ' lll":f"t '

_,.'I'C -+~ll ,t'ft,t'A

there is a decrease +~(\
Toward night, there was a decrease of heat.
mt. "7;1- fD.hf. ....,...,. f.+"tll l""C

decree (v.)

1.~11

The government decreed that foreigners may

not own land. ""'t"IP'-1> ftD<"f/' h1C lll"
:f ' oPt,..,. ' h"t'!f.11t' ' 1.~11 "
*Fate decreed otherwise. IJY:A hf.flo"t 11
ftl>;I-A

decree (n.) Y:"t;>'l.

The decree goes into effect tomorrow.
issue a decree

OtD~

'\oP:,. O'lf. fii'~ID< flo/\- ofl.h.&-'1! IPC

h"t-'1.1'1 "t1-"' ~1P'1> om)l':

[See also 'legislative']

A decorative band is sewn to the edge of the

cloth. OA-flll- 'If. 'I'll:,. 1'f.C10;1-A

rn.:,. h:J> f"''..t'U~

The decorator will arrange your furniture to
advantage. ffl,..,. ' >.? ' f"''.ff.&.}!:ID<' rn.:,. '
h:J"U"t hft'I"C' f.S'.c!:Y:CA?A

decry (decried)

decorous fQ;L'I'
Only decorous behavior is suitable in the
Emperor's presence. "}.,.., r )1P'it lllt-0
:,. fl;l- fQ;J.'I' 'l"""fJC "7ftf:,. 1'10.

~
tD'i' m,t'.'/" >."tllft
mG::f"t mt.'l" h"tllftl":f"t dJ'I'""Y: m'!
110..,. ' fl;J- ' f'l"..,.llofl)

decoy [lltD< ... ,:.11

decrease (vt.) +M
Decrease the dose of the medicine as you feel
better! >.f-t-lfiiU <l.Y: f'l":,.mllt.tD<"t oPY:
:.'t:,. ""m"t +"tll
decrease (vi.)

I. -t-+~ ll. Your hunger decreases as you eat.

ll:,.O'I <:'1-flU hf-1-+~ll f.-'!A
2. Mll. The birth rate increases while the
death rate decreases. f"''.tDIIJI.., "'"'C {).Q;L
'I"C f"''. .,._,_, hf) ll ,t'.-'!A

decrease (n.)

,...,.~ll

Statistics show a decrease in the death rate

:n.

The Emperor issued a decree requiring all men

over 45 to join the militia. hhCfJ h'l"ll:,.

decrepit Y:-l-"1- .t'll

decorator

~'1

tD< M1 )!:'I"I!' OP'&. 'If. f.ID<'IA

He is old and decrepit. Y:-l-"1- fll 11"7"1~ ~

I. h:J-1111. He decried the value of learning.

f:,.'/"uc:,."t 'I':> h:J-1111
2. hm1H. The minister decried gambling in
all its forms. "7"t:;'tD<"t'/" '\,('.~:,. f.,."7C
Q;L'J';I- ' "''.tll..,.<- ' h1D11t'

dedicate
I. oPC.fo h.l.-1-. The Emperor will dedicate
the new airport. ,.,.,., ~1P'., h-'1.11-1
fhm-I!'T'I"t "7<:4-.t' ""C+ID< f.h'i';l-11-

2. oPc!:4'. The patriarch will dedicate the new

church. ;r:,.&,t'Ch- h-'1.11-"t 0.1' hCll-l:f
"t ,('.oPC:J"II3. oPf.O. The ancient Greeks dedicated many
shrines to their gods. 'l'"t;J-ID<n "l&to:f 'I
"7Ah;J-'ftD< -flit' "1-JI.ft"t ll'i'&.l":f ""
Y:O ~oc
4. h'l'll. He dedicated his life to the service
of God. ihf.ID.,"t llh"lll.h-fl.h.C h1A"I
,....,. ' h'l'll
5. "":l'llll.f hf.c!:1. The author dedicated
his book to his wife. 1-&.{).tD< OOK".hi-"t
ll"''.ll-1> oo;J-llll.f hf.c!:1

deduce -t-<:'1
I deduce from your remarks that you disagree

296

deduct

with me. hl!. :>C h/IOOll"7"7'1-tJ1' 1Jt;>1C

tJ

default
out anything about it. 'J'11:j. 'l"llm.C 111111'
t '1"1''1" t1C 11"7tD:j. hA':fA'I"

l\~11/lv-

deduct
I. +til. Deduct ten percent! h"".Y. OF~
.,. +1'11
2. h ~...,. Once you deduct your expenses,
there is nothing left. mmu"t IJt"'tJII'I-
'1"1''1" ' hf..,.C"i'

deduction
l. .:Jt'i"li. After deductions from taxes, there
was not much left. 11"111C :j-.,11 h.,.J'.~1
R:\11 111!- ht>..,.U.,.'I"
2. II< f. A f. t1C"':f1' oo""C""C. Detectives
in stories solve crimes by deduction. fCD'l)!A

5. hqf:, The child was in such a deep sleep,

he did not hear the noise. .ftY). hqf: l\"t:j.
A"i' lllltDIIJ'."" ""l"':1".,. hA.,.ll"7""'1"
tnc
6. J'."7:j.. I would like a deep red skirt. J'."7:j.
+f. +"7.11 'I..I.A.:>IIll7. f1-1' llof.'l- f/1.,., This deep shelf is not
suitable for my books. f.tJ f1-1' llof.'l- f
II"" ' ""J'.CJ'.tlf ' /IOOJtmt::'li o hf.ll"7"7'1"
be deep (In) .,.'I'm

He was deep in debt. R611 .,..,..., tnc

He is deep in thought all day long. .,..,..,. .,...
tr Rm<'t11 '1.1'1-.,.'l'm t.,.
be in deep water oos:~?f m4o(m-)

""C"7tll"':f RA11 tD/If: :f"tlh ""11'1'

/ltD"t)!A """i''l-dl. f"''.f1'f.'l- Af. A
f. t11!"':f1' R""ooC""C t""

He has been in deep water ever since he stole

the watch. ll't-1>1' hll~+ )!'/"<!" ""f:~lf

A deduction will he made for unexplained

absences. qA;f"m+ 'l"h"tf'l- l'l.+C 1.'1"11

m"i'.Y.:f"A
deep (adv.) mll:j. hf:C?

Y.+tlln:f"A

The men dug deep before they found water.

""=' h"7"1'f:f"'f"" Rol.'l- mll:j.

deed
I. P' tl-. Deeds are better than words. htD.!.
P'tl- ' f.lfiiA

His deeds have glorified his name. fw&-ID"

Ftl-!P':f 11.. h.,.~4-ll'l2 . .,...f. The braggart told of his brave
deeds in the war. .,.~o;:.,. II.,. RtnCt-1>
llf. llll.l.l\"7'1'..... f)!"l"tt'l- _ , ' hiDtl3. )!1111-. He performed many admirable deeds
in the war. RtnCt-1> llf. 1111- f"''.fllJ'."t:j.
)!1111- u>C;I:A
4. llOOCll'l-. After I paid the owner, he gave
me the deed to the land. llq/11'11~-1> 11'H!I.,. hh.I.A h..'l- R:\11 llOOCll-1>1' hqtD~

A'S

hf:C1""

.~.~

*He stndied deep into the night. l'l.fm" n

nJ'I" hoolf

[See also 'sleep']

deepen hC-1' '1:..1.~
They deepened the shallow pool. :j.cn-1' !J.
"' he+.,. '1:..1.~'1-

deeply R'I'A:j.
His wife's death affected him deeply. f"''.ll-1>
'1"'1- R'I'A:j. .,.11'/".Y.:f"A
be deeply (in) .,.'I'm

The tenant was deeply in debt. "1"11>;'.,. R611

.,..,.IJI.A

[See also 'epic1

deem hoot
He deemed it his duty to help. ovcll'l- .,.
"jq~ 0

..

001/').1' o hOOt

deep (adj.)
I. 'I'A:j., A deep lake is never covered with
snow. 'I'A:j. mU nn~J>. .,.lf"i''l' hf.,.:j-'1"
2. 1-f:~ll. The river flows through a deep
gorge. tD"tlf" R1-f:~ll 1f.A"7 fiD1'1f lfll
-1' .,.11'1' f..I.IIA
3: tD"i'tl-!1". He has a very deep voice. RnJ'I"
tD"i'tl-'1" f:'/"6 hll""
4. 'J'1l:j., It is such a deep secret, I cannot find

deer h:>H1'
There are deer in this forest. OH.tJ -Jolt ll
.... h;>H1' hll

deface hRIIlf
They defaced the wall with ink. "11:"111.,..,.
R+ll'l" hRIIll''l-

defame 11'1" hmof.

This article defames the candidates. f.U X'
m."i' f.,.tDIIIItl!"'l?t II'/" f mof.A

default (v.) <'tfh11C +~

He defaulted his contract. trJo/1<1' <'tfh11C
+~

297

default

defend
2. fDo~ II'). The motion was defeated. dtll

default In hlt.:m

fDo.(-~

He defaulted in his payments on the loan.

II-

ofl.t:-C DDtld.ll-"t hlt.:m

3. 'I';J !Lil ll't. All our hopes were defeated.

I)')

+11'1-:f"t 11-11- 'I';J ' !Lil

default (n.), be in -

hll+~lld.

He was in default by two payments. tl'i')'OJo

"t 11-11'1- '1..11. hll+~lld.
by default o-~.:-1>

When the other team did not arrive, we won

the game by default. IMOJo II-.1:-"t 1\f.ou
tlJ o-~.:-~> M' hlft'i'"t
by sheer default O"IS'.II"IIH

They lost their best client by sheer default.

O"IS'.II"Iit'l- 'f'<;

~"tO'i':fOJo"t

.I:"C1'1''1''1'1A
2. .I:"/A )"'. The heavenly host will defeat
the devils. fll"''f. -~l'.n'l- llf.tlJ<;'I-"t .1:"
/A f.).,..'f''l"f'IA
3. hlftd.. The candidate defeated his oppoI

nrc-..m-

QII;Jtl-fDo"t ' hlftd.

4. fDo.1:"~ h~.:1. The conservatives joined

forces with the clergy to defeat our plan. -11<; d.tlJ"t IIOJo'l' f"''f.d.IA"I-'1- f'i'"t 1.
~.t:- OJo.t:-~ ll"''.t:-.:"1 htou<;'l- ;.c -J-q
0-1-

I. 1-.t:-11'1-. There is a defect in this radio

somewhere. .:011.\'"t- h"t.t:- 1-.t:-11'1- hiiOJo
Our system of education suffers from many
defects. f'I-II"UC'I- lo(ltfJtfJ:f"t HS'. oflll-

1-.1:"11'1- ' hiiO'I-

2. l\"th"t.

Her

beauty is without defect.

IIOJoO:t l'."tn"t hf.<DtlJII'I-11"

defection OD!oofiii/A
His defection to East Germany was regarded as
treasonable. m~ II"P'tl-~ ~C"""t """
oflllll- nh'l+>:'t'l- +~m.:o'lf+R~lf

This machine is defective and will not work.

I. .I:"/A ODJJ'"t. The defeat of the enemy was

announced over the radio. ftn~'l- .t:-1.\ uo
rn o.:..t:-1'" +t1.:
2. ODlf)'i'. The coach was dejected after the
defeat of his team. hP'/AtlJ"f. 011-.t:-\o- oo
lft'i' hQ.t:- dtH"t m~.,O'Isuffer a defeat +lftd.
The enemy suffered a crushing defeat. m~'l-
l\"t~"''J"}Iltl-tl- ll''l" +lftd.

defeated (adj.) .t:-IA fof-OD;J- 1 .t:-IA fll't

defect (n.)

defective

defeat (n.)

1 f

+if) d.
The defeated army had to lay down arms.
.1:-IA fof-OD;f-fDo (.1:-IA fl)')fDo I f-1-lftd.
"'") tnc OD"'&J'fDo"t "''ll.:hofl to.:o'l-

Ras Ali was defeated more than

once. t-Il 'til. hh"tS'.II" 11-111: O~f.
.t:-A. ll't"'" toe

I. "'"). The child defecated on his bed.

/A)I: 0 l\DD'f;f-OJo 0 ~f. 0 .,H)
2. 1.'1& mtfJ. The man defecated near the
house. (IOJo\LfDo MI.-I> hm1ofl l\'1& mtfJ
3. "'L-'1 mtlJ:f. The woman defecated near
the house. 1'1.'1-1'"'1' MI.-I> hm1ofl "'L'I m
tlJ:f

Several of our people defected to the enemy.

h>:' (ll":f hfl\.9',.; ' h.t:--1-0Jo ' lltn~'l- 111-

I. .1:-IA h~.:1. King Theodore defeated Ras

Ali more than once. h'L 1:9'.1:"1!'11 t-Il
'til."t M"t.<'.ll" 11-111: O~f. .1:-/A h

be defeated
I. .I:"/A II').

defecate

defect (v.) h.t:-+ 1Q

1om-

defeat (v.)

nent in the election. TmJI.tl,&tD-

If)

f.U ' ODhS ' f+Mlf ' 111111') hf.<Ptl-9"

defector h'l+o;:
The defector sought refuge in a friendly
embassy. h'l+'i'OJo om.II;E- h.II"Q(I. OJoll
'I' '

'1'1'St'l- tnf.,

defend
I. +h~nll. The Ethiopians defended their
land against the invader. h.'l-l'"kfOJof<r:f h

1t-'1'fDo"t h<Dtl-ilfDo ' +h~hll2. hllhOC:. Ethiopia will defend her terri
torial integrity. h.'l-l'"kf f"''I+!J!"t h"t.t:t'l- ;f-llhoflt-ll:f
3. mO.,. The President takes the pledge to

defend the constitution. T .:.!VI"t-1> ih1 ou

"t"IP'-I>"t IIODtnO~ ?lA f.1QIA
4. hll.:-'1. He made a long speech defending
his ideas. dt/111-"t 11"'111.:.11'1- .:;E-9" "t
"I"IC h~C:1

defiant

298

defendant

5. +h&h<:(ll'l-). You will need a lawyer to

defend you. f"'l.h<!-hCAU mO:I' f(ILA"I

defensive (adj.) foohl\hf

VA

of defensive weapons. m:,.OI\,.. ottll.'f-..._

foohl\hf OO"f6f9':Y. 001~:1''fw-'t t.(t
;l-tD of!

6. 0<1: !l"h'tf'l- {tm. Can you defend your

absenoe? 1\!l"'t 7.'t.<'.f><:U 0<1: !l"h'tf'l-
'f-{ttiJI\U 1
ean you defend your rudeness? 1\!l"'t Ql\
"Ill!

defensive measure oohl\hf

These fortifications are a defensive measure.

Mll.ll ' !1"1i1:Y. ' ODhl\hf ' .,..,.,.

defendant +M1i
I am the defendant in this case. OH.U .,.Jif.

Mlf. '

1.~

)'1

He is an ardent defender of human liberty.

f{tw-

A~

defer (deferred), vt. t.n+IIIIL

I deferred my trip for a week . .,.Jif-'t 1\'tY:
lt!l"'t'l- ' t.{t+l\1\'i'h-'1-

We defer questions of this kind to him.

defender +h&lt6
X"). '

The prime minister announced the purchase

""'""" I

+h&lt6

I. +hllltf. l 11"11"1. Sinoe the defenses were

weak, the enemy was able to cross the border.
+hllltl'-'ll .<'.h!l" 1 fll- {tl\)0'1- ml\'1-
tD{t).'t hAG: I 1\0D"JQ'I- !I'll
Shock troops swarmed overourdefenses. oolot
-1f.A I !1"1i;J:f't't I fDl:ol-'f2. oohllhf. Vaccination is the best defense
against smallpox. h'I-Q'I- IlL 't"'"' 1 " ' "
ODhl\hf I )0>9""}

oohl\hf hl\11 1
3. ( = verbal noun) ODhl\hA. The civilians

helped in the defense of their country. {t,li.ll-'li

111<1-'l'a>-'t OODhl\hA <:JI.

4. f"'l...'."l'i' 1 't"I"IC. He delivered a defense
of the new taxation. t.JI.{t-'t ;1-h(t f"'l...'."l
'i' 't"I"IC t..l'.<:1
5. ( = verbal noun) "7(thOC. They fought in
defense of liberty. )>U'I-'t l\"7{th0C 1 .,.....,.
Ministry of Defense fODhl\hf "'l.~M:C

The Ministry of Defense is located in a new

building. fODhl\hf 1 "'UM:C f"'l.11.,. q
'tY: t.JI.n .lt'tR ..... n ...

fOD/t{tl\a>-'t

I .,.",.

1\{1- '

7...{1.,.1\Aof..l\'t

(vi.) +""<1-

He always defers to his wife's wishes. rJoA'LU.

O"'l,(t.J>. dolt11 I f."" <I-A

defense

What can you say in your defense?

f.U't
defer

)0>-

1 ).,.

[See also 'attorney, speak']

be deferred

I. +'llld.. The meeting was deferred to a later

date. (to(l{tq.,. 111\.1\ i"t +111\d.
2. '1.11. +{tm. For how long have you been
deferred? '1.11. f+{tmll 7.(th 1 oo'f 1 ) . , . !

deference t.h11C''IHe always treats his elders with deference.

IJoA'I.II.!I" ' ;1-1\'I.J'Ii't ' Ot.h11C''I-

f.ODI\h:I'A

defiance
I. t.I\OD01C. Defiance of the enemy is an
Ethiopian characteristic. llml\'1- 1 t.II0001C
fh..'l-1'-~f.,.f't Q.loCf. ).,.
2. h-1!!1" )1C hl\""4"-mc. His complete
defiance of danger was astonishing. h.~'l ~
ll''l" h-1!!1" )1C hl\004"-m'l- f"'l.fMC
!I" )OC
3. ODIIJ/t. His taking his men across the river
was in defiance of orders. ID;I-.<'.C''Il't f.~ fD
'tll-'t. "711/<:m- I 'l-7.~11't ' OOOtiJ{t ' )OC

in defiance of lllf'lr

In defiance of the rainstorm, there was a big

audienoe. -1f.ll"' 11.,.11 flll"t!l" 1 o(llf" t.JI

(be) defenseless &{1-'t lloohl\hA t.f.:Y.A!I"

"''"":y.boys)0'1-climbed the cliff in defiance of all

A baby is defenseless . .ltf't A~ &{1-'t II

ODhl\hA hf.:fA!I"

common sense. A;(=ti '1-.e.'i":fm-"t Aa.fi:tm-

h4>0.J>'t ' "''"'

defensible ll.hllhA f"'l.:Y.A0-1The troops were placed in a defensible position.

{t,!.'-1> ll.h'lhA f"''.:fAO'I-'t (to;:& fH

defensiv.e (n.) ODhl\hA

The army is on the defensive. ll,t.'f!.fl floo
hl\hA

1\f. ' ).,.

The

defiant 7.!1"fl+l;'
The father punished his son, but he remained
just as defiant as before. t.Q-1-IIo.,. ' A'lP
fl4>"1a>-!l" 1-'t.<'.Od.of: 1-!l"fl.,.... ll''l' 4><:
remain defiant h.Afl1C9'" l hA
Though he ran out of ammunition, the soldier

299

deficiency

remained defiant. 9"1'?" ~'tlo.'t 'l'f.'l- 0.

.I'A:J-0'1- t:J"Y.<;. I\A01e?" 1\11
deficiency
I. ~'1'~'1-. We suffered from a deficiency of
food. f?""lofl ~'1'~'1- "'f-'le Y.~(lofl't
2. .,.Y.-11'1-. The government is trying to remedy

the deficiencies in the collection of taxes.

O"lofle 1\(IQ(lofl 011-A .l'lltJJo't .,_Y.-11'1-
OO't"IP'T ' 11"7lfl'A ' OOO'I"he ' 1\f. ' )tJJo
there is a deficiency of 1-S'..ll
There is a deficiency of $50 in our club funds.
hhOQ:f't 1'tHofl :'?"il ofle '1-Y.-~A
deficient 0<1: .I'AIJ')

His deficient knowledge of algebra must be

corrected before the exam. 0<1: .I'AIJ')m-
fi\A~oflt- l-11-:J"m- hl..+<;m- 04.'1- oo

:J''i"'l- 1\110'1-

4. Y-)11. The constitution defines the succession to the throne. orft"J oo"J..,P'-11 f'lt'4o.,.
't 1\mt-~11 f.Y.)"I;JA
5. hllll. The treaty defined the borders of
the two countries. tD-ft. ro--ll4J'} h'lt:":fo
tD(l't ' hllll
be defined ;1-f

The tree is sharply defined in outline because

the sky is light and the tree is dark. (1"7\<
11'1-tJ ~4- "l't m.,_e .I'll 111111') :Joe
l\. '1-A.fo f.:J".I'A
definite
I. em>;' I e'l' 1 f+.,.~m. I want a definite
answer. em;;' oPAll lt.LIA;JII.rJ-.

Give me a definite decision before Friday.

h~eofl 04.'1- e'J' m-ilt 't1~'S

Mind now, this is not a definite promise. A.11

1\Y.-C"I I f.tJ f+ ..~m :J'A 1\f.Y.II?"

be deficient in 1-F.II.

This bread is deficient in vitamins.

definitive

~IJ ; ~(1

li.:J""'t't ' f-'1-Y.-II'I'A

mentally deficient h)..rf!"m- 1..lt"7

flY~

A mentally deficient person lacks normal

intelligence. Jr..>..rt:m- F.tt"7 fll"~ fl:m- ofl
AtJ)'J- 1-'1-Y.-II'I'A
deficit

I. ~'1'~'1-. There was a large deficit in the

budget. h'i' .I'll fQ~'J- ~'1'~'1- )Oe
2. hAt-. We suffered a great deficit because
the Suez Canal was closed. fll'll11 Pf. II
11-I'H;J h'i' .I'll h.il& Y.~(lofl't
defile (vt.)

I. 1\~hll. The barbarians defiled the church

by using it as a stable. 1\~ootl"'ll 0.+ hell
1:.1').'t :>'I' I\Y.-e1m- 1\~h(l-'J2. Ohll. The refuse defiled the rivers . .P.l'
lfm- m't~'ll't Ohll
defile (vi.) O(IA<;: 'tY.

2. f+m(l). I need a definite amount of

money before starting the business. 'l""1.4."}
hoo~oo&. 04.'1- f+tM 1'tH11 .1'111..
A1>;'A
3. ~C"I'I'. Is it definite that he will take the
job? P't-m-'t ~'tY."'tf-11 ~C"I'I' )m- 1
4. ( ~ adv.) 0-l'llf.. Have you anyone definite
in mind for the job? liP'tom- 0+111- .l'lloflh
tl}o I (ltD- I J\f\ ?

definite article f+mM oo/1+1\?"e

In English, the definite article is used more

often than in Amharic. lJ"7e>;' f.A:Jo 0
~'t"lll11>;' f+tM oo/1+1\?"e f.OAm-'t
"LII. J.'.)1.!-A

definitely O~e"l'l'
I am definitely coming.

O~C"'JT

)toolfJA~

definition <;::{-

Look up the definition of "jet'" in the dictionary! f:( '1-'t o;:l- 0001110 :J'I\'1- m-

The soldiers defiled to the barracks. m:J"Y.I!''Il

11'1' +ooAh'l-

mY. (ll..t-'l'm- O(IA<;: 't'l.

*The definition of the mayor's duties is

prescribed by law. fh'ttQm- P'A"''t O.lt

define
I. tJJ(l). Criminal law defines the different
kinds of crimes. ft't~ll>;' oo:J-""1 .lt"l
AI< AI< t't~ll-":f't f.tll'i"A

2. 1\11~'1. Please listen while I define your

duties. -I'"IQetJ't illl~'ltJ 1\'l?"m'S
3. o;::f lim. Can you define the word "democracy""? 'l.'l"ht-fl. f-I'QIIm-'t :J'A 'i'l-
A'J-(l'J' '1-":flllltJ 1

"I +tIIS:A
definitive
I. ( ~ adv.) O"IAll". He clarified his stand with a
definitive statement. 1\ll:ou-'t O"IAll" 1\11~'1

2. ( ~ noun) "7il~"L.I'. He published the definitive biography of George Washington. f}F;e~

'1'1i't"l-l''t't ' f.ltf.t'l- ' :J"&h ' .,... ~"L.I' 1\

il+oo

degree

300

deflate
*He made me a definitive offer of the job.
P'&.fD"'t ~'tS'."Y.I'lm'S t.~;>1mA'S

deflate
I. t.l'l.,.~.&.l'l. The little boy deflated the tires
of my car. '1-'tn:- ~~~~ fouh.'i'\lo't 1"'1
l"l- M_,.~.LMI'S
2. 11:r> t.S'-~1. The rebuke deflated him . .,..,
1\.fD" 1J:r> t.S'-~1,.
deflect R/1.11 t.:r>"'"'i t.!lh.S'.
A spectator deflected the ball. h.,.ouAttl-
t.'tJI. \\11..,. 0/1.~ t.:r>"'"'i t.!lh.S'.
deform
I. t.O~lf. The accident deformed his face.
t.S'.:>,. "'-""'~' t.O~lf,.
2. t.m'i-. Anger deformed his face. 't 1.'1-
ouAh-'t t.m'i-fD"
3. t.'tlf.&..&.. Shoes that are too tight deform
the feet. mqiJ "'i"'l ~'1C .l"tlf'i''i-A
4. hltll 1-S'.II- t.S'-~1. In cases where the
drug was taken during pregoaocy, it deformed
the infants. O~C'111'i' '1..11. f"Y.ml't.<:.- oo.<:.:lot-'1- .lt!).'t t.ltll 1-S'.II- J'S'.C1'1'A
be deformed m"7.Y tr~

2. '1-~~li''t "11'1. Despite threats, he continued to defy me. q!l.r.&.&.fD"'I" ~'t\\'t

'1-~~H.'t hoo"'!l hA.,.'i&mO'I" (or '1-~
~H.'t """11'1-'t t.A.,.m'l")
3. h41'1" ~1C <\J'.'l'.LfD" .,.~. The Ethiopians defied theltalianorderto surrender. t.-'1f-kJ'fD",I"t Ml'l-u-'t !lm- f"Y.IIfD"'t f"'
II.J''t't 'l-~~11 h41'1" ~1C <\1'>'1'4-'1- "'"~4 . .,.:J>moo. The boy defiedhisfather'sauthority. Al!: yq.,.,. 'l-M11 .,.:J>moo
5. .,.ot1/ou. His obstinate fever defied the doctor's attempt to cure it. f"'IS'>01~,. '1-h-<\
., "'h.... ' 11"'1-'l't ' J'S'.~1fD"'t ' ...h&. ' utr '

.,.**""

*They defied him to jump off the bridge.

h.I:.'A.I:.-1' o ~H~IIu- O.A t.;J-S'.C1fD" 1111
, . ' 14-4-'lThe door defied all attempts to open it.
0'1- O'l"'t'l" 001'1.1:.' t.A01C t.ll
defy capture t.Y.01C'I"
This strong fort defies capture. Y.U 'l'ofl:r>
'1"'11'1 t.Y.01C'I"

degenerate (v.) .,.O~lf

The morale of the soldiers degenerated, and
they were unable to fight. fm;J-S'.C':r; 'l"&.A
!III.,.Mlf IIOO'I';>'l- t.Ail'll'l"

deformity t.ltll 1-S'.II-~'lHis deformity prevented him from playing

games. t.ltll 1-S'.II-~., ii?"C'l- ~'t'IJ'."'i

(be) degenerate oo't.&.l'l J'.lt"'l If~

He denied that the young men of his generation
were degenerate. fHoo). m"lf-l- oo't.&.l'l
s-.tt"'l ""'"'" f"Y.IIfD"'t t.!I.,.J'f'l- t.!l.,.qoll

The boy's foot is deformed, and so he cannot

play games. fAJI: ~'1C m"'l"'l
ll."'im'l- t.Y.l-A'I"

mol-

!llllf~

hS'-~1,.

defraud t."l'"O~O~
The seller must not defraud the buyer. lf"l'"
11C't "'l"l'"OCOC fiiO'l-'1"
defray 11'11
Each passenger must defray his own expenses.
~'l'tJI. ou't1S'.>;' f&-1'1-'t m.u. ooiJ'
A t.II0-'1deft.,.A"''iThe fingers of a piaoist must he deft. f"CJ''i
-f-"'i'f'l- o "J.f'll o .,.11\"14- 0 OO!f't ' t.llq'ffD"
(be) defunct 01"&. ~I'> t.A'I'II'I"
The treaty has been defunct for the last three
years. ltll.&.fD" 1"11'1- '""-'~- ~'I"C' fD"lr
01"&. ~I'> hA'I'II'I"
defy (defied)
I. "11'1. If you defy the law, you will he punished . .lt.,.'t ' il'l-'1'!1 ;r._,."'IIU

degrade 11:r> ~1

The appointment the minister received

graded him. f.,.l'lmfD"
1J:r> ' h~1fD"

n:-ou;r.

de~

"Y.til'l--1-'t

degree
I. J'.a. Ras is a title of high degree. &.!1 h
'i'.,..,. ' f"76~'1 ' S'.~ll' ~,.
His work has reached a high degree of excellence. P' &.fD" h'i'.,.,. ~11' S'.Cj).A
3. u-~;J-1 t.\\:\'t. Each of us, in varying degrees,
has learned this for himself. ~'t'l't'll-'t 0
.,.IIJ'f u-~;1- o (t.\\:\'t) J'.U't llf&.<\:f't
h'l''t.,.~'I'A

4. '1.'1&. He received his degree at the University of California. 'l'1&fD"'t hltii.&::CV

l'tliCII.1: t.1"f
Last night, the temperature dropped ten
degrees. '1-~'t'l-'i' .,;I- J'f-1- ....,.;r. q,..
c. '1.'1& 1J:r> ' t.ll

by degrees +il n+il

By degrees, the lake gets warm enough to swim
in. +il n+il ,,..,. 11"" Ailll."":f 11:
~il ,I'.'I":I'A
to a certain degree noom').

To a certain degree, he is responsible. noum). I

""" ~1\4. tdJo
to what de1ree M

FtJA

To what degree are you interested in reading?

.,')011 !I"') filA Jl.io ,I'.AYA l
deify (deified) AODIIh
The Romans deified their emperors. t:"''DJof')
't.,.,.,.,,,.'t f""Ah- tnc

deign
*The governor deigned to grant us an audience.
1"1CCIJo

deliberate

301

deify

M'> OD{III-

M;J1~')

*He passed by without deigning to look at me.

h11<-"t ll""mn:t ll.A 11mc 1111-?" it
If'S All~

would you deign to have dinner with us?

h'l' ;JC At-'1- IIOD1111'1- ~:l'!l:f' fl.tl"t l
deity (deities)
I. A?"llh (pl. A.,Ah'l-) I "'PT. This book
describes the deities of ancient Greece. ,1'.11
ODK".h'i' f'l''tT "16h't A.,Ah'l- fil~
'lA

be delayed 111f

The trip was delayed because of fog.

.,.~,.

R"l",;~.,. ?"h't.l''l- 111f

delay (n.) ""IMf'IWhat is causing his delay? fODJI"/f.,. ?"h't

1'1-

!I"')J.':')

tm-1

be subject to delay TH1f

The planes are subject to delay when there is

fog. "l",;J"' ll.tl"t A~TII'l':f ,1'.1111/r
without delay it,l'.ll1,1'.

Do it without delay I it'l-111,1'. AII:C11Ddelegate (v.)

I. mhll. He delegated the authority to his
son during his absence. qAtn~n'l- 1.JI.
P'A"'l''t IIA)I: mbll

The children delegated her to buy the flowers.

t.nqiJJo') A'tll:'l-1~11'1'm- AJ>:'Il mh!l.'l2. llh. He delegated his son to represent him
at the conference. Ril11(1qm- 11,1'. A"tJI.m
hllm- A)l:'t llhmdelegate (n.) ODMh-1-'l'
The delegates will arrive tomorrow. ouAAh-1-

>/''ll t1 ,l'.1qir
delegation

"'PT .('ODAIJ. tRC

I. ODAAh-1-'l':f. Will you receive this delegation? MJI.tl') oufAAh-1-'l':f 'I-4>RIIII:fu- l

2. ( = to delegate) .,hoi-~A. The delegation of
duties to others is part of an executive's job.

2. A?"llht'l-. The deity of Christ is recognized

by the Christians. fhCil.fil't A?"llht'l-

tiD-

Many ancient peoples worshipped the sun as

a deity. 1111- f'J")'I- tlf':f D.h,l'.') A'tJI.

hCM:f'l':f T4>1111m-;f-A

deject Tilol- Aii'IL~m

Such news dejects me.
ilol- filotcm'l' A

~1.4.11

Ill me'- .,.

11: .hll't mJI..,.n'ltook dejected flit ,I'.ODMA

Why is she looking so dejected? 11!1"') A't

Jl.ll.tl fllt:f T""MII:f l

delay (vt.)
I.

Ail-1-1111~.

-1-IIA~m-

We are going to delay the trip

.,.~IJJo')

II') II: it!l"')'l- A'i'il

tm-

2. All1f. The accident delayed him. AJI.;JOJo

All1fm-

.,hUA fqiiP'A"''t T"lqc

delete Mil
The censor deleted several words. it't"""" 11

(be) dejected b~ .hll't mJI.+(n'l-)

The coach was dejected after the defeat of
his team. AIPA"'"t' RII-J.':l' OD!rt'l' hq

for a week .

~ll,f.t'l-'t

II- :1'11'1- (I~JI

deleterious, have a ~ effect on '1-.11

Smoking has a deleterious effect on one's
health. "7Q;l.il f(IIJJo') m.'i' ,1'.'1-.IIA
deliberate (v.)
I. -!-ou!Jh~. We were deliberating what to do.
A'tJI."7.1q nouODIJbC 11,1'.
tne"t
2. Al'llltlll. I was deliberating where to put
up my new picture. AJI.flo') P'lJfl.') f'l-
A'tJI.?"tl:tA AMiiA tnc
!I"') .,11:~"1

deliberate (adj.)
I. '1")41:,0. A minister should be deliberate in
his speeches. "'Uii'I-C R't"'"'"" 'l''t41:t
outJ"t Alln'l-

302

deliberately

2. IJ') -1111- fTf.~~- His excuse was a deliberate lie. fllmm- ll"h't.I'T IJ') -1111- fTf.~
~

m-ifT )fiC

*The old man walked with deliberate steps.

11.,.,~~,,_

'

l\.fODtn) ' Tt:-ODf.

deliberately IJ') -1111- 1 om-.f.

I do not think he did it deliberately. IJ') -II
1\- o (OtD-.f.) o fP't:-tJJ- />.f.OD{III"ill"

delinquent
delight (vi.) T(l"f

We delighted in our good fortune. nooAIJII"

"~~~:f't ' .,. ...n
be delighted f.il hll(m-)
I was delighted to see him. l\.11-'t R.,f-1: f.
il ' hll"i
delight (n.) f.ii:JTbe boys were grinning with delight. A}('ll n
f.ii;J- of.~"' -lllltD- )fiC

deliberation
I. m-f.f.T. After much deliberation, they
passed the bill. h-1111- m-f.f.T R:\11 fih"l't ' ~<1:'1> ' hlU'-.,.T
2 . .,OJ-I'IT'O .,m-~~- The judge gave his
decision after long deliberation . .c.;;;:liJo b-tl
H- .,ID-"'T'O .,m-~~ R:\11 'i'C~ (lm
3. 'l''t-"'of:. The hunter aimed his gun with
great deliberation. hJI't' ' moo't)i'tJJ-'t ' n-o
H- 'l''t-"'of: M"'m~

delightful I>.Mil:f
We have had a delightful evening. hilf.ll:'f
11"1iT ' hllll'i"t

delimit mM
The chairman delimited the topic for discussion. IL+ oo'tfi'l- f't"'"''l-'t hCll.iiT
ID/1)

delicacy (delicacies)
I. h-iiUT. The child's delicacy was a constant worry to his mother. l\.'0-1> RA~ hilii)T .I'II.,'J/~'1' T""')'Jo )fiC
2. AMI\. The delicacy of a flower allows it
to be easily damaged. ~>.nq R-1'1111- "-1-'1
f"'-:'flltJJ- AMI\ Mllm- )tJJ-

*Tbe delicacy of a baby's skin makes it pleasant

to touch. fiht't ~~~ IIMil illlll') (l.Jiiii\-

T f.il

*To his great delight, he passed the exams.

oi.T'OID-'t 0.,114- of.)mH

f.IIA

delicate
I. (lAhh .I'll. She has delicate features. (lAh

delineate
I. hllll. The commission delineated the boundaries of Somalia. l>"'-{1.1'-\o- fll-.,"-.."t m(l't
h/111
2. hii~JI. He delineated the plan with great
care. ll.'l>-'1-'t Rh'i'T>;' 'l''t-"'4: hil~'l
delinquency (delinquencies) tD't)';A l '1'4-T
Juvenile delinquency is widespread at present.
R~t. 1..11. fiD"'T A}(:f ID't)';A Til4'i';I:A

Corporal punishment deters delinquency

among the young. hhiJA llf. f"'-.1'.~"1

h .I'll ooAh hilT

'1-"'T '

2. -llilhilh. A spider's web is very delicate.

fif ~ciT ~C R"'ll" -llilhilh )m-

*His property was seized because of delinquency in paying taxes. :J-h il ilf.h'i'A n

be delicate

1\,e r

lHJ:~j; ~

llf. ' )tJJ;~-.,.,_

'OT

delicious "14-"1"
This is delicious candy. f.ll "14-"1"

h~"'L

II ' )tJJ-

be delicious

nntr

IIJLm

Just taste this! It's delicious. ll.il-t 'Jooo(lm- I

R"'ll" f."''i'"'A

delight (vt.) Mf.IIT

Toys delight a child. hlf't"I-/L-1'-:f iht't't
.I'Mii:J-11-

h'1'4-T '

.I'C-"'A

oo'Jo~-1> 't-11~-1> T.I'HRT

~aJo

The international situation is delicate at

present. qu-'t 1..11. f~llll" u-~:J- R'J/'i'
*Her health is very delicate.

ID"'-1'-:f't '

delinquent (n.) -'1-C\1.

The boy became a delinquent as a result of
associating with bad companions. All: hOD
'I'll: A}(:f :>C fiOD'I'/1- ' -'1-C\1. IJ')
delinquent (adj.) T"'q-1-'t f.,f.oi.IIOII"

Delinquent parents deserve punishment. fmll

~)T T"'qt:-'f'ID-'t ' Mf-.1.110- IDII}(:f

'1-"'T

Mq'f"''A

*The owner lost his house when it was sold

for delinquent taxes. qllfi..IJ .I'IIRT't tJJ-11
'i' "1-IIC llf.h'i'A fiOD'Jo~-1> IL-l> Tifm
become delinquent -'I..I'LliJo -t-l\i\L

His bill became delinquent. f oh.llfl- ODh.I.J'

1..11.tD- TIIA~

delirious

demand

303

(become) delirious
I. l\:J>1r(m-). The patient's temperature went
up, and he became delirious. 01i.,.'?m- '1-ll11-lo lliiOq 1:l'"II"'I'IA
2. f"''.J'f.C~m-'J l\"1. She was delirious with
joy. Of.ll:f" -oq'l- ff":f"f.~m-'J h"':f
deliver
I. hf.<:ll. Please deliver these packages to
my hotel. Mtt.U'J 1 '1''1>11-:f 1.1Y1:1\. h
f.-CiliA'S
2. 1\h (.,.1\h). That will he delivered to you.
1 1\'J_,. ' f.llhtAYIA
3. 7.:1' l\0.'1- f.'<:ll t.ou"'. This store
delivers free of charge . .eu ouf.iJC 1 111'1>'1'
1 ' 'I':> ' l\:1' ' l\0.'1- ' f.'<:ll ' 1oP"lfA
4. Of.ll. The postman delivers letters. ?'ll.,.'?
m- f.ofVIILJ":f'J 1 1.'1\IA
5. hll.,.l\lld.. The telephone is an expedient
way to deliver messages. oPfAl\h'I-'J 11"7ll.,.
1\ll'i' ' lltAh ' ,.,.; ' flY~ ' oP'J~f.' ' ~ ....
6. (lfD<:. May God deliver us from all evil!
l\"IH.hil.to.e hh4- ~~c u-tr .el'lm-<:'J
7. 11\1A. Deliver me from such tiresome
people! l\'Jf.H.U 1}11- h"''.llll,.; l'll":f
~1\"tii'S

8. hiiiAG: lim. They delivered the fortress

to the enemy only after a long siege. llilll-
"1.11. h.,.hoo- 0:\11 9"11'1-'J llmll'l-
hiiiAd.tJJo ' l'lm-

9. ~~~~II. She delivered exactly when the

doctor had predicted she wonld. 1'-h-K- '1-

~~~~1\ll:f ' QlltJJo ' ll<t'l- ' .,.~1\1/l:f

deliver the baby r\'1-I'"'I''J h'l'llf.:f

The midwife delivered the baby this morning.

1'.'1'1\:(. ' q.:,. ' tp.'l- ' r\'1-I'"'I''J ' h'l'llf.:f
be delivered h.C~-l- fDIIJ

After many efforts, they were delivered from

bondage. hi!H- "1.11. '1'<:'1- 0:\1\ hQC~
'1- hCt'l- mm[See also 'slavery, talk']

delivery
I. 1'.4'&-<:il. The delivery of his speech was
admired by all. M"l"l~ 1'.4'&-<:il 011-11-9"
H'Jf.' _,.f.t4'
2. ( ~ verb) :f"f.ll. There will he no delivery
of mail on Sundays or holidays. l\.,_1.'
m.er OR-tiA .,.., f.i!JIO. hf.:f"f.IA9"
3. ( ~ verb) hll<:hO. I will pay you on
delivery. ll:J-ll<:hO'S l\h'i'IAYIIu4. ( ~ verb) hd.ll. The captive was released

after the delivery of his ransom. 9"Cl>'?m-

(J.qtJJo') ' hhd.ll ' 0:\1\ ' .,.11.,..,.

delta [m'Jll hm-'1>1'l'll ;>C 0"7.~..-'SO'I- 0

f.IIIA ouh"7:f'l- 9"h'J1'1- f"''.d.mC out.'!-]
delude oneself &-li-'J h'l""f
He deludes himself with false hope. Oh'J-Io
.,.llof. ' &-li-'J ' 1'1"'?lA
delude one into

*His conceit deluded him into believing he

was important. Ol\i16-lo .,.f.IAII- '1-IA'J> ll
.... ' ~'S ' h"711'1- ' f.<:ll

deluge (v.) 1'.'1'114'114'

The rain deluged the village. 11<;9" ou'Jf.
~'J

' h'1'114'114'mdeluge with t.ma(O'I-)

The audience deluged him with questions.

h-'1"7"""" f'1'1of: ou-t'l- t.m<:JI.O'I-

deluge (n.)
I. '1-C'i'. A deluge flooded the city. '1-C'i' h
.,..,,.., ' h'1'114'114'tJJo

2. f'l'of.'l- m-;Jo. After the deluge, Noah's

ark came to rest on Mt. Ararat. hTof..-,. m;Jo 0:\1\ f'l'"o oPChil Oh&-&-'1- _,.&&- ' 1\f. ' .fou:f
3. ou-t'l-. A deluge of questions followed his
talk. h'J"I"I~ 0:\1\ f'l'1of: ou-t'l- m<;f.O'I-

(be) deluged ( ~ deluge) '1-<:d.(O'I-)

+He was deluged with letters protesting his
decision to close the school. '1-f"UC'I- 0.-lo
'J /loPli;J'I- 1f.<:~m-'J m-ill!. f"''.:J>m
.... ' f.i!JIO.l":f ' '1-<:4-0'1-

delusion h'J-Io ll'"I.'IHis delusions of grandeur led him to disappointment. h'J-to f'I-IA'I-~'1- ll'"l.-lo hi!
ll.,.'l- ' "-"' ' "111mhave a delusion 111\01..

The insane man had a delusion that he was

king. "'""" ' (ltJJo ' .,.,.,., '

,._. ~oc

~'S

' 7.111 ' """'"

delve h'l'il.f d.M

The scholar delved in many libraries for facts.
,.~ ' oP<;JI"l":f'J ' 11"7"1"f'l- ' '""" ' 0..,. '
ODII.h'i''l- ' tJJo{l'J' ' h'l'il.f ' d./11

demand (v.)
1. mf+. He is demanding more money.
.,.""-"76 nu-o .emf.:l'IA

demand

304

This work demands great patience. Y..ll I"

&- oflll- '1-b.,P''J- Y..mY..:NA
2. a>ll.l'.(fl'l-). His business demanded his full
time. 1"&-m- "l..ll.lD-1 flou-11- a>(IJ'.fl'J3. hlt1U. He demands that I tell him
everything. 11-11-1,. ~~C 1.1.l'.-~.,<:m- Y
ll1J'.-.<'.'11A
demand (n.)
I. '1''11'1-. The library cannot supply the
demand for books. 11.1- ODJ\'dt'i'-1: ll""ll,'h'i'
'1- Yllm-"t '1''11'1- ll..l'<:lt hY..":fiA,2. of-of.'\1..~'1-. There is a great demand for
teachers in this country. fllf.tl h~C m-ll
'I' I fOD,.tJi$-1 I of-of.'\1.~'J- I b'i'of-'1 I ~(IJoo
3. 1?.:1' of-of.'\1..~'1-. Value is relative to demand.
'I';JlD- ' 1.1.<'. ' 1.:J'lD- ' of-of.'\1..~'1- ' ~"'"
4. f"''..mY..4'm- ~~c. He is moderate in his
demands. f"''..mY..4'm- )~C oum)>;' )m5 . .e.~tt>;'A f"''..llm-. The demands of the client
could not be met . .<'.1fl'1m- .e.~tt>;'A f"''..
1\lD-1 ll""of.ll'" hY..iJ'A,be In demand ..,.Lt\1

He is in great demand as a speaker. fl1.,

.,C O'I'<I:H fl"'ll" f"''..of.ll., (lm- )mmake demands on a>ll.l'.(fl'l-)
This job makes great demands on my time.
.e.u 1"&- oflH-m-"t 1.11.\1.1 .e.mll.l'.-ofl'11A
on demand O+mf+ 1.H.
Show this identification card on demand I
Y..t11 oo;rm-t:Y m<:4''1- fl-1-mf:,Otl 1.11.
MY..
demarcate
I. bllll. The surveyors demarcated the
boundary between Ethiopia and Somalia.
oorM.f\'ll fll\.'1-I'"A-Y..- fl{lo"711J' oultb/A
Yllm-1 m(l1 bllll2. 1-ltllll. I demarcated my land from his.
OD&.of;-1 b(lo ;JC 1-ltii/Abdemean h:J'IIII
You demean yourself by telling a lie. m-il"'1-
flOD ..~C ' &-/1111 ;1-:J'A'IIItl
*He demeans himself like a boor. fll.l'.-
h.<'.., mtt.e. hAmdemented 1.-fl.l'.He is a poort demented creature. ~tr r'llh.")
1.-fl.l'.- )mdemilitarize bm;I-J'.C )II h.<'.<:~
The treaty will demilitarize a broad zone

demonstration
between the two countries. ll,.II"H flu-11
-1: h~l!'":f oul)b/A f"''..~"fm-1 ll4. ll'i'
&- ' ba>;l-.l'.C ' )II ' Y.<'.C;JI\

demise
I. OD'J'of.'l-. The demise of ancient Rome did
not mean the end of the Latin language.
fl!',. I OD'J'of.'J- ' f'\1;1 ' !1/1!1/ ' "7-fl<I:Y I h
Mfl<:,2. ou'l"iJ'. Smoking will hasten the day of your
demise. "7<Q./I fou.,.iJ'u"t +"t Y+CO'I'/A
demobilize flof-)
Mter the war, the minister demobilized the
troops. b"'C)., fl:\'1 "''..~ll'K- ~1
flof-)
democracy (democracies) Jl.'l"b&-ll.
Democracy allows people to share in choosing
their leaders. Jl.'l"h&-ll. ,fi1Jflo ou&m-1
l."tJI.ouC'l' ' Y..of.:,O.l'.-11;1-/A

demolish
I. ha>J'.OD. The explosion demolished the
house. of.1l[m- 11.-1:1 hmJ'.outD2. m-J'.-:,0 h.<'.<:~. The results of his research
demolished many theories. fii"CII"(o tD-m.'J-
oflll- b"tll ' dtltll":f1 ' "'"....-:,. ' h.<'.<:~
be demolished

tD~OD

Our hopes were demolished by his refusal.

1,,-fl.

fl"71\.,

of"(lof.":f1

liJJ'.OD

demon oo1of.ll (pl..,...,'i'll'l-) 1 ;J~1

I do not believe in demons. fl"""'i'll'l- (fl;J~
1) MMII"
demonstrate (vt.)
I. hii<:JI. How would you demonstrate that
the world is round 1 'tl\9" hofl ODITj0.1
1.1.._'1- ;l-ll<:-'11111?
2. hltf. I will now demonstrate how the
machine works. hll-1 """'&Ym- 1.1.._'1-
1.1.<'."'1.."'&- ' h<\1111He demonstrated his courage by his actions
in battle. IDC~., I 'IY.. I 0of.IIODID- I of-"lq
c ~"l"t~-1:1 hltf
demonstrate (vi.) ll'\"7' llol\'1' h.<'.<:~
The students demonstrated against the war in
Vietnam. 1-"'Ml"'li fli.f'I-..-M 1 ...c~'l- 1 fl
OD:J'dJ9" 0 ll'\"7' I (ljl\<j: I AJ'.<:"Idemonstration
I. OD"III""i. A kiss is a demonstration of
affection. OD<\9" I f<j::,0C I OD"II\""i I ~(IJoo

demonstrative

denounce

305

2. "7!1Gll". The experiment was a clear demonstration that wood needs- oxygen to bum.

demure T.&T
Her demure behavior made her admired by all.

b1""-'l- {\(ID1J'.Y: l<hl'l.l[1 1.1F."7Jh

~A"'tiJo ..,.ht-tiJo "'AK" "7!1Gli' )OC
3. M"7' llA'i'. The demonstration caused
a riot. M"7'tiJo llA'i' Gofl!f 1>!1)"1
liVe a demonstration lt."JF..+ I lt."J~"7.,lPt- I
h{)f

T.&T mq,e<p frJ-11-1 l>Y:CO.fiT l>TCC:

'1;1-A

The salesman gave her a demonstration of

the sewing machine. l>lflf"" flld..T ""h.
c;tiJo 1.11.:,. 1.11'-"'L"'t- l>ll.I'T

h1"f.

[See also 'stage']

3. 1-Y:'!Y:. He found a den of foxes behind his

house. hiL-l> 'II!' 1>1Y: f.,.OC' 1-Y:'!

demonstrative
1. 0;>11 !1"'1.-1> .I'.,.GOtiJo. The girl's demonstrative greeting embarrassed her shy brother.
0;>11 ll"'LT .I'"'GO:ftiJo M!l":l' 'H~1
1>4.c W1Y:"J.1 h{)~GtiJo
2. h""A>t:f. "This" and "that" are demonstrative pronouns. ~UEi Y J\oPAlt:f TCIW\m
!l'l":f ...,.

demonstrator M"7' llA~'t

The demonstrators abused the speakers with
their shouting. ll'1"7' llA~'l''Jl .,.c;;>t:!P:f
1 O..."Ji;J-'ftiJo />ID\>.'ftiJo

demoralize
I. l>O'IIf. Habit-forming drugs demoralize
people's character. ll-!1 f"7Jil.f.lt- ""Y:~H
:f fll!P:f1 mq).'. .I'O'IIf 112. 'l"t-A llOG. An attack on the rear guard
demoralized the army. fF.;e). ""m:I'T f
,n<l-1 'l"t-A llOGtiJo

demote 11~ l>F.G1 1 IfG

He demoted him to director. IDS'. .tl.&.h.,.C)
T "7bG"' 11~ l>F.G1tiJo
The Emperor demoted the prime minister.
11-"' )1P'-I> m~'l,l'. "'I.~!IT<I-1 IfGtiJo
be demoted "7bG1-1 .,.1~~
.,.1~~

demotion DF.Gll" 11~ ""1'-G"' 1 oPifC

His demotion was announced in the paper.
OF.Gli' 11~ OOJ'.G"I- 0;>11."1 -1"11111
When the news came ou~ everyone was
surprised to hear of his demotion. f""lf <1- Ill
&. ".,. ...., 1.11. 11-11-!1" .,.J'.).,.

demur (demurred) 1>~"7'"1

He demurs when he should act at once.
.1'~). ""U!I" (1.1qtiJo .1'~"7'"1A

Y: ' M"f

denial
I. "7!l.,.qn.r. The government issued a denial
regarding the arrest of the ambassador. !Ill
J>!l"qllF.<~- ....,. ...c ....1..,,.....,. .,ll.,.qn.r
/>Ill"!
2. oP>tY:. I refuse to believe his denial that
he did not take the money. 11HD-1 l>AID(l
Y:h-!1" -fill- oP>t-'1-1 l>A.,.OIItiJo!l"
3. 1>11"""'""' His denial of our request seemed
very rude. 'I'.1'4:.1'lf11 1>11"""'"11- -RA"'<;
00{11\

denigrate l>m4He denigrated his opponent's good reputation.

f.,.:l''l'"'l.tiJo1 """'"~"' Ill"' l>m4-

denomination
I. fVY.'"I'rT w11. The Protestant denomination includes the Presbyterians and Baptists.
I'TC'1:1l;J-1T fV,I'.'"I'rT ID11 "rGilll.
-~:cnc; q"r-tllT1 .l'm:I'A'IA

2. 'I';> I Ah-1 f"'1.1AK" K".&'i'. On the

reverse of the coin, the denomination is
stamped. O'i't-111- ;ecq 'If. 'l';>tiJo (A
h-1 f"'1.1AK" K".&'i') :I'T"J.A

The corporal was demoted for insubordination.

OP'C 1>1\:l'tiJo qfi"":I'Hit- "7bG1-1

den
I. [T1'1i<; !I"'Jl flf):f 11'"110fl.l'<; {loa
Ft:.l' f!I";I-11\"'A h'i'A]
2. 'l'lf I "1-<1-. Why venture into the lion's
den? .1'10lltiJo1 'l'lf (.,.&.) !1"1 l>'I~G1 ?
They discovered a den of thieves. fi\.Q .,.1f

denote
I. .t.ooflb.,.. An S.O.S. signal denotes distress.
h.ll I< h.ll !I"AhT

:f"'C1 .l'""ilh:I'A

2. -'7A+ ~m-. The word "stool"' denotes

a small chair without a back. -ac....,
oPJ'.1~.1'

fl\.lltiJo T1'li ID!I"OC '"lilT

)tiJo

denounce
I. l>1D1H. The minister denounced gambling.
"'U!IT<I- 41'"1C1 l>1D11t-

2.

).,.~.

He made a fiery speech den<>uncing

..

fascism. f'l-'liliT't ;>.!I"~T Oou't+'i' "1f,

il'l' 't"I"'C M'.l:1
3. OOD't1C l>;>ilm. He denounced his own
brother to the police as a spy. m").<:-oo- M
f, ODif).'t il?"ll.ll 00D't1C l>;>ilm<Ddense 'I':J"I'-1> Yil
We drove through a dense fog. '1'-'i>'I':J> qil
fD"

departure

306

dense

;J..,

.,.

l1Jol\6J"

~}~')

densely
*This area is densely populated . .eu +Otl. 0
"'ll" .ft11-ll f,O~'I'II\
density '1'-1>'1'-1> "'lilT
The density of the forest prevented us from
seeing more than a little way ahead. f'-AIIm-
T:J>'I'-1> "'lilT &--1> M':cn ;>.'t.ll<;f.
bilhil't
dent (v.) ml:oPll
The impact dented the fender of the automobile. ..,.,_..-!> foPh.<;<D-'t Ll:'l-'t~ mt:
OD/IOJbe dented 1-lll:'I-S'.
That table was dented in moving. ml:A.qm-
ll.'i'i11 -1-lll:'I-S'.
dent (n.), make (dents) in 1>'1-S'.'I-S'.
Bullets had made dents in the steel helmet.
'l'f.T f-llt:T qc~"'m-'t l>'I-J!:?-1'-:J'Il\
not make a dent ~1.'.-r }\tu\m-

The doctor told him to stop smoking, but it

didn't make a dent. mh.oo- 11.11'&- ..,..,_ll
;>.'tii.J'~!I" IU"'t:m- ~1.:011" 1>4\ilmdentalf'I'Cll
There is no dental clinic in this village. OH.U
oP"JS'.C <D-ll'l' f'I'Cll mh.!l" ILT filii"
dentist (f)'I'Cll mh.!l"
I took my sister to the dentist because she had
a toothache. ;>."1-1: 'I'CII.'t lll\OD"'IT ms>.
'I'Cll mh.,. m/1.<:-1>.:,.
denude ql'-m-'t l>ll+t:mThe storm completely denuded the trees.
"1f.il'l'm- ~'I-ll qr:::'Jn qF-'I'lf<D-'t All
+&-lfmdenunciation (~to denounce) "'1<\"'T
The candidate's denunciation of his opponent
consisted of insults and lies. Mu.m- -t-m-'1.11<1
-t-+<;;~'t ii"'III"'T fii)Hl:<D- 11-11- IIJ:'il
..- m-ar:,. ~oc

deny (denied)
I. IJS'.. He denied his own signature. f1q
&-11-'t LC"'I liS'.
The prisoner denied the charges against him.
;>.llt:"'m- f-t-hllliOT't m't~ll\ liS'.
2. 1>11\-t-+Oil,... The gnard denied his request.
HO...m- 'I'Y4lm-'t 1>11\-t-+Oilm-!1"
3. l>ll-t-qoil. He denied that the young men
of his generation were degenerate. fffOD). at
"1-1'-:f OD'tLll S'.IJ"'I <;'I'm- f""-ii<D-'t
l>ll-t-Yf:,. l>li-J-qoil
4. ~L1. He denied them the opportunity
to go to college. loll.~ fou"'qT't ~.<:-A
)L:>lfmbe denied -t-hilhil

The appeal was denied.

f."'q~

-t-hilhil

depart
I. 'tS'.. He will depart in a short time. o:J>c-o
'1..11. ' f,'t.IIA
2. -t-ilf. The new method departs from the
old in several respects. hJLft. n~ hY:-t!"m-
OiiH- OD't1.1:' f.iiYA
depart from Amm

He departed from his usual way of working.

f-t-ilous>. fl>P'&-C HJ',m-") iiOJm
departed (n.) ?.:f
After a person dies, it is customary for the
priest to pray for the soul of the departed.
l>'t.l:' /IOJ- h'l"-t- 0:\'1 ' 4lll ' ii"J.~ )
fi:ll

ODKA-

fh\OD.e.,

)1C

~,..

department h<;:A
In which department of the store does he work?
OODS'.-fl'l- Of_.,..,...,. h'i'A f,P'&-A l
That sort of thing is not in my department.
;>.'tS'.H.U film- ~1C h~'t l>f.""ilhT!I"
department store ous>.-oc
The department store is closed. oos>.il'l- -tH"I:I:A
departure
I. OD'tJ:". His departure was unexpected.
oP'tJI, YA:l'I'IO ~OC
2. oo)lf. The bulletin lists the arrivals and
departures of all buses. "'lli;J-m4:J'm- fl>..,..,_
11-f>'fi't 11-ll- oPJ:"{..If<; ""~If f,Hl:11&-A
be a departure from h - - f'lDtiJ r

~ro-

To bury the dead the same day they died is a

departure from our old customs. -:l''t't f
bil-l: biiT oool>OC h'l''tT A"'IJ:- fOJ
tiJ

~CI)o

depend (on)
1. -J-"1oo). Can I depend on this airport
schedule or is it an old one? RILIJ fl\fD-C'TII't
TC"''.!-!1" ' llt.T"''OO't ' l\1-lllltJ. ' tD)1.it ' f
f ' )fD-!
I depend on my friend to help me. =iF.:;'\1. l\'tS'.
"'Lt:.-'l'f l\T"'iOO'tO;f-lltJ.
2 . .,..... ...,.:.,.. A man's dignity depends on his
character. f(tw- A~ h11~ OmfJ\< 11)1.
f..,.ODIPC:+ I

~8Jo

*Good health depends on good food. oollt.lJ!I"

11""111 fOOIIt.lJ!I" m.'tH OOoPt:.'J- )ID-

*That depends on the circumstances.

;J-8Jo

depose

307

depend

7..~~

o-t

i'aJo

It all depends ll~1. r.N~.+m- ~(Do

I may go to Ethiopia or I may not ; it all
depends. mF. h.'l-f'kY l\~F.- mf'.!l" hilt.
~F.' ' f'.l/'<;111. I l\'tS'. ' tJ.~;f-w- ' )fDdependable ;f-"1'f
A dependable friend will help you in time of
difficulty. ;t-"1'f =iF.:;' 01-"lc '1..11. J!.t:.

'IVA
dependency (dependencies) '1'1:;'
The Virgin Islands is a dependency of the
United States. fiiO['t F-11.+1- ff.<;J!.'I-S'.'
il-1:'1-it ' '1'1'i' ' ""'

(be) dependent on
1. .,..... ...,.:,.,.. A farmer's success is dependent
on having the right kind of weather for his
crops. nF.- ' 104. ' fl'l1111t. ' .,..,c ' 01-it
..,"'L YfC mflf'. IIJ!. f1'oooPt:,1' )fD2. 0 - - '1-h'lf Ill'- 'l'.:. A child is dependent
on its parents for food and clothing. A~ A
111'1-'t<; !1""111-'t 11"1"1'f'l- Omll;i<'fi '1-h
'If 11)1. ' OD'l'C ' l\IIO'f3. fl'l-'t l\~ l\Yf 'l'.:.l'mfinanciallydependent on him. onn11 nl>-111. fl'l-'t l\~
l\YftJ. ' l\'l'o!-lltJ.
4. -J-m(t). Our trip is dependent on the weather.
1-!l.1-'t f"tml'l)fD- 'If~ tJ.~;f- )fDdepict
1. 11111. The book depicted life in Tibet.
OOX'd14- ' 01:0.'1- ' Yllw-'t ' 'l-1!' ' 11111
2. l\ilf. The big painting depicts Christ's
crucifixion. 'l-111.4< P'611t. fhcit+it"t it:,OII
'1- ' Yo'IYA
deplete "".:1'1
Illness depleted his strength. <boo?" 1-llt.O-I>"t
....:(tw-

A disease depleted the lake of fish. 011;1- f

d1)1.4<'t ' 't"f ' ....:1'1
be depleted 0"1!1" 1-+M
Our resources in men have been depleted by
war. f(tw- ..,,_111-'t OtllC)'f- 0"111" '
1-+'t!).llt.
deplorable
1. l\il~'f. This was a deplorable accident.
J!.IJ l\il~'f l\1-;J )OC
2. f"'LYitmll. This room is in deplorable order.
J!.ll h'i'llt. O"'LYitmll tJ.~;f- Ill'- )w-

You have deplorable manners. f""LJ'llmil m

flY. ' l\11111J
3. hith.L. We must all share the blame for
this deplorable condition. IIII.IJ hith.f. .,.~
;f- tJ.II:f't!l" 1-m:f'"P-f- )'t

deplore
1. l\H). We deplore the accident. itll h
S'.;JID- ' l\<;11<;11't
2. f1'1'1"1m-'t :,O<~.;t- 11111. The government

deplored the mass demonstrations. ilA1"1..i:1

'f-111.:,0 o 1'111"1'1! o l'lllt.'i! o OO't"fP'-fl ' fT
l'l"1fD-'t ' :,O<~.;f- ' 11111

tD- o

deploy Ofm1'l- l\1'1..,.!The general deployed the troops for a charge.

:(~.!-11- mll'l-"t 11"1'1':"'1- l\"t'l.oo:f m
;f-F.C''fi't Ofm1'l- l\1'1"1.!depopulate f <111111 "111~'1- ""0:1'1
A plague almost depopulated Europe in the
Middle Ages. OoPlJhll'i'w- noo't m.:.c1i'f
Yw-en a.1111 "111~'1- ll.""caw- !l"'t
II" hllt.+t:.m-!1" )OC
deport lJ1C l\itm"'
The government deported the spy. oo't"IP'-1>
M f.'t lJ1C l\itm"'mdeport oneself

*John deports himself like a

f'.h'tit f""'l' mfJJ!. l\llfD-

gentleman.

depose
1. f!l"ithC)'f- :"11-'t l'lm. He deposed that
he had seen the prisoner on the day of the
murder. f)'i'it "1-'lf. 01'.1.11"" 611'1- l\it
t:.'i'w-"t l\J!.'Ii'l'lltJ. 1111- f!l"ithC)'f- :"11'tl'lm
2. hiM-'t hmt:.S'.. In Greece, the radical party
deposed the king. O"l&h l\1C 'i'R-!1" ' lltD'1' t.II'I..ID' h'i'llt. 't1-,...'t hn-'1-'t hm

.:.s-.w-

3. hP'A"''t hOJGS'.. The people deposed the

dictator . .l.1111- t.!l"q 1~lo-'t hi"A"'lo- tom
GS'.OJ-

deposit (v.)
I. t.II<J>oom. He deposited the books on the
desk. oox-dtG:'Ih flmGA.~m- 11,1'. t.II<J>oom
I will have to deposit some money at the bank.
nu-n l\q'th "'lii<J>oo.,. t.11-n>1
2. t.h"'l'l' I boot;. The flood deposited a layer
of mud in the streets. ,..C4- flOD't1.ol. 11,1'.
S'.IIA t.h"'l'l' (hoot;)

.,.4:.-,.

deposit (n.)

I. ooy..,-. I had to pay five cents deposit for the

bottle. 1\mcou-a- aoy..,- hl"'il:,. ft't1:1"'
ODbof..&l. ' ~flt;o(l'{
2. 11:1'"11". There are mineral deposits in the
Congo. fll>'t1 f"'l~~'t 11:1'"11" All
A deposit of jewels was stolen from the hotel
safe. 11'1:11- IJ11'i" OJ-11'1' f-t-<J>oomm- h
A"'/11 1-IIG<J>
*Potash is obtained from deposits in the desert.
;r;,.-li hflGY OJ-11'1' 1-h"'l:f-.f J'.1'1A
date of deposit 1'lH-R

f++oumnT

"'.H.

Interest is reckoned from the date of deposit.

OJII.ol. f"7.:f"ilflm- 1'tHII- h-t-<J>oomn:,. 1.
H. ' h'ti".P. ' ~tilmake a deposit hll.,.oPtn
I still have to make a deposit at the bank.
t.o-"tl"" ILII''t 1'tHofl llq"th "'111<1'""'1'
Mofl'1
[See also 'mud')

deposition flK".ft.'i' .f<I'Gfl f!l"ilhc~:,. :l'A.

His deposition was not accepted by the judge.
nx-m.'i' .f<I'Gflm-"t f!l"ilhc~:,. :1'11-'t
.11'1m- t.AT<l'fli\OJ-!1"
give a deposition ?A-'1

depression

308

deposit

O&"tft.tt:

{lm

He could not attend the trial, so he gave a

deposition. 'i'C~ n.:,. ""~Gofl 1111&1..!1'
II :1'11-'t flK"dto'i' lim

depository "'lil<l'oP"'i
The hotel's depository for valuables is located
behind the reception desk. 11'1:11- m-11'1' .fll
OJ- ' fOJ-~ 0 l\:J'jP"fo o "'/ii<J>OD"'i 0 l\'t"'JI 0 oP<J>
nym- mGA.~ :\11 ~m-

depot "111"11" n.:,.

A depot for automatic weapons is next to the
police station. ft.m-+"'11:h """lt..f!Pl- "'
l"'li" ' n.:,. ' h?'ll.il ' "'IL.fOJ- ' <1''1'11- ' ~OJ-

deprave t.flllif
Drinking too much alcohol depraves a person's
character. f"t.filhC ""m'l' n-n~:,. ""m
"':,. film-"t mq,l'. .ffllllfA

depraved

~m-G.,.

The newspaper reported on the depraved

criminal. :>11."101- 1111 ~m-.:.,.m- m"t)>;ll
'1 hTT

deprecate t.'t...,M
Some people deprecate modem art.
il!l'l- H""'i"' I"~A't .f't....ilftll-

t."t.ll't~

11~ t.S'.G1
The government depreciated its currency.
OD't"'l":,. fll1t.-f>'t f1"tHofl 'I':> 11~
t.S'.G1

depreciate (vt.)

depreciate (vi.) cp ,;JID" .,.Hl

A house depreciates rapidly if not kept in

repair. n.:,. flf1.H.OJ- IJA;f-S'.il 'I';>m- .P.
II- .P.II- J'.<l"tftA
depreciate in value cp;JaJo'1 +){1
Money depreciates in value every year. flf'\OD
-1> 1'tHofl 'I':>01-'t J'.niiA

depress
I. ~c hil"f I t.ftH~. His letters always depress me. S'.ofJ.'III.m- o-&1. 1.11. ~C .fil"f
'1&1.

The news he received today depressed him.

~.:. fil"'l..,. m.:. t.ttn~m2. 1-"'i~. Depress the gas pedal slowly! fll.'tll.
't ' ODil"'iOJ-'t ' <J>il ' .fll\11 ' T""i~OJ3. t.<I'H<I'H. High tariffs have depressed
world trade. h'i'-1'.,. <I'G'I' f'\IIM 't"'
~ h<1'11~P;f-A
4. t.Hflm. The heavy trucks depressed the road .
hqp..,.; ooh..,.,..,. oo<t1.o1."t t.unm-:,.

(be) depressed

hH~

He has been very depressed. 0"111" h11'f

~oc

depressing t.ilhd.
His very presence is depressing. l\11.11 0011"
"" ' -nil' ' t.ilhd. ' ~til-

depression
I. .,.~~. After the rain, every depression in
the road was filled with water. h11'i"11 fl:\11
0foP't1.ol. ' 11,1'. ' -'~~""" ' 1-~'lP..l- ' IJ-1\- '
OJo;) lli'I'Gm- ~oc
2. 111:1-~ il'i't.-. Lake Assai is located in

a large depression in the Rift Yailey. fhltA 1 dl

r.:f- 1 R:NI"' 1 IfA.,. 1 ....11"' 1 nu'S 1 11c
.,.:

derivation

309

deprive

Itt;:,&.

f.Doll'T

'taJo

3. hf. 1 4"J. We lost all our money in the

depression. ?'tHQ:f't't 1 ,.11- 1 Rhf. 1 . , . , 1 ..._
~ll't

a fit of depression oflll"l'"."fo I .,.11-f.

""""~"'

He committed suicide in a fit of depression.

hoflll"l'"."fo I f.,.).., I (TIIof. I ROI>ot'~'J') I &1\-'J I ?Y.A
cause a depression h.UOm

The heavy weight of sand caused a depression

in the roof of the house. J'lf'l'fDo 1 hofiY.."fo 1
fiL.,, I IIJ&- I hHRtllfDo
deprive
I. hAhA. I wouldn't want to deprive you of
your cigarettes. 11.11"&-tl't 1 AhAhol\11 1 hoi\
l..ol\"19"

2. t.II+~(R."fo). I hope this won't deprive me

of your company. J"t'f't 1 h~ 1 ;>C 1 ooiJ''t 1
7.'tY."7J'II+Cofi'S I .,.11-f. I l\Y.C;>A,.
3. H;>(R."fo). The world deprived Ethiopia of
her chance to export coffee. 'M'J" 1 t..."fofokJ' 1
mY. 1 ID-"1'" 1 11-'i' 1 Aoollh 1 J'll."fo't 1 ~~A 1
H;>Q."fo
be deprived of
I. -t-?1..1... They were deprived of ail their
rights. ooofl;l-'ffDo't 1 ,.11- 1 T11..'1'A
2. .,.)m+. The student was deprived of his
1 DPK"dl
books and couldn't study .
G:'il't 1 ,.11- 1 IIA.,.)m+ 1 A.J'm'i' 1 t.Ail'
A'J"

.,..,tl....

depth 'I'A+."fo
The depth of this lake has never been measured.
fll.tl I .,,.:,. I 'I'A+."fo I TAh-fo'J" I t.J'....:,O
*The depth of his love led him to commit
suicide when his wife died. A"til., 1 f)R~fJJo 1
'i':f-C 1 fmA+ 1 IIA)RC 1 R'I"T:f 1 "1.11. 1 &1\-'t I ?M
from the depth of my heart hAofl
I thank you from the depth of my heart.
hol\ofl I l\OD{l"''tVA,.
In depth R'I'A:fo
He made a survey in depth of the economic
situation. fM'l'"'LID-'t 1 ,.~:1' 1 II'I'A:fo 1
00~-~

deputation h'tUil.
Our neighborhood sent a deputation to the
mayor to ask for street repairs. t"'L&ol-1 ou")

?J'.'Jl I h'J-'l.tn?\o I mY,. I h'J-f:QfJJo I l.'JUI\ I

1\h

deputy (deputies) 'J"h."foA

I am the chief here and he is my deputy.
'J'<;"fDo I ~'J" I 7,~ I )'S j 7,1\- I Y,."/'1" I 'J"h."fo/1. I
)fJJo
deputy minister 'J"h."foA 1 "'Ltll."foC
The deputy minister of agriculture will visit
our school. fhc'll" 1 'J"h."foA 1 "'Ltll."foc 1 ."fo
'J"tiC."fo I IL:J-:f't't I f-1-ofi'I'A
derail (vt.) fdi'Vl-'t t.:f-IIJ"i Amm
The enemy derailed the train. mll."fo 1 fdl-'l.
,11.'t 1 t.:f-IIJ"i AmmfJJo
be derailed dl-'l.JI.'t 1 A... 1 fDIIJ
The switch was left open, and the train was
derailed. fdl-'l.JI. 1 ""11"1..1' 1 h'i'."fo 1 (IA)RC 1
Q(K. I dl-'l.JI., I A.f> I fDIIJ
derange t.'i'mm
The war deranged his mind. tflC).,
m-'} :

t.h'J"C'

h."i"mmaJo

derangement
I. oo:J-m(l. The derangement of the schedule is
caused by the hijacking. f'f'C"''&-oo- 1 oo:J-m(l 1
fY.~(lfJJo I Rl\OJoC"f'l\1- I oPtnA'i' I ,.,.)..,I )IJ>o
2. ft.h'J"C' 1 oo<;m'l'. His derangement is caused
by the death of his wife. ft.h'J"C'OJo 1 oo'i'ID'l' 1
h"'LII., I OD'!"."fo I fT).., I )dJo
derelict
I. 'I'AT'I'. He is always derelict in his duty
and you cannotrelyonhim. rJ-A'LtL OP"~fD-
1\f. I 'I'AT'I' I IIAIJ') I A."foT"7DP'tR."fo I t.."fo:f
A'J"
2. (l9':f 1 fiiJII-."fo. A derelict ship is adrift
off the coast. (l9':f 1 fiiJ!I.:,. 1 DPChofl 1 Rm
~~- I t.:foo!-11..1' I ."fo'I'AA I )RC
deride l>I..H
The boys derided him for his vanity. R"'ofl11)
., I

AP:'Il

,.,_,,..,..,.

derision 1..11
Children dread the derision of their playmates.
A'J!.:f I R'lY."''iJ''I'OJo I 1..11 I R"''J" I f.l..&-11derivationl - of words P'CID 1 :J-1\."fo
This dictionary gives the derivation of words.
f.tl I 001110 I :J-1\."fo I P'CID I :J-1\."fo't I f-1
AliA
*This is a tune of Turkish derivation . .eo 11"7
foP)"'-ID- I h.,Ch I )dJo

descent

derive 111"f
He has not derived much benefit from his
studies. h-1-II"'UC-1> 1111- '1'~11"' 11'11"fll"'
*From which root do you derive this verb?
Mfl. P'C
be derived

II"'"H~:)IIJo

Tm~(l

Many Amharic words are derived from Geez.

1111- Y"'IC>f .+'1-l- f-t-m<:fl.-1- h"1~11
)IIJo

He made remarks that are derogatory to my

reputation. ll01.1' fOf.~lt ~1C T~1~
make derogatory remarks

h.1'!ti'"

1"~t!

He made derogatory remarks about the quality

of the food. !Ill 11"'"111- 1\'t!l/if -t-<;1<:

descend
1. m<:S'.. He desoended the mountain. -1-<l-<l-IIJo
't ' m<:S'.
2. .t.flfl. The river descends to the sea.
W'tll- mS'. Q..OC Y.LiiA
3. -1-'thQII- m.:s-.. These stones have appar

ently descended from the mountain tops. 7l ~

ILII J':") ;>V"":f h-1-&-&-IIJo ""l'i' lo.Y.
-1-'thQ/IIIJo fm<:JI. y.ooMtr
4. 11~ 1111. Prioes have descended during
the past month. Q/ILIIJo me n..+l"":f
'I'? 11~ 1111- )fiC
5. 1\.aJC..(;- 1\.'P~..(;- oPIIJ. This custom descends from the ancient Greeks. Y..tJ IAUOJY:
h'l''t:f'IIJoY't "l<ll>":f fl.WCY: fl.'I'<:Y: foP
I

)aJ-

6. -1-ii.IIL. This house will desoend to my son.

Y.ll IL-l- IDS'. A~ Y.-1-il./lof.A
descend to ,&.{1-"} h+llll
He would never descend to cheating. OfPI:rAA
<1-fl.'t IIY<i'AII"'
descend upon tot!l.

The bandits descended upon the village at

night. 'ii<i:-Hl oo'tS'.'I-'t ll.fl.-1- m<:<-'1-

descendant

I. <fiA.,/1-l-. He climbed down a steep

descent. 4''1' YIIIIJo't .,A.,/1-l- m<:S'.
2. HC. He is of French desoent. H<- L<:'t'tY.
)IIJo
Going downhill, our descent was rapid.
_,A_,A !l'tmCY: DP't1'1":f't L"''t )fiC
*There is a sharp descent in the price of com.
fhllA 'I'? Q't.J.'.. m<:S'.

describe

derogatory f"'l.)lJ

tiJ

desert

310

derive

.,.,.,.~

He is not a direct descendant. f'P'im- ""''lF: 1

.,.,,.~ ' IIY.S'./111"'
*He is a descendant of the royal family.
f)1P':f'-l- HC 1\/IIIJo

be a descendant +mA.R
That man is a direct descendant of Emperor
Menilek. Y {lfDo h'l"l"'i'l! ll"'tAh 04'
'l':f' ' Y.W/I'IA

I. 11111. He described the events of last week

accurately. YliLIIJo't illl""t-1- o-~:f' n-1-h
hA 11111
2. 1111<:'1. The teacher described the actual
position of the moon. oP?'"Uo;. 1 f~tl.m-'l 1 f
....:,.. .,.~,. /Ill<:'!
3. 9"'t 'tY.)-1- '-'t...ll') 1 )1<:. She described
her coat so welt that I found it right away. lJ;rc
:t ll"''t 'tY.)-1- '-'tS'.IJ') RS'.'t11 !l/1)1<:
:f~ mi!.YIIJo M"fo--14. IP&.. He described a circle in the air. h.fC 1
lo.Y. h11 w&o
describe oneself
*He described himself as a doctor. .hh.ll"' )
~ 1111

description
l. OD""ll\-L. Canyougivemeadetaileddescription? 11.C11C DP"I/1""1 A-1-ilm~ 1 '1-:fil.llll 1
2. "'""' The house answers to your description. IL-l> IJ't-1- 1/IR ?C Y.ll"'I"'IA
3. 'tY.)-1-. I like food of every description.
"'l't>ffDo'tll"' ' 'tY.)-1- 11"'"111 '-"''!/Illbe beyond description .e.u ~m- h..e.llA?'" i
Y.ll )IIJo II.QA IIY.":fAII"'
The shame she felt was beyond description.
f-1-il"'l-1- '-<i:l:-1- Y.ll )IIJo IIY.QA9"
(Y.Il )IIJo II.QA 1\Y.:fAII"')

desecrate 1\<:hil
Young criminals desecrated the cemetery.
W"'l- m't)':ll'l'":f foo.+11<-'t P:J' ll<:hfl.-1-

desert (vt.)
I. 114'4'. A good soldier never deserts his post.
:f'"'l~ m;f'S'.C ll""t 1."11"' fi.ll"t f-t-oo

s-.nn-1-'t ll'i'&o IIY./1~11"'

2. 'I'll- 'tS'.. He deserted his wife and children.
"'l.il-l>'t<; A;'1l't 'I'll- 'tS'.
d ..ert (vi.) h'!
The soldiers deserted in droves. m;f'S'.I!''Il n
11~'1- h-'1-

desert (n.) 'l"~t. lVI

They crossed the desert in twenty days.
'/"~<'.. fl'l,.'t Oll.t' .,.'t l\!1/<'..""
desert (adj.) 0<'..7"7 flY) ! '/"~<'.. 0'1 flY)
Pirates used to maroon people on desert
islands. fQ.ltC 'li'i'.Y.l- (l9'l-'t 0<'..7"7 0
If) ('1"~<'.. 0'1 OIY)) ~11.'1- IIJ'. 7.fm
fl.<!. ' fll o ODOD{Ilf o .t'll!l/'fiJ)o ' )0C
desert(s) '1':>
The criminal got his just deserts.
f"'L1QIJ)o't ' .,.:> ' 1'.11

D'1~A~ro-

deserted (lm- ftl.liO+

After a long march, they came to a deserted
village. hiiH- .,.~ 0:\11 (1,. ftl.liO+ ou
't~C ' ~<'..(1be deserted

1. "l"C t.ll. At midnight, the streets are

deserted. 07.11-ll tl.ll.+ OD't1P..l- ?C J'.llll2. of"ll.,..,.. The village was hurriedly deserted
because bandits were in the area. O{IL.;.. 1i
'i':l" ' (1{1)0<'.. ' OD't.<'.-1- ' O'i''J')'J- ' -l"il.,..,.

[See also 'desolate']

deserter h'l-1"'1 J h'l-1"'1 a>:J".<'.C
The deserter was shot by a firing squad.
h'l-1"'1m- (h'l-1"'1,. a>:l".<'.C) O'I'J'.'I-
-1"~0.<'.0

desertion ouh'l+
Desertion from the army is punishable by
death. h"'C {1&-'f+ ouh'l+ 0'1"'1- .t'
h.,."! A

*The wife sued her husband for desertion.

"'Lfl'l-1'"'1' ' Q!l. ' '1'!1.+ ' (1{1~.<'. ' hflfll-mdeserve J'.1Q'I'A
Such a good worker deserves better pay.
7.'t.<'.ILIJ .t'll tn'tiJ&- oP&--1"'1 fOlltn
~'1"11 ' ODh<I..A ' J'.1Q'I'A
design (v.)
I. )f.<l... The engineer designed a beautiful
bridge. ou?'t'l..fl- '1"1- f~A~J'. 't.<'."'i' )~<I.
2. 'I"~ t.m"l. She designs her own clothes.
liAil!l. '1"'1-'t &-!).. :J-m"'lll3. 1\..,, His parents designed him for the
ministry. mll~'li tilL_,. hCM:.t''t MA
"liP+ ' t.=+
4. h+F.. The prisoner designed an intricate
escape. 7.(1<'..'1,. f-1"&-.,..,. f"7'1"ll""'. H

.. '

I\.,.~

desirable

311

desert

design (n.)
1. :JocK". This cross has a very intricate design.
J'.IJ ' OD{l.,.A ' 0"1'1" ' <'..oi::J> ' :JoCK" ' 1\{lfDo
2. '1.'1'. Try to center the design on the page!
'l.""'t m<'...,.-1> ou?A li"7'1'A 'l"hc
3. 1\oP&-C. The building seats 10,000 people,
but is poor in design. ,"h'}A.ro- OPC i(tJ
(l(Do

~~If&\

~1C

""I'}

}tu.o&o<;.

'1'""

}'.

f.~ll'l"

4. 'tll"7. My enemy's design is to get my job.

fQll;>&-11. 'tll"7 1"&-ll.'t liOD'tm:J> )fDo
by design
Whether by accident or design, he overturned
the lamp. <U'fDoT f.rY'r om-4' h-&-11-'t
.<'.o(.m-

0,..,.

have designs on

*I suspect that he has designs on my job.

/"6-ll.'t 0 {IOD'ttn:J> < .h/liJ 0 7.'t'lflfDo 0 7.tn
<'-'1'&-liiiSchool of Design f'l~

+rue:,. ' a:,.

This college has a School of Design. f.IJ l>tl.

~ f't~'i' '1-'I"IJC'I- IL'I- 1\llfDo
[See also 'decorative']
designate
I. oPfOD. He designated the director to be his
successor. JP& oot.m-1' Oft. (l:J'" l.,")Jl...,.
l] I IPfOD

2. hi'lf. His insignia designates his rank.

'I"Ah-1> "7b<'...,.'t .t'<U'A
be designated .,.~h
This shipment is designated for Ethiopia.
f.IJ ' oouchil ' f"'L'\11 ' 7.:1- ' m~ ' 1<..'1-1'"
" ' ' f"'L~h ' )fDo
designer 'l"f.A 1\fDo"'My brother is a dress designer.
1}(l

'(PY,./A

J\lD""l,

m'l~

fA

)aJo

designing 'l"f.A
She studies dress designing at the school.
0'1-ll"IIC'I- IL-l> m-h'l' fAilll 'l"f.A
'l-"7&-llldesirable
I. -1"<1..11'1.. A change would be very desirable.
llfDo'l' 7.~"1 -1"<1..11'1. f.IY'OA
2. f"'Loul-. This is a very desirable site for a
hotel. f.IJ liiY1:A 0"1'1" f"'LDDT ll'i'
6-

SodJ"

3 . .<'.fl f"'LA. This is a very desirable apartment. f.IJ ~(I f"'LA t.:rc.,.., )fDo

despise

312

desire

desire (v.) .,._,

We all desire happiness and health. v-ll:f-"tl"'

look desolate b'l-(m-)

The ragged, hungry child looked desolate.

lt-'1--r- fllfillm-<; fT&-fim-

Y-.11:1"<;. m.<;. l>"t>l.'l'C:"t l>"t->;'ll"t

desire (n.)
1. 'i'll1'1-. My desires are easily satisfied.
'i'll11: fi4'1111- J.'.C:IJA
2. 9"71''1-. He has no desire to see his family.
fLTllll-"t 11"7f'l- ?""til" 1"''1''1- film-?"

*Since he got his heart's desire he has lived

happily ever after. fAll- W'..C:llll'l- fi:\11 fi
Y-.11:1" 'l'.:

desired (adj.) fTof.l\1

His speech produced the desired effect. "t"l"l<-

A~ b'i'-r-'1-

)fiC

despair (v.) T11'i- .,..:m

The doctors despaired of saving his life.

mil.'1"'1! ihJ.'.mio"t 11"711"t f)fi&-'l'w-"t

T11'i- .,..:m-

despair (n.) T11of. _.,.....:'!'

In her despair, she jumped out of the window.
T11of. h_.,...C:IJI. fT)"' fi-111>'1- Hllll:fbe filled with despair 1-llof.. ~ 'lll.m

He was filled with despair when he saw the

fTof.ll1w-"t m-m.'l- 1>1117

exam.

*His performance of his duties leaves much to

he desired. fF&-m- l>of.l\11?" 1111- l>"tb

.:m

"t l>llfi'l-

The naughty girl was the despair of her parents.

(be) desirous of .,._,

He is desirous of going to Ethiopia.

tD,F.

,~..,.-;,.-,

Qf "1.11 T11of.m-"t .,.

be the despair of }l{IOD,l,l

Qll'l.'l' A~ mll}!!f!"t 1>11-c&- )fiC
surrender oneself to despair +llof.. 1 4l.m

He surrendered himself to despair and took

his own life. T11of. fi_.,.....:m- f~~ ihJ.'.

'1-NrJ' 11-.1:" J.'.->;'A

.,.m

desist
He was told to desist from smoking. li.:J&-
1."t>I.TIJJo T)"IC'T )fiC

desk 1.11h
This desk is too small for me. J.'.ll 1.11h fi
"'?" J'"tli>;'A

mio"t l>ltllof.

despatch, see dispatch

desperate
I. T11of. f"'l.J'11.,.C'I'. The state of the country
is desperate. J'16:J; v-~:1- T11of. f"'l.J'
11.,.C'I'

[See also 'reception')

)IJJo

2. fot,rllll't. She is in a desperate situation.

desolate (v.) hm~.

The invading army desolated the countryside.
m&-&w- tnc Qll~<-"t l>m'ibe desolated UrhH'l Tqtm

1.!). fi"'l.J'It'H"t v-~:1" IIJ.'. ):f-

An escaped prisoner is likely to be a desperate

man. J'-llm 1.11.:>;' Tllof. fioP.,...C:'i'
"7"t>;'m-"t?" )~C b"7J:"C:"I l>J.'.-1111?"
desperate act +ilof.. foP.,..,l_'f Y:'C'l.+

He was desolated to learn that she would not

marry him. 1.,Y-."7 hQm- ' Qm4' ' "1.11 ' fi

Suicide is a desperate act. &.ll't

.hH"t T'l'm

T11of. f_.,....:'l' J:-C"I.'l- )m-

desolate (adj.) fill

The surface of the moon is desolate.

fta.~.+

~II'

' 011 ' )IJJo

be desolate OtrJ9" 1llmltA

This must be a desolate place in winter.

OhC:?"'l- J.'.ll 11:1" 0"1?" J'11miiA

*Lalibela is a desolate place in the rainy

season. Oh.:l"''l- m&-'1- 111\.fill fTm.:.:
f"'l.-1111mdesolate and deserted
)IJJo '

n~

The village lay desolate and deserted. -"tY..<-

fill 4'C;J:A

OJP11..A

desperation, in ~ T11of. .,.ctn

In desperation, he jumped out of the window
when he saw the stairs were on fire. F-'1ft-
fil>lt'l- TJ'J.'.tf Qf "1.11 T11'i- .,.Ctn
fi-111>'1- Hll-

m"'

despicable f"'l.<;~
Cowards and liars are despicable. of.&,.:f-<;

'I'll',..,.. '

f"'l. <;41 ' <;'I'm-

despise <;4'
He despises manual labor. f'I",I'T'h'l- 1"6-
J.'."t:f'A

despite
1. -fl + imperfect + '1". Despite my threats,
he continued to defy me. Qll.f.t-<1-IJJo'/" '1-l'.~
u:t "'"'11\-"t 4'mll
2. 'l""t'/" l'."t!o. -o + (imperfect). The boys
went fora walk despite the storm. 'l""t'l" l'."t!o.
~,_11'1 11..--o R.H"tfl A.}l.:'ll 1111C1iC IBmdespoil OHOH
The robbers despoiled the house. 4'"7'l''ll 0.
-l>"t OHOit-'1(be) despondent h11':" 1"hH
He was despondent over his wife's poor health.
1111 "'1.111: mS "7"1'1- h11':" 1"h~ )OC
despot "''"t hll-fi'S q,.
In ancient times, many rulers were despots.
O'l'"t'l- "1..11 -flit- 111:9''1- "''"t hll-fi'S
qf"'f- )0~
dessert "7"1"1"'1...1'
Dessert is my favorite part of a meal. "7"1"1"'1.
1 h'/""111 o-11- h-fiA- l\<DJII\tJdestination
1. 11100'1- 11;1-. When do we reach our destination? tu"tfl"tO'I- 11:1' ""'~' l'."t.I'.C<\1\"t l
2. (f.,.~) ""S':o'."li. Our destination is Addis
Ababa. f.,.~'l''f-"t ""S':o'."li h'l.ll hOQ )IJJo
3. f1"QI\O'I- 11:1'. The company will rush
packages to any destination. h-Q"t11JJo <DJ'.1"Q
110'1- 11;1- o-11- '1':,.11-:t-"t O'i''I')'J- ,_A
IJA
*What is the destination of the letter? .1'.-fi'IO.
.... f"'l.l\hiJJo f'l- )IJJo l
destine
*Family tradition destined him for the medical
profession. fdoh.'/")'1- Ft. fHt-'fiJJo 0
""ll''f. l'.l\-'1" "'h.'l" IJ')
be destined

1. T""o'.m. He was destined from birth to

become a soldier. l'.CI\- 1 'I")-J:1 1 I'I.IDIIS': 1
IIID;I-J'.C)'J- 1 f1"""o'.m )IJJo
2. h""t-. We are destined for home. f'l"<;""
~Ill" I

destructive

313

despite

tD1.,

0.T

2. '\1\"7. Ethiopia's destiny may be to bring

peace to Africa. fh.'l-f"k1 1 '\1\"7 1 llh'N!!IJ 1
I'll\'/" 11"7111T'I- ,_11'.,-A
destitute '1"1111.1
Destitute families may apply for government
aid. '/"II h.") I 0.1" ' lll1'f- I """J"f/-"'J- I l\C
""' ' l'."t'l.l'l"''fiJJo ' 1""11h;l-llbe destitute of fl\tJJo9"'

Due to his shyness he is destitute of friends.

0'\,.<;-1-C)-1: f1")"f '\.1'.... 1 fi\ID-'1"
be left destitute 'f-"lc 1\,. 10.1'.4'
Wben Mr. Jones died, his family was left
destitute. "'1.111"C }1.:111 ll.'1"'1- 0.1" 1'111
m.l'.41
'll 'f-"Jc

11,.

destroy
1. 1\m-1-. The fighting destroyed many villages.
IJJo"I..11D- ' -flit- ' """tJ'.C":f-"t ' 1\m-12. 1\01\lf. Don't destroy that box; it may be
useful later. f"t') <'1'1'1 1\;1-01\lfiJJo r IDf..J.
'1- ,.m:r.'I"IJ ,.11'.,-A
be destroyed
1. hll+. Ten divisions were destroyed. OFC
h<;:l\ ' 11'1!"'1- ' 1\1141

2. T.f.oPflfl. The two contiguous houses were

destroyed by the fire. tJ-1\1: f1"m;>.,. O..Y.
'1- ' Rl'.lJ'I- ' 1"f.""lll\3. 1",!I>mil. All my papers were destroyed in
the fire. 1Do'.4'.f-'!i 0,...11- Rl'.lJ'I- -J-,!I>mll4. mf."". All the records were destroyed.
""11711'1l I tJ-11- ' <DS':""'I'A
5. 1"0"1mll. The tenuous web of the spider
was destroyed in no time. 4'"1/''f. flf o'.<l'l-
S':C Q"t'l'i':l' 1 1"0"1mll
6. ( = act.) +oc11 l\1.<'.1(0'1-). +His tenuous
argument was soon destroyed by his opponent.
"""'"-"" 1 n.11 'l"h11-1>1 -t-ht-IJ&m- +-c
11 I l\f.G1R'Idestroyer .1'.'1"<'111
1 The convoy was protected by several destroyers.
r f""Chl1'f- '\1: Ofllt- f.'l"l)il"'f- 1 ;1-~11 '

li)OC

~d)o

*My letter was destined never to reach him.

l\1J'. ' {Jf:/:1. I IJ'-;" I J'.o(IJI{I.\L I /t,.J'.Cf'tiJJo I 4'<'.
destiny (destinies)
1. lJ"l 1 lJS':A. It was his destiny to die in a
foreign country. Ollt\~ h1C oPfJP~ blfJ
IJJo I (iJf:/r) I IJ')

destruction '1'-1-'1The fire caused a lot of destruction. l'.lJ-1> ' -fl

, . I 'J'-1-'J- I 1\J'.o'.(t
destructive '1'-1-'1- f"'l.1f.CII
Termites are destructive insects. 9'"htnl-
-1-'1- f"'l.1f.CI\- 1"Qf"'f- <;'fiJJo

'I"

desuetude

314

desuetude, fall into ~ h'l':,.9" ,..,. t.n

Many words once commonly used have fallen
into desuetude. h"t'l"t.l:" -"'11-1- .fiJI- 1.
n h-MMA"tQ'J'm- n:\11 h'l':,.9" m-"1."
Y.ll'<;tt-

desultory(= adv.) ,1'{1 '\11"7

The careful study of a few books is better than
the desultory reading of many. .fiJI- ""ll.ft'i'
-r .I'A '\11"7 h"7"tn-o '1'-l!+:f"t n'l'"t
-"'"' "7'1'<;%- Y.nAnJA
be desultory f+m(l~ f\1\DY 1 h.AHl~OJ-9"'
Their talk at lunch was desultory. f9'"i'J "LtL
"'."m-m-;1-:fm- f_,.IDM '\11"7 hA~n<'.

.,.,.

detention

'l''ll n ..,..,.,.,. 111- ,1':>m"7:fm-"t All

.r.c;-t

~1C

11-ft- H<'.H'I-A"t

The salesman detailed all expenses in his

report. h lflf""" nt'lmm- """II\"''. fD-11'1' m
"'."fD-"t ' 11-ft- ""-""2. -.r.n. He detailed two men for guard duty.
M.fl '~'"-"' u-A-1- t'l9':f ou.r.n

detail (n.)
I. "7.fl&-&,l'. Today"s paper
details. fqt.m- :>nnJ

.,...,.,&gives

further

"7.fl&-&,l'

f.{lnJA
2. "IIC"IIC ! "IIC"IIC u-~:r. I do not want to go
into details. "IIC"IIC fD-11'1' A1Q hA.C.A"I9"

He described the incident in detaiL J!"C"L-f:'l

n"IIC"IIC 11\11

detach

I am not concerned with the details. llA 11C

I. nmt'l. The tailor detached the button from

"11'1- 11-~:1"

my coat. A.flt'l t'I.C.m- <IIA4-"t hl>-1; II

3. (=adj.) '~'-"':,."t flY~. She does not enjoy

the details of housekeeping. 'I'_,..:,."t fll'~m-"t

~ Om(l(l)o

1~m{l. Shall I detach the stub? fth.-l>"t "1-C

.1:" A1"t'l'l\fD- l
3. l\{l,l'f. He was unable to detach the watch
from the chain. t'l'\-l>"t h"7t'l&,l'm- {1"7{1,1'
f-1- t.A;FI\9" ~nc
4. -.r.n. The officer detached ten men to

2.

guard the railroad station.

~,....

fflft-C

t1Jil,l'fD-"t ' 1\""mn:,. h'\'1. OP'C t'19':f

-.r.n

detached (adj.)
I. (l.fi;J'm- f.,..,.&-. These houses have detach-

ed garages. MH.II n.+:f 1\.fi;F'I'm- f.,..,.

"" f-h.c; n.-r-:Y. h!l'l'm2. 11\A.,.,.. He has a detached view of the
political campaign. Ill\ ?"Atl} m-.1:-.J:-C 11\
A_,.,. hll.,..l'f-1- l\{lfD-

fll.-1- P'&- ""P"&--1- .r.ll hY.II-1-9"

In detail n"IIC"IIC

He told me the story in detail.

~1'1-"1

"IIC"IIC ~1<'.'1

detailed (adj.) "IIC"IIC

He gave me a detailed report on the battle.
Ill\ "'C~-1> "IIC"IIC """lt\""1. h.,.oWA'1

detain
I. hoff. The police detained him for questioning. 7"/lt\'ll t\'1',1'41 h.fl''l2. hH1f. An urgent matter detained the
doctor. hll:f\V'. ' "1-'11- mlJ.oo-"t ' """""'"
detect M"f
The expert detected a flaw in the painting.
o'l'-tm- P'~ll- 111- 1-.J:-A-l- t.11n-r

detachment
1. h~A. A detachment of troops was stationed
by the railway station. h"t-'1. fjllC h'i'A ' n
QIK- nJil.l' .,..,...1:-!l

hA'I'1C9"

~nc

2. 11\A.,.,.~-1-. His detachment makes him

a good political analyst. 11\A.,.,.~., '!"~- f
?"Atl} tH;l- _,."t;l-'1 h.I:"C1;1-A

with detachment n"IS'..I\11~-1- ! "119" "'""

He observed the train wreck with detachment.

f.,.t'IQn<'.m-"t qn-c n"l.r..A11~-r ("119" -o

11-) .,._{lh.,.
detail (v.)
I. H<'.H<'.. The travelers detailed to us all the
wonders they had seen in their travels. OD"J11.

He was unable to detect any signs of life.

.ftY.m-1- ,l'll:fm- ~1t:':f 1\""'l'&-'I'm- 'I'"!
.,_.. 1\"7"17-1- t.A;FI\9" ~nc
detect an odor 11;1- lf.,..,.(m-)

Could you detect any odor in this room?

1111.11 h'i'A m-11'1' h"t.l:" 11;1- hY.lf
-l-119"?

detective m"!)':A ""C"7&

The detectives reasoned that the murderer
was a man. m'l)!A ODC'7~1P:fi ' 1Jltt m"}
.~:- outY"t AAn-1- .flAm- At'ln-

detention
*The disobedient pupil was punished by
detention after school. f"7Y.:l"HHm-

.,..,&

h'l-ll"tJC'I- 0:\11 '1-ll"tJCT 0.'1- fl>ol\'1' ~

't-'1,.,.,. '

fll>"t 1\DDP'tl-'1- ~"1111-

I. htl-4'. Punishment does not deter anybody

from committing a crime. :J>IIJ'I- 11-11-"t {I
lll"t)'.'A"t hDDol.l\11" hJ'C'J>II"

2. h~J'.. The extreme heat deterred us from

going on a picnic. .-,y.l\'i'w- -++ 1ie1i

c '

hOD\tJ'." ' MJ'."t

deteriorate

ol.'l''l' Y.OIIlfA

The relations between the two countries are

deteriorating. Or.N\.JJ h.1t!"l- DPVhA flitD"l"t1')'1- M_,.OIIlf ltJ'.

determinant.,..,

)~C

Cost is often a determinant in choosing a college.

ilfloa>-"t '1.11. l>tl.)!'"t 1\DDII"l.'l' ~"tHil '
I

~1C I ~OJ-

filt.+ oP11'1.f9'1- 11.111-"t Y.hllhl\11m~

I detest liars. w-lf:I'll" ~m~l\11-

detestable

hllh"-

To kill an unarmed man is a detestable

crime. oPUf~f 1 fAfH (lm-'} 1 oP..,1.A 1 h
{lh,l.

JP6-

dethrone

~(Do

hH-4-"t t.ml.l'.

In Greece, the army dethroned the king.

fl..,~h I 1\1C I tflC I {l6-IJ!-f: I ,..,..IP''l I hft'
4-"t '

hllll.!'.
fol."tj[ J'."11"6

The detonation woke me. fL'lJ(tD-

I. .,_tl-'1')'1-. He showed great determination.

h'i' Yll .,_tl-'1')'1-"t h{)f

2. ofs:CT th'\-o.. His determination to learn

English is admirable. ~"t"lll.11'i' 1\DD"lC Y
1\W> ' .,.C'I' .......il f"'/.J'.)'J> )fl>o

3. ( ~ to determine) oum{l"t. The determina-

tion of the name for the club took hours.

fhOII-"t P' f"'L oum{l"t ilrt- 'I. H. ol.)'.'
[See also 'grim']

determine
His future has not yet
been determined, but he may study medicine.
I. m{l) (.,.m{l)).

flllJ'.d.'l- ~J'."II- ~<; qy.ml'l"tll" ihhll"<;

Ym<; f.IJ'<;A

2. om+. Can you determine the meaning

of this Amharic word? fH.tJ"t Y"lC'i' :J'
A '1-C'I-11" A:l-lll>'l> :f-1-111\tJ l
3. .,_l.m. He determined to become the best

student in his class.

Ohti:~

~&il:T

r 9'"C'f' s

1\0DIJ'"t .,_l.m

4. ~4-4-. What determined you to accept the

offer? Y+l.RAtJ"t ~"tJ'.":f.+RA ll""t ~44-tJ l

determined (adj.)

Fear of punishment may serve as a deterrent

from crime. f'I>IIJ:f. 'i'tl-ll' m"t)'.'A"t hoo
oi.KII" ' yc:J> ' y.rr<;A
The iron gates are a deterrent to burglary.

detonation

determination

.,..,6

deterrent, serve as a .- h&-+

detest

.,.OIIlf

This material deteriorates quickly in a hot

climate. f.tJ ~:J> R'l":J-'1- Me a>- II 'I'

'ftj

be determined 'lr.l.m

She is determined to have her way. fol.l\11-

.,.,..l.~

deter (deterred)
fDo

detriment

315

deter

..,,..0 .,_tl-'1'

A determined person will achieve his goal.

"'{)O .,_tl-'1' fiJ') {Ia>- h'lll"la>- f.J'.C{)A

~9"/J

4'{14'{1~

detour (n.) 11-e oP\tJ'."

This detour is necessary because the bridge
is broken down. J!:AJ!:f.. ilALt::(l rt-l: oP
ltJ'." ' hllol.~'l. '
make a detour

)OJ>

*He made a detour to see the lake. dlY..-1!'1

1\"lfT ' 'P<;fll>"t ' OD"t~J'." '
OD"t~J'." ' \tJ'.

(be) detoured

,...,. '

011.~

'

011.~ oo"t~J'." ~"t'I.~C .,.

J'.l.~

Traffic was detoured because of the automobile

accident. nouh.<;fll> ' hJ'.:> ' ll"h"tY'I- OD
h.<;9'':f.

detract

o 01\,~

' OD"t~J'." o ~"tJI.~~ o .,.J'.l.~

+M(o+)

His vanity detracts from his merit. "'il11).,

ODAitll" ' .,..,q~"t ' Y.+"tiiR:I'A

detriment 1-J[
Overeating is a detriment to health. 1\-f11H' =
ODiJII'I-' 1\m."t)T ' 1-J[ ' )fll>
*I know nothing to his detriment. llcro- flh
4- ' {1.)"1 ' l'lll"'lill" ' h~~
*No one can tell lies without detriment to
his character. "7'}9"' (lw- I'll,.,.'} 1 ltf1-~tt: =
11.'1'1i hY.'f-AII"

detrimental

316

to the detriment of )..ltb"7.1-JIIiaJ- .(-l.ll

He works long hours to the detriment of his

health. RL'Hof>') llilh"t'1-.llm- .f:t.il Ill.
1C!I" "l."f'l- f.ov&-A

(be) detrimental to 11.'1-.11 Y.:Y.'IA

Smoking may be detrimental to your health.
.,....II RL'))'1-') II.'1-.11 Y.:f'IA

devaluation f'I')H-11 'I':> ""4')11

The business world was surprised by the
devaluation. 011HR- 'I':> OD4')il 0')"1:
P'&o 'If. '"" """"

.,.lfo~

devalue 11:r> M'..t.1

The government decided to devalue the dollar.
OD')"'P''I- f-Ilet 'I';> 11:r> 1\.,S':t."' CD(l)

devastate
I. hmf.."". The locusts devastated the growing
crops. h')O"J 11-.4-fm-') hmf...,....,.
2. hmof... The bandits devastated many villages. 11'1'-Hi -Rifoo OD')f..C hm4oo

develop (vt.)
1. hllllf.llf.. The government is interested in
developing education. OD')"'P''I- '1-!I"IIC'I-')
ll.,ilof..of..'l- '1''11'1- hllmGradually we developed our plan for the club.
4'11 04'11 fhOIJ:Y.n ll:r>.r: hilof..of..')
2. h0/1111. Our mandate allows us to do all
we can to develop the country. f-1-"111-111 h
1..&- V1tl:J:") II.,OAI\"1 f_,.!l'll')') .,.
II- ' l\')Y:o;f..C"' ' f.I.II>Y:Ao;A
3. h.IIOt.. Swinuning will develop many
different muscles. 'l'o; -Rifoo AI' AI' tnoo')!l'
!P:f') f.II-11&-A
We must develop our natural resources.
f_,.I.'I'C' V-R;Joo:f')') .,.IIOC hll-111
4. hll.,, Landowners must develop their land.
1]/IOD""':Y,. oP&,;Joo'fm-') .,A.,'I- hiiiJ'fmS. hO,l!:. You should try to develop the
reading habit. f.,10-R A.,S': li1Y:;Joo0~
fili.A"'VA
6. 1H. The boy is developing a fine personality.
A)t ~ miJf. f.P..A
7. hmO. Would you develop this film for me?
f.tl11 I.A!I" A;Joo'I'-RA~ '1-:Y.'IIIIJ l
*He developed a cough. IIA hf..t.O'Idevelop (vi.)
I. 04'11. Plants develop from seeds. 1>6'1''1-
hHC Y.O:r>'lll2. 011111. The country developed under his
guidance. h1tlof> Ofloo ODtl)'l- 011111:Y.

devil
3. .,.ilof..of... Addis Ababa developed greatly
in the last decade. IJII4oo'l- OP'C 'tOD:Joo'l-
m-il'l' h'l..il hOIJ 0"1!1" _,.ilof.."i':Jooii:Y.
4. hf..1. The boy is developing nicely.
A)t f..W fS'::>A
5. .,.l.mt.. Trouble has developed between
the two countries. 0.,.11-1> h1C':Y. ODIJhA
"".4' .4'C _,.I.'I'Z:A
develop Into AOIItr} I n:J'
London developed into one of the world's
largest ports. 1111..1 O't/1!1" l\~"1 :Joo'l'l
!j> ' b"7,1JII-'I- 0 IIJf..(l:f 0 h1~ 0 /IODif1 ' 0
.4-:Y.

developing 0.,1.."1 'If.

f/1

There are many developing countries in

Mrica. h"i'tliJ m-il'l' -Rifoo 0.,1.."1 'If.
'"" h1C':Y. hit-

development
I. ll:1'1-. This plan fosters community
development. f.ll l\1/> : f1-Rt. (l-11 ll.f:
1'1-1 fOt.;Joo;JooA
2. (~to develop) .,ilof..of..'l-. He is engaged
in the development of his business. 71"'-1' "7
(lof..of..'l- ' Y.!I..A
3. A.,'l-, This land is ripe for development.
f.IJ OD&.'I- IIA.,'I- f"'""""' )m4. hil.,.-'11.."1. The doctor followed the child's
development closely. doh._. fA)t') hil.,.-'1
1.."1 01/>CR- _,.h;Joo_,./1
developments f.,.l.mt. .,.~;too I ff..t.floo )1C':Y.

Do you know the latest developments in the

Vietnam problem? OII>CR- il/1 li.f'l-o;!l"
'MY. f.,.l.mt. .,.~;too ;Joom-.4'1111 l
He was advised of the latest developments.
01/>CR- illlf..t.(lo'l- )1C':Y. _,.)1t.m-

deviate &-4'
His stories always deviate from the truth.
.,.A"I." l\{lo f"to;1&-'fm- )1C':Y. hll
m-)'1- f&-4! ""'"'"

device
I. HJ'.. The device was intended to throw the
police off his trail. HJ'.m- ?"11.(1-1 h'i'll
;>m- 11.,1111'1- )OC
2. ODPf~Y. That is an ingenious device.
' ' 1>11-11 ,:,. flf) """'tlf )d)o

devil {lf."11
Many people believe in the existence of the
devil. -Rifoo (l!P:f l'tf."'') hll -RIIm- f!l"

"""

poor devil ll"ilh.')

The poor devil kept losing jobs tbrougb no

fault of his own. l"'ilh.l- f&-11- 11.1\.r)
'1'4-+ ' itP'&- ' -11,. ' 'I.IL ' ID"'

devious :t1 TA.r)

The devious ways of the tourist guides made
them distrusted. MC hil'l-fl'11"ll' rH;t-'1'
,.. :t1 M.l\)0<: 'l-fl'11"'1i't htn&-tn&-'1',.
take a devious route Rlt'tf 1 OD"J1.\!" 'tl.
He took a devious route to avoid busy streets.
+t-.~.h fOql)'f,.') oP')~p.:f r\ODllfi

o,..:, '

devout

317

devious

OD')~J:'

' ~~-

devious ways -t"Hl-A

He got rich by devious ways. 0-1-'tb-A hO.:

devise Lmt:.
The boys devised a scheme for earning money
during vacation. A}l:'ll 06<:'1'+ 'I.ILT'I',.
~'tH-11 f"''...'~1'0+1 HJ'. .l.tn~
devise a plan 1\+1..
They devised a plan for cheating the government. OD')"!P'-Il't r\"7?0COC hotJI.

devoid of tl!l
She is devoid of shame. l'.'i!<:T tl!l o;:,.
The plan was devoid of results. l'.:tJI. 'i!<l.
tlil )0C

devolve (on) 011- iiJ'. T"lr\

The responsibility for managing the office
devolved on me. ftlr:',. P'&- '1il"-):,. 0
~ ' iiJ'. ' T"lr\
devote M'r\
He devoted all his spare time to his studies.
Tr\,.'t +C'i! 'I.IL rNr r\'l'o;:,. h'l'r\
A mother devotes herself to her children.
7.o;:,. oPil 'I.IL'I''t A}l:!f!') 0"7'th1Jhofl
:t"<'lol\4-r\:f

devoted (adj.) :t-"7'1

He is a devoted friend. :t-"7'1 '\f.'i' ),..
be devoted to
1. -oil' .,..,..1.0. The 'Ethiopia Observer' is
devoted to Ethiopian studies. h.+r-kT 1--11
r'ICiiC h.+f'kn r\"7.0Dr\h-ll ~ofll'
-11!1' fTODf.O ),..
2. TIDM. The entire program was devoted to
reading poetry. Tl?l&-... 0 ...11- "1'1'9"
r\"7't0tlT TIDil'l' )0C
3. mf.f.. He is very devoted to his mother.
l'.o;-ll't 0"19" J'.<DIIA

devotion
1. 'i!:tC. A mother's devotion is to her
children. fho;+ 'i!:t~ r\A}I:IJ! ),..
Her devotion to the club made her attend
every meeting. r\hOil- Til+ 'i!:tc Of'I.IL
,.. ' 0"7.1.<:~,.. ' !1-llr'IIJ ' iiJ'. ' l'.'t.l:-'+~'1 '
hf..:.:>+

The monks show their devotion in constant

prayer to God. oP)b-<'1+ r\l'."liLhofi.M: T
il'l',.'t 'i!:tC 0"7TltC'1' llll-+ J'.~MII2. OPIJ)<ol..~. He manifested his exclusive dev(}tion to his work. ooo-A- 1 A oft 1 f-U &-m-1' 1 OD
,.f.JI.') ' h<'lf
3. :t-"7'1)+. He serves with constancy and
devotion. O:t't)+o; O;t-"7'1)+ T1r\"liiA
4. ooAttl"' h~A"III-+. The Emperor met with
the senators and praised them for their
I ~"lf-U'Il I r,n.., I
devotion to Ethiopia.
oomr'l'i' 9"hC IL+ hiJII-ll''t h!ltnCT,.
il1&-'f,. ' ilf..:.,.:,. ' OD.I\ltl"' ' MA"lll-+ '

.,..,.IP

/<oOD(I~).'I''f'IIJo

devotional ""1.1.<'1'
Monks lead a devotional life. OD)It-r'a.l"ll' ""
't.l.<'l' ' l-C' ' J'.'l" &-11-

devour
1. Oil. The lion devoured the sheep. h'tO<'l,.
0'\'t Oil
2. '1-r'l'l-r'l. He devoured his dinner in a few
minutes. l'.&--ll't 0'1'<1:+ f.-1::1' IIJoil'l'
'1-r't'l-r'IOJ<
3. /<oDP)oo). Anxiety devoured him. P' :>+
/<ooP)oP)fD<
4. hf.oPtn. She devoured the gossip eagerly.
fD<l.fD<'t 0'1-'1-+ hf.oom:ffDo
5. 0'1-'1-+ MOO. The students devoured the
new book. T"761"'1l IVI.II-'t oPl\'do'i! 0
.,..,.:,.MOll-+

devout
1. r\l'."liLh-II.M: Tf.<:. That priest is a devout
man. ltlll- r\l'."l!Lh-lldo.C Tf.<: )IIJo
2. OD't.l.<'l'. This book describes the devout
life of the saints. J'.ll OOl\'do'i! f:tJI.<'ll-'t
oo').l.<'l' l-C' J'.~AIIA
3. :t-"7'1. The devout followers of Gandhi
crowded around his grave. f:>'tll. :t""'/'1 .,.
h:t":t"f'll' oo:J>-fl~'t o-oq:,. hO..,. )OC
4. l\IIJo)T:;'. He is a devout Christian and a
good man. l\IIJo)T'i' hcM:n<; 'I'~ r'l
8Jo

~QJo

318

dew
dew m,q
The grass was wet with dew.
hC'l'ilT tnc

..,~")

m.tf

I. :r.A'I"i''i'. He handles his sword with

dexterity. 1-&-1.m-"J n:r.A'I''i!'i' f.f.qA

2. 11AYT. He handles the matter with dexterity. '1-'11'-"J R11AYT ,I'IJ~'IA

dexterous 'I'RR'O'
A dexterous basket weaver makes any sort of
basket. 'I'RR'O'm- :r.c""T .,.,.. "''"J'O'm"J9" 'tf.tT :r.c""lT tt_P'&o f.":ftt.A
diabolic fllf."'"J
This was a diabolic scheme . .eo rfl.ean
F&o tnc
I

OJC

!!' hhA"'/11 f-1-u>&- tm-

diagnose ilf.of- 0014'

The doctor diagnosed the illness as measles.
"""-- ' R11;J-m- h-'i!'S ODIJ')."J ilf.of- 0

014'

dialect ,l't;nc H1. ! f!t"J!t hAT

Italian has many dialects. f"'A,I'"J !!'"Jot
1111- AI' AI< .rt:nc H1. hiiOJThis dialect is equally removed from German
and English. f.ll f!t"J!t hAT h)';CuP"J
'0' f"''..ilfm-"J ,I'IJA hli"J"'ft_11'0'9" f.ii,I'A

dialogue
I. OJ-f.f.T. The two men engaged in a long
dialogue concerning the rights of man. IN\1:
ll9''f hil lim- A)(' P11T <:)('9" m-f.
f.T hS'-t'."l2. "1/"0J-OJ-T. The two actors engaged in a long
dialogue. o-11-lo 1-'I'"J,I'"J <:H9" ,I'll "1/"0Jm-T hS'-<:"1diameter fhRofl h:>"'/11 ""P'""C
Measure the diameter with a ruler! rho (}o") I
h:>"'/11 ""P'""C R"'/P'ODt'.,l' IIIJ
*The diameter of this tree trunk is 50 inches.
f.ll "'"JY: ""llA fluPIJA hof.-lo h9"11
tt-"J":f. )OJ-

diagnosis
I. f9"COO&o m-m.T. The doctor's diagnosis
of the disease was correct. f"" h_oo- fR11:1'

m- ' rcoP6- m-mT Ah )flC

2. 9"COD&o. A diagnosis of the elections shows
the workers voted for the one man only.
f9"C""OJ- 9"COD&o P'&-1-'P'Il 11-fl- tt.'J
'I. lim- 11!1' Y:9"6 ouhm;J-'fm-"J hh
<:'I

diagonal ll,l''i!
A diagonal line runs from one corner of the
box to the other. 11,1'<;: ""P'""C h"''l't-
h"JS'-'O'm- "'i'i! 01S'- ll.it.OJ- f.~'IA
diagram Fc!lt.'l! oo"'fl"'i
This diagram will show you how to make a
boat. f.ll P'c!lt.'l! oo"'fl"'i )';AQ li"J1.

* Telephones with dials are a recent invention. R4<'1'C f"''..S'-0111- hAI>'f r:r.c11 'i!
Allof. 'i':fm-

dexterity

diadem f&oh 01c:r.

Her diadem is made of diamonds. r &oil

dictate

l\"JS'-"'1.."'&- ,l'llf.YA

dial (v.) S'-0111

She dialed the wrong number. f-1-11111- 41
'I'C S'-01il":fdial (n.) ""oJtm&,l'
The dial on my watch is dirty. fll't-1: ,...,.
m&,l'

"'lflf tm-

diamond hA"'/11
She wears a diamond ring on holidays.
RR'tit.T 4'"J ,I'A"'/11 4'11RT ;1-S'-C
:>illdiarrhea 1-:r."'/'1'
Eating green bananas gave him diarrhea.
'l't. ..,..11 ou11tt.T 1-:r."'/'1' i14'4'RT
diary (diaries) ff4'"J "''h:1'01lf
The diary was written in Amharic. ff4't- "'/
h:J'01lf f-I-ll"-"'" Q"''C'1 tnc
dice [T"J11 h-ill- li,I'"J'I"J'I:fm- h1-'i''l'm-
tt.f. hh"JY: llhh hY:hT tm11"111 ,I'll
'I'm-]

dicker 1-h&-h<:
They dickered for hours over some of the finer
points of the contract. OJ-11-'J R"''..DDflh-lo
'I':I'M t1C''f tt.f. 111111- ll<t.f-'f 1-h&-h<~dictate
I. R:I'A hl\4- I hl\4-. The teacher dictated two
pages to the class. hh1-"'/&m- fh'i!fi-"J
1-"'/&lP'f 11-IIT 111"' R:I'A hl\4I cannot keep up with you when you dictate

differ

319

dictation

.1.'1'~11 11;.1-1\'.1.~ Ah;.I1"AII 1\Al-A'J"

2. 'i''\1-1>'1 l>'I-'I..I'"J.'Iw- /'o.ll1S'J'.. Big nations dictate to little ones. ;.1-'1'10:,. DP'I"IP';.I'1- ' ,....,.,lf,.;'l 'i''\1;.1-'l'w-'1 l>'I-'I..I'"J.'I'I'I'
..,. J'll1J':Poil-

so fast. l>"H'.If.ll

die away

* The victor dictates the terms to the defeated

die down

enemy. :-A. s h.J':~"LtiJw s J':A f1-0D:fwtJJo

m'l'l- llf.4.0:,.J': f~C_,'I J':CJ':C f.IDII .. A

I. m'i-. We let the fire die down. hili>

l>'l'l.mof. 119" 1\A~.,.

dictation f:l'A 1\'Jt.I.'IThe pupils wrote at the teacher's dictation.

oP'J"II-1- 1""7ill",.;'l f:l'A 1\'Jt.l.'l- ' 1\
1!.4-'!'IIJo

oo-('tt.t

ft9"'11 1

diction M:nc
An actor must have clear diction. h'lJ': s
.... "'"" "IAI\' flf~ M:nc l>'l'l.'l"~..,.
..J'II.I.A;JA

*The diction of everyday talk is different from

that of the essay. f1"il- 'I"I"IC., fJ':C{l'l-
/'o.l\1\'i' IIA'I- f1"11f. .,,..,.

dictionary (dictionaries) DP11111 :1''1-lHe is compiling an Amharic dictionary.

J'"?C>;' ""11111 :1''1'1- ..J'H;J){A

did, see do
didactic 'I-9"11C'I- 1\HA
Many of Aesop's fables are didactic. oflll-l",.;
f/\.{>"1'

1"~+l-

The excitement will die down in a few days.

"ilofl-1- h'l'4:'1- 4''1 11:\'1 Y.m'i-A
2. 11~S'.. The wind died down. ~of.{lo OC.I;..A
die for II - - - DPP''f'~'l- If~

The Emperor spoke in praise of the soldiers

who died for Ethiopia. ""'"' ~1P'ofo Ill\.

dictator 1\'J"Q 1n
Mussolini was a dictator.
n ~11c

I. mof.. The sounds of the music died away.

f.,..ll.:l'"" J':9"6 mof.
2. l>fm'i- V.S'.. The noise of the train died
away in the distance. QIK- ll.cO:,. ""1i
ofo l>fm'i- 't.S'.

'I-9"11C'I- 1\HA .,,..,.

die
I. '1"1" I 1\~.1.. My mother died yesterday.
,.,.,.., """"""" .,. ....lHe died by his own hand. 111~ l>)l: '1"1"
He died this morning at two o'clock. If& s
tll.'l- 11119"'1'1- {1'\'1- 1\~4.
2. /'o.h1""". The Leagne of Nations died in
1935. f'\119" DP'I"JP';.I-'1- "?'rOC 01jjf~~
'\. 9". /'o.h1"0D
3. S'.~4'. The tree is dying. ~4- l>fS'.~4' ~..,.
4. Q'lJ.'.. 11~S'.. His sudden anger died. J':'111">;'
'IJ.'..ofo Q'IJ.'.. 11~S'.
5. mof.. The motor died. '1"1--1- mof.
6. 11"19" '1'1. I am dying to find out what he
said about me. 1111~ M l>'l"'ll 11"7m0:,.
11"19" '11'!1'1\oWhat did he die of? M 1S'.IIw-?

'1-f"k..J' ' oPP''f'i>'!- ' flf\'-'l-'1 ' ID;.f-S'.t:l- '

11'1"111 ......,oldie off 1\114'
The old inhabitants are dying off. fJI.t: ~'I'
&l"l- ' l>J'II_, ' .,,..,.
die out

I.

4'~.

This old custom is gradually dying out.

f.ll f'l''l'!- A"7J': 4'11 114'11 l>f4'~

't..I;..A
2. ""~1-1- 4'~. Latin died out a long time ago.
-~1-1- ' hoflll- ' '1.11. 11.1.'1-
f'l-1:'1
4'C;J:A

*"* .

die-hard llw-'1' f"7f..I.A"I

The di<>-hards will never accept the new regime.
11.,.'1' ' f"7f..I.A.,.'I- ' 1\P;.{Io'l OD'I"IP''!-
11'i'K-9" /'o.J'.4'011-9"

diet (v.)
*Are you still dieting? /'o.o-'19" f'J"'I-ou~n.,.
f1"1DM 9""1ofl

~.,.

diet (n.) 9""111

For weeks our diet consisted of nothing
but fish. lloflll- li'J"'I+l- 9""1Ql-'1 '\"1

ofliF

~nc

Poor diet dwarfed the children. 114: 1\A"U'I-

fl\.11"" 9""1ofl A}!~ 1\~~~H

*He subsisted on a diet of bananas. tnt-11

Ml1'1 OJtf.ID'I- 4'f

*No cake for me, I'm on a diet.

l\~

h.h

Al1l\9" I 9""1ofl oou~mofl 'If. ~~

[See also 'starvation']

differ
1. 1"1\..J'f. Opinions differ here. 1111.11 'If.
f{l.,. I\111"..J'f-l- f.IIJ'J'A

differen ce
2. t-11"..,.1<;1'9". They differ in every respect.
09"19" )1C hf.1<;l.9"
3. hA.,.ll.,., ll". I beg to differ with you.

Ethiopia was never conquere d by the Muslims.

f.:,OC;t- ' hY:C"lA'1<; 09"TIIID" hAll_,

_,9" I t...+f"t.f Ol>ll'l'l":f' ,~.,...,.. 1:11".
,.., ' t,;t-..,.:,.9"

differen ce

!. Af.)T. Can you explain the difference to

me? Af.H>1 A;1-llt:J!'1 ' +:f-'111111
It makes no difference when you come.
9"19" "1.11. 11T"""' Af.)T hf"""lll"
The difference between seven and eleven is four.
Oll<"t+<; 001"&- h1Y: ""IJhA fiiCD-
Af.)T to&-+ )CD2. hll"""''l'l +. Try to make some adjustments
of your differences! OooiJh'l:f'IJo MIICD-
hi\DD"'<\<\T 1\ooll_,_,. -,. 'l"h~
have a difference
I. .,.h&-ht:. The children had a difference
over a name for the new puppy. A ,"it'll 1111 h
J!.(lo ' 11-'1''1 ' 119" ' 1-h&-h~ ' ) oc
2 . .,.llff. They had a serious difference of
opinion. Odt<\11 0"19" Y.llff. )0C
make a difference d.,m(l'} a ~A

What you eat for breakfast makes a difference

in how you feel all day long. 11-I<Cll fll"+n
'ltJJo f.,.)-1 tJJoll-111 1\.fDll)tJJo Y.:f-'111".

differen t
I. 11.'1. That's a different matter. f 1\.'1 )1
C

diffiden t

320

)(Do

2. f.,.llff. I called three different times, but

he was out. O?'ll+ f.,.llff. "LH.f+ 11~..,.
AIITII" '111"tJJo hAii'Ah-9 "
be different .,.llff

The two brothers are very different. 11-11-1> m

1~"'1~ ' 0"19" ' f ...llff.. <;'l'tJJo

differen tiate (vt.) llf

What differentiates the polar hear from other
hears? f'I'A;t- 1:111 hl\.11-'l' 1:11'!' 9"
1 1-llf'I''I'A 1
differenti ate (vi.)
I. II". f.)+ om.,.. Only an expert could differ-

so much alike to him. 1:9"7'1'"'" 0"19" 11

11"'1.""<\llii-OT h"'IC>;'<; ..,...,c>;' hf-111-9"

differen tly O.,.llff ou111:

Different lawyers may construe the same law
differently. Af. Af. m0:1'9''1' t-1-'1-1 .n
.., ' O...llff ' OD111: '

,..,.<':'1'......,. '

f-11"<;11".

*I think differently about it. 111111.11 111'1

hll ...ff+ ' f ...llf ' )mdifficult

I. MY: I hll'l':>6. Amharic is a difficult

language. h.,C>;' h<\1: (hll'l'.:>6) o !111!1/ ,
)m-

There are many difficult pupils in this class.

1>11.11 ' h'i'A m-11'1' 1111- hll'l':>6 _,...,
69''!' ' hll2, h4-. My boss is a difficult employer.
hii:I'IL h4- h"'6 )CD3. fOOh&-. Your kind words give me comfort
in a difficult time. DDAIJ9" :1''1+11 O""h
&oiL "1.11. hl\"<;1 ..........."'

be difficult hll'1'1t:
It is difficult to understan d what he means.
f"'LIIm-1 )1C 1\00t:J!+ fll:f"'&-11".
have a difficult time l--Ie

hllO-l-

Left-hand ed people have a difficult time

learning to write. "1&-'1 ll9''!' ll".ft4.+ 11.
..,~ 'l"''c hll<\'1'..,.
difficult y (difficulties)
I. 'l"''c. He overcame all difficulties. 11-11-1
9" '1"'11!'1' hlf),t.
The difficulty of learning Amharic is considerable. h"'IC>;'1 II"""'IC o film- o 'I'"'C o h'i'
fll ' )tJJo

2. hll'l':>6 )1C. This task is beset with

difficulties. 1-11 P'&- '111'1'.:>6 )11!'1'
f.,.'l'm )tJJo

3. h11~+. The difficulty of the job was greater

than we thought it would be. f P'&-m- h11~
+ 1Jll11)m- 0'11- )OC
make difficulties hll:f-1~

Study your lesson thoroughl y and don't make

any difficulties! 'l'<;TII1 0'1'1:1'41 h'l'<; 1 h
;1-ll'I"''C

entiate between the original painting and the

copy. ""'""'"" ' o:,.:q:..,. ' P'i>A ' ODIJhA ' '

diffiden ce l>'l't:+
Her diffidence makes her hard to talk with.

between Amharic and Tigrinya; they sound

diffiden t 0&-(lo 111"".,..., ""1

His diffident manner makes him a poor

lltJJo1 Af.)T 1\.ftJJo:,O f"'L'I'IItJJo 01"&"'" f"'llm) 11!1' )tJJo

2. ( = passive) .,.llf. +He cannot differentiate

l>'l't:+ 11119";1-0~ "'1~:>1C fll'I"''&-A

321

diffuse
teacher. Ot.a. ' J.'I\OD-J-'"IOD't ' mQ\< ' f.IJ'"I

hll-J-'"16 hJ':C-);1-A.

diffuse (vt.) MM
The Jesuits diffused learning throughout South
America. t..ra.ttro-n Of.R-11 h"'L61J roll'!' '1-!l"tJC'l-'t hM4dlffuse (vi.) -1-ilt."'-

The dye diffused slowly through the water.

'"l:tii"''.J'm- +to o+n oro-;>ro- m-11'1'
-tilt. ...

diffuse (adj.)
*This lamp gives diffuse light. f.IJ ou-flt-'1-
f.11H11 !-'II -ocn .1-'ilt.RiA.

dig (dug) 'll.C..:

He dug a ditch around the field. ooullh- II'
6!-' ' (lf. '

-a;.c..:

The farmer's wife digs potatoes. f10t.ro- "'L

11'1- ' J':'t:f ' '1-'ll'i!t.ll:f

dignity

digest (vt.)
1. h'PdtF... The function of the stomach is to
'"l'l'dtJ':

digest food. f"'-'lt. .,..,qc

,...,-II

)dl-

2. +woo. Have you digested everything that

is important in that book? 011..1' ""ll'dt'i'

""11'1' .1-'lr'l-'t ' 'i!t. ' )1C':f ' o-tr "'"'""
VIAl
digest (vi.)
I. ( ~ trans.) .1."". Nuts are hard to digest.
...'It- ' llfD-11't ' 04'1\ir ' ll..l.'fl" ' hf.:fA.f"
2. hi'I.,.)'J- :>t. -1-'l'dtf.. Cabbage is hard
to digest. '1-0D't hilro-)'J- :>C -'l-IP' hf.'l'

"'*The
,..,..victuals offered us by the natives were

hard to digest. IJ1t.P''Il !-'4'.:11-IA't ,....,11

htA'tlft.lfc hll't

digest (n.) h'fl"C .....,II"'I

A news digest is printed by the embassy.

The enemy was dug in on the top of the hill.

h'fl"C ' filS ' OD"JII"'i ' Olo.!I"Q(l,ro- ' :J-'1-'1" '
ID'l';I:IA

mil+ Ol>.:ii;J-ro- "'i'i! 1\f. ou"ii~ )0C

dig into h - - - 1\WtJJ

digestion f,....,il ou'tlft.lfc

A short rest after a meal helps digestion.

(be) dug In oulf1

I'm afraid we will have to dig into our reserves.

h-J-4'"7"'i:f't ' '"ldi-"''J- ' J.'llil't ' f.ODIIII"i"/A.
dig out
I. 'il'i!l!' hiD"l. They dug him out of the
well after it collapsed. h-tf.,:ou(l .,.J':'IJ':
fD-11'1' ' 'll'i!.:ro- ' hiDIIl''l2 . .1./A'i!IP' hiD"l. He dug the bullet out of
the board. 'l'f..,'t hfl't:l'ro- m-IlT .c.
IA'i!IP' hiD"l
dig through 0.:0.:
He dug through the pile of letters. ff.ii'IO.m-'t
h!l"c n.:o.:rodig up
I. -a;.c..:. He dug up land for a new garden.
1\.ll.ll Y'l-hiA'l- (l;J- ou,:.'J- U.:
2. )4'11. We will have to dig up the rose bush.
fll"l..:'lro-'t 0 4<'1'!1/fll 0 OD')4'(A 0 hll-fl't
3. 'il'i!C' hiD"!. Dig up the taproot of the tree!
f~4-'t '!'<; FC 'il'i!.:IJ hdl-"lm4. ilOilO. The students were digging up
information in the library. -J-"76P''Il 00.-J-
r.ilnnn- )Rc
ouxa.'i!'l- ro-n"'
(be) dug up -1-'ll'i'C' ID"'
An old statue was dug up in Aksum last month.
QII.C.ro- IDC l!ha-9" f'l"t'l- dtm-/A'l-
-J-'il'i!C' ' ID"'
[See also 'spur1

-ar .

h,....,il ' 0:\11 ' '1'4:'1- ' b.:'i!'J- ' '"IY:.:"' '
11,....,11 ou'tlf.:.lfc r..:.o;A.

digit [hH.C' hllh Hm'1 !-'lim- '"l't'"/.,.!1"

4<'1'C]

dignified (adj.) "'C'"I '1"111 !-'limHis father was a dignified old gentleman.
hQ... "'C'"I '1"111 .1-'ll:fro- 11'"1"111. (I
t&

~0?-

[See also 'beariog']

dignify (dignified) hllhR.:

By his achievements, the President dignified
his office. OFt.ro- h't""'t Tt.IVI't ...
if.ou.,'t hllhO.:ro-

dignitary (dignitaries)
1. Qll FIA"''t. The church dignitaries were
dressed in blue and gold. f0.-1- hcM:!-"t
Qll FIA"''l':f ii'"IJ.''f!<; ' IDC:t'"l ' /A-fill '
11-flii'I'IA
2. ;J-1\:t (lro-. The police parted the crowd
to let the dignitaries pass. :J-111\ol':f iiP':f
h't.II.!-'IA4- ?"ll.(':f ih1111-'t 1IIA. hf..:.,.'l3. if.!l" (pl. if.'"l!l"'t'l-). All the dignitaries wear
capes. if.'"l?"'t-1> O""'ir IJq f.ll-flfltr

dignity
I. hiiC. A man's dignity depends on his
11

character.
~

f(ltD-

A"/: tl11..;. OmQtl t\

I f'..,.oPIPwf" I

"''M."'.

~dJ-

He may attain the dignity of the

2.
presidency. M'"~IUI1'1-)'I-1

"''M."' n

'S ' f.ll''iA

be beneath one's dignity h-fl?o.,. +)fl
It would be beneath my dignity to notice his
insults. f(to.,. I {l_e-ofl I h-t9" I )1C I oPII)fj: I
h11~1 ' ,..,., ... "'
digress """

He often digresses from the main subject.

111f-a>-1 '1..11. h'l'<;a>- hCl.il'l- ' f.ID"'A

dike "!.(-11

They stemmed the flood with dikes. '1-Cf-1

R"!.(-11 h1Jl.'l-

dim (adj.) S'.11qq

I saw a dim figure in the shadows. 0'1'1\dJ- m11'1' s>.11qq fila>- ~ex- ;t-f'S

I couldn't see anything in that dim light.

RS'.11'f'f11Jo ""116-'1- 9"19" 1\"''f'l- t.A
ii'Ah-9"
get dim ~hoP
His eyesight is getting dim. f~f..,. 11C?1
l.fS'.hOD ' ROD~~ ' '\f. ' )OJtake a dim view
I. ~c .,.111'". Her mother takes a dim view
of her choice of clothes. l.'i-1:-1: ill\ A~:J:
A11il t.oP&-'1' ~c '1-il.,.ll:f
2. 11~.,..,. hii.,.J.'f+ hi\IJJo. My father takes
a dim view of my business activities. h.Q-1:
!Ill ' ,..,~ ' p>&-'I- ' 11~.,.... ' toil.,. J.'f'l- ' hi\IJJo
dimension we~ M+

dilapidated fiDS'.of>

This is a dilapidated old house. f.U fiDS'.of>

ton

diminutive

322

digress

11.+ )w-

What are the dimensions of this room?

frt.U h'i'A IDC~'i ilol-1: 9"1 J.'UA
)OJ-!

dilate ilof.
The pupils of the eat's eyes dilate in the dark.
f~OD't- ' f~f-1 ' 111\.1 ' R....l\"7 ' OJ-!1'1' '
f.ilof.A
dilemma fo-11'1- h4- 9"C""i

He faced the dilemma with courage. fo-Il+

h4- 9"C""I.w-1 R~'i'<:'l- .,_1/1/0D
He performed his task with diligence. JP &-w-

fOD~S'./1- ' .ft111 ' R"'9" ' '1-A~ ' )roof vast dimensions OIIJ?"' fl4- fit

A project of vast dimensions like building a

railroad system costs a lot of money. rutc
m'l.m ODHC;>T foP/11\ R"'9" ilof. J.'

He is a diligent student. '1-1-U (+1-)

diminish (vt.) of>)il

Tbe war diminished the countty's wealth.

t.h'iw)

diligent T1-U I '1-1-

.,...,6

)OJ-

tDC)-1: }'161:1 V11T of>)/IIJJo

.,..,.)II

diminish (vi.)
Our food supplies are diminishing daily.
4'1\<ll-1 Rfof>.,_ M.,_of>)/1 f."A

dilute (with water) t.of>m)

The cook diluted wine with water. m-r 0.-k

IDf-.,.1 ' t.of>m)IJJo
be diluted .,.'!hOD

The force of his writing is diluted by the use

of too many words. J.'AA4- "1f.A R.4''1
'1- o 11q't- o .,.JihOD
dilution w-;> """'""'"'

Dilution of milk is forbidden by law. Rw.,.:,.

OJ-!1'1' ' w-;> '
)OJ-

The temple is a building of great dimensions.

II l.~ ~ 111f- 11H11 f.mf..4'A

diligence+:>+

1 n+:>+

of great dimensions OIIJ9'" TA~

ODof>llof>A ' R.ft"! ' f.,.hllhll '

dim (dimmed), v. of>M

The car didn't dim its lights. ODh.'iiJJo OD11

&-1:1 t.Aof>)/19"

diminution
*His diminution of strength is due to increasing
age. 1-AR-1: f.,.JihOOIJJo bb~"''. oP"'of.
+ ' f.,.)., ' )OJ*The diminution of our respect for him was
caused by his careless talk. 1111- nR<:1 h
h111!"'1- ' R"'S'..I\11 ' ,..,..,"'" ' OO)oP)
diminutive (n.) Mil.,..,. fll') )1C

Amharic occasionally uses the feminine for

h)il-1'.,.
the diminutive. t.1-'11S'..

<I"''C.,.

fll'.,. )11!":f Rt.1ii;J-f. l';t- f.m&-11-

dimlnutive (adj.) '1'.4'~1

The doll's house contains diminutive furniture.
J.'lf11-ll.+ fl.+ 'I'.4'~1 l..4'll':f f.f.'IA

direct

323

dimple

~f.

dip (vi.)
I. mol\.,. IDIIJ. The birds dipped into the ocean.

din (dinned), v. hll.,.;>Q

The thunder dinned in his ears. t'l-:'1.0:. ]t.
c:m- ' ~ ' hll.,.;>Q

m.:::Y. lD-:t-Y'l'll <D-11'1' mA+m- mm2. HOm. Be careful! The road dips here.
.,_m')+:,O I 7.11.11 ;> DD')~Jl. f.Hofi"'A
3. J\mar. I have to dip into my savings.
l)m&-+,.11-+ ~')H11 "7lD-"'-l- hllofl'S

dimple 1-:'1-Y: Yll ,.Ah:r.

She has dimples in her cheeks. .,..,..,_
1-:'1-Y: Yll ,-Ah-l- htl

din (n.) :>:>:J'

The din of the traffic does not let me sleep.
fDDh.'i'<D- ;>;>;Jo o 7,'):,0ol\'i' ' t"''S
dine 7.&-+ 0~
Our parents are dining with us tonight. to~
]t.il'"f'! qt. "7:J' h... :>e 7.&--l- f.
0~11-

dine out h~

01\.
We always dine out on Saturdays. :t-'1"'1. :t-'1
"'1. 11-ol\1.11. f.<D-"11' f.')Mtl')

dingy .f.lfli Yll

His dingy house is a disgrace to the neighborhood . .f.lf'li Yti<D- IL-l: (1(1.1.~ hll<NI tmdining room 9""1ofl IL+
Bring another chair into the dining room!
7.,..,ofl IL-l- tl.~ m')Oe h,-"1

dinner
I. 7.&--l-. We eat dinner most often at six
o'clock. hoflq'i'm-') 1.11. 7.&-+ ff"')O~
m- 001"&- o-ll+ ll't-l- tm2. f &-+ "lofl"1f'. The Emperor is giving a dinner
io"lP"...,
in the ambassador's honor.
lltl t,,-q~~ hofle f&--l- "lofl"1f' YY.
e:>llhave dinner l\t-+ 01\.
As long as you are here, have dinner with us!
7.11.11 ' l)(IIJ ' 7.&-+ ' hofll:1i') ' o(J~
take to dlnrier l\t..+ ,;JOH
He wants to take me to dinner. 7.&-+ II..;Jofl
H'S f.I.A;>A
[See also 'formal, invite')

..,..,.w

dip (dipped), vt.

I. hmll+. He dipped the bucket into the lake.
QMm-') oh.f.oll <D-11'1' hmll+
2. +'1. The servant dipped water from a spring.
m-:> ' hf"')"'l' ' +'I:Y.
~-II
3. hm+ll. Dip the bread into the stew!
'Ifill') Omm- h'l':t-llm4. th.:. She dipped her head into the water.
&-(1.') ' m-:> ' <D-11'1' ' th.::Y.

'

dip for

she dipped into the jar for an olive. fmf.&-

t1"7lD-"'-l- 7.~') "7111! ,.11'1' h

o;:o~.

.,..,.;y.

dip out Q;l,(ll.

He dipped out the stew into the dishes.

mm-') O{).lt'l',.; ~f. Q;l,(ll.
diphtheria

[.,.~~ol.

f'l-C:C: O'li:J')

diploma f,.llhe m.:++

He received his diploma for teaching English.
7.')"111.11 ... f"711.,."7e f,-llhe mt:+-J:')

.,..,.Oil
diplomacy -'l.TII-"711.
Diplomacy requires many skills. JlTA-D'7ft.
ofiH- '1'011') f.mf.:J'A
diplomat -'l.TII-"7-lMany graduates of the School of Law become
diplomats. h.lt"l .r,-ue+ IL-l- f"'l.oo.:
oil 11H-l":Y. lll":Y. -'1.Tll-"7-l- f.ll''i'lldiplomatic HI."'
He is diplomatic in dealing with people.
hllfDo :>e "IT~t+ II.YY.C"I HI. ... tfDo
diplomatic corps lte '1.Tll-"7-l:h
He belongs to the diplomatic corps. flte -'1.
Tll-"7-l:h hQA tfDo
dire hY.~"'
Dire calamity threatened the town when the
water was cut off. m-~CD- o..,.,t:l.m 1 1..11 1 h
.,.., ... t.Y.~'i' II:>+ ~.e mY.+:Y.
He was in dire need of help. 7.e'I:J' h4-,.
Ylli.A~,. toe
direct (v.)
I. h{)f. Can you direct me to the post office?
?"II:J' IL-l>') A;Jo()f'{ -l-:Y.~llll 1
2. oo&-. Who directed the orchestra at yesterday's concert? 0-l-~')-11 f,....H.:J' O'tA ~

.e , oo-n.+>r,.;,. ,

.eoo&-

no.:,. .,.,. ,

toe 1
He directed the company through a difficult

direct
time. h-WIJ'fllo'} '111'1':>6 1.U.I'.'J- IJolr
0063. h.,<:O I 1UH<:. The chairman directed his
remarks to two of the committee members.
11.., oo'}0-1- hil.,..l'f-1:'} /IIJo/1-1: fi'.C
.,. h'lll-:f h.,<:O
He directed his remarks to all of us. hil.,..l'f-1:
'} /11Jo'l:f'}9" il~H<:
4. .,.'k"'m<:. There was no one to direct the
workmen. JP6-i-'l''lh f"'l.'k"'mC {lfllo
hA~0<:9"

5. hil.,.'IIIL. A policeman is directing the

traffic. ?'ll.il- .'J-6-LIJ.'} .l'il.,.'IAof.A
6. hHH. The captain directed his men to
advauoe. lf9"0tr w;J-I'.t:'li WI'. U l\
'}-'lJ00-1- hHH
7. l\L. Shall I direct the letter to his home
address? 1'.11110.fllo'} 00.-J: h.l':&olf Al\Lfllo l
8. h'l'/1. We should direct our efforts to useful
ends. T<::J':f'}'} IJolr /IOOAI)9" -MIJ
C "'i'I'A h/111'}

direct (adj.)
1. .,T;J-. There is no direct route. .,T;J-
OD'}1J': ' f/19"

.,'!'.,.';'.
il .,'!'.,.,. ouAll ilm

He made a direct answer to the

2.
charges brought against him. 1\.,<:00.'J- h
f"IAW~.'J-.

I like his direct manner. MAW

mill' .l'ill'.ll.,.';'A
4. """ir. He took direct charge of the library.
f!l..,. OOOI.ft'i!-1:'} ' ,_flo ' ~~~L~.'J- Will'.
5. ( ~ adv.) O.,T;J-. That man is a direct
desoendant of Emperor Menelik. .1' ilfllo
h-'1"1"'1'1! 9"tAh O.,T;J- .ew/1-'IA
3.

~.'J-

*It is the direct opposite of what we expected.

l\';' l){l11~fllo ;>C LW'I" h.ell"'/"'19"

war will be a direct result of such political

action. fiLII ~.e~-1: f?'/1-1:11 "!--'I.e tfiC
~..,..

"'iilh.,.tr h.e.,c9"

direction
1. h:jo"'"'i. The water splashes in all directions.
fllo;)fllo OIJolr h:jo"'"'i .eil&o""lA
2. f"'l.Wil.l': oo'}1.1':. Can you give me directions to the lake? WI'. ' m.e41 ' f"tWili'.'S'} '
OD'}1J': 0 .'J-~'1<:';'/ItJ!

3. ""6~.'J-. They have made great progress

under his direction. 01\- on,t')oT ;t-1\:t-
oolflf A hi'.<:.,.
4. .,.'k"1"16~.'J-. He did the work under my
direction. F&ofllo'} 0~ .,.'k"1"16~.'J- JP6-

dirt

324

5. """"6.1'. -Follow the enclosed directions!

.,.,,_,. f"'1..1'ffllo'} ODOD6.1' .,.h.,.A

6. h.1'J\C. This town shows improvement in

many directions. .eu h.,."'i 01111- h'}l\
C -lflfA h.I':C'iA
In all directions OJ'AOT

The water splashes in all directions. fllo;)fllo ' 0.1'

/IO.'J- .e<:"'iA

In direction fl-- Ott-A

In which direction did he go? Of.'J- Oh-A
Y:l'. l
[See also 'whichever, wrong']

directive ""9"6.1'
The newspaper published the President's new
directives on education. ;>U"'fllo I'Tt.ILJI'}
-!:'} h'lil ' f.'J-9"1JC.'J- OD9"6.1' h."J-'/" o h

W"'

directly 0.,'1':1'
Let's go directly to the hotel! 0.,'1':1' WI'.
11'-I:A ' l\'}'LJ':
directly opposite liLT Ad.+
Our house is directly opposite the store.
n.;J-:f'} ' hil-41 ' 4-.'J- ' /14-.'J- ' ~ ....

direct object, see object

director 'lt.h.,.c
He is the director of our company. f';' h-IJ'}
.1' 'lt.h.,.C ~"'"

directory fil9" "'ifllo"'i

The University of California publishes a
directory every year. flill.t.':Ct.l' 1'-UiCII.t
o.rou-J: fil9" "'/fllo"'i l\J'.,.oo .I'W"'A
[See also 'telephone']

direful

.,_c.,.';'

The direful croak of the raven perturbed him.

f41&-fllo

.,_c.,.,. .1':9"11

.:olf"'"

dirge .....,r
The mourners' dirge could be heard from far
away. .I'A:I'il":f ,...,r h-~o:jo .eil"'' ~OC

dirt
1. .,.lflf. How can I get the dirt off the walls?
_,.lflftJJo'} b'1.1':"/JitJJo 'I.e l\'}J'...'J- A
mC1tJJo l\:f'IIIIJo l
2. l\.1':'1'. How can I get the dirt off my shirt?
l\.1':4-'} hlf"'l.U l\'}J'...'J- 'lil/l:jo.,..,. l
[See also 'smear']

dirty (v.) 1\.flflf

Don't dirty your shoes! "'i"711"t l\;t-.f111i

advantage in learning Amharic. 1\.'1-f"kJ'' J'

~If~ (liD- ' l\"7C';' iiOU"7C 0011111 ,l'.'f
~.:.~

dirty (adj.)
I. .flflf. The floor is dirty. tDillr .flflf
~

disappear

325

dirty

....

f11~"1'i'. He
f11~"1'i' +~P.'{o

2.

likes to tell dirty jokes.

.,.,.,:.,.

,l'.tD'I~

*She gave me a dirty look. O'l'~il' +""ilh

+':f"i
be dirty .flflf I 1\Y.L
Your shirt is dirty. lf"'l.1111 .f1i!(~ (l\.1:-:f:~)
be In a dirty state .flf1i 1111
The house was in a dirty state. tl.-1> .flf1i
1111- ~oc
[See also 'mark, trick']
His greatest disability is his constant stammering. fCI\- '~-~"' "Jo.i:"il-1> 11-~1.11. ""

,.,.q.,.a- . ....
~

The disability of the plan is that it requires too

many engineers. M\:,.0-'J- .,...,e-ll..-,. 0"1,.. 11
n- , oPY"tJI.f\':f ""mf., ~.,.
be a disability for 1\(l'i'hil
Deafness is a disability for a musician. 1-"J.f.C:
~,. ....H.+';'"t J'{l'i'h~~
tJJo6l!' t.Y..-.~

The injury to his knee disabled himfor many

weeks. f"t-~0-1> DP'I-.11'1- 111111- ll?""t;l+ hP't.tJJo tJJo"'." 1\Y..-.~tJJo

disabled (adj.) 11ltil

This arrangement is to his disadvantage.

,1'.11 11"1;t''l- ill\- f"7 ,eou'{o ~,.
put at a disadvantage ftll=f-1~

His inability to speak English puts him at a

disadvantage when he attends conferences.
7."t"lll.11';' OU'i'~C 1\ilouiJ'tr "Joqh,
~.........~"i

J'll'f"l"-'1'~

(l"th-~

The disabled soldiers received a pension from

the government. 1\ltil ll"th-~ tD;I-Y.r:'{o
hoP"t"IP''I- tn-"-:1' 1\11-

disabuse (of) 1\ll+tD

I disabused him of the idea that he could
graduate after one year. lt"t .!:" 'toP'!- 0:\
~ f"""""-"' l\1111-"t l\II+ID-h-'1disabuse oneself of h1t7..9'"C"dJo- h.ilm'l~

You must disabuse yourself of that notion.

J'"t"t mll1111"t ht.l\!l"r:ll "711tD~.i:" 11111111

disadvantage "1-'1'1It is a disadvantage to be small when you are

standing in a crowd. 1\"'."C foPif"t "1-'1-1>
f"'l.:l'tD4>1D- 01111- .81111 OUI}h~ .......
f"' I ~8)be at a disadvantage Oflllm J +:f1~
A person who is not Ethiopian is at a dis-

~.,.

(be) disadvantageous (to) f"'l.'l--'1

The terms of the treaty are disadvantageous to

our country. fll!l"!l"~-1> 1\"t+P.':f m.:.'{o"t
"t f"'l.'1-'1. 'i''fiD-

disaffected (adj.) .,.<l-:1'

disability "Jo.I:-11'1-

disable hP't.

be to on' disadvantage f"7~oo";f ~aJo

f~q,.

The disaffected sailors talked of mutiny.

:,0<~.;1- f~q:f.,. ouchO"'''{o ll..l'll.-1- }\(Ill-

disagree

l\~+11"7"711"

I disagree with the method; OH.I'..tJJo 11A

11"7"711"
Grapes disagree with me. ftD,I'."t 'i!<l. l\,1'.
11"7~11"

disagree violently +"1-\

They disagreed violently and parted company.

+"1~.,.,_ ' +IIJ''-

disagreeable Y.ll

f"7,1'.~

He has a disagreeable voice. Y.ll

!l"il 1\IIID-

f"7,1'.~

.!:"

disagreement 1\ilou"lqiJ'!- 1 11ilouii"7"7'1The meeting ended in complete disagr~ment.

1111(lqtJJo 0'1'1\.!1" ' l\{loo"Jqq'!- +O+~
His conciliatory remarks were very welcome
after so much disagreement. h11H- 1111""11"7
.,,. o:\~ 1111:1'.:.-t mllll-"t o-~lt
II". ++011-'1-

disallow '1':>

1\~(lm!l"

The ministry disallowed the report of .the

committee. "'1.~111:-1- IIY.C"Jo tl?'C'I- . 'I'
:> ' 1\~(lm!l"
(be) disallowed 11~+4>0/r'l-!1"

The request for a new trial was disallowed.

"t-'1'- O'i'C.I:" IL'I- h"tY.~'i' h"t-'1.;1-,1'.
r+.-.o,., '1'.1'., t.~++otr'l-11"

disappear mof..
He disappeared in the crowd. 0.1.1111- ool)

hill. mof..

disappearance

326

The scar will always be visible and will never

disappear. mfJI'ow- ?"1"111.9" 111\"'I.J'.mof. H
WTC .J'.:1"1A
The light suddenly disappeared. 11C?). 0.1:"11
Tmof.

disappearance ""Tof-T
The disappearance of the airplane brought
about a search of the area. fAa>-eT~).
""Tof-T 04'01\.w- 'i'll:> Allh-1"11
His conduct disappointed us. mllf.

:t-c h.

(("f't

be disappointed :,.c All(a>-)

I was very much disappointed when he did not
come. /'o.J'.OO"J oou:,.,:., 0"19" :,.c All'S

disappointment
I. :,06.:1". He spoke openly of his disappointment. llll-1-l'l"'la>- :,06-:J" O"IAII' -!"<;-!<:
2. 1111"1.'+. His delusions of grandeur led
him to disappointments. h1-l> fTA:,.~.-,.. II
"'LT h11ll.,_..-,.. ~.J'. "11\a>"'Even after disappointments hope still abides.
1-111-:f-1 fi.J'.IIIJA19" 1.1'>. -1-llof. "'1.1:"<:
:>":f-1 A.J'.4'C9"
be a disappointment h.IJ:H)o

Her lazy son was a disappointment to her.

M'i' Al!_ 0"19" 11111..-.-,.. ~oc

disapproval
I. 0~1~ Al\ooll"'I"'IT. He shook his head
in disapproval. 0~1~ fJI\ooll"'l"'l~ t-1'1

~.,.~.,.

2. T1!11T. The elders observed the doings of

the young people with disapproval. 11"'1"11\.9'
":f- fOJ"'.f-":f-1 .1:-CI..T 0T1111T -J-ool\h-1>
3. .,.~m-tJD. A frown is often an intimation
of disapproval. .t.-l-~ oo*mC 1lrt- "LtL
f-1-:J'm-.,. 9"/Ah.-,.. ~wmeet with disapproval

his request for a scholarship . .I:C1- nR

T9"UCT h111.1'1mm- 14'<:0m-1 T14:
AA-1"4'01\m-9"
4. HL. The teacher disapproved of the
students' florid writing. ou9"u~ f-1""'169'
'fi1 f-1"4''1'1 1\'.J..'i' ~4'L
5. AT~~- The mother disapproved of her
daughter's garish earrings. A~:J: 1.1:<:1-:f-m1 11A.,_.A.,_. 1-Til' h<;TI'"'I' AT~~":f-fJT

disarm

disappoint :,.c Mff

disastrous

.,.'io+tt.

His remarks met with general disapproval.

fl'lmm- All-1-1fT Oo-11-9" -1"~4'L

disapprove
I. -1-:J'OJou. Does he disapprove of people
kissing in public? fl'l9'":f-1 fJ.I:fJfJ.J'. """
119" .J'.:J'OJ"'IA ?
2. AA-I"ll"'1"'1(0T9"). The higher judge disapproved the verdict. h'i'-1-.,.m- '~"' 0<;:
Cl!. AA-1-ll"'I"'IOT9"
3. AA-1"4'0119". The committee disapproved

l. f,nc OD"f61 4'M. It is difficult to persuade the great powers to disarm. "1.-l.,
OD1"1P':l"T r,nc OD"f611 1.111.4'11'1-
"'l"lflfJT All'!':>6 ~w2. oP"f61a>-1 1d.d.a>-. The police captured
the bandit and disarmed him. Tll_l'l- 11<;::1"
a>-1 I .J'.JI OD"f&1a>-1 ~J.La>3. AO~. The speaker's frankness disarmed
the angry mob. -!"<;;>6a>- 'i'CT A.I:"C1 h
m-~-lo1 ou<;1~ f-1-<;~m-1 ih1111 AO<:.J:w*His smile disarmed us. L1"1:J"a>- h1.1:"<;4'C
om- A.J:<:11
be disarmed OO"f61BJ-1 T1Ld.
The prisoners were quickly disarmed. hll<:'l'
:fi oP"f61'l'a>-1 mll.fm-). -1"1L4-

disarmament f,nc """161

:,.~11

The great powers are going to hold a disarmament conference. -11~1 OD1"1P':l"T
ill\ ,nc oP"f61 :,.~11 !111M 11_1.1:C
"}--

~(Do

disarray Tc9"ll
The meeting ended in disarray. ll11Mw- 0
TC9"il -1-d.Roo

disaster
J.ou:,..,.-;:.-,... The last earthquake was the
greatest disaster in years. ritLaJ- I foo&.:'f- I
OD14'T4'T 011,. 'tOD:J"T a>-IIT M<:l'l..,.. o-11- "l.J'.II.,. ou:,..,.-;:.-,.. ~oc
2. '1'4-+. I have a premonition of disaster.
Tof-T h1.1:"'LJ'.Cil -1"1'1"'1'1
3. ou-t.-,... The frequent mishaps boded disaster. f-1".1::>1 ... .-,.. A.J::>9'":f- foo't.-,.. 9"A
h.f-":f-. ~0~
4. ~-How will he recoup after such a
disaster? hh1.1:1U' 111 A.!::> 0:\~ 1.1.1'.
.-,.. 111'1<1-<1-A?
[See also 'court']

disastrous
l. AI'I:J'+. I A.l:1....

A disastrous accident

occurred on the highway. nltw-&- 1-'l'i"a>-

"" ho'l:l'-1: M.:> .t'.l:l"l
A disastrous flood destroyed the fields. l\1'..1

If 1-C'i! l\clfa>-"t l\mof.w2. h'l'.&.. His guidance of foreign policy proved

disastrous. ftJJw~ 1 h1C 1 ?"l\..ft. 1 1\.00&.~ 1 h.
'1'4- ll''l' .,.1'f
prove disastrous to m1T ~mThe rain and cold proved disastrous to his
health. 11'i"11'i" 11C.I:" llm.'H-to m"t'l> 'i"'l'w-

disavow l\ll.,.qnll
He disavowed any share in the plot. Ol\.1:-"7
w- a>-11'1' Oll""t9" ~.M'l- .,...o(..e l\"t-'1
A~n.: l\ll.,.qnll

disband (vt.) l\4..:1"1

The principal disbanded all clubs in our school.
F&- oe.-.w- n'l-9"uc'l- IL:f''l'"t w-11
... f"t1"t''l-"t hnl''l' OJoll- l\&..:1"1
disband (vi.) .,.n.,.~ l .C.l:l"l
The troops disbanded at the end of the parade.
OJ;f'.t'.r::r; I"IA4- l\"t-'111+ .,.0.,.).
The disunity of the members resulted in the
club's disbanding. yq11-:r; l\IIOD/l"7"7'1- h
0 !1-"t hou'i!t:ll h.t'.t:l"la>be disbanded

.,.n.,.~

The army was disbanded at the end of the war.

Otnc~-to """'"l:lf 1"1&-<-to .,.o.,.~

disbelieve

disciple

327

disavow

l\il""~l"'

His mother disbelieved his story. l\'i"-to fl"l

mw-"t 9"h"t.l''l- l\iloo~'l'w-9"

disburse h.C.II
The treasurer disburses their salaries. 1"tH11
.1'11' .t'.'l"~'l'w-"t Y.h'i!iiA

discard "'ll
He discarded his winter clothes. fht:9"'l- A
111"1-"t "'ll

discern
I. II f. It is often difficult to discern the truth
of what we are told. h.,.~1C~a>- a>-11'1' l\
OJo~-fo"t 0011 f'l- 11,. "l.fL .1''l"'.,.'i"A
2. l\f. He discerned the figure of a man in
the distance. h-1-'1> fi"IOJo '1-CK' l\f
3. .,.l:-'1. I discerned his plan to gain the
presidency. ~,..,.,. T&.H.'I"t'l- lloPII'"t l\
"t.t'.ll'~ .,.l:-'111-

discerning
*His wife has a discerning taste in clothes.
"t/l-fo ' fA1111 ' OD9"l:'l' ' :f./1-:f' ' hii'J-

*He is a discerning critic of French poetry.

r.c..:"tiOJ'."t "'"'~"' n.:-t'l> OJot:f' y..,.;r:A

discharge (vt.)
I. h&-14.. The ship discharged its cargo at
Massawa. oochtt ~~111 IJDII'f' I It~ I
h&-14.
l\h'i"m~.

2.

He discharged his duties promptly.

JP&-OJo"t O"t1q l\h'i"m~

3. l\"tJI.OJ"' l\HHOJo. The doctor discharged

the patient from the hospital. .... ~~..... nil.,.
'fw-"t h..hh.9" IL'l- l\"tJI.OJ"' l\HHOJo
4. hP'&- l\llm"'. The factory discharged
many workers. 4-11&,..,. 11,. ..,&-.,.'1''1'
hP'&- hiiOJ"'

5. .:.c..,.. The commanding officer discharged

him from the army. l\~11' ooh-"t"t hm;f'
.t'.C~'l- ' .:.c..,..,.
6. h.C.II. I have discharged all my debts .
.1'1111'h M o-11- h'i!.I'IIOJo
discharge (vi.)
I. 4.1"11"1. The stream discharges into the lake.
OJ"t,. ..hf.4l a>-ll'l' J'..C.IOA
2. q.:+. The gun discharged when he dropped
it on the floor. mou1Jl'l&1 mi\it' 1 It~ 1 0
IIJIIOJo "1..11. q,:+
be discharged
I. .,.11++. The accused

man was found not

guilty and was discharged . .,.hiOif. '1'4-.,.'f
ll''i' qiiOD1'f1o .,.11+4>
2. .,..:.c..,.. He was discharged from the army
when he completed his service. h1A"'II-1o"t
hOU.t:l"l 0:\il htnC 1"1&-'1!-fo .,..:4..,.
discharge (n.)
I. "".,.11-ll. The discharge of the gun startled
us. fmoo"tli"OJo ,..,.11-ll l\ll.t'.~1m"t
2. fool"o'i"O!I' .1'.11-'IIL. He received his discharge from the army. htnC 1"1&-'1!'1- foo
l"l'i"O!I' .1'.11-'IIL .,.+011
3. .1:"9"6. The dynamite discharge could be
heard for a mile. f .1:""7"t-to .1:-9"6 h-1-'1>
.1'-1"1"7 ~oc
4. ( ~ to discharge) "7&-1'1!. The discharge of
this cargo will not take long. "1"~-to"t "7&-1
'i! 11,. "1..11. h.l'-4.7!:9"
An official should be honest in the discharge
of his duties. qiiP'A"'"t P'&-OJo"t O"'LJ'h
ODII'"t l\110'1'i"a>-"tO'l- "1..11.

,...,'f .

disciple .<'.+ oolf ...C

John was a disciple of Christ. l"..h"tll fhCII-1'
{I

,.,_+

OD'lfJJ-C I

~flC

disciplinary

328

He is a disciple of Freud. f'i'r:f.X: 1'.4'

OlllfCJOoC

)CD-

disciplinary f~"''IDisciplinary measures will be taken against

unruly students. 'I 'I' h. -t"7&9'";f ~f. f~"'
T l\C!I"!i'9'"'f 1/-IDMI\discipline (v.) 4'"1
He disciplined the students for their unruly
behavior. -1-"7&9',;1 hP'C'l'l- tJJo1l' llll
.,.~ .... ' ..,..,q&.'fm-. "'"'"'....
*A good officer must know how to discipline
men. "'J"?. I ODb-"}"J I ID;f'-~(!"=J:"J- I ,......, ~ P'C
'l'l- li1'U'h11<~- "7X:t:"l1 "7m4' l\110'1-

discipline (n.)
1. ,....., P'C'lT. He insists on strict discipline. '1'11~ P'~ P'C'l'l- f.I-C f.~IA
2. ODA"'7oo):f. Question and answer work is a

good discipline for learning a language.

'I'.f<l<<; ' oP{A{l ' ll/1m ' /IOD"7C ' '!"~- ' OD

11"7""11' ' ~ ....

3. +roc+. Mathematics and astronomy are

related disciplines. do.lt11<; l\ll'l-r:'l"""t f
-t4't.t:ll- '1-!I"IIC-I'"'f <;'l'tJJo
enforce discipline P'~ P'C'l'l-1 ' l\llhOt:

The police took steps to enforce discipline.

?"1\.ll P'~ P'C'l'l-1 11"7llh0C liC!I"'i'
tDll!'.

disclaim
*He disclaimed all knowledge of the affair.
llll ' ?-'II< ' !1"1!1" ' l\~tJJo~!l" ' l\11

*He disclaimed all responsibility for the

accident. fJ.I'.;JIJJo !1"1!1" f"'t.l'llmf.+'t
~~c

fll!l" l\11

disclose
I. l\tD"'(O'I-). He disclosed my secret to my
9"llm.~"J r 1\'P'itD- ml\1: Jrtm
"111't
2. ~1111(-t~IIR). It was disclosed today that the
visitor would arrive by plane. 7..'l""1Jim- Oh.
r:-r~1 ' ll1.1'."'t~ll- ' q"" ' ~Ill\

worst enemy.

disclosure ( ~ to be disclosed) -~1111"

The disclosure of the epidemic frightened
many. f-t~~.c. o11;r ou"lfl'l- -~1111" 11H9'"'f1 ' l\ll.l'.~~"''l'tJJo

discolor 4'11!1" l\O~If

The fire had discolored the building. lift.,. f
.b1RIJJo1 4'11!1" l\O~ii-1';1-IA

discord
discomfit 0"1!1" l\Olt..._
The warning that whiskey was bad for them
greatly discomfited the drinkers. 'l!llh. DD'J'
G: ~,. f"'tiiiD- "7ilm14'4:.1' m"l"9'"'f
1 0"1!1" l\Oo"t""l'I'ID-

discomfort
1. 001-4.,A.. Discomfort is incidental to travel
by mule. 00~11- ll'l-'111 OD1-ft4r.IA f"7f.
~,.

4'C '

2. P':1- f.. The discomfort caused by the

disease was hard to bear. 011;1-ID- .l'llh-1-11
, . F:l"f. 11.;1-~..-l- f""t.l'-'1"1'1- ~oc

disconcert l\1.<;~.:
Arresting the innocent man disconcerted the
policeman. f'lX.dt. = (lm- 1 OOf11 1 ?"lt..fl-.
1 '

l\.1'.<;~,:,.

disconnect
I. ~4'11. He disconnected the radio and took
it from the room. t.-'1.1'"1-1 ~~II- hh'i'
1r m(l.f.m2. 'k,lm. The company disconnected the telephone. h-'11.1',. lilA h-1 4r..:m

disconnected (adj.) .I'IA-1-.I'.I'H

The injured man could give only a disconnected
account of the accident. fcfl.fl:l\m- (1m-'" 1 ill\ ;
l\F.;Jm- o-<;-1: f(lmtJJ- OD"/II""l fiA-t
.I'.I'H' ~oc

discontent ~"-;r I .bliQ'I! ~"-;r

There was an expression of discontent on her
face. f~"-;1- !1"/Ah'l- O.C.:t ~f. f.;ff.

~oc

Many countries seethe with discontent. 11,..

Mr:";f O.bliQ'I! ~"-;1- -tof.'i'oP'I'/A

(be) discontented ~c l\II(ID-)

He is discontented with his job. O.P"~LD- -1>
C 1111-;1-IA

discontinue (vt.) l\lllt:m

Due to illness he discontinued his work.
0011;1-ID- !l"h1.1''1- P't.ID-1 l\lllt:m
discontinue (vi.) +,t:,lm

Trade will discontinue if custom dues are raised.

4'~'1' l'l.""""C 1"/X: f.llit:"'IA

discord
I. 11'1'11'1'. What has brought discord into the
family? 00.-t(IIJ- ' ID-ll'l' ' 11'1'11'1" ' .l'llh-1-11
,. '

!1"1X:~,.

2. l\11""11"7"7'1-. Discord among nations may

lead to war. Y,r:':f. ' l\I\OD1I"Y"Y'l- ' IPC~
'1- 11..1'11h'l-A f.':f.IIA
3. l\1\"".,.~llnc. The discord in modern
music startles many people. f'HOD'i"'f! ,.,.H.
:1' 1\ll"".,.~llnc '""" ll9'l-'t ys-.....,

&-A
discordant f"''.:J ...
Many discordant views were expressed. ofllt'

f"''.:>... mo"oll':f. .,.cnm- ~ac

be discordant S'..ll

discovery

329

discordant

f"7~1A

Y:'riJ

l;.A~&

Many automobile horns are discordant. ill!-

fl\.....,.'I"R.A -N-9"119'-:f. S'-11 f"''f.A
1:9"6 ' 1\l'fm-

discount (v.)
I. n-11- l\1/"'l" l\A.,._,.RI\11". You have
to discount occasionally what you read in the
newspaper. h1"JI'lY: "l.tL

;JILIIJ aJoll-r

f11":NRm-") n-11- l\11"~11 l\'l-.,.nllm2. h41'1'C l\1111111". Even if we discount the

irrelevant materials, the thesis remains mediocre. f"''f.t:llm-"t '!-Jif, ?."t'l>. h41'1'C
11<;111 t."m.4- h9""t9" 1\f.-t.mc
3. :X"Ii l\S'.t:1. The stores discount all bills
paid within 30 days. ll--:f. ""'"" .,.,
m-11'1' 1\"''.ht.ll- do.o"oll':f. '1><;11 YS'.C:>IIdiscount (n.) 'l><;"li
Can you get a discount on these books?
11~11.11 ""ll.'h'i!'l- 'l><;"li A;l-1'S '1-':f-111111 !
discourage (vt.)
I. oot.l\1-'1 ?.'l'l.,...,. l\S'.t:1. We tried to discourage him from climbing the mountain
without a guide. T&-6-(f)o'l $1\ : oPt, flooaJotq
-}- 0 OD.I.I\1-'1 0 ?,'JJI..,.fD- 0 1\"Yf:l."' 0 'J"hC'I
2 . .,.114- l\11-t.t:m. Repeated failures discour-

aged him. S'.:>"''l" ODm-S'-41 .,.114- l\114'-t:

mm-

3. 1\llt:t:. His unfriendly attitude discourages

visitors. {lm- Yll""lD-S'-1: mllf. 1-il'Sl"-:f.
'I J.'IIC&-A
discourage (vi.) +ll4- = <IL~tn
Some people discourage easily. l\'1.11'11: {l
9'-:f. R.,.il/1- _,.114- ,1'.4\C"'II-
discouraged, get (be) ~ .,.114- 4'-t:m
He gets discouraged easily. ""'"/\- .,.114-
,l'.<t.C"'A
Albeit he has failed twice, he is not discouraged. 9"'19" ?.'I'!>.'I v-1\i: n.ml:'l-9"
.,.114- l\A4'.t:m9"

discouragement, be a ~ .,.114- l\11~111

Lack of money is a big discouragement.
1"tHil "Y"''l- _,.114- J.'11-tc"'A
in his discouragement .,..114- ~fll
In his discouragement he committed suicide.
_,.114- ~tn &-ll-'1 1S'.II
(be) discouraging .,.114- l\114'-t:lll
The resuJts are very discouraging. aJom.-11 1
R"'9" _,.114- ' J.'il'i'.C"'A :,.C:'d:i.I~'C;_\[~
discourse (v.) lll. 'I"'"'C l\S'.t:1
He discoursed all day on economics. .,..,.,. 1
a-11- 1111 h.h'l""''.h11 lll- 'l"'"'c l\
S'.t:1
discourse (n.) 'I"'"'C
He gave a long discourse on how to grow
tomatoes. -1:"7-1:9" ?.'11.'1- 11"'/il.,.A ?.'1
S'."''.ii'A t:1;:9" 'I"'"'C l\S'.t:1
discourteous 1111'1.
The discourteous salesman was dismissed.
111\'l.m- l\77"1" hP'&- _,.llt:t:
be discourteous X"tt:t:+ 'iaJo

It was discourteous of you to arrive late.

H"'f..,.ll ""11""1'1-11 l:'i!G'l- ~m-

discover
1. d.ml:. He discovered a new teaching
method. l\'l11 f"711.,."7C H.<'. t.mt:
2. .,.1~Hn. We suddenly discovered it was
too late to catch the train. Rllll-C ll""o"ot.C
1-rLm- :t.'IS'..,.illlt. Rl:"t1+ .,.nn-n"t
3. l\1"f. He discovered the tbief hiding under
the bed. {llll'\l.lD- 1\.lllD-'1 hA;.om- P'C
.,.S'.il ' h1"flDColumbus discovered America in 1492. 1>11-11"
n11 h"'UII'I R1!ifii'!i 't. 9". M"f
4. om.,.. He discovered tbe deception too
late. f"'' :l'IIA P'&- ""n"t "LILm- II
1\t. n:\11 om.,.
5. S'.t:ll(n+). The enemy discovered our plans.
mil+ ?.'1>.11-:f.'l'l Ulln'l-

discovery (discoveries)
1. 0011+. The discovery of gold is exciting
news. fmC'!> ""1"f+ f"''.J.'11S'.11'l- m<'..
~

....

2. l\J1.11 f.,.S'.t:lln+ ~1c. The discovery

gave him ammunition in his campaign. h..t1.ll1
f_,.S'.t:lln+ ~1C 1\m-1:1:~ """MY ll'~lD3.11"faJo t1C. His scientific discoveries were

discredit
far ahead of his time. flP")

<;:-r~+

-r..,..+

11'if'1'm- )11!''1' h1.tt.m- f<J>S'..... )fl'l4. <;:AI\4-. He made a discovery that startled
the world. 'lll9""t fil1~"" <;:A{l.f. l>S'..~1
*The thief passed the day in fear of discovery.
i\.flaJo.

.,.).,.

h- ' 7.111 '

00<-/r

}t,."'J

..,..,.

+..MJ

1\.0~"1"1 ' 'I'll

anything. 9"ilm.C l>Y.11-rC9"..,.. 9""t9"

)1C l>'l-"t1~t1Jo

discrepancy AI')+
There was a great discrepancy between the
two accounts of the accident. ill\
fl
.,..1\m-'1- 011-11-Jo oP"'II-jP'f oot,hA of!

""';Jill"

II" Al')-1- )flC

make a discovery Lfl(lL

He made an important discovery. ;J-~:,0 )1

C

discuss

330

~liM.

discretion
*Making final plans was left to the President's
discretion. foo...,~lf m-lt~'l' "f~H.'I"t-Jo

discredit (v.)
I. 11:t- l>Y:C1 l>il1"".,.. His behavior will
discredit him with the public. mfJI' 0.011
of! H"tS'.." 11:t- l>Y:C1 fh19".,.'1'A
2. h"t-Jo l>S'..~1. He tries to discredit the
belief in the evil eye. ffl-'l"t l\9").'1- In
1o 11"7Y:~"' Y.'l"ht-A
3. l>A.,.<J>OII9". I discredit all those stories.
m~jP'Jl"t IHI" l>A<J>OA9"

4. ( ~ be discredited) fl... m.f.. Losing three

battles discredited the general. fll"il-1- "'C
"'l.'ljP'f ~y. Y:A floo!l'). :(~.loll- h ...
m.f.

l'."tS'..oP{IIIIIJo ' l'."t'I..~K-9" '

show discretion llODIJH)

.,.,...~1

You must show more discretion in choosing

your friends. 'IS'..'I''I'II"t ta+ooc-r "'""~H"t
l>lloflll

discriminate
I. II f. Can you discriminate good books from
bad? ou-r,;:..,. '!"~- ouK-mG:'I'"t IIDDIIf+
+'1'~1\11 I
2. l>S'..~. The law does not discriminate
against anyone . .01- 11"7"t9" WS'..~9"
He discriminates in favor of his relatives.

*The lawyer discredited the witness by showing

that he had been bribed. mo.+m- 9"ilh
?- I .,..... I orJ-fl/tiJ1 I 1A2t I f(lffiaJ- I fr{l

discriminate asalnst

hC)-1- :l'A f"7.('.;f-oo"t oo!l')."t l>il

He discrimintates against foreigners.

~'I

l>1C ' (ljP'f"t ' hW1'l''ll ' fl.,.llf ' 'lY."t ' .('.
oollh;f-'f'I'A

be discredited , ;J liar

His theory has been discredited by all scientists.

nl\ mlto- Oll-11-9" ll..+m-"t+ H"tY:
'1':> ' l>"'
~ il9" 1>1-S'..~
If you continue to act this way, you will bring
discredit on yourself. l>Y:t-1'1-ll"t l'."tS'..H.
II f9"'1-<J>TA hll') il9"1J"t ;1-1-S'..".f.IIIJ

discredit (n.), bring

brine Into discredit h"t-Jo

l>S'..~1

Science brings old beliefs into discredit.

ltY."til f.,.l' l'.9"H'f"t h"t-Jo fS'..C:>'f''I'A
be a discredit to l>'l't-;E- II')

The boy was a discredit to his family. A:( fL

.,.. '1\11-"1 'l>'l't-;E-' II')

discreet T"t.,.:tThe ambassador must be discreet in dealing

with foreigners. hrll~"" hm--P h1C
(ljP'f :>C "'"t'f..)-1- 1\.fS'..C"' T"t.,.:t- oo
ll'"t ' .1>110+
be discreet r'ilm.C ,r:mt,

He is not very discreet, so don't tell him

IIHooJ'.'Il fS'..~A

rm--u-

discrimination
I. fHC AI')+ l f<J>II9" AI')+. Discrimination is widespread in South Africa. OS'..fl-11
l>Ut, fHC Al')-1- (f<J>II9" Al')-1-)
fl{l,f.m- ' l>ll

2. 9"C-. Some people do not show much

discrimination in their choice of friends.
l>"t'l"tS'..' (ljP'f 'IS'.:;' 1\.ffl:( 'l""t9" 9"C
""' ' hfS'..C"I-9"
3. "7il.,.'I'A. She chose her dresses with great
discrimination. Aofl!l,"t 0;1-~:,0 "7il.,.'I'A
oo~m'l'

without discrimination lJifiiiiCT

Do not buy clothes without discrimination!

lt;I-"7CT Aoflil l>'l-"1~

discuss
1. T".?1~. Discuss the matter with him!
)1'1-"t h{lo :>C .,_);>,cO+ .
2. .,.Iliff. He discussed his problem with a
friend. '1'1'1-"t h'IS'..'ifm- :>C .,.Wff

discussion
1. tJ>of.f.'l-. The discussion was about the best
way to reduce crime. m-f.f..f, a>1lA1 II
oo4'tll Mllm- ?"C'I' "'- toe
2. hchc. Parliamentary discussion on the
budget lasted several days. R?"hc IL'I- mil'!' ill\ Ql.f, f-J-1.<:11D' hChC 1111-
1.11.'

4-l

disdain (v.)
I. <;4'. Great men should disdain flattery.
:J-111\:J. ' lll":f ' 111-f, ' tJ>o"'ll.1 ' ,..,:,. ' 1\11
Q'J'mHe disdained my offer to help. 1\0DC"''I- 14'<:
1111-'1-1 mll11 <;4'11'1
2. 11:J> 1\1.-C'I -J-ooi\11-J-. The honest official
disdained the offer of a bribe. :J-"7"f. lf.?"
1-fl ' DP4'0A1 ' 1f:J> ' 1\Y:C'I ' -J-oPI\11-Jdisdain (n.) 14''1He greeted the servants with disdain.
'fl 014''1- M?";J- lim

~ 1111C'

~I

01i;:t-

m- t1C "11 ;J-"7'1 ll''f M~11"tm-

mll..l'm-'J. :J>c -J-111"1
be disenchanted

Anyone who thinks it never rains in Mexico

will be disenchanted by a visit there. "''.hil.
b 11<;11 4.""'1" l\f.H111?" f"''.A lim-
l\11,.1' ' 11,'/.1.- ' oo{){)-f,1 ' Y.<:"''I'A
disengage M4'4'
The mother disengaged her bands from that
of the sleeping child. l\<;'1-1'"'1' l\]1:!1!1 11-J-'i'
"" ' ...., ' 1\~.,..,.:y.
disentangle
1. /...~. It took hours to disentangle the vines.
m<:1-1 1\DP'i':J-'1- 1111- ll't'l- m111.
2. f - - - f4/A. 1 "-11. It took him several
hours to disentangle the rope. f1oPJJ. 'l 1 fD4
A 11"7"11" '1- 1111- ll't'l- 4-lO'I3. 1\f. It is hard to disentangle truth from
falsehood. l\m-t'l-1 hmll'l- OOI\f'l- 1\11'1'
;J~ I

disdainful, ~ attitude (lm-1 foo<;:J> mQf.

His disdainful attitude made him many
enemies. C'lm-1' fOD~:,O. 1 mtl.tt -on- m
~'1- 1\4.6-0'1disease 011;1This disease is contagious. Y,IJ

disgrace

331

discussion

+ilil

)fD"

diseased 011-J-'i'
The diseased leg had to be amputated. 011-1'i'm- l\"K- ' ooot;<:'l' ' )0<:0'1be diseased 011;1- 1\110'1The meat is diseased. Do not eat it! F ;Jf4 1
011;1- /111110'1- l\1"1'1-Mmdisembark (vt.) 1\m<:f.
They disembarked the passengers in New
York. -l-ll4-&9''fl1 ~ID'\'"Ch ~f. 1\m<:
<:J:._'I'tJ>o
disembark (vi.) a><:f.
The passengers disembarked at Bole airport.
00111.'l''ll Ofl/1. J'tDoC'T~1 "7<:d.J' m<:JI.
disembody (disembodied) 11P'.:> 1\f
Death disembodies the soul. '1"'1- t'i'/11 11
P' .:> ' f.I\J'A
disenchant ( ~ be disenchanted) :J>c -J-111"
We admired him at first, but his dishonesty
soon disenchanted us. ooo)!oP~J' r "-"-):,0)

)f4

disfavor
*He viewed my plans with disfavor. ),:,.0"'-'l 1
{)f.4'01\ID' ' 4'<:
*The minister incurred the king's disfavor.
"'1.~11'1-~ 011-"'" A-'1- '1"111 1\"1
disfigure l\m4The scar disfigured his face. mttltm- DPAtr
'l "-m<f..ID"
disgorge -1-4The volcano disgorged fire and smoke.
l\{)-J- ' 1'1"6-ID' ' l\()'J-<; ' "l'-11 ' "'"""
disgrace (v.) l\ll4.<:
He disgraced his mother by being rude to her
guests. Ol\1"1P..:f d.'l- ODPQI\"1 l\<;.f,1
1\{)4.<:
be dis1raced +'P t.S?.
He was disgraced because he intrigued with
the enemy. 11m~'!- .:>C 111\-J-OD{)m<: -J-'1'<:1.
disgrace (n.)
I. 1\{)4.& I tm-c. These slums are a disgrace
to the city. Mll.ll m-"1-t IL+:f 1111-J-"Yf.
., l\ll4-&9':f (tm-c) ""'""
2. ...,~~,.;r.. His marriage was considered a disgrace for the family. fl\- .:>11!1' 1\IL-1- II
11- l\11. ~'i'<:'l- -1-.,.m<:
3. ID'Cf.'l-. His disgrace became publicly
known. ID'Cf.-f, O.b1111 H11."" ;t-m4'

disgracefu l
be In disgrace

332

m-e"-+ It~

m~+

.He told a lie and is now in disgrace. m-if.:,..

1-'i"lt: ho-1 IJJoCS'.'I- 1\,1'. wY:1:A
fall into disgrace

He has fallen into disgrace with the Emperor.

I \''lP"-Il 4.-T I )'UhT

disgracefu l f"''..l'll'i'C
It is disgraceful the way he drinks. m"".H
~,.

disguise (v.) 1'.04'

He disguised his sorrow with a smiling face.
<hH).")

0.1.1"1:1" 1'.04',.

*He disguised his handwriting. ll"ihol.-1: 7.")-'1

,e;-m:,. hY:c1 Kol.
disauise oneself as oonfl- :l"f

The spy disguised himself as an old man.

Ml< '11"7"111. ODIIII- ;f-f

be disguised as
*This is a door, but it is disguised as a bookcase.
f..U

flC

~iD- I

)'JC ; ..,.,

foP"'ihtJ:-l-

oP

S'.CS'.t..l' 7.")-'I.ODIIA IJ''f ' TIPC;l:A

disguise (n.) "71111!1' OD&\h

I did not recognize him in his disguise. 0"71111
"' OD&\IJ. AllfiJJo hAii'Ah-9"

I. llih1. We will have to buy dishes. <'l.ft")

I would like a dish of ice cream. h1Y:

llih1 h,l'.llht.l"' 7.oi.A:>IIo-

2. 11""1-11. Chopped meat is the dish I like best.

0"19" fi"'WS'.,. ' l'""'ofl h'I-G: I tiJJo
do the dishes <'lih'l"f hr.-'1
We have to do the dishes now. <'lih'f'li1 h
,.., "711".<1'1- hllo(l")

dish (v.), - out h4'l:O

She dished out food to the hungry children.
11-1-&-fl-'1- A]l'.":fo ll""'ofl h4'GO:f'l'f, .

dishearten -t-114. hll~m

A long drought disheartens a farmer. GHII" .1'
II Y:C4>'1- 10"-1 -t-114. .l'll'll.CIIJA
be disheartened +llof. r 4&l.m

Don't be disheartened by this one failure!

h")J'. oflil' 111\A-t-<'IIJAI.I -t-114. h'l-....l:'l'

disheveled ( ~ be disheveled) -t-oo(l:l'4'11

Her disheveled hair was due to the strong wind.
r.1-Z: I fof"OD{l:J'4'/IIJJo
f-t-t"'. tiJJo

h"t,l'./l'fiJJo

t<f.{l '

dishonest

put on a disguise .,_,,. )o4:1 r (UD~

He put on a disguise so the police would not

recognize him. ?"II. II ll,l'.of- 7.1'1.1'1JJo4'1JJo

"71~1:1

dish (n.)
_..,.,,. hflofl")

.,.,..U'

0"111" f"''..l'll'i'C

dishonor

lim<:

disgust (v.) hllmll

His conduct disgusts me. mlll< .l'llmii"'A
disgust (n.) 11".1'1..
The smell of garbage filled her with disgust.
f .. lflfiJJo ..,.,,. 11".1'1.. hlll'.l:ll'lfill with disgust hllr.f.l. l X".I'I.. h<'IS'.<:(O'I-)

The sight of garbage filled her with disgust.

.. lflf .,,., hllr.f<f.'l-. (11".1'1... h<'IS'.l:ll'l-)

In disgust 1-h'i:ofHe turned away in disgust. .,.htt:.,. lfC 1tll.

disgusting r..l''i'
The old man thought that the sight of lovers
kissing in public was disgusting. "li""l..,l\.m- fl.

1. if~. He is very dishonest in business.

R1"1Y: ' 1\,1'. ' 0"111" ' 11'4.? ' ~,.

2. h;f-1\,1'.. The dishonest general colored his

report of the battle. h:f-111< :(~&-A 1111

tnC~of>

f{lmiJJo") ' OD"'/I"'i

h'fliiJJo

3. 7.1"'t-t- 1-1'.11-. Don't lend yourself to

such dishonest plans! 7.1S'.H.I.I 'Ill 7.1"'t-t-

1-.1'.11- h:,OY: IJJoll'l' h'l-"'ll

4. M,l'.:f"OD"). We found him to be dishonest.
f"7,1'.;f-oe") IJ''f M'ftwdishonest dealings ""7'POCOC

He heaped up riches by dishonest dealings.

R"7"'"0COC l.lofl'l- hh"7'f

dishonesty :f-"7'S .1'11""11'")

His dishonesty makes him unsuitable for the
treasurer's job. :f-"7'S .ffiODIJ'). 1111Hofl
.1'11:~1: P'&- T1fl h.I'S'.C11JJo9"

r..r

dishonor (v.) h1'l:l'.

He dishonored his family by incurring debts.

The disorder of the boys' room was disgusting.

dishonor (n.) IJJoCI'.'IHe prefers death to dishonor. hiJJoCS'.'I- .,0

,. f<i::,O<:'l''Ji lll'.llll,l'. OD<'!IIII"

l'j;

OD{Ifl.fDo

be disgusting ( ~ trans.) hllmll

f&\X'Ii h'i'A oo11.:h<:h .l'llmll ~oc

M ODP"'ll'l- 11.1- flit") h1'l:S'.

'1-") ,I'.ODCIIJA

dishonorable

333

dishonorable .hl\4-6
Dishonorable conduct will be punished by
dismissal . .hl\"-<1 ,..,qc hP'&. J'llm"'A

(be) disillusioned l>"J'IllRfDo 1\J'.II'"J

.,.~

They had thought that the new colony would

be a paradise, but they were soon disillusioned.
h-'l.fl. ;r>'S l>1C 1H )fDo 111\fDo hiiRfDo
)fiC '1"J .h"J'Illll-."1- 1\J'.II'"J .,.~

disincline
Your rudeness disinclined me to grant you
your request. 11A'1<;tJ fmf:r-1ifDo"J l>"J'I
A4..trli"AtJ l>.I:"C1 ...A

(be) disinclined 1f"Jql\.

1-~ll(fDo)

A lazy person is disinclined to work. {l)'i!

..,. fP'&. 11"Jql\. J'-1-.I:"II'I'A

disinfect ouJ:-;)t+

(I

~..,

They disinfected the house after the child

had typhus. AJ!: .,_llll hJ'HfDo R:\'1 0.-1>
")' ODJ:-;)t+' ~........

disinherit li""Jll"

l'o'lm~(l 1

hfDoCll ).,.II
They read the will and found he had disinherited everybody. ).'flf.fDo") IJ)RIJ- R:\'1
IIO..,.llll'fi li""Jll" l>11"7fDo~(l."J .,_~.._
His father threatened to disinherit him.
J;q-f> hfDoCll J;);r>A?IIo- 1111- l>ll4..&-&.fDo

disintegrate (vt.) 1)"1mll

The explosion disintegrated the airplane.
4.."J7(fDo l;fDof!'T'I)."J 1)"1mllfDo
disintegrate (vi.)

I. .,.L~IJhll. Rocks disintegrate because of

frost and rain. l>ll+ hfDoC"l"';' h11<;11
f-1-)"f J'.4..~1JMA
2. .,.0;1-.,.h. The blanket disintegrated in the
washing machine. 11C.I:" A11fl. R"7mfl..l'
.... ' ODh.<; ' fDoil'l' ' .,.R;I--1-h

(be) disinterested
I.

);~'Ill".

A judge should be disinterested.

"~"' f"7J'~'I ,...,.., l>IIR."I2. J''I"J'I:f ll"h"JJ'+ )fi~.

His

giving

me money was not altogether disinterested.

II~ 1"JH11 ou(lm-1> J''I"J'I:f ll"h"JJ'
+ l>A)fi~ll"

disjoin (vt.)
I. llf11!1' oP&.. It is better to disjoin the
buildings than to build them in a row. .lt"JI\fDo
") l;J"J'.I' hODP'&-."1- J>.A;r> o llf11!J' OD
P'&.+ ,.,.lfll ' )fDo

dislocate
2. l>'l.,..,.. The electrician disjoined the wires
to make repairs. 11.1\.h."l-&h oP&--1-.,.,. '1'1
... ' 11"7.1:"~'1 11119''fi"J ' l>'l.,.?:fmdlsjoln (vi.) .,.IIJ'f
The scientist watched the two cells disjoin.
1\J'."Ji:ll-1> o-11-1> o!.ll-:f {1.1\J'V- 1-0DIIh.,_

disjoint 1)"1mll
The cook disjointed the chicken and put it
in the pot. ffD'I' 0.-1> P.f:fD-") 1)"1'1'
It!- I J!-11,.,. I aJoll'l" I "'-OOl,(Do

disjointed (adj.) J'A.,.J'J'H

The boy's speech was mumbled and disjointed.
fAJI: M:nC "7'I'OD."I-ou."l- fOD'IR."I-<;
J'A.,.J'J'H )fiC

disk

.,."1'.,

I. [m'i!"'4-
l>"J~ 1\"Ji:ll" :r-ctr
J'IIID- ' h11 )1C]
2. lfh'l. A disk was placed on the record
player. lfh'lfD- Rlfh'l "7"'i<D!I'm- 'IJ'.
.,.~C')A

dislike (v.)
I. m'l. I dislike that fellow. J'")"J (lm- hm
'1'1'11112. l>AIDU9". I dislike getting up early.
RtJI.+ ' OD)"f."l- l>AID.I:"l/"
3. l>llh4-. +we disliked his untoward rudeness
to the stranger. Rl>"J'1'1fDo 'IJ'. f4..l\ODID-
f"7J>.1q 11A'1<; hllh4-"J

dislike (n.) '1''1!1'

I cannot conceal my dislike for him. IIC(l.
J'II'S"J '1''1!1' ~11.,.m- l>A:f-All"
have a dislike of mo\

I have a dislike of fog. '1-9" l>m'lllotake a dislike to

tn"-

He took a dislike to her after he knew her

better. RJ'.RA'I' l;J'm:J>+ (l.'t.l:" m'l+
*He took a dislike to me. m-:J'Il;fDo l>AmU
'Sll"

dislocate
I. l'o<;;>. The earthquake dislocated several
buildings. fout.+ ou-,.,.'l'.,.'l' 1111- .lt"Jl\9'
:f") );<;;>
2. ( = intr.) fBI\.,._ +He dislocated his shoulder
playing football. l>.ll {l."'ifD."I- ."1-hlfm-
fBI\.,.

3. Willi" l>ll(fD-). +I dislocated my wrist when

trying to lift the heavy box. hq-'1-") "t'l'"J h
)"filii- 119- f~"J l>"J') mill!" l>II'S

dislodge
I. d.):t'<l>ll. The earthquake dislodged many
fOCkS. fOD"-'IJ I 00"}4''f".,.'f' I ofl,.. I !f:"J"~l-") I
d.):t'<l>ll
2. Allll++. Heavy gunfire dislodged the
enemy from the fort. bq.("- 1 Ttt-il 1 m'l'l-'t 1
hll"1i'l- I Allll<l><l>tJJo

disloyal ;J-"7'1H

f1-~11(1D-)

The ruler exiled the disloyal official to the

provinces. ;J-"7'1)'1- 1 f1-~lltJJo't 1 ~9" 1 11t:
,. 1

ID~

.,~.-,.

MA:>.P.

m~'l.e

be disloyal ~'t

A:>H-lAt:\)00:9"

The head of the municipality was disloyal to

the governor. f"7H:>lf 1 IL"" 1 ~9" 1 '110: 1
11t:IJJ<

~'t

A1t:\;J.P.

At:\)00:9"

*The traitor was shot for disloyalty to the

country. h.h.ll.tD- 1 A1o:-'t 1 llllh-'1 1 OT.P.
I

T~0~0

dismal
1.

+U.

This dismal weather oppresses me.

_P.tJ I <l>of.d. I ffC I IJo~;f' I _P."""")>;'1:\

2. f"7_P.l:q. Our team played a dismal game.
IJ-.(--<;:f't I f"7.e.:q I "'-'1':1' I T""liDT
feel dismal +tftf 11.1\
He feels dismal because of the cold. 0'1-'tof.'). 1
9"h'tf."f- ' .,.~~ I ofll).t:\

dismantle
I. llff. They dismantled the bookcases in
order to move them. t\""1~~11 ll."}Jlool-

fODl\.h'i'."f- ' OD~C~tlfJ"'fl't

llff.'l''ffD-

2. AID'\11<1>. They dismantled the machine

and shipped it in pieces. ouh.<;tD-'t AID'\t:\<1>
"'" l.:t'ID-'t 'liM-

dismay (v.) All"'-H

The thought that she might fail the history
test dismayed her. f;J-&11-'t d.T<; 1 fDDtD-~~
.~.

...-o

Ail<I>.):t'."f-

.,.~...1m-

dismay (n.) Til-l-

,..,....:...

Her dismay was visible in her face. +ll4.

.... .,...l:tll. d.;l: 'I.P.

)OC
llOltJJo

.e;~-.e I

fill with dismay ~lloo-'t

The doctor's report filled her with dismay.

I

dismiss
1. All<;OT. The teacher dismissed the class
when the bell rang. ~IDII- 1 (i.S'.IDt:\ 1 AilT"7
&ID- fh'i'll-'t T"7&l":f A(l<;OT
2. IIP'<I- Al"liD"' 1 hF<~o 1 Aqo:.:. We dis-

missed the maid because her cooking was

so poor. fiDT 1 Au<~-e 1 l-11-:1''1' 1 MllT

ti?'C."f-

(M<:c<;'l-)
3. lll:H. The court dismissed the complaint
after a hearing. <;:C.(- IL.,. 'l-'lf.'t hll"7 1
0:\'\ I hll-'t I (ll;H
4. l-'1 All. Dismiss your troubles and be
happy J )1-:-'t ' :f'\ I -fl/ltJ I T~(l."f5. TID. He dismissed the matter with a shrug
of the shoulders. 'l-'lf.'t 1 't.,. TIDIDbe dismissed
1. hP'<1- 1 ID"' I hP'<1- TqGl. She was
dismissed after two weeks. ho-11'1- 1 ..,,.'t'l-
0:\'\ I hP'<I- I ID"J:f I (hP'<Io o TqGG:f)
2. Tll<l>+. The noise is due to the children's
being dismissed from school. o-lJ;J-tJJo 1 AJ('f 1
h'l-9"tJC'I- I IL'I- iiiiTII<I><II I )ID-

dismissal
I. hP'<I- 1 ou{l<;O'I-. His loose conduct
was grounds for his dismissal. Ahllh(l 1 9""1
q.;.. I hP'<1- I /IOD{l<;O.,. o 9"h't f."f- I tJ')
2. hP'<1- 1 ODID1S':. The news of the minister's dismissal was disseminated by radio.
f"7,\(l."f-.;..
T)1l:

hP'<Io

ODID1.("-

II.<;

0~\'

dismount (vt.)

be dismayed ..,..t=.'i"1m

They were dismayed to hear the enemy was

near. m'l'l- OD:t'l:ll-'t 0""11"7;1-'I'ID-

fP..hT.;..

{be) filled with dismay 0"19" 1 Tll<l>+

The mother was filled with dismay when her son
confessed that he had robbed a store. A~ 1 ll<ll't o OD11l;f.'t I qoo) I 1.,11. I 7.<;.,. ' 0"J9" I
Tll<l>+:f
In dismay ~""1'1" 11AHe looked at me in dismay. .("-'t"IT -fill- .,.
ODIIhT'1

>;' o {1/\lf) ' 10:-'l:f't't ' hP'<Io ' A(IID")<;."f-

disloyalty
."f-

disobedience

334

dislodge

~il".7.'t

il0l:tJJo

I. ,L;J-;1-. The watchmaker dismounted the

watch. ll't'l- 1 JP&ID- ll't.,.'t 1 d.;f-;f-ID2. AID~. The mechanic dismounted the
motor to work on it "'LlJ\11- 1 'I"To:-'t 1 AIDCP.. I fP&dlsmount (vi.)

ID~

He dismounted from his mule.

hO~II-tD-

ID~

disobedience All"":f'H11
Disobedience cannot be allowed in the army.

dispensable

335

disobedient
hi\OD;l"U11 RtflC "'ll-'l!'f- ID"il'l' ' hf.

"'ll- IIID" h11ChCh IIOJo Y.A:t J'.RA'I'

J..,.J':,.

11."'11- Y.l-'IA

disobedient M"flH' 1 f.,J'.:l"H11

The disobedient child was punished. 7.rfl.,.
'i'ID" (f.,J'.:l"UUID") A)(' _,..,.,.,

be disorganized P"C'toT 1Vll

His work is disorganized, so he never gets

anything done. P' ll-OJo P'C't'l- .I'"' Ill\
II") , . , , . ~c

h.l'h.,,.1,.

disobey
1. hA:l"Hllr hi\. The child is rude and
disobeys. Ali: q11~ 111111"~ hA;l"Hllr hi\
2. h-- ?A OJ"l. The child disobeyed his
father. All: hhq.J> ?A OJ"l
3. "'ll. The soldier disobeyed the order to
stop. OJ;l"J'.~ .,.,. f"'7.110Jo"t '1-7.~11 "'ll

disorient "Ill- h.:>q

The shock of the accident disoriented him.

disoblige ILG'I..,. hAi!'llr

disparage h1\\M
The candidate disparaged his rival. 7.= .,.

I hate to disoblige you, but I must leave now.

AG-'111 111\.,Al-A hll.,l\11- i "11 hll-1
OD'/.J': hMl'f

disorder
I. OD1fGhGh. The disorder of the boys' room
was disgusting. fA~,.; h'i'A ODlfGhGh
.l'llm'l )fiC

2. '1-crllrll. Great disorder is common

when children play. A~ il.."iOJ-1> '1-A
:,. '1-crllrll f.,.I\ODJ'. )..,.
3. Gillf. Troops were called in to suppress
tbe disorders in tbe capital. R'l'.,..,. h.,..,
ID"II'I' nRGID"1 Gillf 1\.,,- OJ;l"J'.~
l- .,.me.,...,. )fiC
4. <hour. My uncle suffers from a heart disorder. h1-1: fAil "'""'" hllfi'lleave In great disorder 1\0D(I:J>:t-flo a ~~

The boarding student left tbe room in great

disorder. h'I&ID" +'"I& 1 h'i'll-1 1 hDPII?:t
l>''f-

,I'J'.;>OJo J':1.:>m. "Ill- h;>q,.

disown I!J'.
The boy was so wicked that his father disowned him. Ali: R"'r hf. 111\)RG hq
""I!J'.OJo

OJJIJI&OJo .,.?'1'"'7.0Jo"t ' h1\\llll

.
disparity hi\ODOD"Jm1
Disparity in ages is no bar to mamage.
f~J':"''. hi\ODOD"'m1 ' .:Jili!' ' hJ'.hl\hAr

(be) dispassionate 1111"'1.'1- hA.,.,~,.

A judge should be dispassionate. 'l'i' I\ II"''.-I>
f.,S'-1~

ODIJ"1 hiiR'I-

dispatch (v.)
1. R'i''l'~'l- 'lh 1 IIJ'.J'.. Please dispatch these
letters! 1\)11.111 J'.il'lll.l"l- R'i''l')'f- 'lh
He dispatched the letter through the embassy.
Rh.rQil.. Rll-A J'.ii'III.OJo"t IIJ'.J'.I\'1-

2. .1.11"". He dispatched the business deal.

f1"JJI.1 ' 'J-'IJ'. ' J.I\OD
be dispatched -!-1J'.II

The bandit was dispatched with a sword.

1i'i':l"OJo 01-ll-J'.. _,.1J'.II

'/.J'.

disorderly
1. :,..,. ,1'"1. The disorderly mob attacked
the President's residence. :,....,. ftfl iblfofl. 1
fT <~-IVI1-1>1 I 11.'1- I IDGG
2. f.,.ooll?.,.ll. His desk is very disorderly.
mGA.~..,. 1 R"'r f.,.ooll?.,.ll )ID"
3. f.,..,.ll-',..11. The proceedings of tbe meeting
were disorderly. lliiMID" f.,..,.ll-""11 ~nc

disorganize h:"OJII
Fog disorganized the airplane schedule. .,..,..
fhiD"~'\).1

T~t-r h:"OJII

disorganized (adj.) 11ChCh

A systematic person can do more work than
a disorganized person. P'C't'l- .,.h'l-1>' f"'7.

dispatch (n.)
I. J'.il'lll.. Our office received a dispatch from
the President today. ODJ"&,I' ll.:l"l-1 ~.:.
hT.:011.'11-1> J'.il'lll. J'.GIIOJo
2 :J>A'I''i'.,. This boy works witb dispatch.
S'-11 A)(' R:J>A'I''i'" 1-"'ll-A

dispel (dispelled)
I. n.,.~. The wind soon dispelled the fog.
)of.ll- .,..:>'l-1 ID.II.,I'OJo). R_,.)..,.
2. hiiOJ1J'.. His confident manner dispelled
our fears. 0&-ll 1 foo~oo'}
Y:l"l-11 hii1D1J'.A1

mflf..

tr:c

dispensable
*Luxuries are dispensable. .I'II:J-1tn'l- 1.?1"
l- 1\DP'l'C f.i!''IA

dispensary

336

dispensary (dispensaries) fa.h9"'i" h'i'A

I am going to the dispensary to have the nurse
bandage my cut finger. f..,.ot.t:mfDo'J "1-I;'J
ltll:f""''"''.'l' 7-.'J.I:';f"IIC:A'S tDJ'. a.hr'i"
h'i'A 7-.~.111111dispense OJ'.II
They dispensed tbe clothing to needy refugees.
11..,_'1'1?- IIJ'...,_'l':Y. A11ll OJ'.IIThe druggist dispenses medicine. ""J:?t'l
+"''"''.fDo oP.I:'~k'l- r $.!:'itA
dispense with
I. ;r..q.:.:. The storekeeper dispensed with the
lazy clerk. fo'l-'1 '11111.'1- ll~i-'t "lf'l"
h'l.:t:fDo
2. ll*.:m. He is not well enough to dispense
witb the doctor's care. a.h9"'i"fDo'J 7-.'J.IIY
WC'I' r 1'0 r hA..,."Ifl\fDo!l"

[See also 'justice']

disperse (vt.) 11:1"..,.~
The police dispersed the crowd. Tll.<''ll a.11
11-'J 11;1"..,.').
disperse (vi.) ..,.11;1"..,.~
The crowd dispersed when the troops arrived.
tiJ;f"J'.I!"'Il r IIJ'.t:{l- r 1.lL f..,_l\111\llfDo r a.11
11 ..,.11:1"....~
displace
I. $11(1;1",. lt'l'.:. Did you displace my eyeglasses again? ""~ll"t.'J 7-.'JJ'.1'i" $11(1:1"
,. h'l'C:hfDo l

..,.lt.

2.
The automobile has displaced the horse.
h,..,_'I"II.A r l.t:ll'J r ..,_h:tA
be displaced

..,..,_~:J'+II

The telephone poles were displaced by the

earthquake. fllAh b't.....,_:Y.. ll""t.'l- r
oP'J+'I'-t'l' r f.,_~.., r ..,_.,_~:J'~IIfDo r ~IIC
*The minister was displaced by his rival.
..,..,. ..,.,._ f"''.kll'I-?-'J (l:f" tD/IJ'.
display (v.)
I. h ... f. He displayed great courage. ;f"it~
;t;"''t~'l- ,Mf
The salesman pattered on while displaying his
wares. h "lf"lf"" f"''.lf m-'1-'t 7-.:J'li':Y.. 1-.$
"' ' +'lm.:
2. ( = passive) ..,.J'.C.I:'I!" :f"f. +The store dis
plays boys' suits in tbe window. fA~'f A
11{1 ' 11{1-.,. r oPillt'l- r fDoil'l' ..,_J'.C.I:'I!" r f.
;f"$A
3. ( = passive) ..,.ll+ll. +All tbe houses dis-

disposal
played flags. llffl.., 'l'JJ'.,&- ..,.1\~11- ~
IIC
4. ( = passive) :f"f(ll'l-). +After his father's
death, he displayed apatby. h'l-1: h'l"-i: 11:\
it "'J'.,IIil~'l- r Y.:f"Y.II'I- r ~IIC
be displayed 11a.1111 1-.VI.:f"Y. ..,.1..:1
The goods were displayed in the shop. lf+"'
lf+m- 11{1-41 fDoil'l' lla.1111 7-.'JJ!.:f"Y.
..,_J'.C-) r ~IIC

display (n.)
I. oo:f"f'l-. The paintings are on display at
the museum. pJIJtr-lfi ' OIL+ oonh"" a m-ilT
IIOD:f"f'l- r itf. ' 'O'ffDo
2. '1-bY.'t'l-. Last week, there was a display of
paintings depicting tbe life of the Chinese.
'llll.fDo ... ,..., .... r f;J'y.<;-, r 'l-1!" r f"'1.1All"
fl"bA r '1-bY.'J'I- ~IIC
3. .I:'C.I:'C. There was a profuse display of
flowers in her room. llh~ r fDoil'l' 11"19" r
1111- r $11'1 r .I:'C.I:'C r ~IIC
be on display :f"f
At tbe art show, tbe works of the various
students were on display. llh.~ '1'1111 '1-c::r-.
Y.'l- itf. r fAI'- r AI'- r ..,_"'1/.P'l- r 1"&-ll''f
;1"1'displease ltllh4- I J'.ll hitll'fr
His behavior displeases me. m'll'- $llh4-'i'A
He dropped a remark which displeased me.
$llh4-'S'J (J'.ll r $itll'f'S'J) r ltll..,.Yf'l- "'A
hS'.t:1
displeasure l\IIODJ'.I\'1- 1 ~t.:f"
A frown marked her displeasure. l\lloPJ'.{I:J:
(~t.:f"'l') "19"'la:'J r h""*ma: ;f"ro+
disposal (=to dispose)
I. "''lltD1.1:'. Garbage disposal is a m,Yor problem for large cities. ll:f"itit~ h..,."''ll''f .f
"lf"lf .,_,...,_... h'i' $11 :f"'c ~,.
2. ""1it1A. Disposal of tbe car requires
finding someone who is interested in it.
hor>h.'i"fDo r lloP1it1A r 1..'11. r llfDo r "''"''f'l-
$"IfA
3. oPJ'.CJ'.C:. The disposal of the chairs around
the sides of the room left plenty of space in
tbe middle. llh'i'll- '1"'1 11-t.Y ftiJ9"111!":Y.
ooJ'.C:J'.C lloo"I!A r 1111- r (l:f" r hll1'f
*His will arranged for tbe disposal of his
property after his deatb. ').~lL,. r hC{I- r 'I"
'I- 11:\it r 1111_, 7-.'JJ'.,'I- 7-.'JJ'."''.hi.A tDll~

dispose

337

disqualify

have {be) at one's disposal

apartment. ffl.-1: "1.;1- .,.h&-f"'fi"} l.llll+

*He has a car at his disposal. R.l.l\10'1- 1..

IL ODh.'i". Y1'1'A
rm at your disposal. At:-'11! 11"l)t ~'t

be dispossessed of +\om+

dispose
1. 1of..of... The good pay aud short hours
disposed him to take the new job. '1'1-
.l'.'l"""l'i" h"'.'"C fl"&- "LIL l.Ji.(l-"1 P'
&- l\"1-'I.+DA 1of..of..m2. l.ol'oo. He disposed the cars in a single
line. ooh.'i"l"'fi"1 o.,.c;J- hol'.,:fm*Getting your feet wet disposes you to catching
cold. 011'i"-ll "LIL l\"!CIJ") lB? fUIIIJ
1\1-")of..") ,.;>11"11\IJ
dispose of
1. lttj:.,&. 1\ilfH. They will leave as soon as
they dispose of their furniture. ffl.-1>"1 1..!l'

11'1'&- 7.")-'lllJ'H- f.~-'1112. "'ll. Where cau I dispose of this? f.IJ")")

f'l- A"'l\m-!
3. if m. Because of the gasoline shortage, we
had to dispose of our car. on."111.'1- 7.'!'<:'1- 'I"
h")J''I- 0 ODh.'i":f")") 0 ODlf'J' 0 "!Jl: 0 IJ'~o()")
4. hhlf.1.. We disposed of all his arguments.
hch~., rJoll- hhlf'f'~m-

disposed (adj.)
*He is kindly disposed toward you. 0.1'."! 'l
f."1J'SWA
disposition
1. qa,cr. I mqf.. Mary has a sunny disposition. "'U qa.cf (mqf) ooAIIII" 'i"+
2. m-'l;t'~+. His disposition to argue made
him many enemies. "J.":J>"'.":t ID-'I;t'~-1> -II
If- ml\ofo:f h.,.l:.l.ll'l3. },oo-'1.1'.-11. The general approved the disposition of the troops. :(~&-II- fiD;f-.l'.l!''fi")
1\0D.<I.I'.o() 'hl\.l'.4t
4. 1\+""/0D'I'. The disposition of the chairs in
the room has been changed. Rh'i'll- m-11'1'
ftDII"RI!':f l.+.,ou'l' _,.1\tJJotii.A
have a disposition for ODlm

He has a disposition for quiet places. 11'1' J'

II fl;J- f.ODC"'A
of cheerful disposition 'i'A:tA:t
She is always of cheerful disposition. M
"LILli" 'i'A:tA:t 'i"-l[See also 'sunny']
dispossess l.llll++
The landlord dispossessed the family of their

:J':fm-

The landowners were dispossessed of their

laud. ql\oo<~.+'fi ou<~.;J-:fm-"1 .,.~m4t
disproportion },1\ooODftJm")
The disproportion in their salaries caused
resentment. f~'fPtt=fm- 1ti\ODDPifJtn1' :,0,,&.
;J- ho't.l'.<:q:fmdisprove .~ta-l- ool)'').") l.t:;>1m
Columbus disproved the theory that the earth
was fiat. oo<~.+ 11C"l 'i"'l- f"'l.l\m-"1 na
dtft-11 l>IIII"Ril dta-l- ooiJ'').") l.t:;nm
be disproved m-lf+ ool)''). .,....<:an+
His fraudulent claim to be a nephew of the
minister was soon disproved. f"'l.~ll~ f},1
'1- A;t' ~'t f"'l.l\tJJo fdta'l- IDol. tD
-'1..1'"'" m-lf+ ODIJ''l- .,....<:an+
dispute (vt.) hA.,.+DIIII"
They disputed his authority. P'A"''l-"1 loA.,.
+RII-'1-11"
dispute (vi.) .,...,,...,.,.
They were disputing whether to start at once
or wait. R'i''l'~'l- hoo~ooc'i" houol'f'l-
f-1> 7."1.1'."'1.lfA ,...,,...,.,. ~nc
Some people like to dispute. 1'."1-'I")Jl: al":f ,
-oo....:J'~ ' f.ID-'11\*The soldiers disputed every inch of ground
when the enemy attacked. m;J-.I'.C''fi mil+
R1m.,:fm- "LIL h"1-'l.'l- M"'-l- ou<~.+
l\")1>, },")1\:t hllbe disputed hh&-116 ~DC

The election results were disputed. f'I"C"'i

m- m-m.'l- l.h&-116 ~DC

dispute (n.) hChC I m-Il

The dispute is about the ownership of this laud.
hch~ 111111.11 oo<~.+ q11n.+~+ ~ ....
There were many religious disputes in this
country at one time. h."J..\!" 1.1L Otlll 11.1
c -ou- rvr..,-:+ hchc ~nc
The judge is going to arbitrate the dispute.
-'!'I'm- mfl-"1 1\.J'Il:J-c:t ~"'"
beyond dispute h.t'h&-hCII"
This book is beyond dispute the best book on
the subject. f. I! oos-dt'i' Rill! hC1.!l'l-
1\f. h.,.l\4'1- ODS.ih'i''l- IJoll- fRI\m OD
11''1- hJ'h&-hC'I"
disqualify (disqualified)
1. l\")Jl: + negative imperfect

hl\hl\. The

disquiet

338

Constitution disqualifies a foreign-born person

from becoming President. ih1 s oo~..,F-it f
tJJo"'.'" h7C -1-WII~ T.:OII.'I't-1- h't'IJ'.If't
J'.hllhllo!\
2. hll4't:. His eyesight disqualified him from

participating in the Olympic Games. f'i'J'.).

OD;J-Wh ' Rloll.!l'"l;h ' OQ.'P;J-l""'f ' hODIJd.
o!\ ' hll4't:tJJo
disqualify oneself ,&.(to.,_ h1AA

The judge disqualified himself for this particular

case. R-1-IIJ'. J'.ll't't ~7C ' h't'IJ'.DPI\h-1-
'll;'tJJo &-11-'t Mill\

disquiet (v.) llt:'i!-1-

~"'

Rumors of a war disquieted the geoeral.

:(.~&-11-'t

ftnC)-Jo t1Dr"''l- .,_..,...,_..,..,.

llt:'i!'l- ' ~"'IJJo

disquiet (n.) ouifnc

A feeling of disquiet spread through the waiting
crowd. 1-mqqof:tJJo't ..01111 fODifRC OD't
d.ll h~t:R'I-

We cannot disregard the teacher's objections.

v-ru~'t -t-ft'tJJo'l" ':fll o~>'tlltJJo h't':fo~>r

disregard (n.)
1. ':fll "711'1-. The boy's failure was due to
continued disregard of his studies. fA:(. 00(1}4
~:,. ' 'l''i"-Jo't ' hh;l-'1-11- ' ':fll ' h"711-Jo '
fODIIJ I ~DJo
2. "1.1'.1111 oPif't. His disregard of my feel-

ings annoys me. All"'L-1: ""'J!..A7i r oolf). :,.

f(l"il;'o!\

disreputable 1-"'q..: o!\hllhll

flf~

Not all disreputable people are io jail. hiiC

11-'1- ' f7fl-'l- ' 1-"'q..: ' o!\hllhll ' flf\oo'l- ' (19'
t.MA-r

:r- o-11-

1\,..,...,,..

disrepute, be in -

{lou- I fl.,..;.. I
Imperialism is now io disrepute. 1\..rTt.f/1.11
,.. I

QtJ-).

~li. I

(loP-

disrespect, show

disrobe (vt.) o!\1111 hWI\4'(11'1-)

The mother disrobed the child. h'i"'l-1'-'1'

f
o!\)l:'t ' o!\1111 ' hWI\4'':fll'ldisrobe (vi.) o!\1111 hWI\4'
He slowly disrobed. 84'11;1- o!\il/1-'t hWI\4'

disrupt
1. hof-1\(l. These quarrels will disrupt the
unity of our association. h~JI.tJ YlltJJw .rp
:,..,_..:,. f"7~R&-l-'t't h't.l:-~'1- 14-AIIo!\
2. h'i"wm(-t-'i"wm) ! t.rP""lt:4'. The rock fell

into the lake and disrupted the smooth surface of the water. hllio hmJ'.<I< tJJoll'l'
1\.W.!:":,O ft:;>tJJo't tJJo:' h'i"wmtJJo (tor
(l""lt:4'tJJo)

The unity of Nigeria was disrupted by enemy

agents. f'i"J'.:(Cf h't-'!-~'1- RM"'il"l- -1-'i
QJ-tfl I )OC
3. OmOm. The news disrupted the conference.
W<l.tJJo ' lliJ(lqtJJo't RmRmtJJo

dissatisfy (dissatisfied) :,Oc h(l'f

The color of the house dissatisfied her. f0.-1:

disregard (v.) 'fll hll

c '

dissension

fltpo;..

]\f,.,VfV"'

to h't'\mm

be dissatisfied

!. :,Oc -t-(l'f. He is dissatisfied with his salary. R~'l"ll- :,Oc -t-(l'S:J:A

2. :,Oc hll(tJJo). You look dissatisfied. :,Oc
fl\ll ' '1-ouMI\IJ

dissect
!. (l)m4'. The biology class dissected frogs
last week. ql\d.tJJo ltr't'l- fqf-11-)( -t"7t.l"':f h't<l<&-t.'l- Mm4<
2.R11C11C ' hm'i". The senators dissected the
budget report. f ..0"1 ODW(l'i rhc 11-'1-
t,qll-:f fq~-Jo't &-;rc R11C11C hm\oo

dissemble

ifd.~

She dissembled her aoger with a smile. 't.1'.:1:

't Rd.1"1;1- ifd.~l-

disseminate h(l&-""
Missionaries disseminate Christian belief all
over the world. fW't1.A (lqhJ"':f fhCM:f

We must not show disrespect to our elders.

't't 1.r~'l- """lltJJo ' 'lllr f(l&-""111-

;1-llll.f>il'':f't't "7't'\m'l' hJ'.7q'tr

be disseminated 1-)1t:

disrespectful
1. filo!\"''i". His disrespectful attitude toward
his elders was considered shameful. 11;1-11114',.;
f"'LfllftJJo ' f11o!\"''i" mqf. ' hltof-6 ' ~nc
2. q111.. The children are disrespectful. A;,.;
ql\1. 'i":ftJJo

4'1\r :,Oc h(ll;''l-

The news of the minister's dismissal was dissemioated by radio. f"ttll~ hP'&- ODW7
.1:" ll.'i" R.:.-'1.1'- 1')1t':

dissension m1l
The border dispute caused lasting dissension.
fW(l\oo mil ..:ur 1111 "Ltt. 't'I-Ch hllh-t-11

dissent

339

dissent (v.)
I. T:J-mou. I strongly dissent from what the
last speaker said. fou..,.<:lfm- T'i":>6 fll
m-1 h'l'ofl<fl h:J-DJ"7111Jo
2. hATII"7"7(0'1-11"). Several of us dissented
from the majority report. hofl~"'m- f4><:Um1 6?"C'I- 111N''il'"-f1 hATII"7"710'1-!I"

dissent (n.) hiiOUII"7"7'1He expressed his dissent when asked if he

agreed with the speaker. hT'i":>6DJo :>C J'.ll
"7"7 h1S'.II'1 tJ.mf~ hiiOUII"7"7...1 ~
ill\

dissertation 111'-hTC)'J- .<1."16

fH:>~

ll"dt-'1'

He finally finished his dissertation last week.

fiou .... <:lfm- 111'-hTC)'J- .<1."16 fH:>~DJo1
ll"dt-'1' lJIILDJo tt!l"1'1- LKOU

disservice, do a "'
*I would be doing you a disservice if I solved
the problem for you. 111 'l'f<fl oflw&-A
U h,_'IYIIIJo h11( hAm~!I"U9"
dissident (n.) T:J-'1'"7.
He purged his cabinet of dissidents. hiJO.tm-
m-IlT .,.:J-'I'"''.J"'Ii1 u-11- hllm~S'.
dissident (adj.) ,.,.,.,.,.
A dissident voice was heard in the audience.
ht..l:""''= .:h1fofl ,.,.,.,.,. ~11"6 .,.,.,.,
dissimilar fTIIff
Henry and John have dissimilar tasks. 't16'i"
]1:1 fTIIff. I" 6-f'"lf h/1-'f''l'mdissimilarity t.llouii"7"7'1The dissimilarity of the two brothers character
jg SUfprising. fflofl'il I OJ'}..(-cryoy:pf I tniJ.e I
hiiOUII"7"7'l- f"'i.S'.1~ )tJJo

dissimulate S'.Oof>
He cannot dissimulate his true feelings. hm-).,.
...m-1 11"1_,1 II.S'.ofl~ hJ'."lfA!I"

distance

dissociate llf
It is difficult to dissociate imperialism from
exploitation. I>.II"TCf/1.1111"1 h"P.,.'i" II""
llf'l- ' hll'l':>6 )tJJo
dissociate oneself t:-ft-'l 1't.ID"I

I wish to dissociate myself from what has just

been said. hll-1 hTllllm- )~C 6-11.1
11"7tJJo"''J- hLA:>IIIJo
(be) dissoluble ".t.".t.
Salt is easily dissoluble in water.
II-

(;U.aJ-

04'1\

Om-:' J'.".t.".t.A

dissolute fm&-'I)'JHe leads a dissolute life. fDJ6-'I)'J- 'i-C'

f.'f6-A

dissolution "7'1'<:11
The partners arranged for the dissolution of
their partnership. 1f6l>'ll 'iiCh'i"'l'm-1 11"7
'1'<:11 ' .,.11., ...

dissolve (vt.)
I. h".t.".t.. Water dissolves salt. m-;> """m1f".t.".t.A

Dissolve the contents of the package in one

liter of water! ;rJ"Im- 1 m-11..- 1 Yllm-~ 1 11
1~ 11.'1-C m-;> h".t.".t.DJo
2. hL<:il. They dissolved their partnership.
'ilch<;'l'm-1 t.L<:(ldissoive (vi.)

1. ".t.".7.. Salt dissolves in water. ..._m- nm;> ' J'.".t.".t.A

2. L<:il. The partnership dissolved after

many arguments. hoflH- "1.11. "'1'"~"'1'"~ 0:\
II 'ilch<;m- L<:il
dissonance fAT4>'i"O<: 11."7
The dissonance caused by an inexperienced
harp player is unpleasant. 04: All"~ fl\.11
tJJo O~<; -t-A'f':f fof><:Om- fATof>'i"O<:
11."7 ' hfiiS'.II'I-11"
dissuade from h1~ + negative imperfect +
ouh<:
He dissuaded his friend from marrying that
girl. 'IA't~&-m-1 f:f-1 A"Jf: h1'1f1ll

dissipate (vt.)
I. O:J-T). The wind quickly dissipated the
smoke. H.(l- "'1'"(1-1 DJJI.ftJJo O:J'T)tJJo
2. hllh). He dissipated his entire fortune.
u11.,1 n-11- t.llh)
dissipate (vi.) -l"fiT)
The fog dissipated by noon. "#!":>?- of>'J-C
'If. TfiT)

distaff "7'1m6f
The cotton is wound around the distaff.
'I'm- 0"7'1DJ6ftJJo IIJ'. J'.moum"7A

dissipated (adj.) oflh-1

He leads a dissipated life. oflh-1 'i-C' J'.'f 6-A

distance
I. Cof>'l-. The distance between Harar and

ouh<:m-

distinctive

340

distant

Addis Ababa is considerable. Om<!:C" OIVI.

II t.nq oot,h<l\ Yllw- cot+ <!:'Jf.'l"

drying. "'-"w- l\'tJI,.I'.C'I> noowm&Yw-

llf. wml

)tD-

be distended T)of.

2. DD"J1.e-. We can cover the distance in three

hours. oo"J1JI.'t OI"IIT 1'1-t+ 41\'tHA'I-

The balloon was distended to the bursting

point. l.>:'w- l\1111.4.)-'1 .1:"<!:11 T)'i'-1' )OC

l\'t:Y.IIll't

*He knows how to keep his distance. Jl.CJftJJo

't ' yw-:NA

*The noise of the train died away in the

distance. QIK- I'I.C'I> J':'J",. l\fmof. ~Jl.
from a distance h?-1-

You can see the house from a distance.

M-'1- f.:t"YA

R.~

distill
I. Mm.:. You have to distill ocean water
for drinking. fw-'1-Y'fll"t w-:> hoomnJTIJ
01.+ "'''tmC l>MIIJ
2. l>WIIJ. They distill alcohol from
t.M: ' hl\IJA ' YWIIJII-

grain.

distinct

distant

I. ~- We visited distant places. ~'I> ll'i'tl":Y.'t ' 1-0"f't

2. f~'l>. She is a distant relative of mine.
f~'l>' HOOJl..' )";f
distant past f'1'1'T 1..tL

These animals lived in the distant past.

MILl! l\'tlllt+ O'l''tT 1..11. nn~ "'fwbe distant t-+

The school is three miles distant from here.

T'I"IJCT 11.1: h!LIJ !"liT "''f-A f.C.:J><I\

*John has been very distant since our argu

ment. hhCht-:Y.'t WJI.IJ }0 l\'tJl. 11.1!"
' l>f.Jl.ll'l"
act distant

(JJo

*She acted very distant toward him. I.T )"'

:Y.w-

I. 1-AIJ. There is a distinct difference between

the two. OtJ-11-Io ou"JiA 1-41\IJ flf) Af.
)T 1>11
2. fTIIYf. These are two distinct kinds of
animals. MILIJ u-11:,. l\'tlllt+ nne r
Tl\Yf. ' "'fw3. A f. A f.. His sermon was divided into three
distinct parts. Mlh-lo Oil' liT A f. A f. h
'1'11-:Y. Th'i'll- )OC
4. fTilf. His praise is a distinct honor.
~ltw- fTilf hilc )w5. l\f'I>A. The twin brothers have distinct
personalities. OD"t+l'"'ll mQy'fw- l\f'I>A )wkeep distinct from one another Af
Keep the two ideas distinct from one another !
u-11-to't mltttlf llf.

distinction

t. Af.)T. The Emperor shook hands with

everybody, without distinction of rank. .,..,..,.

distaste 'l'llil'
His distaste of hard study is well known.
)w-

)1P'1: f"''f><!:"' Af.)T o\YJl.C1- ftJ-11-'t

.,. , l\~ ' ...n....

He has a distaste for hard work. hQ.I:" P't-

The distinctions of birth are less important

now than formerly. f+w-AJ:- Af.)T h'l'"t

't ' f.mll<l\

:,. f.A'I> QIJ-l- '1..11. 1>114.11'1..)-lo l\f+

m'thl!" f"'''l'.,,. 'l'llil'w- f ;t-w-t

have a distaste for tnl\

distasteful f"7.n1if"'ii
This is a distasteful medicine. f.IJ f"'L.f't11f
"'ii ooJ:-:>kT ' )tDbe distasteful to ml\

Compliance with his father's demand is

distasteful to him. YQ1:'t '1'111+ "7".7.11
:,. ' f.mll<l\

distemper [+h-it+., .1:-ll'l" YIIR+ fii:Y.II-:Y. nii:t-J

distend wm.:
He distended the skin over the frame for

.:~.1!-.A

2. hiiC. To be awarded a Ph.D. is a distinction few attain. f'i'AII'i'., P.hTC)T't foo

+nA h-oc f"'L.f1'f- '1'4:+ ""'w3. II.~)T. He achieved distinction in mathematics. Odo..ltil 11.'1-)T"J 1>11
A governor should be a man of character
and distinction. l>'t.l:" 111; mo\0 K"'l-.,
":f-11-:t"tD- ' fTOD{lh<!:iiT ' OO(f't AllOT
*His distinction of sounds is excellent. Y:'I"'IJ
l'l.llf. '

.,~.,.

)tD-

distinctive Af.
The Imperial Bodyguard wears a distinctive

uniform. fhilC HR.,. AI' fl."til Ailll

f.lliliiA
distinctively 1AK" M':C''I
He speaks distinctively. 1\CII- 1AK" l'o.I':C1
f,<;~&-A

distinctly "IAK" h.I':C"'

I told him distinctly not to come. 1l"t'lf.OD"'
1AK" M':C1. 'I~Ch-1distinguish llf
I can't distinguish the colors. .,.1\.,.:r;"t All
f, l'oA'fA'I"
It is hard to distinguish her from her sister.
1llt"t hl\~;1: 1\0DI\f'l- R"''l" Y/1'1'1&-A
distinguish between Af
Can you distinguish between the two? v-1\-l:"t

A'l-1\f. '1-l-~1111 1
dlstlnsulsh oneself &-11-"t l'ollfD.,.

He distinguished himself by his courage.

n;e"l"tH &-11-"t l'o/IID.,.
distinguished (adj.) f:I"ID.,.
He is a distinguished scholar. f;J-tD+ I ro<

distribute

341

distinctively

""'"

distort
1. l'o"JODOD. The mirror distorted his face.
OD{l;f"ID-1> 0 f.L-1>") 0 :JoCK" 0 I;")ODODIJJo
2. l'ob-"7.,.~. Rage distorted his face. "t.l'.'l- .L
-l>"t ' l'ob-"7.,.~11Jo
3. l;~q. Why did you distort the meaning of
my words? f:l'~1:"t '1-C.,.'I" 1\'l""t l;~q
1i11Jo!
distract (vt.)
1. lrfoP. I am bored with television, but reading
distracts me. 1:11.li.'fr"t nA":f.f."'A I "7"tRil
1"t f.'l'"""' A
2. .h/111-"t l;~q. He is very single-minded
and impossible to distract. f.,.mnt ~~
Ml\fDo .h/111-"t 11"7~q'l- Yll'I'1&-A
distract (from)

1. .h/111-"t IIR. The television program distracts me from reading. R"7'1ilR'l- "1..11. f
1:1\.li.'l'r"t T~&-'1" dallfL"t f.llR'I'A
2. hllhll. The noise in the street distracted
me from reading. DD1'1JJ. 1\.r. Yllm- r fiJ.-L
:1" "7"tRil hllhll'f

distraction
1. dallil f"'Lllil 'I~C I dallil f"'LR'l-"t
)1C. Television is a distraction when you are

also trying to read. (IIJJo R"'LYHIR'l- "LU.

1:1\.li.'l'r"t ' T~&-'1" ' OD'f-1- ' dallil ' f"'Lllil '
(f"'LR'l-"t) 'I~C )IJJo
2. DD"tl..ll-"t "71.11. Alice needs some distraction after her examination. h.l\.0 hL+'i"11
n:>.~ oo"tl..lt"t "71.ll Ylli..A:>:I"A
3. f"LU. "7111\.LY 11:1". There are not enough
distractions in a small village to keep life
from being dull. R'l-"t1i oo"ti.C ID-/1'1' l1!' 1l"t'IY.nll'f f"'LYI.C.,. n-t f"LU. .,
111\.LY ll:l"lP'f fll-'1"
*In his distraction after the accident, he forgot
his name. I)I.:JIJJo n:>.~ llll.,.l.<;~m {lODo
"t ' H'l:>

f.,...._.,.,.

distraught
The lost child's distraught mother cried all
night long. f.,...._.,.,.,.,_ fmo(.ID- A)': h
<;'1- 11.11.-l>"t n-11- ll:I"II:Joll ,.,.._~.,.
distress (v.) hll""''l"'
The sudden illness of her son distressed Mrs.
ihOD'J" ' "'LI\,11 '
Parker. fA~ ' m~.,....
;rche"t hll...,., .+'1-

'

be distressed hili'

I am distressed to hear of your wife's death.

f"'L/1'1-II"t ' '1"'1- ' fiOD/1"71: ' Mt<;l\odistress (n.)
I. 'f1c I "1'.11'1-. He caused his mother much
distress. 1\l'o<;-1> ill!- 'f"lc l..m~q'l
The Red Cross did everything to relieve the
distress . .,.,. oo(l.,.A R.,.if'IIID- oam"t f
~.~n.,.."t 'f"lc (.,..11'1-) 11"7:1'1\A 'l"h~
2. oPoP:I'f'l-. Because of the high altitude he
showed signs of distress. hh'i!;I"ID- f.,..,.., f
ODoP:J>f'l- ' 'I"Ah'l- ' :l"fR'l3. h'i! Yll I" :J>f,. The Olympic runner
showed signs of distress toward the end of
the race. 1\ID-.1':.1':-1- "711-I:Y ~f, fl-1\.'I"'C
h- if."'!' h'i! Yl\ fp>:f>.l': 'J"Ah'l- ;l"fR'lshow distress +w :l"f

The traveler in the desert showed distress

when he ran out of water. fOl.?aJo OD'}"Jf..
... ' IJJo;)ID- ' qj\.,. ' "1..11. ' .,.,..,..f
distressing l'oll~'f
His ignorance of political affairs is distressing.
llll Tll-1:11 o-~:l"lP'f 'l""t'J" l'oi\"71D<Ir
l'oll~'f ' ""'"
distribute
I. l'oh4-1..11. The mother distributed the toys

distribution

342

disturbed

==~==~--------------~----------------~
among the children. ll'i"'l-1'"'1' l\lf't'l-1\..,.,;'t
IIN('Il l\hol-d.lllf'
2. 01'.11. There is a special clerk who distributes the mail. 1'.-t!JI!I.l"lf''t f"''J'S':A A
"' I
X,d!,,l.. I h.A
3. MHI. The farmer distributed ashes in
front of the house. ~O.!.a>- h!l.-1> 1'.1f'i'
l\ODS': MHI

distribution
I. l\hol-d.A. They did not agree on the
distribution of the profits. O'l-C4- l\hol-d.A
'If. l\A-t-il"7oo-9"
2. f"7h4-d.A P' t-. The distribution of food and
clothing to the needy took place yesterday.
9""1-tl'i" A-till lllf'"'~V'lf' f"7h4-d.ll-
P't- ' '1-'i"'t'l- ' -t-h'i"dJ)
3. S':AS':A. The distribution of our troops is
a military secret. fm;l-!'.t':!l'll''t S':AS':A f
tnC 'lf.A 9"iltn.C )a>-

distrust (n.) 'I'C"'.!.

He looked at the friendly stranger with distrust. fm-'1)';')'1- ooAh f"''J''IfiD-'t ll't
"1-'1 O'I'C"'.!. -t-oullh-t-

distrustful
A

-t-mt-"1&

distrustful dog is the best watchdog.

,.tn&-11)6

tD-i'(' ~ ~

tnllof: ~ ~QJo

be distrustful of +m&-ml.
I was distrustful of his motives. 'tlt"7at-1' .,..
mt-'1'.!. )0C

disturb
I. l\mh. Don't disturb the others! 1\.11-'ll't
l\;J-a>-h

The noise of the birds disturbs me. rmc:.";f

"'i"'i;l- J'a>-h'1A
2. l\'11\0. That rumor disturbed us. mo~.m- l\
'1<\0't

The sharp drop in prices disturbed the farmers,

*What is the distribution of eucalyptus trees

in the world? O'tll9" 'If. fll.ftC ~'i' f'l-
f'l- f.~'1A 1
*The distribution of our school paper is
now 1000. l\v-'t f'l-9"UC'l- !I.:J-lf''t :>H.

flluA "'-" om~'l- 0"19" 11:,. "711-1>

~O.!.l"'ll't l\'l<lll'fa>3. ~011". Do not disturb the baby! He is asleep.
.nn-'t l\'1-~-olfm- 1 -t-'\':tA
4. l\ODil:l'4'11. Someone has disturbed my
papers. m~4'1:'t iiOJ- l\ODI\:1'~11-;l-A

"' ' l\'tS': ' l(u , l\'t'IO.l"lf' ' l\11-'lfor distribution flih1111 }.,"}-t;t-,.e.

disturb oneself 1"=f1l:

The censor released the film for distribution.

'l'til-<~- LAoo-'t llm11-tl ll't'l:J-f. l\'llld.mhave wide distribution 011,.. r fl;J- r ,.e..,'ij=A.

This tree has wide distribution in Ethiopia.

f.U ~'i' Ol\.'l-1'"~.1' a>-11'1' 0-1111" (I;J-
M'1A
1. J\m-&-1f. He governed his district with an
iron hand. l\a>-t-1fm-'t 4''1'~/fl ~~
2. +fli\.. This is a very poor district. ,.e.o fliiJ
9" lf"'JC fO~O'l- 4'01\. )a>3. CD-'1. The city is divided into two districts.
h-t-"7a>- Ov-11'1- m~-'1 -t-h'i'!I.A

[See also 'remote']

district attorney fl\a>-t-1fOJ- o.+o. '

m"'

The district attorney is in the courtroom.

rl\m-t-1fm- o.+o.

m"' 'i'CY:

o.'l- )m-

+if

-11.!..1'1111-

disturbance
l. o-h+. There were several political disturbLtD- otou'l- l\.1'1\. f?'ll-tlJ v-h'l- )0~
2. "'C"'C ! ~-lllf. There is a disturbance at the
corner. oomli"H'Jfa>- ~f. "'C"'C (~-lllf) l\11
3. ":f..,c. The radio can be a disturbance when
one studies. flT'i"-l- "l.tL ~4..\"'BJo l--Ie
1\.d.'I'C f.lf''IA
4. "l"'}4''1-. Her disturbance was plain to see.
"'."'t4':t O"'AW f.:'-f. ) OC

*The disturbance of the construction schedule

was due to bad weather. ftlt1'~m- JP&- T
t':"/t-9" f-t- .+mila>- Oou'l't:: l\fC ll"h't
.1''1- ' )tD-

distrust (v.)
}'tf\oo~r.

be disturbed -t-11"0~

I am disturbed at that news. Otlf to~

ances in Greece last year. fl'"l&h A1C Ill\

district

1.

Please don't disturb yourself! I will take care

of it. l\'1-'f-lc ' ll~ l\"'t-'1'1111-

I distrust him because he often

lied to .me. -1111" "1.11. 1111'1'11" l\illi")<D-9"

2. -t-mt-m~. The child distrusted the stranger's
offer. A)l: fll't"'-'I<D-'t 11tn:J- -t-mt-m~

disturbed,

mind

He has a disturbed mind. "tb

)m-

mentally disturbed h71.,..C"m- f;.t-mh

Therapy was:given the mentally disturbed man.

divert

343

disunite

hM"C'tJJo ;l"tJJo!o f)fll:tJJo /ltJJo\1. .nh?"

<; -~-~<:111'1-

diverse 1111- f-1-llff.

There are diverse languages spoken in Ethiopia.

""""*, .

IJJo11'1' 1111- f-1-llff.

01\.
.,. f-)111-11-

disunite h'l-.1.11

*"*"

He tried to disunite the students. 1-"7<1S'''Il't

diversify (diversified) hii'Pmm

ll.h'l-'i'A 'l"h<:

Farmers diversify crops to keep the soil healthy.

disunity h/IDP11"7"7'1The disunity of the members resulted in the

club's disbanding. fhqll-'ll h/IDP11"7"7'1-
hfliJ-') ' hDP'i'l:11 ' h~l:/IIJ)o

diversion

disuse
*The old tools were rusted from disuse.
hC'1.ll''ll '
111'PA

OD"f&fll''lf

iiiiA-t-w<~oq:ftJJo

hL~'t 0"7..1q /loPf1! 10..:.ll''f 111111-'t

fii'Pm-n!/1-

fall into disuse +to

Many customs have fallen into disuse. 1lff'

A"7P.'lf 4'C1-'PA

ditch (v.) flY. <ILL<:

The farmer ditched the garden for drainage.
10..:."'" /lfDo;) ontJJo<:7f q'l-hA'I- 11-&f
flY. ' <ILL<:

ditch (n.) ...~'!~

The car got stuck in the ditch. ouh.llcr "t-1:
'I~ ' m-11'1' ' 1-4'<:4'<:'/f

dive (dived, or dove)

from the bridge and
rescued the drowning child. h.J!"A.(-'- Hflo
I. H/111. He dived

11.11'1'!1" fHI<:tJJo't A)!: hJa

2. '1...fi hh. I will dive into my homework

right after dinner. h<~-'1- 0:\11 04''1':1"
'1''01: llf. ....0 Mllli*Can you dive? m-;) 1 m-il"l" r HltU 1 OJ\liTO

o-m+ '1-'fllllll 1

diverge
I. 1'1)mll. Our paths diverge before we
reach the village. OD't~~ hDP~<:It'lf't 0
.t.+ DP't1P.;F'/f't f.1)mllll-

2. +A.ff. Our opinions diverge on politics.

O?'lltiJ h111-ltM'lf't f.flffA

divergence Af.)'IThere are several divergences of opinion on

the subject. 1111 )1~ 1111- fdolt11 Af.)'l-
hll

divers f-1-llff.

1. h..:'fti'IJ-L 1 ouftaJT. Diversion of the river

is necessary for irrigation. faJ1'fto1' J\.:'ft11JAA r
001\aJT 1 (too(l'f hllL"-'1. )DJ2. 1.rt.m-'t f"''..fltA'i'fl'l- ""'P:I". Chess is his
favorite diversion. ll'tm<:'fr ho-11- f.OA
'I' 1.1f.tJJo't f"''..fltA'i'O'I- ""1':1" )IJJo

A diversion was created by a surprise attack

from another point. IJA:I"IIO h'l>"'"'i h
~;J floP"'A mll'l-'t h~<;1~'1-

diversity
I. fdolt11 Af.H. Their diversity did not
prevent them from being friends . .1"-:fm- fda
lt11 Af.)'l- 'l~'h;l":ftJJo't hll\4-)IIIJJo!l"
2. f-- 'lf.H 11~'1-. The diversity of food on

the table made it hard for him to choose.

flm<:A.~"'" llf. f)Ol:tJJo f?""111 'lf.)'l-
11~'1-

IIII"C"'itJJo h11:f1<:tJJo
diversity of f-1-llff

Diversity of opinion is good for a society.

f-1-llff h111-ff'l- ll"r11<: 1111 ....~
)IJ)o

divert
I. h'Pfl. Ethiopia will divert the Awash into
a canal. l\.'1-I'"A-f fh'P'li't tJJo;) /IDP11'f
;l"tJJoii'Pfl'lf
2. hMII-1-. The movie diverted us . .t.Aoo-
h11~111-'t

divert (one's) attention OO"}L(l-1'

11'/l.h

The band diverted our attention from the

game. foo-fl.+m- 'I~ h""'P;I"m- IIY.
oP')L/t'/f't't

"7l:htJJo

be diverted

1. mi. A."- +oo&-. Some people's attention

is easily diverted. f't'l't~ llll''lf DP'tL11
04'1111-

m~

/1.11 f.DP<!-A

2. OA."- oP1'"J.J!' tiC' a 'tf... Traffic was

diverted while the highway was repaired. htJJo

He has lived in divers places in the world.

II- 1-'I'OtJJo

fl'lll?" tJJo11'1' 01-llff. fl:l"ll''lf 'f~A

,.,. fl/1.11

fl"''..m1't0'1- 1.11. ontts

~l:IJJo ' f.'{.~ )OC

DP't1~

divested

344

divorce

(be) divested of of-11.1.

He was divested of his rank and privileges.
"71U...,...,,. AI'- ou-a.,..., i-1~:: ~oc

virtuous in many religions. /\fl..,. 'l~at'i+";f

OD..,"/P'-f"" ' (l"YJ'..,.. ' OD"/1)..,.. ' fl'."/ ' J\J:"t11..l":f '1':> ~m-

divide (vt.)
I. 1-lti.A. My partner and I divided the profits.
'licltllo'O lll!. .-,..C4-.., i-lti.A..,
2. .1\ltl.l\. Divide the total by four! J:-9"-1-..,
1\l\&-..,.. l\lt'i'l\tD3. 1\f. A high fence divides their farm from
ours. <'..~9" l\TC l\Clf'l'm-.., hllclf:f.., f.

divine right f:t-11'\ oP'"f~F-T P"A."J"}

1\f'I'A
4. ( = pass.) 0.-ltlt-11 ofoh4.1.1\. +The issue di

vided the committee members. 0?--'11'- fY.C

?- l\'111-:f Omlt-11 i-hMIIdlvide (vi.)
I. _.., :J- II"~. At the end of the village the
road divides. l\OD..,Y.-1- DD<U.o'..lf 00..,1-'l.
f.li"'OA
2. hrJ-1\.-,.. ofohl.l\. The river divides near the
sea. m..,,.. IJ.ft-1- .t.m1-11 hrJ-1\.-,.. f.hl.
'lA

OD..,,.

be divided

I. i-hi.A. The book is divided into two parts.

ODJI'.-ft4- OrJ-1\..,.. h'i'A i-h'i'!\.A
2. 1""h4.1.1\. The land was divided among the
peasants. ou&.-lo l\10&.l":f 1""h4.1.1\
3. -NIJ'f. Opinions are divided on that
question. 0?--'11'- 'If. f-f""{lm-.-,.. l\il-l""..l'f
-f-:f f-1""1\..1'1'- <;'l'mdividend [flt-'1..,..1' f.-,..C'i' h'i'.l']
divider ouh4.1...1'
They used wardrobes as a room divider. <k?"
"1'1'\'-.., fh'i'A ouh4.1...1' hl'.o'..?-.-,..
divination '1'..,41.'1
Divination was practiced in olden times to
foretell the future. 0'1'..,.-,.. 1..11. '1'..,41.'1..,
ll..,,_ .-,....,ll.-,.. f.of&'l'-1--.-,.. ~oc
divine (v.)
I. ofo~Of. The prophet divined the end of the
world. n!lofoo:'m- f'tl\9".., 'i'l\"7. ofo~Of
2. 1'1(m-). He divined the purpose of her visit
from the way she looked. fOD"J:f-0.-,.. 't'l
"7 M li..,Y.ll"~ hl\il-l""..l'f:t 1'ltDdivine (adj.) "/-1-9"
What divine weather! Mo:' "1-1-9" l\fC
~m- I
divine klnsdom OD"t"/F-1"" (1"7..1'.-,..
The divine kingdom is the reward of the

King Charles claimed to rule by divine right.

..,.,_.,... ii'CI\il 0:,0-ll't ' _..,..,,.,.-,.. FA"!..,
l\1~1\,. r.t. ~oc
divine scripture :'f-.IJ.lt.J- OD~rlt'i!+
Divine scripture tells us how to obtain salvation. :,0-'l.it.-,.. ODl\.ft'i'.-,.. .1M~.-,.
f9"'01't0
.-,...., OD..,1J:" f.~"/-1-'0A
divine worship l'\1l"7Ah+ il""I.R.!tIn olden days, divine worship was often performed outdoors. n .....,..,.. ' 1..11. ' 1\l\"YAh..,.. '

ii"IY..-,..

hn..-,.. tD-*f!"

,_,_.,_.,

~nc

divinity ""1\I>H.-,..
Most Christians believe in the divinity of
Christ. h-a~o;:m- hciltn nhcil-f-il
ODI\1>_.,..~.-,.. ..I''I"'OA
divisible 1""lt4.1'>
The number 6 is divisible by 2 and 3. il.l:"il.-,..
OrJ-1\.-,..<; OV'il.-,.. i-lt4.1'> ~m-

division
I. h'i'A. My brother works in the testing
division. m'l..e-""1 OL1"'i" b'i!A m-lJ:T

f.w&-A
2. J:-..,Oc. This hedge forms the division be

tween his land and mine . .e.u I rm.if I hTC t

n<; f{l- oo&..-,.. J:-..,OC ~m3. A'-~+. Divisions between social classes
are not so great as formerly. 0~1U.+ {Ul 1
oolthA ..1'1,...-,.. Al'-~-f-:f li..,Y. .,.J:-'I"tD-
fOil- hf.Y.it""9"
4. "7lti.A. Children find it hard to learn
division. "7lti.A.., oP"7C 1\.ftt'O.-,.. ..l'il'f
"/&-A
5. l\hMA. The division of profits among the
partners was equitable. f'II\'P:,O'I"'Il f.-,..C'i'
hh4.1.A 1""11l ~nc
6. h'i!ll 1 tnC. Ten divisions were destroyed.
OFC h'i'l\ tnl::f ml'.divorce (v.)
!. 1.:1-. She divorced her husband several
years ago. '1!1..., hi.;J-:f -1111- 1..11. II"
.,..,..
2. l\4.;1-. The priest divorced the couple.
., ..... IJA'O "''..il-f-'ll.., h4.;J-'I'mbe divorced from

tl..;r

He's divorced from his wife. oti'l-JJ"t r L~/.\.

*His plan is divorced from reality.

7t~)J.

ra.A,. h'll<~- )"'"

divorce (n.)
I. 'i''l'. Some homes Ill" broken by divorce.
h'IJ!'IJ:" 'I-J!C R'i''l' i.LCIIA
2. ooof.;f-'1-. Church dogma does not condone
divorce. fiL.,. hCh-1:.1"1 .,..., ""of.:f-'1'1 hf.L:,.J:",-

*ln America, there is a complete divorce of

government and religion. Rh"'Uto 711-J:too;-
Vf."7'l''l- R'i'S-11" f-ti\J'Y. o;-'l'fDo
get a divorce L:f-

She wants to get a divorce. 1\oP<;:;f-'l- '1-L

A;JII'I'

divorced (adj.) L'lShe is a divorced woman.

He is a divorced man. L+

L+

'IT

)(!)<

divulge
I. hm"'. We hope he will not divulge the
secret. ,.hm.-1-'1 h'1.1'."7fOJ"' .,.hof. hl\'1
2. 1/U\. He wouldn't divulge his name to
the police. h_., 1\71\.h 1\oP"JI\11' L:t'
.1'.'1 hA)O~,-

dizzy 'f/"fDo

111
The airplane climbed to a dizzy height. hfDot:
Till- 'fl>m- 111 h'i':f' llf. .I'.Ut

feel dizzy
I. -t"'in(m-). I feel dizzy and waot to lie down.
hll-t"'l"'i)'t ;J.I'.,- "711'1- l'.LA;JI\IJo
2. 'fl>fDo hii(R'l-). He felt dizzy when he stood
on the edge of the precipice. ~.1'.11- hof.'i' II
f.. (t.jl!l" ' 'f/"fDo hl\0..,.

make dizzy

h~~

The sudden ascent of the elevator made me

dizzy. fhh'lh-1- """"'lm:,. h~~'t
[See also 'sensation']

do (did, done)
1.

tP&-.

do

345

divorce

What are you doing this afternoon?

qt. hh'\'1- 0:\11 ,.., '1-w&-1\IJ ?

What does he do for a living? ?"'I we-I' f.
OIIA?

They cannot do a thing to him.

2.
,-.,,- 1\.f.I'.C.,_.:,. hf."'ftr,What can I do? After all, he is my friend.
h.l'.~~.

?"'I IIJ:"C"I ! oo'l),- '1.1'.'111- )fDo

3. hi\. How do you do? 7.'1.1'.?"'1 hl\11 ?
4. II'). The com is doing well this year. 04'11..,.. ' H'l J:"t: ' '1'-1- ' II'S: A

See there, that won't do at all. h"7 I f.IJ I.

11''1" 1""/f.ll''l )~C )fDo
S. 'I'~. We can't do without water. 111 a>?
A'l'l'C h'I'I'A,6. R:t'. This roast has to do for four people.
f.IJ 'Mih 1\h&-'1- {ltJJo ""'""''~- hi\0'1That will do for now. II!Jo'l f.O:t'A
7. h'l'"'. This won't do, my friend. m'!J>:
f.IJ hf'l'"',.
8. hH;Jl(.,.H:Jl). My room hasn't been done
yet. h'i'll. ~o;- hA.,.H:Jl,9. hmo;-. I have to do my Amharic tonight.
1"7C'1 :,.,-IJC-1;'1 q<~. "7:f' "Y'I'o;-'1-
hii-R't
*He's doing very well at school. '1-!l"tJC-t:'l 0
'I-;J:,. f.h:f'.,.IIA
*What can I do for you? ?"'I A:f'H11 ?

do away with
I. hhm~.l'.. They plao to do away with most
of the requirements. hhLII'I. h"'lqll-:,. )
1t::f -1111-l'"li'l 11"7h1D~J:" y:,.J!II2. hmof.. He did away with himself. &-{1-'1 hmof.
3. 1M. He wasaccused of doing away with
his wealthy uncle. 11-R:f',. h'l-1:'1 ~J:-1\V
A -t--1111- _,.h!).A

4. {l~H. Parliament voted to do away with

several tax laws. ;rcl\"7 -RH-l"'li'l f4'~'1'
a.~:f 11""{1~11 .,.{1"7"7

(be) done away with mof.

Bribery should be done away with. .,..p

""'l'of.'l- hllo.r
do (one's) best f.,.if'llm-'1 filA 'l"h~

I'll do my best to have it ready on time.

O'l.ll.fDo 7.'1-'IJ'.Ch f-til'll't'l J'IJA l'.'l"
h&-1\IJo

do by J'H

He has done well by his family. IL.,. {I

ll'li'l O"'l~q f.!I.A

do good m+oo.

A vacation will do you a lot of good.

~~'i''l-

0"1!1" f.m:,.rv A

It won't do you much good to complain.

"7"7~C ,..,,. hf.m:,-11"11,.

do with

*I could do with more leisure time. fOAm

f~~-;::,. '1.11. q~'t l'.OJJ!I\IJo

*What did you do with my umbrella? )1"'1'1'11\lo

., r.r h.l'.~hhm- 1

do without :fll hi\

She did without necessities to be able to pay

346

docile

for her daughter's piano lessons. f"''J'il4.A?

+'I tHr :f~ of!~ IIA~ -r;,r'l' "7ilT"''t!

.r h4.1\:f

can you do without this pencil for a while?

l'.Cililll'l l'o'IJ'. AP't:.O+ l\~11 ... l
have to do (with) ootptpA h.ilfl+

A lawyer has to do with all sorts of people.

tn0.4' hAl< AI< ,.,,.;r. ?C OU1"PA
MO+

*Many are convinced that smoking has a

great deal to do with lung cancer. f/)'!q )4'
C/) ' fl.lft:. ' h"7Q,J,fl ' f"'i.OD"' )fDo of!
llfDo ofl,.,.;r. .f'l"<;tr

not have to do (with)

,..,.r :

..,"},:~:,.. =

fl\m-

That has nothing to do with the question.

1.1\- h'l',f<flfDo ?C '1"'1'1" "l'l"f.)+ fllfDo
[See also 'dish, well']
docile ;t-~'rr
The docile dog wagged his tail. :J-~11' m-!f
~6-_,'1 '

<IIA

dock (vt.)
I. hm.l'.ofl l'oll<:4. 1 IDS'. ID.I'.ofl l'of11q. The
captain docked his boat at three o'clock.

IJ"C-1:). OHm'S fl'l+ ouchtl-'1 hm.l'.ofl

M<:<f.+

A tugboat is used to dock large ships. 1-;t-:f

)>;Aq +AA:j> OUChfl:f'l IDS'. ID.I'.ofl 11"7
i11q+ Y111"1~A

2. ~<:m. The company docks the men's

wages if they come late to work. b-fl'lY rP
6.-J-'f:f ' 11"1)'.-J-fDo ' fi.OUtn- ' .J'.'f"~'ffDo'l ' )'.
~C"'A

dock (vi.) hm.l'.ofl .l'.<:il

The ship docked three hours late. ouchlt

,.,.,.-,. fl'l+ H"IM hm.I'.IJ< .l'.<:fl

dock (n.)
I. [O'i'C.<:" O.+ fDofl'l' f-1-hlllf. """'"'i.Y]
2. fouChofl "7t:.14.Y l fouChofl ou.f"''J'. The
bags of wheat were piled on the dock. fil'IJ'.
1'-'IY,.:f Oouchofl "7t:.14.Y -1-h'l"<:,. )OC
The dock was built last year. fouchofl OU.f"'L
, ..... '!'!"<; .,..,..,:.

dogged

doctrine
I. .h"l. The doctrines of the church are very
rigid. f0.-1- hCil-f:.f). .h"l 0"1'1" '1'11:,0 )fDo
2. l\'I")T. Many theologians criticized the
unsound doctrine. of!,. f7)'."7'l'+ 11..4>,.'1+
ODP'l:T fl\.llfDo'l l\'I")T )4'4document (v.) 0"7il<:lf l'o<:?1m
He documented all instances in which the
judge took a bribe. ""'"'" 1-fl f-1-4'0110+
'I 1." .,.11- 0"7il<:lf l'ol:;J1m
document (n.) fi).(A birth certificate is a document of importance.
fA.I'.T f'l"ilhC ID<:4'+ 0"1'1" l'oil4.~1.
M.<:- )fDo

documentary fK'm.'i'
Give me documentary proof of your accusation! 11'1"'1 l'.'l.l'.hflilh'S fK'm.'i' "7il<:lf
t.:,Ocof!A'S

documentation ou<;lf"':f
Documentation is required in order to obtain
a passport. f)'.l\'1' m-:4'+ 11"7"11+ oo,:
lf"':f "7:,0<:11 Yil4.A?A

dodge (vt.) l'o.t:-OfiOfl

The lawyer dodged the issue. m0.4'fDo "11'11
m-'1 l'o.t:-OilOilfDo
dodse (vi.) ~c 1111- l'oll114.
He dodged cleverly when I threw my shoe at
him. ""1"71L'I ilm<:m-co+ ~c 1111- l'oll
114-fDo

dog (n.) fDo!f

Beware of the dog! m-!ffDo'l -l-m'14':,0
be dog tired bf..'?

.('.boo

They were dog tired after the excursion.

h'iiC'il~ ' 0:\~ ' h4-... ' .J'.hODfDo ' )0C
go to the dogs fliiJ,. 1 m.f..+
The country is going to the dogs. Mt!:l: 0"1
'I"' m.1'.4':f
lead a dol's life foflil"'l'+ ' ).(!' 'l'<:
Ever since he left home, he has led a dog's life.
hO._, hiD"! )>;'1"1!' foflil"'l'+j ).1!' )'.'l't:.A

doctor (v.) l'ohou

He doctors his children himself. A]l:q;'l ,:.
1\- Yh"7A

dog (dogged), v. O'l'ofi:,O -1-h:J--1-11

The police dogged the suspected thief. ?"11.1\-

doctor (n.) mh.'l" 1 1'-h-1-C

How many doctors are there in Addis Ababa?

dogged (adj.)
His dogged effort helped him to win the race.

t.JI.il t.oq m-il'l' il'l+ mh.'l":f t.tr 1

[See also 'witch doctor']

f-1-m<:m<:fDo'l 1\,q 0'1'11:,0 -J-h:J--1-IIfDo

IJD<a/r I ...~ .... I 11'/Y.;~?JL.rif'l'i' l:JifDo

fl"-45J.l1Jo

1\f.

"")

dol'zed determination m")l),&. oo")Lil

His success is in good part ascribable to

dogged determination. tu'lnm- oo~~ li.
-tWfm- hm'tiJ~ DD't.l.(l- f-1')"1 )a>-
11"711'1- ' 1-!1'11/.\

dogma ,n.,
Church dogma does not condone divorce.
fiL-l' ' hCII-I;,I"t ' ,n., ' ODof.;J-'1-'t ' hf..l.!tY:'l"
dogmatic
*The professor is very dogmatic. TC" .(..{'~
~ ' .I'Ah-'1- ' f.IJo't ' qy. ' )a>-

1 },

doings hY:~i+ I Y:c-L'IHis doings are the subject of neighborhood

gossip. h..(-t-1.,.=ii rrtr ffl--'i oomfti r
11')'1'/.\
The elders observed the doings of the young
people with disapproval. 1i"7.,M":Y. fiD"'.f.
:Y.'t ' Y:C1.'1- R'l-1111'1- ' -I'ODI\h-1>
dole, ~ out OJ'.II
He doled out some food to the poor. IIY:1l:Y.
'1""111 OJ'.II
doleful hft~'{
We could hear the doleful wail of the woman.
fll.'l-l'"'l''t hft~'{ ll!t/1 l'o'to'l"7 )RC
doll hlf't.,.II.'IGirls like to play with dolls. ll..f.:Y. A]I;:Y. R
hlf't ...l\.'1 ' OD""AID'I- ' f.ID/11\o
dollar 11c
An Ethiopian dollar has a hundred cents.
h'tY: fh.'l-1'"1:.1' 11C ou.f. f('t-1;'1" )a>doJorous hf(~'{
She uttered a dolorous cry.
M"Y:f
dolphin [h'l"f )IJ6
'tM)

hf(~'{

f-t~ouJ'.

ll!t/1

Mil .I'll 7-.

domain
1. Cil-l-. The merchant lias a large domain.
);>J'.,a>- o'l.l. Cll'l- hl\a>2. .,~+. The domain of the Emir of Harar
was located in southeastern Ethiopia. fthC
h"''.C .,~'1- RJ'.R-11 'I"P'~!t h.'l-1'"1:.1'
1-1'1 )RC
*This application does not fall in my domain.
f.tJ 0 "7DD/.\h!J' 0 l',~'t 0 hf.ODI\h'I-'J"

n - - - 1Y:
Edison was a leader in the domain of invention.
A.l!.o'l't R'i'/.\11'1' .... t.1Y: ""6 )RC

in the domain of

dominate

347

dogma

dome'I'/.\11'1The dome of the church is painted blue.

fiL-l' hCil1:.1'). 1'/.\11'1- o'I"7Y'I'. .,.11'1"
-~""'11:1:/.\

domestic
1. ffL-l-. Horses. cows and sheep are domestic
animals . .l.t'.II:Y. 11'/":Y...,. Ri:Y. fiL'I- 7-.'t
ilii:Y. ' ...."',.
2. fiL'I- ID-il'l'. He has many domestic problems. 1111- fiL+ ' a>-11'1' :Y..,c hiiR'I3. fll1Ca>-il'l'. The newspaper publishes both
domestic and foreign news. ;Jrt.I1Jm- frl"'
C

ID-il"l"fJ

ftD-"fl"

J\"'C

tL'iJP~

ymtrlfA

4. Cl"'C m-il'l' fT-rv.t-. Those are all domestic products. lt.~H.tJ h:J"sPl- ,./\" r fi1C mil'!' f-tw<~o
*She has always been very domestic. f~J.; = (I

.,.'f.,.

(Do

~if

domesticate hiiODJ'. l 11"71! hJ'.t.1

Some people try to domesticate lions. J\7.&;
'tY: o'll":Y. h'tRf('t 1\"YIIooY: Y.'l"h~II
Man domesticated cattle thousands of years
ago. ,.,,. h11H- if.tJ 'loo;t-+ a.c.+ f.,.
'tY: ' h11.f.:f't ' 11"711 ' hJ'.t.1
domicile oo'f&.l'
He makes his domicile in Addis Ababa.
OD'f6.1'1D-'t ' hl!.il ' hRIJ ' hY:C'i/.\
dominant
I. hl\.lla>- f"''.A!t. Red is the dominant color
in his paintings. OP"6lt- aJoil'l' hl\.1\m- +
11"7'1- f"''.A.,.,. .,.,_ )a>2. 1-A.f. f"''.:t-1-. Ethiopia is the dominant
state in the Horn of Africa. h.'l-l'"k.l' Rh'i'6
:l' .,.'tY: 1-/.\;1- f'I"'I-;J-f. h1C ):f
3. tf''l. Corn is the dominant crop in the
region. 0_,.1'\<> f+OA.aJo 'P'i lt.IIA ~m
be dominant (IL)

The feudal system was dominant in the

Middle Ages. Roo1Jhll'1m- noo't fiJIIIJ'I-
h1~11 o'l'i''f )RC
dominate
1. 1'1. The strong usually dominate the weak.
1111-a>-'t 1.11. 11Ci> J'.>t"7't 1-1~/.\
2. +Al). His weak character allows everyone
to dominate him. ~ltGI/ OD'1Lft. (tm- ,.
II- 7-.'ti!.""A't .I'J'.C1'1'A
3. h~Joll-'1" h'i' 1111- ;J-f. The mountain
dominates the harbor. m~flo h.m11l ~ Yilt&
-1'~~ h~Joil-'1" h'i' 1111- f.;J- .I'A

domination

348

domination h~q11
Fascist domination lasted only six years.
fof-1111'1- ' h~q11 ' IIII.J:-ll'l- ' 'iOD:J-'1- ' .fiJI' '

"''

door

donkey hUf
Country people know how to load a donkey.
fqii~C 1'111''f hUf """'l't ft-:1"11he donkey tD~A hUf

domineer ... ._~

Big boys sometimes domineer over their small
sisters. h'M"t.l:" '1..11 '1-AA:fo A]t.':f. :t<;11 ' l\..,1'JI':ftD-"t ' ,. ....,...... {~domineering 'lJ!.II"'
A domineering mother can emasculate her
sons. 'lJ!.II"' l\'i''l- fm"tP..':f. A]t.!f!'}
ftD"t.J:-~'1- mt,l':ftD-"t A-1-~.J:-A '1-':f.llll':f.

dominion
I. .,q'l-, The dominions of the king were
enlarged by military campaigns.
.,q.,.'f ' am:t-~c ' 'lY.A ' .,.114-t;:.,.,.,. I ~

n.,.,..

oc

2. fOIIY.~-1-. He struggled to escape the

dominion of others. f/1.11-':f."t fOllY.~+
ll""llii ' :t-~11
have dominion over 1tf

The Romans had dominion over a large part

of the world. !:"''t-f"t ofl,.,.,."t f'ill9"
ht;:A ,.~,. ~nc
don (donned) 1101'1
The judge donned his robe. ""'"" l)qm-"t
1101'1
donate
I. l\C'I:t- l'lm. He donated ten dollars to
the Red Cross. II+Y. ooll+A OP'C ofiC
l\CJI:t- l'lm
2. ..:.11. I donated a dollar. h"t.l:" ofiC .:

"""

donation l\C'I:tDonations are welcome. l\CJI:t- l\"t+OIIII"t

(be) done (see also 'do')
I. hll+. When the work is done you can go.
P'll-tD- ' {LfA:fo A'l-~.1:" '1-'fiiiiU
2. 01'111. In ten minutes the meat will be done.
qpc ~4::1" tD-11'1' P':>"" Y.OMA
3. ( = active) "'.:1'1. +All my lessons are done.
'l''i'-t:"t v-11- ...elfllv*That sort of thing isn't done. A'l-'lll ~.e~
'1- ' ~~c ' t.y.~q9"
well done OI'IA (LA
I like my cutlet well done. lo.,./1.'1- f9"tD~tD-
OI'IA (LA ~m-

Is that donkey a he or a she? 1 hUf tD~A

~ .... ' tDJ!,/1 ' l\'i't'l- !
she donkey l\'i'-1:'1- hUf
Is a she donkey stronger than a he donkey?
l\'i'-1:'1- hUf ' hiD~' hUf' '1-m~h&-ll':f.!
donor
I. fll11'1. The donor of the blood is not known.
~9" fll~l'lm- hY.:t-m:t-1"'
2. fl'lm. The donor of this land is a rich man.
J!,U"t oo.:.'l- fl'lmm- Oofl:l-?" ~,.,.
doodle P'6A o.m. "'l"".:
He doodled during the whole lecture. O'l-9"u
C-1: '1..11 u-11- P'6A O.m. J!."'l"'."C
~nc

doom (v.)
I. <~..:~(n-1-). The judge doomed him to
lifelong imprisonment. ""'"" 6.1:""7. J!.t;:
:t-u <~...:-'1-n'l2. hmof.. The weather doomed our hopes of
a picnic. ff-1- ' mqy. ' 1111c11c nn.:"t
"t .,.114- hmof.mdoom to fail

*The prospect was doomed to fail. fP'&-tD-

""'l'"t 'l'"t-t:"t f"''Y.I\11 ~nc
doom (n.) h4- +"t
The fortune teller prognosticated doom.
lohofl ' 4'."l&tD- ' h4- ' +"t ' f.ou"JA ' hll
march to one's doom IDR. 'fP1:

The soldiers marched to their doom.

tD~ ' 'P:t-:ft- ' h""-1-

}V"'~

m:t-~e'll

meet one's doom f9"-l- l\"'PaJo'l +oo(l

He met his doom on the battlefield. OIDC

"'1.'1 ' f'P'I- ' lt1'1D-"t ' .,._,.,
door OD11'l.f l fiC
He locks the door every night. "7;1- "7:t-
00 11'l.ftD-"t (0-1-"t) Y.<t.Aof.A
lay the blame at someone's door

*The blame for delinquency may be laid at

the door of careless parents. ftD"''I- '1'4-.,.
'if'':f. +mf4:11''f "-"-1111 tDI\}t.':f. 'i':ftDfrom door to door hO.-l-

o.+

The peddler sold his wares from door to door.

doorbell

l'l:t R~<:of:trJo ).:l'l"lf"t hO.'I- 0.'1- ).f~

<:lfm
next door

*Who lives next door to you? '1-<:0.'1-U .,

"t ~ .... !
out of doors 1..-,: I ....._.

Did you ever sleep out of doors? ~)': hY:<:

U ;f"dJo:I'IIU !
It is too cold to sit out of doors. iD"1l" 1100
"'"'"I' 0"111" oflCY: ~.,.
show someone the door hilfDtiJ
If he becomes insulting, show him the door.
f"''.il~ofl hll'~ hlla>"ldJo
[See also 'next1

doorbell fRC ~mA.

When he pressed the button, the doorbell rang.
ooJ?..mYID*'l 11 flh "LtL

double

349

rn.;. F..mA

"""1i
doorman R<:.,.
A doorman stands outside the main entrance
of the hotel. R<:.,.m- hll'-1:11- '1''0 OD"IR.
1 .....,. , ...,A.
doorsill ~'i'
He stood on the doorsill a moment. 11'1'<1:'1-
"1.11. ~4- ..., """

doorstep ~lf'i'
The doorstep was covered with mud where
people had wiped their feet. l'll"lf )."1&-'f.,.
"t llllm<:"l-0'1- ~4- ..,_:j>y,.r. ~RC
doorway ~lf'i' 1 R&-'i'
He fell over the dog sleeping in the doorway.
~'i' IIY. )..,..,..,. .,.lf IIY. m~4'
Please don't stand in the doorway! R&-'i' II
f, h'l-.,11" 1
(be) dormant
I. ThTT. Bears are dormant during the
winter. Y:fllf Rh<:ll"'l- m&-'1- Y.hT:f"ll2. hl\~111". Some plants are dormant in
the winter. h"t.tl"tY: 68'1'-l'lf Rh<:ll"'l- h
.J'Y:"I-11"
3. .&."tY:-1' h.J'~II". This volcano has been
dormant for the last hundred years. q114-'1-
ou.p. 'toP;f"'Jo dJoll'l' f,U ).{).,. 1'1"&-
.&."tY:-1' t.fm-:tr

dormer [R"'&.J' IIY. W"l oflll- fTII'&-

oPII!l'l-]

dormitory ,..'1:1" 0.'1The university has three student dormitories.

I'UiCI'I.of:dJo 1"11'1- f_,..,& DP'{:J" 0.-l':f
hll-'1-

dorsal f~cq
The fish has lateral fins as well as dorsal ones.
""'"'" f'l-"t h"t'i''O r~cq h"t'i' hll.,.
dosage DPm"t
The usual dosage is 1/2 teaspoon every 4
hours. fTII""~"'" oPm"t Rfh<Ho l'l't-'1-
.,.,11 flfY. .,"thJ' ~ ....
dose oPm"t
Decrease the dose of the medicine as you feel
better! ).fTlfiiU l'l.'tY: fll"-'1-mMm-"t
ouY:;:.~-'1- ODm"t 4'")11
*The bottle contains six doses. mc-(lo 1111
Y.-11'1- 1.11. f"''.ll'"t ouy.-;:.~'1- hiiR-'1dossier <f..J'.A.
The police keep dossiers on many criminals.
?"l'l.(>.lf fofiH- aJ"t~ll'l'lf 4-Y.A. hll'fdJo
dot (dotted), v. hA.G: hlii.G: :J"f
Flowers dotted the hillside. RT<l-&-dJo m1
11 ..,. t.oql"lf t.A..&..,. hA..&.m- Y.:l"
I' ~RC
dot (n.)
I. m:l'm.f. Wear your dress with the blue
dots! q11 1'1.,1'1! m:l'm.f 4'"7.111l"t 1!1.011
2. ~'1'11. In Amharic, words are separated by
two dots. q.,c.,. :1'11'1- f"'/.111'+ Ru-11-l-
~'l'ofl. ~ ....
on the dot A.h
I will see you at three on the dot. A.h OHm
'1 l'l't'l- )."t1'0...11"t
right on the dot Ab flll't-1:

He carne right on the dot. A.h Rl'l't-11 """'

dotted (adj.) ftmofl"'ofl
Sign on the dotted line!

R~mofi"'R-

,..,..,..

C IIY. .&.CII"

double (vt.)
I. 6'1''1' h~<:1. He has doubled his capital
in two years. '1''0 1"tHR-"t Ru-11-'1- """
..... 6'1"1' h~l:1dJo
2. ( ~ intr.) 6'1''1' ll'~R-'1-. +His partner is
ill, so he has to double his work. 11CI!<JJo 1111
:1""""" P'&-dJo 6'1''1' ll''l'R:J"A.
3. 6'1''1' h.,.<:R. He doubled my bid. Y"'<:ofl
!M-"t ""l::f" b'l"i' 1\.,.<:R

doubt

350

double

4. Om.l.. The child doubled a piece of paper.

A"Jt a>;';<l'-l>'t Om.l.
5. ( ~ intr.) ~I!' 'f.Y.. The ship doubled Cape
Horn. ouch !I. 011.T II'C't ~.l- 'f.Y."'fo
double (vi.)
I. 6'1''i' II'). Prices have doubled this last year.
'l9"<;' f10.1'1D" 'I':> 6'1''i' 11''1" )0C
2. h11\1i\. The living room doubles as a

dining area. IJ.h-"). ""}f.. f""dJ1l 0...-,. 11

II"iliA
*The cook doubles as a chauffeur. (lm-tt-m-- ID
'I' ' 11.'1-11" ' lf..(.CII" ' )ID"

double for +li

He doubles for the main actor. 'I'<;'ID"'t 1"'1'

.,,. f"''..,. ... )ID"
double over .,.if"74'4' ! .,.11-.l-OD.,.

The child doubled over with pain.

O.ftODII" .,.if.,++ (.,.11-.l-OD.,.)

a.n-

double up

I. .,.ll-.J.oo.,.l.,.if"74'4'. He doubled up in pain.

{l.ftOD9" ' .,.!1-.J.OD.,. ' (.,.if"74'4')
2. llo-11'1- llo-11'1- .,.,._ We had to double
up because there weren't enough beds to go
around. not hA:> MA)Ot: llv-11'1- llv11'1- ,..,.,."" "'Y: IJ')1J't
3. 1-~flA. Because of a room shortage, we had
to double up. h'i'A MHI ooJIOA )0;';
11't

double (n.)
I. 6'1''i'. Ten is the double of five. OI"C ' .1'
11"0.'1- ' 6'1''i' )ID"
2. oo't'l-.1'. He could be your double, he looks
so much like you. h't.,.'t 0"19" illl"''.""il
A ""'t'l-.I'll ll.ll''t J'."'f-IIA
double (adj.)
I. v-11'1-. Every language has words that have
double meanings. "7't';'tJ>o9" l'l'tl'l v-11'1- 'i'
";(- .1'11'1'11>". :1'11'1-. hii-'1This sofa serves a double purpose. f.tl 1::1:
hiiiD"
v-11'1-
May I have a double portion of rice? v-11'1- Y:
elf -1-11 111'S h"'f-llllv- 1
2. oP1":f". The conference room is closed off
from the corridor by double doors. f{l1J{IQID"
h'l.l-11 hOD.,.IIII.I..I'ID" f"''.llfiD" {loo');l'
OD1J1.J'jP"'f- ' )ID"
*It is double the size of mine. fi."} tNVf
J'.II'<;'A
[See also 'time']

,..;r.,.. .

double bed f-f-"'1.11. hA:>

Yesterday I bought a double bed. '1-<;"t'J-<;
f-f-"'1.11. hA:> 1~1Jdouble-cross h"l"D.:n.:
He double-crossed his partner in that deal.
011.11 l".l- 11CIJID"'t h"l"O<':O<':ID"
double-faced h;I'IIJ'.
She is double-faced, so don't trust her. h:I'IIJ'.
ili\IJ')"'fo h'J-oo<;'ldouble-talk
*Everything he says is double-talk. 0"1"1'1- '1C"I-11" o-11- h lf"''. )II>"
doubly
*You have to be doubly careful on this bad
road. nn.u ou.,.c:_ OD'J1~ 1\l- A~ T
't:l'<l: "7Y:<':"l h111lll
doubt (v.) .,.m.l-m<':
I doubt if the story is true. ;1'611- hiD")'J-
oPlf)."}

'hm&-m&oflu.

Do you think he will come? I doubt it. f"''.""

"' f.ou{IAYA I hm.l-m.l-IIIJdoubt (n.) 'I'C'I'C l 'I'C"'.:O
Without a doubt, he is the best man for the job.
.l'll't'l"'f- 'I'C'I'C ('I'C"'.:O) Ill".l-ID" hll-
ho-11-9" J'.OA'I' .f-11L )ID"
*There is no room for doubt. f"''lfD roy_y m
<l-'I'C )1C filii"
be in doubt
I. hm.l-m<':. The result is still in doubt.
~~>"m.-1> hv-'tll" f"''...'m.l-'I'C tiD"

2 . .,.m.l-m<':. When in doubt about the meaning of a word, consult the dictionary. ll.lt"JY:
:I'A '1-C"I-9" R.,_m.l-mCh 1.11. 00111
n .+11'1-'t .,..,..Ah'l3. hA.f-"'.l-11". The guilt of the accused is in
doubt. f.,.hltlf. '1'4-'1- hA.,."'.l-11"
beyond doubt IIi

TC'l'C

Beyond doubt, he is the greatest writer we have.

.l'll't '1-A:r- Y-.l-(1. .I'll 'I'C'I'C hll- tiD"
have any doubts rotmt-mCOT

i-'1C

hli

Do you have any doubts about marrying her?

h!).'t 11"7"1Q'I- fll"'l-m.l-mCO'I- )1C hll I
no doubt Mml.mcr

No doubt the train will be late. QIK- h'tY.

"''.H1J'. hJ'.m;';mCII"
not a shadow of a doubt

There is not a shadow of a doubt about it.

illlo'l- ll"'tll" h.l'm<l-'I'CII"

~d~o~u~bt~f~u~~------------------------~3~51~------------------------d_ownhill
throw doubt on "l"CIIJ~

t\,e

Did you look down there? MU' :l":Y. .t.fu !

c tlfi\

This witness throws doubt on the honesty

of the accused. J'.U !l"llhe f-1-b/oif.') :1""7
'h+ 'l'e"'.!. 1\J'. J'.'I'I\A
[See also 'benefit, room']

doubtful hmM'It:
The weather looks very doubtful.
~:1" 0"1!1" hmt-"16 tmbe doubtful

ff~

o-

+m~ml.

I am still doubtful about it . .t.o-')!1" Ot?~

hmt-mt-lloIt's doubtful that he will get well. """'~- Y
mt-'1'.1-A

doubtless Yll 'l'e'l'e

That is doubtless true. Yll 'l'e'l'e .t.m-t+
tmdough II.'I'
Yeast acts on the dough and makes it rise.
.t.etr ll.tJlo') YPIIm-<; IJ.'i' h'JJI.A YS'.
e?'I'A

*Down with him! 'IS'..A f."'lll

down to l\ilh

He wrote the history of Ethiopia from the

beginning down to our times. hP'e h'JP'
.fo .t.llh ~"- 1:<(11 Yllm-'J f.t...+I'"Ay-, ;J-t:h K.L
be down

I. -1-0mll. After the storm, all the telephone

lines were down. b...,J'.II:;'m- t>l-11 0:\1\
fiiA!J. ,.,..,..,.,..e o-11- -t-O'I'o\ toe

2. .,.IIJA. The curtain is down. OD.."Jt:.J('m-

'1'!\.A

be down with

*He is down with a cold.

[See also 'go, hill']

?-')>!.')

hll-t-'S.fo;J-A

(be) downcast hUt

The team was downcast over the loss of the
game. ""'I':J"m-') loYif'J'i' IIII-I'<( 11"1:'1-
Mt'l" toe
look downcast

d..., t\Y.. thH'l

+~00

She looked downcast when I told her she

flunked. oum-J'.!In Ot?e\>.'1- ?.H. d.:J:
1\J'. "'"., J>.to-o toe

dour
*The judge's dour expression made the defendant tremble. fJI:;'m- .1.-f>') "111-/o-t-e
-1-Mif.'J .t.eOS'.OS'.m-

stand with downcast eyes h11~") h.+~+~

douse
I. m-;) <(..,, He doused me with the hose.
Om-;) "1m"'im- IIIIth m-;) <(""'S
2. tb<(. The blacksmith doused the hot metal
in water . .,....,...+"'= f;n\m-1' 11l.-l- tD-="-' r
m-11'1' ' tb<(

downfall m-1:<1''1Heavy drinking caused his downfall. h111f.fo

oum"J'I- hm-1:<1''1- l'tf.<(llm-

dove C"11l:1 .t.C"'11

One can domesticate a dove. C"'ii'J (.t.e
.,11')) : "11\BDI: ' J'.iJ'I\A

dove, see dive

dovetail ll!l"<; me:,O .rt
Our plans dovetailed neatly. .hloQ:Y.'J ll!l"<;
me:,. .rt
down (v.)

I. ;t'm- hJ'.<(?. He downed his beer and ran

outside. llt-m-') ;t'm- t.1:ei r:tn IJJ"'
2. "'ll. He downed his opponent in the third
round. Qll;>t-m-') 01"11-t-:;'m- 11-e 1\J'.
"111m-

down (adv.) :J-:Y.

Down in the valley, the fog still lingers. .t.;J-:Y.
lfllol'm- m-11'1' "1-11" .t.o-'J!I" .t.Am>l-9"

Ashamed of his mistakes, he stood with downcast eyes. Ollih-1-1> h'i't: h'J?-f>') h-1'
<(T<(

downgrade (v.)
I. hP'A"''J 11:,0 hJ'.<(?. He downgraded the
employees for their insubordination.rP~+11'=ti
h'J:l"H1f 111\11- hP'A"''J 1f:,O hJ'.<(;>:fm2. l't')\>,llll. He downgraded the importance
of the conference. fllilllQm-') m:l'"'-t+ h
')\>,{1(1
downgrade (n.), be on the ~ 11:,0 hY
II ' ~S'.
His reputation has been on the downgrade
since his last book. fBD..,<('/fm-') ouy.-.h4-'J
bK.L IJJJI.U 1t<;m- 11:,0 hYII ~J;...A
downhearte d f-1-hH
He looks downhearted. f-1-hH J'.BDIII\A
downhill, go ~
I. .,A.,A IJJ<(S'.. Going downhill, our descent

352
was rapid. .,.A.,.A ll'tiDCY: oo't~JI":f't

"-"l't

~oc

The road goes downhill.

oo')~JI.

.,.A.,.A Y.

IDCJIA

down payment foo)!oo&f h<;:f

In all probability, you will have to make a
down payment first. foo)!oo&f h<;:f ooh
ll.A IIY.'l'C1111 I>Y.4'C9"

downpour P.<;: I "1Y.til"' ll'i"?" ounJA

We were caught in the downpour. P.<;: mt.J'.
1l't

The street was awash after the sudden downpour. om~'!- ' "1Y.til... ' .,.,,. ' 000"1/1- ' 00
' ....;) ' h'l'ti14'til4'....

downright
I. '1'1\.11". He gave a downright foolish answer.
'1'1\.11" f.,Y.~fJ ooAll {lm
2 . .,.C'I' ftil. His downright answer surprised
the boss. .,.C'I' ftil,... ODA{I- l>tii:J',...'t
I>M.~.,. ....

downstairs (adv.)
I. All"Y:C 0.'1-. I will be waiting downstairs.
AII"Y:C 0.'1- Am11:tYtilrJo
2. hS'.al'. He tripped and fell downstairs.
.,.J'.'i":tt:: ' hS'.~ll" ' mY.+
*He ran downstairs. l..afm-1' .;.tn tD~
downstairs (adj.) fii"Y:C 0.'1The downstairs rooms are dark. fll" Y:c 0.
"" ' h'i'll-1- ' ....til., ' .,,,...

downstream, float The logs floated downstream. "l'tP.'Il Om't

H- IIY. -1-'tiiL,... m~JI.

down-to-earth
He is a down-to-earth fellow. 7.(1- O.,.Q.l.Om
~~c

downwards, face - J'.'i'+

He left the pictures face downwards on the
table. 1"1'>11-'fl't Om~A.q,... IIY. J'.'i'+ I>
ll+oonJ'f,...

2. 'i-C',... 11:t l>til. He has been going downhill since he lost his job. hi"&-,... hiD"! )!II"
C' 'i-C',... 11:t "I.Ytil ~!;..A

't~JI.'t

draft

f"''.""&-

fl,... ~,...

downtown oo"JjA h.,..,

Let's go downtown! mY. ou"JjA h.,..,
A'ttY:
downward .,.A.,.A
The kite glided downward. <DII'tJI,... .,.A.,.
A l>'li"1oo~OD

*This custom has been handed downward

through the ages. Y.ll A.,Y: hl>f'l- h:tY:
"" ' l>f'l- ' fl.IDCY: ' fl.'I'~Y: ' fOO"' ~ ....
[See also 'ffight']

dowry '1'11-11
In certain countries, the bride's father gives a
dowry to the bride. fJ'tJI'tY: 1>~1!'1- roo.
11&-f.-1> 1>'1'1- tiloo-11&-Y.-1> '1'11-11 Y.fl"'A

doze l>'t4'114I was dozing while the man gave the speech.
fl,...!LtD- 't"I"IC UJ'.c-. l>'t4'114- ~oc
doze off iftil11 I>J'.~~(,...)
He dozed off after supper. h&-'1- 0:\11 if
til11 M~~,...

dozen
I. J'.CH't. Please give me a dozen eggs !
l>'tY: J'.CH't A't.,.IIA ' llm'S
2. 1lfto. I have dozens of reasons not to go to
the office today. qt, mY. ILC' f.,A~Y:O'l-
11ft- ' ll"h'tf'l-' />til'S

drab
I. ~ "'&-11. The drab clothes of the country
people show that they are poor.
0.'1- '

nc '

flS"":f f"''.til11!l,'f,... ~ "'&-11 A111'>

T ' (ljP'fl ' Y:"li ' oolf<;'f,...'t ' filfA
2. f.,Y.'I'II". He leads a drab existence. M
f.'l'll" ' ).{!' ' Y.'l'&-A

draft (v.)
I. 1>~4'4'. The legislators must draft and submit bills. .lt"l 1>,.....,_,;. ..,.., l>c:t+,...
.,:,.~11 ' l>tilfJ'f....
2. ftil L:J'JI. ""~m-'1-. They drafted him to
act as chairman. till\..4' ou')OC~'l- ftil L:J'
Jl. ' oo~m-'13. ootilootil. The army drafted him last month.
fJtiiL,... IDC o tilm:J-J'.C~'l- ODtiiOD/1-'lbe drafted tiiiD:l"J'.C~'l- .,..,..til""til
He was drafted last month. fJtiiL,... me til
m:J-J'.C~'l- .,..,..til.,..til

draft (n.)
I. ~4-ll. I cannot stand the draft in this room.
fll.ll't 0.'1- ~4-ll I> A ":fAll"

2. l'l::t. The first draft of his speech is ready

f't"l"l~ o fOO)!ODt'.f o ~-1::,0 .,.H:>~A
3. dt'l'll. He gave a draft for $1,000. ll'tY:
1(11 11C dt'l'll lim

4. tilm:J-J'.C~'l- O"IJ'..:J- ouooAaDA. The

draft is certainly neoessary in wartime. OII'C

dramatize

353

drafty

H 1.1i llm;l-.l'.C)'l- R"/1..;1- """""'

ooA RC"/'1' hhLI\1.. )tJJo

drafty
This is a drafty room. f.IJ hu-11'1- h:J>"'"'i
)of.h f"''.1qn'1- h'i'A )tJJo

drag (dragged), vt.

!. ,_.,..,.. His clothes were tom when the police
dragged him. ?'11.(1. 1\,_'1-.,.tJJo Ail (to 1'
.,.......

2. hf1of. m(JJ!.. He dragged the bicycle home

because it had a flat tire. fR.hhl\.-1> .,..,
hll.,.)ol.{lft'l- hf1of. m.l'. IL-l> mM'ldraa (vi.)
I . .,.,_.,..,._ Her skirt is dragging on the floor.
.,."'1.!1. ' ftdllll\- ' 1\f. ' ,..,...,.,."'
2. <:noo. Time dragS when you do not have
anythiog to do. ff"'JooP&-tJJo h;l-"l 1.1itJJo
1/-l:li..,A
drag on
The meeting dragged on for three
!.
hours. hofl(lqtJJo l"h'l- (l~'Jo -11-
2. l:H"". The days just dragged on . .,.). l:H""
drag oneself

.,.'i.,..,..

1''i.,..,.

He could hardly drag himself to work.

dl.l'. ' P'&- ' ~~-~.... ' h"M-'t ' h't\>, ' ..,'t"''l- '
h:J".,.tJJo
A lazy, complaining boy is a drag on the team.
{1)<;:..,.. )op';'"'i A'J!: 11!1-.l'.'> b't:J>of.'l- )tJJo

dragnet .,.,_,.l- DDl:ofl

.,.,.";f

R.,.

drain (vt.)
!. hU.,.. They are draining the marsh to
build houses there. IL'l- II""P'&-'1- 1 <:"!<:.,.
'J I ""'.l'.'i::J> I 1\f. I ....'ftJJo
2. tJJo;) II"'"' The mother drained the bathtub.
7...,.'1-1"'1' "";1-mft..l'tJJo 1't'l 1 tJJoh'l' nn
<:tJJo't ' tJJo;) ' ll.,..,.l-tJJo
war drains a country of its people and money.
...c)."Jo .l'.''t 1 t..1c a.11-n..,. 1'tH-n 1 f."'-C
itA
drain (vi.)
!. ol.(l(l. The river drains into the ocean.
dl'tll'' dl.l'. I ",1'<;(1. ' f.LitA
2. m.U.. She left her dishes to drain. itob<;'fi 1
A't.ll.mf. ,.l'.lJ'.t.!F:ftJJo

,.

The water doesn't drain off. tJJo;)tJJo hf.aJC

....

[See also 'energy']

drain (n.) l'l\"'R. """'"i:ll"

The drain is stopped up again. l'l\"'ft.tJJo DDtJJo
<:If' h't.l'.1 .... ' .,....ol.)
be a {great) drain on
!. ""l:(l. Working too hard is a drain on your
strength. illl' ""P'&-'1- .,.An'l- f."'-CitA
2. h&--4'1'. Military expenditures have been a
great drain on the country~s treasury. Af'llC
"lf.A f"''.U1tJJo dl..,_ ,1'1<l:t't "If"
II" IL'l- h&--4'_,.

drainage
1. ftJJo;) oPtJJot:lf. Adequate drainage is maintained by a series of ditches. Rot ftJJo;) 1 " "
tJJol:!l" nch'l- q11- 11\"l- 1 f.?.IIA
2. ( ~ to drain) ..,.._.<::J>. The drainage of
swamps improves the land. l:"lt:il-'t ..,.._.<:
:J> "".:0'1- ,l'lliii\A
drainage canal f.fo?flf ODID-1..'1{ (1~
There are not enough drainage canals in this
city. n11.u h.,.., tJJoh'l' not r-4'1flf ""
tJJol:!l" ' 11\"l- ' fll-f"

drama
!. -1:.1''1-C. This author wrote many dramas.

drag (n.) b't:J>of.'l-

Fish were caught in the dragnet. '1"19''6

.,.,,.
I DD{;ofl I

drain off m~

1/-IJ .l'.&-1\ illl' -1:,1''1-r:l-'t .l'.C(I.A

2. ;1-&h. The history of America is a thrilling

drama. fh"'UIJ I ;1-<lh I f"''.,,'(l.l'.'J:J> I :J-<1
h ' )IJJo

dramatic
!. f.l'.'&-..,. His dramatic writings have been
printed in one book. f.l'.'&-.., K'"'"C::'fi 1 q
'J.l'.' I ODK',h<j: I ;J-'JooPtJJo I dl'J'.,.IJJo I )ftC
2. hh.l'...,.ot. These are dramatic changes in
the international situation. MII.IJ R'lllf" 1
;1-<lh ' tJJoh'l' ' hh.l'.....ot ' lltJJoflll- '

..,.,IJ)o

dramatize
!. R.l'.'&-.., DDAh hm"l. They dramatized
the life of Edison in a movie. fM{l't'J 1 fob
1/-dl'l- I ;1-<lh ' R.l'.'&-.., ' DDAh I Rd.Af" ' t.
mm-'12. hitf"C: 111&. The newspaper dramatized
1 hit
the wedding. ;>li"'tJJo f(IC.,.'t
f"r: ' 111&
3. h:>H. She dramatizes all her illnesses.
,bOD?.'J I !Jol\- I ;f-;J'J ....IIl-

n..,.

..

drank

11. "7o'.h. Her elegant dress drew the eye of all

onlookers. .flfOo'.+aJo /Aofl!l. f1"oufAI).)('Ji

drank, see drink

drape (v.)
I. hi\Ofl. He draped the wall with flags.
"1.<:-l'laJo't fl't~~ ~'1"7 hi\O{IaJo

2. lfol.~. The woman draped cloth over the

furniture to protect it from dust. ll.'l-1"'1' h!l.
&. h't'lf.MI!l h:l'aJo't ""C~ lfol.~:fm.

3.

draw

354

;Jo'.~.

They draped the window with a heayy

cloth. oo!li>;NI'aJo't Om'i'&-9" ""':~ ;Jo'.JI.

4. 1f~1f~. The seamstress draped the skirt
around the customer's waist. Aoflll ll.l.'P
+"7..{1-'t O~'tO>;''I' dl1ofl Ah 1f~1f~:f
drape around oneself

She draped the cloth around herself.

~m'l'l'

't h"'of..:f

drape (n.) mo;:&-9" oo;Jo'.'Jf

't

~f.'t

IJoll- "7o'.h

12. oonn. He drew his sword and ran at his

enemy. "1-t:-1-avt oPfl mF.. ml\41 em
*The movie is sure to draw a big cr~wd.
fl.t"7aJo't ofllt' {laJo 'h't~"''...ffaJo 7.C"Im
>;' ~ ....
*His lecture drew a large audience. f(l-'l .,...,
"IC i\"7'IDD'J' ofllt' {laJo ' 1"{10{10
draw (vi.)
I. 1-:l'o'.O. The train is just drawing into the
station. q(K. hrJo't m~ "'ll..l'aJo 1-:l'C

!I.A
In the spring of 1945, the war was drawing
to a close. Oiiif~t: ~.II". 01\U m&-'1- tn
C~1: m~

"711~ 1-,tCP ~OC

"'ii. He draws best with crayons.

She bought white drapes for her living room

windows. i\<'111-). oo!llt-f:f ~'i" mo;:&-9"

2.

OD,;Jo'.'jf 1~:f

draw ahead of +F..oo

drastic

....0~

The government took drastic measures to

stop inflation. f1'tHofl't ooch!l i\ODh'\h
A OD't"IP'T 'l'ofl~ 7.C9"'if roM

draw (drew, drawn), vt.

I. 110. The horses draw the wagon. ol.o'.fo:f
flo'.1'1 ,r.nqll2. "'ii. He drew a picture of his teacher.
.fil.,..,tlaJo't P'~A "'ii
3. ""'ou"-. He drew a straight line. +'1'1""'
oP~OfiC

hU'OD~

4. +'1. The boy drew water from the well.

Ohi\C f

Oilm f.P''IA

The black horse drew ahead of the others.

'1'41'1- ol.o'.!l 11.11-lfi't ol.o'.fo:f "'~"'"'"'"
draw back mY.. :\1\ J\L11..1
Everyone drew back in alarm whep. they saw
the snake. 7,qiJ-'t qy. '1..11 rJo/rl"' 0

m ;Jm.

m~

:\'1 ""-1"-...

draw in h!l1q l {IO{IO

The cat drew in his claws. Y:ao:t:

-r~l!"!f'J

h!l1q:f (MfiO:f)

*He looked out for a minute and then drew

in his head. h't11:'t 11~ h.J:'Ci ouj\{1
(be) drawn into 1Q

A'JI: h'l-.1:''1.1:' aJo;) +'I

5. hm"'. He drew his hands from his pocket.
ll)(lfi't hh.{l- haJ"'

I have been drawn into this argument against

my will. .fil US!. Ml.ll hChC aJoil'l'
1q1Jo

He drew a lot of money from the bank.

hq'th ofllt' 1'tHofl haJ"'
6. h1T. He draws a large salacy. ofllt' ~.,...,

draw near
1. 1-m;J. We drew near the fire to get warm.

.f1"'1A

7. 1""1"111. They drew lots to see who should

go first. oo'oot;.f "7't h't~"''..'t.J:' i\"7dl
~ ~"' 1""1"1118. h!l1q, You should draw fresh air into
your lungs. '1-h-il hfC m~ ll'tqll "711
1q'l- hiloflll

9. "'ii. She draws the curtains when there is

too much sunshine. ofllt' f9dl.f. of!C?'t
fl.'l'C OD,;Jo'.'jfiiJo't '1-'l''lil:f

10. h1"o'.ol.(il'l-). His speech drewlongapp1ause.

't"I"K- o'.HI"' J'i\ 'i"ofl""q h-1-o'.ol.i\'l-

7.'t'l.'l"+'t m~ 7.11-1> -1-m:J't

2. 1-:l'o'.O. Christmas is drawing near. 1<; 7.
f1":l'o'.O ~..,.
draw nigh 1-:l'o'.R

The time draws nigh. '1..11"'" 1-:l'o'.O

draw on oneself h-1-o'.ol.(il'l-)

Your action drew praise on you. JP &-U f"'

!l,;J<; h1"o'.oi.All

draw out }\aJtl)

I will have to draw out fifty dollars from the
bank. bq'th hl"'ll of!C "711Jo"l'l- hi\
ofl'S

355

drawback
(be) drawn out

.,.'!.,..,.

The battle was drawn out over several days.

lfle)-1> Mill- .,..,.,. ,filA

-1-'1.,._,.

(be) drawn to
she didn't feel drawn to him. ?").?" hA"7
<:ItT
draw up (vt.)
I. hllm:>. Draw your chair up to the table!
ID?"Oell"t ' IDS'. ' m<:A.~m- ' hllm:>
2. hill"! I hH:>)';. Who drew up the program?
TI!"''&-DD<"t "7"t hiD"! (hH:>)';) 1
3. )S'..L. Who drew up the plan for the house?
ftl.11"t T'l"t ' "7"t )S'..LID- 1
draw up (vi.) .,.:1'<:0
A taxi is drawing up. ;t-hll. M.,.:l'<:O )m(be) drawn up

I. -I-IIII.&.. The troops were drawn up for inspection. fll;f"S'.C:,; 114l'l''l'e .,.IIA.LtD- )Oe
2 . .,.'1"1'11. Mercantile law specifies how contracts mnst be drawn up. f"t"IS'." .lt"l m-A
OD'f"I'A h"tS'..T h"tS'."'l.11J ,f.tll..A
[See also 'analogy, attention, blood, breath,

conclusion, constitution, hom, line, parallel,

tears']

dread (n.) ll;>T

He lives in constant dread ofpoverty.fS'."1HT
ll:>T hS'."C:O;f"A
have a dread of flt1J9" Lt:I have a dread of doctors. doh.?" 0"1?"
h.L&-II!Jo
dreadful
I. f"'l..fllm'l. She wears dreadful clothes.
f"'l..fllm'l A-fill Tll-fllllll2. hll:l'4::. There was a dreadful accident on
the road. ""'t111- 'IY. hll:l'4:: hS'.:> S'.
ell )Oe
3. hi-. She is a dreadful chatterbox. hi-
ll'i''I.L ).,_
dreadfully 0"1?"
It is dreadfully late. 0"1?" OD'ii:J:A
dream (dreamed, or dreamt), v.
I. hll"". Last night, I dreamed that I was in
the sea. """'""" "7;f" IJ.lte tD-11'1' ""
ll'k"t hll?"h2. a.t:ll hnR. I wouldn't dream of doing
it. hS'.C1'PIIrJo -fl\1- ..._ell h'lll-fl?"
dream up }UDtrJ

drawback TA:J> b"t:J-4-:,.

It is a drawback not to have books when you
are a student.
11')11 ODX"do'i' "7"1
:,. TA:J> cl"t:J-4-:,. )m-

.,..,tl

drawer ODIIIU'
My passport is in the top drawer. f.f.ll'i' fill:
.,.-1: O'l,f....lD- I OD/j(L.f ID-11'1' o .f.1...A
drawingFfJA
Have you seen Tekle's drawings? f.,.hll."t F
bir'l- hMVA 1
[See also 'linear']
drawl.,_.,..,.
Because he drawls his words, it is difficult to
understand him. :l''IT"t llll"'l.'l-T'I- f"'l.ll
1-"t IIODh;f"_,.A hll:>l- )mdrawn out <:H?" .fll

There was a drawn out discussion about the

draft. 1111 <:4!41 <:H?" ,fll

m-y.,r.:,.

)0<:

dread (v.)
I. hAIDS'.S'.?", I dread going to the dentist.
'l'ell doh.?" ' 0.'1- ' OD'/..(- hAIDS'."?"
2. .&.&-. There are few people who do not
dread death. '1"'1-"t f"7Y..&.~ .,.4:::,. n

,..,_ ""'ID-

dregs

They dreamed up the most impossible plan.

'i'l\.?" f"7 Y.ll'"t h:J>S'." hromdream (n.)
I. .ltA?". I had a funny dream last night.
'!-<;!:,..,. "7;f" h"tS'." f"'l..fll1e?" .ltA
?" hf!Jo
2. h"t-1> 'J"'i1T. Don't build your future
on dreams! fiDS'..LT (JS'."AII"t Oh"t-1> ?"'If'
T' 'IY.hTODFeT
His dream is to buy a house. II.T?" II') .,.
"t f"'l..fAIIDID- ll.T IIOD"IIf'l- )lD(See also 'nourish']
dreamy .ltA?" fOifOT
Dreamy sleep is not restful. .ltA?" fRifOT
II.II.T M'i''l- .f.)"'A
dreary
I. .,.4-.L. It was an awfully dreary day.
0"1?" 1 .,.4-.L <l'"t )Oe
2. f"7.fMIIT. I have a dreary recollection of
my childhood. fA~)'I- T11;t-\lo f"7.fll
S'.ll'l- )lDdregs
1. h.,.'l. He dumped the coffee dregs on the
ground. fll-.,.1-"t h.,.'l OD&.'I- 'IY. S'.

4-m-

drench

drift

356

2. h9"tl-'l. He stirred up the dregs by shaking

the bottle of mead. fm)l:"l mc-11 ooo
~~~~ hll"tl-1\aJo"l .,. ....,. .......
drench htl-11
The heavy rain drenched the earth. "lJ'.II'l'm-
11..,.. """""""' h&-11
be drenched Ofi.O{t

He was drenched by the rain. 011..-R- 011011

dress (vt.)
I. 1>11011. Mother is just dressing the baby.
ll...-1: hv-"1 ihY)-"1 0.,/A0/1 1\J'. ..-:,.
2. IA1111 ~~. How much does it cost him to
dress his family? 110.... lit!- IA1111 11""1~
+ 11""1 YtJIA J'.I.~O;f-A 1
3. hiiG. Did you dress the wound properly?
4!1111-1 OY-111 hllchm- 1
4. w&-. She dresses her hair in the traditional
manner. lt'l-a:"l fll"+w.:.m- l\"IY. Y:t!:
IA.,Y: ' ~..,.
dress (vi.) 11011
He dresses very quickly. O'i''l'~+ J'.Ml<\IA
dress down "JIPK

The officer dressed the men down for their

untidy appearance. DPho"l). lll'''ll rJ-).;f-'f
m- MIA..."'.II"'" ~w~'l'mdress oneself up as

The children dressed themselves up as clowns.

a.Y..-1: fl>"'l.h A1111 11011be dressed

I. 1111011. If you are dressed, let's go for a

walk! hllfJOIIh 11c11c l\"I'U:"
2. +'1m. The store windows were dressed for
Christmas. M..- fll-4! OD/11>-fl- ...1..mro-
~oc

be all dressed up 7ih hA

Look at him, all dressed up! l\faJo I 1ih 11!\.IA

be well-dressed 7ih 1 Ail
He's always well-dressed. 11-IA 1..11. 1ih J'.I\IA
get dressed AO(l
I just have to take a shower and get dressed.
~1\\L"j 1 :f-'1'0. I DP(Afl/1 1 J>llo(]'{
dress (n.)
I. IA1111. The dress of the 18th century was
colorful. fOP'&- llll""l ...'l'm- HoP"! IA11
11 1.'1' ro~n+ ~nc
The Ethiopian national dress is called
"shamma". fh..+f"kY 1l.h.tl-' IA1111 lf
"'' I \'CIJ-

2. +"'l.ll. She wants to buy a new dress.

lVI./1 +"'l.il II.....,~:,. +I.IA:>II"f-

dresser
I. fill OD/I;t-w:,. I>"".II.'l'. He bought a dresser
for the bedroom. IIDP'{;f- h'i'll- 1111 oP/1
;t-w+ f>oPJI. 'l" ~~
2. G.ll+ hil;l-"1"'l.. They train dressers in
the Empress Zawditu Hospital. 11"111"+ H
m-.11.1: 11'111::f"IA aJo/1'1' G.ll+ hil;l-"1
"'l.l"l- J'.lPII.....-11dressing
I. f4!11/A 4-lf. The nurse changes his dressing
every morning. hil:f".,"'l.'l' f4!1111-"l 4-lf
1\1.+ 1\1.,. +lldJo'l'll;f-lll2. .,"'l.""i. Mary put the salad dressing in
the refrigerator. ..,,: fll'l"'dJo"l .,"'l.""i
h.,+ll+"lf"ro- dJo/1'1' h'l'Gl-mdressmaker IA1111 Ill.
There are good dressmakers at the market.
~flY aJo/1'1' ....~ /Ao(]ll 111-l"l- hlldressy Nm
These shoes are too dressy for school. MH.IJ
""i.,l"l- 11"111" Y1.m- 111111'). II+II"IJC
,.. n.:,. hf.ll')-9"

drew, see draw

dribble
I. ..."lmflmfl. The water is dribbling on the
floor from that broken cup. h ...llflGm- II.~
m-11'1' ro-;)ro- Willi- 'If. J'."lmiJmiJIA
2. IIlJa>" ...11GhGh. A baby dribbles when it's
teething. a.n 'I'CII (I.YW"' 1111"" J'.11
GhGit/A
dried (adj.) Y.G~
Buy me a pound of dried apples! h"IY: :rm"IY: Y.G~ 1:4-ih 1~/A'{
d.-ift (v.)
I. ..."1<\I.I..'We saw some logs drifting down
the river. 1"1P..l- IIW"Itt- 1\J'. l\f-1""1<\
l.f. ' (I.WCJI. hfi
2. wY..,J'.ll'"l ll'i'tl- Y.Y.. A boat drifts if
it is not steered. )'."All ltA...+HI. wY..,
J'.ll'"l ll'i'tl- J'.Y..IIIA
3.... fl ... ~. Sand has drifted across the road.
hlf'l' """"'~.~~- 'If. ... n+s:A
4. 1'1111. Some people have a purpose in life;
others just drift. h"IJI"IY: lll"l- ll~ro-
't'l., h"''l'm- l 1\.11-l- .,., 1111" 1lllaJo
J'.'I'IAI\11-

Clouds drift across the sky. '-oo<; Rll

.,,_ 'IY. PI'/MA
5. 'lh). His thoughts drifted. mflR- 'lh)
drift across h"Ctfl ~~
The smoke has drifted across the railroad
tracks. m.ll- m'l.-'1.'t /111/Ctn \'.'-

drift (n.)
I. l>:J>"'""l. Pilots have to calculate the drift
of the wind. l\ID"I!'"f'll't H(l":J' f)of.il't
l\:J>"'"'i .,1111 l\ll'l'fm2. MI..;"'L..'. Explain that again; I don't get
the drift of your words. 1't l.'t.l'.~<; l\11&-&, . ! f't"I"ICII't l\11.,"'1.1 l>ATG-'111-'1-?"
The drift of opinion was against war. 1i1Tff
"' MI.,"'L..' tnC)'I-'t f"''.:J'ID?" )RC

drill (v.) A?"?"I:

drive

357

drift

l>'-G~

The soldiers drill every day. tD:f''-~:r; Rf

of>'i- A?"?"I: 1'-C:>IIbe drilled in f---A?"?" I: 1\.I'.G~
We were drilled in arithmetic. f.,.'I'C A?"
?"1: l\S':C~<;A
drill a hole in Rfl

Drill a hole in the beam! 1\m-&-:q:'t 11flm-

drill (n.)
I. oollcllt:1. The mechanic needs another
drill. "'LitUI- 1\.11 oallcllt:1 1il.&.A~'I'A
2. A?"?"S': .,S':G"I. Drill forms an important part of learning Amharic. A?"?"1:
.,S':G"I 1\.,C>;''t 11oa.,c 1\il.LII'I. )tJJo

drink (drank, drunk), v.

m"'

Drink plenty of water! 1111- m-;>

He doesn't gamble, but he drinks .
""ltD'I-?" l"l't Y.m"'A

m"' hY.
.,..,c

drink a toast K'"'P }'t)Uf

We drink a toast to your health. lim.'t)'l-iJ II'

'1'1-'t't 1.'0)"11\'t
drink up oomm

The plants drank up the water I poured on

them. Thll-'li 1m"':\'ftJJo't m-;> oamm-'1[See also 'health']

drink (n.)
I. oam'l'. What kind of drinks do you have?
M I ~Y,.)'I- I oam'l' I l\1111 l
Drink was his downfall. .fmf-(1)< oom'l"
)RC
2. m"l")'l-. She drove me to drink by her
constant nagging. 0.,1<1/C'I' 1 'tll't!l. hm
"1")'1- I 1\.I'.GII:J''S

drink of water f"'Y.miiJ

m-="

May I have a drink of !water? f"''.m"'

:> 1 '1-IIm'S l

,.

mc'take a drink mtiJ

He takes a drink every now and then. l\A

t:: 1 l\AG: 1 Y.m"'A
[See also 'round, strong']

drinker

m"l

My uncle is a heayy drinker. l\7--1:

~Y.II'I'

m"'. )olD-

drinking horn 'l''t""l

They still use drinking horns in some parts
of Ethiopia. l\flo't?" 1 'l't-'l'tf: 1 fl\.'l-f'k1 1
h'i'I\":J' I ID"il'l' I ft'f''t""l 0 Y,.m"'A

drip (dripped) T'tm'lmn

The rain has soaked through the roof and
dripped on our heads. "1&1m- 1 l\'i'ilf'o 1 11'0
1111.&-fi:J''tii\Y,.IT'tm'lmn
be dripping
I. l\'tm'lmn. The pump is dripping. !1.'t!J.m- 1
1'tm'l'I''IA
2. 1-'i' 1 l\11. +His forehead was dripping with
sweat. "1?"'1'1- 1 IIY. 1 1111 1 1-'i' 1 11~A
be dripping wet A1111- Rllnll

When he got home, he was dripping wet.

MJ.'I- I IIJ'.Cil I A1111- I Ril11f'o I )ftC

drive (drove, driven), vt.

I. )'I. Drive the cattle over to the left!
h11-Mn fi"l&- I Rit-A I 't-'l'ftJJo
Can you drive a truck? f"l"H 1 ooh,<; 1 A'l-)
'I I '1-:J'I\1\11!
2. noah.<; 1 l\'-.:11. He drove me to the station.
h"lfi.11D" I R""h." I 1\.I'.GII'S
3. ~of.of.. Hunger drove him to stealing.
&-11 I l.'t'l.IIC:J> I ,oj.oj.tJJ<
4. 1\.I'.GII. She drove me to drink by her
constant nagging. n.,!*C'I'jl 'tll't!l.. 1 hm
"1.")'1- I 1\.I'.GII:J''S
5. l\"1.1'..&.. The men said the boss drove them
tOO hard. "'41-T'l':r; I J\"'IJ.ID" I ft"J,. I 1"1
s>:.&.<;A ' l\11-

drlve (vi)
I. ""h.<; 1 M. Do you know how to drive?
""h,<; 0 oa')-'1'1- I '1-:f"'l\11!
2. fi""h.<; 1 '-Gil. He drove into the station
just on time. noah,...... I Ah nll~-1: I h"'R.f
,. I .I'.GII

drive

358

drone

----------------------------------------~~

(be) driven asunder

+lt~f

h-1-"7 ,..,_. ooulJ.'i" ""1ift-ifc t.IIS'.tt

They were driven asunder by the war. flfllC)oiz

9"h1.1''1- 1-11.1''drive at

*What is he driving at? M

"71\11

)m-

drive away hflll

Drive the dog away! IJJo'lfiJJo1 h<IC<:IJJo

We drove back the attacking army. h'1'4:11Jo1
mil+ mS'.: :\'1 7.1-'l.oPIIII t.S'.<:1)11Jo
drive (from)

I. hll114'4'. After a fierce charge, our soldiers

drove the enemy from the hilltop. m1h<:11Jo
1Jm4! 0:\'1 m;I'S'.t:il'"'f1 m'l'l-1 fl><:ofl:l'

IJJo1 ""l'i' t-11114'4!'12. h<l<:<:. A repellent smell drove us from

the room. h11: 1 ""'1'6: 1 '11:1' hh'i'il' m11'1' h<l<:<:1
drive In (vt.) ou;r ! hll1<1
Drive the nail in! 9"ll"7"'"'l I r:t-mHe drove in the nail with one stroke of the
hammer. 9"11"7'1--1 1111: oour.'lf 9"'1-
hii1<111Jo
drive off h<l<:<:

The soldiers fought in band to hand combat

and drove off the enemy. tD;I"F..l::ti flQ;a.fiiiJ
1-'1'11-tJJo m'l'l-1 hfJ<:'I-drive out (vt.) hll114'4'

They drove the enemy out of their positions.

m'l'l-1 f.I'Hm-1 ll'i't. t-11114'4!'1drive out (vi.)

I. OoulJ.'i" Y.S'.. Let'sdriveoutinto the country!

OoulJ.'i" hh-1-"7 ,..,_. h1'l.1:
2. ) 1:-f
He drove out of the compound
in a burry. h1fltJJo O"'fl>'l )1:-f
drive (through) flODh. 'i hilL
We drove through the tunnel. Oou!J.'i" Oou
)(1111..1'111' 111'11'1' hll'i'1

m"'

drive up close +m.?

The car drove up very close to the sidewalk.

ODh, lj'f' I (IJF.,. I

)t.""ll;;:aJ-

I 0D'l1J!" I

flllf9"

3. '1-:>'1- 1 fFt. ""14.11. The director is a

person with great drive. -'1.&-hT'I-- h'i'-1-,. +
:>+ ' (fFt. ' OD14.11) ' .1'11111'' {tiJJo )Ill'
4. """''"". In the last drive, we raised five
hundred dollars. IJII.I.tJJo """''"" h9"11'1-
.... .,. -oc IIO{tofl1

drive back mS'. :\'1 7.1-'l.oPIIII M'.<:1

m"'.

.,. ' )Ill'

strong drive f"t'14-4- '1,t.A

The desire for praise is a strong drive in

mankind. 9"11:>'i" OD.I.II"I O{toflh'l! 'i'm-C

!Jot\' .I'll f"'1.14-4- "1.1'.11\

)ID'

take a drive 0""h.'i" 1-11ft-if.:

We took a nice drive. OODIJ.'i" S'."1'i" 1-1if

t.ifC1

drivel (v.) h#-1 9"t.ol> '!"limThe old man driveled when he saw that dinner
was being served. '11"711\.111' ht.'l- 4'Cil
IJf 1." h#-1 9"t.ol> '1"'1111'
drivel (n.) IIIJ"'!"
Wipe the drivel from the baby's chin! h.lof).
h1"1!" '1.1'. IIIJ.., 'J'<:,m-

driver
I. )l[. He is a good driver and has never had
an accident. ..-<- ~'( ill\11"~ t h.~;J 1

h:>T'I"'I- h.l'm49"
2. <111:>6. The driver cracked the whip over
the horses. qll;>6111' ol.<:o',.; 11.1'. hll1:>
h1?'1i II'fill'

driver's license fOD1JI" ol.ft'1:

You cannot drive without a driver's license.
.I'll ""1li" 4.:1'1: A'I-M h'l-"'fA9"

driveway """lfl.l' ""111:

The driveway connects the house with the
street. OD1fl.l'~~~' OD11.1': 0.1>1 h"l-'l'i"fll'
.1'1'i",.A

drizzle (v.) t.IJ<f..

It's been drizzling all day. {I.J'IJ<f.. 'I'll

1-m:>"'f
[See also 'bargain, crazy, home']

drizzle (n.) IJ.t..l'

The drizzle has lasted all day long. IJ"-.1'"'"
4').1

-~~'

'I'll

drive (n.)
1. flouh.'i--- OD'l1J!". The station is an hour's
drive from here. "10..1'111' Oou!J.'i" hll.ll
.1'11: ll'l'l- oP111: )Ill'
2. Oouli..'i" ou1ift.ifC. A Sunday drive in the
country is very enjoyable. }..m.J!" }t.m..t:' h

drone (v.)
I. h'l'<:ou<:ou. The planes droned overhead.
t.m-t:TII':""'f O'l.l'"'f1 11.1'. h'i'<:OD<:,_
2. MO)O. Bees droned among the flowers.
11l"'f OhOIJm- 11'6.1' MOHJo

drone on DD\o.:fh

A few people fell asleep as the speaker droned

on. .,..,;MOJo 1\DDt:fh '1'4:-l- ltl":f ll
'J"'-A'i'' yq'f'OJo

drone (n.) 'Jil

The drones make wax. 'Jil It?" Y.w&-A
drool /til...., Ml~h~h
Babies often drool. .ltY.,-1- iiH- 1.11. It
ll""i'I'OJo'J .1'11~hClJIIdroop
1. matf\1. The flowers are beginning to droop.
l\Ofll"'li oPmtD-It"l :t':""~
2. T'JH~LL. The child's pants were so large
that they drooped. fA)t (1.& 011-FO'I- lllt
tO~ T'JH~LL
3 . .l'.h"". His spirits drooped. OD'JL(I. .l'.h""
4. H'Jm'i! l\lt. Flags droop when there is no
breeze. H-ll 01\.lt 1.11. fJ'Jf..&-tJJo H'J
m'i! Y.IIA
drop (dropped), vt.
She dropped the coffee pot on the floor.
I.
m1t11- 111- "'lt:f,.
Please drop this card in the mail box ! Y.II'J tJ
CY: ;rll;J- "7 m&-4'"'1..1' "''I''J OJoll'l' "'
lttJJo
The plane dropped a bomb on us. l\tD-1!"1'11
). {l?"il ' "'ltii'J
2. "'A l\.1'.~?. He dropped a remark which
displeased me. l\'JJ': S'llM-'5 l\llTS'f-1- "'
A' l\.1'.~?
3. hP'&- l\lt.,OT. The boss dropped twentyfive men last week. l\lt:I'OJo Of l\?"ll'l- 1'1
9':f flltLOJo IIM'I- hP'&- l\lt..OT
4. l\m~. Please drop me at the comer!
hODm?"WlftJJo l\tD-C.I'.'S
5. Tal. Let's drop the subject! t?~'J li'JTa>OJo
She dropped her old friends when she married
a rich man.llil:f'?" l\"lil:f' fY:r: 'i.l'.'l'!J!")
Ta>'fo
6. 4'tl'l. Don't drop your voice at the end

"'it.

,;o.,,..,.

of a sentence! no~..-:+

drop

359

drone

\o1C oo,;u.~~

"

f. ' Y:?"~II'J ' l\'J-4''J(IOJo

drop (vi.)
I. m.l'.4'. The coffee pot dropped from her
hand. }';0.,,. hll:{, m.l'.4'
Some of them dropped from exhaustion.
l\'J'I'JI'-'Ii .l'.h".7.'1'tJJo tD.I'.<k
The price of coffee will drop soon. fll-., 'I';J
o-l-en- Y.mY::I'A

2. 11"1- l\lt. The student dropped to fifth place.

.,..,,:,. m.r. l\?"llT':'t-1- .I'.~'K 11"1- l\lt
3. m~.r.. The paratroopers dropped from the
plane in parachutes. S'fC mltY: m;J-.I'.r:
:f hl\tJJor:"l'lll- 111- R'K'J'I'II m~'l4. ~?L. The oranges are dropping from the trees.
iiC-I>tJ'l''li. hq...::=r;. 111-. ODDC?'i!. 111- '.,,,.
5. 4'tlt. The temperature dropped very
rapidly.....,., -I'll- 4'tlt
6. T'JmflmO. He was carrying so many books
in his arms that they were dropping all over the
place. l\~"1 iiH- ODl';'.hG::f Tifh'l"
lllttO~ Of{l:f'OJo T'Jmflmll7. 1\'1' l\lt. The wind has dropped. tof.(l.
1\'1' il!lA
8. .foo. There, the matter dropped. -r-'11' l\IL
II

t\f,. I .f.OD

be dropped ( ~ active) l\lla>"'

+I will be dropped from the club because I did
not pay my dues. Y:C'Ifl'-'J MAhLA h-
h"7"t0~ fllmm-;;'A
drop behind
I. Tltf.-1'- :\11 4'~. The two children dropped

behind the group to chase butterflies. IL&Ilr:l":f'J /toP.1'11 u-lt-1> a.Y ..-1- hi\.
A'li Tltf.TtJJo :M 4'~
2. m.r. :\II 4'~. I dropped behind in my
payments because of my illness. oa. .....,
?"h'JS'-l- M\1-'J hoohLA m.l'. :\11
.,~.,.

drop by il-l- l\lt

Drop by when you are in town ! h.,..,., h..,.DP
"' il-l- OA
drop (one's) eyes l\'JH'J ' .1'.4The students dropped their eyes when the
teacher criticized them. ""?"U~ 1\?P'I\'1'
tJJo T'"Ml"'li l\'J?;f-'I'OJo'J .1'.4drop in il"'- l\lt
Drop in to see me tomorrow! \o111:,.0 -Rf\11

mf-4''5
drop off (vt.) ltm
Can you drop this off at the tailor's for me?
f.U'J'J ltAilll (l,l.tJJo A-1-lt'I'A'S -l-:f-11
ltU 1
drop off (vi.) 4'H4'H

Business has dropped off since winter. hh

~?"-l- ;t>;?"r: 'J"IY: 4'11"1-!f.A
drop out (of)

I. a>"'. Three students dropped out of school.

?'Il-l- T"7&9''fo h'I-?"UC-1- 0.-l- mm-

drop

drugstore

360

2. mJ'.+. The box dropped out of the window.

..,...> o-nto>~: mJ'.+

[See also 'cloak, fatigue, knee, line']

drowning (adj.) ILfl'I'V" f)Ot:

The drowning man snatched at the rope.
ft.fiTr I f)O~lD- I fllD"IL I "lOD)J..") I l\J.-11 I
'-Oi:Q.l.t:"l"C )0C

drop (n.)
I. mil;f-. Take three drops in a glass of water!
?'liT mil:f' OiiC"l"-1' OJoil'l' hf:C111

drowse h'l'l-'1)!

'1'- f11<;"V" mil:f'l":Y. hll2. 11~ .,11.-,.. The sharp drop in prices disturbed the farmers. l'hllol\ 'I':> 01:'11T 11
~ ' "'""' ' 10t.l":Y.'I ' h<'l(lq'f'OJo
*This is a drop in the bucket. miiV" h'-ol\
at the drop of a hat hoo~+ r +~P".,.
He will fight at the drop of a hat. hODt.T
-J-)P'+ ' ,,_q,_qol\

drowsy f"'t"'i"'i'l

m"'
There are rain drops on the window. oP(lJli:J

not a drop T'l'li 7.'1\\'1

+ negative verb

,_..,.:..,. ' fi\OJoV"

There is not a drop of truth in what he says.

0'1.,.,~ ' OJoil'l' ' f(l<;"'i:"l" ' ~,,..,. ' fll
ol\ 7.tJ>o)T fiiOTV"

l 1:C4'T

Hararge is often afflicted by drought.

m.:c-n

ill!- 1.11. !:C~ (1:C4'T) '-OD:f''f'ol\

drove, see drive

drove (n.) OD");>
A drove of cattle is passing by the house.
fhiiT OD");> 00.1> hm1il fol\<f.ol\
droves of people (lSOlo 111111+
Droves of people came to the exposition.
fll":Y. Oii'IT mJ'. lbhilTH_<\1'"). .,..,.
come in droves

"lo~L

The soldiers deserted in droves. OJ;f-J'.t::r;

Oii'IT !VI-

drown (vt.)
I. hflmou. She had to drown the puppies.
.f!-":fll-'ll'l .,flmV" "11: IT)q't'
2. -1-hl\hll. He drowned his sorrow in drink.
.hH).'I ooum'l' -1-hl\hi\OJo

.,.,.,..,_

ft~J>

f.,......"ft:,fDo"J

7.'1)!&- ' 7.<;:J: '

A' )OC

o.:,. ' 7.'1J'. ' q,:y ' :f-111"1

drudgery f.,fll!l.llT

!"&-

Her life was spent in drudgery. f.,fAAilT P'

&- 0""1"6-T 61:"'1'1"1 h<'IIIL:Y.

drug (v.)
I. 0""1:-)t:,. hJ'.)HU. The doctor drugged
her so she wouldn't feel the pain. ,noo.,... r
7.'1-'1'-fl.,.-,. mh_oo- noof:-)t..,. hJ'.)H~..,.
2. f"'tfL11 ' ouf:-)t:,. Q.l.""t:OT. The spy
drugged the soldier's tea. Ml' Om;f-J'.~ lf
'- 11'- f"'tfL11 ou'-'"1tT Q.l."",:o:,.
be drugged DD.'!"'lt+ 1 +oo(l

His abnormal actions show that he has been

drugged.~... f"'tJ>o h'!o.:\). ouf:"1tT ""
~ ........,

'f.<'lfol\

I. DPf:"1tT. This drug is sold only by prescription. '-11 ouf:-)t:,. f"'tlfmtJ>o Omh_
V" T7.'111 il!l' )m2. (I-ll f"'tf<\11 oPf:"1tT. Opium is a
dangerous drug. 1-"tfV" hJ'.1'i' fiT) (1-(1
f"'tfiL11 oot:"1tT )OJo

druggist oof:"1t.-,. +.,..,_

The druggist makes up the prescriptions .
'-<~'V""?A

drugstore oof:-)tT o.:,.

The noise drowned out his remarks. <At.1;f"

I

drudge, be a - 7.'1J'. q,:y h111111

ODf:"1tT ' +.,..,_,.,. ' f;f-HHOJo'l ' oPf:"1tT '

drown out 'Pm

,..

7.'1-'1, ...&- ' h1J'.OJo

get drowsy 7.'1~ol\'i' ' 7.'1~ol\'i' hll(tJ>o)
I get drowsy after a heavy meal. ill!- 110'1
7.'1~A'i' 7.'1~A'i' '-1\>;'ol\

drug (n.)

People came in droves. fll":Y. 1-.:+ln droves Ooflff+

drown (vi.) fl'l''l" '1"-1He drowned in the river. m1",. tD-llT

The drowsy summer weather prevented him

from working. f"tAiJ.<Ai.)tP- fO;J r hfC r

She was a drudge in her stepmother's house.

He hasn't a drop of courage. T'l1i 7.'1'>.'1

drought f:C~

She drowsed, but did not quite fall asleep.

h'11-'I)!:Y. 7.'1:1( 7.'1~ol\'i' hoi\WMTV"

.,.ffi(l)o

The drugstores have to be open at night.

oof:-)t:,. O..f.:Y. 1\.IL'I- h'i'T """'
hM'I'm-

drum

dry season

361

drum (drummed), v.
I. .1'.11.1'.11. Please stop drumming on the table!
m<:A.qfiJo't OD.I'.ofl.l'.ll-"t .,.....
2. ,.,.11-C oo:J-. He drums when the soldiers
march. m:J-.I'.C''Il .,.1'1&\t.m- 11.'\H- ,.,..
11-C J'-OO:f'&\
(be) drummed Into

*His lessons had to be drummed into him

because he did not like school. ;r.,.uc'l-
hil"''f-mY: ;r.,.uc.,.:f"t fl"'Y: -~.:\1'1

(tm-~'1-U"t 11.1'.,.-fl hY:

c:t
2. OJliOJil. Who is going to dry the dishes?
/l,"h'l''ll"t f"'LOJilliJoilliJo ...,~ .... l

Dry yourself well!

dry (vi.) .1'.<:4'

The paint dries in five hours. 4'iiDD- IJ,.h

'I- l'l'l'l- m-hT 1'-.I'.C:I'&\
dry out .1'.<:4'

He put the clothes in the sunshine to dry out.

&\-fill- h"tii_.I'.C:,O Bdol'- ~I'- hl'l"'m-

m- fh.,.,.<~-+ ~nc

dry up .1'.<:4'

drum up

Every summer this stream dries up. flffl;JOJo

J'-U M"l" 1'-.I'.C:I'&\

*He is trying to drum up votes. J\(lo'l

f"'L..'."I'i' ~4 il"''"''f'l- 1'-'l"h<l-&\
drum (n.)
I. hflC'. Can you hear the drums? hflC'm-"t
'l-1'1"7i1U ?
2. flC"''.&\. They unloaded six drums of gasoline. hY:h'l- flC"''.&\ II."til"t h<l-14drunk, see drink
drunk (n.) (It,,:.,.
Was that drunk annoying you? f I'IIJ<l-,.
fflil"l"U ~flC l
(be) drunk
I. l'lh<:. He is drunk with wine. 11m1'-"t m)!'
(th;.:&\
2. ( = tr.) hl'lh<:. +He is drunk with power.
1".:\"'"t hhhC':f'&\
get drunk (lhl.
He got drunk at the birthday party. fl.:\.1'.-1:
fl'l&\ "1-fl..,- ~" l'lh<:
drunkard (It,,:.,.
The drunkard was arrested by the police.
(It,,:...,_ ' 11?'/l..h .,..I'H
drunken fl'lh<:
A drunken man lay asleep in the doorway.
fl'lh<: ......... .1'.7ff. ~" .,.,.
drunkenness hiJC I m"l"~'lHe preached many sermons against drunken~
ness. hiJC"t fl"''m-111 -fill- h-flh.,.:f
h.1'.<:1
Gluttony and drunkenness have been called
carnal vices. 11'11,..~'1-<; m"l"~'l- fl":> ""
Tl:: ,..,fJC':f J'-11~11dry (dried), vt.
I. h.l'.<:-1'. Dry your hands on this towel!
h)!'U"t flllU 1::"1 ' hY:C:t

dry (adj.)
I. f.l'.<:-1' l .l'.<::t. Let's gather some dry wood!
f.l'.<:-1' (.l'.<::t) b"t .... 'l- ' "h"t&\4',..
2. Y:c:t. This dry weather has done a lot
of harm to the crops. 1'-U Y:c:t 1.11. 1'1-fl
11-"t 11"1,. 1-IIm3. f"'LI'til:f. A dry hook, like one on economics, makes me fall asleep when I read it.
"h"t.l'. ,."'~ Uofl'l- fil f"'LI'Iil:f ooxdo'i' 11~-fl h"t:t&\'i' """"'&\
dry spell Y:c++

A dry spell accounted for the poor crop.

h11""<l-"'" r.,.n~lfm- hY:c++ ,.,.~..,
~

....

be dry

I. .1'..1:4'. The wash is not dry yet. f:f'mflm-

&\oflh 1-;' h&\.1'..1:4',..
In the dry season, the wells are dry. flfl.:> f
m-;l> ' 1-Y:'\1'-:f ' J'-.I'.C:I'II-

2. ~mL. We have no milk because our cow

is dry. ~"'':f"t hil~mt.:f m# fil"t,.
run dry .1'..1:4'

The well ran dry last summer. 1-Y:'\II- flilt.

tJJ- I fl;J I .f.t;_+
[See also 'high, stick']

dry goods ..,C:I' ..,c.,.:f

Dry goods are sold in my father's store.
""C:I' ""C"':f hili: (1-:,0 liJohT 1'-lf
"'ll-

dry land f-flh

It is good to be on dry land again. "h"t.1'.1<;'
.
flfoflh ~" ""ll'"t '1'<1- ~....
dry season fl.:>
It is quite out of the ordinary to have a heavy
rain in the middle of the dry season. 00.:>

362

dual
<D-11'1'
flOOR.

hq.~:-

)1C

11<;9" OD1fHI-
I

L~.,.

fA-t-

)tiJo

dual 11-11+
He has a dual purpose. 11-11+ '11\"'1 1\lltJJo
The learner's car has dual brakes. fll"'l)l:
""h.... 11-IIT ~"} 1\II<Dean a half-caste have dual citizenship?
hAil fll-11+ Me nn+ II_'l"~,_
f.":fi\Al
dub (dubbed) f~~A ilf" 1\w"'(ll+)
John's friends dubbed him "Slim". fl'-m"Jil
'\.l'.>:'":f 4'"1"1- ofiii<D- f~~A ilf"
1\Wm-IIT
dubious
1. hAofl fAll'~. His dubious compliment
offended me. bAofl fAll'~ f"ii:><;<D- 1\11
4'foo'S
2. f"'l f.;J-oo"J. A dubious friend is no friend
at all in time of need. f"'lf.;J-OD"J '\.1'.'1'
II.,..,C 1\f..I'.Cilf"
3. f"t..'ilm~'I'C. He has a dubious scheme
for getting rich. Uofl;.l-f" lloPIJ'"J flltJJo
h~ .!:'" f"'Lfilm~'l'C ~..,.
feel dubious h.oP);f"

I feel dubious about buying that used car. f

":f"J fu>&o":f .... h ... lloP"Iq+ h""~;.l-1111duck (vt.)
1. <D-;> ~b~<D-. The winning team ducked
their captain. 1\if<;.l.<D- 11-.1:-"J 1\f"qii-"J
tJJo;> HK-+
2. 1\.1:-0iiOo' 1\IIL. The cashier ducked the
question about the embezzled money. ~"JHofl
IL-to nu11 1111"'1'1'4--to f4'~0<D-"J 'I' f4:o
1\.1:-0iloflo'+ 1\114.
duck (vi.) 11'1' 1\11
When the shots were fired, everybody ducked.
'!',._,.,; ' 1\.-t-h-~ 11-11-f" 11'1' 1\11
duck (n.) 'lh!L

There are many ducks in Lake Alemaya.

O'lll"'lf mf.~ <D-11'1' oflfl< 'lh!L,":f 1\11due (n.) f"'L~qtJJo
Pay the man his due! llfi<D-IL<D-
hLII<D-

duet
I pay dues every month. f"'l"rOC-t-'1'~+ .1:-C
!f!L"J OfW'I- hb'i'I\11110ur treasurer reports that all dues are paid up.
~"}Hofl (L;J-":f"} ""'~''"'""'" 11-11- ODbLII-"J '
f.~AliA

due (adj.)

1. ~IL. Use due care to be safe in crossing

streets! 6-iiU"J IU'-:> IIODmO~ ""'J~P-":f
"J 11;.1-~C'I' -t-~IL fi:J>4: "'1.1:'"~"1 1\111111
2. f"'L~qtJJo. Good deeds deserve due reward.
""AIJf" -f-"lq~":f f"''_~q'ftJJo"J '1':> "'I
.,,,. 1\llq'f..,.
*The wages due him will be paid tomorrow.
fu>&-O+ ~~ f.hLII'PA
due (adv.) 04''1';.1The ship traveled due north. ooch!l. 04''1'
;J- ' WI'. ' (1"7."} ' }\oo&o":f
be due

I. f.h4.A0;.1-A l f"'L!'.Cfi<D- ~<D-. A fine

is due on the library book. oo~m4- O"L
UtJJo MA-f-oullfl ""4'"'i f.h4.AO;J-A
The rent is due next Monday. h.&-1' f"'L!'.C
... ..,. ' (f"'Lh4.11<D-) O"''_OD"'<D- 1'1>:' ~..,.
2. "'lil~hofl 1\110+. My history paper is due
tomorrow.ll;.l-&h +f"uc+ fll'i'h-+"J .1:-C
...,. ~~ ' "'lil~bofl ' 1\llofi'S
is due one .e1tt'PA
Respect is due him. hofiC y.~q'f'A
is due to (relative imperfect)
~tJJo
He is due to arrive at ten. f"7.1ttm- Oh.&-:t-
1'1'1+ ~..,.

due to b--- f-t-~"1 I 0 ! 0 --- f"h"Jf+

The accident was due to careless driving.

1\J'.:><D- f.l'.~fl..,. -t-m"J~.jl IJIIou"J'I+
,.,.~.., ' ~tJJo

Due to a mistake, she was not invited. Ollih.,.

+ tt+m&o 4'~":f
She was in a state of agitation due to her recent
bereavement. O~CII- OJ'.~(tq:,. fH"".I:'" .,.
+ f"h"Jf+ -t-lfofl&o ~ac
fall due f"'Lh.I.A ~..,.
The bill falls due the first of each month.
mAll- f"'Lh4.11<D- Of<D'I- .,..-,_.,..&f
1\f,.

f"'L~q..,."}

dues .1:-C!f l f"'l"rOC-t-'1'~+ .1:-C!f l ""'~''"'"

I will be. dropped from the club because I did
not pay my dues. .1:-C!fiL"J /liiAhLAh- b
"'1"10'1- filwm-'I'A

~tJJo

[See also 'course']

duel (0,..6-.<'. wf,.f" OIPC """'&f
T ' ...,.,. ODIJhA f"'L!'.~"' ' <D-"LJ']

011-11

duet [11-11+ fl,.":f Ooo'f'm.l:'" f"'LH'i'l-+ w

f.f" f"''_ ""lW-IoT .,..H.:J>j

dug, see dig

dugout flltJJo

2. O'l.ntJJo. The debt was duly paid. MtJJo

O'l.ntJJo _,.h'i'!\.A

P'c!-'11 'Pif

The refugees lived in dugouts. 11,-_.,.'l''li Oil

CDo I p~,e_7( I cpi'f I (Do(l... I l'"'-

duke ou!lt;:'t
They contributed money to the Duke of Harar
Memorial Hospital. 1\du!:C ou!lt;:'t ou;f-11
llJ' ' ll'll"r:;f-A ODJ"6Y ' ~'tH11 ' h'Pm-

dukedom fou!lt;:'t "1~'1He was given a dukedom. fOD!lt;:'t

"1~'1-

.,.llmtJJo

dull
I.

dunce

363

dug

,-.ut. This dull knife cannot cut the

,-.ut O.'I'P F:> hf.<t.f:'l'V"

meat.

1-11

2. ,-_11H11 Yll. She likes dull colors. ,-_11H11

Yll ' .,.1\V" ' '1-a>JII\:f
3. ""mH'. He felt a dull pain after the opera
tiOD. hoftP,. I ...1'i"(D< I 0:\1\ I OOffi~~ I iflOOIJD I
.,.11., ....
4. U11. Mary seems dull beside her sister.
"'U't hl\~;t :>C llJ'a>JI.<:-~'1- U11 <;'15. f'l'h. I'd rather stay home than go to
that dull play. l\11..1' l\'l'h '1-Y'I-C hll"'t.l:"
l\O.'I- 11.,.c f.lfii'1A
6.M tlll. In spite of her dull husband, she
is relatively happy. MV" l\'t\\ '1!\. M
tlll tlll''t ooum). ,._11.,.'1 <;'J7. f"''JIIII'f. Many people rate basketball
as dull to watch. 1111- ll,.:f fli>C"'i'l- \\
II ...'1';1-'t 1\.,.,..A..:f f"''JIIII'f h.<:C~tJJo ' f.~V";f-11*Most people find mathematics dull. 1111- II
,.,. f m.l\11 '1-V"IIC'I- hf.'l'"7'ftJJoV"
be dull

I. 1'-111'-"". The pencil is dull; please sharpen

it for me! l\C<\11- P.AIJ.?.A l l\11-1: ~Glt"
A~

2. "'""'". The umbrella business is usually

dull in the dry season. \'1t)'l'll 't"l.l:" 00
:> mt.'l- h11q':'tJJo't 1.n ,_.,.HlJ>qA
3. .,.1111'1'. Life is dull in a small village. 0'1't'li ' OD't,..C ' tJJoll'l' ' )of!' ' f.llllii'A
4. "1611" flltJJoV". This book on economic
theory is a dull book. f.ll Ill\ V""l~ 1111'1-
""lt"m'i' "16V" flltJJoV"
6'tll m<\11

,.,.liL

duly
I. 0"'1..~'1. The students were duly impressed
by the fame of their teacher. .,..,6,.'1i 0""
V"llt.:ftJJo 11<; 0"'1..~'1 _,.,-_'t.,.tJJo )0C

dumb
I. .<:-JI. He was born deaf and dumb. ,-_'t.fC'<;
.(-JI ' II'<:' )tJJo ' ,.,.dJI\,......
2. U11. Boy, that guy is dumb! Y lltJJo U
ofl

)Q)o

remain dumb~ Jr..l\

The class remained dumb when the teacher

asked a difficult question. ODV"IJ-1- h't.l:"
hh'l':>6 'I'Y4: Om f.,. 1.n _,..,6,.'1i
.,..,. htr

(be) dumbfounded M .,.YH

I was dumbfounded when I heard it. )1-1-'t
l\'t,-.11"7v- hi. _,.YH

dummy V"IIA
The dummy was dressed in the latest fashion.
V"llll-'t hJI./1-'t 'tf.)'J- A111l hA1111
tJJo;f-A

dump (v.)
I. HG11.. They dumped the coal in front of
the basement. hlltr't V".I:"C 0.-1> 1.'1-
11.1.'1- HG14-'I2. f.-1-. He dumped the coffee dregs on the
ground. fiJ-<;tJJo't h.,.l\ ou.:-'1- 1\f. f.o(.
3. hol-1111. They dumped the gravel in the
street. 0""'t~JJ. 1\f. mmc hol.llll4. "'ll. Don't dump your troubles on me!
:f-"'CII't 0~ 1\f. h'I-"'A
They dumped the waste from the factory into
the stream. h-l-116,..,. f"''..a>"'tJJo't .flflf
(01-ffc

8Joil'f'

IIJf\o.:J-

dump (n.)

I. .flflf """'Y. That empty Jot is used as

a dump. Y f!P. fl;f- 1\.flflf i """'Y Y
111"11\A
2. "7h"7!1'. The ammunition dump blew up
after it was hit by an enemy rocket. f'l'1-'1-
"7h"7il'tJJo Oml\'1- C'h.'l- 1\"":f" o!.M

dumpy h"'I'C a>'i't.V"

Who is that dumpy fellow near the door?
Y 0-1- :> YlltJJo h"'I'C mt;:t.V" A"/!:
"7)t1Jo 1

.,..,6
.,..,6 '

dunce U11

The teacher had to give help to the dunce.

OD?"IJ-1- ' ""CJI'I- ' )0<!:0'1UIJ-'t '

dune ft.l1' hii"C

The dunes extend for miles. ft.lf'I'<IJo hll"
C llillf- 11"6<1-'i! .,.HC"':t:A
dung '1'1

Farmers sometimes use dung to fertilize their

fields. 10&-l":f "71\'I'<IJo'J 11"7-'IOC t."J'I"J
Y: 1.U 'i!"l .1'"-""O:f"A
dungeon "1!"11"7 0.'1-

The dungeon was full of prisoners . ..,_.",..,

0.-1> Ol\ll<:'l':f .,..,.A.f- )0C

heated argument. 1\"'i- flf) 'i~'h;J-'I'<IJo

ill!- f.,.of.,of.,OD hChe"J .,.,..,...,_A
be durable

I. ill!- 6~ l\1\<IJo. An iron griddle is more

durable than a clay griddle. fil<:'l- II""'Y:
hlfhll II""'Y: ,I'.A:,O ill!- lloY:"''. t.llm2. O<:h.,.. This is a durable pair of shoes.
s-.u "'i"7 .1'-0<:h:J-A
duration

The duration of the war was more than four

years. /PC)of> f.I.)';<IJo "-" ltt~-'1- <too+ 0
11,1'.. )ID-

dunkmoJ>II

I like to dunk bread in the stew.

T ODT+ll A.mJSArt-

dust

364

dune

~(l

om

dupe (v.) t."l!-0<:0<:

The dishonest peddler duped his customers.
f"7,1'.;J-OD)<1Jo l\!f.& ~II"O'l'lfh ' l\"1."0<:0<:
dupe (n.) .,.:J-11.1'It took the dupe a long time to understand
the matter. .,.;J-111' )1<1- f1q..,. 0"111"
~,1'.-f-. )<IJo
duplicate (v.)
I. t,q~. The secretary duplicated the president's letter. R.h.L'I' fT&.II_'I"Jof>"J ~ii'IO.
M~:f

2. oJ>'I. She duplicated the dress she had admired at the show. 0'1-Cl\f.-1> 11.1'- ,l'~)oJ>:f
<IJo"J Ail II .,.Y: oJ>'I":f
3. t.IIODIIII- u>t!-. It is not possible to duplicate this statue. .1'-U"J .h<IJoA'I- t.ll""ll
II- ' IIODP't!-'1- ' t.f.!I'AII"
4. ~100. He duplicated his former record.
fOoL'!- &I>C-'1."J ~1oomduplicate (n.)
I. "IAq'P. Is that an original or a duplicate?
.r.u 1'<;m- )m- m.r.ll "IAqm 1
2. u-11'1- :,OJ[. Send in this application in duplicate! ,I'.U"J "70DAh!l' Ou-11'1- :,OJ[ llh
duplicate (adj.) .,..,..1\1\,1'.
We have duplicate keys for the front door.
II.L.,.'l'<IJo OC _,..,..1\1\,1'. 41AC:":f t.II-"J
duplicity t.:J-11,1'.)'1It is often hard to see through the duplicity
of a cunning man. filA"! iiA'I'"t t.;J11,1'.)'1- I\OD1'1Hil illf-tD-") 'LU ,1''1"1;1-A
durable R"'iTheir durable friendship withstood many a

for the duration of Allb-4\ffl.-,.

.f:~ll

For the duration of the war, gasoline was

rationed. /PC)of> l\llh~fO'I- Y:<:ll 0.'Jil
"J 04tmq ,1'.;1-~A )OC
for the duration of his life /J.f:"7. : Abo")
He lived there for the duration of his life.
6Y:"''. Ah-"J l\IU' 'i'<:
duress, under - f1"1~ l\"J~If)
He would enter the army only under duress.
ID;f-~C)'I- f"'l_1qm- ' f1"1~~ ]\")~If)
il!l' )ID-

-..n

during o --I met him during the war. h"" :>C 0/PC)of>

-..n .,.'1',:,.1

It was impossible to see during the dust storm.

1.n t.!lt!- Oil~'l- 1111
O<tm-11-
)0<: "7f-t> .I'II'I'"IC )OC

H""

dusk, in the - ll't,I'."J II.J'.11

It was hard to see the flag's colors in the dusk.
ll't,I'."J II.J'.11 fii")~:,O 'ti\"7<1Jo"J oJ>II"7'1-
oPIIf'l- ,I'II'I'"IC )OC
dust (v.)
I. IDIIIDII. Please dust my desk ! m<:A.~\1-"J
IDAID-II<IJo
2. )11)11. The cook dusted the cake with
powdered sugar. fiD'I' 0.1:-1> Oh.h- 11,1'. ~
,.:,. 11\o,C ){l)ll":f
dust (n.) l\!1.<1- 1 t.'l'tiWe could tell a car was coming by the dust
rising in the air. ID~ 11"7,1'. h"'L)"'<IJo t.
!ltl- (t.'l't!-) ODh,<;. ""11""1-1:'1 II"71D:,O.
!I'M
turn to dust }louY: It)

The old papers had turned to dust. t.e-J.I"'ll ID

<:.,..f-":f t.ooY: If).

dynamic

365

dust storm

dust storm fh!l.<~- -tm-11- Hll

The dust storm destroyed many houses.
fl'o!J.<!- ' -tm-11- ' ~4-11 ' o(llf- ' o.+ ' l\4..~11
dusty l\!J.<!-"7 1 l'o!J.<!- f'I"'IR'IThe streets are very dusty. """i~p.:ri R"'!l"
l\ !l.M'Y ' .,..,,.
The maid shook out the dusty rug. ~~.~~..,.
h!l.<~- f'I"'IR'I-"i M"''i' l\<!-~.1..-:f
duteous ;J-q'fr
A duteous child is the pride of his parents.
;J-q'fr ,.., AID'I)':'fi IJ.<!-'1- ~,.
dutiful
I. 4l!l" ~~~If. The dutiful son visits his mother
often and gives her money. 4l!l" ~~~'fm- 1>.
., ofllt- '1.1 7-.'i'-l<"i A"7f'l- J'.'IJ'ol>. 11"i
Hofl!l" J'.ll"';l-1>.
2. 'l>"i. The dutiful services of each citizen are
required in wartime. RI"C~'I- '1.1 fl.,l"'i-'1
"i'l. ' 1.:> ' 'l>"i ' l\11>."111-'1- ' J'.M.:>I>.
duty (duties)
I. .,..,QC. He performed his duty as a brave
man should. '1-011 {lm- (lJS'.~m- 0"'1..
~q,. ' M\:\"i ' .,_.,q~"i ' 4.1.""
2. I"<!-. The retired captain was recalled to
duty. m-~;1- fiD"'fDo lf!I"OI>. IDS'. 1"<1m- I 7.";-'l..ODA/J I .,..,...~~
It is the duty of every citizen
3. "11.;1- l
to fight for his country. 'I~C .,...,.,.. f"7
("1-'1.,) ' ~,.
"i'fm-!1" ' "-" '
4. +~'1". How much duty is there on this
tobacco? AH.II '1-!I"Qif M ,fill>. +~
'I"' J'.hol.l\1>. l

.,.o;.,.

.,S'.,.. '

answer the call of duty ""l.';')l:_"} L"l.oP

At the time of the Italian invasion, many

Ethiopians answered the call of duty. Ot.."'t>.,f
"i ID~<!- HOD"; o(llf- ' l\.'1-f-W,ffDo,l"'i '
"1-'llf'fm-"i ' o~.r.be off duty hi"<I- fDo6f!' ~,.
I'm off duty after five-thirty. hOI"<!- h"iY:
11-t'l- .,_11-1>. 0:\'1 hi"<!- fDo6f!' ~~
be on duty

path of duty "1'1.,

The soldier followed the path .of duty.
tD;I-S'.~ ' "1-'l)l:"i ' "-"""
[See also 'breach, imperative, line, neglect,
report']

dwarf(v.)
I. l\of&~ot.H. A poor diet dwarfed the children.
04: ' l\1>."'1..~'1- ' fii.Am- ' !l""'ofl ' t>.)':'fi"i '
l\of&~of&H

2.h+"""" Thelackofraindwarfedtheflo wers.

f"H'i'11 ' OU;J-"1'1- ' l\O!l'fi"i ' l\of>....""l'ffDo

dwarf (n.) Y:"ih

I have never in my life seen a dwarf. O.hf.ID-1:
Y:"ih ' J<.J'.'f ' l\l\fDo'l-!1"
dwell (dwelled, or dwelt) <:~ .
The princess dwells in the palace. 1>.~1>.;1:. ' 0
0..,_ ,...,.,1"_,. m-11'1" '1-'f<!-A-:f
dwell (on)

.,..~.:>~~

There is no point in dwelling on this subject

any longer. 011..11 ~~c 'If. hll.ll J'.OI>.'!"
-~.:>~C 'I'.:> fAm-!1"
dwelling OD'ft..f o.+
They found the remains of a large dwelling
in Axum. Rl\1111-!1" h"iY: f'l-1>.'1> ""'f
t.,f' 0.'1- ' '1'<!-11 ' l\17dwelt, see dwell
dwindle
I. 7-.f""~""~ 't.S'.. The lost traveler watched
his supply of food dwindle. fm4-m- """i~S'.
>;'I l""i4l I 7-,fOD~DD~ I 1\..'f,.Y;- ' 11!1" I ofll\" I J\f
2. l\mm. The city's water supply dwindled
from lack of rain. h11'i'1l ou;J-"1'1- f.,.~.,
fh.,_.,,. m-;lo l\mm
dye (v.) +All" ~M
She dyed her blue dress black. 11"7,f'f! +"7.!1.
"i '1"4lC +All" ~h~'fmdye (n.) """iht.,f l "7'1>A"''..f
Please get me a package of blue dye! h"iY: Ql>
{1"7,f'f! ' OD";h(.,f ' ("7'1-A"''..f) ' l\!1""11>.~

I. .,.~If ~,.. A lifeguard is on duty at the

swinuning pool. f.hf.ID'I- mQ4:m- OOD'I'
'fm- ' 11'1'<1- ' .,.~If ' ~,.
2. 1"<1- 'If. ~m-. I am on duty all night.
11.11..,.., ' -~~- ' 1"<1- ' 'If. ' ~~

dying (adj.) f"''.,f"''I"C

The last wish of the dying man was to be
buried near his parents. f"''..f"''l"~fDo {lm-\1.
fou...,~lf ).qrm- hiD'I)':'fi l\m~ofl
7-."i-'l..+oc ~oc

do dutyMMA

dynamic
I. ;1-;J-t.. The director is a dynamic person.

This board does duty as a table. f. II lJ"i:J'

7-."iS'. ' m~A.q!l" ' nA.,l\1>.

"-""~ ' ;1-;J-t. ' {lm- ' ~,.

dynamite

dysentery

366

2. -1-mC'I't<. The dynamic force of water is

used to make electricity. +mcttt~ f'aJo?
...,,_A 11.1\.h'l-t<h ll.,,..."t..._'l- nii"I~A

dynamite .1:""7"'1.'1The rebels blew up the bridge with dynamite.

11~ .I:"A.I:"I'"t 0.1:".,"'1.'1- t.L.lll-1-

dynamo [f.,"lihCht<.O h"t:tll:l'i\. ms>.

1\.1\.h."l-t<h ' f"'i./laJo'J' ' OD"ft<J']

dynasty FCaJ OD")"JF'lThe Solomonid dynasty has been ruling for

many centuries. f(I:A-101' ~em oo,..,,.,
'I- /Iii,. noo<;'l- ll.1'1 <ra:A

dysentery ,.,.:,..,.,. n"li:JThe impure water gave him dysentery. .,.lflfm-

m-;>

f-1-:,..,.,. O"li:J- t.llS'HaJo

earlier

367

each

E
each (adj.)
I. ll.n-'11'.1:". Give one to each child! lll\.n-'1"1
Jl. A;t' h"t.l:" 11'1'
2. Rf. He comes here each week. Rf/1!1""1-1>
IDI.H.II f.tPUIJA
each (pr.) ll.n-'1"1.1:" + suffix pronoun
These apples are a penny each. M H. II -1>4-9'
";f l\.nJI"tJIIJ'tJJo h"t.l:" it"t-1:!1" ftD"'IIHe gave them ten dollars each. lll\.n-'11'-'l'f
m- ' OJPC -RC (llfJ:ft&We each received a pack of cigarettes. ll.n
Jl"tJI"'f"l 'II> lUI'<!- T+RA"t
each and every one ~Jri"t ~

suffix

pro~

noun

You can count on each and every one of us.

Rf"tJI"tJI";f"t A'l-T"'',...,.-111' '1-"'f~llll
each of + (noun) ll.n-'l"tJI.
Each of the boys bought a bicycle. l\.nJI"IJI.
A;t' R.l'l.h/1.'1- 1~
each of +(pronoun) l\.n-'11'.1:-+suffix pronoun
Each of us received a pack of cigarettes.
ll.n-'11'-'l"'f"l h"t-'11'.1:" 'II> 1'1.11'<~- T+RA"t
each one 'hi"J.q')~

Each one has to contribute his full share.

N'"tJI"tJI. ,...II- .1:-ClftJJo"l "'1'1'"1'1- hiiR'leach other 7-Cil RCit'ftJJo+stem of reciprocity
We don't like each other. 7-Cil Rcit";f"t h
1''1'1..1:"11"
eager
I. f'l'l. The eager children set up a clamor
to get into the movie house. l'l.t"''IIJo"l 11"'1
f'l- f'11-'l- A-,:;f- tDI. l'l.t"'' IL-l> II
""1'1'1- f."t""l.U. ~nc
2. 111)1:. He is always eager to forward his
friends' plans. f'll.'l''ll"t 7-:J.P..";f 7-"t'l.it
11- 11"'1.1:"~1 11-A'I.Il 111)1: ~"'"
be eager ~=l
I am eager to meet your friend. '11.;;'111' II
OD1IT'l- '11'JI'IIIIeagerly R.,..,...,.
She devoured the gossip eagerly. tD<IotJJo"t n-..
1-'1-' hf.ODm";ftJJo

eagle "tllC

The eagle is used by many countries as a

national symbol. "tile R111t' h1C:"'f 7.1'
1. -Rm.<~-'E t.C"'' lf'l' ,.....~-n:t-A
ear
I. ;C:. A cat has pointed ears . .(-oo-} +'I'
111 ;<F:C: h~'lIt goes in one ear and out the other. fl:")J!-
;<F:C:tJJo fl!l".f RMtJJo J.'IAA
2. 7-)!:J-. The ear of the pitcher was broken
off by the maid. f"''"t"'C"'<IYIIJo"l 7-)!:J-
1~ 1~mll"'ftJJo
*I have no ear for music. fODott.:J" ll"'-1-
fll'19"
ear of corn (7.).1-11
I bought two roasted ears of com at the market.
h1RJ.' 11-11'1- fTmRfl fR ... II- 7..1-ll
1~11-

be all ears
I am all ears. A-ll h.I:"C"I. hl-!1""11111be up to one's ears T"Pm
I am up to my ears in work. RP' <!- .,._1111galn the ear
Their complaints finally gained the ear of
the prime minister. RODI:u.~lf m:J>~f. "'l.
tll~ hiL-l>:J-'ftJJo"t HR'-'ftJJo
[See also 'gtin, half, tum, strike')

earlier (adj.)
I. fRI.'l-. His book incorporates his earlier
essay. ODK"dtf. fRI.'l- .1:-Cfl-1>1' ""'~~"C:
f.!!. A
2. f+.l:-'1". In the light of his earlier behavior,
it would be unwise to give him a job. f+ .(-'!"
tJJo"! ' m'll'"t ' (l"tODIIb'l- P'<!-IIJo"l ' IIC
11- ""llm'l- T1R. hl/.1.11!1"
earlier (adv.) +1.11" 1111He repudiated the statement he had made
earlier. +1.11" 1111- f.,....,~ .....,. lJI.
be earlier

otse.OD

The Christian era is 622 years earlier than the

Muslim one. fhCll'l-t; H"""t h'-ll~!l" H
,....,. Rll.l:"ll'l- .....,. "' 11-11'1- 'tOD'l-

f.+ .(""''A

earliest
earliest f"''.+.<::-11"
This is the earliest extant manuscript. .e.u A.
1"J' h_,.il'll-1- f"''.+.<::-11" f11M; X'm.
<;: ~,.
[See also 'convenience']

earlobe [P':> fOqo'l- f:l':f'f.,. f]t.t:

11<;:A]

early (adj.)
I. .l.m't Yil. We expect an early reply.
.l.m't Yil ouAil h'tmQO:"il't
2. f'l"t'l-. Tell me something about early life
in Ethiopia. 1111 h.'l-f-lrY f'l"t'l- hS:S:
c 't1t:'t
3. ( ~ adv.) +Y.II" 1111-. We had an early din
ner. +Y.II" 11il't 1.&-'1- O~'t
4. ( ~ adv.) 0.,11-'1. He is an early riser.
0.,11-'1 f>)"IA
early part

earnings

368

oaY..oP&I

Menelik ruled in the early part of this century.

ll"kAI1 OH.tJ'f.,. 11<;:11 HOD') aD"f.OD~Y
~" 111"
at a very early age fiA;E-~-11
He was struck down by illness at a very early
age. OA~)-1: 0011:1' .,..,...,.
at an early age '1'i Om11JT'>-i:
He has acquired a lot of knowledge at an
early age. ,., Om"''l-)1: 1111- ,,..,.,._

+P'":LA
In one's early years

nmnJ+'>+

HOD'l

In his early years he liked ships. Om"''l-)'1-

HaD). ODCh11 f,m.l::'. )0C
early (adv.)
I. +11-. It gets dark early here. hH.tJ +II-
f>OD'lfA
2. 'l"t'l-. Men early learned the usefulness
of weapons. l'll":Y. fao"I~Y't '1'~11" ym.,.
'1-. 'l"t'l- ).,.
3. 0 ou"f.ao~y ~f>. The settlers came to
Kenya early in this century. l'lof..!l"'j; mY.
h.'tY faom-'1- OH.tJ 11<;:11 HOD') OD"f.ao
~Y~f>).,.

4. .,11-'1. He gets up early. .,11-'1

f>~"IA

5. hl'l'l-1: +Y.go 1111-. The guests came

early and found us unprepared. h't"IJ'.'6 11
l'l'l-1: +Y.go 1111.,. ililaom- ...'tH:>~
Y.t:IHI't
6. +Y.?" 1111-. Call me early! +Y.go 11iltJ
J'.fll-AA't

7. 01.11.. The party was dead, so I went

home early. :ret.,. O"'go +11:"q ilil
)OC 01.11. mY. 0.1: ~.1::'11early In life OA~)'IMusical ability often shows itself early in life.
f,....H.:" _,.l'l'l'l" h11q'f.,.'t 1.11. OA~)
'I- ' f,;J-m:I'A
come early +F..fU ftA
Easter comes early this year. 4-ll.lt OH.tJ 'I

'+

""'~1'.9" ' f>~A

it's too early (l'to-JJ '1'i )w-

It's too early; the cinema does not open till

10 o'clock. l'l'11: 1o; ).,. l ll.k., 0.1: 11
h&-'1- (1'1'1- 0.1.'1- hf>h.l.'l-9"
[See also 'morning1

earmark (v.) iiU hil+ODm

He earmarked the book for you. ODX'dtf.'t
iiU hll+aomAtJ

earmark (n.) II"Ah'IThe owners recoguize their cattle by means of

earmarks. QIIO.+l- f+"t.l::' h11+il''ffll-'t
OgoAI1;J-'f.,. f>ill''l'lf'I'A

earn
I. h1'f. How much do you earn a week?
O... go')'l- ll't'l- :l'1'filtJ 1
2. hll1'f(il'l-). His conduct earned him universal respect. mQI' OtJoll- H't.l::' I111C't
hll1'fil'learn a living .,..-;F.~
She earns her living as a dressmaker. OA111l
l'lol.)'l- P'&- '1-_,.-'IUII:f
earn (one's) own living
He will have to earn his own living. &-l'l-'t :Y.
II- OD'l'C hiiO'I[See also 'bread, livelihood']

earnest

He is an earnest worker. ~'t 1 ,..,:..,.:;' 1 ).,.

be in dead earnest ,,.."'",. r ~m"No, it's no joke, I'm in dead earnest," Itold
him. filii". +A.<::- hf>Y.illl" I f?""-'t I ).,.
hAh-'1in earnest O~,.~T
If you work in earnest you will succeed.
O~'t)'l- h1P&-U Y,:"o;A?A

earnings f"''.Y1't
He spends all of hif earnings on gambling.
f"'i.Y1'f.,.') I IJ-1\- I O.,..,C I yql1o;A

earphone f~r: "'/F:fiD""".

Earphones are acoustic aids for deaf people.
f]f..r: "''F:""""".l"":i- ll.<'."tol'r:l"":i- 11""11"'1.1

~.~~.,.-:;.

.""'"'"

earring 'l-'1-il'
She likes to wear earrings. 'l-'1-il' "''F:~"'
'1-m'lll":iearth
1. oo&..'f-. The moon goes around the earth.
""~:!' 00 t.'l-"t '1-1.:.11-:f
2. h.I.C. He covered the roots with earth.

P'-1-"t h.I.C hlll1(lm3. rs:c. Seas cover most of the surface of

the earth. h11~"'tJJo"t f'I"F:C ~,.. m-~
if'i!'l';N\
how on earth h.~

easier

369

earphone

i\oPif)..

How on earth are you going to move that

heavy rock? 1i~ /IODif). l 1"t"t '1-A:,O 91'1'
'{ h"t.<'.'l- r hF:C111 r ;J-):J'"t4'm- r Y.lf"t l
[See also 'bank']
earthen fifhll
The woman makes earthen jars for sale in the
market. ll.'l-\'"'1' 111111 fifhll h"til<l-l"":f
'1-rv<l-ll":iearthenware fifhll h,..
Earthenware is sold in the market place.
fifhll h:l' 111111 Y.if"'A
earthly 'I"F:<l-'1!
Earthly possessions are useless in heaven.
'I"F:<l-'1! "t11~1'":i- r 11{1"'/f. IL'I- 'I':J ll
II 'O:fm-

ease (v.)
I. hll;J-1rv. This medicine will ease. the pain.
Y.ll ""F:~1'1- .nonoo-") 1ii:I'""'"'A
2. hllll. The belt is too tight; ease it a little!
4'11-l'tD- r 11"1'1" r m119/A I 'l-"t11 r hlllltJJo
3. h,..llll. I'll help you if it will ease your job.
P'<l-ll"t f"'i.Y:I'AAII r blf) r h~-'1?11114. 4'11 1111- 11T"t,..4: hm"l. He eased the
big box through the narrow door. 'I-A4:"t "'
,.., 11miJ11 11c 4'11 1111- 11T"t:l'4: h
m"l
ease out +ll R+ll hmQ..

He eased the minister out of his position.

"'1.111'1--1-"t hP'A"l'O=fm- 4'11 114'11 hiD

~""'"'"

ease up -1-:1'1111 ! 4')(1

Now that all the exams are over, the pressure

is beginning to ease up. Ao-"l LT'im- oIl' ' 1111114' .,....,.,..., hf-1-:1'1111 (hf4')(l)
)liJo
ease (n.) '1"'1He lives a life of ease. f'l"'1- ).1: Y.'l'
<l-Ilt.
*Did you notice the ease with which he does
things? P'<l-tJJo"t h"t.<'.'l- 114'1111-. h"t.<'."'/.1
b'OliJo") hflll
ease of his manner ~;J YlitD- A\\~"}
The ease of his manner shows his self assurance. ~;J 111m- h\\:\). 11.:.(1- IIY. 111
tJJo") ODof-"'/00") 1111A
feel at ease h"t.<'.AII- If) I -1-11'0'0

earthshaking 11"1'1" b'i!-1-"'

The prime minister announced an earthshaking revision in the constitution. m:t~,.e. a
"'1.111'1--1- 11"1'1" b'i!-1-"' flf) f ih1 .....,
"'P'-I>"t ""lflfA hll:f'"m"'

I never feel quite at ease when I'm with her.

b!). ;JC r lllf"t r h"t.<'.AIL r hAlf")'/"
A genial host makes his guests feel at ease.
-1-""1.'1'-:f ;JIJ'Ii" ' h"t"'P..'Il h"t-'1.11'0). y
.<'.C;J:f'PA
put at ease h"t-'1.11'0'0 h.<'.~1
He always puts his guests at ease. 11-A1.11.
h"t"'J'.'Il"t r h"t-'1.11'0). 1.<'.C;J:f'PA
with ease 111"t'l":i- ":i-"'C
He translates Amharic with ease. h"''C'f"t 1
ll"t'l":i- ":f"'c Y.-t-~7'"'/A
[See also 'ill']

earwax 11-h
If earwax accumulates it may hurt the ear.
b-h r 11}(.1: I /l.m<l-4''/" I 1\.1-'1 r Y.":f'\llt.

(be) easier 4'1111

The job will be easier in daytime. P' ;:.m- 114'
"t Y.4'11A

earthworm '1-A
The oral opening of the earthworm is small.
f'I-A h'i! r 'l-"t11 )liJo

get easier and easier +ll O+ll AfT:J>Iili

earthquake fout-'1- .,..,.,.,..,.,.

There was a bad earthquake in Japan. 11)1';r"t
"1Y.II"' fout.'l- on")4'ff'l' r )11C
[See also 'shock']

'/..<'.
The burden of the tax gets easier and easier.

0"111'1- fth-A $1\t- lfhll" 4'11 04'11

7-.f-1".4'1111 f.~A

It is easy for you to talk, but it is I who will

suffer the consequences. DP....,1<- 1\'1+ +il
A

easily
I. 04'1111-. I can easily believe that. ,1")1 04'
1111- ' 119"1- ' 7-.:fi\1111-

He lightened the load and I could carry it

easily. lfhon-1- 11114'HIA't 04'1111- Alf
boom- !I'Ah-

2. $11 :f"IC. The traffic moves along easily.

0011..,,... $1\ '

eat

370

easily

:f"IC f.TI\1\'f.ll-

3. .f-ifo. She blushes easily when she is in

company. lu'lm- ;>C 11'1-IM .f-ifo ;1-<i:.t-11:f
4. -f"oo:f.f-'1-. The patient is resting easily.

~m-

I .,. I

f~"Ju-'lilD"

At

)~

2. ( ~ adv.) 04'1111-. He is a person who is

easy to get on with. 04'1111- f"'L"Iflti''l- II
(I}<

lj(l)<

3. S'...,'i. He gave us easy terms on the loan.

1111~

,_..,., J:"CJ:"C

h4'~RA1-

4. IAIA. Many students prefer easy teachers.

11H- 1".,61":f AA ODII"IJ<!-1-1- f.""C"'II-

be easy +All

English would be easy for you. 7-.1-"111.11'1 II

1-1" f.4'A?A

fi7i1""'1D- -f"OD:f.f-'1- h~'i' 11~A

5. ft'l-1-lf.. The train may easily be an hour
late. flfK. fi'l-1-lf. h1-J:" ll'l'l- f.HVA
6. $11 'I'C'I'C. She is easily the best student
in class. $11 'I'C'I'C 7-.!l fih'i'll- t-11'1'
9"C'l' .,...,6 .,,_

easy life

[See also 'handle']

This is a fairly easy book. ,.e.u +AA fit

east (n.) 9"J"t.:j>

The sun rises in the east.

He leads an easy life. $11 .hll11 W:" <!-A

(at an) easy pace flll'"l;t-

The mule ambled on at an easy pace along the

rolid. fi:j>ll-'l' noo1-1'1- 1\f. 011"1;1- 'tY.:f
fairly easy 4'1\IA fA
oP

X".h'i' ' )tDfJdt.~

09"'P' .t.

take It easy
~.:.

' 7-.1-Y.)1'1- '

wu;

:j> '1-m"'ll:f

I'm taking it easy today.

east (adj.)
I. 9"I" t-.4''1'.. The east side of the city was des

'1'1\11-

take It easy I h'I-Q;l.):j>

troyed by the earthquake. fh-l".,m- 9"1"<1.4''1'. h'i'A noo.:,:,. oo")4''1'4''1' 9"h1-$'1-

Take it easy! You may hurt yourself working

so hard. h'I-Q;l.):j> l 7-.1-Y.H.IJ ft"lf.A 11'1-

L~ll

"'t. '1-1-JI f.IJ'"A

[See also 'reach, stage']

2. (~ adv.) bii"J"t.:j>. An east wind is blowing today. ~.:. )'f-11- h9"J"t.:j> f.)'i'IIA

Easter 4-ll.ll
Easter comes early this year. 4-(Lll fiH.tJ qoo
:,. 4'Y.9" f.IIA
easterly ( ~ adv.) hmY. 9"1"<!-:j>
An easterly wind is blowing today.
bmY. II"J"t.:j> f.)'i'IIA

~~~

~4-(to

eastward mY. 9"J"t.:j>

The plane disappeared flying eastward. hm-t:T
II). mY. 9"J"t-:j> nt: b'lf-1- 1-11m~

4'1\A )ftC

IJ Y.lf"'A

easygoing f.,f-)~)11
An easygoing employer will have loyal workers.
f.,f-)~)11 ' hoP6 ' ,..,'t ' oP<!-1-'l':f ' f.
'l'-1-;1-A

eastern 9"1"<1-.4''1'. ! fll"l"t.:j>

I koow the eastern part pretty well. 9"I" t-.4''1'.
tD-1- h'i'A ftY.1-11 ht-.4'1111Eastern countries are slowly improving themselves. fll"l"t.:j> Mt::f 4'11 04'11 n
oolflfA 1\f. .,:fm-

easy
l. +1\A. That was an easy question.

easy chair 9"'1l m1-nc

Easy chairs are sold here. ll"'li m")ftC 7-.H.

'I' fcJ:m-

eat 011
The child did not eat the banana. A)l: on-H.,. hAftl\9"

The acid ate into the iron. hll.>l- '

eat away If~If~

The river has eaten away the bank. m"tn-

CJI't-1- lfC"lit:;J-A

eat out aJ-ttp

11~-1>1- ' n

I\ ID-

fll\

Let's eat out tonight! I am tired of cooking.

1.11-t ~&. _,,. tJJ-"f!' 7.1-1111 I 11""111
ODI" <1-T ' IIA:f.fo"'A

eater

371

eat up
1. h."J,.tn

after every ten steps.

01\. We were very hungry and ate

everything up. 0"1!1" ~Cil't 1111)0<: h"J.
m't 01\'t
2. t.mof. l ""<:fl. The locusts ate up the grain.
t.'tO"' ~1111-'t t.mof.m- (""<:lim-)
3. ""C{l 0'1. Eat up your dinner! ~&.'1-ll't
""Cilll ill\
(be) eaten up h.l.l.
He's eaten up with jealousy. 0:,0<;'1- t.<:<:
1

(or :,O<;+

M~lll\";hll)

[See also 'fill, lightly, word']

eater, big - 11".11!1"

He is a big eater. l\.fto

II"J:r )aJo

eave fiL+ h.!.'i'

The gutter along the eaves is leaking. OIL-to
h.!.'i' 'If. Yllm- t.lf't-'1 YA.ll~

eavesdrop (eavesdropped) Ollm-c t..lloom

He stood behind the door and eavesdropped
on our conversation. hoo1fvm- 1 JPC +1\
Tt:: 't"l"l&.'f't't OlltJJoC h-'l""m

ebb (v.)
I. lflf. As the tide ebbed, we picked up
the pebbles. .,.~'1- ll.lf11 mmc 114'!1"'t

2. "")""). Our hopes for victory ebbed.

11"'/lf)'l' no<:'t -1'114- "")"")

ebb (n.)
He likes to watch the ebb of the sea. ffJ.hC
IDS'. :\'1 fl.oP/111 "'lf'J- f.ID-'1~

ebony [T'tt,.:.m-

~'tS'.

4'<:1!" fll") .,..,.c

b't ...+]

ebullient

'J'?f

fl:\1\

aJ~ I

h~Y't.ll't'l-

:\1\

OOifC

OFC ~C
l\_~..,1; I

)1C

f.ll"'tilY~

be eccentric hflaJo

11.~1Tr'r

His behavior is quite eccentric.

m-

mQ~

hfl

hf.~'l'!l"!l"

echo (echoed), v.
I. t.ll-1':>fl. The sound of the shot echoed
through the hills. f-l'li'll- .1':11"6 Ol><:il.f'6 ""'~ t.ll-1' :>II
2. ~'tS'. toll-) HOil"'IY'I- S'.~"" They echoed
every word of their leader. foP&Y'fm-'t :1'
~ ~'tS'. All-) HOil"'IY'I- S'.~,_

be a great eater of 01llf~r fll\

They are great eaters of fish. 'i"' Oil~+ f.
0'111be a small eater
He is a small eater. ill!- t.f.O'I!I"

"'lbO~

economics

..,~:,.~:,.

His ebullient manner makes people forget the

problems he has . ..,~:,.~:,. mfJI' Ollm-
H't.l': 'f"lc YIIO+ t.Yil""llllm-!1"
be In ebullient mood fl~{l;t- 1 oTfj:l\+1\+

The award winner was in an ebullient mood at

the dinner in his honor. 11~"'1-to't nTm-
llm- llhil-1- 0-!'H:>J:II-l- ~&..'J- 'If.
OY.Il;f' -1''1'114'114'

eccentric ~'t"l-'1
It would be ecoentric for you to turn around

echo (echoes), n.

f1S'.~ "'1"'1.-f-

If you listen you can hear the echo. 11;1'.1111"'1'

f~S'.~

"'l"'l..ftJJo ,......,,~

eclipse (v.) t.ll<;4'

She was so beautiful, she eclipsed every other
woman at the party. 0"1!1" .f>'t ,1': h""ll"

S: f-1')"1 O"lil"lf"m- 'If. f)Oor'l-'t 11.-f'f IJ-1\- t.ll'i4'!J''fm-

eclipse (n.) fDdof. "IC)f

! fDdof. "ICI'-11

Darkness fell upon the town during the eclipse.

ODdof. "IC!f ("ICI'-11) 1.11. h-1'"'/f.-lo
0""11"'1 -l''l'm'f
lunar eclipse fQ;t..4' 1 ..,CP."li

The shadow of the earth on the moon causes

the lunar eclipse. foo~:,. 1 Til 1 0"~>..4' 1 I\
f. ll.YC'i' f""l::l' "ICI'-11 f.A.m&.~

economic flbl>-:'"'1.
Ethiopia has received large amounts of economic aid. t..+f-kY h'i' Yll flbl>-:'"'1.
~C-'1;1' -1'4'11111\'f

economical ofr."'O.
She's a very economical housewife.

~!).

flliJ

II" ofr."'O. fiL'I- ~""IL-l- )'f

be economical 4Lmfl

This type of heating is very economical.

fltll 'if.).'J- "'1.,.-I:Y 0"111" f.ofr.TIJ~

economically omfl
He has to offset his small salary by living
economically. Mll-l''f S'-.,.11-'t 11"'111??+
omfJ

oo-;c

t.IIO-l-

economics fll11'1- 11""1~ l !l""'l< o11'1-llbl>':'

"'l.hll

He attended a seminar in economics. av-a:,.

!1""1~ (Ribl>'f"'l.hll) '1-!I"IIC;f'' '1-fllb

'If. """"'!1.~

There is a shoe factory on the edge of the town.

economize "kmO
We have to economize now since we don't
have much money left. 11rt- 1 11H11 1 111\ol\1'<:
.f.")

hiJ-")

00"lilm11

fii11T

9""1~

J'.Jf:J'

'J'-1-

~fD

*By various little economies, she saved enough

money for a vacation. T-t."t 1 OT-t:,. 1 htn~
:I':J-"'1

llc)l:'i'T

"J.If,'J'

flof:

11011

hh

"'Iff
it's an economy .,'1H11

.etJLTflA

It's an economy in the long run to buy good

quality cloth. '1'-1- 1 ""C:J>"t 1 oP"'~'l- IIHIIol:
;J-fD-

11011")

J'."''l'qol\

~'1"-..4"

hoi\~O<:w-9"

be in ecstasy OY.il;J- 4.JY.+

She was in ecstasy over the gift. lltn;J-m-"t

;t-1'S

O.l'.(l;t-

(I

.~.~ ....,.";f-

ol\11(1

fl.,.J'. 0 ....C:J>

h.f..f.fD-

The bookbinder edged the book in leather.

oPX"tht;:

m&.1P foPX"th.f.'1

mC1f

O.f-'1:

h.l..l.m-

*The boy scouts edged along the cliff. PJ'.

l\{li}<D-f-'6

01.1'.11- I ""l'i' I 'If. ' O.,.(l;J- ' 1''lrt-

.,L.,

edge away l\4..

He edged away from the mad dog. hl\11.11.

1 ,.

lf ' h.l.1.1.1
edge nearer m;:a

l\/tof>

ffi;J

h.l'.l:1

edge (through) O'l'"t:l'ol:

h.{l1q

They edged the huge box through the door.

'1-ol\<ll") ' "''l'"t
hil111-'l-

00-1-

Oh-ol\

0'1'"):1'4:

1 1\ll.t..
He edged his way through the crowd. 01'(10

edge {one's way) through .,.if.A-hAlt

(lflfD-

She is on edge today because she had a quarrel

with her husband. hq!l 1 ;>C 1 1'"1&\:J- 1 ll
II~OC

~~

ll'J.': il!t:J'ol\

edgewise, hold ~
*Hold the knife edgewise when you sharpen it.
ll'l'l'fD-") ' ll'l-llol\ ' illli>"t ' aJ-'1")1' ' h;t-J.':
C"'
1

~"'l"'f- f"t

not be edible h.l'-0'19"

This fruit is not edible. .1'-11 'i'~ h.l'-0'19"

edict O'l';t'O
An edict of amnesty is generally proclaimed on
holidays. f9".h<:'l- 0'1';!': h.11~l;'m-") "1.

.h1fiJ

oP"Ijol\

1'if./l"hol\l>

hll.f.

edge (n.)
I. .IIC l .IICil'. He lives at the edge of the town.
h1'"'1m- .IIC

.1'-'i"&-ol\

edifice .h"tll
The Jubilee Palace is an imposing edifice.
fh.I'"O.ol\1' ' 0.1' ' oP")"'I"T
~I

"1-1-9"

.h")

teD-

edify (edified) M:J>:J>

His example edified us. oPol\1}9"

1\1..~.,

He edged his chair nearer to the fire. ID"t0-1-"t

I

~,.

H. OO~ol\ .,.'i"'f- J'.;J-a>"lfol\

edge along

aJ.I'.

J'.U ' 11-IIT ' h'i' ' film- ' 1&-.l'.

be on edge I}' J.': q(l(w-)

011-' .,,,.

edge (v.) h.l..l.

He edged the table cloth with a red stripe.
I

mC11 "'<:m'S

3. h.'l-'i'. He stopped short at the edge of the

cliff. h1.1'.11- h'i-'i' .I'.C(o 11'1'4:'1- .II~
4. 1111'1-. The edge is dull. IIIIi> .1'.~11 ~,.
5. h'i'. This is a sword with a double edge.

edible f"'LO'I
Some fish are edible. h"t.ll"tJ.':

eczema 'fl..
He suffered from eczema. 'fl.. 1 J'.Jf:J-ol\

fml:A.~fD-")

I cut myself on the edge of the paper. fiD<:.,.-1>

[See also 'cutting, fine, heavy, keen, lose, tooth']

ecstasy 'i'"t.l'.:l'
His ecstasy knew no bounds. rtt(l")

Oh1'"'1w- .IICil' h"tJ.': f""l"'l 4-11&1} hll

2. mC11. The edge of this plate is chipped .

fH.II lt.h"t mC11 1'lfC!I,ol\

hll11")

economy (economies) fll11'1- 1 9""ll!. 1 J'.Jf;tThe country's economy is in good shape.

.J'1&;f:

editor

372

economize

!l"lt/1.~1>

M:l':l'"t

edit hn:>,;
Two students were chosen to edit the school
bulletin. o-11'1- 1'"'1&1"'fo f'l-9"UC'l- 0.1>
") ' oPI\'do.T

l\").IIJ'H;>1f. ' .,.... .:....

edition l\-l-9"

The book came out in two editions. oox-m.f.

Oo-11'1- ' l\-l-9"

aJ"'

editor hn:>;t':
Who is the editor of this newspaper? fH.U
-""'"' ' hH:>;t'O I "'l"t ' ~,. l

editorial

373

effect

~~=-----------------~-------------------

editorial (n.) eM l>"t4>lr

Did you read the editorial? CMI l>"t4>l\."t
MR11h l
editorial (adj.) flrd>'i: l>H:>~H
Editorial work requires a broad education.
flrd>'i: hH:>~~:,. P'&- 114- Yll +r
uc+ f.mf.:NA

educate 1>111'"'/t.

educated f1-"'lt.
In common with educated people, he likes
poetry. ;>."tf..1'"'1-l- lll"":f 11-11- 'l>~"t r.m
J!A

education
I. +rue+. Education is indispensable in our
times. +rue+ R1.11J'":f"t 'i:t..r 1>11.1.11
I

~d)o

2. oof116Y. The money was put away for his

education. 11'Hfl-- fT+oPmaJ- Aft- oPIPJ6

y ;>."tJ!.ll'"t ~nc
higher education h<i:1''i' +rue+
Where did he receive his higher education?
h<i:1''i' +rUC-I>"t f1'"'/(.tD- f+ ~tD-l
lack of education ll.Aoo-rc
His mistakes betrayed his lack of education.
fLK"'I:ftD- llih1'.,._":f hi\OD"'/-1-"t ~1\l\.RT
l"eceive an education

The shy boy effaced himself by staying in the

background. 'lf.'i'~ A~ mf.. :\il noo
ll'"t ' 1'lfif1

effect (v.)
I. RP'&- ilf. 1>'1'11. He effected the change
without difficulty. 1\tD-m-"t Yll ":f"IC R
P'&- ' "" h'l'l\tD-

We have to educate all of our children.

A.;(!J'":fn R..,.fl- "'1111'"'/C 1>11-tl"t
educate oneself &-(l."t R&-(1. 1>111'"'/t.
The poor boy had to educate himself in the
evenings after work. ":f-lt.'i'tD- A~ "'1:1"
"'1:1" hP'&- tD-"1!' &-(l."t R&-1\- "'1111'"'1
c ~nt.n+

'l..

efface oneself ..,.ifif'l

-f-117~

He received a good education abroad. Om-"'V'

h~C Rf.."tofl 1'rZ:A.

[See also 'compulsory1

educational +rue+

~h

Educational motion pictures have helped the

students learn more. +rue+ ~h LA'I"
":f _,..,&l"":f"t fRIIm ;>."tJ!."'I-1- ' t.Y:1''1'
:f'PA.

educator r+rut+ 11.'1>

The educators are considering school reform.
r+ruc+ l\..4'tD-"tT +rue+ IL+"t
1\.,lflfA R.,ll-11 ilf. 'i':ftD-

efface l>m4He effaced the inscription on the wall. ..,~Jim-

ilf. f~Rt.tD-"t lrd>'i: l>m4-

2. hh'i'm~. They effected the change from

Maria Theresa dollars to the new currency
without difficulty. .,c:,..:.~"t qJ!.o\- 1"t
Hofl OD1'tr1:"t Yll h"tJ!":f ":f"IC ' l>h'i'

m).

3. l>llh1'11. His mother's death effected a

change in his way of life. f;>.'i'1: ,..,.,. R).
t:tD- ' 11-~:1" ' "" ' 1\tD-'l' hllh1'1\
studying this dictionary will effect an im
provement in your language. ,.e.u1' OD1J'10
.4'ilT -ti:J"m'i' Ml"t!'l 1Y: oolflfA :1"
1'i'IIU

effect (n.)
I. m-m.+. His speech produced the desired
effect. "t"l"l-1- f1'4..1\~tD-"t m-m.+ l>ll1'f
2. '1'4-T. The country has recovered from the
effects of the war. 111&-l> tnC~1: hf..t.ll
q:,. '1'4-T l>"tii&-C:J-1\":f
3. .,..~~:,.. The effect of tobacco on health is
a debatable question. :,.rqll' nm."t~+ il
f. f"'l.Yf..CIIm- .,..~~:,. f"7.Yh&-hC ~m4. "1f.A. The effect of heat on metals results
in expansion. foo-++ '1'.e.A = ill:t" ' ill.
T"t YII4-4-A
effects

7t..+

The hotel seized his effects because he couldn't

pay the bill. YIIRr"t do.ll-11 1\0Dh.I..A Ill\
"'IJ'.":fA 11'-1:11- ;>.:J'tD-"t YHRT
be In effect l\'i'
The rules are still in effect. ~.,.fl:ri 1 h&"tr-
;>."tf..K). ' 'i':fm-

1\,.e..

be put into effect O.P&.

tfA

The new ruling was just put into effect.

JVl.fto

ih..,

.,c;

OP"&.

lt,.e.

Ol'tp{lo-

~m-

for effect IIMA'S

He wears a large gold ring with a large diamond

on it for effect. 1\M!A'S +A'l> l>A.,11 .,.
11 YIIRT +A'l> fmC'l> 4>11R+ l>J:-C'iA
from the effects h - - f1'~"1
The children were suffering from the effects
of the hot weather. A;('ll h'l".4'-1> YfC
~~-~:r r.,.~..,
~ nc

""'"''"

374

effective
give the effect of ou(l{t

The new plastic gives the effect of real leather.

h-'l./1- T'llltll All h<JJoH'f 4''1 f.oo
MA
go into effect O.P'&- It~ t:FI'\

That law will go into effect next month.

;,...,... oot_ooliJm-

me OP"~ ~t.e- .em-1\A.

have an effect rPt--

The medicine had an immediate effect. ouJ.!'"~k

-j: I aJJU'(Do). I 1P&have great effect 1tT'l+ (tfl~

The father's malediction has great effect.

.fll'l- hC"I'"/"1 h'l'"l'l- f.ll11t-A
have no effect -.F: flt~&r i 9'"'19"

aJom.

effort
results . .filoollA'I''l- f"'l.S'.-1:"1 '1'.1:~ 11!1'
f-J-4.ii1<JJo"l <JJom'l- .fll1'1A

effeminate
1. ft1.+. His way of dressing is effeminate.
hilllll/1- fll.'l- )<JJo
2. t1.:1" t1.+. His gait is effeminate. l'ti.."''OOJJ. 1
11.;1". 11.'1- ' )<JJo

effervescent 'i'A'I>A'I> l S'.'"/9"

Her effervescent personality makes her a
lovable companion. 'i'A'I>A'I> (S'.'"/9") mil
WI' -J-m'l~ .fS'.C;>;I"A
be effervescent d.lt

This mineral water is effervescent .

A f..l.'IA

.eu

mn

'1- hA)fl.I:<JJoll"
+scolding has no effect on him. illtftl
"IJ.': fii<JJoll"
His protest had no effect . ..,.,:1-m-lJ"tD- ?""}~
<JJom'l- hA)fl.I:<JJoll"

effete '1f.ll- f-1-"J.mmll'lAn effete civilization will soon lose influence.

'1f.ll- f-1-"J.mmll'l- I"'A"'~ fl.Y.II- -1li"M.<JJo"l .f"'A

in effect

efficacious

*His silence was in effect a confirmation of the

rumor. 119"" = "71\11 fm~m-"} "-C1m~~.'J- =
h"IS'.'"/"""1 f"'l.'lmc )<JJo
take effect rPt;.

The injection is beginning to take effect.

OOC~(D4 I

,e.IP&.

1:oPC

to that effect

*He said he might agree to do it or words to

that effect. ll"'iAIJ'l- liJS'.C1<JJo h"IS'."'l.ll'"l
"'/ tDf-9" f-11"1 ' fOD{lil ' hiJIJA ' -l-'i1.1:
effective
1. ...,..;.. m-m.+ f"tllT ! fi:~"}. The government
took effective measures against malaria. oo"}..,
1"'-t: miJ"! il'"/'1'4-'1- -No <JJom'l- f"'l.
ll'l' ( 'i'-1:"1) hCll")l' tDilS'.
2. -1-S'.'"/"f!>)T .fii<JJo. An effective speaker is
needed to present our case to the public.
il.ft11ll- M.fl-"1"1 il'"/'1>.1:11 -1-S'.'"/"1!")'1-
.fii<JJo -1-'i;>& .fll.l.A;>A
be effective
1. OP't- 1\f, 'FA. A law is effective as

soon as the President signs the act. T"-lVn

-f: 0 h"!f..l..I;ODflT 0 .ft1- 0 fll"'t- 0 '\f. 0 f.<JJo
'lA
2. ;t!A. Our artillery was effective in destroying
the city. lliJJ.': oo"f&.f:f"l ll-1-'"/<JJo"l II'"/
'1'4-'1- !I'll
effectuate hll17
Only persistent effort will effectuate the desired

1. hT."10... An efficacious solution was found

to the problem of the drought. llil .f:C4>-t:
h'l':>IL flY) """''~-"'- -1-17
2. m.4'""L. Vaccination for smallpox is effica~
cious. ll'l-11'1- 114."1"1"1 ooMll.f m:J>"'l.
)<JJo
efficacy 'i'-f:"l)'lHe invented a drug of great efficacy. ;1"'1'1>
'i'-f:"I)T ' .fii<JJo OD.f:;)t'l- 4.illl4.
efficiency 'I>Nr<t:'i
The mason worked with great efficiency.
"l"ll1'1<JJo llb'i'-1-'1 'I>A'I''i''i oPtefficient 4>A"'4He is an efficient worker. +AIIJof.. ~Pt.+~
~

....

be efficient m.4'"7..~+ hAm-

Our new house is more efficient than our old

one. bJ.':C"<JJo f.A'I> t-.0:.11- 0.;1-:f"l ffl
lim m:J>"'l. )')- hilaJo
effigy (effigies) ll"llA
They made an effigy of the king. f"l1-,.."l
9'"llA 1 wo;.
effort
1. J!'1t?'". All his efforts were in vain. ~It,..
11-11- 11"1-f: )flC
2. '1'.1:'1-. He constantly belittles my efforts to
write better. l\".ft.l.-1;"1 il'"/!f!fA f'"/S'.C1<JJo
"I ' '1'.1:'1- ' l1-A1.H. ' .f"l!l/1i!fA

effrontery

375

3. '1-"'A. The enemy may win yet if we relax

our efforts. ho-'t9" ILII"t '1-"1~:f't't h
4'Hl't m~'l- l':A IU'S'.C1't 1'-:f~A
4. ( ~ make an effort) II of.. In spite of my
efforts, the boy remained passive. 9""}9" J -f'M
of. l\'t\>. A1!: 1-IJof.f. ilf.ll"t 4'(.
bend every effort f+;r:ll.tJJo"} r Qwfto 1\F.~'l
We must bend every effort to beat the enemy.
m~'l-'t l':A ll"''l':t."' f-l'il'll't't rNr
"''l':t."' hMI't
exert one's efforts OllJr +IIJIIJ&'.
He exerted his efforts to arrive early. +F..fd
1111- lloPJ':(.II 0"19" 1'"1"1(.
expend much effort 11,.. ~ 'l'tl.T

1\f..l."l

He expended much effort to Jearn Amharic.

h"''C'i' lloP"''C ' 1111- 'l't.'l- hS'.t.1
make an effort 'l"hl.

eke
eight o'clock l.lwi\T 1 lt'lT
I will be home at eight o'clock. Oo-11'1-
r'r't'l- ML'I- M'i'llo-

eighteen OP't:. lll"''t'leighth lll""t-l''i'

eighty r'r"'''tJ.'
either (adj. pron.)
I. h'tf.'i'ro- I h't'I.!I".Doeseitheroftheseroads
lead to Harar? hHI.IJ on't1P.:f h'tJ.'.>;'m-
IDS'. ' mt.C 1'-IDIIJIA l

He looked at two cars, but did not buy either.

o-11'1- oPh.<;l":f hf "''t h't'l.'t!l"
hA1~

2. o-11-1>!1". Either (one) is correct. o-11-1>!1"

Ah ~,.

Please make an effort to come on time !

He can write with either hand. Oll-1\"=9"' "-Jt

Or'r'i-1> lloP9""J'I- 'l"hC

make every effort fT!J!i\av) r f1o/r J 1\F..1
I will make every effort to help you. h'ti''t
lloPCJI'I- ' f-l'il'll't't ' rJo/r ' hf.C;JIIIJ-

3. h,.ll-1> fLMm-. You may take either

book. ho-11-1> fLII"'li<D-'t -~""'~' A-1-

[See also 'combined, frantic, strain, stretch']

effrontery 11A"'<; I l':'i't.'IHis effrontery offended the teacher. 11A"'<;m-
(J':'i't.-1>) ' oP9"1Jop't ' hll4'foPIDhave the effrontery F..Ll.
She had the effrontery to ask for two free
samples. F.t;:.,t. v-1\T r~~ c;no-c; mf+~
effusive 0"19" f-1'".7.".7.4' l 11"'1.'1- f-1''1"~

Her effusive greetings are embarrassing. OIIJ

9" f1-".t".t4'm- (11"'1.'1- fi''l"~m-) , M!l":f"
'I' ' f"'I...M'i'C ~m-

11.~'1'' 1'-:f~A

rolll': '1-:f~IIIJ

*There were trees on either side of the road.

non't1'1. "'t:.<; 4''5 ~,;::f ~n-r

either (adv.)
He doesn't know it either. l\11-9" hJ.'tD-4'
ID<!I"
John has not been to Ethiopia and Bill has
not been there either. }0 h.-'1-f"k.V 'tP.
hJ.'tD-'I-9" l 0.<1\9" >.'tf.H.II-

either or lD~'F'
I leave either tonight or tomorrow morning.
~&, ' "'':f" ' IDJ'-!1" ' ~1 ' 1!1.'1- ' l\'t-'11111Either come or write. 'i 1 m~9"' 1 J?..ofl-'10. ' ~'i:
[See also 'hand']

egg l\'tMA
The chicken laid an egg. P.l':'l' l\ 't4l~A ' "'
ll:f
[See also 'sit, white']

ejaculate, make - h"'if.(.

eggplant "''S'.Cil' 1 ont.cil'

eggshell fl\'t4!~A '1-co~.-r
The flimsy boat was crushed like an eggshell.
t.."':J''I' ' ~Aq l\'tt. l\'t4!~A '1-co~.-r

eject
I. hiiiD"'. The manager ejected them for not
paying the rent. h.t:-1'- MAhLII- P'.:.
hllh.J.'11: ' hiiiD"''fm2. 1-of.. The volcano ejected ashes. l\lt-1' 1
'f"t:.ID- hoP l': 1-of.

egoism t:.ll't ' 11il' ' roJIJ':~'IHis biggest fault is his egoism. TA-l! -,...r:l\-1:
t:-11-'t ' 11!1' ' IDJIJ':~-1> ' ~,_

eke, -

~IJhi':f

eight ll!l"'t'l-

The electric shock made him ejaculate with

pain. l>t.'tt 1\.J.'.HID< II.A ' OP':J'f. h"'i
f,.(.

out h11:J':J'

The housewife eked out a dinner of leftovers

by adding rice. fll.:J: l\ou0.-1- 0-l't.Lm- !I"
"111 ~f. '1-11 ' ""'9"t:.. lll\t:-'1- h11:J':J':fm-

376

elaborate

*They managed to eke out a living by farming

a small piece of land. 'l-"t11 ou,:.-'1- fl"7t:
il M:J-11\- ll""'l'C ii'Aelaborate (v.) fi11C11C IIH:>l':
The general elaborated his plan.
,_'1>'1."t fl11C11C IIH:>)>;
elaborate upon .-,...,.1i i'tofl.&.&.

:(~<1-1\-

Can you elaborate upon your statement?

fll"'l-lla>-"t 'l-"t11 11"711<1-.l-'1- '1-".fl\1111 ?
elaborate (adj.)
I. .:-1:'1>. The Jubilee Palace is a very elaborate
structure. fll.l'"fl.t\1< 11.-1- """t"IP''I- ih"t
2\

JPt-OJ-

of!~

~fl)o<

2. h'i',.'l T"t-"'oJ: f"''. ...t:"lll-'1-. Elaborate

preparations are being made for the coronation
ceremonies. 1\HtD-Y: 0'1-A hhllOC h;:.+
>;' ' T"t-"'oJ: ' f"'i..".t:"lll-'1- ' 11"1)!.''1- ' fiODlJ<;'
ID1'

1\.e. I

)'OJ-

elapSe 1111.1.
Thirty minutes elapsed before the lecture
began. '1-II"IIC-1> 1\J'.)>;ODC wl\1\ .._<!:-"' II
11.1.

*Many days elapsed before they returned.

1\J'.ODIII\- 1111-

n , ~~'""'"'"

elastic (n.) 1\ilth

Do you need any elastic for the blouse?

llli'"'/.1111 l\il1:ll 'I-.I.A1..1'1111 ?
elastic (adj.) f"''.llmT
Rubber is elastic. 1D'7 fotl\mT ~1C ~m
*The government has an elastic foreign policy.
OD"t"IP'-1> ' ,."t ...1.H.tJ>o ' IH:f" ' ll.ll'l'fDT '
f"''. ".fA ' ftJ>o"f!' ' 1-'IJ'. oPOD(.J' 1\lltJ>o
elate 1\il.l.~.._.,.
Winning first prize elated her. fll"t ...'h-'1-"t
11A"7'1- "7"1T:t 1\il.l.~..__,..,..
be elated

,(.~,g.+

He was elated at the news. m&fDo'l Oli:D?

1.11. '

.~.~ ....,.

elation 'i'"t..__,..

His elation is due to his having received a

scholarship. 'i'"t ..__,....,. fU, '1-II"IIC'I- ill\

1T

)tD-

elbow (v.), - aside 1of.'1'1' 1111.1.

He elbowed the other shoppers aside. /1.11-".f
111.1'-1-'l'".f"t ' 1of.'i'1' ' 1111.1.
elbow ones way throu1h +;J'i:+ hilL
She elbowed her way through the crowd.
{ltJ>o ' floJ-(lfl{lflfl'l- ' OD'IjA 0 oJ-."J'i':f" ' 1\IIJ.".f

electric current

elbow (n.) lle"t

I banged my elbow. llC~"t 1\:>Q;J. 'Ji.'lelder (n.)
I. 11"7"1/1.. The village elders held a council.
foP") ...~ ' 11"7"1/I.P'".f ' il11{lll ' 11 ... ,:.,.
2. ;J-1\'1> (pl. ;J-1\1\'I>). We must respect our elders.
;J-1\1\ollil'".f"t"t "7llfiC 111111"t
elder (adj.) :f"l\'1>
My elder brother is in Ethiopia. ;fl\'1> m"t
.1:"~ ' 11.'1-l'"k.l' ' tJ>oiiT ' ~"'"
elderly
I. flb.J:"~ f1of.. I am living with an elderly
couple. fll"<:'t:m- flb.J:"~ h14- IIA<;'
"''.il'l- :>C ~a>2. m<;".I'II.Itooklodging with an elderly lady.
IJ"t-'1.'1- m<; IJA- ll.'l- 11.'1- -1-h<l-ftJo
eldest ffl1ic A)!.'
The eldest son becomes the head of the family
when the father dies. 1111'1- 11.'1"'1- ffl1iC
A"!": ffl.-1- {lflo 11'1'16 J'.IT<;'A
elect ODt:m
They elected him president. IITtl.H.'l"t'l-~'1-
out:m-'1-

First-year students may elect French or

German. f""l':""t-.1' 'lOD'I- oJ-"7t-P'".f A.t:"til
J'.>;' WJ'.II" )>;Coo")>;' lloo?"t:T J'.".fl\1\election II"C""l

When were the last elections held? I liLt&

?"C""l oo'f
!

.,..._.:1

His election took place last week. fll- II"C

""1 ' llllol.tJ>o ' 1\?""t'l- ' oJ-h<;'fD~
elective (n.) fiii"C'"'i f"''.fD{l.J:" '1-II"IIC'I-

French is an elective in our school. 0.-,.9"11

c:r- 11.;1-".f"t

.t.t:"t'IJ'.'l fiii"C""l f"''.m

{l.J:" ' '1-ll"llll'l- ' ~ ....
elective (adj.) flih1111 f"'/.DDt:T

In America senators hold elective office.

fii\"'UIJ ' I\1C ' fih"l ' ODW{l>;' ' 1\1111-".f '
flih1111 ' f"'i.""ltno IIIIP'A"'<:'".f ' <;'J'melectric flll./l.ll'l-t-11 f"'/."'<1The child received an electric train. AY: fill.
1\.h'l-t-h f"'/."'<1- 11"1f"t1-ll.'l- llfloC -1Tflll
electric bulb 1111"1'A
electric current l>t:"t1:

The electric current has been turned off.

!>t:"ttm- m'i':tA

electrician

eleven

377

electrician ft..ll.h-l-&h ,.&..,.';'

Since there was no electrician around, we had
no one to connect the electricity for us.
ft..ll.h-l-&h ,.&._,.';' IJIIIJII.fl>o MA~Ot:
ouil&.:J''f"l'} f"t.,.TAA'} hnJ'}

electricity t..ll.h-l-&h 1 1>.:'}1:

There is no electricity in our city. Oh.,.tr?l-"}

words are formed. .1.1.~-l- :1'~-l- f"t"""'

t:-I>IJ't'fl>o ' ~1C":f ' <;'l'fl>o

5. ootf~. Water is the natural element of a

fish. fl>o;> f'i"' f.,..l.'I'C" uo'l'&f ~fl>o
elementary fl"7&l":f
He is still studying elementary mathematics.

hY.'}!I" 1<; ' f;e"7&l":f ' Allil ' 0"7'1'<;'1- '

electrify (electrified)
I. t..ll.h-l-&h hii11J. The farmers of this
village electrified their farms. OH.II ou'}f.C

elementary school f'}f.l;' f.t:)f -l-9"11

ffl- 10&-l":f llhC'i''l'fl>o h.l\.h-l-&h h

111112. hll.l.~mn. The good news electrified the
students. f9"11&.,; .,..,.:l",;'} hiiL~mq
't'fl>o
be electrified O!ot:'}1: "lf.A .,.111111

hH.II ill!- f'}f.l;' f.t:)f -l-9"11C-l- 0.1'

:fhfl-

~"' ~ ....

h.l\.h-l-&h ' (lol:'}1:) ' fll9"

Most fanns have now been electrified lltJo"}

1.11 hilql;'l":f fhC'I' P:J'l":f Olot:'}

1: "lf.A f-1111~11-

(be) electrocuted Olot:'}1: .,.11.11

The murderer was electrocuted. ~lj:(l

1.';'-

O!ot:'}t _,.11.11

elegant
I. fifO&.,.. His elegant dress drew the eye

of all onlookers. fifO&.,. .... Ail"" ,.,.,.Ali

'f(,;'} ' 'if.'} ' Y.fl- ' "7t:h
2. f'l.f'l.m. The palace has elegant furnishings. 0..,. oP'}"IJ"-1> f'l.f'l.m- h:l'l":f

hll--l-

3. ..(-"}.]-. He has elegant manners.

qy. ' hllfl>o

,.e-.,.:,.

elegy ["J.,;'} f"tf'l""lll fA~{l "1'1'9"]

element
1. llihCY... According to the ancients, the
world consisted of four elements : earth, air,
fire and water. 'J''};l'fl>of'} h'}f."tfl--l- 'ill
9" II&.-l- IJ.loCf-l- f_,.OP&.:f <;-}- I h
~""~~" hll't<; l fl>o;> l ~<1.11<; ou,:.-}- <;'t'fl>o

2. ,..,..,.. = "}'J'C. Split up a compound into its

elements. aJom..IJ.1' Of'J'"}.,. 'l't'o;.. 1 Af'aJo
3. oPOP&;I'' ~1C. Have you learned the elements of grammar? f'itfJ'iltD-1' r ODrP~;f''f
~1C":f _,.!l"t:YA l

4. ~1C. Justice is an important element in

good government. A,...... 1 oo"}..,,..:,W r "i=:twilt 1
hll.l.~'l.

~1C

~fl>o

Letters are the elements out of which the

C-l- ' 0.-l-

There are many elementary schools here.

elephant 1111"}
The elephant is a huge animal. 11tr'l
h'}lll) '

""Jff-lj:

~ ....

elevate
I. h'i' hf.&1. The Emperor elevated him to
the rank of Ras. '}.,.,.. ~11"1> <Df. &.Mol-
"7/Jt:"l h'i' hf.t:.,.-l2. h'l-fluoll. Great ideas elevate the mind.
:1'~~~ dollP:f hh!I"C"'} f'l-119"llfl-

elevated (adj.)
I. h'i' fit. He spoke from an elevated platform. h'i' lilt ou.~:-.:h ~f. ll''l' .,..,1.:
2. 'I'A~. The sermon was filled with elevated
thoughts. llilh-1> TA~ fll'.,. dollP'M
fUll

~oc

elevation
I. h'i':J'. What is the elevation of Addis
Ababa? hJI.II hOI! h'i':J'fl>o 9"'} filA
~(Do?

2. 1-il:J'. The house is built on a small elevation. 0.1> O-l-'}(1 1-il:J' ~f. .,.,..C;J:A
3. UOfl>oiJI-l-. The elevation of Caesar to Empe.
ror cost him his life. f4:"1C "''- '}'J-OP ~1
I"T~T' f.t:)f' UOfl>o"'T' 11'1"1>' !l"h'}.f-}-. II'~
elevator hll'}""C 1 hll'}RC 1 t..ll.ii.,.c
Since the building is very tall, we went up in
the elevator so as not to get tired. tlt"JKCD- l.
1C9" ' llllll'~ ' h'}'lf.f.hOD'} ' Ohl)'}()-C ' <D"''}

eleven OF&. h'}.l:"

eleven o'clock 119'"ll.'f-

it'lo+

On Sunday, they open the library at eleven

O'clOCk. >..m...e- I )..tho.(- I (I..,.
119"11'1- ll<ir Y.h'l':l'll

OIJ~ift~-ft")

elicit

378
elope hl\..-:;' :>C ltOIIII

elicit
I. l\Vl.111'1' hS'.<'.1. The purpose of the ques-

tioning was to elicit a full description of the

accident. f9"CdD&-m- 'FI"'' S'S'.:>m- .,..
II- """Ill""A l\1'1.111'1' 1\"''Y:<'."I )0C

2. hllh1-ll. His jokes elicited laughter .f>A-'1-

..,:,. ' hllh1"11
I. .I'-11J'I'A. He is eligible for

His daughter eloped. fll- A"/: hl\"'":;''1'

:>C ItO II II:f

eloquence h1S'.01" C-I>M'IThe eloquence of the President moved the

audience. f'l't.IVI1-I> h'>S'.0-1" C-1>~)'1-
S'Ji':"'''""~

(be) eligible
promotion.

f"''~<'."l l\Y:1'1- .I'-11J'I'A

2. -fl-11 lf~. He had to pass several exams to

be eligible for the scholarship. lll\lllt11C1i"l'
11<11 11""11'1 11,. L1-<;P'>f-1 "71\'i:
)0<'.0-1-

eliminate
1. hltmtrJ. During the race the judge eliminated

him at the third lap. 0-1-""Lm- 1..U J!:;'m-

0?'{11-:;'m- ' ,.c ' hlliD"'ID<
2. hm'f.. The municipality has a building
program to eliminate slums. S'.VI O.of:f1
11"7'1'4-'1- "''H:>lf n.-~> r.n111 Ft. -r
t="ltl-9" ' hi\ID<

3. h"19"'1- hllll11J9". The architect eliminated

furniture in figuring the cost of the house.
ouu1JLII- n.-1> f"''.LJ'.:m-1 1\.19"'1- r
0.'1- ' l\:J'P':f1 ' h"19"'1- ' hllll11J9"

4. hllonS'.. He eliminated the difficulties

easily. :f"lr:~1 0.,.1111- hll1D1S'.

ll"'L'I- ' .,.11.,.11

eloquent
1. h.'li..OT C121J. The prime minister is an
eloquent speaker. m:j-11.('. "''.~ll'l--1- h1S'.O

1"

Ci>~

1"<;;>& )ID<

2. f-1"<\IJ. His eloquent speech moved the

audience. f-1"<\IJm- '>"1"1-1- S'Y:"''..-~1 {I
"""" )I]

3. A11
f"''.)IJ. The lawyer made an
eloquent plea to the judge. mO:J'm- 11-'!:;'m-
11\11 ' f"''.)IJ ' h0.-1>.;1' ' h.,.<'.O

else S'IIOIIIU'
Hurry, else you will be late. Lm1 OA l S'll
OIIIU' ll'l'l- S'A<i:117A
anybody else t\.1\

(UD

Is anybody else here? Mlll 1\.11 lim- h

II l
anywhere else t\.1\

(l;J-

Can't we meet anywhere else? i\.1\

(l;J- r A

11<;'t h'>l-A9" l
everybody else &fto'r ! i\.~ I fT+<;.-l-

Everybody else has gone. &11-9"

~~A

o-tt (11.

II-~' ~S'.'I'A)

elite <1!1..The students are the elite of the society.

1-"''&P'~

else

r-.11.,..,. 1111 <111..- <;:fm-

ellipse [""A<;:<; '"L'i: l\11-A fll') fl\1<1111A

:j-ell" film- h11 )1C]

elocution
I. f1"1"1C 'I-9"UC'I-. Elocution used to be
taught in high school. f1"1"1C 'I-9"UC'I- 0
IJ.I\1":;' I S'.<'.)f ' 'I-9"11C'I- ' 0.'1- ' .1'-11'1' ' )OC

2. 'lCIIJ'"IC. The actor's elocution is impeccable.

f-1"'1'<;1' 1"1"1C f-1""1&- )ID<

elongate (vt.) hll<'.H""

If you can elongate the string, it can cover the
distance between the two poles. -JOP~'l J 11
;f'{l<(."I!ODID< 0 IJ.I\-1>9" 0 9"111\jP:f 0 ;J 0 .('.S'.C
<\A
elongate (vi.) 1"110
A rubber band will elongate easily. IIlith
0_,.1111- .1'-IIIJA

It is all right with me if it is all right with

everybody else. 111"4>-1-'1- 1 &II- h-l"ll"''"'' l\
~ ' "IS'.II't9"
everything else f+t'.LtD-

11-/r

I'll take everything else. fi"<'.LfDo'> &II- l\

~

l\IDll-'!11&

how else

I. l\1"1-'LS'll. Did you come to Lalibela by

plane? How else? l\1\.IJII fooaJum- Oh

ID<r:'!'ll1

)IJJ<

l l\'1"1-'LS'lll

2. l\11.'1-. How else would you get to Ethiopia

if you didn't fly? 1Jm-t=TII1 IJAII') m

S'. 1\..'1-f-t:S' ' l\11.'1- ' OD"IIJ'I- .1'-ii'IIA!

nothing else t\.1\ I v-Jr 1 1\.1\
~"- 1\.
II (9"19" 1\.11) f9"wt-m- P'tl- fll't9"
or else .fllH..f
Run or else you will be late. -1-'1' I S'IIIU'
ll'l'l- S'A<i:117A
*Do it or else! '1-l-w&.m- 1 mf'~tl

I have nothing else to do today.

379

elsewhere

someone else A.-\ (laJo

Is someone else here? 1\.1\ (lm- AflU hi\ ?
what else 1\.l\ 9'""}
What else do you want to take along? 1\.1\
?"'t J!.HII A'l-~.1:- '1-.t.A;>IIll l
Where else 1\.1\

;J

f+

Where else did you go? 1\.~ :> f'l- ~.1:-h ?

[See also 'anything, nobody, somewhere']

elsewhere
I. II.~ ll;t-. We'll have to look around elsewhere. 1\.~ tl;f- oo.t.ll"l J!.'l'C11<;A
2. 1\.~:>. If you don't like it here, we'll go
elsewhere. J!.ll't't {l;f- IJAID~.I:'hw- 1\.
~:>

l\'t~J!II't

C J!.A!J- 0-1:1\.G:'t f"7.m.,..,.. (ll":f 0

h"'/.611 )!.0~11h.11~~

The scientist elucidated his theory by a few

experiments. f{)J!.'t(l. II.!J- 61'(1 .h{)R-'t
0'1'4:'1- ou-h~l":Y. h11~~

i'~

aJI1J

Women have been emancipated from many

old restrictions. ll..f<:Y. h11rt- f'l''t'l- A"''
P.:f )l\ ID'I'of-'I'A

emancipation
1. ~~ ou(l)-llJT. Emancipation of the slaves
is no longer a live issue. fQC'~ ~ i-2\ ' ootiJa
"1'1- flo-). '1..11. 'I'<; '1--'!J!. h.J!.~II?"
2. fl\11-A)'I- oo11'1- "'1"11'1-. Emancipation of women is necessary for progress. flL.Y.
:Y. f~h-A)'I- oP11'1- "'1"11'1- 11~1:1
~ ' h.M.II'I..' )w-

emasculate
prisoners . .1:-r: ~ii<:'I':Y.'t J!.(IAR- )0C
2. faJ'}.t!'i'+ ' m~ ' 1~1\. A domineering
mother can emasculate her sons. "1'.ell;,;: ' h~
'1- fiD'tP.:f A]t.!f!'t fiD't.i:-)'1- ID~f'f
w-'t A'I-1.1:-A '1-:Y.IIII:Y.

embalm

~'t'!J.'..I.Cil

oo.l:-;>~'1- h.~10'1-

The Egyptians embalmed their dead before

burial. "111l\w-f't ou-:f"'t't hoo!J-O~'fw-
04.'1- ' ~'t'!J!..I.C(l. OD.i:':'k'l- h~l:1-fJ'f'I'A

elude
I. h.;f-1111. The brigand eluded the police and

escaped . .,."'''i'w- Tll.(l.'t h.;f-11- t..oollm

2. OHf. h.oollm. The sly fox eluded the
dogs. 11A"l 11At!l- .,.01!' hw-lfw- OH
f. t..oollm:Y.
3. m<f.. His name eludes me. {lD'P" .&mof.;;:'A

elusive f"''J!...,O'I'
The elusive enemy got away. f"""f.a;t.Omm-
ml\.r J\ooflm

emaciate

be emancipated

1. (tf\fl. In former days, they emasculated

3. r+r 1't1C. There are more telephone

users in the U.S. than elsewhere. hf'l-?" h1

elucidate

embarrass

The embankment protects the road from

flooding. "1.1:-R- ""1'1-'!.'t 1-C'i' l\'t-'!1'1'11
.,_A.,_w- J!.Mhi\A

embargo "'1111'
The government put an embargo on all foreign
vessels. OO't"IP'., O"''<;'fw-?" faJo'Jl' M
c ooch11 ' 1\J.'. ' "'11)f

h~l:1

embark ooch11 of-{)4.<:

Jtoo~oo~

Hunger emaciated the survivors.

embankment "1.1:-11

h,..+ f+t:.

#-'1-'t <:;'11 h.OO't?")!f'I'A

be emaciated oP)OD)

He was emaciated by a long illness. l\Cfl.. 011

,. ' '1..11. ' moo?" ' OD't?"S:A

emanate
1. .,..f.)m+. Light emanates from the sun.
11CY't hP.hJ!. J!.ol.)m:J'A
2. ODifJ. A faint smell emanated from the
kitchen. h.'t.l:- ~J!.)'I- 1i:f" h"''.!:-0..,
00"1

emancipate )l\ h.ID"l l h.C)'I- h.ID"l

The soldiers embarked at Massawa.

'fi ?"6'1' 1\j!. OOCh11 of-{)4..'1-

ID:l"~C'

embark on l'out:
He embarked on a new business. hllll ' f'l..,
~

JP&-

l'oP~

embarrass
1. h.ltL~. The teacher's comments embarrassed
the child. h.(lof-"''<laJo f(lmw- h.(lof-ff'l-
A)!:'t ' h.{).l.<:w-

2. :t-c 'hfl:1". You didn't embarrass me in the

slightest. ?"'t?" !J-c h.l\(llli'{
3. h.(l<;hll. Lack of trucks embarrassed the
army's movements. fooh..fl lllfl-T 1 fm;J-F..

Lincoln emancipated the American slaves in

-1-'t ' l\'t!J-(1:1'11. h.(l<;hllw-

1863. OI;5J:~i ~.?".1\.'ti>A't fh."'/.<<IJ't't fJC'

:Y. )l\ hiD"' (h.C)'I- hiD"!)

4. ( ~ pass.) 1-'1'1<:. +Lack of money embarrassed him. 01'tH11 l\tn'l- 1-'1'1<:

380

embarrassing

embrace
his reputation. hl\S'..&- 01\.:J-fDo (hh"l"OCQtl

be embarrassed hd.l.

I was terribly embarrassed when my child

insulted the teacher. A)!". h!IT"'/tlfDo1 1\.
c'l.(-11 fl"'9" hLC!J.

fDo) ' ;>C ' OD'f'l\- ' 11'i'fDo1 ' h.,..S'..LfDo

embitter
I. }<,oo,:.:. The expulsion from the club
embittered him greatly. hhO!I- ODfDo"'-1> of!

embarrassing
1. hit~. He persisted in asking embarrassing
questions. hftol.tl 'l'.l'<l:l"":f oumf411 .,.

ft' h_out:;t;(IJ-

mil

2. hiiH~. The death of her only son embittered the woman. .1'1Y: A~'l' tn>'l"-l- ll.-l-

2. f"'L..'il"'-1:,0. It was an embarrassing situation. f"'L..'il"'-1:,. tJ-~:1- ~nc

1'-'1'1 hiiH'i'-lembitter asainst hhmt\

embarrassment l\-rt:-lHis financial embarrassment kept him from

buying a share of the company. f11Hofl l\
-r.:-l- f!J.Q1.1'fDo1 hhl\.1'-1 l\1.0:.1'-1~
hS'..t:1fDo
to one's embarrassment

*To my embarrassment, I spilled my coffee.

!1-'i'fDo 1\.L!Iofl'S hLC!J.

embassy 1..9"QI\.
Where is the American embassy? fh01J.6lt"}

1..9"QI\. ' f-l- ' ~,. !

The divorce embittered him against all women.

'i'~fDoll.-l'":f1tJ-II-h!lml\fDo

be embittered +oot::t:

The old man was embittered by the loss of all

his money. 11"7"11\.fDo 011011- oo-rol.-l- -1oo,:,:

emblem
I. 9"111\.. The dove is an emblem of peace.
l\C"Iofl fM9" 9"111\. ~":f
2. hC"7. The emblem of the school is a lion.
f-l-9"UC-l- 0.-lo hC"7 h1011 ~,_

embattled f-f-oulf1
The Suez Canal has become an embattled
frontier. fil'll11 llf. mc'l). f-f-tn>lf1 II"S:A

embodiment hChf
He is the embodiment of generosity. fii:>M

embed (embedded)
I. 1~Q. The mason embedded the tiles in
cement. "110.,,. m-!1-1 01\."7.1-1' 1~q,.
2. -1-hll. He embedded the spear in the
ground. tn-1-1 ou.:.-l- 1\f. 1-hl\

embody (embodied)
I. .I'H. This book embodies all the necessary
information. 1-IJ r oPX"dt'i: +Lt\"1. oot.,'fit'"f.
1 IJ-11- f.I'H ~,_
2. hl\(fDo). The latest cars embody many new
features. n:tcn- ' fmm- ' oPIJ.'i'l"":f ' of!H- '

embellish
I. h!l"l.m I l\IIDDt:. She embellished her dress
with a golden belt . .,."7.!1.1 me:,.., orr~
"""-~' h!l"l.m":f,. (/<oiiDDt:":ffDo)

2. .,.QQ. He embellished the story with

interesting details. :J-tlh-1 0"7..1'!1J'..!I-Io 11
C11C"":f ' .,.qq.,.

embers '1'9"
The fire has not completely gone out. Some
embers are still left. l\11-1> Ll'i:'l" hAmol.
9" l ,.,.,: ' '1'9" ' l\11

embezzle h"l"flt:O.:
The bank clerk embezzled ten thousand
dollars from his bank. fQ1!J. 11"""- hQ1
!J. OJPC i(U of!C h"l"Ot:Ot:

embezzler hU 01\.:J- 1 h"l"OCQtl

His association with the embezzler blemished

-l- hChf

~,.

h.O:JI..!I ' ~1C"":f ' hll-'l''l'fDo

3. 1AK. The sculptor embodies an idea in

marble. :tcw ,,:,. dtll!l-1 Ol\ofl~ o

t:Y: l\"711.1'-~-l- .1'-111\l\A

*The Constitution embodies Jefferson's ideas
on government. )';LCc'l1 !Ill ""1"11"-lo n
Ot:fDo ' dtllofl ' O.h1 ' OD1"1JP-Io ' fDoil'l' '
c'I<;:Z:A

*The Emperor embodies the nation in his

person . .,~.,.. a ~1P'.-,.. 1 ,..,.Vr v1c ~membolden hS'..oi.Lt:
The cheers emboldened the boxer. "l"ofl"'-Q
,_ 11-tn..,,_, l\S'..oi.Lt:fDo

embrace
I. h.,.L. The father embraced his child
before going to work. hQ-l-\1-fDo mY. JP
&-

htn>'t-'1. O.L-l- A)l:1 h.,.L

eminence

381

embroider

2. fH. Biology embraces botany and zoology.

talks. 01"1"1-1- 1.11. Mil" :h'l.ll hlt

Qf-11-:( ft!61''1-<; \'7.11111'1- '1'<;'1-1 f.f.~A

3 . .,.m+oo(o'l-). She embraced the chance to
make a trip to Europe. mS'. t.m-t:;r 1\DD'i
11 f.:>m.,'l-1 t!F:A .,.m+oo:Y.O'I4. .,..,.011. Ethiopia embraced Christianity in
the fourth century. h..'l-!'kf q,:..,.>;'m-
h'i'll HOD') fhell'l-<;1 '""''~"'~- .,..,.
01\:Y.
5. OS'.II;f- .,.4'011. The farmers embraced the
idea of cooperative work. 10t.l"'Jl f'lilG'I') P't- OS'.II;f- _,.4'011-'1embrace (reciprocal) .,.:J-4'4The two girls embraced. IJol\-1> A'I/:1GP.:Y.

ofl hA4'G011"

.,.,...,.+-

embroider
1. mi\.C.. She embroidered his name on a
handkerchief. !lou-') ODDdtGofl llf. mil
I.:Y.
2. 4'QQ. He embroiders the story of his arrest
every time he tells it. Ill\ oo fit- qm,:. 4!'1'
e f.4'QQ1'A

embroidery 'I'A'i'
Embroidery costs more than plain cloth.
'I'A'i' hAoo-'1' <I>.C'I> f.A'J> f.mS'.~A

embroil "'ll

l hll1Q

The tax question embroiled the country in a

civil war. Mile .,.~,_ Mtl;t') 7.ell
Oell fl'e)'lo m-11'1' "111'1-

His pride embroiled him in squabbles. 11-t--1>

h'l'"""'' T"'l-"1''1- hll1Qm-

embryo 'liA
The embryo grows inside the uterus. 7iA f
"'UF:1fDo ' 0.,'161 ' fDoll'l' '

)ID-

emergency (emergencies), n.
I. hll'f\>.f. 1.11.. Do you think he could act
quickly in an emergency? Qil~ trt.
1.'1''1" 7.e!l"'l/: f"''..miiF: f.DDllAYA l

2. hll'fl>.f. IJo~;J-. The present emergency

hil:f\1.1. Qo).
overrides other matters.

y,..,.

;J- hl\.11-'tl "1-~I':Y. 11-11- f.OA"'A

3. F:')1.,.;;o !l"h1J''I-. The doctor was called
away on an emergency. dth.,... OF:11.,.'i'
!l"h1!'1- .,.me-r- ~l!..A
4. F:11.,.., hS'.:>. I keep a first aid kit in
my car for use in an emergency. A~'11,.~
hS'.;> 7.1'1.11'') 0.,11'1- fOD"f.OD;lf 7.e
~;J- DDF::>t'l- ooh.<;\1. m-11'1' hll4'9""1
.
1\l}o

in case of emer1ency ..(;'l1T;;= I;.~;J fl.

S'.ell

In case of emergency, call the doctor. ..t!-.,.1-t~ 1

hS'.:> O.S'.ell dth.oo-1 '1'<1state

Of

emergency ft{l~

I. J'S'..:>. Pull the emergency brake! fS'.;> 'i't.

') '111
2. liS'.;> 1.11. f"''..ll'1. The theater has no
emergency exit. tf'l-e 0.-1> liS'.:> 1.
rt. f"''..ll") - - fllm-11"

3. f"''..J'II'flfoA. He put the emergency plan

into execution. f"''..J'll'flfollm-') 7.:J>F: OP'
to llf. h1'1\m4. F:')1.,.'i'. This fund is intended for emergency use only. f.U 11Hofl IIF:11.,.>;' m
Q;l.

ofliJ' f_,.ODJ'.O )fDo

emigrant M-1-1 '1-+

emerald [ofl-1-U hG1'iS'. 0"111" m-F: f

emigrate

F:1;>f.]

emerge
I. ofl'l> hi\. The moon emerged from behind
the clouds. "'-G:J-1' hJ'.oo<;m- Oll-t-:\11 ofl
"'. hii:Y.

2. .,.11111. The facts emerged slowly. 7.m-)-l>

7.J'S'.e _,.11111
3. 4'GO. No new ideas emerged during the

"J.f'L

emergency (adj.)

emend 7.1'1.11.,., hF:ei hlflfll

He emended the text for the students. 1\.,..,tll"
'Jl ' fOD.,;lfm-') ' ODK"m'i' ' 7.1'1.11.,., ' hF:
Ci hlflfll
II')

The Emperor proclaimed a state of emergency.

,.,.., )1P'1: fll'fl>.f. 1.11. 01'~ om)!:

f"''..~F:

(1m-

Each emigrant must obtain an exit permit.

M-1-1 '1-+ f"''..~F: (lm- ff.ll'i' m.:
.,.,.. .,.,.,.,.. hl\0'1.,.{IJ'.J'.

In recent years many people have emigrated

from Europe. o:J>eofl 'lOD,.,.. oflrt- (ll"
:Y. hhm-l!';r _,.M1'A

Many people emigrated recently to Australia.

n:J>cn- ofln- (ll":Y. mS'. t.m-11'1-tl-11..1'

.,.MJI.
eminence
I. (f)h'i';J- fl;f-. We viewed the city from an

eminent

382

eminence across the river. hm'ltr- 1 '1?f'1C r

fill h'i';l' P;J- ~f. 11n h.,...,.,.~ .,.
oPI\h..,.~

2. i!\'1>:,.. He achieved eminence in the medical

profession. O.hh!l"'i" ,..., .:-.4':,. h17
1. 11i'~. Henry was an eminent writer.
Y.~& 11H' ~&-(1. )0C
2. fl\+. Washington was eminent both as a

general and as a President.

'1'11~.,.,.~

0:(~&-&\

)_,9" If) OTMI.-'1~:,.)_, f~4' )0C

3. htj:. 1 Ylt. The general rendered eminent
services to his country. :(~&-11- ~1~ h
"' fl\ h1&\"lll-..,. d.l\oP

emissary (emissaries) ou&>t.h1"'i'

The Emperor sent emissaries to various
foreign countries. 'l.,..IP r "i1P'"': r m~ ~ A'- 1
&\!'- ' ftlJdi!" ' h1t:"'f ' OD&\J.h1-'l'"'f ' ~~~-

emit (emitted)
I. hi\&-"'-. The sun emits light and heat.
D.hf. 11Cn'i" ,_.,..-,. ;f'(l&-"'111";f
2. 114'4'. The child emitted a loud scream.
a.n. h'i' fll
114'4'

..,.of..

emperor .,.,..IP i'1P'."fThe emperor hands out degrees at every graduation. 01-"'l&l"';f !l"~:l' P') P'C't:,.
~,. v-11- ").,..... )11"., -'1."I& f.I\"111The emperor of Japan is a marine scientist.
f)l";r"t "t.,_.., )11":,. fiJ.hC 11.'1> <;'fm-

eminent

3.

empire

.,.,1i..,.

A volcano emits smoke and ashes.

1.{)1" ' 1'/"6- ' m.il'i" /;ODJ': f-1-'f.&\

emotion il"''.:,. 1 :,.,:..'!> il"''.:,.

He couldn't hide his emotion. il"''..,~ 11.~11
'I> h&\!J'I\9"
Her voice shook with emotion. h:,..:-.'1> il"''.
:,. f1")"1 J':!l"!l. 41C'l' 41C'l' f.&\ )0C

emotional
I. il"''.:,."t f"'1.4'1\'l>il l il"''.:,.~ f"''.)to. The

Emperor made an emotional appeal to his

nation. "t.,..., )11"., il"''.:,."t f"'1.4'1\'l>il
(f"''.)to) "t"I"IC ll.h111J'fm- h~~.,_

emphasis P'~ )1C

Morality was the emphasis of his speech. ..,
11~ 111):,. f1"1"1~ P'~

)1C )OC
lay emphasis, put emphasis 1unfl+

Some schools Jay special emphasis on language

study. h~'l~J': :,.rue:,. a.-r-:Y. fllnlln
:,.!l"uc:,. fm11:l'II-

In reading, our teacher puts emphasis upon the

important words. hil1""'1&f"f1 {l.f)11 'I'
<; 'l''i"tJJo"t flf).:,. :1'~:,.

fm11:l'&\

emphasize
I. h'1'11.f. 1"'i"1~ l 0"1!1" h<'l<'lO. He emphasized the importance of careful driving. O'l'"t
:J'-1: ' ill\' OD")-'1:,. hiiL~1.):,.' h'1'11.f. ' 1"'i"1~

The great number of accidents emphasizes

the need for careful driving. f~;Jl"';f 0"1
9" 0011~:,. 0'1'1:1'-1: fOD"t-'1:,.1 hilL
~1.)..,. 0"1!1" fl)iiiJ&\

2. h'l-~. His new tie emphasized the age

of his shirt. h-'1.11- h&-'li:,. flf"''.ll-1 he

'J!:<;

h'l-~

3. h:>U. He emphasized the word by saying

it very loudly. 0"1!1" ""~ 0oP'i"1C
:1'11-"t

/;,;J))IIl-

emphatic
I. f'l-~. Did you notice the emphatic
contrast between black and white? 0'1'41C'i"
0)"1" outoh&\ fl\lll-1 1'1-~ &\1'):,. h
ftl!

2. Oil"''.:,. 1"1'1-'i'.f- f1"~~1. An emotional

decision is often a wrong decision. flil"'+ 1 ..,..

2. ( = adv.) O"'I;Jn. His emphatic reply

showed his determination. O"'l:>n fl\m

1'1-'i'.f- f1"~~1 m-l)~ 1lltlll-1 1.U f

1"<'l<'l1" tJJol)~ )lll-

Ill- '

3. C'r~'r. Emotional people are likely to cry

if they hear sad stories. C'r~'r 1\l":Y. f
"''.f<'l11"t mt. (1.1\""' llfl\'1>11- hf-4'~!1"

4. II"~ 'lif. She is an emotional woman,

easily upset by any disturbance. If~ IJlf
......,. .,..,. 1 04'~11- :,.o<'l"'AII"'f

empathy
*He listened to his friend's worries with empathy. f'i~'i'tJJo"t "f"IC 1.1~&-11- hJ':C
1 h'IDDm

DD&\il ' .,.6-'1').,") ' /;{)f

emphatically h'l'11.f.
I will have to deny that emphatically. f11
h'1'11il oP:J'tD!I" hl\11'5

empire
I.
)11":,. .,~:,.. England is the
center of an empire. fh"t"ll\.11 h1C f"t

n.,_..,

J': "t.,_.., )11":,. "1~:,. h!1"11C:,. )m-

2. .,~.-,.. The Roman empire stretched over

continents. ft:!l" .,~.-,. Ohtl.,_&-:,. ~f.
1-il'f.'i'.f- )OC

383

employ

3. h'i' 1fl o-n+. He built an oil empire

for himself and his sons. fl~""" fiA;i('li h'i'
1fl fHI-'1- o-n+ hh"'l'f
employ

I. .,.m.:. This factory employs a thousand

workers. f.ll 4-fl<IIJ lf.ll .,~-1-'l'";f .,.'l';,:A
2. 0 - - -Mfl1fl. You employ a knife, fork and
spoon in eating. 11'1-011 00.11'1' Oif.IJ"
0"'1"111..1' 'l-1fl111flll
be employed lP6-

Where are you employed? f+ +"'~fill I

employee "'~-1-'i'
The employees object to long working hours.
"'~-1-'l''li 1111- ll't'l- ""P'~'I-"1 f.:J>m
"'Ill-

employer hU'<I I .,."1<1

The employer refused to acknowledge the
union. hU'<IfD- fU'~-1-'I''Ii"l "'1'10C hll
OJ-~?" ' hfl

He takes great pains to please his employer.

.,.flJ&m-"1 fl"'lll.l'.ll'l- 1111- f...,):J'A

employment
I. P' ~- What kind of employment did you
finally get? oou..,t:lf ?""! 'tf.)'l- P'~
1>11"11 I
2. ""~me. He was busy with the employment
of new help. h.C:.Il .,~-1-'l'"'f"l oou~m
c -1-m?"P.. )OC
*Full employment keeps a country prosperous.
rJoll- lim- 1\."'~ h1C '1-0fll';;>fl";f
employment agency fllof>flJ6 .e-c~:,.

Employment agencies help workers find jobs.

...~-1-'l'"'f ,..~
l\"l'lf1'F f.t:-'111-

111.,."1& .r:c~"'f

out of employment JP 6-

LT

These men are out of employment. MILII 1'1

,...,. P' ~

1.'1- .,...,,..

empower P'AflJ"I l'lm

The boss empowered the secretary to sign
certain papers. hfl:l'm- h"I'I"IY: MP.."'f"l
faol.t:?" P'AflJ"! {ll\..,.Lm- l'lm

empress
I. l\1:1.. Empress Menen visited the church.
l\1:1. OD)") IJ.T hCil-1:1)."1 ' 1-0'F
2. "I"IP'T )1P':f'+. Empress Zawditu preced-

ed Haile Sellassie on the throne. "I"IP'-1' )1

P':f''l- Hm-'l., f)1.,..'1- h.,.-'1"'1'1! '11fl P'llll. o.t.+ )m-

emulate

empty (emptied), vt.

I. h;>q. Please empty this tank! l-11"1 oc
"''.A h;>qm2. 1AOm. The maid emptied the water out
of the bucket. 1<:-'l., hqA.c:.m- <D-11'1'
OJo~m-"1 1t10m"'f
3. hl.l'll'l. Empty the coffee grounds in a
garbage pail! 4'1flf "'lm~.,."''..1m- qA
'l <D-11'1' fR-.. m-"1 h-1'11 h'i'l'l<D4. S'.ol.. The wastepaper basket is full; take it out
and empty it! f4'1flf m.:.,.+ "'lm~.,."''..1
m- ~C""l'l- llfl'l"ll hfD-'1'-1'11 Y:o!.m5. Q;L.l\m. He emptied a glass of milk in one
gnlp. h"!JI-"I 11C"l'"4' m-1-+ q"l.r: +
"14.11 ..,flmmempty (vi.)
I. qp.. II'). The hall emptied in five minutes.
h'l~if. q?"ll'l- S'.<l::l' <D-11'1' qp.. II')
2. Lflfl. This river empties into the ocean.
f.ll m"!11 mS'. m-~1'/'11 f.l.iiA
be emptied qy..

+t.

The hall was emptied in ten minutes.

OOP'C S'.<l::l' OJoil'l' qp.. .,..:

h'l~if.

empty (adj.)
I. qp.._ Do you have an empty box? qp.. "1'1'
"I hflll I
I wouldn't drink on an empty stomach.
oqp.. II'S'. hAmflJ?"
2. +c.,.?" fll.flm-. These are empty words.
MILII '1-C"I-?" fl\.ll'fm- :l'll'l- "
'fOJo
3. "l'"C 1fl. We walked along the empty
streets of the city at night II.!\.'I- "l'"C q(l+ ' fhT"'/OJo ' OD"!1P.."'f ' 1\f. ' -1-H'I'aJC"I
empty-handed
I. qp.. l\)1:"1. I sent the servant to the market,
but he came back empty-handed. h "lih-1-"I
mS'. 101 11Ahm- qp.. l\)1:"1 -!'aofl(l
The ambassador came back
2.
from his mission empty-handed. h?"qiiS'.o~-
h-1-llhO'I- ' ilf..,...OJ- ' T0Dfl(l

il,_.,..,,.._

emulate
I. ao(lfl. The proverb tells us to emulate the
industry of the ant. ?"ill\.m- o+:>'I- .,."!'I
"!"! l\"!Y:"!aollA f.)"lt:"A
2. -1-m'IS'.t:. The artists of New York now
emulate those of Paris in achievement. ftm-
\'"Ch hC-tllof-";f q.,."! "Lrt. f;r&(o'li"!
f.aJ-'1~11-

enable l'.llil'll
Resilience enabled him to leave the hospital
in a week. 0-f-11- oo-'1). htrll"I;;f-A Q"}
1: ll!l""t'l- m-11-r II""<D-"1'1- l'.llil'llmbe enabled il'll
When the workers came back, the company
was enabled to resume bus service.
,; ' 0-f-oPII~ ' '1..11. ' 11-Q"} ,..,.. ' f h-1111 l'.~A"/11-_,"} 11.4''1'A il'll

.,..&-,.,.

enable to get hfJ'A

This experience should enable you to get a

f fP &- tvr'rY: F.."l'l
good position.
S'.t.if ill> ' f<D-AYA

,.u

enact
I. l'.IIIIL. Congress enacted a bill to lower
tariffs. P"hC IL., 4't.'l'"t IIDP4'~ll f4'
t.Om-"t .b"/ l'.IIIIL
2. 0-l:.l''l-'1- <D-11'1' WI!-. He enacted the part
of a judge. 0-l:.l''l-'1- <D-iiT 1."}1. -'l'i' II"
If"

IP&-

(be) enamored -J-)f.L

The prince was enamored of her beauty.
AIJ-11- O<D-0:1: -f-)f.L
become enamored mYJ.

This is the young lady with whom he became

enamored. frof.-'1'1- tD"''l- f.ll:f <;'lencamp liLt.
The army encamped in the valley. 11''1- lf114'
Ill"

aJo{liJ'

encounter

384

enable

(tLt:,

enchant
1. 0"111" hllf.il-1-. Her voice enchanted us.
1:11"!1. ' 0"1!1" ' );llf.{l-f-"}
2. Ol'.ll"7'l- -1-0-1-0. The witch enchanted the
prince. m"t!l/f.'l' AtJ-fr"} Ol'.ll"7'l- -1-0
-t-o:fmbe enchanted fll.(l;f"

..,.'fffi

She was enchanted with the flowers he sent her.

OIIM'l- l'.OIJ OS'.ll;f- -1-'l'm:f
enchantment f"7.."7Ch m-o'lThe moon gave a certain enchantment to the
place. =t.:J-'1' 11(1;1-<D- f"7.."7Ch m-0
'l- nm:fmenchantress l'.ll"7-t-'i'
The enchantress held the prince in thrall.
l'.ll"7-1-'i''l' Ao-tr"t h~A:>f.'l' hf.t.~:fmencircle
I. hOO. The enemy encircled our troops.
mil'l- ro;f-f.l:i#':f"t"t hOO

2. l'l.. The earth encircles the sun.

B.hf."} 'l-Pil-11:f

ou~:,.

enclose
I. l'..l'f.p ilh. I enclosed the newspaper clipping you wanted. fLII"!"JitJJo"} ll"d..'i' h:>
11."1 4'f:J>;. l'.ff.1f: Ah.AYIIO.
2............. Don't seal the envelope yet. I have
a letter to enclose. f9"...,9"t.<D- 1.11-'IIL II
1111'S l'.9"PAII-"t l'.;J-1i1m3. lfL). We enclosed the baby's crib with

mosquito netting. f:t..t').'J h&\;J nwq

"t'S DPho\hf DP(.11 lfL)<D4. hmt.. He had to enclose his garden with a
wall to keep goats out. 'i'fll-:f 1."t-'IJ'.~Il-
.1''1-hA'l- P;f-<D-"} 0"/!1"11 "7mC "If:
tr)O'l-

enclosed (adj.) -1-.l'f.P f"''..~'S

Enclosed is the sum still due you. -1-.1'f.P '
f"7..~1"m- nn11 hll.ll o.t.'l- .l'&\-1-hLIIll
)<Dbe enclosed _,.hflfl

The valley is enclosed by high mountains.

ifll.f>m- llt.if~P" -1-il-il-lP:f -1-h!J.A

enclosure
I. hAA. There are many sheep in the enclosure. OhAir m-11-r 1111- ll'l:f l'.tr
2. ..,.,..&.1. Those cages are enclosures for the
monkeys. 1'1ittm- 11.-1'-:f 1111"t)!l:lP,; "7
1-t..l' ' <;:fm3. "1-t.-:'. Keep the ram in the enclosure!
0"1-"t 1."!-(.-:'<D- l'.ll~Qm4. ( = to enclose) "7mc. The enclosure of the
yard with a high fence costs a lot of money.
"!ll<D-"t ot.~P" hTC "7mC 1111- no
11 f.mf.:I"A
5. l'.llt.. The enclosure that was said to be in
the letter was not there. hf-11-'IIL<D- :>C h
II f-1-QII<D- hilt. l'.Afl1"P"

encompass
l. hOI!. The atmosphere encompasses the
earth. ll'I'<D- DP~'l-"t J'.hiJ;f-A
2. l'.m:J-1111. His education encompasses many
branches of knowledge. f~ 'l-P"llC'l- ofi
It- f6tJJo4''l- ~C"t""lG::f"t .l'm:l"AIIA

encounter (v.)
I. h;JmDP(m-). +On my trip, I encountered
many difficulties. 0"1-P\1. ilf. 1111- :f"/c l'.:>
moo'S

encounter

end

385

I encountered an old friend on the train.

fY:r: '1.1'-.,..IL"t <UN: 1\Y. h;>moo't
2. +;Jmtnt. We will encounter the enemy at
dawn. m'IT"t 1.ft {1.</'Y: l.'l:>mDD'I'II'I
encounter each other +111JmoP
The two enemies encountered each other in
the street. 11-11-1< '1'11~1- floo")~Y: 1\Y.
+111Jmoo-

encounter (n.)
I. "'"'."T. In the encounter at Gura, the
Egyptians suffered heavy losses. fl'l-&- ' "1"1."
:,. 1\Y. "'ofU<:f ofll!- 'l-JIT .I'.G(lq'fmo
2. oo~<;'f .r. The encounter of the Emperor

and the Egyptian president was cordial.

f'l'l-"' )~P'-I<o; l"''ofiK" Tt.H.JI"tT ""~
o;'f:,. hAofl f"")"" )flC
3. flY:"t~.r "1"1'f.r. Our encounter with the
famous actor was exciting. f;I-OJ</'avt -t'l'o;
Y. UY:"t~T "1"1'f;J-:f") f"''.,..'ll.l'."t:J> )flC

encourage
I. h.I'-'1-.I.G. She encouraged the child to take

the bitter medicine. A1!: oot.&-tJJo"t ooY:~l

:,. 7."tJI.m"' h.I'.UG:ftJJo
2. l."tJI.If"t h.I'.G~tJJo. His lenient attitude
encourages the children to be disrespectful.
f"'U'/IftJJo AA)T A]('ll qll'/. 1-"tJI.If).
.f.I'.C:>'f'I'A

encouragement
I. "1flG;I-;I-T. He gave money for the encouragement of research. f!I"C!I"C 'l'o;:,.") 11"10
G:I-;1-T ~"tHofl (lm
2. "1.1'.'1-.I.C. Constant encouragement helped
the crippled child to walk again . .fA-t.,mfl
"1.1'.4-.I.C' 1iq,.' AJ!:' l,"),l'.~o; ' l,")JI.t.ODY: '
GJIID-

encouraging f"''.J'flG;f-;1I have heard very encouraging news tnday.

~"- fl"'!l" f"7..fflG;f-;f- IDt. (l"1o-

encroach, ,..., upon

1. T(l "IQ. The enemy encroached upon our
border. milT OJ(lo;:f")") 'l't\ ~q
2. ~-~-- The flooding river encroached on the
land. f'f"~fD- I aJ1'1f I aJF., I OU~ I 'Jtf..

encumber
I. hll~G. The girl's tight skirt encumbered
her when she tried to run. A1!::t: IIDDC'I'
IIT'I"hC mqofl 'l-C~ hll~,:..:,.
2. 6"t:J>'I-.r If). Rubbish and old boxes en-

cumbered the stairway. F.G)ftJJo 1\Y. .fll<-

.,.lflf'i' hC'/. "''l'"t 6"t:J>o!-.r If)
be encumbered
1. +-~. She was encumbered with a valise
and several packages. lf"t"'o; tt.fr>:f!l" oft
11- 'I':J>fr>:f -t"f."'i' ) nc
2. 1-.fH. The estate is encumbered with mortgages. Cll-1< floo.f"lf)T 1-Y.!I.A

encumbrance
I. 1-"'c. I wish I were clear of that encumbrance. hll..f :f"'c ofi~II~A l.OJY: )flC
2. 6"t:J>'I-.r. Too much luggage is an encumbrance. fl"'!l" ofll!- '111 6"t:J>'I-.r )<-

encyclopaedia 'i<-.1'. 'l'flofl

The names of many great men are found in
the encyclopaedia. foflll- :I-111\:J> (l!P:f II
!I" flOID-.1'. 'l'flofl <-11'1' (l't'<::A

end (vt.)
1. "'-"""'-"" 1 ODJ'.!/".1'."'1.,.1' )<-. He ended his
story with a proverb. ;I-& h-"t Oil"/Itt. "'-""

"'-"""'"
This quotation

ends the novel. '"" T:til :

fODK"dof. 0 OD,I'.II",I'."''.J' 0 )ID"
2. h'l'~"'l. hF.G(l. This was the battle that
ended the war. fi'CH"t h'l'~"'l. .f.I'.G(liiJo
_,_, ' f.l} ' )<3. h"'"" Let us end this fight! Y.tJ"t mofl
1,o;4111"
end (vi.) hll+ 1 1-.I.KOD
Won't this gossip ever end? Y.tJ hll-qA;I-
Hll'illll" h.fA:J>II" 1
Their insecure partnership ended in a quarrel.
f"1.fllof-"111"") 1ieho;'f<- llmofl -tuao
*That won't end well. Y.IJ ,....,G'If<- h
.fii"CII"
*The plan ended in failure. fD"'I'). IIY.IIII
4'G
end up

H you continue to steal, you will end up in

prison. ODIIG:J>IJ"t h</'mAh """"GiftJ
l.IIC ILT y..ro;A
be ended
I. hi-"". The fledgling democratic movement
was ended by the war. .fAmo;..,. f.<'.'l"ht-{1.
"t:J>o;4: flfi'Ct.r h-too
2. 1-.I'.ODt'lt'l. Piracy was ended by the king's
navy. fq.nc 'If. 11C.l..f fl"t'l-.,.. vq.n
C ' 'if.A o of-,I'.OD{l{l
[See also 'failure1

end

386

end (n.)
I. """'-t:lf. To whom does the house at the
end of the street belong? hoo"J1~ ouQ;t.t:'if
1\,1'. flltJJo fL.} f"71 ~(JJo !
I'll pay you the balance at the end of the month.
am~ """'-t:lf 4'tlm-"t >.ho;:A?IItJ2. "7-IN:J'. The demise of ancient Rome did
not mean the end of the Latin language.
f~'/" 0 OD'J'of..} ' fl\1;1 0 !1/1!1/ 0 "7ofl4:J' 0 1\
MR:9"
3. "7114:.1'. The Olympic runner showed signs
of distress toward the end of the race. ).IIJoF:F:
~ "7114:.1' 1\,1'. fl>II.'I"'I:h ~'f." h'i'
.I'll fF:I"J9" 9"Ah.} ;f-fR-l4. 'i'l\"'1.. The robber was jailed for life and
that was the end of him. 4'"7>;'tJJo 6F:"''.
Ah _,.L<:f.R.}'i' 'i'I\"'/.IIJo II')
5. OD'J'd.J' I 'i'l\"'1.. Another war would be the
end of civilization. l\.~ tnC~."f- rtootJJ
fP'A"'l!. ' OD'J'd.J' ' ('i'll"''.) ' ,l'.ll''i'A
6. ~'i'. Tie the two ends together! tJ-111>1 "A
o;: I\1F:).} >.llC
Put the glass at the end of the table! oflC'f/'-l'tJJo
1 m<:A.~IIJo ""A'i' 1\,1'. 1\114'9"'1'
Place the tables end to end! m.:A.~l"'in "A
o;: ' II""A'i' ' l\:>'1'"7'ftJJo
7. fHm-l-c dol\ofl. He has this end in mind:

to do his work without a mistake. P&-OY)

.I'll ll.n.,.-l- IIODP'tl--l- vnm:r.c doi\R-

)IIJo
8. 'l''i' "loft. His family's happiness was the
end for which he worked. fP'tl-tJJo ,1\"7
'l''i' "IR- fL.,. llR-1 "7llf.ll.} )RC
9 . .,..,qc, We should direct our efforts to
useful ends. 'l't::f"l-11 tJ-11- IIODAI"J9" .,.
"IQC "7'1'A l\llofl1
*He scolded her a bit and that was the end of it.
.}111 m4'1\.}'i' RILtJ- 1\0.4'
ends ltX"IJ't;:

His fame spread to the ends of the earth.

1f'i'11Jo >.llh 9" F:C 1\~'i''i' f.:(1
come to an end

endless
in the end OOD~l:'if
In the end, he agreed to go along with us.

Roo..,.,:lf h>;' :>C ll.'tF: .,. ....,

meet one's end fih.~aJi: 'i!K."' lf~
He met his end in battle. RtDCH: 1\,1'. f .n
,l'.OJ1>' 'i'l\"'1. ' II')
no end ofifto

A year in America will cost you no end of

money. Oh""L&lt h.1C ; m-n..- 1\'lS: 't-oo

-l- IIOD'l'C oflll" 11Hofl J'IILA:>A
(have) no end of "7114:.1' 1\A)Rt:tJJo'/"
+we had no end of trouble on the trip. 01-~tJJo
1\,1'. ,..,?-';f-1 "711-I:J' I\A)0:11Jo9"
put an end (to)

I. 1\-l'oo. Can't you put an end to these

squabbles? ,I'.U11 "1.'-l-'fl'-l- A;f--1'9" 1\-l';f-A'/"!
2. hllm1Y... We must put an end to corruption.
oflA11-l-1 "711m1F: l\llofl1
3. 1\114':. We must put an end to war. tDC)
.... ' "7114':.} ' l\llofl1
4. 1\mf.oo. A major war will probably put an
end to civilization. -l-A-'1> tDC).} P'A"'l!.
1 ' 1\J'OJF:'I" ' I\,1'.4'C9"

[See also 'bitter, extreme, far, mean, meet,

odds, rope, stand, tail, very1
endanger 1\1.:> 1\,1'. "'ll
He endangered his life by careless driving.
R"IF: fll11 1\MF: m,l'.mi:1 1\1.:> 1\
,1'. ' "'ll
endear .,.m'l"f: 1\1.:1
Her kindness endeared her to all of us.f."l):f:
R!Jol\';f-1 H1F: _,.m'l"f: 1\1.::>-lendeavor (v.) .,."1"1:

He endeavored to please his wife. otil4:'l

11"7111.(1.} ' -f-"1"1:

endeavor (n.) ODF:b9"
His endeavor to be elected was successful.
f\ODOD~T I ODJ.!"bOD- I oPA_f}9"" I fi:t'n") I J\il'l"f'
make every endeavor lf"h~

1. +Lx.oo. The meeting came to an end at

Please make every endeavor to be early l

last. lloflllQtJJo Roo"'-t:lf .,.LII,.,

2. 1\R-"'. The dynasty carne to an end as a
result of the war. P'COJ ""1"11"1> RtDC
)1> ' ll"h1J'.} ' 1\R-"'

ending 'i'K"''.
The story has a happy ending. f;f-tlh- 'i'l\"'1.
f"'LJ'IIf.ll.} )IIJo

for hours. on end Al:~,.. "l.tL

We stood in line for hours on end. 11:"1:9"
'1..11. RllA'i' -1'9"1

endless
I. "711-I:J' ffl.lltJJo. Her story was endless.
;1-tl'>. "7114:.1' ffl.lltJJo )RC

R.,.!I'IIU oom1 4'1.9" 11"711.} 'l"hC

endorse

387

2. ooy_oo&y<; oa..,_~lf fl\.1\a>-. A bicycle

chain is an endless chain. fll.llhl\.'1- IJ1:<;
ooy_oo&y<; oo..,_~lf fl\.1\a>- ~w-

endorse
I. 1\IU'...,.. Congress endorsed the President's
plans. ?"hC 11.1: I"Ttl.IJ..'I't1:"t 1.:f> .<:-
IIIU'.._,.
2. L~oo. Please [endorse the check! 'lih-"t
LC?"
3. DPJ'.1f."t 11\l\. The newspaper endorsed the
candidate. ;>11."11& 1.Q;Jr of'IDJIJI61&"t ""
J'.1f."t ' 11\l\

endorsement
I. .1:-;Jtt:. The mayor's endorsement helped
the candidate win the election. fh"t-f:qw-
.1:-;Jtt: ' of'ID'IJI&a>- ' II"C"il&"t ' 1."t'l..l'lf"ttt: '
~Jiw-

2. LC"7. I can't read the endorsement of

this check. fll.tl"t 'lih LC"7 "7"t011 II
A"i-AII"

endow
I. OJ'.I\. Nature endowed her wtth both
beauty and brains. of>L'I'C' w-O'l-<; 111.?"
C' O.I:-1).:1-IA
2. l-C':J- IIJ'.~1. The rich man endowed the
church he used to attend. Oil,._. II.,. f.
<\1\oP.,. 11~0~.,. 0.1- hCII1:Y"t l-C':J-
IIJ'.~1

endowment lltp:JThe college received a large endowment from

Mr. Jones. tol\.11: h"''.llof>C ]("til htt:
Yll lltp:J- 1117

endurance
I. ilC:J-'1-. He showed great endurance while
in the desert. 09".1:-~0Jiw- ' 1&11'1' ' 0~0~ '
1.11. :J-'I:f> ilC:J-'1- 11<\f
2. ouif'A. His endurance of the pain was
remarkable. f.bOD....., F:l'f. oolf'tt.-
f"''.YIIY."t:f> ~oc
3 . .1:-IJII""t ooif'A l 'l'"tlJ<I.. A runner needs
endurance. lf.'fl" .1:-IJII""t ooif'A ('l'"tlJ<!.)
YIILA1'1'A
have endurance HA+

His friendships have little endurance. 'IJ'.'h1:

1111- llf.HA:f>?"

endure (vt.) of>ollotoo

It takes character to endure calumny. do"''l-"t
1\oo>ol/ol/?" oo"tLII m"tlJ&-~'1-"t f.mf.:I'A

enfold
can endure ~A

He can't endure severe cold. '1f..ft.;;:

llf."i-A?"

11C.'!"

endure (vi.)

1. ;fw1/1.. If help doesn't come, we must

endure to the end. 1.CJI:J- lJAoo>"J 1.11h
OD....~lf.,. ' OD:J"1A ' 1\1\il"t
2. 'f'L:. Lincoln's name will endure forever.
fll."tloA"t II?" 1\HII'\119" f.<:' &-A

enemy (enemies)
1. mil+. Even his enemies respected him. mil
.,...; 1."tl>."t taU>~- Yhil>~-'1- ~oc
We attacked the enemy at dawn. '1-.h ..._.,.
1:

mil+,.

dJ;J~aJo

2. h"l'd.. Frost is an enemy of flowers. m-c-11' 1

YOP"io II'I'L ~.,.

energetic
I. :J-:1"&. We need an energetic leader.
:J-:1"& oo& YIILA1<;A
2. '!'il:f>. The parliament took energetic measures against crime. ?"he 0.1o m"tY..A"t
1\0Dh'\hA 'l'il:f> 1.C?")f IDIIJ'.

energy
I. .,.AO'l-. He has an excess of energy. bAh
YIIL -,.AO'l- 1111.,.

2. ~f.A. Electricity and heat are forms of

energy. to~"t-1:<; .,_.,.'!- f~f.A '\f.H
l- ' <;'fwHe's full of energy. ll-A1.rt. oa"tLII- ~f.
At; ' ~.,.
drain one's energy

h~hoP

The operation drained the doctor's energy.

.,.,_ ' '1'1<; ' "7.(-~-,. ' P..h1-"-"t ' 1\l.hOD.,.
[See also 'inexhaustible']

enervating 11.1:-IJ"''.
A hot climate is enervating. 'I":1''1- YfC
v-~:J- ' 11.1:-IJ"''. ' ~ ....

enfeeble IIJ'.boo
Sickness enfeebled him. 011:1" ' 1\J'.hOD.,.

enfold m.,.l\11
She enfolded the vase in cloth to keep it
from breaking. yoq "7II.,.OD"i.,. 1."t
-'lf.{l{lC OI'U.C:f> m+llll"i-wenfold in one's arms h+L

The mother enfolded her baby in her arms.

1.<;'1-1"'1' .bYI--"t 1\.,.L"i-"'"

enforce

388

be enfolded .,.1f L'i

What happened is enfolded in mystery. fll')
tD- )1C Oll"llm.C -l'lf'i!S:A

enforce
I. t.llhn<:. Policemen and judges enforce
the laws. ?"fl.{o";f<; J!~"'f ih"l ,l'llhii&-11The teacher enforced silence. oo,.-u~ KT
:1- t.llhn<:
2. t.m)h<:. The speaker enforced his argument
by adding details. of'<;;>&m- 11C"IIC <H:JjP"'f"J """""-""C "J"I"I~"J t.m)hl:
3. P'&-(0-l-). The judge enforced the letter of
the law. Jl"'m- ih"I-"J l'."J~-I'~.C.m- P'&-0-lbe enforced flP"&- 1'\f, ' cpA
This law has never been strictly enforced.
1-U ih"l O~"Jil OF&- 11.1'- m-i'fo t.J'
m-:r-9"
engage (vt.)
I. +m<:. We have just engaged a new maid.
1'0 t.o-"J t.JI.il 1<:~ +me"J
We engaged him for two concerts. o-11-l-
l>"JIIC-l- l'.")JI.oP&- +mC)tD.
2. .ffl. She engaged him in conversation.
nm&. .rn"'fm3. 1m"". Our soldiers engaged the enemy.
m:t-~r:i!'"'f"J m'l-l-"J 1m..,.-l4. lltnC)-l- t.ll"7&-. They engaged five divi
sions of troops. t.ll"ll-l- h'i!ll tnC lltnC
)-l- t.ll"7~
5. mM(O-l-). Tennis engaged all his spare
time. -J:tll -l-C'i! "l.tl.tD-"J o-11- mMn-l6. "7<:h. The book engaged his attention and
interest. ""l\'m4- mltll-1<; '1!'11-I>"J .,
<:hm7. ItO. I tried to engage his attention. l'."t-'1.
ODIIhof''S ' m/to-1 IIODI)ofl ' 'l"hCIJ.
8. :I'A 1fl. They engaged to meet again in
ten years. hOP'C ~-:,. 0:\'1 1'."11""'11
1 illltD- :I'A 111engage (vi.)
I. )hll. The gears engaged. "7Clf. )hll
2. 1'11"7&-. He engages in constructive activity.
m:J-"'1. fill'). F&-jP"'f '11- .1'-11"7&-A
3. "JtnOD, The armies engaged at once. ll&-1!
.tz .f"-aJo). "Jmoo

4. 1fl. I don't engage in politics. M 07"111:

I) tD-il'l' t.A1flll"
engage in .fff
The two frielfds engaged in a long discussion.
u-11-1> 'J~~"'f <:HII" ,I'll "l'"tD-tD--l- ,I'll-

engaging
engage oneself ?A "JQ
He engaged himself to pay the debt. 6-'ltD-"J
IIODhoi.A :I'A 1fl
be engaged
I. of',I'H. My time is completely engaged.
1.11.\1. n-11- 1'.1'-!l.A
The telephone is engaged. IIA iJ. of'.I'>!!. A
2. h ..... John is engaged to Mary, and Mary's
sister is engaged to me. l'"m"Jil "''.ti"J t."l'"
:l:A l M. ~"1'1" f"''.ti"J 1'.1-l- t."l'"il'llo3. :1-""-"'f. My sister is engaged to a doctor.
1'.11: llmh.ll" :J-"1'":1-II"'f
4. 1''1';>.Ten divisions are engaged. OP'C h
'I'll ti'C OOD'I':>-l- '1.1'- ' )ID"
be engaged {to one another) of-Ml'DI
How long have they been engaged? h-l'""i
"" ' ll"J,. ' "l.tl.,l':fm- ) tD- 1
be engaged in
I. ,I'H. He is engaged in the development of his
business. "J"IJI.") "71l'f.4.-l- .1'-!l.A
2. n
verbal noun
'1.1'- )m-. He is engaged
in the organization of a new club. t.-'1.11 hn
it ' """**~~" '1.1'- )ID"

'

engagement
I. +mr:. I'm sorry, but I have a previous
engagement. t.11<;11o- l t.ll+~"''. +mr:
h~CI.,I'IIu-

2. "":1-""--l- l OD-f'""i....,.. She announced her

engagement. "":1-""":l:"J t.il:J-m+"'f
Their engagement is off. ""-l""'i""-:1-:ftD- .1.<:11
3. "1'1""1.,1'. We have had two engagements with
the enemy this week alone. RH.U ltM-l-
tD-il'l' ilil' hm'l-l- ;>C o-11-l- "1'1'"'1.
,1' h~l:"I"J
4. f-l'+m<:. Her engagement at the theater
will last five weeks. -1:,1'~ IL-l- 1'-l'+m<:"'f
, . itll"ll-l- ltll"'t-l- ' )ID"
break (one's) engagement
She broke her engagement. +110;1:1 DDIIII"'f
have an engagement 1-+tn~
The actor had a three weeks' engagement in a
theater. 1''1''01' R-l-,1'~ IL-l- lliPil-l- ltii""J
-l- -l'+'l'r: )OC
engaging (n.), by ~ in R --- P'&He sought wealth by engaging in smuggling.
Ol:>"J-l-f:fJ")~ P'&- Vil-l- 11"7"1"f-l- .1.1\1
engaging (adj.) f"''."7Ch
She has an engaging smile. f"''. "7Ch
:J- I h'IT

4.1"1

engender
I. mM. He engendered a male child. tD't
~

A"/!:

enjoy

389

engender

tDIIS'.

2. t.il1T. Truthfulness engenders confidence.

l\trJo)-1-... H l\?")'M fh~ ...IA

engine '1"-1-C
You left the engine running. '1"-1-'1-'t ll:f"mof.
-1-trJobtrJo

engineer (v.)
I. T'l't t.m"'. He engineered several big in
dustrial projects. filii- '1-liA'I> of.i!<llt9':f
't T'l't l\tD"'
2. l\4'1'.. He engineered the election campaign
from start to finish. f?"C""liJJo't trJo~~C h
OD"f.OD<IftrJo 0 l\(lb 0 ODQ;l.~lf 0 l\4'J'.

engraving (n.)
I. 'I>CII'. The engraving shows long-ago London. :roc~ f'l''tT 11-'tl'-'t't f<'lfiA
2. oo'l>~ll'. Engraving on steel is difficult.
no~il il~..,. 'If. -:r-~11'

hh'l'?<I

)trJo

engross
1. oot~h. Their discussion engrossed his
attention. ""'l':f"'ftrJo h"'L-I:'t "7~h,.
2. (=be engrossed) -1-DDhm. +His study engrosses him. fiT?"IJC-1> -1-""htll.IA
be engrossed ..,.oo(lm

He is engrossed in his work.

art-m-

i"OO

htll.IA

engulf 'I'm
A wave engulfed the small boat. 'I"~JI. T'tl(
't"f.Aq'I'"'T

engineer (n.)
I. DD?'tJl.h. The engineer designed a beautiful
bridge. oo7')Jl.(l. .,..._ ~IA~f. )S'.I..
2. qo-c ):(. The engineer stopped the train.
qo-c ):(trJo qo-.;.'t , l\oi'ODtrJo

England fll't"'l\.11 h1C

England was the center of an empire. fll't"'l\.11
~~~c

iiCT

n ~ . 't"Jo...

)~.,.,..,.

.,~..,.

English
I. ll't"'l\.11,... English is hard for foreigners
to learn well. ll't"'11.11"''t R"''..~q 11"7m'l>
llfl>o<'P h~C l\9':f hh'f;J<I )trJo
2. fll't"'l\.11. I bought an English bicycle.
fll't"'l\.11 ilhhl\.:,. ~~.,.
the English l\'t"'ll.fl:f
The English are mercantile people. ll't"'ll.fl:f
f't"'~ (l9':f <;'ftrJo

Englishman l\'t"'l\.11
Two Englishmen hired a taxi. o-11:,. l\'t"'ll.fl
:f. ll't~ :f"hll. ' -1-h<l-1'

engrave 4'~11 (-1-4'~11)

They engraved his name on the tombstone.
~'t;JJ'.

'If. hDP-'t '

n:,. ,

""""'~"""

enigma ?"hm.c
His intentions remained an enigma. th'-ll-
?"hm.C IJ''f 4'~

llr

)~R:f

noo.+il'l-

enhance """"~(liT)
The necklace enhanced her beauty. mill\- trJo

enigmatic ?"hm.<l-'1!
His enigmatic actions make it difficult to
predict what he will do next. ?"hm.<l-'1! fiT
)trJo ' l\~<1-1-1> IDS'.I..T f"''..fS'.C~trJo't )
~c

11"7m'l> fh'f"'.:.A

enjoin
I. Tl\~11 hm. The court enjoined the defendant to pay his taxes. 'i'C~ IL-l: -1-hll
~ "'il'l-'t ll'tJl.h'i'A :,.11~11 (lm

2. oob,t. Parents enjoin good behavior on

their children. m'l;l- A](iJ''ftrJo '1''1- mq
,. 'll'tJl.'f<l-'fiJJo. f.DDh<l-113. l\HH. The doctor enjoined a strict diet.
m!J.oo- f-1-tD(l) ?""Iii l\HII
enjoin from 1..~~ +negative imperfect+ h1S'..

The court enjoined the union from striking.

'i'C~ IL-l> "7'10'1-

P'<l- ll'tllfol'?" h~S'.

.,.~~

His mother's face was engraved on his memory.

enjoy

fll<;oJ> DD/Ah Rllli?"C'trJo trJoh'l' ' -1-4'C!I.IA

I. S'.h llll(trJo). +r enjoy his company. hfl. ;J

C ' DDI)"t S'.h ' f.li ...IA

engraved (adj.) n~'t;JJ'. 'If. f-1-4'~11

Many engraved inscriptions have been found
at Axum. ilfto n~;Jf. 'If. f-1-4'~~ II'

2. mU. How did you enjoy the picture?

m.,;:::f hhfl.?" trJoh'l' ~'t-1-'I'A

ll.t"7trJo't tD~htrJo l
3. ( = give joy) hhS'.h-1-. +Did you enjoy the
swim? 'I''OtrJo hhS'.h-1-ll ?

390

enjoyable

4. h1"f. The couple enjoyed celestial happiness. QA.,- "'UH {l"'JJ" f.il;l-"i l\1"f.
5. -1-ltl..ll. Winston Churchill eJ:Iioyed a checkered career. 'l!"iilof-"i :fc";fA OAf. AI<
fl"&- HC'i' of-lt'i'II'I'A

*He's enjoying excellent health. m."i)-1> fof"'-'1 )tJ>o

h.f! 'ii\OOo'} r +,;g.

He is rich, and enjoys life. V1l;t-9"' ~(Do ! q.

enjoy life 'loflcro-1

IIDD<"i J'J'A ('-4'"'1A)

enjoyable f.il f"'LJ'(l~ I 1\ilf.ll'f

I spent an enjoyable evening with my friend.
h'\f.':'\lo :>C f.il f"'LJ'{l~ ?"1i-r 1\llll'i'h-

A Sunday drive in the country is very eJ:Iioyable.

1\Jt.Y: ' 1\Jt.Y: hhof-"'1 tJ>o"'!" Oouh,.,- ou
"ilf&-lfc 1\ilf.ll'f )tJ>o

find enjoyable f.il 1\ll(tJ>o)

enormity
the photo will cost two dollars. C:.,_..,&-4-"i
11"'11\f."' IJ-IIT 11C '-/.JfA
3. fof-4'mll. The bedroom is an enlargement
to our house. rou~;J- IL-l> OIL;J-'f"i II
'- fof-4'mll )tJ>o

enlighten 1\il~-'1
Can you enlighten me on this subject? '-ll"i"i
)1C A;l-il~-'1~ T'fllllll 1

enlightening h"''f
He found the lesson very enlightening. T?"IIC
-l>"i 0"1!1" h"''f IJ''f" h1"ftJ>o

enlist (vt.)
I. ou11ou11. Today they enlisted 300 men for
the army. ~"' 1\d>;l-f.C)T V'ilT ou.p.
(19'";(- oPIIOUI\2. 110. The Red Cross seeks to enlist the
interest of all. 4''- ou{l4'A fiJ-11-"i mil

+r

11 11ou1111 '-I..A:>A

il '-II':'A

enlist (vi.)
I. 1'1. He enlisted in the army two days ago.
hv-IIT 4'"i O.LT ID;l-f.C)T 1'1

find history more enjoyable than mathematics. h4!'1'C '-A:,. ;l-&h fOIIm f.

enjoyment f.il;lHe finds enjoyment in reading. h"''"i 011 f.il

;l-"i ' Y,':'A

get enjoyment ( ~ give joy) 1\ilf.(lof-

Do you get much enjoyment out of that?

hf'l )1C 1111- J'ilf.ilTYA 1

have the enjoyment (of) +m+oo

The son now has the enjoyment of his father's

car. A)l: hv-"i 'I'l-l> ouh,.,- '-m4'"'1A

enlarge (vt.)
I. 1\111.1. Let's enlarge the photograph! It's
so pretty. C:.,_..,&-4- ilii"'LL'?"C h..-IIY:1tJ>o
2. 1\M-. They enlarged the house by adding
a bedroom. ou~;J- ILT oou..,ouc IL;l'l'tJ>o"i ' l\(14--r

enlarge (vi.) -t-M-'1-

The city gradually enlarges. h-1-"''tJ>o 4'il

04'il '-il'i-'1-A

enlarge (on) 1\il'i-'1'1' 1\1..

He enlarged on the matter in his book. hA ' ..,.

-'If. oouwm4- tJ>oil'l' 1\M-'1'1' Ill..

enlargement
I. ( ~ to enlarge) "''il-1-T. The enlargement of
the house took two years. IL-I>"i "''il'i-T
IJ-IIT 'touT

I..'F..

2. ( ~ to enlarge) "''ll!."'. An enlargement of

2. of-4'm~ I of-ODH10. He enlisted in the navy

two days ago. hv-11-r 4'"i O.LT 'l.hC ..,
'-A tJ>oil'l' of-4'm~ (of-""H10)

"''M"'

enlisted man 'Ill 1\.'1

He is just an enlisted man, not an officer.
'Ill 1\.'1 "''b~"' h"i;( ""h-"i"i h'-1.11!1"

enlistment
*His enlistment was voluntary. m;l-f.C)T f
1'1tJ>o 01~ 1..:1'11- )0C

enliven
I. l\1.""4'. He enlivened the party by telling
funny stories. f"'LL'1"4! of-~ofo";f """"1C
:rcttJ>o"i hf.ou4'
2. 1\"m. Flowers enliven the room. 1\0P";f
h'i'll-"i h1..mtJ>o;l-A

enmity m'IT)T
There is no enmity between these two countries.
O)H,II IIIIT h1C''f outthA m'IT)T
filii"

ennoble 1\ilhO~
A good deed ennobles the person who did it.
'No ?""''IC l\J':tl-1,tJ>o"i J'ilhofl&-A

enormity (enormities)
I. 1\(l:J'-I:)T. The enormity of his crime shocked everybody. fa>"i"F..II- 1\(l:J'-I:)T IJ-11'l , flm-

h.il:~)1m

enormous

ensconce

391

2. h'i'-t-'1H. The enormity of his learning

surprised everyone. fO'I'of:H h'i'-t-'1H

have about enough of fl:l"(m-)

IJo/lo") I h/11t':OD
3. ..,If:.~ oSJ.lolt,.. Hitler's many enormities shocked the world. f'l.'I-1\C "l'i'.,.. .,_.I!~ ~II
M t.lrflt:ID"

n-t- i1A.,.,.., """-~'"'"'

enormous
1. hlf:.

lA. This project requires an enormous

amount of work. ,_11 1."1-.(-- ho;: fl\ P'

.l- ,_m,.?A
2. fltiJ!I" '1-A-l-. An enormous stone blocked
the road. fltiJ!I" 'I-A"'> 111'1''1 oo")1-'J.")
H;>ID"
3. fl"'~ "'',.,..lf:.. Long ago enormous animals
lived on the earth. hilll" uoo.,.-;r. fl.l-'1- fl
fltiJ!I" "lffo'i' 1-"Jilltl":f ,._
!1".(--C
'f~ ~fiC

II,_

enormously

7.~"1

enough (adj.) flo!:

1

1'1Hofl. :

enough (adv.)
I. ( ~ adj.) f"'Lfl?. Have you had enough to
eat? f"'Lfl? !l"""ofl M111 l
2. f"'Loi.I\11D"") fi1A. This room isn't large
enough. ,_11 h'i'A f"'Loi.I\11D""J fi1A
1'1.1. t.M'.I\11"
3. f"'L1QID"") fi1A. The government cur

tailed the student's stipend because he wasn't

studying enough. -t-"761D" f"'L1QID""J f
11/A 11111\m.,.. OD"J"IP'-f, +llflo"J "'t:mfl'l4. ,._11., fi1A. Are you simple enough to

believe everything your neighbors tell you?

1-t:ll.-l':f-11 n1~11., .,.11- I\"70D"J ,.11.,
fi1/A of:A ~11 l
5. fii."Jofl. The meat isn't cooked enough.
P';JID" fii."Jofl hAfll'll\11"

6.

7,")1:>,").

well enough

~~'i

She talks welJ enough for her age. fiH.I1 b

.("'"t'l' ' f.W ' t.~"J ' ol.;t-1\:f
[See also 'about, just, old, sure')

enrage
I. fltiJ!I" t....-u. Teasing enraged the dog.
ID"lfiD"") flt1J9" t....-1.1-0Jo
2. t.ll.,.IIJ. His failure to observe the proprieties enraged everybody. P'~ P'C~'I- "7
'il./lo IJo/lo")!l" hll"'"'
--~-~1:>.11-1'1-

enrapture

ou(lm

Their music enraptured the audience. oo-tt..+:f

liJo

}1~""'}

ih1J-fl

oP{lfnliJo

enrich

The need for raw materials has grown enormously. 11'1'&. 1.? fi\ID" 'i'l\1'1- 1.~"1
1-fflq 'tJ1,.A
Do you have enough money? Oct
hl\11 l

+I have had about enough of your impudence.

He is willing enough to work.

1\00P'.l-'1- ' 7,")1:>,") ' .1.?1.'1 ' ~ ....

*You're old enough to know better. 1.")1.

b.("'"tl1 htl'~ hH.11 fflllm "70J"l> ~fl

t:ofll1
be enough fl:l"

Will that be enough? ,_fi?A l

be enough for hm1fl

Your answer wasn't enough for me. oPAfttJI h

'lm1fl'19"

I. hfll\111. Grandfather's property enriched

the whole family. f f ;t-'fOJo "Jilt:'I- 11.-1-
l'lflo") ' fl .... /lo hfll\111
Education enriches your mind. -r~uc+ h."!l"l!"t ffllll\':>A
2. h'lflt:. The rotting leaves enrich the soil.
ffll'lflll-'1- "1-mll-:f hoi.~") f'lofl~;t-A
3. h.i\ou~. Decorations enrich a room. 1."1 1
1.'1' h'i'A f<"l!l"<l-A

enroll (vt.) oon1fl

The supervisor enrolled students for a special
class. -t-"'IIJIIJ60Jo -t-"76l":f"J 1\AI' '1-11"11
C'lo ODH1fl
enroll (vi.) -J-OOH1fl l -t-+mt:
My brother enrolled in the university. tD'l.e-ol 1
fl\<~liCI'I.of: ' ID"/1'1' ' of-ODH1fl (-1-+mt:)

enrollment f-1-"76 "'"'c

The enrollment at our school increased this
year. fiH.I1 ~-'~- fi'I-!1"11C'I- IJ.;t-:f"J
f-t-"76.,. "'"'c liQ.!I"t::A
*Enrollment in our school is not open to
foreigners. 'I-!1"11C'I- IJ.:t':f"J f.,...,_. M
C -t-"76l":f"J t.,_+fiA!I"

ensconce, "' oneself

I. -1-l.fl+ 1 -t-lrlr1. The boys ensconced themselves in a cave. A;l=ti ".,~ 1 m-ilT 1 T
l.fl .... (-t-lrlr1-)
2.-1-1.'1.(--11- -t-+oom. He ensconced himself in
-1-1.
a comfortable seat. fl!l"'ll OJ")fiC
11.(--11- -t-+oom

II,_

enshrine
enshrine

I. o:r>-'1.11 ' 11<;:.:. ' hii.J>oum. They enshrined

a fragment of the cross in the cathedral. .,.,

!l. ' OD/I.J>/1-'t ' OIJ-1:.(-<l-11- ' ID"/1'1' ' :r>-'1.11 '
/l'i'<lo ' J\/I.J>ODtn-'1-

2. .J>t:K. They enshrined his memory in their

hearts. f()-'t 'l-11:1' OA<J'flD" ID"/1'1' .J>t:l\.

enshroud lf.l.)
Fog enshrouded the city.

If.I.)

.,..oo-

h+O"Jm-'l

ensign il't!l.:r> '\1\"Y

The ensign of the United States has 50 stars.
fh"161J il't!l.:r> '\1\"Y M"ll l>h!l:f
l\11-0'1-

enslave
I. Q&.l' h!l.t:~. The Romans enslaved the
conquered people. t:"YlD"J"t fi"iH4-'l-'t
.h"llll:f Q&.l' h!l.t:"l-

2. ~~.Fear of poverty enslaves him. f.(-"JH'l-

'i'CV'l- .J'.~~'I'A
be enslaved by
*She was enslaved by her work. P' &.'I' = JvVl
aul'l-V"

ensnare

enterprise

392

Jlmoo.t=.

The boy ensnared birds in a net. A:(

tot::

';f") I (}ODl,1l I JltnOD.t=,

entail mf.J>
Your plans entail great expense. 7-.:r>.r.:fu
A:r> <D""-

ofl OD'\T ' .J'."I-C4-A

As the days ensued, he recovered his strength.

"h.l'!l.C "hfOt::l' 'til.

'1-

.J'.m.J'.:l'/1-

entangle
I. 1\.J'.<D.(- hil~Q. They entangled me in the
plot. Otl.<l-ID" 1 ID"/1'1' 1 liArD.(- hi11R-'t
2. J<.QQil. His interference further entangled
the dispute. fC()- ' "'A:J' I OD.,QT I m()-'t '
)<,QQ(llD"

3. ( ~ pass.) i"<DIIiln(O'l-). +I entangled my

fishing line in the reeds. '\"1 "Y'J'OD)I" 11
&. i:m"YID"

ID"/1'1' i"<DIIilOofl't

entangled +toltltfl I + ,.t'fl

Your fishing line is entangled in the weeds.

be

f'\"1 I "Y'J'OD)I" I IJCU

<Do'til!J.A (i".J'.!f.A)

Oht:V"

ID"il'l'

enter (vt.)
1. hll1Q. Enter these names in the list !
MIUJ't il'l":f "IIC"II~ ID"il'l' hii~Q:flD"

I entered my son in school today. A:('t

~&. '

'1-V"UC'l- ' n.'l-

hll~q.,.

2. ( ~ intr.) ~Q. He just entered the theater.

-1:.1''1-C 0.1< I ID"/1'1' ho-'t ' ~ .... ' ~q
3. ouu~O. Did you enter the last bill? .I'II.I.ID"
't .r.Aofl 1 OD"II.,01i'I'A 1
4. h+l.fl. The injured man entered a com~
plaint in COurt. f+1--'}aJo I (t(l)o .1 l'\fi:CX" I
!f.T

ensue -1-h-1"11
A period of chaos ensued. f'l-CV"il '1.11.
-i"h-1"11
*When those two women meet, a battle of
insults ensues. o-111< rl.-1"-:f tl. ~..,.1' fil.(-

IJ/1

J\.J>t:0

5. fH. A dictionary enters words in alpha~

betical order. """11~0 1 :1'11'1- :1'11'1-'t O.t.!l.
A

i"<l-.J'..J'.~A

enter (vi.) 1Q
Everyone rose when the professor entered.
Tt:l.il~ tl. ~q 11-11-V" of-),..
I am not going to enter into details on this
matter. flH..tJ I .,..)}f. I it.f. I 1fC1fC I aJo/l~ I
l\A~QV"

ensure
I. ht::>1m. A letter of introduction

ensure your acceptance. fM&-.

.t=-11-'lfl.m-

will
=

"7.<1>011-U ' ODI/").'t .l't::>.,TAVA

This law ensures more freedom of speech.

.h"l- f't.,.,c )l\)'1-'t OOIIm .l't:;J.,"'A

2. h!l.t:~. Careful planning ensured the

success of the PartY T't:l'-1: foui\O'l- "II
.,~

.,ofl"1f"ID"'t "h't-'I.IIIJ

h!l.t:~"'"

3. l.-'1. Proper clothing ensured us against

suffering from the cold. ~ll Aoflll 1 OofiC
_(- I

7-.'t'l'toP:J'.J'.

[See also 'arrival']

t:'l't

enter into 11.)..,

We will enter into the question of taxes at a
future time. f;l'hil-'t "1-'I.J'. ID!l..t.'l- "h.,.
)"''l'll't

[See also 'plea']

enterprise
I. f't.,.(- .(-C~'l-. In this country, there is
not much private enterprise. flH.tJ h1C 1 m-n
... ' oflll- f.,A ' 't.,.(-

.(-C~+

' fiiV"

2. P'&-.. Catching crocodiles is a dangerous

enterprise. hfl 1 "?~0111: 11.1.1~ 1 P't,. 1
)ID"

enterprising

*My brother has a spirit of enterprise. m1.J:"' I

F&.

AOD'i!tnC

enterprising

entirely

393

'l-lr

~(1)-

:r:r&

He is a very enterprising businessman. fitiJiP"

;r;r& ' t:>.l'. ' ) ....

entertain
I. hil.,.'01JI. I :>RH. They entertained a large
number of guests last night. '1-<;'1'1-<; ..,;r
1111" "h'I"IP."f- hil.,.'01JI. (;>RII")
2. hilJ/.1'1.,.. Television entertains children.
1:/l.ii.'IM A}!:"f-'1 J'ilJI.il:J-1\
3. h.fiO. We have never entertained any such
proposal. "h'IJI.ILIJ J'll hlt-fl hilR'I h
.,..,.:,.9"
*Even after failing twice, we still entertained
a hope of success. o-ll'l- '1..11. hmJ/.:,0'1
R:\1\ 1.'1\\ Y.lti!A<;A f"'ll'l-
t
Rl:'l

.,.M.

entertainer h"'i'l'"fEddy Cantor was a famous entertainer.

1\Jl. 1!'11'C 11)';' h"'i'l'"f- tRC

(be) entertaining hilJ/.1'1.,.

Shows are very entertaining. '1-c~"f- n
"19" ' J'ilJI.il:J-fto

entertainment
1. "'-1':1". Who's going to provide the entertainment? ..,.,;l-..,.'1 f"'l...'H;>)!..,. ...,)..,. 1
2. ..,il.,.'01.J:-. The hostess devoted her time
to the entertainment of her guests. q{IIJ.;t 'I.
11.'1''1 R..,.fto "h'I"IJ'.!l!'l ll..,il.,.'01.J:- h
'I' liT ....

enthrall OD(tm
The speaker enthralled the audience with the
story of his travels. +'i;J6tJJc r ill\ r "l-fltJJc :
(tOD<;1C I 1\~"""'fl'l I OD(tm

enthrone 11"4-'1 1\Y. hil4'""m

The Muslims sought to enthrone one who
would protect their faith. "hilll'l"'fl "h9"t;l-:f
...., f"''.m-fl:,OI\'1'..,.'1 n..,. 11"4-'I 1\Y. ll
..,(t4'0D'I' I d.{l.,.

enthuse Jl.il .,....,.

All the neighbors enthused over the new baby.
"!-l:IJ.1: I IJ-fto I 1\JI.(t I (t{l.,.dJ{IJ/..... I ift7') I
Jl.il '.,. ... ,.

enthusiasm
I. OD'Id.il 1 il"''.r. Continued failures damp-

ened their enthusiasm. -1111"

"'"'" I OD:,0l:-IJ I OD')d./t'fiD-')

'1..11. 1 ltY.ItiJI\
(il"'/.;l-TID-'1) I

""'""'""'"

2. "M-'1-. He did not show enthusiasm for the

trip. ll.,.,..,. 1 9"19" .,..,.:r- hllo'tf9"
3. '1-:>'1-. He did not show any enthusiasm
for his studies. ll'I-9"1JC-I> 9"'19" '1-:>'1-
Mltf9"
fan enthusiasm 11.~"1"1

He tried to fan enthusiasm for his proposal.

114'l:RID- ' dto't-fl ' .J:";J'i: '
I l'll''"f-'1 '
ll"'t"'"''l- 'l"hl:
show enthusiasm .,.J1.)4'(R'I-) I h.J::<;-1''1- ho'tf
He did not show any enthusiasm for my plans .
(11.:,0.1'. 9"19" hA.,.JI.t4'R'I-9" ( or ll"h
:,0.1'. ' 9"'19" ' h.J::<;-1''1- hl\ltf9")

{1..,.,,.,..

(be) enthusiastic '\'\

I am quite enthusiastic about the forthcoming
trip. mJI.d.'l- ll"''.J1.t:1m- .,.,. R"'9" '\1'
!f'llv-

enthusiastically R:>ll il"'/.'1He called out to her enthusiastically. R:>ll

il"'/.'1- m<l-'1-

entice
I. 1\qnll. The crook enticed the children
with candy. h:J-111' ihY'0-1>'1 flhl:"'/.1\ h
qnl\'1'..,.
2. ltR. The smell of food enticed the hungry
children into the house. f9""111 7i;J- f.,.
<1-11-'1-'1 A}!:"f- mJI. 11.-1> o"tq'fm-

entire (adj.)
The entire town came to see him off.
h.,...,.,_ ' ll..lf"fiD- I OD"J
2. ""'~ The accident bereaved him of his entire
family. 1\JI.;>m- ODI\ II..,. 1'111-1 ho't"JID3. ( = adv.) R....fto. He lost his entire fortune.
O-fl-1>'1 O..,.fto h"'
He wrote the entire novel in only six weeks.
ODJI"dt4-1 ' (tao-(lo ' Ril.J:-il'l- ' lt9"1'1- ' ,.
il'l' '-Ill"' ~\kiDentire (adv.) 1.1-'lll
The crown was recovered entire. Hm-JJ."} ~
'!-'Ill ' hil....lll'l-'1I.

~1.

~')

entirely
1. fl'i!ll-9". The two are entirely different.
o-ll-1> R'i!l\.9" f.,.llJ'I' <;'l'm2. d.ll"'l". The news came entirely unexpectedly. mo~.m- ' d.ll"'l" ltY.:J-1'111 Jl.l:l'l

entrenched

394

entirety

3. oo-fr fl60-fto. The committee is made up

entirely of students. f!l.C.,. t.QII-'f """il-

entrance (v.) """m

ll .... fl- ' .,...,&1"'1' ' <;:fw-

entrance (n.) """111.1

entirety ( = adv.) ll..,.fiHe devoted the entirety of his life to medical

research. ihf.a>-l:"t ll..,.fl- ll<hh!l"<; '!'<;
,. ' h'l'/1

in its entirety OJDot\- I l\1".';1\

The bill was rejected in its entirety. fa,.,. <:

-t:t> ' 11 .... (1-

'

(7."t.llll) .,..,.q,.~'f-"t h"'

entitle
I. ""il'l- am. The law entitles every criminal to a trial. a,.,. /l"l<;:fw-!1" m"t;(ll
>;' 'i'C!l.' IL'f- fOD:t-<:-11 ouil'f- ,l'.am'PA
2. ofiA- = m&-. How does one entitle a king
when speaking directly to him? h"t!l.'. aw-'
h"t.,.P' ;>C 1U;>~C !l""t ill\" f.
m&-'PA?

*Their age and experience entitles old people

to the respect of young people. t.~w-"t'l-"t II
~!l:"7.1'l'w-<; IIA!I"!I"JI:fa>- m"'ofo'f 1."tJI.
1hila::fw- f.~QA
be entitled
I. P'A"'"t hila>-. The nurse is entitled to
administer drugs. ~C!l. OOJ!.';lot'l- /IODIIm
:,. ' P'A"'"t ' t.'l'l2. .,.Q/1. A book that explains words is
entitled a dictionary. f:J-'1'1-"t 'i''f f"lJl
... ""~~""'-;: ""11~11 :1"'1'1- f.Q'IA

entity (entities)

I. ll"t!l.'~'l- 1'1'1- Me. The United States

is an entity rather than an association of states.

t."''.&lt t."t!l.'~'l- 1'1'1- Me

,. ' ..,-11<:'1- ' hf.!l.ll'l'!l"

7."tl[

fl1~t:

2. h ItA. Physical entities are perceived by the

five senses. "111-'i' t.ltll-'f"t Q!/"111: ill'!'
'1'1- /l"lm:t> 7."t'f'lll't

entomb
I. 4'11<:. The slide of rock entombed the
miners. f.,.<;!l.w- l\11'1- "l~!l."t t.w-m
l"'lh ' 4'11&-:fw2. ( = pass.) .,..,.11<:. +This church entombs
many great men. 1111_11 IL.,. hCII1:1't it
11- :J-l\'l:t> al"'f _,..,.ill:'PA

entrails t."t;('IOnly a dog eats entrails. ll"t;('l- f"tll'l w-

lf ' ilil' ' ~w-

The music entranced him. oo-ft.4"m- oo(tmm-

Where is the entrance to this hall? f11_11 h

Jl&-11 """'tl1aJo ' llf'l- ' ~w- 1
*The actor's entrance was greeted with
il:t> ItA ll"l"ii"""Q
applause.

.,..,..,.\<

.,..,.llfi-'1-

*Entrance to the college is by examination

only. 1>11.)!' f"t~Qw- 11.1..,.<; ilil' ~w
gain entrance i\OD..,f}T US: 1t11"
He gained entrance to the palace. IL.,. """t
"'P''I- IIOD"'Q'f- .1.:1"!!.' M"f

entrant l\.11.11

~II.

A medical examination is required of all

entrants. l\.11.11 ~tll"'f IJ-tl- fm.<; !I"
COD&- 7."t.ll.!l.l:"''l:faJo ' 111.1.A;>A

entrap (entrapped)
1. llm""!!.. The bunters entrapped the jackals
in nets. ll.ll'l''ll 4'11C:l"'ll"t ll""l:il t.m
ODJI.
2. ll"'QQ. She sought to entrap him by telling
him her parents were wealthy. m'I}I:!J! 11-II:J!1" <;:fw- ll"l/1'1- A:J'"'QQw- .1.111'1'

entreat

II""~

The criminal entreated the judge to show

mercy. m"t;(ll':'w- C..,&-"1. 7."t.ll.!l.<:"'ll'l-
Jl>;'aJo"J

/IOU~

entreaty (entreaties) Aou<;

The warriors paid no attention to their captives' entreatieS for mercy. rcf\~;.;':fm- I r
ill<:'l- ' 7."t.ll.!l.l:"''l:fw- 14'<:11-'1-"t A""
<; t.cn'l''ll h!l""t!l" t.A<!Lm<~-'1-!1"

entrench, """' oneself

1. oolf~. The soldiers entrenched themselves
near the enemy lines. m:J-!l.C:'Il hm'l'l-
"'"tQC llm~il oulf.,.

2. P'C a!l.!l.. He strongly entrenched himself

in the company. IIIJ.Q"t1a>- a>-11'1' 11"1!1"
P'C a~A

entrenched (adj.)

P'C fa!l.!l.

It is difficult to change entrenched habits like

smoking after meals. h!l""'il 11:\'1 .,..._11
"t foo'latl- P'C fll!l.JI. A"ll'-'f"t /IOD/1
m'l' t.ll:f.:>& ~wbe entrenched ooif'J

The enemy was strongly entrenched on the

envy

395

entrust

other side of the barrier. m~:,. 01,_11- ~

'lf1e 0,_11"11 ou'111 )Oe
entrust
I. l\11"):,. "'ll(n:,.), Can I entrust you with
this task? 1111.11 P'&o l\11")1:') o!\'l'o!\11
II l\:f-~1111- l
2. M&o llm. While traveling, he entrusted the
children to a nurse. 0"'1.~110:,. '1.11. o!\]t.
'Jl') 11.,..,11...,. ~,_&llm
3. h.l\4'oPm. We entrusted our money to a
bank. 1')Hq:f')') q')h ~(14'<"1'')

entry (entries)
1. h.1llfl. Their entry into America was
illegal. tD,_ ~"'L&II ~1qq'f'..,. m1 tD'l' )Oe
2. ( ~ to enter) _..,q:,., Entry into the U.S.
requires a visa. ha-ult r i\oP'"IQT 1 'ii:.tf : 1
ll.t..o!\;Jo!\
3. r+ouH'lR :J'A. How many entries are there
in this dictionary? 011.11 OD1110 :1'~:,.
tiJoll'l' 11'):,. fTODH111- ' :1'~:,. ~II- l
4. fTOOH10. The last entry was five dollars.
nou..,.:'lf fT""H10tiJo ~11"11:,. 11e )tiJo
5. +mo'l.'fi~. The horse race had nine entries.
f.t...:fl. l\'11:,0.1':.1':11" Hm'S TID"l"l&l":f )
no~-:,.

make its entry 1tl

The army made its entry into the town unopposed. fl'-1- l}~')"l:f T:l'tiJo'l" h.,..,..,.
tiJoll'l' 1q
entwine, ~ around hOD
Roses entwined around the little cottage.
..,.')](') 1]t. lM. .:.o; h!J,;I-o!\
be entwined 1-moPmoP

+The poles are entwined with ivy. dt~.,. a /J

')..._:,. ~,1'. Tmll"'l'.,o!\
entwine hands l\;Eo lll\;Eo T41.~114They entwined their hands as they walked.
1\6-0D-'1. l\;Eo lll\;Eo T4r.~o!\.t.,t1Jo ' )0e

enumerate
1. tf&ml.. Can you enumerate the times the
Emperor has gone abroad? 1'1-"' ~1P''fz a
..,..,.. Me rJ~.q'f'..,.') 'I.H.l":f o!\..,.
4r.'J'e :,.:t-~1111 l
2. u.:u.:. He enumerated the capitals of the
fifty states. f...,ll"lll"'Jl') "'~of-:f 'I'<; hT

.,,...,. n.:n.:

enunciate
1. T'i'lt':.. The student enunciates his words
clearly . .,..,&..,. :1'~1o') O"'o!\K" ,1'.<;1&-o!\

2. 'liUt The scientist enunciated a new

theory. f/1,1'.')(1. 11.+ ~.11.11 i')ll dtll
11 111ll
envelop
I. m.,llll. The mother enveloped her baby
in blankets. l\<;:,.\"'1' mY).') 011e.l': o!\
illl m4'1111":ftiJo
2. if .t..). Mist enveloped the town. hT"7tiJo')
.,.11" if.t..)tiJo
3. hOO. Our troops enveloped the enemy.
m:f',.l!'iJ':f') m~n hna-:,.

envelope ~II"Po!\h
I need an envelope for this letter. 1111.11 ,_11
"10. ~II"Po!\h l\.t..o!\?1111-

envenom

ODt'.lf

deadly gas envenomed the air. oPCH;;; ;

.,_./1 I Jtfo;.') I oP,llf(l)oA

enviable f"''..l'll4'<;
He has an enviable school record. ratt.YII+fJ'

v:,.rue:,. ..,.tiL..,.

~~~..,.

(be) envious 4'<;

He is envious of my good fortune. flooAlJ.,.. r
11.1':11. ,1'.4'<;o!\

environment ~l}qn,
The environment of the new school will make
the students proud. f~JI.(l. :,.rue:,. n.
:,. ' ~l}qn, ' T"7&l":f') ' .1'1>&-o!\
Scholars investigate the social environments of
different people. O'l'<l!l":f fo!\1' o!\1' lll"
:f') ' f').(!' 0 ~l}qO, ' ,('.OD~II"&o/1-

envisage
1. 11/r> 1 h.il:fl. Do you envisage a raise in taxes?
"111e ' ,l'.<l>oOD&oo!\ 111111 ;1-llqllll !
2. 0'1,1'.) 'rll.<; MID. The scientist envisaged
the happiness his invention would bring.
f/1,1'.')(1.
'i'o!\l'l'f.tiJo II"') .l'llo!\ '
,_II,.. l\'),."'1..1'"""1 n'l.l'.) ..,~~..,..,. ~lln

II.+

envoy ooo!\l\hT>:'
The President sent a special envoy to the
~1~
Emperor. '1"~ff...l;1''il tDF..
.,. o!\1' ODo!\l\hT>;' 'Ill-

.,..,.w

envoy extraordinary A~ 1 ouAllbT;;;

The envoy extraordinary was received by the
king. ,.,..... o!\11. DPo!\l\hT>n I .,..,.Oil-

envy (v.) 4'<;(n:,.)

They envied him his success. lliiT:1'<;11:,. .,
'l-0'1-

envy

equal

396

envy (n.) :,0<;'1Envy devoured him. :,0<;'1- ~S'.IIID*She was the envy of the younger girls in
school. m"''l- A)f~t,f.:'f-"t o-11- n '1-II"IIC

+ n.+ fll":rn"'" ) nt.:f

ephemeral '11\.t.
Man's life is ephemeral. f(lfD< a.r.m+ 'l
1\.l. ' )ID-

epic (n.) f)';1't)'l- 1'1'9"

The "Iliad" is an epic. h.MY: f)';1't)'l- 1

-rr )om-

epic deed )';ofl-'1.

Flying over the Atlantic for the first time was

an epic deed. Rh'l-ll't1:h 1\f. IIOD)';OD&f
'1.11. ' ODofll.C ' ~')S'. ' "'""' ' f"'l. ...tnC ' )0C

epidemic -1-111\.t. nii;r

An epidemic of malaria is reported from the
southern provinces. rmll 1"1\1\.t. O'li;t- =
RS'.IHI m:,OI\f. 1~.Y.:f ~ ')S'.-J-{1&-"'- -1-

(l- f-1-'lhm- S'.ofl-'111. Rhii"IJ<'IS'."- h"''l"tf.

)')- ' S'.t.(l

epitaph [illl ".'l.'ll f"'l.'i'~C OoP:I'ofiC

S'.'t'l.

f ' 1\f. ' f"'l. ... l.JI' ' h"l"C ' OD111"'ij

epithet :,Ox-A illl"

In "Richard the Lion-Hearted", the epithet
is "the Lion-Hearted". &if'CY: AR h'tR
It I Ootl\fDo I aJoiliJ' I -l-K"A l'lODo I A
R h'tR<'I f"'l.IIID- )ID-

epitome 9"<'111.
Samson is the epitome of courage. <'lll"(o't f
)':1'))'1- ' 9"<'111. '

)tJJo

epitomize R- -t-ou(lll
Samson epitomizes courage. <'lll"(o't RY:'i!t.
')-' f.OD{l'IA

epoch
I. HOD'). The epoch begun by the atomic
bomb has not yet ended. fh.Y."'Lh (19"ofl
HOD') ' ho-')9" ' hl\11 ... 9"

)~l.

epilepsy f"'l.'l'A nii:r

Epilepsy is a disease of the nervous system.
f"'l. 'l'A oii;r nc.o nii:r )"'"

epilogue :,....,,.
He added an epilogue to his novel. RAofl mil
.II. ODJI'do'i! o :,O"'f. o "'-ODl.O'l-

Epiphany f'l'll""''l- R'lA

Epiphany is celebrated in Ethiopia. Rh.'l-1'-k
f f'l'll" ... 'l- R'lA f.hR&-A

episode

2. ll"b&-'1'. The first earth satellite marked a

new epoch in the study of the universe.
fou)';oo&fiD- (liD- we,ii "'-l.:l' RtnL
C 'l''i''l- ID-il'l' h-'l.il 9"b&-'i' hL-1-:f

Epsom salts

~'t111.11 """'"

Soak your finger in a solution of Epsom salts !

f".'l. ".'l.

' ~')111.11 ' """'" ' ID-il'l' ' "1'1-ll't ' 'th

""'"

equal (equalled), v.
I. hhll. The gains will never equal the losses.
'l-c4- h.<'I&-ID-'t h.Y. hfhA9"

I. 9"b&-'i'. The year he spent in Franoe was

an important episode in the painter's life.

2. l..h-A )m-. Sixteen ounces equal one

pound. 01"&- ilY:il'l- hfl)<')il tt'tY: ;r

RLt.'t<'lf. h~C f<'IIILID- 'lOD'l- Rw'lll.

ID- a.r.m+ ID-il'l' ;r11:,. 9"b&-'i''t ffH
)ID2. h'i'A. The story was divided into different
episodes. :r&h- RAI' AI' h'i!ll-:f f-1-h
Lll )OC
3. Y:C'I.'l-. She remembered the episode of
the drunken butcher vividly. f(ltt.:- I";J
lf"l" Y:C'L'l- R'l-11:r '1-A.Y. :rf'l-

ID-'tY: ' ;JC ' ~II-A ' )IDII') I )ID-. Four times four equals sixteen.
l,&-')- I 'I., II. 0 h&-')- 0 01"&- 0 ilY:il'l- 0 f.IJ'
'i'A ' ()ID-)
4. S'.t.(l(R'l-). You can equal my score easily.
flr.'t 1ofl 0 ...'111- A'l-S'.CilR'l- 'l-:fl\1111

Eplstle

ODA~h'l-

Paul's Epistles were written in Greek. f'-ID-11il ' ODA~h.Y.:f ' f-J-l\4-'l- ' Rll'~ ' )OC
epistle S'.ofl-'111.

The Emperor's epistle to the Pope was brought

by the ambassador. h't"l-w )~1"-1: 11'-'-

3.

equal (n.)
I. ~h-f i hif'. He is my equal in every respect.
R"''"t'fm-9" t.~Y: ~11-ftL (hil'\lo) )ID2. OJS'.C. In reading, she has no equal. R'tiJofl
OJS'.C fll'l-9"
equal (adj.)
I. ~11-A. The two nobles are equal in rank.
o-11-1: ' OD\o,')')')- ' R"''bt.1 ' ~II-A ' ""'"'"
2.

~11-A)'l-.

They started out on an equal

footing. ~9"~ Ol\h-ol\)'1- '-"-"If 'If.

)0<'.
3. 1\'tJ.': 'tf.)'l-. Equal pay for equal work.
'l'tJ.': 'if.)'l- P'&- 1\'tJ.': 'if.)'l- ''1"11
4. -1-oo>/tilf.. The two students are of equal
intelligence. 11-111 -1-'"hll''":f -1-0D/t/tf. fl\
l\9"1!' ' "lf-11-:t- ' 1\l'l'wbe equal to ~:,.,.- ltAm-

I am not equal to climbing that hill.

t'.-ll;t- {IOOfD"I'IT 'i~9" fll'f9"
[See also 'quality, term, turn']

rn

equivalence

397

equality

~--~--------------------

I>

equality l\11-M'IEquality between men and women is hard to

bring about. Oa>'t.P-:f<i" Ol'l..f"lf ooiJbol\
l\11-oi\)T't t\OO'i!tnC 1\illf'.:>tl )CDequalize 1\!l-1-IJbt\
He equalized the pay of his workers. fJP&--1-'l'
..., ' '-'1"11 ' 1\!l-1-IJbt\
equally
1. 0'1-bbol\. In a partnership, the partners
share all liabilities equally. 011Cb'i' -1-lf&-b.
l""lf ' .,'t'i'CD-'t9" ' aJ~'i' ' h.lt&- ' 0'1-h
hoi\ ' f.IJ.I.'III2. l\11-ol\. He divided the bread equally.
hfr ' 'l(lCD-'t ' l\11-ol\ ' bol.t\CDThis dialect is equally removed from German
and English. f.U fW't!t !IA'I- b;ecoo't'i'
f"'l.llf't YUA bl\'t"lll.11'i'9" f.t\J'ol\
equate l\11-ol\ AJ.':C1 Af
Many people equate wealth with happiness.
-1111- (ll"":f U-11'1-'t b'-(l:f" :>C l\11-ol\
AJ.':C~w- YYIIequator fi"'J.':C ,...,.,,...
The word equator connotes heat. f9" J.':C oo
.,.)'1- f"'l.IICD- :I'll\ _.,.'1-'t Ylt!IQA

equestrian
I. f ol.t'.(l'i')'l-. His equestrian training helped
him become the best cavalryman. Ool.t'.(l'i')
T ' OOIPol\tn). ' 9"C'l' ' ol.t'.(l'i' ' IIOOII"t ' t'.
'ICD2. Ool.t'.!l 'If. Yll. An equestrian statue of
Menelik stands in the square. 04.<'.(1 'If.
Yllw- fl"'tAh thCD-A'I- A'-qq,e 'If, 4'
".7.11\

equilibrium
I. "'l,q't. The circus clown keeps his equilib-

rium with a pole. f(ICbfr -1-'P'i' f. "'l.'f).'t

OH't"l A.,IJJ!.)'I- f.tn-fl:I'A
2. foP'tol.(l l\C:>:t-. The extremities of the
situation caused her to lose her equilibrium.
fll-~:f"CD- bAh .,11'1! f""'tol.(l l\C.:>
:f"'P't ' l\'tJ.'::f":I'CD-!1 ' 1\'-t'...:>-1be in equilibrium .,.DPfiH't

Scales are in equilibrium when the weights

on both sides are equal. "'l,q'l''ll 011-ll.,l"'
wn Yllw- h-11'-'1- l\11-A n..n )!.ODq
H'i'llequinox
*The equinox occurs on March 21. l\11-A (J
11-1- ' f"'l.U''tO'I- ' .,.'t ' a>'- ' OD.;JflT ' fli ' ~
,.., ' )!.CD-'111\
equip (equipped) AH.:>;e.
They equipped the ship for a long voyage.
ODCbll-'t ' llt'.]!:9" ' ..... ' AH.:>")f.
be equipped

I. :t-m.,.. The soldiers are equipped with

modern arms. a>:f"'-C''Il H""'i"'! ftnC
OD"ftlYl""lf ' :f"'I'.,.'Pol\
2. 1\ll(w-). Our planes are equipped with the
latest instruments. ACD-C'T'I'l';Fl-'t H""'i'
'I! ' OD"ftlYl"":f ' A!l,...,.

equipment
1. OD"ftlY. The factory has modern equipment.
4.-lltliJCD- ' HOD'i'' ' OO"ftlY ' AileDHunting equipment includes rilles and spears.
Y'-'t """ftlYl"":f moo't7f't'i' tnC't y.
...9"&-112. '1-'1'~. The equipment of the soldiers was
carried in trucks. fiD:f"'-C"'i T'l'~ OODIJ.
.. ' -1-""i)
equitable
1. '1-hhll'i'. They came to an equitable
decision. b'l-hhll'i' CD-/tt. '-<'-fr
2. ~fl. The division of profits among the
partners was equitable. fQII'I'~'I"'Il f'I-C
'i! Abof.ol.ol\ ~fl )OC
equity '1-hht\'l')'INo one questions the equity of this transaction. fiLU't 1iY"P '1-hhll'l')'l- f"'l.tn
&-tnC fill"'
equivalence l\IJ.oi\)T
The equivalence of the two currencies is
threatened by inflation. fll-ll.,'t ~'tHII"lf
l\11-M+ ' f1'tH-II ' ODCb!l ' Y(I:>'I'A

equivalent

398

equivalent (n., adj.)

I. -t-oo~~'t. These two objects are not equivalent in weight. MIW v-ll.'f- ~:J>l"'f
Oh-111-.'f- -t-oo~~'t hl/.1-11-9"
2. -t-oonrnr't. He asked for 50 dollars or its
equivalent in gold. ""-?"''- -oc m~r fl
mc:J> -t-oonrnr1''t mf+
3. -t-ool)/)1/.. Is there an equivalent for the
English word "home" in French? lfr a f
"'LIIlD- a"t"lf1.11>;' :J>IA 114-<:'tltY.>;' -tool)l)Y. hlltD-1

*What is the equivalent of an American dollar

in Ethiopian money? h'tY: fh"'L<Ilt -ac
Oh_.'f-I'"A-.1' ~'tH-11 ?"'t fi!IA Y.ll'<;IA 1
be equivalent to f - - ftJA

~m-

Nodding your head is equivalent to saying

"yes". <1-il't 1-9"011 +<; "''Y:t:"l ~l( f
"''ll.'f- ' J'IJIA ' )mequivocal hm<l-"1<1
He gave an equivocal reply to my question.
IITJ'of:'l- hm<l-"1<1 oofAll l'lm

err
2. m<:1. Will you please erase the board?
(lfi,Jim-"t ' 'l'l:1lDerase (vi.) II++
This paper erases easily. 1/.IJ mt:+.'f- O+il

. ..,.c .

II- 1/.II:J>IA

eraser IIA.il
I bought two pencils and an eraser. v-ll.'f-
Cltil<; h'tY: IIA.il 1~v-

erect (v.)
1. h.r.oo. They erected a monument to Menelik II. IIJI"I"'''I! 9"~/Ah dtm-/A.'f- h4"..,..
The workers erected a telephone pole. o><l--t-'1'
,.; ' fil/Ah ' b't.,.,..,_ ' h4" .....
2. 1\:l:*ou. The conqueror erected a new
government. f:IA hY:<I-1..lD- hll..il OO't"f
P'.'f- M:!f/oo
3. o><l-. They will erect a new building. h.llil
.h'tl\ ' Y.o><l-114. 111Jmoo. When the missing parts arrived,
we erected the machine. f'I-S'-11-.'f- ~:J>l"'f
fl.oPtfto

equivocate hll-1!' -t-<;1<:

He would rather equivocate than give a direct
answer. +T-t->;' oo(Ail hoollm.'f- 1/.IA:J- h
11-C' 1/.<;1<1-IA
era
l. lfoP"t. The Christian era is 622 years earlier
than the Muslim one. fhCll.'f-<; HOD't h~
iliA?"<; ' HOO't ' OilY:il.'f- ' OD-1' ' 'If ' v-II
.'f- o '\OO.'f- Y.+Y:"''IA
The use of electricity for power marked the
beginning of a new era. 01\,fl,h.'f-<lh ~.e
/A ' oom+9" ' fll..il ' HOO't o OOtf4,iJ' o I)')
2. f"l;.l"'f't M.'f-. Julius Caesar died many
years before our era. I'IA I'll of:ltC h"l;.l"'f't
M.'f- h-1111- '\OD;.l".'f- Ool..'f- '1"-t[See also 'bygone')
eradicate
I. hm4-. Vaccination has nearly eradicated
smallpox. h.'f-IJ.'f- 4-'t"'"''t II.J'm4-m-
9"'t9" ' htA+<:m-

2. hilm~S'-.

The gardener eradicated weeds

from the garden. h.'f-htA-t->;'m- lt.'f-h/A-1:
(l:f" ' h<:oo-"t ' hilfD1J'..
be eradicated mf.

Sickness

can be eradicated by drugs.

ooY:~~.'f-. ll.m4- Y.'fiiiA

011;.1"

erase (vt.)
I. 4-+. He erased the signature. oi.C"''m-"t 4-+m-

oPh}i"fD-"J

111Jtn9"""J

be erected /IOD

A monument of Menilek was erected in the

city. fh\ ntAh dtlD-IA.'f- Oh-t-"''m-
lD-il'l' ' 4"".7./A
erect (adj.)
I. ( = gerundive) +T -1111-. Please stand erect
when talking to the Emperor! h't'l-oP )11"
1: ;JC 09".'f-);J~CO.'f- 1..IJ, <t'l' -1111
IJ ' <1<9"
2. ( = gerundive) h<l<'l". The cat faoed the
dog with fur erect. Y:oo-J: l\'l-;,:'t h<l<"''
m-lfm- ' ol..'f-' 4"oo'f
hold erect

+'i

1\F..l."l

The child held her head erect.

+<; M<:1'f

.nt-"-

<1-!\,'t

erode ll'c:ll'c:
Rain and wind eroded the hillsides. 11<;-11<;
4-il ' lt<:-ll;.l"tD-'t ' ifC:lfc:merosion ooll'cll'c
Trees help prevent the erosion of soil. ~G:lo
14-C't '

oall'cll'c '

Y.hilhilll-

err
I. hm4-. He erred in stating that I would
come. illll-. OO?""f.'f- ooo<;1~ hm42. -t-ltlt-t-. He erred in his youth and later
regretted it. 0/A~H -t-ltil-1' 0:\11 -t-llll-t-

399

errand
errand ooAl'.I1'1I have a few errands to do. f"7f.CI'ItD- '
111 ' OOAl'.l1'1- 1\II'S
run errands

..,.~1\.h

I've been running errands for my mother all

morning. 1\1.-1:1 fl,...ll- IIM"-1: 1111~11
)fiC

errant
I. 1"H'I"P&. The errant outlaws were caught
by the police. 1"H'I"P&!P'Il 11'1':t"!P:f- fl?"ll.
1\ 1"J'Ifo
2. 11A:Jwoo. His errant behavior was censured by the teacher. MA:J"GootD- mill' oo
I"'IJ'I- ' H<l.tD-

erratic
I. J'A1"1\1"1Jhll. The erratic course of the
plane showed that the pilot was inexperienced.
J'tD-1!'"1"~). ,I'A1"1\1"1JI111 fiG<l- )j[tD- A
'1".1': ,I'A)fiGtD- OOIJ").1 1\<\f
2. f"''.'I'AA. An erratic mind jumps from one
idea to another. f"''.'I'AA l\1.9"1': ,1'1\tD-
(ltD- IJ1.11. m<\1! tf. ll.~iD" ~H~A
3. AI' mil~ ,1'1\tD-. When I laughed loudly
he was surprised, since I appeared to be
erratic to him. h-l- = 11\t. 0oP'1if A~ m
~~~ ' ,I'll'S ' 001\\1. ' 1\1\:J"fiJo'l- ' 1"f.)oj>

erroneous f1"<\<\1"
He made an erroneous statement. f'+illt..,.
l\l\1",1'f'l- l'lm

error
I. l\ih1"'1-. His speech contained several grammatical errors. 1"'1"'1.,_ fiCh'l- ,I'll- fl'l'l'l\
.... l\ih1"4'-:f- )fl'l-fl'l2. "1-.1':11'1-. The controller checked the accounts
and found no errors. 1"<fl"'"'&tD- .h.<\111 OOC'/"1': 9"19" "1-.1':11'1- 1\~11'1"

erudite
I. I"'IJoC. My teacher is very erudite. 1\1\1""7&
\1. fl"''l" 'I"IJ-C ""'"'"
2. f'I"IJoC. He gave an erudite lecture. f'/"IJoC
1"'1"'1C l\f.G1
erudition ~..,._,.,..
The teacher is a man of great erudition.
oo'I"IJ'I- fmll+ ~..,._,.,.. ,1'1\tD- ..,..,. )tJ>o
erupt
I. 4.)'1. The volcano erupted today. l'.<\1" 1
'l"<l-tD- ' q;~. ' 4-M

escape
2. 1"11."1. Her skin erupted when she had
measles. 11-'I''S ~q+ 4''1'1' -l"<fl"'
3. 1")"1. A serious battle erupted yeSterday. +
..,,..., "l~ll'i' tpC)'I- 1")"1
4. W"'. Burning debris erupted from the top
of the volcano. f"''.:J'mll- 'I'CI\<l-ll":f- hl'.

fJ:+

1'f"&-aJo

-tj: I

1\..e.

~dJifl< I

~0C

5. ( ~ active) 1\1'1"7. His patience finally gave

way, and words of anger erupted from him.
fiOOQ;I,Glf '1-~"'IP'-1: 1\A<I' fofl"' .4'~'1-
,1'1'1"7 )fiC

eruption
1. oo4.1'1'1-. The eruptions of the volcano
came about one hour apart. fhlJ.T 1'1"&..,. oP4.1'1'1- fll\1'11.1': 1'1-t'l- Af.)'l- ~f.
Cll )fiC
2. flf:11'1- oP)"''I-. The eruption of violence
was due to religious rivaJry. fofilf'1lm- 1 R.t:'1'
1'1- oo)"''l- 11?~"7'f'l- 4-1111C f1")
"' )fiC
3. oo11."1'1-. He treated the eruption of her skin
with an ointment. 114''1'1' oo11."J'I- f-1-IJ
'1- oPf:;)).'l- l\f.G1~'1-

escalate (vt.)
l. +mil. Because of the strike, the stores
escalated prices. fiP'<l- .,..,,... 1\.1':"7 9"11
1.1''1- oPf.oflf':'ll IJ-1\< '1':> .,.ml\<
2. 1\IJIJI'I. The raids only escalate the level
of violence. m~t-OJo rm&1' 1 oPm") I'IJ.
1li'I'I'A
escalate (vi.) 1"fJ11(\ 1"1\Wm
The border clash escalated into a war. ff:1fl'l-
"'1~'1- 1"1Jofl(\ Wf. tpC)'I- 1"1\Wm
escalator 1"1.,.<\.4'11 f.G7f
The office building had both an escalator and
an elevator. foPP'6,1' 11.-1> ih1ll 1"1+<\
:1'11 f.G7f" I\<\11'1C )fiGtDescape (vt.)
I. 1\oollm. He escaped the police. 11?"11.11
ftooflm

Nothing escapes her. '1"1'1" )1C 1\J'ooA

"''l-l"'
2. '!).He escaped defeat by a narrow margin.
11'1'4:'1- 11""lH'I' 'I)
3. ."f-11 1\'11\dl-'1". Her face is familiar, but
her name escapes me. ""A'>.1 1\II:J"tD-<\11
1Jo "'11 ll".'t '1-11 1\~II'SI"'
A scream escaped her lips. <\:J"IIfltD- '-""1i :f-

escape (vi.)
1. }toaAm. Two prisoners have escaped from
the penitentiary. v-11'1- llll~'!':f hiDIIt
0.'1- .1\!I"Am'I'A
2. 4'11 0+11 ID"'. Gas was escaping from
the pipe. o-;1- :n1 h!l."t!J.CD- CD-11'1' +II
0+11 f.ID"' )0C
let escape ll+4Make a hole and let the water escape! 4'-'1-'1
t.ofl~<; w-;>CD-"t A++..,.

[See also 'notice']

IDf. ;rC-I;CD- t.ofla!'l- f~f.CD- '11.':''1'

~HI'" ' fl\ ID"''l- ' )0C
escort of Oll"lll":f

An escort of soldiers preceded the Emperor

down the street. OD"t1'1. 'If. Oll"lll"'fl
ID;I-f.l::f ' h"t1-"' ' )1P'1> ' 1-'l- ' 1-'l- '
1-'111"

escutcheon [t.C"7

f~"il\0'1- :>lf]

especially O-J-1\f.
The poor especially suffered a lot. 01-11
" .l:""ti :f ' of! II" """':J>f.

escape (n.)
I. "711"11'1'. The climax of the play was the
prisoner's escape. f'l-Cllf.1> h'i'-1-':' h'i'
A fl\11~.,...,. "711"11'1' )OC
2. f"79"1\"'i H1.. The prisoner designed an
intricate escape. l\11~':'.,. f-1-11-4'+ f"7!1"11
"'i ' "'" ' t.+f.
3. f:f-IC "71l~lf. Movies are her escape.
h.t"7 f:f-IC "71l~lf'l' )CDmake good (one's) escape h.ODI\tn

The thief threw off his pursuers and made

good his escape. 1\.QCD- f"''.h;l-1-11-'l-"t Ill"
:f t.;l-11- t.oul\m

[See also 'fire escape, narrow']

escaped (adj.) foul\m

An escaped prisoner is likely to be a desperate
man. foul\m l\11~':' 1-M Oou.,...~-r
"7"t':'CD-"t9" )1C ' h"7.1:"~"1 ' hf.IIPI\119"

escarpment +-r

essence

400

escape

fi\CD- 1f.A

The escarpment runs along a desert valley.

+-r fi\CD- 1f.A f!l".l:"~ 0-'ICD-"t ifll
ol' f.'l'll<;A

eschew
I. +~(0'1-). +You should eschew wine if you
wish to stay healthy. m.'i""7 lf)ll 1\0D'l"
C hd.l\"111 ' IDf."t ' m~ ' f..:J-Coflll

2. h - - - II-+. A saint must eschew evil

thoughts . .:J-'1.11 hh4- dtl\ofl oullo.:Jo t.IIO'l-

escort (v.)
I. if"f. Who will escort this young lady home?
A1(1>"t "7"t f.if':';I-A 1
2. 0;1';0. Warships escorted the troopships.
m;l-f.C ffH-'1-"t oucbtt:f fi"C ouc
htt:f O~O'I''f'I'A

escort (n.) t.ofla!'l- 1'.1. 'If.':'

Her escort to the party was a tall, youngman.

espionage 1111'1
He was found guilty of espionage. OIIM
ID"t;t';A 'J'of.-J-1;' lf'l" 1-d.~f.O'l-

esplanade
[01-1\f. Om~4- -'IC!f' fl\ 11C"' f.A-'1
" ' (l;l-]

espouse
I. -'1~. He espoused his daughter to a nobleman. ol.'l- AlP 'l"t.l:" oo\>,"t"t'l- -'1~
2. -t-+011. Late in life he espoused a new
religion. Oo).t:-1. h1of. 0:\'1 h-'1.11 ?f."7
'l"'l- -1-+011

3. 1.1.1.. The people espoused the freedom

movement of the patriots. <h11tl- t.co'!':f
11.~1-'l-"t f)lU'l- ll"t.:Joll:J>ol. 1.1<1.

essay (v.) 'I"M

He essayed to cross the river on a log. OJ"t,.,."}
O"'"t.l:" I\OOlf1C 'l"h~

essay (n.)
I. .I:"Cil'l-. He likes to write essays on Ethiopia's literature. liCil- Ill\ 1\..'l-f-*f P')

wm.'i' .l:"cll'l-

""ll'i' f.ID-'IA

2. 'i''li'l-. His essays at friendliness were met

with suspicion. 1\0D'I--'I"f'l- f/ICD-"t 'i''li'l-
01'C"'ol. -J-t1P/Ih1>'l-

essence
I. """'~'1-. A friendly attitude is the essence
of peace. fiD-'1~)'1- OO"td.ll 1\MII" """'
~'1-' )CD-

2. 'i'<!o )1C. The essence of his speech is

contained in the last sentences.
'i'

f"t"'"'""

.1. )1C 00DQ;l.~lfl"'Jl O~'i'-1- )1::f

CD-11'1' f.1':'A
3. q.ncf.. The two things are the same in

outward appearance, but different in essence.

esteem

401

essential

---------------------------------------------------11-/11> ' )1C':f ' RtJJo"l" ' ODoi\IJlftJJo ' h"tY: '
t'l.ll'l- RIJ.hC,I'. "l"t f_,.llff. o;'t'tJJo
be of the essence OIIJ9'" h.il.fA."L

~m-

In chess, cool nerves are of the essence.

R(l"tmt:'fr ""''l':f" 1.11. :f":J"liH R"'
'I" ' hn.l.l\1. ' )tJJo

"'"a'

essential (n.) <po;

)1C
You can learn the essentials in an hour.
ff'i"

4p'i"m-'}

~1C

II'}~

il'lT ; ID"ilT

1\oP

"''C ' '1-:f~/ltl

essential (adj.)
I. .,.L~1.. The body of the book contains all
the essential facts. fODK" m+- 'f''i" ht;:A
_,.L~1.l"'fi"t 'i!.:O )1C'':f R..,./1- MI~A
2. <po; <po;. He changed the report in
order to clear the essential points. 'P'i tf'i",
'fi"t o Ml'"':f R"IAll" 11"'1:,..:-11 ti?"C-I>"t
1\mmm3. R"''l" hilL~1.. Fresh vegetables are essential to health. '1-h-il :,.m~ :,.mol\ 1\mS
R"''l" hilL~1. )tJJo
4. f"''.filLA"I )1C. Limit your expenditures
to what is essential! m"'.U'l llti?JllLA."'
)1C ' -rt!J' ' Wil't

essentially Roowt:-1>
Essentially he is right. RODwl:-1> 1.(1- Ah
)tJJo

establish
I. 1'.!119/oo l oow,:.,., He established a new
government. h'lil OD't"IP''l- h!l/9/oo (oo
,:.,.)
2. li..Y.oo. He established his son in business.

....

~f. h~ODtJJo

A)l:"t R"t"IY: P'tl-

new bouse. ho-"t IJ'l(l. tl.;f"':f"t fDoilT R

"'1.1'1 _,.!'.1\Y:/\o;A
establish oneself ,&.(1..'} h.S'.. ~1
He established himself as the leader of the
party. tl-(1-'t ' f;rC-f;fDo ' OOtl ' h.Rl:1
A new doctor has established himself on
this street. h'lil "'h.'I" Rll.tl 1-'lo; '11,1'.
f .nhro; n.+ h'i!:tA

establishment
I. (verbal noun) "'19191'1". The establishment
of the business took several years. f1.,+.,.
P'tl- ' 1\"'19191'1" ' 1111- ' 'tOD:f"'l- ' L)';

2. oo~c~c. The establishment of a new

town will help to promote trade. f'lil
h.,...,

-~c~c

.,.,_...., ll"''il4-4-'l- f.t:'IA

3. oo.R-rtc. That clothing establishment bas

been on this street for 60 years. f r fA-flll
oo,R-rtC llilY:/1 'too-l- RII.U 1-'lo; 11,1'. 4'
,l'.:f:A

estate
I. Cil-l-o; "t-rtt:+. His entire estate went to
his oldest son. Cil'l-'i' "t-Ill:-!> 11-11- IIR1lc
A)l: .,.(lm

2. "t-Ilt:+. He left his estate to one of the

charities. "t-lll:-l>"t ll"tY: f01 hY:tl-'1'1-
Y:C]IJ'l- ' '1-.f- ' .,._,.

3. ell.-,.. The minister lives on a large estate

in the country. "''.kil-l-'1- R1mC (l.C. Cil

'I-

~f.f.'fti-A

4. MA oo.:-'1-. He drives a car only within

the bounds of his estate. R"IA oo.:.-1> hA
A ' 11,1'. -rt!J' ' ODIJ... ' ,I'.MA
man's estate f\.)ooP ' h.';9""

new record.

A boy attains man's estate at fifteen. A]IJ 't

:,.oo h'l'l" f"''..RC(lfDo ROP't1- h'l"il

4. hm"l. He established the rule that mathematics should be taught in the sixth grade. dt.ll
11 ilY:il_,.'i' h'i!A 1."t'l(lT t'I.A .R"t-11

esteem (v.)
I. hhRl:. I esteem his father for his wisdom.

3. hoo"J.

He established a

h'lil ' h-Ill: '

W(l") 0

I'.OO"J

'1-

'tOD-f>

)fDo

hiD"!

ill\ TOR- hiJ-I>"t hh-lltl-1111-

5. hilhRl:. The Romans established order

in the countries they subdued. C'"''tJJon

2. 7.,R).,., We esteem courage. )';"l"t)'l-'t 1.

a.r

11-'1- MC tJJoilT 1\T;f-"t hilhR'I-

established (adj.) f:f"ID4'

Criminal jurisprudence is an established subject of study. fiD"t)';A .h"l 'i!Ail<;:o; f;f"
,.,. ' '1-'l"tJC'l- ' )tJJo
be established

.,..R~.R/1

We are now comfortably established in our

o;.R"t?ll"t

3. hY:C'I <&ml:. Men often esteem happiness the greatest good. (ll"':f 1111- 1.11.
.Ril;f""t ho-11- fR/Im )1C hY:C1tJJo ,e.-a.
'1"'1-:f"A
be esteemed +mFJ.

Raw meat is greatly esteemed by Ethiopians.

T.:O P':J Rh.'l-l'"i\".J'fDon H"tY: R"''l" f
.,.,~'

)ID-

..

2.

esteem (n.)
1. h'i'-1-'f 11!1-1-,l'fT. He lowered himself in
our esteem by his foolish behavior. f.,1-.:q
mql' !llll'l- no.:'t't h'l'-1-'f 11!1-1-.l'f
,.. ' 11:,0 ' 11f..l:1tJJo
2. "19"T. She was greatly grieved because of
the low esteem he had of her. 0 !1. 1\1- Mil
tJJo 11:,0-J-'f "19"T 0"19" 11H)'f
3. h.flc. Courage is held in esteem. )>;"l't)T
h.flC )tJJo
hold in great esteem htt: J\X"C')

"JoP+

He holds me in great esteem. 7>CI'l- h'i' 11

f.."Ci M9"-1-'l'~

estimate (v.)

10D-f-

He estimated the flood damage at a million

dollars. 1-Cf. ,l'f..l:!ltJJo't 1-'IT q')f..-
"'1.1\.M .fiC 1""-i-

Is this a good book in your estimate?

~m-

The painter made us an estimate. +ll9"'

"'I?""T

~t) oPJt'dttt:

make an estimate "19"'+

9"'C'1'

~.,~

4'1ltJJo ' "19"-l>'t ' )1l:'t

estimation "19"T

estrange
1. 1111,1'f. Her peculiar behavior has estranged her from her friends. 7>'t"l>l mq1-'l' h
m>l}(!f! 1111.1'.1"1

2. 11&-4'. He has estranged his friends by

gossiping. Odt"'i.;l-tJJo 'if..'!'~ 11&-:J>'ftJJo

estuary [tD't11 wf.. q.nc f"''..I.!IO.r !lof.

I

OD1'i"'f)

etc. fou/'1(111- l mH-11 hate to pay duties, fees, etc. "l.fiC'i" .,.l:'l'
fou/'1(111-T't )11!''f ' (IDH-1-) ' ouh.l.~ 11~1D

[h11C"I
f..-'1']

3. ODIPl:;l-'1!. This sect adheres to the eternal

principles of the church. 1-U 7>9")T fll.

T hCM:,I''t't ' ODIPl:;l-'1! ' 'll\., ' 1-h-1-1\~

eternity
1. Hll'lll.,'l! ih1-IDT. He will spend eternity

in paradise. Hll'lll.,'l! ih1-IDT't Oou't"ll"

-1- !l.,,r:,. ,I'll~<!-~
2. Hll'lii9")T. Eternity is timeless. Hll'lll9")
T ' f1.rt. ' tD(I't ' flltJJo9"
an eternity 1\.iltt- ~ 1..r&.
The injured man waited an eternity for the
ambulance to arrive. f+.,..J;m- 1 (UDtL 1 J\9'"

11-1\'tl'l- 7>ilh.f..Cil ll.flll' 1.11. mo.,.

*It seemed an eternity to her before she learned

of his safe arrival. f.."r'i" OD"Iq-J>'t 7>!lhT!l

ether

[0"7.-1-).I.!IOT ' 1.11. ' f"7.,1'f..)1111 ' OD.(-;'~T]

ethical

1. fdt.,.'h.r. Ethical behavior is required of

lawyers. hm0$'f fdt.,.'h.r 9""1qc 1-.1.11

2. ( ~ noun) I") 9""1qc, It is not ethical

for a lawyer to reveal secrets. mn..+ 1 lf'f 1 r
ilm.C"t I OtJm-liJT I ~~ I 9'""'1QC I m-tiJ,I> I
)tJJo

ethics fl") 9""1qc .r9"uc.r

He studied ethics in college. 01>11.)!' fl")
9""1qc T9"UCT -1-.,.:

Ethiopia h.Tf'ti:,l'
Ethiopian (n.) h.Tf'ti:.l''l! (pl. h.Tf'ti:,l'tJJo,l"t)
Many Ethiopians study at the University of
California. OIIII.G:CV l'~iiCI\.1: tJJo!l'l' l'
h.Tf'ti:J'ID-J''t 1111Ethloplan (adj.) f}\.Tf'ti:,l'
He studies Ethiopian languages. fh.Tf'ti:,l'
!1/'t!lll"'f ' ,l'tn'i"~
f"'L"'"~- .fill'

ethnic group 1-1'1

f..-9"

etching

Stop this eternal chatter! 1-U't

;J~

In my estimation, this book is very well written.

0~ ' "19"T ' 1-U ' ODK"dt'i' ' '1'1- ' -1-K"j,~
The high estimation in which he is held by his
friends flatters him. 'if..'!'.,; f"''.!lm-T h'i'
-!-If "19"T ,1'1>&-'1'~

,I'll

f.,,I'~:,O.

f.,,l'~:j> ' ID~ ' 11"'9"

., 1.11."'" 11~1<!- 1111:,.

estimate (n.) "19"T

ll"t+

etiquette

402

esteem

-o.::,.

f-1-.,.l:K I"~~ t1-9" 't

eternal
1. .HII'\11.,'1!. The Christian religion promises
eternal life. fhC!IT'i" ?1-.,'I'T fHII'lll.,
'I! ih1-IDT -1-!lof. 1-!l"'~

Nigerians are a mixture of severa1 different

ethnic groups. 'i"Wf..6,1'1D-,I"t f.flll' ~I' ~
I' ' 1-l'll"'f ' f..-11~:,. ' 'i"'fiD-

etiquette /") I"C'lT

Etiquette requires a man to rise when a
woman enters the room. 1\.T 1 il.-,..,Q 1 m"tX"
l>'t-'1.)"1 F) FC'lT ,l'il1f..'f..'l'~

evaporation

403

etymology
etymology (etymologies) oow;:-J- hODIIJ'l'

evade

The etymology of many Geez roots is not yet

known. f11H- f"M11 :J'~'t- oow;:-J- t.oo

I. hoollm. He tried to evade the law. b.l."l

11"79"11'1' 'l"ht:
2. lflf. He will evade the question about

"1'1' ' (P'C:tJJo) ' 1'i' hf.;ND:,.'}"

what he has done with the money. "l1Hfl"'1'

P'C:tJJo

eucalyptus Q.l.C: ~<;:

The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced
to Ethiopia. Q.l.C: ~<;: mS'. h..'t-1'-kf f
ODII)C& I O~C11 I

"LtL I ~aJo

4:(1- 11'1"1-0Jo (ltJJo f4't:OtJJo tJJoJI(I, f

1-ll.l.tJJo 0"1~11 )0C:
deliver a eulogy ,_:,:..,. h.ooil-,tf .,...,~

The director delivered the eulogy at the funeral

of his employee. 'l.t.h-K- ow.:.-J-l;'tJJo P'C:

"J.'Ii"J ' hOD{l"!'l' ' -J-'i'1t:

eunuch )i''tl'.t:Q
The messenger of the Queen of Sheba was a
eunuch. f't"IP'i" IIQ ODAhh-J-l;' )i''tS'.t:
q ' )Ot:

DDAi'l

*There are many words in the language that

evade definition. Olt'tlttJJo tJJoil'l' 'i!:Y.. II.
(IIIJ:fm- ' f"7f.:Y..ir 1111- ' ,.~,. ' hir
evaluate
I. t.oo~H). It is difficult to evaluate the
importance of today's happenings. f'HoP)t) 1
S'."C:1.-f.:Y.. t.il4.~1.)'t- 11"7oo~H't hll=f:>

~liJ-

2. 10D1oP. Critics evaluate the new books as

they are published. 1-'fl":Y.. h"l'l.ll ODI\.1.
'i!'t- t. 't S'. :1'1-.,.. f.10D"I"7 tr

evanescent

euphorbia .,AltA
The euphorbia grows in many parts of Ethiopia . .,AltA Oh..'t-1'-kf tJJoil'l' 01111-
il'i!<~- 1-o:,.~A

Europe hOJoC:;r l

h.m~liJ6

that evades the question.

)1C fl'.-01'111/IA

eulogy (eulogies) 11'1"1- (ltJJo f4't:O tJJoJI(I,

The priest's eulogy was written in Geez.

~1- ' 4'11C: ' ~f. '

9"'t ' t.'t"'S'.t:1tJJo f"''.4'C:1111't-'t 'l'f4: '

1Nr f.lflfA
3. hX'-0{10(1:. An equivocal answer is one

*I have evanescent memories of early childhood. fA;e.')'t- 1.11.1'- M-J-t:/1~ ~S'.

be evanescent 'h1'~' 1'1\

+t:.

His fame was evanescent. 11'i"m-'

'h1'~'Pit

+t:.

evangelist m't"INI!
Evangelists accompanied the Spanish colonizers in South America. m't1.~tJJo f't fhll:r~

hOJoC:~

evacuate
l.b-- -aJIIJ. Shoppets had to evacuate the
burning building. 1011-'l':Y.. h"t::'mllm-
.l.'tll oPtJJotiJ't- ' .,_,_, ' lf)Q:ftJJo
2. II_. aJIIJ. They evacuated the city. h.,...,..,.
,. 1\+tJJ- rom

3. t.~m.:. The government evacuated all

foreign residents from the war zone. ou")..,P'-1:
fm-"1/" h1C: H.1:Y..'t htn'l- bAA t.~m;:

4. .1.1111 hlll\4'4'. The government evacuated

the area threatened by the fire. OD't"IP''t- f

:,.~ 111;l":Y..'t ' 1-h't-lltJJo ' aJS'. ' S'.R-11 ' h

"i6lJ. I oPffio

evangelize m't1.A f'IOh

The missionaries evangelized the population
of South America. "''.ill'"'i'tJJof't fS'.IHI h
"'Lt:lt't ' .1.1111 ' m't1.&\ ' 1'1011-'t-

evaporate (vt.) t.1-H

The sun evaporates water. Blh.Y. '

d)o;Y) ~

1-'i'A

hilT ' hS'.:> ' f(l:>tJJo't OD')J'.C .1.1111 hll

114'4'
5. t.!lm"'. If poison is swallowed, it will be

evaporate (vi.) 1-H

necessary to evacuate the stomach.

His courage evaporated when he saw the lion.

ODC1f

1'1..'1''1' hli"Y: ' tJJoil'l' ' -fll- ' "7ilaJIIJ't- f

il.I.A:>A

be evacuated ..,.IBM

The women and children were evacuated to

the country. (1,.,.,.;<; .l.!'i'.,. mS'. Q~1C: 1mf'l'l.

The fluid has evaporated. 4./llf. 1-).A

(one's) courage evaporated
h'tO/ItJJo't Qf 1.11. m-~

(J)a~

IT~

If)

evaporation
I. 1-'t. Evaporation reduces the quantity of
water available to the farm. 1-'t t.c:lf f"''.f
1TtJJo't ftJJo~ oom't f.4''tiiA

2. (f)tD-? oP-}-)"1. Milk is condensed by

evaporation. m+:,-. f"t~;JOJ- 1 m-;)m- 0
""T~).

even

404

evasion

'

~tD-

get even with -n.e-c 1 oaA(l

Just wait, I'll get even with you! m11:,0 1
11.1:".:0'} ' l\ODAiti\IJo

(adv.)
I. l\'}\o,'} l l\'}\\ l ---II" l\'}\o,. Even a
layman can understand that. +&olD" ; (lm- ~
l\'}\o,'} Y.,tl'}'} 11.~-'ltD- Y.."f'IA
He was faithful even unto death. l\llh '1"-l-
.<:-~11 l\'}\\'} ;t-"7'1 ~oc
He didn't even open the letter. J'.11-'10.tD-'} l\
'}to, hAh.t._,.!l"
Even now, I cannot convince her. hllw"tfP s h
n, 'Ita!"'<;:,. M"fA!I"
2. l\'}\o,'} ta.e.+c. They confiscated everything,
even personal property. MA '}11~-l- l\'}
\\'} ta.e.+c "7'}'i'tD-'}!I" ~c tD-Cil h

even

evasion
I. "7.1:"011011. His evasion of the question is
evidence of his guilt. ~~'} "7.1:"011011- '!'of.
.,.:;: ' 1\oPIJ'). ' oP~lf ' ~(Do
2. DPH'};>-l-. The employee was punished for
his evasion of responsibility. 1P&o+~ID" ~ ...,t\.L
~ ...'} ' OODH'};>i> '

.,..,."1

evasive f"7f...,O'I'
He gave me a very evasive answer. fi:2\..9"" f"''
f.""'O'I' ODAII llm'1
eve 'I'IL"7
Where will you be New Year's Eve? QJL(to
'!ODT 'I'IL"7 ' f-l- ' T1'i'IIIJ !
The eve of their departure has arrived. fou~lf
'ftD- ' 'I'IL"7 J'.C!).A
even (v.) hll.,.IJhll
She evened the edges by trimming them.
mCif"'} 0"".,....~'1' hll.,.IJhll:ftDeven out hll.,.IJhll
We will have to even out these irregularities
first. oo)!.ou&f MH.Il'} f.Jqo- ~1C':f
"71l.,.IJhA Y..'l'C11<;A
even (adj.)
I. f.,.J'.'IJ'.II. He has an even disposition.
f.,.J'.'IJ'.I\ mllf. hl\tD2. .r..A-'It\. Let's rest here where the ground is
even! J'.A-'1'1 hll'~tD- hH.ll fl;f- l\'}~'1'
3. oo-tr. Two, four, and six are even numbers.
o-11-l- h&--l- l 11.<:-11-l- oo-tt- -k'I'C <;'ftD4. ltb-A. The two horses were even in the race.
o-1\i> .t.~(l:f Ol\1i-l-.<:-.<:-oo- M1-A ~0~
We are even in rank, though not in age.
Ob.<:-"7. 11'}1\fY..I"' 0"711~., MI-A n
5. :,.hilA. Check to see if the scales are even!
"''.q). ' ....hhA ' ODIJ').'} ' .,.....Ah-lThe car goes with an even motion. oab.'i"'ID"
l\'}J'. tD-? Y...t.laA
be even ~~(1
The sand was even with the window. hif'fJ'ID"
hoolll>i> mC11 J'.C!).A
*If I pay you 10 dollars, we are even. OP'C 11
C hh.t.Ah-11 !1"'}!1" hY..'l'C11'11"'
break even
He is just breaking even. -l-C'i'!l" h.ta&-11"
fl\0-l-!1"

J'.~?-

3. l\'}-'l.J'tD-11". You can read even better if you

try. 11-l-'l"hC l\'}-'l.J'tD-11" f_,.lfll A;f-~11
:,.:t-'11111
He is ready, even eager, to fight. Aou;Jmf" 1
11.,)1: 11!1' ltY.,II''} l\'}-'l.J'tD-11" 'i.,..;f-A
even as
I. Ah II + (imperfect). Even as I spoke the
warning, he fell into the hole. Ah "71lm'}+
4!ftD-'} 11<;1C ?-.<:-'ill- tD-11'1' 111
2. l\'}J'. + (perfect). He hurt himself even as
I had said he would. Ah l\'}-'IAh--l- 0&-11-
'IY.. ?--'1-l- hJ'.~II
3. l\f + (perfect). She answered even as
I spoke. Oou<;1C 'IY.. l\fi\IJo ODAII (lm"f
even at that y,. 1 ll.tr1'
Even at that, I would not pay more. YfD ll.tr1'
hH.f Y.,OA'I' hAh'i'A!I"
even if 11 + imperfect + II" l\'}\o,'} i 11 +
imperfect + II"
I will go even if it rains. ILH'}11!1" l\'}\o,'}
l\~-'11\!Jo (or ILH'}11!1" l\~-'11\o-)
even more fQ(l
You are even more stupid than your brother.
hw'}.t:-!1"11 f'lllh J'.J'.11 ~~~

even so CllY"t9"
Even so, I can't agree with you. ILII''}!I"

I)'}

_,. ;>C hA(I"7"7!1"

even though
I. 11 + imperfect + II" l\'}\o,. Even though
he succeeds in everything, he is not satisfied.
o-tt-!1" ~c lltaiJII-l-!1" 1.'}\\ o:l''1 t.
Y..A!I"
II". He went there even
imperfect
2. 11

evening

ever

405

though I warned him against it.

ll'tJI,I'.~.I:"

ilm~'l-+m-1"' 111"' 1111- ~1.

[See also 'not, now']

evening
I. 1"'11'1-. Let us spend the evening in the bar!
1"'11-t<'t 011-'i" 11.'1- M"<'IA'i!
2. "7 :1". Let us meet in the evening! "7 :1" 7.
't1'i'S
evenings "?:1" 1 fill ;l-

Is this restaurant open evenings? .e.u 1 ,.....,

of! n.'fo "'1:1" ..,:1" h'i!'fo ~..,. l
The evenings here are cool. ~H.tJ "?7 1 -7~

.1.11"'1" llilh'fo.l:''t .l:'t:il :J"il:J"I"'I"'?II:f

In any event ,..,.,.. 1 ll.tr1'
I'll be there in any event. Mil" O.ll''t MI.
J' 7l1'flloln the event of
1. (l.f.Cil. Iu the event of an accident, notify
the police. ht.;J (l.t.Cil 117"/l.il hii:J"

"'""'

+11+11 ,1'.1\A
every evening -7~ "7 ~

We take a walk every evening. "''~ "''~

11c11c ll't~JIII't
get evening ODi'('

2. hll'~. Iu the event of rain, the party will

be held indoors. 11'il"' hll'~ ;rc-t:m- 7l
11.'1- ID-il'l' ,l'.f.t.;JA

[See also 'chain, course, march']

It gets evening early here. Ml.ll -F-11- y.oo

lfA
good evening! ll't.e..~ houlflll (for the sg.

2nd pers. masc.)

"Good evening!", they said as they entered
the house. l\)fto roF.. : R.4: ~"Jf.1flo :
ll'!.e..'fo hou!Pfoo- l hlllate in the evening 0"11"' h1"'11-F- I (l.ou11

He comes home late in the evening. roF..

future in many ways. tnC)-h 1 011ft 1 oo")1

.1:" f<Df..l.'fo o-~:J"'t ""C:t:A.
at all events ftr)m- = ll.tr1'
At all events, she will take care of you until
you are completely recovered. ftr)m- 1 fltr"J 1

R.T

f"'l.ounJm- 0"11"' h1"'11-F- ((l.ou11) ~..,.

this evening tf~ 1 -?:J'"
Are they -coming this evening? tf& 1 "7 ;r : ~
oP"'/1-l

[See also 'spend']

evenly
I. 7.11-A. Divide the apples evenly among you!
-t<of.m-'t 7.11-A _,.to.l.ll2. .,.il.,.tohll-. The paint isn't spread evenly.
+11.,.. _,.il.,.tohll- hA.,.+QI"'
[See also 'spin 'I

event

eventful ofllt" .I:"C1.'1- f.,..l.l\oPO'fo

The eventful day left him exhausted. ofiH- .1:"
C1.'1- f_,..l.l\""0'1- +"t ou(l'). 0"11"'

ht.houmeventual ( ~ adv.) ooo..,..::lf

His eventual success is certain. OoP"'-l.'if = ]\
'tt."'l.+'im- ll....'t ~ ....
*His mistakes led to his eventual dismissal.
il.h.,.-r-'11 hF.:. llilh oom-nJ'fo ht.t:(l-'fo
eventually
I. Oou..,.t:lf. We eventually became friends.
oou .....::lf 'lt.'l':f ll"!'t
2. m-11- h.l:'t:. Eventually we will have to
agree on his proposal. m-1\'t h.l:"t:'t Oh
<'Ill- ooil"''"'''l- hllofl'!

3. l.J't.C. He was certain that the political

situation would eventually clarify. ]\flo 1 f?"lt
-t:tom- o-~:1" l.J't.C "IAII" ll'tf."'l.ll''l 7l
C"lm'f ~oc

*He will eventually arrive. f:\1\ : ~1\ 1 OD~IlJ-i: 1

h,I'.+C9"

ever

1. J!"C1.T. It was the most important event

of the year. qou-~o ID-il'l' h.,.f.t:?-'1- o-

I. gerundive of main verb+ J'ID--"'A (or hJ'm'1-1"") occasionally reinforced by another word.

Il- fOIIm .I:"C1.'1- ~oc

Have you ever been in the United States?

2. .,..-;.,e., He has a lively interest in political

events. ill\ 7"11-f:to ?-JII'-:f h'i! J'll
ii"'L'I- hllm3. f"'l.ll''t ~1C. We made careful plans and
awaited the event. 7.'1-P..'Il't O'l"t-"''1: hm'l'.,.'t f"'l.II'~ID-'t ~1C _,.mQO'I''t

4.

o-~:1".

The war has shaped the events of the

h"''.&to't Me ~t.u :J"m--"'1111!

Is he ever at home? (tootr).

AR.il

111.,.

J'ID--"'Al

Haven't you ever been there? Otj:Jt.~ 1 AHJ

~1.11 h:J"m-'1-1"' l
2. ?'"1'1.H.~A1'~. Won'tthisgossipever end?
,1'.11 h/1-QA:J" M1.11.1"' hJ'A'I' ll't.e.. l

3. ?"'t1.11.?". This is the best work you have

ever done. 9'""t'l.r&.9"' 1 brP&-1im- 1 JP&. 1r
to- .J'.1i'fw- 0"1?" fO/Im )OJo
4. II-A1.11.. A mother is ever ready to help her
children. ~<;:,. A}I:!J!'t /IODC'l't- II-A
1.11. 11"1)1: .,,.

5. (zero). What did you ever do to make him

so angry? .J'.U't fUA f"'LJ'';'Y;Y; ?"'t

)1C h~~"l1iw- ?

*If you had ever before gone abroad, you would

think differently. tuf-"t +F-'r r mY. 1 ID-1!- 1
h1c ~~u
.J'.II''t )0C

every

406

evergreen

run 'l'"C' hM1t1111u

ever after bttf

f-t-llf

0:\1\

They married and lived happily ever after.

1-:>11-t-w- hiU' 0:>.11 o~il?- 'l'"~
ever so RIIJ'r

The ocean is ever so deep.

'I'A.:,O ' )OJo
ever so much

t~J4:,.J"iil

0"19""

~~.., 1

Promise that you will evermore be faithful !

II-A1.11. ;1-.,'t ~'t~?"'t-ll''t ?A "lq
A't

every
I. ~f't'l'tY:. Give every child one! llf't-'l't-'1-
A~ h't'l'tY: il'l'
2. .,'t'i'OJo?". In every way our plan is better
than yours. O.,'t'i'w-?" ~1Y: f'f ~:,.Y:
h<;'t-t- f-1-lfll )dJ-

3. oo-tt:. I have every confidence in him. Oft.

hoP(l""lc;l\.r

if ever 11")~ .,.,.

If you ever visit London, see the Tower.

5. Of. He comes here every week. OfltSJO"J-J;

.J'.oP"'A

every bit OBIJ1'4j=m-r

Oh-A

Our food is every bit as good as yours.

every day Of+).

Such things do not happen every day.

U flo- )11!'~ Of+). h.J'.IJ').?"
I see him every day. Of+). hf'l'/111-

*She seldom, if ever, goes to the cinema.

ll.t., 11't-~Y:?" ~'t\\ hAG: hAG: )OJo
nothing ever ,..,.,.. 1 ~C'l.+ + negative verb
Nothing ever happens in this village. Otttl

every few days hAC!

The study of science is more necessary than

ever before. fP') 'i''l'~'t- '!'';''t- hoolfw?" .J'.A.:,O hu-'t O.J'.OA'I' 1-4.111. )w-

[See also 'since, what, worse']

evergreen .:,Omto-

f.,.J'.~"I'i'

Evergreen trees grow in northern countries.

.:,Omll'l'w- f"'.J'.~"I'i' q,;:~ 011"'&';''1!
U1C'~ .J'.O'i>llto-

everlasting
I. fH/1~/1?". God damned the Sodomites to
everlasting punishment. ~"IH.h11.h.C OIIP..,
w-n 11.1'- fnll~ll,. :,."':,. 4-~~q:r:w.,/1-l:f f/1./IOJo. I am tired of your everlasting complaints. B'J/\4!.1 fA./\m- 1 1'111'1111 1
MA:Y..P.'i'A

z.

?""lq~

't O_,'t'i'w-?" Oh-A ~'t~';"t-t-w- ?"""

-fl I 'N- I ~(J)o

h'tY: ' +'t 11-"!P.'t't ' il't-1-0't ;1-ID~'t '

~ 't Y; ;f-fIJ)o

OD')~C OJoil'l' ' ?"'t?" Y:C1.'t- h.l'-4.1.?"?"

than ever hoP=t:m-r
It is raining harder than ever. hoP=i:DJo'r fll
il O'l.J'.A .J'.H't qA
than ever before hoP=J:m-9"

II.J'. ' oo-{0- ' ~?")'t- hll't

4. u-to-. I read every book on the list. 011C11~
II.J'. f/lw-'t oPI\"dt'i' u-to- M011h~II.U

~~"1

Thank you ever so much!

evermore trA'l.H.

~'t~ll.

1 h.AC!
I go there every few days. hAG: hAG: ~II.
f ~~-'l/111every now and then hAC! 1 hAC!
He takes a drink every now and then. hAG:

hAG: .J'.m"'A
every once In a while hAC:

hAC:

He takes a drink every once in a while. hAG:

hAG: .J'.m"'A

every one of
I. ~'t'l'tY:. Every one of us received a
pack of cigarettes. ~f't'l't'l~'t h't'l'tY: ;r
" {L:>t- 1-+0A't
2. Ooo-to-. Every one of the children came.
A}('ll ooo-to- oumevery one of them 1Jolt:9'"

Every one of them studies hard. o-lt:9""

oc

't--t-w- fm';'to-

every other day 'AYIPI\(t.

They have meat every other day.

}...ftPI\(t.

P':> ' .J'.OIIto-

every time (adv.) 11-A1.11.

Our football team wins every time.
il !1-Y;';'~'t 11-A1.11. flf't<f-A

~"IC

\\

every time (conj.) fl + perfect + "'"'C

It rains every time we want to go out. mY.
tD-1." oo'tY: flLII"l't "'"'c Y.H'tiJA.
[See also 'aspect, each, often, other'}

everybody v-11- {1mIs everybody on board? v-11- {lm- .,...,..,;::A. ?

Everybody laughed. v-11- {1m- "1-1'
[See also 'else, most']
everyday
I. fHm'l-c. A person wears everyday clothes
to work. l'.'tY: {lm- 1\1"&- fHm'I-C A.11
II f.II114A.
2. f.,.&-. The diction of everyday talk is
different from that of the essay. f.,.&- 't"l
"!Co; fY:c(l'f- l'.RR'i' IIA.'I- f_,.l\1' o;'l'm3. ( ~ adv.) flf-1').. Accidents are everyday
occurrences. J\Y-.;7 Of+). fOf..f.Cll ~1C s
)tD-

~'l't~

{lm-. Everyone has to fulfill his

duties toward his country.

"f"}I;'}JJ.. (lm-

1101~ Yl\tD-'1 "!'I~ ""LK'l" 1'.1\fl'l-

2. "?'tfD. Everyone recognizes him to be an

authority on Ethiopia. ill\ 1\.'1-i'"I!;Y 0'1'4!
ODIJ').')

evidence (v.) 11\K

His smile evidences his pleasure. L1..,;rm-
~11;1-a>-'t

"7')'}" ' f,oJ>fli\'I'A.

everything
I. "7'!'i'm-'J" )1C. This shop sells everything needed for camping. f,tJ ""~11C II
lJ'J"T f"'LYIILA.1tD-'I "7'1'i'm-'!'J" )1C
jl.if"'A.
2. v-11- )1C I )1C v-11-. He has mixed up
everything. v-11-'1 )1C l'.~fli\A.ol';t-A.
I will do everything that is necessary. f"'L
YIILA.1tD-'I )1C v-11- l'.~C:>IIv[See also 'else']

"711<:)1" _,.Lt:~fl'I-

The case was thrown out of court for lack of

evidence. ""t:li" fl"";l-"11o 1111- .,.{lt:H
Her smile is clear evidence of her pleasure.
L 1"1;1-'1'

1\(ID~{I;f:

be In evidence

.,.A.O "711l)f )m-

:fwf

He is nowhere in evidence.

r+r

(l:f"

]\

f,;l-f,'}"

*A crying baby is much in evidence. f"'LYI\'1>11

;r.n

1111.11-'Jl v-11- .,.11,..,_ n+1111- ,.

;1-YA. (jl.;t-m:I'A.)
give evidence
I. l'.oPI\11.,.. The blood on the floor gave

evidence of a fight. flOJI\11- 1\jl. nnt:m-

'I'A.

ll.'t~)flt:

h""l\11.,.

2. (~passive) V"A.I1'1- ;1-f(fl'l-). He gave no

evidence of having understood. "'t1.1llm- 'I"
'tV" ' 'l"A.I1'1- l'.A.;t-ffl'I-V"

evident
I. f.,.t::>1m. It is evident that he cannot come.
11""'1""1'1- hl\""!1'11- f.J-t::>1m )a>2. "IA.K". It was evident to all that the project
was a failure. ll.'lo~ m-Y:'Io oPIJ'). 1\v-11V" "!All" )flC
His good intentions are evident to all. ODA.lt
V" 1'.41U1o 11"7'1V" "IA.K" )a>-

evidently ( ~ adj.) "!All"

He is evidently serious. hr'<;.
X"

h'1"-11')

*'lA.

~(I)<

*It's ten o'clock. Evidently, he is notcoming.

OI"C {1~'1- II'~A.

117.'1"1'1.0 OJ'I.U

f"'L"""' l'.jl.""IIII'SV"

everywhere
I. flYIIfl'l-. Lamentations were heard everywhere when the king died. '!.,.,_ ..._'1"'1- flY

_,.(1.,

llfl'l- ll'l>f>
2. v-11-'1" P;t-. I have looked everywhere
for that book. Y'l'l ""~~""'"' v-11-'1" P;t-

Ll\"lv-'1-

3. flfP;t-m-. People passed out leaflets everywhere. (19'";f- flf(l;t-m- K"d>'i' 0~11evict l'.IIOJ"'
The landlord evicted the tenants. ffL1o "1.;1-
_,.11&-l'"'ll'l

jl.1A.KA.

evidence (n.) "711l)f 1 oot:)i"

He was convicted on false evidence. fldtl\+

~V"

everyone
I.

evil

407

everybody

Jo.ilm"''l'm-

evil (n.)
1. OD:,0tP!Ij:..-,... War is an evil. IPC)-1-

+I

ou:,0tP!Ij:.

)aJo

2. ;)m_l'.'l-. Sorcery is an evil. '1''14'1\ -lm_l'.

'1- )t-

3. 114-. He does not return good for evil.

114-'t flfl1 hf.""A.IIV"
4. ""'1'1.': )1C. The evil must be extirpated.
""'1'6:t- )1C .J-)'1>11- """'A. 1'.110'15. 114-'1-. Evil is the inverse of good. 114-'1- f
~"l)'f- .J-:1'&-t )a>-

evil

exaction

408

evil (adj.)
1. hf... His evil character made him many
enemies. h4- mql< .,..,. m'l-l- l\4.&-0-lThe old man fell on evil days. 1i"''"/ll.fllo (I

evolve (vi.)
l. .,.II 0.,.11 ' l\.1'.1. A sycamore tree evolves
from a tiny acorn. fmctt tflj: b:t-'l7i tt:c'- 1
.,.II 0.,.11 J'Y::>A

(l)o{L I h4-- I .,.., I }t;JffiOD(I)o

2. ou... .:::. He was punished because of his evil
deeds. OoP'J'G: ?""/q-1- .,..,...,
3. f.,.'llt-<11.. His evil plan to defraud the
people was discovered . .b1111-'l 11"'1:1-IIA f

2. TIJ.11(1. r .,.Arom. The dispute evolved into

full-scale war. mit .,.q11(o a>.l'. l\ID-)1'>;'

) Ol:fllo f_,.'llt-<11. l\,.'1- :J-a>.,.O-l-

M0-1--l- ll.'lllil-l-

4. '1m.h.,.'i'. He prophesied cataclysm for the

evil city. '1m.h.,.'i' h.,."'' 'If. """'"'"'-}-
f.a>CJIA 1111- _,.)Of

evil spirit l\Ch-11 oP'!ol.lll :n'l (pl. l\:>'1'1-l-)

The witch doctor exorcised the evil spirit from

her. hll"''_,.'i'..,. li.Ch-11 oP'!ol.ll ha>"'

'1-l-

There are still people who believe in evil spirits.

Ol\:>'1'1-l- f"''.J'!/"'1- M':f hll-'1?" l\11-

evildoer l\'1'.1.
The evildoers were punished by public whippings. h'I'.Ll"'ll q.f.qqf. 0oP1l:'i'

.,..,.m-

evil eye 11--'!

Even now, many people believe in the evil eye.
hll-'1?" 011--'! f"''.J'!/"'1- 11,. (ll":f l\11-

evi nee 1IU\.

His smile evinced his pleasure. d-1..,;1-(l)o S!.
II:J-....'1 1/ll\

evoke l\llh.,./1
His letter evoked an angry answer .

.(.-fi.q{).lD-

f"'"' oP<I\.11 l\llh.,./1

[See also 'laugh, memory']

I. P') .,.4.'1'1!'. In biology we study the evolution of animals. oqf"ll-l( fl\'lllil-l-'1 P')
.,.4.'1'1!' ll.'i'm'i'll'l
2. l\J'.I'.C f"''.oP"' lldJo'l'. In politics England
has preferred evolution to revolution. fi?"fl-t
>i <:1Y: l\'1"111_11 hov,.<::J-'1! lldJo'l' '
l\J'.I'.C f"''_oP"' lltD-'1''1 ODC"'II:f
3 . .,.II 0.,.11 "'1.1'."1. The evolution of the

flower from the bud is explained in this book.

yoq"'" hl\'111-'1')-l- .,.II 0.,.11 "'1.1'."1
OII_U OOf,-.h'i' ....11'1' .,.1<11.!\_A

4.'1';,:<11.

)a>-

ewe ll.-l- 0"1

ex - hii_IJ .,..1'.?"
She tried to hush up the fact that her husband
was an ex-convict. q~ 1 htUJ ' +For ,.,.
ol.l:.f.OT ' W'l)';/1>;' ' OD!Y).'! ' ll"''llq011 ' 'f"
h<::f

exacerbate l\q(I(O-l-)
His nagging only exacerbated her anger.
'111'1,. ' 1111"1":t'l ' l\q(lq-}-

exact (v.)
I. l\111.1'..1'.. The creditor exacted full payment from his debtor. l\0-'!&a>- qMJ!..,.
J'IIO-l-'1 ooo-11- l\'1-'lh'i'A hll1.1'..1'...,.
2. mf.,.. If he does the work well, he can
exact payment for it. JP&.tD-") r 0"7.1fl hlP
&- 'I':> 11-mf.,.O-l- f.:f'IA

3. LA1. The parents exacted obedience and

respect from their children. A]!.;il''ffllo 'I'll?" ' :J-~'fn-l-'l'i' ' t.h11C"-l-1 l\'1-'lJ'ill''l''f
ID- ' a>~]!.:'ll ' 4.11'1-

exact (adj.)

evolution

evolve (yt.) ol.m<:

He has evolved a new method. h-'1_11

tnC)-l- _,.lla>m

3. oPIIJ. Man has evolved from a lower stage

of animal. (Ia>- f"""'"'" h11,..,.'i' .l'.<:)f

H.l'..

l. -l-hhll'i'. Is this an exact copy? f.IJ -l-hh

ll'i' "/Aq"l" )a>- I
2 ( ~ adv.) 0-l-hhA. A scientist should be an
exact thinker. filf.'l(l ' "-"' 0-l-hhA f"''.
J'll11 (Ia>- """" l\110-l3. ( ~ adv.) :J>A ' O:PA. Tell me his exact
words! J'lla>-'1 :J>A O:J>A '11<:'1

exacting
l. 'J''I:J><fl f"''.ol.<l\."1. A doctor's work is very
exacting. fP..h.,.C P'&- .,..,. '1''1:1'., f"'L
4.<1\."1 ) ....
2. 0:1>'1 f"''f.A. An exacting employer will
find it hard to keep his workers. 0:1>'1 f"''f.A
l\u>& ,&-.,.'l''ll'l ' "''.f.f-l- J'II.,..,<:'I'A

exaction "''llhoi.A
The Treasury Department's hardest job is the

excavate

409

exactitude

oP~ODl,

exaction of taxes. f1'lH11 OIIJ..tll-J:C hQ"-

put through an examination

1"6-,. "111C "711b.I.A )"'"

The police put him through a seve~ examination. ?"ll.fo'lic 0'1'11:J> oo,:oo~'I[See also 'medical']

The tenants protested the exactions their

landlords imposed on them. "PII'l''li QIIC!l
.f-'li ' .f~~q11 ' f"'II-Q'f,_"t ' "111C ' -l":f'ID"""

exactitude .:-t:J>H
The exactitude of the work makes it more
valuable. fl"&-,. .:-t:J>H '1':> f.""9"CII

:I"A

exactly
I. 'i'l\.9". That's exactly the same. .f 'i'l\.9"
l\"tf: ' ),.
2. 11\h. He came exactly at ten. 11\h Q&-'1-

1. L+i'. We have to examine our students in

Amharic. .,..,t.lPil''f"t"t Q"7C'i' """--~"
"t ' hllil"t

2. OD/.OD/.. The doctor examined me thoroughly. doh...,. F."r'i hf:C'I oo,:oo,:'S

I'm here to examine the books. Mlll f"""'ll:,. I ODK'tftf:=Ji'} I i\ODODCoPC 1 ~CIJ-

3. mr+. The judge examined the witness.

.<;>;',. 9"11h~"t mf4'a>-

be examined ;1-r

(l't'l-' """'

That's exactly what I expected. 11\b fmR:J>rJo

..,.. I ~1C I

examine

)(Do

3. n'l-hbll\. Follow these instructions exactly J

f.ll"t"t ' 009"6.1' ' 0'1-hhll\ ' -f"b-1"11\

The contents of your trunk have to be examined. >."!'l'"ttl ,.11'1' .I'll"'" >.? oo:J-f'l-
hiiO'I-

example
1. 9"f(l\..

exaggerate
L h.Jfi-+. You are exaggerating as usual.

We all followed his

example.

1Jo~:f"t9" f(l."t 9"f(l\. -f"h-I"A"t

>."tF.-f"IIODY,,_ ;NI"t:f'llll
2. h.:>H (-f":>H). Your admiration is exaggerated. l\f:'i-11'1-tJ f-f";>)) ),.

This is an example of the way they do things.

OM 'tf.~'l- h\\:\"t >."tF-"7."'~ f.tJ

*Those shoes exaggerate the size of her feet.

Examples in arithmetic are explained in this

book. f.,.'I'C 9"f(l\. OII.IJ oPK'do'i' ,.

"'i"7'1' ' >."l<::"t ' 'I-11\:J- ' .fiiODilll'l'll\

9"f(l\. ' ),.

11'1'

exaggeration oP;>)"t

exalt
I. l\ID.<'.(l. They exalted God in their hynms.
0oP11 ....6-'f,. ' >."IH.l\1lm.C"t ' hiDF.(l.
2. b'i' hf:C'I ""t:m. The people exalted him
to the office of President. ih1111- wF. "1'&.11.-'1
"t'l-)'1- F.t:)i' b'i' hf:C'I ou.:m,.
3. h'i' .I'll II"'L'I- h<V.t:O'I-. The lyrics of
Shakespeare exalted the audience. fithii1:C
"1'1'9" Oh-'1"7"""'1i ~f. b'i' .I'll II"'L'I-
)\f(Y,,:q'f,.

i'OC

examination
1. A..T'i. The examination was easy. LT'ifD"
4'~11\

.eu 1"1111\

fl"&-'1' 'tf.)-f"'i',. 9"f(l\. ),.

2. hCh.f. We follow the examples of great
men. f:J-~~:,. (llP'f"t hCl\.f >."tb-l"~ll"t

You should set a good example for the others.

111\.fro'li ' ...~ ' hCh.f ' ODIJ'"t ' hlliltJ

3. """'"'"" The judge fined the speeder as an

example to others. >l'i'a>- ooh,<; R'i''l')'l-
f)-'la>-"t II,. 111\.fro'f ou4'"l"'i f.ll'"t H"t

f:' "'"'"'"
fol" example i\?"'IJ.i\. fiJA

Let's take Russia, for example. Arlti\. fiJIA

~{t.f"t

' >."t,.l\f:

exasperate 0"19" hOf(..,

exam &.+'i
The exam was easy. 4..+'im- +ilA

-f"~Ali.A

This painting is an example of her best work.

His story is full of exaggerations. 7'6 b-

"":>n rn~n'l- ),.

)ftC

2. 'rCoPt-. The examination of the witnesses

lasted two hours. f9"11hl!''li 9"coo&- rJoll
'1- ' (l't'l- ' .!.'f.

Herfolly exasperated him.

~11\);t

0"19" h.

Of(...ID-

excavate
1. 1Ltt:C" hatliJ. They are excavating the ruins
at Axum. fl\h(l.9""t 'i'&-JI'';f 4>'i't:,. n
"'"'""'"" '

~~-

' <;'fw-

2. -t..c..:. They excavated a cave in the hillside. lot:il:J-,. '1-"t ~.e h"tf: 'l'lf 4&.1.~

except (v.)

excavation
Excavation was carried out by a
modern machine. cfl.t..~tiJo 1 flHOD'I'f! ODUf6
1.

41~.

.,.ht;m~

2. f.,.ot.L<:

water.

f.,.'kl.~tD-")

Theexcavationfilledwith
.,....e-;}_e-

m-~

'f"ltm-

2. J\atlfJ. He excepted their names from his

list of guests. hl\1'"11'-'ll Ill'" 11C1fC m-11'1'
f)(l-") Ill'" hm"'

I. Ullm. Addis Ababa exceeds Harar in size

and population. h-'1.11 hnq dJ<:C") nllof..

'!-<; U,MI11

11~'1- Y.UAm'I'A

2. hilL 1 h - - - hilL. Do not exceed the

speed limit! f.,.m{l)m-") 'i''l'~'l- h'l-11'1'

The director exceeded his powers and was
dismissed. 'lt.h.,.-1- hP'A"'). 0"'1114- h
P'&- .,.811Y..
3. h -- - n11.e ~m-. To lift

a heavy trunk
exceeds a woman's strength. '1-A:,O 111''1.
:,. ..,.,...,'!- hll.'l- 'l:,O!'" OilY. ~"'"

exceeding
*She is a girl of exceeding beauty.

11.,1'~<;''1'

mY..c f/1.11'1- AYf<:~ ~:f

exceedingly l\~"1
She is an exceedingly beautiful woman. h.!l
~~~., f.,.'l'n:f ll.'l- """
excel (excelled) Ullm
He excels all others in mathematics.

t\.~'l

11-1\- RdJ.lt11 Y.UA"''f'I'A

except (prep.) h - - nM.,.c

Everybody believed it except him. h(l- nll.,.

.,.c '

!Joll-1'" ' hoP).'fexcept for h - - - Oil.,.+C

I like the book except for one chapter.

IJ")~

1'"6&-'1' 0111-.,.C ""X'dJ4-1' l\mY..'I'IIrJo

excepted h - - - 0111-.,.C
Present company excepted, I don't like visitors.
liH.U IJIItJJo (lm- Ull.,..,.C l\1'"1'1 hAm
~I'"

excepting h--- 0111-.,.C

Everyone, excepting myself, applauded his
speech. h~ Ull.,..,.C 11-11-1'" ' 111'"1"1-1- ' h

""'"""'11exception
*This rule does not allow for any exception .
.eu Y-.1'11 11"'11'1'" f.,.llf .e~:r
be an exception to ltA.,.h.,.hiJD

hf.{l'l'l'"

This is an exception to the rules of grammar.

.eu f(l'l'llm-1' .1.1'1' hY.h1-AI'"

*I don't want to be an exception. At!- hil.,.

excellence
I. h'i'.,.':' 'f-11-;J. He received a prize for
excellence in Amharic. llh'i'.,.':' Y"'IC':'

'1'11-:rm- 'liA"'I'I- .,..,.n11

2. I'"C'I'~'I-. The restaurant is famous for the

excellence of its food. 1'""111 !1.-1: Ul'""lll-
I'"C'I't'l- f;J-m.,. tm-

Excellency, His - hn-c

His Excellency the ambassador came to the
party. hll-C hl'"qltY..-1- mY.. :rc-tm- """'"
Your Excellency hll-C~'I-l"

Your Excellency, may I have the week off?

i

flt1'"1''1- L:l' ~ f.{lm-':'A ?

1 h'i'.,.':'
excellent ll~ U"'l'" He is an excellent ball player. l\~"1 R"'l'"
-

I. m-"1!" hY-.<:1. I cannot except you from

the provisions of the law. ,n.,.. hO?..L-l-~m- s
tJJo"fl" IIY..C"IAU hA'fA!'"

1-~'l~.

exceed

hll-Ct'l-l"

exception

410

excavation

\>,(l ' .,."'1.'1''1' ' tm-

Having such an exceJlent teacher is to your profit.

l\")Y..H.U Yll h'i'.,.':' ' ""I'"UC ..,.,.,..'1u 111'.,. '1':,.1'" ' tm-

Yf'l- l\1'-'I.Y..<:"IA't hALA"II'"

make an exception ~")fl-") hA.,.h.,.hr

He made an exception and allowed him to

enter school without a certificate. ~")fl-") q
llooh.,.A Yll !l"(lhC m<:.,.'l- '1-I'"UC'I-
!1.'1- l\1'-'1.,q ' L.,.Y-.11'1-

make no exceptions

All of you must be here at eight; I can make

no exceptions. v.~tl-o-9"" 1 Oo-A.)o 1 h.H..IJ
""11'1- hllq:fu- I l\1/1. h1/l. fl'"llm- fill'"
take exception .,.~moo

He took exception to my description of Addis

Ababa as a small towo. h-'1.11 hnq '1-1''11
h1-"'1 <;'!- 11\1. YAh-'1-1' 1-:J>moo
with the exception of h - - - Oil.,.+C

I like my studies, with the exception of German.

h)!Coo")';' 0111-.,.C '1-!I"UC-f-'li") l\mJ!IIrJo
without exception ]\")_e-go 1 lrJ!.+C

Every student, without exception, must be there.

excise

411

exceptio nal

.f-16 0..,.11- h'!Y:9" ltJ.'.f>!: MI.J' oo

11"-l-' hl\0-l-

[See also 'rule']

exceptio nal
l. mY..c fA.llfD-. Sheisanex ceptional student.
a>!l.C fl\.11-l- 1-"76 'i'-l2. f-t-1\oofl. hJ.'.!l.l\9". This weather is exceptional for June. 7.'!!l.IUI Yll YfC v-~:1"
Dl'lt f-t-1\oofl. hJ.'.!l.l\9"

excerpt 9"'!q11
He read an excerpt from the Bible to the class.

2. h-1-m(l)m - OIIJ.'. flf). You have to

pay 5 dollars a pound for excess baggage.
h-1-UJ(l)m- ' 011).'. ' 1\lf) ' '\11 ' 07.1'!JI'!-' l. '
;rm-'!Y: ' li ' 11C ' ODhLA ' hl\1111
1 Ot\,_ 1 fll'~
I won't pay these excessive charges . .eu'l'l ;

excessiv e boom'}

!Joom'! 01\J.'. flf) 'I':> hAII'i'A9 "

exchang e (v.)

1. Amm. I want to exchange this book for

another one. .eu'l 1 oox-m'f: 1 OA.t\ 1 11.oo11.
W'l' 7-LA:>IIIJ-

!JODWJt'i' ' :,0-'1.11 ' f-J-UJ(lfl. o 9"'!q11 o 1\h'i'

11-Mnn

2. 1-1\'l'mm. John and Mary exchange books.

Where did you take the excerpts from?

9"'!qll'fh llf-l- h11""1i'fm- !
An excerpt of his speech was printed in the
paper. '!"1"1'1- Oll.I.A ;>IL"' IIJ.'. :1"-l-

I have been exchanging ideas with your friend.

.,. )DC

l'"dt'!11'i' ' "7C19" ' ODII.lo'i'T ' J.'.I\'I'W"f/1-

11'\!l.>;'U ' ;JC ' dtlt11 lldtlt11 7.'!1\'I'W'l'

)0C

[See also 'blow, word']

exchang e (n.)

excess (n.)
1. 11A1. There was an excess of imports over
exports last year. ttA.r.m- q.oo:,. m,g_ r 1t
1C I aJo{l'J' I f1tt:r- I lt,:J"SJ";f- I tD~ I tiJ"fiJ!" 1
h-t-1111--l- 11A"'i )0.:-'fm2. -l-C'i'. Pour off the excess! -l-C4-'! h'i'11(lm-

3. 11~-l-. His teeth were harmed by an excess

of candy. Dht:"'l.ll 11~-l- f-J-)"1 'I'Cfl. -t1-Y:.f- )0C

4. ( ~ adj.) IIAh YIIL. He has an excess

of energy. !JAh YIIL 1-AD-l- hi\<D5. ( ~ adv.) !Joom'! OIIJ.'.. The doctor advised him to avoid excess in eating. th tL_. r
hoom'! 011).'. 7.'!JIJ.'.OII )1t:m-

*The excess of 7 over 5 is 2. (lq-}- 1)9"11-l-

f"'LDAmm - Dv-11-l- )min excess of h - - - 0"\,..
The supply of cars was in excess of the demand.
111DY f"'Lof'CD--l- ooll_'i'l":f ll"'LLI\1
<D- 011).'. )OC
to excess boom1' r 01\1-She is generous to excess. hoPm") 01\,.. lt;J

11'i'T
*I drink sometimes , but not to excess.

J\'}J;1'~

'I..IL ' 7-m"'l\v- l "''! ' hAll- hiiA'i'9"

commit .- "'J"i: r LV.OD

excesse~

The enemy army was charged with committing

1 nooL~"7
excesses. fmlt+ m;J-Y..f:";f-

"'lf:

1. AliND'1'. Is this a fair exchange? ,e.u

Q11 = fii.ID" I AID"ID"'1' I ~m- ?

11...,

2. OD/1.-Pm...-. Exchange of ideas is necessary

for development. fdtl\11 1 oP/I.ffOJ'f' 1 f\11-..t.!""1

-r

TLil1.

~1C

~,..

The Red Cross arranges for the exchange

of prisoners. fof'J.'. oo11of'A "7-)0C f7.
11t:'l':f'! ool\'f'W'l' Y!l..:-1f A
3. f1'1H11 9"'!~6. Control of foreign exchange
is the duty of the National Bank. f<D-'i" M
C ' 1'1H11"t ' 9"'!q6 ' OD<Ir."fmC o f11dt.MJ! o q
'!h -J-"'qc )m-

4. f1'1H11 """"'IH6Y fl:l". The variations in

the value of the world's currency are posted in
the exchange. O'tl\9" 111- 1'1HII:f f'l' :>
Al'-t-l- ' 01'1811 ' ODoP'!H6Y ' 11:1" ' 1-1\'I'~A

in exchange for 01\dJ"mHe's giving her French lessons in exchange for

English ones. 7.!1.. 7.'1"111..11>;' 11:1"11-1-9",:
<D- ' 01\<D-m- 7.(1. Lt:'I<'IJ.'.>;' 111-t-9".:-:l"A
rate of exchanae f9"''llf6 -P;J ! f9"''llf6 1
"'-<'111

The rate of exchange is 2 1/2 Ethiopian dollars

to I American dollar. fM~6m- 'I':> (.b_lt

11) II'!Y: fh"'&&l) 11C v-11-l- 1-h-A

fh..-l-1'"9;1 ' 11C )<D-

excise <tu:tn

JrtmlfJ

excess (adj.)

The surgeon excised the tumor with no difficulty. f4'1'- ' '1'1'i'<D- ' dtll_9" ' ll_'!:f"C'-1>'! ' 111

I. -l-C'i'. Pour off the excess fat ! -l-C4-'! :,.q

-l- h'i'111'lm-

The censor excised two paragraph s on page

'fm- ' -J-11(1(1.

'!JI:f :f"'c <lr.Ctn hmar

excitable

four. lt'IIH- '1&-H'm- 11\" o-11'1- h'l.,.

l<'f- 'I&Ctfl htD"'

excitable fi.,.lt/1- f'"l.lffiC

My brother is an excitable person. ID1'X"OI fl
.,.ill\- f'"l.lffiC (ltJJo )tJJo

I. ii"'L.,'I .,. ... .,..... The President's speech

excited us. fT~H.-'1'1., '1"1"/C ii"'L,.'f-'1
'I .,. ....,. ...
2. -1--1-.,h-11. Do not excite the dog! m-lfm-'1
h'l--1-..h-1\tJJo
3. h-!-t:4.(11'1-). Her new dress excited envy.
h'l.fl. A11!1. ,.,..,_ h-!-t:4.it'tbe excited

l.ii"'L., -f-4'(14'(1. I'm excited because I just

entered the competition.

nm-x-~~

1'1' r noo

"'Q-1: ii"'L-1: -l-4'il'l>!l.A

2. fi'l-'1-r OD'I4.fl. -1-.,.il.,.il. The children

were excited by the Emperor's arrival. fl'l1"' )11".,. """""'"' A]<'f- ' 01-1-'1- OD'I4.lt
.,..,. -f-4'(1.,.(1
+~(t+.

Everyone was excited by the news

of the victory. 0..(-A-- H.'i' rrtr'r +1..11-f

)fiC
4. :J:J. Everyone is so happy about the picnic.
but I am not excited about it. itA = 7ic1i~ rr
II- iltJJo -1-S'.il:t:A l h~ "1'1 hA'l'lo-11'1-ll"
get excited -1-lffit:
Don't get excited! I will find the books sooner
or later. h'l-lfnc ho-'lll" If) /1./t 'L
H. ODI\".hl::'ll'l h1''iA?I\1Jo

excitement
I. ii"'L'I-. He tried to hide his excitement.
ii"'L"''I 1\0D.J'.fi'l> 'l"ht:

The incident created a lot of excitement.

.I':C'L_, f1111-tJJo'l ii"'L'I- 4'(14'(1

2. 7i11C. The excitement will die down in a

fewdays.1111<~- hT<t'l- 4''1 fi:\lt

hfmof.

,l'.'t'IA

3.

..,C""IC.

exciting
I. .1'.11 f"'I..M"i l ii"'L'I-'1 f'"l.4'il'l>il. That
was an exciting story. S'.il 1 f"'L..'il"i (ii"'L't'1 f'"l.4'{1'1>11) 1 ,.,~h ~nc
2. f'"I.Yilf.il't-. The discovery of gold is

exciting news. fmc-1:,.

excite

3.

exclusion

412

Wait till the excitement settles

down! "/C"'-1- hilh.t:.:>.:> .l':t:il ~,I'.

4 . .l':'l.:>m. His heart thumped with excitement. All- r fl.(-'l;Jm. hOC" oP;J5. ODS'..,1'1'. The declaration of a state of
emergency caused great excitement. fhll.:f\l..r.
'Lit. ' 0'1']'} """"IDJ>} h'i! Yll I oPf...1'1''1
4.mt:
6. ff.il,. 11~'1-. Her eyes sparkled with excitement. hf.li;J- 11~'1- 1 ~J'.). -1-1111""11..,

QJ~ I

oo1TT fOfJMil

iotD-

3. f"'LL'IIS'.'I'I>. Our encounter with the famous

actor was exciting.

'11'1-

...,.,,,.-;y.,

f~m+m-'1
I

+'P'IJ.'..

OJ!"

f"''..Yilf.'l'l> ' )fiC

exclaim
1. O~il~ +'11t!. "I've passed the exam!" he
exclaimed. "-""""'"'~ 1 hll'i!h- I 1111- Of.
II,. -!-"1t:
2. fioof.)'!> mf.,.. "Haven't you done that
yet?" he exclaimed. hill}!Jo'l ,I")'J hAw
&.'JitJJoll" l ' 11/1- ' fiOD.J'.)'!> ' tnf4'

exclamation
I. :1'11 h;>'l'. "Oh!" and "Help!" are exclama-

tions. .h >> t;1 '' 1..~ :l-It ' ll.;J'i 'i':fm2. J!",-6. His exclamation of surprise was
heard by the teacher. foof.)'!> .V:ll"ll-'1 hil
.,....,,~..,.

.......,....

3. "'o'Ji't-. The speech was continually interrupted by rude exclamations. '1"1"1-1- 011A.,.,..
1111- I 'Lit. -!-!1/Ctfl I )fiC

....1i,. .

exclude
I. hil4't:. The speaker excluded the unnecessary material from the report. -1-.,..;>&tJJo h&.T
<~- m-ilT -1-4./t'L YAlY'i-'1-'1 )11!''1- hil.,.t:
2. h"'ll"'l- tJJo"f!' 1 hS'.t:1. He excluded the
possibility of an error in the date. 04''1 h
'l&"'tnC li""AQ'f- ll.'l'C f'"l.'f-1\tJJo'l ila.
T'f- I h"/ll"'f- 0 fD<"f!' 0 I\.J'.t:1tJJ3. hllhll. They excluded . him from membership in our club. fhOQ'f-'1 l;qA h'I'IJ'.lf'l
hllhll-'1-

exclusion
I. DDhAhA. Her exclusion from the club
hurt her feelings. hhnn- oohAh!l hil.,.

,...,,.

2. h-kTC hil-Y..,QT. Exclusion of minors is

a good policy for us. it'll\ ODm'l YAS'.t:
(l.'f-'1 I 11\A ' "'/.l':t:"/ I 1\ll"'!h-f-1\tJJo' ~it"'/ '
.,.~

' i'aJo

to the exclusion of others fi\.fte~'l ' :,..,.

He considers only his interests to the exclusion

of others. f/1.11-l-'1 '1--r- f&.fl.'l T'l>ll"
11!1' YIIQA

excursion 1ic1ic

exclusive
1. f"'IA flY~. We have exclusive rights to
this invention. 1111.11 'i'Ail'l- Mll:f-'t fll"
~ ooofl'f- 1>1\'t
2. ( ~ adv.) ,..11- o-11-. The director has
exclusive control of the company. Jl.~h#
ll-IJ't.l'fDo't ao-tr Oao-tr ,_<t."Jm&.A
3. (~ adv.) flao-tr ' A-R. He manifested an
exclusive devotion to his work. fl,..,.A- Aofl
P'<!-fDo't ' oPdJoi'JI.'t ' I> <'If
111-IDil'f.
This is quite an exclusive club.
ill":f- -R!I' fi'L_,.F. hO-R ~..,.
exclusive of lJY.okmC
There are twenty-six days in that month,
exclusive of Sundays. "hdt-.1': <\,.<t.mC 0
11..1' ' IDC dJo!l'J' I 7.1' !I.!':!IT ' .,.'l':f- hir

,_II

exclusively -R!I'
That selfish girl looks out for herself exclusively. .l''f ' &.!)_'t ID-'1.1': A]f11..1': ' I\&.!)_ ofl!f'
;1-!lflll:f-

excommunicate h.ID1H
The archbishop excommunicated his opponents. ~~_.,. j!.j\(1- 1'?'l'"'l..l"!l''ffDo't hiD11f"

excommunicatio n dJo"""'HT
Excommunication was not widely practiced
in Ethiopia. fDo"IH'I- 01>.'1-l'"k.l' dJoil'l'
Oil"-..,. l>""'&.O'I-!1" ~oc

excrement ll-!1
They make use of the excrement of bats
for fertilizer. fll.ll-'1- wc::f-'t ll-!1 1\oP.I.
'1- "1-'10&.1' ,_m.,.ao-0;1-A
human excrement q.y.~ trY:C
The Japanese use human excrement as fertilizer. ]f;r'l':f- 'l,_~ !I".I':C't IIDP.I.T "1
-'106.1' .l'dJoii-;1-A

excrete

IIJA

The cow excretes dung. 11!1" "1>0'1- '1-'1'111\:f-

excruciate h.w?r
The headache excruciated him. &oil !I";1-'l-
hOP?ffDo

excruciating

execrable

413

exclusive

f"'i....'"'-"""

I had an excruciating toothache yesterday.

:,.<;'t:,. f"'l....'lP:J',_ f'I'Cil iftoP'J" ~01.-R'S

exculpate
The judge exculpated him of the charge.
'l'ffDo I ~~~ I 11.,..,...,.

Let's go on an excursion to Entotto! tDJ!.

"h'tfllfll 1ic1ic "h't't.l':

excusable f"'l..;;-11'1'
The error is excusable. !lilti'i: f"'l..;l-11'1'
~..,.

excuse (v.)
I. ,.:,.c;t- l>F.t.1(11'1-). Please excuse my bad
Amharic! MA-t-"1<!-dJo h"1C'fl'- ,_:,.c;t-
h.I':C"IA'S
2. ( = pass.) :I"IIL. +Nothing can excuse such
rudeness. h'}J!.If.tJ Yilt- oflA"'I'i" ~C(l
11-:1"1\'1' ' l>,_:f-A?"
3. ?"h't.l''l- .,.~..,.. Sickness excused his absence from school. oo ;t-ooao- h'l-!I"Uc-r 0.
..,. ' 1\oP:tt.-r ' !l"h't.l'..,. ' .,.~..,.
4. lfL~. She excused her own faults by
Ooollhh f
blaming others. 011.11-:f-
&.!)_'t !lilt-t-'1- lfL~:f5. 1><\110. He tried to excuse his lateness by
claiming that he had been ill. DPH"Ifi:'t Oilt
11"1<\0-R 'l"ht.
excuse me ! y.:,.c;tbe excused "h't'I_.,.C 1-L.,.F.II'lHe was excused for the afternoon because
of a headache. &.il-'t ii'IDPDPdJo hil'l-r
0:\11 "h't'l_,.C 1-L.,.F.II'IYou may be excused from the table. h10;1-11Jo
IIDP~"l:,. 1-L:ti'-AVA
excuse oneself Y.:t>C;t- = mr+
She excused herself for being late. H"l,.;l- II
1\DP"':f- ,.:,.c;~- mf.,.:f-

II,.

oo,-

II,_

excuse (n.)
I. 04: ?"h't.l''l-. That's no excuse! 04: ?"h
't y:,. h,_F.II?"
2. ?"h't.l'-r. His excuse was pure fiction. fit
m..,. !l"h't.l''l- '1'1\.'1" Lm&. ~oc
*Please give him my excuses for being absent !
illl.,.t.u- ,.:,.c;~- "h't'l.I'F.C"IA'S 't1t...,.
asklfor an excuse from
The child asked for an excuse from gym class.
A)!: hil..,.~'l- "1m'th&.l' -rruc'l- 1100
:tt.'l- ' d..? .I': ' lllf.,.
make excuses r"h1Y+ Lm~
He is always making excuses for being late.
1\DPH"Ir-1 11-A'LH. 'l"h't.l':,. f.LT&.A
[See also 'lame')

execrable
I. l>il?4:. His execrable wickedness has gone

execrate

414

down in history. h!l:N:m- hof.-1> 0:1'6

h m-il'!' T""ll"l!I.A
2. Y.!l f"lf.A. Wearing a purple tie with
a green suit shows execrable taste in clothes.
q,:'H.<'. A11!l ~f. m9"tl-'l! htl-'iT
"l!lC q(lqQ{l Oil-A Y.il f"lf.A
9"C"'i YliYA

execrate Jr..m1H
He execrated all who opposed him. f+ :J>mo-.-,...,. I
flofto I J'taJ1If

execute
1. LKOD. It is your responsibility to execute
all orders. Th~fl:f"l 1Nr ""~K9" Y"IT
"1~4-~T

' ~m-

2. OP'&- ; 1\,.e. ~ ll.'Fll. We are going to execute

our plan to dam the Awash. h'P1i"t I\OD1S'.11
Yl\"t"t h;r.J:- OP'tl- 'If. A<;m-1\m- ~m
be executed. ..... by hanging +fl+ll

The murderer was executed by hanging.

~'I'll

1.111' .,. ....,."

[See also 'shooting']

execution
1. h.IP&-C.. His intention was good, but his
execution of the plan was unsatisfactory.
J\ftfr' I op.;. I )'flC. j )''JC. I ..,.,. I J'tiP&-?- I J't'f";J
ll hA~0:9"
2. f"l.M9"0T f'I"T 'i'CJ:-. The plotters
are in jail awaiting execution. r\.l.'i1':fi mu
1 O.T tnm- f"l.~K9"q:fm-"t f'I"T
'i'CJ:- o""mqo+ ~f. <;:fm3. f'I"T ;r."'T. At what time will the execution take place? f'l"-1> +"'T f"l.~Kou
m- O!l"tT !l'tT ~m- !
put Into execution OP"&- 1 1\,.e. 1 lt'Fll

He put the emergency plan into execution.

f"l.Yil'flti\ID-"t h;r.J:- OP'tl- ~f. h'PI\tJJo

[See also 'stay']

....

hqi\P'A"'"t T"/qc 11"1'.11-

2. hl'l+J;S:,t. The executives met to discuss

the company's policy. OIJ-q-,.ym- "l-JIJ'. ~
f. (lou~:nc h!ITJIJI69''1l

2. YilTJIS'.C. He is highly appreciated because of his executive abilities. flllT-'I~C. 1

:ftt-:J'ID- 0"19" J'.Y.~:l'A
executive head 'F'i 1 fih"1 1 h.i'lL"'O{

The President is the executive head of the

nation. TMI.JI"t-1: 11~ 'P<; fih"l hll~
"'6{

)'(Do

exemplary hchnT Yl\tJJo

The boy's conduct was exemplary. fA: mil
,. hchnT Y""'" ~oc
exemplary punishment OD+"I"'"l
+"'T

fD?.trt

TI'IO(ltl-

executlve (adj.)
1. .:'f.).,fJ1f ~ fODllm+. The administrative assistant has executive powers also. l.-'5+ 1 h.ll+Jiilli
6tJJo '!-11~11 fODilmT9" P'A"'"t ' }\1\ID-

The director administered an exemplary

punishment. -'l.&.hT~ ou4>"l"'i f"l.ll'"l ;r.
"'T !lm

exemplify (exemplified)
I. hChY ~.,.. These soldiers exemplify courage. MH.U m:I'Y.r::f f)';"l"t~T hChY
9':f <;:fiD2. houl\hT. This picture exemplifies the
artist's style. J'.U P'l>A f"''t/I.ID-"t !IA'I-
youl\h:J'A

exempt (v.)
1. ~K hY.:1. They exempted him from
military service. hm:f'Y.tl-'1! h1A"/ftoT ~
K hY.t:'lT

2. h"t.l:' + negative imperfect + ~4>Y.(I\T).

The teacher exempted the student from the
test. ODji"(J~ ' T"'I61D- ' ~Tt;ID-"t ' h"tJIJ'.W{l
.1:'

~4>Y.I\'I-

exempt (adj.) ~K
The school property is exempt from taxes.
fT9"11C'I- 0.1: "1'11<:'1- h"l11C ~K ~.,_

[See also 'tax']

exemption

executive (n.)
I. qi\P'A"'"t. The delegation of duties to
others is part of an executive's job. "1"A.)o.:'f."} 1
"lhof.~A

exercise

I. ~K "'1.1:-t:"l. Tax exemptions have reduced

the amount of revenue. h"l11C ~K "'1.1:-t:"l
f11l1D-"t oPm"t .,..,.,..,.A

2. aJo"'- ODtr). Military exemptions are

granted only for deformities. hm:I'Y.tl-'1! M
A"/11-T ID-A\ oulf"t f"l.~4>J:-i\:fiD-
}11]1\ ' 1-Y.tt-:f ' 1111' <;:fiD-

exercise (vt.)
1. OA9"9"J:- hm~h.:. Exercise your weak
ankle! Y.IJ"ltJJo"t 41c-J.>II""l""'l.TU"t OA9"9"
.1:- hm"tht:ID-

2. hi\"'I""S'.. The cavalry troops exercise their

horses every day. ol.<:ll'l''ll Rf.,.l- .1.<:11!1''1'

,._, Yll..,'l"llll"

3. h.i\f. He exercised his patience while

arguing with his wife. h"''..M :>C (l.h.lhC :,.b"IP':,.'t l>ltf
4. 1\IIOJo. What others think exercises a great
influence on most of us. 1\.11-:f f"''..YIIflo:,.
R11rt-l"il':f't '11- h"i' Yll .,_,_.b'r l>
exercise (vi.) ~'/"o;llth P'.l- l IA'I"'I"f: 1\S'.
<:1 l IIOJo).,') ' 1\<;::J-:J-

You have to exercise every morning. &A"L

H. 1\1.:,. 1\1.:,. ~'/"o;llth oop>,:.:,. l\111111
The athlete exercised to keep himself in good
shape. 1l?"C.,.,.,. IIOJo).,'t R"''..1q 1\DP
mfl:fo IA'I"'I"f: l>S'-<:1
He spent all his energies exercising. ..,.Afl1J:'l 1
IIOJo).,'t ' ""'<;:;1-:J-..,. ' 11!1' ' ....<:IIOJo
exercise power flP"AilJ'l 1 1tf i flP'AtJJ'l 1

.,.m.,.oo

The dictator exercised absolute power. h9'"Q 1

1)1- '!'~'/" fill') P'IA"l't 11f
The governor exercised his power to call out
the militia. 11COJo RP'IA"'l- .,.m:f-'1" 11
.h.<l-'1! ' jll-1-'t ' 1\llh.,..,.

exercise (n.)
1. """'""~~" Exercise ten is difficult. OP'<:,.
dJ4 I oP/J\00)1' I hQJ!" I )(Do
2. IA'/"9"1:. Military exercises are being held
now. a>;J-S'..l-'1! IA'I"'I"f: l>IJoo't floPS'.<:
I

A clever fighter exerts both strength and skill.

11/All 11-m.... 01-/Afli>'l" RH.O..OJo'/" 1m.,...,IA
exert oneself T~:r- 1 h.F-.~1
Exert yourself to finish the job on time!
P'.l-IJJo't 01.11. 11"""".:11 '1'.::,. 1\f:C"I
[See also 'effort']

exertion

1\IJ)o

"'J

exhausted

415

exercise

1\f..

)(Do

3. P") P"C'l:r-. Our graduation exercises

opened with a song. f'l"<:,..:f't P') P'C'l
:,. floP1f.,..C .,.h.,_.,.
4. fiiOJoH )..'t:f-11,..11.. He believes in a lot
of exercise. 1111- fiiOJo):,. )..'t:f-11,..11. n..,
f:<:"l ' Y'l"o;A

*The exercise of patience is essential in diplomacy. :J-:>7i onll"t 11/l.'l"~fl. P'<l- n

"1'1" ' l\11<1.'11. ' )IJJo
exercise of the body f(lm-):r- 1 lt,"}:,O,ll:Jt(l.
Exercise of the body is needed for health.
fiiOJo)..,. ' )..'t:f-11,.. .... ' lim.'t)..,. ' l\11.1.'11. ' )IJJo
physical exercise f{lro-):r- O?m'lh~l' 1 /AtJP
'l"f:

I need more physical exercise. .,...._..,,: fiiOJo

):,. ..,m'th6Y IA'I"'I"f: Yltoi.IA1...1A

exert n - - - .,.m.,.ou
A ruler exerts authority. 1'fr RP'IA"''t 1m.,...,IA

1. Aof..:r-. He was panting from the exertion.

h/A<f.:,. f.,.)"' oflo; oflo; ,_.,.)'I'll )ftC
2. 1:11'1". His studies require little intellectual
exertion on his part. :,.'I"IJC-1: )..~"!'/" f
)\),.'/"(! ' 1:11'1" ' fllfl..,.,.
3. oom+,... Exertion of authority is not always
appropriate; persuasion may be better. &A1.
H. RP'IA"''t 11!1' oom.,.'l" .,.11l l\1-1'.11
'}" j ....,qq:,. ' 1-"ifiA ' '-~~'""'

exhale
1. a>S'. IJJo'f!" .,.).1.11. He exhaled the smoke.
.,...,...., ' "'"" ' ,..,... ' .,.).1.11
2. }loo)Q;L., Flowers exhale sweet odors.
)\ftqjl':f ' "14-'f!" ' OD'llf ' YOD)"'iflo

exhaust (v.)
I. l\".7./A-r- 1\.,..,._ Her book about roses exhausted the subject. 1111 l\'1.<:/l fl\ol.:fOJo
"""'"''~' ' 1-lll''t ' l>".tiA.,. ' )\.,..,.
2.....-,..-,. l\1'.<:1. Theclimbuptheh illexhausted us. to.:11;J-IJJo't oPIJJo"':,. ... .-,..-,. t.S'.
<:1't
3. 'l"hl: 1\R,... I have exhausted all possibilities. f.,.ii'IIIJJo't IJooflo 'l"h.:O l\11:f'ii'II1Joo
4. qp.. l\11.,..:. Theleakexhauste dthegastank.
.,.llllOJo fiJ.'tH.l-'t RC"'&A qp.. l\11_,..:,.
5. ..._.:11. I have exhausted all my money.
1'tHIJ.'t ll-11" ""CifllllI have exhausted my patience. :,.ll"'P'-I:'t ...,
C!fllllexhaust oneself &-(l-'l hF.,hoo
I have exhausted myself working. .l-(1.'t RP'
.:. ' l\S'.h'/"11-

exhaust (n.) "1!"11

Exhaust from cars pollutes the air. fonh.'i" "I!"
II l>fC't 1-""CifA

exhausted (adv.) S'.h'l":,.

He came home exhausted after the long hike.
h.:~'l" 1.11. 7ic7ic R:\'1 1'-h'l"..,. )..IJ.
..,. '1q

exhaustion
be exhausted

I. 0.1:-lJII" ....:,.:,. h/1. I was completely

exhausted after that long trip. h~~ "1~ 0:\1\ fl.l:-119" .... :,.:,. liAh2. llh-tou. His longanimity was exhausted by
her endless complaints. ;f-;>"IIH 0"7J'l\'C'I'
't:,.c~o, hh-tou
leave one exhausted
"19" ' h~hOD

(UD-~1:1'

h~++lD"

I 0

The grueling contest left him exhausted.

0"19" h.<:'lJ"''. flf~IIJo 'l-JA (UD~i>'t h
~.,..,...,.

The eventful day left him exhausted. -1111"

.<:'C1.:,. f-ti.Jiouo:,. +'I oou.ro;. 0"19"
}>.<:,hODIIJo

exhaustion
I. .1:-lJII". Some of them dropped from ex
haustion. h'l-'1'11'-~ h.<:'lJII" f-t~"' w~4t
2. "7Hl. The exhaustion of the water supply
caused the municipality to ration water.
Vw-;>w- "7Hl "7H;>lf fl.-1> ' J'/IIIJo'l ' w;> >..r-t.mo >..'1-'l.f.<:-A hll1AAwdrop from exhaustion .1.h'l" m.F.+

Some of them dropped from exhaustion.

h'l-'1'11'-~

existence

416

~hou..,.

w.<:.4t

2. M-"'-"' The cold weather exhilarated the

children. +11 ,..~..,. J'fC 11-1;1- A,l>:~'l h ~
"'"'"'wexhort
I. h'l'-ll.f> hilllO. He exhorted his listeners
to give up smoking. h~t.'"-~'1 lUI"<~- "7
....It >..'IJI.J'.f>..... h'J'-fl.f> ' llillltt'l'w2. M<f.ol.~. He exhorted his troops to attack
the enemy. ml\:,.'1 >..'I-'1Jm4t w;f-.<:.1:~
h~<f.ol.~

exhume -t.o;:e hw"'

They exhumed the body from a shallow grave.
hllh<l.'i-'t 'I'A:r> lJAif~ "1-.l:-l\.1:- <t.'i'

h.mm-T

aJ-

exigency (exigencies) hil'l'l>.f.~:,.

The exigencies of business kept him from
leaving town. fP'<I-IIJo hil'l'l>.f.~:,. hh+
"7 >..'t-'lf.W"' ' h.<:.~111Jo
exile (v.) li;>H
The governor exiled the disloyal official to the
provinces. :f-"7'H:,. f"l-.<:./lw-'1 u>.:O-t'i' ll
'J

'J1ClD"

aJ.f.

'JffiC

}\;Jfl"+

exile (n.)
1. "'I fiT The guilty governor went into exile
for ten years . ..-4-+~m- 1 11C AOJPC q.ou
,. .,~,. 11J
2. 11.<:.:,.. During the war, many people were
in exile. fltnC~-1> 1.11. -1111" ltl":f fl~
:,. , ...,. ~no;.
3. ~-t'i'. He is an exile from the East.
fii"P'.:O:r>. ~-t'i'. ~w0

exhaustive f-1'".7.'1
He published an exhaustive study of Roman
civilization. 1111 1:"711JoJ''I f'l''l:,. P'A"'1
f-1'".7.1\ 1\".b-'i' hH;>}':.f hfl-tou
exhibit (v.) ll.ftlt-11 hilf
The artist exhibited his paintings. lP'\t\,aJ- 1
P'~~'l ll.ftlt-11 ' hilf
*The child exhibited a bad temper at an early
age. Ail: 1<; flA;i':~-1> f4tm-~:,. mttf.
f.;f-f.O;f-A
exhibit (n.) :,.c>..f.:,.
Have you seen the exhibit? :,.c>..f.i>'t hf.
+YA I
exhibition fP'~A :,.c>..f.-'1The art school holds an exhibition every year.
fh.~ '1'0-11 ' :,.9"1JC:,. n.:,. flJ'ou-f>
fP'~A :,.c>..f.:,. J'fiJ'A
*His exhibition of strength impressed us.
J'ilfiiJo '1''11-t<l. hlt.<:.~+"t
exhilarate
I. .<:.It Ml"f. The news that he was admitted
to college exhilarated him. toll.}': f++nll-:,.
OUif'i-'t ODit"7i> .<:.It Ml"fw-

exist
1.

~aJ-.

That exists only in your imagination.

J'/1..,. Rmil-1111 IIJoit'l' -nil' ~w2. If. A man cannot exist without air
(liiJo J'/1 hfC II.'l'C hf.:fAII"
3. ll/1. War exists in many parts of the world.
0-fllf"IIJo f't/19" h'i'A tnc~:,. h/1
*Belief in magic still exists. fl'l"'.f>l\ ~<loll"
f.;f-ou<;A
~1"-

existence
I. 'i-1:. He leads a peaceful existence in the
country. IJI\1C m-It'!' ~'I' J'/1 'i-1: f.
'l'<I-A
2. ooLmCo He is not even aware of my existence. ou.t.m<l.'Ill" >.."tl>. hy..,.;r.,3. .ftf.w:,.. There may be existence in the
universe other than ours. h'i' 't/19" IIJo"l/'

existent
01\.~ ' 't/111" ' 6Joll'l' ' "'""'"'" '

<;(A

w:c '

f-11'

4. oP'iC. The microscope reveals the existence

of many tiny things. "7f.hC'lli>T f1111- 'I'
,.,:,."t )1C':Y."t

oo<:c YltYfA

*This is the oldest Ethiopic manuscript in

existence. f.tJ hh. 't-1'-A-Y f11t-<; K" m.t::
:Y. rHt- t:HII" Yll 6~"'L Yil"'" )tiJo
be In existence

trt

This company has been in existence for fifty

years. IJ.q"ty,. All"lt -too't- 11'-:':l'fA
be no longer in existence

+t:

Capital punishment is no longer in existence

in England. Oll"t"l/1.11 A?C ID"t)';ll'f"t
O'l"'t- ou:,OIIJ't- 4'C;I:fA
come Into existence 1-Lmt:

When did this world come into existence?

.eu 'lAr 011:,; +4-mt: ?
lead an existence 'it:

He led a miserable existence. n':f..,c r 'it:

[See also 'go out']

existent qu-l-

expanse

417

'1.11, Yll

The existent traffic conditions have to be

changed. qu-). '1.11, Yll-'t- f't-t-ol.h u~:f'jP:f ""IIID'I' Allq'f,.

be no longer existent m4-o

Dinosaurs are no longer existent. J;f.'ii'-C m

'I';!:fA

exit (v.) "'"'

They exited through the backdoor. O'lC' n
C mm-

exit(n.)""m-1
Where is the exit in this building? fll.tJ .lt"t
~ oP~m- or..,. ntt-A t 1
exit permit ff.Att: mt:++
Each emigrant must have an exit permit.
M<;."t 't--1' f"'f.'/.~ {ltiJo ff.ll'i' mt:4'
't- "7"17't- AIIO't-

exodus
*Every summer there is an exodus from the
city. OfO;>tiJo {ljP:f hh+"7 t1Jo"l!' f.'I-Cof.ll-

exonerate 9""tll" m"t)>;fA ll"t.llfAIPt- I.

(.J'..

The judge exonerated the accused man.

Jl'ftiJo' +hltlf.' II""J9"' ID"t)';fA' l\"JJlfAIPt-' ol.
(.J'..

exorbitant
1. 0"111" "'"~ He asked an exorbitant price

for his land. II""&."" 0"111" ,.~ fll') 'I'

:> mf4'
2. h""m"t O~f. fll'). I could not accept
his exorbitant demands. h""m"t O~f. fiT
) 'l'Y4:6Jo"t fA4'0fA AfA!I'fAIJ.II"

exorcise Am"'(ll't-)
The witch doctor exorcised the evil spirit from
her. llll"7+'f,. l\Ch-11 """tl.ll 1\ID"'~'t-

exotic
fq6~ A1C. Eucalyptus is an exotic plant,
qa.c q'i: fq6~ A1C 66 )tiJo
2. ll"t"l-'l fll'). We saw many exotic plants
at the flower show. qnq,. 't-Cllf.'t- ~
f. 1111- ll"t"l-'l frTl- 6o'l''t- An
3. 't-"t"IC't- Y/ltiJo. She performed an exotic,
Spanish dance. 't-"t"IC't- Yil"'" fll;r'S -'l"t
II Altf:f

1.

expand (vt.) Allof.of.

We are going to expand our business next year.
i\"'1."""1"'" ' """"'" ' "t"l.ll:Y."t"t ' ll<;llof.of.il"t

He expanded the short story into a novel.

A~"t ' ;hlh ' IDS'. ' fAD ' ID/1~ ' :l'&h '
Allof.of.t1Jo

Heat expands, cold contracts.

oo-++

llof.of.fA 1 :,.,,~~, Yh-"7't-t-fA

expand (vi.)
1. +llmm. Tires expand when air is pumped
into them. '1-"7 1Ui-'t- f.llm"'fA
2. +llof.of.. Metals expand when they are
heated. 11t:'t- ll."lfA f.llof.of.A
3. +mmt:. A balloon expands when it is
blown up. o!.'i l).)of. f.mmt-IA
4. mn.;."t Allof.of.. Our country has expanded
many times. A1t.:f"t 1111- '1.11, mn~"t
Mof.'i':I'II:Y.
expand on }tof):,e..,e..

Please ask him to expand on that statement.

f111~6Jo"t

.t.lt11 ll"t-'1..1'11&t-6Jo mf.4'6Jo

expanse AltfA
The Pacific Ocean is a vast expanse of water.
f;rll.o!.h ,.:,.Y'l'll {lol. ft1Jo:' AltfA )tiJo
expanse of the field

*The expanse of the racing field was completely

covered withpenple. ""~"'"' fl\1i:,O~II"~..."t
"'1.'1 {ltiJo AfA11j\'t- )fiC
expanse of the plain "1..11
The broad expanse of the plain was dotted
with trees. AT YlltiJo "'1.'1 AfAt:: AfAt::
q,;::Y, ' f.:l'f.fi:l'fA

"

ly. ~'i'il

expansion "7Mof.T
The expansion of France towards the south
was one of Napoleon's policies. .t.l."Jllf."J 1m
F. F.IMI "7114-4-T h'i"?"II.M ~~"7jP:f
h'IJI. ~oc

(be) expansive foollof.of.T mqr. hAwGases are expansive . .."Jfll-

fouil4-4-T ' m

qr. h~'f'wexpansive stretch of Af\of.."} ' f""l..;t-h:,.

An expansive stretch of desert can be seen
from the mountaintop. h-1-t-t-w- '"i'i' ~f.
(L.foo- 1\~f.'l f"7.:f"l1T !l"t:G 0'1 f.;f-

'"'

expatriate (vt.) ll1C w-"1!' hiD"'

Foreign companies expatriate their profits
thus impoverishing the country. ftJJolifl" h.1C
1!-q'!,l":f .rcof.'f'w-'1 ll1c w-"1!' 0"7
ro-ar:,. Mtl_,'l
expatriate (vi.) h1o;.."} 1 Acfo 1 aJIIJ
He expatriated before the war. hfi'C~., Ool.

,,_1i,ll-

,. ' h1-:.'l ' 1\.f ' "'"'

Many expatriates live in this country. 11ft' 1 f

ID-"1!' h1C (ljP:f 011.11 h1C ID-11'1"
Wft-11become an expatriate 111-;.. mil)

The writer became an expatriate before the war.

F.t-il.ro- hfl'c~., oo~..r ll1-:.

1 "'"'

expect (vt.)
I. mO+. I expect him at three o'clock. OHm"i

)'.OO"'/11. -1111- llm-114"1'1\11-

2. 4..1\1. Does he expect a tip? "H:lf )'.4./1\

;J/11.!
3. -t-llof.hF.G1. I expect you to doagoodjob.
.,..;. P't- l\'IF.P"T"'t- -1-114- hF.C;JI\11-

expoct (vi.)
I. hi'IO. I expect to be back on Sunday,
ll ....t:- ' 1\00001\ll ' hllqi\11I am not surprised at his refusal. That's
exactly what I expected. l\!1"0. 0"71\-1> h
AF-~~9" !

All ,(1-flh-T ~ro-'i"

2. mO+. You're expecting too much of her.

h!l. fii"Tm-ll+ro- h"7.1q o~r. ~..,.
3. ooM(ro-). Will he be late? I expect so. f.H1
)'. )'.If'! l )'.oolll\'1/11.

expectant mother

'! .(-

m-e

OO't.(-

I ol..f-:f Of1..11."'" ' .hh.!l" ' H

hi\ q'f'w-

expectation "'II"T
Your work falls short of my expectations.
P't-11 h"'ll"-1: O;J-:f ~.,.

*It doesn't come up to my expectations.

,{1-flli-T'I ' ,IIA ' hf.F.l\9"
contrary to my expectation l\"}.';(1-flh-T

~'i'l'l m-e 11.-r

Expectant mothers should see a doctor regular-

t\

""'~

Contrary to my expectation, the experiment

turned out well. l\'l'll'l-1111-T ~f.IY'I ooht-w- ' -t-1111
have expectations +il<f.. r 1\Y...l-1

He has expectations of money from a rich

uncle. hll-ll;f-9" h'l-., 1'1H-II h11;'1\ll-
-1111- -1-114- ,F.C;J/1\
in expectation hil(l

He ate a light lunch in expectation of a big

supper. octt;J- llt--r Aoo-a~:,. , hllll +~
AII"IIO~

*He sat on the edge of his seat in expectation.

mii"O-:. "'i'i'

expatriate (n.) fiD-"1!' Me (liD-

(1~:,.

expedition

418

expansion

~f.

-t-+ll"fl' -t-mqn+

expectorate ?"t-~ #
You will expectorate when you chew tobacco.
(1-G:,. IIT'I-CII !l"t-~11'1 .r-t-of.l\11

expedient
I. m:l'"7. oollll- f;f-fro-. In times of war,
governments do things because they are ex
pedient. Ofi'C~-r 1..11. OO'!"'P':f"T m:l'"7.
OOIIII- ' f;f-,'f'ID-'1 ' ~1C' ,F.c;JII-

2. ll"'ll. The telephone is an expedient way to

deliver messages. ooAllllT'I 1\"711-1-~1\'i'
11/1\lJ ' ll"'fl ' flft ' 00'!1.(- ' tiD-

*Jn a crisis, much that we do is merely expedient. R:f"ic 1..11. f?"'i"F.C11D- t1C -II
,...,. A1..M'E '1"~9" (LqA tro-

expedite hof.m~
Let's work to expedite progress1 l\..e-1T'l

1\"74-m'l li'IP't-

expedition

1. =I.e-. There is a scientific expedition investigating the languages of Ethiopia. fh.TI"*'

n '

!t'lotl":f ' f.,_,m .. ' h'lt: f(L:l'ro'IT 'It: hi\

2. HOD~. Napier's expedition succeeded in

releasing British prisoners. f~fC 1 HOD~ 1 f
l\'1"111.11'1 lliiG'l':f 1\"7111\+~ ii'A

expeditious

419

3. ""'i11. An expedition to the North Pole is

an adventurous undertaking. mY.. (l"'IJ'fm-
.,.,.,. ""'i11 ~1111. ro~o'l- .1:-C'I.'l-
)fDo
4. 'i'TH. He has completed his work with
expedition. 0'1!'1')'1- P'tl-ID"'t hm<;++

expeditious
I. f-l"of.m). He performed the task in an
expeditious manner. JP&-~&7 01"4-m)' o~;to '

hh'i"ID)

2. +AtiJof.. Our office has an expeditious filing

system. ILC"'I':fo't +AtiJof. fll') f0011~11
h1111 P'C'l'l- hllfDo
expel (expelled)
I. h!IIDIIJ. The director expelled three students
from school. 'lt.h-1"<- 1"11'1- 1""769':fo
h'l-!1"11C'l- 0.'1- h!IIDIIJ

The army expelled the invader from our

country. flf1C llt:-'1!., mll'l-'t li~tl-:fo't
hliiDtiJ

2. hiiL)mt:. This gun automatically expels

the cartridges. f.l1 moo't)f htl-11- +1111 1
IIL)'I'tl-A
be expelled 1-q.:,:

The unruly student was expelled from school.

o.,.q.., 1""76 h-1""76

o.-1- 1-q.:.:

expend ..,..:11
They expended all their ammunition firing in
the dark. TJ'.;l-:ffDo't o-tr 0"'-11"7 0""1"
h-11 Q;l.G/1-'l[See also 'effort']
expenditure m..._
Limit your expenditures to what is essential!
1D"'-11't II"YJIILA"I )~C 11!1' IDII't
expenditure of money dJQOl.

This job requires the expenditure of much

money. .eo

JP&-

11fto CD"'.

.em.e~A

expense
1. mm... Owning a car is a great expense.
qii.,..IJ.'i" ' ""ll"t ' 1111' ' ID"'- 1li1Dt1JA

He made the trip at his company's expense.

f-i"'iHfDo OIJ.q't111Jo ID"'- )fDo

Don't go to any expense on my account!

0~ ' f-f")"f 1"")9" ID"'- h;l-.1:-C"I
2. '1-'1'1-. This victory was won at terrible
expense. .1:-11- f-1"~1'.,. h'i! 111 '1-'1'1- h
~~~

0:\11 )fDo

at the expense of
I. ""P''I'b'l- h.!:"C1. He became a brilliant

experienced
scholar, but only at the expense of his health.

-flAil ro-c Aootrt vo.+m- m. n-~;., .

""P''I'1H h.i:"C1 )fDo
2. 0 - - - '1-hlf. He aggrandized himself at
the expense of others. 011.11-:f- '1-hlf tl-11-

't ""~~

expensive m-Y:
This house is too expensive. f.tl
oom") = 01\,.e. r m-Y: )fDo

n..-,. h

be expensive 11ft' r to"'.. mf+

Purification of water is expensive. m-;Yt

"71lJ

t:-'1- 1111' ID"'- f.mf.-"'A

experience (v.)
I. h.;>moo(fDo). +I never experienced anything
like it. h't-'1.11 111 )~C h.;>T'I""t9" hi\.,.:,.
2. ~.:11(0'1-). He experienoed great pain last
week. qiiLIIJo 't!l"'t'l- h'i! 111 F-"'f.
~.:110'1-

3. -t'OD{I_ Young as I am, I have experienced life. ID"''l- 11ll''t9" ).l!"'t +ll"lt'PIIIJo

experience (n.)
1. AVOS:. I know from experience it won't
work. hA9".1:" h't'l~"fo-'1- f.l1 h't~"7
Y.v>tl- ,...,.,.IIIJo
2. AVOVOY:. He had no previous experience in
that field. hlf.l1 .,.~,.. 011.1 'lf.)'l- P'tl-
A9"!1".1:" hA)0GfDo!l"

3. fP'tl- A9"9".1:". This experience should

enable you to get a good position. ~tJ 1 f F
,:. ' A9"!1".1:" ' ~')<; ' ~.:)1' ' 1\f. ' 111JoA?A
4. h.;>"'"''.. Being lost in the desert is an
unpleasant experience. fllY m-ll'l" 1 OD'l1Y: 1
ODt'\ol- I OdlJ"f:: I }\,:Jtl)"'7,. I )oaJo
5. 1 .;>moo.,. )~C. They compared notes
about their experiences in Ethiopia. Oh.'I-f'A"
1 111\.;>m"Y:f.,. )~C 1'\:ffDo't "7ll:l"
mlf hll-1"1~

6. bfDooJ>'l-. The abstraction of philosophy contains the essence of human experience. t''f:A
ll'i!'i"

t.

t:-J::,0)-1- flloYt A"P; bfDo+'l-

)~C

'I'

f.!I.A

A trip around the world gives wide experience.

'lll!l"'t OOfiC IlL b-'1- J'.lltiJA
have an expe.rience )o1C h;Jmoo(m-)
I had a strange experience last night. '1-ll't'l-
11.11.'1- h't.l:- h't"l'l )~C h.;>mou"t

experienced (adj.) All".I:" 111.,.

He is an experienced driver. AVOY:
7(. )fDo

Yllm-

)o

experiment (v.) 'l"ht:

I experimented with the ilew colors. Cl.tl(li=Ji
4'11'1"'1' 'l"hChexperiment (n.)

,.,.h<~-

The experiment was successful. CJO-h&-m- f+

" " ' If)

experimental
1. ,.,.h.:. f"'Lfi1.1./A1tJJo. Chemistry is an experimental science. h."'l.ll'l-<1 ,.,.h<l- f"'i.
Yll.i.IA1w- . <'tf.")ll )tJJo
2. 1\.,._h<l- YUIA f-J-J'.t:1. This trip is only
experimental. f.U 1-Jf 1\oo-h,:. YUIA f-1-J'.t:
"J

explanatory

420

experiment

~tl)o

experimental stage fou-h&o : S!..'1{

It is stiii in an experimental stage. 1'i ' ncro-h

,:. ' J'.t:"fi ' IIY. ' )tJJo

expert (n.)
1. 0'1'4:. We will have to get the opinion of an
expert. fO'I'4: hii-1-Yf'l- "'1"11'1- Y.'l"C11<;/A
2. 1\_:J-. I have never laid claim to being an
expert in geography. l'i[l'>"l<l-.1. 1\_:J- )'S
11\1. ' hiltJJo:J-9"
3. fJ'.t:Yf /ltJJo. A game between an expert
and a beginner is one-sided. OJ'.t:"li /ltJJo<;
0)!"'1<1 1 ool}hfA f"'l.J'.t:"l "l'l'"'i.Y f"'IY.
ODIIJnt"J I ioaJo'
4. OP'<I-tJJo 1 f~PIIm) /ltJJo. Only an expert
knows how to deal with that problem. II'1'"1
-(.. 1 ""'~''~-"'- f"'i.Y17tJJo OF<I-tJJo f~PI\m
) ' /ltJJo ' 11!1' ' )tJJo
expert (adj.)
1. mii:Jo 1 Yll. I need some expert advice.
mii:Jo 1 Yll 9"hC '-.i.IA:>I\o2. -r/A:Jo. His expert knowledge is very useful
for us. '1'/A:J- fll') btJJo+1> 11'1 0"19" m
:J-'1"<;/A
3. flllou- .r. He is considered an expert mechanic
for this job. RILU 1 P'& 1 '-""J'. IJII,.._Y 1 "''.tt
th 1 Y.4:.m<I-/A
expiate
I. hllro.:F.. He tried to expiate his sin through
penance. ;)m.h1>") O")ll.lt 1 II_YIItDCY: 1 'I"
h.:
2. ( ~ pass.) -1-ll.:f(ll'l-). +He expiated his sins
by doing good works. ootAI)9" 1 P',:. ooo
p,:_')- I "1fll.h1> I -f-(l.:fj\')3. J'.OD/1/1. The thief expiated his theft by
giving back the stolen amount. fllt:<J>tJJo") 1 1
")H11 I OODODI\11 I MU1>") I J'.OD/1/1

ex pi at ion IICf'lExpiation can be granted only by a priest.

IICf'l- ' 11_/1'1' ' f"'l.'f-lltJJo ' 0'1:11 ' 11!1' I )tJJo
expiration '1'~"'1.
The expiration of the UN session coincided
with the arrival of the Indian President.
f-1-fJO-(..')- I OD")"IF:t-'1- ' 1111/lfJ ' '1'1\"'L<; I
fU")J': I Ttl,ll)l")')- I OD9"fl)')- > -f-1"1ffi""
expiration of air ID1..

ID"~

oPT"JLil

Expiration of air is hindered by diphtheria.

tDJ'. ' tD-"fJ" I OD-f-").1.11 I 01-1!'1!' ' O"li:t- I
9"h")Y'J- Y.:t-rotttA
expire
1. "LR h.A+. When does your driver's license
expire? foo")"fi .l.:l'Y:U 1 1..11. 1 f"'i.YIA+
I& I oP:ri I ~aJ- 1
2. ht:.l.. He expired on the spot from a
bullet wound. 0-rY.'l- 1 -f-OD.f- tD'I..I'tJJo)-

ht:.l.

3. -J-).1./1. At night, he appears to expire

deeply. 1\.11_1>") I 0"1Jl./A I f"'i.-f-)'1'11 I Jl.OD
MIA

explain
1. 9"h") ,,.,. I nm j 9"h"),,.,. I )1t:. Please
explain your actions of last night! :,..,-,:,.
"'l:t- ' 1\IP<I-"IitJJo ' )1C I 9"h")Y'J-U") I 11'1'
Can you explain your absence? f+t:UO'l-") 1
9"h")Y'J- ' IAH"It:") I '1-'f-IIIIU 1
2. hllt:-'1. I explained to him the obscure
points of the contract. hm-1\;t-m- BJoil"l"
1\0Dt:-'IT I f"'l.Yil'f'"lo(..')-") 0 )'l'(l'f- I hllt:.<lu-'13. h11<1-<l-. Explain that again; I don't get the
drift of your words. ,., 1 h")J'.1<; 1 h11<~
<l-tJJo l M"I"ICU") I h11"'1"'LY I h/A-1-t:-'lu-'1-9"
4. hll. How can you explain such a silly
remark? h")JLU 1 YlltJJo") 1 ~/A 1 hii-1-Yf'l- 9"
") I 'J-1\'1'1\U 1
explanation
1. "'111.:-<IY. Not much explanation will be
necessary. 1111- 1 "'111&<1Y 1 hY"if9"
2. h1illlll'. His explanation was lucid. Millll\.
"1/AI\' I )OC
3. OD"II\Ai. The explanation of the theory
covered many pages. f-tl"<ltJJo 1 """11\Ai 1 011
Jl- I 11\' I f-f-~.1. I )0C
explanatory(~

noun) "'111<1-<IY
This book has many explanatory footnotes.
Y.U I ""ll'do'i' I OCh'l- I Yll- I "'111<1-<IY I
MC1. I "'111;1-tD"/fl"'f- I hll-'1-

421

explicate
explicate t..il&-&

The teacher asked the students to explicate

the text. OD?"U-1- ~.h-4-'t ll't'l..l'il<l--1- -l"76"''6't ' tnf.!l>:ftDexplicit "1&\~

He gave the servant explicit instructions not

to let strangers into the house. ll't"IP..:f't tD
J'. ' 11.-l- ' ll'tll.l'll1'1 ~'lih-1- ' "1&\~ ' -l-ll
~11 ' lltn
be explicit R"'AX" ~1l.

He was quite explicit on what he expected

us to do for him. ?"'t &\'toPt-1\-l- l\'tJ'."''.L
&\"1 '

0"1&\~

)1~'t

The French exploded an atomic bomb in the

Pacific. L~'tili'":Y. O.TII.Lh ID"T.l''l'll
tD-11'1' ft..-f"''.h (l?"il t.LM
explode (vi.)
I. L)ll. When the bomb exploded, many
people were hurt. 1'?"!1- /I.L)II illl" (l,..
:Y.-t-1-JI.

The speaker's mistake was so furiny the audience exploded with laughter. fofo<;;>&ID" ilih
-1--l- f"'U'I"T ilo\)0~ t.ll..,""''li O"'T
L)JI.
2. .,., t..o\. He exploded with rage when
contradicted . .hil!l-'t ll.!l>tD.,..-l- 0"1 -1>
., ho\
3. hoo'fitD-?" f.0&\'1" ..._....~.World popula-

tion has exploded in recent years. f'h\9'" s ih.ll

i1 il~-l- OTCil ~oo;J--l- <D-il'l" hoo'fiw?" f.0&\'1" ' .... ?"<::&\
help to explode h't-1> 1\..,Y:~"I ~~~

Columbus helped to explode the theory that

the earth was fiat. l>o\?"Oil oo.:..r 11C"I

.,,..;>; '

ftD'tll"'t ftD-;) ..,,.&\ ' h1&\"111-l- ~,. ' h

'l'o\tD4. O'J'T?" ~f. t..'l'o\. We must exploit
our natural resources. f-1-L'I"C' oii;J-:Y.'t't
O'I'T?" ~f. ..,'1'&\ t..o\il't
5. 4'-L~. They exploited the mine for its gold.
wc:t 'i'o\:> ..,i>Y:'I-'t "'L"~*He exploits the workers. rv&.+~:,i") F-.'1"'
hilh.-1-4- J'oP<!-:f'l'&\
exploit (n.) )!iiJI.

He never stops talking about his exploits.

ill\ t-(1- )!iiJI. h..,tD-<1-T t..P*C'l'?"
exploitation

explode (vt.) hL)II

):f f"''.o\<D-'t

explosion

h't-1> ""'Y:~., '

exploit (v.)
I. f - - - "1-&\0-l- .l'~"l'lil 0~. The colonialists exploited the natives in order to get rich.
T~ ' 1"1C,..:f ' o\ODO&\l\"1 ' /1.11- .1'1-1-'t
-1-tD~}(:Y. ' "1-&\0-l- ' .I'~"IIJil 0112. -l-11l IJ&\11) DD't1Y: -1-m<l'ooO-l-. He

exploited the child's ignorance in order to take

money away from him. 1'tH!I-'t h&\"Jt o\OD't
m:t II.&\ f&\"lt't t.A..,w:t -t-11l q
&\11) OD't1Y: -1-m<l'ooO-l3. M&\"111--l- ~f. t..'l'o\. The engineer exploited the water power of the river. DPV"J.Ilfto;

*It is difficult to dissociate imperialism from

exploitation. h.?"1:C.I'fl.11?"'t 011.11-:Y. Oil
-l-<; "1-&\0-l- t..~"IIJil houm<l'?" o\ODo\f
-l- t.ll:f :>& ).,.
exploration ODLI\"1

The exploration for the bullet had to be done

by X ray. 'I'J'.-1> 0<1-~ ooLo\"1 )0~0-l
*The exploration of Sidamo province was not
undertaken until recently. llllh TCil 1..
H. Y:~ll f/1.11'1 ffiT~f. "1~-l- -f-DDC?"
C' t..&\-1-m<;?" )OC

explore
I. hf-1-H'I'tD~ ,..,-}- t..f-~1. The expedition
is exploring Ethiopia looking for gold. 'lJI. w
CT o\ODLI\"1. Oh.-l-I'"A-.1'' ID"il'l'. hf-1-H'I'tD
~ ' '1'<;-l- ' O..,Y:~"I ' ~- ' )tD-

2. Li\1. The Ethiopian government gave the

Sinclair Oil Company a concession to explore
for oil. fh.-l-I'"A-.1' DD't"II"T All.'thi\.C
h-IJ't.l' )II~ HJ'.-l- f"7.1~R-l-'t ll'i't-
l\'tii.L&\"1 ' L.!l>Y: (lm
3. t..tD-'1'-l' t.tD-CP.. 'l"h~. We explored all
the possibilities. fl.tJ''t f"''."li'-1\ID"'t ""'t1
Y: 11-11- ' h.,.,.-1-'t htD-CJ'.'t 'l"hC't
4. t..f. The children explored the new house
from top to bottom. &\}('6 t..ll.(l-'t 11.-l-
hiiC l\llh IIC t..l'--15. ""~""~ (-1-oP~oo~). The lunar landscape has
only recently been explored. f..._~_. 1~ f
-t-oo~oo~w- o:tcn- ).,.
explorer t..il'li

Amundsen was an intrepid explorer.

h.ODo'l.("(l

't f.'f.C t..il'li )OC

explosion
I. L 't"l[. The explosion destroyed the building.
L 't"l[a>- 11.-l>'t o htDf.ODa>-

422

explosive

expound

2. ft. 't:( Y:9"6. The explosion was heard a

mile away. ft.'t:(m- Y:9"6 h'tY: "''J'.IA

5. S'-~~-

c<l' J'.fl"'' ~oc

*Don't expose your skin to too much sunshine. <l'lltJ't hDDm't O~J'. 9.hJ'. h:/"

explosive (n.)

t. 't:(

oP.!-0-l-' ~ ....

2. f"l't'i'IA~-l-. The irritable old man has an

explosive temper. 04'~11- f"''. 'OS'-Y: ' 11"7"1
ol. M't'i'IA~-l- mQJ'. hlllD1\1'.'1~.

Riots caused an explosive situation.

11'1'1lm- ' hS'-1'0' ' ~~-~,.. ' hS'-~(l

J'. ID;/"S'-C':f lim~+ 'l'J'.-l- J'.:>IIIIJII-

This chemical will fulminate if exposed to heat.

J'.tJ h."''.IIIA 11_.,.+ f+:>llm "h'tS'-11'~

1(1;1!1'

J'.t.MIA

2. .!<l'l-'t h;>llm. By playing with John, the

children had all been exposed to the measles.
hf".h'tll ' ;>C ' OOO"'iiD-l- ' IA]I;'Il ' 11-11-.!-IJ
'fm-'t II h-'i''S h;>llm-

1. h.hll;r!LI\.f"'t. The exposition contained

exhibits from many countries. h.hlt?"tlft.f"~

m-ov- h1C ~h
exports hides. h.-l-f"kJ' IDS'- ..,..,_..

2. atofl&-~1'. His exposition of Hamlet was

helpful. illl ?'l"ol.-l- f(lmm- "'111.!-&f m-"'
"'1. ~oc

flfoP'i"~

~J'. f11H- h1C -l-C"hY..f-:f ' ~0~

export (v.) IDS'-

h1C <1''1 -l-IAIJII:f

expostulate .hiJD-'t "h't'l.lllD-'1'

export (n.)
1. mF. tJJo'? h"'C oof\h. The government
has stopped the export of coal. OO't"JP'., f
I

1. +;>lim. Soldiers in an open field are

exposed to the enemy's fire. Ot.m-~'1 "'L!I 'I

He is an exponent of modem music.

ou-tL-"' ' +'t ,r'S ' ~..,.

Y:"J;J~

be exposed

exposition

exponent +'t:I-'S

Ethiopia

S'-~S'-~

IIDD;/"

The explosives are stored in an underground

room. t.'t:(l"'li "h'I"Y:C IL-l- h'tY: h'i'
lA lD-11'1' -1-h"'':f+'I'IA
explosive (adj.)
1. t.'t:( f"''.oP.!-0-l-. This chemical is an explosive substance. J'.IJ h."''. II/A t. 't:( f"''.

3.

The vendor exposed his wares.

If"" ' .,.,......'t '

h(IA.

tJJF.,

tJJo'?

Jr.."JC

oPt\h

h-1!.,_/A

2. IDS'- m-"V" f"''.~h If 4''1'. What are

the chief exports of Ethiopia? hh.-l-f"kJ'
IDS'- o m-"V" ' f"''.~h- ' '1''0 ' '1''0 ' 1f4'1P:f ' 9"
'tY: ' <;'I'm- 1

be In export business I\ h.. iotJJo

He is in the import and export business.

1.(1- t.lloom<;

~h_

~..,.

expose
1. 111m. The informer exposed the conspiracy
to the police. ]/;I!' mlllD- hY:"''lD-'t ll;r
/Lil 111m
2. h;>llm. The official bought off those who
might expose him. QIIP'IAIIJ). f"''.J':>lAm-+
't fll":f 01'tH11 S'-ll~'fm3. 1110m. He exposed his chest and dared
the enemy to shoot him . .r.t:-f:'l 1A1Jtn m
~_,'t +1N111'S "hfll OY:'i'~-l- +'01~

II""~"'"

I expostulated with my friend who intended

to drop out of school. h-1-'l"tJC-l- n.+ II
OOlD-IIJ-l- ' J'flOlD-'t ' ~S'-'O'IL't .hiJD-'t "h't
'l.lllD-'1' ' IIDD'th--}-

exposure
I. DD:f-ID:,O. The exposure of the real criminal
cleared the innocent man. f"hm-~+'O'm- ID't)!
11'0' 00;/"ID:,O ID't)!IA J'/At.f.DDlD-'t (lm-!L
~, hS'-~1 ....
2. t.lloos>-o:,O. Hisexposureofhisangershocked
the company. -I!IIJlD-'t hii""S'-0-1! h11~m
+ no~+'t fll":f t.ilS'-~111J'fm-

3. dt?oCfJ 1 tft"-C. In ancient Greece, weaklings

were left to die of exposure. 0'1''}:/"'1!-l- ' "I&
h S'-IJ"'' ;..,<;-}- h.h~C<; h.,._C f+~
"' "h't-'1.'1"., J'.IIJII- ~oc

*Exposure to the rain has spoiled this table.

J'.tJ m~A.~ 11'09" illl"":/""'" +O'Ilf

*This room has western exposure. ,..11 1 h"i:A

4f,..fl

aJF.,

expound

rf\&-ofl

)oaJo

h11~

4. IIJit. The general exposed the troops to

unnecessary danger. :(~.!-11- ID:f-S'-C''Il't

He expounded the theory of evolution to the

crowd. f P'~ +t.'l'C''t 6'tfl .hiJ11 II

hll4.~1.. J'IAII'~ hS'-;> ~J'. IIJ~'fm-

+flOflOm- ih1111 h11.!<.!<

expulsion

423

express

express (v.)

.,..,11:.

He expressed his opinion freely.

I.
m<'ltl-'t O"'AK" _,.o;,.-;
Did he express any wish? ?"'J l\'tJ:."7.oi.A"'

.,..,11: 1

2. 11111. He expressed his dissent when asked

if he agreed with the speaker. h.,..,;><Ia>- ;>
C f.ll"''"'' l\'tJ:.tr) ll.mf'J> hiiODII"'/"'1
1:'t 1ill\
3. h""ilh.,.. A smile expresses joy. 4..1"1;1- .<:.
II;Jo't ,I'IIDilh:JoA
4. O'i''I'H 1\h. The company will express

packages to any destination. 11-Q"J.fOJ- mY.. +

Li110'1- II:Jo v-11- '1''1>11-".f't O'i''!')'f-

f. AliA

5. """""' He expressed the juice from grapes

to make wine. fmf.'t m:t' ii"''H;>J>;'I-
fm,e.)."J 1 tt=t'.. 1 Q;t.oo+
express oneself tbllflo"J = 1hg
He is able to express himself in Amharic.
m<'ltl-'t IJ"''C'i' oP"'iiK" f.".fiiA

express (n.) L"''t IJII-C 1 04''1';1- f"'L'Ml:

IJR-C

The express is expected at five o'clock. LliJ). s

1111-C OOF<I- h'tf: (l't'f- f.J:.C<'IA

A local train takes twice as long as an express.

Of"'ll.,l'a>- f"7.-l'll" IJII-C 04''1';1- h"'l.ltJ:.
a>- f.A'I> 6'1''1' 'I..IL f.a>II.IIA

4. 4.'1- I hll.,.,l'f'l-. His expression showed that

he was not happy. 4.-1> hiiOOf.(l-f>'t ,1'<'1
f. )OC

He construed from her expression that she

was furious. hhll.,.,l'f:t f.,..,."'".f ""II"~
.,.

10fJT

5. oo""Jit1. This note is an expression of my

gratitude. f.U "'111;1-mlf ilml!';t-~ """'ii
"' f_,.l\L )ID-

6. ll02.+. His face lacks expression. tnJAh-

?"'til" 11"'1.'1- hf.;Jof.O'I-11"

7. 11"'/.'1-'t f"7.)li M>.:\'t. She sang with

such expression that the audience wept. {loy.:,..

't ouli h\\:\'t lliluoot:".f hf:"'''"'"

,; hil4'fl8. 11"'1.'1- f"'f.{l'J' h\\:\'t. Try to read with

more expression l fflhm ll"Y.:,.

OOf.(lT

h\\:\'t il"'''tOofl 'l"hC

[See also 'placid, somber']

expressive

1. '1-C"I-11" ,l'ii<D-. Charlie Chaplin's gestures

were very expressive. fil'CII. il'TII.'t l\'t

'I>II:J>(l.l"".f 0"111" '1-C"I-11" ,1'1\:fa>- )0~

2. ( ~ n.) """'ll". "Alas" is a word expressive
of sadness. << mf" ! fthH"t tnJ"'IIt-J. 1 :J-A
)<D-

be expressive ll"Y.:,. 1 1/tK

His gestures are very expressive. f(lm-i-1:

't'I>II:J>(l.l"".f 11"'/.'1-'t 0"111" f.1Al\ll-

express (adj.)

I. f+hf. We have an express purpose in

being here. MI.U foo"')m- il.,.ilf 1-.llf.

)<D2. 0<1-6. An express bus passed the local bus.

0<1-<I<D- hiD-f-11-11 fh-t-"''<D-'t h<D-f-11-11
4'J:.IIDID-

expressly

I. O'!'ofl'J>. You are expressly forbidden to

touch it. l\'t.ll'f-)lim- O'l'ofl'J> _,.hAhiiYA
2. O"'AK". She told us expressly to come home
early. 4'f.9" oflll't l\'tf:'tOO"' O"'AK" )1t':
".f't
3. 0.,.1\f.. This is a dictionary

3. "'lA&". His express wish was to go to Ethi~

opia. "'AK" '1'111-1> mr. li..'l-f"k,l' oo~t

expressly
compiled for students of Amharic. f.U 0.,.

1: )0C

1\f. 1\"''C'i' *'t* -t-"''&l"".f f_,.H;>J>;

11D1110 .4'11'1-. )<D-

express (adv.) Ohll'I'I>J'. ;rll;tSend this parcel express! f.U't't 'I''!> A Oh

11'1'\>.f. ;rll;t- 1\h

expression

1. hQQA. There is no better expression

for it. hiLU f.,.lfil hfJIJA fii<D-11"
2. MlliiK". His forceful expression of ideas
was admired by the audience. f m<'lofl Mil
ill\.

~f.il'i')'f-

IJ-'1"'1'"",; .,.,.).,.

3. 9"'Ah."f-. There was an expression of discontent on her face. OL;I: 1\f. f'l>&.;t-
II"Ah'l- f.;Jof. )OC

expropriate O.lt1- oou>t:'l- mUt

The mayor expropriated land to build a

hospital. h'ttfJa>- mh.ll" 11.'1- il"''u><l-'1- ""
t'..-ll"J I Oih1- I ODaPt:..,. I aJl:(l

expulsion

1. ODIJt':C. The expulsion from the club embittered him greatly. hhOil- ODIJt':~ of!JI<
h<;f.f.<D2. "''llm"''l-. Expulsion of water from the

lungs of a drowning person will save him

expurga te

424

from death. b{loum {lm- '11"''1 m-11

T m-;)'J "7111D"'T h'l"+ $S':)'f'A
expurga te f"t.1'11bof.m-'} )1C

ii~H

The censor expurgated the latest novel. lt11t~ r

i}.tt,(l. I A11 I lD/tF: I
$1lbof.m-'} )1C l'l~H

ODg"tftlj! =

m-ilT

f"7..

expurga ted (adj.) f:Jo~ou

The expurgated edition of Shakespeare has
no offensive passages in it. f ;r~ODm- rith
11"I;C T$TC Oro-11m- f"t.1'11hof. h'i'A
fiiO+I"'

exquisite
1. fltiJ,..; fBII.F..}:'f>. She has exquisite manners.
0"11"' f"7J:.):,O mfl.r. t.'l+
2. lD"ofl. This is an exquisite rose. .e.u':f : ar11 :
1M. ~'I .,..,.
extant
1. 11.1'1 f.,.f/'11. This is the earliest extant
manuscript . .r-11 11.11'- h.,.f/'11-+ fou)!ou&

YOJo

f-flt:.'i" I K',Ja.'f: I )'(Do

2. t.o-'J $11. He restored the original text by
careful compariso n of all extant copies. t.o-'J '
I

YII-+'J ODlf>"mt::."fo OT'J:Jo<l: 0"71D'I.<'.C

fOD)!OD6$lD-'} l'>"..ft.'i' t.'}.<'.)O~ t..<'.~1
be extant 'i ~
Some ancient fish are still extant. t.'JJI'}S': f
,.,.-,. , 'i"ll""fo ' t.o-'JI"" Wl'&-11extempo raneous $11 11"1~+

The director gave an extemporaneous speech.

'I.C:.h-K- $11 11"1~+ 'J"I"IC t..<'.~1
extend (vt.)
1. IU.;J. He extended a rope between two
posts. Oo-11+ !1"(1{>9'"{- oul)bA 10DS':
H~:>

He extended his arm to catch the rope. "JoPJJ.

'} ' IIODf1f ' t.)l:'} ' H~:>
2. .,.mil. They are going to extend the railway
to Arba Minch from Addis Ababa. f m'I.JI.'}
ODFODC ' ht.-'1.11 ' t.OfJ ' h11h ' t.Cfl ' !"''}
"f." ll.of>TII-+ )m3. t.11of.of.. The European powers extended
their authority in Asia. ft.m-c:;r ')f'l'}
FA"'<;'fm -'} Ot.11f t-114-4-+
4. l'lm. The bank extended credit to the
farmers. fi'Jit- 1110C:.l""f- 11S':C lim
5. 1t.f..~1. This organizatio n extends help to
poor people. .r-11 S':C~+ IIS':~"fo hC'I:l"
$.<'.C;>A

extensiv e
They extended a warm welcome to the director.
11-'I.C:.h_,..,_ f:>ll t.of>fJOA t..<'.~I-IIT
6. t.~Hou. The ministry extended his visa. "'U
11-1;.,_ li.~m- f"''..,.J'.O+ 't 1.11. t.~n-11+
Can you extend your visit for a few days?
'HJ'STU'J liTo!!+ of><;+ A:1"~111"' t.+"f-

1>.1"'1

extend (vi.)
1. ~Yr = ~m- J t:uoo. This road extends for
miles and miles. .e.u 1--'='i" r OllJ9"" r t::W?" r
)lDThe beach extends for miles in both directions.
tn~f. 011-lliol"' t.:,O"'"'i 11,_ "7.r.A _r.
~11"7/A

2.

.,.H~;>.

The dunes extend for miles. fif

'I' IJI"'C 1111,_ l"'b&-'1' ' _,.HC"I;l:A

3 .fof. The conference extends from Wednesday to Saturday. 1111111Jro- h~fl-b h11h :,.
'1"'1. .r..,.fA

extensio n
1. -l>'r1. The extension to our house will soon
be finished. fO.:l""fo'J :,OT$ 0:,0C11 YA

?A

2. ( ~ to extend) "7114-+. Extension of the

road is needed to make it usable. h1A'1f\ot: r
h'}'l.fi"'C OD'}1JI.'} "7114-+ t-111..'11. )m3. ou11of.of.+. He is studying the extension of
foreign influence in Africa. flhtt:.&l) = tD-itT r
ffJb.<'."'} ' .,.lf>"b'l' ' OD11of.of.T ' 0"7T<;T 0 1\_r. '
)lD4. faJoil'l' = oo.J-UuoC. I am speaking to you
from the extension. f"7~;J""ICU r Om-liT : oo
JPOD~ I

)l~J-

ask for an extension A"}JlQ;~.DDCI\+ mf+

He has asked for an extension of his leave.

f'iODT l.:l'JI. h'}JI.....ODCIIT mfof>
give an extension

QoP,t:

He gave me another week's extension.

1\"};- r

'li"''J+ ' --~A'S

extensio n courses f.-,.C'i:

ttl.

+rucT

The coHege gives extension courses. l"ti\.)1:

+c'l' 1.11. +l"'uc+ .r.l'l"'A

extensiv e
1. (1,1... An extensive park is located in the
western part of the country. OM&;l: l"'b&11 ' b'i'A ' {14. ' fOD<;J.."/f (l:J" ' t.ll
He has an extensive knowledge of Amharic.
l'l4. f"7C'"l ' "f-tt.-:1" ' t.llmHe wants to have extensive political influence.

extensively

425

ild. f?"lli:lt .,_il"'l.H A1"L'l'~m- Jl.t.IA

:>A
2. ~'f';'F'. This book has an extensive preface.
Jl.ll ""ll'm'i' ~-,:r """111..1' l'.llmThe author describes in this book his extensive

travels. Y.&-il.m- ~'f':'F' 'l-flfD-1 fiH.Il oo

ll'm'i' m-IlT .I'II~'IA

extensively flild.mHe spoke extensively on the subject. 1111 I'.CA

111: flild.m- .,..,1~
*He traveled extensively. 1111- 1'.11: I'.Jl.;t:IA

extent
I. oPm1. The extent of the damage caused by

the war is considerable. tuC~.JJ y~~(IID"

I O'Pffi). I 11ft' I ~Q)o
2. h'i'.,.':'~-'1-. His mind couldn't compass the
extent of the disaster. )'Y.;>m-1 h'i'.,.':'~-'1-
1'.1..'/"t:m- II.1'1"'1- I'.AEJ'II'F'
3. ilof-'1-. From the roof we can see the full
extent of the garden. "M.fm- ~Jl. ll'n f
1'.'1-hA1:1 ll'i'tl- uo-fl- M-'1- 11"7f'l-

..,._q:,.

1..1'1'-~111

I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.

fl~m-<t1: 114-'1- ' .,.y_~:,.,.
to a certain extent
I. OoPm).. I agree with him to a certain extent.
hll- :>C floPm'l- 7..11"7"711112. q1.e- flh-A fl.;J-i111 ! flhd.A. To a
certain extent he is responsible for the disaster.

q1_e- flh-A fl.;J-(111 (flhd.A) 11'1'4-1:

.,.111.1'4: ' ~..,.
to some extent Oh.l.A

To some extent, he feels it is his fault. fll-

'1'4-'1- DDU'). flhd.A Jl.II"7'1'A
to what extent f'1:'l IUA.

To what extent are you prepared to help us?

f1:1 )'IliA A'l-~'11 .,_H:>'f';.,.?A 1

extenuate
I. flhd.A 'F'h1.1''1- II'~. His faulty education extenuates his faulty pronunciation.
f.,_fl~jfm- 'I-'F'IlC1: ' 11.,_<'1<'1.,_ ' 1'.~;>1<;.
flhd.A 'F'h1.1''1- li'}.A
2. '1'4-.,.':'~'1- <tM. Nothing can extenuate
his bad conduct. '1"1'1" ~11: llh4- .,."'q
'1- 1'4-.,_'i'~-1:1 11.4'11111'1- I'.Jl.'fA'F'

exterior (n.)
1. w-"l. The exterior of the house is in bad
shape. fl.1: ..,...,_..,. .,.M1i;t:A

extinction
2. ( = adv.) ~Jl. ~1'1. She has a pleasant
exterior, but inside she is tormented. 1\Y.. I\ f.
") I ~.... ; I :,..oo{lt\1\1- ! DJ-1\T I
DJo{ltno"} I ..,
1 .,.fl<'l'V';t-11'1'exterior (adj.)
1. fiD1.'". The exterior covering is made of
iron. rm-~m- r Afln r b-fl~T f..,..IP&- )m2. llm-'V' f"'l.ll'1. This store sells only exterior paint . .e.u OD.e..1Jc 1\~ 1 fOJ.tr") +
ii'F' 11!1' Jl.if"'A
3. hw-"'1'" 1 fooiTJ. Exterior fore~ destroyed
the country. hm-'V' foum-'1- ..,Jl.fr>'f M
&1:1 l'.m~'l-

exterminate
1. _e.oo(l{l. They exterminated their enemy by
heavy bombardment. flhq.e- fll'/"11 Y.-11

y_q

m~;t-:fm-1

' Y,oo(l(l-

2. hm4.. The workmen used poison to exterminate the ants . ..,tl-.,.'1',; 'l-1JI'l',;1 fl
DDC'II l'.m~:fm-

external fm-'V'
War affects a nation's external trade. ,nc~+
fll1C1 fm-'V' 1"1Y.- WI-JIIA
external appearances DDAh
External appearances are often a poor guide to
character. oo{Ah 1'.11~':'m-1 1.fL llmq
Jl. f.,. ...... .,. DDoPH';' ~,_
external sign rAhT
Red spots are an external sign of measles.
<I>.I'Jl. 1i'i';J-l"'f "'" ~Jl. f"'l.;J-1' fh-'i'
'f 'F'Ah.f-'f ';':fmfor external use

*This alcohol is for external use only. .e.u 1 h

{A!>{A ' IIOD.(-..,t'f-~'f- ' h1l( ' fiODffi'P ' f"7Jl.
tJ"")

~aJo

extinct
I. f<J>~. Scratching one's face at the funeral
is an extinct custom. (lm- fl. 'P'-T 1 .t..:t-1' 1
OD1<U.'I- f<t~ ' A"7Y.' ~..,.
2. t.1Y.-.f- .1'114'(11'1-). Zuqwala is an extinct
volcano. 11lli~ t.1Y.-.f- .1'114>11'1- A<'I.,. 1
'l"tl- ~..,.
be extinct m4-

Thls kind of animal is extinct. fH.Il f7.111<'1

HC m'i';t:IA

extinction
I. ""'1'4-'1-. The extinction of the lights left us
in total darkness. fou11&-1: ""'1'4-'1- 'i'l\.
,. ' <U.II"7 fD-11'1' 1'.114'~1

extinguish

426

2. "7'1'of.T. Physicians are working for the

extinction of diseases. mll.'l"l- 01i:f"'J 11"'1
'l'of.T J!.:f"1'111-

extinguish
I. hmof.. He tried to extingoish the fire with
sand. l\l)-1>') Oh if'I' il"'l'l'of.T 'I" h.:
2. ( = intr.) mJl.oo. Failure to succeed at all
extingoished her hope. 9"'1!1" M&\-l'l)IJ'IT
J''IT 1'itof. m!l.oo

extirpate

1.~'1"

hit+<:

The new laws will extirpate the use of certain

drugs. hJI.{>'Ii ih1:f Q'))!')Jl." oo!f.-lt-f
:f oom+!l"') l.~aow- J'it+t~-11be extirpated +~:,.0Ao +IIJA

The evil must be extirpated.

1'~-l-11-

OD"'J'f::aJo

)1C

OO"J&\ hiiOT

extol (extolled) 0"7'1"1it 1'<;1<:

The priest extolled the virtues of the deceased.
"'it- f?.'li'J !l."I~T l\.1')...,. 0"'1'1"1it

.,. ..1~

extort (money) hithl.il

extraordi nary
2. &\f.. Extra services are charged for, of
course. II&\ f. h1&\"III-T J!.hl.'l&\ ao~9"
extra (adv.) houm') MJ!.
He needs an extra strong box to pack it in.
llll.:l't- OOJ'"If" hoom') O'IJ!.
flY) "f'J") J'itl.&\1'1'&\

extract

(v.)

He extracted a confession from the thief.

1\.Qt-') O"'lit1!l.!l."

t,l)OD~

extract (n.) f-l'tD-"1"1 !I"'JQ11

to bum down his house. 0.-1:1' AOJ:J"mA 0

"'litl.ii-6-T 1'JH11 hithi.H
extort a confession }ll}OD)

extradite m!l.J'1~ aot.(> 'lh

extra (n.)
1. +"'-..-,~ w.&.+~. The grocer hires extras
to work on Saturday. 9'""111 ?f'IILll ol-..11"'1.
-1-'1"1 ' -l'"lo"'l& ' Wi~-T'J':f ' J!.+'l'il-&\
2. -l'"l."'l& :>11"1. An extra was published
when the war was declared. tnC~-1> O:f"m

J':

1.11 -l'"l."'l& :>11"1 ,...,..,. ~oc

3. ( = adv.) 0-I'IIJ!.. Her regular school fees
are 500 dollars a semester; music and dancing
are extras. ooJ!.o'fw- fT!I"IICT .h.l)11
01\00itTC ' M"itT 00-f I 11C ' ~(Do ! H..+<; '!')it "I'J 0-I'IIJ!. J!.hi.&\Q'f'l'&\
extra (adj.)
1. +Al.DY&! .:'f-C'i:.11 want extra pay for extra
work. IITC'i' 1"6-. 1'"l."7& h'i'J' 1.1.&\
:>liP.

Because of the declaration of war they publish

ed an extra edition of the newspaper. t'tnC~-1:1'
OD:f"tDJ!': !l"h'JJ'T 0"7!!."<:"1 1'"l."7& '
f :>11"1 l,T!I" hmm-

Do you have a few extra pencils? TC'i' 1.Cl)(>

:r- hil-11 1

I. ~+II. The dentist extracted his tooth.

mll.oo- '!'Cit-') ~+IIIIT
2. hm"l. The doctor extracted a bullet from
his leg. mll.- hl\"1~ t-it'l' 'l'J!.T h
tD"'IIT
He extracts oil from olives. ~(t- = hm.f,.&. H~
TJ'tn"l&\
3. oPCifl ' hmnJ. The student extracted from
the book passages dealing with history. 1'"7&
w- 1 hoo~m4- "'"it'l' itll :f"&h f"7.<;1~:,.-,
!I"')Qfl:f ooctn ' hm"l
extract a confession

They extorted money from him by threatening

The police used torture to extort a confession

from him. ll"'ll)oo') 71\.(>'fi hw :l>f.T

m')IJ<~-

Read these extracts from my poem! "-)'fllJ'}

h"l'l'"i ' f-l'tD-"'m- 9"')Qfl:f h'J1111

In accordance with the treaty, our government

will extradite all foreign criminals. Om-1\o uow
,::,. oo')"IF:f":f' ) ft-"1!' Me tD')~il
'J':f') ' tD!l.J'16-'ft- ' 00&\{> J!.&\IJ&\

extraneou s
*Sand or some other extraneous matter had
gotten into the butter. +-a.m- m-C.T hi'f

'I' tnJ/.9" h'J!l." 'lf.~T 1-Jl."'i' 111-f-O:f"&\

be extraneous 9'""}9"" r ..,.,.~)':,.. = fltliJo?'"

His questions are extraneous to the discussion. If',14:tD- h"l-.lltl ;JC ,..,.,. COJ'l~
~..,.

' fll"'"!l"

extraordi nary
1. ,YA+ItooK This rainy weather is extraordinary for this time of year. ftr). 11'i?" r
OH.U J 'Lfl. r ,YIA+fluoJ?. ~m2. "-~""1 ' .,..011. Only an extraordinar y woman
could accomplish all that. }")') ilaP/"6-T
f!I"Tl-llw- lll!:'"l 1-011 vrr~:r- fl...,. 11

!I'' ~:r-

3. 7..;E-"'7 r boom'} ' Of\.e r ,llltD-. Einstein was

a man of extraordinary abilities. h.~'Jli:J'~'J :
1.3!':"1 hootn') O'IJ!. l-11-:f" J'lltD- 11
m- I )o0C

4. lA (!.. Extraordinary powers are given to the

President in wartime. fltflC~'I- 1.11. 11"1'<1-IL
-'l't-1: AI' FA"''t .f.llm'l'ol\
[See also 'envoy']

extravagance ~'tH-fl hfJIJ'h'tHis extravagance kept him always in debt.

~'tH-fl hfJIJ'"h-1: IJ-ol\1.11. hM 1\'t-'I.('.ID

"' ' hS'.t!~ID-

~1C

5. '1.('.11.,. She lost consciousness due to

extreme heat. h-1.1'-11.,,. ..,..,.,. f-1-~"1
~<;:!).'t ' 11-t-:Y.

6. hol\h f"'l.YA<;:. He holds extreme political

views. hol\h f"'l.Yol\f. f?"lltiJ milll

:r-'

hll-'1(at the) extreme end 61-'IJ~ID"

1 tnCll 1\f,.
Their house is at the extreme end of the island.

fl.;l-:fiD- hf.{l.-1:

extravagant ( ~ adv.) fl"7:>~'t

People laughed at the inventor's extravagant
claims for his invention. LIAII~fD4 1 llllLilil
LfD4

extricate

427

extravagance

0"'/;J~"}

00t;'1C

ihllfl'

..,

.,.fl,.
be extravagant

*A dinner for four people costing 60 dollars is

extravagant. 1\6--l- itfD4 1 ~6-T 1 llAlt 1 -o
C I "'/fD411JT- I 1-1fl I ~/Arf'~ I QJQ;l. I )fD4
[See also 'spender, spending']
extreme (n.)
I. -1--"'.!-t. Love and hate are extremes.

mP,J.,,. mC"If 11.1'- ~,.

extremely 7.)';"1 fl"'ll"

This news is extremely sad. ,t'.tJ

fLfj

~:Eo

., ' fl"'ll" ' hii~'S ' ~,.

extremity (extremities)
I. ""1<;:. The extremity of the flagpole is pointed.
fll'tS'.:,O ' 'lii"71D- ' OOii.,.Y ' "'i'i'' il'A' ~,.

2. ~'l:t-. People on a sinking ship are in

extremity. fl"'l.ll'l'9" ooch-fl 11.1'- f"'l.
11' lll":f "1/"'t:,O .1'-fl~fJ'I"Pol\
3. foo..,.:lf S'.t!ll". That poor family is living
at the extremity of misery. l-"1.:'1',; fl.-1-1111

<;::,>co; '1'11!1' -1--"'.!-ti":Y. "'~'"'"

2. f-1-.!-.!<.,. mil-fl. We must seek the mean
between the two extremes. ho-11-1: f-l-.!-.!-4!
milll:f h"7IJI''t mll-fl oo<~.ll"l hll-fl't
go to extremes

:Y. fou..,.:lf r..:ll" fill'~ r.-1H'I- ,.

il'l' ' .1'-'l'.!-114. hol\h "711<;:. The extremities of the situa-

*The director went to extremes to make his

position clear. -'l."-h+o;.. 1 Jrt*ou-"} 1 floP..,fl

h-"'mllfl'lextremities lt.~t;'

II' h"''.J'il4.ol\"l fill.('. 11C"IfC h.,.t!fl

His extremities were numb from the cold.

to an extreme boom"}

1 01\f.
The director is cautious to an extreme. Jl"-h+

7.)>;<; l\"11:,; ' h-fiC-'1- f-1-~"1 S'.'t11H'I'ol\

be forced to the extremity of ..,.f: : rr~o-r

-1- hoom't M.f. m't-"'-"' ~,.

The soldiers were forced to the extremity of

firing to scatter the mob. m;J-r.~:,; f"'l.t!-fl

extreme (adj.)
I. h<;: Ylll h<;:-1-.,. He shows extreme patience
in dealing with pain. F-"'.f. fiS'.t!llfl'l- 1.11.
h<;: Yll '1-6"11"'1- YIIYA

He was rewarded for the extreme courage

he manifested in battle. fltnC~.,. ID-il'l' il
llilfiD- ' h<;:-1-"' ' J':"l'tt'l- ' of-IfIIOO

2. foo..,.:lf. Death is the extreme penalty of

law. '1"'1- fou..,t:lfiD- f<;:CS'." :,0"1'1- ~,.
These are the extreme limits of the town. f,.tJ 1
fhof-"71D- oo""t:lf S'."'tfiC ~,.

3. foo..,.:lf '1'11:,0. We had to resort to extreme measures. fooQ;t.t,7ffD4"} 'f'1l:t- : ~C9'"

ll" ' OODJo{lf." ' "If." ' 11'~-fl')

tion caused her to lose her equilibrium.

fo--~;1-

,. ' hol\h ' "711<;: ' fOO't4.il l\C;>;I-'I''t

1

~..,l!''f

lfiD-'t ' .b11-fl ' IIOOflof-') ' of-ti"'il ' OOh4.'f- '
.,,.. ' ll'~fJ:ffDgo to any extremity f""l..!FAm-"} 1 &tr 1 h.r.t:..1

Parents will go to any extremity to feed their

children. mll;(:f A;(JI':fiD-'t 11oooo~-n
f"'l.JI'II:fiD-'t o-11- YS'.C:>IIin the extremity of

*In the extremity of his misery, he sold his

clothes. :f"IC fl.m<;fl'l- ol\1111-'t lfm
extricate hll.,..,.
John extricated his brother from the barbed
wire fence. f"th.'lll ' m"}.f:oo-"} 1 hllAif& =

4. ~).. Extreme conformity often prevents

original thought. Jl'). fll'~ fl'tf." hil-tltil11 I ODoP6-T- I ofltf" I 1.f'L I }l,Jl{l I tftlJ

f'li(l h'l'C hll++

extricate oneself ~ft."}

11 ' h"7<;:11:,0 ' Y.,-'1<1\

.!-11-'t hl-"lc hm"'

i'tm"'

He extricated himself from the difficulty .

extrinsic

428

eyeglasses

(be) extrinsic to h --- m-"1!" ~mHis questions are extrinsic to the argument.

cast one's eyes down oPAhT

have an eye for oP,..t....-

life is remarkable. fJIIIJilm- J'lltD-

f~8'1'

have an eye on 'tf.)."J "'II(R'I-)

J""J"J ~~C 111111- 1.11. 'tf.~"J '1'1'-R'I- ~RC

in one's eyes Oft. 1 lJ.f.'l

You are only a child in his eyes. R<\- 'tf."J

t.."J.,. ~" A~ ~u
(be) in the public eye

Hes always in the public eye. hftm-

on the stranger who was acting suspiciously.

1;.\o,:>,). htn&-"1& fll'~tD-"} )."}"1-'1 {ltD-

R'tf.~ <1<&-'i' _,..,..llh-Jo-1keep one's eyes open nr

Keep your eyes open or we will miss the tum.

exult

).J'fU l J"IIRIIII.J' oo;f-m.LJ'm-"J I;.'Jil;I-II"J

meet (one's) eye lt.;JmoP(m-)

L~mn.

exultation "-"Jmlf..l'
There was exultation over the army's victory.
tn-1- J'.A Rou9";1-'l- L "Jmlf..l' II'~

eye (v.)
I. t..f. He eyed the food on the table with
loathing. mt:A.~m- 'If. J'llm-"J 11""111
R'l''lil' /;.fm2. t..'I-IN!' .,.oullh.,.. The children eyed the
stranger. A)('fl 1."J"'-'IIll-"J {lm- t..'l-11-.:m-
.,.oullh..,

[See also 'longingly']

eye (n.)

'l'm2. R'tf.~ <1<&-'i' .,.oullh.,.. They kept an eye

~RC

He exulted at the success of his

experiment. ..,.h&-m- 1111.,.:1''011'1- L~mn
2. L ~ -"-"'. The team exulted at winning the
game. 11-J'."). J'."A"J Roo.,.>:)!.., "-~-"-"'

lt~

keep an eye on
I. mR.,.. Keep an eye on the children while
I'm out! mF.. 1 m-"1!- ll:%.e- : A;:ri.,. : mofl:J>

You will notice the exuberant vegetation of

the jungle. f"'!IJm-"J A?"'l"''. ;1-J'IIU

I.

l;.f.t"'?"

.,:.,..,. ~~P'__,"J R'i!"11<tLIJ _,..,.R'I'I'mexuberant vegetation AiJO~""L

ftm-iorf:

om+

I have had my eye on that for a long time.

exuberan t
l. 01J)r' r f:JA. They gave the victorious team
an exuberant welcome. ~it'i"Lm- : R-.e-'l 0
"'?" f ;.II I;..,.IJRA M'..t:"l-11'12. RJ'.II;I- f.,..,.'l. The exuberant crowd cheered the Emperor. RJ'.II;I- f.,.'l"'ltD- ih1111

).:J>l":f"J OD9"t:'l' ;1-tD-:I'II:Y..

'1- 11~'1- t..IIJ'S4: ~m2. f.,.~ :I':I' ou"J.t.ll. No amount of discipline

could lessen his exuberance. r+i-:J>.+m-.,. r oP
'JL<\-"J ?""J9" J"UA '1''1'C l;.f..,."J{lm-?"

hoP~

ouAh

She has an eye for antique furniture. f'I'"J'I-

I. 11~'1-. The exuberance of the area's plant

'111 f.'J'II.t:'II.C

~1\."J

'1- t...r.-:1'1-

exuberanc e

exude .,."J'II.t:'ll.t:
Sweat exuded from every pore.

~t..1

Shecasthere yesdown the page.

'I'J"<l:l"'fl hhch<- m-"1!" <;'I'm-

A fearsome sight met the policemen's eyes.

?""1\.r\'li"J 1;.{1:1'4: '1-CI;.f.'l- /;.;Jtn"'/'I'IDsee eye to eye +ll:"7"7

We don't see eye to eye on the Vietnam

problem. Rli.f'l-'i"?" -..-'If. t.."Jil"'/"'19"
set eyes on hr

I hope I shall never set eyes on her again.

JI"'OD'i'

> I;.'JJ'."'/'IJ''I- ' .,.II<(. ' /;.J'.C;JIItlwJth an eye to O..Yt\9""

The Italians occupied Eritrea with an eye to

the eventual conquest of Ethiopia. Roo<tL,:!f
t....-1-r-A-n llooJ'11 R"'/119". t...."'II.J"'l':f.
C'I-&-"J 'I-'S t..J'."~m- ~RC

to.

[See also 'bat, blind, downcast, drop, open,

run, shining, strike, wide']

I. 'tf.'J. He is blind in one eye. I;."} .I'." 'tf.).

;1-m-t::A
2. "'"'~"'~ The eye of this needle is too small.
fff.U I oPC4 I +,t;;J; I {IIIJiJO I mQofl I ioaJ-

eyebrow 114-11<;:'1His eyebrows are very black. 114-11<;:-Jo R"'

an eye f0:r an eye f"lF..A .f.clP'-T

An eye for an eye is required by the ancient
law. f'I'"J'I- ih"' f~J'.II f...,.-1- f.'IA

eyeglasses -~li"C
He has worn eyeglasses since he was a young
man. hA~~-Jo )!?"I!' oP~li"C J"J'.C;JA

1 ..--t~c

iom-

eyelashn~ofl

She darkened her eyelashes.

eyelid

f'tf.~ 114-~

:,.~~!l~

f'tf.~

I>.II:Y.

<l'ofl

The doctor operated on the eyelid. P.h-1-or f

't,l'.).~ 114.~ (<l'ofl) +P. m1~

eyesight

1. 'tf.~. His eyesight is very poor. 'tf.). 0

"19" ' ,...., ' ~ ....
2. f'tf.~ ofiCY~. His eyesight is gettiog dim.
f'tf.). oflcn l'oft.hoo ooo~~ 11.1'- ,
~

....

eyewitness

429

eyelash

*The house is within eyesight. 0.11 '\,_')'

11.1,.,..,.,.,,. O"''.:Y.A c+'l- 11,1'. ~,.

poOr eyesi1ht f'lf..") I OO:f"aJtJ.

His poor eyesight disqualified him from participating in the Olympic Games. f'tf.). oo:J'
<Dh ' Ol'oll.9""!;h ' Q;l,'J':J' ' hOD'toi.A ' l'oll+
~,.

f'tf.~ 9"ilhc
He was an eyewitness to the accident.
f'tf.~ 9"ilhc ~oc

eyewitness

t\~;Jm-

fable

430

face

F
fable ft.'i' :l't<h 1 1-t:'IThere is a fable that a serpent once ruled in
Eritrea. hM:l''l- h"tY: .J>"t ~q11 li.C'f.il"t f.1~ ~"tf.)flt: f"'U1C fh'i' :l't<
h ' hi\
He wrote a fable after the manner of Aesop.
fli.JITI hllll'i' flODh1-A h"tY: 1-t:'f. 114.

fabric
1. Q;tC:t>. Wool makes a very wann fabric.
f<\-'1' Q;~.C~ fl"'ll" f.'I":J>A

erect. Y:oo:t: K'l--~'1 h<l!"'' r OJ-i('mo A.

'1-.Jioo'f
5. f.t:(t(fl'l-). The troops faced severe privation.
m:rt.t:~
hQY: 'f"lc f.t:(tQ'fm6. 1-!1/!1/oo. He faced the dilemma with courage.
fo-11'1- hi- li"C""lm-"t flY:'i't:'l- 1-!1/!1/ou
7. .L'f. 1\.L'f. 1-11". He lives in the house
that faces the theater. flt.I''I-C fl.-1> .L'f.
1\.L'f. fl"'1.11"m- 11.'1- lD-{t'J' _e<; il-A
8. 1-DDI\h1-. Let's face the facts! ~m-)-l>"t
)1C l\"tDDAh'f.

2. t.!l/9". The proposed reforms will affect the

*They faoed their house with red brick.

very fabric of society. f.J>t:flm- oolflfA f'"r

-o.: ' (tfl-'t ' oo"'t::l'' ' t.!l/9" ' Y.)IJA

ffl.;l''fm-"t ' .,.,. ' 1\.L'I- ' m-Il ' hllfl<\-'1face (vi.)
I. h - - - '1-Y.f. )m-, Our room faces on the
street. h'i''l'f"t hOD1-1'1- '1-Y.f. )m2. flll1---- flh-A )m- I flll1- -- - )m-,
Our windows face south. DD!II>:l''f"t flll1f.fl'11 flh-A )mTbeir home faces west. ffl.;l''fm- flt:-'i'J fl
111-ll"~il-11 ' )robe faced with t.;>moo(m-)

fabricate
1. w&-. They fabricate airplane parts in California fliJII.G:CV' ft.m-C"T'I1- oPI\'f'<D
""1 ' ~:J> '

_e.....:.tr

2. ol.mt:. The child fabricated a story to

explain his tardiness. A)l: I l\ODH"''f1: I rh
1-.1''1- ' .l.mt:

fabulous
I. ~"t.l'-1-t:'l- l ~"tf..ftAll". The story of his

finding the treasure is fabulous. fTF..O+m-1'

011'1- f"7"11"-l> m.:. ~1-f.~.::,. (~"tf..ftA
9") ' )lD2.
)m- f"7Y.QA. He earned fabulous
wealth in his business. h't""l~ .e.u ~m- f
"7Y.QA 011'1- h11"

.eo

facade "-'~- 1\.L'f.

The facade of the building is made of white
stone. f.ft1-llm- .L'f. 1\.L'f. fl)"l" Y:"t:>Y.
f+rP&

tQJo

+He is faced with the necessity of giving up

his job. ...-.:.m-"t l\"t-'1.11~ f"''.fll1Y:Y:
Y.~:l' h:>'l''l":l'A
*The building is faced with red brick . .81-llm-
h.L'f. 11"--~> n.J>.e m-11 f.,.,.,:. )mrace up to ll.lfhll" !I'll

He couldn't face up to his responsibilities.

"l'I.L~-1>1- ll.lfbll" t.Ail'llll"
[See also 'downwards, whirl']

face (n.)

I. .L'I-. His face is sad. .,_., 'IF- .hH"t .e:rfA

Tell him to his face that he's a liar. m-lf;r!l"
ODIT)'t ' l\.L-1> ' 't1t:lD-

face (vt.)
I. .,_.,.,. hl't:. Face the wall! .L'I-111- mt.
"'Y:"l'lm- hlt'C
2. t.f. Face me and tell the truth! <Df.~ ~
ftJ ' ~.,.)_,..,.,."t ' "t1t:'t
3. 1m"". They faced the enemy armed only
with spears. tnc 11!1' .enm- m'l'l-"t 1
m,...
4. .L'f. .Jiou. The cat faoed the dog with fur

2. 1X'. Many animals have disappeared from

the face of the earth. 1111- 'tY.)'f. l\1lllrl"
'f hii"Y:C 1X' m'i'1-'I'A
face to face 4-:t-

1\4-:t-

He brought the enemies face to face.

h1""'"'"'"

"t .,.,. 1\.L'f. '

fall on {one's) face Qfi:

m.ou-

He tripped and fell on his face.

"'m.....

1-f.'f.

mfl'l'~

T,gt(.

1-f.<;~G: q

in the face of OJ;:a..-ou,.r

She persevered in the face of many obstacles.

-fill" :f-Ie !1..1':>'1'"1'1-!1" m.l'. :>.'1 A'III:Y.!I"
on the face of It ,._,. 1\.tl"J {tftl+
His evidence is false on the face of it. 1\.e. 1\
1'-'t lt.l'l'-'1- "1/ll:lfm- dt{l'l- _&ouMA

keep a straight face

*Try to keep a straight face when he talks to

you. ()..l');.>"letl ?"'t?" 'l_&)'l- 11"'1.'1-
A;Nif<DIose face T"P ~

He will lose face if he admits he was wrong

and the child was right. A)!: Ah ll''l" ll
{1- o OD/1/1.,') o

faction

431

facetious

l)ou) o _&'1'.!-'IA

make faces h.l\1m

Children, stop making faces at strangers!

A]t.:Y. ! Oll't"'P.:Y. '1.& A:l''l"lmmake (a) horrible face Mt-111"1!

He drank the tapeworm medicine and made

a horrible face. l>('om-'t ().m"' .,_.,'t Mt-11
1".!
show one's face :l"f

He is ashamed to show his face at the club.

OhOII- <D-/1'1' llou:J'f'l- .l''i'&-A

[See also 'bring, impassive, open, sad, save,

scan, smooth, solemn, sour, straight, tum']

facetious fl..11
A facetious remark about old men enraged
the teacher. 1111 1i"1"11\.9':Y. f-f"{lmm- fl..11
A/11-.l'f'l- ' OD!I"tl<lo't ' A<;.l'..l'.mbe facetious hi'"L

Don't be facetious when you speak about God.

1111 li"'H.A-fl.t..e ll'l-<;1e A;l'll''i'

facial fi-'1She uses facial cream every day. Of4'l- fl.

'I- ' :j>q')- ' 'l-4'QII:Y.

*He suffered facial wounds in the accident.
Q.I'.;.><D- ' !l"h't.1''1- ' """' ' 'I&{Ill
facial expression d.T

His facial expression shows disgust. .1.1: s

AIIOD.I'.{l.,') ' .I'II.I'A

facile
I. 4''1A. Translation is a facile task for him.
f'l-e-..!1" 1"&- 11{1- 4''1A )<D2. 4'A"'of.. A facile writer produces many
books. 4'A"'of. .1'.&-lt -fill" ""llih'i''l-
.&.!'.ellA

A pianist must have facile fingers. "C$'r +

"'i'I':Y. ' "'"' ' 4'A"'of. ' ODIJ''t ' AIIOlfacilitate A:J-1111
Modem inventions have facilitated travel.
HOD<;' ' t;:A{lof.l":Y. ' ... ~') ' A:J'II'I'A

The customs official facilitated the visitors'

entry. f.,.?"<~oh- 11'11" .,..-fl'tl"'li A1e
<D-/1'1' f"'1.1li-O'l-'t H.l'.. A:J'IIM'I'm-

facility (facilities)
I. iltn:l'. He has great facility in learning
languages. l\e{l- '1-A-l> fl\"1111 ou"1e II
tn:l' Allm2. :j>A'J"i'<;. She dances wiih facility. O:j>A'I''i'
<; ' '1-.l'.'tiiii:Y.
3 . .l'."e)(''l-. The facilities for study are very
good here. hH.U f"''.1'F'l- fou"1t..l' .1'."
e)('+:Y. 0"1?" '1''1- <;'l'm-

facing
*The facing of the house is red brick. 0.-IJ
'1- ' 111-'1- ' hm--fl ' f-1""'&- ' )<D-

h.L

fact

I. )1e. That's a well-known fact . .1' f-1".!:>

1tn I ~1C I ~lD2. f.l'.l:{l )1e. The facts corroborate his
account of the accident. fY.t!.l\m- 1 ~1C 1 '1t.
{1- il'l.l'.:>m- f1"<;1l:<D-'t .l'l::>"l"'A
3. l\<D-)-f":;' )1e. That doesn't correspond
to the facts . .1' hl\<D-)1-:;'m- )1e :>e
A.&/1"1"1?"
4. llm-H. This story is based on facts. .&11
;l't.h ' Ol\<D-)'1- ' fl.& ' f-f"OD ... l:-1" ' )<D5. 'i'&. )1e. The body of the book contains
all the essential facts. f""ti'dt#- 'I'<; h'i'
A 1"1-'11..9''1?t 'i'&. )1t!':Y. o-11-
A11~A

6. "1/ll:lf l ooGif. Why don't you present the

facts as they really are? "1il.!lt9''1l't (ou.!lfl"
'll't) ll't-'111- liM A:l'+eq:fm-!1" !
in fact ll'tl!..l'm-11"
In fact, it was a wonder that anyone came at
all. ll'ti!..I'<D-!1" ' A't.l'."?" ' {l<D- ' l\1''>. ' OD?"
"1_, f"''.1e?" ' )<Dthe fact of the matter is '1t.C'"Im-'l 1 ADD'i1C
The fact of the matter is, I did not go. l\C"lm't 11oo<;1e AA~.I'."h-11"

[See also matter']

faction mn
The party split into three factions. f?'lltltm-
;ret 0?'11'1-

mn 1-h'i'~A

factitious

432

factitious fllfl"'
We saw a factitious smile on his face. flt.OIIJ
.,:,.,hnn'i'

factor
I. ll"h'tJ''i'. Lack of money is the main
factor in the failure of his business. 1\'l"'J~
ouh(lC 'I'<; ?"h'tJ''i' fll')m- f1'tHofl
7."'"' ' )m2. ~1C. Endurance is an important factor
of success in sports. T"}lJ&. l\C.;rc.r s
'i' hilof..l\'1. )1C )m-

oP(J.lt

flhT"7m- JlCil' h'tX: f""l"7 <f.ofl&l) hi\

6?"C..r-:li

h-'1..11 'X:A.Xo-1- 1111 oPI"t:.'i' .,..~~,.' hm-4~.

ooX:Gil h.+;t-'fm4.
When his friend is away, he never fails
to backbite him. f:,.Cofl <DJI)I: fll\.1111-'i'
7.(1-'t .,.,.,.'t ' d.fr'l" '
*I won't fail you. fl~ 1-o-'tofltl

.,..m,

h,..,..,.,..

fall (vi.)
1. mF..+. Five students failed in arithmetic.
h9"il'i' T"769':f fi4<'1'C <Df.4<
2. OJ-x_-:,. II'). His experiment failed. oo-h.:.
Ill-

factory (factories) <f.ofi&IJ

There is a shoe factory on the edge of town.
factual 7.m-)'i''t fJ'H
His reports are always factual.

fail

rr

A.'l..ll. ' 7,m-)'i''t ' fJ'H- ' ""'"'"

faculty (faculties)
I. il,..:t". He has a faculty for learning languages. m,r: foP"7C il"':t" hllm2. hiJA.. The faculty of sight is God's most
precious gift to us. f"7f'i' hiJA. 7."/ll.hofldo.C
hl'lm't IJoll- 11"111" f~.,. K;J )m3. h1.?"~. Though he is very old, he is in full
possession of his faculties. 11"111" IIJ'G;t'll"
h1.?"~m- fT",7..~ )m4. 4.11-A.t. There are four faculties:at this
university. 1111.11 f.tliC{l,t m-11'1' ht:.'i'
4.11-A.tl":f ' hll-

fade (vt.) hf.fiHH

The bright sunlight faded the curtains. fBml<
~1-11'1

.,._.,_'i' oP;>Glfm-'t M'.. fiHHmfade (vi.)

I. m<DI\1. These flowers faded very quickly.
Mll.ll hfll':f -foil- m<DII?2. 7.f'I"T 'U'... The music faded in the distance. 7.ft:.4< {l,ltJI. foo-fl.:l'm- x.-?"6 M
.,..,. ' ltf.
3 .,.1111" 11.,..,., My socks faded in the wash.
f7."1C IF-MI. {l,:J"mofl .,.110... 11.,_.,_

fail (vt.)
I. <Df..,.. Two students failed the exam.
o-11-'i' T"769':f A.T'i<D-'t <Df.4<
2. ?-X: hf.G1. When we needed him, he
failed us. flll"'tof.A.1<D- '1..11. ?-X: hf.G1't
3. h - - - h.+T(m-). They failed to reach a
conclusion on building a new bridge. h'tX:

,..x_-:,. II')

3. h't.,. ll''l' .,.G l h't.,. II'). All our efforts

failed. 'I'G:t":f't o-11- h't.,. ll''l' .,.G

Mark well my words; his plans will fail.

ll"'t ' hi\ fill'S l f(l- 7,:,.1'-:f h't.,. 1-11'<;114. hif A.. The intrigue to get him out of his
job failed. hF&.m- 11"7A.<;.,.A. fTf.G1m-
T'tb-A. hifd.
5. 41-'1'"1 .,.G. The plan was unsound, so it
failed. 7.:,.,11., fT",7..~ MA.)fiG 41-'1'"1 .,_G
6. hA.T41JII'i'll". I tried to pacify her with
promises, but failed. :J'A. 1\0D"/Q-'i' ~qofl~
'i' 'l"h&. )fiC l "''t hA.T41JA.'Sll"
7. 41-41JII'i' .,.G. They failed in their attempt
to climb the mountain. Ttl-tl-ID-'t 1\oP<D-aJ
'i' J'f.G?-'i' ..,..h.:. 41-41)~'1',_ .,_G
8. m<f.. The crops failed because of drought.
(loflll- fiX:c.,.'i' ?"h'tJ''i' m<f.
9. .,..,.){l. His health failed after the operation.
h.,...... '1'1'i fl:\1\ ' m.'t).,. .,..,.)(l
10. TJlhoP. He is failing fast and may not
survive the night. 11"111" iiiiT'lh"" 1\.{1,.,.
't hJ'X:C?" 1-ll''iA.
fall to
1. II
negative imperfect

+
+ .,.G. He failed to
follow our advice. ?"ht:.T't't 41-.,.fiA. .,.G
2. (negative verb). The insult failed to ruffie
his composure. llx.-11- 7.C;>;Joo<D-'t h~'i<Dll
Ill'?"
*Don't fail to go there! 7.11..1' 4-'i'ltX: 7.'t'l

"'"'c

fail to come off laY,illt 4'~

The conference failed to come off. ilofl(lq,_ 4

1-41J .,_G
fall to go off (gun) hifd.
He pulled the trigger, but the gun failed to go
off. 9"~lo't llilfi<D- '1',_.,. hi\'A.
(his) courage failed ..,.,..,. A.(l(l
His courage failed when he saw the policeman. ?"ll.l'l-'t IIJ'1- ..,.,..,. A.(l(l

fail

faintest

433

words failed him

I. oao;~c h:l'.,.,.. He was so shocked at

what he saw that words failed him. flrm-- ~
1C OIIJf"' lJll,g\'1m OD'i"1C h.rJ>Tt2. :!'A hm<:tJJo. Words fail me when I try
to express my feelings toward him. iliiCII- f
ll'h 11"'1.;,. IIOD"JIIII' il'l"hC :!'A f

f!f'll ..... h'l"- oan'llf;,. ,.,.).., ) ....

'1'<:'1/ll.
[See also 'doom1

8. "J-~11;,.. Because of a power failure, the

station went off the air. Rl\.1\.b'l-&b "1-~11

fail (n.), without

*Be there at 6 o'clock without fail! fJP't.

v-

II;,. ll't;,. h't.tl;,.+c

failing

tion discouraged him. R;.l'&b .,_.,.., ""

tJJoJ1.4l .,.114- 1\il<lll<:m..,.
6. 'i'<l. !Lil I ..,.~. It appears to me that the
program was a failure. ~")"-i. Tf!"1&-ou- 'i:
<1. !Lil (..,.~:r-) flf) f.oailii'1A
7. oan'llf;,.. A mechanical failure caused the
plane to crash. 1\tJJoC'T'I). m~-' ll.llfJRC

(n.) "1-~11;,.

We all have our little failings. v-1\:f'tll" ff

t.<'l:f't "1-~11;,. .IIMI't

falling (prep.)
*Falling good weather, the party will be held
indoors. ff~ mfJY. h.,.Mif ;rC1:tJJo
1.11.;,. tJJoll'f' f.JI.<::>A
*Failing payment, we shall sue. IJA.,.h.l.ll 1.
'tMII't

falling this f.U IJA.,.<'IIJ(II;,.)

Failing this, we'll have to draw on our savings.
f.U IJA ... <'IIJA't fil+oa'f')tJJo't ~'tllil

"'!Lf..,.

;,. f+)"f
.,.lt<:m
be a failure 1\A.,.<'IIJII" I hA.,.<'IIJII'I-11"
The campaign was a failure. JIOD!f'..,. hill..,.
ltiJ9" )RC

As a businessman, he was a complete failure.

R't"'~ Rh<A R'i'K-9" hA.,.<'IIJII'I-11"
*I'm a faililre as a teacher. oa9"UC)-'J- hf.
lf'tA'f9"
end in failure h'11: If)
His effort ended in failure. ~".,.. 11-11- h
...... If)

[See also 'power']

faint (v.) )'i'/1-'t 1\.,.

She fainted from fright. hm:>liL f.,.)..,
'i'jl.'t .......:f

"'"'""'"'" hllil't

faint (n.), fall in a - .lof.m-l>'t il-l'- mil.+

(be) failing
I. Jl.h"". His eyesight is failing. 'tf.). MJI.h
OD I ~S'.

2. .,..,.)11. His health has been failing for the

last two years. '1114;,. v-11;,. 't"";.t-;,.
liL't)-1> hf...+)ll

~.I;.A

*The sick man's heart was failing. fR1i.,.'1tJJo

Ail ""11";.1--l>'t Rf1.litJJo ~C'f' )OC

failure
I. flloo<'IIJ;,.. Success came after many failures.
"J1f 0 f ...JI.<!:IItJJo I b1Jfl' I 1.fi 0 fiiDD<'Il);,. I
0:\'1 )tJJo
2. il
negative imperfect
DD:r-<:-'1-. Her

failure to answer my letters worried me.

IIJI.il.tlll.\1. """'-il 1\;,.Ah oo:r-<::1: h
<'IIIR'f

3............-...The failure ofhiseyesightprevented

him from reading. f'tf.). ""'1'4-;,. 11"7't0
11 h'tJIY.:fA hll.<:~tJJo

4. oa;.t-mh. The failure of his health made

retirement necessary. f'tn."Uo-1: ou;t-mh m<:;.1- h't-'1. ~fJ hJ!.<:~tJJo
5. """'"JI.:r-. His failure in the history examina-

On the receipt of the news, she fell in a faint.

m.:...,... il'l-11"7 .lof.aJ:I:'t il;.l' mll.+:f

In a dead faint
She lay in a dead faint. .lof.al:l:'t ~II"
il;.l' ...'1:f
faint (adJ.)
I. fOD)OD). There is only a faint hope left.
fll"" .,.114- foa)oa) )..,.
2. :r-ilil fll I ""1\f.. I heard a faint noise
in the dark. tAll"'!..,. ..,.il'f' :r-ilil fll ~
11"6 (~11"6 oa<'lf.) 11"'111-

3. ( ~ adv.) 0'1'4:;,.. I have a faint idea of

what he wants. f"t.I.A~,..'t )~C 0'1'4:;,.
"""-"'1111-

4. ( ~ adv.) """"'- There was a faint smell

of incense in the church. 00.... bCil1:f't
..,.il'f' fb"''t 'li;.t- 1\00/ll. )OC
[See also 'speD']

(the) faintest
*I haven't the fairtlest idea. f"'t9" ,.,..,..,.
..,. )~C

filii"

..

faint-hearted

434

fake

faint-hearted 4.6
The faint-hearted soldier was criticized by his
superior. u m;J-~c Ql\:J'm- +1tPK

fairy tale 'i"t.'IThat sounds like a fairy tale. of-t.'l-

fair (n.) '1-c~'ILet's go to the agricultnral fair! mf. l'.Clf

faith

m- '1-c~'l-

7.-ttt

I. ""m).,., His knowledge of Amharic is fair.

MC"' ':f-11-:J-m- ODmH' 1 )ID2. '1-hhll"'. A fair judge is greatly appreciated. '1-hhl\"' '
I
0"11"' I f.OD{I1<;A
3. f.W. That's a fair price. f.W 1 'I':> 1 tmThe weather will be fair today. hf-1- 1 lftl. 1
1.-,<; ' f.lf'<;A
There is a fair crop of wheat this year. 011.11 1
'tOD'I- I ~....... I fll'tf. (lilA I All
4. h11Jil. That wouldn't be fair. 1!-11 1.111
il I l,f.f.l\1"'
5. -1"111.. Make sure each boy gets a fair share
of the food I ~'l'tJI. A'/!': 1 bi"'1D- 1 -1"1
fl. I ~ClftiJ-'t I "71'f-Jo't 0 l,l;)1"f'
6. h11Jil Yllm-. Is this a fair exchange? 1.1
IJil ' YI\ID- AID-ID-1' I )ID-1
7. )"' Yll. The American girl has blue eyes
and fair hair. h"'6lt'l!;t 1 Aif1t.~ 1 ll"7Y
'f! 1 'tf.'t<; 1 ) " ' 1 Yll m'l-C 1 1.11'1[See also 'bid, play']

Jl"'

fhCll'J-'i't I ff-"7'1"'1- I of-4'01\

2. l\l"'t'l-. I lost faith in him. Oil(.'S I l\I"')'J- I Ill-f.

Ill!-

no

Failure to appear would be breaking faith.

O+mt:" hi\DD1'f'l- 1 l\l"'t'l-'t 1 "71'1-A 1 f.
If'<; A
3. DD't4.11. He acted in had faith. 0-l"'th-A
DD't4.11 I IP6o
We acted in good faith. o;r.'t I DD'tLII "'
6-'t
have faith ftoo)'
She has blind faith in his talent. fll-'t 1 ':f-11-:J-
O"i"'i''t I :J-1"'<;1\':f
[See also 'profession']

faithful (n.) l"'l\DD't (pl. l"'l\OD<;'t)

The faithful meet outside the church every
Sunday morning. l"'l\DD<;'t 1 l\m.~ l\m.~ 1
111-'~-

bo.-1"

hcll-tn

tD-"i" f.llOiliJII-

faithful (adj.)
I. :J-"7'S. He is faithful to his wife. II"'LII-Jo

:J-"7'S )ID-

fairly
I. 0'1-hhA. The money should be dealt out
fairly to the needy. nuo- 1 ll':f"lt.V''Jl 0'1hhA I OD:J-f.A 1.110'12. 0""m'i-. He is fairly good in Amharic.
IJ"7C"' ' 0""m'i- I f.-.<; I )ID3. 0-1"111. 1 M>.:\'t. He allocated the money
fairly. 1'tHo-'t 1 0-1"111. 1.\\:\'t 1.111.11
deal fairly
*He dealt fairly with the child. II A )I: 1 f"7..1
q I hYnt I hf.t.111'1-

fair-minded f"7Y'III 1 (1mAn arbitrator must be fair-minded. hii:J-6-4:

f"7Y'III

(ltD-

ODif"t 1.110'1-

fair play
we must uphold the principle of fair play.
f"7,.YII4.A1tiJ-'t o ODIP(.:J-'f!
f.'til ""mo;r. 1 hllil't
o ....<p:J-

fairy [Qof"(.-r-':f
flf'').

I. ?f-"7'1"'1-. I don't know what his faith is.

ff-"7'1"-Jo I 9"'t I l\'tf.lf') I l.lltiJ-;r.l"'

He became a convert to the Christian faith.

fair (adj.)

'!"~-

f-""11

IIA

'i'lfloC"':f]

..-II'J'

(.4:;r.

l,ll"7of""'

A faithful friend is more valuable than money.

:J-"7'S

'Jf."'

b1'tUofl

f.QA"JA

2. :J-"7'St'l- fODIIO'I-. He was justly rewarded

for his faithful service by being given a pension.
lflol.:J- I 00D11J'I- I :J-"7'St'l- 1\0DIIO'I- I h1A
111--Jo I 0"7,.11] 0 (IJ(.:J" 0 Th4.1\ID3, '1-hhll.,., The newspapers gave a faithful
account of the accident. ;>11tll'll Mf.:>m- 1
'1-hhll"' I 11<; I A+t.o-

This is a faithful copy of the original. 1!-11

f'P

'itD- '1-hhll"' 1AIJ"i" tm4. ( = adv.) bAil. They are faithful believers
all. 11-1\-1"' I bAil I l."77f'':f I <;'ftDShe's very faithful in her work. I" 6-ID-'t 1 bA
!1. 'I-1P6ol\':f

faithless l\l"'t-1" 1 11.11

The traitor was faithless to his country.
bdaJI.ID- I 1\111'1- I l\l"')of" I fl.ll ' )0C
fake (v.) ou(lll
Beggars often fake blindness. illf-ID-'J
11"77f'':f

bm-c ""111\m- f.lll"''ill-

'1.11

fall

435

fake

----------------------------------------------- -----*He faked a report showing non-existent

profits. f/1.11;1 -l-C'i' 1 f"'l..l'""llh-1- 1 fm-if-1-

His writings fall into two types : novels..and

plays. K".ft.t::'6 1 OIJ-1\-l- ,P.hLI\11-. 1 Aofl~l ID

&rc-r

111.- :f"tll>:f-'i" -t.l'-l-t::f11. 'I'll. Christmas falls on a Monday this year.

OH.U I 'ioP-1- I ~. . I llV" I 11-l- ,P.m-1\A
*When night fell, it grew dark. ;etnc 11-l-m
A-l> I hf.U.I\oP 'tf..

h.,..:n

fake (n.)
I. hllf.. He is not a real doctor; he is a fake.
1,(1-

fh<J)o)-1-

"""1

t.q_e > .fth.9"

)<J)o

2. 0"'/lloP(IA 1 f.,.>Pt-. The dealer sold a fake

as a genuine painting. 'I:Jiot& 0"71\DP(IA
fTIP~dJo'}

P'IJI.\

1\BJo'l+~

'IBJo

-fll\-

ifm

fake (adj.) fdtll-1These documents are fake. 7.)11.11 {1)1'-:f- 1

f dtll-1- .,.,..,.

falcon "l"Ad.-1-

)'f.il

'1.1

ofllf-

~t:::f- >

IDf.....

He fell from the ladder. houMA- 1 1\,P. IDS'..,.

The conservative government has fallen. Am'1' Mf.LA~m- oP1"1P'-l- IDS'.+

The city has fallen into the power of its

enemies. h.,."'/..,. 1 Oml\-1- 1 h)(' 1 IDS'.+
The responsibility for the office fell on me.
fP'ilo<J)o > ~1\d.)ol- > 0~

1\f.

IDf..+

Their choice fell upon him. 9"C""l'fm- h

(1-

1\f.

IDf...,.

2. .,..,._ Many soldiers fell in battle. of!H- 1 ID:f"

f..t::f- OIDC) ...

1\,P. .,..,

3. <:~L. Because of the drought, the leaves

are falling from the tree. 01.-C.,. 9"h1.1'-l-
"l>mll-'li M4- 1 11.e 1 .e.:"l'i-11The blossoms are falling off the tree. h011'6 1
h~4- >

1\f.

'i'-l>C

htiJ

fall apart
I. L<:ll. This monument has long since fallen
apart. f.U I dtm-A-1- I hLl:(l I U""1 I fi\<J)o9"
2. IDI\11+. The stool is already falling apart.
nc.....,..,. IDI\AitA
3. .,.OtiJmll. The shoes he bought were so

shoddy that they fell apart when he got them

fall (fell, fallen)

I. IDS'..,.. Many trees fell during the storm.
0~f.I\'1<J)o

*The President fell from the people's favor.

-rt.IVI11: fih11fl-1

f.l:"l'f.l\-

""1"'/<J)o I
..,. 1 .,.OtiJmll

Wet.

.......... I

111\)0<; I 7.C'J'0-l-

{1.)1)

fall back hL~L~

Our attack was so strong the enemy fell back.
.ff..l:"I)<J)o I "'/'J':J'-1- I 011J9"
)0<: 1 mil-l- 1 hL~L~

~f.l\'1 > Ill\

n - - - +tn4"0D
We can always fall back on our savings.

fall back on

9""}

"119" 1 OM"''"" ~1uq:f-1 A1m.,.9" 1 h

1:f-'1111
fall behind IDS'. 1 :\11 1 .,..:
He has fallen behind in his work. OP't-m-
IDS'. I :\11 I .,.C:I:A
*We fell behind in the rent. m-11'1' 1 h.t-f.
Mofl1

fall (down)
I. IDS'.+. He fell down the stairs. hf..l:li""'"
1\,P. ' mf...,.

4. "'ll. The rain was falling steadily. 11'i"fl- 1

2. ID<:f... The cataract falling down the

mountainside is quite attractive. hT~m-

il.fl'lC'I' f.'I'A )OC

1\f.

5. 0.:1.. The temperature fell rapidly. _.,..,

O'i''l')-1- 0.:1.
6. 11"1> 1 hll. Prices are falling. MO.!' 'I';J 1
11"1> I h.fl\ I U
7. f..<:ll. His beard fell to his chest. m.- h
f..: ... I f..C!).A
The estate fell to the eldest son. Cll., 1 1\0'li
c I A)l: I 1..:(1
8. hll"". His face fell at the bad news. o'J't::m1 I IDt, I {1.{1"'/ I d-1: I h(l....
9. .,.1\IDm. Her voice fell to a whisper. 1..-9"
!I. I IDf.. I JF.hJF.h:f" > .,.1\IDnt

f"''.IDCf..fDo

~~-J:

0"19"

.fllf..ll:f"A

*I hope he won't fall down on the job. P't-m1

Of..1ofl

h1f.."'L>Pilo

>

.,.ll'f.

hi\'{

fall for O'i'ol>C 1 .,.)f..L

He fell for her as soon as he saw her. 7.1'1.1'-l-
O'i'"l>C

.,.)f..L

fall In .,.f..<:oo(l
The roof fell in. aJt-m- .,.f..<:oo(l
fall In (with) .,.11"'1"'1
They fell in with our plans. Odt..,q:f-1 1 .,.II
"'/fall Into

10. .,.hLI\. The subject falls into four di-

Do not fall into bad habits! ""'l't:: mq,e 1

visions. "1-11\ll Oht--1- 1 .ehLIIA

h-1-A""f..-

fall

false

436

fall off

face, flat, knee, line~ love, piece, prey, prostrate,

1. w.r..,., The lid fell off. ODhY."'w- w.r..,.

2. WA4' w.r,..,., The ring fell off his finger.
.,.110.,. h"l.,. wA4' w.r..,.
3. .,.HI. Receipts have been falling off lately.
h'1'4!'1- ' '1.11. ' W"'.U ' ~lltD- ' M.,.M ' %

short, star')

J.:,.A
fall onhm.4'

The enemy fell on them suddenly from the rear.

m'l'l- ' nm~:r- ' h:\'1 ' hm.4':fwfal .. on one fo\o "l'lol.t'l- )OC
It has fallen ori me to support the family.
IL-1"1111') """-1'1' f~ "l'lol.t'l- tHC
*Our choice fell on him. 9"C"'ll-1 1.1\-
U")

faH out '

1. ~1.1.. His teeth fell out. 'I'Co\o ~~.!.

2. .,."1'1 l .,...,......,.,.. The two men fell out.
11-11... ' ...
They fell out over the placement of the fence.
1111 h-N- mac .,...,......,.,.
3. .,.t:r-11- 1\11.,., All his hair fell out. m'K-
... ):r-11- ' 1\11.,.
fall through
1. I\A.,.ft>t9". The plans for the picnic fell
through. f'lie'li-1- '1"'1'1 I\A.,.ft>t9"
2. .!.~h. The deal fell through. so we didn't
sell the property after all. f'liJ'"" w-A II
II.!.Gh '111~_,'1 ~<; 1\Aif'l')lD-9"
fall to a---1.~' w.r..,.
The entire province fell to the enemy at one
blow. OD'ItD- m:r-'1,1'. "Jq'l- Q'l.l:" '1.
11. Hm'l'l- 1.~ w.r..,.

,.:r- ' .,."'ll-

fall under 0 - ..

PC

~m-

His case falls under my jurisdiction. fo\o M

J'. R~ P'A"''I P'C )tDfall upon am~:r- ' hm.4'

The enemy fell upon the sleeping settlement.

1-'f_,.w- f)R-1-'1-'1 OD'IY.C.,.'l':f m'l'l-
am~'l-hm.4'

*Darkness fell upon the town during the

eclipse. aK-'1- '1.11. h_,..,J'."" a=11
., ' of"''m:f
fall upon the Idea dlftll- """1(11'1-)

I fell upon the idea while looking through a

magazine. ""K'dl.'l- ft1'1il'l' dlftll- OD"J

A'S
fall upside down .,..r,.of.

The box fell upside down. "1'1'\>o .,..r.of.

[See also 'asleep, dead, disgrace, disuse, due,

fall (n.)
I. 1\w.ll.r.:r-. His fall was dangerous,
nothing was broken. 1\m.ll.r..,. h"-~"'.

but

tn
C "1'1 hA+ha~9"
2. ODIJJoJ/.~. The decadence of morals was one

of the causes of the fall of Rome. fC:9" ""

w-.r,.;r. 9"h'IJ''l- htr\>o'l- h'IJI. f'f"&.A
w-"-""''1- tac
3. RA"'. Fall is one of the four seasons of
the year. RA"' >t&.... J'OD'l- h'i'll-:f '
h'IJI. ' )tD*I'll be back next fall. ODilhG9" 1\mQ
l.ODIIfti\11*He hasn't recovered from his fall yet. IDY.-4'
l.'IY.:f"ODOD o 1\A.,.lfllw-9"
*There has been a fall in the price of grain,
f'l'&-'1'~ 'I';I 11:r- 11~A
falls ~~1:
Have you seen Niagara Falls? f'O,I'1&-'I ~~
1: 1\,1'.1"'/Al

fallacious ,.,.,.,..,.
It is fallacious reasoning to base a rule on only
two instances. arJ-11'1- 9"ftllo,.:f ilil' ""
P'C.,_ 1\'IY.'") )~C .,,.;'1 f_,.ftft_,. 1\{1_,.
ft(l11 ' )tD-

f.,.,.,..,. .hft11

fallacy (fallacies)

This is a statement based on fallacy. J'.U '1"1

"'C a... ftft_,. d1ft11 ' IIJ'. f_,.,.,,..~_,. )tD-

(be) fallible
All men are fallible. (lw- tr'l" f.,J'.ftft'l-
fll9"

falling star .,.mC'I'& lohofl

There are many falling stars at this time of
the year. RILU '1.11. 1111- _,.mC'I'& h'l'h
11'1-1\11J'Y.~ ,.;~'1The farmer plowed the fallow land.

fallow land 7.JI& l

~n~w-

1.-'l&w-'1 1\Ghw-

The fallow land is overgrown with grass.

J'Y.Gw- oo~'l-

a"'C _,.w-tj!A

false
1. rw-lr'l-. It was a false alarm. f.,llm'1.,.4!J'
w- .1:"9"6 fw-lr'l- )RC
2.
He had a false idea of her character. hll!l. tfiQJ'. f.,.ftft+ 1\h.,.J'f'l-

f.,.,.,..,.,

ta&w-

falsehood

3. ( ~ noun) dtll'l-. Is this true or false?

f,.tJ l\CD-~'1-

family

437

~CD-

IDf,.l\ ' dtll'l- l

4. '1-hhA YAIT~. He gave me a false picture of the situation in the country.llll M&-1:
u-~;t- '1-hhA YAIT~ """11\"'i lim'S
5. dtll-1-,.. A false friend will tell your secrets
to your enemies. dtii-J-,. ~~~'I' 1\mll-f:f
tJ ' ll"llm.C ' Ytn"HHVA
6. h"t-io. He deludes himself with false hopes.
Rh"t-io -J-114- .&-"""t Y:J-AIIA
7. 1\"1-A. False pride kept the poor man from

accepting money from

his rich

brother.

.<:-'lim- {lm- htJ11;t-9" tn"t.r:- 1"tH11

1\"t.llf,..,.RA 1\"1-A b-.&-'1- 1\111: YHCD8. 1\CD- w,&.'II. Many people have false teeth.
1111- lll":f 1\CD- P',&.'II TCII hl\'l'm*He was false to his word. :J>A 1\fJf. ~nc
[See also 'alarm']

falsehood dtll'lIt is hard to disentangle truth from falsehood.

l\m-~'1-"t hdtll'l- oullf'l- Y-'1"/:J-A

falsify (falsified)
I. h., ;t-. The merchant falsified accounts, so
he wouldn't have to pay taxes. "'iiC 1\"t.llf,.h
'i'A II.A ~:>F.m- fdtA11 11~-'l."t h
.,;t2. 'l'if. He falsified the history of his family
to conceal his bumble origins. h.<:-'li ODIDI\
.11."t 11ou~n'l- fll.-J-IIfl'll1 ;t-&h 'l'if

falter

I. f-J-11""~. Men in uniform are a familiar

sight these days. fJtJ-1- '1..11. f~9"11 Ail
II filfl"" lll":f .,f'l- .f-J-11""~ ~1C ~w2. f"'l.Ya>-"''1-. It's good to. see a familiar face.
f"'l.Ym-"''1-1 llw- .,..,..,,.. - ~..,.
3. f"'l.YCD-.,...,.. I recognized the familiar voice
on the telephone. OIIAh- CD-11'1' f.,.....,.
..,.., ' .1:"9"6 ' 11.,.,.
4. f'l-C11. Familiar friellds know each other
very well. f'l-C11 '\~'l':f 0"19" ~tJJ:J>II
~French was as familiar to him as English.
L<(11\f.,. fll1"111.11'1'"t YtJA f.:fA ~nc
be familiar

Her face is familiar, but her name escapes me.

oPA\\"t ' h!I:J-a>-1\i\tJ- ' "11 ' 11".7.. ' '1-11 '
1\f.ii'S'I"
be familiar with

I. O~"t11 OlD.,. I DID.,.. I am ilot familiar

with that. ~1~1 ' n~"til ' hl\a>-.,...,.9"
I am only familiar with electronics. 'Ai. f"Jto.,...,. 1111 .t..ll.h'l-ethll 11JI' ~..,.
2. -J-1\oP~. He was not familiar with local
conditions. Y,~"t u-~;t- 1\A-J-1\oP~a>-9"
be on famlll ar terms

Are you on familiar terms with your boss?

IJII:J>tl :>C fK" '1-"1"11\:fu- l
get too familiar .,.JeLl
The nobility does not like their servants to
get too familiar. DP\\11-Io h'ilhe;J''I'm-
1\"JJI.JIL~'I'm-

I. -J-~'i'.,.L. The army advance faltered under

enemy fire. fl'1~ tnU'l- DP"/4-'l- Om
11'1- -J-IM +~'i'.,.L
He faltered for a moment, but continued
speaking. 11'1'-t'l- '1..11. +~'i'.,.L'i' 1"1"1~
"t .,.mil
2. -J-1-J-IJ-J-0. He faltered as he tried to find
the right word. '1-hhii,.CD-1 :J>A 11.,"11
'I- II.'l"hC -J-"t-J-IJ-J-0
3. 1\'l-"7"7. He faltered at the door wondering
if he should .go in. 0~ 'If. -''1" A"'
fJ 1\A"/IJ 0.,11'1- 1\'l-"7"7

fame 11'i'
His fame as a poet didn't come until after his
death. M"'"'l.~-io 11'i' 111111.'1"'1- .(-1({1 1\A
;t-tn.,.ll" ~nc

hf.LA"l-9"

familiarity f.1'i' h.<:-C1 "7tn'lHis familiarity with Ethiopia surprised me.

h..'l-l'"kn ~w 1'..<:-c-t .,tn.,. J<.II~~.,.'S

*You shouldn't treat her with such familiarity.

f.tJ1 YtJA 1\;t-:,.cfJ'l-

familiarize 1'.11-J-'I'tn.,.
The radio has familiarized us with many
foreign countries. t.JI.I'" h11H- faJo41!" 1\1
e";f :>C hii-J-'PCD--''i'A
familiarize oneself with Tl\tiWJoPF..
He familiarized himself with Amharic before
going to Ethiopia. tnf. h..'1-l'"kY hOD'tJI.
OL'l- h"''C'I' -J-1\"''oPf.

family (families)

famed f:J-tn.,.
This :r:egiment is famed for its courage.
flfii:J> ' "'C ' 0)':"11~-fo ' f;f-ID.,. ' ~w-

familiar

~IJ

I. 11.-J-IIil. He has a large family. 1111- 11.-J-11

11 ' 1'.1\CD-

438

famine

He's a man of humble family. h.l:"'li 11..,.11

ofl

fi"lDM

{I(Do

~(J)o

2. A]t.l-. She brought up a family. A}t.!f!

1 ' hilf..~l3. Hou.l:". Has he any family in Addis Ababa?
h-'1.11 hOq ,.,.11'1' HoP.(- hi\,.,. I
of good family
I. houAIJ9" ll..,.llil fOD"'. Parents like
their daughters to marry men of good families.
m~]t.l- 1\'l- A]t.!F'I',.,. houAIJ9" 11._,.11
it foP"! II,.,. l\1-'1..1'111- J'.I.A:>tr
2. h...,'l' ll..,.llil. He is of good family. h...,
'I' ' ll..,.llil ' t,.,.
man of humble family h..e-"11 {L-f-(111 fODIIJ
Though he was a man of humble family,

he became prime minister. M'r

(J..,./Ifl 0 foP"J 0 0.11'1
11'1-C ll't
[See also 'relationship, tree']
'Jj

~11:\.

tn~I\J'.

h.("
I

"'U

famine
I. t:;)il. Since there was a drought last year,
we were beset by famine. llill.DJo "'oo:,..
.1:-C~ 111\tOt: t:;)-11 h'l'~.Y.<;A
2. f t:;)il 1 H""1. Many people died during the
famine. Ot:;)ll- HDP1 illt' 1 ll,..l- hl\41

famished f.,.&-0
The famished dogs were fighting over a scrap
of meat. f.,.&-11-'1- 1 ,.,.ll"l- 041&-"1" P' :> ~
y. 1 Y.<;hll- toe
famous
I. 1ft .... His book made him famous. fl\1.,.,.
""ll"m'i' 11t,. hf..t:~m-

2.

r:t-m+.

fancy
h'l'l''fi

.,..,.

"''.'!ID-1

0 ....1\-

1\.,'lt:ll

.,.O:f"

[See also 'enthusiasm']

fan (n.)
I. .,&-~11.,1'. The fan was made from a palm
leaf. .,&-~11.,1',.,. I hH1qq I f.,.IP<lo I tm2. tof..ll ODII"'i. Tum on the fan ! tof..ll 1
oPII""&ID-1 I hllt"fiJJo
3 . .,.0,.. My brother is a movie fan. ID1.(-"''.
f/1.~., ' .,.0,. I tiDfanatiC (n.)
*The religious fanatics attacked the police post.
'\J'.<;'fm-1 0 ....'i'tiD- I f"'LJ'oP/Ah-'J- I f?"l\.
11-1 1 "111.,1' hm41
fanatic (adj.)
I. ( ~ adv.) '\J'.'i-1 Q;l.'i''l'. They have a
fanatic belief in witchcraft. '\Y.<;:fm-1 Q;L'j!
tm- 0'1'1~11 Yll"<;tr
2. ( ~ adv.) hAh Yl\1.. She is fanatic about
cleanliness. 1111\".1.<; 1 hAh Yl\1. 1 '1-mt.,.
:J>I\l-

fanaticism, religious *He was accused of stirring up religious

fanaticism. '\S'-1 1 ""''i''l'
t'l- O.,t"'"''l- .,.hllll

f.,9"1\h1

l\9"

fanciful ilA"l"A"l"

His fanciful dress made everyone stare at him.

ilA"l"A"l"

h.,.,.,. '

Ailll- u-trll" nm- l\1-'1. ...11

hf..t:~

be fanciful h.ftA!I" 1 ll.~tnC !I'll

A story about a trip to the moon is no longer

The town is famous for its hot

fanciful. hl\1"1-'l.U ID-'l.Y IDf.. 1 ""'t::J> f

"''J'.t:~m- ' '1-P I h.ftA!I" ' 11.4'.tnC ' hY.l-A!I"

springs. h.,..,'l' O'i'A m-;)'1' f ,..,.,.

l- I <;'Jfan (fanned), v.
I. h&-~0. He fanned the fire with a piece of
cardboard. llil-1>1 q1.1:- 1 fhC;f-11 41&"1" ' h&-~0,.,.
2. t.qq/1. His attempts to conciliate the two
fanned the flames of the argument. u-11-1>1
1\.,ll:f"t:~ ' Yf..t:~m- ' -h&- I "1"~"1"411 I
t.qql)mfan oneself d.-k1 h.&-10

She fanned herself with a sheet of paper.

.1.;1:1 1. om.:.,.+ h&-~olfan out .,.0;1-.,.t
The hunters fanned out to cover the whole field.

fancy (fancied),v.
I. oP/11\(,.,.). I fancy he'll want it. f"'L.t.A~m-
J'.oPili\...A
2. mf..f... Which dress do you fancy most?
f'l-,.,.,., ' Ailll ' OY.OA'I' ' TID-'11\U I

*Can you fancy yourself on the moon?

....t::J> 1\J'. l\1'11\U h.I:"C~U A;f-llil '1l-~1\U I

fancy (fancies), n.
I. fl.tn&- l-11-:f". Such strange tales show
a lively fancy. ll1f..H.U Ytr l\1"1'1 .,.,.:.,.
l- ' hllf..<;<f! ' fl.tn&- ' l-11-;f-1 I YilYtr
2. m...il. Is it my fancy, or do I hear a sound?
.1:"9"6 1 fll"ll.,,.,. Omilil tm- mY.II n,.,., ?

3. <hA'I". His head was filled with fancies.

11h1.,..1\-

iJ'

ffliD-

.fo<'j11

IJoj\o

<hA'J"

11

2. 11"1'1". He is far taller than I am. b~ 1 .

l1t1J'J" I .f.~1f.,A

This idea is far better than your suggestion.

~11C

far

439

fancy

have a fancy for

tDU
He has a fancy for bright ties. F-011l!> 1 111- 1

.f.IJ I .fo<'j11
f-f"lffl I ~~~~-

h&-li.f.'f- I .f.IDJIA
take a fancy to tnU

be

He takes a fancy to walking barefoot in the

streets. OQP.. A.""lo;.. OD'l1~ t\f. oo't~
.f.t'JJIA
take a fancy to each other

h1-f"

tt.J>~1Ih1D-

11tiJ'J" '

far &-+
Nairobi is far from Addis Ababa. 'i"J.'.C'Il. 1 b
h-'1.11 I hi11J .f.C-"'A
be far away fltiJr" ~+
Is Harar far away from Addis Ababa? do~C 1
hhJI.ll ' hi11J

11t1J'J"

.f.C,t-A f

They took a fancy to each other. h1J'.0111'J'.

be far from

F:

He is far from satisfied. ""C" hA-1-J'-111-'1"

11fi1'A

be far from each other T&o&o+

fancy (adj.)
I. 11A"l"A"l". She doesn't like fancy clothes.
11A"l"A"l" I A11ll I h'I-IDF:'I"
2. mF.C 1 fl\.fltD-. He charges fancy rates. IDJ'.
C 0 fl\.(1111- I . .,;J I .f.m.f.,t-A

fang 'I'Cll
The tiger's fangs are strong. fio-flC 'l'Ch

.f.fl'f I ~Ill-

I. Q;l,C(> 1 f., 1-;1-0111. He told me a fantastic

Q;l,C('

f.,.f.;1-0D1

;1-&h

~1~~

The bird flew far above the mountain.

h-f"&-&-111-

l1t1J'J"

b'i'

11fl

ID~

11~~,.

far and away the best h - - - IJolr OtrJr

fil+

firelight cast fantastic shadows on the walls.

fh<'l... I 11C'/1 111F:1JIID\< I flf~ 0 lJ>CK" I ffltD- I 'J'fl

il.f. I 11"1'1"
.f.I.'J'&-A
I

)(Do

far and wide

2. M.f.:1'0111. We have made fantastic strides

in the study of space. llt11 mi.C 1 'l''i"T 1 f., f.
;1'0111 hC'I")I" I hJ'-~11
3. 11.:1'""1 f.,.f.ii'A. He spends fantastic
sums of money. 11.:1'""1 f.,.f.ii'A 1 11H
11 fm'I-A
4. 11"1'1" 1 AI< 1 flf~ li-cK" fflm-. The
I

fantasy (fantasies) li-11''1He lives in a world of fantasy. 11ll-11''1- '\

111-ll'l' I .f.'r~A
Indulge In fantasy ll.,t-'li" 1 <;~
(I'J"

1-&-&-.,. ' 'i"'fmfar above fltiJgot htt: 111\-

He is far and away the best student we've

had. Ml1-:-1 1-.,&,.'1'- 1 rrll- 1 11"1'1" 1 fil

fantastiC
StOry.

The farms are far from each other. ., ...,.'li

1. h1C 1 M:ctn. He traveled far and wide in

search of his missing son. fm4-m-1' A~
'i'fl:>

M:ctn

t.1c

1-'\u

2. ll1C 1 hlli11C. The news spread far and wide.

mt.m- 1 111C hlli11C 1 1-ll<l-""
far away.;..:,.
The mourners' dirge could be heard from far
1 ~nc
away. fA:I'llf 1 ..,II" 1 ho:-ll> 1
far back h~1 +F-'1" 1 1111The coming of the South Arabians to Ethiopia
took place far back in history. fJ'.IHI 1 o~P'I'-
IDJ'. o h.Tf"Wf I OD'J"ti)'J- I fl;l-&h I 111-ll'l' '

,_II.,

h~1

.J>J'.'J"

11flo

flf~

~1C

~Ill-

He indulges in fantasy dreaming of the day

he will become a prince. AD-A 1 f"''..lf111'1-1
1.11. o 11., (I'J" I 1\.,t-'fr I f.<;~A
far (adj.) o:-ll>
He came from a far country. ho:-ll> 1 Me 1
ODtl)

far be It
*Far be it from me to criticize you!

~.,.F....,.

7,

~ 1 h11"1 Mll>'i'?flrr

far from

+cof

Far from admiring his paintings, I dislike

them very much. 1"~11-'61 .,F:H: 1 +c-1'
11"1'1" 1 hmil'f1'flrr

far (adv.)
1. C.J. Don't go too far from the house!

far side )'.'CIJ

We can see the near side of the moon, but not
the far side. f~-"'1 .1.:1:1 h1"1[ )'.'CIJ1'

hiL_,. 11"1'1" C<l>ll h'I-'I.F:

.,f,. ' h1'1'-A'I"

faraway

440

(on the) far slde of h --- "''P.

Our house is on the far side of the river.
IL;f-':f't ha>'ttJ- "''P. ~mas far as (prep.) Mlh - - - .1:-<:h
We walked together as far as the gate. l\hh
0~

.1:-<:h ,MI<:'t ~.1:-'t

as far as (conj.)
1. l\'t.l'. + (relative imperfect). As far as
I know, everything is all right. M l\'tJ'."''m+m- '
~,c ' J'."''i' ' ~ ....
2. l\hh
perfect
.1:-<:h. As far as I could
see, everything was covered with sand. 'l~~
l\hh,.,..,.,.. .1:-<:h
~,c qif'l' .,.
if'i''l' ~oc

,.tt-,.
'
+

,.tt-,.

A dollar doesn't go as far today as it did

20 years ago. h't.l:' oflc h?.l' 'i""+ 0.1.
'1- ' .M~ f)O<:m-'t .I'UA ~&. hY.,~!I"
as far as he cai1 r+~Am-'1 ~IJA
He will help you as far as he can. fTil'Am-'t
.I'UA Y.<:ll?A
at the far end of ~ - - - om.v~m-

T"""

There was a picture at the far end of the room.

l\h'i'lt- tD-h'l' Oa>'lJ':;<'m- '1'"1 h't.l:'
JP~A ~oc
by far the best hiJoft-9" fTifA
This is by far the best hotel in town. OhT"''
m- tD-h'l' hiJoit-9" fTifA !Y-I:A Y.U':'m- ~m
by far the most O.eOAT

He is by far the most famous man in town.

OhT"'itD- tD-h'l' OY.OA'I' f;l-m+m-
l\"" ' ~ ....
from far and near IU'AO+

They came from far and near to hear him.

f""'t 't"'"'C 1\0Dh"'''l- h.l'l\0'1- oomgo

on the far side of h ..... - ayp..

Our house is on the far side of the river.

IL;I-l-'t htD'ttl- "''P. ~"'"
that far
1. l\hhiLU. His memory does not go back that
far. l\hhii.U '1-11 hY.htD-'1"
2 . .l"t .I'UA. I can't walk that far. .l''t .I'U
A Ol\"1&. A~.!:' hArA9"

[See also 'afield, ahead, concern, few, how,

old, so, this, thus')
faraway~:,.

He went to a faraway place. l\"" mll't.l:'

:,. 11;1-

~J'.

*A faraway look in her eyes showed that she

was daydreaming. 119" ill\ hTit-6- "''
f;t: ' O.h<\ofl OD'i'fD!l't hODhhT

farce +A.!:The last League of Nations meeting was a farce.

fOD<U.l:!faJo > f'il\f"
hiiiiQ .,.A..:- ~oc

OD't"'P':J-'1- > "J-QJ..

fare (v.) "'iiC 1Q

They fared sumptuously. Ollol.m- "'iiC ,!1*How did you fare during your trip? 001-1~
l\'t.<'.'l- ' h.l'.<:,u 1

(it will) fare hard with IDI'-1\'1It will fare hard with the thief if he is caught.
1\.QtD- ' fT.I'U ' l\'tJ'.IY~ IDI'-1\'1fare well in +ltltltT

+He fared well in his profession.

P&-tD- +It

IJA'Ifare with

How did it fare with him? l\"" l\"I .I'.'I- .r~ I

fare (n.)
l. 'I':>. What is the fare? 'I';>m-

far~+

Don't go far! You'll lose your way. h'l-&-:,0

OD't,/l. ' Y.mof..?A

*The loan will go far in overcoming our

financial troubles. il.l:'~ f,'tUil l-"1&-l-'t
't ofltl- .l':f>AAA'i'A
go too far hAh

farewell

1\1\L

Don't go too far when joking with your boss!

IJA:f>U :>C h'l-:f>h.l:' hAh h'l-h'i'
go very far

*He won't go very far without an education.

.I' A ~+rue+ r+r II.J'.Ch hY.l-Af"
not be far off +:J-~0
The holiday is not far off. 'iOD'I- O'ift-
T ...C!I.A

h't'l-
I
2. f"''.h'i'AtD- nu-n. Have your fares ready!
ff"'l-h'i'll-'1-'t nu-n hll:>lf.
3. DD-fiA'i" oom-r. How is the fare in the
hotel? f!Y-J:ft-' ODofiA'i'' ODffi'J' 'l\'t.<'.'f- ~tD-1
)m-

Far East

~:,.

'1"1"&-:,0

Japan is in the Far East. 'i(;r') ff"'l-,"fm- .

o~:,.

!1"1"&-:,. ' ~ ....

farewell (n.), bid - Tll'i'OT

He bade his friends farewell. '}J'...,.'Ii't Tll'i'
0;1-:fmmake one's farewell

They made their farewell and left. J'."J'i' II

'til-l> ' ill\tD-

~P,.

farthest

441

far-fetched

~~~~---------------~--------------------

wish farewell .,.tl'IOT

They came to wish me farewell. II.(I<;O.,.'S

"""'"

farewell (adj.)
He gave her a farewell kiss. 1\00MIJO!J' II

.,,...,

farewell!

Farewell, dear friends! mJ!]':'f! ! J'.W {I'J11.,.

far-fetched f"7Y.II"I

~1C

""!IllThe idea of bringing oil across the desert

seems far-fetched. OC:'/tJJo't t.!tctn HY.'I-
M9""1.,. "'1111 MY.II''t ~1C OD!III-

Y.:f"YA

farm (v.) hC:(I

He is farming in our village. ODP't .<'.<1-:f't ,.
11'1' YCIIA
farm out t.h4.4..11
The contractor farmed out the construction of
the buildings to different companies. JP ~
Nt<l-""' f<h'tl\tJJo't 1"<1- 1\A\!- A\!- IJ.
IJ't Y9':f t.h4.LI\

farm (n.)
I. "711. The two farms are far from each other.
11-1\.,. "7119':f f.,.~., """""
2. l\Clf. My brother has a large farm.
ID't .(-'"1 (14.. l\Clf t\1\tJJo
farm (adj.) fl\Clf
Farm implements are sold in our store.
fl\Clf OD"'t.Y9':f 00D.<'.11<1-:f't 1-if"'ll--

farmer 10.:.1 t..:.11

The farmers of this region are poor. fllO +

01\. 10c'-f .(-"Jl :f <;'t'tJJo
Some farmers still use wooden plows. h'tJ!'t .(-
t..:-1"(- (10<!.9':f) h11-'t9" O~'t""'l- "7

.:If YCIIII-farm hand '1-'I'C

A<~-'ii

Farm hands are needed at harvest time.

'1-'I'C t..:-1"(- ooo'Jic 1.11. Yiloi..A;JII--

farming (n.)
I. l\Clf. There is not much farming in this
region. 011.11 .,.01\. 1111- l\Clf fl\9"
2. f"'11C<; F <1-. Do you find much pleasure
in farming? 0"111C<; I".:. 1111- .<'.11:1"
;1"1'SO:f"illl 1
3. "111C<;. He earns his livelihood by farming.
f"''..,.J!.<'.C:tJJo 0"111C<; ~,.
farming (adj.) fl\Clf
A model farm was set up to spread new

farming methods. h-'1.!1 fl\Clf Hl.9':f't

11"7{1<1-Q;I.'I- 9"111\. f"''.ll''t h't.(- l\C
If .,.!t,.....

farmyard f10.:.

h'l'C "10.
The farmyard was full of chickens. l\10.:.,.
h'l'C "10. tJJo!l'l' P..1':9'l- 'I"A.,.'I'A

far-off~:,.

He likes to visit far-off places. f~'l- Mt'::f

't o OD1-11'f'l- f.WJ!IA

far-reaching 0"19" (14.. l (14. PI\

The invention of radio has had far-reaching
effects. f<l--'1.1'" OD.I../A(I'i' 0"19" (14.. .,.R"~'l'
hlltJJo
The students' manifesto demanded far-reaching
reforms. f.,."7t.9':f OD"II\"'i (14. PI\ oo
lflflA l\'t'I..<'.C:"I mf.,.

far-sighted t.c-1' t.ii.,.1'Y.

fll'~

Far-sighted observers foresaw those difficulties.

t.C-1' t.II.,.'I'Y. fll''i- (19':f l-"l~'t .,..._
9" 111\tJJo .,.1't110tJJo;f"/A
*My sister wears glasses since she iS farsighted. l\'"11: h~'l- l\'tl[ h'I-C11 "7f'l-
!111"7'1-:fA DP~R"C :f".<'.C;JI\:f

fart 4..11
Don't far! in public! O(lm- '

oo'f{A

h'l-'1'11

farther (adj.) ftJ!.Y>;'

The farther side of the mountain is roeky.
f.,.<l-<1-tJJo ftJ!.Y>;'tJJo h'i'IA .(-'t;JY"7 ~,.
farther (adv.) <1-'1- 1111You will have to walk a little farther. '1'-1:'1-
<1-'1- ' 111\11 ' OD't.(- ' t\1\1111
farther than h - - - fOltm C.f

I cao swim farther than you can. h't.,. h9"'1'l"ftJJo fOAm c-1: ""'l''f'l- l\:fJ\1\11be farther than h - - -

&-.+

Three miles is farther than two. hll-11'1- "71IA 1"11'1- "71-IA Y.C?IA
on the farther bank h - - "71'They saw an antelope on the farther bank of
the river. ht'tll- "71'- ti;JH't hi!-

farthest
I. hll-11-- f.:..,.. Our house is the farthest
down the road. 0.;1-:f't 011.11 oo'J1.(-
IIY. ltll--'1- o.-r-:f rrll-- f<l-.,. ~,.
2. hll-11-- Y.OIA'I' C-1'. Who cao run farthest?
hll-11-- Y.OA'I' C4' OOI':'l' f"''.l-IA "''~tJJo 1

&-+

be farthest

fast (n.) '/1.'1"

Which is farthest from Addis Ababa, Harar or

Gondar? hh.ll.il t.nq f"''.C4'aJo f.'f-'i'
du~C

aJo )aJo i

tf.il ' ,_'tf.C l

the farthest hC-1'

They wanted to see who could throw the
farthest. hC-1' f"''.<~aJo~aJo "7't "h'tf.IT
) ' 11"7f.'f- ' .1.11"1"7~h.

q'IA
be fascinated +oofttn

The entire audience was fascinated by his story.

h-'1"7 ... 0'1"'1 0;1'611- of-oollm

fascinating hllf.'i"of:
This is a fascinating book. f.tJ hM'i"of: oo
ll".h'i! ' )ID"

fashion (v.) u>&He fashioned a chair of bamboo. hlf?"Ool'

"'&-

I. 'I"Y:. Is that the latest fashion? h.ll.ll- 'I"Y:

f.tJ ' )ID" l

2. ODA.h. Submitting reports in this fashion

is not recommended. OH.tl ooA.h t.;rc
.,:,.~-o ' f"7f.f.~'i! ' )ID"

after a fashion

1\"t~M,..

oflh-

He can speak and write Amharic after a

fashion. h"7C'i''t "h'tf.?"'t?" oflll- ll.'i"~C
'i" ' ll.ll"'i! ' f.:f'IA

hllo!.(O.'f-)
so (be) out of fashion <~.,.
Green clothes have gone out of fashion.
Aoflil

<~_,.

hAG:O;J-11\

~(J-I)'J ' .'f-'/1."71\tJ

I. n.m. The fashionable woman attracted

CVCtyODC'S attCDtiOD .f"',tn~(l)o I

ll\-l-f"

I ftJo~

't ' ~~-'t ' "7~h:Y.

of-ID-'1~.

.1."1). ' ;J:'i/" ' J''tf.'O').'f-'t ' 1ill<"7.'f- ' h~,.

He drives a fast car. ol."''t ooh_'i" f.)'IA
2. fAofl. They have been fast friends for years.
hofltl- ' ~-,...,. ' "f..?"!': ' fll\ofl ' 'lf.'O''I":Y. ' ..

3."'"
"'colors.

f"7f.ll:,.. Good cloth is dyed with fast

T<- Aoflll f"7f.ll:,. 4'11'1" f.)h&-A
4. (~ adv.) O'I'Y:oi.J'. They ate a fast lunch.
'l"il'faJo't 0'1'Y:oi.J' Oil-

fast (adv.)
I. ofll- ofll-. Don't talk so fast! "h't.ll.U of
II- ofll- h.'f-'i"~C
2. O'i!'l').'f-. The train is going fast. qn-<- O'i!
'l').'f- ' f.'}qA
3. O'l'ofl:,.. The car stuck fast in the mud.

Long dresses are fashionable this

,.,...~ID"

m-n...- , ....,. , o.,.-o.:,.

of-J'H
be fast 4'f.oo

My watch is ten minutes fast. it'l-l: OP'C

f.of::J' ' 4'Y:"711:Y.
go fast 4.m)

The train is going fast. qn-<- f.oi.T'i"A

hard and fast f"7f.lfC f"7f.lltD'I'
In this case, you can't make hard and fast
rules. "h'tf.II.U 'Ill )~C f"7f.lfC f"7f.
11<'1' .h"' ll\;1-t"' h.'f-"'fA?"
make fast
I. h'l'ofl-1' hll~. He made the boat fast to the
dock. "f..Aq,.-, h<f.ll- ;JC h'l'oflol' h
~~~

fashionable

2.

Are you keeping the fast on Wednesday?

ouh.'i"m-

fashion (n.)

h~'t'l.l'.

f!J-'1.1'.. '/1.?" nt....'f-i'"kJ' ..,.il.,. ")'J"il

h?"il.'f- 4''l':Y. f.oi'J'A
keep the fast ,_oo

I. I.."J't. The fast runner got the first prize.

The actress' beauty fascinated every-

one. fof-'l''i"f..,. aJoO.'f- rJ-11-'t?" "7~h

2. hoi.IIH. Snakes are said to fascinate small
birds. 7.q(l:f .'f-'i"'t11 m,;::f't J'ol.ql\o f.

moe

The fast of Lent lasts fifty.five days in Ethiopia.

fast (adj.)

fascinate
I.

fasten

442

fascinate

....

2. hm04'. Make that rope fast before you

leave the boat! "f..Aq,.-, .'f-of-U hoo~Y:

n.c..'f- ~-...., t..,.-o.,...,.

stand fast

year. Oll.tJ ~-:,. ~~?" 4'"'1.11 of-<'1~

*He stood fast in the face of enemy attack.

IT.).A

llm'l.'f- ,.,_y t.An~c hll

[See also 'asleep, rate, thick']

fast (v.)

~"""

The Ethiopians fast several times a year.

-on- ,_
t....'f-l'"kJ'"'"J"t n~oo:,.

,.11.,.

II.' f.'/1."711-

fasten
I. hill. To what can I fasten the string?
fl.q~,.'t 'l"'t ' 'If. ' AII~ID" ?

443

faster

2. 1\J'J'H, He fastened the sheets of paper

together with a clip. m~+-Hh 01\"1.1-'i'
1\J'J'q'f..,.
3. Thil. The dog fastened his eyes on the
l\"t"l-'1..,. ~f. 'lf.)."t .,.
stranger .

..,.'If..,.

hi\

faster ol.m"t 1111- I +ACan't you walk faster? ol.m"t 111\U 1>..-,...1oo~ 1\.-,..l-1>.9" l

You get older faster if you work too hard.

I" .I- 0"19" IJOqu +A- :J-~)1'1\U

(be) fastidious
He is fastidious about his food. 09""111-
~1~ ' l\{1-"t ' "711~(1..,.. ' 0"19" ' J'il'l'"l.!-1>.
fat (n.) '1".1The cook cut the fat off the meat.
'I" .1-fDo"t

hi"_,..,. ~f. 'IL~ml-

m'f'

O.:t

fat (adj.)
I. fD'i'.!-9". A fat person cannot walk fast.
fD'i'.!-9" ' ....... ' O'i''J't..,.. ' fi...!-OD~ ' 1\f.l-1>.9"
2. ~1>.11! ~"t'l'i'. The ox is fat. """"'" ~1>.11
(~"t'l'i') ' tfDo

3.

,;a,.,.

(;&0"'1

Fat meat is served at banquets.

I":> 0"111e 1..11. f.+efll>.

get fat
1. tnl.l.. He has gotten fat and cannot run.
fD'i'Z:I>.'i' ' fi..C''I' ' 1\f.l-1>.9"

2. ~110. The ox has gotten fat. """"'" ~1>.!,1.1>.

[See also 'roll']

fOD"-..,.. OD"t+'l'+'l' 1-e'i' 1\"tOnJ'i' ' /1.

11-l- ' oP:f>oP'I'+l- ' 11161: ' "" ' ~~{1-IJ..,..

2. .,..-,.., Doctors are trying to reduce the fatality of diseases. dth.'l"l- 01i:J-l"l- f"'l.J'~e
(1-.-,.."t .,...,.. i\OD+)II f.'l'.!-k
3. 1\.hf.m.-,.. 1\~1'1).-,.., The fatality of cancer
has been reduced. fiJ"tlle 1\.hf.m.-,.. 1\~
1'1)..,.. ' #"tjl.l>.

4.

b~l>..

hb~l>.

We struggle against fatality in vain.

:>e Oh"t-1:

ll"t:J-1~1\"t

*The last earthquakes caused many fatalities.

f{td,.ID" I foPt.T- I oP1'+'1'cpT 1 -flft' I tlt1f-fl I
""ell.l>.

fatally
He was fatally injured in the accident.
~~~ .... ' 9"tl"t J'..,.. ' .,..,.
fate
I. fli"IH.e 'i'C)i'. Fate decreed that they should
all die. rJok9" ll"t"l.'l"-1: fli"IH.C 'i'e
)I' ' If)
2. bnJ. It was my fate to be sent to the country

for the winter. Ohl.9"'-l-

I tDF., r

Ql\1C

I ODI\tl I

bnJ\Io ' If)

3. fmU.-,.. b~l>.. A judicial decision will
decide his fate. 'i'e-'1- fm~.t..-,.. b~k"t f.m
11<;1>.

*What was the fate of the ship in the storm?

0"7b0k 1..11. ooebli' ll"tY..-,.. .r'f f.
lf"t l

[See also 'irony']

fateful

fatal
I. 1\~1'1. That was a fatal mistake. J' I\M'1
ll.h.,_.-,.. )Oe

2. em'1. At last the fatal day for the contest

arrived. ooo..,~lf em'1..,. M'I'"''.J' +
"t '~~~~

3. .,..-,.. J'llhTil. The fatal accident was due

to the driver's carelessness. ,-:,. fllb+AaJo

"1'1".-,.. ~ell

father

fi/'iltJJo Ot:(..,. 'I'I>.T'h

..,.. ' tfDo

be fatal
I. N"t 1\llhTil. The blow was fatal. 9"
-1: '1".-,.."t 1\llhTi\

+"".

The loss of our money was fatal to

2.
our plans. f1"tHIJl-"t oo.,.of..-,.. ll:f>'ll-"t"t

.,.........

fatality (fatalities)
I. "":f-"''1'.-,.., Earthquakes, floods, locust invasions, and other fatalities befell the country.

I. "'~"-.-,.. b~k"t f"''.mll"t. Mussolini's

decision to ally himself with Germany was a
fateful decision. f-j\(1.~ ' .1-(1-"t ' b)!:eoo"t '

:>e "71-'l'f.-,.. mU.-,..

"'""~ toe

b~k"t f"''.fDII"t

2. .hf.fD.-,.. f"'l.J'mof.. The fateful explosion

killed the inventor. .hf.m.-,.. f"'l.J'mof...,.
ol."t:( ' ol.l>.ltol.fDo"t ' 1~lt.

His fateful prophecy marked the end of

peaceful times. h4- +"t f.ODnJI>. 1111-
ll"t~ T)OffDo fM9" '1'11"'1. If)
father (n.)
I. 1\IJ.-,.., My father left for Harar . .t.IJi: m
~dt~e~~

God is called Our Father. li"IH.I\11dt.e 1\IJ

:J-l-"t llfTIJi\ f.m.!-1>.
2. 1\IJ. I talked with Father Giyorgis about
the church. Ill\ II.T llelltJ'). h.t.IJ 'l..l"e
1..11 :>e .,.)_neb-

father

444

father (v.)

favor

faucet !1.9"!1. m>htl-!1'

I. m/IF.. He fathered three sons. 1"11-l- A]t.

The faucet controls the flow of water. !1.9"!1.

":(- ' ID/IF.

oohLil'tD- ftD-;)ID-'} OOtD-<:.1!' Y.41"1m

2 .t.q-r HI<:. Edison fathered many inventions. .t...ll.ii'J f11rt- 'i'Ailof.9'l- .t.q-l- toe

father-in-law l\"7-l- l h"7":fuHe is my father-in-law," said the woman.

l\"71; <;:ftD- hill- <l.-l-1'"'1'
"He is my father-in-law," said the man.
h"7'E <;:ftD- hil .....,.,...,.

fatherland .t.1e
The fatherland requires each man to sacrifice
himself if need he. l\ild.'\1.. 11'<:' i1_1'f
l\1e l\.1''},11'}'1. {ltD- t-(1.'} OOJ"'I'IJT
l\'}JI..I'~C"' -l-mY.:I'il":f-

fatherly M;l-'1!
He gave the young man fatherly advice.
iltD"l1> {ltD-tL .t.q;l-'1! 9"he ilm

fathom (v.) -i"<:.tl

I cannot fathom the mystery. 9"1lm.-1-'J A<:
"'tD- hA!I'Ah-9"

fathom (n.) [il.!!'il-l- ""'1"7 .l'iltD- fq.t.e

'I'A4'-l- OOil 11..1']

fatigue (vt.)

l\~hoo

This work fatigues me. Y.tJ l"t-

J'~h

'1A

fatigue (vi.)

~hOD

He fatigues easily. 01'-11-

Y.~h"7A

fatigue (n.) .I!'IJ9"

He suffers from fatigue even after a short walk.
'1'4:-l- l\'}1>, Ol\"K- ii_V..i!' .i!'IJ9" f.ii"7'1'A
drop from fatigue l.h'l" IDS'..+
During the long march, seven men dropped
from fatigue. O<:)!.'DD- 1-11 1..11. {lq-l- ill"
":f- ~houtD- m~4r

fatness

tD-of.t.

His fatness prevented him from running fast.

tD-of.t.tD- O'i''l't-l- l\'}.tlf.l!''l' M<:1tD-

fatten
l. t.mtl-<:. Eating all that candy will fatten you.
J"}'} 1Hr h<:"'L'I ""11'1-l- .l'm'i'eVA
2. h~iiO. The farmer fattens the oxen by
feeding them properly. 10t.tD- {l'};>l"'ll'J
0~'}11 4'Afl .I'~AqA

fatuous f)!.'A
His falnous remarks embarrassed me. f)!.'A
hil-i"""" h ... tl-<:'f

cl-A

fault
I. ilih-1"-l-. There are many spelling faults in
his essay. 0.1!-eil., tD-11'1' 1111" f.u'.A
il.l.-1"-l- hil
2. 'l"f.-l-. It is not his fault. f(l. 'l'of.-l- hf.
~i19"

3. tiD-C. Inhospitality is considered a fault by

Ethiopians. l\'}""1,11'} .t.iloo4'0A O.h_-l-1'"*'.1'
tD-J"} H'J.I!' l\'}~ ttD-C Y.41mt-A
4. 1-..!!'il-l-. Forgetfulness is oneofhisfaults. h"l.1!-il., .t.'J'I- -e.-.-r t..,.
His wife fiods fault with everything he does.
"7_111> O"tOPcl-tD- ' U.ir 1-J:'il-l- l\;1"10-l-9"
be at fault
I. -1"?mil. My memory was at. fault. f"7il;l-m
11 ":f-11-;1-tL -i":l'tD-(1 toe

2. fe(l. 'l'of.-l- ttD-. As far as I am concerned, he is at fault. l\'}~~ hll't fe(l.

'1'4--l- tiDfind fault with 'l'of.-l- tl-1110-l- i 1-.l!'il-l-
l\.1'"10-l-9"
He is always fioding fault with me. l\e(l. "'"'
1..11. 'l'of.T f.LA"111'1A
have faults +4ft..,.

We all have our faults. IJ.'I":f-'}9" l\'}..,..,;1-il'}

faulty
I. f-i"O'Iif i '""""-~" His faulty education
extenuates his faulty pronunciation. r+nl\if
tD- -l-9"tJe_, il-1" ...... -1" M;>1-l- Oh.l.
"' 9"h'}J'-l- II';I.A
2. ilih-f"-1"'1. His logic is faulty. l\11-i"MII-
il.l.-1"+'1 tm3. ( = noun) 11A'ii-l-. The car crashed because
of a faulty steering wheel. hoo&tD- 11A11-l-
f+t"f ooh.<;tD- + ;>Alo
be faultv 11A11-l- hiiO-lThe light is faulty and will not always turn on.
0011cl-1> 111\11-l- MilOT l1-A1..11. hf.
Ocl-9"

II

fauna l\'}11..,-lThe fauna of Ethiopia is not well known.

fh_-l-f-k.l' l\'}M-l- 0~9"11 hf.;I'ID4r9"

favor (v.)
I. Jr..,g,l\. When it comes to giving promotions,

445

favor

he favors his relatives. f.O.al" ~.1:-1-l- 11"'1..

h'I'R-l- 1.11. llnouP..'Ii Y.O.ill!l
He favors the
2. hu-11- MJI/ljll
youngest child. '""""t:lf A~"t ' hil-A- h
111/ljll . J!.IDIII!l
3.. hfiilllm. A father should not favor one child
above the other. hil-l- 1\1/1."t A~ IJ"t/1.
.,01111'1' fllfi-l-1"'
4. t.oo'f. The weather favored our trip.
Yf'r 11-l!.:t" ll'lie1i<lo:f1 t.oo'f
5. .0.1.1.. We favor his plan for lower taxes.
~-.
"HHe ~111.-tHl 1-tt:n..,..,
.0."1-f.ll"t
6. ""i:m. The Russians favored the use of
heavy artillery. ""llltqm-n ohq..:- ,....,
/.Y I oum+r-J I ODt:al.
*Favor us. with a. song! ~qhu 11.1."tl!l"t

m.......

"'"-a

favor (n.)
I. m-11;1". I could not deny him such/small
favor. f."'fl"' ID-11;1" 11''0 A~.;;.-~ h
ALA"II"'
2. h.I:"AI1'. He obtained his position by favor
and not by merit. ll:f"IJii"t f1"'i..,. Oh.lt'A
,. h"tl( ODDAIJI"' P'<l-ID- hUIII"'
3. 'I':J-9". He feigned friendship to obtain
favors. II'I':J-9" II.A 11111~ oo(tll
4. oom-.o...:-. He insinuated himself into the
minister.'s favor. +ll.,l"'jll f"'UII-l-'r"t oo
w-.o...:- 'M"'i
5. llfl':f". Everyone at the partY reoeiyed a pen
as a favor. o:rctm- ID-11'1' not:m- (I
..,. 11-11- h"t111.1:" fili>C lljll:f" t.1"'i
be In-- favor

+mU

A fashion in favor this year may be out of favor

next year. flH.U 'tOD-l- ,.,...,....._..,. , 'r".(' ,
O"'i.oP"'ID- . 'tDD-l- ,.,,...,."..~:" f.II''OI!l
be In f-.vor of F..~L
I am in favor of immediate action. h.u-'1-'t-
'-CI"'li" (lm{t.l:" h."..,of./1.,.
be In one's favor m+OD I F.."IL
The rate of exchatlge is now in 'our .favor.
fl"'"tq6m- "'-"'" t.u-1 '-o:'"t ,l'.m=t""'i"lil

Several potent arguments were in his favor.

f"'L$11_,..,,...,. ill!- .,llaf11'"'f .....,.~.....;t-Ill
be in someone' favor +mJ;~

~,.,.

He is high in the Emperor's favor. 01.,.,. )1

,.,., H"t.l:" ~~ +mil~ )mbe odt of favor +4'ffO"
He is out of favor with his employer. I)IV61D-
.:>C #ff..,l!l

favored
do a favor A~ 1'l\

He has done me many favors. 11ft' A:J-

m-tt-l!l>:'l!l
look with favor on .e.n 1lfloT i ..,.+OAmThe bank looked on my plan with favor.
q1lJ- Till!."t .0.11 itfto-l- #OIIIDshow favor A.e.4\
He shows favor to members. of his own family.
110.+(111- f.O.ill!l
speak in one's favor
I. .0.1.1.. That speaks in his favor. f.U ~(1-1
~------f-.0.1-f.lil
2. 1-il1f'OID-"t ""11~(11-l-). The fact that he

tries hard to do the work speaks in his

faVOf. JP&-tiJ-"J I (lot_"JQ I flODJP/ro+ I ODtl)
'r ' 1-il1f'OID-"t ' f.OD{IhCII;t-l!l

view with favor fl"'-"'1 1 +oatth+

The teachers did not view with favor the plan
for changing the teaching hours. f.,ll.,..,6f
1.H.I1':f1 /IOD/IID'I' f;t-4'.0.1J1i"t <hl\il h
11+.,611''6 0.0.., hlil+""llh.,,.
win one's favor ODAltr 1\ll+~f+ 1 hll"JY
An able speech won the king's favor. f+.O.t:1
tiJ- I 1)4f I "J""J""JC I n~NJ...,") I oPAit,.. I 1\il
+ff-l- hll1"'i
[See also 'court, decide, prejudice, weigh')

favorable
I. f"'i.ll.,.,. He bought the house on very
favorable terms. O..,"t 0"'1.11.,.,..,.. m-Ill
1qiD2. f"'l.Yoo"'f. I am ouly waiting for a favorable
opportunity. f"'i.f""~"t i>.I:"A )ID" f
l"'mil-tm3. f"'l..".1'i'. He sent a favorable report of my
work to the director. P'<l-'-1 . f"V'..,'i' 6
?"'Col- llll.&.h# ilh
4. 'l''r. A favorable wind soon brought us
to the port. 'l"r t4-ll IDII.fiD-'1- m.o.o- ,
~"t.l:-1.".1:11 h.".t:1"t
make a favorable- Impression 1..'1~ oo(ltt
The new secretary makes a favorable impression. hll.!l lldt.l. .O."J<; '1-D"MII"'f
favorably, be - received
I. +-tqf.)M h1"'i. The plan was favorably
received. '-+JI. #qf.)-l-1 t.1"'i
2. 1\.I:-'O.f-l-"t M"'i. The play was favorably
.received. -1:1-l-'r h.I:"'O.f-l-"t M"'i
favored (adj.) hu-11- fOAm f"''..ID."...:"
Her beauty made her the favored child.

favorite

446

41'}~'i''P hu-11- fllllm f'I"TWF.S': A~

1\U.:>'t-

favorite (n.) QII".7.A

He is a favorite of the Emperor.

n-..U'

~1

P'i> ' QII".7.A ' )tJJo

favorite (adj.) f"''.WF.tJJo

This is my favorite pastime. .e.u ff"'mR.w-

f"LI1 "1/J.I\4-Y )tJJo

feat
be fearful

1. 4..6-. The believer is fearful of the Lord.

'l"l\OD'} 4.."16'} J'.L&-A
2 . .,.lfll~. He is fearful of all sorts of minor
dangers. II+~A l\F.:J 11-11- J'.lfii&-A
3. 11"1'1" ll:>. My mother is fearful about my
health. l\'i'-1: ill\. m.'})-1:. 11"1'1" ' 't-ll:>lll-

fearless F.o(.C

*Dessert is my favorite part of a meal. lfl/tiJIIJ

The fearless traveler crossed the desert.

"'LY ' h'l""'ofl 11-11- 1\of!A_. l\W-'11\11be a favorite (with)

1. 1-tD-'l~ ' ~m-. He is a favorite with everybody. 1111-11-'1" H'}S': .,.W-'1~ o )tJJo
2 . .,.mJI~)T 1\1\tJJo. This book is a great
favorite with children. J'.ll ODJrdo'i' IIA.'
"{- H'JS': 11"1'1" _,.WJI~)T l\1\tJJo

F.o(.-1- OD'J1F.'i' II~VtJJo'J l\l!'~m

favoritism l\S':AfP
Favoritism will harm the administration of an
office. l\S':A.I" fODP'6Y tl.'t-'} l\11.,.-'IF.
c

' J'.'I-'IA

fawn [fl\:>H'J "IA1A]

fear (v.)
1. 4..6-. You have nothing to fear. M'l" ou
'i'&-'t- fll-flll'l"
2. ll:>. We feared for the baby's life. /lilt!).
ihJ'.WT ll:>'J
3 . .,.m&-m~. I fear he has failed. m:11A of!
tL llm&-m&-1111-

fear (n.)
I. 'i'CV't-. He does not know the meaning of
fear. 'i'CV't- M li'JF.II") 1\YtJJo't'l"
2. OD'i'6-'t-. Did you notice the fear in her
voice? ou<;:&-:J:'} hS':'I"!I. Aofl l\F-~"1111
for fear of LC-f

He took the taxi for fear of missing the train.

QfK. l\'}.IIYODAmtJJo LC.f 11;1-hll. F.
in fear of

The thief passed the day in fear of discovery.

1\.QtJJo ' +).'} -~~- ' l\!1-'} ' Ito-'} .,.,1'1111-
l\YII ll.ll~"l"l 'I'll

fearful
I. 4..6. He is a very fearful person; he is always
worrying about something. l\1\- 11"1'1" L
6 (ltJJo 111111") 11-A"I.Ii J'.""):i'A

2. l\llL6, The fearful storm panicked the

children. l\llL6tJJo 11'i'ofl A~ l\lfll
6-'fm-

fearsome l\ll:l'<l:
A fearsome sight met the policemen's eyes.
?"ll.li'll1 l\ll:1'4: 't-CliJ'.'t- l\:>m"1'1'tJJo

feasible 11./J.It f"''.l-A

The committee selected the plan that seemed
most feasible. F.C1- 11./J.It M:fA ODilll-
f;l-fa>-1 l\'1-S': ou~m

Is it feasible that John is wrong? .'1 ODIJ.IJ.

i> l\tJJo)'t- )"'" 1

feast (vt.)

"1-fiC l\11~

The king feasted his favorites. 1'1-,... Ql\".7.

l\-'ll1 "lof!C l\11~
we feasted our eyes on the sunset. 8doJ'.
ll't-mA't l\Yf1 11"1'1" .,.F.ll't-1
feast (vi.)

II~

We feasted well at the Emperor's banquet.

1'1-w )1P'i> QF-~'1-T "lof!C ~J'. F.'l'i'
l\S':C11 11~1

feast (n.)
1. S':"lll. The wedding feast was splendid.
fllc-1- S':"lll "1'1-'1" )IIC
2. "1-fl""lf" I "1-fiC. They prepared a feast to
honor the Emperor. 111'1-"' )1P'i> hoflc
"1-fl""lf" hn:>X
The king bade the nobles to a feast. 1'1-,...
OD\\11i>1 ' "1-fiC ' m-1-'P'ftJJo
Jive a feut S':"lll l\11~

He gave a feast to celebrate the wedding.

1\llc-1- ~ll l\11~
[See also 'nuptial, wedding']

feat
1, ~-fl-'1-. To cross the desert by car was quite
a feat. ll~ftJJo'} I IIODIJ.'i' I "1!!'~'1' I :J~'t I
~-fiJI.' )IIC

2. h'i'.,.'i' -Y. Arranging the treaty was a

diplomatiC feat. il'/"'/")i>1 I "1H;J~i> I h'i'.,.
';' I f.II..TII-"1(1, I -Y I )IIC

feather 11q
The crow has black feathers. 4t&. '1'4tC 'I
q ' 1\/IQ)o
*Birds of a feather llock together. uou.J:- hH
ODJI. I

feed

447

feather

1\l)f ' ..ODJI.

)o1C
Getting a scholarship is a feather in his cap.
1> f"t..'lt&. )~C ).,..
na '1-,..uc'l-
[See also 'tuft']
a feather In his cap fOOU'lt~

.,.,'f

feathery 'lq f"'/.OUilA

The feathery leaves of this tree give it a strange
look. 'lq f"''.ouillltJJo fiLIJ ~<;: :Jom
A ' M4- ' A" ' ODAh ' l'l'l'+:t-A
feature (v.) R..,.llf. ~Ill\
This book features a description of the schools.
Y.u oux-m'i' n..,.11,_ '1-,..uc'l- IL+:f"t f.
~AliA

*This film features a new French actress.

liiLIJ I-A,. Q)oil'l' 1\1-'1.'1- 1\-'l.il Lt:1
il''1- ..,.'l''i'f-'1- 'I'<; IJ''i' '1-:J-.I'IIlfeature (n.)
1. ouAh. Her features are feminine. fl\'1-)'f-
ODII\h ' 1\'\'f2. fl-'1- :JoCK". Her features are regular. fl.
:t :JoCK" f..,.il..,. ..h/1 )Q)o
3. 1-A+ f"''.;t-Y. h'i'A. The Mercato is the
dominant feature of Addis Ababa. 1\-'l.il h..,.
., hi\JI.il 1\Rq 1-A+ f"'/.;1-ftJJo h
'i'A' )Q)o
4. )~C. Your plan for the picnic has many
good features and some bad ones. f11C11'1-
l\:J-.(-1) 0 .filf< 0 'l''l- 0 )~C':f<;" 0 1\1111.(- I 00')'
1:. ' )~C'l- ' 1\11-R'IThe latest cars embody many new features.
n:Jocn- fmm- ""'h.'i'l"l- 1111- 1\11-'l.il
)~C'l- ' 1\'\:ftJJo
5. 1H:t-. Nationalism is one of the characteristic features of our age. 11do.&.'! il"''.'l-
"l.H..I':f"t ' h"''.llf.q'f.,. . ' ....~:t-l"l- ' 1\1-'1- '
)Q)o
6. 'P'i aoltY. Veneration of saints is a feature
of some religions. 1\1111.1:- 'lf."1<r+l- :J--'1'111 .,hRC 'l''i' 00/lf:ftJJo )tJJo
7. ~K". The terrestrial features were obscured
by clouds. f""'4.-i> AI' AI' ~ll:f R.I'.OD
<; ..,.if<;:)Q)o )RC
8. I-A,.. They are showing a good feature this
week. RILIJ iiM'I- '1"1- I-A,. filfii[See also 'prominent']

February

f"-1:'~

fecund
I. lll'l.l:'. Rabbits are fecund; they can have
several litters a year. '1'1'1'11-l- lll'IP.l- 1'1.
11'). R'tou'l- tJJoil'l' 1111- "'A~II-l- Y.m
Allll2. -o..;..u. This scientist has a fecund mind.
f.IJ ' ilf-1-l:il'l- ' 11'1-IJ ' 1\li,.C' ' 1\lltJJo
fed, see feed
federal f"111t:'l- ""1"11"'1In America, coining money is a federal power.
Rl\"'1.6..1 MC ~1H11 .,..,.,.. f"'11t:of>
""1"11"'1- FA"'1 )tJJo

federation
I. .u"-&.1'1.1'"1. The Federation of Ethiopia and
Eritrea ended in 1962. fh.C'I-&.<; fi\.'1-I'"A.1' I..S'.&-1'1.1'"1 R!lif~ 't. '" .,..:
2. IJ."-111. The Ethiopian Sport Federation
was founded many years ago. fi\..'1-I'"A-.1' fil
?"C'f- ' IJ,4.111 ' h..,.ODoPt!..,. 1111- 'tODof>
)tJJo
fee

I. 'I';>. That's a reasonable fee. oum)'i' 'I'

,;J

~d)-

2. ~1H11. Did you pay the fees? ~1Hil-1 h

LAh!
3. f"''.hLA 'I':>. A lawyer's fee is quite
high. mR-"' IIOD"'~'I- f"''.hL/IQ)o 'I':> h
<;: ' .I'll ' )tJJo
feeble
I. ff.hoP. A feeble old man came to see me.
1\1.(- 0 ff.hOD ' 11.,"1/1. ' 1\.mf..,.'S ' OD"J
The old man spoke with a feeble voice.
11.,"1/I.Q)o l'ltJJo\L R.l'.h"" I\1.1'.R'I- ..,.~.:
2. ( ~ adv.) f"'.J:-. The sick man made a
feeble attempt to smile. R1l..,.'i'.,.. f"'.J:- L ~
., ' 11.,11'1- ' 'l"ht:
feeble-min ded 1\li,.C' ......,
Feeble-minded children are care4 for in a
special home. 1\l\,.C' ......, 1/l-,::l- RA
f. .,ll,l'.."l.f IL'I- '1'1-"'<1< 1-.l'.t:'l'l'f'I'A
feed (fed), vt.
I. ;>RH. She fed her guests the best food.
l\1"11'-!f!'t ,.C'l' ,."111 ;>RHlo
2. 1\R'I. The farmer feeds grass to his cattle.
~R4..,.. h11-Mi1 "'C .I'R'IA
3. -I'IIR. The farmer fattens the oxen by

feed

448

feeding them properly.

O~"Jil

4.

+All

oo~o.

~0"-tJJo II"J:>l"'ll"J

.I'~AqA

She is feeding the chickens. P.C''Il"t

't-OD"Jqll':f.

The mother feeds her child five times daily.

l.'i''t-1'1' A-g,_"J O+"J l\P"II't- '1.11. 't-oo
"10'1'1\:f
5. ..,oo~. We fed the stove with wood. P"Y:)f
I&

dJo/lT

..,..~ I

Q;I.ODC'}

6. l\4>011. This machine feeds paper iJ;lto the

printing press. ~IJ OOUf6Y llawt.,.OJ..ftD-
DD"'&.I' m~++ .r+-n~A
*Pritise fed his vanity. O"'il11'i'tJJo .....,1\
J\ll}tJJo
feed (vi.) ;Jm

We put cows to feed i1:l the pasture. OooiiiJ.

. ~.r. 1\"t'l"'m- ~'l":f"t II+M

feed on 0~
Cattle feed only on grass. f+"J Y: hil-l':f
"'C ofl!l'. .r.o~ll.,. fed up l$'1" {11\'f(,.)

+I am fed up with this whole busiJ:less. J'.IJ

~~C 1$'1" IIA:f-1'"/A

feed (n.) P""lil

We can't get enough feed for our livestock.
llh-ti-I';J':f"J Rot P""'il l\'i'~'tP"

feel (vt.)
1. Tll"7(tJJo). +He felt the cool breeze. +11+11
.1'1\tJJo f~of.ll 1itJJo;f- Tll"7tJJo
2. 1\1}, The doctor felt my pulse. .hh.- 'tC:f"llo"J 1\1}
3. '1011. The mother felt the child's forehead
to see if it had a fever. 't-11-1\'t- 1\"J'IIIO't-
l\"7m~ l\'i'-1:-1> fA)I:"J "'"Jqc 'IRII:f
4. 'IIIII. Feel this cloth! J'.IJ"J 1 ~~ 1 'IMtJJo
feel (vi.)
I. hilT.rr+ l\1\tJJo. How do you feel about
the war? Ill\ tRC~-1> P""J l\IIT.I'f't- l\1\IJ l
2. l\f, Feel bow cold my bands are! 1.)('11 1.
"JF..-1- l."t.r."''.+ll~,. 1..t.
3. oolll\(tJJo). I feel that we shall wiJ:l. fP"'i'if"J
'i' J'.ODIII\'1'/A

4. ~oo.,., John felt that two years' seniority gave

him the right to advise his brother. 10 h

m"t~ Ru-1\'t- 1oo't- .-ol\m- m"t~

"J 1\0DP"bC f"'L..'II:fl\tJJo ODIJ')o."J ~-.,.
feel for
1. l\11~(1\'t-). I really feel for you. hAil l\11
.."'A.YI\u-

feign
2. &-1:-. She feels for all who suffer. IIT'f-1~
u-1\- 't-t:-t:-1\:f
feel like l\ll'f(tJJo)

+I don't feel like dancing. oo.r.~ll l\~ll'f'tP"

*I feel like working this morning. q"- qt.
't- P'l:- iiii-'1'/A

*I felt like laughing. "'~ "'~ l\11'1

*I felt like running. <!-'1' '1-'1' l\11'1
feel up to l\ll'f(tJJo)

He didn't feel up to going to the theater so

soon after his recent illness. o~co- ;f-'1"
OD'I)o. 111111'~ m~ -I:J''t-C IL't- ooY,Y:
Mll'ftJJoP"
feel (one's) way 0'101\ Y..r.

He felt his way to the bed when the lights went

out. ooiJ&-., {l.mof. m~ l\A;JtJJo 0'101\
y,,r.
not feel well

He doesn't feel well. ~1"t~'t- l\J'.II"7tJJoP"

[See also various adjectives and nouns, such as
'angry, cold, pain']

feeling
1. ll"''.'t-. He bas DO feeling for music. r-11..
:1' ll"''.'t- fl\tJJoP"
2. fll"''.'t- 1J'.~'t-. Joy, sorrow, and fear are
feelings. ~ll;f- I .hll"t'i' 'i'CY't- fll"''.'t- 1J'.
~,. 'i''ftJJo
3. oo"J.f.ll. There was a

brotherly feeling
among the boys in the class. Rh'i'A tJJoll'l'
q11-'t- A]!Zf ooYbA rm"JY:"7"7:f~'t- oo
"td.ll ~R~
4. l\11.,..rr+. What is your feeling about this
idea? 111\lf..IJ .hl\il P""J l\IIT.I'f't- l\1\IJ l
5. "71\ll"t. He spoke with feeling about their
suffering. Ill\ :f"'t:-'ftJJo 0"71\li"J ~~
6. oo-'!1111. By feeling, we tell what is bard
from what is soft. Roo'lllll m"ti}&-"J ~~C
hll11'14tJJo 1\"ti\J'I\"t
have a feellns.oulll\(tJJo)

I have a feeling (that) be won't come. f"'L""

"' l\J'.ODIII\'fP"
(not) have feelins In

.r.~llll

+He bas no feeling in his fingers as a result

of the accident. l},r.;JtJJo fT~"' "1-l"'l 1 ~
"t11li'I'A
(See also 'burt, lacerate, prickly, straoge1

feet, see foot

+ verb + IIDIII\
Some animals feign death when in danger

feign f

feint

feminine

449

h1.tl1.!:- ' 7.1/ltt'l- ' f)~ ' '1.11. ' f'l"11 ' ,.
OOii'\/1*He feigned friendship to obtain favors.
1\'1':,0?" n.A ' Ol.tl;t' o ODfll\

feint :J'"'
The fighter feinted at his opponent with his
right hand and struck with his left. 11-ln.~..,.
o.,.'S 7.1!: :t''I'.P. 01.1- 7.1!: 1"01M<I..,.
1" I OD:f"tJJa

felicitate
I. 7.1'>.1 f.h fi\IJ hi\. I felicitate you
on passing the examination. LT'iw-"J O.,i\
'i'IJ 7.1'>.1 f.h fi\IJ hA?I\o2 f?"h<~o":f- hi\..,.. I felicitated him on the
birth of his child. 011.1:- A:t' hl\1"011\f.l\
'I- f!l"h<!-":f- hAh-'1felicitous 11'1.11...,. 1"h"7"'l. fll'~
A felicitous phrase is Churchill's "blood,
sweat and tears". f'I'C'!;A f.!l" l 1\ofl'i' 7.1
fJ f"'l.A..,. mG1 ll'l.rt...,. 1"h"7"'l. fll'
~ hfJIJA ~..,.
felicity
*His domestic felicity was increased by the
birth of a son. 011.1:- A:t' OODOII\.0:. '1-.tl
~ M'l".,. f.h:J-..,.!1" hf""""G 'tf.
feline, with - movements 7.11. .<:-oo
'1- M1"il0
The hunter approached the deer with feline
movements. h.t11' h1f. .<:-oo-1- hf1"il0
011. h:>D'I- 1"tn:>
fell, see fall
fell "'ll
The lumberman felled the tree. cl1""'1- ~
"" ' '14-1 ' "'ll
*One blow felled him. IJ1.1:' 11-m. .,,..,.
fellow ll..,.
He is a nice fellow. ~ ltm- ~.,..
Who is that dumpy fellow near the door?
y o~ :1 Yll h'V'c m'f:t-r llCD-
.,~ .... !
fellow (modifier)
I. fF<I- 1\f.~. He and his fellow teachers are
meeting with the president of the university.
hll-'i' OO!I"IJ<!-1 fF<I- 1\f.'l''ll hl<tli
en.-1:..,. T .tl.ll..tl1'1- :>C f.1'i'~ 112. oollt~- fll'~. My fellow guests and I like

this hotel. hk'i' ODilA-'11 fll''l-'1- h1"1P.

":f- f.IJ11 11'-f:A h101f.'l'l\1
fellow countrymen 1 Y"J/. ,ft1fof1:

IT~!

Fellow countrymen, now is the time to unite!

f1.tl. .b11ofl ll'f. I l\1.1:- fOOII''i'":f-1
'1.11.' h1Jo1' ~ ....
fellow student f'I-!I"IJC'I- 1\f.~
He forfeited the good will of his fellow students
by reporting their activities. f'l-!l"tJC'I- I\f. 'l'
'll f"'l.,.~'l-1 0"7i1R-l> 'i'-l><!-'1'..,., 1\"1
poor fellow I !l"hh.1
Poor fellow! He does not even have a penny
to buy a notebook. !l"hh.1 1 l\f.ofi1"C ,..,.,
..,.. ' '1.1'>. ' 'i'<!-1h ' fl\ ....!1"
fellowship
I. I\f. 'S~'I-. The Boy Scouts promote good
fellowship among boys. "" ' 1\hli..,..,..,. ' 0
A'jl.":f- ""iihA 'I'~ 1\f.'S~'I-1 f.tlofl<!-112. fDD"7<1f hC.ti:J-. He received a fellowship
from the government. hOD1"1F'I- foP"7<1f
hC.ti:J- M'f
felon 011~11~
Murderers and thieves are felons.
.,..,. ' 1\.(l":f- ' 011~1\'l'":f- ' "'"'....

~'I'll

felony (felonies) hfl.<:- 011~A

He is accused of a felony. OhfJ.!:'
1"hM

1'11'"

011~A

felt [hll-'i' ' Olf.!l" ' hR"I-C ' 00D"'0-l> f"'l.U'

<!- Aoflh]
felt (v.), see feel
female (n.) ll.'l- ! l\111'1This basketball team consists of three males
and two females. f.IJ f-l-C""l-1- '>.h 11-.1:-1
V'h'l- 0111'-":f-'i' o-11'1- ll..P.":f- (or, V'h'l-
1"1Jci.P.":f-'i' ' IJol\'1- ' h1h.P.":f-) ' hll-0'1female (adj.)
I. fl\'1-. Sewing is usually a female occupatioo. Aoflll ll<t.'l- hofl'f'l'..,., '1.11. fl\'1-
.,_.,IJC t..,.
2. 1\'l-. This is a female mouse. f.IJ":f- ll.'l-
1\f.'l'' "'""

feminine (n.) h1h:J-f. P.:J'

Geez has a special form for the feminine.
Mcl11 ll'l'h..,. l\h1h:J-f. P.:J' AI<
.,.,.Ah!l' hi\..,.

..

feminine
feminine (adj.) fii.'I-

He has a feminine voice. fll.'l- Y:'/"6 hllmHer features are feminine. fll.'l- ooA.h hilT
feminine gender, see feminine (n.)

fence (v.) hm<:

He fenced the pasture to keep people out.
nm- h"J'1.e1qn:,. 1tplf.") hm<:mfence in hm<: (;1-m<:)
The pasture land is fenced in. f"ltplf. oo,:.
,. ';I"'';::A.

fence (n.) h'I'C

There is a hole in the fence. h'N- .,.'1'1 )mput up a fence

fervent

450

fttn~

known.

f~il

hm-t:. )'I- l1"7..1q f ;1-m.,.

)IJJo

2. h/11.6 rH;I-. The wolves attacked with

ferocity . .,.!foil-'ll 111'.111.6 rH;I-
11-'1-

.,..,..,b-

ferret out 1'.1;'1" 1n

The police ferreted out the criminal. ?"11.(1.
m"J)':II'I'm-") hf;'l" 1n

ferry foooolllllf ;p:o~~.q

The ferry crosses the river twice a day. fuPou
lllllfm-' ;p:A,q ' fl.,.") ' rJ-11'1- ' 1.11. '
f!tCtiJA

OJ")If-") '

fertile

We put up a fence around the house. fl..,") ll-

I. II'/" l 11'1"11'1". The soil here is very fertile.

61m-") hmC)m-

MLtJ ,...,:__, 11"1'1" 11'1" )m-

fencing flfl'll 1'1'"7..1

Fencing used to be a gentleman's sport.
flfl'll 1'1'"7..1 f.U.'I' hli?'C'I- )flC
~ for oneself <l-(1.") !I'll
When his parents died, the boy had to fend for
himself. mll}>;'ll (1. .,.., A )I: <lo(l.") ooiJ'
A )11<:11'1fend off ooh.,. l .,.hllhll
He fended off the blow which was aimed at
his head. 11"1'?~11., f.,.MH<:m-") '1"'1-
oo>h.,. (.,.hllhll)

fend,

fender l.<:of..")')
The fender on my car is dented. fouh.o;!L
l.<:of..")') ' _,..U.'i'A!tA

ferment (v.)
I. PIJ. When the dough has fermented, we
will bake it. ll.m- 11.1'\J 1."1;>1<:'1'11")
2. 1.11. The beer is fermenting now. mllm-
flOD'i'IIT 0 ll.e 0 )dJo

ferment (n.) hclf

Ferment is added so that the dough will rise.
11.'I' 1."J'I.PIJ hclf ,e..u.oocn;J-A
be In ferment

*The whole nation was in ferment over the

election. 'I"C"'im- f..l.11fl-") 11"7.'1- .,.(l.,.
(1m-

ferocious h/11.6
The lion is a ferocious animal when it is angry.
1\")fl/) ' (l.-1'"1 ' h/11.6 ' )dJo

ferocity
I. hm-t:-)'1-. The hyena's ferocity is well

The hill declines to a fertile valley. lt<:il;l-m-

mi. 11'1"11'1" If11-1' 1<&1\4"-'\A.
2. miiY:. Fertile cattle are needed to improve
the breed. H-1-"J 11"'/lflfA miiY: f.,.")Y:
hil'l- 1/II.A;>A
3. 1A1"'1. Chicks hatch from fertile eggs.
"'i.....,_:f IJA1"'1 h"JI!IIA .el.ll'i'llll4. hoo"J"'-. Thomas Edison had a fertile mind.
.,...,11 h.Jl.(l") }',oo"Jm hh'l"e )fl<:m-

fertility
I. ou.:.q'l-. The fertility of rabbits is amazing.
f'I'"J'I'A ""<l-q'l- 1111C"'IA
2. II 'I") 'I-. The fertility of the soil is necessary
for good crops. 11.C 11'1")'1- 11-N- (lofl
A h/11.111. )dJo
3. A.'/"11"7.. The goddess of fertility was worshipped in ancient times. 11'1'"1'1- 1.11. (ll":f
fA'/"11"7. ' h"J/1'1- "'J'T 10DAh- ' )flC
lose fertility OOJ-ftl: 1 ft.foo
Women lose their fertility after 40 or so.
M:Y. nhcq m.e'l" nhcq '\"""" 11.
. . , 0 ODtD-IIY; 0 1-l'"'/1\-

fertilize h-'111<:
Farmers fertilize the soil with dung. 1flt:.l"'ll
.,.,,:_.,-, ' .11'1'1 ' 1-'lil<l-11-

fertilizer foot:-'1-

"'1'11161

They make use of the excrement of bats for

fertilizer. fl\.11.'1- m...::Y."J h-11 11oo.:.'1-
"'1'11161 .em.,._fl;I-A

fervent
I. h'i' 111. He displays fervent admiration
for me. 1111~ h'i' 111 hY:o;-1''1- hllm-

2. ( = adv.) Aofl 1 oult 1 rH:J-. The mother

made a fervent plea to the judge to spare her
son. -,...,.,., 1 "~"'"'" 1 A'J!..") 1 h"t.II..I'-1-C'i''l:,. 1
Aofl I O"''..)lt I

,.~,.

1\0D)".f

fervid
I. f.:>ll. He manifests a fervid love for his
friends. 11'\1..~,; 1 f;>ll 1 'i':tC 1 YIIYA
2. K").. He manifests a fervid hatred for his
enemies. llm'I-Hi 1 K"). 1 frf) 'l''l!l'"t 1 Yll
YA
3. il"'l:,. 1 f"Ult. His fervid oratory aroused
the crowd. il"'l:,. 1 f"'Uit 1 "t"'"'~ 1 .h1111-"t 1

M"'"'

festoon (llr'IC"'o; 1 111\.fro".fP" 1 01'1:,. 1 '1.11. 1

1\'J.'I')..,. ' h")JI.Y,I\"'A I 1\")J.': I '\f. I :J-ill!' I 7.
")f. I r'l"tr'lll..,. I f"7."ttnlltnA I Yfifll .,.").,."))

fetch
I. 'tP. 1 mil-. Fetch the doctor at once! 'ti'.IJI
mh.oo-") 0 0'1''1')..,. I 'l'ilot~Jo
2. 'tP. 1 1\"""1. The chair is in the garden;
please fetch it! ID"tO~ 1 11.-,.hA:,. h'i'&. 1
tiJo(l'l' I )fDo

I. 1\.l':o;4>:,.. She showed great fervor for his

poetry. 11111 "1'1'... Y'l:,."t 1 h'i' 1 Ylll 1\.l':o;.f
..,. I 1\/lf".f
2. ( = adj.) f :>II. The patriot's voice trembled

from the fervor of his love for his country.

11111~ I ltlltrJo f;>ll I 'i':tC I f-1-)"1 I 1\CO ...
m-1 {1.:1' 1 yum-

fester OD"'A 1 YH
If the wound gets dirty, it will fester. 4!1111- 1
h<flflf I OD"'A I f.f.~A

festival
I. O'tA. Every year the city has a music
festival. OYoP-1> 1 Oh.,....,,. 1 fOD<H.:J' 1 O'tA 1
I-I.<'.;> A

2. P'C't-1- :tJir\. The solemn festivals of the

church were gratifying. ftl.-1- hCil-l:n 1 'I"
111 I YlltrJo I P'C't-1- I :tJir\ I oP")I.il I f"''..
Y<'.lt I )OC

festive ff.ii:JWe were in a festive mood that Christmas Eve.

OH.Y I fM..,. I '1'11."7 I Ol.ii:J- I oP")I.il '
)OC")

festive meal X""''ll

The champion was given a festive meal.

I J.':"'il I -l-f.1r'll\..,.

festivity (festivities)
1. "'-ff:J-. For Coronation Day, many festivities
were planned. IIHtrJo.l': I O'tA I n I ... ,. I ....

'f.f.IJ I 1\P""'fDo

3. 1\ID"'. These eggs will fetch a good price.

MH.II I h"tof!'lfro".f I ... ,. YID"'/1-

fete (v.) .:>OH (-1-.:>0H)

The engaged couple were feted by their friends .
.,.'""~,;

fervor

1\lfo;M~Jo

fever

451

fervid

I OIDJI;I(!I''J'm- I .,.;>OH-

fete (n.) "'ofl"lf"

She is holding a great fete for the benefit of
the hospital. lldoh.P" 0..., 1 hCJI:J- 1 1\oPr'lofl
r'lofl I :J-'1:,0 I ..,.....,. I ;J-f.C;>II".f

fetid "'P"
The dirt has a fetid smell. <flflfm- 1 "'P" 1 11
:J" I 1\1\tiJo
~f.A 1 1\llm- 1 f"7.f!A 1 f
b") .... ..,. I :tCK' I foP/1{11\ I )1C)

fetish [fl\11"7.-,.

fetter (v.) Oh"'C 1 '""-"" 1 1\r'l<'.

The policeman fettered the criminal to a post.
?"11.11- I ID"t)!;ll .......") I Oh"'C I ... .,_..,. I h"'"t.l': I
;JC I 1\r'l<'.fDo

fetter (n.) fh"'C 1 '""-""

His fetters clank when he moves. (l.):Jo):,01 fh
"'C I '""""" I f.:I' ....'IA

fetus, see foetus

feud -I:P" 1 O.,.A ! mofl
There is a feud between these two families.
0,.11... I 0.-1-r'l(l".f I oPithA I -I:P" I O.,.A I
(mofl) 1 1\11

feudal ffl'lfl:,.
The feudal system was dominant in the Middle
Ages. 0DDithll';1m- 1 HDD't 1 ffll\11.-,. 1 M~11 1
r'l'i'"l' I )OC

fever :,.11-11:,.
Tbe fever nearly finished him. :,.11-11.., 1 11.1.1':

'I':J-!P".f I :J-:tl.m- I )OC

1\fDo I MP" I 1\A.,.<'.

2. P') 1 O'tA. Many guests came to participate in the schOOl festivities, fi..,.P"IJC..,. I fl,... I

A fever of anxiety infected the candidate's

family during the election night. OP"C'"itrJo 1
1\.fl...,. I fh- I -1-IJJJIJI<ItrJo I tJ.-1- I (l(l".f I h'i' I

P') I O'tA I 'If. I l\oP1'f..,. I ... ,. I .,."t"'P.".f I

........

y111 foP"tl.il 1 -lfoc 1 f.!l'l'.,. 1 )OC

feverish
have a fever l,.Ntol'l(m-)
+If you have a fever, don't go to school! liTIN
II t l'.'Jl'.lf) 'I-9"11CT 11.'1- ll'l-'t.~
run a fever liTb-l'l(m-)
+He's running a fever, and we called the doctor.
ili\Tb-l'lm- .hh.9" m.:.'J
[See also 'hot, ill']

feverish '1-11-11'1- f"'i.Y'"'"'"

Feverish patients are made to stay in bed.
'1-11-11'1- f"'LJ"''I'I'm- 1'19':f l'.'J'I.T1'
1-l'.~A

feverish activity T Y:.L~

Why all the feverish activity over there?

1-11 rNr -r~I-Y ,..,~c )m-!

feel feverish '1-11-11'1- ' Tl'l"''(m-)

+He feels feverish, and we called the doctor.

'1-11-11'1- iliiTI'I"''m- .hh.9" m.:-'1in feverish haste 1\!J!tt-tt-

He packed his bags in feverish haste. lf't"'m-'t

llil'll-11- liM
feverishly, work - on ll"'l'-4.
They are working feverishly on the new project. ll'l.ll-'t l'.:fo~ Y"'~4-;1-A
few -r<t'IFew people come to see us in the summer.
00:> ll.mf-4<') f"''.oum-'1- 1'19':f -r<t'l-

452

fictitious
from illness. hiiY f"''Y'tll- ,.,,:..,.'l':f
O.boo!l" 9"h'tY'I- t +CTm- )OC
quite a few OCh'l- Y/r
Quite a few people were present. OCh'l- Y
II- 1'19':f T1"iTm- ) OC
the few -r<t+:f -11!1'
That music appeals to the few. 1-11 ..,.H.:l' 'r
<t+:f'J -11!1' 1-MA
[See also 'moment']

fewer Mil Yll1 see fewer stars now. llrJo't f"''Y'I'm- h'l'h
-11'1- Mil Yll- <;'l'mFewer of my friends have had colds this year
than last. H't~l!'
fYQ'I'm- 'il'.'l'
'li h'tll"t; Mil f-1\11-

.,.,.4-.,

(the) fewest nn
Which of you made the fewest mistakes?
hu-1\:fu-9" Y)l'l il.bT'I- f"'.:. "'''t )m-!
fiance, fiancee ""'""'
John is Mary's fiance, and Jane is my fiancee.
}('t f"'L& ""'""' )m- 1 ~,. F-"1'1" n

""'""' .,.,..

fiasco m-~llo
The play was a fiasco and closed. """'
;1-m- ' m- ~:fo illllf) .Jou

few and far between T4:+

""'"'"

fib (fibbed) 'I' if

He fibbed about not taking my pencil. l'.CIIIl.
') l\Am~h-9" -1111- 'I'll"

Honest people are few and far between.

.t.+'i' 1'19':f -r-t-r ""'"'"

fiber
1. :1'-&. Rope is made from fiber.

a few
1. '1-'t"li. There were a few clouds in the sky.
l'l"''f. t 1\f. T'J"Ii t l'.ODt; t )0C
2. -r<t'l-. May I ask a few questions? -r<t'l- 'r

Y419':f AmY.ll-1
a few times l;."}Y.. ti-A-i:

I saw him only a few times. Yfu-'1- li'JJl.

u-11-1: )mbe few in number 0-kTC -IJ:fmThe days in which there is rain are few in
number. 11<;-11 f"'i.H'Joflq'l'm- +'f:f 04<
'rC ' <;'l'mevery few days hAt:: hAC!

We go to see him every few days. liAG: ll

All: .l'.'tmf-+'1'11'1no fewer than b ...... f...,n(tNo fewer than twenty workers were absent

1""~

h:l'

-& ' y.,.,,:.A

2. ou.,Llt He was a person of strong moral

fiber and could resist temptation. m'tiJ.:. ou
'J"-il Yllm- nm- illllf) f"'L"-:1-.,.)m-'t
)~C Ml!t"''A
fickle Mil-lHe is too fickle to be relied upon. l'.ilil'l- 1111
If) t 0/1- t ODT"''OD't t l\f-!J'AII"
fiction
I. A-ll Wll~. He prefers history to fiction.
hA-ll Wll~ Y.A:fo ,..,.).,..,. ;1-&h't
f-ODC"'A
2. Lm&-. His excuse was pure fiction. ffamm-
9"h'tY'I- t;:Jt-9" 4.m.:. )OC
fictitious
I. O.hll-11 fT4.m~. The students enjoy reading

fifth

453

fiddle

about fictitious heroes ...."'ltlfl''ll Oohltofl

llr\...d.m-1- ' llr\:f"tll>:f ' "'l'tOofl f.ID,Illl2. f .&.mtl-. He took a fictitious name to hide
his identity. "'l't~-l>'t r\oPf.O:f> Od.mtl-
M" ...m.,.ou
fiddle (v.) .....,,...
He was fiddling with a piece of string. Oof1"17i
(LIIi f.""liD'I- ~oc
fiddle around tD/fJ tD-\.U 1u\
Stop fiddling around and get to work! ID,Il,J'
ID~U"'Ir\""'t'f-...UFtl-~rc
fiddle (n.) f.Lt.'t'J!: "'I(L'toll
[See also 'second']
fidelity l\rH
He shows great fidelity to his principles.
O"'LJ'r'tO'I- ~1C m'tiJtl- l\r~'l- 11
r\IJJo
with fidelity 0'1-hh.l\
He reported the news with fidelity, IJJ&,jl)o't
0'1-hh.l\ ' 114'~0
fidget ....,...~m~m
The boy was fidgeting in his chair. A)l: OtD't
0-1- 1\f. ,..,...~m~'l' ~oc
fief.,.II\'1My grandfather was given a fief by Menelik.
w'tY: 1\J'-1: hrtll\h .,.A'I- ...11"1'1',.
field
I. "'llt. Keep your cow out of my wheat fields!
11ru hll'tS'. "'llt\1. l\'t"l'l-111
I saw many farmers working in their fields.
ofllfo 10&-fl':f O"'llt'I'IJJo 1\f. (Lw>~o 1lf1Jo
2. "'VI. We walked across the fields. "'VV11Jo't
O"ltl-:f't M:~'l"t
3. f""1':f" "'VI. The teams are coming onto
the field. 11-Y:'l''ll IDf. ""1';1-.... "'VI 1114. ll'i'tl-. An oil field was discovered in the
fHf.'l- 11'1'
desert. orY:~ o.o;,.
tl- ' ...1,.
5. 'Mr. Einstein was a famous scholar in the
field of physics. 11f.'tll:f"f.'t Ol.ll.hll 'tAr
f1H ll.:f> )0~

""n"'

6. IID"'Y. Every scientist must learn the nomenclature of his field. "'l't'l':fjDoll" fltf.'tll II.
:f> ' fUOOJ'IJJo') ' oPtloh: :1'1\'J- '"'l'l''i''J-' 1\r\O'J7. '1-ruc'J-. He has published several studies in
that field, llr\II.J' ' '1-II"UC'J- ' 1\J'fl, K'""lo'!
:f 11:f>C!I.II\

open field 1\IJJol\1\ "'VI

Soldiers in an open field are exposed to the
enemy's fire. 01\IJJol\1\ "'VI 1\f. m;J-f.efo
r\ml\'1- ' 'l'f.'l- ' f.:>r\"1/r
fiend 11~""t
The fiend stabbed the baby with a knife.
11~""t11Jo .loY\>o't 0"'~<0. fD;JfDo
fierce
I. "lf.r\'l'. The heat is fierce today. ~&. .,..,. ' "lf.r\ 'l' ' ~,.
2. f"'L..'IId.tl-. He tried to panic the child by
making fierce noises. f"'L..'ll.Ltl- Y:rll 0"'1
/1"'1'1- .loY\>o't II.J'IIf.~"l'l' 'l"h~
3. f ;Jr\ I 11!1.&.tl. The enemy's fierce attack
finally breached our lines. f ;JiiiJJo (1111d.tl
11Jo) fml\'1- "'1'1':1''1- ooo..,~lf,. "l'tlltl:f't't ' "J{I
4. h'i' J'r\, He made fierce efforts to get ahead.
r\""lflf A h'i' J'r\ 'I'~'I- 111.~1
5. fh~~. The deadly enemies have a fierce
hatred for each other. 0 ..."'1~'1- ' 111\;Jtl-fl':f '
ouiJhll\ fh~~ '1'1\il' hr\
6....'i'IJ11. Fierce dogs keep burglars away.
...'i'IJ11 IJJoil':f 0.'1- (lClttlfl':f't 1\J'IIf.C(I.II"
fiery
I. f;Jr\. He made a fiery speech denouncing
fascism. f'l-lt:!l'l-'t l\r~'l- OOD't4''i' f
;Jr\ 't"I"IC 111.~1
2. f_,m-~'1-. A fiery temper only causes
trouble. '"''"'~"" mllf. h:f"lc 1\f. f.'l'
1\11\
3. l\lt'l- f"'LJ'oP~"P. The fiery explosion was
seen for miles. l\lt'l- f"'LJ'oP~..,,. .&.'tl(
h>~-:f> f.:f"f. ~oc
A fiery sunset was to be seen behind the sea.
hll.lo-1- "'II'- 9.hU 11'1-mA:f- 1.r

""ill\ '1-:J-f. ~oc

fiery glowing tj:.f'" foP(U\

In its primeval state, the earth was a fiery

glowing ball. 0""~""tlJ'IJJo f.~ll' oo&-'1-
'l'r foo{IA:f Y:ll-11\11-11\ 111!11\ ~o~:f
fifteen OFtl- 1111"11'1fifth 1111"11 ......
Payments are due on the fifth of the month.
f"''.hd.r\fDo IDC 0111 1111"/1...>;' 4''t ' ~IJJo
a fifth IIrll'l- h'tY:
He got only a fifth of the estate. hell"" ,
1!11"11'1- ' h'tY: ' oflil' ' f.~{IIJJo

454

fifty
fifty M"<'l

fig 01111
Figs grow in abundance in our country.
Otn&-'f't 01111 Oil~+ f.O:,O~A

fight (fought), vt.

I. 1-'1':>. We fought a difficult battle. hQ.I:'
<D-'1..1 ' 1-'1';>'t
2. 1-Mhll. Fight disease by getting rid of
flies! 11'tll'f't 0.,'1'4-T 01i;f-'t 1-h~hA
3. l\ll1D7S'.. You have got to fight that habit.
f.U't A"7.1:' "7ll1D7.1:' l\lliiU
4. l\m'l-. The civilized world must

ignorance.

fwllm~m-

fight
'1-llf'" J.!""t-t:C'it "7

'1'4-T l\IIOT

5. 74-(o+). I'm going to fight this suit.

f.U't ' hll I M'I-O;f-1111fight (vi.)
I. 1-'1':>. The rebels fought with government
troops near our village. oooB'l''li hOD't"'P'
T ID;f-J'.t!'f ;>C l\OO'tJ'.&-'f't ' l\m7
il ' 1-'1'...
The patriots fought for freedom. l\CO'l''li ll~l\
~,.' 1-'1'...

2.

1-"1~.

When dogs fight, they use their teeth.

m-ll"'f ' 11."111- ' f.<;h<'lll3. 1-<ll.:J'.,.. The partners were always fighting
over money. If&l>'li 01'tHil 9"h't1T II-A
"LH. Y.~o:J>~o"' ~oc
fight against
I. 1-~~oo. He fought bravely against despair.
-1'114- oo.,...<:'l''t 0-lf.A 1-~~oom2. J'.OOIIII. The orator promised to fight against
poverty. -J-<;;>&a>- .1:-lH+'t IIOOJ'.!/"IIll .+
/A I "JQ
3. 11"711.,.<:+ :f-711. He fought against the
innovations which had entered the church. 011.
of- hCll-l:.f't ' ID-11'1' ' foo"JIJ)o't h.-'1.11 h.
U'&-C 11"7ll.,.l:T :f-711
fight It out l\'l'il.,. ' -J-~o:J'<ll..,.

He refuses to accept my plan, so I have to fight

it out with him . .h<'lll.'t MA-1'.,.011 l\'l'il
<J: I OOQ;l.:J'Q;l.:,0 I "/f.:f" I IJ'~il't
fight (n.)
I. mil. When the police arrived, the fight was
already over. ?"ll.ll'li (LJ'.CII- mit- h.

figure
3. oo;>m9". The contestants shake hands before
the fight begins. 1-tn-'1-'l&l"'li hoo;>m"7'1'm-
floi.T fll~ 11~9";1- f.II'I'ID"'II-

4. noo!J'. The fight against malaria

successful. aurt llOII~J>of.T
'No m-m.+'t ' l\1171"

was

f+,_t:.,m- noo!J!

5. "11":,.'11":,.. She starts a fight every time she

phones me. llAh flJ'.IDII 'fA't "'"'c "1/":,0

'11":,. +)!9"&-ll'f
have a fight

-t"'~

He had a fight with his wife. h"7.ll1> :>C 1"'A-1' )flC

put up a 1ood fight
I. l\'l'il.,. 1-~~oo. The enemy put up a good
fight. m~+ l\'l'il_, 1-~~'t ~flC
2. '1'<1- -J-""lm-1'. The losing team put up a
good fight. f-J-lf)l.m- 11-~'t 'No T"'iiD+ )flC

[See also 'lose, spoil')

fighting (n.) ID-"L.f
The fighting destroyed many villages. <D-'1..1
lJ)o I ofl,.. I OD')I..C"if') I h_tD1!oP
prone to fighting .4-ll~

Don't anger him; he is prone to fighting.

h.;f-<;J'.m- I .11.11'1'

)ID-

figurative flHf.ll. f-1''1"~

He has a figurative style of writing. l\l\l\f.
flHf.ll.

f-1''1"~

)a>-

figure (v.)
I. fl"l9"T oollll(m-). I figure it is about
five-thirty. fl"l9"T OP'&- l\'t.l:' 1-h-A f.
UOllil'fA

2. l\1\11. I don'tjust guess, I figure. l\'t.l:'

)7C ~~- f9"J'.CIIm- fl"19"T <'lf.ll''t h.
llA'Ii )ID3. 1-m.,.ll. His name figures in the news.
II.,.. :>11."1 ~~- f.m.,.<'lA
figure on l\llfl

We did not figure on having company. ll't"'-'1

f.OD"JA 'illl't ' l\~llil't9"
flaure out
I. l\1111. Figure out how much it will cost!
9"'t 1UA ll'tJ'."7.11D"' l\1\11
2. U'&-. Can you figure out this problem?

oft:,O+ ~flC

f.U't .h.<'lil ATU'&-ID- +'f~IIU l

2. "''I'"''.J'. The boxer was badly hurt in the

last fight. ooo~o<:lfm- "1'1'"7.1 ~~- 11-m.

<1-'t 11"7'1'<:11 f9"H:>~flT "LH. 1lii.A7

'I'm- ' hf-'1' ' 1-'1-.11

'I'A

*I need time to figure out a rebuttal. hCh

figure up F.,.oot.

Did you figure up the first column? fo<>Y..oot.Y

aYI ' 'til"J:' .<'.DDebiD" l
be figured .,.,.(..

The idol is figured as part mao, part heast.

"1"771 ' hiD".!. ' ll''l' ' .,.
"'J'-1> '
"'e='=A

.,.,ii ' . . . . '

figure (n.)
I. .,.'!'e. Add up these figures! MH.IJ"t "'"'C'

l- ' .<'.?""""'"'"
2. do.to-R. Check the figures carefully! do.lliYt
0'1'"t-"'4l ' h"'(..
3. f1"tH-R Ah. The outside figure given
for the cost of the new school was $1,000,000.
h-'1.(1- '1-?"Ue'l- IJ,'l- f"''.oi.Y..ID" h'i'T'i'
fnH-R Ah h"tJ:o "''.II.M -ae ~oe
4. ~CK". Circles and squares are geometrical
figures. hOfll-'i' ht.-+ "7ll11'l'l- f1[1;"1.'l-t.
' ""'"'"
+e~<l9"1\A. The figures

in the painting are well

5.
composed. Ol"c)ll- ' 11,1'. Yll-'1- ' ?"1\tt-l- '
0"'1.1'1 fT<I'~'l0-1- 'i':fiD"
6. JP/JIA. This note refers to figure six. ~IJ
"""11\"'i l"bA llJ:'ll'l-"t ,l'.ool\h;I'A
7. fi\ID"~'l- +eK". She has a nice figure. '1'-1-
fl\,.~'1- :,.e,.- hll'l8. h"tJ:' 'tf.~+ +eK". I saw a figure
approaching me in the darkness. flQ;L/\"7 mll'l' h"tJ:' 't,t'.~'l- +eK" 1\.<l'eO'S hfo9. fmf<I'ID" '1':>. His figure for that house
is very high. 1\II.Y n.+ fmf<I'ID" 'I':> 0"1
?" h'i'T'i' ~,.
10. ?"1111.. She is the figure of distress. lie!).
fl-"le 9"1111. ~lo
ll. (1(1)-, He is a mighty important figure in
this town. OII.IJ hT"7 ID"ll'l' 0"111" f:l'

m+

(laJo )m-

[See also 'round']

figurehead 1\ll?" fTll"oo

The prime minister is only a figurehead in

the government. Ooo"t"IP'-1> ID"ll'l' m+llf.
"''.tll~ fTll"oom- 1\llll" 11!1' ~,.

figure of speech Hf.IJ,

'As brave as a lion' is a figure of speech.
ll"t.<'. h"tOII .<'.4-e f"''.I\ID" "t.,.,e
H,I'.IJ, '

~ID"

file (v.)
I. '1"<'..<'.. I have to file my nails. 'l''i'.l."t """"
hii-R'S

<'.Y: '

fill

455

figure

2. hll1'1. I tiled my application today.

"7o<>Ah!J'II>"t If.!. hll1'1113. O.<'."t-R hll+oom. Did you tile the letters?
.1'.-R.IIIJ,l",.;"t ' O.<'."t-R ' hll<I'OD'J'h l
4. h'l'<'.. He filed the document in the Foreigu
Ministry's archives. (1).4-'l htD-"? -M.e
"''.tlli:e 00111-R IJ,')- h'l' <'.ID"
file out fl(lAt;:.

m"'

The students filed out. T"7t.l",.; 01\A'i' IDIJlo

be filed 4-,I'.A ID"ll'J' 1'1
The letters have not yet been filed . .<'.-R.IIn.l",.;
1'i' 4-f.A ID"ll'l' hA111-9"
be filed off T'l"<'..<'.

The rough edges were filed off. lf""""'" me

11 ' .,..,..,....
[See also 'claim']

file (n.)
I. ODP'OJJC. Line up in single file! fl'l~ ODJP
ooe Tl\1\f.
2. 'i-f. A. Do we have his application on file?
f(l- "7ooAh!J' 04-,t'.A ID"ll'l' hi\ l
3. 'I"<'.J:'. You need a fine tile for that silverwork. 1\II.Y f-Re ll-"' h"tY: ' +"'n ' 'I"
<'.J:' Ylloi.A"IYA
You need 'a finger file for it. 1\II.IJ f'l''i'e
'I"<'.J:' Yllo!.A"IYA
have on file UDU10

We have his report on file.

oP"II\"" oP11"10'i'A

~(t-

f(tmm-')

filial

*The children treat their parents with filial

respect. A}>:,.; AY: "7Y:<'."I ll"t.<'."''.1'11D"
CDII}>:!J':fiD""t I Yh-Rt.-11-

filing (n.) 4-f.A hYY11

Filing is a clerical task. 4-f.A hYY1l fl!.
.J,ol.l"l- ' ,.,(.. ' ~,.

fill (vt.)
'1"~.

1.
{l

Fill this bottle with water! f.IJ"t me.,..

aJo:-

~d)o

2. <I'll?" hm"'. The students fill their pens

before the exams. hoi.T'i' o.r.+ T"7t.l",.;
-Rc)C'iJ':fiD""t <I'll?" Ym"'ll3. l!.ol.. Fill your name in here! ll?"IJ"t liii.IJ
11,1'. l!.'i'
4. 1\m. A druggist tills prescriptions. o<>JI:;>
""Y::>t+' ,1'.
t+ ' lf<IJI ' O'l-l\'111' '

_,,_+'

I\"! A

5. 0-"'. Cao he fill the position of treasurer?

111"tH-R Y'fn'l- 1\.0-"' ,l'.l--1\A l

fill

6. h"J.'\. Tills history book fills a great need.

,.,.....,..

f.IJ ' f;f-6h ' ODJI".h'i' ' f'1..11.CJYt

'i''\1'J- '

filling (n.) 'I'Cll "711.-'1'1How much do you pay for a fillmg? 'I'CIIIl"J
11"711..'1'1- ll"J-1- .l.)!oflll 1

fill (vi.) .....

The hall filled rapidly. h'l&.lf. R'i'T)'J- '""

*Her eyes filled with tears. 'tf.'l"!f! 1\"Jq
h4'l."'-

filling station fiL "JH."J

"7~

Where is the nearest filling station? :r>cn-

fiL"JH."J

.,~

f-1- ' )IJJo!

film (v.) d.A.9" M"'

be filled

1. '"" +The hall was filled only with women.

h'l&.if."J 11.-I':Y.. oflll' ..,._.,.,.'!- )flC
This tooth has to be filled. f.ll 'I'CII ""'""
'I- hi\R'l2. .,.,H. The position is filled. fl;t-m- .,.f.!lA.
3. .,.H;J)!. The order hasn't been filled yet.
f ;1-HHm- 1.:1' 11CHC 1<; hA..,.H;J)!9"
be filled to capacity m.9'" of1i\- 'PI\
The hall was filled to capacity. h'l&.if. m.9"
oflll- ..,.__,. )flC
fill in

*The assistant filled in for his sick chief at

the meeting. l.JII-1: n~ooouaJa hl\?m-
9"-l-h Rllofl(lqm- 'If. -MT
(be) filled in

1. .,.~4.). The seams of the boat must be filled

in if they leak. f)!A.qm- OO;Jtn"''.f li.l.l'l
(I 00~4."J

finalist

456

They are filming rural life in Ethiopia. fh.'l-1'-k

f"J f1tnC ).C' f"''.fl)f. d.A.9" 7>f)
,.....

.,.,If,..,

I. d.A.9". Put the film in the camera! 6:-l'"'&.'i'

"""~"

-'ln-1-

Did you see the latest film? n:r>cn- fm"'m-, d.A.9" hUVA.!
2. {)Lif:. There is a film of oil on the water.
nm-~m- 'If. fHf.-1- l'l.l.'i' hi\R-1-

filter (vt.) h"'&.

We have to filter this water. f.ll"J

,.~

"7

"1&.'1- ' hllofi"J

filte (vi.) .,.(1&...,

The news filtered through town. mt.m- Rh.,.

"'fiD"'

filter

hi\R'l-

~ll)oo

film (n.)

l}ol\-

+{),&.Q;L

(n.) "7"161

l "7'1'1\f

2. .,....... The ditch has been filled in. 1-.l:"l\'1-

We need a filter for this muddy water. 1111.11

.,...A.;I:A.

.1:-'i'Cll ' ,.~ ' "7"161 ' fil.I.A.1<;A.

fill out '1"1\

She clears the water by means of a filter.

Fill out this blank ! f.ll"J qp.. fl;t- ......

R"7'l'llf

,.~,.-,

;1-"1&.1\:Y..

filth <l<lflf

fill up

1. '"" He filled up the glasses. ofiC"!."ol''l?t

'"""'"'"

The theater was slowly filling up. tf-1-C IL

., 4'11 R4'11 f.'"'l )flC
2. ( ~ intr.) tn1R. +The cookies filled them up.
Roflllh-'1- tn111-

The poor dog was covered with filth. 9"1111.).

m-lf R<l<lflf .,.Rhll- )flC

(be) filthy 4'1flf

Your hands are filthy. Wash them at once!
7.}(-fll 4'1ilf'I'A. 1 hll-"J ;1-mofl

fin h"J'i'

fill (one) with h<U'.l.(R-1-)

The darkness of the room filled him with fear.

fh'i'll- oo..,l\9" 'i'CY-1- lv'l~l.R-1-

[See also 'capacity, disgust, repulsion, shoe']

Remove the fins of the fish before you cook it!

.,..,., hDD'I'flllll Rd.'!- ' h"JG:'Ii"J '. 'i<l.'l'
<; IIJA.

final

fill (n.) oo...y

The new building requires 3000 cubic yards of
fill. h-'l.(lo .lt"Jll 1"11'1- I( h-ofl fCP..

:y.. - - , fii.I.A.1'1'A.

1. foo..,t.lf. Is that your final decision?

I fODQi,l,,l 'if I aJ-fti.U I ~d)o 1
2. 'i<C'I' 111. A flat refusal was his final answer.
.1:-e:r> fl\ 7>9"R.;t- 'i<C'I' fll ouA.(lo II')
f.U.

eat (one's) fill 11'.11-"J '""

He ate his fill and left without saying thanks.

11'.11-"J . . .,...,. ....,,.. ....,.,

It~

finalist [R"7"16f m-.J:-.1:-C 11!-1' ll""""l.

lfm- ' m-.J:-.1:-C ' 1\DP;r>t,o(l ' f.,.oPl.tnj

findings

457

finality

finality ( = adj.) foo..,.:?f

The finality of the court decision was accepted
by both parties. f'i'CI: IL-I>"J foo..,.:?f
"'"'\~ 11-111>9" fD1'J'T 1-of>OII-:,.
finally oou .... .:?f Jl':\11 ' :\11
What kind of employment did you finally get?
Ooo~?f (1':\11 :\11) 9""1 'H'~:,. F&.
li17U l
finals fou..,.:?f <1.-f"<;
I took my finals in algebra today. ~&. fl\A
~;0&. fou..,t:?f <1.-f"<;(I."J 1"<1.1-"JIJ.
finance (v.) "'""- h<l.ll
Municipal bonds will finance the new waterworks. f"?H:>lf IL-l> P"JP..:f 1\.>l.fi-"J f
fDo;) ' "711&-"'i > fD"L ' f.b'i'IIII*He financed the building with his own money.
.O"JllfDo"J 01~ 1"1Hf!- 1\>P&.
be financed 01"JHil ' 1-'IJ'.t:
The school is privately financed. :,.rue:,. IL
-~> O"IA nuil f"''.-1"-'IJ'.e ~,.
finance (n.) rnuil 1\,l'.r-tf
He is an expert in finance. 01"JH>fl l\,1',1'11
Oil-A 0'1'4: ~,.
finances f1"JH>fl f.l':i'
The university's finances are in good shape.
fi'Uieii.>J:fDo f1"JH>fl f.l':i' 0'1'~ v-~;1-
llf. ' ~,.
Finance Minister f1"JH>fl "''.t!l:,.e
The Finance Minister went abroad. f11'H-fl
"''.til:,.~ mJ'. ID"'l" Me ~.~~.
financial
I. f1"JH>fl. The financial affairs of his company are in good shape. flJ.q"J,I'fDo f1"JHil
ODAh ' f.!l.A
1--'lf. '
For financial reasons, I must say no. 011'Hofl fP
h"J,I':,. l\9"1L "?11:,. 1\llii'S
2. f1"JHil ~h 1--'lf. v-11-. Addis Ababa
is the financial center of Ethiopia. l\.>1.11 to
oq rt..:,.r-kf rnuil ~h 1-.llf. v-11-
l\9"ile:,. ' <;:,.

* '

financially 01"JH>fl ' OIJ.A I 01"JH>fl

I'm financially dependent on him. 01"JH>fl 0
II-A ffi-"J l\~ l\,l'fo- l\'1'&olioThe government supports the national theater
financially. OD"J"IF-1> ildo.&.'ffDo"J >J:,I':,.e
onuil lf.t:'IA

financier f1"JH>fl F&. 0'1'4:

The financier formed a new hank. f1"JH>fl F
&. O'l'<l:fDo l\.>1.11 q"Jh l\!1/!1/ou
find (found)
1. h.1'l'. I found a coin in the street. DD'l1"'-
1\f. ' <;:&."Jh ' 111711We found him to be dishonest. f"?f.:i'OD"J II'
'I'

2.

l\17~,.

1\""~.

Do you find that honesty pays?

:1'"?'1~:,. l\"JJ'."''.m:J-9" ;J-9"<;110 l

3. 1-ll"?(fDo). +He finds this music abominable.

f.U ...H.:I' 1\!lh.l. 11''1' f.II"7'1'A
4. om+. She was vexed to find the baby bad
spilled the syrup . .nn lf.C'"J"t "7<;:11{1-"J
qmof>:f ' 1.11. ' 1-<;J'.J'.:f
find oneself ODtJ").1

~ +~}J;

When he came to, he found himself in the

hospital. ~<;:{1-"J qmof> 1.11. 11'117:;1-A ,.
il'l' > ODtJ')."J > of"t:JI
find out

1. om+. It is such a deep secret, I can't find

out anything about it. 'l'ii:J> 9"!1m.e !Ill
II'~ 1111~1~ 9""J9" ll"?m:J> l\A':fA9"
2. II"?ID:J> 'l"ht:. I will find out what is behind
it. ou~?ffDo"J ll"?m:J> l\'l"h&-11113. J'.t:ll(o:,.). I found it out just yesterday.
fJ'.t:!lh-0..,. 1<; ' ..,.<;"1..,. ' ~,.
4. mfof>. Can you find that out for me?
,I'"J"J A:,.mf.:J>A'S :,.:fi\1\U ?
5. l\17. I have a better system for finding out
information. oo,:)f 11"7"17:,. f-1"?1"11 H.J'.
l\11'1
(be) found out ;1-mof>o:,.
He tried to conceal his thefts, but was finally
found out. l\e{l- 11.-IU-I>"J IIODJ'.O:J> IL
'l"he9" 0""""t:?f ;1-IDof>O:,.
For fear of being found out, hefted the country.
f.:l'm:J>ii':'A >fill- <~oeof 1I1e

m"'

not find hllJ

The child bawled because it could not find its

mother. A)l'. l\<;-t>"J 1111"1 !I:J>:J> ill\"
l\llof>(l
not find one's way OD1'"JJ!" m4.dJo

I never can find my way around here. fH.U

1\l}q{L ""111: M1.rt.9" f.mof.':'A
[See also 'fault, guilt, hard, pleasure']
findings rreou&. ,.m.:,.
The committee reported its findings to the
governor. 1..CJ. ; r9'"COD6-(I)o') I 6Jotn.+ t l\1
'JCfDo l\of>t:O

fine

458

fine (v.) "'"'

The judge fined him five hundred dollars.
Jl ...tJJo M"ll'l- ouof ofiC _,."'tJJo
be fined OD.,.""i ofoiDI'I)O'I- ! ofo.,."'
He was fined for contempt of court. 'i:C.t!"
~~..,., OOD;>'f.., _.,.""i ofoiD(l)O'IThe company was fined for adulterating canned
meat. 11-fl't.l'tJJo ~;f-lf1tJJo F:> tJJoll'l' f.,
,.,<:fJ P' :> OOD.,.'\.,.11- ofo.,."'

fine (n.) """'""i 1 1'JHofl

He had to pay a fine. """'""i DPhoi.A )0<:0'1Perjury is punishable by a fine or imprisonment.
Oml'l'l- ODODllhC 01'JUofl mwr I O~llt
J'll.,."'A
impose a fine on +IIJ
The judge imposed a fine of 500 dollars on the
guilty man. Jl"'tJJo '1''1-ofo':'tJJo't iltJJo M"
ll'l- ouof ofiC _,."'tJJo

:r-

fine (adj.)
I. f.:l':,.. The sand on this beach is very fine.
011.11 fJ.ihC JIC!J' J'iltJJo lllf'l' 0"111"
,,..:,. ' )tJJo
2. .,..,..., . The pen I bought has a fine point.
f1'111-'l- ofMC _,...,..., ""i'i' 1\1\tJJo
3. llA. Is the knife fine enough to carve well?
O.'l'l'tJJo flou'f.-1:.1' 0"111" llA )tJJo l
4. llll. Where did you get that fine cloth?
,._II'J'J llll ..,c:,. hf'l- 111'f'litJJo l
5. f<:.,..,., That's too fine a distinction.
J' 0"111" f<:_,._,. AI')'!- )tJJo
Everybody praised her fine singing. f<:.,..,.
1\U'f.ol.).'J ' 11-11-11" ' 1\f.).,.

6. ..-.;... The weather in California is fine in

July. Om?"l\. fltll.t::Ct.r J'fC mfl,._ 'I'
... I

)Q)o

His son is a fine young man.

A~

""H-

tD

"'"" ' )tJJo

This is a very fine painting . .eo OIIJiJD '1'

...

JPIJA

~m-

7. 1\llf.lll-. We rebelled at having to stay in

on so fine a day. O~'tf.H.J' .I'll 1\llf.lll-
.,.., MJ.'I- OD'I'/1-'J 1\AIDf.f:)tJJo?"
8. f"''.J'.,?"C. Our town boasts many fine
parks. hofo"'/l-'t fl!l. '1- ofl,. f"''.M?"~
fOD<;,I.'/f I ll'i't-JP:f I '1-h-t-1\:f
9. f;t-~oo. His fine manners show he is a
gentleman. f:J-lOD mtlt!. ~'P ODIT')..,. s
.I'll.!' A
fine edge illl.-,.

The fine edge of the razor is protected by a

finger
piece of leather. f?"'l"ll llil'l- O.f.JI .,.
t-"1." ofolf'i').A

one fine day

lt"J~

+'l

One fine day, he popped up again. 1\'Jf: .,..,

~'tf.1<; Of:'J1'1- ofl:,. 1111
fine (adv.)
1. Of.'Jofl. That will suit me fine. J' lit
Of.'Jofl ,._ll.,_,':'A
2. 0<:<1::,.. He writes so fine, I can hardly read
it. 0<:-1::,. llil"''.ll"'i' _,'tOil .I'JI"'ofo...A

feel fine

.f.~'i"'

)m-

Thanks, I'm feeling fine. 1\oP(I"'<;I\v- ; f. 'I<;

)'S

[See also 'choice, print']

fine arts P') TOil
Do you prefer fine arts to sports? hll?"C'I-
P')

'I'Oofi'J '1-ouC"'illl l

finer,.,..:,.., (pl.)
They dickered for hours about some of the finer
points of the contract. I>'J'I-.1-.,'J 0"7.""
ilh., ' 'I',..:,.., )1C'l-

'~"'

1\ofl,. ' ... ,.,.,..

ofoht-h~

finery fh'l- Aoflll<; '1."1'1.'1'

She wears her finery only on Sunday. fh'l-
Aoflll,'J<; '1."1'1.111.'J ~m.f:
;f- f.C:> ill-

~m.f:

il!l'

be dressed in (one's) best finery +ii+~+~

The girls were dressed in their best finery.

A!f1<:P..'Il ofo'li_,.c:,.<:tJJo )OC

finesse
1. ofiAY'I-. The shopkeeper shows finesse in
dealing with customers. flill'lo.,. f.'JO'I''Il'J

,._,._.,tt.

OofiAY'I-
2. f<:<f>.,. :f~;J-. The artist shows finesse. "'
'tll.tJJo f<:_,._,. l-~;J- J'I\J'A

finest hv-11- fOilm tJJoofl

This is the finest house in Addis Ababa.
,._II 0.'1- ll'l.ll 1\0fJ tJJoll'l' h"7.1't''l-
fJolr 1 fOAm 1 (l)o-fl )(Do

finger "1'1The fingers are: thumb, index, middle finger,

ring finger, and little finger. f"'ofl- ll?" 1\tJJo
t- "1'1- 1 fl,q "1'1- ()'I'm"') l fou'ljA
"1'1- I f_,.IIO'I- "1'1-<; '1-'t'li "1'1- <;lf'tJJo
little finger '1-'t'li "1'1The girl hurt her little finger. fA~ '1-'t'li

"'"" ' ofo'I-JI

fire

459

fingernail

middle finger fou"liA. IIJ+

I hurt my middle finger. foo"Ji ol\ "1-l:'t 'I-'I

The painter finished up a can of paint . .,.11'1"

"'IL"'"

,.,..

h't.l': -I'C-1'1!' .,.11'1" ,;g,,:(l

finish with

I finished with that crowd last year. hHI.J'

rins flnser f.,.IIR'I- "1'1-

l'll":f :>C f)R<:'h "l't1')'1- Qll4.fD- 'l

;'" oo'l- ' M'<:'l'h-

He cut his ring finger. f.,.IIR'I- "'"" Tot<:m

[See also 'bum, index finger, lift, sticky']

fin gern ai I 'l''i'C

. [See also 'halfway']

1 f"''l- 'l''i'C

Since my fingernails have grown, I need something to cut them with. 'I''N!. (f"''l- 'l''i'
<~.)

MJ'.1 f'l''i'C ,..,....<:"'1 "h4.oi\..?II1Jo

fingerprint t.?(t-1 f"''l- to "I( tHis fingerprints on the window incriminate

him. nooill_, ~f. Yllat- h.?(t- '1'4-T'f)_,
't Yoollh:1'ol\

His fingerprints were visible on the glass.

f"'_, h ?(t- OiiC"'"ol'at- ~f. f.:1' f.

)0C

finish

I. "'-lt'l. Have you finished the job? Ft-tD-'t

"'-l:llh !
When he finished speaking, the crowd applauded. 't"l"l-1-'t 1\"'-CII .1.1111- h"'-0"'-R
The child finished a glass of milk. ol\)1: h't.l':
iiC"i"-1' aJT'I- .,.,<:(1
2. "'q The carpenter finished the desk in
red varnish. M"m.tJJo m<:A.~tD-') .,.,. .,.II
'I"' .,.qtDfinish (vi.) hll.,.
The classes finish in July. '1-'I"IIC'I- Om'I"
1\. ' Yol\:l'ol\

be finished, he'll be ""'

I. ,..,.,<;?(tD- )m-. If he gets drunk again,
he'll be finished. "h'tJ'.1'0 hl'lh<: ,..,.,<:?(
dJo I )fD"

2. f(l. )1C hhToP I f(l. )1C hR:l'.

dOCS

it

Oflce ffiOte,

he

iS

finished,

n")

hJ'.1oP f(l. )1C hhToa (h.O:l')

finish off
I. ""l:l'l. Finish off one job before you start

another!

I. ou,;g,,:?(. The audience stayed to the finish.

h.l':"''ll"':r; "hllh oo,;g,<;?(tD- .1':<:11 -l'f2....11. Watch out! You will ruin the finish on
my car. Tm't.,.'Jo foohSII-'t '1-il :1'0~
7(1111
[See also 'start']

(be) finite ml'l't t.llm-

Human understanding is finite. fflm- "-"'9""e

111\,.

m(l") s

fiord [O'l'C'Bf. h1C f"'l.11"fD- 0"1'1" <:

(vt.)

If he

finish (n.)

1\.~ P6-

s hoo)!oocU

n.c.+ 1't'l

.11-'t .,.,ell
2. 4.'1;:'f" hmof.. This spray will finish off the
bugs. f.ll "".I'::>\ 'I- '1-:\'l':Y..'t 4.'1;:'l" Y
mof.ol\
J. 1.<'.11. The fever nearly finished him off. '1tt-ta., ' 11.1.1':11tD- ' 'J"')'J" ' hoi\.,.<:

~'1"'0

mQil fll')m- fQ.hC Mm.]

fir ['1-mtr
fol:')'\.<', '

4.'1;:'l" f.,f.l:"l'i' h'lou'l- 'lDD'I-

OD/I{tr> ' f"'l.;1'f. ' f~'i' ' 'lf.)'l-j

fire (vt.)
I. hF t- hila>"'. Why did the boss fire him?
hll:l'tD- liM hFt-m- hlla>"lm-!
2 . .,. ....,. .... Stories of adventures fire children's
imagination. f)!il.ll- Tl:-I':Y.. f.h9'0'1-'t
11"'1.'1- ' ,..,. ...'1-tatr
fire (vi.) Th-l'l

The soldiers fired. m;1'J'.I!':r; Th-(1.

be fired
1. TmO{l. Pots are fired to make them hard.
lfh~l":Y.. "h'tJI.m)h-1- f.mRltll2. hFt- TaJ1J'. 1 hP't- a>"l. On account
of that, he was fired. flff.J' = f..,.).., hJP&.
TaJ1J'.

It is beyond me how he manages to keep from

being fired. hFt- "h't.<'.'l- "h'tJ'."7f.a>"l
I\1Q'f ' hol\!1'11'1"
set fired hP't- ' t.llmm-'1I will get fired if I am late. fH1f!Jo "h'tJ'.II')
hP't- Yllmm-'fol\

fire (n.)
1. >.4'1-. Has the fire gone out? >.ta., m'i'
;to!\!

finish up mol,(l

2. ?mitt'. We had a big fire in town last year.

Finish up before the bell rings! J'.mtr houf.m

Qll4.fD- ' 'lOO'I- ' Oh.,..,tD- ' tD-/1'1' ' """'"'

?mitt' )0t:

II-' """""'

~~~

~fi~r~e~a~r~m~--------------------------4~60~--------------------------~f~iring
3. +lt-11. They opened fire on the truck with
rifles. R""h.'i"m- 11.e. fm"""tll" +li-11 hL1:
4. 'I'.e. 'I-. Soldiers in an open field are exposed
to the enemy fire. Rl>fD<I\11 "')l 11.e. m:JS'.I::f Amll'l- 'l'.e.'l- .e.:>AnJII5. II"'L'l-. Their hearts and minds were full
of patriotic fire. Aq:fm-'i" AM"t:'l':fm- 0
u1c .;::Joe II"'L'l- .,.,..,. ) oc
6. m-c~'S. He resigned under the fire of
criticism. hH~:J- m-c~'S f+)"' 1"&-m.,. 0.1..4'-'1- A++
be on fire ,.:t"mA

The house is on fire. 0.1: M+:J>mA )mcatch fire ++nJmA l 07.<'1'1- +J.'J.'H

The wood is so dry that it will catch fire easily.

~.,...,., OnJ?" h,...:-~ ,.,.).., o+ll
flo .e.+nJmiiA
The hay caught fire . .1:-c.,.lr- OM'l- +J.'J.'H
light the fire 7.<'1'1- M.I'J.
The room is cold; will you light the fire?
h'i'll- .e.ocJIA 1 7.<'11:1' :1-H'.m- ?
make a fire "ll+

h.H~~

If you are cold, I'll make a fire.

7.<'1'1- l>MAv-

hO~Il

put on the fire lfJY..

Put the kettle on the fire!

~O'i"m-1'

nJ.<'.m-

put out the fire }..lt-1- hmf.

The fireman was injured putting out the fire.

fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J "'&-+'i'm- hlt-1>1' {IJ'm<f.

firearm """'o'.J.'

1 -11~'1-

The troops had firearms. m:J-.<'.t:'ll """'t.J.'

(-fll:'l-) I )06-:ffD<

fire brigade fh<'l'l- A.<'.:J +hlllt.e. '1.1:"

The fire brigade puts out fires. fh<'l'l- l>f..;J 1
+hl\lt.e. I '\J:" 0 .,..,q"' 0 1.<'1'1- I "'i'J'<f.'l- I )fD<

fire department fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J

1 ouhllbJ.'
ODP'(.J.' ' 0.'1lt is the fire department's responsibility to put
out fires. :J>mll-1' "'1'1'4-'1- fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J
oubllhJ.' oop>(.J.' !1.'1- '11\.t.)'l- )m-

fire engine fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J ou!J.o;

The city bought two fire engines. "'IH:Jll" 0.
-I> ' IJ-A'l- fh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J OO!J.'>l":f 1~

fire escape hh<'l'l- A.<'.;J .,?"A'"I

A fire escape leads to the ground from the roof.
bh<'l'l- l>.<'.;J "'i?"A'"IfD< hnJ&-m- ID.<'.
?".1:-C 0.'1- .e.mcJIA

fireman fh<'l'l-

1 l>.<'.:J +hlllt.e.
The fireman saved three lives. fh<'l'l- AS'..
;J +hlllt.e. f!PII'l- lll":f .n.e.m'l- l>JI)

fireplace V".l:"ll"

.,..,..~~

set fire to

1. A:J>mA. He set fire to his house. f&-a-"t

0.'1- A:J>mAm2. 7.<'1'1- A++(O'l-). The children set fire to
the haystack. A)('ll f"'"-1" h?"C 7.<'1'1- A
+o'l-

There is no fire in the fireplace.

11'1' 7.<'1'1- fA?"

~Y:YfiD"

,..

fireproof
They made the building fireproof. ih"tliiD-1'
7.<'1'1- h"tJI.e.O"'~m- l>.I:"C11D- "'"-'~-

firewood "'111'-

set on fire h:l"mA

He set the house on fire. 0.-1>1' l>:J>mA

start a fire 7.<'1'1- l>J.'J.'H
Will you start a fire in the fireplace? h?".1:"11"
,. m-11'1' 7.<'1'1- :1-J.'.e.~Ail ?
take fire II"'L-1> ++{1+11
Everyone who heard him speak, immediately
took fire. {IS1C J.'JIODmfD< IJ-11- IDJI.J.'fD<
). II"'L-1> -J-+(14>{1
under fire +li-11

(be) under fire 0'1.e.A 1 +)+L

The school administration is under fire for its
policies. f'l-?"IIC'l- 1 R.-1> AII+JI.<'.C 1 IIA 1
;>'/1./I.ID- I 0'1.e.A I Qou)4'<;: I iiJ.'. I )fD<
[See also 'iron']

hfiD~O'l-

The soldiers advanced under the enemy's fire.

IIJ:f"S'.f:'Jl I fml\'l-1' I +lf-11 I hfiD~q:ffD< I
IDJ'. I .f.'!- I 1#-

He broke up the boxes for firewood. "''l''l''ll'l

A.,1P.. {tqo&-:fm-

fireworks c:f'lThere was a fireworks display on Coronation

Day. fH<&.I:" O'IA M'l- 1 c:f'l- ++tl(1 )0C

firing (n.)
1. +li-ll 1 ""hL'l-. The soldiers were forced to
the extremity of firing to scatter the mob.
tD:f-.<'.t:'ll f"7.~-fliffD<'I .011-11 AODO+"t '
+lt-11 I DDb.f.'l- ' "/J:" I IJ')q:fm2. hP'&. ooq~c. The reason for the strike is

first

461

firm

"''~fl" fl"
h't.l'-1- fll')<& fo-11-1- f.,.'t w&-.,.'T''f
hP'&- ouq.:c )<&

the firing of two laborers. liP'&-

firing (adj.), ~ squad .,.\\'11 li.l!"

A firing squad shot the deserter. .,.\\'11 'i.l!"

hdo-'l.<&'t O'I'J'.-1- ~f..l\<&

2. mm<:. When you fry an egg, the white

becomes firm. 7.'t ...I\A 0-1-m110 Iff- J'.m
'1'&-A

firmament A"''J'.
The stars in the firmament were brilliant.
h'l'h11-1- OA"''J'. 1\J'. 11'1-11 II')<& f.;f-1'
)OC

firm (n.) &q't.l' I M"l.l!" .I!"C~-1Wbat firm do you represent? ff-1->;'m- &q't
J' IDh.A )II 1

The firm went into bankruptcy. M"IJI. .1!-C~

-1- hAG

(be) firmer fOIIm

mO~ hi\

The ground is firmer here. oo.:.-1> 7.11.11 f

01\m mO~ J'.I\A

firmly

firm (adj.)
1. '1'11~. The government took firm measures
against the bandits. OU't1P'-I> O'ii'i'-Al 1\
f. ' '1'11 ~ ' 7.Cfl")l" ' "'(If..

He is firm with his children. 7.C(l- OA)('Ii

1\f. ' '1'11~ ' )I&

Firm ground is needed to build the bouse on.

1. "0'1'11~. The post is set firmly in the ground.

fl"(l(l<& 0'1'11~ _,._,.h!I.A
2. 07.C"I'I'. I'm firmly convinced that she is
innocent. 'tll-ih ooll';._'t 07>C1'1' hf!"t;l\o-

firmness T11-l-

oPtf~

0.-l>'t 1\0DP'&--1- '1'11~ oo.:.-1- J'rtLA:>A

Parents' lack of firmness is the cause of much

trouble today. ~.:. fiDI\}('f '1'11~ hl\ou

2. fmO.,.. They forged a firm bond of friend-

ll''t 1111- m't~ .l'llh-1-1\A

ship between the two countries. Oo-1\-1> 1\11:

'f ooiJbA fmO.,. IDJI~)T oow<:-1>

3. ~).. He is as firm as a rock when danger
threatens. hf..:> O"'LJ'{l:>0-1- 1.11. 7.'tf.. h
11-1- ~> )m4. f"''J'IDI\<&A. We must maintain a firm
attitude. O"''J'IDI\<&A oo'tLrt oo~r.r hi\
11't
5. of:CT 1ft. Their price is firm; it is useless
to haggle. 'I':>'I'm- .,.C'I' .I'll )<& I oob
&-he h't-1> )mHis purpose is too firm for you to change easily.
'tl\"71& .,.C'I' .I'll 01\11') 0.,.1\11- A-1-11
m-mm- h-1-'fAfl"
6. Rf..'t11 f.,..,.hll. The strong wind did not
loosen the firm posts of the fence. bqJI. )<f.
n o1.'J11 r.,..,.hll--1-'t .1''1'"-'t
'f M):J'):I'lfm-f!"
*I'm a firm believer in it. )~'1-'t h'l'il<lr h
fl"'tO;f-1111-

*""-"'

be firm l\t; I mt;

The man is firm in his belief. {l<&\lofD- OY f.

"'''l'-1> ' fll,t; '

)I&

The baby is not very firm on its feet. ihf).

'f" 1\0D't.l!"

ID~R-

~..-

hAmt;f!"

become firm
1. f.<:.,.. Wait until the cement becomes firm
before you walk on it. 01\1' 1\J'. boo't.(11 OL-1- l\."7_'tof 7.rth.f..C~ .1!"<:0 ~f.

first (adj.)
1. f"""l:."""-.1'. It's the first house around the
comer. boomfi"HV<& 1\f. J'l\<& f"""l:.
ODo'.J'f&

0.T

)I&

2. h'tf..>;'. He was the first in his class. hh'i'll-

h'tf..>;' )0C
3. h't.l!". What day is the first of June?
(l). h 't.1!" .,.'t ou'fi f.ID-1\A 1
4. J"tf..>;')-1-. The fast runner got the first
prize. LIIJ). lJ.."f!' J"tf..>;')-1- 'iiA"''-1-
h~T

5. .,.'1"7'1!. The present Emperor is Haile

Sellassie the First . .I'll-). 't-,.w )~P'T .,.
'1"7'1! ')f.(\ ' 1"1\r\ ' t;lfmfirst (adv.)

1. ""1:""6.1'. First, let me ask you a question!

""1:"""-.1' ' h't.l!". '1'.1'4: Amf.~ll
When did you first see him? ao"~:aod.J' .l'f
"lim- oo'fi )<& 1
2. 1\P""I:,.<'-.1' 1.11.. I saw him when I first
visited Italy. IIJA.I"t't 1\IID-y_ao.-..v 1.11. n
.,_0~ MTII-T
*I would die first rather than give away a

secret. fl"rtm.c h"71DIIJ hrt.,.f..""''. 11'f"-1-

J'.7fi\>;'A

be the first one f"7_.,..(-aDID- fllfl"

He's always the first one to complain.

I\"'1"7GC 11-A'I.H. f"7_.,..(-oPID- fllfl"

first aid
first of all oo-,:oo&$ ~1C

First of all, you misunderstood me. ou}!ou6

$ ~1C 0~"111 t.A1-<:.'11i'SII"
at first

fit

462

ooo~oo,ty

I wouldn't believe it at first. ooo-,:oo&$

to~

OD"!h-'l-11" ~oc

come In first +Y:'I"

r 'JQ

Which horse came in first? f'I-"'ID- .l.t:it

4':.,. 1q !
from the first boP:P:oP,tfa-r

She was a nuisance from the first. hoo:t:oot;y

ID-9" hit'l':>6 ~O<:'.f

on the first liAA:J-

I get paid on the first.

liA~:J-

~.,.H. "I f"7171D-

~ID-

[See also 'hand, marriage, opening, place, sight,

thing, very']

first aid

foo-,:oo&$ '-C>I:J- onhll".,

I gave him first aid when he fell off his horse.

revised. f1J16.,. f1"1H11 h$$11 ?'lL.lL.

aolPfA t.liO'I-

fish (v.) 'i"'

t.moo~

Do you like to fish? 'i"' "!-rooY: '1-m.'I

1\1} !
fish for
I. fiOO.I.fl"l 0<:0<:. He fished in his pocket
for a quarter. itoo-~ flao.l.l\"1 11.1\-"t O<:Ol
2 . .'IC .'IC toll. He is fishing for an invitation. (loo;>011 .'IC .'IC f.~A
fish out 0C111!' hW"'
He fished a coin out of his pockets. hb.l\- <;:
t-"th OC111!' hW"'

fish (n.) 'i"'

Do you like fish? 'i"' '1-a>.'II\U !

fisherman

'i"' h'l'"Y.,

There are many fishermen in the village.

OOD"I~-1- ID-it'l' 11,. 'i"' h'l'"YJ(':f- toll-

b.l.t:l\- ' Ua>~oj> "LII. ' fOO"F..006$ '-C>I:J- '

.nhll"... h~t:"lll-ll'l-

fishing 'i"'

first aid kit foo"F..oo&$ '-C.'I;J- ooY:;>~'I1 keep a first aid kit in my car for use in an
emergency. ll:"111-'i' ~ '-"1.11.11'"1 0
"71\'1- ' fOD"F..006$ ' '-C>I:J" ' ODJ':;>~'I- ' 00
b...\1- ID-it'l' hit-1'9""11\IJ-

fishing line f'i"'

first-born

fOli-C A., I t."l:><f.

00.1- llll- ID-it'l' fOli-C A., (t."l:><f.)

'-1\- ~ID-

first-class
1. t."t~'i' "7~C"I. He travels first-class. f"t~
~ID- q"j~.... "7~C"I ' ~ID-

h"l~'i' ~<:7f.

The Hilton is a first-class hotel.

'tA-1-"1 h"l~'i' ~<:7f 11'-I;A ~ID-

first-hand

bll""t"" f-1-17

The information is first-hand. m&.m- h,..-,'"' r

f-1-17

~ID-

first name

f'i"' "7'J'OD7f hCU"t h69" f.lf:J-A

I. f'i"'. The fishy smell of the store nauseates

me. 01\--k ID-it'l' $1\ID- f'i"' hC<f.'l-
AO."I h'l'Wlla>li'S

2. ( ~ noun) 1-"tlt-A. There is something fishy

about this proposal of his. $4't:OID- "'"11
t."IY: 1-"tlt-A hiiiD-

fission

DDhof-.I.A

The fission of cells can be observed with a

microscope. fi\A oobof-.I.A 0"7f.hl!'itl>
"!" a>-it-r li.:J-f. MI'IIA

fissure

it"t'l'l'

Water comes from a fissure in the rock.

fao-,:ou&$ itll" I foom&$ itll"

What is Mr. Smith's first name? "'Lit-1-C '-it

"t11 foo"F..ou&$ (foom&$) i t - "7~1D-!
h"l~"' ~<:7f
This is a first-rate hotel. f.U

first-rate

h"l~'l

~<:7f

11'1:A ' ~ID-

fiscal

"7'1'"""/f he

Your fishing line is entangled in the weeds.

fishy

He is the first-born child in that family.

2.

"7-rDDY:

My father likes fishing. t,q-1; 'i"' "7-rooY:

f-a> 'lA

f1"1H11 h$$11

The fiscal policy of the country needs to be

a>-;> blt-r'S ll"t-r."l> f.LA:l'A

fist 11-m.

1 ato""

I hit him with my fist. 011-tn. (Ofllo'") ""

:J-o-'1He shook his fist at me. '-lt-"1 <Q.(Ijll ~111'1

fit (fitted), vt.

I. hit-1-lthll. The tailor was fitting a suit for

a customer. &\.1lll (l~tiJo r f"-1fl~OJ-1

A-1111 .1'111-lJhA )IIC
2. h1q(ll-l-). He fitted a new knob to the door.
1111~ ' hJI.II ' h)';;f- ' h1qll-l3. hll1q, He fitted the picture into the frame.
P'Mr"t ooll;t-m-1- m-11'1' 1.111q
4. lf)(m-). These shoes don't fit me. f.IJ "'i
., ' hf.lf)'19"
5. 1moa. Does this light bulb fit the socket?
1-11 h?""I:A hoollhJm- f.1'1'"7A l
*The coat fits me perfectly. ""' Ab. )OJo
*The dressmaker did not fit her dress properly.
A-1111 11"-0Jo A-ll(l."t IIA\o. hA(lof.~
-l-9"
fit (vi.) 1moo
This door sticks because it doesn't fit well.
1-11 IIC IIJ'."t-11 1111"71-1'1'9" f.)h

... A
fit In 1mou

My plans do not fit in with yours.

lJ"t-1- ......-a

fix

463

fit

;JC hf-1'1'9"9"

"'"II.

*She does not fit in with that crowd. bh)fl..l'

(ll":f ;JC oa'f'A (l;f-'1' hf.f-119"
fit out f"''..t'IILA-,.-1-"t )1C':f hH;J)';(II-l-)

He fitted him out for a long stay in the desert.

IIIIG?m- OJoll'l' G-,9" 1.11. IIDD,f.f-1-
f"''..t'll.t.A-,.-1-"t )1C':f hH;J)';II-lflt together (vt.) MnJmoo

The carpenter fitted the bits of wood together

skillfully. h'i'm.m- 11'1'1111- f6"t.,.,-l- 41C
'l'~'fi"t MnJmoo

fit together (vi.) .,...,tiJmoP

These parts do not fit together. MH.IJ AI'

A I' )1C':f hf.1nJmooo9"
be fitted

*They cut back the stick until it could be fitted

in the hole. b.,..o;.o;m- h"tJI.1q 11"7F:G"I f
-n.r~.., ' "'i'i' ' hll-1-lJhll--l-

fit (n.) f"''.'I'IIOJo 1111;1When he has a fit, he falls on the ground and
foams at the mouth. f"''.'I'IIOJo 1111;1- IL
)"111-l- Y.mri'i' hG'i- f.J'.'i':I'A

fit (adj.)
I. 1-11"7"'1.. We must decide on a fit time and
place for the meeting. 1111-ll(lqm- 1-11"7"'1.

1.1f.'i' o (l;f- 0 OUOJ(l"t ' hl\-ll"t

2. 1-10.. It is not fit that you laugh when your
brother is ill. OJ"t F:9"11 :1"'1" .t'"t-1- ......,
~ ' 1-10. ' hf.J'-119"
be fit for
I. 1-11"7"7 (with noun). What sort of work is
he fit for? II,..., 'lf.)-1- P'&- Y.II"7"7Al
2. !I'll (with verb). He is now well and fit for
work. hv-"t -t-1111-:f"A 1\.oP&- Y.:f~A

3. If). This permeable soil is not fit for

plowing. OJ? f"''.OD'I' oo.:,.r llhCll' h

,.,..,,..

be fit to trio

This wine is not fit to drink. Y.U fmY.1

m-, IIODm'J' hf.lf"t!l"
keep fit (lOJo)-l>"t mO.,.
We have to keep fit to stay healthy. Om."t)-l-
llou,f.f-1- (lm-):f":f"t"t oumn~ hll-ll"t

look fit

*He looks fit again after his illness. ;f-'1" h-1-)

"' 0:\1\ ' (lm-)-1> ODIIII ' -II!).A
see fit +10.

ouil~

;1-fiD"

He did not see fit to accept my suggestion.

.t'.,.G-IIIJ<-1-"t ' .h ...-11 ' """'0A ' 1-10. ' OOIII\"
hA;f-fm-9"

fitting (n.) TC'q

He went to the tailor's for a fitting. IITC'q
OJJ'. A-1111 (1"-0Jo 11.-l- '/.f.

fitting (adj.) 1-10.

This is a fitting moment for prayer. Y.U
11--l- ' 1-10. ' 1.11. ' )OJo

ll~

five 1.9"11-lfive o'clock OJP&. 1\'t~ (aq.:,.

We drink tea at five o'clock. UOP'&- h"tF:
(I'l-l- li'Y. h"tmnJII"t

fix

"t1.-l- ' 'IJ'.'I'OJo"t ' Od:f"

I. m1). Can you fix the typewriter for me?

fl'O.b.t.-1- ouh.'i'OJo"t A-l-m.,..,A'1 -l-:fl\1111 l
2. hll-1-lJhll. Fix your tie! h&->i'IIJ"t hll-1lJhA
3. h(l'i'JI. I have to fix supper now. hv-"t
h&--1- ' "Y(l'i'JI-l- ' hll-11'1
4. 1-hll. He fixed his eyes on the beautiful
girl. 'lf.'l'lfi"t U,f."t}t'l' A)f1GF: 1\f. 1-hll

[See also 'coughing, depression']

The sailor fixed a new mast on the boat.

have a fit bm- r All

She had a fit when she saw the bill. ""-"11-"t

qf:f ' 1.11. ' bm- ' hll:f
in a fit of

*In a fit of anger, he hit his friend. UF:"t11-'l'

fixed

464

oocbft'fw- lAqw- ilf. IVI.il flf &-

?"ilfl _,.bA
5. 011'1). At each meeting, they fix the time
of the next meeting. ftl\,t'"t'l't-'1. il1ll'tq f
"'l.oJ>'I'Aw-'t fil1ll'tq 1.11. f.Oiil<;tr
He fixed the price at one dollar. 'I';>a>-'J q')
Y: 1 1J.C m{l)
6. l\F-~1. She fixed the blame on the leader.
"'"'"'' ' ftoP&aJo ' ilf. ' l\F.~1"f
He fixed his attention on what he was doing.
doii!I-'J ' ft'l"il ' ft"'l. ...&-aJo ' 1"&- ' ilf. ' ll
F-~1

be fixed up .,.il.,.IJbA
Everything is fixed up again. rrll-?" )1C
l\'JF-1<; _,.il.,.IJb!\,A

fixed (adj.) f.,.OII't) 1 ooF.ft'f

He has a fixed salary. f-1-0IIU F-'1"11 l\AwIn addition to a fixed salary, he gets a commission. booF.ft'l' F-'1"11- 11.11 1>"'1.1'1.1'
't ' $1'fA
fixing.,.,.,
My bicycle needs fixing. tl.l'l.b/1.1: '1'1<;
Yill-A:>:t-A

fixture li:J'!P":f
The bathroom fixtures are made of gold.
oo:t-mtJ.Yw- b'i'A a>-il'l' f"'l. 1"l'-l-
l\:J'!P"f b01c;r. ,.,.,.'~- <;'fwfizz 1( l\A
The soda fizzed when it was poured. Ma>- 1'1.
oJ>'I 1( liA
fizzle .,.., ......
Wet fireworks fizzle. l\C'I'-11 C"f-l- f.'t"'"'A
flabbergast ft"'?" liMH
His ignorance will flabbergast you. f:'J.,.c<;w-
ft"'?" YM'J;r.VA
flabby A'i'il'i'il
He has flabby muscles. m-'Jil'w- A'i'il'i'il )a>flag (flagged), v.
I. ll M. His strength was flagging. "lf.ll- liY
)(I f.V.f: )ftC
2 . .,.'lboo. My horse was flagging, but I urged
him on. l-~1'1. .,.'lb'l" )ftC )1C "''J -f
(I" ' l\')JI..'f,f: ' h-~ hocb--lflag (n.) il'tF.;r. 'tl\"7 l q"tF.&Fiags were flying everywhere. il'tF.;r. 'ti\"7!P
';f (q'tF.I!'-f) ftfll:f-a>- f.CDo/101\ll- )ftC
[See also 'salute']

flame

fl age II ate 1~L

They flagellated the thief in public. /l,qaJo't
qF.qqf. ' 1~4--lflagpole fq')F.,&- ooll+Y
The extremity of the flagpole is pointed.
fq') F.&-w- ooll+Y '"i'i' II'A )a>flagrant 1-Atl
Flagrant spelling errors are unacceptable.
1-Atl flf) foJ>I\"7-l- il.b_,.-l- .,._,.qf.)-l-
fAa>-?"
flasrant misconduct llilb.t. ?""'qc
His flagrant misconduct outraged the villagers.
llilb.t. ?""'q-1- OD'tF.C-1-'l''li'J l\1141-"''fa>flagstaff fq'JF.,&- ooll+Y
The flagstaff was bare. fq')F.,&-ID- ooll+Y
qr- )ftC
flail oow--tY
He broke his flail when he struck a stone.
oow--tYw-'J F.'J'I.Y n.oo:t-ft-l- .,.lift~
flair
I. .,.I'I'I'!P. He has a flair for languages.
flln!ll _,.il'I'!P l\Aa>2. HF.. The trader has a flair for bargains.
);>F.,a>- ftCIJ1i f"'1.1~ft-l- HF. l\Aa>flake
I. ;r.c'i't-.t.. The flakes of soap soon melt in
the water. fll-<; ;r.C'i'&-.t. a>-;) ID-il
'I' 1'1.1q 01-'I.YID-'l- ,..,_.,_A
2. ;r.c.t.+. Flakes of paint lay on the ground.
oot-1: 'If. foJ>A?" ;r.c.t.-l- l\A
flamboyant
I. 11A'l"A"l'". She wears flamboyant jewelry.
-IIA"l'"A"l'" '1"11.'1' :1-F.C:>A"f
2. ( = noun) f:?"oJ>-l-. A flamboyant sunset
makes the sky look like fire. f?"-l-mAoJ>ID- B
dof. ' f:?"oJ>-l- ' 11.,\l't ' F.?" l\ilODiltl-:f-A
flame (v.), ~ quickly 11"1 liA
The match flamed quickly. b-11&1: 11"1 liA
make flame up l\'tll1111
The gasoline made the fire flame up. II.'tiL'l-
l\111:-t li'JII11111Dflame (n.)
I. -acn. The flame of this candle is weak.
fiLII If., -acn "'""' ),.
2. fl\1\-l- )ftAqA. The flame left black marks
on the wall. fl\111: )ftAqA "1!:"1-'lw-'t
lltn ...~ID-

465

flammable

3. tRAIJA. The flames consumed the wooden

huts. tRAIJ/1- 1~l"'l?t 1\:>J.''ftJJo
be in flames RA<\'1- 1-J.'J.'H
Soon the whole house was in flames. mJI..I'tJJo
IL-l: a-11- RA<\'1- 1-J.'J.'H
[See also 'burst, quicken, spurt, tongue']
flammable R+llll- f"'UJ.'11
Gas is flammable, so don't smoke cigarettes
near it. IL'JH.'J R.,.ll/1- f"'UJ.'11 !11\lf
t l\m11t- (IJf&- 1\:l-"1'!1
flank vt. ( ~ intr.) "/&-<; .,.'S n"f
High buildings flank the narrow alley.
'1-AA'I- <h'Jlll"~ flmiJR- OD'J1.1': 1&-<; +
'S. 1-1'111be flanked h1&-<; h.,.'S ;1-~R
The Emperor's car was flanked by guards.
""~-"' t1P'-I> ....h.<; h1&-<; h.,.'S
RhiJC HR'l'~ ;1-)!'(l tRC
flank (n.)
1. ii'J'I'. The stirrup bruised the horse's
flank. f.I.~/1-'J ii'J'I' ACitil 1-.1':-r-;f-A
2. fD1'). They are attacking our army on the
left flank. Mil- IP&-~'J'J R1&- fD1'J J.'m
:t-Ilflannel [11!11111
"". "'t:Ofo]

.,...,.'!- J.'l\tJJo hil-'i' ,.,..,.

flap (flapped), vt. I\C1R1R

The chicken flapped its wings. P..C'I' h'J!f,'J
I\C1fl1R~

flap (vi.) 1-tD-1\RIIfl

A shutter flapped outside the window. oo :>~"If
m- bOD!II>-1> tD-"1/" 1-tJJoi\RIIR
flap away
The large bird flapped away. '1-A!I/ fD'i' h
'J!f,'J AJ.'&-1R~ R~~~
flap (n.) hJI'J
The flap on my pocket is tom. fh.4. h.ti'J
.,_.,.~A

Glue the flap of the envelope! fl\.,llAh-'J h

JI'J "711JR<I:J.' I\.I':C1R'Iflare (v.) 111 1\11
The match flared and then went out. hil&-1>
111 illl- mJI..I'm- m'l Anger flared in his eyes. R'J1.'1- 'U'!o- S'.
'J" ' OD(ill
flare up

1. 111 1\11. The fire flared up when I poured

flash flood
some gasoline on it. IL'JH.') iJ,;u.9"cR'I- 1..
11. AII-I> 111 1\11
2. .,., 1\11. When he was accused of lying,
he flared up. tJJoif;f-9" ttl I'I.IJA -1>1 1\11

flare (n.)
1. tRAIJA. A red flare marked the spot of
the accident. .,.J.'. tRAIJA J.'S'.;>m-'J
(l;f- ' I\ODIIh12. DDil&-'1-. They set up flares to guide the
planes in landing. 1\fDo~l\\o- I'I.J.'C'i' II
DD9"&-'I- """'"""" """""'" IIJ.'. 1\!l.,.....mflare-up ...,.,.!1.,.!1
A flare-up of violence brought police to the
riot area again. fil'l'ilm- .,...,.!1.,.!1 ;rll.(a'fl
A'JS'-1<; mS'. v-hof: !l'i'&- A'JJI.~ 1\S'-~1
flash (vt.) 1\R&He flashed the light right in my face. """'"-""
'J 11.,.'1';1- .l.of: IIJ.'. 1\R&-ii'S
flash (vi.)
1. iiA"P 1\11. A light flashed on the dark
shore. R""'ll"""'" m~'i' IIJ.'. iJC'/'J iiA
op 1\11
2. 1-1-h-1'1. Meteors flash across the heavens
every night. 1-BJC'I'& l>hll~ "7;1- "7;1- 1'1"7
J.'. 1\J.'.. J.'.1-h-llll3. 1\R&-. Her eyes flashed with anger. 't.J.'.'l'!l!
R'J1.'1- l\R'Iflash by iifDo illl- 1\11.1.
A car flashed by. 1\').1': ODIJ.<; iifDo iJ
II- 1\11.1.
flash through one's mind iJA"P 1\II(R'I-)
A good idea suddenly flashed through my
mind.I\'J.I': '1"1- dlllil R.I':'J1'1- of!A"P 1\
llii'S
flash (n.) iiA"P;fDid you see the flash of lightning? fODiJ.:ofi'J
iiA"P;f- 1\ftl !
flash of temper <IIIIJ
A flash of temper shows that he is still angry.
oftnlfDo I 1\IJ-')9" r OD<;~') J.'IIJ.'A
in a flash hou'foJI"R'IIt was all over in a flash. bODOfoi\"R'I- v-11-9"
t1C I 1-IJIOD
flash flood S'.&-ii tJJo;)
When driving in the desert, watch out for
flash floods! 9".1':~ RJI fDoil'l' !1'1-t.tl hS'.
&-ii fDo;) Tm'J.,.'fo

..

flashlight

flashlight fJ."f-6
This flashlight gives strong light. ,1'.11 fJ."f-6
.,..,. oflc?'J f.fl"'ol\

flashy oflol\"'."ol\""'
He wears flashy clothes. -flol\"'."ol\"1." ol\ofl{l
,1'.11-fl<'lol\

flask 4-111>
The flask was full of wine. 4-111>tJJo Om,I'.'J
til~

.,..,.ol\;1:11\

flat (n.) h;rC1""'/

I just moved into a new fiat. hii-'J o'J>c

o- h-'1.11 h;rc....., tJJoll'l' 1'111have a flat roPJ'LIJ I 1-7 I 1-~L(t

On the way back, we had a fiat. II'Joollll foo
h....,.., 1"'/ ...)1..{1

hit (strike) with the flat of

*He hit her with the fiat of his hand. 0.+6.1'

'I'd. ....,...,.

*The officer struck the insubordinate soldier

with the fiat of the sword. oolt-'J). f"'/,1'.;1'
lllltJJo'J ID;l'.I'.C 01tl-F. 'I'd. OD;J'tJJo

flat (adj.)
I. 11'1' .I'll. His house has a fiat roof. 0.1: II
'I' .I'll "161 hlltJJo

2. "'VV"'/. The country is flat. Mol- "'VV"'/

)tJJo

.., IJ/14-."f- 11-ll."f- <'I?"'Jof-:Y. )';?"!!' ,.., ...

...... )tJJo
fall flat
I. -J-.1'.4-. He fell fiat on his face. fJ'i!
m.- .......42. -1-11<:<:. He fell flat on his back. O)';CfJfDo
...11<:<:
3. .,.....,.. II'). His plan fell flat. h't-'1. .,.....
.... II')

4. /l.m)Q f."'fllol\. The best joke can fall flat

if not told properly. 0"1?" hP'4!'t fll')
m&. ..."1'1'1" IJol\...fDtl- /l.m)q ,I'.TI\ol\
get flat ......
Inflate the tire! It is getting flat. 1"'/tJJo'J 'J<f.
fDo I ...'t;t:ol\
have a flat tire ")611 +~L(t

I had a fiat tire and couldn't come on time.

1"'1'- 1111...)1..{1 01.U.fDo. oi\.I'.CII hoi\;J'ol\h-'1"
lay flat ...11<:<:
He lay fiat on the ground. oo&,ofo II.P. ...
H<:<:
taste flat

I. hllol\ 'J>mol\ hM?". The food tastes

flat. ?"""ll- hllol\ 'tmol\ hf.ol\?"
2. tJJo;) fDo;) hll. The beer tastes flat. mllfDo
tJJo;) fDo;) .P.IIol\
[See also 'hammer, smash1

3. .1'.11\.1111. They looked for a flat place on

which to pitch their tent. .I'."J\\.,'I'tJJo'J II""

flatly O'i!l\.?"
He flatly refused to go. O'i!l\.?" hoi\Y..I'."?" hll

."f-hol\ .l'.ol\.1111 ..,. 1..11.,.

flatten

4. tn'i"'J<f.. Some people still believe that the

earth is fiat. h'J"''J.I'." fi9':Y. hii-'J?" oo&,
:,. m'i!"'<f. )":f -fill,.,. 1'1""115. 11C"'. A flat dish is used for serving fish.
11C"' <'l.ih'J ll't"' "'1'1><:0.1 .1'111"11111\
6. .l'.'i!"'"'. He has a flat nose. .l'.'i!"'"' h'i!
""" hlltJJo
7. oo.o.ol;' ofi;J'. We paid a flat rate with no
extra charges. ?"'J'I" .....,..,6 hW <'I,I'.II"J
oP.I'.Ol;'tJJo'J 'i':J ofi;J' hl..oi\'J
8. .I'."C'J> .I'll. A flat refusal was his final
answer. .I'."C't .I'll h?"O.:l' .,.C'I' 111 ""
ol\{1- II')
9. f"'/f'JMC't. The wall is painted with fiat
paint. "l.l'.""l.lltJJo f"'/f'Jl\fJC'J> +11'1" ......
ofl;l:ol\
be flat on one's back +~
He has been fiat on his hack for two weeks
now with that cold. O.,.'J<f.'J ,"hoP?" f ... )

flatter

466

1. ml..ml... He flattened the iron with a

hammer. ofl<:ofo'J OooP..lf ml..ml..fDo
2. 11.11 l\.1'.<:1. The hail has completely flattened the wheat. O<:P..fDo ii'JJ'.tJJo'J 1111 h
.I'."C'):J'ol\
3. hii...!Jhll. The steamroller flattened the
road surface. -'1'/"mfDo oP&,ofo'J hii...IJhlltJJo
4. 11<:<:. You are no match for him. He will
flatten you with one blow. hh-1.,. h.P..I'.AII?"I
fJ'J.I'." ?"."f- .P.llc?ol\
flatten out .,.H~.?;J
The wrinkled silk will flatten out if you iron it.
, ... ..,..,.......,. .hC ll....lt-11 .P.li<::J;Jol\

flatter
I. Oh'Jofo fDo-'11\ .1'.1111 I Oh'Jofo hm.l'.(l I
.1'.1111.. He tried to flatter me. Oh'Jofo tD--'11\
11..1'.11\ll't 'l"h<:

He flattered his boss in the hope of getting a

467

flattery

.,./14.

promotion. 1.J:""J'I- 11"7"/i'l-

0"7~
~"' hii:J'IJJo"} Rh"J_, hmf.(l
She angled for an invitation to his party by
flattering him. 7.1'1-"J Oouf.llol\ m.r. "111
.,. ' l'."J.II.tnc!-'1- ' oi\;1""/QQIJJo ' 'l"h~:f
2. hl>c!-. The high estimation in which he is
held by his friends flatters him. 'Jf.'l''j; f"7..1'1
m-'1- ' h'i'.,.;;o ' ..,,.,.. ' .t'l>c!-'l'ol\
3. R"'f" hiiJ'.I'I-1-. Your invitation ~flatters
me. "111.,.11 R"'f" 1\IIJ'.(I.fo';'ol\
4 .t'll""ol\11- ouAh l'ltniJJo. This photo
flatters her. .1'-11 C::ofo"lc!-'1' .t'IIODol\'>, ""
ol\h ' I'I'I':J::f"ol\
flatter oneself &.l"t-'1 h:f"i\1\
He flatters himself he is a good judge of
character. f(IIJJo"} mQ.t'- 1\IJJo:J'IIrJ- 7..1'11
c!-1'1-"J .t':f"AIIA
feel flattered +lf~111
She felt flattered by his remarks. l'.!l. R"J"'"l'l-
+lf~111:f

flattery
I. 7i"J111. I don't care for flattery from
anyone. h"7"Jf" 11"7..1'1~HC11'S 7i"J111 "'~
fii'Sf"
2. ~1111. He makes use of the art of
flattery. 0~1111 H.<'. Y.m+"7A
3. fh"J., aNII'I.. Don't let flattery turn your
head! fh"J., IJJoJI(I. Q&.t' h'l-rJ-"J
flaunt 11.1'-ll.,...ll hftf
She flaunts her riches before friends. Om.ll}(!l!
,.,.. ' 1111:J:"} ' 11.1'-ll....ll ' :f"ft.t'll:f
flavor (v.) h"'<l.m
Flavor the cake with lemon! b.h-"J 011-"t
A"''i'tn..,.
flavor(n.)
I. "16?". The coffee has lost all its flavor.
11-<;..,. "16.,..."} h'I':J:A
2. ~h~'l-. Stories about ships and sailors have
a flavor of the sea. (Ill oucb11<; ouChR'l':f
f"'U1'1-'I- ;t-&t>:f q;r.c ~h~+ hlllf..,.
flavoring "7"141.""1
Sugar is a common flavoring for soft drinks.
ll'>.C ' IIIIMft ' ODtnfll:f ' f-1-IIODf. ' "7"1
d..-1.. )aJflaw
I. ll"J'I'~. There is a flaw in the glass.11C"'."4'..,.
(l"}ff ' 1\110'1-

fleet

2. -,.r:A:,.. There were several :flaws in our

plan. l'.~JI:f"J 1111' 1-~11'1- ~0~0'1flawless l'."Jh"J fi\.110'1His flawless English makes one think he is a
native of England. l'."Jh"J fi\.110'1- l'."J"/11.
11';'..,. fl'."}"l/1.11 ' -1-0JII).!' }'(IOD(III'I'A
flax -1-AQ

Flax must be steeped in water before it can

be used. -1-AQ 11?""111 a...~,. 11.1'- hou
'I'll- 01-'f- ODH'i'H'i' ' 1\110'1flea <lrt"'i
Fleas invaded the house. <lrt"'i O..,"J OJC'
;f-A

fleck
I. m11:f". A fleck of sauce showed on his shirt.
fOJ'I' m11:f" lf"''.ll' 11.1'- .1'-:f".t'- ~RC
2. 11..0S. A fleck of. dust is in my eye. fh!l.c!-
11<;'S 'i.t'-l!. IJJoll'l' 111:1:A
(be) flecked with "'A "'A 1\110'1The brown cloth is flecked with green. R-<;
'i.t'-~'1- A11!l. 1 h~"J'J.<'. +II?" "'A "'A
1111-R:f"A
fled, see flee
fledgling (n.) fOJ'i' "'i<Qo'fThe fledglings looked over the edge of the nest.
fOJ'i' ""l"".fo:f R~}(IJJo tnC11 11.1'-
1\"}1;1-lf~ 11~ ' h~C11JJo -f-ODIIb.,
fledcllnc (adj.) .t'Am<;
The fledgling democratic movement was ended
by the war. .t'Am<;IJJo f.<'.'l"hc!-11. "J~<;<t R
...c~+ h-t-ou
flee (fled) lflf
The population fled to the country. ih1111- OJ
1. QII1C lflf
You should always flee evil. IJ-A'I.Ii bOD'J'
C:: t1C ""lf7i 1\111111
fleece fR"l 1!.1-C
She wore a coat lined with fleece. RR"l 1!.1-C
f-1-h.l.<l. ' 1>'1- ' 1111ftll:f
fleet ffiiC ""Chll:f
The Ethiopian fleet is stationed in Massawa.
fi\.'1-Nr.t' ffiiC ouchP:f 1'14-c!-lfiJJo
f"t'l' I~ ....
a fleet of oft,.
A fleet of fishing boats is off our coast. 1111'

fleeting
~"' "7'1'""11" )';AQI":f Otnl:of.:f"t h~
.1-IL.I' ' 1\11-

fleeting 11A"'I' Ill

The teacher's fleeting smile showed he thought
the joke was funny. fil.,..,<!:fD< 11A"'I' f
II .1..~"1;1-fD< <I'A-'1- 1\P'o!:'S ~1~0D/IilfD<
1\0Dilh+

flesh
I. P':>. Tigers are fond of flesh. )11C':f P'
:> ' Y.mi!IIThe spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak.
OD111.il o 11C-J> P' ;> "11 ~>t"7 )fD<
The flesh of the peach is white. flth P':>
)'?

flimsy

468

)fD-

2. /lfD<H. My flesh crawled when I saw a

big snake. -'1-A~ ~q11 QfrJo 1.11. /lfD<)-1:
-1-lfOD<f'<f'
3. h>tA. Mental patients must be treated like
those who suffer from diseases of the flesh.
fl\hi'"C' .ltODI'"-1-'P:f 1.1~ 1\>tA 011
-1-'P:f ' OD:J-hl'" ' />fiQ:ffD<
flesh and blood
He's my own flesh and blood. f P':>'I- .,..!-"11'
1'1'1-1: ' 'i'l\"11' ' )fDo
[See also 'creep']

fleshy
I. ~11!<;. The fleshy girl had to watch her
weight. ~11!<;"'1' A]!: h11.<:;1:1 ODot."'mC

)Om+

2. fA<f'tJ>.Q;l.. We pick only thefleshypeaches.

fA<I'Il>.ll>.fD<1 lth 1111' ~111~"7111

flew, see fly

flexible
1. -1-11"7"11'. The stick we need must be
flexible. fMLA~fD< H1"1 -1-11"7"11' ODIJ"
11>110-l2. ~1~ hiiii.I\"U-1> f"''.ll'l'm'l'. A flexible
policy was adopted. ~1~ 1\illl.l\1.)-1> f"''.
ll'l'aJ'l' 1\0D.!-C ' fiODh-1-A -1-aJ/1)

flick (v.)
I. 1\&-~11.. He flicked the dust from his shoes
with a handkerchief. h!U-fD<1 h"'i"71"'1l
1\f. ' 00D.hl:11 ' h&-~11.
2. II''I' h~l:~. He flicked the horse with the
whip. ll.l:ll-1 Q/11;> 11''1' 1\U~

flick (n.)
*With a flick of his whip, he drove away the

flies from the horse's head. Q/11:> 1111l'll1

hll.l:ll- ' &oil ' 1\f. ' hQl:l:
slve a flick II''I' ' 1\~l:~
He gave the horse a flick of the whip. ll.l:ll-1
Qf11:> ' 11''1' ' 1\~l:~

flicker
I. 11A"'I' Y:C"II'" 1\11. The light is flickering.
ODofl.!--1> 11A"'I' Y:C"II'" f.I\A
2. ( ~ tr.) 1\fD<liOIIO. +'The tongue of the snake
flickered at us. ~qo- 1'"1\11-1 hfD</10110111

flier hfD<C'TI\1 H[
He is a famous flier. f;J-m<l' 1\fD-C'TI\1 )
7(' ) ....

flies, see fly (n.)

flight
I. ~a. How many more flights do we have
to climb? >tu-1 m11..11 i11-l- ~al"":f
"""'""1-l- f.'l'C11<;A l
2. s:~. He lives three flights up.: hlLII ?'il
.,_,.,. ' S:~ ' 1\f. ' f.'l'.!-A
3. Ol:.!-. All flights were canceled on account
of the storm. q,.fl- )of.(l. l'"h1 1-'1- Ol:
.!-,. 11-11- -1-IICI' )OC
We watched the flight of the birds. fmS:'Il1
Ol:.!- -1-0D/Ih-l-1
4. 1111-l-. They sought safety in flight. 01111-l-
~ ' 11"71'"11'1' ' 11.111
downward flisht OD11oi'Aoi'A
The downward flight of the bird was graceful.
faJ.I.-1> ' OD11oi'Aoi'A ' ~il ' f.A ' ) oc
make a fllsht lflf
After a warning from a neighbor, he made a
precipitate flight. 1-l:0.-1> >tilm)<f'<f',.
0:\1\ O'l'Y:ol.f lflf
put to fllsht hlflf
We put the enemy soldiers to flight after a
hard fight. hhQY: OMJ 0:\1\ fml\-'1-1
hlflf1
take to .fllsht ~"Ito 1\m-..._'S hll
He took to flight when he saw the police
coming. f?"ll.ll-1 ""1'""1-l- 11.11- ~"Ito
hll
1>........
[See also 'rough']

m:ru-:r-

-s '

flimsy
1. ~:J>:J>. The flimsy boat was crushed like an
eggshell. ~:J>'I' )';AQ ~1~ ~1MA
~C.I.-'1- -1-ll.l:>thii:Y.

2. f"'' f.DDhA. This is a tlimsy excuse. f.U f

"''f.DDhA rh"t.f'l- tm-

flinch 'i'"th:f 1\11

He did not flinch when the doctor cut his arm.
mh.oo- l.'l:"t fl.-temm- 'i'"th:f 1\'lllr

fling (flung)"'~"'~
He flung his hat in the air. IJel-"1..,.., mi.
(t"''f. ' "'~"'~
flln1 about .,..,....tmtm

The excited horse flung about in his stall.

t.~h l.;>m- "'"h'l' .,..,....tmtm
fling oneself (Into) TtnOD~
He flung himself into his work. OF&...,.
.,.mODI.
fl.t~m..,.

~~~~1.

fling open

He flung the door open. Il-l-"t

0~~1...,.

fling out Ot!" mil)

She flung out of the room. hh'i'll- II&. m"':f

flint IJA...'IIn ancient times, they used to shave with tlint.

o1.-c- '1..11. OIJA... 'I- 11-11... toe

flip (tlipped)
I.
"} I

m~m~.

tJJ1..

He tlipped a coin in the air. il"t-1:.,..

I 1\~ I

lDl,aJl,

2. fl'i''l't'l- ~'111m. The student flipped the

pages of the book. .,..,&m- fODl\'"do4-"t ~
ll.:f fl'i''l't'l- ~'111m
flip back .,.L<;m~

The branch tlipped back and scratched his face.

:J-C"t""4- ' .,.d...'l'C' ' """"., ' !1.""~"'"
flip over

~llflm

He flipped the book over to hide its title.

1\el.h.,. ' l."t'lf.:J-1/. ODI\'"dof."t

~110m..,.

flirt (v.) .,.'ItShe flirts with every man she meets. tt~l:f..,.
(t....

flood

469

flinch

'1-'1&.1\:f

flirt with the Idea 1\:J-"'1"'1

I have been flirting with the idea of going to
Ethiopia for a long time. mi. 1\.'1-f"~.f 1.~
Poll,. :t..rAll- -1111- '1..11. 1\;r..,., toe

float (v.)
I. .,..,<'ILL. He sWam for a while and then
floated. 11'1'4:'1- '1..11. 'I''S-r- hlf..l'r 0:\
'I 11r -1111- flitLL

A balloon floated in the air. 1\"tl.- 1.'1 hf

e 'If. .,.., ....~..~.

2. '1'1111. The silvery moon seemed to float

through the sky. -oe fr'l--hll..,. ""~""
Oh"''f. 1111- rr'I-'I'AA +-nA toe

3. tL(t. A nasty rumor about him is floating

around town. l.(l."t f"''.ODI\h'l- OD'J'G: m
&. Oh_,..,..,. f.t'i'<'IA
float down 011-.;1- IDa

She floated down the stairs. l.a(m-"t 011"1

;1- ' m~:f
(be) floated down

The logs were floated down the river. "'"tl'-'ll

a>"ttl- 'If. :t.fflild.f. 1\"t'l.a>e-'1. _,.~~

float (n.) OD"t<'ld.d..f

The child was playing in a swimming pool
with a float. A'~: Oou'J'':'fl>o h'i'&. ..,.h'l'
oou"tlJLL.f f.""lm'l- toe

flock (v.) 1-~d.

The children flocked into the circus. A}!'ll m
I. heh(l. 1-~f.
flock together 1\"tl.- 'If. .,..,_,_,
Sheep usually flock together. -1111-tD-"t '1..11. 0
1:f ' 1\"tl.-' 'If. '1/."t;>;>ll-

flock (n.)
I. ""1:>. They followed him like a flock of
sheep. :t."tl. 11"1 .,...,_, .,.h.,.II-'1We saw a flock of birds flying south. fa>'i' ""
"t;> mi. 1.11--11 {l.Oe 1\f"t
2. r:t.OD<;"t. The priest and hiS flock attended
the ceremony. 41(1.<; no8<;). OO'tll-
P't FC't'l- ' 'If. ' ~"t'

flog (flogged) U ..l.

He flogged the horse to make it pull the cart.
;>&m-"t ' 1..,...1-'1-'1- ' II"''~..-~..,

' . . ., .
.~.~

~~LtD-

flood (vt.)
flooded our fields.

I. 1\'1'11.,.11.,.. The river

' .,. .;r..,., ' h'l'll.,.ll.,.tJ>o
,.,.,,.

2. '1"'1. A blaze of sunlight flooded the room.

fm&.&. Ddof. -oen h'i'll-"t '"""'"
flood (vi.) '1"'1
The river floods every year. a>"ttl- O.fou.,.
f.'!" 'lA
be flooded
I. .,.'1'1\.,.ll.,.. The whole street was flooded
ooo-11- -l-'l'll;r.A4' toe
...,.,~.o;.
2. ( = tr.) '"" +The room was flooded with
light. h'i'll-"t -ocn 'I"A-r-'1- toe

flood

470

3. ( = intr.) .,...:.1.(11-l-). +we have been flooded

with requests for help. l'l\C'I;I- '1'.1'4: .r..,_c
'i'A"J )RC

flood (n.)
I. .,_C'i'. Many perished in the flood. R.,_C'i'
9"h"JJ.'-l- -1111" {ttJJo t.ll+
2. ftJJo:' ""'1'11-l-11-l-. A crook in the stream
causes floods during heavy rains. Rhfl~ 11'i'
-fl

'1..11.

fdJ'}ff"'

OfJatrH-Jr

fDJo;)

0D

'1'11-l-11-l-"J J.'{thol-IIA
3. ftJJo:' ...11-l-. A flood threatened the city.
ftJJo:' ..,11-l- h.,_.,....., t.il"lofo;I-A
Flood f"l''i-T tJJo;i
Noah made an ark for the Flood. 'l''\ ll"l''i-

Q)o~

DPCh1l

IP6-

flood of .,"I'C f/l.lltJJo

The candidate received a flood of letters.

.,_ID'I'I&tJJo _,."I'C f/l.lltJJo .<'.-11-'IIL .<'.t.
{ttJJo
flooded (adj.) .,_C'i' .1'"1'114'11-ttJJo
The flooded fields were covered with silt.
.,_C'i' J.'"l'll4'11:1''1'tJJo "''.JJ,..:Y.. .<'.IIA II
ofl{ttJJo )RC
flooding (n.) .,_C'i'
The embankment protects the road from
flooding. "1.1:"-11 .,..-,,,o;."J .,_C'i' '-"J'IJ.'.m{l
.<'.tJJo J.'.hllhiiA
floor
I. IDIIA. Children like to sit on the floor.
ih!'i'T RIDIIA IIJ.'. ""4'"""1' J.'.ID'I/1In the Ethiopian countryside, the floor of the
houses is not made of wood. Rt...-l-I'"A-.1' 1m
C ffL-fo:Y.. IDIIA "'liJoll flltJJo9"
They dropped their net to the floor of the
ocean. ""t.IJ'ftJJo"J RtJJool-J.''l'il IDIIA IIJ.'.
Ht.'l2. G:ol-. Our house has three floors. IL;I-:Y.."J
!Pil-l- ' G:ol- ' l'oiiiJJo
have the floor

1"~1t:.

May I have the floor? ll""'i'1C J.'.L4'~A'S !

flop (vi.) '-"JH'i' 1'.11

She flopped into a chair.

'I' ' t.II:Y..

m"JR~

IIJ.'. '-"JH

flop around .,."JLtl-Lt.

The fish that I caught were flopping around in

the bottom of the boat. J.' m"" ~\>.'I'IJJo 't"'
,..:y.. lAfltJJo tJJoil"l' J.'."JL<l-L~ )RC
flop down lffj: hll

He flopped down on the bed and went to sleep.

t.A;JIJJo IIJ.'. H'i' IJII R:\11 '-"J-l-A
lj::

mft"-w-

flora 6111'-lA scientific group will study Ethiopia's fauna

and flora. t."J~ r.-..r."Jil 1\.:l'IJJo"JT '\~
rt...+I'"A-n ,..,il.-.+'i' 681'+ .r.-t.9".:-A
florid H4'1JIJ
The teacher disapproved of the students'
florid writing. ""9"11~ ,.,..'M,..'Ii"J ,.,.
4-IJIJ ll"dto'i' )4-L
*Fever gave him a florid complexion. +tt-ta+
.~...,., .<'.9" t.il-{1/liJJo
florist t.RIJ 11""11'
The florist does good business on Saturday.
t.RIJ II""" ol--'1"'1. ol--'1"'1. 1RJ.' l'oiiiJJo
flounce, ~ out .,..,.'i'"I'C' "'"'
The girl flounced out of the room.
'I'll-' IJJoil"l' ...<ll.'i'"l'tl- ID"':fo

A~:l;

hh

flounder (v.) .,.'1'""'1'.""1'.

He floundered in the deep mud for a while
before getting out. h-7'1' aJoil'l' 1\oum-

"'T ' .,_'~'""'t.""t.

flounder around ..4"011
He floundered around trying to find the right
answer. -l-hhii,.,."J ""Ail ,...,.,.,-+ :l'RH
flounder (n.) [f't"' 'tM-l-]
flour -'1.-1:-lI want a sack of flour.

t."J~

]f:JJ.' -'1.-1:-l-

'-LA,;JIIIJo

[See also 'grind']

take the floor +'i"1l!.

The chairman asked the opponent of the

proposal to take the floor. f'--l--'1- .,.:1'1'"'1.
fll'),. {IIJJo\1- '-Vl.'i'1C II.+ .,...,a~ m

'"'"'"

flourish

flop (flopped), vt. MH"'/' l'o.<'.t.1

He flopped his books on a chair. ""ll"dtG:'f?t
ID"JRC IIJ.'. '-"JH"'/' 1'..<'.1'.1

flourish (vt.) I'.IJJoiiRIIR

He flourished the handkerchief when he saw us.
(l.J.'f"J oPdtt.II-"J l'oiJJoiiRIIR
flourish (vi.)
I. ll''l' R+ll. Oranges flourish in a

warm climate. -IIC.,IJ"J R'l":1'-l- il'i'tl-

-ll''l'J.'.R-l-IIA

flow

fluffy

471

2. 011111. The kingdom of Aksum flourished

in the fourth oentury. .l'hll-9" ...,,...,_,..,.-,. fJ
&-.,.,."'" ht;:ll H...., OAI\'1 )0C
3 . .,.il4-4-. Business flourished this year. 011.11
'tOD:,. 't"'.l': .,.il4-t;::J:A

flower of life 1\0fJ):,.

.,..,.....

He died in the flower of life. 1<; 01\0fJ)-Jo

flower bed Jrt.RQ

OJolftJJo ' 1\0fJOJo

flow (v.)
I. .,..-,.t:Lt:L. Wine flowed at the feast. 0"1
-ll"lf"OJo 'IJ.'. fmY.'t tn~ .,_:,.,:t;:CG: )0C
2. mtJ.. Blood flows through a vein. !I'.V" 0
!1'.9" P'C OJoil'l' Y.mCJIA
The river flows through the desert m'tH- 0
t:"litJJo't hi'ICI" j.'.mCJIA
flow by'l-t:L
The crowds flowed by. ih"llll- '1-t:L
flow down .,.'t11"t:11

Her long, black hair flowed down her back.

.:~9"<; 'l'ofiC 1\.,.;:: ~CfJ'I' 'IJ.'. .,.'t11"C
"l'iA
flow Into
I. 1fl. The Danube flows into the Black Sea.
fJI't!'-11 m't"ll 'l'ofiC fJihC J.'.1fJA
2. '1"'1. Goods flowed into the store. If+"' If
+'I' 0 ODfl'.-11~') 0 '1"1\0Jo

flow over Its banks .,.,t\

The river flowed over its banks and flooded

the surrounding area. m'tH- 'I"A-1' 1\ltfJO.
tJJo't ' 1\TII+II+OJo

flow (n.)
1. ...,.,..'1:,.<; ""'I'!I'.A. They regulate the
flow of water by a dam. ftJJo;>OJo't ...,...'1.-,.
<; OD'I'fi'.A ' 0"1.1':-11 ' J.'.'lr."'tn&-112. ODOJot!.l':. The fauoet controls the flow of
water. g,ru, ooh~tD- fm-~tD-"t DDt&
t:.l': ' J.'.'IL"'tn&-A
*The flow of supplies to our army has been cut.
llm:J-!I'.t:il'l-'t ' f"t'lh ' P''t:,O<; ' .-,.'1':,. ' .,.
*CI\l.A

flower (v.) 1\00

This tree does not flower until October.
J.'.ll ~t;: l'.ilh '1':,.,-:,. 1\.1'-11-IIVO

flower (n.)
I. 1\0fJ. There are many flowers at the end of
the rainy season. h.:vo:,. IU'O? -1111- 1\0
fll":f ' J.'.:J-.1'11-

2. 9"C'l' V"Cm-. The flower of the country's

youth was killed by war. 1116;1: m"!of:f
OJoil'l' 9"C'l' V"Cm- OtDC)-1> 'IJ.'. '1"-1>

DD.(.it

The dog buried a bone in the flower bed.

0

OD!)'.-11 ' OJoil'l' ' 1\'J''t..,. '

+o.:
flowery
I. fJOfJ .l'lrO.:+. The flowery meadow was
pleasing to the eye. fJOfJ .l'lrOt:+OJo ""
ilh ll'tJ.'.'t .l'il!l'.il:,. )OC
2. l\OfJ"7. He walked beneath a canopy of
flowery trees. fJOfJ"7 ~G::f '1''1 P'C
.,.6-0Dfl'.
3. me? mc:,O. Flowery speech is preferred
by Arab speakers. 'tt:-11,. .,.<;;>&l":f me
.4- me:,. 't"'"'C J.'.ODC"'II-

flowing (adj.)
I. HC4-4-. Nomads often wear flowing robes
on account of the heat. h ....,..-,. f.,.)"f H
'l'l':f 1\-ll~ ...OJo't 1.11. HC4-4- A-llil J.'.
11-1111112. f.,.'t11"t:11. The boys admired her flowing
hair. A~'li f.,.'t11"t:110Jo't 11.,.;::,. 1\!l'.)ofl
flowing water

Flowing water cools the machinery. fm-;)m-

II.I',.C'I' ' ODOJot!.l': ' ODh.<;OJo't ' .I'+H:,OH'I'A

flu 1\.'t'i'll-'ll't~
She had to go to bed because of the flu.
h.'t'i'll-'ll't~ ' illl.l'~..,. ' .... .,.,...,. ' ..,..... ' II') fl..,.
fluctuate .,.ll'l'mm
Prioes fluctuate. f10.1' 'I'.:> J.'.ll'l'm"'A
fluency
*The orator had great fluency of speech.
f.,_<;;>&tJJo 1\'t!I'.O:,. C-lot! )OC

fluent ( = adv.) h+'I'I'G:

He speaks fluent Amharic. l\"7C,. 1\+'I'I'G:
J.'.<;1&-A
fluent speaker

The director is a fluent speaker. 'l.<!.h- 1\'t

!1'.0.,_ C-f>tl )OJo

fluently 1\+'ITG:
He has some acquaintance with Amharic, but
does not speak it fluently. l\"7C,. 0""tn
\>- .I'OJo?A l'.'t'l( 1\+'I'I'G: l\J.'.<;1t:OJo9"

fluffy IIMII
He likes to sleep on a fluffy pillow. llil'lll
:,.&oil ...,,..,.&oil Y.mJIA

fluid

472

fluid (n.) .vail

The fluid has evaporated. .1.11n:. 1-S:A
fluid (adj.)
I. f4'11m. I watched them pour the fluid
metal into a mold. f4'11mm-1' il<:-1- :,0
CX" ""ll"'im- tJJoll'l' ll_Q;I,~ 1-""llh'l-b2. f"'l.'I'AA. The political situation in Nigeria
was fluid. f<;J'."f:.C' f?"M;I) 11-~:J- f"'l.
'I'AA )OC
flung, see fling
flunk IDY..4'
He flunked his chemistry examination. fh."'l.ll
T& ' "-"'""'".,. ' IDS'..4'
fluorescent '1'11-<:111''11 don't like fluoresoent lights. '1'11-<:111''1- ""'"
<1-'1- hAIDY:V"
flurry (flurries) ofl<;'1
Snow flurries began to whiten the fields.
fR<:J'.. ofi'O'I':f "''..<;m-1' "'11'"1'1- l':""~
flurry of alarm X1-;Jm.

A flurry of alarm spread through the crowd

when the explosion was heard. .1.1')[m- 0111"'1 1.11. Y:1';>m. R.ft11R- """liA 1'/ltl-Q;I,
*His flow of words was interrupted by a sob.
1'"1"1~") o ll_,IDCJ'..tJJo /1,:1' OY;")~'J- ' h
*<:mmflush (vt.)
I. hmR. The nurse flushed the wound with
water. hii:J-"'1"'1.'1' .,1111-1' Om-;> hmR:f
2. m-;> 114'4'. Don't forget to flush the toilet!
"111''1- ' 0.'1- ' ~ofl-f-11 ' IITID"' ' m-;>tJJo") o
ODoi\4':Jo h'I-CII
3. h4''1. Fever has flushed her cheeks.
'1-h-11'1- '
h4''1mflush (vi.)
1. ~ J'..V" ou/111. The girl flushed when
the man spoke to her. llm-tlom- ~);>"1<1-'1-
Alh<:-'1.-1> .l.;t J'..V" ""1111
2. J'..- dA He flushed with anger. 01'.1'.'1-
F.,.oo- Ll\
flush into h'l'll4'114'
Water flushed into the room. m-;> h'i'll-1'
h'1'114'114'tJJo

.,..,.'9..,. '

flush (adj.) Ahh oflll- f-1-"'<1The door is flush with the wall. 0~ h"IY:"!JI
fDo I ;JC I Ahh I oflir' I f+IP&o I )dJo

fly

fluster "1<1- h.:>fl

His constant criticism flustered her. flfm-1-c
)4'4-m- ' "1<1- ' h;>fl-1flute '1'"111''1The melody of the flute is captivating. f'l'ii1'
-1>' 11."'1 J'."''CI)A
flutter (vt.) h"'l:JThe bird was fluttering its wings in the cage.
ID;f, ' OID'i' ' 0.'1- ' tJJoll'l' ' 11''0 ' h1';f,1' ' :J-"'1
;l- )0C
flutter (vi.)
I. h1'4-1' h~R~R. The young birds flut.
tered to the ground. fiD'i' "'i"'*:f h1'<f..'f
tJJo") ' l\.1'~0~11- ' IDS'. OD&.'J- ' ID.I:JI.
2. '1-c '1-c All. Her heart fluttered when
the car skidded. ""h.'Om- ll.1'1f<l-1''1- 1 A!l. 1
'1-c-1-cAII
3. of-C~R1R. Her eyelids fluttered as she
awoke. 11'1-):J- "114-!1. 1-C~R~R
4. ofom-110110. Flags were fluttering in the breeze.
....,.,.:,. ' 't'l"'ll":f ' O)<f../1- ' iim-;J- I tJJoll'l' ' J'.
m-1101111- )0C
flutter about '1-~ "toY: hi\
She fluttered about the room trying to get
ready for the guests. l\1'"1/'.'li1' 11""4'0A .,.
Y:' "1-Y: ' hillflux, be in - 1-ll'l'tDm
After a war, conditions are in flux. htnC'tT
11:\'1 ofiH- )~C J'.II'I'ID"'A
be in a state of flux ~r;l'- h.IIJ
The country was in a state of flux after the
revolution. hiiofl~ 11:\'1 h~M li'I':J-
h"':f

fly (flew, flown), vt.

I. )JI. Can you fly a plane? hlii-C'TI\1' ""
1'-'1'1- '1-:f-'11111 I
2. hm-c-rl\1' )JI. They have to study navigation before they are allowed to fly. ha>-C'TI\1'
1\").IJ.)JI. 0 bDD.I.4'JI. 0 lloi.T ' h:Jo"J"'i") 0 f
""llf-1- '1-V"IIC'I- "'1'1''0'1- hllfl'fm3. htD-11111111. They like to fly kites. IDI\1'-'1 "'l
ID-IIoflllofl ' J'.ID-'1114. llhtD-C'TI\1' ID{IJ'... They flew the merchandise to Addis Ababa. l\.!l'a>-1' llhtD-I!'TI\1'
ID.I'. h-'1.11 hfifl ID/1.11.'1fly (vi.)
I. 11<:<:. The birds are flying south. IDC:'Jl
"''- ' J'..R-ofl ' J'-11<1-11-

We are flying to Paris tomorrow. t~ tD!l.

;r<lh 1\"tR&-i\"}
2. -l-h4'i\. Our llag flies every day. (I"} !f.~ 'til
"7~ Rf4'). f.1'14'1\l\
3. 'I'll\~ l\11. A moth flew into the flame of
the candle. fl.<\'1- 1.&-'1- lf"7"'" tRI\QI\
"'"h'l' 'I'll\~ ' l\il":f
4. C"m. How time flies! 1.1 1\"}Y..-1- .ec~A

fo~

473

fly

He flew to her aid. boo~x-n+ 1!.<:1'111'1fly about

I. tDI',J tiJ-'1.11 R<:<:. The bats flew about
to catch insects. fi\.11.'1- tDC:.":f t'i'<\'1- II
ooJ'1l tDI',J tD-'1.11 R<:-12. Rfh'i'o!-"'" -1-R;f--1-t. There are many bits
of paper flying about. 1111" ftD<:4''1- "'&t;""";f Rfh'i'o!-"'" -1-R;f-'1-t'f'A
fly around Oh.aJol!"Tt\"} fll;

He flew around the world in ten days. Rl\,.I!"T

II"} 'ti\M ROP'C 4'"} ,.h'l' If<:

foam (v.)
I. l\<:4. tD~. She beat the milk untilitfoamed.
l\<:4. 1\hb.tD~ J':<:h tDi-1:"} <;m";f,.
2 .l'.tol.. He was foaming with anger. R"}Y.'I-
f.!f.to(. tRC
foam at the mouth h.t:4- 1..L+
When he has a fit, he falls on the ground and
foams at the mouth. f"7.'1'il"'" R1i;J- ll.t
"'R'I- f.tDJ':~<; l\<:4. f.!l.'i':I'A

foam (n.) l\<:4.

There is more foam than beer. bll&-..,. f.l\
~ l\<:4-..,.. .en~A

focus (v.)
I. n-11- ' l\-1-lto<:. They focused their attention
on economic problems. dlt\q:fm-'l fitJD!~
R9"~~ 1111-l- ":f"!C 'If. l\-1-lt--12. l\<\<:1.. With a magnifying glass, he focused
the rays of the sun on a piece of paper. 1\Cft-
q-, J': ' R"t..'"l-11 ' ODj\;f-tD'I- fBdtf.., '""
&- ' Q"}J': ' tDl:4'-l- ' 'If. ' l\<\<:1.

fly in the breeze 1-aJot\OflO

The flag flew in the breeze. (l"} !l.~ 'tl\"7
,. Rtol.h "'"h'l' _,.,.1\Ri\R

focus (n.) [b""h:f"tD'I- btm<: R:\'1 f11CY

fly open -!-R<:1!l.

The wind blew, and the door flew open. to(.(lo
tU'i'h R-1- -1-R<:1!l.
fly overhead Rill' 'If. Rl!" l\i\1.
A squadron of planes flew overhead. l\"}J': 1.
h\o.J':C""} l\"'"I!"T'I"} Rll.l'":f"} 'If. Rl!"
l\i\1.
[See also 'flurry, passion, rage, temper']

*The speaker was the focus of attention.

R-1-<;:><1"'" 'I
f. tRC
be out of focus l\l\-l-h-l->tb/19"
The camera is out of focus. c=:.,...,&.'i! ""11-i'f'
,. l\A-1-h-1->tbi\9"

fly (!lies), n. 11"}11

There are many flies around here. 1\H.II 11!.
., ' 1111" ' 1J"}fl";f ' l\11-

flying colors
The debating team came off with flying colors.
fhCh-1- 11-J':"} J':l\"} -1-4'11)1."

fly swatter "1"&The priest's fly swatter has a handle made of

hom. <1:(1- f"7..f.lf"'l- "I"&- 1.)1.";1-,. .,..,
J': t ....

fly whisk "f."&1 need a fly whisk to chase away flies. 1J"}fl'fl
-, ' ii"7Q<:<I.I' ' "I"&- .l'hi.A~>:'I\

foal f l.<:h ,.C"J"f."'l

The foal was still unsteady on its legs. f 1.<:(1-
~"1"'1 ~<; 1."1-1- l\l\mtb<:9"

., ....<:c f"7.~<;~n+ fl:f"]

focus of attention
.1'.1':"7~ rr/1- dtil11

fodder J':C-Il1i
He gave fodder to the cows. il'l'l"lfl J':Coll
1i '

"~"'"'"

foe mil-lHe considers him his foe. 1\"}!l. mil-t: .l'f'f'A

foetus 1iA
The foetus grows inside the uterus.
~,.
.1':1..,. n.,.,n

"'"h"'

fog "I":>"1

111\ f"7..1'

l 7-9"
A dense fog shut out the view of the mountain.
'1'~'1'~ ' .I'll.... J "'":>"' ' of-&,&-....., ' bill\....
Planes need radar to navigate through
thick fog. '1'~'1'~ Qi\..,. 7-9" tiJoh'l' i\oo
11<:C h"}-'l.":f-11- l\..,.C"T'I'l'":f &-IIC .1'
hl.l\:>lf'I'A
be In a fog 00"}1.(1- -1-lfR<:
The survivors were in a fog for days after

follow

474

foggy

~~------------------------------------------------

the catastrophe. IJF.;>w- f-1-.:4-'1- 11-lllf<

"1.11. ' OO")LII'I'w- ' -1-if-IIC' ' HIC

fS'.-11-'IILIJJo "IAQ'""':f "7'\S'.'I- (hC:J"{I-) '

IJJoll'l' ' 'i''I'IJJo

folding chair :J"''L mi"'RC

foggy
I. "11":>"1 fR~R'I-. The foggy weather kept the
airport closed. "l.II.IJJo "'I":>"1 111\R~R'I- ywC''f"ll") "'ll..l'w- -1-H"Ifo toe
2. .("-fl1f1f Yll. He has foggy notions about
the situation. 1111 v-~;f"w- .(--111f1f Yl\ hll
-1-Yf'l- hllwbe foggy .,..;>"I ' a~
It is foggy here in winter. Rht:l"''l- 1.11.11
.,.._,., .en~A

foil
I. hhifL. The police foiled the students'
attempt to demonstrate. ?"11./l'li -l-"76l"'li
ll11"7'C llA'i' 11"71:.:"1 nn&-lfw-"J dtll
-II ' hhif42. h""'i'1L. The hero foiled the agent's plan.
~"l'i'IJJo fMI<"J h:J-1: h""'i'1L

He gave the new arrivals folding chairs to sit

on. 11-'l.ll':f h"J"II'-"f I\OO<I>DD4'i :J""'.L
IDI"'RC ' (l"''f'IJJo

foliage :J>mA
This plant has abundant foliage. f,IJ -1-hA
-1111- :J>mA hl\w-

folk (lwIs there more honesty among country folk

than among city folk? hh-1-"7 (lw- f.A:J>
RQII1C (lw- H"JX-' fRI\m :f""7'h'l- hi\?
folks noop..':f I (L-f-(lll':f

How are your folks? HooP..':ftl h"JS'..'I- 'i'

'l'w- l

Will your folks let you go? IL-1-Illl"fll h"J1:

'1-1: f,L:J>JI.AYA ?

folklore -1-t:'l-'i' 1"'1111.

fold (v.)
I. h"'oo.:. He folded his arms. h)I:"J h"loo.:
2. OmL. Shall I fold the letter? S'.-IIJIILIJJo"J
AmLw-?

3. O"lmL. She folded the clothes and put

them away. A-11{1-"J 0"1'1''1. hll<!>ODm':f
4. m+llll. He folded the pills in a blue paper.
h.t'f'li"J Rll"7Y'C m.:+'l- m+llll
fold In one's arms ~+L

She folded the child in her arms. .ftU"J

:J"<I>L':fwfold up (vt.) O"lmL

He folded up the letter and put it in his pocket.

He is studying Ethiopian folklore. fl\.'1-f'kf

"J -1-t:'l-'i' 1"'1111. Ym'i'A

folk song Qllii'C nL"J

A group was singing folk songs. h"JX-' '\X-'
QIJII'C HL'f':f f,H'i'"J tRC

folk tale -1-t:'IThe old man knows many folk tales. 11"7"111.
w- -1111- -1-t:fo':f Yw-:Nt

follow
1. ..,..h+A. You can leave now, and we will
follow later. h"J-1- hv-"J 'f.X-' 1 h':' '1'-1:

S'.-IIJIILw-"JO"''I'~Rh.(l-h-1--1-

'I- .ff.-1-"J h"Jh-1-AYII"J

fold up (vi.)

Follow these instructions exactly! f,IJ")")

I. OD:f"-f-.,.. .foo. The newspaper folded up

}ast year. l)9"'1j I 'j!IJD~ I ;Jfi,IIJ(Do I oP;f"-TfJDot
.foo
2. hllC' 1"6-IJJo") h.foo. The dress shop
just folded up. fA-11(1- (1-:J> R:J>CII- hill!'
JP~iD"~ I ll. ... OD

""1"'6Y R'l-hhA -1-h-1-A

Misery follows war. ooh&- fRCt'I-"J f.h-1-IIA

He is following in his father's footsteps .
fQ-1>") hChf f.h-1-IIA

2. -1-h:f"-1-11. He spoke so fast that I couldn't

follow him. R'i''l't'l- f,'i'1C 111\tRC A
h;f"-1-1\IJJo hA!I'Ah-1"'

fold (n.) t!'I''!.'ICut along the folds ! t!'l"!.-1> 'If. .,...:mw-

3. O'tf,") -1-h-1-11. I couldn't follow the bird's

flight ID!f: ' 11'1-RC ' """~ ' Ah-1-11'1- h

fold t!'l"i'

A!I'All-1"'

He got a threefold return on his investroent.

4. f - - - hhQ6 tw-. The people of Ethiopia

follow ancient traditions. fl\.'1-f'kY .ft11-ll f

YID"'IJ)o") ' "'"'- ' 1"11'1- ' t!'l''i' ' hi:C-) ' 001\(1

folder "7'\S'.C

I hC:J"Il

The copies of the letter are in the folder.

'I''J'I- QIJA hhQ6 tw5. 1Q(w-). +no you follow my argument?

hChd. 1Qil?

follower

fool

475

6. ,I'H. He expects to follow the profession

of law. f'MI'I'<; ,..., 11"".1'11 ,l'hiJA
*The speech follows the dinner. h&-'1- 0:\'1
'J"'"'C f.S'.G;JA
follow (someone's) example

I think I'll follow your example. l\'J'I'J.,. hS'.C

;>II!Jo
follow throuah on hfi:H.DIJ. ~(I

He always follows through on his plans.

l\'I'JI.'J IJoA"I.tl. h'i'l\"7. ,I'S'.CilA
follow up R'I''J ,..., .,.h;J-.,.11

We tried to follow up e:very complaint.

l\,I"J'I'JJI.'J hll.-11;1- O'I"J,..., IIDDh;J-.,.A
'l"hC'J
be followed by

*The hot weather was followed by rain.

oo-_,.1> IU'O"' 11<;-R "'ll
It follows

*From this, it follows that the contract could

not be concluded. r.u hll'~ ll't .r: tD<{I, 11.
l.'A'I" l\'JS'."''f.l-A "'A'A" ~ID<

it reads as follows l\'J-'I.U f.'IA

The letter reads as follows. S'.ii'IR.tD< l\'J'L

u """

[See also 'heel, lead, suit']

follower .,.h;J-f.

He is one of his most faithful followers.

l\{lo ' l\~"1 ' ;J-"'i'S ' hll'l-'1- ' .,.h;J-~ '
h'JJI. ' ~ID<

following (n.) .,.h;J-f.

He has a very large following. iiH- .,.h;J-f.
hlltD<

followlna (adj.)
1. f"''.h.,.{l,. I need the following items.
f"''.h.,.{l,'l-'J l\,..l"l- l\l.A;>IIo2. f"''..,.'I'A. The following week, a show will
be held in the theatre. O"''..,.'I'IIID< ' 4'/"'J'l- ' 0
-1:.1''1-C 11.1> aJoh'l' OQ.'f';J- f.;J-.I'A
[See also 'day, morning, nose']
folly (follies)

1. ~A~'l-. Her folly exasperated him. ~A~:I:

R"''l" hOilOQ.tD<
2. hih.,.'l-. It is folly to build a factory far
from the source of supply. '1'.!. l\,.. h"''.~'S
o'l- &-'1' -RII- <1--R&IJ "7!11!11'1" hih.,.
'1- ~ID<
3. h'J-11~'1-. She reasoned with me for hours
about the folly of my plans. f<hilR.'J h'J-11~
'1- ~H'I" 'Ill "1.11. hh~'ll-'S

foment M"'"'
Agents are fomenting rebellion in the outlying
districts. M"'l(JP";f &-'1' IJ{I,'J- htD<&-)fl"
";f ID<h'l' ii'MI'I' R"'i~"'"''l- 'If. <;

,.,,.

fond fo;:'l'c
A fond look appeared on her face. f'i''I'C oo
Ah 0.1.:1: 1\f. ;J-f
be (become) fond of mu
She is very fond of children. A"fl.l- R"''l" '1tD'IIIll\'JtD'III'J
We are fond of music.

_H.,..

fondest f'}'}(ll'l-)

Her fondest wish came true. 0"1'1" f'}'}".fll

'1-' '1"'1':1:' .,.UOO'I'lfondle S'.IJOII

The mother fondled the baby. l\<;'1-1'"'1' ihYI'J S'.IJRill-tD<

font

1. 'A"'I'. He took some water from the font.

h'A"'I'tD< aJoh'l' '1'-1:'1- tD<~ milS'.
2. M"'.". He is a font of knowledge. f6tD<.,.'l-
'I"'J"'." ' ~ID<
food
1. '1""1-R. Our food got scarcer and scarcer.
'l""'lll-"J VY.c 1.na 'tY.
2. oo1JA. The food was plain, but substantial.
ooiJ{I, ' .,.&- ' f.IJo'J ' l\'J"l[ ' RCh'l- ' .I'll '
tRC
food supplies +tt-fl

Our food supplies are diminishing daily.

_,.Ml-'J Rf_,.). l\,1'11_,. f.'t'IA
go without food

+~n

I had go to without food for nearly three

days, I was so poor. hlllf~~'S V'h'l- .,..,
,I'UA _,.&oil 11supply food hRII

The father must supply food for his children.

hiJ'l- A"/l.'ll't "7-Ril'l- hiiO'l[See also 'mouthful']
fool (vt.) h'I"T 1 h;J-1111

They tried to fool him. IU''I""f.'l- '!"hoiHis apparent sincerity fooled us. ;J-"7'S oo
'1"1111- ' h;J-IIII'J
fool (vi;)

.,.""1...,.,.

You will get hurt if you fool with a loaded gun.

R.,.~il moo'Jlf il'l-""'.m'l- A'l-.,.'1 '1-l-IIIIU
1 was only fooling. l\'J'L,I'aJo .,.,_,_'J ~oc

476

fool

fool around
I. )ltlt. Don't fool around with that radio
while I am gone. 0/1.1111-0'1- <1-'LI"'f.") t.
'1-)ltlt
2. ..,.").,..,1111. This student is not serious; he
just fools around. J'.tJ ..,..,6 '1-.,.IJ hf.S'.II
'I" I l\"t'U'fDo J'."t4'.. MA

fool away Ob"t1: t.m-1-

He fooled away the whole day. 4''f."t uo-tr

Ob"ti> t.m-1fool into thinking t.;l-1111
He tried to fool me inlo thinking that he was
a scholar. '1"11-C )'S 1111- IIJ;I-AII'S 'I"
bt:
fool (n.) -tA l ~A
He is a fool if he believes that story. rn :1"
6b l}ou) oi:A (~A) )IIJo
He is nobody's fool. "7")'1" t.Y;t-AIIIIJo'l"
feel like a fool

h~L.

When I found out he was a Frenchman I felt

like a fool for belittling his country. ol.t:"tlt'l!
ODIJ''f.") ltm:J>o- o:Vo ' t-1~") 0"7")1;>,{11\
t.oi.Cbmake a fool of oneself ~()-"} h+llll
If you do that you will make a fool of yourself.
l\11-") IJJ'.t:"IIJ <1-IIIJ") ;1-4'A'IIIIJ
make a fool of someone J\'Pl
He won't make a fool of me a second time.
11-11..,.'1 hY'I"-r'S'I"
foolhardy t..,.A
The man made a foolhardy attempt to go over
Niagara Falls in a barrel. OO~A IIJoll'l'
ll''l' O'i'Y"I<I- .i:.i:-1: 'If. IIODlt.l:' IIIIJo!L
. . I lt..,..A I OD-he? I Mt.1
foolish
I. 'I"'S. He is foolish and does what anyone
tells him. 'I"'S 111111') f)~-1-'1-"t 11-lr Y
!f.C:>A
2. f"7J'.t:IJ. In the heat of the debate, many
foolish things were said. bCh-1- #'i''l" lt
II 1111' f"7J'.t:ll- )~l!''f _,.IJ/r
3. f~A. Stop that foolish chatter! J'.IJ") f~
A "t"I"ICIJ") t.4t'l"
4. ( ~ noun) ~A)'!-. It is foolish to court
danger. t.!f.:>"t OD;>ol.'l' ~A)'!- )IIJo
5. ( ~ adv.) h""<!.'l- ..,.)1"-f. He scoffs at
her foolish fears. b""t.-1- ..,.)1";1- 1111'1"
'1-1.<1- Y'il"'i'IJ:I"A

foot
be foolish 4'1111
Don't be foolish! h'I-:J>IIA
make look foolloh ODltlloi:Y h!f.t:~
When he spoke, his ignorance of the subject
made him look foolish. lt~C '1.01\<") hll"7
molt oottll-t h!f.t:~.,.

foolproof
*This plan is foolproof. l\:J>Jl. l\"th"t fll

.,.,.

foot (v.), - the bill !I'll I a><R.IIJo"t bol.ll

Who is going to foot the bill? dJ.ltl!-") "7")
ll.'fA )IIJo l (or, IIILIJ 11-lr a><Q.IIJo") f"7.
b'i'A "7)11Jol)
foot (feet), n.
I. l\"IC. My foot is all sore. l\"14. ot.M.A
We had to cover the rest of the way on foot.
f4't:fDo") 00")~.1:'. Ol\"1<1-'f") OD'tJ:'. )0611")
2. ""i"7. She's only five foot two. oJtOD;t h'l"
11'1- ""'"' bo-11'1- h.")lf' 11!:1' )IIJo
at the foot of

I. "IC'I.. The chest of drawers stands at the

foot of the bed. IJIIODltfl..l' 41'1" "f'l''f. h
A,:J~ I 1C1. I )dJ2. b - OII..,..,C'I.. There was a note at the foot

of the page. b~K- OII..,..,C'I. "711;1-mlf

)0C
3. I"C. The child crouched at the foot of the
wall. A'l: "1.1:'"1-'lfDo I"C 4tm.T 11'-A
be on foot floun;(i!-l-

I\,.

)dJo

A project is on foot to build a darn. h"t.l:'

"1!1.."11 IIODI"<!-'1- l\:J>Jl. flODH;>~'I- 'I
~I

,.aJ-

be on (one') feet

*In this kind of job he is always on his feet.

1"<1-IIJo 11-A'I.JI. l\"t'Lf.'l" Yil1.1:'!f...A
be under foot

*The child is constantly under foot. A)!: oA'I.JI. b(IIIJo l\"IC I"C t.J'.m-1-'1"
put (one) back on his feet

A good rest will put him back on his feet.

!f.'\'i' ' bt:'i''l- ' OJ!f.C"I ' UO>/r ' RL"))-f>
,.....111111;1-A
put one's foot down IJ'Cft."} )oh{l 1 IP~
Discipline will not be restored unless you put
your foot down. 'J'Cltlf'o-"t ihltlf'o- ItA"'
<~-lf'o- no.:.,. F) l"c-t-1- hf.ODIIII'I"

rise to one's feet

1-~Uf

He rose to his feet and addressed the crowd.

T)P'+ 11-1-I'IOI'IOm- .h11il "t"l"le M'.&1
set foot1q

No woman may set foot in this monastery.

l.H.U 1'19" dJ<il'l' 1\.'l- AhQ 1\'l-l-Af"
set foot on ~"ltn
Never set foot on our property again! 11-1\-J-';'
"""",..,..,., ' l."t'l'l-0:"1'1'
stand on one's own feet ~fto'l ' :FA

He is old enough to stand on his own feet.

&-1'1-"t 1\oo!J'A bJ!:<"'.m- f.l)l'~l\;t'A

[See also 'cold, hard, leap, spring, stocking']

football 1?.'1e l>.ll

He likes to play football. l?."le l>.ll OD"'iLW
'1- f.W'IA

foothold OD.:;J1"'iL
He lost his foothold and fell. ov.:;>1"'iLdJ<")
1M- ' WI'..,.
Assab was the Italians' first foothold on the
Eritrean coast. Oh.e'l-&- ml'l' "111.1'l'"'f
Oov~ov&1 fffi'T 1\(1.(1") )Oe
have a foothold PC a (lF.Y..

It is hard to break a habit after it has a foot

hold. Fe hi'IS'.S'. 0:\11 mQf.") .,llw1~
bQ~'

for

477

football

)dJ<

footing

I. ov,:;J1"'iL. He lost his footing and fell.

OD0:;>1"'iLdJ<") ' II+ ' WI'..,.

2. S'.lK. They started out on a equal footing.

ll.~f"'l- OMI-A)'I- S'.lK )0'1be on friendly footing -1-W'I~
He tries to be on friendly footing with his
neighbors. h'Jo&(J,.folll :>e 1\ovw.;~-r Y.
'l"b&-A

footnote f"lc-1 .,ll;t-wll'

This book has many explanatory footnotes.
"" ' ODX'.J.'i' ' oeb'l- ' 111- ' .,il&-&1 ' M
c-t .,ll;t-wll'l""'f 1\11-'1-

footpath

l?."le ov"J1~

Only a footpath leads to my village. WS'.l<

OD"JS'.e ' f"''.WiiS'.m- ' 1\")~ ' l?."le ' OD")1
~' ii!J'' )dJ<

footprint Jl.lt

I saw footprints in the mud by the side of the

road. 0"""t1'1. 'le Qllm- "P:I' dJ<il'l'
Jl.lt ' 1\fll-

footstep
I. l?."le 1>-t:. I heard footsteps outside. 1?.
"le M

hm-"P ll.,ll-

2. l\el\1. He is following in his father's footsteps. 1Q.,., l\el\1 Y.h-1-IIA

for

I. (zero). He walked for a mile. 1\"t~ .,,_A

07."1'1- -1-'\H
2. II. He has to work for a living. 1\'N:dJ< oo
P'&-'1- 1\110'1lt is quite warm for January. 1\'l'e we Y.U 0
"'f" ' .,.:1''1- ' )mAspirin is good for headaches. 11&-11 f" ;t-'1-
I\liT&"t '1"1- )mWhat do you use for firewood? 11.,11'- M
;t'MIIU 1
There is not a house to be seen for miles and
miles. llillf' .,,_A f""tf" f"''.;t-Y. n.
'1- fllf"
I have not heard from him for a long time.
1\illf' ' 1.11. f(l-") W"- 1\A{l.,ll-f"
He is tall for his age. IIH.U b~"''.m- 0:'/:f"
)dJ<

3. 0. He danced for joy when he got his

check. '1111-"t Q17 1.11. RS'.Il:r "'-1.&
These oranges are eight for a dollar. MH.U
ile...lt'l'"'f Oile IIM'I- 1>1~11-

4. h - - - ~9"1':. The treaty has been defunct

for the last three years. ltlll.m- 1"11'1- 't""
'I- ~'1"1': m-11- OF&- IIY. 1\A'I'IIf"
5. 1111. You may take my word for it. 11111'1-
0~ f.ll-"tiiU
6. llllell- bile. A party was given for him.
111\ell- hiiC :re-t +1'.1.:1
7. llillf'. His decision agonized him for weeks.
1S'.0:1dJ< ' .......~ ' llillf' ' ..,,..,.,..,. ' 1\ll"'-

).,.,.

8. Ill\

+ (verb). He was punished for

stealing.

llllll&.,. ' "'""'"'

9. WI'. - - - f"'Lt~. The train for

Djibouti
leaves in five minutes. IDS'. l[IH: f"'Ltl'.
, . ' Qfi-C ' Qf"ll'l- ' 1'.4::1' ' dJ<il'l' ' f.)

"'A

10. II - - - ill\". He married her for love. 11'1'~

e ill\"

,MQ'I-

11. 0--- f"h"t1'1-. He was sent to prison

for stealing. Olle4>'1- f"h"t 1'1- l.lle 0.
'1- 1Q

12. 1'.;>1.. There were 20 votes for, 60 against.

Rf"C- 111 S'.:>l.l"":f P'~<'o -1-:1''1'"'1.
l"":f ' ~0'1-

forage

478

It is warm for April. 0"'1..1'11..1' ll"tS:.II.IJ .I'll

-++ .l'&vlii""S:. ~,.

*For an American, he speaks Amharic well.

li"'Ult'l! ll.ll'"t?" li"'IC'>' '1'-1- f.<;1tl-A

force

(be) forbidding

llll~

Today's clouds are forbidding.

<;

'They left him at the battlefield for dead.

forbore, see forbear

'l":t:A 11ilm- hfi'C "'LJ!m- 11.1'- '1-+m-'1-

force (v.)

~JI.

for all

'For all his wealth, he is not happy. .1' 1Hr

1111'1- li.I'IIID- S:.ll+'>' liJ'.S:.il?"
be all for F..1L
I am all for an early start. +S:.?" 1111- ""~"'
-l>"t ' lls:."lol-i\11be for S!;JA. ~m- I Y..1L
Are you for or against the proposal? ii+~R
.... ' dt/111 ' S:.:>.L ' ~II ' .,.:J''I'"''.. l
I am for a change in the administration.
Qll+-'IS:.-1- ' ID-11'1' '

11"'"'1' '

..,,.~.,"t

' ll

S:."14-ilo[See also as, know, what']

forage ?""111 'i'il:>

R~R~

The soldiers forage in our village. m;t-s:.t::r;

?""111 'i'il:> """t S:.tl-:Y."t"t J'.R~11tl-ll-

foray, make -

m~~

The soldiers made forays on the villages and

took away cattle. m;t-s:.t::r; oP"JS:.t::r;"t m~m-
f+"tJ:'' h11.f:Y."t. """". ~

forbade, see forbid

forbear (forehore)
1. +m. He forebore to press his claim. J'.1Q'>'
"' ' "'111-l>"t .,.,
2. liiiAil: l'lm. He forbore his claim. OD11-f>
"t liiiAil: l'lm

I must ask you to forbear a while longer.

11'1'4:'1- ' 1.11. ' :1'11"
'The boy forehore to hit back because the
other boy was smaller. 1\.llm- A;t' +"t11
1111)0~ A)l: """'(\ 11.1'-"":1'"" +~

forbid (forbade) hilhil

He forbade his daughter to marry me. A)l: ll
"t-'I;I-1Q'S ' hilhi\'1God forbid!

God forbid that we have an earthquake!

ll"lll.ll11dt.C hODt.'J- ~+'1'+'1' o f.l'lm-~"t

forbidden hAhA
Smoking is forbidden in the library. RfL+ ""
Aih'i!'l- m-11'1' "'i""il hAhA )m-

f~t.m-

S:.""

S'll~A

1. llll1AA, You cannot force me to eat the

fish. 't"'m-"t ll"tJ:'RII A;l-ll1Y:S:.'1 ll'l-'fA?"
2. 1'111t: 1Q. He forced the door. ""111..1'm-"t
1'111t: 1Q
3. llll1Q. The doctor forced air into his lungs.
dth.- ll"tQm- m-11'1' llfC llll1Q
force one's way throu1h T ."~ hftd..
He forced his way through the crowd. R+I'IRI'IR
, . ' .b1111 ' OD'IjA .,.:>'i'.f ' liM.
force a smile ~m.(:' L 1"'1 ltll

Ruth forced a smile through her tears. 'to~-+

il;l-ii:J>il ' 11'1-IDY.' tl.1"1 llil'f

be forced
1. "IY: 11')(0'1-). The soldiers were forced to

the extremity of firing to scatter the mob.

m;t-s:.t::r; f"''..~11ll'm-"t .b1111 iiDPRT"J

+It'll oPhtl.'l- ..,,. ' II')Q'fm2. R.,.AR'I- +hL+. The door has been
forced.

ao~-

a.,.t:.a+

+hL+

be forced upon one

'They said that the war had been forced upon

them. mil+ 1'i!.f ilil"""l ""'I':>'1- ..,
Y: '

11'~11"t

liii-

The food was forced upon him. ?""111-"t R"l

Y: liRII-'1-

[See also 'hand, passage')

force (n.)
1. 'lf.A. We had to use force to get the chi!
dren to leave the room. A]F:'h hh'i!A m-il
'I' 11"'/lliD"''I- R'lf.A ODm+?" )0~11"t

The enemy attacked in great force. mil+ h'i!

Qil 'l J'.A llm:J'

The storm has not reached its full force yet.

-tm-11- )of,,.,. 1<; h..,il- 'l.l'-11- liA
Ul'l?"

Force won't get you anywhere. 'lf.A 11!1',.

"t liS''I'"'IJ?"
2. .,.AR'I-. He used all his force in opening the
window. Qil .,.ARofo ""lll>ofo"t btl.+
'They felt the force of his argument. 'l.l'-11'>'
hCh-1- +1'1"'/'l'mbe In force II<;
Is that law still in force? a,.,. llo-"t?" ll"tS:.
ll<;)m-!

forced

foregoing

479

by force of will ROD"t ol.ll ofiC:J-'1He overcame the desire to smoke by force of
will. f"7 ...ll't 'i!lli'l- ROD"tol.ll- ofiC:J-'1-
l>if)ol.
from force of habit bA"''.(- fi"~-1
Though he has giveu up smoking, he still
reaches for a cigarette from force of habit.
(IJI"&- "7m.ll IU'.J?"?" hA"7.(- fof-)
"I ' l>rJ-'t?" ' (IJI"&- ' (Lff. ' l'.)i:'t J'.Ut.:>A
in full force Ylt fl\.1\tJJo
The police came out in full force. fA fA.A
tJ)o I ,rA,ll I ODII)
[See also 'join, spend, vital']

forearm b't.(An ancient unit of measure was the. forearm.

'1'"1'1- b't.(- ODAb.f )OC

forced (adj.)
I. bl>'t1'1- OilY. fll'). He gave a forced
smile. hl>'t1'1- OilY. fll') .1.1"/:J" l>ltf
2. ( ~ adv.) R.(-'t1'1-. The airplane made a
forced landing. l'ttD-C'"l"lllo- 0.(-'t1'1- t.t.ol.
*The road was built by means of forced labor.
OD"t1.11. f-1-oP<!-ID" oP<!-of-'l':f't ' 0"7111.1'.
.(- )OC

foreboding
*He has a foreboding of disaster. hi- y.ou
"111'l'A 1111- fllqA

forceful
I. tn'tiJ&-. He is a very forceful person.
fliiJf'" I m"}tt,&. I (ltD- I ')aJo
2. "1f.A>;'. The director gave a forceful speech.
P'<l- OD<'.tD- "1J'.A'l' 't"'"'C l'tf.t.1

forceps, pair of ~ 1-tn'IThe nurse handed the doctor a pair of forceps.

t.ll:J-"7"'1..'1' A.hh.... 1-tn'l- .t..,.OA:ftDforcible
I. f"1Y.A. The police took forcible measures to
restore order. ;r(Lll .lt"''t A"7ilbRC f
"1J'.A l'.CI"'))" ao(lf.
2. ( ~ adv.) 01-AR'I-. The police made a
forcible eutry into the room. ?"(L{I'fl 01AR'I- l'.b'i!ll- tD-ll'l' 111ford ooAIJ
If the river is full we will cross at the ford.
al'ttl- R.'l"ll?" OODAIJID" l'.'tii"1&-A't
fore 4.-!->;'
The second class passeugers are not allowed
on the fore part of the ship. frJ-Aof->;' "7/Jt.
"' -1-ltoi.<'.S":f noocbll- R4.T>;'tD- b'i!
A l'.'t-'l..,.oom- l>Y.ol..,..(-ll'fiD"?"
come to the fore +.t:;Dt'):'t- FH

Economic problems have come to the fore

receotiy. fll11'1- ?""'~ :f"'c n:toc11 1..11.
.,.-'1"'1..)'1-'t ' f.II.A

forebears l>f'l- :f'.(-oo l>f-1-:f

His forebears came to America in the 17th
ceutury. .t.f-1- :f'.(-oo hf+'ll ROP'&- ll
qof-'l'tD- h'i!A uoo't 'If. m.r. .t."'<'.1!

"""'"
forebode oo?"IOJ-1- .t.ooAb-1The black clouds forebode a storm. f ...Aoo
ID" o ,1'.00<; ' "1J'.A'l' ' 11<;?" ' OD!/""1-Io't ' f
ODAb:J-A

forecast (v.) All.,..(-'I" t.ll:t-m.,.

They forecast cooler weather. l>f<l- f"''...,.
U:f-11 ODIJ').'t .t.ll.,..(-ODIJ)o fii:J"tD-:1'11forecast (n.) '1-'tR.'IHis forecast turned out to he wrong. +'tn.-to
ltf.11A'I- .,.t.
foreclose .t..Joo
After an hour, the chairman foreclosed discussion on the matter. 01--'lf. 'If. f"''..f.t.1
OO'tO<I- IJ't.(- ll't
ID-'t tD-f.Y.-1-
+ R:\11 l't.JOOtJJo

A..,. .

forefathers .t.q.f-:f
Our forefathers came here to protect their
freedom . .t.q.f-~ )l!.):J"'fiD-'t Aoobllh
A (LA- 1.11.11 """'"
forefinger ~~oq "1'1He pointed at me with his forefinger.
't .,.llt.ofi'S

~~oq

"11:

forefoot f4-'1- l'."'C

The cow injured her forefoot. fll"'- f4-'1-
l'."'C of-.,_.(-:J:A
forefront "''tqc
The forefront of the struggle is whore the most
danger lies. f'l-111- "''tqc hf.:> y.oqo:t-A
be In the forefront -nqc 4"F..'r ')mHe is in the forefront of the civil rights movemeut. IIA 1\ID- A'/('f 0011'1- O"''..f.t.11D"
't:f><;<J: 7.11- "''tqc .,.f.?" )ID"
foregoing hll.ll OilY. fA
The foregoing quotation is from the Bible.

foreground

480

hH.IJ ' RIIY. ' flit- ' '1':,011 ' hODll"dl'i' ' :,.
.0:.11 f_,.tDII~ tm-

forest
2. ftD-'P 1 Me II.;>, Foreigners are ineligible
to own land. ftD-'P 1 h~C 11.-tlf OD&,o}o
l\"J'l ~,. hf.L4'.1:-I\'I'ID-9"

foreground ( = adv.) hd.'l- 11.1.'1The foreground of the picture shows a procession. l"i>lr hd.'l- 11.1.'1- llA'i' I""U'ft
.e.' tmHe manages to keep himself in the foreground.
l\"J~9""J9" oflll- l\t-1'1-"J "I"JQC 4'~9"
Y.IY"JII:l"A

foreign office ftD-'P '!-'If. 1 "'LtlloJ:C

He works in the foreign office. tD-"1!" '!-'If.
"'LtlloJ:C t-11'1' Y.oPt-A

forehead "I"JQC
He was hit with a stone on the forehead.
"I"JQ-1- 1\Y. RKt:>Y. _,..,..:1"

foreleg f<l.'l- 1 l\"IC

The dog put its dirty forelegs on my coat.
m-l[liJo ' R4'll'lf. I fd.'l- ' l\"IC'lj; ' looJ:"J '

foreign
I. ftJJo'P h~c. Do you speak any foreign
language? ftD-'P Me :In~ 'K"'t-1111 1
2. fQb.l:" h~C. Foreign habits don't suit us.
fQb.l:" h~C A"''.l:" ll'i hY.II"''"''9"
3. ftJJo'P. He visited many foreign countries
in his youth. RA)!'t-1: ofl,. fm-"1!" h~C'
:f"t ' .,_01'
4. fQil.l:". The admixture of foreign words
makes the language hard to understand. fQb.l:"
:1'11'1- ' ""+114'11- ' ~"J~m-"J ' /IODC:.'I'I- ' fll'f'
"It-A
5. l\"J"I'I t~c. Stealing is completely foreign
to his nature. IIC4''1- 111'1- 'i'l\.9" l\"J"I
Jl I )1C I ~(Do
foreign

body.,..~

There is a foreign body in his eye. R'fM m-11

T -,..,e-fj:. l'u\
[See also 'part']
foreign affairs ftD-'P '1-'IY..
The President is in charge of foreign affairs.
ft-"1!" '1-'l.f. r '111.1.)1:"J "r&.H..'I"J-1: ,f.H'PA
Ministry of Forel1n Affairs f8Jo1.1t

~.,e.

"'l.tM:C

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is located in

a new building. ftD-'P '!-'If. "'LtM:C
l\'1.11 .b"Jl\ m-11'1' ~ofl;tA
foreign-born ftD-'P 1 h~C .,.,..'1)!'
A foreign-born citizen is ineligible for the
presidency, ftD-"f!" I l\~C I .,.IDI\)!' ' fl)") '
"J'&.II.'I"JT I {IODI)""J ' ODoflo}o ' fflfDo9"
foreigner
I. ft-"1!" h~C llm-. Before the war many
foreigners carne here. hii'Ct-1: 1 Rd.'l- ofl,.
ftD-'P I h~C ' lll"lf ' l\H.IJ I ""'I'.,.'PA

foreign minister ftD-'P 'I-'IY. "'Ltll'I-C

The foreign minister left for Paris. ft-? '1'l.f. I "'LtilT-1- ' ID~ ' :r611 ' ~

<:~m-Il'S

foreman (foremen) f,.t-.,.>:'lf hll:l'

The assignment of the various jobs in the
factory is taken care of by the foreman.
Rof.ofl61Jm- ' 11'1' I AI' ' AI' I 1"<!-"J ' f"'L
~11.1:-A ' foPt--1->:'lj; ' l\11:1' I tmforemost fll+
He was the foremost painter of his time.
RHOD)o. ' fl\4' '
tRC

,.,11. '

forenoon hll'f'l- 1 R<~.'IThis flower blooms in the forenoon. Y.IJ l\R

q I hll'f'l- ' 0.1.'1- I ,f.LMA

forerunner, be a .....,
1. ""9""1'1- l\ODIIh.,., Black clouds are forerunners of a storm. '1'41C I..OD'i ,-,M~

'H<;'9"

OD9""11:"J ' fODIIh:l"A

1 hilt-, The chariot was a forerunner of the automobile. :>6 hl\,..,..,.11.
A ...~9"'1-t-l- hAm-

2.

+~9"'1-t'l-

foresee (foresaw) 4'~9" oflll- ~tHR

Far-sigbted observers foresaw those difficulties
long ago. l\C4' I l\ll.,.'f',f. I fl)")o. I lll"lf ' lf"I-1"J ' h<:'l(9" ' "1.11. ' R.I.+ I ...~.,. ' ofllldJo I .,.
~"J'HRm-;l"A

foresight l\C4' hll-1-'f'M+

He showed great foresight when be got that
insurance. n"J '1'11-l-<; RoP"IQ-1: hC4' 1
hii-I-'I'M1:"J hftf
foreskin foflA'I- 1 11'11.1.+
In circumcision, only the foreskin is removed.
R"ICH+' "1.11.' foflA-1: I 11'11.1.-l- I oflil' I~

"'A
forest
I. ~"J. This forest stretches for miles and

forgo

481

forestall

miles. f.ll J'.'t Mitt- "''f.A. f.'t"'MA.

2. '"'ill. The children gathered wood in the
forest. A.]>:'fi b""ilJ b't<Q.'J- 11-t[See also 'virgin1
forestall h - t.>a
His quick stop forestalled an accident.

""b..,.,.

't -f-11- """- >tJ'.;.l h'lttJ>o

*He tried to forestall any questions about his

policy. o:r.J:""''...' ODA.ll O"''H:>)!+. 1111.
t,OD,:..;. f"''.oJ>eiJ-'J-'t 'l'foJ:fl''{- ' ll"''hl\"
'I' 'l"hl:

foretell (foretold) T)Of

The seer foretold a long war. '1-'tO.T':'tJ>o
U.]!:'l" 1.11. tnet'l- ~'tJ'."''.t"' T)Of

forever
1. v-A.1.rt.. He is forever telling that same story.
1J-A.1.1i f't). "'"" l\ofJ'.;>10D f.'i'1tl-A.
2. b~tJ>o't ,_II-. I am afraid I will be
stuck in this place forever. /1..(-0'j.f-1' """ir

1f!"':f oulJhA. fmOoJ> ID'I"J!:t+ """'

l:-lo
3. o!>fftn P'tl-, He forged a chain from
several pieces of iron. ofllt' f+t&&-~mo -fl
l:-r-':f't ot'l':r.tn (l't(lll'l- P'tlo
forae ahead

one runner forged ahead of others and won

the race. ~'fi h't-'1- l\o'tJ'.'I"'t'l" -1111-
11.11-':f't

oj>,....,.,.,. . hll't.r..

forge (n.) -Ill:+ "'':r.ll""i

The blacksmith used a forge to heat iron.
-Ill:+ ol>'l':l'.,_.. -fll:-lo't 0-fll:'l- ..,;r.ll""i
h:>lltJ>o

forgery O"''ll""(IA. fTo!>-'1

The signature on the check was a forgery.
O'lib- 'If. flltJ>o 1-C"'' O"''(IOD{IA,
fT-t-'1 toe

forget (forgot) l:<\ 1 nt:>

She has forgotten all her lessons. fT"''l:':ftJ>o't

li.H.Il fl;l- TID'l-<l. l\o't'IA.ote ~.t.t-llv-

v-11- l:ll;l-ll':f

3. IIHII'tll'/". The pyramids were built to

last forever. -r:t-"'1.1'-':f f.,..,.._+ IIHII'tll'/"
1\o't-'l.'l'.;... )tJ>o

When he is playing football, he forgets his

studies. l>.ll 0"'1.""ifD'l-0'1- 1.1i +rue-to

forewarn hllot,._..,. hllmtotot

I forewarned him of the danger on the road.

forgetful 11't1He is very forgetful of things. 0"111" 11't1-

00D't1'1- ' 'If.

1111"'1..1';J'J'ODtJ>o ' hJ'.:> ' h!l

ot~ hllm't:r.oJ:1'11v-

foreword ou:r.J:"r
In the foreword of the book, he praised his
teacher. 0""11'do4- ou;r.J'."'I" 'If. hilT
"''&tJ>o't h'1"1(1

'IJ'.'l''fi f"''..,.;.'l-'t O"''<'IO:r. 'l::r.t.'ftJ>o

't h"l
forfeit the game l\o'tJ'.Til''i'l- _,..ml:

The team failed to show up and forfeited the

game. 11-J'."). <'lf.OD"' ' llllo!>l: ' ~'tJ'.Til''i'
1- T'kml:

forgave, see forgive

forge (v.)
1. t.lloullll- .t.l:ou. He forged my signature
to his petition. "''""A.hil'tJ>o 'If. f).'t 10

)tJ>o

forgetfulness 11't1-t+
Forgetfulness is one of his faults. h'I-J'."II.f-'fi
t.'t-'1- 1t't1-t'l- ttJ>o

forgive (forgave) J.'.:r.e;J- hJ'.l:1 1 J.'.:r.e h

IIIJ.'.:r.eQJ.'.q,.

forfeit h"'
He forfeited the good will of his fellow students by reporting their activities. f'l-'/"tJe+

e"'' ' h!IOU!II\-

't ' J.'.H);>A.

<ILl:OD

2. """'l:T. They forged a finn bond of friendship between the two countries. Ov-11-to h

He will never forgive you for that. IIH.f hJ'."

.:.~+11 "-~~""" J.'.:r.e:~-

He forgave his enemies.

hff.C"'A.tJV"
mt\~") .e~c

h'l'ftJ>o

Only God can forgive mortal sins. hQJ'." -1

m.t.'l-'t
)tJ>o

J.'.:r.e QJ.'. 7.1n.t.-om.c -oil'

forgiveness
I. V"ihl:'l-. He asks forgiveness. ll"ihl:'l- J.'.
mJ.'.:I'A.

2. ~e "711'1-. He showed true greatness

by his forgiveness of his enemies. m<\-Hh
~e 0"711+ ~,.t.,.':' ;1-'l:r.t-ll't t.<\f

forgo. (forwent)
I. 11-tot. The prince had to forgo his privileges
in order to marry a commoner. +~ ~:,.. A"7
81

forgot

482

~~------------------~-------------------

"IQ'I- ill\~111 AtHI- h11'1-'t rNr ooA

4':J> ' hlln'l2. 111 - - - """='C 1\oof.. He will have to forgo
good food while he is in the army. 0/PC 1'1&.
"+ ' .......... ' Ql\0-l- ' '1.11. ' 111' '1"1- ' 9""111 '
"""='C 0041\0Df: hl\0-l-

forgot, see forget

fork (v.) -1-h~ll
The road forks beyond the village. ""'t1'1. ""
'tf.'l-'t hAC: f.h~IIA
fork (n.)
1. if.lt. Could I have a knife and fork, please?
0.11'1'., if.lt '1-ilm'S l
2. Qll. He laid his coat in the fork of a tree.
l>.,.'t ~4- Qll llf. h'tmllmllrJJo
3. ""'t;l-. He came to a fork in the road and
did not know where to go. OD't ;1- OO't1f: II
f. r'l.f.Cil f'l-:;'rJJo't 7.'tf."''..MI 'Mt:rJJo
forked (adj.) oP't;JSnakes have forked tongues. 7.Q11 OD't;J-
11"1111 hl\rJJo
forlorn
1. f',.IIJi\. The kitten, a forlorn little animal,
was wet and dirty. 1'f f-1-"11\'f "IA1A
f:oP'I- 111'1' 4'1111"" C{l )0C
2. h.,. A forlorn old house stood in the
middle of the fields. 1t:"f. h., n.+ 7."7.
.<lrJJo ""lthA f.:l"f. )OC
feel forlorn 11'1''1)'1- -1-l't.,(rJJo)
He felt forlorn after leaving his friend. h~f.
....... ' h-1-1\f ' 0:\11 ' 11'1"1)'1- -1-1'1., ....
form (vt.)
1. 1'101'10. He formed a class of beginners in
Antharic. h.,C'i''t O"f..,&)'l- 1\0D.,C f"''.
~A'l-'1-'t of-"Y&jP'f 1'101'10
2. """'t:-1-. The clergy and the nobility formed
""1>.'t't.,. "i11t:+"t
a coalition.

1tu.,.,..,

ODIPt!ofJ
3. h!l/!1/oo. The financier formed a new bank.
f1'tH11 1"&. O'l'<l:rJJo hll..il Q'th h!l/!1/oP

4. Mil. Discipline helps form a child's

character. /") I"C't'l- fA)!''t mQf. II
.,)II" ' f.t:'IA
5. h~. Form good habits while you are
young! OtD"''I-)'1-U ""Ait11" mQf. h'i'&.
6. II'). Parents and children form a family.
mii]C'f.. A]C'f h'tf: fl.-1-1'111 f.li'"IIWater forms ioe when it freezes. rJJo;) r'l.4'H:J>
11 o;:"" f.li'"A

form

7. )rJJo. Drill forms an important part of learning Amharic. 41\11"1/"f: lt.,c'i' """"&1
Hl'. l>'t-'1. '1'.. h'i'A )rJJo
*How do you form the plural in Amharic?
Q.,C'i' :1'11'1- tDf. 1111" .,.'I'C f"'/.1\tDm+ 7.'t1'.-l- )IIJo l
form (vi.)

-1-~mt:

Clouds form in the sky. f.""" Oil.,f. II

f. f.~m&.A
be formed TIP&-.

Some rocks are formed by accretion. h.'l-'1"}~ r

!1/'l''l''f f"'/.P''I-'1- O'I':I':J>'t hltll-'f ""'I'
dtf: ' )IIJo
[See also 'opinion']

form (n.)
I. _.CII". Circles and triangles are forms.
h11 .. "'il-l- .,7.H't 111:frJJo )11!''f :J>
cr.'f ""'"'"
2. _.CII" "'"'"'"' You need a form for ice
cream. 1\l>f.il h&11" :J-ell" "'"'"'"' 1
il~A"IVA

3. )1C. A dark form could he seen in the

distance. h'I-:J> 'I'.,.C )1C f.:l"f. )OC
4. hllll'i'. These words are different in form
but the same in meaning. MH.U :1'11'1- 01>
111\'i' 0.1111'11" 0'1-C'l-11" l>'tf: ""'"'"
5. 'tf.)'l-. Algebra is a form of mathematics.
hAJ':11&. fdt.o'l11 'tf.)'l- )rJJo
6. ooAh. The form of prayer used in our
church has not changed since ancient times.
Ofl.-1- hCili:1~'t rJJoil'l' f"'/.P'&-0'1-
1111-'1- ""All- h'l''t'l- '1.11. "f.11"1!' I>A
of-l\tJJm9"
7. filrJJo)'l- 1>!1111". Athletes exercise to keep
in form. 7.il?'C-I-'1''f fl'trJJo) ;1-:frJJo't 1>!1/9"
1\oPmO:J. A11"11"f: 11-C:>II8. tD"I" A.,f:. They observe ancient forms in
the coronation ceremony. OHm-.(:' fl't& h
hQOC 1\f. f'l''t'l- tD"I" A.,f:'t f.m11:1'119. C:C11". You will have to fill out this form.
f.U't't C:C11" oPov-11'1- 1>11110
*The devil appeared to him in the form of
a snake. l'lf."''t 7.Q11't of-oPilll- ;1-frJJo
be in good form

1. ):J' ):J' hll. I am in good form today.

' ):J' ):J' ' 11111,.
2. l'trJJo).,. Of.'t11 of-m04'. If your horse is
not in good form, he won't win the race. A.t::l'l
u ll..,.).,. Of.'t11 ltA-!-m04' 07.1i:J>f:
f:a- ' l>if"" ' l>f.ll"t11"
~"

formal

483

(a) matter of form il,_"J(to ftJA

It is only a matter of form, but you have to
hand in an application. 1\~'JR- YtJA flll'1

formula

,. ' "70DA.h!l'w-"t ' oy.:J-.:11 ' hll11tJ

2. hL"'mC. We studied the formation of the

tooth. ill\ TCil hL"'mC ' T"7C't
3. ( ~ verbal noun) "7)11'. Formation of
character requires much effort. mllf."J "'U

[See also 'serial']

II' 11,. TO:'I- .f,m.f,~A.

formal
fl~'t11

fTmfl+. A written contract is a

formal agreement to do something. flll'm.f.
Yll w-A. "YY:O:"' fl~'t11 fTtnfl+
ilii"P"H ),.
2. fP') fl'lA. Formal dress is required at the
Emperor's banquet. ")-,.fJ.I' i''lP"-It Oot.VY..C
M "111'0f' 1\.f. f P') fl'tA. A11il YilL
A.;JA.

I.

3. ou~fl.... He had little formal training in

sociology. fl(>ll.f"II-J( ou~fl"' '1-P"tJC'I-
llf"11qf" ' hA.T"70:9"

4. ( ~ adv.) flt..L(LA.. The ambassador paid

the minister a formal visit. M"ll<'l~'l- ''U
il'l-'l-'t fl)o.L(LA. '1-fl"f,.

formative, - years f"Y~U -tou;J-'1The formative years of youth are very important. fiii"'T f"Y~U -tou:J-'1- 0"19" 'I'
;J 'hi\'I'IJ>o

former
I. ft..,..,.. The former owner left the city.
ft..,_.,...,. llll't110:'1- hT.,..,.'t MIA
2. fY:I!'. The house showed nothing of its
former splendor. lL-JJ Mr f~~ma m-o+ r
hA.:J-fO'I-!1"
3. f+Y:'I". His former friends assassinated
him. f+Y:'I" '\~'l''ll 1~11-'1-

Who was the former President of the

United States? f+Y:'I"..,. ff.<;.f.'I-Y: llil-11'1il '1'"-IVI't'l- "7't )0C!

formal dinner f&o+ "'il"lf"

A formal dinner was held in honor of visiting

heads of state. fl"HI'S'I- 1\.f, 1111-'1- Y

*He raises horses and cows, the former for

riding, the latter for milk. J.O:{>'i-<; ll'l"'f Y

1C' OD&l"'f h11C f&-'1- "111'0f' .,.~0:1

O:IIA l LO:(>'Jh 1\"'A.Il..l' ll'l"'ll't lltT'Iformer days ......,..-,.

be formal P') P'C't'l- ThTII

Ships of former days were built differently.

You must always be formal when addressing

the Emperor. fl't.,..., )1P'.,. t.'l- 't"'"'C
AAO:"l 1J-A.1.H. P') P'C't'I-'J ""hTA
111A

,e

formality (formalities) P'C't'IYou have to comply with all the necessary

formalities before you can be admitted to
Ethiopia. Ill.!'. h.'l-1'-k.l' l\'JY:'I-111 d.~Y:
h"7"11'1-tJ flt.'l- hilL'I1.l"'lh
fl .... l\o .....~.,.,. ' hll11tJ

P'C'tof'f

You have to submit an application, but it is

a mere formality. oyouA.h!l' "711111'1- hl\11
tJ )1C "''t 1\~'JR- YtJA. )wformat
1. h+&-.:11. The book was republished in a
new format. oPl\'dof. 11.11.11 h+&-.:11 ll
't~1 ..

' ,..,....

2. .f.I':J-<; h+&-.:11. The format of the newspaper was changed. f;Jti."'IJ>o .f.I';J-<; h+
&-0:11

'

.,.1\,.tp.A

formation
1. flA'i'. The planes flew overhead in forma
tion. hiJ>oC'TI\'I''Ii flflA'i' IT)IJ>o 00:'1-

fT't'l- ODCh(l'f hP'&-&-'I'IJ>o ' fTIIf ' )OC

in former times n+J!"'fP I HOD')

In former times, Ethiopia was much smaller

than now. O+Y:'I" """' h.'l-f't;y lt!J). O"'P" ;J-"til )OC

formerly +Y:'I" l Y:l!' l Jl.l!'

This was formerly the business section.
+Y:'I" (Y:I!') .f.tJ f1"1Y: fld.C )flC

formidable
1. hJI;J'f. To climb the mountain was a
formidable task. T&-&-IJ>o't """'""~'~- hJI
:J'f )1C )flC

2. h'i' Yll. There was a formidable opposition

to the proposal. II+O:OIJ>o do<'l11 h'i' Yll
T~IJ>o'l"

)flC

3. f"7.f.1f.'l-. He is up against a formidable

opponent. h"7.f.1f.'l- 111\;J&- T;J'i'tJI.A
4. fToPfl1). He has a formidable knowledge
of history. f:J-&h ,.,.....,..,. fTDDfl1) )IJ>o
*He is a man with a formidable appearance.
{IIJ>o\LIJ>o , "IC"! '1"111 Yll..,. )IJ>o

formula
1. oPP"&Y. He invented a formula for making

484

formulate

soap. ll... 'i" 11ooP'.:.'1- f"'l.J.'111111w--t

oort:J.'

.l.mt:

2. """'t::f"'l! .<'."til. They tried to find a formula for peace. il'\9" 11.1'"t f"'l.:foli\11'1-"t
"""'i::l"'l! .<'."til ll""'i'mC 'l"h'l-

3. AQQA. "How do you do?" is a polite

formula. 1\"t.<'.'l""t AIIU "711'1- f'l-ih'l-

fortress
3. m.<'.~'l- f"'l..<'.t:1. I am quite enthusiastic
about the forthcoming trip. mu'l- h"'L.<'.t:1
..,. .,.Jf 11"1'1" ,'I'.!J'IIvbe forthcoming fl+LA"J r "l.tL +1"f
Money for the project will be forthcoming
when needed. IIP'il-CIJo hll.l.'\1.. fii")CIJo
1"tHil 111-.1.111 "I.R Y.1'0'A

'i" ' AQQA ' )CIJo

4. G:COD<II. Algebra

uses many formulas.

AA:(.ilil- illf" G:Cau-'1 AIICIJo

formulate
I. .<'.)11. This country formulates laws
according to its constitution. ~IJ":f 01C
flih1 I OD"J1P'-I: ' """'<':"" I ih1":f"J I '!-.<'.)
"I;JII:f
2. hH;J;. They formulated plans for their
business. ll"t1.1!< P'.:.:fCIJo l\:,0.1!- AH;J)f.
3. OG:Cau-'1 t.m"'. The physicists formulated
a new theory of gravitation. foi.IJ.hll l\.:t'CIJo
'"" fllll'l-"t t.-'1.11 nil mllil o,;:c,._ hmm-

fornication lJau-'1Fomication is sinful. 11.,..'1- "1m.A'I- )CIJo

forsake (forsook)
I. 'I'll- mof.. He forsook his wife and children.

forthright (adj.) 'i'C'I' J.'ll

His forthright reply to my questions made me
respect him. IITJ.'4lll''li filmCIJo 'i'C'I' J.'
II ""oli\11 1\"t'lhilt:..,. h.<'.t:1'"t

forthrightly mv..,.
He told us forthrightly just what his objections

were. f.,Y.II"7"711'1- !l"h"tJ.''I- 'l""t 1\"t.<'.ll")

DJ.Il.J.'CIJo' )1t:"t

forthwith m.ll.J!..,.).
Do what I told you forthwith! f)1Ch-U"t m
.ll.J.'ID").h.<'."C1

forties, in his *He is in his forties. 6.\!'Dim- h.Ctl tJJo{)T

)CIJo

fortification
I. 9""111. There were traces of an old fortification on the hilltop. Ol>t:il:f"CIJo "'i'i' yr:

"'1.11-l:"t'i" A.t('li"t 'I'll- mof.

'1. 'l""li1 Cllil-'fr ,1'.;1",1'. )flC

2. 'I'll- .<'.. He has forsaken his country for

an uninhabited island. A1'1-"t 'I'll- iiCIJo m

2. 9""111 oop-.:.'1-. The general was responsible for the fortification of the town. h.,..,

.<'."7,1'.'l'CI1'1-' .<'.11.'1- '.<'.

.... ' CIJoll'l'' l"'"li1' IIODP'il-'1-. "1~.... ' :(.~

11- toe

forsook, see forsake

fort '1""111
They decided to defend the fort. 'l""li.,."t II
ODb'\holi\

4\i:tn-

forth :t:rr:
From this day forth I will be on time. M&.

:t:rr: Oil% M'O'IIv[See also 'and, back']

forthcoming
I. o:J>co- f"'l.DJIIJ. He sent me a list of forthcoming books. fl:J>Ctl- I f"'i.DJm-'1-"J ' ODII.lt'i''l- I
f"'l.J.'/1,1'. 11C11C 'lhA'"t

2. o:J>co- f"'l.h'i"m"t. We put notices of forth.

coming activities on the bulletin board. O:J>
co- f"'l.h'i"m).'l-"t .<'."C"L-1'-:f"t f"'l.J.'IIY.
.,ll:l"mof:J' 11"711:f"m4:,1' ii/I.JICIJo 'IY. II
m'i'"t

fortify (fortified)
I. oo>lf1. The soldiers fortified the island. m;l"
F.r:'li ' .<'.11.1: '1,1'. ' oolf.,.
2. hm)ht:. Vitamins help to fortify us against
colds. li.;l-"'l."t iiCIJo):f":f"J"t t.m"thr: .,.
"t-f-1 7.1'1,1'.111 ' Y,h'lholi\oli\<;';i\

fortitude m"JII.:.t'IHer fortitude enabled her to endure the pain

of a broken leg. m"tiiil-t;J; f-1-illlt:w-1- l\
1a:1 ' ....... ,. ' 7.1.<'.-'l-:foli\ hf.t:;J'I-

fortnight UP'&- h'l"ll'l- l>"t

He went away for a fortnight. IIOP'.:. h'l"
11'1- ' +"t ' .<'.

fortress '1-A:J- l"'"li"l

There is afortressnearthemountain,.fl.,.&-6-lD"
Am1il A1.<'." '1-A:J- '1""111 hll

fortuitous h.'J"'"'l.
A series of fortuitous circumstances advanced
her career. OAf. AI' h;J"'"'l. iJ!!:A '1C''I' ....._,...~,..
fortunate
I. iJt:ll.>;, He was very fortunate in his life.
tnC"w- 11"19" iJt:ll>; ~nc
You were fortunate to escape being injured
in the accident. flh.I'.;Ja>- lt't-'1-.11 11"79"11
'I'll iJt:ll.>; ~~~
2. ouAttr. That was a fortunate coincidence.
ODAIJ9" h;J"'"'l. ~II<:
less fortunate /J~(to 11:t- YA
He has pity on people less fortunate than
himself. iJ!!:~'fw- hfl. 11:t 'Ill- ill""'f-
nt<;A

fortunately h1S'. iJ!!:A ll''f

The lost battle was fortunately not an impor
tant one. !!:A fll'~fl't- tfiC~'t- h1S'. iJ!!:
A ll''f h<;:-t->; 'I';J hA~flt:a>-9"
fortune
I. V11't-. She inherited a large fortune. 1111-
IJ11't- ID&il"'f2. 1111- IJ11't-.Hemadeafortuneinh is business.
111"1!!: 1111- IJ11't- h-1-U.
3. l>h11. I had my fortnne told the other day.
l>h11 'k"'&a>- q{ld.a>- +1 l>hiL1 '
'km<:A'S

4.

IJ~A.

foster

485

fortuitous

Fortune_ was against us; we lost.

iJ!!:A h!!:-1'1 -t-lf~<;:1

make {one's) fortune rJofl;J-r I If~
He made his fortnne in oil. IIH,I'.'t- 1"1!!:

IJ11;.1-9"

II'~

fortuneteller l>h11 'k"'&

There are many fortunetellers in Ethiopia.

3. 'lh(il't-). Please forward my mail to my new

address! S'.O.IIILl"'li1 q'l.fl. ht:&-1\L 'lh
A'S
4. h1'1.ltiJ h.l'.<:1. He is always ready to
forward his friends' plans. f'iS'.'l''ll1 h:tP.
";(- h1'1.lth- 11"7!!:<:"1 1JoA1.11. 11"1)1:
~w-

be forwarded

I. -1-'llld.. The letter has been forwarded to

Ethiopia. S'.11.111La>- IDS'. h.'t-1'-k.l' -1-'1
A~A

2. -1-'lh(ll't-). Your mail will be forwarded to

your new address. S'.11.111LU IDS'. h'l.fl.
h!!:&-l11 f.'lhAYA
forward (adj.)
I. 't,l'.1 ha>-"1. People criticize her because
sbe is forward. 'tf.1 ha>-"1 llilll'~l- il
l"l- ' M:t~:t'A
2. ( ~ adv.) IDS'. .L't-. Their forward march
was blocked by a river. IDS'. .L't- f"'l...'S'.C
1-T 1-~'l''fa>- q11: ' ID111 ;.1-"lP. ' ~
nc
*His speech took a forward look at the coming
years. 1"1"1-1- IDU't- f"'l.oom-'t-1 <tou
,.,.,.. ,.~,.,. f"'l.""llh't- ~nc
forward (adv.) IDS'. .L'tHe moved slowly forward with 'his hands up.
h)':'ll1 ' IDS'. '1,1'. ' (l:j-11.- 1111"1;.1- ' lDS'.
,.,.. ' 'tS'.
forward part ..,.,.llC
The captain stood on the forward part of the
ship. IJ"t-1;'1- flouChlt' "11qc Oil-A .f.".'tA
from this time forward hh1"1'1.11 lD-'1.11
From this time forward I will come regularly.
hh1"1'1.11 IDJI.IJ lt'I....C'I' hOD"'II.IJo
[See also 'come, lean, look, march1

flh.'t-1'-k.l' a>-ll'l' 1111- l>h11 ' 'k"'& ' hll

forty t.cq
forum lf1i

The United Nations is a forum of world

opinion. f-t-qno~-'1- ou1"1P';.I-'t- "7~11C
f'til9" lf1i ~wforward (v.)
I. hS'.<:il(il't-). Forward the message to the
minister for me! il"'l.tll't--1- ""Ahh-1>1
h!!:CllA'S
2. hll-1-'lild.. Please forward the request to
the proper authorities! '1'.1'-l:w-1 h"'q11 'I
Ita>- q{IP'A"'1 hll-1-'IA<;:

forwards IDS'..LT
Go forwards and do not turn back! roU't-
'(.!!: h11( lDS'. :\'1 h't-ouilll
[See also 'backwards']
fossil :t&-t- hiJA
Fossil plants were discovered in the rocks.
flhll-l"'l a>-/1'1' fiJO'I''t- :t&-1- hiJA
-1-17
foster
I. hll<l-4-. Iguorance fosters superstitions.
!!:"t4:C<; h1-A h9"~'t-1 .l'll<I-<1-A
His Majesty has fostered education in Ethiopia.

foster child

486

"IC"7' 't"l-"' ~11"'1- Rl>.'l-I'"A-,1' dJo!l'l'

'1-II"IIC'l- h!lof.'i'-1-'I'A

2. h~-"'-"' The children's concerts foster an

appreciation of music. filt7'i''l- l>'t!IC'l-
, .... H..+'t ll"'L'l- n-"'-"'A
3. hR<::l':l'. This plan fosters community
development. J'.IJ M.J:- f'"r11<: !111 1.
.J:-1'1-'t ,I'R<::l':l'A
4. h/1.1'.1. Not every person is able to foster
a child properly. A)l:'t R.l'.'t11 11"7/).1'."1
f"'l.."fA rNrll" hJ'-.1'.119"

foster child f"7.1'.1 A"/':

The foster child is well treated in this family.
J'.ll IL-l- !111 f"7.1'.1CIJo't A"/': R"t1Q J'.JI
:l'A

foster father

hl)ll1.

The man is his foster father, not his real one.

{ldJo\LfVo ' hl)ll1.fVo ' 7.'t:( ' 7.fVo~i-'f ' hQ-1> '
hJ'-.1'.119"

foundry
foul play i-'ti>A

1 M'i' P'&.

A man was found dead in the street, and foul

play was suspected. 1t"} ~ tam- oo"}1"'"
1\J'. 7"-f- !llli-1T Oi-'ti>A (R"I'i' P'
&.) fi-.1'.<:1 J'.ll''i'A f"'LA 'I'C"'<l. ~RC

found, see find

found
1. 'IL<:ot<:. Menelik founded Addis Ababa in
1888. 11"1"7' ll"tAh hll.ll hRQ't nrtfii"
't.ll". ot<:'IL~
2 .Mtli/DP. My uncle founded the bank in 1888.
h1-l: ' nrtfif 't.II".Q'th-'t ' hll/1/oo
3. oowt:T. He founded his claim on facts.
J'.1Q"'A QJ'.~-t:'t 07...,.~-J-"' ~1c IIJ'.
O'DIP(!..,..

foundation
1. ODPt:+. His religious faith has a firm
foundation. Y~Uf/'f..JJ m"}l)~ ootvt:.+
hlldJo

foster mother

The foundation of a house is built first.

foster parents hi)II'IJ":f

The foundation of the United States began

in 1776. ff.'i'J'.'l-.J:- !li:'l-!1 """'<:'1- f

h/)111. 7.'i''lMy foster mother is very kind. hl)ll1. l.'i'-1:

R"'ll" ' .1'."1 ' 'i''l-

Those are his foster parents, not his real ones.

Mlf..l' hl)ll1.l",.; 7.'t:( ml\,t>::r; hJ'..I'.II-9"

fought, see fight

foul (v.) Rhll

Mud fouls things. "fl"-"' 1.-"''t J'.RhiiA

*The sloppy sailor fouled the rope. 'l''t-"'4:
f1-.l'.llfVo oochO ... f1ooJ1. 't fVoA hm

"'"'"

foul (n.), be declared a

~~'I'll- f.c1i II'~

Though the ball landed in the goal it was

declared a foul. \>.!1. "Ill- 11'1-1QII" ~'I'll-
f.c1i ' II'~

foul (adj.)
1. f-1-0IIlf. We opened the windows to let
out the foul air. fi-01\lfdJo't hfC 11"7!1
aJ"''l- oo{lto.f-:r;'t ho!.'l-'t
2. OO'J'&:. Foul weather delayed the plane.
OO'J'fl: ,l'fC rH:l' hdJoC'"rl\1-'t hH1f

Themeatleft a foul taste in his mouth.

JP;JID-

hf. ' 1\J'. ' OO'J'fl: ' "'M" ' hii+<:O'l-

*She uses foul language. h~ Qll'l. ~..,.

foul means +'11lA
He is going to succeed by fair means or foul.
Rol-'t~'l-11" II'~ Ri-'ti>A I)J'.I)l)ll'l- h
J'.+CII"

0.+ :

(LIP&- I OOrv-J: I OD"J!OO~Y I .eiiJt\A

-J-"111,.
2 . .J:-C"/':'1-.

nr~ftt

<t. II".

~.,.

The Haile Sellassie Charitable

Foundation has done much good work.
f+-'1"7' '1J'.II 1"1111. R1 h.J:-&.1'1- .J:C"/':-'1- 1111- M i-"IQC hh'i'm-t><A
lay the foundation OOIPl.T 1 IIJA I oPIPl.+ 1

h'l'<:
They laid the foundation for a new hospital
last week. Qllol.fVo I)II"'J'l- .l'll.fl.'t mh.ll"
IL'l- ' ODP'l:'l- ' "'ll- ' (h'i'~)

founder (v.)
1. (lmoo. The ship foundered. ooch!). ' !lm
oo:f
2. I)J'.I)l) +<:. The project foundered because
public support was lacking. f ilt1111 .J:-;>'i'
MII'IT 7.-l-JI. I)J'.I)l) +t:

rounder (n.) 00/"&.:f

Who is the founder of the Besse Company?
fR.!I ' h-Q't,l' ' 00/"&.:f ' "7't ' ~ .... ?

foundling -J-mAP.. fi-"111 A"/':

The foundling was given to a nurse.

+mA~

fi-"'IIOJ- A"/': llil:l'"7"t i-!lm

Foundry f11<:'1- "7-l-11""

The foundry makes parts for motors. f11<:'1-
"7-l-ll""aJo ' f7"i-C':f OOII'I'aJ"" J'.P'&.A

fountain !l"'t"'."
The fountain stood in the middle of the garden.
1/"'tQ;lr C!ThAi: ~~~ ODI)IIA ~flC
A library is a fountain of knowledge. fL+
""llm'i'T fbtJJo4'T !l"'t"l" )tJJo
fountain pen 116C
I like to write with a fountain pen. fl116C
001\'i'

fragrant

487

fountain

~dl-'l/111-

four h6-T
four o'clock O,IPC (t~-1-

He left school at four o'clock. hTII"IlCT

II.T flOP'C ll'\T dl"'
fourteen 01"6- h&-T
fourth
I. l\6-H'. Who is the fourth boy in the group
over there? ~H.J' II_...,.T A]t."lf ooltiiA
h&-.,.>;'tJJo "''~tJJo !
2. h&-.,.'1 4'"t l l\6-T 4'"t. He died on the
fourth of this month. f.ll mel fl1CJ fll\6-.,.
>;'tJJo 4'"t .,..,.
I'll be there on the fourth of March. oo;>R.T
h&-T 4'"t ~H.J' M>;'llo3. h&-.,.'1!P"lf. Only one fourth of the students
came early. II.,."''&!P'Il h"t.l': h&-.,.>;'!1'
o1i I 1t!f= t -t1..tr I 1JA6J'o 1 00111fowl fM'I''i' ID1"t
Ducks, chickens, geese, and turkeys are fowl.
>lh\1-!P:f. P.r:"lf 1111-!P".f<i" fi:Ch P.
C:!P"lf ' fl\b'l''i' ' ID1"t <;'ftJJo
fox 4'flC:
He caught a fox in the trap. h"t.l': 4'flC:
fliD"J'OD.I': J'H
fox hole [llm'IT /IODh'lhA
:l'Y.C f"'1.1f1f"lflT "1-.l':'l.l':]

~"tJI.l:-'1

foxy .,."tll/1>;'
Don't deal with him! He is very foxy. fl"'ll"
.,."tll/1'1 111111"~ hll- ;>C hT"Imll"
foyer f1:J'TC ,..,.'1/ld.J'
I was in the foyer during intermission. f16L.~
T 1.11. fl1:J''K- ,.._,.11/ld.J'tJJo 'If. )fl
Chfraction
I. h'i'Aof.Y.. Leave out the fractions and give
me the round number! h<;>Aof.l'"'ll"t T-I-ll
..,.11- f.,.m;>;>tJJo"t -I!TC "t1l:'1

2. T<I!T h'i'A. Only a fraction of the

regiment came back. lltn'l- T<I!T h'i'A
11!1' .,.,../Ill
3. ( ~ adv.) flhd.A. He got only a fraction of
his problems finished. "'i-"1<~-"t f-1-aJ"'tJJo fl
lld.A )tJJo

fracture , vt. ( ~ intr.) .,.llfll:

He fell off the bicycle and fractured his arm.
hR.IIIl.I\.T ............ ~)l:"t ....... fll:
fracture (n.) 11116-T
The fracture is healing slowly. 1111&-1: 4'11
fl4'11 M1m"" )tJJo
fragile f"''.llflC
Be careful with that glass! It is very fragile.
ooii:J'm-to fl4''111- f"''.llflc 111111") m"t4'
:J> flA
*He is of fragile health. 4'1'111.,.'1 ~"'"
fragment
I. 1111CCJ&. She dropped the pot and swept
the fragments into the street. "''llC:tJJo"t T
II R.llflCCJT lloflCCJ&tJJo"t IDS'. oo")
1-'1- ml:1"lfaJo
2. "1"'1.1':. They enshrined a fragment of the
cross in the cathedraL 1"71.. DDll+&'l 0
lt-1:.1':6-11- tJJoii"J' :J>JI.II ll'i'&- l\114'00

tn-T
3. h'i'A. A fragment of his last novel was
published after his death. IIDDI\'dt4- h"tJI.
h'i'A ~ll- 11'1"_,. fl:\'1 ,r_,.ou
fragments ( = adv.) dJ.'j:. RJ.f."}
He could hear only fragments of their conversation. IDd.J''ftJJo"t "'i'i' "'14-"t 11!1'
/10011"'/T ' Jl'/1

fragmentar y J'ol\.,.".7.'1
He gave a fragmentary report of the event.
1111 "J->11' J'ol\.,.".7.'1 &?'CT h4'l:fl
fragrance ""'\'1
The fragrance of the flowers could be smelled
from afar. J'flll'll"t OD'\'1 h'I-:J> 11"'1'11.,.
T Y.ii'A )flC
(be) fragrant
IIJ~ OD'tff JiAm-. This rose is very fragrant. f.ll 1\""il:>l fl"'ll" IIJof."'." 00'\lj
l\lltJJo
2. "1"1- OD'\'1 l\lltJJo. This herb is fragrant .

1.

~U I /)/J I If'~ I OD,.IJ I

JU\dJ-

frail

488

frail
I. ......, . A frail old lady was trying to get on
the bus. h'M.'l- .._..., QAi:'l- h.....,.ll-11
'If. 1\ouw-nJ'l- f.'l"h~ ~nc

The rope was too frail to lift such a heavy

weight. f.IJ')'J h1J1." h,. 11"7'J..,'l- 1
ou-'1. R"'9" ......, ~nc
2. -1-I'IIJ&. This chair is too frail for a large fat
man to sit on . .eu mroc O+il& +(tQt;
1'11111'~ m't'.:.9" n ~~..,..,.,.,.n-'1- hf.l-A9"

frailty (frailties) .._ ...,~'1- I mflf .._...,~'1Ignoring one's own faults is a human frailty.
ftl-I'I'J ' '1'4-'1-'

l-'1. "711'1-' l'loflh'l! ' ......,~'1-

~
He is very tolerant of other people's frailties.
fii.II-T't mQf .._...,~'1- hU h'J'l'lf J'
Ad..'I' A

frame (v.)
I. ou(I;J-m'l- tJ>ollT h11J. Please frame this
picture! f.U"J'l tp/JIA oo(l~ro+ aJoiiT r
h.,Q,..
2. h.,..,n.:. John framed his reply carefully.
f'm'Jil ouAI'I-'J flT'J,.of: h.,.';'fl&

3. Juo~r~. The parliament framed a new

constitution. :rcAay h.Jl.ll :t.1 OO"t"'P"
'1- hm"'

frame (n.)
I. hd..'i'. I would like to have a frame for
the picture. 1\P'lJtr hd..'i' h.LA., ~fie
2. ""J''lf'. I have broken the frame of my
glasses. fOU~K"&.'J 0 ODJ"'f' 0 (lflCh-'1J. oumm&J'. He distended the skin over the
frame for drying. <l''ltJ>o h't.IIJ'.C~ nou
mm&J'tJ>o 'If. mm&tJ>o

4. .,.....,..;., "'&J'. The frame of the house was

finished in two days. fiJ.oJ: .,.._..,..;., "16
' nv-11'1- n hll.,.
5. htJ>o;J-C. The frame of the umbrella is
covered with cloth. fli''JT'ItJ>o htJ>o;J-C ""
c~ lloflltA
The skeleton is the frame of the body. OK"9"
1\l'ltJ>o~'l- ~CK" f"'l.I'IT htJ>o;J-C ~""
6. hT'J'l-. The athlete has a large frame.
hll?"C-1-:;'tJ>o h'l"J-1- I'I.L ~..,.

7. P'C~'l-. The constitution established our

frame of government. :t..1 ou'1'"1P".fl foP")..,

P':l'T't'J P'C~'l- ou,.:-1frame of mind DD"}Lll

He was in a cheerful frame of mind. fl.l'.ll

,.

ou'Jo~.ll

~nc

fraternal

framework
I. htJ>o;l-C. The bridge has a steel framework.
f1."A1."fl. htJ>o;l-C h06ofl 116'1- f-1-oPtl-

2. "'&J'';' .,.....,..;, The framework of the hut

is made of sticks. ftl.-1: flJ&fCi "1.(-o'l.ll
hlJ'J ....-'1- ' f-1-oPtl- ~

France

4.6'tft.l'. l 4.6'1ftf. h1C

franchise Afl.

"-"'1."

One must get a franchise from the government

to operate a television station. f-I:A.ii.h
"'fl.J' 11"7<119" "7'19" ........ ' hOD'!.,P''l- '
Afl. d..,_1." "7.,'f'l- hllfl'l-

frank
1. "'lAX". His criticism of my work was frank
but absolutely fair. Ill\ P'tl-Y.. fl'lm'f hll-1-J'
f'l- .,Ax-" '1-hhl\'1 ~nc
2. ( ~ adv.) hAofl. Is that your frank opinion?
foil hll-1-J'f'l- hAoflll ~..,. ?
to be frank "-m-~-111' l\OD'i1C
To be frank, I dori't know. hm-~1:'1 l\oP';'1

h'laJo~9"

frankly .,A.,.

h1."C1

Why don't you tell me frankly what really

happened? flC'1'1' N.l'.61tJ>o'l 119"'J .,A
'I' h1."C11l h'l-~.,6'f9" 1

frankness
I. 'i'C'I' h1."C1 htJ>o~oJ:'I oo';'1C. The speaker's frankness disarmed the angry mob. f+
';';J6DJ< 'i'C'I' h1."C1 hm-~1:'1 00';'1'1- f
.,...,......,.') ' .h1111 ' hfl61.lD'
2. f'l'll ooli"J. His childlike frankness wins
the heart of everybody. h'J.I'. .nn f'l'll
OUIJ'). ' f"7'J:;''I'lD''19" ....... Aofl .1'."7C

.. A

frantic f"'n.,.-'1We heard frantic cries for help. f"'/''1.,.-l- hh-;J- ' ....,')

make frantic efforts hf..~

r ~"'-~QII.~

He made frantic efforts to free himself. tl-1'1-'1

}1\ ' 11"7tJ>o"''l- ' h4-... "'"'"".:"".:

fraternal

fm'l.1'.'9"~-l-

Fraternal affection caused him to help us.

fOJ'J1."9"~-l- ' "'~"" h't.O:.&'I't 14-4-m-

He has a fraternal affection for Hailu.

'lf.tr'l Ah h '11. m'l1.".,.. h1."C1
,l'.m.I'.'I'A

fraternity

fraternity (fraternities)
I. m'! J:""/"7:f~T. The French creed is "Liherty, Equality, Fraternity". fL~'I<'IJ'. l\.9"~
T ~~~~T 1 ll.h-AH- 1 m'IJ:""/"7:f~T
f"7_&\ ~ ....
2. fm'IJ:""/"7:f~T tiR11. He joined the best
fraternity at his school. OTII"IJCT 0.-1>
fD<ll'l' II"C'l' tilf~m- fdl'IJ:""/"7:f~T
tiR11 ~q
fraternize -t-m'l~

We did not fraternize with those who con

quered us. !!:&\

free

489

~~.,_., Rl":f ;>C

l\&\of-dl'l~'l9"

fraud
I. "7'1/"RCRC. To tell country people that
copper is gold is common fraud. oo,t.;11'1' me
:,. ' ~ .... ' li.J'II- ' IIQ'I~C':f ' oPlf'l' f-1-IIODf. '
"7'1/"RCRC ~..,.
2. f"7'11"RCRC till. Do you plead guilty to
this fraud? 0"7'1/"RCR-1- till 'l'of.+'i'~TIJ
., ' :J-9"<;111) l
perpetrate a fraud on 1\;J-A/\
He perpetrated a fraud on his own people.
f~q ' dl~\>-'1 l\:l-1111
fraudulent fmi'IT
His fraudulent claim to be a nephew of the
minister was soon disproved. f"'-tllT-1- fl\1
T &\7!: ~'t f"7_11m- f mRT m.!. mlif
.... ' m-lfT ' ODif). ' +f-~RRT
(be) fraught with
*The expedition was fraught with danger.
.,_~..,. 1111- l\f.:> 1111' ~oc
fray ( ~ intr.) ~+R
+Constant wear frayed his shirt cuffs. l\Hm-T
C' ' ROD&\RR- ' flf"7_tl- ' l\.7!:1. ' tiL'i' ' ~-~-R
get frayed +n.:n~
The border of this rug is getting frayed.
fl'-ll M"''i' tnC11 -1-Ht:H~
freak "1-!!:
A five-legged sheep is a freak. l\ll"llT li."IC
fil.tiJ- I fl.., I ?-Y: I ~(J)o
freckle m:l'm.,.
She has freckles on her face . .1-:J: 'IJ'. m:l'm
.,. ' l\IIQT
free (v.)
I. l\C~T l\mnr. He freed the slaves. QC':f
'I l\C~T l\mnr'l'm-

2. L;l-. The sailors worked to free the tangled

ropes. oPCtiO~ f+m<'l(IRm-'1 ~""!!:
lloP'i';l-T ' :l-~113. 114'.,.. The Americans freed the prisoners.
l\"'UII'l",.; ll.ll.:'l',.;'l ' 114'_,
4. R~l\ 114'4'. The lawyer adduced a decision in
which the judge freed a man charged with
robbery. tnR:I'm- 0.1-T Jl'i'm- RHt:of. f
+hRRfD<'I Rm- 0~1\ f114'4'0T'I m-<'1~
m4'R
5. l\mnr. His inheritance finally freed him
from debt. m-eR- R""I:A.~lf hMm- l\m

, ....

free oneself bft.') ' ~K hmiiJ

He made frantic efforts to free himself.

<1-R-'1 ~~~ 11"7fD<"'T ti4-'i' -J-o;:,;u.~""'t:

be freed

~K

mlfJ

The serfs were freed by the order of the king.

~q(!',.; ' 0'1"1-IP- ' Tll.q1J ' ~~~ ' dltnfree (adj.)
I. ~~~ 1 h4't:'l' ~~~ flf~. Free trade between
nations is hindered by regulations. floo')""',V;JT oPIIh&\ 1\.'l"C f"'L~qm- ~~~ (h.,.~
'I' ~~~ f"'Lif'l) '1"1!!: Rf.'IP'f ll"ti'lf
T +Mh!l.&\

The countryside is now free from malaria.

Q'l~-1- l\u-'1 hmQ ~~~ ~..,.
This item is free of custom duties. ll.:l'm- h"l9"-1-ti ' 4'~'1' ' ~J\ ' ~ ....
It's a free country, not a colony. i'~ h.-JC }..
'!"![ r:,O't .,qT l\J'.f-11'fll"
2. ~J\~T fliRT. I can say what I please; it's
a free country. fLII"IrJ-T'I &\<;~c ll.'f'lll
u- t ~~~~T fliRT MC ~..,.
3. ( ~ adv.) 0~11. Admission free. OD"IIIJ' 0~1\
4. flP... There will be no rooms free in this
hotel until after the holidays. R'lil- ll.lliiii
"- ' !!:t:ll ' 011.11 ' lf-1:&\ ' Ql'- ti'i'&\ ' l\
J'-1'19"
5. ( ~ adv.)ll.'lf.&\11-lll.'lf.&\11. We were appalled at his free behavior. ll.'lf.&\11- ODif\>o l\ll
.l'.'l"ltn'l ~RC
Cut the snake bite so that tbere is a free flow
of blood. f.oo- ll.'lf.&\11 l\.'1/iLll li.QR-
f~hRIJ'I P:J- .,....:mm*This is a free translation of the Amharic book .
J'.ll II"7c'i'm- ODK"m'i' :1'&\ R:I'A
f++~.,..... ' l\J'.f-119"

free (adv.) 011'\11 I 0~11

I got it free. 011'111 l\1Yu-T

freeborn

490

Smallpox inoculations will be given free.

fd."t"'"' h'l-11'1- R~l\ f.l'l"'A
free speech ,,..,..,C ~"' ~:,.
Without free speech, there is no real democracy.
f't"'"'C ~~~~'!- hl\.11 1\a>-H'f Jl.'l"h~
II. fll'l"
be free

I. "I..H. hila>-. Will you be free tomorrow?

"I..H. hllll l
2. 9""t9" P'~ flla>-9". I am free all after
noon. hl'l'l'l- R:\11 9""t9" P'~ fii'S9"
3. hA-1-.1'119". The telephone line is free.
fllAh- aopaoC hA-1-.1'119"
4. -1-11.,..,.. Will the room be free tomorrow?
h'i'll- ~~ f.ll.,.:t'A l
As soon as the bird was free, it flew away.
ID~ 1\"tS'..-J-II.,..,.":f- IDJI..f'a>-). O&&":f5, 11'11. You are free to go at any time. 11.!.11"1
"Jiw- "I..H. lloP'lo~ '1-":f-111111
6. ao-o'f- hila>-. She's not free to marry
anyone she wants. f.!..,.S'..":f-a>-"t f"7"11J'I-
ao-fl'f- ' fll'l-9"
~~

be free from pain ,laoo.,_. A++m-

1 am free from pain only after swallowing this

pill. f.ll"t"t h.~"t h'f''l'h- ' 11:\11 ..,.. _ _ '
II.,..,.'S
be free of fllll'l-9"
The highway is now free of rocks. Am-&- ou'}
~.~~. ho-"t ~"t:>f. fllll'l-9"
be free with one's money 11Hll-'l fl\ dti'l
11 hiD"!
The reason he is always broke is that he is free
with his money. 11-A"I..H. f"'l.'l"''&w- n11
11-"t .I'll m<'l-R llll"'l...'m"' ~wlet free

0~2\

A++

The police let him free. ?"ll.to":f- ll~l\ 11.,..,_,.

on one's own free will fl11J L:J-IJ.
He did it on his own free will. ~~~~ .!.:1'.11-
hS'..&~w-

freeze
He championed freedom of speech. ll"t"'"'C ~
~~~,. -1-:>S'..II
2. ""11'1-. Censorship impinges on our freedom.
<'l"tii-C ao-fl;f-":f-"t"t f.~IJA
*The tight coat hindered his freedom of move
ment. miJ-fl 1>-t. 1\"tS'..A-fl hlllla>-ll hlldJo
*The clerk was given a warning about the
freedom of his manner with customers.
If"" hS'..'III'I',; :>C 'I'~ .!.~~ Mil~
"7llm"t.,.4:.1' -1-l'lma>The guest has the freedom of our home.
1\"t"'Jim- IIIL;I-":f-"t 1\"tS'..b<ll- ll.ll'"t f.":fIIA
give freedom from +hilblt

Screens give us comparative freedom from

flies. oo:>&"/fl"":f- 11"t(l":f-"t ooom). Y.M
Mil-

[See also 'press, regain']

free-for-all

h9"'1'il!'

The dance ended in a free-for-all. 'l"tll-

llh9"1J'iC' -1-.f.l\oP

freely
I. ll"'b<ll". He admitted freely that he took it.
7.11- oPdJo(l.ll-"t II"'AII" /',OD~
2. .I'll .,'I''I'C. You can cross the border between the United States and Canada freely.
llh"'l.&IJ"t'i' IIIJ'i'JI OOIIhb< .l'lla>-"t ID
l'l"t .I'll _,'I''I'C 11"711'1' '1-":f-<'11111
*You can speak freely. 1\"tS'...!.II"'U -1-'i'~C

freeman ~X. 1 (ltDFreeman means a man who is not a slave.

~~~ (ldJo ' '1&.1' .!'All'~ "711'1- ~w-

freethinker
*There are many freethinkers in this country.
ll?f."7'l''l- .:~~ fl~{)'f'dJo hll-J-{)(1-fl f
"'l.oP'I- -Rtf- l'll"":f- Ml.ll h~C /'oil-

freeze (froze, frozen), vt.

set free 0)2\ ll++

I. 1>.,.11.,.11. He froze vegetables to keep them

from spoiling. -1-m'l -1-mll-,; 1\"tJIJ'.II'Il.

He set the prisoners free. 1\ll&'l''ln ll~l\

ll.,.:t''l'w[See also 'charge, pretense, rein, tax']

2. h1S'... The government has frozen all

foreign accounts. oo"J..,P"~ ftD-tif!" 1 A1C

freeborn

~~~

He is a freeborn person, not a slave.

J\"t)( IJ&.I' hf.S'-119"

~2\

(laJo

freedom
I. ~~~~'!-.The fight for freedom is on. ll~l\~'1 'I-"'A -J-~9"a:A

f"'LJ'.&~..,.

h.,.ll.,.~'l'm-

m.AP":f-"t o-11- h~S'..

3. oo;t-. The cold froze the buds. 7.9"11-m-"t

lD-C11" I OD;J-tD-

freeze (vi.)
I. &:>. The water in the pitcher froze during
the night. 1\.11.'1- "7f'lC'a>- a>-ll'l' f~ll&
(Do I

(Do;_)

l_,;J

freezer

491

fresh

The pipe froze and then burst. !1.9"!1.llJo tJJo

countries. f"f!"t-1- ODChlllf f1"1.1:" l\:Jo:f

liT YlltJJo tJJo;> lllll;> !l.ll"!l.tJJo ,u.tl

2. R&P.. 1ft. The plant froze during the night.
/1.11.-l- liP. R&P.. 1ft
3. oflc.<:- h'i'.cl-OD~(tJJo). +we froze all winter
long. hl9"1o1 0.,..11- ofJC.I:" h'i'.cl-OD~1
4. 0.1:-1 1ft. He froze with terror. R.l:-1;>m.
0.1:-1 ' 1ft

11

freeze off O~P.. 1 lf~

My ears nearly froze off. ;.>:1!'1'- R&P.. ll.lf
1 ' 9"111" ' hll\-l>ltJJo

be frozen
I. +H+H. The meat in the icebox is frozen.
RlP.. "1'1'1 tJJo/1'1' YlltJJo I";> +11~!1.111.
2. RlP.. 1ft. The pond is frozen. h-6.tJJo
R&P.. 1ft

be frozen hard 1:1;J~ 1 O~P.. 1 lf~

The lake was frozen hard . .hS!-41 .1:"1;>f.
n&P.. .r-r tnc

be frozen to the spot 01:"} lf~

He was frozen to the spot in horror. hi:"J ,;J
m. fTt"f 0.1:-1 1ft

freezer "7+11+"11"
Take something out of the freezer for supper!
h"7+11-l>"lf"a>- tJJoil'l' h1i: t1C lll\cl--1-
htJJo"'

(be) freezing 0"19" 0~

It is freezing today. '16. 0"111" S'>OC.tlll\
freight (n.)
1. ":J>. The train conveys both passengers and
freight. QIK- lltJJoll" l\:J-9" f."f!"<;ll\
2. l\:Jo /IOD'Ih 'I';>. How much is the freight
on the train? OIJrt-C 1 ":J> 1\.oP"h 'P;J
111-1- ' )lJJo l
3. "7'1'1"11". The goods were sent by freight. if
+tn'll 0"7'1'1"11" Tlll.h'l'll\
4. "f!"t-1-. They trucked the freight to the warehouse. ~~11'1 1 mF.. = oP;JH"J OoPh..'i 1
IDIIJI.-1-

frelght (adj.) fl\:Jo "7""'11111"

The freight train was late again. fl\:Jo "7""'111
lf,. qo-c ho-111" H1f
by air freight QfC
The box is so large. I had to send it by air
freight. "f'l'). 0"19" "1-111.~ lllllft Qf

c'

oP'Ih ' "1.1:- ' lftofl'f

freighter f"f!"t"'- ODChofl

Freighters carry our products to foreign

m~

IJJo"f!" h1C Y'I1''1.11-

French
I. .1.&111'1!. He looks French to me . .1.&111'1!
f.OD/1/1'111\
2. .l.l111S!-'1. French is taught in many high
schools. Oofltt- o-11.,.'1 ~&Jf -l-9"111:"1-
n.-r-'f ' a>-11'1' ' .l.l111S!-'1 S!-11"111\

Frenchman .1.&111'1!
frenzy "1S!-11'1 ll""-1The speaker roused the audience to frenzy.
T<;;>&tJJo Q.l:-"7,;o>'ll 'If. "1f.ll'1 11"""1-
+11+11
be In a frenzy "ofll: II'\'
The woman was in a frenzy because of the
missing child. ll.'l-f-'1' hll\~'1' ""Tof-T f
.,.t., l\ofl.<:- .r<; t oc

frequency (frequencies) ~'l"ii

What is the frequency of the Addis Ababa
radio station? fh-'1.11 hOQ 6.-'l.f" "'ll
Y ~'l"lf. 9"1 Yllll\ ttJJo l

*We are alarmed by the frequency of fires in

the neighborhood. QIJQQY:f-1 ~.:>"1'1" l\11
,. ' """)"f-lo ' ~)1'1'1

*The frequency of earthquakes in Addis Ababa

is low. Rh-'1.11 hOQ f"""-"~- OD1-I>T+T
ofltt- "l.H.

hf.~C/19"

frequent (v.) hHtTl

He no longer frequents bars and coffeehouses.
""mTII.-l-<;R-<;II."'-1"7Ha>-TC~A

frequent (adj.)
I. hHtJJo-1-f!' f'"U~C"'. His frequent trips
cost him a lot of money. hHa>--1-f!' f"'LY~
C1tJJo ' .,.p 11ft" 11Hofl .1.)>;0"12. fT~1"". The frequent mishaps boded disaster. f.,.~_,.,.,..:,. h~l"lf fOD'\-1- 9"

Ah-r-lf tO~

be frequent Olf
Storms are frequent in the rainy season.
Ohl9"T ' IDcl-"1- ' "1f.ll'1 ' t-1-11 ' f.R'IIl\

frequently ofltt- "l.H. I hHm-"1-f!'

I see him frequently. 11ft" "l.H. h1"f'l'lloHe drives frequently. hHtJJo"'-1!' S'>t.tlll\
fresh
l. -1-11-ll. Are the eggs fresh? l\141'111-'ll -1-IJ.
ll ' <;'l'tJJo ?

492

freshen

This newspaper prints only fresh news. ~u ;J

H.nJ 'l-11-11 mt.l":f't 11!1' ,fmnJA
Where can I buy fresh meat? 'l-IJ.il F ;J
A1~ f'l"":fllm- f'l- )Ill" l
2. J'A'I'II .f'lf.t.. Please get me some fresh
vegetables at the market! h10.f J'A'I'II .f
'If.(. h'l-hA'l- h'l"nJA"'i
3. h-'1.11 f.,.4'm.C.. There is a big demand
for fresh fruit. h-'1.11 f.,.4'm4- 'i'&.'i't.l"":f
1111- 4.'11. h'l'fm4. .,.oi.A-f J'AI/>f. I drink only fresh coffee.
.,.oi.A-f J'AI/>f a-.,.. 11!1' hmnJIIu5. h-'1.11. Take a fresh sheet of paper and start
again! h-'1.11 mt.4''l- m-!IF:.,.. h"lf.1.,.. )';'I"C
He presented a fresh approach to the problem.
ll:f-l-1- ont;:'l-m. h-'1.11 Hf.. ol.mt.
6. "llt-.h. Let's go out for some fresh air! hilt
mnJ 1111"1 "llt-.h hfC h"14'0A
7. 4.<\11. The water of the pond will stagnate
if no fresh water flows into it. fb-t. m-;)
h.l.<\11 m-;) IJA.,.4''1+11 11111/>on Mf;f-A
fresh complexion fd.:'f- T&-:r- I ant
Her fresh complexion is due to her good health
and her youth. f.l.;l: 'l'&.T (m!l) hmnJ'l);1:.,.. hm."1);1: f.,.)., )Ill"
fresh kid

mmm.

freshen up i'-1'1.,.-(l Aofl(to'} 1\mm

After the long trip, we all freshened up. ht.~

,_ .,.,. 0:\'1 _,."1'1'0"1 Ail<\:f't"l 11m
'1'"1
fresh man f"":l':""t.J' '~""'~- .,..,~.
My brother is a freshman. m"lt.-1 f"":l':""
(.J' 'JoP'l- .,..,~. ~mfret (fretted), vt. llCR-~ hmnJ
The stream fretted a channel in the rock.
~t.-1> F:"I;J\<"1 llCR-~ ll~ hmnJ

fret (vi.)
I. .,.)""')""'. A baby frets in hot weather.
1.11. ~~""'~""'A
2. .,.n<\ ..... Don't fret about things you can't
change! A'l-llm-mm- 0"7'1-":fllm- ~1C h
'l-R<\"1'-

a.n o,....,.+

(be) fretful .,...,~.,.

She is fretful about the coming examinations.
1111"7.""m-+ ol..,..,..,.,":f .,...._"1:1'/l":f
friable 0+'111- f"7.4.t.IJhll
There is a lot of friable rock in this region.
011.11 +Oil. 1111- 0+'111- f"7.4.t.IJhll F:
"!;JJl. hll
friction

I cannot stand that fresh kid. ,f"l"l mmm.

A;f-1"'111" hA":fA'/"
(be} fresh water

friend

Al.DJo

r fAO.:t-9"'

Most lakes are fresh water.

1/>":f ....m- f{lq'fm-'1"

h11~'1l"'li

m~

be fresh '1-A-f ;1-fm-

The memories of the war are still fresh in my

mind. ffi'C).f> 'l-11;1- hu-"1'1" Ohh'l"~
\1. 111"11'1' '1-A-f ~;J-fl;'A
be fresh (from) .,'i aJIIJ

He's just fresh from school and has no experience. h'l-9"UC'l- 11.'1- ,.,.. DDIJionJ-1>
)m- I '/""!'/" A'I"'I"F: flltD-'1"
feel fresh ~ ~ hi\

The old man feels fresh after a nap. 11"7"1/1.

m- hlf/111;1- R:\'1 ~:1' 11!1.A
get fresher

*He gets fresher by the day. 11A"'.,..m- Of

+1- ' M""'""l. ' ~~A
freshen ( ~ intr.) h"lll&.&.
+we need a good rain to freshen the flowers.
hOql"'li h"l.ll.nll&.-1- OCh'l- .fll 11 ....11
h"I.I.A;J/1"1

I. "'~"-""''~- Matches are lighted by friction.

h11t.'l- f"7.""'t.m- 0"74-.... 'l- )tD2. "1"1'-'l-. There is friction between the two.
011-11-1> ""IJhA "1"1'-'l- hll

Friday 'IC11
fried (adj.), - chicken fl'-~ Tilll
I ate fried chicken at lunch. 11'1"<\ fl'-1: 'I'
1111. 0'111frlecl eggs '1'1111 h"I.,'IA
In the morning I eat fried eggs. IP.T IP.T
'1'1111 h"I.,'IA hO'I/111friend m-'1~
He is a good friend of mine. 'I'~ m-'1:( ~m
*They parted good friends. nt;:;r.c .,.ll.ff.
close friend r:r.cil '\1.>;'
The two are close friends. 11-11-1> r:r.cil '\
1.7f'":f

""'Ill"

become friends .,.m-'1:(. 1 m-'l)(":f 11'1The boy and the girl became friends. A"jf..,.. A
~ .,.dl-'I"Jf.
Please settle your differences and become
friends again! hqiJ":fu- :f't."'" h"lf. F:~'l'":f
"" dl-'l)(":f 11-1-

493

friendliness
make friends tD-'1~ hfll'

fright .1:'1-.;Jm. I 'i'CV-1-

Do you make frieods easily? ft.,.l\11;Eo "70~-1- -l-:f-111111 1

[See also 'bosom')

OJ'I

His friendliness charmed the audience.

f(to. '

fOJ'I;E-H h.,.t-~-a hY.:"'',;oo'ln "7~h

His only redeeming feature is his frieodliness.

"'"l't:: m<ll<.,. :f-'1 f"'LJ'{t'M-1- .,...,'l''f

~-1- ' -Ril' ' ~ ...

friendly
I. {tdJo OJ'IJ:'. He is friendly by nature.
{too ' ft.,.oi.'I'C" ' {tdJo ' OJ'IJ:' ' ~ ...

~C

The employees of this bank are friendly.

fll.ll ' q-,.h ' 11'.!-.,.>:':f ' {ldJo ' OJ'II':f ' 'i':fdJo
2. OJ'I;E-. The defector sought refuge in a
friendly embassy. h'l.,_'l'.,. ftOJ'I;E- h.?"<l{l.
dJo{t'J' ' 'M'S~-1- ' 4.111
3. fOJ'I;E-~-1-. She has a friendly smile for
everybody. llrrll-?" fOJ'I;E-~-1- 4.1"1;1- ;1llfll:f

There are friendly relations between these

two countries. 0~11.11 rrll-1- h1C":f ouuh
A fOJ'I;E-~-1- .,-,.'f.~-1- hi\
4. fOJ'I;E-~-1- ouAh f"'LJ'll.e. He looked
at the friendly stranger with distrust. fOJ'I;E~-1- ooAh f"'LJ'llf.,.-,. ~-,."1'1 ft'I'C"l
ol. ' .,.....llh.,.
5. M"7'e. Don't be afraid! He is a friendly dog.
h-1-'i't- M"7'e .,.lf ~.,.
our dog is very friendly . .,.lf:f-1' {1.,. h
Y.1"'i'lt-A?"
friendly relations ID.Il~Ft

The government is trying to maintain friendly

relations with all countries . ...,.,..,,...,. hrrll-

OJ'I;E-~.-1- 11"7ol'f-1- ,_.,.

He always acts friendly. 11-A'I.H.

fOJ'I;E-~-1-

The argument was settled in a friendly way.

hch~ ftOJ'I;E-~-1- .,.~.~~....
[See also 'footing')
friendship OJ'I;E-~-1-

Friendship between people of different reJi.

gions is not rare. RVY."7"1"-1- ft.,.llfl< M'
[See also 'tie')

1\f. J:'.,.

He took fright when he saw the snake.

~<ttl

.,. ' {l.ff. ' ft"l?" ' .!..!-

frighten (vt.)
I. hll.l.t-t-. You always frighten me. 11-A'I.H.
;1-ll.l.t-t-'l'llll
2. hllft~11. The battle cry of the patriots
frightened the enemy. fCft>:''ll .,.~Cofo
ml\-1-1' hllft~11dJo
3. hll.l!.~1m. Don't let that frighten you!
' ' hfll.l!..,..,'l'll
frighten (vi.) S'.~1m
He frightens easily. 0.,.1\11- 1-S'.~"I"'A
be frightened

L~

Don't be frightened! Nothing will happen to

you. h-1-'i't- ' ?"")?" h.e~IJII?"
frightful
I. h{I:J'4:. I saw a frightful accident on the
road. 0"".,.1-'1- 'I.e h{I:J'4: h.J'.;J hfrr
2. ~.ell 'l'. There was a frightful crush at the
gate. nn~ 11.e ~.ell'l' "11-1 ~nc
frigid
I. ft"l?"

.,.'11:1'~. A frigid climate prevails in

this region. ftll.ll hiJ<IIl ftiiJ?" .,.'II:J'q

hfC hi\

We received a frigid welcome. .,.'II:J'q h+

<IRA .,_S'.~1A"t
2. rna<. In the frigid zone, plants cannot
grow. ft'tll?" fft~l'o hft-R l>B'I'-1- h.e
ft~ll-?"

frill -RA.,_..A"l"

The new cars have many frills. h'l.f\'ll oo!J.

'i'9''f -RA.,_..A.,_.. f.ftq:f'I'A

m<t.e fllfA
In a friendly way ftOJ'I;E-~-1-

:f oP'IiA OJ'I;E-~-1- hY.mof..?"

Fright showed in her face. 4.;1:

,;Jm. ' ('i'C?-1-) ' ;1-f
take frlsht ft"l?" 4..!-

friendliness fOJ'I;E-~-1- h.,.t-~-a 1 .,...,'l''f~-1-

?" IJ1C":f ,;~c

ht-A
act friendly

fringe

fringe (vi.)

Bushes fringed the road. 0DD"J1-'I- 'IC'i' 'I

C -k'rl.'tn ft~!I.A
fringe (n.)
I. JIC'i'. There is a fringe on the curtain.
"";J~)fdJo IIC'i' hl\dJo
2. '1'11-1-. She cheapened her dress by adding
a fringe to it. A-R!I. 'If. '1'1\T +'I'll hftl\

lf'f...
3. mC'II. The fringes of the leaves turned
brown. f:,0m(to I mC1J I IDf. I ft-ti"7 I +AdJffi

frisk

494

4. -'IC -'IC. One sees deer at the fringes of the

forest. O""l.IJtJJo -'IC -'IC h:>H't 1-:1-YIA
5. wn. In Latin America, the radical fringe
is trying to take over the universities. Ot\-1:1'
h"UIJ -1"&-"711: wn l't1iCfl.-f:tJJo'} o
l\il: fi"7S':t'."' 1-'l"h&-IA

frisk 11<'.4'
Our puppy frisks all over the house. n-:Y.~ :Y.
't 11.'1- tJJo()T 1-!l.C:I"IA

frisky -f"""l.'P:Y.
A frisky kitten was playing with the string.
T""l.'P!f! ' fJ';ODT ' "'IA~IA ' h~OD-'1. ' :>C '

'1-""l.w."f- ~oc

fritter , -

away

0-1"~

He fritters away his money. 1'JHII-'t 1-0."f-..-/A

frivolo us
I. hll-f"ll(l!l-

4'~/A fll'~. A thought ful book

will not be appreciated by a frivolous person.
hll-f"l)( lll- ' "'~"' ' fll'~ ' ....... ' "'"'"" ' -~

m'i' hYs>."t"Jo9"
2. ( = adv.) Oh'ti>. He likes to make frivolous
remark s. flh1'1l DP'i1C ~ ,e.mJ;A
fro, see to

frog l\'t41U 'IThere are many frogs in this pond. OH.tl h-

&. tJJo()T ilfl< l\')41&-&'f- hfl

frolic (frolicked) 11<'.4'

The children frolicked with the puppy. IA}I:'Il

hii-:Y.~tJJo :>C 11<'.41

from
I. h. I received a letter from my brother .
hw"JY:"'L Y.il-'111. S'.t'.ll'f
He was tired from overwork. liP&- 11~'1-
s>.h'l"'l- ~oc
What prevent ed you from coming ? hOD9"tJJT
9"') ' h~S'.IJ

2. 0. My brother is suffering from a cold.

a>'}~ O.,.'t'f..'t f.<P:I"YIA
3. 0 - 9"h"JY'I-. No fewer than twenty workers were absent from illness. hiJY f"7n(l .
oP&-i"'f':f 0.ltOD9" 9"h'JY'f- 4'C-l"11Jo '
~oc

4. 0 011-IA. I saw it from the window.

Ooullt>'l- .011-IA hfll-'l5. h Col'. I live ten miles from the city.
hh-1""7 OP'C "71-IA C<fl M'&-1111-

fronta ge
*He is from Harar. fdtl:C limo )m*Where are you from? h1CIJ fT )om- 1
from what he says l.(t- 7.1'R.CJif.A6Jo hlfi'
From what he says, it must be very interesting.
l\(1. ' l\')S'."7..11tJJo ' hll'~ ' ~~-~- ' 0"111" ' hll
J'./):'f I ODU") I l\110T

[See also 'aside, now, nowhere, then']

front (v.)
They decided to front the building with
bricks. f.lt'tl\IJ)o') .t-'1- 11.1.'1- Olfh~ 11"7

<P&-'1- '

OJ{l).

our house fronts the lake. 11.:1-:Y.'t h.hf.

41 ' '1-J'.I' ' ~ ....

front (n.)
I. S'.]f'l'. The front of the house is painted
white. ffl.i> ZY-ll''l' ~'? 4'1111" -1"4'11:1:/A
2 . .1.'1-. Sit down, you in front! l\'t-1" l\.1.'1-
YlllitJJo I -f"4'0D'J'
3. OD'P.ou&Y. The table of contents is in the
front of the book. "711Jo""l.11Jo ' o-~.!14- '

ou'P.ou&y f.~'I'IA
4. ftnC "'"tqc 1 ftnC~'I- "''}qc. The captain was at the front during the campaign.
lf9"011- ' OHOD!J'tJJo ' 'I.IL ' Otn-1- ' (OtnC~i>) '
"''}qc ...,_ ~oc
in front of
I. .t.'l- 11.1.'1- 1 h - .t.'l- 11.1.'1-. Let's meet
in front of the post offioe ! ?"li:J- fl.i> .1.
ll.t-'1- ' l\')~..-'5
He has a bed of flowers in front of his house.
hfl.i> .t.'l- 11.1.'1- yoq oos>.iJ All..,.
2 . .1.'1- .t.'l-. He marche d in front of me all
the way. l\llh """'-t'.lftJJo 1 .1.'1- 1 .t.-1: 1 +'IH
3. S'.]f'l'. Mendicants are forbidden to sit in
front of our hotel. 11"7'1':Y. 11'-l:~:f't .<:11"'1'
l\'t-'lf.+ oom- -l"h/Ahii'PIA
front (adj.)
I. .t.-1"'1'. We had seats in the front row. O.t.-1"
"~'"'" , t'.Y:'il 1 #9"m 't ~oc
2. f.t.'l-. He bit his lips with his front teeth.
h'JI..-1-') 0.1.'1- 'J'C(l. ~h(ltJJo
3. fou'P.ou&Y. Our teacher made the front page
of the Amhari c newspaper. DDP"IJ&-:f't q"7
c'l'..,. :>IL"' o-'P.-& Y 1 ~~ ~,_
[See also 'pull up']

-r '

w"'

fronta ge
The frontag e of this propert y is 150 feet.

oP')

1,.IJ,. I .tiC I YAtD- I f0D4.+ C1fOD:,0 I _.,.

l\9"/) ' ""1."7

)tJJo

frontier dlll't

The frontier was closed. dill). 1"H"I.fo )0C

front line ftnC "l'tqc

More soldiers were hurried to the front lines.

..,.'111 di;J-!l.t:lo 0

dill. ,..~ "l'tqc ...

'1''1') ..... 1"1111-

frost
1. m-e.,_.. We will have frost tomorrow.
)1 fDoC'fl" f.II'<;A .

2.

tt.oo.-s.r..

~G:l-

frying pan

495

frontier

llf.

frosty, -

There was frost on the trees.

0

hDP'lf.

)0<;

weather ID<C'fl"

The crops might be damaged by frosty weather.

l\1111- OID<C"'.'" !l"h'tJ':r. f.m-1- f.II'<;A
froth
I. h<:-1-. She beat the milk until it was covered
with froth. h<:-1- l\llh.'l"llfll< 1'.'<:11 dl1"1:
't<;ml-ID"

There was froth on the mouth of the child who

had eaten poison. oocu fOI\aJo A'~: 1t
4- llf. h<:-1- )0<:
2. 1111"1.'". If you see a dog with froth on its
mouth, don't let it bite you. 1\IJQ;lo') f"'LJ"H
<:hCh fll<lf l\'t'lf.)h/111 1"m't+:,O
frown (v.) "l'tqc !1/m<:

Why are you frowning at me like that? liM

l\'t!l.H.I1 "l'tqC11't :r.!II'I'Cofl>;'l\11 !
frown on mit

He frowns on gambling.
frown upon

.,..,C't f.miiA

ll+

He frowned upon our scheme. l\:,O'll-'t't

<;+ofl't
frown (n.) o~.:r.'t oo!l/mc 1 "l'tqc't DP!I/'J'C
A frown marked her displeasure. 1\1\0D!l.II:J:
oL;J:'t ("l'tqa:'t) hDP!I/ma: ;J-dl+

froze, see freeze

frozen (adj.)
I. f<:;J. They crossed the frozen lake easily. f
<:;Jfll<'t ..,,.:,. 0+1111- 1"lf1~....
2. OofiC!l.' f!l.)HH. His frozen fingers are insen.
sible to pain. OofiC!l.' f!l.)HJto "!.,.,.; .nou
!I" hf.ll"7'f1D"!I"
[See also 'freeze, solid']
fructify (fructified) 11"7

With careful tending, the soil will fructify.

O'l"t:l''ll h1"J'H hi.~ f.II"7A

frugal
I. ..,_"'ll. She is a frugal housewife. ..,_"'ll
fO.:r. l\ouo.:r. <;:r.
2. +IIA. He ate a frugal supper. +IIA l\6:r. 011
fruit (n.)
I. 'i't.. Papaya is a fruit that is grown in the
Awash valley. ;r;ry Oh'l''li Ifil-l' f"'l.O
:,Ott."'"'. )IJ>o

His invention is the fruit of much effort.

ffl. 'i'AII-1- fofllt' 'l't::r. 'i't. )ID<
2. '1'6-'i't.. Do you have any fresh fruit?
J'A'I'II J'll!l.<: '1'6-'i't. hl\11 !
bear fruit
I. 1\1.6-. This tree bears no fruit. f.l1 ~'I'
hJ'I..:-!1"
2. 'i't. lim. I hope your hard work will bear
fruit. ofiC1: 1"6-11 'i't. l\'t!l."'l.ll'l' 1"11
"" hi\>{
fruit (adj.) f'i't.

Fruit trees are cultivated by the farmers.

10t.l"l- f'i't. h:r.ht.:r. .1'11"711fruitful 'i't.f"7

His research into plant life proved fruitful.

Ill\ M'l':r. .ftf.dl:r. J'!l.l:1fll< !I"C!I"C
'i't.J'"7 II'<:' 1"1'f
fruition

After much labor, he finally brought his idea

to full fruition. hofiJto !!.'II!/" 0:\11 "'"
II- "'"' hll1'fll....
fruitless 'i't. llll

He made a fruitless search for the lost money.

fm-1-fll<'t 1'tHII-'t 11"7"1'f:r. 'i't. llll
'1'1\;J h!l.<:1
frustrate hhlfI.

Our army frustrated the enemy's plans. tnil-lo't

fmll:r.'t l\:,01'.' hhlfl.
be frustrated ( ~ active) hOq..,

He is constantly frustrated by his lack of skill

in sports. Oll7"c:r. :,Ot-'1''1'<; "7"11: Hdl
:r.c yoq..,'f'A
fry (fried) mOll

Shall I fry the fish? '\"'ID<'t A'I'OIIID" 1

frying pan DD'I"Olf

Since I had no clean pot, I heated the sauce

in the frying pan. 't~Wft ofl<::r. !l.'ll:r. h'l'
If dlffio't OOD'I'Olf h'I":,Ou-:r.

fuel
fuel

496
M~

Coal and wood are used as fuels. bl'lA'i' 6

"t""'f- ~")~ ).II~ j.'.OP<!-IJ'f.. A
be fuel to ,h!J(l(R'I-)
His insults were fuel to her hatred. f(l. ii.J!"
ofl ......., ..") ' hiJ{liJ'f-

fueling

~.~~~

_.,..,.,_

Fueling of planes can be done in mid-air.

Rl'l"7J.'. ' 'IJ.'. ' J'tD-I!'"f"'l"t ' ~.II~ ' llon.,..'l'f- '
J.'.ii''IA

fueling station

n-'1~ "7~ "111..1'

There is now a fueling station for ships at
Assab. htJ."t h(lofl m-IlT foncbll:f f~
.~~~ .,~ "111..1' hll

fugitive
I. fb-RIIII. They caught the fugitive convict.
fh-RIIIIm-"t f-1-.I.<:~R'I- m"t)';ll'i' .I'H-'12. f"'l.llii (lm-. He is a fugitive from the law.
~ ..... b.l."l f"'l.lf"li ' ........ ~ ....
3. 'l.li.l". His fugitive pleasures consisted of
drinking beer whenever his wife was absent.
"'l.ll-1> n11.11:rn:,. 'l.li .,.tt- 'l.li.l'' ~
11?-m- m'l ""m"''l- ~nc

fulfill
I. .1.11"". He fulfilled his promise. f11Jm-"t
:l'A ' b.-'l"t .I.IIOD
2. mR+. An honest person fulfills his intention. ?-"7't (lm- :1'11-"t ~Jolt- J.'.mofl:l'A
be fulfilled -1-bR<:
The specifications were not fulfilled, so the
contract was voided. 11C"IIC:'Jl ~"till- MA
-1-bR~ m-tt- .1.<:(1

fulfillment
I. :l'A"t onmn:t. There is always a lag between promise and fulfillment. -1-llof. onllm'l'i' :l'A"t onmn:t h"tf: hJ.'.M'I"
2. '1'11"'1.. He finally witnessed the fulfillment
of his dreams. non ....<:lf f'J"'I'-I>"t 'I'll
"'1. ' of-ODIIbofo

full (n.), in - n-ttI paid the bill in full. m,l)ll-"t n-11- b

.!.Allto the full

*She enjoyed life to the full. fA!I."t J'IJ

A ' -1-~ll:r ' 'l'<::f
full (adj.)
I. ....11-. The box is full; you cannot put any-

fully
thing in it. Uf'f'). ao-tr lll\lYt Mr' t1
C A'l-b'I-R'I- h'l-:fA'I"

Give me the full figure, and omit the fractions.

b'i!Aof.l'"t '1--t-IJ -11-"t 41TC "t1<:'t
2. f-1-":1.'1. The papers carried a full account
of the incident. :>li"'l"'ll 1111 f:C'I.i> f-1-":1.
" dt-t-:1" t.1111m- ~nc
3. f:ofiAofiA. This girl has a full face. J.'.IJ:f
A~ f:ofiAofiA .1.'1- h'l'lbe full m1R
I cannot eat anymore. I am full. llllm11lb- b
11.11 R'IJ.'. AR'I hA:fA'J"
be full of '1"'1
The book is full of mistakes. ""l'i'dt#- ll.l.-t'1- 'I"A-I'R;l-A
be completely full m.r" oflir" 'l"t\

The confluent is completely full in the rainy

months. ~<:-1> Rh<:'l"'l- mt-'1- m.'l"
1111- J.'.'I"'IA
full (adv.)
I. ~lib h'i' 1~4-. Fill the pail full! IJA'Lm"t ~lib h'i' ' 1~4- ...........
2. ao-tt- 1\0""11-. The ball hit him full in the
face, \\(to I ,.tAJ1" I IID<-/r I l\OD-1\* I OD;J-tJJfull well R~"tofl
You know full well what I mean. 'J""t "711
1: ~"t~rr"t R~"tofl ;l-tD-:l'IIU
[See also 'blast, force, growth, length, life,
speed, stop, swing1

full-grown
I. o ..<J:. Only a full-grown man can lift this
heavy stone. J.'.U"t"t biJf: ~"t'l..l' IU'~
"' f"'l.:fA 0"4: oflil' ~m2. '1-A:t. Full-grown elephants eat more than
young elephants. '1-AA"''Jl 111f'l':f b'l-"t"t
lf'Jl fRIIm J.'.R'IIIbe full-grown A~

o.+m-

The dog is full-grown. m-lfm- hf:1 R:t-1'

;l-A

full moon ...11- ""0::1'

Tomorrow is a full moon.

)1

ao-& 41.~

J.'.:l".I'A

fulltime ao-tt- +"t Iao-11- 'l.li

Are you working fulltime now? 1t.1Jo'l oo11- ' +"t ' ('l.li) ' '!-OP<!-IIU 1

fully
I.

R~"tofl.

He described it fully. ll.R"tofl 1111\tD-

fulminate

497

2. O'i!l\.?". I am fully resolved to do it.

~I.C"I

.,. O'i!l\.ll" of&C'"iii!Jbe fully aware m"}.:'fo.f.

fund
make fun (of)

1>~1m

The children made fun of the beggar. ihY<;-1:

1

om+

Are you fully aware of what is going on?

?"'t 7.'t1."'/J.~"' m't:,04'u :f"aJoft'IIIJ l

fulminate .1.~.11
This chemical wi!l fulminate if exposed to heat.

011"71' ' 1>~1 ....

[See also 'poke']

function (v.) u>&.
The radio doesn't function properly. &-'!.\").
01.')11 ' l>S'-u>&.,.

f.IJ ll."''.ttA 11..,.4'+ f-t-;>llm 7.'t1.

The editor functions as a reporter as well.

II'~ 'S'-oi.~'IA.

f;>IL"'aJo l>H;>~ 7.'t1. tL<; 1>4'1Jf.?"

11''/'S'-oP&..<l\

fulminate against 1'tto1H

The newspaper fulminated against taking

bribes. ;>IL"'dJo "HI ' 004'0A't ' l>ID1H
fumble,

llr::' ' aJoll'l' ' P'&.m- ' ,.,J':, ' ~ .... l

for

I. 0~0~. He fumbled in his pockets for the key.

.,A4-'t ' 'i!ll;> ' h.o\-'t ' 0~0~
2. 11"7"17'1- 1-'t1~1H. He fumbled for the
right expression. -t-11"7"'1....., l>IJIJA 11"7"17
'1- 1-'t1~1H
fumble one's way 'hf-1-if.llhllh ' 'tl.

He fumbled his way through the crowded

room. ih1111 '1':,.'1':,. IJIIO'I- h'i!A m-11'1'
'hf-1-if.llhllh ' 'tl.
fume (v.)
I. "'-l'l. Something is fuming in the fireplace.
?"J':"Ji ID-11'1' l>'tJ': ~1C S'-"'-ltA

2. 1. H-. He fumed because the bus was late.

l>ID-.,_11-o\- IIIIH1f f.H.
fume (n.) m.ll
The fumes that escaped from the bottle were
poisonous. hmc_.(to ftoll)(J)o m.il ooc11 ~
~oc

fumigate om~
They fumigated the room by burning sulphur.

J':'S 0"7"'-11 h'i!ll-'t om

fun
1. "'-'I';J-. Let's try just for the fun of it!
7.11-1: 11""'1':1" .filA 'h't'l"h~aJo

2. 1.11;1". She has spoiled all my fun. 1.11

;J-\L't ' 11-11- ' l>Mlf.f.ti'S
3. 4'AJ':. I only said it in fun. 114'AJ': ~.,.
,rAh-'1be fun 1.11 1>11 I 1>111.{1-f-

tt+AY: oflh-

I just did it for fun . .fl.~"lo-'1- 114'AJ': 11

"'

)aJo

The function of the stomach is to digest food.

f""'l&. ' /"&.. ' ?""111't ' "7'1'doJ': ' ~ ....

2. hw~c. The teacher's comparison of the

heart to a pump helped the student to understand its function. l>II1-"7&1D- AD-'t 117'?"
T ;>C "7~l\l\'l- 1-"76!1',; l>u>&-'1-'t , 7.'t
'I.~JI.+ ' m4'"7'faJo
3. ~~.,. The function of education is to make
people think. f'I-?"IIC'I- ~~., l'll"'f't
'h't.ll..fllll- ' 11"7J':~"' ' ~ ....
4. 1-"'IJC. It is the function of the newspaper

to publish news.

m~"}

"''+ou-

f;JILtiJfD<

1-"'IJC ' ~..,.

5. P'~ P'C~+. The Emperor attends all official
functions. ,..,.,.. ~1P".fl lt..L('V\'e {)If).
P'~ P'C~.,_:y. ~f. o-11- S'-1'1'11[See also 'vital1

functional
*The functional design of this building shows
its purpose clearly. l>1A"'-'t hT~). 1100
~.11'1- f"''.!f'A ih'tl\ ~~_,...., O"'A.l\'
.flt.rA

functionary (functionaries) "'&..1-'1'

My brother is a functionary in the Foreign
Ministry. ID'tJ':"''. ' 0......,.. ' 1-'IS'- ' "'1.\11-I:C '
m-{lT

1P&.+~

I ~Q)a

fund (v.) 1'tH11 1>17

They will have to fund this project by selling
bonds. 1111.11 T~ ll'tJ': Ooolf'l' 1't
H11 "7"17'1- S'-'l'Cfl'f'I'A

...,..,.oo

Fishing is a lot of fun. ~...,

Y: OIIJ
?" 1.11 S'-~A
A picnic would be fun. 1ic1ic .flii.II;J-A
for fun

function (n.)
I. P'&... What is his function in the office?

fund (n.)
1. ootf'~. Howmuchmoneydidyoucon tribute
to the library fund? 1111.1- OOI\lh'i!.,. oo'!'t;a
'1"'t .fiJA 1>'1''1'1-VA l
2. f-t-oof.O. The school has a fund of $1,000
with which to buy books. .r,-uc+ 11.-1:

..

fundamental

IIODI\.ft'i'-l- OD"'"If" f1oo~o l\'}f: I( fie

l\IIOJo
3. oom'}. His fund of knowledge is amazing.
fbm-+-1> oom'} hltF.'i'4! tmfund offlll'

There is a fund of knowledge in a dictionary.

0""1110 :1''1-l- m-IlT fill' bm-+-l- f.1>;'A
funds

I. 1'}Hfl. We are short of funds and cannot

buy anything for a while. nH-11 ll'lm~'}
111.li.OJo ?"'}?" A'}1~ l\'}>fA?"

2. l\e'l;f-. He is soliciting funds for a new

building. 'l'l.ll .ft'}l\ "1u>t.Y l\e'l;f-
ooomf~ 'If. tm-

fundamental

"""'~:1''1!

That's a fundamental difference. 1

OOIP~~

'I! A\lt-l- tm-

funeral +fie

l Fe't.,. +fie 1 f+fle F

t Fe't-l-

1 have to go to a funeral. +fie oo'f.f: l\llfl't

The question was whether to take the children
to the funeral or leave them at home. )-1.;..
A}!.,;'} w~ Fe't_,. +fl~ (f+fle P'
t Fe'tor) o f.fl o OD'/.f: Wf.?" l\tl.T '
,....,.m- toe
funeral (adj.)
I. f+fle. A funeral march is very slow.
f+fle "1e1i 0"1?" 11"1 Yll tm2. O+fl~ 'If. f.,.~~1. We listened to the
funeral oration in tears. 0.,.11:.;.. t\f. f+
~~1m-., '}"'"'e l\'}Q linn l\'loo'J"}
[See also 'cortege, oration, procession~]

funnel "11'1\Y
f-0~0;1-A

funny
I. l\F<I!'t. That's a very funny story. Y 0"1
?" hF4!'t ;1-t.h tm2. l\'}"1'1. I heard a funny noise during the
night. 11.11.-l- l\'}"1'1 1:?"6 ,.,..,..,.
You look so funny. Is something bothering
you? ..,.~;1-u l\'}"1'1 IFtfl't t f'l'1~u t1

e'

fur
I. ll.,.e. Our cat has beautiful fur. t:oo;f-";f'}
.f.'}}! 111-1: l\'1-l-

2. f~JJ4~ K.'l-C. Indians used to barter fur

for rifles. U'}J'..";f Ym-t. ll.,.e OmOD'}lf
Y.llm-m- toe

3. Qlll\.,.e A fill ! fll.,.e A fill. We put our

furs in storage for the summer. IJ:AK"l-C
(fll.,.e) Afl{)";f'}'} IIO;>m- 1.11. h_,.-l-tm-

furious
I. f.,.'i'Jl.Jl.. The cashier tried to calm the
furious woman. 1'}H-fl .,..,.Q\l f.,.'i'Jl.Jl.>fm., ll.or 1\,YOef: 'l"h~
2. "1f.ll>;'. A furious storm blew down many
trees. "1f.ll>;' to(.ll fill' ~c:";f 1M~II
3. hQf:. They smashed the enemy in a furious
attack. hQf: "11':1'-l- hf:C1m- m'lor'} 1:
?"'!'"1m-'} hm4-+
be furious flt1J9'" +'iU

My boss will be furious if I don't come.

I}AOD"'IJ- l\11:1'11- 0"1?" f.'i'~A

furiously
I. 0"11-A. The wind was blowing furiously.
to(.l\- 0"1f.A f.t'i'll toe
2. l\{)or llfl(o. He entered the office furiously
and began to shout at everyone. l\{)or llfl(o
m~ fl..C"aJo 1'1'1' ov-.& ttm- 1\f. oo~

1i l""~

furl m+llll
The boys broke camp and furled the tent.
A}!.,; 'i~'fm-'} 11"1'}"1-l- f:'}l>.'i''fm-'}
m+lltr
~:1'1."

furlough

The funnel is too big for the bottle. "11'11Ym-

llme-1\-

furnish

498

l\11 l

3. f"''..Yll1e?". I had a funny dream last night.

+...,+., ..,;~- h'}t: f"''..Yil1e?" a.A?"
l\fl}o
sound funny fUtff.ODilbt. lr'f ;1-f

His explanation sounds funny to me. f(lmm-

?"h'}Y-l- M f.oo(IA IF'l" ;1-f't

He is on furlough, but will return to his battalion soon. OL:J".(" 1\.e )a- ""11' o:,.c-o
1.11. W~

lfii:I'OJo f.ooii{)A

(be) furloughed

~:I' f."

.,.,.,m

The troops were furloughed after their stay

in the desert. w;f-Y.<:,; ?"1:~ 0'1 m-(1
1' h-1'1' 0:\'1 4.:1'1: ' .,.,.,"l'I'OJo

furnace ?" f:ll"

There

iS 00

OJoll'l' '

fire in the furnace. fl9".e-){tJJ-

l\0\-l- fll?"

furnish
I.

h+~O.

Who furnishes supplies to the army?

lltn-.. +T~'i' ,....,~ f"''..Y+eom- "1tm- 1

Can you furnish proof? "11l~ll" ..,~~fl
>fi\IIU l

furtive

499

furnished

~==~----------------~-------------------2. '1"~. We will have to furnish the library

with books. 0.-1- ooll.ft<;:-l>'t ""llih'i''l- oo
-~+ hll.il't
3. 1..!1' l\!11Q. I have not furnished my new
apartment yet. ~-'1.11- h:rC-1-"7\1. 1<; h

? .

h~ll1QII-9"

4. (lm. The sun furnishes heat. O.bf. ....,.

+ 'Jo{l"JII.l-

furnished room h'i'A M.,..ll- l\?IJJo

I want a furnished room. h'tY: h'i'A M
uo-11- h?m- l\LA;>/1.11-

furniture fO.+ h?
We still have to buy some furniture. 1<; fO.
'Jo ' l\? 0 OD"'q'Jo ' J\r\iJ')

furor

1. 1i11C. The news caused a furor. m~~& 1i

iiC LmG
2. v-h+. Despite all the furor around him,
John remained calm and collected. 1111- 11h+ llhRm-9" ;f:'t tl-11-'t 1-1' 119"
l\11.
*His new book caused quite a furor. h-'l.(t. 1 ou
K".bf. filii- (ll"'f't ll"'L+ .,. ....,. ...
raise a furor J\h4\IIJ

His appointment raised a furor in our office.

f/1- ootr9" oop-&y O.;f"l-'t't hll""l

furrow (v.) l\1'""7-1-G

Trouble had furrowed his brow.
~'t hh-"7'1-C':f"A

l-"'c "''tQ

furrow (n.)
1. TA9"". The farmer sows seed in the furrows
of the field. 10<1.1D- 0"70\m- ID-il'l' Qr\ID-
'1-A!I" 1\f. HC f.Htl-A
2. ""*me. The furrow of his brow shows
that he is deep in thought. f"'')q~ ""*m
c O.b0\11 OD'J'm-'t YOOII.h:f"A

further (v.)
I. l\'t-'l.ll'i-4- hf.G1. The United Nations is
trying to further the cause of peace. f-1-QO~+
OO't"'F:f"'l- M9" h't-'l.ll'i-4. 11."7Y:G"' '
fiOD"J{; 1\f. )ID2. M&-'J'... He only furthers his own interest.
f1q 'i'l\i-f>'t 11!1' YS'.tl-)iA

further (adj.)
I. 11..1\. The bank refused further credit to
the firm. Q'th- A't"'-'1. Y:c)('+ 11..11 ilY:

c.

hll.hll.

2. -~""""'"Do you need further help?-~""""'

t. l\C-'1:1" '1-LA;>II.U l
3. ( ~ adv.)Oof-...,"7&. For further information,
write to the director. 0-1-"""7& r\ODG-'1'1-
11.-'l.<l.h~. ll'i!
4. (~ adv.) htLU a>V. Further meetings seem
pointless. bH.tJ m!IJ ou{toflfl11 'f':J Yttm-
l\f.ODilt\9"
5. ( ~ adv.) htLU9" o f.OA'!'. Does this mean a
further delay? htLU9" o f.OA'I' o f.H1YA "711.'1-
)ID- l
*This store will be closed until further notice.
11..1\ """'"""' l\llhof-(lm Y:Gll f.U ODS'.il
C 11"1 f.IJ'<;A
further (adv.)
I. mS'. .&.+.You'll have to walk a little further.
T-1:'1- mS'. .&.+ OD'/.Y: YllLA"''IA
2. htLU9" 01\J'.. Further, I want you to leave
at once. htLU9" 01\f. O'i''J')'Jo h'tY:'I-'/.
Y: l\LA;>r\113. Of.OA'I'. Inquire further into the matter!
llll. -...111' OJ'.OA'I' mf.~
4. f.OA'I'. We need go no further into the
matter. tD~ )'I.;.. f.OAT mAn OIJCfiQ
+ ' l\YllLA1't9"
5. htLU ROAm. Let's not discuss this matter further! f.U't't -..-'If. htLU OOII.m
l\'t);>1CO'Jo
6. O(l.&.m-. He spoke further about his plans.
llll. l\~.11. fi(l.&.m- -!-<;1<:
further on mS'..&.+
The road gets narrow further on. OD1''JJJ.. m
U'l- MmOO f.'/..IIA
any further h'1""1"LtJ ID/tf

I don't want to pursue the subject any further.

)1~'t h't"'-'l.U a>V Ah:f"-1-r\IJJo l\A
LA"''/"
furthermore htLU 01\f.
Furthermore, I would like to add
htLU '
01\f. A""9"CO'Jo f9"LA11JJo

furthermost hll-11-9" c" f"'1.1'S

The furthermost house belongs to my uncle.
f"'1.1'fm- o.+ Yi-1: )mhv-11-9"

c"

furtive
I. lf.hh Yll. 1 fY.-11~11~. His furtive man-

ner aroused the policeman's suspicion. if.hh

Yll. (fY.-11~11~) 11-t.;f"IJJo ?'11.11-'t 'I'C"'
~ l\0\S'.GO'I2. (~ adv.) (IG~ l\Y:Ci. She threw a furtive
glance at him. (1<:~ hY:C;> of-ODII.h-1-l-"'"

fury
fury
I. 'H',.'I-. He tore his hair in a fury. O't.<',.'l- II
"K-'t ' ~"'"
2. 'lf.A. The fury of the hurricane frightened
the townspeople. Y<-~ H-fl. 'lf.A f
h.,..,<-'t l'll":Y.. hilS'.~1m

*In the fury of battle, many soldiers perished.

01-of.of.oua>- tnC~'I- <-il'l' >fill- m:t-s>.

r::Y.. '

'1"1:
fly into a fury 0"}1...-,.

if., hA
When he heard the news, he flew into a fury.
t

m.:.<D-"t l'l.il., O't J'..'l- 1:1 h/1

fuse (vt.) .t.:,OAtn hYYH

He fused two pieces of wire together. 11-11-i:'t f

1111 41<!-f."":Y..

.t.:,OAtn hYY~'f<-

fuse (vi.)

1. ~lim. At a relatively high temperature, the

metal will fuse. h'i' fill -~:,. 'lf.A
>fl~'l- f.~A"'A
2. 1-'l'.bJ'.. My ideas fuse with his.' .hftiL h
fl. .hft>fl f.'l'.h-'IA

fuse (n.) flAil'\

The fuse blew out. flAil'\<- 1-:l'm/1

the minister made a great fuss over him. fl")..,..rv =

~11"1: ' 1-R't'l- ' 1.11. ' "'Ltil'l-'1- ' 0"19" '
_,.CO-t-01'
3. l\ilhiLU h;JH. It's not worth making a
fuss over such a trifle. .e.uTt M f,t:,Q ~1
c l\ilhrtu .,;~n hf.1fl9"

fussing (n.) oo'f1C

All this fussing about such a small matter is
hardly worthwile. il/IILU 'l-'t11 ~1C f.
U't YUA ou'f1C '1'<1. ll.il ~<-

fussy 11>ftc:,Oc:,.
His writing is so fussy I lose the thread of the
story. hAAf. 11>f1C:,0c:,O illllf~ f:J-&11-'t
:,OS'-9" 1-h-t-A hAY1!h-'l-9"
be fussy
I. <-;) ~m~ f"'LA. The waiter dislikes him
because he is so fussy about his food. ill\ 9"1
II- .,.;) ~m~ f"'LA illllf~ hft'\4.<-
f.m'I'I'A

2. .,.~"'1~"'-. That sick child is always fussy;

nothing suits him. Y 011.,.'i' A;E- II-A1.11.
f.~"'i~"'iA i 9"'t9" ~1C hf.il.,.,<-9"
3. h'i'-t-'i' 'l''t:l'41 mf~. Watch repairing is a fussy job. l'l'l'l- f.,S'.il P'<l- h
'1'1-'i' 'l''t:l'ofl't f"'Lmf.:,O ~,.

fusion
1. ODJI+A. The fusion of Hamites and Semites
has produoed the Ethiopian. fii9"'i" fl'l.9" ~
11'-:Y.. ' ODJI~A ' h.'l-1'-kY'I!'t ' hil11
2. .,'l'.hS'.'. High temperatures are needed to
produce fusion of the two metals. 11-/1-i:'t >fl~
.f:Y.. 1\.,'l'mS'.' h'i' Yll -~:,. Yili.A
;JA

fuss (v.)

future

500

1-~Q~H

She fusses about her work. OP'<1-'1' 'If.

Hq~q/I:Y..

fuss around +1''1/taJ.(.

She has been fussing around in the kitchen all

morning. htli.'l- ~9"<1- .,S'.'IL'I- <-il'l'
'1-'t1'1aJ-'III:Y..

fuss (n.) 'I-C9"il

What a fuss! And it is such an unimportant
thing. l\'t'LU 'Ill ~'lA ~1C f.U 11-11-
'I-C9"il M S'.'~<- l
make a fun
1. 1-~Q~H. His wife is always making a fuss
about the windows having cracks. "'Lil-t: ill\
ODil!>.f'll ' ODil~m:,O > II-A1.fl. ,. T~Q~If/I:Y..
2. .,.co_,.o.,.. When the Emperor paid a visit,

4. boum't O'lf. .,.m~~~. The house is always

neat because she is a fussy housekeeper.
boom't O'lf. il/19"'1-m~~:,. IL-l: II-A
'1.1

")&,.ih,

I ~(Do

futile
I. h't-1:. He made a futile attempt to save the
patient. 0111-'i'<-'t 11.,-'l't h't-1: -h<l-
hS'-~1

2. 'i'<l. ll.il. His head is stuffed with silly,

futile ideas. hl\9"1:<- O.,f.~ll- '1'<1. ll.il
.hftll:Y.. _,.'I"A:t:A .

future (n.)
I. oo"'- 1 fmS'-4.'1-. You cannot look into
the future. oo"'-<-'t (fmU-t:'t) A:J-,.
:,. h'I-:Y..A9"
2. fwU'I- l'-1:. He was contemplating his
future. ill\ mu-t: l'-1:<- YMilA ~oc
3. fa>U'I- ~S'.'A. Don't build your future
on dreams! fmU'I- ~S'.'AU't Oh't-1: 9"
'1'1- 'If. t.'f-oop>C'f4. .,.ilof.. This job has no future. f.U P'<l-
.,.ilof. ' fll<-9"
5. f'l-'tll.'l- 1..11.. The future in Amharic has
the same form as that of the present. IJ.,C'i'

future
f."f-"10.'1- ' '1.11. ' .rv-"1 ' '1.11. ' 'l.M."f- ' ODol\h '
111\tJJo
in the future llmU-11 i mu:,.
In the future, come on time! lltDU-h Ofl'i

., ...

I'll buy it sometime in the future. ms>..t.."f-

111~1'1111-

future (adj.) fOJU."fHe introduced his future son-in-law to me.

fOJS'..f.."f- ' 11"'1'1h ' 11ii-I-1'W+"t
[See also 'immediate')

501

fuzz

future tense f."f-"10.'1- '1.11. i ."f-"10.;11! '1.11.

The future tense in Amharic has the same
form as that of the present.
f."f-"10.
."f- ' (."f-"10.:1-'1!) ' '1.11. ' .rv-"1 ' '1.11. ' 'lf.)."f- '
oPol\h ' 111\tJJo

q...,c,.

fuzz IIM<'t fll') !Ill li'I-C

Caterpillars are covered with fuzz. 11q ..,
'ltl. liM <'I Rll') !Ill 11'1-C f-I-ll" .f.) )tJJo

502

gabble

gala

G
gabbleMtun
The little girl gabbled her prayers and jumped
into bed. '1-11( A"J!: 1\11-;1:1 M111Q
hA:>'I' tJJo11T ~q:f
gadget """1&1
This is a new gadget for opening cans. f.U J\
Jl.11 0 f"J/1 0 fiOh,!.iJ' 0 OD"f&f 0 ttJJo
gag (gagged)
1. h<~.t (:l't.t). He was tied up and gagged.
:1'111!'11" :l''i''l"ll" tnc
2. 1:'1' hl'l"f. The medicine gagged him. on$;

*"' '

3. hofol:ll.. He gained strength by arduous

exercise. 11C1: flltiJot-1- )..1'1'11?11. O"Y
$;l:1 ' '1'1 ... &.") ' hofol:t.
4. ),. - - f..l:ll. The swimmer gained the shore.
'1'<;-fo'l'm- ' ),.tiJ")H- JIC f..l:ll
*How does he gain his Jiving? 0,..,. f.+-'1~
&-A?

gain (vi.)
1. ofoll"ll(tiJo). The sick child is gaining and will
soon be well. f:J"oooom- A)f: Af+ifAm-
11ll~'- n'i'cn- f.$:<;A

"lk-1: '
h(l"ftJJo
11 (vi.) 1:'1' hll(m-)

2. h11f..'l- .u.ou.:. When he found he had

gained, he went on a diet. h11~T ouQ;&.OD~
") ' QtiJ.,. ' "1.11. ' 9"111 ' OD.,.t11 o )!ODl;

He took a bite of food and gagged. f9""111 41

gain (in)

&-11 ...C(o

1:'1' hAm-

gag (n.) "Yt.'l'

Take the gag out of his mouth! "Yt.'l'm-1 "
f. t ID"(IT I J\ID"n]l&
gaiety
I. -fof..il:ft-1-. Her gaiety was notioed by all
onlookers. ofof..il'ft;t1 (lm- o-floo ofooflhofo
2. $:11".,.'1-. Flags added to the gaiety of the
scene. ll1f..'i' '\II"Yl"'li ll'l-C).)'.of> $:9".,.
'J-' .U.OD~(I'Jgaily
*He walked in gaily as though nothing were
wrong. 9"111" h4- t~c ),.")JIA.f..l:ll o-floo
ff..11:J'' OD{Ah '),.f:J'ffl'J-' Wf..' tJJo11T' ~q
*The gaily painted walls do not go together
with the furniture. f"'l.111fi.U.A.U.tJJo f"l$:"1
.II .,.fill" htL-1- ),.:J>m- :>C ' hi'-11"Y"Y9"
be gaily dressed S'..y:,.

A-fill Afl(l

She was gaily dressed to receive her guests.

),.")"11'-!1!1 {IOD.,.flA f.."Y'i' ' A1111 ' {111/1 '
tnc

gain (vt.)
l. h17. He gained much experience as a
driver when he was in the army. ifl.C ll&-"1!.-,.
tiJo11T ntn.:n-1- "I.H. 1111- rll".t..ct-1- "'
9"9"$:' h~"f

2 . .u.ou.:. He gained a lot of weight recently.

O'i'cn- 1111- h11f..'l- .U.9"a:A

,;u.oo~

With age, he gained in wisdom. ).fl:)! 11..~$:

~ .....,.""' .u.ou.:
gain (on) f..l:li(0-1-)
Can't you go faster? The car behind is gaining
on us. <~.m1 li"Yll-1- h'l-'fA9" ! h:\11'1'1
flltiJo ouh_<; (IJ'.C11111 tmgaln over m~ft. ItO
He sought to gain over the church party.
ftL-fo hcll-l:ft-1 :rc-1: wf..n- fiOD/111
'l"hl:
[See also 'ascendancy, confidence, ear, entrance,
ground, momentum, time']

gain (n.) '1-c<;:

The love of gain caused him to buy that land.
'1-c<;: f"Y1"f+ <;:'i'c 111 on&.+ ),.")
Jl.~q ' hf..l:~tJJo
gainful ,_..,.,

~n.

f"'l.111~'S

He found a gainful occupation. S'.... 'i 1Q

"'l.1111 'S P'&- 1 H

gainsay ofo:J>wou
I cannot gainsay what you have said. h1-fo 1
AhtiJo") hlA:J'tD9"V"
gait hl:"Yo$:
He has an awkward gait. h.l.IPJODJJ.

mAlt-f..

tmgala 0'\A
The gala was attended by many dignitaries.

gambling

503

galaxy

1111- :NIII:t> (ll"'f 00,11- ~f. -M'S-1-a>-

)0C
be a gala affair ol'llm
The party was a gala affair. :rc-tm- f-1'1\m
)OC

galaxy h'l'h11.Y.'f

gallon ;JII-"t
One American gallon is not quite four liters.
h"t~ fh"'l.&IJ"t ;JII-"t Ah ht.-'1- 11.'1-C

hf.S'./1'1"

gallop (vt.) ;J/10

They galloped the horses. oi.Gl>'ll'l ;J/111'"

The retrograde motion of certain planets convinced Galileo that the sun was the center of
our galaxy. ,I'"J.'l"t~ h'l'h11'1- 1':\A\'"11

gallop (vi.) ;JI\0

l\'l:t-11:1'1\ D.hf. fh'l'h11.Y.!l''f"t M"11C'l-

OOII'S:"t ;J(I.I\.M ' l'\<'loP)a>-

gallop (n.) 1Afl.l'

The horse galloped through the park . .C.G(I.

Ooo<;,C."/flD'" a>-11'1' ;JI\0

The horse" s gallop is very graceful. f oi.G(I. 1

Afl.l' 0"1'1" S'.ll f"7..f(l'S )iD'"

gale
I. '"'"~~" ' Hil. The gale blew the roofs
off some of the huts. '"""~~" )of.(l. f"t
.'!")~ IL.Y.'f"t "'&f 1)"1mll
2. "7MA. The ship lost her masts in the gale.
h"7i>OA f-J-)"1 fOOChfl'" '1"(1(> -J-(10<:
gale of laughter "':t><; ' lD'"IJ:I'"
When the man came home, he heard a gale of
laughter. (la>-ttm- l\IL-1: {IJ'.CII "':t><;
a>-IJ:I'" (1"7

gall (v.) M<'I"'Discourtesy galls me. 11A1<; fO<'I"'-';'A

be galling(= tr.) hO<'Ial.
It's very galling to have a supervisor who is
not adequately trained. 04: '1-'l"tJC'l- fl\.
/liD'" 1-'k"'"'& 0"1'1" fO<'I"'iA

gall (n.) .h'l"'l-

gallows f(la>- ""11-l'f i>"t'1There are gallows in the prison. fl'lt.llC R.-1:
a>-11'1' f(llD'" oPII<I'f {)"tal.'!- h/1

galore

011~'1-

There were pretty girls galore at the danoe.

OJI"t(l. ~f. .f."t]l: A7f1GP.'f 011~'1-

1"1'S1-lD'" ' )OC

galoshes 1-S'.&-0. 11'"'1- "'i"7

We wear galoshes in wet weather. 0+11.4'11
a>&-'1- 1-S'.Ml ft-'1- "'i"7 l\<;S'.C;JII"t

gamble (v.)

I. <11"7C -J-"'ia>-1-. They were gambling for

high stakes. h'i' q/1 1"tH11 <11"7C f."'ia>
of> )OC

2. <11"7C-J-';' )iD'". He doesn't gamble, but

he drinks. <11"7C-J-';' hf.S'./1'1" 1"t m

Gall is used in digestion. .h'l"'l- '1"111"t 11

t;Q.

"7'1'.h~ Y.m:t-"7A

3. 1-a>&-GS'.. I am gambling that he will come

tomorrow. ~., ~ ~ODIIJA -fltL 1 J,m&-l.-41UJ-

gallant
I. )!1<;. The gallant soldier was decorated.
)!1<;lD'" a>:f'"S'.C 1-lf/IDP

2.

Q;a.tp,

He is very gallant with women.

111\.Y.'f 0"1'1" '1' )iD'"

gall bladder f.h'l"'l- PI

President Johnson had an operation on his

gall bladder. T&.IVI"t'l- ]O(l"t f.h'l":l'"'flD'"
'I ' &.';' <I'J'. ...., .. ' 1-S'.l:"l-

gallery
I. (11)'J-. Our seats are way up in the gallery.
oo<!'oo"'i'f'l l\~J'. hM)-1: )a>2. fl"i>A h-'1&-11. Did you see the exhibit
at the gallery? 01"1>11- h'lt.-11 a>-11'1'
f/liD'"'I '1-Cl\Y.'l- .,..,.llh'l-h l

galley [oo:t>H&.f<; If&- fila>- <:'fr'l" <1'"11'1

f'l'"t'l- ooch11]

~fD"

gamble away fl-ll"''C

at,(l

He gambled his whole salary away. S'.'I"H-'1

l\"t-'111 041"7C a!.G(l

gamble (n.) qm"'

fa>-"!

Putting money into a new building is often a

gamble. h-'1.11 ih"tK ~f. 1"tH11 "7'i!(lll
qm"' fiD'""' "711'1- )a>-

gambler <fl"7c-J-';'
The gambler lost all his money. <11"7C-J-'I'm-
1"tHII'""t flo/\-

1-0~

gambling <11"7C
He spends all of his money on gambling.
1'1Hfl'"1 flo/\- O<fi"7C f.a!.C<'IA
gambling den f<fi"7C oP"'ia>!l' (l:f'"
The polioe raided the gambling den. ?'11.11 f
<fi"7C OO"'ia>!J'a>-"t (l:f'" 0~1T fHa>-

gambol

garb

504

gambol llG+
The sheep were gamboling in the field.

n~'ll

""'~"'" 11.e. .e.llc-1< ~nc

was a notorious criminal. fm'lO.r.,_,:,; oo6

f;I'ID4' ID"I)!II'i' ~fiC

Don't get mixed up with that gang! They

spend too much time drinking and gambling.

game (n.)
I. ""'I';I'. In the evening, children like to play

games . ...,_,. ...,_,. A]f:'f- AI' AI' """'

MH.U Jl.&!l.lPl- ;>C h'l-"ltn!l" 1.11

TtJio"l ' fiODtn'J' ... ' fi4<"7C ' ,I'QtJ...-1\o

gangplank oui;>1&,1'

;I' ' """"ID'}- ' Y.,ID'II\o

We beat them in today's game.

n~.:.,.

""'I'

There is a gangplank from the ship to the dock.

_,. ' hif~<j:...-'ftJ)o

2. Jl.Q;l..,.m..,., His game of chess was improving.
ll"ltnG'fr h""'l'm-1> M_,.lflf/1 'tS'..
3. "I'I'"'LJ'. This newspaper gives a full story
of the game.
;JU.IIJ ill\ 1'1'"'/JID- ,.,.
II- .,._,._,. Y..II"'A
4. "'"''i'I';J'. Do you sell any children's games
here? fA]I:l- """"'I';J'lPl- 't.H.U '1-lf"'
Ill-Il-l
5. fhF..'J 1taJot'.. There's a lot of game in this
region. OH.tJ +tUb ofltfc fh..e.'l J\t&t'.

oochn-"1...- mS'..II-"1 f"''.,l'1<;'{ ooif.:>1&.1'

h/1

,.U

M
6. +"tllA. He tried to trick us, but we saw
through his game. fW';f'A/1"1 'l"hG "1"1
.,."11>11-"1 S'..G!I"In'l-

game (adj.) fhS'.."I

The game laws are very strict. fhf.'l tb...,
fi"'!l". 'l'"fi:,O' ~,.
[See also 'forfeit')

gamut
*In one minute I ran the gamut of feeling from

hope to despair. Q"l.l:' 1.4!:1' tJio!l'l' .,.llof.

'll.c...- -1111"1"'1- 1QIJ-

The gander rules all the geese.

m"t~

1ff,

11.'1- 11\"l-"1 IJ-1\o Y..1~A

gang (v.), - around o)!n

The boys ganged around their leader. A]l:'li
OU&J''ftJio"l ' O)!lt-'1gang up on +'11lt!' h.m.4"
The whole class ganged up on the new student.
h-'1.11-"1 '
fh'i'll- '
IJ-1\o .,.
QiiC' htn:l'tJio

.,..,& '

gang (n.)
1, =\.\!". Two gangs of workmen were mending

the road. fv-11'1- 'iP.l- w&-.,.'l'l- ou"J

1JI."I Y..m"l).

me ;J-1?-

Oflm-)o+ m-il'l'

f-tilA

oon

ilnll)

gangster <DC'fill
The gangster escaped from the police. <DC'fil\tJio
h?'fi.(I'Jj hoP/Itn

gap
I. qp. 11;1'. The gap has to be filled. qp.,.
"-"' ""'~"'~'~- ' hlln'l2. 4''1'1. The sheep got into the field through
a gap in the hedge. n~'ll ' Q'l'~ ' 4''1'1 '
aJ~

3.

"7.~

Al'~'l-.

1flo

There is a wide gap between the

views of the two statesmen. OtN\-1:1 OD~9J";f

h<'t-11 outthA ill!- Al'~'l- h/1
*There are large gaps in his education. .-,.,..uc
., ' ,1'1:\.,.",7.11 ~,.
*There is a gap in my memory of the war years.
!Ill tnC~'l- nou...-'1- f...,ll!l;f-tJio/l't'tJio ,
~1C'l- ' hl\o

gape h4-"1 h.t...,.

gander m"l.<:- 11Y..

.,....,& '

gangrene [fi.ltOU!I" !l"h"11'l- fS'..!I" oun'f'

~nc

A gang of ruffians attacked a policeman.

rm"lnf.lPl- 'i.<:- 7'11.11 '-"'-"
2. <D"Ifif.lPl- ~JI.&II.l"l-. The head of thefgang

A deep hole in the earth gaped before us.

h.t..'l- /ld.;l'l-"1 h4-"1 ' fh.t...,. ' "1-.l:''iS'..' ' h
f"l
gape at h4-"1 h.t...,.

The country boy gaped at the city sights.

fQI\1~

A';: h_,."7tJ1o"l 11.1Y.. h4-"1

h.t...,.

gape open .,."-_,.

The zipper gaped open. H. T~ .,."-_,.

garage .:>&-'fr
garb (v.), be garbed A-1111 /Ifill
The doctor was garbed..in white. dt h.,.,. )oolf.lt
A-1111 11-llji,A

garb (n.) fP'&- A-1111

The garb of a nurse is white. f)Cil
Aoflil

I)~ I

)lD"

f~~

garbage 4'1flf
Garbage is collected daily. 4'1flf Of4').
Y,I'IIIMA
garbage pall 4'1flf "'lmt-4'"'/.J' fJA-'1.
Empty the coffee grounds in the garbage pail!
4'1flf "'ltnt-4'"'/.J' fJA-'1. w-11'1' fll-"w"J h-1-11 h'i'l'laJo

garble MfJ
The newspapers garbled the quotation. ;JII."'
..... '1'~11-"J h~fJOJo

garden (v.) MhA."f- -t-hll

She likes to garden. h."f-hA."f- ou."f-hA ."f-m
Jlll:f
These flowers are from our garden. lt.~H.O r
h011:f h'f h."f-hA."f- 11;1- f-l-4'tn4-

""'"'"

[See also 'herb']

gardener h."f-hA-1-'f
The gardener is the one who planted the
flowers. hll11'1l"J f-1-hllaJo h."f-hA-t-'fw- )w1 -t-'l'oumoum

Gargle every three hours! Ofl"lli> n'i."f- .,.

t:f:IJ") ' 1.tnofl
He has a sore throat, and gargles with salt
water. .,..f!f!tD-") lll\oPOOtD- r ID.m- 1 QAOT
tD-;)I,..,..oPmDDIIJ&\

garrison (n.) fm;J-S'.t::f ftnC I'ILC

The girls went to see the garrison. t\ll"1~1'-'ll
fm;f-S'.t:'ll"J ftnC (ILC ll"'lf."f- 'tJI.

garrulous ll'i'll.t.
His garrulous wife annoys him very much.
ll'i'll.t. "''.lli> 0"19" ;1-0<'IQ;l.'l'll:f

garter IIIIth
The garter holds up the stocking. f1."1C ll't-!1. mS'. ;t-:f 7-"JJ!.e.mcY: f"''..e.ll
IIIIth )OJ1. .711. Turn off the gas! ....,,..,. 11,.?aJo
2. rooc11 m.il. Gas was used in the First
World War. oou)!ou&.f f'l/19" tnC)."f- 1.
H. I fODC'll I m.ll I hfi1Cio.:'f- I h1A..,ftaT I tD11- )OC
deadly gas oucn'f "1'"11
A deadly gas envenomed the air. oPCif~ -ell hf-1-"J -~"
[See also 'attendant, poison gas']

gash (v.)

<t.~m

The broken glass gashed his arm. l'lfJt-

..,.II h"JJI."J "'-t:mw-

me

gash (n.)

garish oflA'I.'A"l'"
The mother disapproved of her daughter's
garish earrings. A~:l: .I'S'.~1:fw-"J oflt\"1'"
t\'1.' .,...,., ' 1...."f-1"'1' h'l'llll:ffJ."f-

garland .I'll 'I .,..,.,..,

They placed a garland on his grave. oou.-J>ofl-1-
IIY, .1'0'1 .,.~.,.., h'l"-1-

garlic )"1'" 'ii"JIJ.C."fWhen one eats garlic it bums.

."f- (1,011-."f- .1'.-J>'I'IIA

in the Gaza Strip. 7-llt-lbll-:f 0;>~ fll\m.

tB-11'1' o-1\."f- lf/1.4' ODY;O'I'A

gas

garden (n.) .l'."f-hA."f- 11;1-

gargle 'N!'t:aJo"J hmll

gas station

505

garbage

~.,_.

7i1 b-e

garment Aoflll
There was a tear in her gannent. Aofl!'l +J.;~

)0~ ....

garnish h:>1.tn
The cook garnished the potatoes with mint.
m'l' ll.i> Y:"J'Il"J 0.,., h:>1.m

garrison (v.) ODS'.O

The Israelis have garrisoned two battalions

*There was a deep gash in his face . .t.'IJ

Y, ' h4-'f -1-"'-Ctn )OC

"

gasoline II."JH."J
I would like fifteen gallons of gasoline. OF&-
h9"M :>11-"J II."JH."J 1-Lt\:>llo-

gasp (v.) h.-J>-1--1The sick man was gasping for air. fl"li-t)j'm/IOD+"JLil .1'.-J>."f-r ~oc
gasp out ."f-"Jof.ll'-"J "'C'I' "'C'I' hS'.~1
He gasped out an urgent message . ."f-"Jof.ll'-"J
"'C'I' "'C'I' 1..('1.~1 hll'f\>.Y, ODt\1.h."f-
-~-~~

gasp (n.), come in gasps -tc-r -tC"l' a hi\

His breath carne in gasps . ."f-"Jof.ll'- "'C'I' "'C
'I'. hll

gas station II."JH."J ' "lS'..I'

He filled his tank at the gas station. oohsw., II."JH.., "'IS'..!' II."JH.., '1"11

506

gate

gate
1. flC. Drive right through this gate! .,.'l':J'
fltUJ flC ~.1!-_,.11 7.1\'i'
2. f.,..,.. fl&-'i'. The dog was smelling at the
gate. tJJolftJJo htD-"1." fl&-'i' 1\Y. IJ''l' f)l.
"t'i' ~flC
gatekeeper fl~':'
The gatekeeper wouldn't let him in. fl~':'tJJo
hl\111119" ' hl\tJJo

gaze
2. 1\IJ. Radar is now used to gauge the speed
of automobiles. &-'IC IJ!Jol- 1.11. fDDh.'i'
l":f"t 'i''l'~'l- 1\DDI\IJ'l- .em:r-"71:\

gauge (n.)
1. ODI\h.f. The gauge that shows the speed
is broken. f'i''l'~-1> DDI\h.f .,.1111~1:\

2.

oom~.

gaunt
gateway
1. DD"Jfl..l'. The gateway is closed by a wooden
OD1f1.f Y.H?I:\
gate. oo"Jfl..l'tJJo nn ....
2. flC. A college education is one of the gateways to success. fl>/1.~ 'l-9"11C'l- M.<:1:\ ' OD/tfJ'l- ' h"tY..':'tJJo ' flC ' ~tJJo

:r-

gather (vt.)
1. 1\.,.oo. The children gathered wood in the
forest. 1:\}('ll b"'iiiJ 6"t...,'l- 1\.,.oo2. llflllfl. He gathered information for his
book. I\DDl'i"m4- oo~Jf llflllfl
3. """"~ The plane gathered speed, and took
off. htD-<!"1"1\l- 'i''l'~'l- M""""~ .,.~...,

4. moo mOD. He gathered his scarf around his

neck, and went out into the cold. h"t1., 1\Y.
1::11) I m?"'IJ'fJP I fl1J.C.IJ. I IDf. I (Do~ ; IDIJ)
5. .,.~'1. I gather that he is rich. 1/ofl;J-9" oo
11'1-"t ' .,.~'I!Jo
gather (vi.)
1. .,.llflllfl. A large crowd gathered in front
of the City Hall. ofllt' .ilt11ofl "7H;J1f fl.
., ' h'l&-11 ' 1.'1- ' 111.'1- ' .,.llflllfl
gather around (vi.) .,.llflllfl
The crowd gathered around . .ilt11fl- .,.llflllfl

gather In 1Hif~

The seamstress gathers the skirt in at the

top. 1:\1111 11.1.'1' 11.'1- 1-CJI."t .,."'LII
'1-lf~"li'i'll:f

gathering llofliiiJ

There is a gathering of scientists in the next

room. fl"'L.,.'l'lltD- b'i'l:\ tD-11'1' f,...P-'111
1\.:l'tD-"t'l- ' llofliiiJ ' hi\
gaudyofll:\"1."1:\"1."
He has a gaudy necktie. 111:\"1."1:\"1." h&-li
,. ' hl\tD-

gauge (v.)

1. 100+. It is difficult to gauge his intentions

by looking at him . .1.-t>"t fl"7f'l- "'"11-'1
DD10D'l- ' fll'l'-l&-1:\

Wire is available in various gauges.

1ill fll:\1' I:\ I< oom"t .P-1':'1:\

foo~on~

He is weak and gaunt after a long illness.

b~~9"

1.11.

$009"

fl:\1\ ' Y..IJ"7'i' ' f -~

OD)o I tr~

make gaunt }\OD~oo~

Hunger and suffering make people gaunt.

~..,ofl'i' ' :f"JC ' lll":f"t ' J'OU~9"'i'ir
*The disease left him with a gaunt appearance.
fl1i;J-tD- ' fl"'l"' ' hb ... tJJo

gauze lf1i

The nurse used gauze for the wound.

~C!l

_,1111-"t fllf1i hM:f

gave, see give

gavel f6"t""'l- oop..lf
The chairman rapped on the table twice with
his gavel. 1\.+ oo"}O""" fl6"}m..-,. ' oPfl.."iffDw
v-1\'1- 1.11. m~A.~tJJo"t oo

:r

gawk h'l-11-C" .,.DDI\h.,.

The onlookers gawked at the arnvmg film
stars. .,.ou~>.IJ'fi f.l.l:\9" .,."'ii'i''1l'l h'l11-~tJJ- o .,.ODI\bof>
gay

1. f"'LJ'IIY..II'l-. I like to hear the gay voices of

young children. f.iltY'i''l-'1 f"'LJ'IIY..II'l- .1!9"6 ' DDII"1'1- ' 7.1D'II\1Jo
2. Y..ll fll(tD-). The gay young people were
singing as they decorated the hall. Y..ll fll'f
tJJo ' ID"'-I':f ' h'l&-if."t ' fl"'LJ''I.m-flT ' 1.
II. Y.H'i'l- ~flC
3. Y..ll f"'LJ'II'S. Gay music prompts happy
thoughts. Y..ll f"'LJ'II'S oo-ff.:J' fY..II;J- oo
"tl.ll ' fl.l:\:1'1:\
4. F..Dfl:t-. The room was painted in gay colors.
h'i'll- Y.."7:,0 _,.119" _,._,.IJ
gaze (v.) h'l-11-C" .,.DDI\b.,.
He gazed at the sea for a long time. 7.CII- II
oflft' I "l.fJ. I fDf.. I Qifl?o I Jt:t-11-t!" I
lib.,.

.,..tiP

Many languages have a masculine and a

gaze (n.) '\J'.'J

His gaze wandered about the room. 'l.J!.lt- h
lj:j\o

generalize

507

gaze

""OT

fth&..,..,.

gazelle f"'/.11 o;:fA.

! l>:>H'J

There is only one gazelle in our zoo. 11~ fA

'JO<'I+ 1 oo,ry ""0'1' l>'J.I': l>:>H'J
'I lj:fol\) -oil' 1>11

gazette, official -

(f"''.

~:>&+

:>rt."'
The official gazette contains a list of the names
of new appointees. ~.?&+ ;JfLilJ(I)o = h.IL
0 f-1-li"..,.+'J (IS":f M" 11C11C J'.!lA

gear (v.) 1>0"'1"'1

The factory geared its production to seasonal
demands. o(..fi&IJm- f..,.Ym"!:fm-'J t1C':f
h1.rt.m- rJok;}- :>C l>fl"'/"'1
be geared :1-+F..
Our training program is geared to produce
trained people we need for the job. TC'"I&."''
:f'J I IIJ",6.aJo I f"''.Y!ld.oi\1-'J'J 0 IP,6.of-'/'
:f 11"'/IP<I\m'J f?-+Y. tm-

gear (n.)
1. oPUf&,. A fisherman's gear consists of
rods, lines, etc. fq.pt hpD"J:fo ODUf61 H
'J"I ! (l.q~o; foo<'lflii--1-'J Ym:J'A'IA
2. "''C'ii. This car has four gears. J'.U ooh.o;
l>&.-1- "''C'ii hllaJo
get out of gear +fl'lbA

The pump got out of gear and would not run.

f'I"-K- !1.'J!I. !lll.,.(lo;bll l>J'.w&.'l"
put In gear "7C1i lt1fl

He put the car in gear and drove slowly away.

"''C'ii l>"l.fl.f. 011"1;}- 'tY.

femi~

nine gender in the noun .fill" 1 !1/'J!I/S":f fil

'l":f .,.q~;rJ'.o; M!l?-J'. Y.;J- M:fm-

[See also
neuter']

feminine,

'common,

masculine,

genealogy fHC l>m.:..:.r: 1 fHC "I'J.I':

He is well versed in the genealogy of his family.
fiL-1-flii-'J fHC l>.m&.<!:.l': OY.'J.fl m'J
'J>.fo Ym-:J'A
The appendix of this book deals with the
genealogy of the kings. ftLU 1 DDX'dttt:. 1 +"'1Pi6 I OD&OJI\-1 I ill\ I ~1P';J-T I flfC 1 ..,.,.
.r: ,...1&.<1\

general (n.) :(k&.A

The general was wounded in the battle.
:(k&.ll- OtnCti: 1\J'. .fol'lll

general (adj.)
1. m'l-'1'1. A general election is held every

year. oyoo-t: m'l>'l'l 'I"C"'i J'.Y.<!::>A

I have a general idea how planes work. l>m-C'T
'I'J , "-'JS'..-1- "-'JY."'LIP&. m'l>'l'l .h<'l
.jJ ' 1>11"1
2. f.b1t.fl. A government takes care of the
general welfare. oP'J"II"-1- ll.b1111- Y."o'J
t+' '1'1.1-. tm3. ( ~ adv.) Oflol-m-. Afternoon tea is a general
custom in England. "-'J"II\..11 l>1C hfl'l+ 0
:\1\ ~ ?f~ I oPtniiJ+ I O(t,C.aJo I f+AOD~ I ~(Do
general term ftDA

il9"'

"Livestock" is a general term for cows, sheep,

and goats. b.fl+ M'l":f 1101:-f-o; ll'i'fll';fo I ftDA I i\9"' I ~(Do

geese, see goose

in general Otn~l\1\aJo
In general, things are all right. Om'l>'l'laJo

gem

[See also 'consent, secretary general, staff']

I. fhO<!: .I':'J:>J'.. The gems were valuable.

fhno~- m:>r-:t- ho;:.,..,. '1':> tn.:.:fm2. 0"1'1" m-.r: fll'~. The gem of his collection was a rare Ethiopian stamp. hc'lll(lllm-
rJott- 0"1'1" m-.r: fll'tm- -oc'J> fll. +
1'-kY -l:'l".flc ~oc

(be) geminated -1-mO+

In the Amharic verb, the second consonant is
often geminated. q"''c'i' "lfl m-(IT rJoll
-1-'i'"" .,_tqn.. .fill- 1.rt. J'.mO:J'A

gender f,;}It is hard to tell the gender of chickens.

f"'iQ;b.f.:f'J Y.?- oPIIf-1- Yll=f"lt-A

'J~

~........

~(l)o

generality, in generalities OJ',d.o;mHe talks in generalities. OY.d.o;m- J'.o;1&.A

generality of l>.flq'i'SJ':f

The generality of citizens of the United States

eat well. )>.flq'i'S"'Jl Y"''.&IJ'J t'I'&S":f

'I'

<~-'l""".fiY1'i'll-

generalize
I. m'l>'l'l l>!l-1-Yf+ flm.Don'tgeneralize on
the basis of a few facts only! T-1:+ f-1-""0
m- ~1C':f -oil' ODIP<!:+ l>.I':C1U m'l-11
II l>!l-1-Yf+ l>-1-11'1'
2. l>M-4-. The doctors hope to generalize

.
generally

508

the use of the new vaccine. .h h.'l":f .1''1.1\"} h'I-IJ'I- ' 'I'~?" ' 11"7114.4.'1- ' -1-114. ' .1'!'.
e;J/1-

generally
I. l\11~"'w-"} 1.U. He is generally
l\11~"'w-"} 1.U Oil't_, f,!'.e/IA

on time.

~oe

We can see the genesis of this novel in an early

short story of his. fll.ll A11 mll.l': :J-t<h
M"" h"J!'."''.;}-f"J 4'1'.11" ii.A f-1-1\.t.w-
l\"J.>e :J-t<h ~wI. -1-""i'l':f. A genial host makes his guests feel
at ease. -1-""i'l':f :JIJ'fr h"J"IP..,; h"J'lll
<;o;. ' .I'!'.C:J'I''I'A

2.

generate
I. l\1111". Water power is often used to
generate electricity. l\11~"'w-"} 1.U ffJJo;)
"1f,A 11.1\.h'l-t<h 11"71111"'1- f,oPt-0;}-A
2. hLilcfo. He generates ideas that we all
should consider. v-'l:f"J?" A"JODIIh-1-w- f
"'1.11J .h/111 .l'.t.A:l'A
3. l\-1-t:.t.. A friendly smile generates good
will. fm'l)t'~'l- 4.1"1;}- ODAIJ?" 11"'1.'1-"J
.1'-1-eof.A

generation

fm'l)t'~'l-.

He gave him a genial greeting.

fiD'I)t'~'l- MI>":J- l\4't:OII'I3. lim. "J~'I- -1-11"7"'1. fll'~. Harar has a genial
climate. .ht:e lim. "J~'I- -1-11"7"'1. fll'~ l\

fe l\llw-

genitals
I. "1'i't:-f- F :J l l\IJII ue. The wild men's
genitals were covered by a cloth strip. fdJ.l] s
Ill".,; "1'i't:-f- ' F ;J ' (l\IJII He) O""e~ 41
&-? -1-lf'l''l' ~oe

2. 11A'I-. The animals had a disease of the

genitals. h"Jil/11".,; f11A'I- :t.oo?" f,!J. 'I'
'I'A

I. '1-w-A.I':. His family has been in America

for four generations. fl.+ 1'\lt- -\&-+ s +mA.I': IJ"''.t<IJ w-11'1' 'l'~A
2. ( ~ to generate) "71111"'1-. Steam and water
power are used for the generation of electricity.
h"J-1.11-'I-<; fw-;) "1f,A tot."J-t 11"7111
"f'l-.r.m~/1-

genius
I. 0"111" 11All. Many people consider him
a genius. 1111- ill":f 7.1\-"J 0"111" 11All
l\.I':C111Jo f,DDIIh ...;}-A

2. -1-il'l'/1. He has a genius for arithmetic.

fdt./111 ' -1-11'1'/1 l\llfJJo

genteel

generosity
I. II:JM'I-. His generosity is well known.
II;JII~.,. 0"111" f;}-m4' ~w2. Q;Lcpio+. He showed generosity in praising
his opponent. of-:l''l'"''.w-"J 0"7ooii1"J """'~
'1-"J ' l\llf

generous
I. II:JII I 'Fe. Don't be so generous with other
people's money! Oilw- 1"JH11 h"J'lll II
;~II

genesis M"'.'

genial

2. Oii.Lw-. It was generally believed that the

earth iS flat. 00~+ I 1fC"'J I iofD" I -MJI\- I
011.1.w- .r.:t-oo"J
[See also 'speaking']

gentle

('Fe) ,..,.,."}

2. f!'."l~'l-. To forgive your enemy is a

generous act. m'l'l-li"J .r.~e "711'1- f!'.
n'l- -!-"IIJe ~w1enerous heart A.O Cl~t+

His kind acts proclaim a generous heart.

f!'."l~'l- -1-"IIJ~ AO e"1C"1~'1- .1'/I.I'A

f""'I'~'I-

His genteel manners show he had good upbringing. f""'l'~'l- mfJI' 'I'~ l\11-1-'1!'."1
l\"J!'.~o.:w-

gentility

.l'ii.I'A

""'1'~'1-

The gracious old lady had an air of gentility.

!'.efJIJ'I' ' l\C'1.'1- ' f""'l'~'l- ' ODAh l\'l'l'fJJo

gentle
I. 0"111" 1e I t::J .I'll. He is a gentle person,
particularly with children. 0-f-llf, IIAlf.'f-
0"19'"

'JC

(llD-

)olD"

.:.;~ .I'll IJ:t.6f,

M'l2. !'."1. The doctor is gentle with his patients.
P.h* ' II:J.OD?"-f-'1'.,; o !'."1 o ~fl)o

She has a gentle nature.

3. f!'."l~'l-. The gentle manners of the nurse

pleased all the patients. f~e!l. f!'."l~'l- ,.

generous aupply of RlfJr ofU,..

~;}-

The store has a generous supply of paper.

4. H~H~ .I'll. The house is built on a gentle

slope. IL.,. H~H~ IJII 11'1'&- 'If, f-1-w

OD!'.11~ 0"111" 1111- f"''.lf'l'

l\llfJJo

m-:4''1-

011-!-'1'.,;"} 11-11- ' hll!'.ll;}-'f'w-

IJ..ri'Q)o

5. 76-'1". This horse is very gentle. f,IJ LGit

(}tl)g"

1,t..SJ"

)dJo

6. IIH11 111. There was a gentle breeze

coming from the sea. bq.lt'l- IIH11 111
'lifl>";f- f,~'i'it ~RC
7. llitllit 111. The gentle sound of music
doesn't disturb me. llitllit 111 f ...IL,.. 1:
'1"6 N'it'f"IG'S'I"
have a 1entle upbringing (}t;g,tf)+ J\S!1
This young man has had a gentle upbringing.
f,IJ m"l+ itfl>" RAl.'l'~+ 11.7 ~..,.
gentleman (gentlemen)
I. itfl>". Who is the gentleman in the comer?
lilLY '1"'1 '"""" ......... """"'"'" 1
2. Al.'l' itfl>" l Al.'l'. He is a real gentleman.
O~C1T

I "", I

(tBJo

)ID'

Fencing used to be a gentleman's sport.

flfl"l "l'l'"'LJ' fAl.'l' llitrc+ ~ac
aentlemen

I. hf!-6-'t. Ladies and gentlemen, please sit

down! hR-.:.'1-<; hfl-6-'t l\qt,:y..,.
Rll2. 1.-f-:Y.. Gentlemen, please come this way!
1.-Hi t RILIJ RIJ.A 'i-

.,."!."

old gentleman

I. '11"'1"11\.. The old gentleman reconciled the

husband and wife who quarreled. '11"'1"11\.fl>"
f1"11Jll-'l-'t qA_<; "''..it'l- hit;I-G_,.
2. h~fl>"'t'l-. Ras lmru is a fine old gentleman.
6-it ll'/"'1- ""'" h~fl>"'t'l- ""'"'"
gently
I. RC;.t;f-. He knocked gently on the door.
oP1f"LJ'fl>"'t RC;.t;f- h't\>,\>,
You will have to treat him gently. RC;.t;f-
A.'Jof,Hfl>" Y,7qA.
2. +it R+it. The hill slopes gently down to
the lake. I>G11;f-fl>" 4'it R4'it IDS'. mY,
.,.

gesture

509

gentleman

1..,11-r~.c..

gentry oo\>,'t't'lIn certain countries, the gentry enjoys certain

privileges. q')-'!'tf: h7i::Y. fl>"it'l' oo\>,'t
't'l- AI' oo11+ h~'ffl>"
genuflect 1-'tRGbb 1 it7S'.
Catholics often genufiect during the service.
11-f-II.I>:Y. h11~ ...fl>"'t 1.11. RT-'IIl. ~y,
f,'tRGhl!A- (Y,it"I-'IA-)
genuine
I. l\fl>"~-1".,., Is this a genuine dollar bill?
f,IJ l\fl>"~-1"... 11C ~..,. 1

2. thlJO +'I. He is a genuine person, and

everyone likes him. thlJO ' +'i (l~ ll/ur
~ ' """" ' f,mf.'I'A.
3. hA11 foo~Al.. Genuine sorrow left him
unable to speak his grief. hA.11 foP~"""'"
mH'i- mH'i-'t lloP<;7C h~itil'llfl>"'/"
4. ( ~ adv.) RC"I'I'. This is a genuine picture
by Rubens. f,IJ RC"I'I' '1-11.'tit f"'.:.
1J1o

tp(JA_

)aJo

5. ( ~ adv.) bA.11. His welcome was genuine.

h4'qRA- bA.11 ~RC
geography 7(t."lfi.L 1 '1-'l"tJC-1" 'l"f:C
geology 7(t.ll-7( J '1--'l"tJC-1" hll+
geometry.7t."'i+.:
germ(s) G<I:T .lt'l'lt+
Germs can be seen only with a microscope.
G<I:T .lt'l'lt'l- 11.;1-Y. f"''..:Y.ll-'1- Rh'NI.
oP~JI'C 11!1' ~..,.
German
1. )!CoP1'. There are not many Germans in
Ethiopia. h.'l-f"ti:1 fl>"it'l' 1111' )!;coo'f:Y.
fll-'1"
2. )!;Cou't.,., Do you know German? )!;CDD't"'
,...,.,..111) 1
Germany f)!;Coo't h7C 1 ~coo't
germinate (vt.) ll't-'I.RTA hf.G7
Heat and moisture germinate seeds. o-t-+'i
liC'I'R'l- HC l\'t-'I.RTA 1f.C;.tA.
germinate (vi.) 04'11
Seeds germinate in the spring. HC RKF.f,
f,RT~A

gesticulate ll)l:'t "'/~_,.~:,. hR~

The Italians gesticulate when speaking. h..t1JA1
'f:Y. it.<;1'1- l\ll''fl1Jo't "'/~_,.~:,. 1R~llgesture
I. 'I"Ab+. Nodding the head from side to
side is a gesture of refusal. t-ll'l -.&.~ r
+'S -~:,.~:,. fl\'1"11.;1- 'I"A.b'l- ~..,.
2. ll.~;.t1C f"''..1f.C111Jo ll'tTit,..ll.. Her gestures are very expressive. it 'I-~ :>1C f'l" ;1-f.C
1fl>" l\'t:,Oit_,.ll. 1111' ~1C f,7MA.
3. fit.,.~+ ll't:,Oit,..ll.. He makes many gestures when he talks. 0"'1..<;1CR+ '1.11. 1111'
fit..,.~+ ll'tTit_,.ll. 1f.C;.tA.
4. h'>.:\'t. With an imperious gesture, she
ordered me to leave. l\116'1-- R-I"'I"~R+ h
1>.:\'t "'""' hii:Y.'S

get

510

5. lt~'rft.IA. His offer to give me a job was

just a gesture. JP&- Ail'l'll ""U\-1: 7t.1'Um-
iiJ'.'I"IlA HIC

get (got), vt.

1. .1\71. I could not get you on the phone.
OIIAh II7'1U .1\Aii'Ah-'1"
After paying five dollars how much change
did you get? .1\'I"IIT 11C h'i'iiU '1"'1 J'UA
out.ll .I\7TU1
You can get the answer by Monday. ODfA(t."}
Mh ll'f' A;M'1 Tl'lliiU
Can you get me another copy? 11.11 :,.;q:
A;I-7'1A'1 T:fl\iiU 1
2. hl'l11". The insertion of anadvertisement:ina
newspaper gets results. 0"1.1:" "711;1-m-t.J'
't 0;>11."1 "70Jo"'T OJom.T J'ii7>:'A
3. J'H. Get him before he escapes! IJJ'OOA'f'
J'HOJo
4. .1\ou"J. Get me a ticket, please! 1:11.:,. .1\'1"

"'"'"

Get my shoes for me! "'1"711-'t .I\'/""'A'1

5. .1\H;>)!. She is getting dinner. >,,:..:,. >.J'

H;>)!l' ' 'i"T
6. milS'. He is drunk. Call a taxi and let's get
him home! llh:A i ;1-hll. T&.'i" mY.

a.:,. ' >.'tOJollJ'....,.

7. 71J(OJo) i Tt:-'1. +I don't get you. Please explain again! J'AhOJo .I\A71J'1'1" >.'tJ'..7'i"
"liiii"A'1
+Did you get the idea 1 ..hl\11- 71JU 1
Explain that again; I don't get the drift of
your words.
>.'tJ'..7'i" .1\11&.&-0Jo j fi"l
"ICU't MI"7"7J hATt:-'111-T'I"
8. ll"7. I didn't get your last name. J'IJTU't
11'1" .1\Ail"YII-'1"
9. J'..t:ll(OJo). +When did you get my letter?
J'..11-'lll.\l. ou'f J'..t:llU 1
10. T.l..t:J'..(OT). The accused man got six years
in jail. fThllllOJo llOJo ii.I:"IIT otou:,.
M&.T T.l..t:J'..OT
11. ou;l-. The bullet got him in the leg. TJ'.-1:

n .

>."'""'t - ;1-0Jo
get (vi.)
1. Til.l..t:. He got on the bus to go to the
library. mY. IJ.T OUl\.ft'i'-1: {IOU~.!:" o .1\
......,..11-11 1\J'. Til.l..t:
2. m"l. He got on his horse and rode off.
.l..t:ll- 1\J'. m-r-r- :>flO
3. J'..t:ll.. I had to stretch in order to get at
the top shelf. >.1\J'.>:'OJo ou!f..CUJ' (lao.l:"t:
II DD'tm&.&.T t0t:11'1

get
I'll get there in an hour. >.11..1' IJ't.l:" (I

,,. >.J'..citilv-

4. 71J. How did you get into the house?

>.11.-t: OJoil'l' >.'t-"-T 71JU 1
Hold your temper in leash, or you'll get in
trouble. 't-"-TU't "1;1- 1 J'flll..l' :f"/c ..,.
11'1' T7fliiU
5. ~J'... I will hunt up some old books when I
get to Ethiopia. mY. .1\..Tf-lrJ' 11~.1:" .1\'t-'1
't.l:" .I\C'1. ODl\.h'i'T .I..A'I. >.7'111116. "l't't'tT .I\J'..t:7. It was too late by the
time he got to the authorities. hfliii"A"''l"
:r; :>&. "l't'l'tT J'J'..t:70Jo 1..1LOJo ltii.I..O
:,. 0:\11 toe
get about

1. ..,..H'I'mt:. He gets about a

great deal.

1111- ' J'.H'I'm&-/ll

2. ~J'.. l mi!J m-'I,U .1\il. The old man uses
a walking stick to get about. 11"7"11\.0Jo (I
..,.,. f"''.~J'....,. (mi!J m-'I,U f"''.iiOJo)
0'/"Ch-11 )OJo
3 . .1\J'..IJIJJ'.m"'.Itwassuppose dto be a secret,
but somehow it got about. ,..ilm.C ootr).
tnc 1 "l't IJ/.\;1-m.,. ou't7.1:" .1\F..IJIJJ'., "''~'
:!;Ill
4. ..,..ll&."". News gets about quickly. m&. -r11- J'.ll&."'lA
get across +if'1t:

We could get across the river here. aJ'llf""}

OH.U Ott-Ill lll'tlf7C >.'tl'llil't
get (a thine) across .1\llt:-'1
I was not able to get the idea across to him.
J'.U't't .hl\11 1\ilt:-'IOJo .1\lllif'lllh-'1"
get ahead

1. Hil.,.. You will not get ahead without an

education. J'fl T'/"UCT lilTHA:,. .1\Tl'lil'l"
2 . ..,..1\lt(iiT). +A faithful wife will help you
get ahead in life. :1-"7'1 "''.IIT H:'U >.
'tll..illt/.\U Tt:-'IVill-

get ahead of flAm

Tom has gotten ahead of the other boys in
class by studying hard. m'thl!' 0"7T'i"T -r'1" Oh'i'll- OJoil'l' J'II-T't lll}('f v-11-
Oil"''fOJo
get along
1. il'il. I will get along somehow. :t.'tJ'..'/"'1'/"
11\1. >.l'il'l'ilv2. II.'l"C il'il. He can't get along on his measly
salary. Oll.:f- QtiiT>:' J'..'l"11 ll.'l"C .1\
J'.:f-Af"

3. -1--'l.l'.l:. Their family gets along on very

little. fHl 0.-t- llil IJHl-1-'>' 1!1. f.-1--'1
.!'.Mil
4. 0011.1'." )';oPl:. I will have to be getting
along DOW. h.tJ-.'l I OO"J1.f: I OD~OIIC I 1\1\
-o't
5. 1-"'IIJIJ i -1-ll"l"l. We get along splendidly.
0"19" -1-"lflil-t-'i"A (-1-ll"l9"-t-'i"A)
get along In .I'H(m-)
+How is he getting along in France?f.l.l:1llf.
li1C l\1.1'..:,. f.~:t-A l

+How are you getting along in your science

course? fP'~ 'i''l'l::,. :,.go11c:r-v 1.1.r..:r-
f.~VA

get anywhere h'l'"'(m-)

You won't get anywhere by writing such
controversial reports. 1-1111 foo(lll t.bt-

11<1 '

get

511

get

It"'""' ' """'"' ' h.l''l'"'ll9"

get around

I. ~l:. We got around a lot. ill!- ~C1

2. -1-H'I'CDl:. I get around by car. oooiJ.'i" l\
H'I'CD<!-11113. -~-~~!-1-~""-1-. Bad news gets around quickly.
OD'J'C: ' CD&. ' 0'1''1'~..,. ' ,.~~A ' (f.~oP;t-A)
4. oofiJ""l hl\"19". A smart lawyer will find
a way to get around the law. il&\.11 mO:I'
l\1.1'.9"19" ' illl- ' Oih"l ' 0 11-A ' ODCD-""i '
h.l'"l9"
5. hl\.1.. He got around your objections with

clever arguments. +..+m-'J'PU'l

r If'~

hchc

O"?:,Ol:il hii.I.CDget at
What are you getting at? 9"1 "?ll:r-v

I'll get back to the subject in a minute. b:r-111

1..11. ' 0:\1\ ' CD.I'. ' P'l: ' ~1'1- . l\00/lflllvget back at -t-0+11
He will get back at me for the wrong I did him.
IIM9"1l-O:r- O.I'.A f.O+ii'>'A
get by
1. hll.l. I 1Jm111- hll.l.. How did you get by
the guard? HO'>'m-1 1.1.r..:r- hll'i'bm- l
When I tried to get by him, he blocked my path.
1Jm111- 11"?11'1' ll'l"hC 0011.11-1 H;>il't
2. Hll+. I do not have much money, but
I think I will get by somehow. ill!- 11Hil
fll't9" ' "11 ' l\1.1'.9"19"' l\H<l\:,0 ' f.DDllii'>'A
get down (vt.) 'I'm
The pill was so large that he couldn't get it
down. b.tl- :r-<~~.:,. llii~Ol: 1\.CD-mm- h
<11.!1'119"
get down (vi.) CDl;.l'.
She climbed the tree, but then couldn't get
down again. ~4-1 CD 'I' :t- oom-l:Y: h:l' :t-:rget down to
1. )';ool:. We must get down to business and
stop chatting. CD&.m-1 :r--t-1 P't- oP)';oo
c ' hllil1
2. llll--- -l-'i"1l:. Stop beating around the bush.
Get down to the subject! JIC -'IC t.:r-OA ' ll
II 1-'lf. -t-'i"1C
get down to work ~~ IP~
After the holidays, it is hard to get down to
work. hflbl\:r- 0:\1\ P't- ""P't-:r- hll

'1':>6 '
~..,.!

get away
1. OJilJ. I am sorry, but I could not get away.
t.ll'i"llv- 1 11 1\0DIIJo"'..,. t.A!I'Ail-9" ~oc

2. t.oollm. He tried to get away, but the crowd

was too dense. 11"?9"11'1' 'l"hC' ~oc l ~1
c 11 .n11o- '1':,.'1':,. illl- ~oc
The thieves got away with the safe and one
thousand dollars. 11.11,.; ltll'i"CD-1 lt1Y:
1.11 iiC :>C f.HCD- h""llm3. i-ll f. The idea of a vacation is to get away
from work. fbl:'i':,. '\1\"?CD- bP't- /loP/1

,..,. ' ....

~

get back, vt ( ~ vL) -f-oP/11'1(11:,.)

+Did he get his money back? 11HII- -f-oP<!\
f'll:t-A 1
get back (vi.) -f-OD/1(1
When did you get back? oo:r; -f-oP II lib l

~ ....

get even, see even

get going )';ool:

They wanted to get going on the construction

of the house. f0..,1 P'&- 1\0D)';ooc .1.

111get hold of h1"f

I would like to get hold of an Amharic dictionary. h1Y: .l'"lC'>' 001110 .4'1\:r- "?"I
,...,. ' l\.1.&\.;>1111get home 1Q

I got home early last night. IJII.I.CD- /1.11.:,.

01..n ML:r- 11111let in (vt.)
I. MIJ. Please get the clothes in before it
rains! hoo11~11- oo~.:r- Ailll-1 h"IIJ
2. (101'10. We had better get in the crops
before the rainy season. fll'i"ll- CDt-:r- 1\f.
oP"J l\UII-1 ii1(10llil Jl.!fi\A

get

get

512

get in (vi.) 1q

How did he manage to get in? 7."}1.'1- ' 1\.1

q ' !I'll l
get in one's way oP71.(" IJ."J(OT)

He got in my way, so I shoved him aside.

OD"}1J': ' ili\H:>ofi'S ' ID!l. ' .,.."} ' 1-f.rJ-'Jget it over with

*I'm going to the dentist, and I will be glad

to get it over with. roY.. 't"Cil thh..r oP~
f. ' )a>- l h"}Jl.;;'\1."} ' fl.ID"'o!\'S ' f."ifll;;'o!\

get off (vt.)

1. t.mii<J>. I cannot get my shoes off. "'i"7\l-"}
1\ID&\:,. ' ho!\":fo!\.9"
2. M"'. Can you get the wrapping off?
11-f.)."} ' o!\;1-)"'IJJo ' +":f-111111 !
3. t.illl++. How can I get the dirt off my
shirt? 7.!!.+"} hif"7.H. 1\f. 1."}1.'1- 1\illl:r.+
,. ' 7.":fiiii!J-l
4. m<:1. How can I get the dirt off the wall?
o1'7f7fw-"} h"l!l.-1-'!BJo 1\f. 1."}1.'1- A.mC1
,. ' 7.":fiiii!J- l

5. (l!l.Jl.. Get the children off to school!

A,l('Ji"} ' W!l.
fl.'!- ' il!l.J!'fBJo
get off (vi.)
l. m~l... You have to get off the bus in ten
minutes. IIOP'C ' !l.-1:? ' BJoilT ' hhBJo.Y.Itil '
ouw-t:Y: hllq":f-112. 't!l.. Tomorrow I have to get off early to
school. )1 ' lltll.'l- ' W!l. ' '1-!I"IIC'I- ' fl.'!- '

..,..,& '

"""'""' ' hllofi'S

*We get two days off at Christmas. l\1Ci

fll-11'1- <J>"} ~t:'i!'l- M"1':'11"}

get on (vt.) h!l.t'..1

Get your hat and coat on! We have to leave.

qc~tiJtJ"} ' t.Y:C"I 1 ou't!l: t.ll

1>'1-o"}o; '
ofl"}

get on (vi.)
1. 11'11{1. Time is getting on. 1.H.IJJo f.1{l"lilo!\
2. -t-lt't!l.. How's your work getting on?
P'tl-11 ' 1."}1.'1- ' f.lt't-'!&1. l
*How are you getting on in your work?
P'tl-11 1."}1.'1- f.IIYA l
get on In years 06~ '14rm getting on in years, and I can't walk that
much. n~J/:0'1. M1'1.11- !11\'t!l:h- ofl,.
OD"}1J/: ' 1\0D'tJ/: ' t.A":fo!\!1"

get on-well -1-!1"7"7 J -J-"Iqq

The three of us get on very well. lf'il:f'":f"} n

IIJ!I" ' 7."}!1"7"711"}' (1."}"1qqll"})

get on with +mA

Now let's get on with the discussion! h.v-1 w.
f.f.;f-":f"}"} ' 7."}<J>TA

get out (vt.)

I. )<J>II. I couldn't get the nail out. !1"!1"7'1-"}
A);r,l\w- t.A!J'A.h-!1"
2. h-1-U... How much money did you get out
of this deal? 1111..11 P'tl- 'J""} YIIA. 1"}
Hofl h-1-t:'i!h l
3. -t-m<J>ou. You won't get much out of this
course. hll..ll .-,..!I"IIC'I- M!l" YIIA. t.+
m<J>!I"!I"
4. h'l-'1" htD"'. They are getting out a new
book. h-'l..il ODl\".h'i! t.+ouw- 1\.YWm-
)a>-

5. <J>J!. If you tilt the bottle, you can get the

milk out. mC,.....{l-"} ofl;f-H)ofii\BJo 1 m-t-1o"} 1
A.'I-<J>J! ' +":f-111111
6. -J-).1..11. I was so frightened, I couldn't get
a word out. boPCf:&--1: f+~"'l ?IA'r A
-J-)'i!il hAil' A. h-

get out (vi.)

I. mt:!l.. I will have to get out at the next stop.
7."7.<J>'J'I\IJJo 0 0Doi'"7.Y 0 1\f. 0 ODBJot'.J/: 0 hl\ofi'S
2. ID"'. How do you get out of that room?
hh'i!ll- ' BJoiiT ' 1."}1-.'J- ' 'J-fDtiJI\11 !
Her secret got out somehow. !l"ilm..a: 1 7."}!!.
M'l" mtiJq'J3. -J-{1"7. I don't know how the story got out.
fD<{.IJJo ' 1."}1.'1- ' 7."}.1'..1-11"7 ' t.l\w-:,.9"
4. +<:. I wish I could get out of going to that
meeting. tD!l.lf..Y ilofl{lq hOD'tJ/: ou:r.t:+
ofl":fo!l. '1"1- )ftC
5. tl\ IT). In the new year, we hope to get
out of debt. qJ!..{l- ,.,....,.. hM )l\ II""IT
"} -t-il-1. 7.o;!l.C;>II"}
get (oneself) out

~(to")

hmiiJ

You got yourself out of the sitnation very

skillfully. hH..Y ,..,."}:,..,. &-!Ill"} UHf.. h
IDtiJII
(let) get out

We mustn't let this story get out! f.ll"}

1."}-'l..;l-w:r. "7!1:<:"1 1 fllofi"}'J"

)1C

get out of the way

I. hilt1!l.. We finally got that difficulty out

of the way. IIOD<D.<:"if ":f"l'l-"} 1 hiltD1Y:
)IJJo
2. h -1-111111. I finally got those boxes out
of the way. Oou<D.t:"if 1 h)lf..Y "1-r'l"":f
-t-1111&\.h-

get-together

gibe

513

get out of my way! fiC OA

Get out of my way! I am in a hurry. fiC 0

A ! 'fit-filiiget (over)
I. htl.l.. They caught him just before he
could get over the border. Ah m<:i-1- fl.f
A'i' ItA .1'11-'12. h.if'~.l.. She cannot get over her shyness.
'if.'i"of.c):t"t A;J-lf"t'i' h'l-'fA?"
3. Hllll. I cannot get over this gate. It's too
high . .('.111-1- DC AHII<D- hA'fA?" i 0"1
?" <:'I'r?" )<D4. J\"}{l,t.&.. He never got over his financial
losses. bY.<:IIR'I- f11-Hil h.lt<l- ~'i" l\~1-11
<l-<l-?"
5. ~~1. She can't get over her sorrow. mn~ J
A1'<:1tw- l\'1-'fA?"
set over one's illness JU
He finally got over his illness and cao go to
work. ooo.,<:lf llll'a P'<l- IIUD't.l': .e'f~A
get (through)
I. hll4.. You cannot get through here.
011.11 Oh-A A;J-A'i' h'l-'fA?"
2. 11')(11'1-). I tried to call John, but! could not
get through. l"m"tll"t OIIAh ~);>"IC .,.
hell- "11- hAII')A'S?"
3. Hll<l'. Only hard study helped him get
through college. flt/1.~ 'I-?"IIC-1>1- l\1-'I.H
A:,0 f<:'lw- m"thl!"
1111' )w4 . .,<:11. John is ambitious to get through
high school in two years. :0:1- 11-111'>:' .1'.<:!1'1-
Ou-11'1- 'i""T llouQ;l,<:{l 0"1?" .('.oo>;'A

.,.,..,..-!>

get through with Q;l.l,{l

As soon as I get through with my work,

I will join you. P'<l-f-1- l\1-.l'..,<:llh- l\1-1'
H"t .1': l\OO"JIIIIget to one

1. hll<:-'1. I couldn't get to him that his idea

would not work. fll- mltil f.,f.ltlJ OPII't.,. 'lll<:'lw- l\Aii'Ah-?"
2 . .1'.<:11. The rebels are holed up in the
mountains where the police cannot get to them.
OOIDB'I''f ?"fl.{o'f fi..I'.Cll- O.,f.'"f-11-0T
1-~fl''f ~f. 1'lf11~1'A

2. +it.,..,_,. They never seem to get together on

anything. 0?"1-?" )~C 'I'~?" f"''.ll.,.,.,.
t,.('.OOll/1-?"
get under way oPw,t.-}o a S'H

The project is slowly getting under way.

l\:,0.11- <I'll O<l'll OOU'.l-T f.!I.A
get up (vt.) IlOilO
He asked for more time to get up the money.
11-H!l-1- II00/1111111 -f'Q;l,.,& ' 'UL 1.1'l.llmiiJo mf+
get up (vi.)
1. +~Pf. I get up at six every morning.
tll.'l- tll.'l- 'IP'<l- u-11'1- ll'i'l- M"'llll2. .1'.<:11. We got up to the last chapter of
this book. h""K'mi- ooQ;l,<:lf ?"iJ.l-'1'
.l'.<:ll"t
3. 11.1':"1 hll. He got up to ask a question.
'I'.f-ll fl.mf.:,O 11.1':"1 hll
[See also 'bed, best, better, credit, familiar,
flat, fresh, gear, touch, well']

get-together ll11llfJ
Our club had a get-together yesterday at my
house. '1-....,.'1-'i" l\~ 11.'1- hO'l'f"t Mill
fJ h.I':Ci )OC

ghastly M:l'4!
Murder is a ghastly crime. )'I'll OD"I.I'.A hll
:1'4! ID"t~A )<DIook ghastly

The sick man's face looks ghastly. 0111->:'w-

f"'l:'I"T ODAh f.;f"f.O;f"A

ghost "1<:'1"'1You cannot make me believe in ghosts.

0"1<:'1"'1- A;f"lt?")'S h'l-'fA?"
He hasn't a ghost of a chance. ?"1-?" 1-M
fii<D-?"

giant
1. "'lft'fj:.. Compared to me, he is a giant .
;>C 1\.)U.C l\11- "111-'i' )w2. 'l.".l-:,0. Giants are said to have lived in
ancient times. 'l."<l-'1- 0.1':1!" Hoo"t f.'f
~ )OC f.fJ~A
h~

get together (vt.) IlOilO

The leader could not get many people together.
oo,:w- 1111- {lw- fi.IIOllil hAil'll?"

gibber 1'1-""l'"i

get together (vi.)

I. 1'110110. We get together once a year.
qoo+ h"t.l'.. l\1-IIOllfJ/11-

gibe h:l'llll l hi"4.

Monkeys gibber in the trees. 111-~1!"11''1- ~

4- ~..... .('.1-""".""illThey gibed him for his mistakes. ll.n-1'+

ll/IU'<l- h:l'llll-'1-

..

giddy

514

My brothe r gibed at my efforts to paint a

picture. m'JJ:-" 'l '1"~1:1 'fiOD"#f:l fi"''.RC1m-

girl friend

gilded mc:J>"''

... ~+ l'oifd.

The architect glorified the building with a

gilded dome. oou'JJI.(l. flmC:J>"'' .,.il:J
on'Jl\m-'J hil'l.mm -

giddy
1. m~H'. Nobod y can tell what that giddy
girl will do next. hlf.U 4''1'11- .l''f m~.,.o;o

ginge r 11't}":ill:l
Some people like to flavor tea with ginger.

1:1}": f?";l-.RC1m-'J fl"''m- hf.il't:. ?"

2. f"''.J'IIC . He looked down from a giddy

height. f"''.J'IIC h'i':J- 111/. rr<: "'"'"'" '

TODflh T
make giddy ll.flt:

l'o'tii'JJ:- ill":f 7f.l''l'm-'t fl11't}":ill:l

"''
"'d.T f,m/1{1<

ginge rly 1\.d..!- ll.'l'c

She lifted the trap gingerly. mTooJI.'t Il-l-

Climbing ladders makes me giddy. ooMt:. oo

......,+ .1'11~'11:1

d..!- ll-l-'l'c M"':f

giraffe.,..,..~

gift

There are giraffes in Kenya . flh. 't.l' m-IlT

.,..,.~l":f J/.1'1 11-

1. iltn:J-. Thank you for your beautiful gift!

ilfl T-1- iltn;J-U 'l'o"lll.l'oildo.C J/.ii'PI:

I~
2. 111 fl~h+. The ambass ador brough t
gifts

from his couritry.

fl~h+

h.9'"Qlt~""

h01"" 1K

,.,. _..,
3. Tfl'Pl" . He has a gift for drawing. fl"~l:l

TflTl" l'oflmSive as a sift l'ofl~hT

She gave her golden dishes as a wedding gift.

flflC'i fmc- <l.n<::f l'ofl~h.,.:fll+

gift certif icate f1K fl~h+ f?"flhc

m~4'+

We received a gift certificate instead of a

present. fliltn;J- .t.'t;J- f1K fl~h+ f?"

llhc m~4'+ Tflm't

gifted TflTl" .l'flmH is a gifted boy. He can do anything.

TllTl" .l'flm- 1:1}": llfiiF) "'''t'i'm -'t?"

)1C 11."'.!- 1/.:fllt:.

The Empire State Building is a gigantic building.

fh.?": rfc ll-~;+ .n'tll ..,,.'~' on'tll

)m-

)m-

oP{aofl ltC'"I"i:

gf gantic size "1~):,.

He was impressed by the gigantic size of the

houses. fiL~ "111-'1')-l- l'oii.R)4'm-

giggle T'thT hT
Girls like to giggle. t:.'li1~1'-:f ou'Jh-l -h+

f,m/1{1<

gild

Mount ains girded the valley. Iffl.fm-'J T.!-

<1-l":f hflm-;1-t:.
slrd (vi.) TII?J!

The soldier girded for action. m;J-.R-1- IIT"'Q

C TH?J!

gird on :l"m+

He girded on a sword, and left to fight the

enemy. 1.!-S'. ;1-T mll-l-'J {loom- ?+

II.R
gl rd oneself :l"m+

The soldiers girded themselves for battle.

m;J-.RC''Il lltnC)-l - :J-m.,.
[See also 'loin']

girdle (v.) hflfl

Clouds girdled the moon. ,Roo<; ""~:l''l''t

h!,l.;l-1:1

gigan tic "111-'1'

*He has a gigantic appetite.

gird (vt.) hflfl

)h~

Swindlers gild copper coins with gold and sell

them to tourists. l'o.,.fiCQO:l":f foolliJ <l't

-t'l":f' t me- 'l'of)h-1- 111c 1-il~

l":f J/.if"'ll-

girdle (n.) oo4'H

She is so fat, she has to wear a girdle. AC(I..

fl"'ll" ' m'l:.!-11" '

- l'oM- l-

{I{IIF): f' '

004')-}- ' OD;J-m

girl
1. t:.'li1~J:-. They hired a girl to do their
housework. fiL-l- 1".!- 'l'o'JJ:--l-"'<1-ll'l'm- 1:1

lf1~

4'm'I-

Isn't she a pretty girl! m-il

t:.)f1~J:- hf..R
ll:fll"l
2. 1:1}":. Your little girl has grown a lot. -l-'t'!(
t:.}":U II "'ll" l'oJ:-?II:f

[See also 'office girl']

girl friend fh't.t.C mil}":

My girl friend and I went to the theater last

night.

l\~o;'

fh"loi.C mJI:( 'l-11"1'1-o;' "'I

;J- ' dJS'. ' 1:f'l-C ' Y.S'.-"1

girlhood fA~)'l- """'

The old woman recalled her girlhood with
pleasure. hf!'I.:J: f.c\~)'1- H""lo:"l OS'.II
;J- hii;J-m(l":f

girth
I. 11'1-'1-. His girth at the waist is forty inches.
fm1o- 11'1-'1- hcq h."l":f )tJJo
2. tD-'1!<:'1-. In our garden, there is a tree five
feet in girth. q'l-hA'l- tt:J-":f"l tD-11'1'
tD-'i!<:-1 M"ll'l- "'1"'1 fll')

~'i!

hi\

3. :,Oo;''l-. The mule's girth broke and the

saddle fell. fO:tll-'1' :,Oo;''l- 1-0'J'{l l>c!l'
w- mF..+
gist 'i!.!. )1C
Tell me the gist of what he said! f1-o;'1<:tD-"I
'i!.!. ' )1~"1 ' "11<:'S

give (gave, given), vt.

I. flm. Please give me my book! """""'"-"I
lim'S

The government gave $10,000 to the Red Cross.

oP"I"IP''l- 11-l'f. ""11-I'A OP'C 1( iiC
(lm
This farm gives large crops. f.U l\Clf iltl-
(liJA f.fi"'A
2. h-1'<:0. Please give her my love! ll!l. M
9";1-J."I h:tCilA'S
3. "'ll. The hen gave six eggs a week. P..r:'l'
O<'IM'l- 111'.'11'1- l\"I.,.IIA "11\":f
4. oi.<:S'.(0-'1-). The judge gave him five years.
-'~"'"'" h9"11'l- 'l""'l- o!.<:S'.O'lgive (vi.) 1-hoi.-1The door gave uoder hard pushing. ""111.J'tD-
O..,f.A fl.14-'l- 1-ho!.-1The window gives on the sea. oPIII>-1: oq;,
~ h:t"l"'l' )tJJo
give {someone one's) arm h'l-4.'l 1 A~HtJJo

He gave her his arm when they crossed the

street. """11.11."I ll.lf1~ h"IJI."I hllf~'l
glve away
I. hm"'. Do not give away my secret! 9"11tn..!.
., ' h;J-tD-"'ii'S
2. 1\(ltD- l'lm. I gave my old clothes away.
hr:"l. Ai!Mh 1\(ltJJ- (lm:\'l'tDgive (one) away hM:l'(O'l-)

His foreign way of speaking gave him away.

M;n~

):J'O'l-

give

515

girlhood

ftD-"1." h1C (ltD- oPIJ').1 hll

give back DDl\(1

Pleasegivemebackmy pen! ilb.!-1 oPIC\IIA'S

give in (vt.) hlllhO
Please give in your exam papers here! f L+'i
m<:4';J-":frJo1 l\ILU hll<:hRglve In (vi.)
I. l\~ flm. The rebels were forced to give in.
0""6'/''ll ll)l"'f'tD-1 l\1.11..1'1m- ' 1'1S'.JI.
2. .t.'l- flm. The principal gives in to the
students too much . .11...!-h~ 111-"'IM''Il
h""m1 Ollf. .t.'l- .ei'I"''I''I'A
3. 114'4'. He is so bullheaded, he never gives in.
0"19" do<'IO "1'1-C 111\11') flltD-1 O'i!lt9" ' hf.l\ :,.,..
4. (= tr.) h'l"ll-1'4'. You give in to the child
too much. A)l:1 h""m1 Ollf. :J-'I"II:t
4''1'1\U
5. 1-4'011. He gave in grudgingly. l\f1'<:""<:
- ' 1-4'01\tJJ(refuse to) give In hA01C hi\

Though the enemy threatened him with torture,

he refused to give in. M9" l\11>.1 mil-l-
1\Jw:l'ftD- OJIIo!.tl-tl-tD-9" ' hA01C ' hi\
give off flm

"'tJ

This flower gives off a strange odor.

h.O
q f-1-1\f 'lf.)'l- 1i:J- f.fi"'A
give out (vt.)
I. OS'.II. Who is giving out the candy?
h<:"'llltJJ-1 f"''.fi'.'A "'11 ' )tD- l
2. 11111. They will not give out the names of
those killed in the crash. 0"1"1."1> 1..11. f'l"
-t:'l-1 l'll"":f 119" hf.1Ait-9"
give out (vi.)
I. hl\4'. The candy gave out during the party.
O"lil..,-tD- oPI)hA h<:"'lllaJo hl\4'
2. '1-f.l' )tJJo. The window gives out on the
garden. ""111>-t: q'l-hA-1: ll'i!t:- '1-f.l'
)tJJo

give over

I. h~m<:. She gave over all property to her

son. 1-11<:;1:1 IJolr 1\A~'I' h~m<:":f
2. ""S'.O. The municipality gave over the park
for a building. "'IH.:>lf 0.-1: foPo;'ol.lf tt

;J-tJJ-1 11.n111 oPS'.O

(be) given over to

*The day was given over to relaxing in the sun.

4').1 emf. 111- o""""-11 ' .t.<'lll#-'1slve rise to hllh-1-11
The raids only give rise to further retaliation.
HoP!J'l"'li 1\.11 01\of. fllh'l-1\11-

given

516

(be) given to tDS'.Y.

He is much given to hunting and fishing.

hS'."J<; 'i"' ""l~oo.~:- R"'!l" Y.tI!A
*He is given to bragging. .,..&- oo"}IJ.-,. AlP/
~I

).Q)o

give up
1. A.f.oo. I am going to give up smoking.
11.11'.:- ' ..,... 11 ' '14'!1" ' ~ ....
2. 114'4'. John gave up his job. \'"m"JII r>
.:-tD-"J ' 114'4'

The enemy gave up the fortress and withdrew.

m'IT 9"11"1-"J 114' hd.~d.~
3. TID. Stick to it; don't give up now!
R~~-~- "lof.a:,. h.-,..,_..,.
4. Tllof. 'll<:m. Make a stab at an answer
before giving up! Tllof. bou'i"C:'I'U ao~.:,.
ouAII lloollmT 1 'l"hC
They gave him up for lost. h"JS'.mof. 'll.m
-~o:,.

*I give up! What is the answer? 1t:J-+~ I oo

AI\-

!I""J.I:'~ID-

give {oneself) up

l
7t~

(tm

He gave himself up to the police. h)t"J

11?"11.11 l'lm

glad
I. f"'L.I'/IS'.IIT. The glad news made her happy.
f"'L.I'IIS'.IITID- mt. hild.~S'..4'T
2. fS'.Il;t-. The wedding was a glad occasion.
I'IC"l- fS'./1;1- '1..11. ~RC
be glad
1. .,.,.,...,._ We are very glad about it. R~~-~-
0"1!1" 1-S'.iiT<;A
2. d..4'S'.'I' ~..,.. I'm always glad to oblige
you. A;f-11110 !I""J'I..H.!I" d..4'S'.'I' ~~
3. S'.ll 1\ll(tD-). Glad to meet you! RouT'I'dl
.4'T'J S'./1 ofiii-'I'A
[See also 'tidings1

glad den S'.ll hilT

The present will gladden her heart. lltJI;f-tD-
S'.ll .1'1'1'1';1-A

gladly RS'.Il;tWould you do me a favor? Gladly. h"J.I:-

111\-RT .1:-A.I:-f. d.C:I'l

[See also numerous nouns with 'give', such as

'air, notice, satisfaction']
given (adj.)
1. fTdll'l~. You must finish the test in a
given time. d.T<;ID-") RTdll'l~ '1..11. tD-/1
(;/1 ' 1\llofiU

OD . . .

2. f<I'<:R. What can we judge from the given

facts? h<I'<:RA"J 'i't. ~~c !I""J tD-it~ 1
A"JII'I' h"J:f'III"J l

~1

C A;f-S'.C"IA~ TT'IIIU l RS'./1;1- I

glamor tD-RT
The glamor of the East has always attracted
me. fll"r>.:-:,. ID-RT !I""J '1..11.!1" h"JS'.
""IC:h~

give way J..t;:(t

Because of the heavy truck traffic, the bridge

gave way. ofiH- hll.l:- ouh.<;l":f 1111"7.""'1

'I' '

glance

~ ....

gl a nee (v.), - about .4'T

The speaker glanced about the room before
speaking. .,...:><ltD- boo<;~-~- ' ao~.:,. ' h<;:
1\-"J I .4'"ftDglance at of-DDIIb-1- I hfT hS'.C:~
He glanced at his watch. ll'i.,"J TDDIIh-1-

(hf:,. 1\S'.<:~)

glance (n.) ooAhT "7.1:-C:"I

A glance at the newspaper is sufficient for
reading the headlines. 1\Chilof- H.<;l":f 1 11"7"J
Rofl ,;JII."'ID-"J DDAhT "7.1:-C:"I
at a glance

J'-R.4'A

Q1~

gizzard <ID?/S'.7f
He cut open the chicken and removed its gizzard. fP..t:ID-") 11'.1:- 4-P. ou?ff,."/ftD-"J 1\dl"'

I could tell at a glance that something was

wrong. 1\"J.I:- "1-.1:-IIT h"JI!IItD- q')Y, om:j>u-

glacial ofiC/!"7
A glacial wind blew down from the mountain.

He cast a glance at the pretty girl. diS'. 4'') }I;'I'

ofiC/!"7

~of.ll

hT,:.,:.tD-
glacial l<>ok "IA9""'1.

~d.l'l

cast a glance q._e..).")

mcmc 1 l't"-~1

A)': 'i,I'.)."J tDCdlC hS'.C:~

give a CUUal glance at J\f+

I J\f+ I l\"-t!-1
I gave a casuai glance at the newspaper.

Her glacial look silenced him. "IA!I""''.'I' 11!1"

.:>ll."'tD-1 t..v:,. hv:,. 1\S'.<:"tll-T

1\(l"ftD-

give only a glance 1tf+ 1 h"-~1

I gave the girl only a glance. A"J':!t'J hfT h

glacier ["I"'C R<:P.. 1 ftD-C.,.. tD"J11)

S'.c:-P.:,.

ODAh-l-

throw a glance h.f I +ooAh.... i

hJ'.~~

She threw a furtive glance at him. (1~:,.

e:>

glide

517

gland

Ml-tJJo

h:

(of-ODIIb-1-l-tJJo)

glassy ou{l;J-m't- 1 f"'LoullA

He likes to look at the glassy surfaoe ofthe lake.
OD{l;f-OJT
ouor>Ab't-

f"'tOD{llltJJo"t
f.a>J!A

fmf.-1<1'

1K'

[See also 'covert, dart, oblique, passing, shoot,

be glassy LHH

sneak, steal']

The man's eyes were glassy. (tm-,.m- o,e.).

gland 7.m.
Certain glands are in the throat. h"t.'l"t:
!l'l- I b'i'C'C' I Jfle I f.~'i flo

L!lA
1

7.m.

glare (v.)
*Put on your sunglasses when the sun glares!
f8mf. I .... ~e I {LOD;f-11 I f8mf. I OD)K'ell"t I
h:e"l
glare at hLmm(O't-)

Why are you glaring at me like that? llll""t

7."tJ'.H.II

;1-L"I'il'illlll

I. tllil&-:,.. The glare hurts my eyes. tl\il&--1<

'tf.~"t I )'.1-J!'f'A
2. ile?"t. The glare of the searchlight bedazzled
him. fQtJJo~IJJo 1 ile?"t 1 'tf.l-"t 1 h"I'O~O~tJJo
3. "IAII"""l. His glare terrifies the secretary.
"IAII"""ltJJo I 1\.I,A.'I'"t I .l'ilJ'.t"I"J;I-A

glaring (adj.)
I. f"'L.f"tl\Qe:,.. How can you work in that
glaring light? OH.II 1 O"'L.f"tl\Qe:,. ile?"t
7."t1.T I llor>P"&-T ' 't-l-1111111
2. 0"111" 1 '!'All. He made a glaring mistake
in his report. 06?'C-J: m-OT OIIJ?"" ~ '1-A
II I fiT) I ll.lr-1-T ' hJ'.~~
h"I'O~O~

be glaring

0"111" .1'

illtT I or>{l;f-OJT I hil1ilof"tJJo I <Q.~(Io

2. hil~ll>&--t 1 oPAb 1 Rm. These ovens are
used to glaze the pottery. MH.II 1 11":!1'11'
l- I lllfbl\!l'l- I hil~.,.<!--t I ODAb I llor>{lm

.1'111"11\fl-

o~-

.1'0

toe

2. h"tl\Q~.,.. He polished the bucket until

it gleamed. QAJ!.m-"t 1 7.llh..l'"tl\QelJ> a>ll
a> IIIII-

gleam (n.) "11'1\"t"'I'A

A gleam of light could he seen in the distanoe.
file?"t I "1/'1\"t"'/'A I b-1-.,. I f.;J-f. I tOe
There was a gleam of hope in his eyes. f-I-ll
"' "11'1\"t"'I'A

f.;J-f.O't- toe

glean ll.,.or>
Ruth met Boaz while gleaning the grain.
'1-T ' 7.11A

ll't-11.,.,..

llhll"t ' hfl-111-

glee J'.ll;IShe expressed her glee in shouts. J'.ll;l-'l'"t

o=1i-r

TO~ii&-A

~lllll-

1lee OJ'.ll;l- 1 .r.tJ'..,.

She was in glee when she learned the news.

be in

glass (n.)
I. oo{l;J-m't-. The pitcher is made of glass.
bor>{l;f-OJT I )IJJo
I cut myself on a piece of glass. fou{l;J-m't-
"7il~ll'tJJo

I. oull;J-m't- 1 hll1Q. They finished glazing

the windows in the new house. 1\Jl.f'\- O..'f- oo

gleam (v.)
I. hO&-. His eyes were gleaming. 'tf.'l',;

glare (n.)

The light is too glaring. or>il&--1>

glaze

fof"rP<!-IJJo

M6 1 'l:.~m'S
2. -f1C"11"4'. There is a crack in the glass.
ile"'/'ol'fDo ' ll"t"l'.,. I hlltJJo
May I have a glass of water? h"t: 1 ile"l"ol'
tJJo;) ' h1'illll- 1
glass (adj.) boull;l-a>'t- 1 f-1-rP<!The glass dish broke. boull;J-a>'t- 1 f-1-rP<!-ID-
/t,'h"t I of-(10~

glasses or>tK"e
My glasses fell on the floor. outK"&. 1 7.a>llll1\f.' WJ'..,.

w&.tJJo"t

ll't-1'1"7 OJ'.ll;l-

LtJ'..,.l-

glee club f,....H.:I' bOil

The glee club sings Ethiopian songs. f,....H.:I'
Ill- '

bOil

fh.'t-l'"k.l'"t

HL'l'l-

f.H'i!<;A

glib hoi. I fl"'fl.

He is very glib, and can persuade anyone to do
anything. 0"JII" I hoi. I fl"'fl. I {lii!T) I "71'"tll" I
(liD- I "7"t'illJ-"tll" I )1e I 7."tJI.U'<!- I {L.f"IQQ I f.
l-IlA

glide
1. of-1'lf&-of-of-. The children glided on the ice.
Aj(:r; I 0~/'.IJJo ' ilf. ' of-1'lf&-of--!>

518

glimmer

2. h'W1""1"". The kite glided downward.

a>l\'1-'lm- _,A_,A h'tr1oo1oo
slide by C'tn

The years glide by. 1..11.m- f.C'"'A

slide In hH+H+

The plane glided in for a landing. hm-C'TII 'l-

11"7~<;: hH+H+
slide out If-All illl- aJ"'

She glided out of the room. llll'i'll- m-IlT

If-All ill\ a>"''fglide past C"m
The years glided past. 1..11.m- C'm

The candle glimmered and went out.

~DJOJ-

iiA"'II" iiA"'II" illl- m-1-

The doctor's report gave us only a glimmer of

hope. fmh. .... DP"II\"'i f-1-11'1- "'11"11'1"'1/"A
lim 'I
glimpse hf
He glimpsed a man running quickly to the
back of the building. ml'. J.'ll\m- :ecq ll
m- m-Ail illl- li..I'A'i' hf
slimpse at hf'l- ' hf'l- ' hl'-~1
The buyer glimpsed at the painting and left.
11cm- 1"'~11-'1 hf'l- hf'l- hf:C1 'tl'.
glimpse (n.)

*One glimpse of her was enough to make him

fall in love. 1\:j.JI'O'l- 0..1'.1''1- O<;::j.C -f-)
l'.tl.
catch a glimpse of hf+ ' hF.1
He caught a glimpse of the girl. A~:t'l hf'l-
hi'.~:>+
h'!Rq~+

The streets glistened after the rain. OD"}"JP..:ri

h'IM~_,

glitter

I.

h'lllq~+.

o~P.m-

The snow glitters in the sun.

homf. ilcn f-f-)"1 .I''IMC

-"'A
2. ~'-"""" His speech glittered
'1"1"1"'- ' 0aJ"I ' fi'.DP+ ' )0C

global 'tl\9" h+<;:

This incident can create a global conflict.

Y.tJ "1"'11"'1- 'tl\!1" h+<;: '!'A l\..l'llh'l-A
Y.'f-IIA
globe
I. 11-A. A globe is useful for the study of
geography. II-A 1\0DAllh 9"Y:C '1-!l"tJC
)m2. """'~- The satellite circles the globe every
90 minutes. (ttJJo 'U'&-l( ,;u.,.4> OfHm'im- a

1'.4:-"' ' """""" ' +~&.11'1-

glimmer (n.) "'1/"II'I"'II"A.

The lost traveler saw a glimmer in the woods.
OO"}"JX' ~ ftn4-(Do- I OU"}"J~~ ~ fi-A,l](D- I lD-l\
'I' fooil&-'1- "'11"11'1"'1/"A :f'fm-

h1f<;!l- 0:\11

gloat
I. tl.)l'.+. He gloated over my misfortunes.
OD'J': ~f:A M;>moo't tl.)l'.+
2. f..,.'l''t hi\. The miser gloats over his gold.
"""' me'! f..,.fi Y.IIA

+ ' '"''"''1. '

glimmer (v.) iiA"'II" iiA"'II" hi\

glisten

glorious

with

wit.

gloom
1. DP-f-1111. His gloom made everyone feel
uneasy. f()-. oo-tb1t o-1\--"}9"' a ]\"}J.;,..1f'i).
hl'.~:fm-

2. l'.il~~ iiC?'I. He could not see in the

gloom without a flashlight. 01'-il~~.,. iiCY
'I m-IlT .I'll q'J-6 11..1'1- hA!J'I\9"
gloomy
I. +4-4-. Yesterday was a very gloomy day.
'1-<;'1'1-<; 0"19" +'1-4- +'I )OC
2. Q;LI\9"1111" .I'll. The child was afraid to walk
down the gloomy corridor. A)l: Q;LI\9"11!1"
Qi\DJo I OD+#t/l~.f I OJ-{l'f' I OD'tY: I d.&3. -1-11'1- f"''..l'li4'.C'I'. He gave a gloomy
picture of the economic situation. ill\ lbta'rot
.,. v-~:1' -1-11'1- f"''..l'li4'.C'I' hll-1-.l'f'l- lim
look gloomy
He looks so gloomy. fh-1-m- f.DPMA
glorify (glorified)
l.h'1"1ll. He glorified the patriots in his book.
oooll'm4- m-IlT hco'l''f?t h'1"1tt'f'mWe sing hymns to glorify God. )."IH.hilm.C'I
11"7'1"111 oP1fDOoC ).'IH!I"&-11'1
2. hll1.m. The architect glorified the building
with a gilded dome. ODt)'j.IJ.(l. ' Oa>C-"'"7 '
<llil:l' J.'ll\m-'1 hll1.mmglorify one's name 11'1 1 h.T~L(i\:,.)
His deeds have glorified his name. frP&.'f'm-
1"'&.~'1-

,.... h-1-~4-11'1-

glorious
I. .l'lfn~+. The wedding was a
event. liC"Jo .fifO~+ )OC

glorious

glory

glutton

519

2. :N\'1-. They achieved a glorious victory

over their enemies. Me"" Omll.f-;J':fw- II
" :1"11'1- .t:l>. #-'1)1:
3. f"''...'ll-&.. Ethiopia's heritage is a glorious
one. fh.'l-f"t.Y '1-Cil f"''...'ll-&. ~wglory
I. h11C. There is no glory in being a thief.
011.-tu't- h11C 1\f-1~?"
Edison's inventions brought him glory. f/\.-'1.{1
't 'i'Ail4-l":f h11C I\_,.G4-II't2. :1"11'1- h11C. Greece was in her glory many
centuries ago. h111f< Hoo'i"'t- 0.1.'1- "M
h 0:1"11'1- h11C IIY. )Ot;:f
3. :1"11'1-)'f-. The glory of heaven surpasses
description. f(l"'!f.'t :1"11'1-)'f- 1\oP"'I\ll'
:J-1>. 1\f-1~11'1-?"

4. ?"ll;J'i". Glory he to God! lll\"'ILI\11.h.C ?"

ll;J'i" f.Y:t;(la>5. ooh-&Y. The obelisks in Aksum are the
glory of Ethiopia. fl\h""?" .ha>-1>.-f-:f f
h.'t-f"t.Y 00 11-&Y 'i":fw6. w-n't-. The glory of the sunset filled his
heart with a feeling of awe. fB.hf. '1'1>.<1''1-
w-n't- Awt qY:'i".f.'t- 'l"llwgloss (v.), - over ifo(..f.)
He tried to gloss over his mistakes. ll.h.,..f-'li't
1\oPifo(..f.'t 'l"ht;
gloss (n.) a>lf
After a car has been left in the rain, it loses its
gloss. ooh.<; ll'i"?" a>-11'1' ll..f.Y. Wlf<
't ' Y"'l>.
glossary (glossaries) 1\"ll'C ""1110 :1"11'1Some schoolbooks have glossaries at the end.
1\'t-'l'tY: foo"'!&Y oPI\.h'i''t- nil_,..,....,.:
'/f:fw- 1\"'l'C oPlf10 :1"11'1- 1\ll:fwglossy AIIAII'i" 1\'tM&-4:
This paper is glossy. Y.u wt;-1''1- 1>.111>.11
'i" ' 1\'tM&-4: ' )a>-

2 . .1.1: 1\R&.. She glowed with pride when

she showed us the prize. 11A"'I1z't ll:l"laf't
1.;1; Rh-&.'1- YO&. )OC
3. f.?".f. :'"f. Embers glowed after the fire
died. l\4'1- hm4. 0:\1\ .,...,. f.?".f.
:l"f

glow (n.) 11CY't

I can see the glow of a candle in the window.
noo111>1z f'lf"'! ' 11cn Y.:t-f>IA
red glow fY.'? a ootp(lA

The red glow at sunset is very beautiful.

Bmf. 11'1-mA'I- f(l"'!\< 1.?" oP?"IIA
R"'?" Y?" &.1>.
warm glow ,...,.:,.

He drank the arrack and felt a warm glow

inside him. hl.-1:~ tn'P+ {ltJJo\'., ID"lt
'I' .........:,. .,.(l.,wglowing
I. 11'1-U. This rainbow has glowing colors.
Y.U <I'll.,. f.oP'i" 11'1-U <1'11"'1'1- 1\11-'t2. II"''. 'I- f-1''1"110'1-. He described his plan
in glowing terms. l\:,0.11.'t 11"'1.'1- 01-'l"llq
:fw- :1"11'1- 11\ll
glue (v.)
1. 1\"10<1'. The cup broke and I had to glue it.
fl.ta>- 11111-llRG "'1"10:,0 )flt;11~
2. "'1"10-I:Y l\f.G1R't-. Glue the flap of the
envelope! Y'tlll>.h-'t h-'l't "'1"10-I:Y 1\
Y:C"'R't3. OOUo"" 1\"10<1'. He carefully glued each
page. l\Y't-'l't.ll.'t 111' R'l"t:J-4: OOUo""
1\"10<1'
4. 1-hll. He glued his eyes to the windows.
'if.'l''li't oo111>1: IIY. _,.hi\
glue oneself to '1'1l:t ftA

The child glues himself to his father's side.

1>.)1: /\ ....... IIY. '1'11.,. f-IlA

glove fl\~ Jr.&.-o 1 'i't-1:

I lost a glove yesterday. '1-ll't'l- fl\~ Jr.&.
11 ('i't-1:) m4.11~
pair of gloves 'i'tt l fl\~ 11'-&.11
I bought a pair of gloves yesterday. '1-ll't'l-'i"
'i't-1: (fl\~ 11'-&.11) 1~.,.
[See also 'hand']

glue(n.)Glue is one of many adhesives. CJDooAi

"'I"'R4:Y 'iS'-).f-:f 1\'t.ll. ~w-

glow (v.)
I. 1\0&.. The hot metal glows in the dark. f?
1\a>- 11.:'1- 0""11"'1 a>-11'1' YR&-1>.

glutton 11"-'1?"
Don't he such a glutton! l\'tf.ILU II"'I?"
1\'l-o-'t

h-fltf-

glum, look - "'"'"' 1\1\(w-)

He looks glum. He must have failed the exam.
'1-'i''i' 1111-:1"1>. I R.C..,.'i" "Y.a>Y:'I- 1\S'-<i'C?"

gluttony

520

gluttony II'JI?"H

His gluttony is responsible for his obesity.

Pe""l?" fll'~w- hii'JI?"~-1: f-1"~"1 ~w-

11. .,..:n. He went before the judge to explain

his part in the accident. he<\- llfl hf.:>w- nn
tt-11- , J.'/lw-1 ll"""lllll" Jl'fw- "'"" .,..:n

gnari~J'.1

Wood with gnarls is hard to cut. ~J'.1 J.'flw-1'

1)1....'1- {IOD.,...:'1' ' h/l'f;J& ' ~ID"
gnash hof...,

He gnashed his teeth. '!'el\-1

go

h"-""'

gnat '1-1'f

Gnats like to rest on dirty places. '1-1'f <l'lf

lf (l;J- ~,.. "7:'1' '1-a>Jifl:f-

12. 'Ill. I do not want to go into details on

this matter. OflU .,...;,r. 1\.e liCliC m+~
ID-11'1' OD"!q'J- hAlf?"

Let's go into the house! mf. 0.'1- h1"1q

Go to the devil! 1f.A .,q
13. 1""7:. He goes to the University of
California. l)fi.E::eU' l'~liell.t ID-11'1'
J'."7&-A

14. 1"""&-. Do not go by what he says! hi\-

q11u h'l-ou&-

gnaw
1. '!&<:"!moo. The dog gnawed at the bone.
tD-'fi'lD"

2.

h~M.

}\'f"-,.-fl1'

tf&t:.IIJffioP(I)o

The lie gnawed his conscience.

f1"'01<:w- w-lf-1- ~fl.<;w-1 MMwhole flellC' .,.JIJI ' hO)':

gnaw a

The rat gnawed a hole through the wall.

hJ'.f!l. O"I.I:""IJiw- ID-11'1' llell&- .,.JIJI
hn)'::f
go (went)
1. "/.!.. How long has he been gone? h"/.1.
?"1 .I'UA 1.11. ll'~w- ?
Let's go for a walk ! hilt Oh"l&-:f-1 'lie

15. -l"h-l"fl. I must go by what my lawyer says.

m0.4'1'- f"''.fiiD-1' ouh-f"A hll11'f
16. mflf.. This road goes to Addis Ababa.
y.u , ""'11J!' m1. hJI.II haq Y.mlliiA

17. 0,.,.1\- ~ TOJ1K Corrupt practices must go

if the situation is to improve. v-~;:1-m- ' "-1-'L
lflf A h-i"ol.fl1 11All'- T"lqC':f 0.,..11-
ODUJ"lJ!:

any moment.

f~J'.l-

.(.~{I.

The wire goes to the basement.

7.

~-'1.

Go slow, or you'll damage your car.

.,.II 11/IU 1Jil hllfl..l' ooh.'OU1 ;J-O~lf/IU

Do not go beyond the speed limit!

"'"'~"" n~J'. h'l-111

h-f"a>(l~w-

8. h/1.,.. Everything is gone. rr/1-?" ~1e hA

!II A
My money goes for food and rent. 1'lflfl. f07.
J.'A.,.w- n?""l11'0 nn.-1- h.&-J'. ~w-

9. h'Pll. +All his spare money goes for books.

'1-e'i' 11Hil-1 rr/1- /IODI\on'i''l- J.'ID-~A
10. "J."J.. The snow is all gone. 0<:1'-w- noo11- ' "J.?";tA

won't

go anymore.

~IJ

""IX"""IP.

AlA = haolf). ;

"' ?"1 1.1~?" 11.o1.e11 ' J'.:f~A

20.

'iiPw- h?".<:-e 0.'1- J'.f.ef(A

4. 1"11&-...,, The flu went through the whole
school. h.1'i'll-'fl1q n-1-rue'l- n.-1- u-11-
-l"fl&-""'
5. )':oo<:. Go when you hear the bell! f.a>A
ll'l-fl"7 )':?"e
6. hi\L. Winter has gone and spring is here.
h<:?"'l- hAl:: Kf.J'. 1"-i"II

This clock

hh1"1JI.U a>JI,J.' hJ'.u>&-?"

19. ol.<:fl. This wall is so weak, it may go at

The bus has already gone. h.,..,.ll-1\- Y.Jl,.A

2. 1"~"1. The train goes at five. qn-~ OaF
&- h1.!:" 11~'1- J'.~"'A

}11'\t):fdJo

(1~..,

'lie hTi..<:-

3.

18. w&..

~boo.

r+~

His eyesight is beginning to go.

11en oo..:-hr ;er~A

21. -i"II"/.1.. That's the way things go around
here. hH.U "71'fw-?" ~1e f"''.IIY.f.w-
h1f.H.U ~IDHow did the game go? ""''l';t-w- h1.<'.'1-
-f"l)~f. 1
22. -l"oi.K"". The meeting went without a hitch.

1111(lqw- J.'~'!JI:f :f"le -I".U.D"

23. ~w-. The song goes like this. HLl- h1JI.
IJ

~(1)-

24. 1'1. A dollar does not go as far as it used

to. h'!.!:" 11e' f.I:"C'ID-1 J.'UA hJ'.1q?"
25. ( ~ tr.) M1'. +The first prize went to
Hailu. J.''lf.'f~-1:1 'iiA"7'1- "lJ'./1- M1'
26. 1"1'01'. After their quarrel, he did not
go with Mary anymore. h+lllll- = m.tLIJ h'"L
& .;~e hJ'.1'01'-?"

27. m<f.. The memory of the event was gone

from his consciousness. )-1~ r hd.ltll- m
'i':I;'A

*This book goes on the top shelf.

~~~

oPTim

'i' ' (l;J-ID" ~J'.'fw- oof.ef.~J.' ~J'. ' ~ID"

*He goes by the name of John.

~w-

{IOJ)oo

f-dl1ll r

go about w&-

Go about your business, and leave me alone!

1.k1

1"111-<;

.f"tl-1)1

.f"tl-

*You are not going about it in the right way.

}\1#6-Cll

R'l-hhil'i'

DD11J.':

hf.f.i\'1"

Y11LA;JA l

*If you want a job you have to know how to

go about it in the right way. 1"6- 1 11'1-LA.,
"71:1.., ' YM1111 I ~1C ' 0'1-hhA ' "71D!i- '
hMlll
go after 1-IJ:I--1-11
He is going after that pretty girl. Y";f-1 1 .,.1 }1:
A)i"1t.J.': I f.h;J-1-~A
go against .,.:J>l:.)
That goes against my principles. f.lJ 1 ~9")-t1 I f,:J'(.<;A
go ahead
1. }!oot::. May I start now? Yes, go ahead.
hll-1 ' A"F..'I"C l hl"1 I "F..'I"C
2. 4'1."". You go ahead. I will follow later.
!i-f.'/" j 0:\~ I 1.h-fo~i\ll3. 119'" 11A- +mil. He went ahead unmindful
of the results. f"''.Y11h'l-illll-1 1 ~1C llY11-f-tA 11'1" illl- 1 -tmil
4. 1<1.. Go ahead with this work! 011.11 I"
.:. '.,<1.0'1lo along with
1. 1..1L. We are going along with his decision.
fo\-1 ' 111-llk ' 1.11..,<1.1\1
2. 'tf.. I'll go along with you. '11-1- ;JC 1.
't'li\113. Mll!''l- 'tf.. He will go along with you as
far as the church. IL-l- hc11tY). J.':t.11
hill!'ll I Y,'t'IA
go around
I. ~I!' 'tS'.. The bridge between Addis Ababa

and Harar is demolished, so we had to go

around by way of Bale. Oh-'1.11 1 hoqo; O.h
(.C ' DDithA ' f~O(.III- I J.':AJ.':f, ' 111\J.(.{I '
oq/1. I 011-A ' ~(.1 ' ao'tJ.': ' ~Rt.il1
2. -1-'lt.il. There is not enough food to go
around. i\11-11-'1" f"''.'lt.11 '1".,-R fll'l"
go as far as to say ltOhcPtf\T J ~l:,(l.
I will go as far as to say he deserves more
money. 1.t 1.1-'I.YIII-'1" fOAm 1 ?'l'Hil 1
Y,1q'f'A ' 1.11h"7il'l- I 1.f.Cflilllgo at "F..DDt.

He went at his work with a will.

-11- Ail "F..""l.

J-V&-m-1

2. -1--!-<;hoi\. The dog went at the mailman.

OJ-lfiiJo I ?"11;1- I h-~~l.1 < T-fo<;hoi\IIJo
3. (IJ.t.(fl'l-). They went at the food like hungry
wolves. 1.'1".,11- 1 ~f. 1.11.6-0111- 1 -l-It~
iiL-1-0'1-

*How do you go about joining this association? f"7"f0<1- I hqA I j\01111") I '/"1 I "7).':(.
., I

go

521

go

*You are not going at it right. h111W +h

h&\

hJ'.f.i\'/"

go at each other TJ?.tl.Y..O

They went at each other furiously. O'"ff.A

.,.

f_qf.ngo away

I. 'tf.. When did he go away? ao'f

f.OJ- l

~m-

f't

2. TiD. I wish this pain would go away.

f.ll ih""'l" 01-m't
go back 1-aoi\{1

She went back into the house.

All

m.e.. o.:r- +oo

1q";fo

*Their quarrel goes back to a dispute over land.

fmq'f"'" 1 ou~lf fDD.l.'l- hChC ~"'"
*His memory does not go back that far. 1.11h
ILII ' 'l-11 hf,i\111-'1"
go back on

Om~

He went back on his promise. _.,.i\-"} omL

go behind 0 -!-hili\

The sun went behind the clouds and the air

grew cold. O.hf.'l' Of.ao<; 11'1-hi\A 1 hf-1-
4'114-H
go behind one's back 0.,.."} "tJ?.

After I refused, he went behind my back and

got permission. 1.t 1.'1"0. ltAh-'t 0:\~ fl
1-1 ''tl'-

L:l'J.':. -1-4'011

go beyond

*You have gone beyond your instructions.

frP&-"JitD-

b.,.flffitJ

ODIJP6f

~OJ-

go by
I. hilL. Time went by slowly. "l.lt.ID- 1 4'11
04'11 hilL

2. houllm(lll-). +I would not let that opportunity go by, if I were you. hk h1-l-1 1 1111'
1 1 y bJ.':A 1.1-'I.YDD&I.m't h~f.C.,'I"
~or:

go down

1. tD~f.. Prices for grain have gone down.

f1.11A 'I':> IDC!;..&I.
He went down the hill on a mule. RR!i-11- 1 "'
A"'i\1:111Dt.f.
2. m.e.. ;;t.';f mt.f... The elevator is going
down. hf11(1<~o 1 mf. ;J-".f 1 Mmt.f. ~m-

522

go

3. I>H4'H4'. The sun went down. )';'10.?::

I>H4'H4'":f
4. 11:,. 1>11. Infant mortality has been
going down. f"''.'l"., .nyo;:,.. 4!'1'C 11:,. 7.
Yll ~.!;.A
5. -1-'l'm. Some foods go down more easily
than others. 1>'1'1'1.<:- 1"'.,11 h/1.11 1"'.,11
f.&\:,0 04'~11- f.'I'"'A

6. 1-~ll. The water has gone down, so we can

cross now. (l)o~aJo lii\.,..Y..l\ r Ji.rJo'l A1'if
1C 7.'1-::f~ll'l

7. nou- -f-DDH1fl J ..,.DDH10. Emperor Haile

Sellassie will go down in history as a great
statesman. 4''1"'1'1! ..,,_11 1"~11. 1 7.'1'1'1
.(-

;J-~:,0

OD6 ' il"'/'ffD<

0;1-&h

fD<il'l'

f.ODH1qA

His execrable wickedness has gone down in

history. I>I'I:J>-tw- hof.., 0;1-&h ID-/1'1'

-f-OD1f.,!J.A
8. 1>-t--t-. This history of Ethiopia only goes
down to 1936. f.tJ fl>.'l-f"lrY ;1-&h
h!llfl\':5 't.l"'. )';I"'C' I YIIID-'1 I 11ll' I Y'I-;1-A
*The army went down fighting. m;I-S'.C''Il 1 O.if
Hl"' I OD'f':> ;J-'I'w-'1 I 1>~!1.' <:m-1"'

go faster Lm'l hi\

Can't you go any faster in your work? hrt.O #
fOIIm 1 .l.m'l 1 111\tJ 1 1\0DF&-'1- 1>'1-":fAI"' ?
go (for)
I. ~S'.o; 1 m&-. Shall I go for a doctor? A'f..t:o; I .foh.l"' I &\'J'&- ?
2. -t-oollh-1-. What I said about him goes for
you. /IIIII- 1 f-t-o;1ch-'l- 1/>'1-t-'11"' 1 f.oollh;I-A
3. S'.14.. He did not go for my idea at all.
I> filL'I I O'i'l\.1"' I I>AA14.fD<I"'
4. WS'.S'.. It simply isn't the kind of life you
would go for. 1>'1-1- 1 fl"''l-mS'.m- 'tf.~'l-
).C' I I>Y.S'.III"'
go for nothing ODCi

~tr

go forward T14-

The work is not going forward very well. P

6-fDo

7.~.,1"'

/>&\-f-1of.l"'

go In

1. 111. I didn't go in because it was late. H""l

iiii~OC A1q 1>&\4.1\.,u-1"'
2. -t-lf<:h. Would you like to go in with me on
that deal? O'!.,JI. I h~ ' ;>C ' 1\0Dlfl:h I T
4.&\:>1\IJ l
U

go in for

*Do you go in for sports? 7.1l?'C'I- 1 '1-"'im;llltJ l

go (Into) mA,f. ,q
We need go no further into the matter. mY..
~,~ 1 Y.OA'J' m&\4''11 ou.,q:,.. 1 I>Yil.l.&\1'11"'
*My clothes won't go into such a small
suitcase. &\11(\'fi'l 1 7.'1S'.II.IJ 1 Yll '1-'111 1
lf'I"J I />J'.":f~'fiD-1"'
*He went into the clothing business. A11ll
~;>Jl. I If~

*Three goes into nine three times. Htn~ i\Y"

/1'1- ' ll.lt.I.A

>"il'l- ' '1.11.

f.S'.CftA

go off

I. mof.. These goods have gone off the market.

MII.IJ 1 if4'tn:f. 1 h10Y 1 m'i'-1-'I'A
2. ~Ol. How did the performance go off?
-t:Y'I-~ 1 7.'1Jl.'l- 1 ~oc 1
3. Q<:4'. Be careful! The gon might go off.
mO'!lfm- 1 7.'1-'!Y.qc:,. -t-m'!4':,0
4. 4.~'1. The bomb was timed to go off at
nine. (19""(}- 1 f+tnOD~(Do OY"il+ 1 (l.q.+ 1
7.'1-'1.4.~'1 -t-Y.c1 1 ~oc
[See also 'air, fail']
go off with
l. ~fl 1 ~~. He has gone off with my razor.
7.CII- ' 1"'~-'1 I ,.,. I ~.!;.A
2. J'.I'O'I- 1 toOI\11. Someone has gone off with
his wife. 1>'1.<:- I nm- I "'1./1.,'11 f.I'O'I- I toOI\11
go on

I. 4'mll. If you go on like this, you will be

expelled. 07.'1-'l.IJ 'tf.~'l- 1 f4'mAh 1 7.'1S'.II'
~ ' :,..q.:&-1111

Go on until you get to page three! '/1-t-'i'm- 1

1lt I ~f. I 7.ilh'I-J'.C/I ' 4''1'&\
2. II'~. Don't go on like that! 7.'1S'.II.tJ 1/>'1-u-'1

He is going on twenty. VI q.oo+

iD"

+,l

All his work went for nothing. P'6-0J-

ODCi I 4'l_

go

l\.ll")

~d)o

3. ~S'.. Go on until you get to the post office

and then turn left! 7./lh 1?'/1;1- IL., 1 .t:-<:/1 1
~J'.IJ I hfl..l' I OJJ'. I .,&- I ;f-mt;:
4. 0&.. The lights are going on. ou11&.., 1 oou
116-T I ~J'. I ~Q)o
5. 14-. As the months went on, his illness got
worse. 'UJ,m- 1 M14- 1 fl.~.<:- 1 011 ;1-m- 1 M
llo;O'I- I ~S'.
6. -!-S'.<:1. He took no note of what was going
On. J'.!f.l:., I
f~Ol:fDo'l I IJ-1\- I &\11 I />~1\1"'
7. -1-lt~S'.. The debate went on for hours. he
h"- 0 1\11,. I (l't'l- I -f-I)~J'.
*What is going on here? ~10:. 1 rtJ!-1 )m- ?

go oniTdJo!

Go on, you're kidding me!

+AJ:-fl'i'IUJ

-~""'"

1-Qhll I '1-

go on and off ofiA~ J!:c-19" hit

The lights keep going on and off. ""il<l-.,.,;

iiA"l" F:C"IV"

go

523

go

)'.~11-

go on and on llf+mll ~."..

The meeting went on and on, but nothing was
decided. hiJ(lq,. 1-foi'mll 'tY. 1 "l't V"'t
V" )1C hA-t-mMV"
go out
1. m"l. Tesfaye went out of the office angry.
-1-h<f..\lo ' hR.C"fDo ' fDoh'l' ' -J-<;P. ' m"l
2. miiJ hi\. Let's go out and visit some friends!
7oh1: m"l -111\'t m'I,-;;Fl-'t't 1-'tmf.:t
3. m<f... Suddenly the lights went out. ""il<l., flF:'t1'1- m<f..
4. hl\4'. The fashion for short skirts is going
out. .f"l"C oi'"''.h m<:'l- 1>11\ot ao'f.
... ')fDo

*The workers went out on strike for higher

wages. Y.'l"~'l'fDo 1-'t'I.""""C fl""mf:t
P'&--1-'l':r; ' P'&- ' h....

go out of existence +,c;,

Slavery has gone out of existence. qc~+
C:I;A

.,.

go out to one

My heart went out to him. hH't IN\+

go out with ;JflH
He went out with her only once. lt')S; : '1.11.
iii!' :>M'Igo over

1. t1.. I am going over to his house for an

hour. ~'tF: h'\'1- .filA mY.(Io 11.'1- 1-'t
'11\fJ-

2. -1-""1\h(fl'l-). Let's go over the details once

more! 11C'H""'t h'tS'. 1-'t""llhfl'l3. -~A{o hf. I have gone over all the figures
but I cannot find the mistakes. F:v-c-:r;'t ""
~All: Qj'.V" h<h-1-.,'t 1\.,"l'f'l- hA
il'AhV"

4. fl,l,. He has gone over to the other team.

1-C(Io mY. 1\.~111' 11-F:'t Jfll=A
5. 1Q. He has gone over to the enemy, and
is now broadcasting against us. llm"+ 'J1l.Y.
M''t fl""-"'mV" fl&-'1.1" J'.<;1&-A
go (one's} own way
*He went his own way, as usual. l.'lS'...,..ltoo1.
,. ' 1\&-{lo ' f-(11\fDo't ' -1-h.,.l\

go (through)
I. ""l:""l:. Let's go through the arguments
again! hCh""'t 7o'tY.1<; ' lo'tODCV"l:fDo
2. fl'l"~ -i"""llh-1-. We must go through the
accounts. th.lUJ-~ r fl'l"i\. oPoPAbT hi\
il't
3. fl<:fl<:. His wife went through his pockets
looking for money. OIJ..ilrf: 1"JH1l 1\oP~fl
., !J.(lo't n.:n.::r4. ""l:h. How long will it take to go through
the whole program? "YC"""J&.~ floP-& 1\
""<Q.l:h V"'t .filA '1.11. J'.I.'JiA ?
Did you go through college? fl>llo~ '1-V"tJC
'1- <Q.C(l?A ?
5. 1<f..(fl'l-). He is determined to go through
with his plan. fl.h<'tflo II.~<f..fl'l- .,.CI\l.A
6. -t-<'t-1-.t.. He went through the whole cere-

mony without interruption. fiP"C'\1: "f.

111.,*<:'1' -1-<'t-1-L
7. l\!'.4'. The bill did not go through. f <h'l- '
<:4!:,0 ' hAl\!'.4'V"
8. -J-oj>Qj'. h1'f. His plan of improving education will never go through. '1-V"IIC'I-'t II.,
lflfA .fl\fDo 1-:t!'.' fl'i!l\.V" .,_oi'QJ'. hf
1'SV"
9. 'J'{o 't!'.. He went through the signal.
f'l-&-d.h-'t V"Ah'l- 'J'{o 'tY.

*Do you think my application will go through?

.,.,..Ahil'\1-'t f"''.oi'flll-'1- J'.""hA?A ?
go through a lot 11ft oPht- h.r

The poor woman has gone through a lot.

V"hll.:;; ' ll.'l-1" ' -1111' ' ""hoi- ' hf.:t-1\:f-

go through with

You must go through with the course since

you have started it. '1-V"tJC.,'t h'tS'. 'f..V"<:
?A<; h"lll- ' "''F:<:h hll-1111
go to
I. 1Q. Where did all the money go to?
1'tHII- IJ-11- f'l- 1Q ?
2. !'.<:h(fl'l-). He went to a lot of trouble to
get you a job. ~'t-1- P'&- fl""LI\"1 ' il
"' :f-Ie Y.<:hfl'l3. mi'IF.. Where does this door go to?
J'.ll nc mF.'I- J'.mh'IA 1

*To whom did the property go when the old

man died? '11.,"11\.fDo 11.'1"'1- 11-ll.,'t "'''t
tJJ<:(l ?

go to and fro

mF.~i\."i

m"-d.T hi\

A rocking chair goes to and fro. f"''.'PAA

mv-nc mY.:\~c; mY.d.'l- ' J'.~A

524

go

go to pieces
I. l\'th'l-h'l- All. The car went to pieces when
it struck the wall. h"l..:-1-'lm- :>C 11-r--"""'
1..11. oull...-m- l\'th'l-h'l- All
2. AM"I!"m- -r-..-mm. When he learned of his
child's death, he went to pieces. l\CI\- fA)!:
't '1"'1- fill., 1..11. Al\9"1!"tJJo -r-..-mm
go together

goad

goes along. floP)!oP6J' f'"l..l'll:f"IC lllr't

9" l\J'f..C f..,.'IA
(it) is going on oo(f).

~tiJo

It is going on five and we have to leave at six.

0~&- I J\'}.f: I {tJt-1- I oPtr). I ~d)- ! }..~ J
flOP'&- 11-11'1- oP'/.J.': All11't

*How old is the child? He is four, going on five.

A)t ll't'l- 't""-1> )IJJo l A&--r-... 't""-l>'t
A9"11T ...m-'t f.!I.A

1. +it"''"''. Your tie and your suit don't go

together. h&-'i'l-11..- A111ltJ AM1.,,..9"
2. -r-m-'1)!. They have gone together for two
years. 1111-11'1- -tou'l- -r-m'l;c!'T'I'A

it goes without saying lt,tJDo'}

go under

let go

1. ,.~,. m-11'1" mA+. His head went under,

and he was never seen again. m-;)m- 1 lD"il
'1" I lt"}~ I mA+ I '+t.
2. llm"". The ship went under, and all aboard
were drowned. oPCh!l. ll'l-ll'l'9" fltJJollf!l. ,

f)fl<l-'1-

11-tr

llm,..

3. hf'll:':. Business was so bad the firm went

under. 't"IJ.': 11"19" 1111-r--'lh"" 1!-q').1'
"'"'hilt:

He goes under an assumed name. fll\.1\

OJw

ll

nr ~m~IA

go up

I. mf.. 'If. m"l. Did you see him go up?

mr.. 'If. (Lm"l Af1im- l
2. 'I';>m- ""'""t:. Everything went up except
butter. h:,.n. ' fi.,.C 1Jolr9" )1C 'I':>
I& I Q',LOP{.

3. fllf. The patient's temperature went up and

he became delirious. 1111-r-.,.m- '1-h-o't-1> II
llfl~

.I':J''>I"'I'A

4. +w&. New buildings are going up everywhere. All.ll .b'tlll"":f fl.l'llfl'l- floPw&'1- ' "-"' ' ""'"'"
go (with)

I. -r-11.,.,. This tie does not go with the suit.

f.tJ h&-'i'l- hA111\- :>C ' Af-11.,.,9"
2. A111!" -r-ifm. Five acres of land go with the
house. A9"1l'l- :>~ ""tl.'l- hfl.-1> :>C A
111!" f.if"'A
as far as it goes ltilltflo"}
What he says is true, as far as it goes. ltl'l:lJIJo"t
,.,. ..1t:IJJo ' l\m-)'1- ' )IJJo
as far as that goes RHJ' l!.1X"

As far as that goes, he is right. 1111..1' t:1J.':

1.1\- '1-hhA )m-

as It goes along llY'-C

It may be hard at first, but it gets easier as it

Q;l,{;{l

~BJo

It goes without saying that they will fight on.

oP'I';J;J-:fm-') ' l\'tf..'"l.4''1'1r ' l\,.., ' )IJJo

I. 11.,..,., He let go the branch and fell.

f~f.'t :,.C't"'i'i' II.,..,.., mf...,.
After questioning him, the police let him go.
?"(LI\- hoot:ool fl:\'1 II"'"'"'"
I won't let you go too soon . .Y.~ All:,-119"
2. All.,fl-r-. He had to let his maid go because
he lost his job. IIP'&-m- 1111-r-ll..-n-r- 1t:'l.
') .,ll.. fl-'1- ' "IJ.': ' l)')fl'l3. y.:,.c;t- All.t.. This time, we will let you go.
'I!Jo). y.:,.c;t- 1...-A'i'YII1
4. ifm. I cannot let this suit go for less than
30 dollars. f.tJ't ,..tr A111l hw'lo't 11
C fi;J-":f AAif'l'9"
let it go hilL

I should punish you for this, but I will let it go

just this once. 1111..11 A.,."'IJ f.1q't )fl
C "l't .1'11-).'t AAJ..YIIrJo
let oneself go

~1i:

'tlttJDo'}

+m

Lately, she has let herself go terribly. h:,.c11

1..11. mll.tJ )1t: 'tll,..'t '1--r-'l'll":f

[See also various nouns with "go", such as

'bad, wrong']
go (n.), be on the I. w&-. He is on the go day and night. 11.'1
.,..,.') f.w&-A
2. ?-1: '1-Y: 1 hit. She is on the go from morning till night. hf!l.'l- l\llh ..,;J- -..J.': 1
J.':. '1-'lll":f
make a go of hllof-.4He made a go of his business. 't"l-'1.'t All<l-4goad (v.) 14-4-

Hunger goaded him to steal a loaf of bread.

t:""HI 'Ill l\')JI.{IC:,. 1'1-4-mgoad (n.) H't"l

The goad is sharp. H'}.,..

if.A

~t&

goal

525

goal
I. 'ill.,. Matrimony is the goal of many
young women. f1111" IA'/f1<'.1'-':fo 'ill., ?
11!1' )fllo
2. "111. Our team made three goals in the first
half. 11-~':fo'J 0""l!:""&J'fllo "1.,11 ""'
'1':1' '11'1- "111 MQ
The plan failed to reach its goal. l\:t.ll. l\"111
<'l,I'.J'.CII -J>t:
His goal was Paris. 1\.'U: .1'-I>J'.fllo ;r.:
II )0C

goalkeeper "111 mQ4:

The goalkeeper kicked the ball. "111 mQ4:
fDo \>,!).') 11?'1-

goat 'i!f/A
My goat has a kid. 'i!fl\. h'JJ:" "'A1A h

Il-lgoatherd l\t:>;'
The goatherd watches over the goats. l\t:>;'
fDo 'i!fll-':fo') .l"''ll/A

gobble '1''1' '1''1' hF.t:1

He gobbled his food. !1""111-') 'I'T '1''1' h
J'.t:11Jlo

go-between
I. hll:'-6-4:. He served as a go-between, but
was unable to reconcile the two parties.
l\')J'. hll:"&-4: ll''l" ll.J'11\"'A?" 11-1\1<')
ID1'f':fo ' 1\.,li:J-t;:,O ' h/Jo.!J'I\?"
2. h.,"'/', The parents sent an old man to
act as go-between in arranging an appointment.
m'l)l:':fo -J>mC'aJo'J 1\oom(l') h'JJ:" 1i
.,..,~~. h.,"'/' 'I"'

goblet MB
I drink beer in a goblet. m'l 0'1'')"'1. l\m

"11111-

god
I. h?"'lh (pl. h.,Ah'l-). In ancient times
people worshipped many gods. OT'J'I- H00
') ' (ll"':fo I 1111- h.,Ah.'J- o J'OD/Jo.ho o )
oc
He swore by the God of Israel. Ol\11&-lA
h9"'1h .,II
2.l\"'H.h11m.C. God is the creator of the world.
l\"'H.h11m.C f'll\9" L"'& )fllo
[See also 'forbid']

godchild fhCII.'J-'i' A'/5

I bought a shirt for my godchild. 1\hCII.'J-'i' A
:( 1f"'l.11 ,.,.,.

golden
goddess l\'JII'I- "'P'IThe goddess of fertility was worshipped in
ancient times. O'I''J'I- 1.11. fA?"'I"' l\')
11'1- "'P'I- .'J-oPI\h ) OC

godfather fhCII.'J-'i' hQ.'JHe has no godfather. fhCII'I-'i' hQ.'J- fll

fllo?"

godly fl\"1H.h11m.c
He is a godly man. l\(1. fl\"1H.h11m.c (lfllo
)fllo

god mother fhCII'I-'i' l\'i'.'JHer godmother died recently. fhCII'I-'i' l\

'i':1: o:tc11 1.11. .,..,.':fo

going
I. '1"'1-. His going was sudden. .,..,. J:"'J1T
>;' )OC
2. oo'f.J:". The going is hard on a muddy road.
IJ"'/':J> o OD')1J:" 0 OD'[.J:"' hil'f;;J& 0 )fllo
(he is) going to A + imperfect + )fllo
I'm going to bake a cake. h.h A?"'C )fllo
get going

*He tried hard to get the conversation going.

......,.fllo l\')ll.'l":t "'t:
keep (one) going h..,.f
This will keep you going until next payday.
,1'.11 ' l\llh"'l.'i>TI\fllo ' J'.'l"11 ' J:"t:ll .1'/f,I'.?A

goings-on J:"C'I..'IThere were all kinds of goings-on at his party.

0(1. "11l'Jf '1,1'. Af. Af. J:"C'I..,_':fo J'.L
II.,.. )0C

goiter l\"J:tc.'JSince she has a goiter, her Jovely face is

ruined. l\"J:tc.'J- 111\m"'':fo t.IIF.'i'4: oofA
\>. T0111f

gold (n.) mc:t

Is that real gold? l\<JJo)T>;' mc:t )fllo l\(1. !
gold (adj.) rmc:t
I bought my wife a gold watch. 1\QI\0.1: fiD
c:t l'l'l'l- 111o-'l+

golden
1. fmc:t. She gave her golden dishes as a
wedding gift. 1\{IC~ rmc:t <'lih'l"T hO
t:hT':f-11'12. hmc:t fToP&o. She wore a golden chain
around her neck. hmc:t fToP&o .h111A h
'I'A:I' )OC

526

goldsmith

3. roc:J-.,. She embellished her dress with a

golden belt. "'"'Lit1' roc:J-., 011'~ "'"""
All1.m:f,.
4. '!'~. Going abroad will give you a golden
opportunity to learn English well. mF.. tD--"ll"
Me oo'f.J/: 7.1'"111.11"' 0.<'.1'11 fl"""'
C ~ 1>.""1"'1. f.IY1'1A'IIA
golden color mc.7f>OI/

The paper has a golden color. rot:.,.., roc:J"7

)tJJo

goldsmith roc:,. "'"'

The goldsmith made me a beautiful ring.
roc:,. "'"'"'" aJo11 .,.flo:,. u>~IA'S
golf [0T<;'1'1i m1'1J~ \>,II<; 01<; oo{)f.
H1'1'f 0.<'.~ f"''..<'.t':"l ""'1':1')
gondola [Oltkll llf. 1\f. f"'/.1'<'14..'1! ~~'/"
... .,..,..,. ~/AIJ]

gone, see go
be all gone hll+
The bread is all gone.

Jl(lfJJo

l>tl.,.

gong .<'.rotA
The gong is struck to mark the hours.
ti.,II;J'ro:,. .<',.ro(l f..<'.fJJ-1\/A

11~-1>1'

gonorrhea ""11""
Gonorrhea is a common venereal disease.
""11tn- f.,_~_.,_ .l'fltl HC O'li;J' ~,.
good (n.)
1. ouAJtf"" Qt"hCf.. There is some good in
everyone. "'l'l~m-9"' J flw- oPAl)?"" 1 QihCf.
l>f.;J'"'OT'I"
2. '1':,.'1". I am only thinking of your good.
.l'l'l11h-'l- 1\1'.,. '1':,.'1" 11;1' ~,.
He did it for the common good. ti;J~ '1':,.'1"
lt.A I f1P6ot& I i'1C

)(Do

3. i'1C. Men have often esteemed happiness as

the greatest good. l'll"'f 1111" 1..11. F.(l;J'1'
hll-11- fOtltn ~1C l>~C1aJo f.<t.~;J'A
good (adj.)
I. ~. He is a good man. 1\C(l.
tJJo

'I'~

(I

)CD-

He has a good life. 'I'~ 'l-1!" f.<:' ~A

Is this meat good to eat? f.ll P';J floP11/A
~~OJo!

His good name was ruined by one careless act.

fl1'~ 1..11. 111'.":1' ~ II- 1-.<'.4..
2. .,.11.,"'1.. It's a good day for swimming.
(1'1'<;' .,.11.,"'1. .,.,. ~,.

good
3. 1-011. He is very good at figures. 0.h.<'l11
1-011 ~,.
4. 1.,.~.,..,, It is hard to tell counterfeit money
from good money. fml'lT'11'H11 hl.OJo~.,..,
11'H11 (louflfT f{l:f"I~IA
5. f:,.c11. He is a good friend of mine. f:,.c11
roJI:( ~,.
6. ...,.11-, I waited for him a good half hour.
~..,.
-~~mo:,.u-:,.
7. (~ adv.) .<'.~<; l>~C1. The teacher gave
the lazy student a good scolding. ""'1"11~ (I
~4-1'
.I'.~<; l>~C1 1u>~OJo
*She has a good figure. oufAh .,.., <;:,.
*Have a good time! "l.tLaJo fF..ll:f' f.IJo.
1'/AIII
*Put in a good word for me! llOJ.'l fioPAlJ.
'I" 1>1'"1/A'S

.,.,11 .... .

'

.,_.,&

a good

I. 0..1'1'11 0..1'1'11. She lost a good three

pounds. 0..1'1'11 D.n(l V'IIT ;raJo1'~
.I'II/A ' hh11.<'.;1;' ' .,.-,.{)fl'f
2. 0.,.1\11-, It is a good three miles to the
station. 1\llh "'O,.I'OJo 0.,.1\11- V'IIT .,
f./A ' f.IY<;'/A
a good deal .,..,.

He spent a good deal of time on it. 11H-

H. l>'l''i!-I'O;J'A

'1.

a good hour 1>1'~ (l~.P

I worked a good hour on your paper. K'm.'i!ll1'
ll""tlhT 1>1'~ l'l~:,. l>m-1-ua good many

I. OChT .I'll-. There are a good many foreiguers in the hotel. 011'-1:11- OJoll'l' OChT .1'
II- faJo"l.> h1C (ll"'f 1>112. 1111". I have been there a good many times.
1111" '1.11. MU' 't!l' till-

a 1ood way.fl,..
We have come a good way since morning.
h<P.T ~'1"~1' 1111- .,_'I'H<;A

as good as f .I'II/A .<'.~<;

My car is as good as new, even though I have
driven it 60,000 miles. '1"1''1" 1.1'\>,1' 11/A<'l
i( .,,_A ft-'1:\T 0.11'1''1" f). ooh.<;
fl>JI.II .I'II/A .<'.~<;' <;:,.
(is) as good as done

The job is as good as done. P' ~,. .,...,C-1'

7.1-Jitl.,. .I'II/A Y.<t.m~A
be good

I. l>1tl1tl. The passport is good until the

good afternoon

fifteenth. ;r11;rc., ~11bH.II me Ol"~ h

?"11-t-:;' 4''1 .1:-.:11 .1'111"111A
This suit will be good for many years. f.ll
Aofl11 lloflrt- ~oo;J-'1- .1'111"111A
2. -t-oo'f. This cloth is good for polishing.
r.u ""col- lloP'J't:"' r.oo!:f'A
3. 0~. Abstinence from liquor is good for
health. b"''.f{lbC ' ODm'J' ' oumO.}o ' lim.
'1)'1- f.O)I'A
be good and mad lPL

He is good and mad at the bad thing you did

yesterday. }11'1'1-'i OP'~'lit& oP'J't.': )1C
tn~A

be good at

*These shoes are too good for such weather.

f.ll "'i"'l '1'1- 111111') 1111.11 hfC h
f-11''1?"

m+oo
The vacation has done him good. .l'.l'.t:1t& 6
t:'i''l- m-l-'1";1-A
Arguing won't do you any good. '1'1-Ch 'I"
'1'1" hf.m-l-'1"11'1"
do good

for good }..ltb oPt;l;l.t,?fm-

1 am through with him for good. bC(l. :>C

~11b oo""t:!ft& -1-'II.~C"'illvHe is leaving the country for good. h'l.l'.>;'t&
V1~'iJ") I

/t.J

will you be good enough

Will you be good enough to come early?

ouAIJ?" t.:J> .1:"11 11'-:' 4'.1'.'1" oflllll '1-ou"J l
[See also the many nouns, such as 'form, mood,
taste' that occur with 'good']

masc.)

goodbye!

be too good (for)

make good on t.Kou(ll'l-)

He made good on his promise to take her to
the theater. <D.I'. 1:!'1-C 0.'1- II.<D11JI'l- f1
Qll'l-'1 :J>A t.l\oPII'l(a) no-good f"'lf.t:Q
He is a no-good liar. f"'lf.t:Q ,.l\';1-?"
)t&

good afternoon I ~'1.1'.'1"'1 'I'Ah l (2nd sg.

ll"~aJo

Are you good at figures? mAil f.ll''IYA l

')

goodly

527

I OD't,~ I

)aJo

hold good h'l'"'

The argument still holds good. hCh~ hv'1'1"' .I''I'"'A
make sood (vt.)
1. h.::>1m. Can you make good your claims?
f'l"'l-11'1',.'1 )11!'l- A;f-t::>"''l' '1-l-111111 ?
2. m04'. He made good his promise. :J>II-'1
m04'
3. -1-IJ. The bank cashier made good the
shortage and was given a light sentence.
fQ'Ih- 1'1Hofl M.f. 1'1-.1'.11,.., 1111-1-IJ
4'11A -l-"1'1- -t-m(I)O'Jmake good (vi.)

1. bOt:. He went to the city and made good.

<D.I'. b-1-"'1 'tf'. bOt:
2. f-1-ltiJ ,.m.'l- h1T. Education is necessary
to make good in politics. OTM:IJ f-1-ltiJ ,.
m.'l- 11"'/"'T'l- '1-'I"IIC'l- .1'114./>.:>A
make good for +It
I made good for the broken glasses. f{IOC\\'f
,.., of!C"'/'..,.l- -1-IJv-

.1'.~<; v-'1 I (2nd sg. masc.)

Goodbye! Have a good trip . .1'.~<; v-'1 .,..,
1JI.'I ~o}o .1'.1:-C"'AII
say goodbye -J-{1<;"0-1John, did you say goodbye to him? l'-m'111
-J-(l'iofl-1-'li'I'A l

good evening I ~'1.1'.'1"'1 t.oul\'11 ! (2nd sg.

masc.)
Good evening! How are you?
l\'11 ! .1'.~<;' )II !

"-1~9""'l

J\oo

(be a) good-for-nothing hf.t:Q'I"

That student is a good-for-nothing. .1' -1-"'1
(. ' hf.t:Q'I"

Good Friday f11-l-11'1- 611'1Many people go to church on Good Friday.

f11-l-ll'l- bll'l- oflrt- 11,. m.r. 0.-1- he
111:.1"1 f.'t-'IA

good-hearted .1'."1
The good-hearted woman gave the beggar a
dollar. .1'.'1 11.'1- 1111"'11' h'l.l:" of!C 11ml-

good-looking
1. oP/>.b 4''i. She is a very good-looking girl.
0"1'1" ooAb 4'<; A"!': <;'l2. ODAb ooAIJ'I". He is a good-looking man.
DDAh

oPAI)r"

{t(Doo

)(Do

goodly
1. ODAh ODAIJ'I". Only a goodly lad may
hope to win her love. A !I.'I 1\..1'1'S f"''.l-11
(Do I

oPAh

ODAI)f'"

flY)

-o;r:

)m-

2. h<;: .I'll I oflrt-. He made a goodly sum of

money on this deal. 011.11 ""10.1'f'l- b<;:
.I'll (oflrt-) 1'1Hofl h-1-t!t.

528

good morning

good morning! 7.'tS'.'I- h.I'.Ch l (2nd sg.

masc.)
good-natured 1C
He is very good-natured; he does not get mad
easily. 11"11"' 1C 111111'~ 11+~11- hf>'O.I'.S':I"'
goodness c~.:....
She is well known for her goodness to the
needy. 1\l-"lt'.'f'l- Y~'l- c~.:.... 11"11"' f

;J-m+ '

~tJJo

goodness me I ~F./} :I"/A

Goodness me! Isn't he big? Y,.l'.'t:l'A' '1-A:J.

hY,.I'.I\'1" 1.'t S'. l

gout
gorgeous
I. faJ"'~'I- 4'1}$:. She is a gorgeous girl. fro
"111'1- 4'1}$: <;'l2. /IR-11 .(;"}:,0. It was a gorgeous sunset.
f~ll~ 'I'Aof>'l- bR-11 S':'t:J> ~llC

gorilla [1&~ h11't;i';C' f"'l.'fODJ': 11"1'1"

'f-A:J> fll'~ flh ....,.,..,.. (ttJJo't f"'l.OD{I
A ' h1DD&.. 11"11"'. h<;: Yll 7.11111 ~liJo]

gory f.l'.'l" oo'l.(tll f'l"~ll'IHis gory stories are popular with everyone.
fJ'.'J" ' OD'i.(t{l ' f'f"~Q'f'tJJo ' .,.,..,..,.. ' fl"7
't'l" H'tf: f;J-m4l <;'l'tJJo

for goodness' sake Olt."'JH.h1lrh.C

For goodness' sake, stop that noise! Olt."'ltUt11

dl.C '

n1

good night I

""1i'l- h-Ill'"

.1'.~<;

1..1'.C (2nd sg. masc.)

Gospel m't1.A
The priest read the Gospel during the sermon.
<l:l'l- Oll11h-1: 'l.tl. m11.A MilO
gospel truth rm1'1.A I ~A.

I. If+tnl-. The goods were sent by freight.

He accepts what I say as the gospel truth. 7.C

(1- 1.~ fl"'l\tJJo't 11-11- 1.1.1'. m't1.A :l'

lf+tn'll 11"'1'\'\"lf" .,_Ah'I'A

goods
2. If+"' Ifof>'l'. The goods were displayed
in the shop. If+"' If +m- lll'l-41 tJJoll'l'
~nc
ll.lt1Jofl 7.111.:1-Y>

.,.,_c..,

goody (goodies) "1'1."1'"

The boy finished the goodies on the table.
llmt'.A.'ItJJo ~f> f~llt'.tJJo't "1'1."1'" A1!:

..............

goose (geese) 111>

Do you like goose or turkey for Christmas?
1\A.I'.'I- ll'lA 111> PfA?A mY,Il f
-I:Ch P.l': l

gore (v.) m;J

The bull gored him to death. mf,&.'l- aJ"I
.,. 1.1'.1\liJo

gore (n.)
*Her hands were covered with gore from
bandaging the wounded man. f4l.o'tlltJJo't o't
tJJo 4lllA ll;J-IIC 7.}$:!)! 11.1'.'1" .,_llhlltJJo
~llC

gorge (v.), ~ oneself

*The boy gorged himself with cake. A1!: 4l
't"''t 7.1lh.J'.HtJJo S':t'.ll h.h 11~

gorge (n.) 1J'.A"'' faJ't11 lfll4'

The .river ftows through a deep gorge. m
'til- 111-S':'\"1 1J'.A"'' faJ't11 lfl\4' tJJo
11'1' 1>4./IA

Y>+ll~A

gossip (v.)
1. h.m~. They were gossiping about me when
I walked in. {11q Ill\~ ym~ ~llC
2. h/1-QA.,.'i' ~tJJo. She is pious at church in
the morning and gossips all afternoon. t(l.:'f-
1.11..,. hclltn KY::J> ' ho't'l'l- 11:\11 .r.
"1'1" h/1-QA.,_'i' <;'!-

gossip (n.) m&. i hii-QA;J1 wouldn't believe that gossip.

n't ' m&..

~9"19"

Won't this gossip ever end? f,U h/1-QA;J-

Hl\'ll\'1" hYA:J-'1" l
an o(d gossip fBI~

=t+

His wife is an old gossip. "'1.11.., fm&.

*'~-

"""

subject of neighborhood gossip t'R-'i" ODffi"l

His doings are the subject of neighborhood

J\.(;'t-')-Mi I IJo/t- I fflo'i" I ODffi-, I

gOSSip.
II'~ 'I' A

[See also 'invite1

got, see get
gourd :J>A
Gourds are used for making ladles. :J>A "1'"
A'!. 1\DDP'.:O'I-

gout

Y,I\"I~A

[fo'ttJJo~'l- OD;Jm"'l.Yl",.., f"'l.Y/111'1'

fllii:l" 'lM'I-]

529

govern
govern

1. 1tf. He governed his district with an iron

hand. 1\ID-tl-)!'111-1 I KT I liT I nf:C~ I ~

2. ro(l~. A subject governs the number of its

verb. oo<:'i'-1- )1C m-11-r q110.1> f"1~1
_,TC J'.a>II<;A

3.

oow~+

lf~.

The financial report governed

oPw~."J flf~

their decision. /lt&ll).f:flD-

(Do I

ltl\ I 'J'JH-fl

.,...;,e.

f.,..(lffiliJo

&-rc I

~Q)a

be governed

I. 1-.11~<:. The province was governed by a

cruel administrator. m:t--\,e. ..,.,.., fl"'-lJ.

'1 111:

J'.-1--'I~C )0C

2. -J-out~-. Don't be governed by what others

say! 11.11-'f O"tll-'1- /\'l-out~-

government
1. oP'l"'P':,., The prime minister formed a
new government. m:J-1\J'. "ttll'l-'1- h-'1.11
OD1"1F'l- t.:l/!1/000
2. 1\1111. Socialism is a kind of government.
Mf..l'l\.1111" fh1~11 'tJ'.)-'1- )m-

3. hii-1-.II~C. The government of the city is

the mayor's responsibility. fh-1-"'/m- hll-1-.11~
C ' fh11:q111- ' '11\oM'l- ' )tD-

[See also 'puppet']

grace
2. .fH. He grabbed the thief by the collar.
{l.qfDo1 h1~ .fHtD3. ml'l~. In a moment of abstraction, he
grabbed the wrong hat. 01-oPIItn m-IlT
0)0<: 1.11. ' fA.I\ nm- qc~nl ' m{l~
grab at
I. l\oP.f11 1\')1:1 H<:.?. He grabbed at the
rope and missed. 100-'J.'l /loP111 ~:q:.,
O.Hl:.? ' <\1-m2. <\.foo);.t- 1-<1'011. He grabbed at the chance
to go abroad. mF.. dJ-"iP 11.1C Auo'tY: f
;JffiOOtD-1 ' {)f:A <\.fOO~;.f- ' -J-<1'011

grace (v.)
I. '1"111 l'lm. +The queen graced the party
with her presence. f'!"IF1:1> 001'f '1- II"loft

-.rm-

'1"1il

ttmm-

2. h<\oP<:. Paintings graced the walls. FiJtt-';f

"lf:"l-'1111-1 ' h<\00-1-'1*Will you grace our party with your presence?
ouAltll" L,..f:ll IT'l" ;rct.f'f1 1\J'. '
'1-1,1111 l

grace (n.)
I. K.?. May God grant us His grace! n"IH.h
11.h.C K.?ID-1 J'.llm1
2. ~"1)'1-. It was only through the principal's

grace that he wasn't expelled from school.

government school foP1"1F'l- '1-II"IIC'l-

h'l-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- hl\oPtD-"11> 0-'l.-'h-1''1-

n.-'1-

~"1)'1- ' )111-

Students do not pay tuition in a government

school. 0oP1"1F'l- '1-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- m-IlT

3. ll"o'lt<:'l-. By an act of grace, he was freed

from prison. ll"o'lt<:'l- 1-~C111'1- hhiiC

1'"'16 11H11 hf.h'i'AII"

1.

h1~ s

11C. The governor visited our school.

h1<: 111:111- ' '1-II"IIC'l- O.;.l-'f11 1-01'

2. 11C. He is the governor of the province.

fm:J-1\J'. .,~., 111: )m-

governor general n'l~tl-11.

The governor general is in charge of the
province. 1\1~6-ll.m- llm:J-1\J'. .,~., -11\
k

0.'1-. "'"'

4. M .fl\111-

governor

)o(l)a

gown <l'"tll ! A1111

She wore a pink gown to the reception.
11"111..,-m- mll"tl-'1! <I'"'LII IIO{l';f
Her bridal gown was red. f..,.'lit!- Aofl!l. <I'
f. )0C
grab (grabbed)
I. oo)-J-L. The dog grabbed the bone and ran
away. m-lfm- hT'!-1>'1 oo1'1-11: C'm

~C!).. M

o-~;.1-.

She danced with grace.

q11m- o-~;.1- ~){l';f

5. 111-0'1-. We admired the grace of the statue.

f.mm-A-~>1 m-o-l- .t.~):J-1

6. qii",7.A)'l-. He fell from grace and was

exiled to a border post. bqii",7.A)1> mel'-
mY. ft'lY:

m~'i!

T.7H

*Give us a week's grace, and we will pay in full.

h1f: 1\11"1'1- ..,!I"CA1'i' 0.,..11- n1h'i'l\111
His Grace 11~{));.1-:fmHis Grace is leaving for Europe. ofl~iJ);.I-:fm-
(IJS!., I 1\aJot::r I OOYJ'.=faJ- I ~(Do
be in good graces

*I wonder whether I am in the teacher's

good graces. hiiT"'/6tD- j'.ro~'S h1~rn
t.l\m-:J-11"

have the grace T.n+'i"' ltftf

He had the grace to say he was sorry. J'.:J>C;.I-
ooomf:J> '1-.lt'l-<; t.<\f

"

graceful

530

say grace 'l"h;><; hJ'.<:f\

He said grace before the meal began. ?""""1-fl J oP
1111-1- h""J!""'~- n.t.-r 'l"h:><; hJ'.<:ll
with bad grace :,Oc )..ylt.aJ4
He did what I asked him to, but with bad grace.
fmf:J-11--l-'t hJ'.<:1 "l't :Joe 'hfllm-
tmwlth good grace ol-e

ll.r.IUD-

She obeyed with good grace. :Joe tt.e'l-l- :"

HH'.f

[See also 'year']

graceful
I.
II~

II~

film-. She is a graceful dancer. 'he!!.

J''l-l- 'l'tf\'i' <;-}-

She thanked them with a graceful speech.

II~

fJII<D- 't.,.,e hoPf\1til':fm2. J'.h f"''.J'f\~. She sent me a graceful letter

of thanks. J'.h f"''.J'll~ f'l"h:><; J'.11'1fl.
'lh'.fA~

The horse's gallop is very graceful. f.l.<:ll- "I

A!I.J' fi"''l" J'.h f"''.J'll~ tmbe graceful Y.il 1 h.ll

The downward flight of the bird was graceful.

ftJJ.I.of, ""1i4'A4'A J'.h f"''.A tOe

gracious
I. J'."l. The gracious king declared amnesty.
,_.,. ' 't1-P' ' 'l"d.<:-l- ' hJ'.t:12. ,.,..,. . Their gracious home is admired by
all. f'l".,. fi.:J''I'm- 011-11- J'.J'.t:l'A

3. 'I'C1lC1l. She is a very gracious hostess.

fi"''l" 'J'e1le11 'h't"l'l ofo.,.fJJ'. <;-}4. J'.efJ fl. The gracious old lady has an air of
gentility. J'.efJfJ'I' h1!"1..T f""'l't-l- ""A
h' h'l'l'tD5. 'I":J> J'll. She received her guests in a gracious manner. 1l.'l..,~:ri'l ,..:,. Qt\ o-i.;t-
i'.,.nll'.f
be gracious tJPibl..:'f- h.Y..l.'l
Be gracious, 0 king! 't1-P' 11'.e I 'I"d.<:-l-
hJ'."C"IA't

*It was very gracious of her to come. DP?'"IlJ:f:

0"1'1" ' f"''.J'hoPf\"1<;-l- ' )<D-

gradation
*The rainbow shows gradations of color.
f.,.h-1' J'.oP<; .,.11"7-l- .,.h O.,.h IJ't'l.
tJJJ'. ' 1\.1\tD- ' J'.lf;>1tloll-

grade (vt.)
I. m-m.-l- f\m. He graded them according
to ability. 'h'tJ'.f'.fii-;J-:fm- m-m.-l- h"l'l'm-

gradual
2. h<:oP. When grading the papers, the teacher
took the student"s long illness into consideration. ""'l"ll-1- m<:.,.of'll't li.J'e'l" <:)!''1"
1.11.' II:J'oPoP(Do ' 1'"7& ' hh-i'J'f-l- ' hJ'.<:1
3. II f. He graded the papers according to size.
m<:.,.+P't 'h'tJ'.foPm<;'l'm- IIJ''fmgrade (vi.) .,.h ' n.,.h ofolltJJm
Red and yellow grade into orange. +~~ fl-L
.,.h O.,.h tDJ'. 11e.,lt't"7 J'.lltJJ"'/1be graded i'J'.IIJ'.II

The road up the steep hill was graded .

.,.'1'

J'llm-'t 1><:11;1' f"''.tD"llD- ""'t1J'." i'J'.A

J'.'li.A

grade (n.)
I. J'.<:1l'. The rank of major is a grade higher
than a captain. flfii:J>t-l- "71><:"1 hl\''1"0
At-l- fJ'tJ'." J'.<:]f ,enA"'A
2. ~.et-l-. We buy the best grade of milk.
'/"em-'t ~.eH m-1'-l- 'h't1~11't
3. h'i'A. In what grade is yonr boy? A)!'ll
h'tofo'i' h'i'A tm- 1
4. m-m.-l-. He received the highest grades in
the class. hh'i'll- m-h'l' h'i'ofo'i'm-'t mm.-l-' h1'f
be on the downgrade llf++Hl ~1..

His health has been on the downgrade since

his illness. hifl.oooo- a m-t.ll m.'}')o-J:
1'.,.)... ' 't1.
be on the upgrade

7t.fi""l."l.+

71.f

')om-

Business is on the upgrade on account of the

opening of the new railroad. QJt.ft. ~ fQll-C 1
""P'""e ""He;>-l- 'l"h'tJ'-l- 't"l'l. 'h
f-1'?.?..,. )<Dnot make the grade

hA+lliiA+r

It saddened him that his son couldn't make the

grade in medical school. A)l: d.h'l"<; -l-'1"
ue-l- n.-l- 1111' ftY.ftltll-l- ou:J><:_,
hftHtmsteep grade
J'll '11-lThe train went up a steep grade. llf"K. 1 +1'
J'll '11-l- ' tD"l

.,.'1'

grade school h'tJ'.'i' J'.<:'lf -l-'l"ue-l- n.-r

My little brother goes to grade school. ;J-<;'li
tD'tJ'.""'L h'tJ'.'i' J'.<:)f -l-'l"lle-1- n.-l-
J'."7tl-A

gradual
I. ;>J'.A J'll. The hill has a gradual slope.
1><:11;J-m- :>J'.A J'll h"IJ'."oP-l- hllm-

2. ( ~ adv.) .,.II R.,.ll. There is a gradual

increase in the cost of living. f').t:' if':J

II R.,.ll 1,fQ;J.ODt:

grammatical

531

gradually

~.,.

gradually .,.II fl.,.ll

The economy is gradually improving. h.l>'l'"t
,. .,.II 11.,.11 M_,.lf!fll flou~~ 1\J'.
~.,.

graduate (vt.) 1\llout:.,.

The university graduated three hundred
students last year. f.tlicottw- 'lll"'i' 1"11
T _.,. .,..,M':f 1\IIODt:.,.
graduate (vi.)
I. .,._;:.,.. She graduated from high school.
ho-11_,.':' ~;:)1' '1-II"UC'l- 11.'1- _,.ou;:.,.:y.
2 . .,.II R.,.ll .,.1111.1.. These stripes graduate

from light to dark. MH.U ODFODf::f M"P

m~ "'"'c .,.II n.,.ll ,...,.11114-11graduate (n.) .,.ou.J.of! 1 11"-1-:f>
Most of our graduates have found good
positions. J'.RA.m-l"'li .,.ou.J.of!l"il':f't (11"-1-4'
i1':f't) '1'-1- ..,. 1\11(be) graduated
I. .,.h<f.t.ll. The ruler is graduated in inches.
"7FOD6Y.,. fll\.'t:f f_,.h<f-.1.11 ~OJ<
2. .,.~11~11. Taxes are graduated according
to income. .,.t:'l' 1\'t~f(l.,. 111. J'-~11~1\A.
graduate school
He hopes to go to graduate school. h'i!.,.':'
'1-II"UC'l- 1\"t{l'J'fl'l- f.tliCo\.1: 11oo,q
'1- ,t'il'IA.
graduation
I. fll"~ F~ FC'I'l-. His Majesty will
attend the graduation. "'C"7'1!~;f-:fw- fill"<:
:I'.,. F~ FC'I'l- 1\J'. J'-1'0'112. .,.II VII oollm'l'. The graduation from
light to dark cannot be noticed by tbe eye. fofl
CY''l I tiJF.. I ,;Q.i\."7 I +It I VA ODi\6)'1' I A
'IJ'.'t 1\f.;f-J'.II"
graft (v.)
*He grafted a lemon branch on to tbe orange
tree. 11-"'LOI<'t hofiC-I>IJI- 11"7JI.,.A. fii-"'L
Ol<'t :f>C't"'i'i! 'lt.Ctn hofiC-J>IJI- ~'i! II
f. ' 1\"'R+wgraft (n.) 1-11
The minister was accused of taking graft
from the contractors. "'Ltll'l--1- hF.l- .,.!t
.l-P"'Jl .,..... noow-~ .,.h/1 ~nc

*The graft failed to grow on the stump.

l\'tJI.JI4'A. _,.1111- h1-1'a>- ;JC f_,."'fl4'
.,. :f>C't"'i'i! ltJ'-11 +t:
grain
1. 'I'&- '1'~. Canada exports meat and grain.
IJ'i'JI F:J'i' 'l'.l- "'"' m~ W<"P '1-A.IJII:Y.
2. 1\UA.. Grain must be stored in a dry place.
1\UA. ~t::f> hll'~ ll'i!.l- ODh"7:f'f- 1\11
n'l3. ~- There was only one grain of wheat
left. f4't::Y. 1\'tJI.'l- fll'tll. 'i!&. oflil'
~n..::Y.

Give the beggar a few grains of rice!

Tcf:+

""1J

AA-117~

ltmaJ*There are some grains of sand in my food.

1111""111. .,.11'1' l\lf1' 1\11
I

grain of truth
*There is not a grain of truth in what he says.
1\fl. fi"'LII.,. a>-11'1' :f>'t"''l- ;f-UA. 1\
w-~'1-

fii:Y.R'l-11"

against one's grain

*The !bought of stealing goes against my grain.

IIC-1''1- f"tll-'1- ~1C o\.YA.'i!ll" 1\J'.~IJ~
with a grain of salt

you should take his promises with a grain

of salt. 1\fl. f"t(lmw-'t .,.114- R..,.ll- A.
ofl l\'l-4'RIIa>[See also 'parched, roasted, seed']

gram "'.l-11"
grammar (l'f'lla>Ambaric grammar is very difficult. I\"7C':' (I
'l'lla>- 11"111" 1\ll:f;J6 ~,;
*His grammar is poor. (l'f'll'l''l! ll.b.,.'l-
Y~C;JA.

grammar school 1\'t~"' ~;:)1' '1-II"UC

'1- IL'lMy little brotber goes to grammar school.
:f"'i''li m't.<:-"'L 1\'t~':' ~t:)l' '1-II"UC'l-
IL'l- J'."7.l-A.
grammatical
I. '1-hhll':' fll'~. He speaks grammatical
Amharic, but has an English accent. '1-hhll':'
fll'~ I\"7C'O' II.'i'1CII" 1\ ~;J1-I- fl\ 't"'ll.
11'0' ~.,.
2. (11'111"1!. His speech contained several
grammatical errors. ,..,..,.;... I och..,. I Ylr I
(1'1'111''1! ll.b.,.-I':Y. ~fl-1-0'1-

~g~ra=n~a~r~y~----------------------~5~3~2------------------------~granted
grandiose 'lll.f,.

granary .,..-t-ilThe granary in the villages is usually made of

clay. q1c o..r hil~':'w-") uL .,..-1-.:- f"''..
tPt-ID" I h1."'? I ~IJ)4

grand

I. -1-A~. It was a grand idea. -1-A~ "'"11

)0C

2. ;t-Il~ (pl.
atop a hill.

;1'~~~).

The grand palace is built

;f'~4l 0.-J- OD")"IJPT f-1-,.

.:.w- Ol>t:il:f' ""1<;: ~y,. )fDThe coronation will be a grand spectacle.

fHfD-Y: O'lll- ;I'~~ -l-Chf.-1- Y,.IT<;A
H~ always entertains grand personages. U./.\1..
lL ;I'~~~ lll":f f.:>ii~A
3. h!IF.<;<I:. There is a grand view of the
mountains from the windows. ooullM'-'Il ' 0 !J.
A h!IF.<;<I: f-l-6-6-l":f -1-ChY,.-l- Y,.;f'fA
4. f.,.ho.:. She is a grand lady. f.,.ho.::f
hOD(].-}- 0 ):f
5. "IC"7 '1"111 fttw-. In front of an au-

dience, her manner is grand.

ll~P'":ri

uP

His grandiose plan was too expensive to be

practical. 'lO.f. h~-'1.") 1"6- l\Y,. fl"7'1'
A boom") O~Y,. wm Y,.mY.:l'A
be srandiose ;I'll~ "IC"7 ~Ot:w-

The coronation parade was grandiose.

grandmother 11.-l- hf-1My grandmother died recently. 11.-l- hf-1:

O~Cil "LIL '1"1>

grandson

fA~

A~

When the king died, his grandson succeeded

him. .,..,.,.. ll..'l"-1-

fA~

A)!: hA;>w-

") ' Wt:(l

grandstand

an+

Grandstands are being built for the coronation.

. ,....

ttuw-Y: O'lA (11~-f-:f Ooo,.&o-1- 'If,.

granite '1'4lC J':");>Y,.

IJhA OD<;'f' "IC"7 '1"111 ftlfD- ' )fD-

Granite is a very hard stone. T-kC

have a grand time

0"1!1" m")IJ&o )w-

we had a grand time at your party. ;TCtll

h~"l

h!IF.Il-f") )0C
fA~ A~

I have five grandchildren. M"ll-1-

]f)f ' hll-'"'i

granddaughter

fA~

fA~ A

grant (v.)

.,.,..,. ' -1-.,.0fl

fA~ A

)1: A-1-mY,..,.w- OD"J:f

grandeur
I. w-o.r. He was impressed by the grandeur
of the scenery. o-l-chY.-1> w-o.r -J-S'.").f>
)OC

2. ;I'~~)T. The grandeur of the ceremony

impressed everyone. f F) FC'l-1> ;I'~~~+
IJ-11-") ' (lw- ' h!IF.).,.

3. CIJC.., ,.1ll. He was insensitive to the sea's

grandeur. fqa.o~- "IC"7 '1"111 11"'/.1>") h
A~IJfD-!1"

4. -1-A~)T. His delusions of grandeur led

him to disappointments. h")-1> f-1-A~)-}- II
"'L-1- hilll"'/'-1- 'If. "'flfD-

grandfather w")Y: hf-1My grandfather is ninety years old. m")Y: h

1-1: Hm<; 'ltJD;f''fw- <;'fw-

,.,cit1lc(lm
2. .,..,.Ott I .I.J\OU. He granted my request. '1'1

A~

His granddaughter carne to visit him.

[See also 'paternal']

S:1;J~

I. l'lm. The government granted the school

10,000 dollars for a new building. ou")"IF-1-
flT!I"IlC-1- 0.1> _,."""76 .h")l\ .,,.61 o

[See also 'total1

grandchild

rnm-

Y: O'lll- (lA<;: :I'll~ "IC"7 )Ot:w-

I question the propriety of granting his request.

fmf_,. .....,. ou.l.l\9" 1-10. oulltt- hA:f'
f'"'i'l"
3. l\DD). I grant that I was wrong. OD..,..,-1:.,.
h!l"<;ti!Jo
*Please grant me a favor I h")J': )1C hY:
C"IA'"'i

[See also 'audience, inununity, permission']

grant (n.) hCJI;f'

He is studying medicine on a government grant.
tJD")"IP'-1- O"'l.fS'.C"Ifl-1- hCJI;f' .hh!l"<;
fm<;A

granted hll')
Granted that your statement is correct ....
fAhw- hfD-)T hll'~ ..
take for granted
I. !I"")'/" hA.,.m&om~!l". We took it for granted that John would do well. 1'-.h")ll h")S'."''..
..,ttfl-1- !1"")!1" hA.,.m&-mC"l-!1"

2. }loo). He took for granted that he was

going with us. h:;' :>C f"''.'t.Y: oull').'}

grate (vt.) I..M.t'.

Grate some cheese, please! '1'4:'1-

~C.,}(

I..C'I'CA't

M"'l' )flC

granulated f$:,0 M>.C

The cook bought granulated sugar. dl'l' 0.
of, 1.?:,0 11-\>.C 1~

grape dlf.'}
These grapes make good wine. .eu

crate (vi.) (l.m.'I' 1111

The chalk grated on the blackboard. moPl.BJ'

. ..,c .

{l/l.'ltD- 'If. (l.m.'l' }\(l

grate (n.)
1

my..1'

'1'?- vror."J m~ f.dl"''I'A

I. f11t'.'l- ""h1.:;'. Somebody took the grate

off the drain. f11t'.of,'} ""h1.:;' h1-C4- oP
tD-t'.li''

graph "l.l-'1'
The graph of exports shows a rise in prices.

.,II.,., .

dl1. OJ4I!' 111C fof-1111-'l-'J 11:t'l"':f

1
f"'/.1/tftD- ' "l.l-'1' ' 'I':>tD- h'l'
DPI\h;f-A

graphic '1-.11.11
The soldier gave a graphic account of the
battle. dl;f-1.?- Ill\ IPCH '!-All fll') oP"/
i\1 (tm

llr.' (ltD-'

}l'}p>-fo;f-A

2. dl'JI.'l-. Since the grate is covered with

ashes, the charcoal in the oven does not burn

well. dl'JI.of,'} h""J': lll\1.1..)tD- .,.,,_
li'fD- ' 1\f. 11\tD- hilA 01.'}11 1\f.)J':!/"

grated (adj.) fof-l..t'.l..t'.

He put some grated cheese on his spaghetti.

!l;r'J.oJ:tD- 1\f. '1'4:'1- fof-l..t'.l..t'. ~C.,}(

111.t'.10'l-

grateful

grapple 1-<;H
The wrestler grappled with his opponent.
;I- :>f. hoJ-:t''l'"7.fD- :>C oJ-<;)4'

grasp (v.)
I. 1H I """'" She grasped the rope with both
hands. 1oPJI.'} 011'11'1- 11~'1' 1H':f (...,0
m:Y.)
2. 1Q(fD-). +I do not quite grasp what you mean
by that. 9"'1 .,11'1-11 11'}1.11') 01.'}11 11
A1Q't!l"

I. tD-1\;f- f.,f.t'.IJ.. A grateful person is not

often encountered. m-1\:f"aJo'l = fll? f.t;lt {ltD- =
f"'1.1"ftD- 11A~ 11A~

)iD'

2. f!l"ll:><;. The children sent their uncle a

grateful letter. .1\.}(:r; 111;.1-'ffD- f!l"ll:><;
1.11'10. 11113. ;1-11:,0. The breeze is a grateful relief from
the heat. fH-11- 1ilD';I- 11..,4'., ;f-1\:,0
11~;.1-'

)iD'

be grateful

hoo(t1~

I am grateful to you for your help. 111\t'.'l'li't

grasp (n.) f""Om I 111111

He let go his grasp and jumped to the ground.
ra;~.omm-1' """

gratif~

533

granulated

m'- (10&:,.

Hili\

He loosened his grasp. h11rt-'J 1111 111.t'.1

*Victory was almost in our grasp. $:A = O"
!i'':f"J A<;I.C"I !1"'}9" 11A4't'.'J9" )OC

have a firm grasp on OT1J.o}o

t;g.{lm

The mason had a firm grasp on the hammer.

"l'}fl:;'tD- oPJ'.'iftD-'} 0'1'11:,0

...-ntp:J. )0C

have a good grasp of mA.f ' Oro+

He has a good grasp of the subject. )1?-'} m

" " 1fD-4''1'A

grass "'C
The Ethiopians cover their houses with grass.
11.'1-f"k1tD-f'} 0.;.1-'ftD-'} fl"'C f.hR;';II-

grasshoppe r 4..'J"'
The grasshoppers ate up my flowers. 4..'J"'l":r;
1111Ql"'li'J ""C(ltD- Oll-11't

}\ .... (l.,'}?l\11'
feel grateful

I feel truly grateful. hA11 11""(1"1<;1\IJo

gratificatio n
1. f.ll;t-. His success was a great gratification
to his parents. ll114'<;tD- dll\}(,.; '1-A:,O 1.
11;.1- ' of-(l.,'ffD-

2. .,eli+. The gratification of every wish is

not possible. 9"~'1-'} 11'11- 1\.,Cli'l- 11
M'A9"

gratify (gratified)
I. ht'.li. He tried hard to gratify his child's
thirst for knowledge. fA:q:"J fblD'-1''1- 'I'
!I" 1\_,Cli'l- 11"19" 'l"ht'.

2.

l..f..oP.

He gratified her every wish.

9"~:t'J

1}>1\-' l.,l!.ODI\'J-

3. 11111.(lof-. Flattery gratifies a vain person.

h'Jof, tD-.>;(l. "11111 (ltD-'} 1!11.!1;.1-.1\.

gratifying

534

gratifying

f"''..l'll~ll-1- 1 ou"t.t.ll"t f"''..l't:IJ

The news is very gratifying. tL'i"m- OIIJ?'" f07.
.I'IIY.il-1- ~"'"
The solemn festivities of the church were
gratifying. ffL+ hcllt.f). '1"1il .I'll"'"
P'C't+ :,O.o;ll. ou"t.t.ll"t f"''...'t:IJ ~nc

gratis

I will give you this book gratis. J.'.U"t"t ODJI"

1.1'l'l'VIIv-

gratitude
I. 9"il:J<;. His gratitude kuows no bounds.
9"11;J<;fDo ' OJ(t") ' fllfDo9"
2. fDoii;J-. In his gratitude, he made me a
present of his book. fDoii;J-fDo"t ll......,llll"
ODJI"do4-"t hOt:h+A'{

gratuitous
~~-

1.

The lawyer gave gratuitous advice to

his client. mO:I"fDo ll~"t""'"'" ~~ 9"hc l'lm
2. ( ~ adv.) bou.:.-1- +~P'-1'. His gratuitous
insult upset me greatly. bou.:.-1- +~P'-1' il
lll'l~n'{ ""'"' .,..,~~~~-

gratuity (gratuities) '1-Cll'

He received a salary plus gratuities. F..tf"ft'"}
h'I-Cll' ;JC +4>011

grave (n.)
1. ou:J-1JC. He visits the Empress' grave every
Sunday. 1..,_~ 1..,_~ f1.-1:1.J.'..,"t ou
.+-nc ""~-""'A
2.

They have insurance from the cradle

to the grave. hA~-l- 1.ilh '1"-l- f<hf.
OJT '1'11-l-<; h~TfDo
tp'.-,.,

grave (adj.)
I. bq~. That's a grave mistake. bq~ il.n
+-l- ~"'"
2. hil1. His condition is grave. v-k;J-fDo hll
"L

gravel mmc 1 h-.:-1The path is covered with gravel. f7t.CIJC oP'}

1-'l. mmc .t.I'>O;J-11\
A steamroller crushed the gravel on the road.
'19"mfDo DD"t1-'l. ~f. .l'llfDo"t h-.:-1-
h~4>4>fDo

gravely

n~~

h'i' 0~~

gray

~aJ-

3. h'i! .I'll. I have grave doubts about the use

fulness of his plan. illl 7,:,0-'J. m.+"''.~T
b'i! .I'll 'I'C"'.:O h~C"ofl"'A
4. "II:J-<1-. A grave person never laughs.
"ii:J-t- (tfDo ' .l.ll"'f" hf.P':,09"
5. '1'11\:,0. His grave thought is appreciated
by those who kuow him. 'J'II\:,0 hil+lal'lD-
0"'1..1'"'""'-l- o-tr Y.~~.+A
look grave llil+C h.ll

Everyone looked grave at the inauguration.

n9".:.+"'" ~" v-tr9" "il+c 1111- ~nc

I. h4-.... He is gravely ill. h4-"' :l'"J.A

2. OdtH'J. When he read the announcement of
the President's death, he spoke gravely. fT.:OH.
'l"t_,"t ~t:'i!-l- l'l.1All" OohH"t +<;1t:

graven

f++.:~

The Israelites were punished for worshipping

graven images. 1.ilt-liAfDo.l'"t 11+4>.:~ 9"
illl-":f- nou111>1'ffDo .,..,.'~'.,."'" ~ nc

gravestone foo.+-nc

~"t:>J.'.

The gravestone has his name on it. ooo.+-a.;..

~"t;JJ.'. ' ~" it.... hll

graveyard ooiJt ou.+oflc

The graveyard is not far from the church.
-"~ ' OD:J"ofl~ hfL+ ' hCIIt.f). ' ~:,. '
hf.~ll9"

gravitate
I. 4>11 04>11 hoot-. The crowd gravitated
toward the main tent of the exhibition. itt11ft'
4>11 04>il ' OJ~ ll."l110.1i). ...... ' ~,,
,. , h.oo&o

2. +laO. Comets gravitate toward the earth.

~t-:1'9"

"hfl":f- OJ~ ou,:.-}- f.laqtr

3. H4>m. The sand gravitated to the bottom
of the bottle. hif'l'fDo mC.,..I'l- P'C H4>m

gravitation nn.r
Gravitation holds people to the surface of the
earth. nn.r ' l'll"":f-"t flou.:..r "" ' j.'.j.'.qll\

gravity
I. h111.t-l-. He quickly sensed the gravity
of the situation. fo-k;J-fDo"t hii'I.~T OJ/lJ
CJ)o

..,.~~Q}o

2. lln-l-. All objects fall to earth because of

gravity. Olln-l- 9"h"t.l'-l- .,,..,"'"~~" ~
"JC

mJ'..

I 00('!...,. I ~mS:~A

gravy oo,::,O
He dipped the bread in the gravy. 'lflfDo"t ou
,::,. fDoll'l' hm4>1'l

gray (v.) lfn+

His hair is beginning to gray.
-l- "f.9"t':-A

""~+

ooifo

Gray and red go well together. "It-'"'<;

, . I 01..')>fl Ml"7"7 A

gray hair 'lin-T

His gray hair looks very nice. 'ii0-1:

l\ll"t: I f.:t-' A

0"111" 1

be gray, turn gray

I. lfo.,.. My hair has turned gray. l\.,.&.

1 lf
11;1:A
2. hflf... It is winter, and the day is gray.
hGII"'I- I 111111') I .,..,. I f.h>fiJIA

gray-haired lfo.Y.
The gray-haired old man sat warming himself
in the sun. lfO.Y.m- 1 'ii"7"11\. 1 Omf. 1 f.'l"
:I' A

graze (vt.)
I. l\;>m. He took the cattle to graze. h11.Y.'Ii
I 11"7;J'f' I fD(lf..
2. l\fl"7t-. The pastoral tribes of the mountains
')

graze their sheep on the hillside. .,.t-t-9''1- 1

~,_ f"''. oro;. h11'1- hell. .,.. ...,.,_ o~!J'
:fm-') f"''.ffl"7<;.'l- :>tom- P'C )m3. "'iG. The bullet grazed his shoulder. 'l'f.-1:
'1-hlfm-') "'iGfflo
4 ....Go!.. It was a close call; the heavy rock
fell and grazed my elbow. 1..-'):>f. h')f..')
>fi!J' ' ""CG:~ 0"7114- 11'1'4:'1- l\DPII'f'hgraze (vi.) ;>m l .,.(1"7<!The cows are grazing in the fields. ~'l"'li "'LJI
.... ' ~,. f-"1"111- ' (f.fl"7<!-11-)

grazing (adj.) f.,.(l"7<!The shepherd sat on a hillock and watched the

grazing sheep. liG'i'm- 'l'>fl:t-m- ~f. .,.
+ll"tn f.,.{l"7<;.'1-') M'f- mil+

grazing land f"ltn'ii oo&-'1Nomads must always hunt for good grazing
land. H~'l":f 1 rJ.A1.11. 1 '('<;. f"ltn'ii oo&.
'1- ' ""4.11"1 l\IIIJ:fm-

grease (v.)
I. l\flfl. She greased the griddle and then
baked the bread. >fiG 'I- II""'JI. ') IJ(l(l:f fl
:\~ Jl(ldJo') :>1G'f2. ttfl'l- +fl. He forgot to grease my car
before I left. hoo'tf. 0.1.'1- oo!J.<;IL') :,.q
'1- <'lf..J>IJ'I- +G

Don't leave the grease in the pan!

'l'fllfm- ~,. l\'1-.,.....

1 11!1' 1 tmThe dishes are still greasy. <'l.:h'l"'li l\o-')11"

11'1- 11!1' <;:fm-

(be) greasy ttfl'l-

gray (adj.) "It-'"'

grease (n.) ttfi'I-

greatness

535

gray

:,:Oq~,.

oP

1 :,.

great

1. :,.A+. The noble lives in a great house on

the hill. oub-').,. fli>G1I:t-m- ~ fJIIm-
'1-A:t 0.'1- m-ll'l' f.'l" <!-A
The governor of this province is a great man.
flf.ll ' m:,O~f. ' "I~T ' 11C I '1-A:,O I (lfflo I )dJo
2. :r~:,.. The battle of Adowa was a great
event in Ethiopian history. fOJ!"If' tnC)'T
fll\.'1-I'"A'Y :t"<lh m-ll'l' :r~:,. ll"~t-'i' f.

!I. A

3. fl.l.. The great forest which once covered

the north was completely cut down. l\')1..- 1.
IJ. I {1"'/.')') I lf'f''l" ' f)flGdJo ' (l.f. ' ""1J ' l\!Jo
') .,....c ... I l\A1:A
4. K".,., He was in great pain. OK".,. P':l'f.
~f. )flC
5. h'i'.,.'i'. The lively boys have a great appetite for amusement. '"' IA]t.:f h'i'.,.'i'
f ...'l':t" ' ...~~'1- l\~:fmgreat big 0"111" 1 '1-Att
I need a great big box to put the things in.
l\:J'dJo') f"7ll+ll"'l'fl'l- 1\')f.,- 0"111" I '1-A
:,. (l')JI.:,O filoi.A1'i'A

[See also 'dimension, ideal, many, majority,

occasion']

(the) greatest IJII-'1- 11-11-

:r~:,.

He is the greatest singer of our time. lt~ 01.

H.f:f') ' IJII-'1- ' 11-11- :J-~:,0 H-1-~ )dJo

great-grandch ild fA)!: lA)!: A)!:

A great-grandchild was born to him recently.
fA)!: A"J!: A)!: Otten- .,_IDIIf..ll'l-

great-grandfa ther fiD')f..' :,Of.,-ou 1 1\f'lgreat-grandm other fll.'l- 1 :,Of.,-ou l\f'lgreatly

I. 0"111". Raw meat is greatly esteemed by

Ethiopians. '1'&. 1 P':> lll\.'1-I'"A'fm-n "'
1..- 0"111" f.IDf..JIA
2. fll 1 tt'l'. She exaggerates greatly. Yll tt'l'
;1-;>')<;ll:f
3. Rh>fiC. Solomon ruled greatly and wisely.
(111-'f"') RhiJC<;' fl'l'fl-11 I 1~

greatness

I. '1-Att)'l-. The greatness of the Grand

Canyon excites admiration. M&.'l : 1 lt'lf"
"l ' '1-Att)'l- ' l\111..<;4: ' ~..,.

Greece

2. ;1-1\:J.H. He achieved greatness as an

artist. 111") Tl111 ;J-'I:J>)or't t-.1-t:.t.

Greece "l&h
greed P'P'-1Greed made him keep his money to himself.
P'P'T 11&-fl. 11il' 1'tH11 h't'l..l'h"'':Y.
hJ'.t:10Jo

greedily 1-11111"111
He ate the food greedily. 11""111-"1 1-11111"1
{l

grieving

536

114\0Jo

greet
I. Mil";I- llm. She greeted me with a smile.
11.1..1"1;1- Mil";I- llm:Y.'t
2. Mil";I- h<tt:l1. We greet you on hehalf of
the class. 11h<i:ll- 119" Mll";l- h..,.<tC111!\
Vll't
3. ofo<tl111. The crowd greeted the President
with cheers. fofo(ll1(lfltJJo ih1111 T~H.'I't1:'t
11hi!\I!\;J-..... 11"1"11 .... 11 ' ofo<ti1/10Jo
4. 1moo(OJo). A strange sight greeted her eyes.
h't"l-'1 -1-ct...e-r 't,l'.'f!f!'t 1m"''-1[See also 'nod']

greedy 11"111"111
That greedy fellow has eaten all the cake.
.1' 11"111"111 (lOJo 11.11-'t 11-11- 11oM'-;J-I!\
be greedy 1-11111111
Don't he so greedy! h'tJ'.H.II horll'l11111

Greek

greeting
I. Mil";1-. He did not notice my greeting.
M'l";l-11-'t 1!\11 h'l/19"

2. h+llflA. We never expected such a warm

greeting. h'tJ'.II.IJ .I'll f:>ll h<t1JI11!\ J'.J'.t:"l
1!\....1!\ 11/l't 11<i:l\.9" h'lll11'19" )flC

1. "'16h. There are many Greeks in Ethiopia.

h,orf't;}' OJoiiT 1111' "l&l>:f ' hil-

2. K"Cll. Paul's epistles were written in Greek.

fi!.OJoll-11 oPI!\hhofo:f fofol\4-or 111\'Ch )11C
3. M&h <1/'t<ll. Greek is not taught at our
university. M&h <1/'t<l/ 11f.tliCil.-t:.I':Y.'t
OJoiiT h,l'.llTII"

gregarious
I. foo"t;> h'tlllt. Sheep are gregarious. M:Y.
foP't;J ' h'tllf\:Y. ....,OJo

2. hllOJo oo<t'l<tl!\ f"7..mY:. Gregarious

people like to form clubs. h(tm- oP-t4\+A
f"7,fiJJI, (l9':f hl11l:Y.'I "'1<1/<1/9" ,l'.fiJ-'1/1

grenade

green
I. ht:'t'i.l',. The color of my car is green.
foPIJ. ....\1- <t/19" ht:'t'i.l', )OJo
2. 119"119". The leaves are still green. :J>m,...,.;
h11-'t9" 119"119" ....,OJo

3. T~. Eating green bananas gave him

diarrhea. T~ ,.,., r oPfl~+ r +:,.0"7-r r
ll<t<tl1-14. .l'l!\111lll. Don't eat green fruit! It will make
you ill . .l'l!\11{1/1 'i:~ h-1-11'1 .l'lt9"9"VI!\
5 . .1'1!\J'.t:<t. The lumher is still green and
cannot be used for building. ~")Q;l.-Jl .,c; r il
4\1!\J'.t:<t O/lih'tl\ 0 ODJ"&}' ' {l,OJol!\ 0 hJ'.":fi!\'J"
6. hJlil. Green recruits were sent into battle.
h'l.f\'ll 9"1!\9"11-:f mJ'. tnC)of> of-'1117. h't"l-'1. He is still green at his job. hll-'t'l"
itJP 6-fDo I ~1"1,4 I )aJbe green lt.OD/tOD

The vegetation is green after the rains. hlf'i(}-

ft.~

llll"ofl

The rehel threw a grenade at the travelers and

killed them. 1i<i:;I-OJo ft.~ n9"11 fiJCOJot!" '
oP't1J'.'l''ll't ' 1J'.'I'fOJo

griddle II""'Y:
She poured the batter on the griddle. ll.m-'t '
119""1Y: 'IJ'. hM-:Y.OJo

grief .hH't
She could not conceal her grief. .hH!<'t 1!\T
J'.11:J> hl!\ii'II:Y.'I"

grievance

:J>~;J-

The workers presented their grievances.

'l''ll

:J>~;J-'fOJo't

[See also 'air']

grieve (vt.) hfiH)

His death grieved the whole nation. ffl-
'1"-1- V1&:t't 11""'11- hfllf)

m&--1- 11:\'1 "'C :J>mll- 119"1!\":LI!\

turn green (with envy) h~t:

1rieve (vi.)

He turned green with envy when he heard

I gat the job. P'&-OJo't "''"IT1:'t 11(1"'1 1.

1!\~'1' 'I"or hH) :Y.

11. 11:,...,.-r

t..:.:

[See also 'scum']

w~+

t,{lODo

hH~

She grieved for the loss of her son. Oat1'Y:

grieving .hH't-t-'0'
He consoled the grieving widow for the loss

of her husband. <hH'tH''I''t 1).:,. ill\

q,_ ' .,....,. ' 1\K"';"';"..,.

grievous
I. ;1-~:f-. His death is a grievous loss to the
country. f{lo .,...-,. I\V1tl;l: ;1-~.:J. 1-.11:,.
~liJo

Wasting food when people are starving is a

grievous wrong. (tPJlo 1 7tf+t-tt ' ,-,-o 1 " '
qh't ;1-~.:J. Of.A ~liJo
2. X"').. He was suffering from a grievous
wound. OK"). oflilA f.oP:I"f. ~oc

3. l\ll~'t. The grievous news upset the whole

family. l\'IWf tDtl. 0.1-l"ltl-'t IJ-/1- l\lfOtl

grill

(v.)
I. mOI"I. They grilled the meat on a charcoal
fire. Ohi"IA l\'1:,. I" ;>tJJo't mO{Io
2. 0"1'.1'4: l\'l'hO. The detectives grilled the
prisoner until he finally confessed. ooc"7tll"
=6 ' l\iltl'i'liJo ' "l'of..l>'t ' l\illl..l'9"'t ' f."tlil '
0"1'.1'-1: ' 1\'l'htl-..,.

grill

grip

537

grievous

(n.) filtl:,. V" f."]f

The grill was red hot from the fire. filtl:,.

V" f.")jtJJo hl\'1_, .,.._,..-,. f-1"~"1 'i'".7.A

grin

(v.) .1.1"1 l\11

The boys were grinning with delight. A}':'6

Of.il:l- 11.1"1 ofl/ltJJo ~oc
grin from ear to ear

He grinned from ear to ear. h.f. }!t:ID" 'hl'l

ll.f.Cil "I-I'

grin (n.)

OU1Ail."l'

His grin revealed all his teeth. OD1A.t.ID'

grind (ground)
1. .t."'-. You have to grind this grain very fine.
f.V't't hVA J\Aoo1i ""'~'"'-:,. l\llil1i

2. l\f.-1'-1'. His teeth ground the meat. O"J'C{io

I".:> liJo't ' l\f.-1'-1'

3. m+m. Grind the coffee finely! ftflaJ-1' ' h

f.".:J>-I'u tJJo-l'mtD

She ground the spices in a mortar. .)oooP-1'

I. "'II'IJ~ f-l"'l"~(o:,.). The grim struggle between

the two men ended in the death of one of

them. OIJ-/1-f, l"ll":f oovhA 01"f.tl1l1Jo
"'1/'IJ~ f-1"'1"~0:,. .-,..,A l\'tf.>;'tJJo '1"1"

2. f"7f.IJ''t. He made grim jokes about death

and suffering. ill\ s ttPT'l ' ill\ onh,e. 1 fDIJ
f.IJ''t't ' -I'Af." ' -1'/lf.
3. l\(1:1"-f: I f"''J'(I:f-:,0. He told a grim tale
of the battle. ill\ tnC~of, l\1"1:1"-1: (f"7..1'1"1.:J>
.:J>) ' ;1-tlh ' 1"';"1tl
4. 'i'l\.V" l f"7.1'tD~liJoA. He took up the task

with grim determination . .,_.,C}-;..1' '

(0"7J'tD~liJot\)

be grim J.of,'t

41.&-'1'~..,.

I
1

{llj:~9""

"f.OUL

l\lt-1"11-tl

Father was grim when he heard about the

broken windows. foollfl"=1' 1 OD(tllC r 11(1
., ' "1.11. ' )\q-J; ' .1.-J,'t ' l\lt-1"11-tl

grimace
*He made a hideous grimace. J.-J,'t l>fl l\il

o--l'"'"i ' tD-I'm:f

4. ttl\. He ground his knife to a razor edge.

(l')tJt.liJo')

V"~"'l/' 0

J\illl.IJ'')

<\1\liJo

5. l\~"'-. He ground his teeth. "J'C{Io't l\~"'

*Come here, I have an ax to grind with you.
tD.II.U ';" I fV"1AK"AU :t<~o;l- l\ll't
grind to flour .f.Q;l.

They ground the wheat to flour.

grim

"I"

c{lo't o-11- l\'lf

~~.

.......

il't~tJJo't

[See also 'coarsely']

grinding noise

J.C"'II'C"'II' f"7.A f."V"6

The grinding noise is made by friction. i'h.C.,_.C

#if!- I fD7.l\liJ" I 1:9""/J

.......

f--t.,ODII)liJ"

{l"'tf.

'~liJo

grindstone ""'1.1'
He sharpened his ax on the grindstone.
oP"J'tlll..l'tJJo't ' 000<\J'liJo ' 'Ill

grip (gripped), v.
I. l\'t:fo l\f."C1 .I'H. The frightened child
gripped his mother's hand. ff.~1mtJJo A'Jf: 1
fl\';"of,'t h'Jf: 1\'t.:J. l\f."C1 .I'H

2. l\"l'il-1' .I'H. If you grip the side of the cart,

you will not fall out. 1-).'t l\"l'il-I'U h.l'
1th h.:>tltJJo ~f. )<,:,.mf.":tV"
3. <h'ltl-'t "7tlh. An exciting story grips you.
11"'1.:,. f"'l.-I'I"I.:J>il ;1-tlh ' .h'loflU't f."7CIJA

00(11\

grip (n.)
His face was covered with grime. t\.fifl J\9.

1. hYI1f. His grip is tenacious and hard to

shake loose. l\.1'.1'11' fmU-1'';" /l"''il/1-l':t

t- ' J.-J, ' ~f. ' 1";>"IC"O;I-A

f"7..1'il:f"IC ~liJo

grime

~oflo; l\!J.t-

538

gripe

2. ~~- The criminal broke loose from the

policeman's grip and escaped. m1)';11'i',.
hr~II~~LA~hoollm

3. h..,.qo'l'. He has a strong grip. hQ;Lqom-

;r.ll'i' ),.
come to grips tnC~+ 1moo-

The two armies finally came to grips. o-1\1:

.:"f. I ooua;a.~?[' I (PC)T I 1mOOo
come to grips with +!t$1:oP

fTl

Failure to come to grips with the housing

problem will only make matters worse.
fOD<:' t'.f ' IJ.'f-1 ' :f'"IC ' /100!1/!1/?" o h/100
'l"hC :f."l<l-1 WS'.C yqf]{l'f'A
have a grip on -1-t'.-'1(,.)

He has a good grip on the situation. lf<~;t-m-"}

0"'1.1q -1-t'.S'.".f-:J-A
hold in one's grip 1'..~ h.S'..t'!1

The Roman empire held many small kingdoms

in its grip. ft:"? 001"1P''I- fl,. :J-<;<;

-!-,. hmS'..,O'I- If),. f:t'll-1: )OC

groan (n.) "?:t'II'IWe heard the groans of the wounded man.

f_,llll'i',.1 II,. "?:t'll'l- 11"?1

grocer ?""If! ):>1'.. ! ?"""f! lf"f!'

The grocer sells only food and not drugs.
?""If!' );>1'.,,.' (lf-) ' ?"""f!. f!;J' ' ~1)[ '
001'."~\'f- 0 hf.lf'l'?"

grocery (groceries)
I. llll"""flif4'"1 if4''1'. I purchased my grocer1\~11 if+ll) if4'111"1' f1tfY.
,. 'hh-1-"?' ),.
2. f?"""fl ool'.f!C. You can find olive oil
in any grocery. fmf.&. HY.'I- 0"?1"1,.11"
f?"""fl ooS'.f!C 1>1"1A

ies in town.

grocery store fll""lfl ool'.f!C

oPf.ofiC

100

1'." ' h'l'fl4'11 '""'"

gripe
I. hOIIQ;L. Her criticism gripes me. )4'1,;J'I'
fOIIQ;L'i'A
2. If'1.1 4r.&m,.. This green fruit will gripe
you. Y.tl '1'&. '1'&. lfl'.-111 Y.4r.C'l'VA

grippe h.1'1'11-'ll1q
They say that green pepper is a good remedy
for the grippe. :t'&f llh.1'1'11-'ll1q '1"1-
ool'."~\'1-

one to help them. .,llll'l''li f"'l.t'.-'1'1',. h'l'

The grocery store is closed on Sunday. frHt

11 001"1P':f""'f-1 ~~ h1'."C1 )OC

take a good grip on 1tT11-' r IH

Take a good grip on this rope! .r.u"t

groove

),. y.qi\A

grisly hh1'.1:>"f!'
The child dreamed of grisly monsters. A)l:
hll1'.1:>"f!' 11/llf). "f!'&.:f". h/100

grist f"'l.L"f!' ~IIA

Farmers bring grist to the mill in large bags.
10&-,..:f. 0'1-AA~ IIA;J',..:f. f"'l.L"f!' ~
UA m~ tL+ fOOIIJ/r

grit (gritted) )h{l

She gritted her teeth until the ordeal was over.
P':t'f. ~llll.J'A'I' 1'."&11 'l'C!J.1 )hll:f.

grit (n.) fhif'l' f!<;'S

Grit gets into the motor and damages it.
fhif'l' f!<;'S '1"-1-C ,.11'1' 1fl.fo fOI\if'I'A

groan (v.) h:t'II-1The wounded men lay there groaning with no

1\m..-

lf"'J

I ~lD"

groin fl1111'1He was wounded in the groin. hfl1111-t: 1\

f. 1111- )OC
groom (v.) hO"'mt'.
He groomed his hair and went to the party.
l\1'1-1 hO"''I't: IDS'.

;ret,.

'tl'.

be groomed A'l"'r~ hY.~r

He was groomed to take over the manager's

job. fll-1-'1'1&,.1 (l:f"" 11oo.I'll All"?"
1'." hS'."C'iA

groom (n.)
I. oo-fi&.. The groom was splendidly dressed
in native attire. OD-7i&-m- Rri1C A11ll hil'
f!C.f> )OC
2. qAS'.t'.-11. The groom made sure that the
horses and mules were fed properly. qAS'.&-11-
L&ll'li<; 0~11-,..'li ' OP'C't'l- OOOD1fl'f,.
1 h&:>1m

groove

1. a-c.-..c. The door does not swing out, but

slides along grooves in the floor and ceiling.
0.;.. I tDF., I
I }lf,hL+9"' ! ~1C I "'11 I

lD".,..

ow/It~-<; o...,.,_.,. q11-:,. n-cn-c:r. "'"II"'

Y.1if&.-t-:f""A

2. "1-1'.-'i-'1 ll:f"". My desk has a groove for

pencils. n S'.llh II~CIIII "?114'0D"'i "11'.-'i-'1 ' (l:f"" hll,.

539

grope
cut a groove in

ground, see grind

(l~(ll.

He cut a groove in the wood.

Ill

ground

t\'}t;g.iJ"}

fll.

grope
I. JIRI'l. He groped for the door in the dark.
R.U.II"7 R~'t tj:II;J Jlfll'l
2. 11"7"11"-l- "16. She groped for the right
words. -l-llllll.,...,.'t :J'A 11"7"11"-l- "'G:f
3. 11"7"11"-l- tj:II;J h!'.G1. The detectives
groped for some clues to the murder. m"J)!A
OOC"76!1''1l ' 1111 ' "IY:fm-' lj:')"l"' 11"7"11"-l- '
tj:II;J h!'.G"Igrope one's way O~Oll ; ~l.il
He groped his way to the door. RJIR<l lJR
~1'.61'1

gross

ground (vt.)
l. OOrPt:.+. The leaders tried to ground the
government on democratic principles. oot.1
'll ' OO't"IP'-f,'t ' RJI..'I"ll6-ll_' 00'/"6f!Pl- ' ~
f. ' IIDPOOP'G~ ' 'l"lJ~
2. """'6-1- m<lofl hll-1-"76. He grounded
the students in algebra. -l-"76!1''1l't fhAJ>;.
11.:-'t ,..,..:.,. m<lofl hll-1-"76-'fm-

*On what do you ground your argument?

9"'t f.HU )m- ' f9"-l-lJ6-lJGw- l
ground (vi.) out,-}- fH

The ship grounded in shallow water. ""ChR.

1;

'J'Aol-

QAli")OJo ' (Do~

dJoilT

00~

-l- ' fH:f

be grounded

I. lJQY:. That was a gross mistake. f lJq

Y: llih-1--l- ) nc
2. 1-AU. Only the gross errors are noticed by
the machine. oolJ...,....,. IIJm-:J> f"''.:fllw-
1-AU flfi--l-'t llito-1-.f:f oflil' )ID-

1. +oorPt:.+. His arguments are grounded on

facts. llcll~ Rl.w-)-1-.,. )1C ~f. f-1-oo,..:

3. mol-,_,t\, What was your gross income last

year? f'l"..,.. m:J>~~ 1R.U 'l"'t fUA )
nc 1
4. "'"' He uses gross language in the presence of women. Rll.-l':f t.-l- Kftj: 't"l"l

3. hARGG'I". The planes were grounded by

thick fog yesterday. 'J':J>'J':J> l!ll 1-9" f-1-

C 1'>..,..16-A

5. f/A.:J't:.oo. Her gross manners offended her

companions. fA;I"Goo 1H:1"'1' 'i!'."'l'!f!'t
h<lt-6-'fw-

grossly fii:J-'1'
That is grossly exaggerated. fii:J-'1' -1-;JS:A

grotesque

.,. I

)(Do

2. 7.'tJif.flC -1-hllhll. The pilot was grounded.

hw-C'T~'t

)}(w- 7.'tJif.flC -1-hllhll

)"1 hw-C'T~'l":f

-l-....'t-l-.... hARG~'I"

ground (n.)
1. oo~:r-. The ground is still wet.
1'?'" I lt.CT-fl I ~~

oP~"f:

Jrty.

How much ground goes with the house?

hiL-J, ;JC f"''.if mm- out,-}- 'l"'t f
UA r

~~?

The plane hit ground. ha>-C'T~). oo&,o}- )t,:f

2. 9"Y:C IL-l-. A fire escape leads to the
ground from the roof. h7.11-l- h!'.;J "7'/"ll"'i

I. hP'4!"i..,.. hll!'...,..4!. His face had a grotesque

look. oofAIJ- hP'4!"i..,.. hll!'...,..4! )ftC
2. hll4>f"'L. The hunchback has a grotesque
appearance. '1-Q"'m- hll4>f"'L _,.,....,..

m- h"16-ID- t!'. 9" Y:C IL-l- f.tCJIA

3. P;f-. The forest was his favorite hunting
ground. "'ilia>- fl"''l" f"''.m!'.m- f"7!'."'
11:1" )ftC

hllm-

grounds
1. "IR.. The house is small, but the grounds
are beautiful. 0.-t: -l-"}1i i'm- 1 ..,.,. 1 ""lfltD- 1
19"6-A

grouch )"l"..,.."'i
Don't be such a grouch! 7.'t!'.11U )"l"..,.."'i '
h-l-o-'t

grouchy )"l"..,.."'i
They tolerate the grouchy man because he
is their employer. )"l"..,.."'iiD-'t o'lm- :fll
fil--l- 4>"16f'l'w- ' lllllf) ' )mbe grouchy +)-J.)t.Q.

He is grouchy right after he gets out of bed.

l!A;Jw- ' ~f. ' ll_)"' ' f.)"'i)"'i/A

2. h.+l\. Throw the coffee grounds into the

fft'i"tD-"} I h.+l\ I lt_:J" I CJWimRJ' I ~fiT I

Sink!

htj:{lm3. 'l"ll'tf-l-. On what grounds are you refusing? 1.'/"R. f'l"-l-llm- fl'l"'t 'l"h'tf

+ ' )ID- l
r.u 1\00'l.:f"-l-

4. R4! 'l"ll'tf-l-. That is grounds for divorce.

n4! 'l"ll'tf-l- )m-

540

ground floor

break ground f:tt'}~ ~&- )!oo~

They will break ground for the factory next
week. 0'"1."""1"'" o't!I"""H fof.11&.,a>-'t a.
'tll ' P'.l- ' WJ!'I".l-fl(be on) common ground +il"7"7

Here we are on common ground. lt.IUI

"~

l\1-11"7"71\'t
cover ground
1. +~H. He covers more ground in one day
than most people do in two. 1111- Ol":f oIl 'I- ' .,..,. ' f'"l.dlll~q'fa>-'t ' '1-~ ' l\11- ' q
.,.~ ' .,..,. ' .l!.'l~&\
2. '1--'!.1!. l'un:l'l\11 l )1C l\m:l'l\11 ! )1C l\
.,..:0. He covered a great deal of ground in his
lecture. 01-"1"1~ <D-11'1' 1111- '1--'ll'":f't
l\m:l'l\11
The report covers much new ground . .l-7"~ 11
,. l\.'1.11 )1C .l'm:l'&\1\&\

grove
lose ground qll(O'I-)

The patient is losing ground despite the

doctor's care. mh.,... llt:.llm-r r n'li+~tDo
l\fq(IO'f- ' l'f.

*Our candidate is losing ground in industrial

areas. Tdl'l'l&.l':f't Ol\.1-.t:.ll'l-& l\.,qll
f'"1.11' ' )'I'&l":f't ' ~:>'i' ' l\.1'"1 ' l'Jl..&\
shift (one's) ground dlllll-1' 1 Amm

He shifted his ground whenever it seemed to

his advantage to do so. o-t;l-a>- f'"l.m:,Oo
(Do

000(U\lD"

group (vt.) of.O

The new teaching method is gaining

give ground hL1L1

The army gave ground before the enemy attack.
tn~ hm'l'l- '1':1''1- fT)"' l\<1.1<1.1
hold one's ground

1. l\&\T):I').,.'I". The angry dog rushed at

him, but he held his ground. fT4'."1a>- ..,..
lf C'tn (lo<IJO'I-9" l\&\T):I')<J'I"
2. mo'tll-'l l\&>1\mm'l". Despite the arguments

that were presented, he held his ground and

refused to give in. f"'"Jr A'l\\'1 1llt' oo~
)fl":f ' ll.,.CII-11'1- mo'tll-'t o't.I!.II<D-'1' l\&\
01C9" l\11
3. 11;1-a>-'t il.l'il)" $f. Our troops held their
ground bravely. m;l-f.C'il"'f't 0)!:"11-)'f- P
;1-'fa>-'t il.I'IIH1- $1'
(be) leveled to the ground

(JJJ',.OD

The village was leveled to the ground. oo'l ~"'dlf.OD

~0C

This is a groundless accusation . .r.u oPwt!+

new ground. 9"'19" l\.'1.11 )1C o't.I'.,.C11

1111-11'1- O't'l- T'i'1l:
from the ground up h.P"C )!,..1!'
He changed everything from the ground up.
hP"C "f.'rt: = v-&1'9"' ~ ~1C /UDmmgain ground
+floo~.

fflflfl-1' I f.l\lD"'f'

groundless """'lT llll

llll ' hll ' )a>-

1.

ground floor 'I"~C IL'IOur apartment is on the ground floor. l\;rCT

"7:f't l\'l"f.'C IL'I- )a>-

He talked for two hours without covering any

ground. l\.'1.11- f"711T"7C H!.. l\fTII

.,.,,_ ' l'!l..&\
2 . .,..,.q.e,)'f-1- l\17. The case for tax reform is
gaining ground throughout the country.
Ill\ ' ;1-hll ' -lflf&\ ' .1'1\a>- ' '1--'l.l!. ' 0;h11
0 H't~ .,..,.q.e,)'f-1- l\.1'17 l'!l..&\

cJil'f'C

[See also 'breeding, hunting, sink, stand, yield']

Group the men according to age! f"'9'=ri'l r )t1'

f.fbf.'"''..l''fa>- ' .,.,~q'fa>group (vi.) Tl\000
The people grouped slowly. Ol"'li .,.II 0.,.
II Tl\01111group oneself around n - - - lt-~1 r +llnlln
The children grouped themselves around the
teacher. &>}('li qllT"'/&a>- 11-&.1' Tl\0011group (n.)
1. aJ"J'l. The Italians are the strongest group
in this city. OII.U hT"7 <D-11'1' .l'fl-'1- "1.1!.11
'l''li m1'l':f l\."'A.I''l':f 'i''fa>-

Wheat and oats belong to the grain group.

ll't!..'i' l\)f fl\UA m1'l':f 'i''fa>2. (zero). A group of children were playing
ball. &>}(:f ~~~ .l!.""ldl1> )OC
In small groups 11111111 11111111 111\a>-

People were standing about in small groups.

Ol":f 11111111 11111111 111\a>- oa>- )OC
[See also 'splinter'].
grove

""1.,

The guardian spirit of this grove is worshipped

""1.,

by many people. fii.U't

Ol":f J'oAh-;1-A
grove of trees b~1l fit-

l\~qc

1111-

ru:::l

There is a grove of trees around every Ethiopian church. 0"7't'1<D-'I" fl\.'1-1'-k.l' IL

.,. hCil-1:.1'1- 11-&.r bJ.\'11 .l'fl- ~~::
:f .1!.1'1fl-

grow

grow (grew, grown), vt.

I. -1-hll. I grow roses. lM.VI h-t-hl\11112. h04'11. Barren soil will not grow any wheat.
"l"'t"'l ou,:.:,. M9" ll't ... h,I'O:r>A9"
3. H,&.. In Ethiopia, many farmers grow wheat.
111\.'1-1'-A-,1' ' tD-11'1' ' 1111- 111.:01":-f. ' ll't ... '
f.Ht-11ln Ethiopia, many farmers grow cotton.
111\.'1-1'-A-,1' ' tD-11'1' ' .flit- ' 111.:01":-f. ....... '
f.Ht-114. ho\.1'.1. My brother grew a beard. ID't.i:""'
m.....'t' h{).<:-'IA
grow (vi.)
I. hf.1. Your boy has certainly grown a lot.

llhC"I'I' A~ll 11"19" h.<:-'IA

This tree grows only in the lowland. foil ~
<;: 11-1''1 11!1' ,1'.':-:>A
2. 114'11. Much grain is grown in this region.
IIILII 4'111\. 1111- hilA f.ll:r>'IA
There are only a few hairs growing out of his
chin. h1""' ' 'If. ' '1'<1:'1- ' l\'N!':f ' .fiJI' ' ll:r>
1\'f'A
3. hfllt:h-1- 'tf.. The crowd grew rapidly.
.ih1111- ' .Y.II- ' hfllt:h-1- ' 'tf.
4. hfll~ 'tf.. The need for raw materials has
grown enormously. 11'1'.:0 h:l' ,1'1\t& 'i''\1
"" ' h~"l ' hfll~ ' '/..0:,.&1.
5. -1-11'1-'1-. His business has grown fast.
f(l- 't"l.<:" II.Y.II- -t-11'1-<;::J;A
6. 1H. His fame grew. 11""'" 1H
7. -~"l""t:. Our friendship grew from a common interest in music. 'lf.'h;t-:f't f-1-l""t:
t& 11-ll;f-:f't9" .,..IL:l' IIODt&M:f't )t&
grow (Into) IJ')
It started as something small, but grew into
a big difficulty. )1C h'tf.'f'~ l9"C' 11"1
9" hq.<:- :f"lc IJ')
grow on one

did not like the country at first, but it

gradually grew on me. 111<l:J;'t ll""l""<l.l'
.t.Arof..<:-'>.'l-9" )IIC "l't 4'11 114'11 M
fllf..':-'>.'1- Y..<:-11-

grow (out) of -1-.Lmt:

growth

541

Most prejudices grow out of ignorance.

h.fl~"'t&'t 'UL '1''1!1' f"'L.Lmt:t& h.<:"'t
4!C... f-1-)"f ' )t&
*His troubles grew out of his carelessness.
:t-"1~ ' ff.t:llll'l- ' 11"1...111h1: ' )t&
My son has grown out of his clothes. A:(
Mf.1 A.fl<''li h"tllfDo;t-A

grow together 1";JcnoP

The branches of this tree grew together.

fiLII ~<;: "1-C't"'lt:::f -1-;J'I'""'f'A
grow up
I. hf.1. The children are growing up fast.
A;l:.'li ' .Y.II- ' .Y.II- ' ,1'.<:-:>112. 1"1Pt-. New cities grew up in the desert.
llllt:7fDo fDo11'1' ' h>l-'1.11 h-1-"71":-f. ' -~""'~
J\~1

let grow

She decided to let her hair grow. l\1-.,:'t II

.,,..,_., ' fll(l):f
[See also 'rampant']
growl (v.) .t.'l'.:ou,:ou
The dog growled when he heard the noise. ,....,
(Da

I ~fD/J I (\,(lD'f I }\'f.~oPL,_OD

The students growled about the poor food.

-f-"'/<li"'Ji' 119""111-' OD'!'G:)'!- ' h'l't:ODt:,..._
growl (n.) "71't:9"t:9"
The growl of the dog frightened the child.
ffll<\ffDo "71't:9"t:9" ' Alf."t h11f.)1mt&
grown hiJII oum't ff.t:ll
A grown man is allowed to bear arms. hiJII
DPtn'l I fS'.~(l (lro- I ftnC I oP,6Y = ll.'l"l
1'-11 I'-.1.4'.<:"11;1-A
grown-up (n.) O'f'-1:
Children should keep quiet when grown-ups
are talking. o'f'-1: (IJ'rot- A~ 119" "711
"" ' hl\11'1grown-up (adj.)
I. ff.t:ll. She has a grown-up daughter.
ff.t:ll:f A~ hll!l''!2. (f)o'f'-1: ..,,._ He has grown-up manners.
11-~;1-t& h'tf. O'f'-1: llw- )fDo
be Jrown~up 'iotf!il :

om+

Their children are already grown-up. A}F:.il''f

,. ' )<;:11 ' '"'"' ' ""'"'"
growth
I. h.flm'l-. The growth on his shoulder turned
out to be malignant. so it was removed. 0."1-llif
,. 'If. ,l'f.t:ll'l- h.flm'l- hf.1"' 111\U') 114'
P,.

'f1'i"

}l{l:aJIJ)aJ-

h.<:-1'1-. Sunshine hastens the growth of

plants. fOmf. 11C?'t fbfl'f''l-'t h.<:-1'1-
,1''1-'I'...A
*This plant has had a slow growth. ,.e..o tftt: =
2_

f.('.1aJ-

1J"'J

oflfl-

)(~)-

childhOOd is a period of rapid growth.

A~)'!- .Y.II- f"'L;f-!1."111'1- ro:r>'l- )fDo

542

grub

guarantor

,.m- r

'iotJJo

4!m-

iom-

*There has been a large growth in population

have a gruff manner m'lf. s

this past year. Otltl s ClALm--II ofl'I'C fl"'9" """"~

'\ooP+ fihll

He has a good heart, but a gruff manner.

Poor food arrests the growth of the children.

grumble h'l'~oP~oo
He grumbles each time he is asked to help.

arrest the growth of

il.-1~

OD'J'6: ' 9""1-11 ' IA}t;.":f-"1 S.."I.""".IA

full growth ltltfl oom'}

He can marry now because he has reached

his full growth. hu-"1 hl}ll ODm"l f.I'.Ml
llllll'~ 11.1'1Q f.":f~IA
thick growth of :f'i'"l Yll

A thick growth of bushes covered the ground.

";f<;:"l Ylltv-
OD&,-f,"l if<;:'l";I-IA
[See also 'constrain, retard']

"'"'*"' '

grub (grubbed) 'kd.~

Pigs grub in the forest for food. hlt."7lP":f
9""1-11 'i'll:> ""1.1} a>-ll'l' f.'k'i'&-11-

grudge (v.)
I. -l''i'(fl-r). I do not grudge him his success.
P'&.tv- fl.lt.l}ll:,. hiA-t'i'fiT9"
2. '1-c l\J'II<D- "111(11-r). The evil man grudged
his horse the food that it ate. h4-m- (lm- '1c l\}'II<D- lld.~o'l- f"Y.Mm-"1 9""1-11 "'ll
11-r
3. '1-c hll(m-). She grudged him even the

small pleasure of a night out with his friends.

h'l.l'.'l''ll :>C Moolf '1-C h~T
grudge (n.) <1:9"
The grudge is a result of a dispute over land.

4:.,... """"".-,. hchc f+~.., ~m

bear (have, hold) a grudge <1:9" S'H(flT)
He has a grudge against me because I voted
against his plan. l\'1-JI."I +?<D-"'/. Jl:9"6
llllo'lm!Jo <1:9" f.~-11'1/A

grudgingly l\.1'1'~-~He gave in grudgingly. l\Y'I'~OD~OD +-l'fli\<Dgrueling fl"19" hfl:l}"t

The grueling contest left him exhausted. OllJ
9" hJl:l}"t fll'~m- MIA o'I<D-~-J,"I
h.l'.-t-tm-

gruesome hll?<l:
The Italians carried out a gruesome slaughter
on February 12. h.."'IAY'l"":f fl}-1;:,. OP'
&. u-11-r ho'l?-1! l\IA<I:T d.~.,...

gruff 1-C'i''i'
He spoke in a gruff voice. fl1-C'i''i' Jl:9"6

.,..

~~

Art- F..,

}tJJo s

mQf. ..,,.

l\CII;I- fll-mf-1' ofl'I'C

Y'I'~ODC"?IA

The thunder grumbled in the west.

hflllT ' 9"b&.ofl '

~1-Jl:'l!l:

grumbling "7"7~C
His needless grumbling annoys people.
}'/All'~

h'I'~OD~oP

+~fl.

"7"7~-1- (lm- Yfllt."'i.IA

grunt h'I'~-~He merely grunted when I asked him to come.

l\"IJI.OD"l llmf.-tm-

h'l'~-~-

guarantee (v.)
1. ~A 1 "lll. I guarantee to prove every
statement I make. f+'i'~Ch-T"I ~~c u-11-
11"7~:>~'1' ?lA ' l\~QII!Jo
He will guarantee us possession of the house
by May. IL-J,"I fl"l"ltlT oo""~lf 11'1 11.
y~m-CIA"I ?lA ~-11-r-IA'i'/A
2. 'l'llT'i' o'lm. This company guarantees its
clocks for a year. f.U 11-Q"IY ll"tlf"''fm-
o'l'l-r-:f u-11- ~-, Jl: 'loo:,. 'l'llT'i' f.o'I"'IA
3. 'l'llT'i' hllm-. Aflluencedoesnotguarantee
happiness. 11-IIT .l'.ll;l-"1 1\"?ll~'f.r 'l'llT
'i' fii<D-9"
4. l\C"Im'1 ~m-. I guarantee that you will like
that movie. S'"l"l ll.t"7 l\"1.1'.9"Tm.l'.m-
l\C"Im'1 ' ~'1
be guaranteed +mn+

Civil liberties are guaranteed by the constitution . .'h1JQ' ' OD-fl-r-":f ' fl.'h~ ' OD"i"IP'T '
f.,.mflofl 'i''l'm-

guarantee (n.) 'l'llT'i'

What guarantee do I have that he will pay?
l\o'l- l\"l.l'."th'i'IA 9""1 'l'llT'i' hl\'11

You get a five-year guarantee on the watch.

llo'I'IT Y'l"llT 'I""T 'l'llT'i' f.o'l'l'VIA
Wealth is no guarantee of happiness. -11/AII"'''i'
ll.l'.ll;J- 'l'llT'i' hf..l'.l\9"

guarantor
1. 'I'll. Will you be a guarantor for Yohannes'
loan? l'".h"lll ~"IH-11 ll.fl.I'.C 'I'll Tll'~'I'IIU 1
2. +Y'fr. When I hired the servant, I asked
him the name of his guarantor. h 'lihc ll-1''1'
C f+Y"H'"t ll9" mf~u-:,.

guidance

543

guard

guard (v.)
1. mO+. Two soldiers guarded the prisoners.
rNI'I- OJ:f"f.t:l- Mc:"'I''Jn mo.,
2. .,.m)<l'<l'. Lock the door to guard against
thieves! hi\.IJ IIDPm'!<I':,O oP"If"LJ'OJo'l 4'

A'I'
guard against .,.Mhll(ll'l-)

These pills are to guard you against malaria.

7.)11.11 h.~'fl- OJIJ J'.hllhii-AYA
guard (n.)
I. H11. I will stand guard. h~ H11 hol'.,llo2. HO'O'. The guard did not let me pass.
HO'O'OJo .M<'IA'i' toll'S
3. oPhl\bl'. Vaccination is our best guard
against smallpox. h'I-IJ'I- 'l't; f.I.'IRJ"'
oPh'lh.l'l-'1 )IJJo
guard duty flf11 TO..+

He detailed two men for guard duty. IIH11

'1'0.4' o-11'1- 119'l- oof.O
keep guard (over) mO+

The parents kept guard over the small child.

"'"~'ll '1-'llf.'l AY: mo+
off guard <'1.1'/IOOJo
The teacher caught the student off guard with
a question. to/1.,..,6,. .,..,6,.'1 <'I.I'IIR
,. 0'1'.1'"'. toRJS'..I.OJo

{be) on one's guard

+m)++

You have to be on your guard with her.

h!l. :>C 11'1-rn oom')<I':,O to111111
stand guard over +ht\hft

The dog stood guard over his wounded master.

OJolfOJo 11'/I.IIIIOJo "1.;1-0Jo .,_Mhll
[See also 'honor']
guarded (adj.)
I. f.,.mR<I'. The heavily guarded fort was
not taken. R'l''l:l'., f.,.mR<I'OJo 9"11"1
to<C\.,.OJIIS'.?"
2. 0'1''1.4'., f"'l.ll'l'. "Maybe" is a guarded
answer to a question. fP'iAQT : attll:t- : flT
'1.4'"' f"'l.ll'l' oP<C\/1 )IJJo
guardian
1. mQct. The constitution is the guardian of
our liberties. iM OD'I"IP'., foo11;t-l-'1 m
IJ<I: )OJo
2. .,..,11.'1- l .I'S'.&- toiJ'I-. The judge made
my uncle my guardian until I am 18. OP'6-
liM+ 'too'!- hllh.rr~'S 'I'O'OJo to'l--1:
'I '1""111.-1: (.I'U toiJ-1:) toS'.G~,.

guardian angel ;f-'11. onAtoh

Michael is a guardian angel. "'l.lth.A ;f-'1
"1.. ; DPAh.h

)(Do

guardian spirit
1. h.J!'tlC. The guardian spirit of this grove
is worshipped by many people. fll.ll'l "'lit
to.I:'IJC 1111- 119'l- .I'""Ah-R;f-A
2. OJo:I'IL to?"'lh. He feels that he has a guardian spirit who brings him luck. b.l:-11-'1 f
"'l...'illtll'l- OJo:I'IL to?"'lh toll'S 1111- .1'
?"t;A

guerrilla fS'..I.RJ .,..,,_

The war in Vietnam is carried out by guerrillas.
fil.f'l-t;?" tnC~'I- f"'l.lt~f.OJo Rf..I.RJ
.,.'1'1.9'l- )IJJo
guess (v.)
1. """" OOJ<I'. That is not hard to guess . .f.U
') Roo'l .,,:,. to.l'll'f"IC?"
2. ~.,...,., Can you guess my weight? "'1.~~'1
A'l-~?"'1- '1-l-11111 1
3. .1.;1-. He guessed the riddle. h'14':,0Alf.'l .1.;14. OOJ<I'. Guess what happened to me!
M h'IS'.S'.GIIofi'S ;1-0Jo?tlll 1
5. ""llll(tJJo). I guess he is sick. foPODOJo J'.""
llti'O'A
I guess we should hurry . .l.m'J .,11'1- .1'11.1.
A~<;A DPIIII'S
guess the answer to

L:r

Guess the answer to this riddle! J'.U'I h '14'

:,0A1i ' '1':1"
guess (n.) "1?"'1His guess is that the war will end in a year.
n11- "1?"'1- tnC)., '17.1:' <ton+ , ,.11'1' ,
.!'fl."'A
make a guess oPI\ oo;r

Make a guess if you don't know exactly.

.,,:,. 1)?.,.11 _,. ?";1only a guess
It is only a guess. 7.'1'1.11- Roo'l )OJo

[See also 'wild']

guest h'l"l'l
He will be His Majesty's guest while he is in
Ethiopia. nt..'I-I"A-.1' R"'l..,.J'.R'I- 1.11. f
"IC.,'f!);f-:fOJo 1.1"1'1 J'.IY<;A
[See also 'wedding1
guidance
1. oP6)'1-. The country developed under his
guidance. h~6_, Rll- ""6)'1- fitiR~l-

guide

544

2. 1l,oot.c. His guidance of foreign policy

proved disastrous. fm-~ r 11.1C ;r{Lft.
Jtoo&.<- r AT4. .,._ 1"1"f

guide (v.)
1. oot-. Can you guide us there? tD"-HJ' A
'f-ont:-1- rl-111111 1
2. hll"I-RT. She guided a company of
tourists. h1-K- J.'1C 1-il'9'l- 'i.- hll"lnT:f
3. oP'/"&f If). The book guided us in the
repair of the car. ooJtm4-- oott.'im-1' r I\
DPm1'1 I ODIJD6Y I lf)"J

to find the guilty person. ;r(L(I:f -1111- fT

tnl:tn"- 119'l- fll- I '1'4-T'i'w-1- "11- iLf
11' hAil'll-'r
find guilty oi.D'-(0'1-)

The judge found the prisoner guilty. 'l'i'w-

l.llt:'i'w-1- oi.D'.R'I-

(be) found guilty Tol.l:.!'.(R'I-) l '1'4-T'i' lf'l'

T1T

He was found guilty of espionage. 0111\f.)'f-

.,..~..:.r.n-r

He was tried and found guilty. 'i!CK- IL'I-

4'CII '1'4-T'i' ' lf'l' T1T
have a guilty conscience f~i\...'i KJ\:,.

guide (n.)
I. oP1-1K' oo&. The guide told us to boil
our water before drinking it. OD"J1X" r oo&m- r
honm"':J-l-1- n.c.-r w-;) 7.1-K-""-", )1t:1We took. a guide. OD'11J.': oo& r +me")

2. on'/"&f. All the theaters are listed in the

guide.

gulf

nr+ ftfrc

IL.Y.l- u-11- non'/"&

fw- ' fJJoll'l' TIIC"IIt:'I'A
3. ononu'i'. External appearances are often a

poor guide to character. ouAh

h.ofl'l~m-"} r

1..1 llmQf. fTialaT ononu'i' )w-

guidebook """111'"1 oPK"dt'i!

The Ministry of Information published a guidebook of Ethiopia. f..,ll;J-m4:f "''.tM:C 11

ItS'.

.:(n'I-J

The one who committed the crime had a guilty

conscience. m"}j!h-"}

-r t..r..:n~

fLJ\.oPtD-

f'\il'i"

AX

[See also 'plead']

guinea fowl

~"/.:.

Guinea fowl are good to eat.

~"'t:-9'l- 11""11

A~~'i"Tm-

guinea pig [.!'.Col."i" fill- '1-1-11 fhf.'l'

<tM'I-]

guise

We must have guidelines to keep from losing

sight of the goal of our policy. 'll\..,'1'1- "1!1-

1. 1\.1\ (J.m- 1 oP{Ift<> oP:J"f:,.. His guise was

not easily penetrated. 1\.1\ 1 (lm- 1 oP{Ift- oo
:J-f1> n+llll- hA:t-m+n'l-'r
2. ooAh. His theory was nothing but an old
idea in a new guise. 6"J(I r dtlaflo f.ff thla11

1- 7.1-'IY.Il'l- 11..,.-t:"' oP'J"&f 1.1-'l.'l't:

1- f.1QA

1- QJLII oPAh h.,:,O,:-n

hMRt:'F'

II h.'l-f"kf oP"/11'"1 ""K"dt'i! hm"'

guideline oP'/"&f

The porters formed a guild. Tlflt"'1.9'l- ..,..,

nc

fTIIf

in the SUiSe of OD{I{t<>

guild ..,-,nc

t.**-

guile iiAV'I-

l T1-h-A

By guile, the fox got the cheese from the crow.

RiiAf'l- +RC'fJJo h.,..:.,. ' hf.il IDIIS'.R'IA swindler uses guile; a robber uses force.
h:J-1\f. RT1-h-A I +..,'i' "11- R'lf.A
Y.m+..,A

guilt '1'4-T'i')'fThe guilt of the accused is in doubt. fThflif.

'1'4-T'i')'f- htnt:-"1& )w-

guilty '1'4--1-'i'
The police arrested many suspects, but failed

He traveled through Ethiopia in the guise of

a monk. on)lf'fl. on{ll\- h.'l-f"kf w-(1
'I' TH'I'mt:

under the guise of oo{l(t<>

Under the guise of friendship, he plotted

treachery. m.<;~ on{lll- h.n.r.'l-1- hM

guitar [IIK-11'1- 1111 mf.'r ~..,'1- fllw- 1.

1-.1'. h.:.C fll , ....~~.,. oP"f&f]

gulf fq.nc Mm.

The Persian Gulf separates Arabia from Persia.
f'i-Cil fQonC

111\m. 'll:-111- hof.Cil f.llfA

leave a gulf between ltltYf

The quarrel left a gulf between the old friends.

m!J- f-1'1''1-1- m.<;)('l'- hllff'l'w-

gull ffl.l.C "l"~T

The gulls ""' flying over the waves. ffl.l.C
"l"II.,.:Y. ' h'l"''.ll. I MY. I .J'.Rt-11gullible Y:AA
He is so gullible that he believes every word.
0"1!1" Y:AA 111111'~ 11-1\-'J ~~C y,..;A
gully {If.
The heavy rain made several gullies in the road.
hfJJI. 0 '11 ..!1" 0 QOD')~)I. 0 ~f. 0 -11,. o {If. o
{1~{1~

gulp (v.) m"'

The horse gulped the water.

.t.~o\o

,.,,..,

tn"'
gulp down

!. "l"A'f' 1\Y:C'l m"'. He gulped down a

cup of cold milk .. 1\'JY: 1\t 4'11:1'~ ID-1:,. "l"A'f' 1\Y:C'l
2. 1''f' 1\S'.~~. The unhappy boy gulped down
a sob. fhof.OJo A~ oo')(l:J-(14!') 1''f' 1\

tn"'

S'.~~

gulp (n.), in one ~ 'I'JY: T'Jof-11

He emptied a glass of milk in one gulp. 1\')JI.')
11C"l".,. "'"""' 'I'JY: T')of-11 og,{lmOJo
take a gulp

gush

545

gull

.,...,..)-~

He took a gulp of tea and spat it out. lfl'')

#IJJo

.,..,..,"1"-f .

gum
!. .,"'Rof!Y. This stamp has no gum on it.
f.IJ -l-!1"11C .,"'Rof!Y fiiiD-!1"
2. Y:Y:. My gums are sore. Y:l. 'llii!I.A
3. ODII-I:IJ. The boy likes to chew gum. A)l:
ODII-I:IJ ' .,'fll ' f.IDJIA
gumption f"'l.~of.of. "'\f.A
He hasn't the gumption to find a job. 1"6- II
"71TT f"'l.~of.of. "'\f.A fiiiJ>o!l"
gum tree f - ~<;:
Are there gum trees in Ethiopia? 01\..TI"kY
IJJoll'f' ' f - ' ~<;: ' 1\il !
gun (gunned), v. 1\M"'
He gunned the motor and roared away.
'1"-K-'J 1\MF+ -1-.t.-1-ilh
gun down '!ifi'

He gunned the soldiers down as they came out

of the honse. ID:f"S'.I:'II hiL-Io IJJoll'f' {1.
"'"'" ' ~ifo;'l',.

gun (n.)
!. 11'1-'f'. He pulled a gun on me. 11.,..,. DDH
H11'S
2. mOD'Jll'. He went hunting with a gun.
mOD')ll' ' f.fl ' 1\S'.') ' '/.S'.
3. ooY:<;:. They mounted a gun on the fortress
wall. UTA"' f"11"1 "1!1"11 II.P. ""Y:'i'
mODJI.
stick to one's auns 1t.A01C,.. 1\A

There was enormous pressure on them to

submit, but they stuck to their guns. dtllfJ'I'IJJo
., li'J-'1.11,.,. ~of.'i'-1-1''1',. ~nc ~~
C "!') 1\'JO~C!I" 1\11gunfire fmOD')ll' -Nt-11
When the soldiers heard gunfire, they took
cover. m:J-S'.i:'ll fmOD')ll' -1-ltll {1.{1 ...

.,...,

.,,.

gunman fliiOD"f6Y ID'JRS'.

An unknown gunman killed the President.
1\')Y: ' YA:f-ID., ' IJ/IOD"f6Y ' ID')OS'. T
o!.IVI'J-Io'J ~M..,.
gunner ODY;.t.'1
The gunners fired the cannon at the enemy.
ODY;.t.">/'11 ' nm~T ' ~f. ' -l"b-1\gunpowder '1'1-Y:
The gunpowder is damp and won't ignite.
'1'1-J!. llil~mn 1\.P..t.t-'1!1"
gunshot f-Nt-11 Y:!l"6
We heard gunshots. f-1-ltll Y:!l"6

{1.,-,

gurgle (v.)
!. "':Jo "':Jo 1\11. The baby gurgled happily.
a.n. ns:11:r "':Jo "':Jo 1\il
2. -J-')14'.1'-.,. Water gurgles when it is
poured out of bottles. ..,., hmcoa.ll {1.
~~~ R'f' ' f.') 14'.1'-:J'A
gurgle (n.) .,.,P"l"P"l"
I could tell by the gurgle that there was some
water in the canteen. OMm- m-n.,- ~
li'J-'111 0"7'){1"1"{1"1" ~~ !I'AIJ.
gush (v.)
1. .t.il.,. Oil gushed from the ground. u,r.:,.
booo~.:,.

ol..il.,

2. 1-U. Tears gushed from her eyes. l\')IJ

h't.P.'l'!l! ' 1-~1.
1ush out ol..il.,
Water gushed out of the side of the mountain.

,., ' h+t-t-IJJo ' .,.., '

ol..il.,

gutter

gush (n.)
If you get a deep cut, there usually is a gush
of blood. P';>U 0"111" fl.-&;<:'1' 1111- f.
II" f.LIIA

gust 'lf.ll>;' )<f.ll

A gust blew his hat off. -11/.111;' )<f.ll

qc~"'

OJo"t ' h&-11- ' '\f. CDilf.OJo

in gusts 0'1f.,A.

The wind was blowing in gusts. )<f.ll- 0-lf.

A 1/.)<;:11 )OC

gusty 0"111" )<f.lf

It was a gusty day, so we held onto our hats.
O"'ll" )<f.lf .,... 1111)0<: qc~"':f?"t
oJ.!Pf-1. nn

gut (v.) fiTJ': 1.:1" 11CD"'

You must gut the fish before you cook it.
'\"'OJo"t hoP'J'OIIU 0.1.'1- fii'J': 1.:1-m-"t
"7tJJo"''l- 111111U

gut (n.) 11"t,;'IHe cut the gut of the ox into strips. fO.C.m-"t
11"t,;'l- HIIHII
guts fiT J': 1.:1"

The guts of fish were on the floor. f'\"'OJo f

IJ'J': 1.:1" Willi- 'If. )0C

gynecologist

546

gush

I. 111f"t'l. The gutter is leaking along the eaves.

ML-1: hL'i' 'If. Yllm- 111f"t'l YLIIA
2. (lf.. He stumbled and fell in the gutter.
11f.<;~C:'I- ' J.(lf.' OJoil'l' o Wf..,.

guttural

f'Jo~~

Tigrinya has guttural sounds. '1-"IC>;'

~

f'Jo~

' J':ll"6 ' 1IIIOJo

guy IIOJo l A"/:

He is a nice guy. 'No

(lOJo

(A"!:)

)OJo

gym
I. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y. We have gym class
three times a week. Olll>""t'l- 1"11'1- '1.11.
f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y '1-II"UC'I- 7."t"7&-ll"t
2. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A l fll?"C'I- 11
'I&11. Our school has a large gym. .,...,<: tL;J:f"t '1-A~ fiiOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A (f
ii?"C'I- 11'1&11) 1IIIOJo

gymnasium fiiOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A I f

ll?"C'I- 11'1&11
The gymnasium was built beside the swimming
pool. f(lOJo)'l- "7m"th<:Y h<;:A (fll?""
c'l- 11'1<~-11) f-t-"'&"'" hoP'!'>;'.,. II<;:
&- 11m~11 )0C

gynecologist f"7ihH"t doh.!>"

habit

hail

547

habit A'I"J'; l A"''J';

habituate (to) ll't'I.II'I"J'; IIJ'.<:1

Don't let yourself get into bad habits! OD'J't::

Wealth habituated him to luxury. iiAJI"''<; Y;

A'I"Y; li'M.f.1111 1\:l'Y;C"'

An ingrained habit is not soon forgotten.
I"C f(lf.J'. A"''J'; .P.fr' llf.<:/1'1"
habit-forming (toil I raou'flf.lf

be habituated 1\oPY..

Habit-forming drugs demoralize people's

characters. {1-!1 f"''.J'ilf.H- ooY;-"tt.P.:Y. f
(ll":f't mfJf. ,I'O'I!flladopt habits ttouY..
f'l"t!.!-IJdJo,l"t't 'l""lil 1\'I"~A
be in the habit of 1\0DJ'.(O'I-)
I am in the habit of sleeping late . .,.'S.P. "''Cd.
Y; 11'1"1'-ii...A
get into the habit 1\0DJ.!

I got into the habit of smoking at college.

"'1""{1 ' fi\ODJ';h-'1- ' lt/1.~ 0 ~dJo
[See also 'force, kick, miserly']

habitable 1\0D'/'t.,l' f"trr't

There are no habitable houses in this neighborhood. 011.11 .,.01\. 1\0D'/'(.,1' f"'LU'
O..P.:f fll-'1"

habitat oo'/'&,1'
0

f't"f

~f)(.

OD'/'(.,1'

~dJo

habitation OD'/'&,1'
These houses are not fit for habitation. Mll.ll
O..P.:f 1\0D'/'&,I' .,.ii"''"'L llf.J'.II-'1"

habitual
I. flloof.O'I-. He is a habitual criminal.
fi\ODJ'.O'I- m't)>;ll... ~dJo
2. f.,.I\ODJ'.. He took his habitual seat at the
table. ~0:1' 'If. l\.,.1\.,..J'.dJo !l'i>t.- .,..,.
oom
3. A"''J'; ,1'1\dJo. A habitual reader reads a
great deal. f"'''tOil A"''J'; ,1'1\tiJo iiH-
,I')IJA
4. ( = adv.) 0.,.11'1"1'-. His habitual kindness
led him to be considered a saint. 0.,.11'1"1'- f
"''.J'J'.C~..,. J'."l~'l- ll'tf. ~'1.!1 ll!l~m

.:m-

fhfJJ';

ODh.<; ' lfi,.C':f ' bfJJ'; ' /".!- ' ""

l"t.-'1- 11'/"J'.'I'A

hack .,.<:hh
OJ'.~11

OD'J'l:(IJ' "f'J')o.'t .,.<:hh,.

hack Into chunks

4J:.~t:ll

He hacked the loaf of bread into chunks.

Jl(l,.'t

had

~(..<;(ldJo

~O<:(dJo)

He had a big house.

'1-A~ 0.'1- ~O<:dJo

be had .,.:1'1111
I have been had . .,.;J-1\Ah-

haft
1. l\)>;:1'. The haft of the spear is broken.
fiP-1- ll)>;:l' .,.Mit::A
2. IJ(IJ'. The haft of the ax is broken. fOD'J'l:
OJ',_ IJ(IJ' .,.(lilt::A

hag llii.,..I'"'L IIC'"I.'I-

The ocean is the habitat of the whale. dJo~,l''l'

{I

Truck drivers are habituated to hard work.

He hacked the box apart with a dull ax.

He has adopted occidental food habits.

)>.

ir''l-'t ll't'I.II'I"J'; 1\J'.<:~,.

The hag looked at him with suspicion. 11!1+,1'

"'L'I' IIC'"I.'I- O'I'C"'"- 'tf.'t .,..,.1\h

.,.:,.,..

haggard,

appearance J'.h'l"h'l" ilfr'

OD:J'f'I-

His haggard appearance shows he has been

working too hard. J'.h'l"h'l" ilfr' oo:J-f-lo
hfJJ';

J"(..

'If. ll'tf.)OC ,I'ODI\h:l'A

haggle .,.h.!-hl
They haggled over the price of the basket.
O~C"'i-lo 'I':> 'If. .,.h.!-h-1-

haggling ..,.,., dJo<:Y;

The price is $200 without haggling. IJJolll dJol:
Y; fl\.110'1- 'I':>,_ v-11'1- oo.p. iiC ),_

hail (v.)
1. 0<:1'- "'ll. It's hailing, so shut the window.
0.:1'- ""'""'" ""illt-lo't 11:>

half

548

hail
2. m&-. The doorman hailed a passing cab.
Ol:.,..,. hii.I.ID"'t :J-hl\. m&3. hma(o+). The angry crowd hailed blows
on the thief. f.,.t;f.Y.,ID" .blt-11 01\.QID" II
Y. fJI.II oP'lT hiD.u'-0+
4. h""l\1~. They hailed the recent advances in
medicine. OoP~U.+ 011-A f_,.~l:11D"'t
l.,oPI\1).
f1.U.fD"'t
5. O"P'ff""q .,..,.OA. Crowds hail him everywhere. Of't~OT .h1111 O"P'ff""q Y..,.OA
'I'A
6. O"'i""ll1't .,..,.OA. They hailed him as
leader. h't'IA:I' 0"'/0D{t1't .,..,.011-+

6..,..,.,. .

hail from

1. """' Where does that ship hail from?

~.,. !
2. f - - 1\ID" ~.,.. His parents hail from
California. IL.,. llll'li fltii.G:Ct.l' 119':f

Y ""Ch11 f"'L"""'fl>o hf+

""'"'"

haircut li'I-C .,...._l:'l"

I have to get a haircut. ll'l-<1.'t ou.._l:'l" hA
oft'S
hairdo fli'I-C hu>&-C
What kind of hairdo does your wife prefer?
"'L(ITII ,.-, 'lY.~+ fli'I-C hu>&-e
TODC"'A:f!
hairdresser li'I-C hll.,.ltltY.
The hairdresser is an Italian. 11'1-C h(l.,.ltlt

"' I>."'AY't

~.,.

hairy 11'1-&-,.
A hairy animal resembling a baboon was seen
in the garden. 11't~t: f"'l.oP(IA 11'1-&-,.
h't(l/1 q+hA+ (1'1'&-fD- fD-(1'1" :f"f
hale (v.) O"'Y..:J- "'~
The policeman haled the man into court.
?"11.11- 1\fD-\LfD-'t O"'Y..;J- ID~ 'i'C.I:' IL
,.,..,~..,.

be hailed .,.QA

It was hailed by the critics as the best movie

of the year. 0-t-'fl"'li Y"""' :J-11:,0 .LA
,.,~,_,_,.qA

hail (n.)
1. Ol:J'., That is not rain; that is hail. Y.tl
11t;oft hY.~A,. I Ol:P. ~,_
2. ID"'Ii't'i'C. A hail of bullets met the soldiers.
f'I"J'.T ID"'Ii't'i'C ID;J-~t:'fl liS'> ID.u'.Q'fiD*Hail to the king! ,.,...,_ AHA'lA,. J'.).C
hair li'I-C
I am going to have my hair cut. ll'l-<1.'t All
_,.ltbA ~.,.
by a hair A'l"-tT
The stone missed me by a hair. .l:''t ;>I' A'l"-t

:,. ' II....S

make one's hair stand on end Et:C?T A~
l:OT

The tales of the jungle made our hair stand on

end. (lA -&ltfD- f_,.~1l:'t _,.l::,. 'i'C'IT
h~l:oft't

tear one's -hair boum1' -01\t. T'iiJ..

He is tearing his hair over the way he was
treated by them. Mil- Q~l:'I-OT ~1C h
oPm't OilY. _,.<;~A
[See also 'cut, gray, lose, split, white']

hairbrush fli'I-C oft-1-'11

I have a hairbrush whose handle is made of
ivory. 7.)!;;1-ID" h111J'"J 'I"C(I '"'"'&-
fli'I-C 11-1-'li hA'S

hale (adj.) m'tlt&Grandfather is still hale. ID't.l:' hf:J-:f't h

u-'t,. m'tlt&- ~..,_
hale and hearty m'tlt&The old man is still hale and hearcy. '11"'1"111.
.,. hu-'t,. m'tlt&- ~..,_
half (halves)
1. "1"'1'11. Give me half a pound of butter!
"1"7'11 ;rfD"'tY: :,OIL (1m'S
This job is only half done. Y.tl I"&- "1"7
jj:. oftil' _,.u>C:J:A
I got it for half price at a sale. 0"'/"'<IY 'liY
.,. ' 1.0. 0"1"7'11 'I'-" 1QfJooT
2. hil-A 1"1"'111. I will be back in half an hour.
011-A (0"1"'1'11) ll'l+ fD-11'1" hoPA/IAuIt is half past nine. ?'(IT ll'lT .,.11-A ~.,.
3. 1"'l.(l. I have achieved only half of what I
hoped to do. Au>&- h,......,-.,. 1"'l.ll-'t 11
il' u>Cii'Auhalf bad

That is not half bad. hJ'.h4-,.

(be) half-cooked O~rofl ' hARM,.
This meat is only half-<:ooked. Y.tl I";> 0~
,.oft hAOIIA,.
(be) half-dead -:,.:,. hA
The beggar was half-dead from hunger. A"'l
1' Ol:~oft -:,.:,. oftll- ~oc
half-finished, leave - fl.,_.,~ mHL
He left the task half-finished. I"&-fD"'t 0"1"'1

n:. "'""-

half-breed

hallway

549

half-measure 01"'1.ll f.,.CDllf. 7.C?"ll'

Half-measures will not solve the problem.
01"'1.ll f.,_CD!IJI. 7.C?"ll'l"lf- II '.f-1~
oo'i!:,.m. AYII1'f..'l"
half (a) year oo')I.,:,O
The course will be finished in half a year.
T'I"IIC-1> OOD't.t.:,O IJ>oll'l' YA:I'A
cut In half 7.V.IIT hl..ll
Shall I cut the orange in half? 11C-I>IJ\<'t 'l.v.
liT Ahi..IIIJ>ol
with half an ear fl"'l"77i A11
I have been listening with half an ear. 0"1"'1
11 AIL 7.1\"'1 ) OC
[See also 'cut, dead']
half-breed hAll

He is a half-breed; his mother was Chinese,

his father Kenyan. 7.CI'l- hAll )IJ>o I M'
-1> iJ'Y.<;'f!:,. AQ-1> h.'tY'I! <;'I'IJ>o
half brother f7.<;:,. A)!: 1 ,rq:,. A)!:
My half brother left for America. f7.<;"" A
)!: (.l'q"" A)!:) tDf. A'"l.&IJ ~f.
half-caste hAll
Can a half-caste have dual citizenship? hAll
fv.IIT A1C li"')T ll.'l" ~..,. Y.'f-IIA 1
half-hearted hA11 YAII')
He made a half-hearted attempt to leave the
country. ht11<1;1: IIOOID"'JT hA11 YAII'
) """ht. Af.~1
half-heartedly
I. 0"1"'111 A11. He does whatever I tell him
to, but only half-heartedly. 0"1"'111 A11 ll
ll"t'l" f'/")"/~IJ>o't V./1- Y.L,....,A
2. Yll 'i'lliT. He does his economics assignment half-heartedly because he does not really
like the subject. fii11T '1""1~ T'I"IIC~ llll
"'IY.tnY: P't.IJ>o't Yll 'i!lli-1> Y.rPt.A

halfway (adv.)
1. IJ't1T OilY.. They halfway consented to go.
11oo~Y: IJ't1T OilY- .,.ll"'l"""
2. A"71JY. 011') fl;f". They met halfway
between the two towns. OV.II-1> h-M"ll'
""IJhA A"'IIJ.r. 011') fl;f" .,_1<;'f..
*I'm willing to meet him halfway. 7.1\-'1" Y.
.,. 7.~'1" A.,.BJhalfway to
We ran out of gas halfway to town. h.,..,m-
IIOOJ':~ll "1"711 OO't1Y: IL+~'t O.'tll.
't All+11't
be halfway finished ..,.;JOD{l

The lesson is halfway finished. T'I"IIC-1> .,.

;>'I"!J,.A
half-wit otA
A half-wit is harmless even though he does
strange things. A't.ll'tY: 7.'t"'.ll fll'\< )1C"
ll''t lli..K"r otA '1-o'!T AYf.Cll'l"
hall
I. A.llt.'ii. We stood at the back of the hall.
A.llt.if. tD-ll'l' Oll.,.;t';CQ -''l"'t
2. "".,.IIM.,r. People were waiting in the hall
for an audience with the governor. h11CaJo
:>C 11""1"'"" 1\l"ll' OOO.,.IIIII..YBJ-
IIY. Y.mQO.,. )OC
[See also 'city hall']
hallmark OOII\'"
Courtesy is a hallmark of a
.ra..ro; fQ>.'I' oollf" )m-

gentleman.

hallow Amf.(l
Let us hallow God's name and keep His
commandments!Jf7."1H.A11d..C't ll'l" J.<;m
Y:ll :1'11-'t'l" 7.'tm11:,0

half hour "1"'111 l'l'l.r

I waited for him a good half hour. "1"'111 1\'l
""'"""11-mO:,Ov.:,.

hallowed (adj.) f.,.+f.l'l

Parts of Jerusalem are hallowed ground.
fA.f~o\11.'1" A't.ll'tY: h'i'll-ll' f.,_+f.l'l-
ll'i't.l"ll' <;lfmbe hallowed -J-+f,.(l
Hallowed be Thy name! ll'l"ll Y.+ f.ll

half sister ro;.r A)!: 1 yq:,. A)!:

My half sister will marry soon. f<;"" A)!;
(,rq"" A'J!:) o:,Oc11 1..11 ;MQIIlf-

hallucination [7.tD-)T)T m,r.'l" """'~

:,. fM'I'IJ>o't )1C"li' Omo\11 f"'lfT<;
fODll"'IT V.~;f"J

halfway (adj.) YA.,.":LII

Halfway measures will not suffice. YA.,..,_II
P't. A,rm"/11'1"

hallway oo.,.IIIII-Y
The students gathered in the hallway. .,..,C"'Jl
oo.,_llll~o,rm- IIY. .,.1\0IIfl"

halo

550

halo
1. f'l-.tl.fl"J f-IICfi hhii.A. The halos of
the saints are painted in gold. f'I-JI.fl). f-IICV
., hhii.A mc:J-., +M" .,..,.-11:1:11\
2. om-S'. -ocn. A halo appeared around the
moon last night. _,...,...,_,. "V :t- 0"'-l::l" 11&Y om-S'. -lien Y.:t"Y. )OC
halt (vt.)
1. h-1'"". The decision to halt the bombing
was unilateral. flll""-11 S'."1JS'.qm-") ll.,-1'
!I" ,.,.mM.,. q-,,~~. Me -11!1'
)OC
2. h~S'.. Our army halted the advance of the
enemy. tn&-":f"J fm'IM hCI"'li' h1S'.1JJo
halt (vi.)
1. ol'oo. "Halt or I'll fire"! cried the sentry.
"'~"' i hliOlllf..l' h_,.li-flllv- 1111- HO"'

.,. ' """11 '

.,.~<:

2. .,.,.,.., h-I'OD. The soldiers halted and lay

down to rest. m:t-S'.C''Il -..rt'l':fm-") h.,.
OOtD-

1\BIIt:lf:

;JF..fJP

h/r

3. h4- .,.YH. He began his speech briskly,

but then soon halted. "J"I"I-1-"J S'.W h)!;oo
<: 0:\'1 hYS'.C h4- _,.YH
halt (n.)
After a short halt, the parade moved forward.
li'I'<I:T ' 1.11. ' -I'll" ' l!ll ' 0:\'1 ' iiA4- ' IDS'.
4.'1-' _,.'\H
come to a halt .foP

The train came to a halt. QfK.. "oo

make halt 'J"I"I-1-"J .,.C'I' .,.C'I' h.P.<:~O'fo
Shyness made her halt as she talked. 11'1-..,..~c
't!f...,..of.C):f: "J"I"I/::"J .,.c.,. .,.c.,. Y.P.
C"lq'fo )OC

hand
2. 0"1.,11 +M. The new machine will
easily halve the cost of doing the work. h'l.
.... ' ""''I&Y ' fP'&-ID<") ' ID.U, ' 0+'111- ' 0
"I"V"Ii Y.+"Jii'I'A

halves (n.), see half

ham [f:t"m) fhfl., m-c":f]
hamlet '1-"J"Ii oo"J.P.C
You can see a hamlet on the top of the moun~
lain. 0.,.&-&-m- 'IY. '1-"J"Ii OD")S'.C Y.:t"

YA
hammer (v.)
1. l"'il"VC .P.O.P.O. Our neighbor has been hammering all day long. '1-<:0.:t-":f"J .,.,..., ,..
II- l"'il"VC .P.O.P.O
2. +m+m. He hammered the iron flat. -11<:
.,., +'1''1-tn m'i'"'of. h.P.<:~m3. .P.O.P.O. He hanunered the table with his fist.
m<:A.qm-") Oll'm. S'.OS'.O
hammer away ~"1f" J\il+a'l~

The teacher hammered away at the multiplication table. ""1""11-1- f"l.H. 0.'1-"J .P.;J"I
.,. ' hil.,."V<:
hammer Jn OD;J-

He can't even hammer in a nail. f"ll'1C

\\., ' ""l"':t-'1- ' hY.":fll\!1"

hammer into one's head (l.fll+m-l-T 1'1\

The teacher hammered arithmetic into the

lazy boy's head. OD!I"IJ-1- /1)4-"J
.h.fl-11 il..l'il+m'l-'1' 'I'll

.,..,&

hammer on

.e.n.r.n

He hammered on the door with his fists.

""1f'J.YID<") Oll'm. .P.O.P.O
hammer out flit")..-,.

halter lito
The mule's halter is made of rope. fO'I-11-'1'
All h"JODJ!"

r+.,&. )oc-

halting
His halting speech manifests his indecision.
hAl': hAl': -,.,.,-1-"J -I'll" "V Y:<:.,. 0
doflll' YA'k<:m ODIJ').") Yii<:'IA
haltingly
*He speaks Amharic haltingly. h.,C.,. liS
~C Y.Y.H'I'A
halve
I. MI-A hl.ll. Let's halve the oranges! -IIC.,
l)).") MI-A h"Jhl.llm-

"-'1

.,.~..-,..

h.ilm1F..

They hammered out their difficulties in a long

meeting. <:HI'" qll 111111q 'IY. ":f-"1&-:f,.
"J Oil"J'fo T<:'fo hilm~JI.
hammer (n.) oop..?f
Please hand me the hammer! oop..7fm-") h+
11ll~

hamper hil..,..h/1
His inability to speak English hampered him
greatly. h"J"111.11"' _..,..~c hll""!l'il- o
"'I'" ' hil.....hllmhand (v.) h+Oll ! ilm
Will you hand me that pencil? Y"J"J hCflil
:t-+-llll~!

hand

551

hand

I banded her a sheal of bills. h'H': h?"C

f .h.ll-fl I.~A't Am:\'1hand back ODfl(l

I gave him the book to read, but he banded it

right back to me. ""l\".h4-"t l\"t.IIJ')RlD'
A'l"'ilD' tD-'l.flD''I- DDAAA't
hand down

Hand me down a pail! qAJI. 1\tiJo

I. hm~l..
CI."A't
2. Am. Thejudgeba ndeddowna n unfavorable
decision. -'l'i'tiJo f"'lf.it"'l"'l 'i!CI." Am
(be) handed down 1"1\Ad.

The estate has been banded down from generation to generation. Cil.Ja h+m-A~ m1..
'1-tiJoAI." A.-1"1\A'i! -'f.:f:A
hand In

I. h1q. I am going to hand in my application

tomorrow. "'IDPAh!I'IL"t )1 h1qAv2. hit~hR. It has come to my notice that

students are not handing in their homework.

1-"'l&fPl- fiL'l- F&o hA"'Iit~bq'ftiJo"t
A?"!I'Avhand out 01..1\

How many tickets did you band out? it"t'l-

1:11.'1- OJ'.AtJ 1
hand over
I. 1\4'011. Would you hand over that book,
please? l\A-"t DPI\".h'i! ;hl'ofiA't 1
2. hit~hR. He banded the job over to his
successor. F&olD'"t A-t-1-h.lD' hit~hR
[See also 'decision']
hand (n.)
I. l\~. Where can I wash my bands? l\:("t f
'l-A;I-mofl 1
This job has to be done by hand. f.tJ F&o
Rl\~ """'&-'!- hAR'lHe has my fate in his hands. fmU'l- ~,_.
1\. ' RA- ' l\~ ' )lD'
2. oiL"!&. The hands of the clock say that it is
four o'clock. fA'H: 4L"'&fPl- OFC A'\
'J- ODtr'l-"t ' foo{lh;l-1\3. fl\~ 1\"ihL'l-. I recognized his hand on the
envelope. 1\."tltll-'l' 1\f. .I'AlD'"t fl\~
1\"ihL.,."t om:,Ov4. u&-1-'i'. He hired three new hands last week.
q{lLtiJo ll?""t'l- l"il'l- hJI.it ,.&-1-'ll- 4'm~
hand and foot l\~ bmclThey tied him hand and foot. l\~ bmcl-
hM-'1-

hand in 8IOVS ll9"'i

tDC~

Several high-ranking diplomats were found to

he hand in glove with enemy agents. ofltt-
;l-1\1\:,0 Jl.'l"ll-"'1-fol- hml\'1- Ml'"l- :>C
(I?"<; me:,> DPtr<;'l'..,. ;l-m4'
hands down .1'1\"t-'ll- l.">t?"

He won the championship bands down.

hlf<;L)'J-"t .1'1\"t-'ll- l.">t?" M"f
hand-in-hand

I. l\~ Al\~ 1-.l'f.HlD'. The couple was

walking band-in-hand. qA<; "'Lit.,. 7.~
Al\~ 1-.l'f.HtiJo f.&ooo"- )RC
2. R~-fl~'l-. Doctors and nurses work handin-band to save lives. .hh.'l"l-<; )C{ll- ih
f.tD'l-"t A"'l-'l"t R~-fl~'l- f."'&-11hands off! h'l-"t>t
Hands off! That cake is mine, 11.11- f). )
t1Jo I h'l-"t>tl
hand to hand RQ;I.R"'
The soldiers fought hand to hand and drove off
the enemy. m;l-l.f!''ll R...,R"' 1"'1''11-lD'
ml\'1-"t 1\q~o~hands up I l\~ tDI.I\f.
Hands up or I will shoot! l\~ tDI.I\f. 1 hA
RAH.,I' l\1-lt-IIAvask for her hand 1\;Hl;F m f+
He asked for her hand and she said yes.
A:>-fl!l' mY.*'l- M. hAlotiJo

at hand

1. R:,OcR-. There was a filling station at hand

when we ran out of gas.IL"tll."t q(l4'-fl"t 1..11.
fiL"tH."t "'11..1' a:,>ca- t.1TI
2. A.1.~'1 )tiJo. A change of government
is at hand in Brazil. -fi&-H.A tiJoit'l" fOD"t'1
F'l- ' AlD''I" ' A.1.~'1 ' )lD'
change hands

*The business has changed hands. A-411 1\.1\

(ltiJo miti'-;1-A
close at hand o:,>c-o
He lives close at hand. o:,>c-o f.'l' &-A
first hand h?""t...,
I got this information first band f.tJ"t mt.
f(l"'lv-'1- h?""t"" )tiJo
force one's hand ltC9")f lt}.~t.mil.'e' hi..~"J

I am going to bring this up at the meeting in

order to force his hand. l\{1- l\cf"!t l\"tJI.tDit
1." A"'l1."~'1 f.U"t"t 1--'lf. it-flllqlD' 1\f. '
1\)"'(IIJ-

hand

hand

552

from hand to hand ll"J4. IDS! h.,JJ..

This was passed from hand to hand till it came
to me. l\~ 10 x.- IIJ'.~CII f.U lt'JJI.
m~ I>'JJI. ll.+llll'i' .Jf.o;I:A
from hand to mouth

He Jives from hand to mouth ..

ml..hij:)m-

'N':tJJo hl\~

get out of hand

His students are getting out of hand . .,...,tll"'li

'J 1\DD..tiJmC I>Aif'M"
aet the upper hand
1. .,.'t< fCII- )OC. He got the upper hand
in the dispute. OhCb-1- 1.11. ~ fCII-
)00:
2. l>fl\., We have finally gotten the upper
hand over the :rebels. oou .....:'l'. ooouo'1''11
llf. hfA'J

3. I>IHI.. He got the upper hand in the struggle

to control the ministry. "'L~II-J:oi.'J 041t"I'C
P'C 1\..,K"O:"I Oi'~0:11J>o -l-"IA 1>11')1.
clve a biJ hand f;JII "P-11""11 1>~0:111'1-

They gave the performer a big hand. 11-J-i'l'

'11. f;JI\. "P-11 .... 11 I>S'..:'I-11'1-

have the upper hand 1>11')1.

My friend had the upper hand in the argument.

ObCb-1- :t~;;'\L 1>11')1.
(with a) heavy hand 0'11-A

The law will punish offenders with a heavy

hand . ..,., 1\'l'd.S"':f'J 0'1.r.A '1-.,.tiJII':f
hold hands l\~ Ill\~ +J'J',.
They have been holding hands in public.
11~11111- l\~ Ill\~ i'J'f.HtJJo )OC
keep a hand In hAll: hAll: i''ktiJm.:

He turned the business over to his son. but

they say he keeps a hand in it. M"IK" P' tlotJJo
'J 1\A)I: l>lli'IIA,i,A I IJ''l''l" hAll: I>
All: f. .."'mti.A f.IIIIA
keep on hand

we keep a supply of canned goods on hand.

f.JC.JI!" '/""111 o-A '1.11. I>H;J~'J l\
'i'll.,.!l"tiJI\'J
keep one's hand In lt"J-'If,l.ltmI read Arabic five hours a week just to keep
my hand in. o.:1J>;' l\'J'If.<:il'S IIA Oil
!I"'J'I- 1>'1"11'1- {l'l'l- Mllllo-

give (someone) a hand with 1t1H

keep one's hand in shape A."J.IIY,l.ltm-

Can you give me a hand with this box? f.U

'J "f'I''J :1-"IH>;'I\U l
go hand In hand 1>1-IIJ'f.'/"
War and disease go hand in hand. tnC)'I-'i' 0
11:1- 1>1-1\J'f.'/"

1 am practicing tennis once a week just to

keep my hand in shape. 7.'J.IIf.O:il'S 11i"

have a hand In

L 111(0'1-). He must bave had a hand in that.

hll..l' ltf-1110'1- I>A.,.O:!I"
2. i'ltl.l\. He had a hand in making the
decision. ,..,..~,.. ll.i'lll\'1' i'lt'i'll- )OC
have In hand 041:.....-rC

~C

1t1..~1

He has the situation well in hand. o-~;1-tJ>o'J 0

"'L111 041'1"J'C P'C I>J:"C'IA
have no hand In

He had no hand in the matter. 0)1-1- tJJoll'l'

fl\0'1-'1"
have on (one's) hands 1tll(m-)

I have an empty house on my hands. J'Ai'J'

H 0.'1- />II'S
rve got a lot of work on my hands. !P&. fl
1fof-ll;;'A

Oil'I"'J'I- h"JI.

-1-~11

7.""1.m;J-I\o-

lay hands on

1. 1>1'f. I have the book, but I can't lay hands

on it now. ODX'dJ4- />II'S .,., hu-'J 111'f
tJJo I>A':fA!I"
2. l\)1: f111tJJo. He keeps anything he can lay
his hands on. l\)1: f111tJJo'J o-11- J'~'/"tiJA
lay a hand on tl]

Don't lay a hand on me or I'll hit you.

1\'I-"JI)'{ f J'I\II.J' ' l\OD:J-?1\IJlay one's hands on

1. 1>1'f. I cannot lay my hands on it right

now. l>o-'J 111'ftJJo I>A':fAII"
2. J'H. He wanted to lay his hands on the
person who hit his car. oub.'i'tJJo'J f1""0+
") I (laJo I fLoP.f1f I J../t1
left hand "ltlo

At his left hand were three boys. O"ltlotJJo V'

11'1- A;v::f tOol-

have one's hands full ,..,~ 0'10...,.

lend a hand l.JI f 11.111

I cannot accept this responsibility;. I have my

hands full. P'tlo IIII"'L0~11'S f.U'J '111d.)
'I- A.,.OA I>A':fA'I"

Lend me a hand; I cannot lift this box by

myself. l\C'I'S ' (I>"IH'S) l f.U'J "f'I"J 1lif'\L
'J ll)"ffDo />A':fA?"

handbag

553

hand

not lift a hand V'"Jf" h'lf.G~f"

France did not lift a hand when Italy invaded
Ethiopia. h."'IIJ h.'l-1'-k.l'"t OID~~':fO
'I- "J.IL L~'ttl.e Mf" h'lf.~~':ff"

riJht hand .,.'1

At his right hand were three boys. O.,.'f' I" II
'I- A)(':f ~0~

(be) off one's hands ltd.,.

second-hand fll"'l. ll"'l.

I heard the story second-hand. ;1-611-'t f

:l'tD- M'i''l- II"''Y:~"l h.,.f.

The vote forced him to show his hand. Y:f"6

The lawyer planned a vacation as soon as the

case was off his hands. t~~ ll't-'111.,. mO

(I"''!Jo'l- fll"'l. ll"'l. ~,.

show (one's) hand dtl\11-"t '11\g,

*Now, with her invalid mother off her hands,

she will be free to marry. ll't"l-'1.11 hilll ll't

,.,.,.

h-A l\..,..:J:'t h-M'I~II':f ll"''"'q'f....ll':f

offer one's hand In marriage

'1-11'

(by) show of hands ll)l:'t l\J'ID"'

Vote by show of hands! llli"':frJo't l\J'OJ"'':f

She offered him her hand in marriage. A:f'1q

take a hand in Til'i-J!. II'~

If the strike continues, the government will
have to take a hand in the negotiations.

~~~

tD- a L:l'1."'1 oPII').'t 1111\':fll'lon either hand "1&-~

+'S

Walking down the road, we saw trees on either

hand. 0""'t1Y: ll't'tY: "I~<; .,.'1 q<j:
M't

on hand Ol\;1\'
I have some money on hand. Oll"i': '1'4:'1-
1't Hofl hll'1

(be) on hand T1T

He is always on hand when I want him. ll
()- OLII"'!Jo'l- <k'I'C J!.1"'1A
on (one's) hands OJ..:(. s 1\f.

He was left with a large surplus on his bands.

oflrt- '1-C'i' ll:l' Ol\)1: 'If. ... Cofo t

oc

on the one hand on the other hand '1.1

Y: Oh-A ... 01\.'1 Oh-A f."l'l"
On the one hand, I need to study English;
on the other hand, I cannot take time off
from my job. q-,Y: Oh-A ll't"l11.11'i' "''
'I'<;'I- l\LA:>IIIJo i 01\.'1 0 h-A f."l'l" f
P"~f-'t "LIL lloP ... tll hA':fAf"
(but) on the other hand
I. J!.IJo't ll't:(. The boy is skinny, but on the
other hand, he plays football well. A)l: !>'Ill
~,. t J!.IJo't ll't:( MC \>,II ~ f.""i,ID
;I-A
2. q-,Y: Oh-A f."l'l". I don't want to vote

for John, but on the other band, I'd hate to

hurt his feelings. )('t't ll""f"~'l' hALA"I

f" I q-,Y: Oh-A f."l'l" ll"t-'lll...f.oPtD- h

ALA"If"
out of one's hands hfto ,.,AtrJ1 fD""'-.
The matter is out of my hands. ~1~ hlr. P'
At1J1 - fDo"l. I ~fD"

foPllm-1> 1-'IJ!. dtlUJ-'t ll't-'l.1AII" hll1

rJo Y:f"a lim-

P'~ "'1~- h.,.mll oP't"tP''I- OY:C~

tD-11'1' Tii'I-J!. ilf.ll"t hf..,.Cf"

take in hand

1. Tt:>~~(O'I-). We will take the matter in

hand at the next meeting. -r--'11!-'t O"'l..,.'l'll
, . llofl(lq ll't~:>1CO;I-II't
2. "l'IL ll''l' OJ(If.. When both parents

died, an uncle took the youngster in hand. IJoll

-1>9" ID'I)(':f II.'l"-1> h"l-'l-\1-tD- A)l:'t '
"l'l.!. ll''l' OJ(lf.tD-

(be) taken in hand (~active) T'IL"'m~

+Those children needed to be taken in hand.
A)('li't oPoJL"'mC hliL111
tie one's hands lllf.,. 1\lat:.m-

The provisions of the will tied his hands.

f).qiLtD- :l'A ll)l:'t

h(l~tD-

try one's hand 'l"ht:.

Why don't you try your hand at writing a

book? ""1\"dt'i' ll""ll'i' llf"'t h'l-'l"h
C'l" 1
wash one's hands ,-,1\.~).r
\!- hA1qf"

'

fllOTr I o.,..-;

Now that he is in charge, I wash my hands of

the whole thing. hu-'t l\1)- "l'IL ~,. l h

l\'t"l-'1.11 ID-'1.11 "l'l.!.t'f- ' fllofl'ff" ' (0"1--'l

\!- hA1qf")
[See also 'back, clasp, entwine, iron, join, life,

near, open, own, play, put, shake, shoulder,

slip, thrust1

handbag fl\;1\' liCit

She put the car key in her handbag. foP h.<;
'l''t <kA'i' Ol\;1\' ' (ICil'l' tD-11'1' hll ...oPIJl':f

handbook
""~~'"''~'

handbook fao'J"&1

This is a handbook for engineers. f.tl ftoov

"t'l.(l:f'

handsome

554

fOD'J"t'-1

handcuff (v.) RIJ-1:<;

aDl\'.J.'j!

tCD-

Ml~

They handcuffed the prisoners.

Ml~'l',;,

Oil

oj;<;. hii-1-'P'fm-

handcuff (n.) 111:<;

In some countries every policeman carries a
pair of handcuffs with him. q"t-'l"t~ h1C
7.11'-'l"t.ll. Tll.ll IJ-1:<; J'.fl f.~&-1\

handful 7-'i!'t
He took a handful of nuts. h"t~ 7-'i!'t llm11 m(l.f..
handful of T-t+:f-

Chiefs handle tribal affairs. f~<'ol":f-"t 1--'ll'":f-

f"'LJ'I'-l- q~q-r-:f- ""'"'"
4. hil"""'. We don't handle that brand.
11'1' 'if.t-l- ),:J' h<;{lOO"''J"
5. ifm. That store handles meat and vegetables. 1 ooll.oflC P';><; h~hA-l- f.lf"'A
6. till!. Look at it all you want, but don't
handle it. f'1"-l-LI\1CD-"t 1111\ of-ouAh-1..,. t1C "'"t h-l-tl!l!m-

7. hll-i-<;11'.. This restaurant can handle

hundreds of customers during the lunch hour.
f.U 'J""'il 0.-l- 0'1"<'1 1.1L {Iff- ll."tO
'l':f- ll.1ll-f-<;"1~ ' f.:f'-~1\
8. hm<;++. This department handles the
customers' checking accounts. f.tJ h'i:A r
ll."tR'l':,;"t f'lih dt.<'l11 1m<;~ :I'I\

Only a handful of people came to the meeting.

handle easily ;t-111-'S ' hf.l\'1"

Tof:.f-:f' ' (IJ":f' il!J' tD!l. {l{l{lqm-

The car handles easily. ou!J.<;m- ;t-111-'S h

handicap (v.)

""til-

f.l\'1"

b"t~of.-l- lftR-l-

h"t1~;J-

Bad eyesight handicaps him. ll.l!7 'if.i- b"t

handle roughly

~of.-l- ll"l"O;J-1\

The bad boys handled the poor cat roughly.

OO'J'G:JP:,; 1\]f.:f'- 'J"Ilh.!>:"t ~ooo}- h"t1~;1:-l-

handicap (n.) oa{l<;hl\

His disease was a handicap to him. 01i;t-m- r
ao{l<;hl\ lf'l"R-l- tRC
t?.~ P'&- -l-'l"IIC-l- 1 of-"'q~ 1.
~ -l-'l"IIC-l-

handicraft

Handicrafts are being taught in Ethiopia.

Rh.-l-I'"A-1 ' 1?.~ ' P'&- ' (-1-"'q~ ' ).)!') '
-l-'l"IIC+:f- JM"'II-

handily

R~AT'i!<;
0~

1\T'i!<; ' t-'1-l-

*The books were handily at his side. oPJPldt:

:,; 7-"tll.I\R- 7."7.."-CilO-l- (l;J- tOolt?.~ P"&His handiwork shows craftsmanship.

3. ]f.r:. The handle of this cup is broken off.

fii.U ' ll.t ]f.r: ' -1-1111<::1\

Why don't you use common sense in handling your child? llll 1\)!'11 h1111 ll'l""t
f-l-.1.'1'1": 6m-+-l-U"t h-l-rP&-R-l-'1"?

handmade R7.)!' f-1-rP&These shoes are all handmade. MII.U ""1"7

handiwork

f).~

P'&-CD- 'I'RR:;'Bo"t 100flh;t-l\

*This garden is Mary's handiwork. f.tJ f:,.O

hA-l- P;t- R"''U '1'~-l- f-1-ll.&-1! tmoa.J.~il

I lost my handkerchief.

I. 7.}!;1-. The handle of the knife came off.

fRA'I'm- 1.1!;1- tll+
2. "7"tmAm1. My suitcase needs a new handle.
lf"t"'IL h'Lil "7"tmAm1 1llLI\1'1'1\

handling h1nt

He managed the boat handily. ;eAq'l'"t

handkerchief

handle (n.)

l"l- n7.)!' f-1-~P<~- ""'"'"

handouts '1"11''1'-l-

Beggars live on the handouts people give

them. ll"Y>f'l- f"'l.'l"-1--l- n'J"l\''1'-l- ' tm-

handshake 7.)!' ll7.)!' ooQ;l.qO'I'

OD.J.~O. "t

"11\h--l-

handle (v.)
I. -1--a."'m~. I cannot handle him anymore.
h7."t"''LII tD'Lf A-a."'m~m- hl\:f'-1\'1"

2. 111. He knows how to handle people.

1.{1- f(lm-"t h1nt 1CD-:I'I\
3. hlJ~Il. I hf. Hehandleshisaffairswithdexterity. "NII'"t R~AT'i!<; 111~-'11\

They concluded the deal with a handshake.

CD-11-"t 7.)!' ll7.)!' noo...,qnT ll.ooll..,...

handsome
1. ooAh +'i ! ooAh ooAttr. He is a
handsome man. 7.{1- OOI\h .,.., (ooAh
ooAtJ'l") , nm- tm-

2. f"tfrC. He lives in a handsome mansion.

0"7.1'1"C -l-A~ 0.-l- m-IlT f.'l" &-1\

handsomely

hang

555

3. Y.h f"''..f(l'f. Each year he gives the servants a handsome gift of one hundred dollars.
0.1'00-f> 1111111!''11 Y.h f"''...'{l'f ,,...,.
ofiC loll':'" .I'Y.C"'II'I"PA
4. oflrt-. A thousand dollars is a handsome
sum. 1\"tl'." l( ofiC oflrt- 1"tHofl )<Dhandsomely 0'1'1- l\1>.:\"t

He treated me handsomely when I visited him.

Am.e+<D- O'tl'."IJ. 1.11. 0'1'1- l\1>.:\"t
Mof-.,.,Y.'f
hand-to-hand f ....O"'

Many soldiers were killed in the hand-to-band

fight. ofllt" tD;I"Y.t:"f- 0 .... 0"1 <D-1..1' '!"of:
handwriting
I. 1'7.~ K"<hl-'1-. His handwriting is illegible.
1'7.~ K"<hl-of: 1\.e)Oofl!l"
2. K"<hl-'1-. He disguised his handwriting.
,..... ,_., l\"t-'lf.;l"tD-1- 1\Y.-C'I 1113. 1\KK'i'. The Ethiopian alphabet has no
cursive handwriting. fl\.'1-f"A-.1' 4-Y.A fof+"'mll 1\KK'i' fi\<D-11"
handy
I. +A"'-1-. He is handy with tools. 0"'"'16.1'
l\.1'.1'71 "'"'"'"" )(Do
2. ql\.,...1'. He is a very handy fellow. 0"111"
fli\OD-f I (tQJo I ~d)o
3. 11"'11. There were handy shelves near the
desk. Omc(A.q<D- l\m1ofl 11"'11 fll'~ oo
Y.CY.t<.l'l""f- )0~
A typewriter is a handy thing to have around.
fK"<hl-'1- ooll...,.. m,.."''. 0011\1.1' )<Dcome In handy m+oo I 1t1i\''U\

Typing will come in handy for you some day.

fool!...,.. K".l.l-'1- 1\"tY.- +"t .em-1-P"YA
(.1"11\"'AYA)
have (something) handy

Have you got a pencil handy? l\C<"Iil 01\-l-t<OJ'U l\11 l

handyman ql\.,...1'

The handyman keeps the machines in repair.

qii,....I'<D- ooll...,..l""f-"t .em"'..,..A
hang (hung), vt.
I. (1+11 (of-(1+11). Where can I hang my coat?
l>of:"t f'l- All+II<D- l

Can't you hang the picture a little higher?

I"Mr"t '1-"t'li h'i' l\Y."C1U A'f-(l-1-1\<D-
1\'l-"f-AP" l

He was hanged yesterday. '1-ll"t'l-..,.. of-{1+11

2. 1\'J.m. She likes to hang the wall with
pictures. "'Y.-"1-'I<D-"t OI"~A "71.T 'l-tD-'1

Illhang (vi.)
I. of-"t ml\mll. A lamp hung from the ceiling.
ouoflt<-'f- hi>C).(Io 11.e of-"tmAT!lA

Tell the children not to hang out the window!

A;J!'Il oo!l!>of: 11.e l\"t'l.e"tmllmll- "t1

"""'
2. "'"

+ODIPt:,+. My decision hangs on your an-

swer. m-l~f- f-"i.ODrPt:.+aJo 111'+ ooA(l

ll.e )(Do
3. ol'f. Let that matter hang until our next
meeting! 1--'11!. l\{lh"''.+TII<D- llofl(lq";fo-,

,.....,..

4. 1\H)OI\. The tree hung over the edge of

the lake. q4- tDY. m.e41 1\H"til!lA
5. OT"t ,..., 1\-'loom. She was banging on his
every word. fof-..,..1c(<D-"t IJol\o OT"t,..<t
l\-'loom"'f6. ( ~ tr.) l\1\0(1. Fog hung over the city.
'I!";J"' h.,...,<D-"t l\1\0(l<Dhang about aJJlf 1 IDJI.tl t hi\

A man is hanging about the house in a suspicious manner. 1\")J': ' {ltD- 1 O(L-11 h.i]Q(L
O"''..l'mt<-TC IJo~;l" toi!J tD'I,U .ellA
hang around

I. l\Am-1-11". He has been hanging around my

house for a week now. h."}J': 1Jr1-l- ao11- hO.of: l\Am-1-11"
2. 'I'll, He hangs around with an older crowd.
h;l-1111-l''ll ;JC _e<D-IIA
3. tDI!J tD'I.U l\11. They bad stopped

working and were just hanging around to talk.

1"6-'I'<D-"t ""'"""'" ' 1\tD~ tD'I,f tD'I,
U f.ll- )OC
hane by (someone's) side h1o). TIIJfl+

He hung by her side, unwilling to leave.

h'l-!< of-"'ofl4' l\A'tl'." ' hi\
hang down ..,."}"'f" ,l,11

A long plait was hanging down the girl's back.

GY9" fi\1-C 1-"t"l-"t Al{:t ~cq 1\f.
of-"t11"C"''I )0C
hang (one's) head l\"t1of:"t Y.-1- ! 1\+c(+c(
He hung his head in shame. O'l'i'c(-1> l\"t1
of:"t '-""

When he realized what he had done, he hung

his head. f"'t<-<D-"t Oof-11HO 1.11. 1\+
<(.,.<(

hang

556

hang In the balance fl-YJm&-TC 11-~:1"

1\.f. HI.!
The wounded man's life hung in the balance.
f'ILIIIIfDo llfl>o\1. ;,..em+ O"'L..'m<I-'I'C
11-i.;l- 'I.e }Oe
hang on

I. +11"- l\A'k.!m9". It is hard work, but if

you hang on, you'll succeed in the end.

h/1.1:"" P'<!- }fl>o t1e "11 -1-ll<f.. IJA

'IL.!'I'h 00D""'.!II" .f.IIIJAYA
2. l\'1"11.,. .rn. I hung on as tight as I could.
f9"~11fDo1.fUAl\'l"'l~.fH~

3. ;l-1w. If you can hang on for a month

longer, you will be free of hardship. 1\1.1:"" m
e ofi'I-;1-1P' ~ell 11-11- .em1.1:""AYA
hang oneself &.fto1" r i'l.+ll
He hanged himself from a beam. l\"'.ll"tfl>o
"" <1-11-1 11+11
hang out (vt.)
I. l\11"1. Did you hang the wash out? f;l-mO
fDo1 A-fill l\11"111!
2. 11+11. They were hanging out flags in
honor of the Emperor's visit. lllt ,..,..LV )
1P'..,. 'HI'S'I- hofle 1111..&-l"~ 1-11~11-
toe
hang (over) l\11;>
The danger of a flood hung over the village.
ffl>o:' ' OD'J'II~A~ ' l\Jl.;J ' OD1f.""1 ' l\11"1-fo;I-A
(let) hang over l\1'1..,.1- l\!1..!1
They will probably let the decision hang over
until next year. w-/l).fl>o llllh"t+'I'IIOJo 'l
""'~- .1:"".!11 l\1'1..,_1- .ff.e1- .f.II'<;A
hans together 11-1\'l'w- -1-110"" I 1.1.1:"" 'l.f.
11'\>o
If we all hang together, our plan will su=d.
11-1\~19" h-t-IIOC1 (1.1.1:"" 'l.f. h11'1)
l\~.11~ ' .f.:f'<;A
hang up (vt.)
I. 11+11. Hang up your hat and coat! 1>'1-111
t; llei."'U1 ll+A
2. l\mh. The accident hung up the traffic for
several hours. h.r.;>fl>o fODh.<;l"~1 ""11'1'
me ' 11-fl,. ll'l'l- ' ,....." toe
hans up (vi.))llAh 11:>(0'1-)
He got angry and hung up. +<;P. llAh
11:>-fi'S
hang upside down -1-II+H+
Bats hang upside down when they sleep.
fl\.11.'1- mt::~ 1-11~11+fl>o .r.-t-'111[See also 'lip, loose')

haples~

hang (n.), get the - of

1 cannot get the hang of driving a car.
ouh.t; o OD1.11'f- h.f.11'1A'f9"
hangar :><1-7!:
The plane was put in the hangar. hfl>oi!'TI\\>o
h;>&-)1: fl>oil'l' .,_.,_A
hanger ""il+.r
Put your coat on a hanger! 1>'1-111 ""II+.r
'I.e ll+llfl>o
hanging (n.) 11~11+
News of the hanging was not printed in the
paper. fll~ll-lz ns 0:>11."1 hAm"'9"
*Many people came to see the hanging.
{lfl>o\lofl>o fl.(l+A 11"7f'l- ofl,. Ill"~
ODtJI<
*There were three hangings last month.
llll.l.w- me 1"11'1- (ll"~ -J-{1+11hanglng (adj.) f-J-1mllmll
The gardener watered the hanging baskets of
flowers. h'l-hA-t-'1w- f-t-1mllmll-'l-1 .ro
II "7/lf."LJ' ~e"'iofo~ ,.:> l\m"'
public hanging 111.11111- (liJJo ""il+A
They decided to outlaw public hanging. 11!1.11
111- lliJJo oull+A1 h<h"' ' IJJo"P 11"7.1:""
.!"1 ' mll\>o
[See also 'execute']
hanker '\'\
He always hankers after money. 11-A'I.H. 111
1Hofl 1-'\'lA
haphazard
I. h'i' l\1.11"""1 f"tll'l'. Haphazard answers
are usually wrong. h'i' l\1.11"""1 f"t(lm-
ODA(l";f Aoflq>;'fl>o1 '1.11. ll<h-1-'1- .f.ll't;ll2. '1.11. fmllf.fl>o. Many haphazard things occurred last month. lllld.fl>o me '1.11. fmll
.ll't'fl>o ' ofl,. ' t11!'-f ' f..!ll3. ( = adv.) 1\.f.;l-{lofl. Their haphazard meeting
led to love. ll.f.;l-(lofl -t-1t;'S-t-,. ll'i'~e 0.,.
haphazardly
I .fll h~.l:"". His failure is due to the fact
that he does his work haphazardly. ll.m~
fiJ'IIfDo P'&-fl>o1 .fll h~.l:"" llll"tw<~o
tfl>o
2. 0.1:""11'1-. They met jhaphazardly in the
street. 0.1:""11'1- l\OD11.1:"" -t-1t;'f.
hapless 9"1111.1
He vented his wrath on the hapless child.
11.-lz19"ilh.> A7!:'11-+m "'

happen

I. ll't. When did that happen? oo'f t<IJo

fll't .... l
What happened to the typewriter? Did someone use it? fK".lt.l.'t- ODb.'i'<IJo M ll't l
ftltlt<IJo II<IJo hA l
2. t..emof-9". Something interesting is always
happenin g in Addis Ababa. .l\.11.11 t.M .,.
liT 11-A"LH. h't-'l't.(- f"t..'ll.l'.ll't- t1
c hJ.'..m-f-9"
3. tit. What happened to me? M tit~ l
4. ~~~~. Accidents will happen. hi.:J J.'..~C
loA

Everything happens to me. f.,.J'.~Ilofl~

t1C fA9"
happen again 1"F.1f1D

This must never happen again. .1'-11 t1C .1.

K".. '

h't'l.l'-~19"

happen (on) nm1't- h1T

She happene d on a dollar while looking for

the ball. \o,!l.'t 11'1-.I.A"I R.(-'t1't- .OC

MT"fo
happen to ( = adv.) h't'l:>"'" ''.
I happene d to sit by Mary. h't-'1;>"1"'1. "'l&
1-'t -1"+9"= tnc
He doesn't happen to be here. h't'l;>"'" ''. 1.
11.11 fA9"
as it happens h't'l;>"'" ''.
As it happens, I have my checkbo ok with me.
h't-'1;>"1"'1. f'l!h ~ofl-l"t.'t .!'-VAult so happens h't'I;>"'" 'L
It so happens that I know him. 1.'t-'1;>"1"'1. f
.,.,..,..,. ' II<IJo ' ll't
[See also 'bound, whatever']

happen ing .(-C"L't-

There have been strange happenings here lately.

1.11.11 t.'tll't.(- 1.~.11 .(n=t-c-o
C"L+1- ' -!".~.K"o<>'f'A

happie st

I. hu-11- fRAm ~11-1"'1. That was his happiest day. hv-11- fRAm ~11-1"'1 fll'tR
'1-n tnc
2. R"'9" f-I"Ul-I"(R't-). Thosewe rethebap piest
years of my life. Mlf..l' R.lt.J'.CD-t' R"'9"
f-1"~11'1-h-q'f.,. otoo+:f- tn.;..

happily

!. R~li;f'. She lives happily. R~ll:f' '1-'l'&-

A:f-

harbing er

557

happen

2. R"'L1q. The two colors mix happily. v-A.,.

+A.-1- R"'1.1q .1'-11.,.,113. ~.,t.,.. I had an exam Monday, but
happily the date was changed. 117f .1.-l"'i'
tn~.o~ ~.,t.,. +> -!"AO>m
*They are happily married. 't-'1&-'1'.,. r.-+
t<IJo

happine ss

~11:1'

I wish you all the happiness in the world.

'i'~9" ~11:1' hoo~ll '*'-Au-

happy

I. ~11-1"'1. He is a happy fellow, always

singing. ~11-1"'1 II<IJo t<IJo ! 11-A"LH. .1'-Hof.
'i''i'A
2. f"'LII.,., . This is a very happy selection of
colors. .1'-11 R"'9" f"''.ll.,. , f+A9" 9"C
dJ.

)Qioo

Happy Birthday I ooAit9" M't- I

Happy New Year! 'A"J\\1" bHOD'l 1 JIOD"J h.
1:>1~11 (or, h't'>.'t 11.11.11 nooo't h~~llll)

be happy ~II hA(<IJo)

We shall be happy to acoept your kind invita-

tion. T&l"'t ll't+RA ~II .1'-A'i'A

by a happy chance Rh"IH.hofldo.C U .(By a happy chance, I found the lost money.
Rh"IH.hofldo.C "-?.(- fmof.<~Jo't 1'tHofl
MTv-'1make happy

1. hll.l.t~+. The glad news made her happy.

f"'U'll.l'.ll-i"<IJo cot. hll.l.t~:l''t2. hll.l'.ll-1". The recovery of the lost coat
made him happy. m'i'.f. ftR~.,. lt?"c.,.
.
OD1'f.,. 0 hll.I'.II-!"<IJo
fA1i
He is a happy-go-lucky fellow. "1.(- fA1i
II<IJo t<IJo (or, AM9" t1C f.,.J'.~t:fo
II,.. t<~Jo)

happy-g o-lucky "J.('

harang ue

*The speaker harangue d for hours on the

Senate floor. noocoiii;'<IJo 9"hC IL't- -l"'i'
;>&<IJo o -1.1'-A o :l'A f-i"DDIIR't- ~'f:9" 't

.,.,C

M~1

harass tHtH
He harasses me with constant requests for
money. hH<IJo't-f: 1'tHofl hfmf+ .1'-tH'tH.,.A
harbing er f"''J'DDAh't-

The first rain is a harbinge r of the rainy season.

harbor

558

-Y.-t.Y ' f"''.'l'l\fD- ' 11'i'11 ' h~I"'T ' OD"'

q-f>1 f"''.Y""I\h'l- ~.,.

harbor (v.)
I. hllm:>. He was arrested for harboring a
criminal. m1Y.M' hllm"'-1-VA 1-1111- 1-

f.l' ~oc
2. YH. I harbor no ill toward those who have
wronged me. 00.<'.11-'5 (ll"'f ~f. 11"111"
4!11" hAf-1111"

harbor (n.) <D.<'.11

New York City has a good harbor.
h ' h-1-"'/ ' '1'-1- ' <D.<'.11 ' hl\fD-

f~tJJo

I'"C

hard (adj.)
I. m1li.!.. My brother is a hard worker.
m1J:-"'L m1lio!- oP.!-1->;' ~.,.
Is plastic soft or hard? "l"~M:h 1\M<"l ~
.,. <Df.ll m1li.!. l
2. ll.it=f;Jt;. This is a hard question to answer.
1\0DODI\(1 'f.IJ ' hll'f':>t. ' 'l'Y<f: ' ~tJJo

Amharic is a hard language for a foreigner.

h"'IC>;' 1\<D-"f.'" h1C (lm- hll'l':>t. lln!t
~.,.

3. hll.(-. Last winter was a hard winter.

YI\<L<D- h~l"''l- hqJ:- h~l"''l- ~oc
The student was able to solve all the hard
problems. 1-"'/t.m- hqP..=J;1 "1"1!"1lll.'l"'f rr
II-' ODF.!.T '"'"

4. hqJ:- 1 ..,,.,.. .... The hard rain prevented us

from going to school. hqJ!. (.-,y.,..>;'m-)
ll'i'l"' h't-I"'IJC'I- IL'I- hll4'~1
5. ..,,.,..,._ Vodka is hard liquor. ~J:-li ..,,.
ft.'2ir OOtn'f" I

tm-

A hard blow on the chin knocked him unconscious. 11.1'h 1\,t.. f+OD:J't& ~.,e.A~
,..,. ' ~'1'""1 ' l\1-'l.ll'l- ' h.<'.~1tJJo
6. h'l:>'f. It is hard to carry this bulky
package. f.IJ1 ODm). '1-A:,O flf~ 'I':,OA
ODlfhl"' 0 h'l:>'f 0 ~tJJo
+He is hard to please. l\(l-1 1\"'/11.<'.11'1- h-'1

:>"If- ' ~.,.

7. Lli'5. A servant does not like a hard

master. h iihc m.li'5 '1.:1" t.r.m.<:-11"
8. ""'I'll:. He has nothing but hard luck in his
business. OP" &.~& hODTG: IJF:IA flit++c
Mil" t.~:>mOD<D-11"
9. '1-A:,O. His losing his car was a hard blow.
""h.'i'<D-1 "'1"11> '1-A:,O .,...;:,. ~oc
10. hi-. Those were bard times. hi- 4'1 ~
oc

hard
*He has a hard look on his face. <1..-1> "'"'
C 11~A
*The bread is as hard as a rock. 'lttm- .1:'1
:>f. lf$:A
hard (adv.)
I. m1hl!" I OC'I--r-. He works hard all day.
l\C{lo 4').1 ao-11- m1hf!" (Oc'l--r-) f.oP.!.t\
2. o.-,f.A. The wind is blowing hard outside.
l\.,..,_. ~4-(lo 0.-,f.A f.~'i'<"IA
3. h'J'11ol'. Hold my hand hard when the
doctor gives you an injection. dt h.,... oocA..
1\<D.:>IJ ' l\:(1 ' h'l'114'1J ' Y1l
4. 0"111". The town was hard hit by the
storm. h-1-"'/tJJo O<tm-11- ~4-(lo 0"111" 1-'1-'1
He tried hard to do it right. 0'1-hhA 1\""F
.!-'1- 0"111" "'~
5.
His brothers treat him hard. <D1.1:''1"
=J; ..._.,....~.,. f.lltJJo:f"A
hard and fast f"'/f.?fC'i' f"'/f.I\<D'J'
In this case you cannot make hard and fast
rules. l\1.<'.11..11 ~1\ ~1C f"'/f.7fC'i' f"'/f.
1\<D'I' .lt"' A:f"<D"' t.'l-'fAI"'
hard (by)
I. '1'"1. The house stood hard by the bridge.
IL-l> J:'AJ:'f. '1'"1 ~m2. 'IC. The house is hard by the river. IL-l>

..._.,....'1'.

aJ111" .tiC

)om-

hard words ..,,.,.. :1'~'1Hard words were exchanged. ..,,.,..

1-I\'I'<Dm-

:I'~T

be hard h'l11"
It is hard for me to climb stairs. .<'.Of ""
tJJo"''t- Y'I"/1->;'A
be hard put -t-'1'1~

He was hard put to answer my questions.

l\C(lo 'l'Y<f:9''f1 1\DDDDI\(1 -M'11!" ~OC
be hard up for
I. '1'1~(m-). +r

am hard up for money.

111111 '1"'/C">;'A
2. 0"111" t.M(m-). +The country is hard up
for doctors. h1t.1> doh.'l"'f 0"111" n(J.:t-A
be hit hard 0"111" ll"'L-1> 1-~li
He was hit hard by her deceit. OJ). h.lt.<'.T
0"111" ' 11"7.1> ' -~-~ ..
be too hard on someone
You are being too hard on him. 0"111" '1"'i~'I'I\IJ

find it hard M'l'1~(m-) I V-1-(tJJo)

+A smoke addict finds it hard to stop smoking

hard-boiled

cigarettes. f(IJI'&- 1\-il'i' 11.11"&- "'1-f'J"

fll'f-11.'1'/Jt.

+He was by nature a daydreamer and found it

hard to buckle down. O.,.I.'I'C'CD- do'ltl- f
"''.qh") ll/111') ' I>I>'J"C'CD-") ' IIF&- ' OD{l11
(111 1\:J'.,...,.
take (it) very hard bAflo ftlf)o

She took it very hard when they told her of

his death . .,...,...,., {L)"I<::'t- h/Jt.!l. 1\H):f
[See also 'breathe, cash, fare, frozen, hearing,
labor, press, time')
hard-boiled :,.:,."'
All we got was some hard-boiled eggs. ll"''"l'f
't- fJI'/Jt.)CD- :jo:jo/Jt, 1\"J.,.'I/Jt. 11!1' )OC
hard-earned 0/Jt.<f.'t- f.,.1'f l 11<;:.,. f1'f
That was hard-earned money. 0/Jt.<f.'t- f.,.1'f
1"JH1I ~oc
I won't spend my hard-earned money on
trifles. ll'i"f Y,'fll-'t-"t 1"JH11 O"'',l'.t.q
)1C 'If. l>'lm<!-9"
harden (vt.) 1\m)ht.
He hardened his body by exercise. (ICD-)i>"J
O~!l"<;"ll1:h 1\m)ht.
They hardened the earth by pounding on it.
DP<I.i>"J 0""m:,Om:,. 1\m)h~'tharden one's heart Q;a.hio
He hardened his heart and rejected her request.
""h'l' /Jt.oP';''f'") I>A+OA 1>11
harden (vi.)

I. ,1'.0/Jt.'l' mmt.. The cement hardened as

it dried. 11."'1.").,...,. ' l>f~t..,. ' ~~.~~ ' ,1'.0/Jt.
..... tntnl.

2. q{l, Their courage hardened as the battle

went against them. tnC)i> l>fh'l'l'w- II.~
~ '1-1111<;'l'w- ' l>fq(l ' ~~
*His personality hardened over the years.
h1.H. 0:\'1 mqf "l't-C II'~
hardened (adj.) /Jt.!l"~'i' I f.ff
The hardened criminal will not be pardoned.
/Jt.!l"~'i'w- (f.ffCD-) m"J)!:II'i' !l".lot.'t- I>
,l'.~l."lll't-9"

The doctor's hardened attitude toward suffering surprised us. fP.h# F:J'f."J hM!I"
1\lloP.P.mC ' l>ll11.DP")
hardheaded """~ OJ'!~ f"''f./Jt.
My uncle is a hardheaded businessman.
O"J"I~ 1.1~ 1>1-1: H""~ OJ'!~ M,l'.
A

(ICJ)a

)IJ)o

hardship

559
hardly

I. 1>9"11~!1" + (negative verb). I hardly

know her. 1>9"11~9" I>'I..,..:J''t-!1"
His story is hardly true. :I'<Ill- 1>9"11~9" 1\CD)'t- ' 1>,1'.~119"
2. M9" + (negative verb). Under those
circumstances, I could hardly blame her. OH.
II 11-~;1' Mil" /Jt.OJ:jo'l't- 1>/Jt.:f/Jt.!l"
3. M9" fli/Jt. + (negative verb). We hardly
had time to eat breakfast. ell 11""11'1't- 9"
"J!I" ' fli/Jt. ' 1.11. ' l>/Jt.~Ot."JII"
4. 0/Jt.<f.'t-. This is money hardly earned.
0/Jt.<f.'t- f_,.1'f 1"tH11 )..,.
I am so tired I can hardly walk. 0"1!1"
llll~hoP't ..... .~-.... ~ ' 1\")1>, ' .,.ll'l''i'/Jt.
*He had hardly begun to speak when there was
warm applause. "J"I"I~") hoa)!: ""~ "P11
...,q..,. ' 1\ll.,._:~q
You can hardly expect me to believe that.
f")") ' f!I"';'/Jt. ' 111111 ' l>;f'll11
*That is hardly the case. )1~ I>"J'I.ll 1>,1'.~119"
hardly any
I. Mil" fli/Jt.

+ negative verb. There is

hardly any bread left. !I""JII" fli/Jt. 'Ill I>
/Jt..,.t.l.!l"
2. 1>!1"111fll"

+ (negative verb). The sea was

quiet, with hardly any waves. 1>11"111111" '1"1
~ M/Jt.)Ot. q"'~ ll'l' 1111- ~oc

hardly anybody r19'" fUA (lm- + negative

verb
Hardly anybody came to the meeting. !I""J9"
ftJ/Jt. ......... llll11(1qw- ' 1\/Jt.oP"J!I"
hardly any more M9" fUA + negative
verb
There are hardly any more eggs left. !I""J9" f
11/Jt. ' 1\").,.'1/Jt. ' 1>/Jt..,.t.l.!l"
hardly ever

I. 1>9"11119" + (negative verb). I hardly ever

go out. 1>9"11~!1" 01~ ..,.op l>/Jt.OJ"'!I"
2. gerundive + hfw-:,011". He hardly ever
goes to bed before midnight. hl>h-11 11.11.+
0.1-'t- .,.'{.,. ' hfw-:jo!l"
[See also 'wait']

hardship
I. ""h.!-. He suffered many hardships when
he was lost in the desert. bll"~I. 0'1 w-ll
'I' m<;:.,. 0)0t.O't- 1.11. 1111" ""h&- ~
t.liO't-

2. :f"lc. His boyhood conditioned him to

hardship. 0/Jt.~~., :f"IC't 119"1!,.../Jt.

hardware
hardware bit<:'l- ,.,..,."- h:J'l":f

Where can I buy hardware? bit<:+ ,.,..,."-

h:J'l":f hf'l- A~~ h:fllll,. 1

harmful to one's health. 01-'t ,.11'1- ;rh.

+ (IJI"&. "'1"'-11 lim.<; m't:t> )IDbe harmful (to) '1-.11

This custom is harmful to the country.

hard-working ile-t. .,..:..,.s;:

She is a hard-working woman. ile-t. .,.&..,.

s;: .,.,.

He is a hardworking man. 11:Cil

harness

560

1P&-T~

)ID-

hardy

O~&;l:'t

A"7Y:

~IJ

~'1-.IIA

(be) harmless
I. 1\A'I-.11,.. I tried to reassure her by showing
her that the snake was harmless. hQR- f"7
~'1-.11 OD(I').'t II<:;J"''I'II'J- 1"belt-

I. -oe.,.. A hardy soldier can march all night.

-oe-t. m:rY.e 11.11.-vt n-11- 11.~11

2. 'l-.11'1- 1\1\Y.<:II,.. A half-wit is harmless

even though he does strange things. -!:A 1\

2. :f-Ie f"7.:fA. Only a hardy adventurer

't.ll'tY: h't"'JI fll'). )~C':f"t

,.. h't\\ 'l-.11'1- 1\fY.CII,..

~:filA

enjoys climbing tall mountains. Cif:f:V" .,.&.

.:.l":f"t n"""'""'"' f"t..'-11'1- :f-Ie f"7.
:fA )';it-'1- f"7..mY: IIID- iii" )ID3. Y:e:t> f"7.:fA. This is a hardy plant and
it can grow in a desert. ~~~ M Y:e:t> f"7. :f
A 111111') R,.Y:<: R.IIIIJ:"1 ~:filA

hare 'l''t'fA
Hare breeding is expanding in America.
01\"'1&1] 'l''tlfA "7eQ'J- hf.,.llof.of. )ID-

harken 1\Jioum
The congregation harkened to the words of
the preacher. I"?.OD<;). IIQb.ID-'t 1\Jiou

"""'

harm

harmonica

llLK",.

1\~IJ

harmonious 011,.,.)'1- f"7.'l'e

Their family is the most harmonious one I
know. h'tJ'.)II- IL.,_IIil 011,.,.)'1- f"7.
'l'e "'l't't,. 1\llf,.,..

*The children play together in a harmonious

group. A,'IE'Il .,.11.,,..,.,. 1\'tY: ~~~ ~
m:J-11 A beautiful picture has harmonious colors.
ID-il FiJA f-tll"7'1- ~11<:'1- 1-:J-~R:J-A

harmonize (vt.) 1\11"7"7

(v.)

I. '1-.11. Smoking harms the lungs. ll.;.o&. "'I

m.ll ' 't'tQ't ' ~'I-JIA

2. 1\J'.bOD. The paucity of native-born engineers
harms our development. fll~e .,.mll:f:
ODII't.ll.f>:f "7)11 h~:J-:f"t't .I'J'.hOD1'A

harm (n.)
I. 'l-.11'1-. The bomb caused much harm to
the building. tt,.R- R.h'tliiD- ~ illl' 'l.11'1- ' 1\Y.<:II
2. 'l'of.'l-. How can I repair the harm done?
llmof.v.'l- '1'4-'1- V"'t AIJII 1
He means no hann by his remark. t't"'mm-
1\11.,_.l'f'l- llhof.'l- 1\~Y..II,..
do harm 1-JI
Will it do any harm if I leave it out? Qll-t<:ID-
~'1-.IIA 1
there is no harm "'JJ!"' fAr
There is no harm if there are two. ,.II,.,.
hfl'f "'Y: fll,.

harmful m't:t>
Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day is

He tried to harmonize the two factions.

,.11-l>'t m~'l':f 11"711"7"7'1- 1"b<:
harmonize (vi.) .,.11"'1"'1
These colors harmonize well. MII.IJ +11"7'1-
R"7.~Q ~11"'1"711-

harmony

I. ""1'mY:. In a beautiful picture, there is

harmony between the different colors. RID-it
FiJA ID-il'l' fAI' AI' -tll"7'1- ""1'

mY:

~:J-.I'A

2. 11,.,.)'1-. There was perfect harmony

between the two. 0,.11-1> ou'ljA 'i'S.,. II
,.,.)'J- )Oe
be In harmony .,.11"7"7

His plans are in complete harmony with mine.

.t.'tR- bm'tiL ;.oe 0"1,.. ~II"'I"'IA

harness (v.)

I. ..n. Don't forget to harness the horse!

L<:ll-'t OD"'i'J 1\'1-e't

2.

~Y.R.

The engineers harnessed the water-

fall. ""ll't.ll.f>'ll ~~ID-'t ~Y.R-

hassle

561

harness

~~~----------------~-------------------f.L~II l.:J>
The newly bought harness broke. h-'1.11 f.,.
1qm- f.L~II l.:J> .,.Omll
take the harness off L~lt-'1 ; L;IHe took the harness off and let the horse run
free in the field. .L~II-1 .L'f mi. "''.JJ

harness (n.)

II"'"'"'"

harp (v.),

6. hll:f;>&. The harsh life of the pioneers is

described in this book. f.,.1.9"'1- ooQ;lJP~
11.11'1';J& ')of: ' OH.IJ ODK"do'i' tD-11'1' .,.
1A!I..A
7. bqs:. Those are harsh terms. ftD-11- "If.
:l"l"1' bqs: <;:faoharsh treatment

on hHm-'1-r:

She was always harping on how wonderful

her daughter was. A:(. 9"1 .ftJA "1'1-9"
7.11.)0~1' hHfDo'l-tl- ;1-)"1 )0C

11.1ibc-1' oflll- 1.U. .....,.1111'1- f.f.CIIq:f'f'A

harshly""'""".,.,:,.

He spoke to him harshly. 0"70D<;.,.,:,. .,..,.1

harp (n.) 01'i"

He can play an Ethiopian harp. fh.'I-Nrn

.:aotreat harshly 11.1-1\'kl\

He treats his wife harshly. "'1..111>1 .f"l-1\

01'i" ODf.CI.C f-1-tt.A

harp player 01'i" U.ll~

f"-'1;1-A

This man is the best harp player I know.

f.tJ b"7m- :J>:fm- 01'i" 1.C'I&l"1' IN\"
'""'. )fDo

(be) harried t-11- 1ft:

My father is harried by debts. hq1: OM
t-11-Jf~

harrowing hll.,.,'i"-t

harvest

(v.)

1. 1\.0Dt:.,.. He harvested more barley this year

than last. b't9"<; f.A:,. H1S:r: oflll- 1
1111 1\.0DO::.,.
2. IlOilO. When do you harvest the wheat
around here? hrt.tJ 1111.. f9"'1-1101111-'l-
"""' )ill-

The oral examination was harrowing. f ?A

.L.,_<;m- hll.,.,'i"4: )0C
harrowing experience fiiiJ9'" h.(l:l-4:.

The plane crash was a harrowing experience.

fhfDoC'Til'). hi.;J 0"19" hii:J>-t )0C

harry
1. hll.,.,1.,. Ht:.L. The pirates harried the
towns along the coast. fqibC ' W10f..l"1' '
om.:f. 'IC f"'1..1'f''l-1 b.,..,l"1' hll.,.,
1.,.m- Ht:f.
2. h'l'hO. He harried the speaker with many
questions . .,.'i";>&m-1 Oofllt 'l'.f4: h'l'h

""'"

harvest (n.)
1. OD1iC. Because of the drought, the harvest
was bad this year. os:c 9"h1.1''1- OH.tJ
t}oo:,.. oo1io;.. oP'f'G: Hl~
2. 1\."lfoot.. The farmer hired men for the wheat
harvest. 10t.ao- 111111..ao- 1\.liODtl- Ill"
1' .,.m.:
3. '1':>. He is reaping the harvest of his mistakes. f'1'4-1>1 '1':> oou.,.OA liS'-
)ill-

hash (v.) b.,..L

He hashed the meat and roasted it in the pan.
.1":>ao-1 b'I-G: 0""'1'0lf mOIIao-

harsh
1. 'MI:,.. He is a harsh judge. '!'oft:,. 'I':'
)fDo
2. OD'I'G:. A harsh climate will shorten a
person's life. ODTG:, I ~fC I 11-i.:J"' I f(ltD-'} I iJ
1.""1. ' .fl\'l'tl-A
3. 1-C'i"'i". A harsh voice is unpleasant to the
ear. 1-C'i"'i" S:9"6 ll]f.r: 1.11 hf.A9"
4. "1f.ll':'. His harsh words bruised her feelings. f.,_'i"1tl-'l- "1f.ll~ :J>A 11"7.:1:1 1Jim-

5. !flit.. Harsh soap irritates her

!flit. ta-<; "'-'~'1'1 .fii.,."'A

,...,..1\1\T

Harsh treatment commonly befalls servants.

M~r

skin.

hash (n.) b'I-G:

I ate hash for lunch today. q4. 9"1\ h'I-G:
01111-

hashish ul(11
The government forbids the importation of
hashish. ""1"1.1"'1- ul(11 mi. 111C 1.1
J!f-1q Y.bllhiiA

hassle f:>ll op:,.op:,.

My friend had a hassle with the taxi driver
about the fare. '\1.':'\1. h;l-h{l. )~ao- :>
C 1111

'I';Jill-

f;>ll ~:,. 11.1.0::1

..

562

haste
haste :fb-~ I 'I'Y:A-Y

Why all this haste?

hatemonger

hat
:fh-~,. ('I'Y:d.YtD-)

9""JY:"J ' )tJ>o l

qc~ar

Foreign hats were introduced only recently to

Ethiopia. ffDo'il' t.1c qc~arl":f mY.

He left in haste. O:fb-~ 'tY.

t..:,.r-t;y

be in haste +"I~L

[See also 'drop, tip')

He was in haste to get to the store before it

closed. ""'-11-1- boon;>., 0.1.:,. (looY:
.:11 ' .,..,,..~..

f1ft+ O:J>C11 1.11. )tJ>o

hatch (vt.) ol.ilol.ll

The mother hen hatches her eggs by sitting

on them. h'i"1:., P.C' h"tMA f9":,.ol.

make haste d.m., hit

ll'i'lltJ>o ooo;J-+<i: ' )fDo

Make haste or you will miss the plane. 1\fDoC'T

A hen hatches chickens. P.C' "ia;a+ +.t.ll

~)o

h"JJIYooA'I'IJ ol.m"t OA

[See also 'feverish')

hasten (vt.)
I. l\4-m). Sunshine hastens the growth of
plants. fB.hJ'. oflC?"'t fc)B'I':,."t hY:-1:,. Y'l'l''i"A
2. t.+.:o. Smoking will hasten the day of
your demise. "'l""il foo'l"iJ'IJ"J +"J Y+
CO'!'A
3.
h"JY: + imperfect + l\Y-.:1. We
hastened the children across the street. A]>:'fl
DP"J1'1-"J '
h"JII.'h-1- ' 1\Y..:-n
hasten (vi.) .,."'Y.ol.
The children were hastening to get to
school on time. A]>:'fl :,.9"uc:,. IL:,. Oil'
_, (louY:.:il J'."'Y-4- )OC

.,.flo

.,.(lo '

hastily O:fh-1\

They took leave hastily. O:fh-1\ .,.il'i"O.,

hastiness :fil-M:,.
I must reprehend your hastiness. O:fh-A):,.IJ
Am:JoiliJ J'.1qA
hasty
I. :fh-A. Don't be so hasty, give the matter
more thought! h"JY.H.IJ :fil-A t.:,.,.-, t 0
"Jolll' ' ..,..,11 ' l\11110..,.
2. f:fh-~. His concession that he made a

hasty decision was all we wanted to hear.

foi.I\"I)IJJo ' f:fh-~ ' tD-1'1~ '
ou{lm.,"J .,ou)o"J 1111' )tJ>o
3. O:fh-~ YY-.:1. His hasty decisions caused
many mistakes. O:fh~ YY-.:1"" tD-1'1~ 11
,. ' ilih.,..,.:f"J ' 1\ilh.,.ll
4. ( ~ adv.) 1-<l- 1111-. He paid me a hasty
(100{1"'/..,.

'

visit while on his way to work. mF.. ' P' ~ 1\.

'tY: 1-.:. 1111- mf+'S
be hasty 1\il'fh.ll

+I wouldn't be hasty about it. M9" f"''...'il

'i'~ll:f

hatch (vi.) .,.ol.llol.ll

Three more chicks hatched today. q&, (1,1\
?'il..,. ' "lQ;k.,.:f ' .,.ol.ilol.lih"t<k~ll-'fl 0..,.11-
llol.llhatch a scheme O!r"llm.C HfF..

All the eggs hatched.

.,..I.

The rebels hatched a scheme to get arms.

"ii<i:.,.'ll r ...c OD"f6Y

C Hf-'1-

11.,.,,..,. 09"ilm.

hatchet oo'l'.:fl..l'

He cut the branches off the tree with a hatchet.

fq4-"J :t-C"t"i'i' Oou'I'.:IU' <~o.:m
hatching h"t<k~A """''~'"''~'

This is the optimum temperature for hatching.

h"J<ki\A (loo+<i:+'i' J'.IJ 1.~"1 .,.11.,"'1.
fll') ' ........,.' )IJJo
hate (v.)
I. m~. God! How I hate getting up in the
morning! 1\IL:,. I 1\1.:,. oo)..,.-,. h"JY.9"m~ I
2. hAmY.Y.9". I hate to flatter anybody.
.,-,-,,.. flll'"t Oh'l_, "'laJY.il t.AmY:9"
3. 1\H). I hate to disoblige you, but I must
leave now. A.:JIIJ illi.,A:fA Mf'i"li~Jo .,
') 0 J\IJo') 0 00'/.Y; 0 )\(lofl'S
hate (n.) 'l'~il'
He was consumed with hate for his tormentors.
q,...,.".-,. ill":f ~,. oflc., "'~"' t.Y..:o+
hateful
I. '1'1\il' f.,.oo~o:,.. His hateful remarks reveal
his bitterness towards his teacher. 'l'~il' f.,.,.
~o:,. 1\il.,.Yf., q{l.,..,6,. oooo,:-~o
'I YIIYA
2. 1\ilhd.. Murder is a hateful crime. )'I'll """I
Y.A 1\ilhd. m'IJ>:A )IJJo
hatemonger

'l'~il'

f"''.)q

'fit-A )1C fll9"

Don't listen to the hatemonger's speeches!

[See also 'retreat']

'l'~il'

' f"''. )qiJ)o') ' (IIJJo\1. .,.,.,c ' l\;J-119"'1'

have

563

hatred

~~~~~

~~~~~

~~~~~
~~~~~
~~~~~

hatred
1. 4:?". With passage of time, old hatreds are
forgotten. "LK 1 >.M'i- 1 (l.'t~ 1 f'I''H 1 -tV" 1
,I'.<: <'I~

2.

'l'~il'.

?"'IV"

I feel no hatred for him. O(l'l'~il'

~f.

fl\~?"

haughtiness :1.116'1His haughtiness offends everyone.

11-'t?" I J'll.,.f."''~

"-11~'1:

o-

haughty
1. f'l-biL'l-. His haughty words show he is
infected with pride. f'l-biL '1- 1 M ;>1<1- 1 011f-loPl;Q I oPII').'t I J'<'IJ'~
2. 'l-biLH'. A haughty girl is unpopular in
school. '1-biL.,.,. ~'1{1<:~ 1 0'1-?"tJC'l- 1 0.'1- 1
ID-11'1' I TID-'1;1\' I t.f.f.ll"f-P"
I

,:.:,.

haul
1. .,..,..,.. They used several mules to haul the
car out of the ditch. oob,<;w-'t 1 h1-~'\~ 1
ID-11'1' 1\oP'I-T'l- I 01111' I O:tll-l""f- I T1111112. t.'l'\H. The company had to use extra

6. 1\UtDT-l.. He used to haunt bookstores.

foPI\.ft'i''l-

oPf.11C""f-'t

J'HID'l-C

)flC

have (he has, he had)

1. t.ll(w-). +I have a book. oPI\'.h'i' 1 toll~
2. .rn(w-). +He had a bad cold last week.
Ql\oi,ID" I <'1?"'1'1- I tJ4- I 1-'t'i-'t I f.p')- ' ~OC
3. 0~. He had some cake before going to bed.
hOD.,.,..,

fl.!.')-

h,h

fl~.,.

~flC

*Let him have it! ( ~ keep it) :l.ll-1: 1 TID-11'1Let him have it! ( ~ hit him) 01\wRumor has it that the minister will resign.
"UII'l-<1- OL:l'.ll'fm- I P'.&-'fw-'t I ,1'.11:1'11f"'IA I "f."P""f."P":I' ..........,~
*I will not have it. :l.'t'lf.<:"l 1 t.~L:t~P"

*He wanted to marry her, but she wouldn't

have him. fi..I'1Q'l- 1 "-~' ~oc ! :l.!l-1 "l't 1 1.
?"IL I t.ll"fhad rather

,I'.ID~

~oc

I had much rather he go with you. h11C"tJ IL

't~ I 1,1D~ I

)0C

have done

buses to haul the crowd to the stadium.

*Pay the man off and have done with him!

.1.1111-'t' 1Df. 1 11;1-Y:\'"fP>" 11\"'''\'\111lJ.Q'tJ 'ID-'

0T ...."''6 ' h,..,.tl-(>"f- ' oP1~1~ I"/~ I II'~O'l

hMID"<;' ID-'IJ

have it coming

haul away atM

*When they lost their fortune, everyone said

that they had it coming. 't11<:;1-'fw-'t 1 {I.J'

The truck hauled our furniture away. oPb,<;"

ID" ' :I.:J'"f-'t't

ID(lf.~'t

tJlo

After their defeat, they hauled down their flag.

0

hll').

0:\~

(l'tf.:t

,~"'''f'ID-'t

hiD<:JI.

oP;l-ID"

haunt
1. iiU(O'l-). They thought ghosts haunted the
abandoned house. lo<;'w- 1 0.'1- tiJ<:'I".,."f-
fiiL-1-0'l-

ODM'f'w-

2. t.il0<:11. The memory of the accident

haunted him for many years. J'f.;>ID" 'l-11
:1' I 111111' I HOD't I t.ii0<:111D"
3. h.h<'oll- h~tn'i- hll. Memories of love
haunted him. ft;::,OC 1 'l-11;J" 1 h.h<'lll' t.~
tn'i- hi\

4. t.~m'i-P". The specter of the murdered man

still haunts the bouse. fT1f.l\w- ilw-\1.
OD'tLII hiJ-'tP" hll..,

h~tn'i-P"

5. t.lfO<:. The specter of war haunts every sensible person. fiPC~., 11;>'1- 1 t.il.,..,.f. il
ID"

J'lf11,&.~

7.'t\>,'t

hi\

She has it in for intelligent students who fail

to use their abilities. O"f-11-;1-'l'w- 1 f"''f.m:,O
,.. 0

haunch ID111
He hit him on the haunch with a stick. h<D111'
~ .... I OJ!.~ 0

IJ-1\-P"

have it in for mt\

haul down fttD/.1..

~~

T1~11\ID"

'1-011

~;c.f't

'1-tn~l\"f-

have it out

*We've been in disagreement about this for

a long time, and I think we should have it out,
once and for all. flH.tJ 1 ~1C 1\1111' 1..n 1 <'I
'til"''"'' I -'f.T<;'~ J h7.'t"/JI,tJ I h'tJ':
Q')- 0 11<;"fl;t\'l\'l- 0 ,1'."/f~ I ,1'.00111\ ...~

7.~

have nothing on

I. .:..,..,'t ~w-. The crazy person had nothing

on and sat by the edge of the road. 7.11.11. 1
tl-.,..,'t

ll''f' '

hoP't1~

JIC

.,..,.oPtn

2. P'.&- 1 fll(w-P"). I have nothing on for tomorrow evening. ~1 a-J~ 1 9""t9'" 1 JP& 1 fll
~,.

have on

1. 1\0il. He has his sweater on inside out.

lf.tl-(1-'t

1~1llfl

1\11{>;1-~

2. 11"'1~<:"1 1 t.iiO. What do you have on for

Easter? 114-fl.lt 1 ?"'! 1 11"'1~<:"1 1 t.ilflY~!

564

haven
have over ;JOH

We are having the Smiths over for supper.

il"'L'II"Jo; QIUL-I:'J 11~'1- ?11Uo;A
have to
I. AII(R'I-). I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. )'1 m1. 'l"Cll thl'l..r ooY.Y: h.
1111'S
2. "If: 11')(0'1-). We didn't want to but we
had to. AAI..II"I'J!I" )0C I "If: ll''l'11'J ),.
have to do with
I. R - - - 1Q. I don't want to have anything
to do with it. 01-'11< IIOD"JQ'I- AAI..A"I!I"
2. "I'J'F)'f- All(,.). What does this proposal
have to do with the irrigation project? Y.ll
mllofl booil'l',. I"~ 11:r-1: ?C M
"I'J'F)'f- All,. 1
not have to AY.1Q(,.!I")
You don't have to make fun of him. Oil- oo
-tllf: AY.1QII!I"

haven
I. "lUY. The travelers found haven at the
inn. OD'J1f."l''li 011'-1;11- "l.t..I.Y A1'F
2. oulflf1.J'. These mountains are a haven for
fugitives. M H.II ..,.~~l":f CD'J~A I.~
"""'" II"'Lf.R4< ill":f oolflf1.J' o;lf,.
havoc '1'4-'1The floods caused terrible havoc. '1-CI- ;N\
;r. '1'4-T AilhTII
play havoc with
I. R;J-T). The wind played havoc with the
papers on the desk. ).f.fl- m.t..A.'I,. loY.
no.t..,.-, m.t..,.+ o,...,.),.
2. AR'Ilf. The bad weather played havoc

with our vacation plans.

ODT:1D"

haz!':

haystack ff:C-f'li b!I"C

Do farmers in Ethiopia have haystacks?
Rt..'I-I"A'Y CD-il'l' 10'-l":f- ff:C-f'li
h!I"C Yil.,.!l""'/1< 1
(be) haywire '1-c!l"il!l"il All
Everything is haywire. 11-11- )1C '1-C!I"il
!l"il 11!\,A
go haywire DDI\ ol-mo m4Everything went haywire in the house. 1111.
II IL'I- rJoll-!1" )1C oolo :rom- m'i':I:A
hazard (v.)
*Thieves hazard arrest. II.P'Ii 1l'J Y'!l!l" oflll
CD- Y.ilC.4'11hazard one's life II$Y.CD1: Ail?("'") I O;r.
f.CD-1: ' T'l'il
Pilots sometimes hazard their lives. A"'"C'T'I
'J )l(l":f A'JJI'Jf: 1.11. II$Y.CD;J-lf
CD- Yil?lf'I'A
I would hazard my life on his honesty.II;J-"l'S
)1: o;r..r.co-1; 11'1'/lllrJo
hazard (n.) hf.:J
This dry hay is a fire hazard. Y.ll t..t.:r- "'C
fll'l- Af.? Y"""'A
The job was full of hazards. 1"~,. AI.?
fR'IR'I- )RC
be a hazard

I. 1\f.? AilhTII. Reckless drivers are hazards

to other motorists. "1.1'..11'11 )l(l":f llll.~:f-
QlloobSl":f AI.? Yilh'l-'1112. 1\il)"'. These oily rags are a fire hazard.
MH.u u.r.-r fmm- ""c.J:f- 1111'1- Yil
)"'ll-

YfC

o-t.;J- fcl.t..'i''l- 1.11. ll:r-JI:f"J'J AR'IifCDhawk (v.)

A peddler is hawking his wares outside.
1\f.~ A'Jf: flo:r- Rf..t..-1; Y.II'J 1..'11.
1\YII U""'liA
*They hawked ice cream along the beach.
bQiM JIC AY.ilh<l!l" .1.'11. 1\YII- loY.
;J-:f' Allhawk (n.) "l"A.&.'IA hawk will kill your chicken. .,_.A.&.'I- P.
C'II'J ' 'f-)'1'.4-ll:fhay f:C.f'li
Cattle must have hay to eat. h11.,.:f- f"'LRII'1- f:Cof'li II'J-'1.'l'~'I'CD- Yil.I.A?A

hazardous Af.1';'
It is hazardous to cross the desert during the daytime. !l"f:.t. RJI,.-, R.,.'J ..,ll'.t..'l' 1\1.1
';' ' )CDhaze"l"?"'
The haze kept us from seeing the mountains
.,._,..,. ' ..,.~,.:,.., h..,,,.. ' A1f.'J
hazy "1"??!1"

The air is hazy, and one cannot see the

mountains. Af-1- .,_.??'I" 111111') ..,.~~l"
'li'J "lf'l- AY.ii'A'I"
be hazy "'A~ AY.f.ll'l"
His ideas are hazy. m/111- 1Joll- "lA~ AY.f.
11'1"

he
1. l.cn- 1 J.n-. He is a student. l.n- (l.c
n-) ' T"''& ' ~"'"
2. mu:. Is that lion a he or ashe?$ lt"JOlt
m"JY: ~"'" mf.h 11.'1- ?
he is \'aJo

He is lazy. (1~<;:

~"'"

he who

perfect. He who spoke just now is

1. f
my brother. ltu-"J f-1-'i'~<:m- fl!. m"JY:'I"

~"'"

imperfect. He who leaves last

2. f'l" (7.'1")
should turn off the light. ODD.U.<:lf f"''.aJ"'
"'" ' ""ofl<!-of>"J ' "'1"1''1-'1- ' 7.110'1-

head (vt.)
I. oot-. The honored guests headed the parade.
fhofiC l."J"'P.'Il h<I\4-"J ""'~The pilot headed his plane toward the sea.
ltm-I!'TII"J H(m- ltm-I!'TII.,_"J mt. 'I
tft~IOD&-.

2. lf.'l" II'~ 1 ~Ill. ~"'". He hopes to head

his department one day. m!. 1.'1- fh'i'll-
If.'/" ' l."Jf."''.ll'"J ' -1-h'l- ' $1.C;J<I\

Our teacher heads the history department.

OD'/"11<!-:f"J ' f ;l"&h ' h'i'A ' ~~~~- ' ~"'"
3. lt"Jf.'i' II'~. My boy heads his class at
school. A:( hh'i'll- lt"Jf.'i' ~"'"
*His name heads the list of candidates.
0J.....9"'fl ' 11C'HC ' llf. ' f0D"f..OD&$11Jo ' (I
lJD

head

565

he

f'(\-

\olD"

head (vi.) l\OD<!-

you are heading in the wrong direction.

f'/":J"OD<!-fDo 0 dJf. 0 -f-ftft-f- 0 OO")~J:" 0 ~fDo
It's getting late; we'd better head for home.
l.foolf '/.!. l mt. IL'I- ofl'i'DD<!- Y.lfiiA
head off h - - - h'l~
Quick thinking headed off a collision. "J .+'I-
h"'"i"'l- ' h'l~fDo

head (n.)
1. t-h. My head hurts. t-ll."J h'l"'i'A
2. "1/'"J:,.II'I-. The head of a nail is designed
for pounding. f'l"h"''C "1/'"J:,.II'I- 1\00'/":J"
'1- l."JJI.oo';f ll''l" f-1-"'<1- ~"'"
The hand grenade blew off his head. fl.~ 11
'l"ofl "i""J:,.IIof>"J 0:1"-!-~m3. l.m-t-. He is the head of the family. fiL-l-
(l()o '

hiiJo<!- ' ~"'"

4. oo&. Heads of government will meet in

Cairo. ffoo"J"'F:J"'I- oo&l":f IJ,I'.I!' II
f. ' ,l'.hOMII-

He is the head of the firm. fh-'I"J$

5.

~lid..

aJo

I .... ~.,. I

)aJ-

6. 11..,. oo"JOC. The head of a committee

must serve for two years. fi!C"f- A.ot oo")fl
C 1\u-11'1- ~oo'l- "7~<1\~A 1.110'17. 7.11:1". He is the headofthegang. f'I-<I\Ll"'ll
hl\:1" ' ~"'"
8. M"'/'. The head of the river is located in
the mountains. fm"JH- 'I""J"i" f"''.~'rm- -1<!-<1-l"'ll ' llf. ' ~"'"
9. lt'i''l-. He stood at the head of the staircase
before descending. hoom-<:'1. Od.'l- 01.<:11'
"'" ' h'i''l- ' llf. ' .fOO
Begin at the head of the page! h~lto lt'i''l-
"f..'I"C
We were sitting at the head of the table.
hm<:A.~m- lt'i''l- .,..,.'l"m"J ~oc
10. Cl.h (pl. l.Cl.h-'1-). He arranged his
speech under four heads. "J"'"'-1-"J Oltt-'1-
hCl.h'l- hH;J"f..

11. "!':,.A. Lettuce is ten cents a head. lt"JY:

"1':,.<1\ M"' OP'C lt"J-1:'1" ~m12. (zero). He sold five head of cattle. h'l"h'l-
f.,."JY: hofl.f.';f !I'm
*He has a good head for arithmetic. do..ltofl
f.ll'~'I'A

head (adj.) 'l''i'

This is the head office. f. II 'l''i'm- ooP'&
$ ' n.'l- ' ~"'"
The head nurse will give you instructions.
'l''i''l' ~Ch 00'/"&$ '1-hnJ?f:\ll:f
head and all <1\:,.'1" hY:C1
The dog ate the fish, head and all. m-lfm- ~
"'fDo"J <1\:,.'1" l.Y:C1 Ollmhead of the bed ( = adv.) h<I\;JIIJo <1-h'l. 11,1'.
The head of the bed has a lamp on it. h<I\;JIIJo
<!-(1'1. ' llf. ' OOofl&-'1- ' hi\
heads or tails rtm-.f: tD~ll h.'lfllt
Which is it? Heads or tails? Flip the coin again!
um-s:- ~"'" mf.h lt"JOlt lt"J-1:......,.
l."J!.~'i' mcm-<:mhead over heels hAh 01\,.
They were head over heels in love. hAh 011
,. -1-'l't.m-

~oc

be head and shoulders above RAm

In intelligence, he is head and shoulders above

the children in his class. O?fll-;l"m- hh'i'A
'lf.'l''ll u-11- ,1'.0<1\"'A
be out of one's head lt.O~
The man is out of his head. {lm-\Lm- ltofi.I!..,A

566

headache
be over one's head

1.

hO~.

Arithmetic is over my head. .h.'l11

f.h11~"'A

2. h:Y..II-;1-w- Mf. 11"~(0'1-). The mathematical problems were over his head. fdtJI:fto
TC'11/I.'I":Y.. h:Y..II-;1-w- O'lf. IJ").O'Jbring to a head hLl.m
The committee's new position brought the
entire matter to a head. 1..C.,.. rmfi1..CD- h
-'1.11 1>!11?" ~~-1-'t l>l.<:mw-

headdress
keep one's head laf..il"OC

= _,,

He kept his head during the riot. OrJ.h-lo 1..

U ilf.lfOC .f.f
lose one's head
I. <;'Ia>- fl<:. When the fire broke out he
simply lost his head. ~mA-m- 0+).., 1 "LtL

"",. ' fl<:

2. ++~. Many innocent persons lost their
heads in the French Revolution. Ol.<:'tilf. 11
11C 1..U 11,. (l9':Y.. .I'll "'im.h;J-'I'w-

come to a head

.,..,.II-

1. .I'Omw- """-'t.ll-1> hf.+C?". The situation in the country is bad, and it will come to
a head sooner or later. 11~&:1: .I'II:Y..O'I- tH
~ ~ OO"f'L"! ~m- 1 ma~ ~ h.Y:t: .romm- oo
I. 't.ll-1> hf.+C?"
2. .,.>t<:<:. The quarrel between the two
countries came to a head, and war broke out
between them. OrJ.II-1> I>~C':Y.. oo>thA .1'
11w- m11 .,..,C' tnC~'J- .,.)!oo<:
3. +4.4-oo. The struggle for power came to a
head. P'A"''t IIOO.f11 .I'll,. '1-"IA

(not) lose one's head ,&.(to'}

.,.-~.-~.-

cry one's head off

The child cried his head off. A:( l'.CC 1111-

1>11+(1
from head to toe

He was wet from head to toe. h&-il K.,..-r

l'.llh l'."lc '~'"''~- .~:-.:11 cf> ~oc
go over one's head
1. hll4... I don't want to go over the teacher's

head and appeal to the principal. 1>11.,."'/&a>'t />A.A. liP'&- oo&w- Ml.-1>:1' "'':r.<:11
I>AI.A"I?"
2. P'A."').'t .,._,-~.. I don't want to go over
his head. P'A"').'t IIOO:>of.'l- I>AI.A"I?"
go to one's head
I. &-(1- 'If. "'"' The whiskey went to his
head very quickly. 'f!llh.w- .f-11- &-(1- 'I
,

IDtiJ

2. '1-<10.'1- 1>~<:0'1-. Success has gone to his

head. llll.,.o't>tll'l- '1-<10.'1- 1>.1:-C'O;I-A.
have on one's head

Because of his reckless driving he now has

the deaths of three persons on his head.
0"1.1'.1111 M-'1.11. f"11'1- (lw- ihf.m'l-
h'l''i';I:A.

hold

(~ne's)

1 +'ILIIJm~

The most important thing is not to lose your

head. 'l'<;w- ~~c &-11111' --t."'mC ~w
make head or tail 0"1'&-11 .,.<:.ll(w-) l ~q(w-)
I can't make head or tail of that poem.
.l"t't "1'1'?" 0"1'&-11 lloo<:-'1'1- I>A:Y..A.?"
Can you make head or tail of what he says?
f"''.lla>- ' f.~qfA.
march at the head of OD&o

He marched at the head of the parade. (IA.4-'t

f.-&-

~oc

put heads together 1>1'.1:- 'If. />{l!l-(0'1-) I

.,._,h-11 am sure that if you put your heads together,

you will find a solution. 1>1'.1:- 'If. 11:1'1111-0
'1- ' (11'1-->th-1-) ' -"''~-"'- ' l'.'t~?";l-~1'11'1- '
l'.C"Im"' ~'S
stand head and shoulders above A_, :1-f
He stands head and shoulders above his rivals.
h_,.ID-'1.11&9'<J; rJ./1- A.f. f.;I-.I'A
turn one's head
I. h-&-'1- l>o't~<:. Praise will turn anyone's head.
?"il:J<; O"'''t,.,.?" nw- 'If. h-t-'1-

.l'o't.I:-&-A
2. f - - - .,.~'fr II"~. Don't let flattery turn
your head! fh't-lo w-.1111. .,.~:rr 1>'1-rJ.'t
[See also various nouns and verbs with 'head'
such as 'bare, bow, roof']

headache f&-11 ?":J-'1I have a bad headache and cannot go to school.

"'if.ll"' f&-11 ?":1''1- IIII.I'H'S ID~ _,."'/
& , 0.'1- oo'f..l:- I>A:Y..A.?"
give a headache t:-(to'l }lfaODovm-

This noise gives me a headache. .e.u 1 AJ.AJ.;t-

&-(l.'t 0 .f{)?"OO"'t\.

head down .,..'lOll hl\

He held his head down to show me that he

was bald. -'l"'a>-'t ll..l'o'tf'S '1-1'011 1>11

headdress
I. fli-..C hw&-C. She changes her headdress

headfirst
every day. fli.,.C

,,.,a-,

Rf4'). '1-11

'I'ID"m'l'll'f-

2 1-LC. He wore a headdress made of a lion's

mane. >t'JR<'t :>"'1 f+wt. '1-.I.C II
0(1

3. lfil. The women wore headdresses made

of colorful cloth. 1'1..,.,; h'fr-,.c.,.c ..,c:,.
f+"'<~- lfil hit<!"'" ~ac

headfirst t.(l.'J <I!A<I!A

A.JIA h.X"Ci ID':}t- ftJ'oilT mit+

jump headfirst RY:'J1'1- TAO:,. hi\

~11

The miners' headgear is made of steel.

f"''~Y:

'J ~of.t:l"'li ~11 h11<!'1- f+wt. ~,.

heading 0.11
Can we lump all these items together under
one heading? MH.U'J ~1C':f Q'JY: Ch11
FC A'im:I'A~'I'ID" h'J'f-~11') l

Dim your headlights while driving in the city!

h+"'' ID"11'1' 11'1-~-'1 f.I.T 0011<1-'1-U
') 004'~11 hi\11U

dash headlong 0.(-1'1+ "Ill

Chasing the ball he dashed headlong into the

street. l>.!t'J (IJ'QCC RY:'J1'1- oo'J1Y:
111

He plunged headlong into the river. CD"tlf<lffl-

""'

1fl

He is a village headman from Sidamo. R(t.-'1'1

.,~,. ID"11'1' "1!':1' lf.9" ~ ....

headmaster .11.6-h+c
He is a headmaster of a secondary school.
fll-11+'1 f..<!)f 'I-9"UC't- 0.'1- .11.6-h+C ~,.

Five died in a

1. '1-t-11. He rolled up his blanket and used it

as a headrest. 11CY: A11(l.'J O"''I'C:: '1t-11 ' hf..<!11D"
2. fn..,:,. '1-t-11. Ethiopian women use headrests instead of pillows. h..'l-f-*Y"'"n 1'1.-f-:f
at.e:,. -r.:-11 .1-'J:l' fn ...-r -r.:-11
J'.'J+t-<'111-

headset f]f.C'

"''JIOO"""

Does this radio need a new headset?

~tJ ~

Jl.f- h-'1.11 f]f.C" "7-'!oP"'i Y11.1.A1'1'A I

The straps of the headstall broke. ff./r'ID"

m'i'C +Rm(l

1-'1- 114.'1-

head~on

h!l. 0"19" .hitO "1'1-C'i I\OO'i&"'mC9"

hil'l':>tl fll"~:f -;:,.

The headwaters of the Nile are in Ethiopia.

f'tqf.

nm h..'l-r-wy

headway, make

ID"11'1' tiD"

wu-r 14-

There have been many delays, but we are at

last making headway. 1111- ODII"If'l- +f..C

wu-r '

fiOO"Iof-

make little headway h9"11~9" hA+it>tll'l-9"

The club made little headway in raising funds.

headman "1!':1' lf.9"

head-on ( ~ adv.)

~a.:-'1',.

'iA l ll"'l'9" OOOtD.GlffD"

,. ~f.<)')

plunge headlong Rt:-.lt- lfll- '111

I

headwaters M"'!'

He rushed headlong into a fight. 'tf.).'J ""

IJ!q" mil- 1 W'"ia'l' Hit- r 111

fl,t..(to

~:,.

She is very headstrong and hard to control.

hCh11+ liS

headlong 'tf.).') ""'i''l'

). m:,O~y. ('P'i) oo9"6Y"'" .,.,..f..a

2. 'l''i' ooF ~~ o.:r-. The salesmen were

always in touch with headquarters. hlflf""''li

headstrong .h<'IR "1'1-C

The headline read, "War is declared". h0.11+

H.'ifD" tnc~-r :l'w)! f"''.A ~ac

{)tp

1. m:,O~y. oo9"6Y l 'l''i oo9"6Y. This

officer was attached to headquarters. oo\too")

headstall 4-ir'

headlight fl-'1- oo11t.'I-

fD'it'l' r

headquarters

headrest

He jumped headfirst into the argument.

hch~ ID"11'1' RY:'J1'1- TAO:,. hi\

headgear

'1-'i'J'I-'i ooh.'l':f 1-'1- 1\1-T + :>"'l'+ID"

h9"11'1- ...., . '1"1-

II-A1.tl.. h'l''ifD" ODJP6Y 11.'1- :>C "I'J"F

hY:Ci

He dived into the water headfirst. t-(1.') 4!

headline

headway

567

collision yesterday.

hOlt 1'JII11 fiOD{t11(111 <!1Y:

hA+it>tll'l-9"

h9"11~9"

make no headway

1. M9" h~<!19". They made no headway

in solving their problems. II:f"lt.'I'ID" ""'~''~
.h. 11"'1"11''1- 9"')9" h~f..<!.,.9"
2. Wf..l-'1- (1.14- hAil'l\9". They made no
headway against the strong winds. R"1J'.II'1 ~
of-11 9"h'JY'I- wU'I- (1.14- hAil'll-9"

568

heal
make slow headway hH'1tiD
We made only slow headway in the deep snow.
O'l't\'1< O<:P.. a>-!1'1' hH~9"'J

heal (vt.)
I. h-'1). He healed the wound by putting
medicine on it. "'llll-'t OD.i:";)t'l- hill!' h'l)a>2. hllm~S'.. He tried to heal the split between
the two sides. 1\cn- Ou-1\-f: m~'i""'f ooi]IJ
A ~1\a>-'t hi\OD"'qq'l- 1\"''llm~.~:- 'l"h<:
heal (vi.) m~) I 'I)
The fracture is healing slowly. llofl&.-1: 4'11
04'!1 Mm~) )a>The wound is not healing properly . .,.!111-
OS'.'tofl hA.I:"'t hi\
be healed

J.a

The wound is not healed yet. "'llll-

'1)1"'

~.,

hA

healer -~t.,.';'
The healer resurrects the dead, so some people
say. h't'l't.l:" (IJ"";f -~t.,.';'a>- f'l"-!:'1't ~~A f.illlhealing
*The healing of the wound took several
months. "'1111- llf..l:"'t ofiH- m&.'l- ol'f
health
I. m.'t)'l-. Though he is very old he is still in
good health. 9"'JI"' 1\'t\\ 0"11"' 11..1'<:~ m.
't)-f: hA:f"mhl"'
2. fm.o; hmqo:jo.Comprehensionofthefundamental principles of health is essential. ou,.
<::J-'1! fm.o; hmqo:jo H.l'.'t "''m:jo h
111..11"1. ' )a>Ministry of Health fm.o; '1'0-"' "ttM:C
The Ministry of Health distributed drugs
against malaria to the people. fm.o; '1'0:1'
"ttM:C fmq ooM~ ou.~:";)t'l- llo"b11
of! ' OS'.I\
drink to one's health 1\ - - - m."JtT R"tfl' ~

M"'
We all drank to the bride's health. u-il"'f'tl"'
1\ou-ii&;J: m.'t)'l- IM'"'f't't M"''t
public health fm.o; '1'0:1'
He published a pamphlet on public health.
ill\ ' m.o; ' '1'0:1' ' ."1-"Jii ' ODJI'm'i' 0 hiD"!
[See also 'bad, ill, low, poor']
healthful m.o; f"t!l'l'
Children must eat healthful food. A"/l."'f m.
.. ' f"t{IRJ:fm-') ' l""''ofl ' ODoflil'l- ' hl\q:fa>-

heap

healthy
I. m.o;"''. She looks healthy. m.o;"'' ."1-0DMI\";f
2. m.)';'. A healthy body presupposes a proper
diet. m.)';' hiJA 0"""'-" l""''ofl ilf.
f1-DDrP~+ I )oaJo
3. 1\m.o; .,.!1"7"1. This is not a healthy
climate. f.ll hfC 1\m.o; .,.!1"7"1 hf.S'.
Ill"'
4. :j-1. The minister's healthy attitude toward
education was acclaimed. "ttil'l-~ llll '1-1"'
uc:r- ~~~..,. :j-1 hil.,.~f'l- .,._1'11)
keep healthy O"t~q ' ~H
Farmers diversify crops to keep the soil healthy.
hl..~'t O"t~q 1\0D~ ~Ot.l""'f (loflll-'t
~1\'l'a>-"111-

keep (one) healthy Om.1)'1- h'i"&

His ahstention from alcohol kept him healthy.
hhAI>A oumo Om.1)'1- h'i"l:a>stay healthy Om.1)'1- ol'f
We have to keep fit to stay healthy. Om.1)'1-
1\0D.f.f'l- (la>-);f-"'f1't oomo+ ' hl\111

heap (v.)
I. .,._1111(.,..,.1111). He heaped my plate with
food. ll.n~ ilf. l"'"'ofl .,._1111
The table was heaped with all kinds of food.
m<:A.~a>- ofiH- 'lf.H- l""''ofl .,_.,._AII-0'1-
)OC
2. IJou<:. The farmer heaped grass in the
comer of the shed. ~Ot.a>- "1~1 01"/l. F
C hou~ro3. "")(0'1-). The boss heaped work on the
secretaries. 1\ll~m- ~dtLSJJ~ t\f, JP &-
""l)q:f..,.
heap on (upon)
I. ofiH- hS'.l:~(ll'l-). He heaped gifts upon
me. ofiH- !IIP;f- 1\S'..<:~A"i
2. f - - - ou'!'l- hiDl:S'.(O'I-). The man heaped
insults on his enemy. (lm-"m- Oml\1: 1\f,
fil.l:"ofl OD'l'l- hm<:S'.O'Iheap up hh"'i:f
He heaped up riches by dishonest dealings.
O"'i"l"OCOC llofl'l- hh"'i:f

heap (n.)
I. hi"'C. There is a heap of books on the
table. m<:A.~a>- ilf. fOOX'oh'i' hi"'C hi\
2. "'AA. They put a heap of saud by my door.
S'."l/:1.. ilf. ~lf'l' "'AA h!l4'oumheap of oPqT
That's a heap of money. oP'\o+ 11'Hofl ~aJo

heart

569

hear

*The hearing was set for June sixth. 1--'11' II

heaps of ofiii-

We have heaps of books for sale. f"''.lf m- 11

(I~ 11~11+

If- ODK".hG::f ' 1\/lo')

give a hearing hChC ft-'fioom

[See also 'pile']

The judge gave both sides a hearing. Jl>:'tJJo

hear (heard)
I. (l"l. I didn't hear anything. ?"')?" IIA(l
"liJo'l"

You must hear what he has to say. l\(lo f"''.

1\tJJo') ODII"l:f- I\1111U
2. -t-(l"l(tJJo). I hear someone coming. f(l,.
1>-1: ' f.(l"l>:'A
3. -1-4'011. They refnsed to hear our side of the
argument. ooll-'\:f'J 11~1<1- no<:"J'J II
11-1-.l'f+ 1114'0.1\'1" 11114. tJJ~ (l"l ltJJ~ ~<:(l(tJJo). Have you heard
from your friend? 1111 'l~>:'u tJJ~ (l"lU 1

I hear from her once in a blue moon.

m~ttt

f"'/.~(l'S ' 0'tOD:f- ' 1\').<',. ' ~tJJo

5. llf. The judge heard three cases today.

"~ -'!>:',. v>M 1--'1\'":f Ill'
*Well then, I will expect to hear from you.
l\1"1-'I.U ODol\l\h+u l\1-'l.~e(l'S l\mfiO
:I'IIIJo
hear {one} out hilta.C... }\~oum
Hear me out before you do anything! '!"')?"
h"l~<:"IU Rt.:J- 1\IIQ;I,e{IU 11~'/"m'S

lttJ.D'7
He couldn't make himself heard above the
noise. h""l'"l;J-tJJo 11'1+ f-1-~"1 ~11-1
make oneself heard J.':9"1Jo1'

IIJ(l"l IIA;t'll?"
{I) won't hear of 11.1\.L:,O~

I won't hear of anyone's tearing my books.

"l'J?" (ltJJo OOI\ih'i'-1:1 l\'J-'1.4' ~ IIA
.r.:,.~.,.

hearer h~"l"fl"
When he made the speech, his hearers did not
agree with him. 1"1"1e '1~<:1 1.11. II~

"""'li h(lo ;>e IIA-1-II"l"""'l"

hearing (n.)
I. ooll"l+. Hearing the good news made him
happy. 'No n.o; ODII"l-1: 1111~(1-t-tJJo
2. ;1!". The old man's hearing is poor.
f"ii"l"l/l.tJJo ;1!" ~IJ"l ~,.
3. fODII"l+ :fir';J-. One's hearing often becomes obtuse in old age. R"ii'I"""A<;" 1.11.
fOOII"l:f- ' :ffr':J'" ' f.~h"lol\
4. f4'ml!" 4''). The company's attorney failed
to show up at the hearing. fh-fi'J.I'tJJo mO
:1' R4'ml!"tJJo 4'1 .-,y.4'e11 4'<:

11.(1"'1 -t-4'm<:

f~Jo/1-t:'J'I" mn hebe 11-'l""m

hard of hearing f""ll"l+ :f"le .I'IIR+
(ltJJo

Modern aids are helpful for the hard of hearing.

HtnHO'f! """'"'-"~:f f""ll"l+ :f"le .l'fl
n+"J ..., . II.<:.C:. Y.:f~~~o

(be) hard of hearing

My aunt is hard of hearing. llhll-1: ;1!"'1'

ll'l'e-1' 1\f.(l"l~:f-'1" (l\;E-"1'1" 1\:f-(l"l'l")
within hearlns

*Mother stays within hearing of the baby.

l\<;":J-:f'J ihY't-1 A:f-(l"l h?":f-:fAR+
11:1'" ' :f-4'0D"'fl:f

hearsay (n.)
I. 1111-fiA:J-. I do not believe it; it is merely
hearsay. 1111-fiA:J- llflrT~ llol\4'0/ltJJo'/"
2. 011"'1. 11"'1. fof-11" tJJ~. Hearsay is not
admissible evidence. 011"'1. 11"'1. fof-11" tJJ
~

Ooo<:lj"~+

.,..,. .. ,.~+ llf.'l" l:tJJo?"

heanay (adj.) fll"''. ll"'t

Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in court

because it cannot be substantiated. fll"''.
II"''. ?"llhe~+ 11.<::>1'1' llfl"lf.:fA '~'
11.-1: IIY.4'0IItJJo?"

e~

hearse f~.., ooh.<;

You can rent a hearse in Addis Ababa. fiJI.
II 110'1 f"''.h&-1' f~.-, ODh.<;~:f /Illheart
I. Aofl. He has a weak heart. All-
~

....

~.,.,

2. ""1LII. The losing team had plenty of

heart. f-t-lf~L"'" 11-~1 "No ""1LII ~o
<:tJJo

3. ""HI". I intend to get to the heart of the

quarrel. fmfl-1 ""~II" ll"lm:,O l\LA;>II~Jo
4. tJJoll'l'. The heart of the palm tree is very
succulent. fH'Jflfl "11~ tJJollm- 0"1?"
~)ID'

5. ooiJhA. The Saint George Church stands

in the heart of Addis Ababa. r:,O.c:.ll 1.1'"e1.
II 11.-1- hell-1:.1") 11-'1.11 110'1 h_,..,
ouiJhA f.1>:'A
6. 'i'~ ~1e. A good essay gets right to the
heart of the matter. '1''1- ~e(l+ f'l--'11'1
'i'~ ~1e 0'1'.1\~ f.OD.I:?"&-.1\

heart

heart attack

570

heart and soul bAR-

not have the heart hAI..Ll.tJO

She is in this work heart and soul. JP ~aJo"}

A!l. :,..,6-ll?f

After he tried so hard, I haven't the heart to

tell him he failed. f-11") YIIA h"'~ fl:\~

(his) heart sank All- '1'1111 hll

His heart sank when he heard about the
accident. llll hi.;J fill"'/ 1.11. All- 'I'll

YA.,.<'ll1ll:,. ""ll')."t A~"I~ID- hA~'i'C?"

one's heart is in the right place OAil" tJO'l'
?" hf.A

II hll
after one's own heart

The old gentleman may have a stem manner,

but his heart is in the right place. 11"'1"1/l.tJJo

*He is a man after my own heart. "-()- bAR.

..._11'1 f-""MII- l flAq'f,. "l"t ?""t?"

hf-11-

f"''L'I>~ID- lltJJo ~,_

at heart OAR--

put one's heart and soul into

At heart, he is really a good fellow. flAfl- fl

He puts his heart and soul into his work.

"-COlT

'J"?. I {ltD-

hAfl- 1"&-ID-"t '-"'&-A

)(Do

break one's heart Afl-"}

put more heart to

)tuDo

The story of his misfortune broke my heart.

f~~(lfl:,. ""TI:: h:>"'"'l. AIL"t ~h-r-:f"A
by heart fl:I'A
She learned the poem by heart. "IT.,.."t fl:l'
A

cry (one's) heart out ll:-1-il.:'fo

11/tt> h.ll+(l

F~

She had set her heart against selling the picture.

>."t~1'i' ' <'lf-11 ' ~~~ hll'1

have a chan1e of heart dtltfl-1' {lmm

He had a change of heart and decided not to

punish the hoy. dt<'lll-"t lltJJofll A)l:"t <'I

""'"'"'" ..,.~

have a heart C'l?-1

)ID"

He has a heart and cannot stand to see others

suffer. c.-..;..,-, i'llltr) f(UD<1' oow:f>f-l- :
11?" ill\- "''f:,. hY.?f-A?"
havf! at heart

*I have your best interests at heart. -\1'T

>."t.llf.if'l' h'l'il:l' .,_,..,_"'/ ~flC

set one's heart on :}:}

When her husband died she cried her heart

out. q!l. f'l".,. 1.11. 11'1>11'1> il~ hll+ll"'f
do one's heart good ~il 1tll(to-)
It does my heart good to see you again.

~"I

ll"t

set one's heart against 1t'1'11.fo 1 +,?tJJOD

1"~11-

hm'i'?ftJJo

A'I."

Put more heart to your work! hAilll 1"&-

v-

h{lq{lu-

He set his heart on a car. ODh.'i

'I';!: A

At10"'2Jt-l- =1

take heart +Jt'i'i

Her son's death was a great blow, but she

eventually took heart. fA)!. ,..,.:,. :I"~ 'I>
h~:> ~flC ! "l"t 'N'~C .,.ll''i''i'ltake heart ! h.elfll

Take heart! This trouble will soon pass. hf.PII'

f-11 ?f"lc -r-11- YAof.A
take to heart
I. liAR- .,.ll"''(ID-). He took his father's
advioe to heart. yq., ?"he liAfl-
"'/ID2. hll..._~.,. l .,.fl<'l"'-. +Don't take the defeat
too much to heart! ""lf~4- fl"'?" hYII"'"t'l>ll (or, llll.,.lf~'i'h fl"'!l" t.:r-fl<'l"l")

.,.(1

have (one's) heart set on OIIJ,.. q.;J

to (one's) heart's content

He had his heart set on buying a house.

Eat to your heart's content! >.llh:r-m"lil

IL:,. il"""lq:,. fl"'?" '\'1'-r- ~flC

II il~

have (a) kind heart

with all his heart 11"t:t':i>

He loves her with all his heart. 11"t:t':i> f.m-'1

He has a kind heart.

C..,~..,

~,.

in the heart of aJoilT

Robin Hood lived in the heart of the forest.

f!"fl"} I &Y: r -J,l}Q)o I liJol\T I ~ t:;
lose heart +1'14. ._l.m
He lost heart during the long struggle to
achieve success. '1-1\...,aJo.'l h""lofl s AO'f_(-l.ll r
ilt~ h"'~ fl:\~ .,.llof. 4'.~m

~~

:f"A

[See also 'depth, desire, harden, heavy, lighten,

pure, soft, soften, sore, steal, story, talk, tear,
tender, throb, wring']

heart attack fAil

~11?"

He died of a heart attack. hAil ~11?"

~

'fP+

f.,.~

heathen

571

heartbeat

---------- --------

heartbeat fA11 +e:r

He has a rapid heartbeat. fAll- '1-e;J- I.
an. tmheartbreaking 1.~"1 f"'L..'<'l111
He told me a heartbreaking story.
"'1..1'<'1111 ;J-611 h""ia>-1-~

1.~"1

' f

heartburn :J>e
He suffers from heartburn. O:J'e f-u>:J'fA
hearten hO<:;J-;J- l M'.-1-1..<:
This good news will hearten you. J'-U 'No
U'\" fO<:;J-;J-?A
The officer's unflinching courage heartened his
men. fODb-1). f"7S'-01e ~"11t.., IP~1
hl'.'i-1..<:
heartfelt hA11 f""t""
You have my heartfelt sympathy in your loss.
Ol'.<:fl11U 1-J!'I- hA11 fout"" f.hH1
"7~'\"'"i Y.I'."<:IIU
hearth '1"1'."71;
There were bellows on the hearth. O'J"I'."JI;m1\J'- a>'\"<;: tO<:

heartless "'l..'"f
The heartless ruler ordered women and children
1.
killed. "'l..'"fm- 111;
1'1.11'.11- hHH

,...,.:y.., ..,,..,..,.

(be) heartsick 0"1'1" hHt

The children were heartsick about leaving their
friends. A;l>:'ll h'il'.'l'!l''l'm- ODDIIf:J-'1'.,.
O"''l" 1>11t.,. toe
1.~<;

hearty
I. hA11 fout ..... They gave the minister a
hearty welcome. ll"''..tll'l--1- hA11 foot""
h+QOA 1".1'.<:1-11'12. hT.:>O.. A hearty meal satisfied her hunger.
h'l'."0. '1""111 l:-1!1.1 h<:ltll-l3. ( ~ adv.) hA11. He gave his hearty approval
to our plan . .h<'IQ:f-11 hA11 -1-+0II<D*He is a hearty eater. IfJ!. '1""111 o Y.+MA

:r:tt

He is young and has a hearty appetite. mtJJ+ :

lllllft ' 1111" ' ODOD1ofl ' J'-:fi\A
[See also 'hale']
heat (vt.) M"+
f
A stove heats the house. 'I" 1'."71; ' 11...,1
'I":J'A
heat (vi.) 'I"+
The soup is heating slowly. ll"eqm- +II 0
+II J.f'l"+ tmbe heated

'P'+

The room is well heated. 11<;:11- 01'.111 Y.

'I":J'A
heat up (vt.) h'l"+
I will have to heat up the water first. oo~oo,:
f fDo;)<D-1 .,.,.,. 1".1111~
heat up (vi.) ;JII
This engine heats up quickly. .eu fJP+C .,..
II- ' J'-"11\A

heat (n.)

heartily hA11
We applauded heartily. hAQ:f-1 1\""0""111
She set to work heartily. hA!I. Ftl- +
mll:f
We ate heartily. hAQ:f-1 01\1

heart-to-heart ( ~ adv.) A11 IIA11

I had a heart-to-heart talk with him.
1.(1- A11 IIA11:-I-""ia>'l-1

have a hearty appetite .... ,.. oPOD111:

.,...,...,1

I. ....,..-,., I cannot stand the heat .

hA!I'Ah-'1-'1"
2. fB.hJ'- .hol-e. He was overpowered by the
heat. f8.hf.1 .hol-e 11.!1/!1/'J" hA!I'II'J"
3. "7'1"4:f. We include heat in the rent.
fll..., 11.6-Y. f"7'1"4:ffDo1'J" .,;J ,. .... ,..
6-A
be in heat

7f AJ.

Be careful! That mule is in heat. f'f 0'1>11-

lf'i'J!II:f'\" -l-m1+'1>
in the heat of "'ll- <'Ill l -!--1-'i''l" ' <'Ill
In the heat of the debate, many foolish things
were said. hello;. "'ll- (-!--1-'i''l") <'Ill 11
,. f"7J'-<:II- t11!':f -i"t1-lwith {considerable) heat O;JI\ 11"1.-l-

He spoke with considerable heat. 0."11 11"'1.

..,. -1-'\"1<:
[See also 'wave']
heated (adj.) f;JII 1 f-1--1--1-oo
A heated argument developed about who
should be the leader. "71 hii:J' """1 1.1
.1!110'1- 11oom111 f .:>11 helle -1-1'.<:1
Their durable friendship withstood many a
heated argument. ~). flftm- 'il'.~t;J-'I'm-
1111" f-1--1--1-ou hehC"t -1-!li.,..":LA
heathen h<:ou~f'l!
There are heathen tribes in some parts of the

heating

572

world. qM-,.1:- f'tll!l" h'i'll-:f IIGOD

1,1"1! )71'-:f 1&1'1'11-

heating .,'1"4:.1' M)('

This type of heating is very economical.
fiUJ 'tf.H .,'1"4:.1' )'I)(' f.oJ<'l"qA

heave (vt.)
I. n1n:,. :f-Ie llm"'. The mason heaved
the stone to the top of the wall. -nn'l'm- ,_.,
'1..1'.,.., mn:,. :f-Ie h"'J:--1-'Im- 11<;:,. ~
, ltaJIIJID'"

2. n:f-le mt:mt:. He heaved the rock into the

water. J!"'};Jf."} n~c mY. m-;jm- mllT I 6J~8Jl,
heave (vi.)
I. "1-11 1111. The ground heaved during the
blast. R.I.
'l.li """-"" "1-11 1111
2. h'i' 11:,. 1111. The waves heaved during
the storm. R.,6ntr 'l.li '1"7.11. h'i' 11
:,. 1111

.,l[.,.

3. "'" "'" T)ol.(l. He sat there heaving

from the effort. h.J:-I}oo- fT)"' "'" "'" II
fT)ol.(l .,..,,..m
4. ( ~ trans.) H. +His chest heaved with
pride. 11-.:.:,. All--, )-1-mheave on fl"''t:-l- 40

They heaved on the rope. 70DJI.., n'l"t:T

heave a sigh of!'i"'

..,a-

T~L(t

He heaved a sigh and remained silent. "'" .,.

)ol.(l<; ll'l" 1111

heaven ,...,..,,....,. {1"'/J'T

I am going to heaven when I die.
..,.....,. (1.,,..,. ll7qll.,.

(1'1":,. .,..,

heavens l\"7f,

Meteors flashed across the heavens every night.

TdJe1'tl l>hll:f .,;1- .,;1- ' (l.,f. ~f.
11heavensl IIILT IIILT I
Heavens, what a cold room! IIILT IIILT
h'i'll- 1\.,S'....,. 4'1f:J-q )dJo!
for heaven's sake llll ~'IH.lt-flda.C -tll\U
For heaven's sake, stop that noise! illl 1 J\"7H..
llofl.h.e ofiiiU ,.,., ""1""1:1" 119" 11(1'1
good heavens! '1-Y: II"~Au-!
Good heavens! I've lost my watch. 7-.1:" 11'
'1'1111- I (l'tI:"J "'AII-T
- move heaven and earth ,.....,.,.. fl.ooiiJ
She promised to move heaven and earth to be
there for the wedding. 'I"T!I" 11."""1 ll(le
7- II.,S'.!I"T7'1 711ll:f

,..,.b-..

heavy

heavenly
I. f(l"'/f.. The sun, moon and stars are
heavenly bodies. lldtf. "'-G:J-<; h1'hofiT
f(l.,,. lilt~..,. .,.,.,.
God is our heavenly Father. 1\"'lf.llofl.h.e f(l
.,,. llq;J-:f., )dJo
2. ofi~U. It was a heavenly day. ofi~U .,., )
ne
3. 0"19" IIM..,:f. This garden is a heavenly
spot for picnics. J'.U J'ThAT 11:1" II
"lie"lie n"'!l" II(IS'...,:f )m[See also 'kingdom']

(be) heavier h--- hRS'.

This table is heavier than that one. J'.U mG
A.q hlf.S''I'm- J'.hofi'IA
become heavier

1)(1

Her troubles became heavier and heavier.

:f-lif. llfq(l 'tS'.

heavily

n-~Y.A

It rained heavily on Tuesday. "'/h{t'l'

1111:,. 11<;!1" n-lY.A "'ll
heavily loaded oflrr- "'P)T fT"'i)
The heavily loaded truck broke down. oflll-
"'1').-,. fT"l)m- ""h." .,.{tnt:
weigh heavily upon

J\~ODY.

Cares weigh heavily upon him. :f-Ie 11.,..:.

!1"1'-;1-A
[See also press']

heaviness hq.J:-)T
The heaviness of the air is due to moisture.
S'f~ hq.J:-)T hTl- fT)"' )m A great heaviness lay on her heart. hq.J:- dt
u-, ' T"'PS::'"A

heavy
I. hq.J:-, A heavy box fell on my foot. hq.J:-
"1'1"., 11"14. ~" dJS'.4'ofl'1

Raising children is a heavy task. A;l('f"J .,..,,_

.., hq.~:- .,...,qe )mThe President's responsibilities are heavy.
I'T&.II.-'1-,-Io -1'\,MT hq.J:- )tJ>o
He ate a heavy meal before he went to bed.
h,...,.'l'-~o no~.:,. hq.~:- !l""'ofl n'l
2. h'i' .1'111 h'i'T'I'. He had to pay a heavy
fine. h'i' Yll ""+""1 ""hoi.A )Rt:n:,.
The expenses for the wedding were heavy.
f{le'Jo .,..., h'i' .I'll ~ne
The heavy taxes ruined the merchant. htj:.,.;;: =
;1-hil );>S'...,.., ' 1--'1....

hedge (vt.) hm<:

He hedged the garden with fiowering plants.

3. 1\.r.. His heavy bones make him look fat.

1\,1. ' h'J''tofo ' ID'U-'/" ' 1llf1Dll{l'l'l i\
4. ID'i'.l-'1". He wore a shirt of some heavy cloth.
hiD'i'<!-9" ""'::J> f-1-M 1"'1.11 MI{l ~
nc
5 .l:"il't 1ll. Heavy sleep is not easily dis
turbed . .(-il't 1ll 7-'t:J>A'i' 0.,.1111- hf.;J-

1'1-hAofo't

f11't1/

~ ....

Hebrew tlil<!-f.ll'l'
You will have to learn Hebrew first. """1.""61 1
t)ofl.I-J/.1\'1' I OD"'/C I hflofliJ

O"'i""l.;.l"

.,.~-

h~ll-'1-

hectic MC"'C
Registration day is always a hectic time at
the university. Of.tliCI\.-I:ID- ID-11'1' 1 f'/"11~Q 1
.,.'t

11-A'I,U.

~'til

,.,C"'C

'1.11.

~ ....

1-'t~"'LS'"I~ID-

-J-1\"'/IIJ-

~nc

The thick hedge breaks the force of the wind.

"':,."':,. 1il"'" f41'1'11,n h'l'c n<l-11-'t
"lf.A ' ,__,.'tl\'1'11\
2. ODmQ04:1. The savings were a hedge
against unemployment. 1 mol-"'"""'" hi".1-
1\.ID"' ""mQ04:1 ~nc

heed (v.)
1. -!-.,.Oil 1 1\"'1. Heed my advice! 'l"hll.'t -1.,.0A (II"'/)
2. hhO<:. You must heed traffic regulations.
f'IUh't ;Ml- "'/hOC hliOIJ

heed (n.), take ~

1. 1'1"'/. Take no heed of what people say!
1\ID- f"''.iiiD-'t h'l-11"'1

2.

-1-m~.,..,..

Take heed, or you may be hurt .

-1-m't.,.:J> I 1liOliiU' '1-1-JiliiJ

heavy-ha nded l-1>

He is heavy-handed in his dealings with
people. hl\,.:f I ;>C I .....,QQ'I- I h1~0'1-

"'"";>611J<'t

hm<:

hedge (n.)
1. f-1-hA h'l'C I f ...'J'1/,n h'l'C. There Was
a hedge around the house. 011.-lo 11-61 f-1-

heavy artillery hQ.<:- """161

Heavy artillery blasted the enemy off the hill.

h.(-"'1~

't.<:- o-J-.~o.~o,.:r- f-J-hno:r- .,,.

[See also 'blow, hand, odds, rain, traffic')

heckle O"'i-;.1" 1 .,.~- 1 h~Q

The audience heckled the speaker.

68'1''1-

feel hedged In 7-'t~"''.rr~tJ>o -1-1'1"'/(tJ>o)

He felt hedged in by the rules of language.

f.hit.<:-7 A l
+His eyes were heavy with sleep. 7-'t:J>A'i' 'tf.
).'t hill'-;.1"11\
be heavy with child 1>C"'11.,.,. ~4She is heavy with child and can't travel.
1>C"'1fo;'l' ' f~<f. ' 111\11'~ ' <:'fr'/" ' OD't~.(- '
(\<10'/..(- h'l-l-11\'1"
one's heart was heavy tltiJr h.Ui'
His heart was heavy at leaving home. hll.-1- 1\
n- 1\.llf. R"''l" h11'1' ~nc

1\J/.

Switzerland is hedged by mountains. ll'EHCII

hA h'l'C

O"'LS'illl1 hll.l.

0-J-mf.,. '1,11. h.(-01\il{l hil.l.

be hedged -1-hOO

hO~

hQ.(- ' OD"f61 ' ml\'1-') ' h-J-.1-.1-ID.1:"9"'1""/m-1 1 hmof.IIJ<

hOD<!-~

Is that box too heavy for you? "f'J'). 0"1'1"

ll'i'<~o

He hedged when asked about his policy. llll

IDh'/"

'/" I :flo

hedge (vi.) h.I:"Ollofl{l

6. fmot.<:. The heavy skies promise rain.

fmot.<:tD- 1\"''f. 11o;'l" ""'1""1-lo't 1""
llh;J-11\
7. 'J':J>'I':J> 1ll. We nearly smothered in the
heavy smoke. 'J':J>'I':J> QfltD- "PI\ ID-11'1'
A't;.l".l.'t M'l" hA.,.<:'t ~OC
8. "1f.ll,.. He is a heavy drinker. "1f.ll,. m
Q;l. I i'OJbe heavy

heel

573

heavy artillery

pay heed

-1-m~.,..,.

She pays heed to her clothes. liAil!l.

'1-m~

.,.:l'lll-

(be) heedful of O'l"t:l'<ll -J-aoflb-1A good driver Is heedful of traffic signs.

~ ~)( f'I-Utl 'I"Ah-r-l-'t O'J''t:l'<ll

f.DD(\h;J-11\

heedless f"'/f.mil:J>
A driver who is heedless of traffic signs may
have an accident. f'I-Uh 'I"Ah'l- f"'/
f.mil:J> ~)( h~;> 1 ;>'1'""'1'11\
heel (vt.) -l-<:b11 MQ
The cobbler heeled my shoes. ""!."'/ 1\4-ID-
ll"'i"'/,.'li -J-<:b11 MQ

he_e_l___________________________5_74____________________________h~e_ll
heel (vi.)

heights

1. .,.h.,.ll. Did you teach the dog to heel?

w-lfw- ~M.h.,.AU hOPAT)"fi'I'A 1
2. h:>J/.1\. The ship heeled as it turned.
ouch!). ll'l-tnoPH11 h;JJ/.1\l-

I. h'i'.,.':' "''.'i'. In his dream, he reached the

heights. flihA.,... hh'i'.,.':'a>- "''.'i' IIY.
Jl.<:{l
2. hof.'i'. They stood on the heights and
looked over the valley. bhof.'i' IIY. <JloPa>-
if1\.Jla>-'1 .,.001\h-1:
3. h'i' fl\ 1';1-. She is afraid of heights.
h'i' 111 1';1- filL&-;1-A
[See also 'order']

heel (n.) .,..:h11

+I hit my heel on the stone. Y:'I:>Y. .,..:hrt.'l
1 ....'1

be at one's heels

The police are at his heels. 7"11.1\'fi ll.f.H-'1-

.,..+Cfi'I'A
come on the heels of

*The rain came on the heels of the wind.

11'i".,... ' )of.(l.') ' .,.b'l-11- ' W'l..f'a>-). ' H)fl
follow on the heels of .,.h-1-h- 1Q

Famine followed on the heels of the drought.

.:HI Y:C4'-Io'l .,.h'l-11- 1Q
take to (one's) heels }.."'J&. Jim-"'.~ ll.A
The thief took to his heels when he saw the
policeman. ?"11.(1.'1 Qf 1.tl. 1\.Qw- ~.,
"' t.w-....os t.ll
turn on (one's) heel Ofi:-r)'T fiC s h/1.

He turned on his heel and walked away.

fl'i'T)'I- rrc 1111- 'tJI.
[See also 'click, head']

hefty
1. m-'1'1''1. The hefty fellow lifted the heavy
trunk alone. m-'l'f':'w- {la>-\1. hQ-'1-'I "'T
'I 111lil'w- M"'a>2. fl"'ll" '1-A:j.. This dictionary isaheftybook.
Y.U oP111fl .+11'1- fl"'ll" '1-A:j. )a>-

heifer 1.1/.C
They sold their heifer to the butcher. 1.11.&-'fw'1 1111-11'1-'1 );JJI.,a>- ifm-

height
1. C11DD'I-. What is the height of that building?
fii.J' ih'll\ C11""'1- 11"'1 fUtt. )a>- 1
2. h'i';l- What is the height of that mountain?
fii.J' ' .,.&-&- h'i';l- 11"'1 fUA )a>- 1
3. "'oo'l-. He is a man of average height.
ODIJbl\';' ' .,_,.. 0 fl\aJo 0 (la>- 0 )dJo
He was then at the height of his power.
1.
fl. ~C(l. h'i'.,.':' P'A"''I JI.CI\ )fiC
height of h'i'.,.':'
Fast driving on icy roads is the height of folly.
fi<:Y. Qllfl'l- DD'I1Y: IIY. fl'i'T)'I-
00'1-'1'1- h'i'.,.':' ~11JI.'I- )a>-

heighten
1. hll.:noo. They heightened the fence around
the house. hll.-lz Jto&f fl\a>-'1 hTC
t.ll.:n-:r2. hQ(l. His remarks only heightened her
anger. f(l. hll.,.ff'l- '11/..;1:'1 t,q(l
3. hilwJI.JI.. Its age heightens the value of the
painting. f<Jlf ,..,.). fP'611-'I 'I'?
filWY:JI.'I'A

heinous hll.+-1:
His heinous crimes are known to everyone.
fLK"7'fw- hll.+-1: w'l'f:.ll-"'f flll-11-11"
H'IY: ' f;f-W., ' 'i"'fa>-

heir w&-ii

....,.

He died without having an heir. Ill w&-ii

heir apparent ih?'l! m&-ii

He is the heir apparent to the throne. fJtoof.).
ih;J'J! ' W&-ii ' ~(1. o )OJo

heirloom :j-ell
This old clock is a family heirloom. Y.U fY:
~: 1"'/Y:"I-'1 ll't'l- fll..,. ll11 :j-ell )w-

held, see hold

hell
1. 1?)9". I hope he goes to hell. 1?)9" ~'I
JI.1Q ~-'111112. ll.""'- In some religions, hell is the place of
punishment after death. Q'l.ti'IY: YY."7'f'l-
ll.,_A h'l"'l- fl:\11 f:j-"1'1- ll'i'&- )a>make a hell

OD~

~~1

The boy made his mother's life a hell. A1!: f

'i"-lz'l ).!: ""<1-&- h1/..:10Jo
raise hell Jl.)of.
He raised hell when he found that his rival
had been promoted. #<;.+Y. ""~~'~ fl(l
., 1.tl.. 1/.)of.
[See also 'condemn']

*I cannot help thinking he is still alive. hll-"1'1"

oa.y.w :,. l\11 ii\L "7t'IO."I l\&1..,.<-h-'1"
*I can't help laughing. ou...,:,. "1.1:" ll'~il"i
*They spoke so loud, I couldn 't help overhearing what they said. ""'1i ill\<- Y.~:>1~
.11-'1"
llii~OC f"'l.ll-:,."1 1111-'1'1"'1' l\&1.!1'&1

hello l\11Hello! Who is speaking? l\11- I "7"1 AOA !

helm foucb il """
Only a young sailor was at the helm. ooucb
(to t 006

helpin g

575

hello

H'}..(-

ft0l.(&

t }\"}..("

tDflJ..,..

ooc

bo'1 il!l' ~oc

I cannot help it 9'"")

take the helm P'AliJ)."} 1H

~:,.

help (v.)
I. t:-'1. I cannot lift this box; please help me.
'I" f hll
h~ f.ll"l "1'1'"1 "7"1"1:,. l\A":f-A
-1: hOI"i
2. l\ lf II. This medicine will help your cold.
Y.ll oP.I:";)t:,. '1-"l<f."lll"l .1'7iAAYA
*Can I help you? '1""1 II.I:"C"'AII 1
*Don't tell him more than you can help.
A:,.~"lt:<- h"'l.~l111 OilY. l\:,."1~<:<help (one) off with

He helped her off with her coat. IJ;rC;t" l ll:l"

WA:J> h~~:,.
help (one) on with l\110(1
Shall I help you on with your coat? IJ;rc:,.7i"l
llllilll7 i l

I. .,.;>OH. Help yourself to the meat! I";>

<-"! T;>011
2. <1-t'l-"1 1:1". She burst out crying; she could
not help herself. T"lt'l:J>ll:l' h114't'l":f- 1 <1-!t
"I A:,.1;r l\A!I'II":f-'1"
help oneself to m(lF.

He helped himself to the paper that he needed.

hWt:4'-1: f"'l..I.A1<-"I ,I'IIA Wt'IS'.
help out t:-'1
She helps us out on Sundays. ~..h-.1:" hd>.l:"
:,.;:,11<;1\":fMay I help you to some more meat? hP';JtD:,.")7i A"'-'l" CAII!

'

(he) cannot help (but) IIJ',w.l:" I ,1'11<-Jl.:l"<-

He cannot help going to sleep. IIJ',w.l:" h"I:J>A

'I' ' f.WllS'-'1'&1.

~<-

help (n.)
I. l\C-'1;1". Thank you for your kind help!
IIOD&\IJ'l" ' hC-'1;1"l" l\OD{l"J"!l";JIIIJo
2. t:-'l.,_":f-. The storekeeper treats his help well.
'&l.
11IIODS'.il~ t:-'1-Mi"l OS'."Iil Y.Y.~'f'l
3. "".l:";)t:,.. There is no help for her illness.
f!t o7i;r "".l:";)t..,. fll<-'1"
*There is no help for it. M'l" "7.1:"<:"1 h
-"'!I' A 'I"
extend help l.-'1
He extends help to the poor. .l:"'li"l Y.t:-'1&1.
render help hC-'1:1" l\S'.t:~
He renders help to those in need. ll":f-"lt:V'":f-
l\C-'1;1" J'S'.C;>&\
[See also 'call, cry, shout, yell']
helpe r

I. ;:,11:,.. I had two helpers. 11-11:,. t:-'l.,_":f~O~"i

help oneself

help (one) to mor~ Q;~.out:(ll:,.)

1\~c-J

I cannot help it; that's my opinion. ,...,

II.I:"C"' l l\llTJ'f .l; -"'1i<- ~<so help me God 1\"IH.l\il.h.C"I
So help me God! It is true. 1\"IH.l\il.h.C"I!l\a>-

Upon the President's death, the Vice-President

took the helm. "I' MVI"I-1: O'I"T '1.11. 'I"
h:,.A "l'.:.tt)l"l-1: I" A"!)."! ,I'H
helme t ft~-ll >llC ! fil.::,. 11C~"'
He put on his helmet when the fighting started.
11
W"W't- ' {l.loPC f <I-ll 4l~"l (filt::, .
C~"'<-"1) ' S'.<f.

I couldn 't help but see it. .1'11<-Jl.:l"- "7f

:,. ~Ot:il"i

2. "lilt: l\OC. The thief implicated two helpers.

11.11<- 11-11:,. "liiG l\OC'":f- h"l-'111-:,. T
'i'~G

helpfu l
I. II""C-'1:,. 11"1)1:. She is always helpful. II""
c-'1:,. uw:,.c 11"1)1: ~":f2. m,.,...,_. You have given me a helpful hint
in applying for a job. Ill"<I- 11"70D&\b:,. l\"1
.l:"":f-&1. m:l'"'l. fll'~ 'i'"l'l' t'lm1i"i
be helpful

I. t:-'1. He was very helpful to me when I was

sick. :1"'1""'1. 0 ~ OCh- "I. H. 0"1'1" <:.1:"

.,."i ~oc
2. illl' Tllllb. My son is helpful around
the house. &1.~ OIL:,. <-ll'l' illl' Y.IIIIIJ&I.

helpin g (n.)
*I had two helpings of meat. hi":><- u-11:,.
"1.11. '

M"'u-

hence

helpless
1. ODh'lh.l' fo\./ltJJ-. The army butchered the
helpless civilians. tnC (M-'1!1: ooh'lh.l' f
"'""'"'"' l'l.lill-":f 1.."1'.
2. &-ll-"t f"'!S'-~'1. The accident rendered him
helpless. M'.;. &-ll-"t f"'l S'-~'1 1>.1'.~~,.
helpless invalid h11A 1 lt1t..A

After the accident, he remained a helpless

invalid. lt.I'..:Jro- 0:\'1 hll/1 ll"t h-A V'
'l"

herbivorous

576

helpless

.,.~

I. h - - - 0:\'1. A week hence, I will help you.

h<\9""t'l- 0:\'1 1.~'1?/luCome back a week hence! h<'t?""t'l- 0:\'1 <;
2. hH.U. We shall be three miles hence by
dusk. /l'lJ'."t (l.S'-11 hH.U 1"11'1- "'IJ'.A
l."tC:l'll"t
*The boy was tired and hence had to stay
behind. A 'It 1111.1'-hou a>.I'. :\'1 + ~

henceforth hl."t"l-'I.U m-'l.U

be helpless
I. .\'.hOD. She is completely helpless; she cannot
move at all. O"l'"&-11 .1'-h"'!ll":f /IOD"t+tt+
(11>'1-":fll\9"
2. P'AIIJ"t f/lro-9". As far as granting scholar-

ships is concerned, I am helpless. I can only

recommend. f~l\ 'I-9"UC'I- 0""1'1m'l-
~~.1': Mr. P'AIIJ"t f/1'19" l f9"":f/lro- m<'t
11 .,:,.~11 11;F ~,.
be rendered helpless il1'h-A lf'r

+t:

He was rendered helpless by an accident.

fJ.I'.;JtJJ- 9"h"t.l''l- ll"th-A V''l" +~

hem (hemmed), v. .,.,.,.,..,.,

She will hem the skirt in an hour. "1-C.I':
!)."t IJ"t.l': l'l'l'l- ,..,..... :,..,11-:f

+'"I.

be hemmed In Thnn

The troops were hemmed in by the enemy.

m:t-.1'-l:'ll Om'l'l- .,..hO'I'A

hem (n.) :,09":,0..,'1- I mC11

There is a hem on her skirt. +"'1.!). :,09":,0..,'1-
I\ /ltDThe tailor basted the hem before he sewed it
permanently. ll\1111 n..c.ro- mCH-"t hoo
(l<f.-1: ' O..C.'I- ' m(la>(lro[See also 'stripe']

hemisphere h'i'/1 'l/111"

The two Americas are in the Western hemisphere. u-111: fi\"'Uit l>U7-I!":f 09"6&-IJ
'I! h'i'/1 'l/19" J'.~'?tr

hemorrhage f11H- .1'.9" ""'i'l'll'l

He died of a hemorrhage. h11H- .1'.9" ""'i'(l
II f.,_~..,

.,._,.

hemorrhoids fl>U.I' h."t :J-1:'1The boy is suffering from hemorrhoids.

A)l: 01\U.I' h,"t;J-1:'1- J'.u>:l'.I'A

hen P.l!
The hen laid an egg. [1..1:'1' l."t.,.'IA IIJII":f

Henceforth, you will have to do your own

work. hl."t"l-'I.U a>'I.U f&-llU"t P'&-
ODP'&-'1- 1\/1110

her
I. (possessive) f!)., or suffix pronouns. This
is her book. J'.U f!). ODl\'m'i' ~,. (or,
J'.U ' ""ll'm~ ' ~tD-)
2. (direct object) expressed by object suffix
pronoun, or by 7.!)."t. I saw her yesterday. '1<;"t'l-'0 l>J'.;F;J-/Iu- (or, 7.!)."t l>J'.;F;J-Au-)

herald (v.) 1\0M

Trumpets heralded the coming of the festival.
1.9"1LA;J-ro- fO'ltr"t OD.I':~il 1\0(l~

herald (n.) O'l')!-

~;Jtl

In olden days, the herald announced the coming of the governor. .1':1: O'l')!- ~;Jtl f
nctJJ-"t """'"'"" .l'll:J-,.:,0 ~oc
herald (adj.) 1\11<\tl
The herald angel blew his hom three limes.
h11<\tltJJ- ' ODil\1\h ' OD/IhoJ:"t ' V"(IT ' "J..Ii '
~<f.

be the herald 1>0(1~

Dawn is the herald of day. "t;J'I- f+"t"t oo
"'"'"" .1'01'1&-ll\

herb 66
This herb is fragrant. J'.U 66 '1"1- OD'llf
1\{\tJJherbs :,Om'l :,Omll\
They used various herbs to llavor the stew.
mm-"t /I"'IIIJI..'I' 1111- :,Om'l :,Omll\
Q;I,""~O'I-

herb garden .1''1-hA'I- (l;JShe has a small herb garden in the hack of her
house. hiL:t "I'.Cfl '1-"t"ll .1''1-hA'I- ll
;J-' M'l-

herbivorous 68 Oil\
Cattle and monkeys are herbivorous animals.

f_,.'l.l:' h11+:f<; 11'1)!C':f M Ool\ l\'1

Ml":f <;lftJJo

herd (v.) h'I-G

They herded the prisoners into a room and
locked them up. l\ht:'l''li'l 1 h'l.l:' 1 h'i'ol\ 1
tJJoh'l' h'I'GtJJo I '1<114-QlftJJo

herd (n.) OD'I;J

I see a herd of sheep in the field. O"'LJ!tJJo
fO"'

1 .,...,

:>

ilf.

t.nur

f.Ool\'1' 1 l\m).,._,..ll,..
the hereafter tDU~tD- '1-Ar"
In the hereafter, there is no death or sadness.
OaoJI.Y'i'tJJo 1 '11'1" 1 . , . , . , . 1 II') 1 dtH'I 1 fiiY"

011.11 1
;1-HYol\

"'"..,. 1

'I'C.<:-

IL+

l\'l.<:-+.,.c11

*The mayor declared, "I hereby declare

Monday a holiday". h'lof:QtJJo 1 h'l' 1 O'ol\ 1
)tJJo )) I 1111tJJo I h(l;f-dl"'

hereditary

here
I. MUJ. We cannot stay here. MI.U ""<l'f+ 1
h'l:fol\?"
2. l\11.11 1 ll.f.. I disagree with you here. l\11.11
"" .,.,.,. :>C I hol\h"l"l'l"
Here the speaker paused. l\11.11 1 ilf. 1 .,..,.:>&
dJ- I .foiJD I J\A
3. f.1itJJo. Here comes the bus! f.1itJJo 1 htJJo
+n-fl. I"""' I
*My friend here can help you. l\fl. 1 ID'I.<:-"'L
f.G'IYol\
*Here, take it! l\'lli
*Come here! Ci
here and now h.tP-).).

We must tend to the matter here and now.

.,..~~,.., I

t,,..)o)o I ""Lf.'J" I hl\il'l

h.,..,,.

here is

.e.11m-

Here is the book. ""ll"dt4-

Have you seen my book? Here it is! ODJtdtJ..

., I hf1itJJo l J'.1itJJooi\U I
from here hH.IJ 0:\1\

Where do we go from here? hlf.IJI 0:\11.

9"

[See also 'around, near, neither, over']

hereabouts l\lf.U 1 ~~..,
I left my briefcase hereabouts. llC/111-'I
~~..,

I of-tJJoll-+

'1'.:.1:' '"""'IJJo I Ch-I: I Oof-&-&-l":f I ......h

ol\ I f.~'i'ol\
2. hHC 1 fof-11.114.. (referring to abstract). The
queen of England is a hereditary ruler. fl\'1"111.
1f I '1"/P'T I ~1C):f"J'tJJo I hHC I fof-11.114.. I
)tJJo
be hereditary 0HC I of-11.114..

Some diseases are hereditary. h'lll'l.l:' 1 011;1l":f I OHC I f.of-11.114.11-

heredity HC
Heredity determines what an individual can
become. (ltJJo 1 ao~+ 1 11.11''1 1 f"''.:flltJJo 1 )~
herein
1. lt.tUI r m-IlT. His name is listed herein. it,..
l\lf.IJ I IJJo{I'J' I T""1f"/!J.ol\
2. l\11.11 1 ilf.. Herein you are wrong. l\11.11
"" I of-llhof-Yol\

heresy (heresies) .,...,..,:,.):,.

The heresy was suppressed by force. .,...,..,:,.)
,. I

f.1itJJo

here It lsi f.1itJJool\ll

l\<;~C;>II'I

1. 1\.IDC.I:' 1 h.'I' G.!:' 1 f"""'. His hereditary estate is located in the mountains. 1\.IDC.I:' 1 h.

c I OHC I f.ID(I<;ol\

here and there

I. h'l-'1'1.1:- 1 11;1-. Youcanstillfindan old copy
here and there. h,..'IY" h'lll'l.l:" 1 (1;1- 1 he'
1, I ODJI"dt'i' I f.~'i'ol\
2. hol\6: hol\6:. Here and there you can still
see mules in the city.
1 hoi\G: 1 hol\6: 1
Ohof-"ltJJo I tJJoh'l' I 0:,011-:f I f.;I-YII-

II I

hereafter hl\'1"/JI.Il
Hereafter, I will be more careful. hl\'1"/JI.Il

hereby OII.U "lH..,.

You are hereby ordered to appear in court.
1

herdsman l\t:'i'
The herdsman stays in the field all day long.
l\t:'i'tJJo I .,.)o'j I .....1\- I "'t'l I f.IJJoil.ol\

., I

hereupon

577

herd

O~f.ol\

.,.~OD{I{I

heretic ,....,..,:,.
The heretic was beaten to death by the religious
leaders. _.,..,.,.
11.1:-(l I .,..,.

OYf."l'l''l-

""&l":f

.,.~

heretofore l\hli,..'l 1 .1:-t:h

Heretofore, we have always paid for you.
l\{lt,,..'j I .1:-G(I I (l'lh'i'ol\oi\IJ I <l'f.of-<;ol\

l\11.

hereupon OII.U'I" 1 'l.tL

The speaker told a funny joke. Hereupon, the
audience broke into laughter. of-<;;>&tJJo 1 f"''.Y
87

,.:,. ' 4'1>.1: ' 1-'01~

'll' ""':,.' .~.~ ...

011.11!1" ' 1.11.' hf:"''t;""

I am sending herewith a copy of his letter.

ff.-II'IIL,.'t "11!\ll"l' hll6 hf."C1. 1>.11..1'1111-

heritage :,.ell
Ethiopia's heritage is a glorious one. fh.'l-l'"k
y :,.ell f"''...'lt-.:. ~,.
A child which has both male and female organs
is called a hermaphrodite. I>."]!: fCD'tf."'O fl\
'1- hi1A 11.'1"~,. "i!'O"i!'t'l- ,_li'IA

He lived in the desert as a hermit.

,. llih;l-'1! IT'I" 'I"~

0!1"1."~

0'1

hernia !1-.4'
He has a hernia. !1-.4' weP.;I-1!\

~ne

2. '1''0 lli\:1'6h. The hero of the story is of

Italian origin . .,..,,. ll11:1'6h h"'An H
)(Do

heroic
I. f~"''t~'l- I f~-IIJI.. They tell many heroic
stories about him. llllfl- -1111" f~"''t ~'I-
(f~-IIJI.) :1-&to:f ,_.,1Mr
2. ~"1'0. The heroic woman is credited with
saving the lives of many children. f-1111" A'J'.
1-'t ih,_w'l- 0"7'1-~:1: ~"1'0'1' 1\'l-
1-0Dfh~:f

3. ili\ ~"''l":f f1"1mou. The ..Odyssey"

is a heroic poem. MM (Ill ~"1'1"
f.,...,moo ..,....,..

)fDo

4. ff.""i!~'l-. Only heroic measures could save

the towo from the flood. h1-"7,.'t hiD?
OD'J'i\:,.11:,. ' (I.J'1-ef. ' f"t:ftr ' ff.""i!~T '
l\e!l")fl":f ' <;'I',.

oo-y

Heroism was often displayed by the patriots.

t.eO'l''ll Of1.H.,. f~"''t~'l-
II"-

,_y '""-

~ne

herring [Oll"''t h'l-'l't-th

'1"1]

tte~"'

he

A friend of hers told it to me. h'tf." f!l.

CDJI"j!, ' ~1~~

herself, she I. .:.!).. She does not hire anyone to do the

housework; she does it herself. fiL-I>'t P'<l- f

2. l\e!l. <l-!).. She herself told me the news.

CD,!.OJo'J ' l\e!). ' .l.!). ' ~1~~
be herself l\'tf.CD'l-C"'I' ~:f
~t. l\'tf.
IDTC"'I' ' h,.f.ll:f!l"
by herself
I. .:.!).. She made the dress by herself. A-llfl-'t
<l-!l. ' (l<f.:f,.
2. -llif''l''t. She came by herself. -llif''l''t ou"!:f

She is ashamed of herself. <l-!l.'t m'l:f

I. ~"1'0 I liii~-IIJI.. He was a hero in the

last war. llilol.,. tne~'l- ~"1'0 (liii~-IIJI.)

f~"''t~'l-

of herself &o!l"J

hero (heroes)

heroism

f~

,_1-A:I'I>.

Mary is not herself today. "'6

hermit llih:l-'1!

!l. (h!l.) lle~"'

of hers f!l.

"toP<l- "7't't!l" h'l-4''l'e!l" <l-!l. '1-oP.l.'l'll:f

hermaphrodite "i!'O"i!'t'l-

hers fe!l. 1 f!l.

My hat is bigger than hers.

herewith hll6 t.!:e1

heterogeneous

578

herewith

hesitant
I. CD'I'I',.. A hesitant person will not convince
anyone. CD'I'I',_ (1,. "7't't!l" (I.J'II!I"'t
h,_:fA!I"

2. vou~;J- f"tff.C"'. His hesitant speech

shows he has not studied the subject. l\Y""~
;1- f"''...'f.C1"'" 't"'"'-1- t.el\llof>'t Of.'t-11
hi\"7'1''0-l>'t YIIYA

hesitate

t.ou~;J-

He hesitated a moment before he answered.

hououj\fl- Od.'l- 'l-'t1i t.ou~;I-

She hesitated at the door before entering.

hOD"'li:J: Od.'J- hOD~ ;1-:f

hesitation "70D't;J-'lHis talk was filled with hesitations. 't"'"'-1- "7

ou'J;J-'1- ro~n+ ~ne

She agreed without the slightest hesitation.

l\e!). fll M!l" "7ou't;l-'l- 1-ll"7"7:f
After some hesitation, she bought the blue
dress. '1'4:'1- tt-~:1-:f 0:\'1 ll"7Y'I!OJo't
Aoflll 1~:f
without hesitation 1\.erm&-mC

He answered without hesitation. ll,_m.:.me

OD.I\{1 (lm

heterogeneous :,."""'
f"t1~ 'l-'t1i

There is a heterogeneous population in the

U.S.A. fh"'6lt't ih11-ll

:Jo"""' ~,..

hew

1. m<:O. The masons hew stones for building.

"I"JO'l''(, 1\.lo"t~,. Y:'t?f. 1-mCqll2. .:m. The soldiers hewed logs to build a
bridge. OJ;f-f.f!"'(, ~A~f. 1\00P'&-'1-- .,.,
~'

high

579

hew

.:m-

*The boy scout hewed a path through the forest.

(lf.lllt,.-lo ' Alit,..,

OO"J'J'f!"

OO"J1~

hOJ"J

4. lf,u(.,.lf,u) . The sun was hidden by the

clouds. 9oh1-'l' Of,.oor; _,.lf'i'r; )RC
hide (vi.)
I. .,.f.O+. Let's hide in the garage! ;>&-'If. , .
ll'l' ll."tt.O:r2 . .,.lflf1. He hid behind the door when I came
into the room. OJ!I. h'i'll- ll1q bt1D111.1
, . P'C _,.lflf'l

[See also 'obscurity']

hew down

1. ooj\ool\. He hewed down the branch.

:r-C"JA14-"t ' 001\001\
2. .:m. He hewed down the tree. q4-"t .:

hide (n.) +'I

Shoes are made of tanned hide. Al.,9'".f f

heyday fh'i''l 1.n

He was greatly admired in his heyday. Rh'i''l

Ethlopia exports raw hides. l'l.'t-f-k1 OJf,.

OJo"l" h'lC +'I 't-Altll".f

m,.

1.n,.

0"1?" f.f,.);r. )fiC

reach one's heyday IA/1> ~m+

He reached his heyday as a boxer when he was

only twenty-two. nn-m.':')-lo' "'"'' f;J-OJ+,. '
1r; OVJ' 11-1\'t- 'loo-to )0C

hiatus h'i''t- P:JThe hiatus in the old manuscript shows that

something has been left out. q,:)';,. fll.~
l\"d>'i' ,.ll'l' f)R<:,. h'i''t- (l;J- h
"t~

)1C 007'-f.ll-"t 1ii1A

hibernate
*Bears and other animalshibe mate. .,.lt-11-".fr;
tt.ll-".f'F' llo"Jll{l".f h.:,-'-to"t 0..,.11- Of1-o!.
111A4-;J-A

1'1',.

_,.'t_,.,.

hiccups nc:r-:JHow can I get rid of these hiccups? 1-ll"t ll

c:r-:J- ll."t.<'.'t- 'lllOJ"If.,. ll.".f'll\11- 1
have the hiccups llc:r-;J- 1H(,.)
+I have the hiccups again. llo"tf.1r; llc:r-:J- f.

+'I ),.

hide-and-s eek ~-tHI+1i

Children like to play hide-and-seek. A]F.".f
~iJiJ+1i

' ODAlOJ't-

f.OJ-'11\-

hideaway oot.0-1!1
The robber's hideaway was in a large cave.
f-t_,:;o,. oof.O-tl 't-A41 'Plf ,.ll'l' )RC

hideous
I. hll:l'-t. A hideous crime was committed
in Kafa. bol. ,.ll'l' hll:l'-t OJ"t)';A .,.
dJ.OD
2.hllb.L. The hideous faoe of the ape frightened us. f11"t)';f!""'" hllb.L .L't- hllf.)'lm"t

hideout oof.n-t.l' l 1-o!.

The polioe discovered the robbers' hideout.
7"11.11- f-t.,'l''(,"J ODf,.0-1!1 ' (1-o!.) ' M'f
hiding, go into ~ .,.f.O+
The robbers went into hiding after the robbery.
+.,'l':r; bH<:4- 0:\'1 _,.1.041
hidlns place foofi.0-1!1 P:J-

~':'A

hid, see hide.

hidden f.,.IIOJ<:
His words have a hidden meaning. f"tr;1&-'f'
, . ' :1'11-".f ' f_,.IIOJ<: ' '1--C'I-'F' ' h'l'l',.

hide (hid), vt.

I. f.O+. He hid the money in a drawer.
1"tHII-"t RooiiiiJ "'"il'l' f.O+
She hid her anxiety. il?:J:"t t.n+".f

2. bill\. The trees bide the building. qt.":,;

.lo"t~,.-,

""-"''~-'~-- bMraw hide /1>.4

The children have a secret hiding plaoe.

A]F.:(. ll....C fODf.R-1!1 (l;J- ' "'""'"'"

hierarchy (hierarchies)
I. q11 P'A"'r;+. The hierarchy of the Ethiopian church is headed by the patriarch.
fl'l.'t-f-k1 IL_,. hCM:n q11 P'A"'
.,,... ' hl\:1' ' j\j\ll ),.
2. f.<:!l" Zoologists have classified animal life
in a hierarchy. ~.l'oll"l[ll.f-".f fll."tllft+"t 'lf.
)'t- Of.<:!l" bMI\,.;.1-A

bAI\,.;.1-A

3. IIOJ<:(.,.IIOJ<:). The future is hidden from us.

OJJ!J.'t- f"tll')"'" b':' f_,.IIOJ<: ),.

high
I. <:~'F' (pl.

<:!I"~'F').

The Empire State

580

highborn

Building in New York is very high. ftfiM'"Ch

h.'l":rY.c iloJ:+ .ft'tll fl"'!l" t."J!:'I" ~..,.

highly

hlah living 1111;1-!1" S'.t.ll"

They have indulged in high living for years.

There are many high buildings in New York.

1111,. ~oo;J-+ flrJ11;1-!I" S'.t.)i" 'l't.'I'A

tm-f"Ch m-il'l' 11,. t.)i""J!:!I" .ft'tlll"'f- h/12. h<;:of-'1. He is a high official in the government. h'i'-1"'1' f00')1P'+ 'IIIP'A"''t ~..,.

on high of"il:r>IIThe flags waved on high. il'tS'.:r>

High speed on a winding road is daogerous.

[See also 'altitude, cost, hand, jump, none,

pitch, pride, tide')

flm!l"'l'l 00')11: ~f. flh<;:of"l;' 'i''l'~+

QD')JI+ hS'.1'1' ' ~ ....
His high ambitions were never realized.
h'i'-1"'1' 9"':'-1> ' llf.ol.l\11"11+ ' +t.
3. h<;: Yll. I have a high opinion of him.
ill\~ h<;: Yll 111"+ hii'S
4. 'I'A:r>. He attained a high degree of skill
in doctoring. ill"'f-'t fl.,h'l" 'I'A:r> 'l'fl11
1flf
5. f'l<l>. My uncle is a man of high caliber.
l\'1-1: f'l.,. '1'-11-:J- Yllm- ilm- ~..,.
6. ..,1-11'1'. His high fever kept him out of
school. ..,,.11'1' +11-<'1+ h+!l"uc+ n.+ hil
+t.m7. .,.'ln. I don't like his high voice. .J>'fl').'t
1:!1"11-'t hAtDf:!l"
8. m-1:. Apples are high in winter. -l>of. flh

t.ll"+ ' tD- f: ' ~ID9. .,.'lA. He put the car in high gear. ooh.<;m't <I>'IA _,c71 h1'1
*How high is it? CliOD-f> ' 'l"'t YIIA ~m- !
*That building is eight stories high. .ft'tlltD-
'Ill * liM+ c::r> ~..,.

high (adv.)
I. h<;: 1111-. The eagle flies high. 'til-l- h
<;: 1111- f.fl&-A
2. h<;: hf:C~. Aim high or you will miss
the target. h<;: hf:C11l M"''I'C i hiiiU'
'\.1\.,..,.') +il:J-1111
*The plane was high in the clouds. htD-C'T'I).
s>,.oo<; m-il'l' 111.fo f.flC ~nc

be high h<;: hi\ i of"IDAA

Prices are very high this year. H't f:C' fh:J>
'I';> fl"''l" h<;: 11~A

Apples are high in winter. -l>of. flht.ll"+ f.

tDS'.JIA

high and dry 11!1'm-'t

He left her high and dry. 11!1''1''t

highborn h+A:r> fof"tDIIS'.

Only the highborn may enter the nobility.

OD\>,'t't+ ll.ll''t ' f"''..'follm- ' h+A:r> ' f
of"tDI\S'. ' 11!1' ' ~ ....
highbrow f-l""?t.

He comes from a highbrow family. hof".,t.

fl.of-(111 f.tDI\JIA
high chair

r.nn tD!I"flC

She put the baby in the high chair .ftt).'t fl

.nn tD!I"flC

'If. hil.J>oom'f-

higher h--- Y.A:r> t.'fr!l"

That building is higher than this one. hll..ll'l'm-

f.A:r> Y'l'tD- ' .ft'tll t.'fr!l" ~..,.

[See also 'education')

highhanded, in a -

fashion l\'tJI~m

Heran the organization in a highhanded fashion.

f:C"J!:-f>'t l\'t-'1~..,. Yil-f"Jif:t.m- ~nc
highhanded treatment ouQOL't,'}

I dislike his highhanded treatment of his

workers. P'&-of"'l',;., OD<Q.'Il).'t hAtDf:!l"
highland S'.;>

He lives in the Ethiopian highland. flh. +NrY

S'.;> ' f.'l'&-A

highlight, be the -

fl"''l" ff.ou.J> ~..,.

Our daoce was the highlight of the season.

n~"""' m-il'l' h-f"s>.t..,.+ ~1C''I' u-11-
YH:>~~..,.

Jl'til R"'!l" rs>.oo+

~nc

highly
1. fl"'!l". She seemed highly pleased. fl"'!l"
S'.il Y'l+ +ooilA ~nc
That's highly interesting. fl"''l" f"''..Y!IS'.'t:r>
~

'I'~+

~~_,,.,;

-l"il:r>lltD- Y.m-11n11n- ~nc

....

2. flht:..-4'+. He spoke highly of

hirn.illl~

flht:..-4'+ of-<;1(.

mof.

*He is highly paid for his job. liP'&om- h

hiah and low flf P'CJI'mThey searched high and low but did not find
him. flfP'CJI'm- 1.f1fl- fl.oi.A1-+ h~1

*My brother is a highly placed official. tD't f:"'L

1'-+'1"

<;: Yll S'.'1"11 f.hoi.II'I'A

h<;:of-'1' P'A"''t Yllm- ~..,.
[See also 'regard']

high-min ded hC.,. h<'tll.

Everyone liked the high-minded ruler. IJoil-'1"

(tm- hC.,. h<'tll.av) 11C tfJ-m-

Highness , His

Philip. /1\o-/1\ .C./1\T H"tRc /I\.,.C11

The guerrillas hijacked the plane. fl-1.."1 1''1'

~..,_

Her Highness the Duchess A6AT'io;t-~m

A~A'H:J":fm- f"lff. "111"lf YI.C;JIIII'~

Your Highness, may I introduce Dr. Parker.

Ao-A 11'!- I 1'-h-I'C ;rChC"t )."t.<I.,.C11
f.I...,.Rc/1\'1
[See also 'royal']

.,."'YY

He has a high-pitched voice.

.,."'YY Rc'/"6

The derangement of the schedule was caused

by the hijacking. fTC'"It-- oo:J>mil fl.t:
(tm- OhiD-C'TII'I- oomll'i' f-1'~"1 ~..,.

hike (v.)

I. 1''\H. He hiked five miles across the desert.

0'/"Rct: 0-'IID- h!I:Ctn h'l"il'l- "''f./1\ 1'
'\H
2. h'i' hl./:1. The company hiked the wages
of its workers. h-q")ym- fov&-1''1'~ h
0/1\ ' h'i' ' hl./:1

hike (n.) 1ic1ic

MilD-

high priest II..,. lttJ'i"'I-

The high priest will perform the marriage

ceremony. II..,. lttJ'i"-1> f(tC.,."t P'~ P'C
'\'I- f.qCitll-

The Emperor was accompanied by highranking officials. "t.,.,.. ~11"1> h'l'-l''i' q11
P'/1\"'<:"l- hilh'l-llm- HIC

high school v-11-!''i' l.t:"Jf '1-'l"tJC'I- ti.'I-

There are five hundred students in the high

school. Ov-11-l''i'm- l.t:"Jf '1-'l"tJC'I- tl.'l- ..,.
ilT ' h'/"il'f- ' ,..,. o 1'"'M9'l- hil-

high seas qlltJ.'I- flloll:fm- q.bcl-

The high seas must be open to all ships.

qlltJ.'I- flloll:fm- q.bC'l- II""Chfll-
11-11- ' ~~~ ' f.ll''i"ll-

high spirits, be in

1 fh"IC 1ic1ic

Let's go on a hike! 1ic1ic '-"t'U:On a long hike, he could always outlast me.
01:~'1" fh"IC 1ic1iC II!- 11-A"LH. h
). ' f.Ot:;J'/1\

hilarious f"''.YP'!J>

high-ran king h'i'-l''i'

~ l.il l.il hll(m-)

+He is in high spirits today because he got the

first prize. Y"tl.'i'~-l>"t 71/1\"'1'1- il111"f ~
.:. ' l.il ' l.il ' 1111-:J'/1\

high-stru ng Rc"t.,.T

She is high-strung and is startled by the

slightest noise. Rc"t.,.T illlll'~l- \>, q11
_,TC '1-0l"l:>lll -

high time, it is

1.9':,; hiD-C'TII'I-"t m/14-'1-

hijacking fhiD-C'TI\"t oomll'i'

Her Highness the Duchess is giving a tea.

Your Highness A&IA

hiD-6- ' 1--'l'i"ID- ).ilh"''..,.TIIID- ""m'l"

H"lf Rct:il f.HA:I'/1\

hijack mill..

the Prince /1\o-Pt.

I am going to meet his Highness, Prince

high-pitc hed

hillside

581

high-min ded

It is high time you started your homework.

ftl.'l- '1"6-IJ"t' foP/"6-'1-' 1-H.ID-' ho-"t' ~ ....

highway hiD-&- 1--'l'i"

The highway goes as far as the next turn.

The most hilarious incidents happen to him.

0"1'1" f"'LYP'!J> ~1C f.I.CilO:J'A

hilarity m-lt;J'

The hilarity of the neighbors bothered me

greatly. f1-t:tl.'l- m-lt:J' 0"1'1" hD<'t""'S

hill b-1:11;1'

What is on the other side of the hill? hb-1:11;1'

ID-lC qMh lll
down the hill .,/1\.,11-l>"t

He went down the hill on a mule. 00/f-11- "'

/1\.,ll.,"t ' tt:l.
line of hills lhi'lC

There is a line of hills along the border.

Ot(t'l- II!- lf"t-l't:C hll
up the hill -'11-l>"t /l.t"'

The cyclists had to pnsh their machines up

the hill. ll.ilh/1.1''1':,; -'11-l>"t /l.tm- ll.il
hii.:J":fm-"t ,..,.._..,_

~n.-;q:f..,.

hillock 1-11;1'

The shepherd sat on a hillock and watched the

grazing sheep. ).t;>;'m- 1-1t;J'm- II!- -~'"'
'l"tn f-1'(1"'1~'1-"t 01":f- mo.,.

hillside fb-1:11;1' M I f-1'6-6- T"l

Rain and wind eroded the hillsides. 11'i"11'i"

4-il ' fb-t:11:J'ID-"t ' 1-"t ift;if t;ID-

hilltop

582

The rocky hillside had enough pasture for

sheep. J1:');>r'/m- f.,.&-6- '1"'1 11111lf- f
"'l.II:J> "111'11 )llt:II."Jhilltop flt-.:-fl;f- ""l.'i' 1 ll<f.'i'
After a fierce charge, our soldiers drove the
enemy from the hilltop. m')ht:m- 1Jm4l II
:\'1 m;J-s>.r:!F'h m'I."J-') flt-t:11;f-m-')
""l.'i' ' (ll<f-4-')) ' llll114'4l."Jhilly lt-t:11;f-"7
Menz is a very hilly country. oo")lf fl11J9"' bt:11;f-"7 II~C )mhim 1.11-'), (or object suffix pronouns).
I saw him. lifo-+ (or 1.11-') lifo-+).

114! YIAIT) ."J-!I"IIC."J- iiF&- oultiJ."J-

<!')+<!-+ ' 11.11") ' Y.l-11/A
hindsight fiC 1 1111- "7f+
Hindsight enables us to understand many
things. fiC ' 1111- "7f."J- 11H- )~f:'f') II
DDt:-'1+ ' Yl'll-11'0/A
hinge (v.), ~ on .,._.,,:.,.
Everything hinges on his decision.
)''JC

.,..,..~~

fl(a.

I (l)o/1~ I

1\,.e

"''")~m-~

fTODIPl_,.

t(l)o

hinge (n.) "7mLY

Take the door off its hinges! II<-') h"7mi.Y
ID-1

himself
I. &-11-. He himself told me the news. mt~.m-')
1.11- ' &-11- ' )~t:'f
Did he do it himself? foP &om- &-11- )m-!
2. ta-stem. He fell down and hurt himself.
tDJ1;,J '

hip

1\.e.

'l+AaJo

hint (v.)
I. IIDDIIh.,.. He hinted that something was up.
II')J1; ' )~C ' OD!I""J-1>') ' IIDDIIh.,.
2. llllnHII. I hinted that Kathy ought to
work harder. IJ-1: m')hC 11'1 oup>&-."J-
1.')'11111'1- 111'11)H11h-'I'."J-

be himself ll")~mTem- ~mHe is not himself today. ~tl. 1.')S'.m."J-r:m-

hint at
I. 11"711+ L/11. What are you hinting at?

IIY.S'.II!I"

II"') 11"7/I."J- Lll"lll 1

2. m-1'11 IIJ1:C1 IIIIL. He hinted at my failure
in the exam. IlL.,.<; oum-S'.<I:') m-1'11 IIJ1:
C1 IIIIL

11il'm-')
He came by himself. 11if'm-') 1 OD"J
He built the shed by himself. 1 ,ltm-') 11il'mby himself

'l

IP~

hind fM
The hind leg of the table is broken.
f:\'1 1."1C _,.1111;(./A

hint (n.)
fmt:A-~m-

hinder
I. IIS'.'04'L. Her long skirt hinders her in
running. t:Y,!I" 4'"'l.il- ll+r:T ys>,.<;;r.
<f.;f-/A
2. llll;f-1-11. Deep mud hindered our travel.
.,... ' 1-fl'f'lf-')') ' llll;f-1-11
3. <!')+<!-+ IT). Lack of education will hinder
you when you try to get a job. IIIIDD"7Cll
F&- 11"7"17+ n+<~-+ 1 Y.IT')1171A
be hindered

I. .,.:J>ml'l. Expiration of air from the lungs is

hindered by diphtheria. mY. tD-1/" ou.,.')L
II 111-f:f: llii;f- !l"h')y:,. Y.:J>tDitiA
2. .,.I'I'Ohll. Free trade between nations is
hindered by regulations. IIDD')"IF;f-."J- ouiJ
h/A ' il.'l'C I f"'l.~Qm- ' )l\ ' ')"IJ1: ' IIS'.')(l
.,. I !l"h') y:,. ' .,.Mh!I-IA

hindrance<!')+<!-+
A poor education can be a hindrance to success.

I. !l"hc. This book contains useful hints for

housewives. f..IJ oo~dttj: 1\11.+ 1toufl.
.P.l- m:J>"'l. !l"hf:"fo') Y.!l/A
2. T+lf. The boy was too obtuse to take the
hint. /A"Jt 11"1!1" Y,IA llll)lll: T+lfm-
II.~~~.,.. ' 11/Ail'll!l"
3. f"'l..J'Il:f"m-+ 11"/Ah."J-. The serene sea
gave no hint of the approaching storm. KT
film- I Q.iloC I fou")m-') I "7611/A I f"'l.Yil
;t-m-;r. ' !1"/Ah."J- ' 11'1/tf!l"
give a hint
I. IIHF. llll;J-m-t. She gave him a hint that
she would like him to leave. 1.')JI.J1:'1."J- ""
Lll'l') IIHf.. llll;J-m-t:f-m2. m""ou. Give me a hint as to his identity!
"7') 1.')S'.IT) m.,..ou'f

hip tD~11 j ii')'J" f 'Ill.

He stood there with his hands on his hips.
(D1fl-"J I f,fl I 1ffD I 1Jf\- I .JOJJ
He broke his hip. ii')m-') l'lllt:mThis woman has 1arge hips. ,r,u";f- 1 4.-l- 1 r"IIIL 1
'Ill. ' 11'1+

history ;1-611

hippopotamu s.,....,.:.

This river abounds in hippopotamuses. f..U

m"t11 .,_..,,:.

hit

583

hippopotam us

'I"A.Y.O;h~\

hire (v.)
to hire more people.

I. +m<:. We have
hMI"t
fll":fhired theoo:,Omc
.,....,.,6
boat for a whole day.
We

2. .,.h<l-f.
lAqm-"t 11.,..11- +"t _,.h<l-f"t
3. ~~.The fee for hiring a lawyer is quite high.
mO:I' 1\"""1~'1- f"''.hl.lltJJo ~"tHofl h'i! 1
A I i'lDhl re out hh<l-f
The farmer hires out his horses. ~o.:.m- l.<:{l
'Jl"t 1h<~-1A

hire (n.) 11.<1-J'.

How much is the hire of this hall? fiLII h-'1<111.<~-J'.' 11"t'l-. ~m-?

11'

his fflo, (or suffix pronouns)

This is his book. .r.u fft- OOK'dtt;:. r i'm(or, J'.ll ""l'i'mi- ~m-).
This is his. f..IJ fft- tm-

Have you studied European history? fhm-~;r

"t ;1-611 h'l'"t.,.l'A ?
Ethiopia has a long history. 1>..'1-f-lrY fol'f
;1-611 ' 1>'1'1[See also 'dawn')

hit (hit)

,..,.

I. oo ;I-. The ball hit the fence. \>,flo 1>'1'-1-"t

He hit the nail with the stone. V"11"7-l-"t O!l:"t

:>f.' ,..,.
I hit my knee. "1-AO-I:"t oo~
2. 1\;J. He hit the ball with a bat. \>,jl."t 0.11.
'I ' 11:>'13. h - - :>C .,.:>"". The car hit the tree.
ODh.<;tJJo 11~4- ' ;>C ' .,.;> ....
4. h11J'.~~m. The news hit me very hard.
mtl.m- OaJV" h!IJ'.~~m'S
5. +<:0. When will this report hit the papers?
67"C_, 1\;>11."1 oo'f J'.+CqA ?
hit against
~J;

hiss
I. h~"" The snake raised its head and hissed.
l\qo- ' <1-fl-"t ' h:,O"t.Y. ' h~ ....
2. f'l''lil' !I:V"6 hfl"7. Everytime he mentioned her name, the audience hissed. 11"J."t q
~"' 4!'1'C f_,.fiOfiOm- (lm- f'l''lil' !1:V"
6 ' hfl"7
3. -till hi\. Air hissed from the leak in the tire.
hfC h1-"7tJJo +'1'1 _,11 hi\

hissing (adj.) l\11 f"''.A

First I heard a hissing sound.
f"''.A !I:V"6 fl"7o-

""l""61 l\11

historian ;1-611 lldtoL

Toynhee is a famous historian. .Y.J'."tll f;t-m

.,. ' ;1-611 ' 1\dtoL ' ~ ....

historic ;t-6lt'l!

The return of the Emperor was an historic

occasion. f").,.rV : i''IP'~ r ouoo{l{'l a ;J-cl,lt
'I! !I:C"I.'I- ~oc

historical

I. ;1-6lt'l!. Historical events used to be written

down in chronicles. ;1-6lt'l! !I:C"I..Y.:f 011.
o; oo'f'bA J'.l\4- ~oc
2. f'l'"t'l-. The actors wore historical costumes.
f'l'"t'l- Aofl11 Aoflflm- ~oc

.,..nn

-.~

+He hit his head against the wall. <1-fl-"t "'

I

")Q;I.(J)o

hit back ODA(a

oo;r

Ifl hit you, will you hit me back? o(loo;t-u

OD&\flll 'f-oo;t-'i'l\11 ?
hit It off fiV"<;

me:,. IT).

We hit it off inunediately with the new neighbors. ltJI..{l'Jl 1-<:tL.Y.il':f"t :>C .Y.II- fiV"
<; me:,. ll'"t"t
hit on

I. ~ ..... +He hit his head on the door. <1-fl-"t

0-1-' ~ ......,.
2. h~'f. We hit on the right road in the dark.
0""11"7 '1-11111\'i'dl-"t ' OD"t~!l: I M'f~m
hlt out at .,.J'.qf.O
The man hit out at the thieves who attacked
him. 1\.ll'll I\J'm4!'1- flm-\Lm- .,.,..q,..o
hit upon

h~'f

He hit upon a new idea for making beer.

1111 It<~- hm"7oo:,O 1>.11..11 ml\ofl h
~'f

be hit

I.

.,..,.-'!. We were

all hit by the deflation.

O~"tHofl ' ODCb11 V"l1"t1'1- ' v-'\:f"tV" ' .,.

1--'l"t
2. 11"7.., .,.~ lt. He was hit hard by her deceit.
Ojl. 11ihJ'.'I- 11"7._, OaJV" _,.~It
[See also 'hard, snag, spot1

584

hit

hit (n.) -1-<D-'l~

His song became a hit overnight. fl\- HJ."I
Q"l-'l'i';f- ' -t-m-'1~ ' II'~
hit-or-miss QtDEIJ YID-lfJIDThis is a hit-or-miss method. H~aJo llmiiJ
.I'ID""'tJJo ' ~"'"
hit-and-run
A hit-and-run driver killed the child. A)t"l 1
-,..,.,. I

f1"-l\f&

(liD-,.

J\001\ffi

hitch (v.)
I. hi\~. He hitched his mule to a post and
went into his house. O:j.ll-m-"1 "1"1 f: llf.
1\{ll!" I tJJ~ I {J.-IJ I 11J
2. h"l:l:.,..,.. He hitched the chair nearer to
the fire. <D"IO'I-"1 m1. 7.11-1> h"l:l:.,.+
hitch along l'.f-1-"11"'&1"'- ~1.
The old buggy hitched along. .I'~"J!m- :Jt. l'.
f ....,,. ., .... '

~~-

hitch on i'h(t

+He hitched his pants on a nail and tore them.

1\-&m-"1 9''0'''1C ~h(' +s:J>.O-lhitch (n.)
I. ooO'OhA. There was a sudden hitch in the
program. TC"''&..,... J.'A;f-00 ooO'OhA
1ffi0Dd}o

2. l'."lh"l l :f"'c. The celebration went off

without a hitch. 0111- .1'11"1-'l:Y. l'."lh"l
(:f"'c) -t-b'Om~
hitchhike
*He hitchhiked across the country. 111'\0Dh.'i
l'.flloo~ h1<1-"1 M:~m
hither <D-'1.11
Come hither! mJLU

t;

hitherto l'.OitrJ-"1 f:~l\

Hitherto he was an unknown writer. l'.llltrJ-"1
1:~11 11.,... .I'A:f'm+ 1.&-0. )OC
hive+~::.

The hive was full of bees.

'I"A.Y. )OC

+~:.m-

0"111 -1-

hives, be covered with ~ -1-1'~0~0

When he drinks mead, his body becomes
covered with hives. m~ fl.miiJ (Ui'-h
f."I'~O~QA

hoard (v.) hb"'l'f

They are hoarding sugar. iii>.C .l'h"'lil'll-

hoe

hoard (n.) hli":Y.-lHis hoard of sugar was ruined by ants. fl\-1>.'1-

hii":Y.-l- 01-"1-'l'l':Y. -1-0IIif
hoarfrost hou.llf.
Hoarfrost covers the ground in the early
morning. l\OO.Ilf. "'111-'l oo.:.-J>"I f.if'i')
'I' A

hoarse 1-C'O'O
He has a hoarse voice. 1-C'i'i :t]PIJ

Ju\ID-

*Jim was hoarse from a cold. :(?"" 'N!"C"ID-1-

1-"1<1-"1 H"'.Y.-l- )OC
He has shouted himself hoarse. 1-l:l:m- l'.
II h.H:> ""'1i
[See also 'shout, sound, talk']
hoary, be ~ with frost """'~f. 1100
The ground was hoary with frost. OD/.,1: 1\cm
-'If. 1111(' ~oc
hoax J.m&.
It turned out that the news of the Emperor's
visit was a hoax. f'l..,..w = ~1P'.of: t'"l'11:'S':r-

mt, Lmt- ootr).

;J-om+

hobble 1\)hll
At night we hobbled the horses. "'I ;1- J.~(',;
"I MhA"I
hobble along l'.f-1-0Jo-1-~-1-~ ~1.
The old man hobbled along with the aid of
his stick. 11"'1"11\.tJJo 09"Ch,11 l'.f-1-m--t-~...
~

'

~~-

hobby (hobbies) f-l-C'i' "1.11, "'11\114..1'

flis latest hobby is collecting stamps. h:j>c11
"1.11, <D-'1.11 f'I-C'i' "!.II,OJo "'11\114..1' 1:
9"1IC ' ODI\11011 ' II'S:A
hock *'Ill"
He who cuts the hock is punished by law.
!11"1!1" f~~m O.ih"' f.+"'A
hockey 1'0
Hockey is a favorite game of the Ethiopians.
1'0 Oh.'l-l'"k.l'tJJo.f.'"l H"lf: f-1-<DS'.~ "'-'I';I-
)tJJo
hodgepodge
His report was a hodgepodge of lies and
misinformation. &;rc-~o m-if-l-'0 f ... l\1\-1-
-~ll" f-1-+11+110-l- )OC
hoe (v.) h--1-h--1He hoed the garden to keep the weeds down.

11t:ou-1 11"'1'1'4--l- S'-l-hA-1:1 (l:f' ItTil-i-t&

hoe (n.) OD\t-'t-11-il'

Give me a hoe to dig a hole here! l\11.11
'l~ fll"ofL'i'Cfl't- ODb-1-\t-iJ' 11tn'"t

.,..~

hogM"'I
The hog rooted around for waste. 11..,..,,. IJ.
lflf ' 'i'll;> ' 00&.1:1 ' ""ll:

hoist (v.)
I. 114'11. They hoisted the !lag in the morning.
(11.1'.:,0 '\'l"'lt&1 tJl.-l- (14'112. 111J.oo. This morning the workers hoisted
the statue into its place. ~&. tJl.-l- "'il-i-'1'
:r; .ht&A-1>1 h11'i'MD- 'l.f. 111J.ou-'t-

Is there a hoist for lifting heavy equipment to

the top of the building? hiJ~ h:J' m.l'. .n
I

"i,lj::

fOJfJIDtJI

OD...,6f

1\/\ 1

hold (held), vt.

I. S'H. Since the chair is heavy, hold it with
both your hands! m10~ hfl~ 111111') nu.
11-l- h~U S'Ht&
You must hold the rope tightly. 1""'1.1 11
'l'.fl4'U 00,1'11 1111.flU

He held the post of prime minister in the last

government. IJIILm- OD1"1P''t- fm:t'l.f.
"'U11't-C)'t-1 P'A"'1 .f.fl )fiC
The room holds twenty people. h'i'll- ? S'1 (l
,. ' .f..f.~A
2. ll.f.+ 11114'oom. Hold this coat for me
until tomorrow! .f.U1 lt't- h11h )1 ll.f.
i-ll 11(14'11"'l'A'"t
3. 111J.f. The police held him at the station
fDo11'1' 111J.ffDo
house. ?'11.11
4. '1''1' 1l.l'.t:1. Hold your breath! 't-14-'liu"l
'1''1' 11~C"I
5. 1:1'. Hold your temper! 1.1'..-l-111 "1:1'
6. .1'.1). The policeman held a gun on the
prisoner. ?'ll.(lo flhllt:'fm- 'l.f. moo111' .1'.1)
7. 11.1'./.1. Shall we hold a meeting tomorrow?
)1 11.fl(IIJ h<;'~C"Il
8. 11oo). Early scholars held that the earth
was flat. f'1'1-l- I\.:J'fDo1't- oo,:.:,. 11C"I <;
't- ' .fllltJ>o 111".,. )fiC
The soldiers held the fort. <D:f'.I'.C':r; ll"'h
1 ' 11<;11.1'.'i'CII" ' 1111hold (vi.)
I. IJ.f. How long will this fine weather hold?
11fC 1111"1 S'IIA '1.11. .f.IJ.S'A l
.f.ll

"'llS'"'"

2. ,.,&-, This rule does not hold in every case.

.f.ll .h"l IIU.II-11" ~~-~,. 11.f....&-11"
3. 11""). I cannot hold it for certain that he
returned. -1-0DII{l .fl\1- flhC"I'I' 11'111"111"
4. h1JIII )fDo. My promise to you still holds.
f11JU.AIJ -1-ll'l- 1111-111" h1JIII )tJ>o
5. 11Ai-fl1l.ll". The dike held during the flood.
"1~11- OfDo;>fDo OD'l'll:tll:t 11A1fl1l.ll"
6. 11Ai-L:f'll". That knot will hold. f <I>'I'C
11.f.L:I'II"
7. m.fliJ. -1-ll'l-. Will this button hold? .f.ll
<I>A'i' tn.fliJ. -1-ll'i';tA?
be held T.l'.l-1
When were the last elections held? S'IILtJ>o
II"C""l fi-.l'.l.1fDo oo'f )fDo !
hold back (vt.)

hoist (n.) '""'U.S'

"JKaJo

hold

585

hoe

I. 11ll4't.. I wanted to go, but he held me back.

oo'f,~ LA1. )fiC "11 h(lo 11114'/.'5
He held back ten dollars. OP'C .ftC 1111

"''"

2. M.l'.. No scruples ever hold him back from

prompt action. h111..,,. f"''.OD)"l" 'l'C"'&.
L"'1 ,...,~ hoP11tn't- 11M.I'.fDoll"
3. <D.I'..C.'t- h1JI.f.'f,~ 111.1'.. Police held back
the crowd. ?'ll.l>'f- .h1111- mU't- h1JI.f.
.,~ 111'1.-l4. 1f1f1. The judge warned the witness not
to hold back material evidence. Jl'ffDo ll"llh
~ ' f-1-.... fltn- "'111t:ll'l"'f-1 h1JI.f.if1i"l '
1111tn)4'<1>-l5. ofLl.tn. The government holds back a part
of his wages for a pension fund. oo"t""JP':,. 1\
tn-l.:l' 11fiA h.l'.'l"tl" h'i'll-1 .f.ofLC"'A
hold back (vi.) 111.1.1.1

When volunteers were called for, they all

held back. L:J'.I'.?/'f- h1JIII- fl-1-tnf<l> '1.
tL u-tt-r 1'tL:rL"thold down

I. T'"'i). Hold the lid down! ooh.l'.'ffDo1 -1'"'i)tJ>o

2. ""'""'~' S'H. The South African Government holds down the natives by armed force.
f.l'.ll-.fl 11'i'&:J' OD1"1P'-l- 11~1 -1-m
'l;l'f- fltnC '1.f.A ""'""'~' .f..f.~'l''l' A
3. 11(1:1'1,.,. Hold down that noise! '"i""l:J'fDo
1 ' 1111:f'"IP'
hold (oneself) in

,&.(1.1'

1:f"

He was raging inside, but held himself in.

fDo11'1' tD-11tn-1 -1-<;'P.. )fiC l "11 &-(l-1
1:1'

hold

hold

586

hold off (vt.)

I. ~"' t1 il/1" AH1f. If you hold off ap-

plying for a passport, you may not be able to

get one on time. ;rro;rc+ 11"'1"11'1- "'""
Ah-'1-"t ~t. t1 illlll ltH1fll O"I.H.fDo
11"'1"11'1- A'l-?fA f.lf'<;A
2. tU'I- l\1'11-1'1- _,.hllhll. He held off
the enemy for days. mll'l- tY-1.'1- l\"M.l'1
'1- ' ill!- ' .,.1 ' .,.hllhll
*He held off calling me. l'ohh ~"' .1:"~11
11Ah 1\f.S'.fDoAA'S .,.~
hold off (vi.) AA

+ verb

(be) held over .,.IIIII.

The matter was held over until the next

meeting. 'l'JII< ll"''..,.'l'llfDo hiii'IIJ .,.IIIII.
hold (one's) own
I. l\1S'. 01.., tfDo. How is John? He is

still holding his own. ]!:1 l\11..'1- tfDo l A

11-19" l\1S'. 01.., tfDo

2. "'1119" ILI1'1 aoh.,.. He can hold his own

in any fight. 0"'11.,...,.9" mil "'1119" IL
11'1 aoh.,.

*The patient is barely holding his own. 011.,.

The rain held off until evening. 11<;il l\11

"'"'" 9"19" AA.,."/fllfDo9"

hold to ll<;

h !1"11'1- AA"'II9"

I hope you will hold to your convictions.

hold on (vi.) :1"1"'

Ol\9"t'l-ll l\1S'.9"'I-ll<; _,.11'1- All'S

Can you hold on for a minute? A1.l': S'.>I::J'

ao;t-11" '1-?f-111111 ?

hold together A1.l': A.l':C'I J'H lA'I'il-1' J'H

hold on to
I. .('H. Hold on to this receipt for a few days!
1-111 S'.~I'I'S 11'1'>1:'1- .,.'l"?f J'UfDo
Since it is very dark, hold on to me so that we
don't get separated. 0"19" Q;~.ll"'l hlllf't
l\1J11m'i-'i- J'U'S
2. A'l'il-1' J'H. He held on to the rope to keep
from falling. l'o1Jif.t.l'::,O 1aoJ1.1 A'l'il-1'
J'U

3. -l'f. Can you hold on to that job just a

little longer? 011..1' P'&- 111- 11'1'>1:'1- "1..11.
,.,....,. ' '1-?f-111111!

4. Ol\)1: J'H. It was a gusty day, so we held

on to our hats. 0"19" t-1-lf

.,.1~ hlltO

~ IJC~tDil'?f11 Ol\lf.f1 J'111

hold out (vt.)

H~;>

He held out his hand and showed me the cut.

l\)1:1 HC"Iof f.,.'l&~mfDo1 Al\f't
hold out (vi.)

I. -l'f. How long can we hold out in this hot

place without any water? 011.11 '1":1''1- 11:1"
J'll fDo;) 9"1 J'IIA "1..11. llao.jlf'f- l\1-:f
11111!
2. 0:1'. How long will our food supplies
hold out? .,.IIIJ?f-1 119"1 J'IIA "1..11. f.
O:J'<;A l
3. ?f-"1~1 ""*!'~"". We would have held out

for months, if we had had enough food.

0>1: 9""1il 1L'l" ~1 'l"f!' IIill!- m&-'1- ?f
"1&-?f-11 A1!'1!'19" l\1-:fA toe

4. .,.!1/!f/oo. The defenders held out for weeks.

.,.hllltl''li llilll- 1\9"1'1-

.,.**-

The country needs a good leader who will

hold it together. M&., A1.l': A.l':C'I f"''.
y.~:,.

, '1''1-

oo& J'hd.A:>:I"A

Iron hoops hold the barrel together. 111'1

OC"''.II-1 A'l'il-1' .fY.Y.~A
(be) held together .,.J'J'H

The dress was held together by pins. .,...,....

Oh'CA _,.J'f.tl tOC
hold up (vt.)
I. .,.c; AY-~1. Hold your head up! &-11111 .,.
c; ' A.l':C"I
2. mY. 111- M"f. The prisoner held his hands
up, so the guard wouldn't shoot him. HR- l\1
JIY..,.It-110'1- l\11~.,...,. l\)1:1 mY. 111- M"f

3. :l"m.,.. He held up his trousers with a belt.

l'l-&t1Jo1 0.,.0-f ;1-m.,.

4. AH1f. Hurry! You are holding me up, and

we will be late for the meeting. ofll- OA :1"
H1f'tc; llhii(IIJtiJo 0"1.11. A1S'.C119"

5. Ahd.&-Cof .,...,. The robber held me up

with a gun. 1\.IJfDo 011'1-'1' Ahd.&-Cof .,...,'t
6. m.,.l'l. She held up his father as an example
to follow. AIJ.,1 l\1S'. ooAit9" 9"1\1\. m
.,....?f

*He used suspenders to hold up his trousers.

1'1-&fDo l\1JIY.mA:,Oo+ 0"'111!1' Y.m.,."'IA
fAJI'i'~ .,.
lt'h ' tiJS'.I.'I- l\1'111'1- AY-~11

*Mortar fire held up our advance.

hol4 up (vi.)
I. .,.!'l!f/oo. Our soldiers held up well under
enemy fire. Omll'l- .,.It'll "1..11. m;t-Y.f!'
il'?f-1 ' 0"7.111 .,.!11!112. ( = trans.) !I'll. How is he holding up
under the strain? T'14l1 l\1.<'.'1- !l'llfDo!

[See also numerous nouns with 'hold', such as

'arm, council, line']

hold (n.)
I. hint. His hold was tenuous, and he fell.
hffll" ' AlA liM fl~ ID.I'.4'
2. 1-K"b'l'. Religion had a great hold over the
boy. Yf."Y'l''l- RIA)!: 'If. h'i! fll 1-K"b'l'
tn~....

He has a great hold over his young brother.

;1-'i"il fD')~ f.~qii;I-A

lose (one's) hold ffHID"') 114'4'
He lost his hold and fell. f fHID"') 114' fD

.1'.4'
mainta in (one's) hold P"A.IIJ,.

1H

How long will the government maintain its

hold over the district? ..,...,.,,.,.., ftfD~IIID"
'If. ' fiiiD"') ' 1"/A"'') ' ).llh ' """' ' y.y.q/A l
take hold of S'H
Take hold of the rope! ~ouJI.') 111

[See also 'get']

holdin gs

b-Q')fiD" ' flll"b&-ofl ' h1t:":f ' ID"il'l' ' oflll" '
')ofl~'l- ' hiiiD"

hole In the wall

The first shop was a real hole in the wall.

(1-:,0

M'I'CII" ' f"Yf.1Q ' t

nc
be In the hole

After Easter I am always in the hole. h<l-l'l.lt

fl<\'1 11-A'I.II. 1')Hofl f'l'~':'IA

make a hole In

I. no'!. He made a hole in the wall with a drill.

"/.J'.""/JIID"') flODilC {It.f ' flo'!
2. h'i';>(n'l-). The hospital bill made a large
hole in his salary. f.hlt.ll" n.+ .hAil

h"-"""'

.1'.'1"11"') '
3. t..outODt(n+). A large bill from the doctor
made a hole in my savings. 111'-hi'-1- fhoi.Ait:,. illl" 1')Hofl 1'4'"Y'I." 1')HIJ,') h. oPt
pick holes In fl')h hiD"'(II'I-)

As soon as I presented my argrnnent, he began

to pick holes in it . .ho'IIL') ).')114'~ofllt- o'l
')h fiD"'II'I - )':oPC

(See also 'bore, chew, drill, gnaw, peck, poke']

holdu p

He has nothing to do with the holdup. """lt.f

h.A
f.~ O"Yil..U.&-'1- 01'.1'.~1"'" :t"'l.f
1Qfl'l-9"

hole (v.) 4'.1'..1'.

They holed the mountain for a tunnel. 1'&-&-tJJo

0

4'.1'.)1.

hole up 1'h1'1'

Bears hole up in caves. .J'."P":f 'l''lf ID"il'l'

Y.hi';l-ll(be) holed up 1'1flf1

The rebels are holed up in the mountains where

the police cannot get to them. ooup7f'":f ?"II.
"
(o":f 1\J.C{I- O"YY.":ft~-n+ 1'&-&-l"":f
f. ' 1'1f'1i1'1'A

hole (n.)

I. 4''111. Put the thread through the hole in

the needle! h<~o') ODCtl..tJJo 4'11'1 ID"il'l' h.il

2. P~PC. The new road is already full of

holes. h.-'1.{1- OD')1.1'." lt!Jo). P~PC ilil'
II"S:A

'i!"'ll"'f
4. 1-.J'."II'I-. There is a hole in the senator's
argume nt f.ft"/ ' ODIDilo;' ' 9"hC ' ll..f> ' h.Q
A S'4'~flfD" hChC 1-.1'."11'1- h.IIID"

ODtofl~

')ofi~'I-

The company has large holdings in the West

IIODi''\ll,!.f

3. 1-.1'."'\.1'.". The cat is waiting by the mousehole. ,J'.-ou:f: hf.IJI. 1-.1'.."'\.1'." h.tn1ofl h..J'."

fOD"f..ODt.ftJJo '

have a great hold over

') 0

hollow

587

hold

holida y

I. fl'tA (pl. fl't'l'l-). Sunday is a holiday in

Christian countries. flht:M :n h.1t:":f

'-"".1'." fl'tA tlJ>o

Will you go home during the holidays?

flfl't'l.f> '1.11. ID'I1Ctl ' '1-'&111111 !

2. 'toP'I- fl'tA. Easter is an importa nt holiday.

<!-(Lit '1-A:t 'toP."f- fl'tA tiD"
3. b~'i!'l-. He took a holiday last week.
Qlloi.ID" ' flll"')."f- ' b~'i!'l- ID(I.J'.

holine ss :t.l'."ilH'I-

Mary's holiness is revealed in the Gospel.

f"YCfll" :t.l'."il'I-~."J- n:tJI.il ....,.,"' "'

1A!\.A
His Holines s oft~{

His Holiness, the patriarch, blessed the children.

ofiK-b ;r'l-t.S'C it- A]t.":f') Q~lt-

hollow (v.), -

out

(1~(1~

She hollowed out the gourd to made a ladle.

'1."/A<I- ' 11""1"&-'1- '

:,0(1-') '

(1~(1~-:f....

588

hollow

hollow (n.) '1-.1:-'l.l:'

He made a little hollow in the ground. oot~.of>
IIY. ' 'l-'t1i ' 'l-.1:-'l.l:' ' <IL4.<:

hollow (adj.)
I. h'i''l-. These walls seem to be hollow.
l'.HI.IJ ' "IY:"''Ill'"'f h'i''l- Y,.ooMII2. 1-.1:-'l'l. Take this hollow dish for the

vegetables! 11'1-hA'l- "7<D""i Y.ll't 1.1:-'l'l il.h't m-(1.1:'

3. IJP... The gourd must be hollow, it is so

home
ODK'dt'i' :r-.11.11 O,n'l'tJI. (lm- 11.'1-
m-11'1' ' OD'fC hl\11'1-

Holy Communion F:> m~ooHe is taking Holy Communion next Sunday.

f"'i.OD"Jd)o l'.dt-.1:' F :> ID.I:- f..,.RIIA
Holy Ghost 0074.11 :r-.11.11
In the name of the Father, Son and Holy
Ghost, I bless you. llh-11 llmA.I:' 110074.
II :r-.11.11 11!1" l'.IJChYII!Jo

light. :r-11- l'.'t.I:ILII f.,.llll"'" IJP.. 111\11'

~

~tJ)o

4. f-1-11<:11<:. The bees are making honey in a

hollow tree. 't(l'j; 0-t-ll<:ll.:m- ~'i' m-11'1'
"7Cf.w&-ll5. f-1-"'ll.,.. His hollow cheeks are due to a
disease. '1-'t~ f-t-"1041'1- 11.1.""11" ?"h
't,l''l-. )m6. f"7f.Q>.O'I'. He always makes hollow
promises. v-A1.1 f"7f.Q>.Il'l' 1-M Y.fl

"'A
be hollow
I. .,.,;: )m-. The trunk of the tree is completely
hollow. f~f. "l't.l:' lloo-11- .,.,;: )m2. 1\lloo- -1111' )11C. Since the enemy lost

twice as many soldiers as we, his victory was

hollow. mil-l- h'i' cl'l''i' fiT) (lm- Mil
.,.11'1- ,1'1'fm- .1:-A 1111.- -llif' )llC

holocaust
I. fl'.il'l- oo;r.w<;>'l-. The bombs made a bolo
caust of the city. 11!1"11,; 11h-t-"7m- IIY.
fl'.il'l- oo;r.w<;>'l- hoom-

2. l'.A<f:-'1-. The holocaust of the Jews is a stain

on German history. fhf.li-P."'f 1 l'.A<f:-'1- f)>;
COD't't :J-&h f"7.J'1-.I:''i' )mholy
I. :r-.11.11. The head of the monastery is recognized by all as a holy man. f1'1.., hii:J- llll
lP"'f H't.l:' IJ-1\- 7.7~ :r-.11.11

Y.:J-.1'11-

2. f-1-.,..l:ll. This is a holy place, so behave

properly. Y.ll f-1-.,..l:ll (I;J- 111\IT) 1 1-1
llm-'t '1'7 ,.. h.i:'C"I

Holy Land :r-..:-11'1- h1C

He is going to the Holy Land on a pilgrimage.
:r-..:-11'1- MC't 1\0Dfll\!1" Y.~'IA

holy of holies :r-..:-111- :r-JI.il't

You cannot enter the holy of holies unless you
are a priest. <til ttAII'). :r-.1:-111- :r-JI.il't
m-11'1' OD"IIJ'l-

hY.ii'A!I"

holy orders FC'l-1- :r-M 1 1-hll'f ! hll)'lHe received holy orders and became a priest.
FC'l-1-

:r-ll'i (1-hll'f I

hll)'l-) of-.I:C111

'I- <1111 IT)

Holy Scripture ""K'dt'i' :r-.11.11
He reads the Holy Scripture before going to
bed. hoo-t-'i'-1> 114.'1- ODK'dt'i' :r-.11.11 ,1'
)IJA

holy water milA

The priest sprinkled the sick man with holy
water. <1111- 1111-t-'i'm-7 milA hmoo41'1homage hhoflC''lThe speech began with homage to the king.
7"1"1'1-7 ' 1\'t'l-""
J>:oo<:

hhoflC'of>7

llOD"II\K'

pay homage (to)

I. l'.~ )"1. The nobles paid homage to
the Emperor. oo\1,"}1'-f: ,.~, ~1P"-h"}
l'.~.

)-

2. 11"11:><; h.,.<:ll. In his speech, he paid

homage to the leaders. 11't"l"l'l- m-11'1' II""
&9',.; !1"11:><; t-.,..:11

This monk leads a holy life. l'."(II oo)lfotl.

1-"IIJC

home
1. oo'f&,I'. Homes for old people are often
charitable institutions. .I'<:"Jf. llll'"'f oo'f

Holy Bible ""K'dt'i' 1 :r-.11.11

The Holy Bible should be in every home.

2. '1-'IC. Some homes are broken up by

divorce. h7'17.1:' '1-'IC 11'i'"'f f.4.CIIA

fof-.,..1:(1 ).C' f.':' &-li-

The fight for freedom was a holy cause to him.

1\)IU'l-
)11C

OD;J~A

1\CII-

fof-.,.~{1

&,1'9'";(- h-ll~'i'm-7 1.1 fM h.l:-il-1'1- .1:'

c~.,..,.' <;'fm-

He is longing for a home. 'I-J!C {IOU111

.l'.'l'lol\
3. IL+. The lone traveler was glad to reach
home. ofl'l'':'fD< OD't~S'.>;< IL-l> 0""'.1:'~{1-
S'.ll I h{lfD<
4. f'l-fD<ol\.1:' MC. My home is Poland. f+
fD<ol\.1:' Mil. ?"ll't.l:' )fD<
5. Me. Ethiopia was the home of the leopard and the elephant. h.'l-'i"kJ.' oflli" )ofl
C<;' 111M I f"7.11'Q'J- I h1C I )O~:f
home (adj.)
I. fTaJMO +. His home town was destroyed
dnring the war. fTdlliS'.Q'J- bT"7 OtnC
)'J- I 1.JI. I m-1-:f
2. Q1C fD<II'I' fTIPcl-. I only buy home
products. q~c fD<II'I' ,.,.~ ' 7.:1'l":f't '

ofl!l'

M~llll-

home (adv.) 7.1L+ I diS'. IL+

I have to go home. l.IL-1: oo'[.f: hllofl'1
He comes home late in the evening. mY.. 0.-l-
f"''.ODtiJfD< I OtiJI"' I hl"''li.f I )fDo
at home

I. 7.1L+. I was at home all day yesterday.

'J-Ij')'J- I .,..,..., I - f r I l,IL'J- I 'l'ol\11-'1
2. OMC fD<II'I'. He is known at home and
abroad. Uh1C fD<II'I''i OIIJo"i" h1C f;f"

OJ+

{leD-

home town

589

homec oming

~(Do

*Make yourself at home! 7."t"'J! h'l-o-"t

be at home at"J:,.O.Y.

OtJJ+

homec oming mJ?. h"J~ ooooA{t

His relatives are going to celebrate his homecoming. nooP..=ti ro~ 1\1~ oooof'\.tt-.,. ,b"tJ.'+

""'f:~"'

1\.S'."'(l-II'J-

homel and 'J-fD<ol\1:

)fDo

h~c

He is very anxious to see his homelan d again.

'J-fD<ol\1: I h~'l-'t I l."tS'-1<;' ' II"''"" I " " '
,.. ' 'l'l';!:ol\

homele ss IL+ fll.llfD<

The homeless refugees have settled by the

railroad station. IL+ fll.ll'l'fD< IIS'..,.'l':f
Q!I-C I tiJII.J.'fDo I hffi~o{l I (lOj!~'l'ol\
be made homeles s 0.1t"} lt.IIJ

Thousan ds were made homeless by the flood.

0,..C4- I fT)"' I 01. I f"7.4r.m'l- I (ll":f 0
IL;J-'1',..., I hmleave homeles s OOm"LJ' hlttiJ

The upheaval left many people homeless.

ofi'J'oflffio ' ofllf" I (ll":f'} I Ol'ffi1.J.' I h<\tiJ

homel y IL+ J.'4-cl-

Homely food was served in the farmer's house.

n1n.:.,. IL+ ' ,.,.~n,. , l""''ofl , IL+ , 1
~cl- .... I )OC
*She is a homely girl. ol\~-1> llh4- h'J-(1
'I'll"

homem ade IL+ ,.,.,.cl-

This is homema de marmalade. IL+ fTIPcl-

.,C.,II:f " I )fDo

He is at home in Ethiopia n literature. fh.'l-f"k

J."} I I") I K".J..Oj! I m'):J>.f. I J.'fD<:I'ol\

home office 'I'<; ODI"tiJ.' IL+

bring home to hii1)H0

My illness brought the importance of insurance
home to me. oo;f"oo"''. f.lt.l'.m-1: '1'11'1-<;
hll1)H0 '1
') I 'I':J-1"' I

(be) homes ick

drive (an argume nt) home 0"7..111

hll~-4

The speaker drove his argumen t home. T'i:>tl

bCb<l-'t I O"''.~Q I hii~J!
.... I
feel at home
J. l.'tS'.ol\11- ll.ll''t !I'll. I cannot feel at home
in the Empero r's palace. M OILT OD't"'l"
I hol\:fol\1"'
"" I fD<II'I' I l.'tS'.ol\IL I ol\IM
2. 7.'tS'.ol\ofl .,.~~. It is difficult to feel at
home in a foreign language. OfD<'f." h1C :1:
'):1/ I l,')S'.ol\ofl I IIOD~C I hll'f;Jtl I )fDo
make (ones) home

If~

When I retire, I will make my home in the

country. m-~;f" llaJtiJ l.QII~C M'cl-1111[See also 'ancestral, get, show, welcome']

The home office of our compan y is in Addis

Ababa. 11-Q"tJ.':f't 'l''i ""1"61 IL-l>
h-'1.11 ' hOQ I )fDo
I. <;~_,.(,.).+I aro homesick, althoug h I have
been away from home only a few weeks. >n
il. I baJtiJIJ- I 'J'of:'J- I <\M;f"'J - I fl.ll'')l"' I
<;~.,.'1

2. uouP..'Ji"t <;~.,.. She was homesick during

her first weeks at college. toll.~

l,')S'..f.f:f
').(' I IJ-II'J- I <\I"'')'J- I
') I

~ofl;f"
I

h
HODP,.!f!

<;'~.,.:f

homes tead ""''l'tiJ.'

Our homeste ad is located in a beautiful valley.

""''ftiJ.': f't I fDoofl I 011') I lfll.f. I fD<II'J' I )fDo

home town fTaJIIS'.O'I- bT"7

Inquire after my friends when you go to my

homeward

590

home town. ro'- -1-IIJII~h-fiT hT"'/ liT

'l'-'1''111 mf.:,OA'S
*He is from my home town. }'1~ ll:~ r ~aJo

V.~

homeward ro,_ 11.-1>

He walked homeward after a day's work.
fM-1>1 P'&o ll.~il ro,_ 11.-1> 't'-

homework fii.T P'&o

Have you done all your homework? fR.T
P'&-U1 fi .... /1- WC-1-VA 1

homey
*The little hotel has a homey atmosphere.
T1l( 11'-J:A 1.1'- OD'f&f ll.T f'-il
'-II f~T 'i"T

homicide ~'I'll _.,,_A

He was judged guilty of homicide.

~C<'I1

He composed a homily in honor of St. Michael.

hen- 1>1~ ~c<'l~ "tlJh.A K.t.

homogeneous

1>1~ ~f.~T
The country has a homogeneous population.
1>1&-t> 1>1~ ~f.~T ih1111 h~T

homonym of-DD<'I<'If.
The Amharic words 'be wide' and 'sew' are
homonyms. f"''C'1 ,..~T 1'14- <;
(to(. )) o of-OD<'I<'If. o <;:fOJ-

homOSeXUal f"lofiG ' I'll'-'/"' P'&o ' f"tof.ll"

,. I

fdt.,.'1~T. He lives
fdt.,.'i'~T !o-C' Y.'f&-A

6.

an

honest

life.

7. lJII"''ro:,O f-1-w&-. That was an honest mistake. y.u lJII"''ro:,O f-1-w&- ilih-1-T ~nc
8. ( ~ adv.) Thhll'1 fill'~ OD11~. He makes
honest profits. Thhll'i' fill'~ ou11~ TC
'i' 11'1A

honestly
I. fihiiJo~-1> 1 fihOJ-~T. I was honestly surprised. fihOJ-~-1> T1G'I"hHonestly, I do not know what to do with you.
fihiiJo~T 1>1-1-1 '1"1 1.1'-"'1'-C"I h~OJ-:,0'/"
2. ( ~ n.) hiiJo~-1>1. To tell you honestly, I don't
like it. hiiJo~-1>1 IIOD'i"1C '-11 l>f.II'S'I"

honesty
~'I'll

fiOD"I'-11- ' -1-of.G'-fiT

homily (homilies)

honor

(l(l)o

The police arrested the homosexual. f"111G

(If'.'/" ' P' &- ' f"tof.JI"OD11Jo1 ' (I OJ- ' 7"(1.(1
:,; flt"T

honest
1. dt.,.'1. Do you think he is honest? dt.,.'1
f.ODilAVA 1
2. :t-~'S. He has an honest face. ouAh-1 It
ff.T ;l-"'''S f.ouMA
3. 1H'1. An honest judge cannot he servile to
public opinion. 1H'1 '1'1 fiih1111 hil-1-1
fT o }>f.OD&o'/"

4. hiiJo~-1-'1. Give me your honest opinion on

this subject! fili.U "!-'If. ~f. hOJ-~-1-'1
hil-l-ffTU1 lim'S
Stores should sell honest goods. Qlll'l-<l'":f- h11Jo
~-1-'f fll'jo. h,..l"":f-1 o ODil"'l' l>IIQ'f'IIJo
5. Thh11'1. The laws require honest weights
to he used. ih'l- fiThhll'1 "'L~1 oum.,.'/"1
Y.mf.:J>A

I. ;l-"'''S~T. There is no question about his

honesty. 1111 :t-I'S~-1> M'l" f"tfm&o
'I'C ~1C fll'l"
2. dt.,.'S~T. The mother tried to inculcate
honesty in her children. h'i"TI'-1' RAJ(!!!
~f. dt.,.'S~T1 11"7"'-C 'l"hG":f-

honey

"''C

The honey is sweet. "7C

IIJ4-~

honeycomb f111 7.1)';&Wax is removed from the honeycomb and

made into candles. 1'1'1" h111 1.1)';&- -1-IIJ
C1' lf"'' Y.w&ofi;l-A

honeymoon
I. [h:>ofi!J' fiM .-11C'":f- f"tf<'IAf.T
fbG'i'T 1.11].
2. f""l?WI 1.11. She set up housekeeping
right after their honeymoon. f""l1''1 1.11
~.... 'I](. IIJIIJ":f-

honk (vt.)

~"-

Honk the hom three times, and I'll come down.

fODh_'i"IIJo1 '1"1-'/"Q !"liT 1.11 llT~4-
7.0DIIJII1Jo
honk (vi.)

""''II

We could hear the geese honking in their pen.

11\lol"'f; hou'f&f'I'IIJo IIJoil'l' li'~IIJo "-""'
11- 7.11'1"7 ~nc

honor (v.)
I. l>hn.:. Children should honor their parents.
AJ(":f- IIJ~](!J''I'11Jo1 "''hfiC MQ'f1'A
He honored the agreement to buy our house.
ll.:l'":f-11 IIOD111T 1'-G"1~11Jo1 il'I"'I"~T
l>hnG

hono rabl e

591

hono r

him

red
2. hllofll!"-1>'1 1111\(11'1-). They hono
fll-.<:-'1-
by making him captain of the team.
!";.t-:fm-'1
oo6 h.l:"C1m- ODPl/"~'1' hllofll
1111\.11'1check.
3. .J-<1'011. We cannot hono r this
f-11'1'1 '1111 h'!<I'OAll"
~ ao
*Will you hono r me with a visit? R.-1:1
'1'1-m- IU'f.A"i I
.J-ll"1(m-)
feel highl y hono red II<;: fll llofiC
things you
of
kind
the
by
red
hono
highly
feel
I
t me. 1111~ Oll"'l-'i"1~,. )1C II
say abou
'i' fll llofiC f.li"1 '1A
[See also 'memory']

hono r (n.)

debt of hono r

>.{1- 1111
He considered it a debt of honor.
M h.<:-C
liAIJ'~ 0-I'C f"1 f.II.I.A

ll"

~ ''ll;m~m-

do hono r to

'h:Eo

~...,

do hono r
People came from near and far to
1100
to the Emperor. '!"l-IP )11"-1>'1 1 >.)t'
'1"1'1- ll9':f llfiiO 'I- ""'"'
i"1f.
do the hono rs >.'!"'P.~'I hll.J-'
kitchen.
Do the honors while I am in the
""'.l:"
hll.J-'i

1~'1
>.'1"

iiJ
>.llllm

IIID'I' IL'Iguard of hono r fbofiC tHI

Emperor.
A guard of hono r preceded the

' oflll- '

fhofiC Hofl ' '!"l-IP )11"-1>'1 ' Tf.'l"

d to the
I. llofiC. It is a great hono r to be electe
- hfl
membership of the committee. III.C"I

His Hono r 1111-C l f.J-110~

We

f-{111)11-

A)'J- """"~'!' '1-A:t llofiC ~,_

llofl
gave a banquet in his honor. 111111-

c "'ofl"ll" hf.~"''l
r of your
2. !Ill". You must uphold the hono
hlloflll
family. fiL.J-lloflll'l !Ill" DPtnO:t
attending
3. hllofii!"'J-. He did her the hono r of
' hllofl
the party. O;rC-I;m- ' 1\f. ' 0DP1'f'J'11111\11

C"-1>'1

science.
We pay hono r to the leaders of
>.'!liiiJII'I
llilf.' lll ll..+m-'1'1- hllofii!"'Jfamily.
4. h-t-'1-. Esther is an hono r to her
hii-I:C IIIL.J- ll!l h-t-'1- 'i"'Jhono rs

with full
I. llofiC. The soldier was buried
f.C
military honors. ID;I'f.-1- 0 ...11- fiD;I'
llofiC

1-<1'0~

for his
The scientist received many honors
1 oflll"
MDI"
11111

ll.:t

1filf-'1{
.
work
llofiC I M'f
ated with
2. fllofiC 1 "1i>~"'. My brother gradu
h"'"i.f-
honors. m'!.<:-"7. 1 fhofiC "1i>~"'
.J-oP~-1'

f.mbe hono r boun d 'lll.'i"m- hll1f.

nduct
I'm hono r boun d to repor t your misco
ll;l'mto the police. 'l''i-'1-11'1 11?"11.11 >.'1-'l
:,. ' 'lll.'i"\1-

hll1AA"i

be put on one's hono r

'h,..)+ 1-"'ll fl+

alone to
He was put on his hono r and left
JIIJ6 >.
finish the exam. .1..1-'i"m-'1 fll .J-'II;II
'1-'I.Q;~.Cll >.li"~'J- 1-IIJIIO'Jbe to one's hono r h.llhOt:.m--

refused
It was greatly to his hono r that he
OIIJ
"111-1>

OAll"
hA<I'

1>'1
1iA"1
.
the award
ll"

>.!IIIR~m-

oc

his deHis Honor, the judge, will now give

1 'i'CJI.'I
cision. 1111-C (f.J-110-1-) -'1'1 hu-'1
may I have the hono r of

company?
May I have the hono r of your

l
11Cll9' :>C >.'!.<:-11''1 f..I.-1'.<:-A"i
on my hono r :f-{t,.~ ll1QI\1J-

behave.
On my honor, I will do my best to

DPtn'! tnfl\1-'1 11"1ii""C :I'A

O.J-!J'II"i
Mflll u-

sense of hono r h-RC

>.'I f.
He has no sense of honor. llofiC ll"'l
IJ') hfm- :tll"
:, f,ll-"t
will you do me the hono r I...:I"F

with me
Will you do me the hono r of dining
! >.'1.<:this evening? q"' "1:1' >.t-'1- 1\ofl~'
'10'1 .1.:1'.(-9' ' f.u-'1 !
Your Hono r 'l.;f't'-

the pris"I'm not guilty, Your Hono r," said

1.
oner. >.11~'1,. 1 '1'<1-1-'1 hf.t.ll u-'1"
;I'll- ' 1\11
[See also 'word 1

hono rabl e

m"'

honorable

film- . They concluded an

I.
llll"ll"~
peace with their enemy. dl"' film'I- lltn'l; l':fm- :>C 1\f.~"lexchange of
2. lloflc f"1f.<l''lll. An honorable

ators.
prisoners was arranged by the arbitr

IIDII'Pdl'l' '
llofiC f"1f. +'Jll f>.ll~'l':f
IJ!I;I't--1:9':f I .J-H;>;t;
record of
3. f"'/...'tot-. He has an honorable
1A f"'L
serving his country. 01-1-'1 0"11A
ftot- I ;1'611 0 1\llm-

honorarium

592

4. f"'LJ'ilh11C.
His behavior is always
honorable. 1H:h 11-IM.rt. f"7..1'ilh11~
(Jio I

~(Do

5. ~ flY). His honorable intentions are

doubted by no one. :,.-, flY) m<\flo")
"7")?" AY.mt-m~..,.,.
6. ( ~ adv.) Oh11C. He received an honorable
discharge after the war. htnC)-f> 0:\1\ Oh
11C -1-il'i'0-1(See also 'mention']
honorarium ~">H11
The mayor was given an honorarium for
delivering a speech to our club. h">-1:'1..,. II
hO'l'i'"J "J"'"'C il~~~ ~")H11 1-h4.
/\

....

honorary fh11C
He is the honorary president of my club.
7.Cil- fhOIL fh11C To!.IVI"J:,. )..,.
The Emperor got an honorary degree from
Harvard. -,.,.,. )~P'-1> hiiCliC~ f.~li
Cll.-1: fh11C 11."16 -1-4'011honored (adj.) fh11C
The honored guests headed the parade.
fh11C 7.")"11'-'i' iloi\4-"J ou-~o
hood
1. -1'11. Usually a burnoose has a hood.
A11'f:;'..,.-, 1.11. OC'l'il -1'11 All..,.
2. h-'1">. He lifted the hood and put water
into the radiator. h-'11-") h'i'-r- 'I"# "7
..,.il... "'"=' ........~o:,.

.,.11.,...,.

hoodlum JI.C~
A group of hoodlums were standing at the
comer. houm?"H'If'..,. 1\J'. JI.C~l"ll' -fo
il11il0..,. -~'"""'" )0C
(be) hoodwinked -1-:1'1111
Don't be hoodwinked by his promises! 7.Cil-
0"7.il'l'll :l'ol\ A..,.;J-1\ol\
hoof (hoofs, or hooves) lt-1:
Our horse got a nail in his hoof. 4.~<\li'"J lt-1:
..,.., ?"il"7C m"!-r-;1-ol\
hook (vt.)
I. ~"- Please hook my dress for me!
ol\11{1.") 'llol\'i'oi\'S
2. 0""">m-l' .I'H. He hooked a fish. 't"' 0
ou")mol\ .ru
hook (vi.)
1. 1-'ll/\4.. This dress hooks in the back.
Y.ll ol\11il h:\1\.... Y.-&1\of.ol\

hop
2. :l'm4.. This road hooks to the left. Y.ll
...,.,~~ ' mil. ' "'t- ' Y.:l'mof.ol\

hook (n.)
1. oo")mol\. He suspended the lamp from a
hook. of.'l'il-"J Oou")m-1' 1\Y. A"Jtn/\tn/1..,.
2. "7"Jmol\m.l'. Hang your coat on the hook!
lt..,.ll") h"7"Jtnol\tn.l'.... 1\Y. il4'1\ ....
3. oo{l4'J'. Take the receiver off the hook!
filoi\IJ.") oo);n6.1' hooil4'.1'..,. 1\Y. A

.,..,

by hook or by crook nu..ur

lfi'

OHJ,..

He plans to get rich by hook or by crook.

011.11?" II") 011..1'?" 1111;1-?" ..... .,.., y.
4.11\;Jol\
on {ones) own hook fl'Jif t;:lt")if +i-PIP'.Y.

He decided to go into business on his own

hook. 0~'1 'i'l\i.,. -fo)"'P'-r- ")"!~ /lou)';

ooc dJ{l)

hookworm milof..-,.
He suffers from hookworm. OJilof.:,. .l'tn:l''l'ol\

hooky, play -

..,.

.I'll 4.:1'~ h:,.?"11c:,. IL

.,.~

My friend played hooky yesterday. 'Ill.:;'~

.-,...,...,.-,...,.. .I'll 4.:1' ~ h:,.?"IIC:,. IL:,.
.,.~

hooligan Jl.c~
He is just a hooligan and would not conunit
a serious crime. ..,Y./1:;' m"))';ol\ f"7Y.4.~
,. I

.4-Ctlo i'CD-

hoop, I ron - II">'I

Iron hoops hold the barrel together. (1")-'1 0
C"''./1<") A'1'11-l' .1'-Y.'Iol\
hoot (v.)
1. '""1i. The owl hooted in the night. 'l-'Jo:t
11.(1...,. '""'Jill'
2. oou..,..:,. '""1i(o:,.). The audience hooted
the speaker's plan. A~'""'tl fT'i':>6..,.-,
m<\11 Oou'i':,. '""'Ji.o:,.
hoot (n.) ..,1i.-,.
The hoot of the owl woke me up. f'l-'l-:,. ""

1i..,. .,.....,....os

not give a hoot .,: fAw-r

He does not give a hoot for anything. 1\?""J?"

)~C "'~ f/1hooves, oee hoof
hop
1. H/111. Frogs hop. 7."J.,.u-r-ll' Y.H'I/1<

2. hfHI\11 't~. The child was hopping on the

sidewalk. AJI: 0h"'t:'11D" ""'t1J.':
MHI\11 UJ.': )0C
3. m-Il m-Il 1>11. The children hop when
they play hopscotch. Al-l- (l'i/ .,h(l'i/'t
(l,"'&01-Jo I m-fl I aMI 0 ,..1\1\-

'I,_

hop about

1. m-11 aMI All. A few mornings ago, birds

were hopJ;>ing about in my garden. h'1'4:T -1'

<;'{- 01.-l- 1 Olf::T 1 QThAT I':J"\1. m11m-ll,..II-~OC

2. HilA HilA 1>11. He hurt his foot and

hopped about in pain. h"l-1-'t 1 llll-t-'1->1 OP'
,.,.. 0/1.11 ' h"l-1- IIIlA I HilA 1>11
hop around Ifill\ HAA. hi\

He was hopping around on one leg. Q't J.':

I HilA 1'.11

h"l-1- HilA

lose hope ,.l\4- "'&.l.m

Don't lose hope! Everything will tum out

all right -t-ll<f... l>T.,...t:'l' l .,'t':'ID"II" )1C
J/.IPII"t-A
[See also 'cherish, dash, kill, nourish, raise,
surrender']

hopeful
I. -t-ll<f.. f""'.."'IA0-1-. The future does not seem
very hopeful. """'-"'" 1.H. -t-ll<f.. f"'l.."'A
0T l'oJ!.ODllAII"
2. -t-ll<f.. f-f'oPI\OT. His hopeful words greatly
encouraged me. -t-ll<f.. f-t-oo'IQ'I'ID" :J>'I
-to 11C:J'T flm-'1
be hopeful -t-ll<f.. ' 1>1\(ID")
He is hopeful of success. h't~"'l..:J>'OIIT -t-ll
<f. 1>1\ID"

hopeless -t-ll<f.. f"'l..Yll.,.C'I'

hop(s) '&!>'
Hops are used in making beer. 1.ii" Am-\
OD'J'OD<J:Y Y,I\"11\A

hope (v.) -f'M

horizontal

593

hop

~1

She had hoped to see you. A:J',._IJ -f'M

l>J.':C:> ' )0C
*Will it rain tomorrow? I hope not. i-1 a ~H
'tQA l QAH)O I
*I hope I haven't offended you. l>'lll-l'fll"h-IJ
II"' oo'fll"
hope against hope

*We are hoping against hope for a change in

her condition. -t-ll<f.. Q"''l'"-TII" ,._lf'I:J'A
111\'t ' h'tOD:;'I\')
hope for the best f-t-lfll 1 )1C 1 of'oP'f
He hopes for the best; he is a real optimist.
f-t-lfll )1C ,_.,.,':'A I hC"Im:;' Qll of'
ll<f.. )Ill"

hope (n.)
I. -t-ll<f... It was a false hope that he would
recover. ,._J.':<;A .,11.-,. b't-to -t-ll<f.. )0C
2. 1>11'1:1". He is the hope of the family.
fll.-t- (lll" 1>11'1:1" )Ill"
give up hope Tltof.. "ff.l.m

Don't give up hope! Your husband will return.

-t-ll<f.. 1>.-,..,.._,:.,._ QA'li J/.001\llA
hold out little hope ll"'tll" YtJIA 1 -t-ll<f.. I>
fA(lmll"
The doctors held out little hope for her
recovery. mh..'l"'ll 1\oo-'1:;: Mil" YtJIA -tll<f.. I l'ofA(ltn-11"

The situation is completely hopeless. o-i.;t"iD"

O'i'~ll" -t-ll<f.. f"'l..Yll.,.C'I' )Ill"
be hopeless l>Y.II''tiiTII"
Balancing my budget is hopeless. OIQ;I,<; 1
0.\lo't _,,..,.-,. hY.II"tA'111"

hopscotch (l'i/ .,h(l'i/

Children are playing hopscotch in the street.
1Al-'ll 00D't1J.':. 'IY.. (l'i/ .,h(l'i/ J/."'&OI:J'I\-

horde
1. oP") ;J. Hordes of locusts swarmed over
the ground. Y'tO"' oo't;> oPtl.-Jo't l>IIOI'IID"
2. oo<t-r. +The baby bird was attacked by a
horde of ants. fOI!f,'t "'&..,.-,. f.,..'t>l't oo't
.-,.' Olt:t--r
hordes of 011q-r t 1111Hordes of Mongols invaded Europe in the
Middle Ages. Oooflbii':'ID" 1 HOD't 1 Mill'{- l>ID"C';>"'t 011qT Olt:-1Hordes of tourists visited the museum. 1lrt-
'l-111:l"'f- 11.-t- ""Hh~'t '1-0'f.

horizon
I. hJ.':.,ll. There was a column of smoke on
the horizon. bl>J.':.,I'I- ""' "l'il Y.:J"Y. )

oc

2. blll"-I'T. Travel widens our horizons. l>1C

_,f.-,. blll"-I'T't

Yll<f-4-IA

horizontal 1>."1>1""1..
A table top is horizontal. fmt:A..qlll"
1>"1>1""1.. )Ill"

011\IA

..

M.,..,.

horn
I. .,.,,... He grabbed the cow by the hom.

11".7."t

horse race

594

horn

'"''J!..' 'yq'J-

f'l"-1>'1-"t ' tD;f-J'.r:"'i- ' "lf-1> ' )\(t.,..,.,

The handle of this knife is made of hom

fii.U ILII'I'

1.~;1-

fT"'6-0Jo h.,."tY: , t,:

2. tn>l\h'l-. The herald angel blew his hom

three times. hofllt60Jo out.hh , ool\h-l>"t , V'
11'1- ' '1.11. ' )<f.
3. 'l'?"tiJ. Don't blow the hom so much!
'l'?"tiJOJo"t ' J'.U"t ,I'UA h'J-"t<f..

4. hllhil "''Y:t.1.,1'. The hom is in the center

of the steering wheel. hllhil "''Y:t.1.,I'OJo
OD~ I OD"IjA, I i\.f, 1 ~tJJo

blow one's own horn "l-&otJJo"J ~4-

He is an agreeable fellow, but likes to blow

his own hom. ~..,,. (lm- )m- ..,..,. .,.~m
"t 'J'.t<f..A
draw in (one's) horns

h.~1l

11.1\

Since he lost so much at gambling, he has drawn

in his horns a bit. ll.,"lC 1111- ~"tHofl
111\TIIII '1-"t"li 1\J'.ofl -fl!lA
lock horns lt..f,(lfPJo-

+?-

The administration and the staff locked horns

over the proposed measure. 1tll..,.JIIi~""'i ,.~
T'l',; ' ll.,.t.IIOJo .bltofl IIJ'. ltf.il"''oo-

"'"~-

horror
I. P' :1'f.. The horrors of war are indescribable.
ftnCt'J- P':I'J'. 11.~1\K" hf."'f-A9"
2. '1'11!1'. She expressed her horror of cruelty.
1\"i'"t,~ ' ,1'11'1-"t ' '1'11!1' ' ~IIK"'f3. :1"11~ Y:"t.:>RL. She shrank back from the
corpse in horror. &.ltOJo"t 1\J'.:f" 11;1-11~ ,
Y:"t;>RL Tlf"l.,..,."'f-
horror (adj.) f"''.,,'il~&o I J\(1:1'4:
A horror movie makes me shudder. f"Y.,I'il
~&- .LA9" J'.H1"tH'A
Horror stories make me jumpy. 1\(1:1'4: ;1-6
to";f- ,l'illlt."I'I-'I'A
have a horror of J\Amur
A good housewife has a horror of dirt. IJI\oo-

,1' ' "Y.il'l- ' .,'lf'lf ' h'l-tDY:9"

to (one's) horror

*To her horror, she saw her husband fall off

the cliff. IJ!l ~J'.A 11.~IJ 11'\J'.S: , "''f
:1: ' 1\(1:1'4: ' li')IJ'Jhorse ~t.il
He bought a horse yesterday. '1-o;"t'J- h"tY:
~(.il

[See also 'cup']

hornet TC-fl
The hornet stings. .,.Cofl T';"JI.L tOJo
horny
1. ,.,.,,_., A horny covering keeps the wood
from wearing away. ,.,.,,_. 114-"t b"t..,
-1> 1."tJIJ'.IIII J'.hllhiiA

2. 4'CM. A farmer's hands are horny from

work. f~ll&. 1.~ hP'&o oflq'J- fT)"' ,
4'CM tOJo

'

~q

hold your horses 1

~;J

OA

Hold your horses! I'm almost ready. t.;> 11

A I AH;>~ M9" hA.,.t.'S
[See also 'rider']

horseback, on ~ ll~t.il
He rode all the way on horseback. 7.C{I- oo
"t~JI."t

11-11- lll.t.il T'iH

horseback riding "IAIL.I'

Do you like swimming or horseback riding?
f9"'l-tDJ'.OJo 'I'';" )OJ- tDJ'.il "IAIL,I' !

horrible
I. f"''.,,'(t~~- It was a horrible sight. il.ffl.
'1- ' f"'f.,l'(t~~ )IJC
2. hilh.L. The rainy weather is simply horrible. ht.9"-l> 'i!K-9" hilh.L tOJo

*Why did you make such a horrible face?

.L'J-U"t to {I ,l'il,.(tAhOJo liM .f':)OJo !
[See also 'face']
horrid
I. 11"19" hilh.L. Her behavior is horrid. miJJ'.
'I' ' 11"19" ' hilh.L ' )OJ-

2. ""Ttl:. Massawa has a horrid climate.

9"6'1' '

horrify (horrified)
The sight of the dead soldiers horrified us.

OD'J't.': '

,l'fC ' miJJ'. ' l\1\0Jo

horsehair f~t.il "f/"&Flywhisks are made of horsehair. Of/"&- f"Y.

IP6-ID-

hllf.~{l I ~6- I

)QJo

horseman ~t.(t'l'
He is an excellent horseman. ftJJ"'I\'1-

~(.(t

'I' ' )OJo

horsepower f~t.il 1-AII'ITbis car has 50 horsepower. f.U tn>h.';" l\9"

lt f ~t.il 'I-AII 'I- l\1\0Jo

horse race
1."li~Y:Y:9"

f~t.il 1."li~Y:9"Y:9"

f~t.il

596

hot

------------------------ ------------------------ ---hostilities tnc~+

At the outbreak of hostilities, food became

dearer. tnCH /1.)"1 !1""111 <-f: If)
hot
1. ~- Do you have hot water? oo-:,0 <-;)
1>11 1
2. f ;>II. Don't pick up that hot pan barehanded!
f:>ll "'"rolf qp. 1.~111 1>:1"1"1<3. '1":1''1-. The weather is hot in the dry season.
00:> ' l>f~ ' '1":1''1- ' )<-

be hot

1. '1"4>. The water is hot. <-;)<- 1-'1":1'1:\

2. # ~. This pepper sure is hot. 1-11 nco
"" ' 0"19" ' 1-'1-"Jf"'
3. (l)Lm. This mustard is hot. 1-11 ..,.,.<;:"!/'
1-M'i'"'A
4. tnL. He was hot with rage when he heard
the news. mt.m-'l fL.(l"'1 O'l .1..-T lPG:
)OC
be hot with fever l>.,.b-il(<-)

He was hot with fever and had to lie in bed.

l>_,.lt-1'1'1- (11\)0C ,._,.,.,. )0<:0'1be

r~hot 4f..oo

The grill was red-hot from the fire. f11<:'1-

9"f:"Jf<- ' hl\lt-1: ' ....,.,. ' f.,.)"' ' 'i'".tb\
feel hot
1. '1"4>. The air feels hot today. q&. l>f~
1-'1":1'1:\
2. l>.,.b-il(m-). +His head feels hot. &-(1-1 Y

_,.ltM't.
have a hot temper

He has a hot temper. oflm-

~m

[See also 'water"]

hotbed*'~-

Our office is a hotbed of intrigue. oop>&y 0.

:f"l-1 ' f-l-1b-t. ' *"" ' )<hot-blooded "1/:\'i'.,.'i'
Don't insult him! He is hot-blooded. 1>'1-ilf.O
<- l "IA'i'_,.'i' )<hotel lf1:A
Where is the nearest hotel? 1\ILII }>lJqo. 4>
<:11 Yll<- lf1:A f'l- )<- 1
hothead "IA<;:.,.'i'
He is a hothead and is going to get into trouble.
"IA'i'_,.'i' ill\lf) 1>9"q'lr::' <-!1'1' 1-1qA

hour

hot-tempered "1/:\'i'.,.'i'
A judge should not be hot-tempered. Jl'i'
"1/:\'i'.,.,. ' OUif1 ' fl\0'1-9"
hound (v.) )H)H
She couldn't get her little brother to stop
hounding her. '1-1"11 m1f:".t 7.1Jl.MH1q
'1- ' t.:f"ll:J-"1"'<- ' l>t.:1'11TI"'
*My creditors are hounding me for payment.
I>O'l&l'"fi l>.,.il.f>9" 1>.,.!14>!1"'1' 1111<-'i't.
hound (one) out l>ltP. l>!lm"'
The mob hounded him out of town . .ft1111-
bh.,."7<- ' l>ltP. ' l>il<D"'thound (n.) I>Jl'S m-lf
A hound has long ears. I>Jl'S m-lf <:"lf"'l"r
9" ' ]C'9''T ' 1>11-'1hour
1. ll't'l-. I work eight hours a day. 04>1 il'l"
1'1- ' il't'l- ' 7....&-1111What are your working hours? f F &- il't.P.
"Tu 9"1 1..11. .,.'I'm- 1
2. 1..11. (pl. 1..1l.Y'I-). In the hour of danger,
he stayed with his friends. qf.:> 1..11. b'l
f.V''Il ' ;>C ' 'l'<:
He works long hours to the detriment of his
health. m.1 )-1:1 1\!lh"''.1-Jl<- f:<:il Ill:
1C9" 1..11.Y'I- 1-"'&-"at all hours 0"71'i'<-9" il't'l1 can be reached at all hours. 0"71'i'<-9" il't
'1- t.1'S 7."f-lllloevery hour On the hour Of'oo-1\- I (tq.-J:
The bus leaves every hour on the hour.
1><-.P.IJ-(1- Of... ll- il't-1: f.'t.Jlt.
for hours Aofltfo ' {l'JoT ! i.flfD 1\11\

1.H.

She practices the piano for hours. A-fltt- lll\o

'1- f"CJ''l' A9"9"f: :f"f.C:>II'T
They debated the question for hours. 1-'11'1
<:H9" Ill\ 1..11. _,.b&-b~O'Ifor hours at a time c\1Ut 1 ll'\+l- YlltPJ"k
<:'I'
Monks meditate on holy things for hours at
a time. oP)Itll.lP"T 1111,. il't.P."T Yl\"7
*<:"' !Ill :,0-'1.!1 )11!'l- Ol>1hr::' Yil
qj\o

One'S hour fOO'f";J! I fl'f:t-

The sick man knew that his hour had come.

f:f"""OOt- 0 (lt-\L 0 fOD'I";f' o (l't-J> 0 oP:J'~11
1 om-.,. )OC
[See also 'best, end, good, late, morning, rush
hour, scant, ungodly')

hour hand not'!- '

around the house R.T ' iUl.+

4'."16

The hour hand of my clock is broken. fll't-1;

il't'l- ' 4r."l6Wo ' -J-1111Z:&\

hourly (adj.) 1111-t'l- f"tf1'fa>His hourly wage is $2.00. 1111-t'l- f"tf1"fa>-

hl1&\ o-11'1 11C ~whourly (adv.) 11fil't-J:

The medicine is to be taken hourly.

fifil't-1: ' f"t'l''l' '

housekeeping

597

hour hand

I wear slippers around the house. n.+ llfl.'l-

~mil ""'"' hf.C;JII!Jo
bring down the house

*The children's performances brought down

the house. &\}':,.; 11/lf.'l- ""'l':l" fl.-1:
"hilh.LCil -1-""11""11

oo~:'~-1:

~w-

house (v.)
I. h'l"t:. We housed the flood victims in
schools. 111-C'i' f-1-1--'1-'1-'t lll'''f- '1-!l"tJ
c+ n.+ w-11'1' h'l"c<;'l'w2. hila>-. +The library houses 20,000 books.
fi.T I ODl\ift'i'-J: J I} f I if. ' ODl\ift'i'T ' hil-T
*We can house you and your friends if the
hotels are full. IJ':I:II-'f- 1 h-1-fll" ll't-1-<;
ll'!f."'l''f-tJ "h>;' H't~ P;l- "h'tL&\"III'f-:\1\'t

clean house

*The union finally agreed it was time to clean

house and regain its good reputation. f,., &- : lPi
"111~. f.,,..1tl-. hqll-'f-'t 'hil<"ll'-' ""&\IJ!I".
liM .,iloollil "h't."."'i.fiiL&\"1 -1-11.,_,
keep house fl.'l- hil-1-'l.".t:
She keeps house for her uncle. f1:J:'t fl.
'1- :l"il-1-'l~.l-ll'fkeep open house for

*He keeps open house for all foreign students.

fl.-1: IIID-"fl" h1C .,__,69''f- "h'tf. fl.;l-'1'
aJ-

ioliJo

be housed

(be) on the house CUM. +lt111

1. "''ld.l ..,.(lm! h~L. Where are the visitors

At the exhibition, coffee and cookies were on

the house. h."IILil."lil- a>-11'1' tJ-<;<; b.b

to be housed? 111>-Sl",.; .,U.f f"til"''l'

w- ' f'l- ' ~a>-1

The ambassador's retinue will be housed in

our hotel. fh!l"q/1.".~ fh11C -1-h:l-l'"'f- tJ'
-!;II'f-'t a>-11'1' fC4-II2. "h"M.'l"C -J-.".t:1. The refugees were housed
in miserable shacks. 11.".-1-"'l',.; 11.".1111
fl.-l''f- a>-11'1' "hVl.'l"~ -J-.".t:1

house (n.)
I. n.+. I want to rent a house. n.+ oob.:.f
'I- ' "hL&\;JIIIJo
2. HC. He was a prince of the house of Solomon.
hilll-'l"'t nc f"t<ll~ &\o-&\ ~ 11c
3. fl.-1-1111. My eldest brother is the head of
the house. ;l-II:J> m't~"'L ffi.-J-llq'f-'t "111
~I ~Q)o

4. oP-"oflC. He has a good position with a

wholesale house. 11)!'!1"11 11"tifm-11'1- oo
~-oc r lD"ilT ~ -r..;.. ' F &- I h.lltD5. h-'1.:-11. The actor played to a full house.
-1-'l'<;f. ' ....,.;r ' il.f/1,.. ' h'l<l-~ ' 'I':J>'I':J>
1111- ~11c
6. .,.....1!\IJ'f-. Tbe play 'Othello' drew a full
house. 1'1<-1;11- ~,:.., 1111" -J-oo&\IJ'f- 1111

*The singer sang to a large house. Htf. ~ r

1111" .1.1111 11-J-1111111111'1- HL~
house of worship 0.1" 1 oo.:J-"il

11~11 "'"'~' ~11c

put one's house In order

*It is easy to criticize others, but it would be

better to put one's own house in order first.
(1,1\"'f-'t J OD'J<j>'j: J <I'll&\ ' ~a>- I IJ''f!l" ' f
.:.ll't "~-'~"' """!.."".:' .,II.,.IIh&\. _ Prill!\

[See also 'back, behind, confine, lady, master1

house arrest, be pi aced under

The minister was placed under house arrest.

"7.~11'1-0:.

114<!1" "hiiC "h't'l..r.f. -1-f.l:'l

household
*How many people are in your household?
!l"'t ftJ&\ ' fl.-1-1111 ' hlltJ l

housekeeper ffl.'l- <1''111.'1He hired a housekeeper after his wife died.

"til., ' h'l"-1-'f- 11:\11 ' ffl.'l- ' <1'1111.'1- <I'
mt:

housekeeping ffl.'l- hff11

Housekeeping involves cooking, washing
dishes, and cleaning. ffl.'l- hf f11 !1""111
.,1111&\ 1 ll.ft't .,m11't<; .,ll"-'1'1-'t fm:l'
&\II&\
set up housekeeping ")j(

OJt1J

Every religion has its own house of worship.

She set up housekeeping right after their

honeymoon. f""1'11 1..H.'I"t ..,ell ml!..f

.,'t>;'a>-!1" ' ,,._.,'l"'l- fl.-1- oo:J>f.il hila>-

w-1- 1}': m"l'f-

housemaid
housemaid U.Y:

how?

I am getting a housemaid for my wife. 11"'1..11

oJ:

1,l..e'

Acf>TC

)tD-

housemother 'I""IH.'tThe housemother maintains strict control

over us. 'I""IH.:l"":f-'1 0"19" f.<fl."'m-1-.,A

housewife ffl.'t- l\OOfl.'tShe is a thrifty housewife. 4!miJ f9";1"w-:,O

ffi.T l\oofl.'t- .,..,.
the good housewife 'lA,.,.J'U
The good housewife gets up in the morning
and melts butter. IJI\oo-J'f.-1> tJI.T T~P':I"
:,Of). :1"~'1'&-ll":f-

housework
I. ffl.'t- OJ-11'1' P'&-. Housework is easy. ffl.
:,. I

lD"/t'J'

who

598

~&-

+1\A.

~(Do

2. fl.'t- OJ-II'I' ooP'&-'t-. Many girls prefer

factory work to housework. ofll!- A"lfU.I'-":f-
fl.'t- w-IlT hooP'&-'t- _eo~~.:,. 4--0.&11
OJ-11'1' OOP'&-T f.OOC"'II-

housing
1. oo'l"<1.1' 1 oo'l"<1.1' fl.'t-. The mayor has
promised better housing for the needy. h'l-1:
IJIJJo ' ll":f-"lt.V'":f- fTlfll OO'l"<IJ' (oo'l".&
.1' fl.'t-) 11.,..,&-'t- :l'A ~ofl:tA
2. fl.'t- .,.,;+. The housing of the laborers
is his responsibility. M'l ..,&-.,.V''Il fl.'t-
.,.,;:,. fCo\- "1'11-~'t- ~w-

hovelf.l(l( 1)1;
My hovel is my palace.

1.1(1(

1 )>;II-

II~

fl.

T o OO'J"IP'1: o .,..,.

hover
I. l\'l"lf"OO. The hawk hovered for a moment
above the chicken, then seized it. ~Ad.:f: T
of:'t- ' l\'l"lf"IJ ' 1'-1!'..'1 ' .I'H":f2. "Ill\. The sick man hovered between life and
death. O"li.,.>;'w- (IOJo O'l"'t-.. O..ltf.m't- oouh
A f. ..AA ~OC
hover (around)
I. l't.. The dogs

hover around the meat

truck. w-lf'Jl fP':>OJo'l ouh.., f.I'-1-:I"A
2. .,.H.,mt.. The children hover around the
place where toys are sold. ""'""" l\lf'l"l-1\.T
O"''.ifTO't- l\I!IJil f.H .. dl&-11hover overhead 1a"J"tf00
The hawk is hovering overhead. "fl"AI.:t :1"
'l"lf"ofiiJII":f-

I. ll'l.<'.'t-. How shall I do it? ll'l.<'.'t- AP'

&ow-!
How is it you did not come? ll'l.<'.'t- ~w-
J'Aoo"Jliw-!
2. l\'11.9"'1. How do you do? l\'11.9"'1 ~tJ !
3. 9"'1 .l'tJA. How damaged is the car?
ooh."" 9"'1 .l'tJA T'I-Y::I"II":f- !
how
I. 9"'1 .I'UA l\'11.

+ (relative verb). You

have no idea how worried we are. f""J fiJA
l\'11-MI'I:> ' l\:f"w-:,09"
We do not know how serious his injuries are.
"l-'1-1> M .l'tJA hiJY: li'II.IF~ l\ ..w-:,09"
2. ll'l.<'.'t- l\'11. + (relative verb). Tell her
how to do it! li'IY..'t- l\'11.9"'t-P'&-tJJo '11&-'tTell me how Mr. Parker is. "'1..11-1-C ;rChc
li'IY..'t- l\'11-IF~ '11t.'S
3. 9"'1>;' l\'11. + (verb). He looked back
over his childhood and realized how lucky
he had been. fA)!'~-1>'1 '1..11. l\ll:l"tJJo,..
9"'1>;' {JY;-1\>;' l\'11.~0(.. T1~HO
how I li'IY..'tHow dirty the house is! fl.-1> li'IY..'t- ol'"li](.A I
How beautiful she is! ll'l.<'.'t- 4''1 )>; A)!'

.,,.I

how about- ll

How about going for a walk? "lic"lic oft'!\'.

Y:ll!
how come l l't."H'.. -lHow come you are still here? lllll!u-'1 l\'11..
,. liH.tJ ol'ftJ !
how far! llllhf't-19"'1 .l'tJA l 9"'1 .l'tJA &-4'
How far does this road continue? f-.IJ oo"t1
Y: llllhf't- f.HA:l'A !
How far have you read in this book? .r.o1
oux-m'i' M .l'tJA l\'lofiOVA 1
How far is it to his house? 0.., r ,..., I YLJA
f.C:l'A!
how little

That shows how little you know. f.tJ f{Jw-4'

't-U'I .,~II J'/(J'ol\.
how lona1
1. 9"'1 .l'tJA '1..11. I ll'l't- '1.11.. How long
have you been working together? r1' YLJA 1
'I.H. l\ofl&-":f-u- 11+"'-~o ~oc 1

How long does it take by airplane? Ol\tJJot!'T'I

'I ll'l't- '1..11. f.l."lfA!
2. h - - ll'l't- '1.11.. How long have they been
engaged? hof-"'i"lo ll'l't- 'I.H..I''I'tJJo ~,. !

how long ago! bll"l+ '1.11. oo~.+

How long ago was that? )1~ fli')<J>o hll"l
+ '1.11. Ro!.-l- )OC !
how many! 11"1-lHow many oranges shall I take? 11"1-l- 11C
...lt"l A<J>o{IJ'; !
how old l
How old is he? 11"1+ 't"".., )<J>o!
how so 1 A?"'')
You haven't any desire to go. How so?
IIOD'tJ': !1""1!1" 'i'~1-l- fllll!l" I liM !
how tall?
*How tall are you? <itOD-l-11 !1""1 filA )<J>o !

and how I 7."1Jl.:l'!

Are you happy? And howl .,.,_11.,.'/A 1 7."1Jl.:l'!
for how long 1 ll9"1' 1 YtJA s 1.rL I hlth OD

'li J':t.ll
For how long have you been deferred? m:J-1-c

)-}- f!l"-l-ODIIODAO-l- '1.11. f_,.~IILAII

liM filA '1.11. )IJJo ! (7.llh OD'fi J';
t.il )IJJo!)

[See also 'earth, else, much, often, soon, well']

however (adv., conj.)
I. )1C "1"1. I would like to do it; however,
I have no time. oflw&-(1)< 1 1\ro-'St\o-- I )o1C 1 -,
"I '1.11. fll'1!1"
2. !1""1!1" filA 11 + (imperfect). She won't
suoceed, however hard she tries. !1""1!1" fll
A 11-l-'l"hC II.I'Ait~-l-!1"
3. 0!1""1!1" 'tJ'.)-}- 11 + (imperfect). However
you do it, the boss will not be satisfied. 0!1""1!1"
'tJ'.)-l- 11-l-w.t:-IJJo llll;r.\1-.,. IIJ'.f.{l-l-!1"
*We will allow you to travel however you
please. OLII"I'lillJo fOD'I'I'll" 'tJ'.)-}- 11-l'tJ': 7."1L;r.J':A'III"I
however 1 l\1'.+

However did you find the place? (l:J-IJJo"l 7."1

J?.-l- A:I'IJJo4'1JJo !I'Ah !

howl (v.)
I. MH). The dog has been howling all night.
IJJolfllJo t\.11. ..."1

-~~-

11.1~11'} 111-t.

2. II~"" The winds howled around our house.

)'!.(1- 00.:1-:f"l 11-6.1' II~OQ.

howl with laughter o..,;r. .,."lh_,.h.,.
The boys howled with laughter. A;c!'ll 0"1
;r. ' .,."lh_,.h...

howl (n.) ""1i+

I thought I heard the howl of a wolf.
....'Ji-}- ' f{I.,IJ-

hug

599

however

OD{III'1

f.,.lfo~

hub 7.11"11c+
London is the hub of English life. IYJP..'J f7."1
"111.11 7.!1"11C-l- )IJJo

hubbub "IC"IC
The hubbub was caused when a baby fell
into a tub of water. .hU IJJo;lo 1"1-'1 IJJoil
'I'

01JJ1.4' '1.11. "IC"IC _,.Lmt.

huddle (vt.)
I. 111-t.. We huddled tbe children into the car.
A;c!'ll'J ouh,<;IJJo IJJoil'l' 111-C<;"'fllJo

2. 7.lt 7."1-'1"""111-l- '11;1111. He huddled his

clothes in a heap. A11(1-"l 7.lt 7.'}-'IOD"'II

'11;1111

be huddled :l'L1

They were huddled in a corner. 7.'1'"1 :l''i'1

1JJo )OC
huddle together
I. 7.'i'"l'i'"l 11111JJo

.,..,..,..lflo.

They huddled together to keep warm. 7.'J'I.'I":I''fllJo 7.'i'"l'i'

"")

oflt\(l)o

.,..,.OfJl(lo

2. .,.m.:>"l.,..,. _..,.... The sheep huddled together in a comer. O')=ti 1 ..,.tn;J""l.,.(l)< 1 hT..,
~J'. .fOD'f'A
huddled up .,.h-&-!l".f
He lay huddled up in bed. IIA.;> ~J'. .,.h.t:-!l".f .,.'i'

huddle (n.), go into a ~ O.foJ'.:l' : .,..,..lth~

The ball players went into a huddle. l>.ll .,.

"'i'l''1l ' 0-fJ'.:J- .,..... lth~

lay in a huddle .,.HO.tl-C.f .,."'ll

His clothes lay in a huddle on the floor.

A11o''ll mllflo ~J'. _,.HO.t:-C4'1JJo -i"'l'IIIJJo
)OC

hue 4'11!1"
The hues of the rainbow were clearly seen.
f4'll.,. f.OD<;"IJJo ' 4'11'1"":f O"IAK" J'.:l'f.
)0C

hug (hugged), v.
I. 7.;r.'i' 111.1.1.

She hugged her mother.

7.<;-l-f"'f''} "~ 111.1.1!1'+

2. 11;r.c: fH. She soothed the frightened
children by hugging them. f1.)1m--l-"1 A;c!
:y. ll;r.<f.. 00Df11 llt..;>.:>!l''fllJo
3. .,.m"l-1' 't1.. The boat hugs the shore.
ODCh!l. mt.f."l .,.m"l:l' -l-'t-'III:Y.

4. h - - - .,.llmL. The fugitive hugged tbe wall

to keep from being seen. yoollmm- 1 ttm- 7t.
"1-'IJ'.:I'J'. h"IJ':"!-'IIJJo .,.llmL

hug

600

5. 1i'f-ll' -fill- .r.oo. The timorous boy

hugged the corner. uw- A"JI: h'l'"'
11"1-'1' 1111- ... hug closely h1-' .I'H

A narrow-minded person hugs his opinions

closely. mltR mq11 flw- .hltll-1 h1-'
y.y.qA

hug (n.), give a ~ l\:,O'i' hl'.61

The mother gave her child a hug. M"t-1> A)/:
..1 l\:,O'i' hS'.61fow-

huge
I. "111-'i'.

The elephant is a huge animal.

1111"1 .,,..., l\1lllt

~m-

16~

human (adj.)
I. ffltD-. Arms and legs are integral parts of
the human body. l\JI;:f'i" l\"'<::f ffltD-1
h'IA """il- f"''..ffll''l- h'i'll-:f 'i"'fm2. ffltD- A)/:. He is an ardent defender of
human liberty. 11'\>o f(lm- A)/: oo11+
of-h&-'1& ' ~ID3. fi11M!. Property rights should not take
precedence over human rights. f'1-flt:+ oP-fl
of:f hfi11M! OD11of:f ' ,..:,.S'.!I" fllq'fm-!1"
4. f-1-L'I'<:. Selfishness is a human weakness.
&./11 ODIIJ<S',.~ fof-4.'1'1: ' S'.l)"7~'1- ' ~ID
human being (lm-

All human beings are equal.

2. '1-A:,O. I need a huge box to put the dishes in.

lt.ft'l':f1 f"7M!I"'I'R'I- '1-A:,O "1'1'1
fllLA1>;A

hull (v.) LII.Lil

The maid hulled the peas.

humanly

h-K-1 Lll

Lll:f

hull (n.)
1. 1Ail. The floor was covered with peanut
hulls. tllll- nt.11-t 111.q of-if'i''l' ~nc
2. :,Oc.r.+. The hull must be removed before
the almond can be eaten. l\(l)o1f 2 hDDfll\.11
n.r.+ :,Oc.r.-~> oom-"1+ hAn+
3. hl!A. The hull of a ship is made of iron.
fODCbll- hi)A h116'1- fof-w&. ~ID<
remove the hulls of LT1

The women removed the hulls of the wheat.

fl.-1',; ll1.<'.1D<1 Lof-"1hum (hummed)
I. hTI-&."l-6. The shepherd hums while guarding cattle. l\6>;m- h11+ fl.m11:,0 f1"l-&.
1'6-A
2. l\11~~ hll. The mother hums her baby
to sleep. l\'i"'l-1'"" .nn-1 11."7/lof->;+ l\11~
~ '1-ll..ll.:f

3. "1'11 hi\. The bees were humming in the

garden. 1(1,; q+hA-1> P:l" '1'11 f.ll- ~nc

(lm-

tJo/t: 7-..b-

~tJ)o

*He treats us like human beings.

'i"A
[See also 'race']

~~'i

f,fl

humane
I. O!l"m6+ <\f. fof-OO>P6of-. Laws ought to
be humane. .ft"' R!l".ft6'1- <\f. fof-"""'6
-1- ""11'1 hila+

2. ll111t1!. The prisoner did not receive humane

treatment. l\ll6>;tD- fi11M! hff11 hA

of-S'.611l'l-!1"
3. C~?-~. He is more humane than his brother.
hm1'.(-ooo ffit\m 1 c~o;.~ ~m-

humanitarian (n.) M

h~&-"1.

Humanitarians attempt to relieve human

SUffering. fi') I h_.$':6o1.l'f- I f(UD"} I oPh6o I
ll"7:l'II.A f.'l"h&-11.humanitarian (adj.) fR~ h~&.~+
His humanitarian plans to eliminate famine
are well known. 6-1111 11."7/ltD1~ f"'i..fS'.
C11D- fR~ h~&-~'1- l\:,0~ f:l'"t<l'
~ID-

humanity
I. (ltD-. God created humanity. l\"'llh11.h.C
(lm-1'

d.m~

4. -~-~~Ill. The household hummed in preparation for the reception. fl.+tlfla v-tr ..,

2. ffltD- A"Jf:. Christ saved humanity. hell

11"1f"m-1 ll"7M''I+ .r.~~'l' ~nc

3. C"'r&.;..

5.

Mn~n.

The electric fan hummed steadily.

Rh.l\.h'l-&h f"''..>P&.ID- H-ll OD/1""1, fll

"7lt6'1' t.~n~n

human (n.) (ltDHis cruelty suggests that he is not human.

?l)~tD-

hiD- fii.ODIY\>o't foollh:l"A

-I'll fflm-1 A)/: h'l~

Treat animals with humanity!

l\1lllt'l-1 RC"'r&.;. f1l

humanly l\1S'.fltDAnimals cannot be expected to think humanly.

7..1lllt+ l\1S'.fltD- 1..1-'l.fllll- hf.m04r!l"
*This is not humanly possible. f,IJ 1 httm- 1 q.
:,0!1" 0<\f. ' ~m-

we will do whatever is humanly posSible.

{lw- (IJS'.C"' f"'l.:flla>-') tNI- "h<;S'.C:>
II')

humble
I.

+m.+. I am

your humble servant.

+m.+

h.~A:>f.!P ' )'S

2. 11-t-H'. Street cleaning is a humble occupation. Olf')1.J!" I OD'T'l:""J I 1f.;'fo+~ I , &- I ~(Do
3. hAQ/1.. His parents live in a humble home.
!1.-t-llfl,.; h.AQ/1. n.+ a>-11'1' f.'l"6-lr
4. -t-6-. He cast away his humble habits when
he became an officer. ODh-'l"t 011'} 'I. H. +
&... mQ\t'l +m

Will you partake of this humble meal?

f.tJ')') -t-6- ,..,-II h'i' :>C A'l-q-t-<;> '1-

L-t--'11111!
Abraham Lincoln grew up in humble cir~
cumstances. h.-IICV9" II.'JI>A'J Yf.1aJo
Of.-1H+ )a>-

+m.+ oP{th'"

;f"f

In the beginning, he acted very humble. OOD~ oP

&Y 1\f. 0"19" +m.+ ODIIII- :J-f
of humble birth

They are men of humble birth. hf.""li !l.-t-11

-II <;'fro- (h11-t>-t-'i' !l.-t-11-11 f-t-<DII-'1. <;
'fro-)
Of humble COndition .,..~ I 'f.C" I fOIJ. lfC
Lincoln's parents were people of humble
condition. fll.'JI>A'J <DI\}(:f -t-&- 'l-1!"
f"'l.'l"'l- II!P:f )0'1[See also 'family, origin, state']
fO~O'I- ! "hC'I'O'I- Ylla>The air today seems to be humid. f~t.w- h.
fC "hC'!'O'I- fO~O'I- f.Odiii\A
A humid climate debilitates one who is not
used to it. hC'I'O'I- Ylla>- YfC 'J-11<:'1-
1\II""S'.w- {lw- Yf.h"'IA

humid "hC'I'O'I-

be humid

1. <DOof'. The air here is very humid. hf<l- "11.11 0"19" f.<D-II:I'A
2. <:m-11 hll. The air is humid before a rain.
II.H'J-11 II.A hf'l- <:m-11 f.I\A

humidify (humidified) "-'J-'1..<:'1'-11

humiliate M'<:f.
She humiliated me in front of my friends.
O'lf.'l''li 4-'1- 1\'l'lf.:f'S

humiliation
1. m-e~+. Humiliation caused him to commit
suicide. ha>-CS'.-1: f-t-)"1 &-11-'J ~1.11
2. lt.'i!t:.+. In order to conceal her humiliation,
she ran away. h'i'l:;I:'J ll""lfL ') mof.:f

humility +..n+<;
He received the workers with humility . .v&--t
,.,.;., n+..n+<; -t-+oll'fw-

humor (v.) h""".<D-tYou will have to humor him because he is ill.

1111:1""""" A:J"""".a>--t-w- f.~QVA

humor (n.) of'Af." l fQ;J.'I':J" M

humble circumstances ~li)--1-

act humble

humor

601

humble

1\S'.<:~

This instrument humidifies the air. f,tJ

oo~

&Y hfC "h'J-'I..l:'l'-11 Yf.C:>A

humidity roo-tHumidity makes my shirt stick to my back.

roO<fl lf"'l.H.'J h)!CQI'- 1\f. Y"l-114"1'A

Mark Twain was famous for his humor.

"'ICh '1-'llf.') O+A-'1. (O...,'I':J-a>- II~)
f:J"<D+ )0C
be in a bad humor hof..(m-)
+Don't bother him when he is in a bad humor.
Ohof.a>- 1.11. l\'I-)1J')Ha>be i.n a good humor f.lt = h.A(m-)
Are you in a good humor today? tf.'.. 1 F.lt
-1111-VA !
be in an Ill humor .,..)Ai.),;u.

Why are you in such an ill humOr today?

~t. ' 9")a>- ' '1-)""".)""".IIIJ !
full of humor l\1"-I!'S
This story is full of humor. f.ll -t-<:+ hi"
-t'S ' )aJo
good humor -f-Q;J.'f':f)'IHis good humor was particularly noticed.
-f-Q;J.'I':fH 0-t-llf. f;l-<Dof'll'l- )a>note of humor +lAY:

oott_e.

There was a note of humor in his film. n.v&-

m-

~AlJO

C&itT

+A:

00/t.e. I

)fli:.

o+
= h.ll"f
Success puts you in. good humor. h.'l: '>1
c {l.ql) S'.ll Yll'i'A

put one in good humor S'.lt

sense of humor +AF..~)+

His only saving trait is his sense of humor.

btnflf.. I flofto I 'M-lD" I '>1C f +A~~-IJ I
-11.!1' ' )aJo
(have) sense of humor +A:

ow+

He has no sense of humor, so don't make

jokes with him. +AS'." h.Yw--t-9"<; h'l-:I'll
S'.aJo

humorous l\P'-I:'f
Mark Twain wrote humorous stories. "''Ch
'I-'ll') l\P'-I:'f .,.....,."" l\1.
hump (v.), - up l\0'1' l\r\
The ground humps up in front of the door.
,..,., h""11"L.I'm- .r.-1- 1\.L'l- l\0'1'
J!.IIA
hump one's back A"f+"J )II(.

The cat humped his back when he saw the dog.

Y:oo;t: m-lfm-1 qf:f "l.n K"l-<::1 H ..:f
hump (n.)
I. lf'l'. A camel has one or two humps.
"'"""' l\')Y: tD}'.'I" o-r\'1- lf.... l\r\tJJo
2. '1-11;1-. There is a hump in the road. oo')1'1.
~}'. '1-11;1- l\r\
humpback 1-q"' ,..,.
The humpback works as a guard in the church.
1-q"'m- l'lm- fO.+ hC!l1:}") HO'l'
ll''l' ' }'11\"I~A
humus 'I'AIJ l\I.C
Humus is needed to grow these plants in.
.f.U'Jb611~~~"1'1'AIJl\.LC.I'ili.A?A

hunch (v.) '/-ill" .,..,.,..m

He hunched over his desk. mt.A.~,.
il,n

.,..,.,..m

hunt

602

humorous

~y.

'1-

sit hunched up 1--Rifl 4-+oom

Your back hurts because you are sitting

hunched up. ~cqu') f"'i.J''I"U 1-ilmu
ilr\'1"'1-+0D'f' ~,.

hundred "".,.
a hundred oo+ q.oo:,.
You won't be able to do this, even if you live
to be a hundred. .,...,. <too'!- l\')\o,') it
'1-'l'C .f.U')') A'l-,.&-tJJo l\'1-:fA'I"
hundreds of Oflfto t oo+ f"'t4\m~

Hundreds of people perished in the earthquake.

flODt;.oi: I 001'+'1'+"1" I fl1Jif- I oo+ I fD7.1Lifl
~' l'll":f' l\Mt
hung, see hang
hunger (v.), - for
1. r\~"11"'1- 'i'i. He hungered for a good
'/""Iii r\~"11"'1- 'i'i
meal. 2. 0"1'1" 'i'i. She hungers for the love of her
family. r\0.+ 1'1-11 'i':,OC 0"111" '1-'i'ill:f
hunger (n.) t.;>R 1 &oil
I nearly died of hunger. 01.;)11 (0&-il) A 'I"
'1- ,..,,. l\A+ ...'fll" ~oc
*He has a hunger for knowledge. bm-++ f
m'"lm- )mappease {one's) hunger hm10

A good dinner will appease your hunger .

'I'~ l\&-'1- .l'm"lii?A
hungry f+&-0
The hungry dog searched for food. f+&-OtJJo
tJJolf 11""1-11 .Lr\1
*He went to bed hungry . .,...,.., l\~...
be hungry &-O(tD-)
+He is still hungry after that big meal. }")') oIl- ?"""ii OA.,_ l\o-1'1" l\1~&-0tJJo
~,.

hunch (n.)
I. ~cq oo'l'O'I'. His hunch is the result of
a spinal injury. f~cq,. OD'l'O'I' hl\hCIJ
6tJJo ' 00'/-JIT ' f+~"f ' ~tJJo
2. "1'1"'1-. His hunch proved correct, and we
won $100. "1'1"-1> '1-hhll'l' ll''l' !lr\+11"
"".,_ iiC l\11"1
have a hunch +l'l~(tD-)

I have a hunch that something is wrong there.

l\').tl':f f+~~.,. ~1C MI.U ~}'. OO'l'
~' Y.l'l~'l'A

hunchback 1-q"'
I mean the hunchback over there. }'')') 1-q
"' ~,. f'I"AU
hunchbacked, get - 1-0m
You will get hunchbacked sitting that way.
l\')~11..1' il'l-+oo'l' '1-1-ii"'IIU

be hungry for OlfJr =\~

The child was hungry for affection. A 'It r\0.

.,. 1'1-11 'i':,.c O"'ll" 'i'i
go hungry +&-0
Even though they say there is no food, I have
not yet gone hungry. l\UA m'i':J:A flqA
II" l\!IIJ1Jo1 l\A+&-ilo-9"
hunt
1. ~~-He is hunting deer. l\?H'J }'Y:<;A
2. l.r\1. They hunted the lost ball. fmof.m-')
l>.il .LI\"1hunt down l\Y:'l' .I'H
They hunted down the killers of the President.
l'"ro!.H..-'1')-f>') 1-'ll'":f l\Y:~tJJo .1'11-'l''ftJJo
hunt (for) l.r\1
We were hunting for an apartment. Jr.;r
c+~ !l'J.t.A"I ~oc

hurry

603

hunter

Nomads must always hunt for good grazing

land. H'l'l"'ll 11-111'1..11. 'I'~ f"'tnii oot.'t-

hurrah fii"M:Y.
Hurrah! We are getting extra pay. fll"il.!-:f-1 .,.

t1DLil"l l.iiQ:fiJJo

...__,6 1'JH-fl

hunt up

*Hurrah for the king!

1. Lil1. I will hunt up some old books when

I get to Ethiopia. IDS'. 1\.'1-f"lrf ll'/.1: l.
'J'I'J1: hc:"l. ""ll.lt'i''l- "ALA;JiiiJo

He hunted up some old friends when he

returned from abroad. hiD"'i'" l.1C f\.oo
ilh h'J'I'J1: f411' ID'I.l('ll'J LM

2. LA'I h11. How many books did you

hunt up? ii'J'I- ODl\.lt'i''l- LA1U l-11
hunter l-'1'1
Hunters are not allowed to hunt on my land. h
'I'P:Y.
'l:fiJJoll"

""""-1: 'If,

"A'J'I.J'1:). hf.L<t1:

hunting "7S'.'J
Hunting is forbidden on these premises.
OH.U hAA IJJoiiT "7S'.'J hAhA )IJJo
huntins sround f"7S'.>;' ll:J-

The forest was his favorite hunting ground.

"'iiJIJJo ' fl"'ll" ' f"''.IDS'.I& ' f"7S'.>;' ' ll:J- '
)flC
so huntlns l.S'.'J '/.S'.

We are going hunting tomorrow. 'i'1

h~'l

"A'J'/.'111'}

hurdle (v.) Hilil

The horse hurdled both the fence and the ditch.
Lt:o\- h *'}II" 1S'.II-'JII" Hilil

hurdle (n.) oa(I<;))A

The runner's foot struck the hurdle and
knocked it down. a;.., oo(l<;))fl-'} fl"A"I

oo+

I IIJ{lfD

Passing the math exam is our last hurdle.

fdo.lt-fl ' L.,.'i':f.'}'} ' "711'1' ' fll-fl'} ' fOD
Q;~.t:'/fiJJo oo(I<;))A )IJJo

hurl
1. IDt:IDt:. The rioters hurled rocks at the
police. t:-fllf'l''ll fl?"i\.1\':f 'If. 1:'J;J
m.l:m~
2. l.ID.:S'-(0'1-).
~

They hurled insults at the

nightwatchman. Hfl'l'ID-'J il1:-fl l.IDt:JI.

n+

hurl oneself at ,.;JLm

They hurled themselves at the enemy. m'l'l'} '

61:~

illf'Jll'f. I

hurricane 'tiD-flo )'i-ii

A hurricane blew down my house. 'ttD-1\-
4-ll IL1:'J l.L.!-t:I'IIJJo
hurried (adj.) fT1:.1.f
It was a hurried trip. fT1:.1.f .,.,. )flC
be hurried fl'i''I')T .,.'lh

More soldiers were hurried to the front lines.

.,...._.,6 ID:f"S'.I::f. IDS'. /DC "I'JQC

IJ l

~ I

A'i'1'1 )IJJo

,_;JLm-

fl'i'T)'t- .,.'Ill-

hurriedly
I. IDJI.ftD-).1 fl'i'T)T. The village was hurriedly
deserted because bandits were in the area. QIJQ
Ill& 0 il<;:-!'':f 0 ilfl)fl~ 0 OD'}J'.~ 0 ID'I_I'IJJo). '
(fl'i'T)'t-) .,.il<t<t
2. flT1:.1.f. He spoke hurriedly. 0'1'1:.1.1 .,.

'i'1.:

hurry (hurried), vt.

1. l>"'S'.L. Don't hurry me; I am not dressed
yet. 1'i' A-flfl.'J "A'J'>. l.Ailflilh-11"1 h:f"
"11:L'1
2. fl'i'T)T l-Ui\. A taxi hurried us home.
:J-hi\.,. fl'i'T)'t- "AIL'I- l.S'.t:I'I'J
3. fl:Y.lt'l oP.!-. If we hurry the work, it will
he spoiled. F.!-IJJo'J fl"flt'l -fi'JoP.!- f.fl
'I '/fA
hurry (vi.)

1. .,."'S'.L. Don't hurry! I will wait for you.

h'I-"'S'.'i' "Am-R"'-YiiiJo
2. -I'll- loll. Hurry, or we will he late. -I'll-
flA I fiiH.f "A'JH1fli'J

3. +4-m~. As he is leaving tomorrow, we

must hurry. )1 illl"''.'t1: ou'l-m'J hll-fl'}
hurry up Lm1 h.A
Hurry up! The plane will leave without us.
Lm'J flA I l.IJJoC'T'\). 'I'll-'} f.'/.'1111

hurry (n.) 1-lt'l

What's the hurry? We have fifteen more
minutes before the train leaves. ':flt'IIJJo II"'J1:
)IJJo l Q(K. f"''.)"'IJJo 1'i' hOF.!- hll"
il'l- S'.<I::J' fl:\'1 )IJJo
be In a hurry :fb..lt
She was in a hurry to see her father. hll:t'l '

il"7f't- ' :flt'lii:Y.

hurt
hurt (hurt), vt.

hush (vt.) MOll

I. '1-'1. This will hurt business . .1'-IJ ")"!.~':")

.J'.'I-'1/A
The stone hurt my foot badly. Y:");>.J'. 1."1&.
., ' h4-'f ' '1-'l'f
2. hil"""" The needle will hurt you. DPC.I..
m- Yii'I'"I"?IA

3. 1-'1-'1. He hurt his foot and hopped about

in pain. 7."1~") 11111"'1-'1 OP':l'.J'. 01\.11
1."1~

HillA HillA hi\

4. h114'fou. I did not mean to hurt you.

~114'.1'-?"IJ Ml'l11h-?"
hurt (vi.) h""""(m-)
My arm hurts. 7.11:.") you:;'/;1.
be hurt

She is easily hurt. 04'~11- 't-4'f"71\lhurt (one's} feelings

I. :r-c hl'l"f. His criticism hurt my feelings.

t4'.1..:J-m- :r-c hl'l"f'f

2. h114'f"". Her exclusion from the club
hurt her feelings. hhOII- oohfAh!l. h114'f

.,,...

hurt oneself

+1-~

She fell on the stairs and hurt herself.

~<:ll"

,. ' tY::l' ' 1"'1-'l'f

hurtle "l.f-1"");>;> t"l

The boys hurtled out of the door. lA],; M
T"},.?.,..

hustle

604

flfl?-

The mother hushed the crying child. "l.'i"'l--1'"'1'

f"''.YII:r-l'tm-") IA;t' h'IOI\lhush (vi.)

I. "1!-'f!' hi\. They hushed as the judge walked in. 'l'fm- 1'1.1'1 "~!""~!" hll2. 11?" hi\. We were asked to hush during
the music, noo-rt..+m- 1..11 119"' lt."}..e-1-A
1"t1C")
hush I 7.11
Hush! I can't hear a word. 7.11
?"")?" h.J'.
1'1"7'f?"
hush up hl\'101'1
She tried to hush up the fact that her husband
was an ex-convict. ~~~ hH.U +.F.fD r+
Lan't- t"))';ll'f oal)').") 11"711'1011 '("
h<::f
hush up I

11,.. s OA

Hush up! I am tired of your chatter. 11?" n

lA I IA'i'l\4-11 I'IIA'f+'fiA
(be) hushed up

1"~4-Lt

The scandal was quickly hushed up.

0~/A m-'U'm-). 1"~4-Lt

f"'~'~--

hush (n.) 1\T:JA hush settled over the room when the Emperor entered. 1'"l-1P ~1P"-h 01flo "',.tL
h'i'll- ID-11'1' 1\T;J- I'ILt

(Dtf)o

hurtle through fl1'T.P.

husk (v.) ifl\4'4'

fll:~

The jet hurtled through the air. 11:.-lo

., ' ,.,.,.,..., ' o.:.:

hf~

husband (v.) 4r.m0

That man must husband his strength while he
is ill. Y I (laJ- _I fl,ftoPOD- I '1.11 I -,.t\fl.JJ"} I 0D
4r.m11 hl\0'1--

husband (n.) lilA 1 '11111.'1-Where is her husband? '1!1. ('11111.:1:) f'l--

hi\ 1

husbandry
I. hY.I"'I. By good husbandry Mr. Parker
amassed a considerable fortune. hY.I"'I 0"7
w4! "7.111-c ;rchc h'i' Yll 1111'1--
hh"7'1'
2. "I.C'I:I'. Animal husbandry requires both
training and money. fh11'1-- "I.C'I;I- 6m-4'
't-")'i" 1")H11") .1'-m.J'.:l'IA
3. 7.Clf .. Most of the people in that region are
engaged in husbandry. flU' 4'01\. ,.,,.:f
1111-,.:r; n7.clf .1'-1->~~t:-11-

They were husking the com all day. 4').")

-~~- ' 0-1'11-ID-") ' l'l.ifll:r-4! ' '1'11-

husk (n.)

~")<!-

Remove the husk from the corn before you

cook it! R-1'11-m-") h0d4'4'1AIJ Od.'t- ~.,
4-ID-") ' if"':,..,.,.
strip the husk ifll4'4'
You must strip the husk from an ear of com
before you cook it. 0-1'11- hou4'4'11- nL
'1-- ouif IA4':r- hiiR't-

husky
I. '1-C'i"'i". She has a husky voice. '1-C'i"'i" .r:r
, , h'l't2. mofl1.A. He is a very husky man, and he can
lift very heavy boxes. !m11~/A 111\ll't 0"1
?" hllY: "'T'l"'f") {l.Yt"' Y.'f~IA

hustle (vt.) M1L:I'1"<: h1l1'1

The police hustled the thief into the truck.
;r(l.{l'f 1\.'lm-") m~ ""lL'i"m- ID-11'1'
M1L;J--'t- h11111-'t-

hustle (vi.)
1. .Lm"t hll. We have to hustle to get there.
l\lf..l' IIOOF:l.ll .Lm"t "711'1- hMI"t
2. -1""11.4.. We had to hustle to get the dishes
washed by six o'clock. lt.ih'l':Y."t OOP'~ ~
11'1-' (1~'1- ' l\'1'1'' 11"7:(.11 ' OD"Jf..'i'' )0(.11")
hustle abOUt

aJU

hyster ia

605

hustle and bustle

dJ)liJ

....a:a:m

The maid hustled about putting the house in

order. 1t.'l.-l> IL-t>"t 11"7H;>~'I- tDI',J
WJI.JJ .,..,:.,:m:Y.
hustle out hi!'tt-~ hllW"l
They hustled him out of the bar. h!J-'0 IL-l>
hiJ'tf-lltJJ< ' l\IIWID"'Ihustle to bed .P.~ hll-1"'1
Mother hustled the baby to bed. l\'01: ...nn.
") ' .,.~ ' hll-l"'i':ftJJ<
hustle and bustle "'C"'C
The hustle and bustle of the big city tires me
out. f'I-A.:Jo h-1""7 "'C"'C Yf..hoo'i 'A.
hut ~.)t
There is a little hut in the woods. "'i\JtJJ< ..,.
11'1' ' 'l-"t1i ' ~.)t ' hii:Y.
hutch [l\"tf.. 'l'"tlfA. llll- '1-'0111 l\"tlllt
+ oo'l't.Y l\"t'l.ll'"t f-f"w~ ~:]
hybrid '!.:I'll
The mule is a hybrid, being the offspring of a
donkey and a horse. O:Jo~ hhJJY'O h.Lt.ll
ff"'I-IDIIF: 'l.:l'll '0'1A word formed of words from different
languages is a hybrid. fA.f. A.f. lt"t!l:l":Y.
") :I'll'!- ODP<I'Yf'l' f-f"oowt.-1" ' :I'A. J1.
:I'll ' Y.IJliA.
hydran t [h'I-A.-1! ftJJ<:> "7h"7il' tJJ<:> f"''.
1111 ' !1.9"!.1.]
hydrom el 11C11
She washed her hands in preparation for
clarifying the hydromel. -IICH-"t 11"7"1~'1-
l\~"t ;J-mo:Y.

hyena~

Hyenas abound in Ethiopia. Oh.'H'-A-Y tJJ<Il

'I' ' ~ ' 'I"A.;t:A.

hygien e fm.'O '1'0:1' HJ'.

A team is teaching people about hygiene.
h"tF: ' !J-F:"t ' .ih11o-"t ' fm.'O '1'0:1' HJ'.
0"71l-1""7C liY. )tJJ<
hymn oo11 ...c
They exalted God in their hymns. 0""11 ...~'1'
..,. ' l\"11Lh11.h.C"t ' h'1"1(1~ng

a hymn HODl.

The priests sang a hymn during Mass. <J:l>:Y.

O:J>JI(t. ' '1.11. ' nooo~-

hyphen "t);.ll "l"t.'IOnly recently have we started using the hyphen

when we write Amharic . fttJ?C~ lt1'&"1f: 0
"t);.ll "l"t.'l- oPm<l'll" f~OOC)fDo O:Jo
C11 )fDo
hypocr isy "11111)'1He is suspected of hypocrisy. l\{1- 0"11111)
+ Y.mt.m~A.
hypocr ite "11111
One cannot depend on a hypocri te's promises.
f"11111"t ' f-1"114- ' :I'A. ' IIOD-1""700") ' hY.il'
A.II"
hypoth esis
1. "19"'1-. Your hypothesis of weather changes
has no foundation. 1111 hfC ~~;J- ooll
'I'W'I' Yllll "111"'1- oPwt.+ fllfDoll"
2. OOll II"'I-. A scientist cannot leap to
conclusions, but must test every hypothesis.
ltY."t-1:11'1- fDoit~ lloollm + hf.'flt-A .II" !
"7"t'i'lffDo"tll" oPll 11"'1- ~II- _eoot.f"
~~~~. ' l\"tl(
hyster ia 11Ch
The soldier had an attack of hysteria in the
middle of the battle. w;J-f..-1- OI"C)-1> oou
hA. ' 11Ch ' YHfDo

Idealism

606

money? 1")Hil J'fi.I:'C'IA ill\" f)1t:U

~k

I am a student.

~k

.,..,,.. )'f

. , , )<JJo?

have an idea OD(U\(m-)

ice n.:P..

There is ice on the ground. oot,-ft 1\f. 0~

p.. hi\
Put some ice in my drink, please! ODmm. 111il'l' '1'-t'l- fi.:P.. h.I:'C"Jfi'lcuts no ice 9"")9"' hf.1..1A
Her father's position cuts no ice with me.
J'fl:t P'A"'") Ilk f"")f" hJ'.1.A
on thin Ice

without some facts to support you, you are

on thin ice with this argument. f"''.l."''i'U h
'-'~'.!:' ov.:ll' 1t'11"fu .r.u hchc w
1'"1Uf"

I have an idea she will be late. ff"'l-H1}'. }'.

ODili\>;'A
have no Idea

I. h'IID4'9". You have no idea how worried

we were. f"") }'UA ~")1.il;J") h;J-m-:,0,2. h'l(lfif". He had no idea that work at
high school was so hard. fu-1\.,.'l' Ull' '1f"UC'l- ' ~ilbH.U J'.bii'IA ill\" h'l(lfi
9" )fiC
not have the Idea 1\.,ID:,. hA!I'IIf"
I haven't the faintest idea what he wants.
M ~")1-"''.LA"' 1\.,ID:,. fi'i'l\.9" hAil'

All-?"
[See also 'central, fall, flirt, impregnate, play,

iceberg ffit:P.. hll'l-

strike, toy']

(be) icy nn.:P.. .,.ifL)

Be careful driving; the streets are icy. il'l-)'1
.,.'",.,.:,. 1 ,..,,,.,; nn.:P.. .,.if'i')1'A

ideal

Icy look

I. ~M.,.'l' hCh}'. King Theodore has become the ideal of many young Ethiopians.
h~ of;l".l:'l!'il 1\iiH- ID"'T h.'l-f"k}'

*She gave him an icy look. L:J:") hm'l&t::f-

<JJo}'") ~J'.)_,.'l'

n'l-

2.

hCh}' IY)1'A

Love of money corrupted his ideals.

f1")Hil 'i':,OC ~'\.,(J)o") hn'l'li.,.fi;J-A

idea
I. '1-f"UC'l-. This book will give you a good
idea of life in ancient Greece . .e.u OD&"thtt:
ill\ T") :1"'1: "1<'-h l-1!' <No '1-f"UC'l-
J'.il'l''IA
2. hil.,.lt(lil. Their idea of beauty is quite
different from ours. ill\ m-n'l- }''l:fm- hil.,.
ltilil h'i' fi"'f" f.,.llf )<JJo

His ideas on raising children are certainly

}'1\m- hil.,.lt(l
strange. A](:f-") ill\

.,111..,

)1C )<JJo
3. hil.,.J'f'l-. He had nebulous ideas on the
subject. ill\ 'I-'ll' 1.-11qq hil.,.J'f'l- )fit:mit

~'I.,.

~")"1'1

4. ~'1.,. The idea of a vacation is to get

away from work. fllt:'i''l- ~""'"'" bP'c!-
1\0DI\f'l- )<JJo
5. mltil. That is an excellent idea. ~~., 'I'
>~- mltil )malve the Idea \'1~
What gave you the idea tbat I will lend you

3. 1.")-11. He tried to live up to the ideals of

the Christian religion. nhcil-tn 'IY..,<r'l-
1.")-11 """'t:'l- 1\0D<;'C 'l"bt:

*He's my ideal. hODAb1'1111ldeal (adj.)

I. .,.il.,"''.. This is ideal weather for a holiday.
hf-1- Mt:'i''l- _,.il.,"''. )<JJo
2. f(lm. This is an ideal place for swimming.
.r.u 111'<; f(lm ll:f" )<JJo
3. fi"'f" <No. It would be ideal if she could

accompany us to care for the children. A](=J;

") 1\ovmn:,. hilc!-") il'l-V..I:' fi"'f" 'I'
-1- )fiC

4. ~}'.).,.>;'. To many people Washington

personifies the ideal American. 1\iiH- ill":f-
1'"ih"l.,., f~J'.).,.'l' h"LLIt' 9"111\. )<JJo

idealism t:1Af" l-1!'

The young are influenced by idealism. ID"'.,.

:f. ' f"1Af" l-1!' ,_..<;:f1'A

idealize 'i!l\.9" h.I!"C1 .t.+~o

Some historians idealize their subjects. h'tJI"I
.1!" ' f:l'<lh ' ll.:l'avt+ ' 'Ill ' :1'61>11'"1 '
'i!l\.9" h.I!"C"I"'" .I'+C!Lif'FA

identical
I. Ah ~11"1 fODI'l/1. This pen is identical with
the one I lost. f mof.oll~ ilc!C Ah ~11"1
fou(l/1 r ~,.
2. h"l.l!". Both events happened on the identical day. tJo/1.,.9" .I!"C"Lof-11' '1"1.1!" clll+
,.,.,.~

... '

"'~'"'"

be identical +oota(lfl

These two books are identical. MILII tJoll+

ODX".tol::":f ' ~-IIM/Io

identification ""11.1'

~~c

He carries identification with him all the time.

""'+c ""11.1' ~~c ~~~ Wf.llA
identification card OD~IDcf:l m~++
Your identification card, please! hl'lh. oo:f'
ID4!f r ID~++II"I r h/lf"!
Identification mark ,..Ah+

Do you have any special identification rriarks?

1'1,.~+11 ~~~ A f. !I"Ah+ h/111 l

identify (identified)
I. /If. The police identified him by his
fingerprints. ?"11.1'1- 0"1.,. h'lf&- Ill'"'"
2. h"l.l!" h.I!"C1 hf. One usually identifies
wealth with success . .t.oflq'O',."I "1..11. llil+
'~" fl"&- "":!'"+"! r h"l.l!" h.I!"C~,. f
"?JY.' hl\o
3. oPIJ'\o-"1 hG:>~m. John identified the bag
as his by telling what it contained. \'.to"Ill 'If
"1"1,. "'"il'l' .1'11,."1 h:l' /\~of 0"""

'lf"l"'"'"

fCfl. oull'\o-"1 h~.;>~m

~c
identify oneself
Can you identify yourself1 ..,"! +'lit./111 l

*He refused to identify himself with the

scheme. hiLII h:t-.1!" ,.ll'l' hA~'IR+!I"
h/1
be Identified "'"I'H+ h/1,.

He is identified with the new party. lVI.

fl.

idle

607

idealize

:rc-1: .;>C

"'""'H+ h/1,.

3. OD/1.1'. There was no proof of the identity of

the thief. 1\.'lavt ""11.1' 17""19" "7llal' h
MO~!I"

ideology 1'?"11-l:lt H~O.

Communism is an ideology. t>oa-tlf!l" h"l
.1!" 't~~+ f?"/1-l:lt H~IL

r ~,.

idiom
I. Lll."''l! h~.;>~C. Amharic is rich in idioms.
h..,C'O' 0.1.11."1'1! r M.;>~C f0/111~ ~,.
2. h~.;>~C. He spoke in the idiom of the
country people. h"lf. 'llt.~C'":f M.;>~C +.,~~

idiosyncrasy (idiosyncrasies) oP/1\"

Wearing only black ties is an idiosyncrasy of
his. "'"'c h&-liof-11' iii" ..,l'lc ""Ill'
CD- I

)CD-

idiot f.f.il
He looks like an idiot. Uil

~""ilit.A

idiotic
I.

h~~'l!l".

This film is idiotic.

~II

4-A!I"

h~~'l!l"

2. ( = noun) ~A~+. His plan to spend the

summer in this hot place is idiotic. 0,.7m-1'

OILII '1":1'+ 11:1' 11"71111'1' "7+-'1- r
~M+' ~,.

idle (vt.) F&- hllL:I'

The strike idled 300 workers. F &-

f.,~,.

h.l!""'l,. l"ll+ ,..,_ r 1'19'11'"1 F&-

ML:I'
Idle (vi.) 1"&- L:l'

Are you going to spend your whole vacation

just idling? fcl~'l'+ 1.11.11"1 ' n-11- ' P'
&- r L-1-11 A:l'lloi\LtJ)o r ~"'" l

*Let the motor idle to warm it up! '1"-K-"1 h

ll~Fof-11

r h"l'l.'l":t>

_,.OJ,.

Idle away h'IM I hm4-

Don't idle away your time! "1..11.11"1 h:l''lh"l

(h:l''1'4-)

idle (adj.)
I. h"l.,., That's just idle talk. h"l.,. ID&.
~,.

I. of-OD/1/IM+. She observed the identity of

the dresses. fAiiMl"l oJ-tiP/1/1~~+ llf":f
2. ..,"!~+. The writer concealed his identity
under an assumed name. K"'"-"'" ..,'~~"''~

f..,~~'l. Idle rumors pop up every so

often. f..,~~q ID&. Of"LII."'" ~~'i!IIA
3. lli''f:. The reason he is so poor is because
he is idle. ff.1if"'" M'i! ll/111'~ ~,.
4. """'~+ ILll I'll'~. I tried to dispel his
idle fears. """'~+ r ILll I'll'~ r 'i!CY_,."I lt.ll

0/l.lt. ' 1'19" ' if.~.~,.

ID"'.I!"II+ ' 'l"hCit-

identity

2.

608

idleness

5.1"6- fi.:J-. This factory has no idle machinery. ,1'.11 <f.i1.61J 1"6- fi.:J- OD"f6f

f(IJo'J"
be idle JP&- ,t.;Jh~

'1"'1"1..11.'1" I"

6- hJ'.I.:J-'1"

Many people are idle at present.

Qp.~ ~ "LH.

ill!- lll":f 1"6- 1.1-'I'A.

idle workman P&- ~L+

(lm-

1 see many idle workmen in the streets. ooo1-1

J!: 'IJ'. ill!- 1"6- 1.'1- lll":f hf(IY.
lay idle. stand idle JP&-

6h ' <D,I'.'I" "1'1''1"]

1"6- 1.:1-

~-:r-

h'JS'.Ift ' ho-'J ' J'.ODfl/tA. OA.

2. h'JS'. + (perfect). See if there is any mail

for me. S'.il-'10. h'J'Ifl't hJ'.
3. imperfect + h'JS'.Ift. He asked me if
I knew Amharic. h"''e>;' t..,.;r. h'JS'.Ift
mf.,.'t

+ (perfect). If you like, we can go

straight home. hl.fl"lll 0.,.'1':1- 7.0.'1-
A.'J'/.J!: h'J:f'lfi'J

The factory has been standing idle for a year.

<f.ii&!Jw- 1\'JJ!:

I. f + perfect + h'JS'.Ift. If anyone asks

for me, say I'll be right back. II.,. fl.fl1't

4. h

L:J-

The factory lay idle for years. <f.ii&!Jw- flil

1"6-

I.:J-

[See also 'speculation 'I

idleness
I. II'J<;:<;, Idleness is not the only cause of
poverty. fJ!:1h'l- ontlf II'J<;:<; ill" hJ'.
S'.fl'l"

2. 1"6- 1.'1-t'l-. Idleness begets crime. 1"6-

1.'1-t'l- <D'J~A'J fllh'I-1\A.

idler 1"&- 1.'1Laziness makes us all idlers. ll'lt;:.'i F&-

1.'1- fS'.e1'0A.

idol "'P'IPeople worshipped idols before Christianity

came. hell'l-<; hoP'J"nJ-1> 01.'1- lll":f
"'P'I- f""Ah- toe

idolatrous "'P'I- h'l"llh.

The idolatrous peoples were punished by God.
"'P'I- h'l"'lh.l"'ll ih1111:f Oh"lll.hilm.e

.,..,."'"

idol a try f"'P'I- h'I"A.l>

Christianity denounces idolatry. fhell'l-<; Y
,1'."7'1''1- f"'P'I- h'I"Al>'J ftD"I'IA.
practice Idolatry IIJPT 1\0Dl\h

Jews used to practice idolatry in ancient times.

O'I''J'I- "1..11. hl/.o-P.:f "'P'I- fOOA,h- tOe

idolize t.onflh
They say that the ancient Ethiopians idolized
a serpent. f'J"J'I- h.'l-f"lrfro-n OH'JP.
f""Ah- toe 11-q'IA

Young people often idolize football players.

<D"'-1'-:f ill!- "1..11. \>.11 T"'i'l':r-'t fOD

AM''!' A

idyll [fq'11e'J 1-C' f"7.1AK' h"l"e :Jif

Her fingers are neveridle.

It- ~-:r:r-

ignominious

I'll go if he goes. h'/.S'. h '/.'lfloSing if you want to. hl.fl"lll 11.1..'J

5. 'I"'J'I" h'J\>. il + (imperfect). If he
made a mistake, at least he meant well. 'I"'J'I"
h'J\>. llih-t-'1- IL"'&- h<f.'l- hl\110'1"
*If I had known, I wouldn't have done it.
qw-;r. 'I'C' h'ls>.e,.,.'l" toe
if only!

*If I could only get there! h'JS'.'I"'J'I" hll.f

iiS'.CII I

[See also 'as, even, ever, what']

ignite (vt.)
I. h.,."'mfl. They ignited the twigs to warm
themselves. floP'I";r. "1"6-C'ID-'J h.,."'mll2. 7.4'1- hffH. He ignited the paper with
a lighted match. hil6'1- "l"C' <Dl..,.-lo'J Oh
4'1- hffH
ignite (vi.)

I. tS'.S'.. Paper ignites easily. <Dl..,.'l- 0.,.'111-

M'IA
2. 7.4'1- 1-ffH. The dry twigs ignited from
a spark. "1"6-C'Jo O'i''J"'6 7.4'1- 1-ffH
3. I.M. The gunpowder is damp and won't
ignite. q<IJI. llfll.mO hJ'.I.M'I"

ignition, turn on the

~ 41A.<;: hl.i"

Tum on the ignition and start the carl 4111.4-'J

h.t.'l-<; ' ODh.<;.,.') 0 hllt"f""'

ignoble
I. <D&--'1. A cheat is an ignoble man. h:J-1\J'.
(laJo I BJ&--'J I tdJo
2. f"7.flt<;:e. Their ignoble defeat will go
down in history. f"7.flt<;:e J!:A. onoo:J:1-'I'OJo ' :J-6h ""'11'1' ' 1/.11<;:6-A.

ignominious
I. hta'i-6. Shooting

an~

unarmed person in

the back is an ignominious act. ODUft.Y IA.I

H't (If& -t-t.il4' fl-rf.'l- 00'/":J-'1- All
of-6 .f:C'I.'I- tm2. I>'I'..:.;E'. His ignominious punishment only
made him more rebellious. I>'I'..:.;E' :J-"1.,
fq(l ooos>;' l>t.t:11&

ignorance
I. .f:'HtC'i'. I have never seen such ignorance.
,..,.,.11.11 Yil mc'i' 1>:>-r'I"'S'I" 1>
'II&:J>
2. l>il"'lw:J>. Ignorance of the law is no excuse.
ih.,.,. l>ii"'IW:J> h:J-"1'1- I>YJ:-.,.'1"
3. 1>'1'1'-l:t'l-. He showed abysmal ignorance
of Ethiopian conditions. ilil 1>.'1-f'kY 1J-l!.
:1' W'-C ' ftl.ilf&.,. ' l>'l'l'of:t.'f- :J'ffl.'f-

ignorant

,_.,..,.!!',

ill

609

ignorance

I.
She is such an ignorant person!
l\.,.1.'1- Yil'+
'i''l2. f"l"~.,.. The student gave an ignorant
answer. ..,....,t.tJJo f~)."J ODA.lt {lm
be Ignorant I>'IW+'I"
You are ignorant of the reasons for her behavior. l\.,.-'1.11 f'I"'I-IJ"lofl'l-.,. 'l"h.,.Y'I-
l>:l'm-:J-'1"

,_.,..,.!!'

ignore l-'1 l>il

I ignored the rebuke.
Il-l-

"'"'ll......,. l-'1

I>A.

be Ignored :f"llL
Such vehement aspersions cannot be ignored.
,..,.-'1.11 Yil hqs:- m"'/.'1- f"'L:l'il~ 1>
f.t.il'l"

ill (n.)
I. fl'ii:l'. She told us about the ills she had
had. lllltflt;q'l- fl'ii:l' t1t:lo.,.
2. oo:J-.,.~'1-. War is one of the great ills.
...ct'l- h:l''I'I:J> oo:J>...'i'-1'"+ h.,..!J. tm3. hf.. Don't do ill to those who won't
agree with you! IJ.,.-1- :>C f"'lf.il..,-'1-.,.
hf. 1>'1-F..:.q'fm4. 4:'1". I harbor no ill toward those who have
wronged me. flflt.II-'S Ill"'+ 'If. M'l"
4:'1" I>Af.ll'l"
Ill (adv.)
work ill done will not be paid for. 0'-'til
'IA.-1-"'"- """' 'I',;J l>f.hd.A.'I"
Ill effects .,.;E't'IThe doctor explained to him the ill effects
of smoking. miL- f/UI'"-"'""' .,..,t't'l-
l>ilt:'lm-

ill feeling 'l'l\=-=

He still has ill feelings toward his old enemies.

l>o-.,.'1" ilil .f:l!' m'I-Al -r'lil' l>ilm111 luck
I. ou-r~ 1>:>"1"'1.. It was ill luck to meet my

boss when I had reported that I was sick.

:1''1""'/.Yilo- il\1. IJil:l'w:J-0. fl:\'1 l>il
?\1..,. ..,"''f-1: OD'J'~ h,;J"l"''. tflC
2. hf. t1C. He carries a charm to ward off
ill luck. hhf. t1C iiODmfl:J> .f:"''l"'l- l>.f:
C'iA.
ill manners ilA'1'i

His ill manners make him unpopular with

everyone. ilA."''i'l& flll-11-'1" H.,..f: f-1-m
'I Y'-C1'1'A
Ill turn 1-'1'1He did me an ill tum by telling the boss of
my mistakes. ilhil:l'\1. ilihM'f't flOD'i'1
c ""'"" l>t.t:l'lil'S
Ill will hf. .....,..r.il
His ill will showed clearly in his face. hf. ""
"'"-II- Rd._, 'If. "11\l\' ll''r f.:l'f. tRC
be ill l;ooOD(m-)
+He was very ill and couldn't go to school.
hf.>;' 1>'1"'1- lllltflt: WIIC'I- IL'I-
ll.'t.f: I>A.il'il'l"
be Ill-advised flOD'J'~ 'l"hC -t-oo.:.
He was ill-advised to take that trip. n.,. .,_,.
YJ'.t:1m- fl""'l'~ 'l"hC -t-ooc-r- tmbe Ill at ease l\.,.t.A.II- oofl"lo I>A.il'il'l"
He is ill at ease in the company of rich people.
hllil:J''f"'{- ,;JC l'l..fl"lo ' l\.,.J'.A.II- ODIJ"lo h
f.'+A.'I"
be illdlsposed toward ml\

He is ill-disposed toward the workers' complaints. r .....:.-J-'l''!l") 1>(1..,:1' J'.m'IA.

be Ill-provided

They were ill-provided with rifles. flof: moo.,.

:It I>A.-1-11"1'1'1&'1"
be Ill with fever 1>-t-h-1\(m-)
+He is ill with fever and has to go to the hospital.
il'l-1-hollm- wt. mh.'l" n..r oo'(..f: hil
fl'lbe In Ill health m.'i' fill&'/"
He is in ill health now and cannot go to work.
l\Cil- m.'i' ililtl.ill& F"- l'l..'t.f: I>J'.l-A.'I"
be Jn ill repute

~t:10D

Fascism has always been in ill repute. 4-1.11

'I" M'I.H.'I" l\.,.J'.-J-t:1oo tm-

illegal

ill-fated 1.1'.. llil

(he) can Ill afford II.I''I'"'OJ-9"

He can ill afford to quit his job now. llrJ-'t

P' &om-'t ' ""T"'" ' II.I''I'"'OJ-9"
fall Ill :J-ooOD

He has fallen ill and cannot come to the party.

iiii:J"""oo ~.I'.
feel Ill :J"""oo

;rc-tm- fl.oP"'

ll.f.":fA9"

She felt ill, so her teacher sent her to the nurse.

iiii:J"-ou":f ...,. ... a: ' IDS'. tCjl. 'lhii'T

house of Ill repute f{J.+Oj= h.~6 11.+

There are many houses of ill repute in the city.
oflll- fll.T'l' 11116 fl.of-":f Oh.,_.,..,. milT 1111of ill repute
She is a woman of ill repute. ll.T,.. 11116

-;.-,.

apeatc Ill of Ohio M"'

He spoke ill of his neighbors. '1-<:fi.-H!'t Oh

4- M"'lf
talc, Ill

t: ,....__

He took ill after eating fish.

't-i I bfio\ o:>.11

2.

illuminate

610

:!-,....,

!tc TilT. He took my promotion ill because

he thought he deserved it. 1111- f"'1.11JID-

""IT)tJ 11"'1~ O'r.l<:"l 1.~1: :J>c TilT

The bodies of the men on that ill-fated expedition were nevet found. flHJ' 11.. fl.l'l ..,.,.
'l.f. f'I"-I>T lll"":f "-II O'i'l\.9" IIA
T1T9"

ill-founded oo.,<:.-,. fii.IIIDHe presented an ill-founded plea for mercy.

.,..,<:.-,. fii.IIOJ- f9"ih<:T Aoo<; 114'<:0

illicit fThllhll
He got into trouble selling illicit goods.
fThllhii-T't ' lf4't"":f ' ll.ifT ODh&o "
.f. m.l'..4'

illiteracy ""7.f.9"'1T
They are trying to combat illiteracy. ou7.f.9"'1
T't 11"71D-.1'..9" .f.'l"h&-11-

illiterate ou7.f.9"
The illiterates are being helped to learn to
read. ou?.f.'l"":f "7't0ofl 0"""7C 'l.f. <;'!'m-

ill-mannered 1111'1
He is an ill-mannered boy. IJII'l AY: 'liD-

ill ness ih""ll"

lasted one week. ihoP".'t
...Her
9"')illness
..,. ' .,.,fl..,.

ll't~

treat Ill 0.1'..11

He treated his son ill. A:('t O.I'..IIID[See also 'humor']

illegal ih1 IDT 1 hih"l .,..,. fll''l

It is illegal to counterfeit money. 1\iloPilfl- 1
'tHofl oPJ"&.T ih1 IDT (hih"l o ..,..,_..
fll't) T"IIJC tiD-

illegible f"''MOofl
His illegible writing gave the secretary a lot
of trouble. f"7.f.t0ofl ll'ih.t.-1: 1\dtd.'l''t 0

illogical hThhll'l' lliiTf(llofl fm"'

Her arguments are strictly illogical. hcha:
hThhll'l' lliiTf(llofl ft"' 'IID-

111-omened 1.1'.. !Lil

Everybody on the ill-omened expedition perished. rJ-1\-11" 01.1'.. ILII- 1-1' 'l.f. liM

ill-tempered

"'m-

My boss is ill-tempered. 1111:1'11-

"'m-

)m-

ill-treat

"19" 1111'1'1&-T

I. ll't1'1:1" 111'1-f('l<ll. Don't ill-treat the horse!

be Illegible ll.f.'l0ofl9"

11..<:11-'t II:J"'t1'1:1"0J- (II:J-'1-f(.,...IIID-)

2. 0.1'..11. Parents should not ill-treat their
children. m'l]f:'f A](!J''I'ID-'t ooO.J'..A filii
'I'ID-9"

His writing is illegible. ll'ihL-1: IIMOoflll"

illegitimate
I. ih1 dJT. This is an illegitimate claim. .f.
II ' ih1 dJT '1'.1'4: o )ID2. hih"l ..,..,... fll''l. His illegitimate dealings
were revealed in court. hih"l .,..,. fll''l
11.(-&.'11: O'i'C~ ' fi.T I -1-1111\0T
Illegitimate child Jl:)'l\

Can illegitimate cbildren inherit from the

father? 11.:1''1 hiiiJT 1 ll.mCil .f.":f'IA't l

ill-treatment O.I'..A
Her ill-treatment of her children is well known.
A}(!J! 'l.f. fii":J".I'..C11D- O.I'..A f:J"m4' 'liD-

illuminate
I. -ocn lim. Street lights illuminate the
street. foP't1~ oPofl&oof-":f ' IIOO't1JI. o of!C?'t
.1'-11"111-

2. t.11cl-cl-. He illuminated a difficult passage

in the Bible. h""ll'dt'i' :,0.11-!1 tJJoil'l' t.1
Y: ' t.ll'l':>tl ' f"")q11 ' t.11cl-cl3. OP'6A t.!l"l.m. In former days Ethiopian
scribes illuminated the manuscripts. filf'"t-l-
'1..11. ' fh.'l-f"k, ' 1\.l,ol.jP:f ' f11cl-'i" ' 1\'dt-t::
:f1 OF6A '!l"l.m-'l''fm- ~oc
4. t.Ocl-. A smile illuminated her face.
oi.1"1;Jo .1.;1:1 t.Ocl-tJJo
be illuminated

1. flP"iiA. 1t"'.m. Some Ethiopian manuscripts are illuminated. t.1JI1Y: fh.'l-f"k'

f11cl-'i" 1\'dt-t:::f OP'6A nm- 'i"'l'm-

2. t.lfO<:.,.. The streets were illuminated for

the celebration. llh11<: O'ill- ""111'-'ll t.lf
11c.,.m-

~oc

illumination .,11cl-tl'

The illumination of his theory was not convincing. !Ill 61!1 dtltll- f(lmm- .,11cltl' h'l':>fl t.A~O<:!I"

mmnination in the hall is provided by

large electric lights. llt.Jicl-lf. 11C?1 f"''..(l

tn-T 't-Aol\:,0 ' fl>tl.11: OD11&-fo:f 'i"'ftJJo

illusion f.,.,..,...,.

imagination

611

illumination

t.!l"~'t-

He has the illusion that everyone likes him.

rJoll-1"" J'.tDS'.'"lA f"''..A f.,_ltlt.,_ t.!l"~'t-
t.lltJJo
give the illusion of OD(tA

This wallpaper gives the illusion of a brick

wall. J'.IJ ' f"IY:"IJI ' tDl:.,.T ' m-ofl ' J'.ODMol\
illustrate
I. 11"""111"" S'-11'1 H1Y: "'ll. He illustrated
the book with many beautiful drawings. 11"""1
1\- I f.rrt I H"}.f.:' I OD~dt4- I .:D-{l'f' I -flH- I
tJJoofl ' f11'). ' P'6ir':f ' "'ll
2. t.11cl-cl-. I can illustrate this best by an
example. S'-111 Ol"'ltl\. fOIIm '111cl-cl-tJJo
t.:f'lllrJo
be Illustrated P'6ir':f t.ll-(0'1-)
The book is beautifully illustrated. oPI\'dt4-
~"'~"'"" ' P'6ir':f ' t.ll-0'1illustration
I. P'6A. The catalogue has many illustrations.
IJ;J-11-1- ' 1111- P'6lr':f t.ll-'12. .,11U'. He cited some examples in illustration of his theory. lldtltll- .,11U' t.1
-'11 Y: !l"ltl\.l":f1 m.,.(l
illustrative .,11cl-tl'

A good teacher uses many illustrative examples

to explain difficult ideas. ouA.ttr ODr'tJC

bqY: dtlt111 11_,!1<:-'1'1- 01111- ..,11U,
!"'tal\. J'.m.,..,A
illustrator "''ill.
An illustrator can earn much money working
for magazines. w'lA. iloPX"th.-f':fo P"IJIA
OOD"fol\ ' 1111- 11011 ' U1~ ' J'.:f'IA
illustrious
1. 1'1'1. The Emperor came from an illustrious family. 1'7-IV )1P"-iz h1'i'i O.+
(111 ' f.,.tDII-'1- ' 'i"'ftJJo

2. {lou 1'C. Washington and Lincoln are

illustrious Americans. 'l'"li1"11"1'i" 11.1l>A1
11"" "'c t.oouiJm-n 'i"'fmimage
I. t.l"'ltA. God created man in his image.
t."IH.t.11dt-C (lm-1 Ot.l"'ltll- ol.m<:m2. ooAh. She saw her image in the mirror.
ODol\\>,1 Ooo!I;JotD-1> t.f:f
3. !"'!lA. Do not worship graven images!
:,.ell' !l"!llr':f1 t.:Joi"'Ah
4. dtlt11. Images of what might happen frightened her. ,..,. ,1.oolfl ,..,.., rOJ..A d\
411 t.lfOcl-'t*She's the image of her mother. 41C'l' t.'i";l:

1' """
imaginable

*He tried everything imaginable. t.11A .,

!111 f"''..:fllm-1 rJoll- 'l"h~A
hardly Imaginable

*That's hardly imaginable! '

fro ' f"''..:Jo{l11

J'.l1''i"A -J-ofl

hJ'.J'..II!I"

imaginary
I. dtlt11 ftDIIS'.tJJo l Odtlt11 ftD"'. The story
describes an imaginary hero. ;Jot: boo f"7..1AII
tJio ' dtlt11 ' ftDIIS'.tJJo") ' )';"l'i" ~tJio

Was the figure you saw last night real or

imaginary? '1-'i""t't- .,;Jo 'f1im- ~1C t.
m-~.,.>; ~oc mJ'.II Odtta11 fm"' 1
2. f"''..,AI"'. The mental patient raved about
his imaginary business. ft.t.l"'t: .hoP!"'.,.
'"/tJJo ' !lll~oi\ODtJio 0 1"1Y: ' :J>1f"
imagination
I. 'iS'-~ ~ll.'i". He saw the whole world in his
imagination. O'iJ'.~ ~ll.'i"tJJo 'iiiM o-11-
M

2. dtlln lid.)+. Thisjob:requiresimagination.

J'.IJ P'cl- dtltO !14-~'t- J'.mJ'.:l'A

Imaginati ve

612

3. ll"'':t-. Stories of adventures fire children's

imagination . f)';ofiJI. -1-.:.,.:f f<h!'i''M II
"'':t- Ulloloflll4. Aofl mil:. That's pure imagination. Y 'i!
~II" Aofl aJilF: )dl[See also 'stretch']
imaginati ve Rdtflll- l.m.!- f"''..:fA
The imaginative child made up horror tales.
Rdtflll- l.mo!- f"''..:fA A)!; Alll.o'.
;l'o'.l>:f't ' l.mt:
imagine
1. .!-(1-'t Af. Imagine that you are on a desert
island! II"F:t: R-'1 RIJ'):f A't.ll.:t- ~(1.:,0
'I.e. A't-'lllll 11')11 o!-llll't Afm2. ""llll(m-).+S heimagined someone was watching her. IIOJ< f"''..YY:t- ""~'~'~+
3. AIIR. Can you imagine him becoming
famous? ),(1. '11);;' .e.ll''i'A oflllll ;Jollqllll?
4. om4>. I cannot imagine whom you mean.
'"l't't '"lll:t-11 A't~ll') A'lmoloo-11"
5. Rdtflll- l.mt:. He is just imagining it.
1111" oflll- Rdtflll- Afl.mt:m- )m6. ;l'f. I cannot imagine what you mean.
fll":t-llm- A,e.;l'~ll"
imbecile )!;A
Only an imbecile would drink iodine to heal
a cut 411111-'t ll'"l-'l't Af'-'1.'t f"''..m"'
)!;A ofl!l' )OJ<
imbibe
1. oomm. The roots of the plant imbibe
moisture from the earth. f~6 P'~ h""<l.
:to OJ<ll'l' AC'I'R:t-'t ,e.oo"'ll2. 1'4>t:K(R:t-). +ChiJdren often imbibe superstitions that last all their lives. ofllf' '1.11. a.
Y'i':t- aa.,e.m;Jo'l'm- ,....11- f"''..~.e. A'I-A
All"):t- ' ,e.4>.:K"qlf'I'A
imbue '1"'1
He imbued his son's mind with the ambition
to go to college. fA)i'.'t AAII"r: 1>1\.;E- aoo
.,q:,.. 'i!'l1:t-. '1"1\0J<
be Imbued

1. 1'1'm. They are imbued with a warlike

spirit Rf'lC OO'JI.ll -t-m-m1'A
2. 1'oollm. He is imbued with patriotism.
RII1C t;:ol>C f1'00(Im )mimitate.
1. 4>-'1. He imitates the foreign way
dressing. fiiJ-6fl' A1C AllqRII .e.4>-'IA

of

Immacula te Conceptio n
2. R - - - m"J. The little boy imitated his father.
A)!'.' qq-1>'
3. hlloollll. The students amused themselves by
imitating the teacher. 1''"1o'.l"'ll OOII"II-1-'t
Wll,...llll- fl004>1lK- o!-fllfm-'t A~ll-1>
4. A't.II.""IIA II'). Wood is sometimes painted to imitate stone. A't-'I'JK' '1.11. F:'t;J,e.
A't.II.OOIIA ll''f' ~'t ....+ 4>1111" ,e.4>qA
5. Alloollll- -l-'i'1t:. There are machines that
imitate human speech. fllm-'t 't"I"IC All
""llllm- f"''..'i'1'1- oo11...,.:f All-

aJ"'

be imitated by
Their immoral conduct was imitated by others.
h"loflt: 1ofl):t- .....,. fll') ll"""qo!-lfm-'t
11.11-:fll" -t-h1'11-+

imitation (n.)
1. lim- P'.!-11. These pearls are merely clever
imitations. Mll.ll ~'t4<l":f flHl'. f1'1.m
'1- ......... P'.!-1\':f .,..,..,.
2. olo;E-. The carving is an imitation of an
old Chinese piece. oloc~ fK-r: f!l',e.'i' P'
.!- olo:E- )dl3. hl\.11-:f ooolo.o;+. We learn things by imitation. A't-'I'JK' )1i::f fM'"It:OJ< hl\.11:f. nooolo.o;:t-. )dllmitatlon (adj.)
1. f"''..ooiiA. This is made of imitation leather.
,e.u f1'P'o!-dl- ' ~-'I h"''..DDIIA )1C )OJ<
2. lim- P'.!-11. He bougbt imitation pearls.
........ P'.!-11 ~'t ,~
do Imitations of 7t.fODfi:A :f"f
The comedian did imitations of famous people.
A'"11''1l ;l''l'lolo lll":f't ),foo(lll ;l'f

immacula te
1. 'i!~ll" 't~. Her clothes are immaculate.
Aofl(l~ 'i!~ll" 't~ .,..,....
2. A'th't fll.llOJ<. His immaculate conduct
won the teacher's praise. 7t.1'h'1 t'A.Am- m
q(!. fOOII"II-1-'t ll"li;J'i' A-1-t:l.ll:tlmmaculate life 11..4"+
The book describes the immaculate life of the
saint. ""ll"dt4- 1111 o}>JI.(I. ofl:l'+ .e.1A
KA

Immacula te Conceptio n ),oo(L;Jo:f't flF:

't"IA'i' 008)11
The Holy Scripture tells about the Immaculate
Conception. A""IL;I':f't flF:'t"IA'i' 008)j).
't ""~~"m'i! ol>JI.II Yllt:-'IA

immerse

613

immaterial

(be) immaterial

immediate cause

I. "111-'i' hJ'.S'.ti.'J". Spirits are immaterial.

ou<;o;:ll'l- "111-'i' hf.S'.flo'J"

What was the immediate cause of their

quarrel? mQlfm-'t fof>llof>llm- Mf:)m- l

2. "If: fttm-'1". What you do is immaterial

to me. h't.,. iltt'J":I"S'.C~m- hl. "If:
ftt~'J"

There is no school in the immediate neighborhood. RILU t.:,Otl-ll,l' '1-I"'UC'I- 11.'1- fttl"'

The cost is immaterial to him, if the quality

is good. 'A.:Jo~ 1 -No 1 hlf~ 1 A'P;1m- 1 ..,J': 1
ffliD"V"

Immediate neighborhood 1\:,0tl-ll,l'

be in immediate contact T)IJ.I]

These two objects are in immediate contact.

hULU v-tt'l- )~C""f _,.Hrh.,.'PA
in the immediate future flol-Cil-

immature
I. ,I'Afll'ltt. An immature ear of corn is not
good to eat. ,I'Afllltt fl"fto ""11'1'1- '1''1-
hf.S'.ftV"
2. fl1'.'t11 ,I'A;I"IIflfl'l-. Immature plans will

result in failure. fl1'.'t11 ,I'A:I"IIflQlfm- h

:,Op.';f 'i'll"',,'lfm- h,I'V"CV"

We expect no big change in the immediate

future. n:,Ocn- '1-A:,O flfD-'1' h'JS'-"7.1'.<:"1

.,.11'1- ' h<;"S'.C"IV"

immediately

be immature 1tAflllA9""

I. ho-l-l-. I will go there immediately.

hv->> MU' hY.'Ittv2. ro'L,I'm-l-. Immediately afterwards I heard

She is very immature for twenty-three. Y,1'

a scream. ro'L,I'm-l- llfl..l' fl:\1\ ""li'~-

'11'1- 'lou'!- lllf<;"'I-V" ~<; hAfllltt

"f'l"

immeasurable roll't ftt.ttmIt is difficult to imagine the immeasurable

space of the universe. (IJ(l'} 1 fi\.Am-'t 1 f'I-A
0D 0 'lfi.,'Jo'J 0 il'i-'Jo 0 fiOD~OD'Jo 0 J\illf;J6 0
)(Do

11.,.,.

3. Ah. The railroad station is immediately

to the north of the post office. fQfK. "'ll,!'
Ah 11?'11:1" 11.1> flii.,.II"'L't

*These customs are handed down from time

immemorial. MH.U QUfto';f h'l''tT 'F.'I"
(!"

immediate

{1.,1',1'1!-

fODIJlo

<;lf'tDo

[See also 'time']

I. f.,.'i-m) l A.m't ,I'fl. Take immediate action

on my request! tt'l',1'4:\1. f.,.'i-m) m-lt~ II
'I'A~

I am in favor of immediate action. Lm't

Ylt

hCV"l!' h't'l.fDIIf: hl'."l'i-ttv-

2. r:,Oc11. My immediate neighbor is Mr.

Parker. f:,Oc11 '1-<:11.1: "''.il.,.c ;rcllc
)ID"

Only the immediate family will attend the

funeral. f:,Oc11 ' nooP.'fl .. 11iF ' ""'"'"' ' I") '
I"C'l'l- I\f. f.~'1 flo

I can't tell you our immediate plans. f:,Oc11

t.:,O'I"f't't A)"ICU hA"fAV"
3. hillf'l>.f.. He is presumptuous;

he demanded the minister grant him an immediate

interview. "''.til"""' hillf'l>.r- oo"ltt"'i h
't'l.llflloT flDDmf<l

)ID"

immemorial

1'.'1-C )m-

immense
I. fl"'V" llol.. They have an immense living
room. R"''J" llol. flf) ltfto't hl\lf'm2. fl"'V" h'i' ,l'ft. His services to the state
have been immense. AtiD't.,P"+ Yl..t.1m- 1
h1A"Ifto'l- fl"''J" h'i' ,l'tt )flC
3. "111-'i'. The Empire State Building is an
immense building. fh.l"';rr.c 111:'1- ih'JK
"111-'i' ih'JK

immensely

)ID"

h~

fl"''J"
They eqjoyed themselves immensely.

h~

'

"'V" ' .,.1'.111>

immerse )h<:
He immersed the package in water. 'I':,Otr't
(Do~

'

ID"il'l' ' )hlm-

4. ( ~ adv.) ,l'~m-l-. They pressed me for an

immediate answer. Y~). 1 tiD/Ail 'A't.J!"fl"l' J

The priest baptizes by immersing the child

in water. -ttr 1 ,n,)."} m-;) 1 m-ilT fltiD

~'1-4-~

'tllC ,l'mi"':J'flo

5. ( ~ adv.) fi'I,H.m-. This check will take care

of your immediate needs. fl'l.rt.m- tt"''.,,'IIA.A
"IU "'"'- f.U 'lih f.R:J'YA

be immersed +'Pm
He was immersed in his work. flP" &m-

ID"tn )flC

immigrant
immigrant
I. M.,.:;'. Immigrants are welcome here.
llS'..,.'l''li ~11.11 ~'t'l.'f-1- ,I'..L4'S'.'II'f'I'A
2. oom.. He was an immigrant to the United
States. 11-<;,1'.'1-S'.' 11-1:'1-ll ""IlL )fiC

immigrate "'ll
He hopes that no Chinese will immigrate to this
country. h't'I:Y.!I" flJ'J'.<; .,. ... 11~ IDS'. h1
-1- ~'t'IJ'.11J ,('.00:;'1\

immigration
I. M'l-. There has been immigration to
America from all countries of Europe. I"Jm-C"
:r Mc-:Y. tJoll- IDS'. h"'UIJ llS'.T
_,.S'.C'IA
2. llS'..,.'l':Y.. The immigration of 1918 included
many Italians. R1iifX 't.!l".boom-'1- M.,.'l':Y.
ODIJbA 1111- h."'AY'f:Y. )fi-1The government has reversed its policy on
immigration. OD")CIJJP1: r llA r llF..+,";fo .,..
'I.e nn<:OJ-1' hoo&-c n.,..+&-tOJ- 11
IBm

3. h."7.."10:.1i't. The Immigration Office gives

work permits. fh."'l."'0:.1i't ""P't.Y IL-"1-
fP'&- .t..+S'.' ,l'.ll"'A

imminent
*They ran home because of the imminent
storm. bODIIJaJo DYJ)OA. Aoo.';") mF.. r O.;t-

Tm-

l!m-

be imminent f"7f_.+C ~aJo

Let us presume that economic collapse is

imminent! fll.l>'f"'L OJ-S".-4''1- f"7 J'.4'C )
OJ- ~'tRA
one who has optimism will not believe that
war is imminent. ,_., hlJ.fl fll') (l(l)o tnC
)'f- J'.)"'A 1111- hYil11!1"

immobile, remain ,..., 4'1' oflll- IJ.oo

The commander remained immobile while the
Emperor was inspecting his troops. ,..,...,.. )
1P'_, ID;I-S'.C"'Ii't ll."I-R't' h'11f' 4''1' 11
~ cf.oo

immobilize hill!" hll4'oom

Illness immobilized him. ih""!l" hill!" hll4'
oomOJc~ adv.) bOOm't. Rl\,1'.
The child has an immoderate appetite for
sweets. Alt 1 "14-"T" ~"'C 1 hoom1' 01\f.. f..
ID'!A

immoderate, adj.

immovables

614

immodest
I. hM'I't.. She had on an immodest dress.
hM'I't. A111l 111111 )fiC
2. ( ~ noun) )OJ-C. Interrupting her husband
is considered immodest for an Ethiopian
woman. llh.'1-l'"t;Y'l!'l- 11.'1- IJA ll.<;1C
"11\:1' OO"JIJ'I- ~'tS'. )ID-C ,l'. ... m&-1\
3. '1-a.T<; f'I-S'.II(ID-). Her behavior is immodest. !I""'IJa: '1-ih'l-<; f'I-S'.IIOJ- )OJ1 &(1.1' oo
hS'-<:1
He immolated himself to protest the invasion
of his country. Y,-1-1' """'l:C noo:I'ID
!I" &-(1.1' "''~' (&-(1.1' ""P''I'~'I- hS'-<:1)

immolate oneself &-(1.1' ,...,.

P''l'~'l-

immoral
I. b"111<: 111)'1- .....,_.. fll'). Their immoral
conduct was imitated by others. b"'11<: 111~
'1- .....,_.. fll') !I""'IJ&-'fiD-1' (1.1\-:f!l" .,.
b.,.ll-'12. "111<: 111)'1- f'I-S'.IIOJ-. He is immoral
because he takes bribes. 1-ll llll"'l.RII "111<:
111)'1- f'I-S'.IIID- )ID-

immortal (n.) ihYID- Ill"" YIIOJShakespeare is one of the immortals of English

literature. ll:bll"t:C ihYOJ- Ill"" IJII'fOJ-
~1'"111.11 l\.lo.Ll":Y. ' h't-'1- )IDImmortal (adj.) ihYOJOnly God is immortal. ihYID- ~"'H.h11.1o.C
11il' )ID-

immortality ihYOJ-)'fImmortality is one of God's attributes. tltJ'iD"~

'1- b~"'H.h11.1o.C IJiht..l''l- h't-'1- )ID-

immortalize IIHI\11!1" ~1''1.;1-0Jil hS'-<:1

The artist immortalized his mother in a paint~
ing. "''tii.ID- ~<;_,1' P'~A P'll- IIHII
11!1" ~1'.1:''1-:I'IDil hS'.<:;J-"1-

immovable f"7J'.R1C
The child's immovable stubborness could not
be overcome by threats. fA)!: f"7J'.R1C ~
AU R"71l.L&-&-'f- ~1'\\1' I\.ID1S'.' hi\.,.
il'll!l"
be immovable J\AT'l4'1J4'(l9'"

The ancient people thought that the earth

was immovable. f'l''t'l- lll":Y. oo,:.:,. h'l-"t
4'114'1l!l" 11111D- Y'l"'l- )IJC

immovables f"7,1'.1'4'114'1l 1'11<:'1Immovables will be taxed at a lower rate than

6!5

immune
movable property. 0"7Jl."t4'<'14'11 "tofl~'l- II
J'. f"''.hLA 4'~'1' O"''."t4'<'14'11 "tofl~
'I- 1\J'. b"''.hol..A 4'~'1' .1'1'<'1A
(be) immune iiJoPA'I' hJ'.l-Af"
Nobody is immune from criticism. -7"}~m-9'"
II..,. M4'~:1" iiJoPA'I' hJ'."'fA'I"

be immune to

1. h --- oaf:"t ~..... I am immune to

smallpox because of my vaccination. IIMh-1oflh-' hol.."t"'"' ODf:'t ' ~'1
2. 11"'1.'1- hAIIm..,.f". He was immune to her
charms. f!l. ..,.0'1- 11"'1.'1- hAIIm..,.f"

immunity, give """' to ODY:'J

mnJ

One attack of measles usually gives a person

immunity to that disease. II..,. h"tJ'. h-'1''1'
h.I'H"'" hoflq'1(1)o't 1.Jl. oPf:"t ,I'.OJ"'A
give immunity from h - - - i'J\ 1 lt1.t!"l
The law gives schools and churches immunity
from taxation. ;,.,. '1-f"IIC'I- 0.-1'-"'f'i" 0.-1-
hCM:,I''l""'f"t h;J-hll U, ,1'1-C:>A
(be) granted immunity h - - - i'J\ 1 rolf) I h --~)\I~(J)o

He was granted immunity from prosecution

so he would testify. lloPoP/IhC Jl.l-A H"t
1: hoohllll ~~~
Diplomats are granted immunity from taxation.
'1."1"11-"'1-1'-"'f ' h4'~'1' ' ~~~ ' 'i"'f(l)o

m"'

immutable f"7,I'.IIOJ'I'
Natural laws are immutable. f-1-ol..'I'C'
.,. ' f"7 ,I'.IIOJm- ' 'i"'f(l)o

impair '1--'1
Poor food impaired his health. ,I'Aof-..,_11 'I"
"111 ' m."t~-f>"t ' '1--'1 ....
be Impaired 1-hOD
Her vision is impaired, so she must get glasses.
'lJ'.S: IIIIF.hoo oP~l\"C "71:~"1 hllq'Jimpart
I. lim. Flowers impart beauty to the room.
hOII"'f llh'i'll- ..,.0'1-"t Jl.ll"'ll2. ~~~- I have nothing of interest to impart
to you today. q,:. ff"~"'&o"'fo- 'l""t'l" 1.
II f"7.,1'11'1 ~1C fll'19"
impartial hf:ll- fi\.110'1That was an impartial act. hf:ll- fl\.110'1-
ht:&-~'1- ~oc
be Impartial hl\1.11'1"
I'll try to be impartial.lll\"71:11'1- Mh&-1111(be, become) impassable
I. h,l'li""IC'I". This ford is impassable due to
the rain. h11'i"ofl f-t-~"1 oPAIJ..,. h,l'll"
"IC'I"
2. h,l'llh.f:'l". These roads are impassable
during the rains. 011'i"ofl 1.1l. MH.II oo
"t~P..";f h,I'IIM-'1"
3. h,I'<'IA'i'f". As a result of the heavy
rainfall, the roads become impassable. O..,Jl.ll'i'
11'i"ofl 'l"h"t,l''l- oP't1P.."'f 11-11- h,I'<'IAf-'1"

impasse, reach an ;,~

impact
I. ..,Jl.A. The impact of the explosion was
felt for miles. fol.."tl(..,. ..,,.A oflll" "7,1'.
A C-' -t-11"7
The impact of the two colliding cars broke
the windows. fll-11-f> oo!J.'i"l""'f \"'/"11''1- ..,
Jl.A , oollfo1:"t nqo~..,.
2. ooof."'-'1-. Theimpactofthetwo swords broke
both of them. fo-111: '1-&-F..l""'f ooof."'-'1-
hoonoc hl.~<'l:f..,.
3. "1"11''1-. The impact dented the fender of
the automobile. .,.,...., fooh.'i"..,."t L~4-"t
')

Impatient

ffit!OD{I(J)o

4. -1-ll"~'l". Under the impact of new ideas,

life in Ethiopia has begun to change. q-'1.11- '
P'A"'"t -1-ll"~'l" 'l"h"t,l''l- Oh.'l-f"R-,1' (l)o/1
'I' ,I'll..,. f).C' o-t;J- ooll'f'OJ'I' )!f"~A

*Negotiations have reached an impasse. il9'"9'"'i

1: hf""t'l" 11.1-Cll hA!J'IIf"

impassive
1. t!;J 1 Yll. John's impassive face showed no
sign of his anger. f;f.:"t ~:> ,I'll L'l-
oo'i"F.I!-"t hl\ll:J-m+O'I-'1"
2. ( ~ adv.) Of:"t ll''l". The wounded soldier
lay impassive as though dead. of!llll'i'..,.
m;J-1-C h"tl.'l"-1- 11-11- Of:"t ll''l" ' -1-:>
looP

Impassively ,I'll 11"'1.'1He listened impassively. ,1'1\ 11"'1.'1- h-'loom

impatience '1-~"'P"'I- "7"1'1Her impatience showed in her tapping her feet.

'1-~"IP''I- "7"1;1: OJIIII-"t Ooo-'C-'~
;J-m+
(be) impatient
I. '1-~"'P''I- h"'. Don't be so impatient!

Letters will come soon. >.1Y..H.II Tb"lP'T 1\T

"' I Y..ofi'IO. 1\o-1 f.OD"JA

2. :fb..h. He is impatient to go swimming.

IDS'.. 1 'I'<; 1 {100'/.J'; 1 ~A
3. '\'\. She is impatient to grow up. li"7Y.."l :,.
'l'lll:f
make Impatient Tb"lP'T 1\llLG(l

The tardy arrival of the train made us impatient. fqfK. H"lU ouJ':Gll Tb"lP':l"l-1
1 l\llLG(l1
impatiently
I. 0.,..,.:,., I have heen impatiently waiting for
your letter. Y..11'10.111 n.,..,.,. ' >.mqn:,. )
nc
2. Tb"lP'T 0"7"1T. She twitched impatiently
in her chair. Tb"lP'T R"7"1T m10-1-
~,. .,..,...)tn)tn:f
[See also 'march']
impeach m);efl
They impeached the judge for taking bribes.
'I ...ID-1 I .,.{1 ' flOD4'flflo ' ID);efi-T
impeccable >.1h1 fll.liRT 1 foo~>.h.r

The young man has impeccable manners.

ID"'-1> (ltD-jl. ' >.1h1 ' f(l,flflT tnqf. '
1\llm- (or, fou~>.h.r tnqf. 1\lltD-)
be Impeccable Ttlf&o

The actor's elocution is impeccable. f+'P'i(l

1.,.,C ' f.,."'&o )ID-

impedeMY..
Fog impeded our making an early start.
0"7ll'l >.1'11'/.J': "1";1.,. MY..1
impede one's progress m~:\-\ hil+~ I m
Y..:\~ ' .,...,..,.
The thick mud impeded his progress. "7m-
ID~'\~ ' l\!14't':.ID- ' (1-.,..,.tD-)
impediment
I. oo(l<;hA. Bad roads are an impedimeot to
travel. DD"'"G: oo"}1P.':f
~ ou(l'itJA
<;lfm2. 61:,.'1-.r. Stuttering is a speech impediment.
OD").,.q1-ofl ll1"l"'C 61:,.'1-:,. )ID-

A.,.,.

impel (impelled)
I. ~'1-. The wind impelled the boat to shore.
)'i-(l- , ;eAqtD-1 mY.. q.hc 'ICil' ~'1-m2. 1\ll~Y..Y... Fear impelled him to lie. o;:cv.r
>.1'1.'1''11 ' 1\ll~Y..S'..IDimpend
1. A. )Of

imperative

616

impatiently

h. A. When war impends, wise men

try to preveot it. f11C)T 1\.)"1 l'l.A 11AII

(ljP:f ll"7!14'..:..r f.'l"h&-ll2. l\f.4'C9". Death impeods. 'I"T l\f.4'C9"
impending
I. II.Y..CllO.r f"''.:fA. A consciousness of
impending danger kept him awake. 1\S'..;J 1'1.
Y..CllRT ' f"''.:fA ' ODif)-1 ' MID4' ' >.1:,-A
'i' ' 1\"1
2. ( ~ adv.) n:,.c11. I just now heard of her
impending arrival. n:,.c11 >.1Y..9"TS'..Cll 1\
IJ-1 ' (lay,.

*Diplomats took the reports of an impending

crisis with a grain of salt. 'LTflo"'/1'-:f f.S'..
CltA llll"''.q(lm- 'li11C f4't:.Rm-1 6T
c.r >.1Y..)~o~- .,..,.n11-.r
be impending /tf.ODifJ il.f.+cr
Disaster seems to be impending. oo~J-}o ltf.
OD"J ' l\f.4'C9"
impenetrable f"7f.Y..t:.lln.r
Only religion provides comfort for the impenetrable mystery of death. 9"lltn.-1- ll"7f.Y..~
llRT 'I"T oofl'<;... 11.11'1 f"''.:fA Vf.
ay<;:,. ' 1111' ' )IDbe Impenetrable

I. f"7f.Y..LC )m-. This forest is impenetrable.

fll "'liJ f"Yf.Y..LC )ID2. l\fltA'i'9". This glass is impenetrable to light.
f.ll ' OD!I:J"IDT ' 11C71 l\fltA'i'9"
3. l\f.Rit9". A thick sheet of metal is impenetrable by an ordinary bullet. m11J&o
11..:.-r 0.,_&- 'l'f.T l\f.Rit9"
imperative (n.)
1. TM'H 1\14'11'. The imperative in Amharic
is expressed by a special form. fi"7C"' .r>.
q-u ' 1\14'11' ' OAf. ' OD1~J': ' f.~lii\A
2. .r>.q-u, The great imperative is "Love
thy neighbor as thyself". 7~4! .r>.q-u '\Y..
...111 ' >.'JY..&ollll ' ID-S'..S':)) ' f"''.lltD- ' )IDimperative (adj.) r.r>.q'H
''Go at once!", he said in an imperative manner.
RTM'H M:nc R'i''I')T 'i.J': 1\ll
imperative duty DDPl.;f'-1! ""1.-c;EThe army's imperative duty is to defend the
nation's borders. ftnC s ''l,t.i\""':f 1 ODPl.;t-C 1
"1'1~ ,1'1C1 J':1RC "7llhRC )IDbe imperative 1tllLA1
Is it imperative for them to have a large anny?
1111- ff11C {l&o'f!T >.1-'l.'l"&-'l'm- filL
A;JA!

617

imperceptible
(be) in,perceptible .,..A.,. J;f.:f"WF'
The monthly growth of children:is imperceptible. A]!.":f- Rfm-1- f"'l.fY.C-..'1- l\J'.""!'I- .,_
A-f- ' J;f.:f"f.'F'
imperfect
I. f1"R'Iif. This stamp is imperfect. I don't
want it. f.IJ 1:!1"i!C f-I"R'Ilf ~,.,. l l\
AI..A~m-!1"

2. fA-1"-,.'1. He has an imperfect knowledge

of Amharic. fA-1""'-'1 f"7C"i",' bm-+'1-
);{1mmake Imperfect -,..(-{1'1- l\<'IY.m:,.
A crack in the pot makes it imperfect. Dl(U!"aJo 1
fflm- ll"t'I':,O -,..(-{1'1- l\<'1.(-C"R:J-A

n-.....

Imperial
~~P''IThe Imperial Government demands you pay
your tax. f'l7-tP ~'lP"-1: oP11P'-l- -,
-nc ll"t'l.b'l'll- fil~.(-J!A
His lmpeP"ial Majesty ""'C"71! s

,..,.IP )1P":,.

His Imperial Majesty will visit our school

tomorrow. ""lc--t-1!
~1P"+ .rruc:,.
IL:J-":f-"t"t ~~ f."I-R"i",'/1-
[See also 'bodyguard']

,.,..IP

imperialism l\.!I"T6ffl.ll!l"
Imperialism has been driven out of much of
Africa. l;.!I"T6ffl.ll!l" bl\iJ~>,'m- fl\'1'6
I} b't'A 1-m"IJ;..,A
imperialist l\.!I"T6ffl.ll'IThe imperialists are plotting against him.
l\.!1"1:6ffl.il-f-":f- Oil- 'If ftL&-11imperil
1. l\Y.;> 'If. "'fl. His policy imperils the
safety of the country. fll- J;oo&-c f1J~6:1:
"t ' Y.'l"t~'l- ' l\Y.:> ' 'If. ' f.'I''IA
2. l\Y.:> l\Y-611. Reckless drivers imperil people's lives. "1.(- ffl1i fll'). ooll_<; H[9'
":f- Rl'lm- 'If. l\Y.;> fY.C<'IIIimperious llil6'1- f1"'1"'1R'IWith an imperious gesture, he ordered me
to leave. MM'I- 01"'1"'10'1- 1;\o,:\"t l\"t.(l\HH'S

m"'

imperishable
I. f"7f.R'I1i. Only imperishable goods can
be stored here. f"7f.R'Ill' li:J'9'":f- ilil'
l\11,1) ' fl.+oom- ' f.":f-'1112. f"7f.6<'1. The patriots' fame is imperishable.
fCR~'Ii 11<;" f"7f.6<'1 ~m-

impetus

impersonal
I. l'lill\'1:~'1- fll.flm-. Electricity i.s an impersonal force. I>.!."t-1; l'lill\'1:~'1- fll.flm- 'l
~A

)(Do

2. "7"t"t!l" f"7 f.m:,Oil. An impersonal discussion of student problems may help to relieve
their distress. "7"t"t!l" f"7f.m:,Oil f-1""76
9'":f- ":f-"lc ,.,.,.,.,. :,O<~.:J-'fm-"t fl"71lm
~.(- fl.61! f.":f-A f.li'<;A

impersonate
I. ll"tY. - - - ll''r "'&-. The student impersonated Hamlet on the stage. Tart~m- 1
Q00.(-611- ' '\f. ' l\")J'. ' IJ!I"/1.'1- ' IJ''r ' ...,:.
2. ool)""" 1 ;1-f. The spy impersonated an officer.
M I' OOlt-"t"t 00/lfl- ' :J-f
3. !1"<'111. ~m-. To many people Washington
impersonates the ideal American. A-flff- (l?J
":f- 'P"Ii"t"l-i""t f~f.~-f">,' l\'"UI}'f !1"<'111.
~,.,.

impertinence i!A"I<;
The teacher was shocked by the girl's impertinence. l\ll1""76m- RA)i"~6'1.;1: iiA"I
'1 '

..e..~1tn

impertinent
I. f"7f.~IJ. He made some impertinent
remarks while I was there. l\ll,f' R~RCb-0'1-
"LIL f"7f.~IJ l\111-ff'l- l'lm
2. 11.(- l\Y."I. His children are impertinent.
A]!.'li ' il.(- ' l\Y.'I":f- ' <;'fm3. ( ~ noun) iiA"I<;". Talking back to older
people is impertinent. fl"li"7"111. ooAil ooll
m'l- iiA"I<; ~,.,.

(be) impervious to
1. h1'C.1ll9". This tent is impervious to rain.
f.ll .(-"tlo."t 1f<;"il l\fMIJ!I"
2. l\A1"1'1"7(m-!l"). +she is impervious to criticism. ~+<t.:J- l\f.l'l"7'1-!l"

impetuous
1. ":fob-A. Children are more impetuous than
grownups. A]!.":f- l}'f'4:9'":f- f.A:,O ":fob-A
<;'fm2. 'lf.fl>,'. The impetuous winds hindered our
advance. 'lf.{l"i",'m- Hil .,.!I-":f-"t"t ll"t
l!"t~of. ' l\Y.6~"t

impetus 'lf.A
The impetus of the falling rock shattered the
concrete. f-f"<;"l!m- lii'!''S 'lf.A l'l."'l."t-fom"t ' il'l-"t'l-).'"t l\OJ"'m-

impiety

1ive impetus OC hL+

The treaty will give a new impetus to trade.
ffll-11- ll9"9"H II'J"I.J:- IVI.ll OC f.
h'i';I-A

impiety VJ'."l'l"-1- ILllH

His impiety caused the priests to excommunicate him from the church. VJ'."'''I"-1- llll).,.
hiL-t- hClltJ'"J ~"J.Il.a>1.J:- M'.C:1fll-

impinge on
l. m;>. Rays of light impinge on the eye.
r-ocn ...c:c:r- '}J'."J Y.m:>ll2. )lJ. Censorship impinges on our freedom.
il"Jfl-C oP-fl;f-:f."J"J J'.)lJA

l. f"''J'.OC.J:-. His implacable anger gave his

enemies reason to dread him. fOf/ .eo c.~. CD-

"JS'..,. mi\.P.=J; ~"J-'1.4.~'1- 9"h"JJ''l- wo;

'ffll2. f9"C. These two people are implacable
enemies. ~W 11-11 '1- {l,.:f. ff"C ml\
.p.:f. ' o;'J'm-

implant +<:II
The teacher implanted new ideas in the minds
of the students. hll-1-"l&m- 0-1-"''C'=J; h~
9"C' h'l.ll.ll milll:f.") +..:11

implement (v.)
.J:- ~:J>.J:- h'l-)!9"C

+C:m- '

;1-"''"i

ql\tn'IJ'). ' hJ'.OD{I<I\9"

implicit
l. m-(1"1'1!. There was an implicit threat in
his words. O"J"'~ fll-ll'l' m-ll"''l! f"lil
4.&-&-'1- ' ll"'L'l- ' )0<:0'12. .fA+1iUt Her silence gave implicit consent.
119";1-1' J'A-1-11111 oP(l"l"l:t'J 1\tn'l\h-t3. ( ~ adv.) ilJ'a>l\m-A. A soldier must give
implicit obedience to his officers. m;J-Y.c 1\h
1\oi'=J; ilJ'a>I\OJoA OD;f-011 hl\0'1-

He implored the judge for mercy. Jl>;'m-") 9"

ihC:'l- ' 1\tn')

imply (implied)
l. 0-t-H1'1'& tn'")1.J!" m+{l. He implied
that I was dishonest. f"''A;I-""'J ""li'k"J
0-t-H1'1'& ""'J1.J!" m+{l

2. 1\oPI\h-1-. Silenoe often implies consent.

t,-(Jq>;'m-") ' 1.11 ' 119";1- ' OD{l"l"''T'J o J'tn'l\
h;I-A

impolite ( ~ noun) -IIA"'>;

That was very impolite of him.1F..t!1~& r

~1C

' +c:

be Implemented JP~ 1\f. : 'Pi\

The project for irrigating land will soon be

implemented. 0oP(l'/" ""tl.'l- f"lm"'.,. ~:J>
.J:- o:J>c-o 1.11 F&- 1\J'. Y.m-1\A

implement (n.) """f<IJ'

He bought farming implements at the fair.
hh.hll7'H.{l.f-). ~elf """f<IJ',.:f."J 1~
-t->;1<:

The thief implicated two helpers. 1\,qm- 11-11

'I- "1-IIC: hOC':f.

be impolite hl\h0C:9"

He is very impolite to old people. 71"'1"111.

hJ'h-IIC9"

2. 4.11"". Once in office, be failed to implement

his campaign promises. h+oPt!m 0:\1\ >..
lV~'fl\Y. I oflfro I ~A I f?IJDJo") I tJo& I f\_e.

~"J'IIIm-

*There was no implication of dishonesty in

his failure in business. 'J"IJI. ilJ'.illJI\'1- f

-IIA"'>; )0C

1. rPtl-. Do not undertake a project unless you

can implement it. A-1-rPt:-m- lJAi"Ah h"J

implicate

implication

implore 1\tn')

implacable

.~.~,.

import

618

~"JJIII-'1- -t->;1<:

be implicated In -t-lJ4-J'. OoPIJ'") -t-h{l{l

He was implicated in a plot to overthrow the

government . .,...,.,,_..,.., lloP1AOT 0-t-S:C:1
m- {l.&- -t-1-Jof.J'. 0""11'") -1-h!).A

import (v.)
l. hll"""'. Many merchants import French
wines. -1111- );>S'."':f. f.I.C:"JilJ'. a>J'.") m
)!' ' J'll"""'ll-

2. hiD"'l" h1C hllov"'. They imported the

latest equipment. o:J>co- ' f-1-JPti-OJo") ' """'

6,

haJoliJl-

1't1C

h_{l001fto

3. JrtooAh+. Some say a red sunset imports

a fair day on the morrow. B..,J'. ll-1-mA:J.

S:9" tn'9"{lll- ' 00);>m- ' fofltl- ' .,.., '

S:"7..1T"J J'oPI\h;I-A j'.qi\A

~.,

be Imported hiD"'l" """'

Farm implements are being imported.

OD"ftiJ'"':f.

f~Cif

hiD"'l" ' J'.tn'"J/1-

import (n.)
I. 'i'tl. )1C. What is the import of his state
ment? f'}.,"'J?o I ij;" I )1C I ?-1' ..e'1' I )QJo ?
2. 4<9" )1C. These are matters of great

import. MILIJ '1-'11'-:f h'i' fll 419"

~1C fil:ftD- ""'"'"
3. tDJl. h1C tD-11'1' .,.,fiT. The government encouraged the import of raw materials.
OD'l'"IP"+ I f.,.t,. I l't,_4>'} I IJJf,. I J\1C I BJoil'f' I
.,.,fiT hOc( ;I';I'
4. tDJl. h1C tJJoll'l' f1fl 1.:1'. Last year
exports exceeded imports in value. QALID' flo
""T tDJl. tJJ-6fl" f-1-11.11- l'.:l'lP:f IDS'.
h1C ID-11'1' h1fi-T l'.:l'lP:f 0'1';> Ollmbe In the Import business 1\l'IODQ;t, )BJo
He is in import and export business. 'Aft- Jr..
{lODQ;l.~ I 4\b., I ~(J)o

importance
1. 'l':t?". My illness brought the importance
of insurance home to me. oP:f"ODOJ. ~ r ih~m

T 'I'IIT.."t

Impose

619

importance

'l':t?" hii1~HO'S

2. m.!l'"'UT. The teacher impressed on them

tbe importance of study. hii-J-"76tJJo fT?"IlC

T'l m:l''UT

Ohl'.?"~:f"'" h/oS'.c(fl:ftJJo

3. hllt.il'l. ~1C. Literacy is of primary

importance. ODR'f:'i DY'lfl11 ouw~:f"'
hllt.il'l. ~1C ~"'"

4. 'P;J. You attach too much importance to it.

h"'1.1fltJJo Mf. 'I';> Tl'lm'l'llll
TA:t~T. He maximizes the importance of
what he had done. fw&-ID-"t TA:t~T f ;>'I

5.

..A
air of Importance &.(1-'l h!J: Jr...(-C") ; dJ
/of-f,
The deputy's air of importance is not in keeping
with his real job. ?"hTII- &-(1-"t h'i' h.I':C
1 .,,..f., h-111.1.~., ;>C hf.o"'m'l?"
of importance O"l5JD h.llLa\'1.
A birth certificate is a document of importance.
fAS'.T f?"llhC tc(+T 0"19" hllt.il'l.
(1~.(- ~"'"

[See also 'attach, paramount, utmost, vast, vita11

important
1. 1lC1:. I want to see you about an important
matter. MIC_, 1-.>lf. ii~;>"'CIJ l'.t.A;>

the town held a meeting. fhT"!tJJo ;l'll.ll.:t 1'1

,..,. llill'lfl hJl.c("l-

5. ( ~ noun) 'i'&. ~1C. Have you digested

everything that is important in that book?
Ollf ""K"m'i' ID-11'1' fii-T'I 'i'&. ~11:
:f 11-11- +P'ou?A 1
be important
1. -1-t.ii'I..~T hlltJJo. The two books are equally
important. 11-ll.,?" ""K".hC::f l'.h-A
-1-t.ii'I..~T hll.:ftD2. 'P;J h.l\fl)o. The formative years of youth are
very important. ftD"'T f., S'.'l.f ~"" ;I'T
0"19" 'I';> hil.:ftJJo

important matter -IIV"' ~1C

He likes to discuss important matters with his
friends. h~S'.'I''6 ;>C 419" ~1C "'"'"ii-T
,l'.tD.>IA

the most Important

1. 'P'i 'P'iSJ':ri. The most important industries
are concentrated in the north. 'PlJ ~ 'P'iSO'Ii r
h.'1.11-IIT69':f f-l-h.,'6T OI'I"'L'I ~"'"
2. l\~"1 h'i' fll. He was the most important man in town. flhT"7DJo; m-ilT l-:E-..,
h'i' fll ~'~"'" ~oc
3. hu-11- fil+. The opening of the Suez Canal
was the most important event of the year. fll
'll11 IJ"A ouht.T flou-t. ID-11'1' h-J-1.<(1T ~1c:f u-11- fil+ ~oc
importunate~

Yll

He is an importunate beggar.

,..~~

Ylt. :

li.,'S ~ ....

importune

m-J-m-1-

She importuned her husband for more money.

fl!l. 1'1Hil l'.'IJI.""?"Cii.T m-J-m-1-:ftJJo

impose

"'ll ! htD"l

The government imposed a tax on the farmers.

""'I"'P'-1> 010&.9''6 llf. "liiC "'ll
The government imposed new sanitary laws.
""'I"'P'., h.>l.ll fm." hmfiO:t .1."1 htD"'
be Imposed

+Q;l.ou~

li!Jo
2. h'i'-1-'i'. Conformity of opinion is some-

New duties were imposed on cigarettes.

01'1.)1"&- 11.,1'. h.>l.ll +c('l' -1-""?"~A

times necessary in deciding important matters.

impose on

h'i'-1-'i' 1-.>11'-:f'l ' lloPtD(I'I h'l.>l'l.<:- 'I.

n. fmloil ouii.,.,T fllt.A;>A
3. m:l'"''.. The Emperordeliveredanimportant
address. '11-w ~1P'., m:l'"''. fiT~ '1"1
"IC hS'.G"I4. ;1'11.:,0 (pl. ;1'11.11.-l>). The important men of

1. 1til:f1t:. Can I impose on you to drive me

home? OohRil l'.tl.i: l\'1.1:";1-S'.CI'I'S 11.11
:f"'CIJ 1
2. lfh?" IT~OT. Do not impose on people
who do not like you! O.,f.tD.Il-11 l'llP:f II
f. ' lfh?" hTII-"tfl:ftJJo

620

imposing
3. l'.'t.ti.+OA ll.ii1AAID-. He did not impose

his advice on me; I listened to him willingly. 9"h'l-'t l'.'t~OA ll.illl1AA"i9" I "''t
Od.,..~"iH l\.'IOD'I'h-'1[See also 'fine')

"'C"''

imposing
YlltDThe Jubilee Palace is an imposing edifice.
fli..I'"O.AI< 0..,. OD't"'l"'l- "'C"'' YiiiD- '
tlt"J2\

~(J)a

imposition
1. ODIIJA. The imposition of a tax was decreed
by the President. M11C OD"'I\o ih"' OTt.
ll'l't1o .,.~)11
2. (ltD-'t "71l'f1C. Staying for a meal when
you were not invited is an imposition.,...-,..;J011 :
Of"ft ' IIY. OD1T'I- (ltD-'t "71l'f1C )ID"
3. "71l'f1C. Would it be an imposition to
ask you to mail this parcel? Y.ll't '!'~A 7"
ll;t- 0.'1- 11'1-a>ll.I!"A"i ' "71l'f1C ' Y.lf't11
"i Y.lf't l
impossibility f"''Y.ii'A )1C

To live long without food is an impossibility.

Yll' 9""111 1111" ' 1.1 ' ODfof'l- f"''Y.ii'A

)1C )IDimpossible f"''Y.If't
They dreamed up an impossible plan. MY.If
, l'.:J-.1!" ' li.OJfllo
be Impossible

I. li.Y.ii'Af". That plan is impossible to execute.

l'.~'l.'t 1"&. 1\Y. li"'''I'A li.Y.iJ'Af"
2. ll.ll:f:>&.That man is absolutely impossible!
y (ltD- 'i'l\.9" ll.ll:f:>& )ID"
make Impossible ll.illlil'llf"

The blare of the radio made conversation

impossible. ft.Jli'"ID- ""1i'l- {lou.U.'f'a>
'1- ll.illlii'M"
the most Impossible f"''Y.ii'A ! f"''Y.If't
They dreamed up the most impossible plan.
f"''Y.iJ'A (f"''J!.If't) l'.:J-.1!" 1\.Wfllo

impregnate

impound
I. Oih"' YH. The police impounded his car.
Tll.(l'Jl ou!J.'i'ID"'t n;,., ,,.
2. ll.d.l\"7 YH. The farmer impounded the stray
cattle. 10t.ID" A~ flf).'f-'t f+'t.l!" b11
of":f ll.d.l\"7 YH
impoverish ll.~1if

Bad farming methods impoverish the soil.

OD'J'G: fl'.Clf Hl'.. ll.d.C't '
be impoverished

Y~1iYA

.1.1ir

The country was impoverished by wars.

M&;J: ' OIDC)'f- ' ~1iY.;t-ll":f
(be) impracticable 1"&.' IIY. ' /I.ID-A ll.
Y.":fA!I"

Most schemes to abolish poverty are

im~

practicable. 1111"l"'Jl .1!-'Ji)'f-'t f"'''l'<l-'1- ' 1.

:J>p.":f 1"&. 1\Y. ' /I,ID-1\o li.Y.":fll-9"
impractical

1.

h_w~

h~!J!Ar.

First it's expensive, second

it's impractical, and third it's difficult to get.

ll.'t~lf ID-.1!" )ID" l 11-ll.,.':' /l,w&o hY.
iJ'Af" I 1"11_,.':' ~"1'1" li"''"'T'I- ll.ll:f:>&
)ID"
2. b't1o. Buying things that you don't need

just because they are on sale is impractical.

f"7Yild.A1-II't )1C'"f O:J>'i'11 llll"''.lfm-
11!1' """'~"" ' b't1o )ID"
Imprecation l'.C"I"'''t

The prophet rained imprecations on his

enemies. ~fl.'- 1 Omi\-Hi "\.e. "-C1DY1 hm
~q:ftD-

impregnable f"7Y.01C
The fortress in the hills was impregnable.
1>~11;t'ID" 1\J!. f)ft~ID- 11"11"1 ' f"7Y.01C )
nc
impregnate -~(n'l-)

The farmer impregnated the soil with

insecti~

cide. 10t.tD- out.1o't f.,.qy. "7'1'.1-Y .u.

ou~n'l-

impregnate with ideas h"'-Aoo(t

impostor li."J.>Ocq&
The impostor was unmasked. h.,_.OCfl"aJo _,.
),..0'1-

A great book impregnates the mind with new

ideas. '1"1- ""ll"m'i' ll.l'.f"C"t Y1-ll9"ftA

(be) impotent 1-AO'I- li.A)O~ID-9" 1 "fll-

The wood is impregnated with a chemical

;t- l\.A)O~ID-9"

be Impregnated

+~hl.

We were impotent against the storm. .,J)fiA-1'

{IOD!f/!1:9" 1-AO'I- l\.A)O~'tf" (":fll-;t- '

that prevents it from burning. cl't.....,. h

ou')~.J!" O"''.Y.,~ID- ' b."''.ltA _,.)hjl:A
seawater is impregnated with salt. rqa.c

l\.A)O~'t!l")

aJo;)

Q;l.dJ- I

-fl!J!

~d)o

Imprinted

621

impress

impress (v.)
I. 1\111.\4'. His running fast did not impress
me. O'i''I'H oof!'m- l\'lll.l'.\4'"i!l"
His bombast impresses the boss, but not his
colleagues. 1-tl-OJ- 1\ll,..,.'t 7.'tl( '\~'l',;
't , M'IIJ'..'t:t-!1"
2. hM~oo. The grandeur of the ceremony
impressed everyone. fP'\ P'C'i-1> ;1-'l:t-H

4. ""19"'T. It is only an impression, but I think

this is a very good car. J..'1'UCD- .~ 0"'19""-l- 1
,I'.U 0"1!1" '1"1- ODIJ.'o' ,('.ODIII\"1A
*It is my impression that he does not want
to come. 0~ 1\11-J-ff'l- 1\DD!I""''l- f"''..l.o!\"1
h,('.oolll\"i!l"
be under the impression OD(Ii\(CD-)

f.,.,\-'} I (I(Do I J\{l"Jt':.,IID(Do

I was under the impression that you were out

of town. m~ m-op f~J':h oollll-"i \OC

3. M,...+. We have to invent a slogan to

give the impression oPllft- 1 ;J-f

impress these students. MII.U't -I'"''~!P":f- II

"'')"'"'"' ' h'tJ': ' hC"'' ' OD'i'tJlC ' 1\11-fl't
4. h!l"\'1- M~~(O'l-). He impressed us as
a sincere young man. ;t-DY~ 1 mtiJ+ 1 )CD-
f"''.o!\ ' 7.!1"\'l- ' hiiJ':C'-fl'o'o!\
5. \l!. The speaker's assured manner impressed me greatly. f-l"o';>~m- Otl-1\- foo
-f""'OD') 0 IJ-~;f- 0 0nJ!I" ' )t,"i
6. II"''.'I- lllll. His perfunctory cordiality didn't
impress me. l!'t~'l- 0'1,1'. ftl'\ '1-.n'l-<;m-
11"'1.'1- ' 1\AI'ltll"i!l"
7. 4'~11. He impressed his ring in the soft wax.
4'110-l>'t 1\MIIm- (Ill" '1,1'. 4'~11
be Impressed
I. -1'4'~11. His words are impressed on my
AU. m-11-r -J-4'C!I.A
memory.
2. -!'~~-.He was impressed by the grandeur
of the scenery O'l-Ch,l'.-1> m-0'1- ~C'I"
\OC
3. -1'~\4'. The students were duly impressed
by the fame of their teacher. -1""1~9',; ooo
!I"U&-'fm- 11'o' 0"7.~<1 -l'~'toi'ID- \OC

,..it-

impress on 01\h!I"C'OJ- h/1~~0'1The teacher impressed on them the importance

of study. hii-J-"''~OJ- f'l-!I"UC'l-'t tll,.."''.)
'I- Oh7.!1".?::'fm- h~~Q'fmimpress (n.) f"''.~All' !I"Ah'lAn author leaves the impress of his personality
on what he writes. &dt,l. flDif..~LCD- )1C 1
m-11-r hi\-\-l>'t f"''.~Al\' !I"Ah'l- ,1'.;1,1'.0;1-A

impression

He gives the impression of being a decent

fellow . ...,.,. A~ oo1111- ,1'.;1-.I'A
leave an impression on ll1+ 1 lt/\F.t':.fl+
His trip to Europe left a great impression on
him. tD~ ' 1\m-C';r ' ~~~~,. ' ,.~ ' h'i' '
fll ' 11"'1.'1- ' 1\~~0'1make an impression ll1+ h./\F.t:.
She made a bad impression right off. hOD)('
OD~fOJ- o OD'J'G: ' II"''.'J- ' 1\/l~~";fmake little Impression r"'lr" 1 CD-m."f- 1 ltA(I
till"'

Punishment seems to make little impression

on the child. o!\'lt't oo:t>nt'l- Mil" m-m
'I- f"''.(t'l' 1\,I'.ODIIA!I"
[See also 'favorable1

impressive
1. h.~'i4:. The inauguration was an impressive ceremony. fr"t':.:J"CD- 1 P') 1 P'C't
'1- 1\11~<;4! )OC
2. f~ \:to. The new government buildings
are impressive. 1\.!l.{l,; roo"t"IP''I- .n"tii!P
.,. ' f"''.f.\41 ' <;'I'mimprint (n.)
I. .11-l!. We saw the imprint of a foot in the
sand. Ohlf'l' '1,1'. f(tfl>' .11-l! 1\fi
2. !I"Ah'l-. You can still see the imprint of a
dirty hand on the walL ho-'t!l" R"IJ':"IJIOJ-
11,1'. .I'U h~ !I"Ah'l- ,1'.;1-.I'A
leave an Imprint T)flfl
Suffering left its imprint on her face. ooh&-
h.l.;l:

,I'.~OQA

I. .11-l!. There was an impression of his heel

in the mud. f-J-~1111- .11-l! .,_.,..,. '1,1'. \0~
2. oo:t-~11'. The impression of a seal on wax

*He left the imprint of his thought on ~II

succeeding scholars. hll-f'/1(111- hi\- 0:\'1
Ooom-'1- ~m-'t'l- '1,1'. o-tt- ,1'.;1-,1'. \OC

1
serves as a signature on documents.
O(t!l" '1,1'. oo:t-~ll' OMP.";f- '1,1'. 7.'t
.1'111"1/IA
~
3. h'lf&-. The police took an impression of his
fingerprints. ?'11.1\- fnJ-I>'t h'lf&- M"'

(be) imprinted
I. -1'4'~11. His face is imprinted in my memory.
ODAh- ' Oh7.!1"~\lo ' tJJ-11'1' ' -!'oi'C!I.A
2. ;1--f'oo(o'l-). The paper was imprinted with

...,..,+M

M:"''

imprison

622

the state seal. mt:+-1> fOO't"IP''I- ..,~.,.

9" :1''1-'1"11'1- ~11C
imprison Mtt:
The police imprisoned him several times.
?"ft.(t- -1111- 1.11. hii(;IDimprisonment llllt-'1The sentence of the court was three years'
imprisonment. 'I'C.J:' 11.'1- fmntl1'1- ~"'
'I- fl"il'l- '!oo'l- ' llllt-'1- ~11C
improbable f"'lf.OOilA
It is improbable that Italy will again invade
Ethiopia. h."'AY't h.'l-f'kY't ll'tf..7<; '1-m
t-ll"f ' "'111'1- ' f"'lf.OO/lA ' ~7C ' ~ID*l consider the story improbable. :1'611- f
"'l.IJ''t 0 hf.OO/ll\'f'l"
improper
I. '1-hhlll;' YAil'~. He gave me the improper
address. '1-hhll ... YAil'~ h.J:-t-?f nm'f
2. f"'lf.7q, He increased his wealth by
improper means. Vfl1:"} 0-7f.1Q oP"}11: r
h<;: hf..(;7
be improper +111. hf.M-r
It is improper to eat peas with a knife. h.,.C
11(LI\'I' ' OOofll\'1- ' .,.7(L ' hf.f..l\9"

impromptu, adj.(~ adv.) ltf.H:>~

The governor gave an impromptu speech at
the airport. Mt: 71CID- ltf.H;>1j: 11hmC'TI\'t "l(LYm- 't"I"IC ' hf..t:'l'
improve (vt.)
I. h ?f?fll. They are going to improve the road
to Addis Ababa. h.ll.ll hl1q f"'l.milf..ID't OO't7.J:" Ulf1iil''l- ~ ....
2. .,.m+oo(11'1-). He improved his spare time
by reading. '1-c<;: 1.11.tD-'t 11"'1'tl1-11 .,.m
+ool1'1improve (vi.) .,.7f7fll
Business has improved. 't"I.J:- .,.7f1i!I.A
*His condition has improved. 7fA -1111-:I'A
improvement oo?f?fA
I do not see any improvement in her condition.
1111-t:l''l' MV" oP?f?fA I hf.:l'f'f'l"
I have noticed a number of improvements in
town since I was there last. 11h.,."'lm- ID-il'l'
q{\,[,tJJo 0 1.11. 0 JtfiJo'l- I lftl. 0 ofllf- 0 oP'/f
7fA .,_....Ah'11YliiiThe improvements were made at the tenant's
own expense. 11.-1> f:l'f..llm- 11.,.ht-Y.m-
h.ltt- ~ ....

impulse
be an improvement

+ifl\

The new teacher is a great improvement over

his predecessor. h-'1.(1- DD'I"IJC hJI.C'm-
11"19" f.,.?fll ~ ....
[See also 'room']
improvise l.mt:
As hesanghe improvised words to fit the music.
llfHI.~ llll."'lm- f"'l.il"'l"'l "1'1''1" l.mt:
*The scouts improvised a shelter for the night.
llllttm--Ml lll\.ft.-1> 1.1l.Y'I! oomliY "''~imprudent
I. f"IJ'..ll'li. His imprudent behavior got him
expelled from school. f"IJ'..ll'li mq(!. h'I'I"UC'I- 11.'1- hiltD"ltD2. hii.,.'I'M'I- f'l-f..ll(m-). Isn't it imprudent
of you to marry while you are still in school?
11'1-'I"UC'I- 11.'1- l\Yllll "'l"lq'l-u hll.,_'l'
f.~'l- ' f'l-f..{ltJJo ' hf.DDilAIJII" !
be imprudent h.I\ODm"}+~ )BJo

It is imprudent to cross against the lights. +

f. 0 DDofl<l-'1- 0 l\fl1<lo 0 oa')7.J:" 0 "'llt(;'l' 0 hl\
oum't+~ ~....

impudence -1111\"1<;
A child who talks backs to his parents shows his
impudence. llml\)!:'ll 1 DDAil f"'l.l'l'l' 1 A~
oflA"I<;ID-'t YltYA
impudent
I. q111.. The impudent hoy insulted the
guest. q{l1.m- A~ ll't"I'IID-'t llf..l1m2. 'lf.'t hiD-"1. He is impudent because he
is his mother's pet. l\<;-1> oflC~\1. illlll'~ 'If.
"}11l,IJ)oii)1)8Jo

be Impudent hl\h11t:'l"

He is impudent to his father. hq-f>'t hYh

oflC'I"
impulse
I. "ld.'l-. The impulse of the wind blew dust
high in the air. nof.(t- .,,.,.. h!J.t-m-'t m
f. ll"'lf. hi1Hm2. ll"''.'l-. An angry mob is influenced more by
impulse than by reason. f.,..,.,.,_ .lt11-11 1 ~
7C't 0 11"'1DDifH't I ftf.IJ"t I 11/l"'i'l- I f"'l. 7of.
4f,. ' ioBJo

feel an Impulse to

r felt

an impulse to run. -1-'1' -1-'1' hll'f

11Td. 1 Rllm-

r feel an impulse to slap him.

11l\tJJo

hl\'f

623

impulsion

impulsion
I. "l.t.'l-. This engine is moved by the impulsion of expanding steam. ,.u 'JPT-C ' 07t
'1-411-'1- ' _.,,_A ' "lol-'1- ,_')+<'I+ <'lA
2. f-J4-4-. Duty was his main impulsion.
'I'<;OJo f1of.of.m- -1-"lfl<~- tnc
impulsive
I. RII"'L'I- f"t1of.of.. The impulsive child gave
all his money to the beggar. RII"'L'I- f"'1.1of.
of.OJo A'T: 1'>Hil-') tNI' flfl"'''f. lim
2. :J'IJ.A. He is impulsive and may say anything. :J'IJ.A llllll't h4- 1"'"'111'1-') ,_
<;'1C ,_11'<;11\
impunity, with ~ ...,_.,..., +.:
Crooks robbed people with impunity during
the war. W')Rf..l"'6 RtnCt-1: '1.11. .1.1111') HCd.OJo lt,_+m- +<1you cannot ignore the rules of health with
impunity. fm.<;') .<'.')(llf' :f-'1 -fill- h'l-'1'1,. h'I"Atn h,_ll'o!\'1"
impure
I. f-1-R'Iif. Impure air is caused by smoke.
f-1-R'Iif hfC f"'l.OO"JOJo hm.ll tOJo
2. -1'-~flf!J.'II\-I-"1&-. They purified the impure
water. -l'lflfm-') (J.'A-1-"1&-0Jo')) OJo;) h
"1<1-'1-

irripute fOOIIJ I

~lJ)o

I J\f\

They imputed the accident to speeding. hi.;J

lJ)o I

Ofi:.T~:t- I hOD1'~:,. I fODIIJ I )QJo I

h.ir

in
1. n. Write in ink. R+ll'l" ~<;:
Say it in English. R).')"111.11'1 RIIOJo
2. Wll'l'. They live in a big house. 'l-11\:,0 11.'1-
OJo/1'1' ' Wl'&-113. n - - - OJoll'l'. I will be back in three days.
Rv-11'1- _,.-, OJo/1'1' ).ooll<\llu1 can finish it in a week. fJ').<'.' <\'!"')'!- OJo
11'1' 11\Q;I.C{lOJo ).:J''IIIll4. ). - - - OJo/1'1'. There is no table in my
room. ltbfi:A. m-111" m~A.If fll.f"'
5. h. Cut the cake in half. b.IJ.') bu-11'1-
.,..<:mOJo
Only one in a hundred can understand this
mathematical problem. boo_,. h')JI. -oil'
J'.U')') f do.<\-11 'fl!'-fl/1.'1" 11.<!-'1 J'.lf''IA
6. wl.. Planes were introduced in Ethiopia
in the early twenties. hOJol!"f'l') WI. h.'1-1"
ti:J.' f11JOJo RYJ.'>;'OJo h'i'll noo') oo
"OD(.J.' ' ...,. 0 tOJo

inaccuracy
7. ll. This parade was in honor of the returning heroes. ,_u IIA'i' htnc 11-t-_oollt'l-'1-
""l'l':J' h-fiC f-1-.<'.<!1 tm8. (zero). My family is in the coun(ry. 11.-t-1111
'li h1C 11.'1- <;'I'OJo
*You will always have a good friend in me.
9"')"111.9" '1"1- W-'I'T:U t'S
in and out

He is always in and out of the hospital.

hCII- Rf'LII.OJo ll'll't:f"A l\').<'.111 tOJo
ins and outs h.1J!"

Q'1X"

He knows the ins and outs of the business.

f'>"l.<'.' 1"&-0Jo') h')l.' fJ').<'.' J.'OJo+'I'A
In that

*The income tax is harmful in that it discourages

people from lrYing to earn more. lll"ll' -fl,.
11"7"17'1- ' l\')-'1""'"'"" ' llll"'l.J.'I.C"I ' f1R.
+t:T nn.u .:1.<'.' '1-'1[ tOJo
be in1ll

Is the train in yet? IJII-'1- "1-fl;tA l

My husband won't be in until six o'clock.
111111.-J: 7.11111"&- u-11'1- ll't'l- 1.'<:11
hMII'I"

*She"s not in to visitors. 1\o-'l

;J1C h'I-:J'A'I"

ll"J""I~

f\DI/)

be in for

1 am afraid we are in for a storm. ~f.f\ ~ 1t

<;-f) <\,_H')-fl h,_+C'I"
be In for It mr-(11'1-)
When the boss finds out what we have done.
we will be in for it. hii:J-:J") J.'l.l"ltOJo') J.'
w+ ).')1.11'') WI"A')
be in (with) 11'1"'1" ' <;'I'OJo
He is in with his boss, but he doubts that it will
last. "11:1-0Jo ;JC 11'1"'1" <;'I'm- l .,.,
f"'l.HA:,O oo!l't-') ,_m&-m&-A
[See also 'all']
inability YIIOOJJ'A
His inability to speak English puts him at a
disadvantage when he attends conferences.
fCII- 7.')"111.11':' oo<;1C J.'IIOOJJ'A 'Ifill. it.,_ II.1'S :J'"Ic '1,1'. ~II'I'A
(be) inaccessible
*This village is inaccessible by car. J'.U oo')l.
C ooh.<; hJ.'II11J'I"
inaccuracy (inaccuracies)
I. '1-1.'11'1-. This map has many inaccuracies.
,_u "C:f" -o,. '1-.<'.'ll_,..ll' hil''l-

inaccurate

inaugural

624

2. hl\ooil-t->ihA. The inaccuracy of the timetable caused us to miss the train. f1.tLCD- OtJ
"11\'"'1 hi\ODil-1->ihA Q{K. 1."t'IJODAm
"t hJ'.-:1

(be) inaccurate '1-hhll"' hf>J'.I\'1"

inanimate -'ID-11
Stones and minerals are inanimate. J'."t'LJ'IP'f
<;' ' "'/~Y:'i"'f

"10.11

inanity ( ~ adj.)

<;'l'tJJ-

f~A

The inanity of the remark angered the students.

The statement was inaccurate. '1..,"1+ +hh

II"' hAtO.:'I"

inaction il"t'l'<;

fllmm'"'l'l'm-

f~A

hil-1-J'f'l- -t-"'I&IP'Il"t

(be) inapplicable h"'Q11)'f-

His inaction is his undoing.

ttm-~+4:

rh

"tJ''I- fll')tD- il"t'l'<;tD- )tJJ-

The inactive volcano now has a lake inside it.

..... .,. 1.{)-f- 1'1".1- ho-"t .h/!.'1> hi\0'1-

1\H.IJ

f"'I/!.1Q A11il 1111"

tn

(be) inadequate hY.D:J-'1"

0.-f, 1."tJ'.H.tJ 'Ill '1-A:f- 0.-1- 1111 hY.U:J-'1"

(be) inadmissible

A11il

inadvertent Ql\"'lm:f> f-t-1'..:1

This was an inadvertent mistake.

~~~

'1/t"YID

:f> f-t-1'..:1 il<h-1-'1- )OC

When I inadvertently disclosed his secret, he
gave me a sinister look. -1-llil'li (illlm-:f>)
'l"ilm.~"t Qdl"' 0114- 'tf,"t -i-""llh-1-~

(be) inadvisable -1-10. hY.J'.I\'1"

It is inadvisable to cross the river in the rainy

season. 011<;'11 ID.l-'1- m"tll-"t oolf1C -1-

J'AIJ')tJJ- ' hilTJ'f-f,

neil

IJ-1\-")'J" ' (ltD-

inarticulate
I. f"'l Y.IIY.. I heard an inarticulate groan in
the darkness. 0""1\"'ltD- m-ilT f"'IY.IIY. "'I

is a brilliant writer but

..,~,..

)1C I "'"t I f"'lf>'I'"'IIT

be Inarticulate hf><;1C'I"

~dut. )m-

-t-<;.:>& )tJJ-

Cats and dogs are inarticulate. Y;-oo.f-'f<;

m-

ll"'f hf>... ~'l"

1

oum-,.

Inasmuch as he is a member of the board, he

knows the plans before anyone else does.
f(ICJI. I hQA I 1.")J'.ODIJ'). -m"t b"'/"t'/"
UL'I- I 1.:f>.ll."t I J'tD-:J>A

inattentive f"'IY.h;J--1-A
The teacher punished the inattentive student.
1\A-f-"'/&tD-

hY.M'I"

f"'/f>b;J--J-AtJJ-"t

-J-"'/&

+"'

(be) inaudible Mll"'lm- h-1-".fA'I"

inalienable f"'IY.1L'i'
Freedom is an inalienable right of all citizens.
f"'I")'J"

n.;>

oo11'f-

)tJJ-

The noise of the machinery is inaudible outside

the factory. bof.1l&>itJJ- I fD-1.> I fODh.<;'tJJ-") '
Y:'/"6

~~~~A

Y.II"'A

His inapt remark aroused everyone's anger.

-f-10.

inasmuch as, """ as he is lt"J"'-oPIY).

inadvertently -1-llll-1' I {)J'm-:,0

He makes inane remarks.

n.-t-

ll'lic'lic hY.II'"t'l"

an inarticulate speaker.

inane

inapt -1-10. J'AII')

"'L 'l"ili1Ct'l- 11..::>1'1' ilii"'IY.'fA 'i'CY:

0.-f, hY.+OIItD-'1"

ml'.

be inappropriate h~IY"Jr

:J-11'1- 11"'1112. f"'IM'"'(II-1-). He

f"'/f>1L'i'

A party dress is inappropriate for a hike.

Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in court

because it cannot be substantiated. fil"'L il

h"'Q11)T

M.f."'

The house is inadequate for such a large family.

)l!,)'f-

I"""'

f"'1l"lf"

h.ll
Sickness made the patient inactive. <fiOD'/" n
'li-t-...m-"t hll"t+il:f>llm- hi\

'f"'C

He came to church in inappropriate attire.

M'l" f"'IY."'.l- ill\11') Y.ilii'I"PA

be inactive hb\JP~IJD
The factory is inactive on Sundays. of1M>im-

10.

fl\tD-'1"

inappropriate f"'lf>1Q

His inactive life is the cause of his boredom.

""'""'" ""'""'" hY. ....l-'1"

make Inactive h.I\"J+lJ.:'f>(tm-

hUll

This solution is inapplicable to the problem.

f,t) I OD'j:T..h.
fl\tD-'1"

inactive,....-,.

~~~~A hil-l-J'f'l-

A'l-11"'/tJJ-

h'f-'fAV"

inaugural f'I".::J>
Tbe President gave an inaugural address when

i_n_a_u_g~u__ra_t_e______________________--~6~25~--------------------------~in~cense
he took office. Til.H.'I"t.,. P'A."')."t fl.<:h
11 fV"::1' "t"I"IC. M'..:1

inaugurate
1. ooL.+. The President inaugurated the new
hospital. T tl.ll.'l"t.,. h'l.ll-"t dt h.V" n.'t-
oP:4'

2. hL.,... The invention of the airplane inaugurated a new era in transportation. r~tm-.:-r
'\"t 0 oP.I.A,(l'l' 0 00D'J'J"lf' 0 :1f: 0 h'l.(l 0 V"
~otl-'1'' h.l..,.

incapacitate hllhll

inauguration
I. fV" <::1' P') P'C'l't-. The inauguration
of the new hospital took place yesterday. Y-'1.

n-

dth.ll" fl.'t- fV"::1' P') P'C'I't-

't-'i"J't-<; ' .,.Y..:1
2. :I' A. M"t P') P'C'I't-. The Presidential

inauguration took place in the White House.

fTil.ll.'l"t_,. :I'A. M"t P') P'C'I't- o
'PJ'.'t- ?t1Jol'l liJol'l'l' .,.Y..<:1

inauspicious 1Y.. 11.11

The inauspicious beginning of the crusade
was followed by disaster after disaster. 1Y..
ll.ll- fOOII<f>A. tDC)T h)';"'!ODC
.,,. M.,.h,...,.ll Y..<:l'lo't-

.,..;r,,..

inborn f.,..l.'l'l!"
He has an inborn talent for music. Aoo-H..+
-1.1.'1'1!" ' lltn;l" ' hl\liJo

(be) inbred l\CII oc<\lfliJo

.,._,It-

There are many tribes in which the families are

inbred. H""'l'l"l- llcll oc<\lfliJo f"''.?ll'llfliJo 1111" ' )1J'.."'f ' hil"

inbreeding fHOD'I'I"l-

oo;~'l't-

lnbreeding causes certain diseases. fH""'I'I"l-

.,.._,q:,.

h"'6 fP'otl- l-tr-;1" fM'I'liJo"t ,..,:._,.

'l'l- hJ'.<I''l'CII"
be Incapable of
I. hJ'.1'lt1JoV". +He is incapable of learning.
't-II"IIC't- hJ'.1'lt1JoV"
2. hJ'.Il'"tll't-11". +He is incapable of telling a
lie. liJolfT ' OD<;1C ' hJ'.Il'"ti\TV"
3. hJ'.l-A.V". His manner of speaking is incapable of improvement. h);11-:.. ll.'flfA. h
.el-A.II"

h"t'l"tf: 0'/i;l"l"l- Yllh't-'IA.

incalculable ""m"t f<\.1\liJo

A flood in the valley caused incalculable losses.
olf11~w- w-11'1' fY..<:I'lliJo rw-~ , ""'l'll:t
1\:t 0 ODffi"t 0 f<\.1\liJo 0 '1-'IT ' hY.,:{1
be incalculable ll:tt:C 4:TC a flttJJaVO

The grains of sand on the beach are incalculable.

f'l.:hC 'IC;J' 'IJ'. f"''.1't hlf'P l'l'I'C
"''l'C fl\liJoV"

incantation f:"IV"'tThe sorcerer recited an incantation in Geez.

hll"'!.,.l;'liJo 0"1~11 f:"IV"'t- Y..1""

incapable fP'il- l-tt-;1" f/1.1\liJo

An employer will not hire incapable workers.

His poor health incapacitated him from work.

fm."t).,. oP;f"mh ll"t'IJ'."'otl- hllhl\wbe Incapacitated 11,.11-A trtf 1 +~
He was incapacitated by a broken leg. ~..,~ 1
OoP(lO-:.. ll"th-A. ' IJ''i" ' 4'<:

incarcerate hl'l<:
They incarcerated the prisoners in small
rooms. llll<:'l',;"t 't-<;"t'li h'l'tt-l- liJoll'l'
MZ:lfw-

incarnate
I. ""I'll\, Medieval belief incarnated the devil
in many animal forms. rouiJ.hA:;'aJoo lfOD"J 1
l\V")T ' {lJ'."l"t"t ' OA.I' ' A.l' ' ll"tll<\ ' OD
A.h J'.oPIIA. ) oc
2. hll,.l'lh<:. He incarnates the courage of
the nation. fY16;1:"t )!"J"t)'t- Yll,.l'lhotl-A.

Incarnation P;J ouAflil

The Incarnation of Christ is a church holiday.
fhCM'-11 'P'?' ODA.RII' f?J'."'!'i"'t-' O'IA.' )liJo

be the incarnation of i'"ODt\i\

He is the incarnation of honesty. Odt:t _...,.
MA.

incendiary
I. fll<\'t-. The town was set on fire with
incendiary bombs. h.,..,_....,. Oll<\'t- PV"11
0oPY..11Y..!l .,.:l'mlll2 . .:h1111 f"''.Y)"'"'. Theeditorwrotean incendiary article. f;JII."'liJo hn;~;t; .:h1111 f"''.
K"dto'l' ' ~.~.

y)"'"' '

incense (v.) h0<\""

Cruelty incenses kind people. ""'"k Y.."l
l'll"l-"t ' ,1'0<\"'iA.
be Incensed IPL

He was incensed to find that his rivalhad taken

away his place from him. -1-4'<;:I' 'f. P;l"w"t ll"tY..mMO't- 'lm<l' '1..11. "'"40

626

incense

incense (n.) b11J1

There was a faint smell of incense in the church.
Ofl...,. ' hCII-1:1\' ' a>-11'1' ' '\OUA ' fb11J1 ' 11

:1" )0C

incidental
The soldiers disputed every inch of ground
when the enemy attacked. ID:J-l'.C''Ii m'l'l-
O~m"'l'l'.,. "1.11. l'o1-'l.'l- :,.1"1'1- ooc~,+
).1\>, ' h111:,. ' l'oll-

withln an Inch of

incentive
I. f"''.~of.of. )~C. He does not have much
incentive to work hard. m1hC' ).1-'I.P'&. f"''.
~of.of.a>- 1 )~C M">flq,. )a>2. "'/Ot::J-!1'. The company gives bonuses as
incentives. h-Q1,1'.,. 11"'/0t::J-il' >fill- 7clf f.IIIIJA

inception """1'..""6.1'
The movement was successful from its inception. ).1:,.11:1'11..,. boP"f'..UD&,I'w- l'o1P'-I'
f..,.lt>t )OC

incertitude ).C"'m':' hll""ll'1

The incertitude of a job caused him to avoid
marriage. P'&. ll"'l"l"f'l- ).C"'m':' l'olloPII'
~ ' h:>>flil' ' h 1-'l.lf11 ' hl'.t:~ ....

incessant ( ~ adv.) lt,I'!I/C'I'

A week of incessant rain prevented us from
traveling. lt,I'!I/C'I' lt,.1+ .,..11- fH)Ow-
11'i'>fl ' "1-!1.l-11 ' h~l'.
incessantly ,1'11"'1!1/t:'l'
They chatter incessantly. ,1'11"'1!1/t:'l' f.III.Aof.llincest OP';J

' uuop.:f ' ODrJhA ' M>flt: ' P'

;J ' 11"f.)'l-

*He came within an inch of getting killed in

the crash. 0"1"1."-1: ,.h1,1''l- h'l"'l- l'oof.<i:
'I)

incidence
*There is a high incidence of crime after wars.
htnC)'J- ' 0:\'1 ' ID1"f'..A ' f.Ot:h:J-A

incident
I. l'."C"l.'l-. Who is responsible for the incident?
IIH.ll l'."C"l.'l- ")'I.L.,. "'11 ).,. 1
2. l'ol'."&-1'1-. This incident can create a global
conflict. .eu l'ol'."&-1'1- ~II,. l'o4''i' m>fl
ll.l.'l'C ,e:f'IA
3. :f"lc. Our trip passed without incident.
7-!ll-1 .I'll ,..,,.. :f"lc ..,.1.11""

4. "'"!."'I-. The border incident precipitated a

criSiS in internatiOnal relatiODS. fj!1{lo;.. I ~1/
'J- 0~11,.. l'o4''i' "11"f.)'l- 'If. m1:,.
l'ollh-1"11
5. h:JIIJ"''.. The incident sidetracked him from
pursuing the main matter. h.;JIIJO{m- 1 'F'itJJ1 )~C ).1-'lf.h;J-..,.A l'ol'.t:~.,.

be incident (to)

ftJ?~+C

~d)o

Dangers are incident to a soldier's life. Om;J-J!.C

)'J- MQC "'"11'1' l'ol'.;J f"'lf.4'C ).,.

lncest is forbidden by church law. OP';J

HUDP.:f ' OUrJhA ' f"l>flt: ' P';J ' 11"f.)'l- '
Ofl...,. hCII-tn ih"l f..,.hllhll ).,.

incidental() '!':I'M Ml':f

On our trip we spent $50 for meals and rooms,
and $2.00 for incidentals. 07-!1.'f-1 'If. II

inch h..1:f
The width of my table is thirty iinches. fmt:A.q

,."l>fl'i' 11""~:1" h,.lt >f!C I 11'1':1':,.1 ' '1'11'-:f 1 1'."1'1" rJ<II'l- >f!C hfDIIJ1

\L ' llof.'l- ' P''\lt ' h..1l- ' ) ....

Inch by Inch 4'11 04'11

I climbed the mountain inch by inch.

..,.~a>-

1 ' 4'11 ' 04'11 ' "'"'""""

by inches 11'1-111

The car missed me by inches. ""h.'i'"'" 11'1-

111 ' it ....~

every Inch IJ<IIoP'i'liJo

She is every inch a lady. rJoiiUD'i''f' 11.'1-

IDf.HC'

).,.

every Inch of 11111C ).1\>, ltf.4'C 1Ih1-'l.

+ MIIJ'l- ).1\>.

Every inch of ground was stubbornly defended.

11111C ooc~,+ ).1\>, lt'l-4'C h'l'>fl4'.,.
..,.h'lhll-

incidental (adj.)
I. A 1'. The government will pay your mCIdental expenses also. DD1"1P''l- A I' fD.U.tl1
,.. f.h'i'AAYA
2. 4'11A ,I'll. He made an incidental remark
about the direcior's speech. -'l.cl.h-K- Ml'.t:
~.,. 1 1"1"1C 4'11A ,I'll l'oll..,.,l'f'l- IIJA
l'ol'.t:1

3. ( ~ adv.) ).1'1:>"1"'1.. The incidental meeting

with an old friend made me very happy.
fl'."C' ' 'tl'.':'\L1 ' ).1'1:>"1"'1. ' "'l"'"fi: '
OIIJ,. ' 1'.11 hll~
be Incidental to f"7,.+C 1 ~iD"

Discomfort is incidental to travel by mule.

oo:,-11-

ll'l-'t11 oo1-lt4LA f"'l.e4'c ).,.

included

627

incidentally

incidentally
I. 7'1'1:>"1"7.. He just said it incidentally.
)1'1-'1 1\"l'l:>"'"''. .,...1t.OJ<
2. m1t.:f'1 'If.. Incidentally, I saw your
friend Smith the other day. fl)1t.:f'l 'If. l
0\~'l'U'I 11"7.11'1 (J<j>~9" hfo-'1-

out our vacation. flbt.'i''l- 1.rt.Y:f'l m:,O'I-

o-tt-

hf<;.

oPTG:

'i'OC

inclination
1. 111111\.. He showed no inclination to leave.
1\00'/,.\:" I 9"'19" 0 1J'JIJI\. 0 hl\/)f9"
2. ~4- +<; "'1.1:"<'.1. He showed his agreement

by an inclination of his head. &-ft."J ~4- +'I

incinerate h.+mt\

ODil"'/"'/1>'1

11\l\

In our city we incinerate garbage. Ob,..."""l-1'

fl"'/.\:"<'..1

4'lflf l\'i":l''l''ll\'1

*The inclination of the slope is ten degrees.

4!A4!111> OP'C 'I."M ,r;>~I\ )ID-

incipient
*The medicine stopped the boy's incipient cold.
ou.l:":>t-1> A1!: .,.'14-'1 1'i" 1\'IJ'.,fHOJ< h
4'0UI\'I-

incise"'"-"
He incised his name in the bark of the tree.
iloo-'1 n~~o

+c.r.'l-

'If. "'"-"

tt-

incline (vt.)
1. hH)fll\. The carpenter inclined the post to
the right. h'i"m.m- b'l=-~>'1 m~ +'f
hH)fli\ID-

2. 11.~1..1. Your manner inclines me to believe

what you say. miJf.U h'l.,. f9"'1-llm-'l
h:>~l\

Incline (vi.)

The post inclines slightly to the left. b'l""'-1>

1<!-

fl'l-'lif. m~

m"J"l

o...-...

7.'1'19"'1 ,f~1'l'A

incision .,.,.. '1'1'i"

The incision healed rapidly. <j>p. '1'1'i"OJ< .P.
make an Incision

haJIIJ

h:>.I:"I)..A

be Inclined

The doctor made an incision to take out the

splinters in my finger. P.h-K-- IIJ-1: m-ll-r
f11JOJ<'I ii'I'I'C fl'I'.P. ha>"'A'f

incisive 'I'A+
The committee made an incisive study of water
pollution. ~C.,. ill\ m-;> ouflhA 'I'A+
'l''i"'l-. h~t.1

I. 11'11JII. hl\m- I If. Pacific people are not

inclined to make war. il'l9"'1 f"7.m.ll. flP'
:f ftnC)'f- 11'11JI\. f'l:fm-9" (or tnt:)

T
2.

1\"'/.\:"<'.."1

m~

hf.if-9")

- - - ~t.fl. I am inclined to believe him.

hfl-'1 m~

"''""'l-

~elf1\o-

*He's inclined to be lazy. il'l'i''i" Ym:I''I'A

incline the head 1v'1Rll hi\

incisor ftL'I- 'I'Cil

The incisors serve to bite off meat. f do-l- TC

She inclined her head in prayer. 1\l\11-'1-

1-'lflil hll:f

il P' :> 1\00'I...,'I- .em+"''A

M"'"'

incite
The soldier was shot for inciting his companions to riot m:l"~-1- 0\~'l''fl'l 1.'11!.,!'9"
,. il'l)"'"' fl'l'f.'l- .,.~fl~fl
incitement, be an ~ 14-4Selfishness is an incitement to crime.
oom-~

m'IJ'.:A'I m~

~f\-1"

OOtf.l\9" ,1'.14-4-A

inclemency OO'J'fl:)'fThe inclemency of the weather kept us at

home. ,ff-1- OO'J'fl:)'f- 1 ML'I- 1 h'l'l\'1
inclement
I. ...,lt'f. An inclement ruler contributes to
the backwardness of a country. ""'*'f 11C h
11:'1 m~:\11 Yil+t.&\
2. ""'I'll:. We had inclement weather through-

include
1. ""'"""-Your duties will include putting the
children to bed. P't.U A,t!:'ll'l "''il.,.'l''l'19" ' f.""'9" t.A

The dictionary does not include medical

expressions. 0D111fl :I'II-I> f.bh9"'i" :1'11-:f
'I h,1'....,9"C9"
2. hm:l'l\11. His background includes courses
in French and German. 'I-9"UC-I> Lt.'lilf.'l'
'l'i" J'.:COO'I'l''l ,fm:I'AIIA
3. ""'9"1!' YH. The package includes a book
of instructions. 1":,0& I OD'r&Y I ODX"Jttj; I ,;g.
9"1!' ' f.!I.A

included (adj.) hill!' f.,..fYH

The included summary was one page long.
hofiC' I f.,.,f,fHaJo 0 IJ"JJ"-1)11: h'l.l:" 1l\' )flC

f.,.ID-"J"J

'Nl.

628

including
service Included trlt-'lfP

":fir'>

Love and money are incommensurable. fi:c)C'i" 1

The room is five dollars, service included.

11-11-"J?" ":ftt- fh'i'll- b.c!-f. l'o?"ll'l

-oc )omThe record player, including three records,

costs $100. lfh'l ao-&tDil'm- hlf'll-l- lfh'l
.:>C OD.f- iiC YtD"ll\

He earns thirty dollars, including tips.

IPI\(J

1J:C

~"JHil

f"'l.tD-'IJ'.-1-0T ODJ'.-fl f'l'ftJJo?"

(be) incommensurate T"""'IIJ't hf.J'.fl?"

His strength is incommensurate to his duties.
~foil- h"'f.wt.m- .:>C TODIIJIIJ't hf.J'.(I9"

including h--- ;>C 1 h~

OJ- I "tfP~ I

inconclusive

h~"l-Clf

O"''f.~o;'to

-l-' o-~;.t-

The prisoner was being held incommunicado.

M<:lfm- h"7"J9" ;>C 0"7Mo;'to-l- 11~;.t-' ;.1-!lt::A

)d)-

incommunicado h"7"J9" ;>C

inclusive l'om:f''lf.
Make an inclusive list of your expenses!

incomparable tDJ'.C fll.fltJJo

ftD""-li"J hm?'lf. 11C71C l>H;>)I.'

Her incomparable beauty was admired by all.

1 will be in Harar from June 1st to June lOth

inclusive. h(l~ l'o"J!(.- ~?"C' l\llh (l~ 0

tDJ'.C fll.fltiJo <II"J)I.'o;'I'"J 11-1\-9"

P'C !(.-<:11 .Jt<:C l\.fYflo-

incognito

The prince traveled incognito. Ao-11- "7"J

~..,-, f(y ... m-~ T'lH
Th;.l-;.1-f.~-l-

fll.{lm-

He told me an incoherent story.

(be) incompatible
I. Til"7"'L hf.J'.fl?". Excessive drinking is
incompatible with good health. IJoPm"J 0'1

"7"J~-I>"J ,..y,..,.~

incoherent

l>J'.~.,.,.

Th;.f-;.1-f.~-l-

f/l,{ltiJo ;.1-6h ~~<:'t

f. ""m"l-l- flm."J~-l- Tfl"7"'l. hf.J'.fl?"

2. T,J><:~. Logic will show that the two ideas

are incompatible. -l-hhfllf l'oil.,.,..l'til o-fl
_, "'"ll":f f"'U'<:). ouwo;'ftJJo"J Y"YA

incompetent ":fflo;.t- fll.fltiJo

be incoherent

His predecessor was an incompetent man.

He was so drunk as to be incoherent. hODllh

.;.. I f..,.)Pf I r-t lj""J,l_(Do I I.J-i't- I OIJI\ I :,."f' I J\

IJ(l- Od.-l- 011;.1-m- no<:.,. l'tm- ":fflo

;.1- fll.flm- ~oc

A~O<:m-?"

be Incompetent ":ftt-;.1- film-?"

He is incompetent to teach science.

incombustible f"7f.:f'mA
Incombustible materials are used in the interior
of airplanes. fl'om-C'T'I"J faJoll'l' l'oltA f
"'f.wt.m- h"7f.:f'mA ~~c ~..,.

income 1ll
How much of an income does he have?
~flm-

9""J YIIA

income tax

O~ll

~,.

'If. fT"'fl .,.,:.,.

The nobility opposed the income tax. ao\>,"J"J.f-

":f

O~ll 'If. fT"'fltJJo"J .,.<:'1' T:f'ID..,.

income tax return

He made out his income tax return. f10... cf"l.

.,. r::c9" '1"'1

incoming l'o-'1.11
The incoming mayor will appoint new department heads. 1>-'l.(l- h"Jtq l'o-'1.11 fh'i'A
~'ld.9'":f f.f0"711-

The incoming tenant will pay a higher rent.

1>-'l.(l- Tilt-f. .,_..,_,6 b.t-f. f.h'i''IA

(be) incommensurable f"'f.tD-'IJ'.-1-0-l- oo

J'.il f'l'ftJJo9"

tl.e.~n

it

., ....,..,c ":ftt-;.1- f{ltiJo?"

(be) incomplete
I. fT~'I hf.J'.fl9". His training is incomplete; he needs to go to school much longer.
fTI'tmm- -l-9"tJC-l- fT~'I hf.J'.f19"
' l'o!(.-C") ' OD"''C ' YIILA~'I'A
2. l'o'lfl.,.9". This job is still incomplete.
'"" P't. ~ ... l'ol\{1.,.9"
~4-

(be) incomprehensible J>Mq9"

Your Amharic is incomprehensible. ltootc;;:u
l>Mfl9"

inconceivable f"7f.;.f-ao"J
Light travels at an inconceivable speed.

11CV~

0"7f.;.f-ou"J 'i''I'~T f.Oc!-A

be inconceivable ilt/Af'" ~mIt is inconceivable for her not to come to the
party. h"lil'lf"tJJo -l-.,.t.fl":f "7fl-l- <hA9"
~

....

(be) inconclusive
*The results of the study were inconclusive.

, ....."' ' m-m.-r ' ?"'t!l" ' tJJo/)l!. ' 11.1'1'1' ' f"'t
:f&l. ' h&\.)0!1"
(be) incongruous M.'.lt"7"7!1"

Heavy shoes would be incongruous with a

party dress. fF6- 1 Ai'"l : h""J-fl"tf 1 A-flil 1 ,:J

c '

hf.l'l"7"7!1"

(be) inconsiderate hl\"7f1< )tJJo

It is inconsiderate of him to keep us waiting
so long. f.tl't YIIA 'l..IL "71'1m041 hil-t:
hll"7f1< ' )tJJo

The inconsistency of his work is puzzling.

fP'&-tJJo P'C'\'1-'t hi\DPhT&I. f111C"7&1.

inconsistent
1. +Atfllf1l". An inconsistent person is always
changing opinions. +Alf'P1.1" 1 lie- a o-/to 1
'l..IL .h/)fi"'t f.<tff.&-&1.
2. f"'tYl:C 1 f"'t;J"P. The defendant presented
inconsistentarguments.Thl)lf. -f"'tYl:~ (f"'t
;1m.) hCht::Y. h<tl:O
II.~<;<;

incorporate
1. hil1ll. We will incorporate your suggestion
in the new plan . .J./)-fltl't '1'1.1'1- 7>:J>Y:
IIJollT 7>.<;111'1'1'1\'t
2. fhhll.l'"'t "7"10C h.<'.1. When Mr. Par-

ker's business became large. he incorporated it.

f"'tllTC :rchc 't"'~ hfTll<f.<f. ll.'t~
fhhll.l'"'t "7"10C h.<'.l:1tJJo

3.

Q;a.9'"(!" 1

fH. His book incorporates his earlier

essay. -~.h4- f.I.T>:'IIJo ~C{t1<'t at.!l"

r: ' f.!!.&\
be incorporated Into one +'Pdtl..

inconsistency P'C'\'1-'t hi\DPhT&I.

(be) inconsolable 0"1!1" iti\H)

h&\.!1'11!1"

increase

629

incongruous

He was inconsolable over his friend's death.

O'l.<'.'i'w- '1"'1- !l"h'tY'I- 0"1!1" iti\H)
' h&I.;FI\!1"

~~.~....

The two churches have been incorporated

into one. 11-111< f7f."7'l''l- tD1'l':Y. T'l'
ih.<'.'f'&l.

incorrect
I. '1-hhl\':' Y&\.11'). The witness gave incor-

rect information about the accident. ?""ilh"-

Ill\ h.<'.;JtJJo '1-hhl\'i' Y&\.11') DP7i l'lm

2. DPTG:. He was expelled from school because

of his incorrect conduct. fioPTt:: mil- 1 h-1!I"IICT 0.'1- T'll:l:

be incorrect

1. llih++

)CD-.

This answer is incorrect. .eu 1

DP&\.11 llihTT )tJJo

2. &\h h&\.11')!1". We have to redo his work as
it was incorrect. 1-""6-c- 1 Ah 111\All") 1 h
't.<'.1<; oPP'&-'1- hll-tl't

inconspicuous
I. Ml\. f"7YI'I'1. He played an inconspic1 mIlT ' 7>11\. f"7fl'l'1 ' P'&- ' )0l:tJJo
2. '\f.'t f"7f."7Ch. The woman wore an
inconspicuous hat. l\.Tf"tf ~.e1 1 ,,..,.e~P~c
h fJCl!."' h~C;JI\:f
3. f"7f.:f-f.O'I- fl;f- YH. The mayor's wife
tried to be inconspicuous. fh'tt'lm- ""tl'l'l-
f"7'1-:J-f.O'I- fl;f- I\DP,f11 'l"hl::f

uous part in the government. floo1-JP"1:

inconvenience (v.) hll'l'1l:

I do not want to inconvenience you. ~ll'I'-ICII
h&\.4.&\."1!1"
inconvenience (n.) :f"/c
Getting up at 5:00A.M. is a great inconvenience. hlhft...JJ : liP"6- 1 l\1.1: 1 fi~T 1 oo
)"'T '1-&I.:J. :f"'C )tJJo
inconvenient f"7f.DP:f

This is an inconvenient location for a school.

f.tl 11'1-!I"IIC'I- 0.'1- f"7f.ao:f ll'i'&- )tJJo

incorrectly OllihTT
You have applied this rule incorrectly. f.tl't
.<'.'t-tl Ollih,.T Tm:J.DPIIO;f-&1.
incorrigible f"7f.:J-l:!l"
He has an incorrigible habit. f"7f.;f-l:!l" m'l
hl\tJJo

,. '

incorruptible f"7f.;f-ll&l.

The incorruptible witness refused the bribe.

f.,f.:f-111\w- !l"llhC ?-fliiJo't h&l.<tfl&\.!1" hi\
increase (vt.)
I. at.DP. The driver increased the speed of
the car. ):(,. fDPitSm-'t 'i'T)T at.oPl:

You have to increase your output. fP' &- 'i=lt'.

IJ"J

ODIIQ.ODC I

J\ia.ofltJ

2. h'i' h.<'.1. Modern methods have increased agricultural productivity. HDP<;'f! H1.
l":f fhClf't (1-fl&l. h'i' h~1t1Jo:f-&\
He increased his wealth by improper means.
11-fl-l<'t ' 0"7f.1q ' OD't1~ ' h'i' ' h.<'.1

increase

630

increase (vi.)

1. ~~. The population increased tremen~

dously. f.1.11fl- <I<TC Yll 'I>T ""'""l:
His weight has increased by ten pounds.
"'1.~\-

OOP'C

~TC

"'-?"Z:A

indebted
2. -1-fi<D(l. His shoes were incrusted with mud.
f(l.

"A.., 0"1!-:1' -1-ll,.!l..A

incubate -1-d.lld.ll
The eggs incubate in a warm, dark room.

2. hY.~. The school was increased by the accession of ten new students. OPC h.._ll 1

l\")4<1\11-'!i '1":1'-l- 011'~ .,.,11.., h'i'A

,.11.,. f.d.lld.l\11-

.,.,.,&lP"f Ooo.,.,oo&-lf,. ol-?"UC-l- fL-Io

inculcate l\lt.Y.<:
The mother tried to inculcate honesty in her
children. l\'i'-l-1'"'1' OA.l!1! 1\f. m+'5H

hY.~

[See also 'consistency']

increase (n.)

"t ll..,lt.Y.C 'l"ht:"f

ooQ;t.ooc

Statistics show a considerable increase in

population. 11:1"-1:11-l:h- f.1.11fl- <I<TC 0"1
,.. I ODAl.ODo;...,. I .fODI\h;J-A

be on the increase
1. flODAl.ODC 1 ..__.,e. 1 ~m-. The birthrate is on
the increase. f"'l.<DIIJI.-l- .1.7'i'-l- <I<TC ooo
Q;t.ODC I ..__.,e. ~ ~m2. l\fO~ 'tY.. He observed that crime was
on the increase. w")~A l\fO~ ou'/..11.") m+(l

increasingly f.OAT
As we traveled south, the weather became
increasingly warmer. m~ ~o-il 1 ln=\11
f.OAT l\f'l"+ ' 'tS'.

1. P'A"'l-"t Y.P f~Ot:. The incumbent

mayor was defeated in the election. P'A"'l"t f.P not:,. h"t-1:'1 O?"C"'A,. -1-if~d.
2. f+ .1':'1". He acceded to the chairmanship
after the incumbent died. f+ .1':'1",. II.+
OO")OC 11.'1"-l- l\(1. II.+ 00")0C~1o"t YH
be incumbent on one 11..;1-m- 1 ~mIt is incumbent on aU students to register.
.,...,&jP"f ' 11-fl- 0 OOOD1f~iJ 0 "IJ'.;f-'fiJ)o 0 ~ID'
be Incumbent upon one ..,..,q.;.. 1 ~mIt is incumbent upon you to warn him against

excessive smoking. hoom.,.

incredible f..,f.oo{IA
No one believed his incredible story. f..,f.ooll
A ;1-&h-") ..,.,?"

incumbent

hi\OD~-

be Incredible

Your story is incredible. n~ch"> :f"&h ;I-?"

C r ~m- (or, I')Jt.ofll .(-.,.~ 1 ~m-1 or, f"7.'1C9'" 1
~"'")

(be) incredulous about -1-m&-mt:

People nowadays are incredulous about sorcerers. '111-l- 1.U (llP"f fl\11..,-1-'l'"f"J oo
'l'C f.tn&-tn&-11-

.,...,&

jncrement
He receives an increment of $50 a year. fl.fOD
1: Y?"lt iiC "f!""/& Y1'1A

incriminate
I. T<f--1-'1~-lo"t l\oPflh-1-. His fingerprints on
the window incriminate him. flODillt~ ..__.,e.
Yll,. f(l. hlf&- T'l--1-'1~-fo") Yooflh:f"A

o..__.,e. ll.,.J.Iy,;u.

II ..,llm"t+'l> -1-"llJCU ~""

incur (incurred)
1. (w-IlT) ~'1. He incurred debts because
of illness. llfl;f-ODoo M ID'IIT ~'I
2. 0&-(1. 1\f. l\oo"J. The hunter incurred
great danger in killing the tiger. ~il~"t 0""
"IY.II- l\'11' 0&-(1. 1\f. hlJ.I': l\Y.:J fi.Yoo
"' ~oc

incurable f..,f.d.<Dil l f..,f..l':"t 1 f..,f.1iC

He had an incurable disease. f..,f.d.<DII (f.., f.
.l':"t 1 ,..,,.1ic) o11;1- ~o.:o-l-

incursion
1. m~t-. Their incursion on our territory
lasted only a few hours. 0"1~;1-';f"t 1\f. Y

S'.t:>J-T Wt:&- f~ffD' 11'1'4:-l- (l't1'-"f

ilil' ~oc

2. mY. tJJeiiP 1 DD"14f.:,.. The incursion of sea

water damaged the crops. fllon~ ""=" IDS'.
OD"I'(.-l- l\UA hOI\lf
make an incursion OHOH

2. htntfJ. In his confession the thief incriminated two others. 0(lm,. fl\?"~-l- ?A 1\.

iD'"f!>

lJIJ)o ' 1\.1\ ' 11-IIT ' fllP"f ' hW"'

The pirates made incursions along the coast.

(be) incrusted (with)

I. ~0<:(0-l-). The bracelet was incrusted with
diamonds. l\?"'1~ YA..,11 d.Ctn"f ~0~0-l-

flJonC ID"tOS'.lP"f mt:4-"t OHOII'-l-

(be) indebted to
I. 'Ill tD-11;1-w-

~""

We are indebted to

independent

631

indecent

you for your help. Ill\ hY..t:"IIIA1 l\C-'1;1"

ttl\ ' ID"I\;1"11 ' )1
2. f--- ~1Hil )Ot:O'l-. He was indebted
to his friend for a large sum. fl\Y..:;'tJJo iiH-
~1Hil )0t:O'l-

indecent filA"!<;
Her behavior was indecent. mllf.'P f1l
/A"I<;" )OC

The student used indecent language and was

fii/A"J<;" :1'
expelled from school.

.,..,t.,.

lA 111\.,.<;"~t: h'l-II"IIC'l- 0.'1- .,.ttt:t:

Indecent behavior ofiA..,'I

?'ll.ll- '

indefinite
1. "lA~ fAll'). He has indefinite views on
the question. Ill\ 'I-'ll!. "lA~ flAil') hll

.,.,,+ '

hi\ID"

2. f/A.,.aJll). We have an indefinite time to

finish this work. f-1111 P'&- ~'~"""'-t:ll
ffA.,.aJ{l) ' 'LH. ' hl\1

Because he took off his clothes in public, the

police arrested him for indecent behavior.
/Aoflll-1 ' ttY..IJttf. ' lll\aJI\-1' '
A ii/A"I<;"tJJo , fHiD"

.,.hlltof. ' li.Y..t:"ll\'1- ' ,.,,.!1'1\ID" ' Y.."IAY.."Y. '

Omll'l- .,.,"
2. O~IL .,llt:Jf f.,Y.Y..~'i'. Your point of
view is indefensible. hli.,..J'f'l-11 O~IL .,
llt:Jf ' ,.,,.Y..~t;: ' )ID"

ll

indefinite article fiA.,.mM .,..ll.,.h!I"C

The indefinite article is normally not expressed
in Amharic. hit~:;'tJJo1 'LU. IJ.,c:;o f
/A_,.aJ{l) oo>ll.,.h!I"C

indecision Om<'UJ- .J'A'kt:m oulf1

His halting speech manifests his indecision.
hiAG: hiAG: ,.,.,~, .,!!'t:m- Omilo-
.J'/A'kt:m ""11').1 .J'llt:-'1/A

hf.~l\~11"

indelible f.,Y.A+
Indelible ink was put on the voters' fingers to
prevent fraud . .,"i"OCOC1 1\.,ll-l't:'l- oou
&,,;-,.; "1'1- llf. f.,f.A+ -1'1\!1" _,.y_
t:~

indecisive f.,fm"lil
The defendant gave indecisive evidence . .,.hill.
f.,fm"lil .,llt:Jf h<l't:O
be indecisive m-m..J: J\AArr-

The battle was severe but indecisive.

ttY." ILII'1!1" ,.m..,. h/AAf!l"

toe~.,

indecorous .,.~IL flAil')

No one likes her because of her indecorous
behavior. mflf.'l' .,.~IL M/AIJ') .,,11"
hf.aJ-'1'1-11"

I. Ol\tJJo).,., That's very good indeed! Ol\ID").,.

T?-

indemnity (fll'C) toil

The Italians paid an indemnity for the destruction they caused in Ethiopia. 01\..'l-I"A'f
llf, MY..t:ll-'1- Tof.'l- l\.."1/A.J''l':f fll'C
toil ' hol.ll-

indent ~tt 1111- ll.ol.

Always indent each paragraph when you type!

indeed

onJr

indemnify (indemnified) ~1Hil lim

The government indemnified the farmer for
the loss of the crops. f~Oo!..,. {lit/A lll\.,.011
lf OD'}"JF'l- ~1Hil llmtJJo

~(J)o

2. 07>C"IT. Indeed, he is one of the nicest

penple I know. h.,,.,.,,. 'I'~ lll":f
07>C"I'P ' 7>11- ' h1-'l- ' )ID"
yes, indeed I 7l11..:f"
Are you pleased with your son's success?
Yes, indeed! /A~II lll\.,.:1'<;"1\'l- .,.Y..li.,.?/A l
7>1.!'.;1"

indefatigable f.,Y.:I"h'lMy brother is an indefatigable worker. m1Y.."

"" ' ,.,,.;1-h'l- ' ....~-.,.:;- ' )ID"

indefensible
I. .,.MtoY. ' li.Y..t:"ll\'1- f.,Y.!l'A. The indefen-

sible bridge was soon captured by the enemy.

O~.hol.'l- ouh.<; 011"'1-~t;:O'l- 'LH. h

-'1.11 h1<1'~ ll'l-)!:!I"C <Jo/A'LU. ~tt ill\

tJ

~fj:

be Indented ( ~ indent) aJ"' ~tt hi\

+The shoreline is indented with bays. Ott.h~ 'I

c!F llllm.l":f m"' ~~~ Y.llll-

independence )K)'lKenya obtained her independence recently.

h.11 )K):J:"t .r~l"f.,. o+cil 'LH. ).,.
obtain independence ,&.(to,.

rA

His son obtained his independence by getting

a good job. 'I'~ F&- f.t' IA)I: &-11-1 !FA
independent
1. ~~- Monaco is an independent state.
'l"o;l )K MC <;'I-

indescribable

632

2. a~a- ohltil f"'f.OD~. His independent

mind refuses to accept any philosophy. 0&-f'l.
ohltil f"'f.OD~liJo I'.M"f!'liJo f"7Tt9" 1'.11_,.
lt(liJ I'.J'.4'0A?"

Independent of

*Independent of monetary considerations, it

was a promising position. f'l'1flfl" s "1-)lf.
4'C.P.

_,.111 Yilm-

I"& )OC

be independent &.ft."} !foil

He has been independent ever since he was

sixteen. lt.P' ~ hJ':(I'I 't""'l- 6J':"7.m- ~?"

f!' ' ~1\-"t ' :f!I.A

be independent of

I. h - - - IDT.P. ~(l."t !I'll. This department

is independent of the administration of the
university. J'.U h'i'A hHliCI\.1:m- l'.h
_,.JIS'.C IDT.P. ~1\-"t :f!I.A
2. h ~-- T11\11l. If you have a car, you are
independent of buses. ouh...- ltiiU ltm-.P.Ilil 'MII~IIIIU

*Financially, she's completely independent of

her husband. 01"tHil Oh-A q{lfl.;t"t 4$
.,. 1'.;1-ltilil?"

f"'f.YOD"'liJo Pfl>J'. II.~IIPO 1\J'.:fA?"

ilh.,.

The arrow indicates the way to go. 4'il.,. J.tj>"'

"'i"t you{lh;I-A
2. ntar. It indicates that he is serious about it.
1\(1. ' 0"1?" ' YMO+ ODlJ'\-"t YflJ'A

indication
1. fi:'l'P. There was no indication that he
intends to grant her request. 'i"fof:'P'l 1 f""L+
OA ' l\ODU'). ?""til" ' 'i'"t"'." '

I'.A:J-f'J"

2. f""Ah+. Fever is an indication of illness.

'1-IJ.ft')- ' fihOD!/" ' ?"Ah'l- ' )liJo
give an indication }\oPt\h+

Did he give any indication of his feelings?

,.., ' 'tJ'.)'l- ' il"''.'l- 1\"t.llilm- ' 1\0Dilh.,. !

indicative ?"Ah+
Is a high forehead indicative of great intelligence? (lL "l"tqc filoi\U)'l- ?"Ah+ )ro-!

f?"'l-mJ'.ft>'l'm- TY'Ill":f ' "t-Il 1'.1\?"t!' '

l'."t-'111'1- Yilt:'lll-

indicator, be an

indestructible f"7J'.OII'Ii
This new-style typewriter is indestructible.
J'.U 1\JI.il 'tJ'.)')- fll"ihL'l- ODh.... f"7
J'.OII'Ii )ro-

indeterminate 0'1-hhA YA:J-m4'

An indeterminate number of guests will
attend the dinner. -llT~'I'm- a'l-hhA YA
;I-ID4' ' 1\"t"/J'.:f ' 01\~')- ' "/iJ..,-ro- ' 1\J'. '

M"llindex (indexes, or indices)

I. ODl\h.Y. The sale of cars is an index of a
country's prosperity. fODh. ...l":f ' 'liY"'." ' Y"t
~ I V1C I 11AX"""I'i' I ODi\hJ I 'h'D<
2. OLS'.A _,.~ f_,.IIL fft>ll'l- "7m-"'i.
There is an index in back of the book. ODPO.h4-
Ooo...,.:l!' IIJ'. OLS'.A _,.~ f_,.IIL fft>ll
+ "7m-"'il'.llm-

index finger {l,q "1'1-

India U"tJ':

1. "'-oPflh+. He indicated that the interview

was over. f:J>A r TJ'cf:tD- 1 "7il4f'l 1 "'-oP

be indicative of hill..';

The horrors of war are indescribable. tnC)'l-

"'"" ' 1\0Dilh.,.

Indian U"t.ll'l!
indicate

Her questions are indicative of a keen mind.

(be) indescribable 11.~1111" I'.J'.:fA?"

He pointed to it with his index finger. Oi\.tl

indifference

of

~~~~~

Facial expression is often an indicator of

feelings. OL'l- IIJ'. f"''.:J-J'. rH;J- iiH-m-"t
'l.H. il"''.'l-"t f"''.~APO )ro-

indices, see index

indict hM
He indicted them on a charge of rioting.
11'1":1' 0"7S'.'i't:il ID"t~A h(l(t'fm-

indifference
I. "lf.il'li)'l-. She felt complete indifference
toward her children. IIA}t.!f! 'i'l\.1"' "lf.il
'/i)'l- ' .,. ....,+

2. :fll "711'1-. He resented the crowd's indifference to his speech. 1'.'1"7"" "t"l"lO:."t :f
11 "711.,. :tc l'.(l1'robe a matter of indifference ll.ilLt\1. = 1\f.,OD{l
{ltD-?"
Attending the party is a matter of indifference
to me. O..,ofl"lftD- 1 It~ = 0011+ = ml!'r r
1\{IOD~"'j'')- 1\ilLII'l. 1\J'.ODilil'tl"'
with indifference ~'l..e..'i-1.;.
He treated my request with indifference.
Aou..-t~-"t ' I'."JS'.)~<:. , .,..,.a11m-

Indifferent

indirect

indifferent f"'.<'.ll11t-lThey criticized his indifferent attitude toward

the suffering of others. ill\ A.IP":f :Y..,e n
"''.J'/tfm- f"'.<'.ll11t-l- v-~:r OJof>ll--'1be (remain) indifferent
1. 11,.. l\1\. We cannot remain indifferent in
this dispute. OH.Il Ilene ll!l" "71\."f- h'l

":fAll"
2. "IY: fl\11 ll't. Don't be so indifferent!
l'.'I.<'.H.Il "IY: fl\11 h."f-v-'1
3. '/"'!'/" "IY: film-'/". I am indifferent
to the time of starting. ill\ ODt ll"..,. 'I. H. l'.
~ '/"'!'/" "IY: fl\'111"

Due to the indigence of the inhabitants, many

O~IJ'&SJJ:ri

children were undernourished.

lit+ 11"11'1.1'-l- -nrt-l"'li
'l"""ofl h~'l'll" tne
~

I. rt-6.1'. We walk to town by a road that

is indirect, but very pleasant. m~ 1 h.,..., 1

f'I"'I~Y:n-'1- """'Y: rt-6.1' n.nr f.<'.il

.<'.il .I'll"'" ~ ....
2. +'I'-!-':' .I'All't. This is an indirect answer
to my question. r.u IIT.I'-1:\1. +'I'-!-':' .1'
All"~

oPAil.

~fl)o

indirect object, see object

indiscernible O"IAK" f"7J.'.:l'J.'.
There is an indiscernible difference between
these two houses. O~H.O 1 ~It+ 1 0.-f':f 1 oP
l}bA O"IAK" f"7f,;l-J.'. Af.t."f- hll

indigence Y:lit-'1-

indigenous,

indispose

633

inhabitant

,n,-;.r not

S:

OJ~ f"7f.*'l'e

The indiscreet girl talked with strangers about

her problems. OJ~ f"7'1-*'l'e'l' 1A11"16Y:
":f"IZ:'I 11"7:J-m-+m- 1\m- h'l'f":f

-!-OJ~~

be indiscreet at~

The indigenous inhabitants of the country

have a culture of their own . .1'16;t -1-0J~;i'.:
";f f&.lt'fm- IJIIA hll'fm-

*Eucalyptus is indigenous to Australia. 1ail:,.&IA.I' IIIJ.Oe ~'i' M,._ <;."f-

indigent 'l"ilh.'l
An indigent widow needs to have some kind
of income. 'l"ilh.'I fll't":f IJ!I. f'I"-!-IJ-'1-
ll.-'1- h'IY: 'lf.t."f- 10. .l'iiLA;J;l-A
be (become) indigent

indiscreet

.e..1if

li.Y-*"J'CiJD

She is indiscreet, so don't tell her any secrets!

OJ~ ill\"7-l-*Te !1"'1!1" ' ll"ilm.e h-'J-'11&.-'J-

indiscretion
*His indiscretion was punished by the government. '1''1.4'., illl,...<'.llm- IJY:&.~-1> .,..,.,,....

..,. '+"lm-

indiscriminate

l'.~

l'.'l'loP"'

Indiscriminate bombing results in many civilian

casualties. l..~ l..'}~ooiiJ 1 P?""11 ooti)A

He became indigent when he lost his leg in an

accident. IJ.<'.;J 11"11'1.1'-l- 1."1,._'1 h-1-<t.~m

oflrt- ll.ii.ll-"'f'l J.'.1Y:I\IA

be indiscriminate li.,f.OOC"J''?

0:\11 .<'.lif

He is indiscriminate in making friends.

(be) indigestible

11..1'0~

hf.'l'mY:'I"

This food is indigestible. f.ll !l"""ofl hJ.'.'I'

mY: 'I"

indigestion
*Do you have any medicine for indigestion?
li'Y: 1\.,_~ofl'l' f"'1J"lie' ODY;"lt"J- hl\11 l
give indigestion U'.4-"J 1-~0mm-

Green apples give me indigestion.

"~""-

.,4-

11'.<'.'I J.'.,_6oflm':'A

(be) indignant -!-<;.<'..<'.

1-<;.<'..<'.

indignation '1.<'.-lHis indignation knew no bounds.

:u~~

hf,ooe'l'!l"

Indiscriminate mixture dJU1''1:,.0"J'

This music is an indiscriminate mixture of

various styles. 1-11 tJDofL:J"' fA'- 1 A'- ll
"'"'".,. ..,..,.,:,.'1' tm-

indispensable

hiiLI\'1.

Air, food, and water are indispensable for life.

hfe '/""lofl<; m-;> llihJ.'.OJ-'1- hiiLI\'1.
<;'fm-

indispose .<'.il hl\fl1'1"

He was indignant when he found the money

was stolen. 'J'lHfl- l..'ll!. ~+Ill.+ s qm+ ?..H. 1

" hAtn~..,.,..

'l~-1:

mi'l

Hot weather indisposes a person to hard work.

'1".4'-l- hfe m'lllC' II""P'&.-'1- .<'.il h.l'
fl'111"
be indisposed m.'i 1 li.Y.f.lt'?

I am indisposed because I have a headache.

6-il 'l";l-."f- iiii.I'H'1 ' m.'i" hf,.<'.I\IJ-!1"

indistinct
be indisposed to 111'QA. ft\m-9"

I am indisposed to take his request seriously.

'I"J'of:fl)o'}

inducted

634

A1'~

.,.,..

~1c

Aoor-mc

11"tfJII. fll~!l"

indistinct
1. foyf.llf.. We hear an indistinct roar from
the distant ocean. <--l- bll')fDo fDo-loJ''I'h
foyf.llf. 1!:!1"6 f.(loy<;IA
2. foyf.)Rofl. I received a letter with an
indistinct signature. foyf.)Rofl ..coy f(lol.
.:n:,. .<'.-o.o;n. .<'.<:h~

individual (n.)
1. l>"tJ!: (lfDo ilil'fDo"t. The individual can
do nothing. l>"tJ!: (lfDo ilil'fDo"t !l""tll"
II.J'.<'.C1 ' l>Y.":fiAll"
2. "Ill (lofl. This organization fights for the
rights of the individual. f.U J!:C;t''l- 11"/11
(lo(J ' """'"" ' ,..,.:>lA
3. flm-. He is a clever individual. oflAII
)fDo

{llD-

individual (adj.)

l. MA. We each have our individual tastes.

l>J'")'I"t'l":f"t ' f"l~":f"t ' fll') ' 'i'~i't- ' l>ll"t
2. >.MIA. They slept in individual beds.
RMIA l>IA:> ~f. 1-"f.
3. ftl-h-. Alice has an individual style of
arranging her hair. l>ll.h f&-!l. fll') fll.,.
C l>w&-C H.<'.. l>~'t4. ( ~ adv.) I\ filii'. The teacher cannot
give individual help to all his pupils. l>h1".,6
fDo ' 1-oy69''1i"t rHr 1\filil' ' ll.<:'l'ffDo
l>f.":fiAll"
for each Individual

They bought presents for each individual

child. 1\J'")'I"t'l. IA;t' R)'i'fl mb'i' h11':f" ?It-

individualistic "lll'f
Occidental society is individualistic in nature.
fll"tltl-fJfDoJ'"t ~il<: (lofl R1-oi.'I'C'fDo "I
ll'f ' )fDo

individuality
1. "/~')'1-. The director is a person of
marked individuality. '1."-h1"<- f1-llf "/~'
)'t- J'llfDo )fDo
2. Personal pronoun + )T. He kept his individuality. >,(1-)'t-"t mn4>
Keep your individuality. l>"t1-)'t-U"t mil-l-

individually
1. RMIA. The teacher helps us individually.
l>h_,..,6,. RM~":f"t f.<:'I<;IA

2. R"liA. Each of us is individually responsible.

l>J'")'I"t'l":f"t R"/IA ~~.1-l"":f )")
3. l>"tJ!: fJ"tJ!:. The delegates were introduced
individually. oufA>.h1-'l''li l>"tJ!: fJ"tJ!: .,.
'I'm.,.

indivisible ll.bof.oi.IA foyf.":fiA

An atom was once indivisible. 1\..Y.r il..hof.
oi.IA foyf.":fiA )?C )RC

indoctrinate l>ftou)
He tried to indoctrinate me with his propaganda. R.hh'l- "'"'"'" II.J'/tll")~ 'l"b<:

indolence h"t'i'<;
His indolence is responsible for his poverty.
1\J!:"Ji )-I> ' !l"h"t J''l- fiJ')fDo fl")<;:<;fDo ' )fDo

indolent IU'i'
He is very indolent and never works. OllJfD
)'i' hl\11') oi.Yr'l" l>f.P'tl-ll"

{I

indoor ffl.'l- fDoh'l'

In winter we play indoor games. Rh<:ll"'t- ffl.
,. fDoh'l' ......,.,. ' ).")'"ldJ:f-1\"t

indoors >.n.'t-

1 l>n.'l- fDoh'l'
You'd better stay indoors today. ~"' l>fl.'t-
il't-fDoiA f."lfiA?IA
In the event of rain, the party will be held
indoors. 11<;!1" bll') ;re-t,. l>n.'t- ,.
h'l' f..<'.l::>IA

[See also 'keep']

induce
1. l>"lfJfJ. We could not induce the old lady
to sell us her land. l>C'"L:I: ou"-:J:"t l>"tJ!:
'1-lf'I'IA"t IA<;"!fJfJ't- l>IAii'IA"tll"
2. l>hm(l.<'. ll>flou"'. Some drugs induce sleep.
l>"t'l"tJ!: ouJ!:;)H":f l>"t-l-IA'i' J'hmh-'111-
(J'fiOD"'I\-)
be Induced 1-)"'(R'I-)
His illness was induced by overwork.
f1-)"'R'I- hP'tl- ofl~'t- )fDo

ift.DDP.

inducement f"'L?of.of. )?C

He doesn't have much inducement to study.
1\oy'!'<;'l- f"'L?of.of.fDo )?C fl\fDo!l"

induct RP') P'C't't- 1>.<'.<:?

The committee inducted him as president.
.<'.C.,. RP') P'C't't- T"-ll'l"t't- 1>.<'.<:
?fDo

(be) inducted ( ~ act.)

oui\ODI\

Men are inducted into the army once a month.

635

Indulge

fiPC llt.'+ 1-11\"7.., m'tl'-lo't ltm;f-S'.

C)T OmC ' h'tS'." til. J'.ODit'/"~IA
*The mayor will be inducted in a ceremony at
city hall. lth'ttfJm- 0hT"7aJo h'lt-1i f'l"
~:1' P') P'C'lT S'>S'.~"IIt;f-IA

indulge
1. h'thfJhO. We often indulge a sick person.
h11~'l'm-'t 1.11. 01iT'l''t h'i"'lhflhfllt't

2.

h'l"~++.

The mother indulges her children.

h'i"T\'"'1' IA]I:!f!'t :f-'I"~:,O:I'Itl3. It - - - T1~. We do not indulge all our desires. lt'i'll'l;f-~ rJ-11- h't1~'1"
indulge in A - - - ..,.Ot\m

The children indulge in candy. ihY'i"T

"'L~

lth~

Y.Oit"'/1-

[See also 'fantasy']

indulgent AlA
His parents are very indulgent.

f(l- m~]l::f

0"1'1" AlA 'i"'fm-

industrial fh.'t-'1.11+6
This country has a small industrial output.
Y.Ul- h1C J.'~+ fh.'t-'l.llT6 1111+
+'11i ' )m-

industrialize Oh.'t-'l.ll'l-6 hOitl\1

The government is trying to industrialize the
country. oo"t"IP'i: 1116;J:'t Oh.'t-'1.11'1-6
11"70/Al\"1 S'>'l't.IA

industrious ;f-;f-6
We need industrious farmers. :":1-6 10~st'l-

inefficient
I. h'I':>O. m-m'l- f"7S'>ll'l'. Inefficient industries should be reformed. h'l':>0. m-m
'1- f"7S'>llm- h.'t-'l.ll'l-69':f oolflfA

hltfl'fm-

2. +A"''i- J.'/AIJ'). He is very inefficient; he

never does things right. +A"''i- MAll') 'I"
't'l" ' )1C ' 0'1-hh/A ' hY.wt-'1"
be inefficient m:J""t hi-Y.Il'l"

A machine that uses too much electricity is

inefficient. hoom't O~S'> flo&.'t-1: -'IS'>IA
f"'l.ll11 ouh.'i" m:l'"'l. hS'>S'.It'l"

(be) ineligible
1. 1"1fl 1 h,_Y.It'l". Due to his age, he is ineligible for the position. MS'.""'Lm- fT)"' ltP'
.~-.... ' i-10. ' hS'>S'.It'l"
2. ooo(l:,.. fllfDwfD. A foreign-born citizen is
ineligible for the presidency. faJo"f!" h1C .,.
mil~ fll') "l"&.H.'I't'l- lt""ll''t oo11'1-
fltaJo'l"
3. hY..t.+ S'."lt'l-'1". Foreigners are ineligible to
own land. faJo"f!" h1C U'll- oo&.l- h
't.ll.'l"t.'fm- ' h.Y.L+ S'."~'f'm-'1"

inept
1. tJOo1 f/l.llfDw. An inept carpenter made
these stairs crooked. ao--y r ft'\.AfDw h'im.
h)H.II't S'.t."!f9'l- h~'t: wt.'l'm-

2. T10. J.'/Ail'). His inept remark displeased

the audience. T10. J.'/AIJ') hllTJ.'f-1: h'l
"7~'1i't ' hllh'i-

*Their inept diplomacy resulted in war.

f.ll."1"11-"7(1. HJ'. ' hlt"7aJ:I''f'm- IPC)'J-'t
MilT It

J.'ll.t.IA1-'i"IA

industry (industries) h.'t-'l.llT6

Many industries were developed after the war.
hiPC)i: 0:\~ 1111- h.'t-'l.!l'l-69':(- Tllllll""'
inebriate hllM
This liquor will inebriate a person very quickly.
S'-11 hAlo/A J.'ltm- """'"'

inert

.,_11- J.'llht.A

(be) inedible hY.M'I"

Poisonous mushrooms are inedible.

inequality (inequalities)
I. ooMit'l'. Great inequality in wealth caused
social unrest. f(l9'lo 01111'1- 0"1'1" oon
~It'!' ' 0"7'10.1-' '

'

J.'ltm- ' h't'I-'IS'> ' hS'-0~'1"

ineffective h'I':>O. J.'/AIJ')

The lawyer presented an ineffective argument.
mO:I'm- h'l':>0. J.'/AIJ') hChC hS'.~1
be ineffective CD-m..'f- hl-la'1'9""
Circular arguments are ineffective. H-6J.' 'I'
'1"'1''1" hChl!':f m-m+ hY.flm-'1"

aJoll'f' ' rJ-h'l-'t ' "'"'~

).(!' '

2. ( = adj.) J.'IATllT.,hlt. In some countries

there is inequality of opportunity for
education. q't.<;'t S'." h11!':f f'l-'I"IIC'I-
~S'."IA

ooc1f~:,.

J.'IATilT ..hlt

)a>-

inequity (inequities) '1-hhlt'l' hlt""ll''t

His students resented his inequities in grading
papers. T"769''1i ' "7Ch ' fl.{l'f' '1-hhlt'l'
fllt""ll'>

:,.c .,.ll,

inert "ltJ-11
A stone is inert.
Iay inert

or:~

r:~:J~
I

oo(ln-

"""D-'11 ~tD
.,..~

He lay there completely inert until the enemy

inertia

636

passed. m'IT
.l:""t ' 00{11\- '

~lliU'A-'i' .l:"t:ll A.K"'I" n

.,.'1'

inertia wii.J' a>Jl.ll 11"711T h.lloo!J'A.

His inertia is due to prolonged illness. mJ;J
W'l.ll 11"711T h.lloo!J'fl- 1111,. 1.11. llll;foooo

)BJo

infant

inexperienc ed
I. fF&. A-'1".1:" fl\.llw-. No inexperienced
people will be given this job. f F &. A.'I" .1:"
fl\.1\'l'w- r'l9':Y. .eu F&. h..er'l"''fw-'1"

2. n-1: A-'1".1:" fl\.lltJ>o. The dissonance caused

by an inexperienced harp player is unpleasant.
fl4: A-'1".1:" fl\.lltJ>o ' fl1<; ' .,."'i'I':Y. ' ~4't:fl
w- ~A..,.4'<;fl.: 11."7 h.~llJ'.llT'I"

inevitable
I. f"7.em.:mc. With this excellent team,
victory seems inevitable. fH.U 1 OtrJr 1 IJ"ot- r
R-.l:""t .':"A- "7.1:"t:"' M.em.:mc )w-

2. f"7.e4'c. Man's inevitable end is death.

'I"T llr'lw- f"7.e4'c b'l )w-

be inexperienced A/I'"'

i'tAto~m-r

The erratic course of the plane showed that

the pilot was inexperienced. ~tJ>oC'TII'i- ~A.,.
ll.,.!Jhll n.:&. ):(w- A-'1".1:" ~A.)flt:
BJo I OOlf)-1' I i'tflf

inexact ThhA. ~A-11')

He gave inexact answers on the test. OL+IJ ; It
.e ThhA. ~A-11') ooA.{l r'lm

(be) inexplicable h..e;t-w:,.'l"

His behavior is inexplicable. m'l'- Jt.e.;J-om

inexcusable f"7.e:J-II'i'
The boy's continuous carelessness is inexcusable. fA.)t f"7J'*CT 'I'A..,.'hT f"7.e:J-II

inextricable OOBJo8i ; fl\.ilBJo

His embezzling the money involved him in
inextricable difficulty. 1"t1111 "7"l"flCfl'l- ""
QJo6Ji1 I ht\.ilBJo I ~C I BJohT I tiJilBJo

fi! ' )BJo

inexhaustib le f"7~A.:,.
The wealth of our country seems inexhaustible
to many people. 11,. r'l9':Y. f1J1&.:Y."t II
-fiT f"7~A.:,. .eooM'f'I'A.
of inexhaustible energy r..-,,.e.;t-hT

The new president is a man of inexhaustible

energy. h.Jl.(l. T.:OH.'I"JT f"7.e:t-hT {lw-
)tJ>o

infallible f"7.eiiiiT
Only the pope is said to be infallible. A* (I.

iF f"7.eii/IT )w- .eQIIA.

11

infamous h.llhol.
His infamous conduct made him many enemies.
h.llhol. mQI' 11,. milT h.A.&.IIT
be Infamous mof.

(be) inexistent fll'l"

Labor unions are completely inexistent in
certain countries. 'l'l.IJ1'' 1 1t1t:';f 1 m-hlf" ;
fw&..,.'l':Y. .,..,flC':Y. A.K"'I" fll-'1"

..,.eii-:Y. ' f"7.efl1'1- ' ""'"'"

A traitor's name is infamous. fhdt.ll.BJo

ll9"

m'i':tA

infamy (infamies) ""1'6: ll'l"

Traitors are held in infamy. h..,V:y.

OD'J'

6: ll'l" ' h.l\'l'w-

inexorable f"7.efl1C
The forces of nature are inexorable. f+Lif"t:
inexpensive C!Jii
This dress is very inexpensive. ,.e.o 1 cfDtll

:,.,..

"1'1" c!Jii )w-

inexperienc e A'l".l:" "7"1T l fA-'1"'1".1:" ~

tnT
His inexperience made him think the problem
was easy to solve. AfD' h"''tiJ-1: 1 f+)o.., :
:f"'<~- fl4'1111- ""'i'Tm. f"7.1'fiiT oo{l
lltJ>o

We made allowance for Jack's inexperience.

llll'h fA-'1"'1".1:" ~tnT h.ll.,.~fT h.J'.t:"'"t

infancy f.l.f"t)T 1.11.

He spent his infancy in the palace. fmf"t)T
1.H.w-"t ' ~IIIIA.UJo ' fliL.,. ' OO"J"IFT )tJ>o
be in its infancy JtAY..~Jf..9"

Fifty years ago the airplane was still in its

infancy. h..,'l"/1 'l"":f-T fl.C.T h.w-C'TI\
"t 1<; h.AJ'.t:'J/'.'1" )flC
she's still in her infancy. 1<;

.nn <;T

infant (n.) .nn (pl. .l.Y<;T)

The infant was playing on the floor . .l.Y'i- fl
Will\- ' 'I.e ~WT ' )flC

Infants' food must be soft. f.l.Y<;T '1""111 t\

Mil ' ODIJ'"J h.llflT

infest

637

infantile
infant (adj.) fA~~:,.
He spent his infant years in Europe.

fA~~

ODC4'11 ' 9"Ah-r

:,. "J.tl.tJJo't htJJol!";r tJJo0'1' hi\IIL

infantile
I. f A"J(."'f. This infantile disease kills many

babies. ,_ll fA"J(.";f 1111:1' 1111- .ft7.,,_'t

,_LJfA
2. f .nn~.r. Considering his age, his infantile
behavior is strange. 6..\!"DIaJo"t ft.ooflh-JJ 1
f.ft!'t~:,. mQf. l.'t"l'l ~1C ~,.,.
.nn~:,.

infectious lll!:CII" f"7.,_11

Malaria is an infectious disease.
f"7.,.11

IJ11;f'

fl."l~>;'tJJo f1l

infatuate "7~b 1 Mll'llll

Her beauty infatuates every man.

m-n:r: u-

11-'t ,_"7CIJA (,I'~II'AIIA)

be Infatuated

*He is infatuated with each pretty girl he

meets. 11'"1..1'1>;':,. tJJo1l A7f1~Jl.' 11-11-
'1"-rb-A11 ,_IIA

mQ fl:(Cr"

~tJJo

be Infectious OA.fl-lli9"" ll~ 1".7'1

fli\.~9""
Her laughter was infectious .

..,*

"" ' -1-.;>Q

infer (inferred), vt. hOD II hi"

Raggedclothingi nferspoverty. o--r-rJl.'1i~ft

A110

-1-~'1

I inferred from his remarks that he thinks

I am a liar. lltJJoif-J->;'~:,. 1 l.'t!l.1""i-'1 llh
~,;>1'1-

-J-~JIIJo

inferior (n.) fll;l':f

A good leader gets on well with his inferiors.
- ' hll:l' I bll:l''1l I .;>C I ,1'.0"7"7 A
Inferior (adj.)
1. 11:,...,..~. He occupies an inferior position
in the office. 11""1"t<,l' 0.-1> 1 tJJo0T 1 11:,.-r>;' ' Jl.~"lf

f,I'H

~tJJo

2. ,..,..>;'. The goods produced in that country

are inferior. MU' 1 h1C 1 f"'i.IP-1- 1 l.:l'l""'f 1
OD. .

>;'

I ""'"'"

This cloth is inferior to real silk. ,l'.ll 1 .u,c:,. 1

infect

>;'

~tJJo

I. ""~H. Dirt infects an open cut. <l'lflf 1

11"1 410A ,_,.cqA

IJ.hC I ,.A:,.

The captain's courage infected his

2.
soldiers. flf!l"ll/1- ;e.,n:,. m;I'Jl.l!"'lh 1

A lieutenant is inferior to a captain. fou.f

hlf9"0A

M"'"'

feel inferior ~f'to"t 11ol-

M"'"'.

3. hllllif. One bad boy may infect the whole

class. h't!l.' I OD'J'fl: I A~ I h<!:/1-'t I o-11- '
,l'lllllfA

4. .t'H. A fever of anxiety infected the candidate's family during election night. llii"CA

/1.11.,.

0 fl.=
tJJo I
";f ' b<!' ' ,I'll I O.;>.r

I
I

-J-tJJJIJit<tJJo 0 (l.-JJ'.!l:ftJJo I ~IIC

(ljl

be (become) Infected

1.

-~"""~"

The wound became infected. 41(111- 1

-J-ODC!I_A

His haughty words show he is infected with

pride. r-rc~~t-r I M:>1'1- I 1111-t:-.r I f-1-0D~
ODII''r't I ,1'1\,I'A
2. -1-llbd.. He became infected with the disease
while in the South. Jl.IMI 1 1\11 1 111111:1' +II
H

,I'ODIIh;f'A

infer (vt.)

-J-ODII{l

infantry fl."l~>;' lflC

The infantry attacked at dawn.
c 1.n {L.,.Jl.' hm:l'
[See also 'light']

~,.,.

*Infection has set in. 41011- ouou~11 J!:ll"ll-A

[See also 'mortality']

infantilism .nn~-r
He retrogressed to infantilism. tll!l.

infection f410A 1 "70DC4'11

Pus is a sign of infection. OO"'JA. .forftllA """

11:1'

I OD ..

11-l- r h.l\

be inferior

"7{1C"'

11:,.

1\

.J'.IIA

hx-t:")

hf

He feels inferior because of lack of education.

MA-1-"7~

t<-(lo't

11:,.

h!l.'C1

,I',I'A

inferiority
*The inferiority of one race to another is no
longer believed. h't-'1. HC btl.lltJJo 11:,.-1->;'
~tJJo 0 f"'i.lltJJo '
'til,.,.

,,.~,.

hl.'t"IJI.IJ

h,.;f'OD

infernal f1~~
The infernal heat of the desert caused him
much suffering. f1~~,.,. 1 f!I"Jl.'~ 1 11.11 1 _ . , .
,. I

hiP:I'ftJJo

bol.

infest m~~
Mosquitoes infest swamps. ftJJQ
"1~"1 I

jl;f'

,.tllt<-1\-

-r"t'l':f

infidel

638

infidel to.:-~
The infidels may not enter the church. t..:-~1"
:f IL_,. hcM:rt 7..tJI.Mfl- _,.hllhll
infidelity :l'IA lVI).') "7<i>.:ll
His wife accused him of infidelity. "7.11-1> :1'
lA lVI).') 0"7<;>.:<\- ho'u'l:fiDinfiltrate (IC1 1q l .,.lf111 1q
Agents have been infiltrating the countryside
to stir up riots. M"'ll"ll' 11-h-l- 11"711)"1
-1- Ofq'\1'1- 11-11- (IC11D- (_,.lf"li11D-) 1
11.,.'1'/A
infiltrator (IC1 111
Infiltrators have crossed the border. f'IC1
";f m(l).') t.ltCm'I'IA

-J(l

infinite
I. f"7f.m(l'). Trust in the infinite goodness
of God! 0"7f.<DMID- I?."IH.7.11do.C 'Fe
)-]-

'

7,0D')

2. oom"} fA.Am-. The government spent

infinite sums of money on war. orry-,,_v:,.. ll
tnC)T ' ODffi') ' fi\.IIID- ' 1')H11 ' hlD"'
*She had infinite patience with him. 0"11"' il'
II:folDbe infinite ou~if'i" ou~t:if fllCD-9""

The universe is infinite. 'ill"7+

oo~if'i oo

Y:.:if ' fiiiD-1"'

of Infinite importance

+m.ll~~

fl\.llaJo

He made a discovery of infinite importance.

.,.m-'1-'1& fll.llt- <i>IAM M'..:1
infinitely 7.11'1-T
Atoms are infinitely small. t.+l"' 7.11'1-T .:
<1:'1- ' )ID"
infinity (~adj.} <D(l') fi\.IIIDThe preacher spoke about the infinity of God's
mercy. (lqh.t- m(l') 11111\.llt- I?."IH.h11
do.C ' II".n.:-1- ' _,.<;1'1 A line extends to infinity. OD/"ODC -~-&
y<; ' - .....:if ' fiiiD-1"'
infirm 1.1J"7
He became infirm in his old age.
H. ' 1.1J"7 ' II')

07.C~<;t-

'I.

infirmary (mfirmaries) hll.th

Every school needs an infirmary. "7')'i't-l"'
-1-I"'UC-1- ' IL-l- ' hll.th ' YIII.IA1'f'IA
infirmity (infirmities)
I. YIJIA "1-1..11-H. He suffers from blindness

inflation
or some other infirmity. '1-f..So lll&C)T w
f.l"' 11.'1 YIJIA "1-1..11-)-1- 7.110-12. 1.IJ"7)T. The old man's infirmity kept
him from leaving the house. f"li"7"11\.tD- f.IJ
"7)-1- 7.1L'I- h'l'lltD-

inflame
I. h4''1. The smoke inflamed the fireman's
eyes. m.o\o 1'7.'1-1- t.S'.:J .,.h'IIJ\<') 1_P.')
h4''\ID-

Salt inflames a cut. ""t- 411111-') Y4''11A

2. 1..1"' ' hiiOD{lll. The selling SUD inflames
the sky. f"lq-]- ~')OC {l"7f.') 1..1"'
YIIDDIIII'f'IA
3. t,q(l, Our remarks just inflamed his rage.
f(lm)t- t.II.,.Yf-1- ').1',.-1>') t,q(IO'I4. 7.11.,."1. His speeches infiamed the public
and caused riots. ')"1"1'1- .n11fl-') 0"711-t:
"1-1- 11-h-l- t.M"'
be inflamed

I. _,._.:H. My eye is inflamed. 1f.li. _,..,..C!f.IA

2. t,oPOD(ID-). His appendix is inflamed. '1-C'i'
h1~-l> M";I-IA

inflammable M~
Caution! This liquid is inflammable . .,.m').,.._, I
f.U ' l.'l"li ' )JI~ ' )tDinflammation
I. --.:11. The infiammation of his eye blinded
him. f'tf.). --.:11 t.'lm.:t2. f(IID-)T "71'.:11.:11. Fever and inflammation are phenomena of diseases. '1-11-'1'1-<; f
{ltD-)-]- "71'.:11.:11 fO"Ii;J- I"'IAh+:f <;'ft*He died from an infiammation of the liver.
1-0-1> t.11tn .,..,.
inflammatory f"?.YII'i:"'
His polemic writings are inllammatory. hh<I-IJ
& II"m.~::'ll

f"?.YII'i:m- <;'l't-

inflate
I. t-f.. Inllate the tire! It is getting fiat.
1.,t-1 ')of.ID- I .,.'S;J:IA
2. t.llmu. War inflates prices. tnct+ 1'1.:1'
') 'I'-" YllmY:IliA
be Inflated .,.mm.:
He was infiated with pride. Oh-&--1- .,.IDTC'
)0C
inflation f11H11 'I';J ODtD-lJ':
The country is suffering from inflation.
h1&:J: ' f1')H!I. ' 'I';J 00DID",:.<l. '1-'1'1.!-ll:f

*Inflation of the balloon increases its size.

4.'1 (Ltof. '1-A:,O Y.lf'<;A

inflect

inform

639

inflect

influence (n.)

h~IJ

The students inflected the pronoun . .,..,.-;,...,;

1-ID-lltn II_.., h~R-'1-

inflection
I. f:9"6 hi'oiJOC. His inflection showed that
he was asking a question. f1:'1"11- hlliJOC

'l"Y<I: f"''.mJ!-:,0 oPif''l-'t hoollh12. h~IJofl. The inflection of the Amharic verb

is difficult for foreigners. y.,c'1 .,{l"{o h~IJ

ofl lltJJo1/" h1C Ill""{- Y.hofi-'IA

I. ,...,1\.. You have always been a good

influence on him. '1"'1- 9"<'11\. lf')"li'I'A
2. 1-~6'l'. Her mother's influence made her
stay. fl'.<;:t 1-~6'l' l'.'t:'1-.,.Y. hl.~:>'l3. h.,'l~. He used influence to get the
contract. I>'J'I-t--l>'t 11.,.,.,.,. Oh.,ll~
1-m.,.oo>

4. 1-il"''.)'f-. A person may have influence by

his ability, position, or wealth. (lm- O?fA-:f"aJo
OP'AIIJ'I- t11Y.1"' Ollofl-1> ll"h'JY'I- 1-11"'1.
)'f- ' Y.'l' ~,_ ' J!.lf'<;A

inflexible
I. -,:,.-,:,. f.,Y.A. The laws were inflexible,
so he had to go to jail. ih'l- -,:,..,:,. f.,Y.
A lllllf') (IIIJo\LIIJo l'.IIC 0.'1- 1'1
2. f.,J!.<;IIJ~. His determination to go to
school is inflexible. '1-I"'IIC'I- 0.'1- lloP.,IJ'f-
.r1.~1,. c'l" "'"ofl f.,Y.<;IIJ~ ),.

inflict, -

1C't O"'""~H'J <'IY.If''t 011"'/.'1- f"'1.1of.of.

)IIJo

a blow oo:J"

The police inflicted a blow on his head. 7"11.11-

t-11- 1\Y. oP:J"fDo
inflict death penalty

The judge inflicted the death penalty on him.

.11'111Jo f'l"'l- 'i'C: .1.~0'1infllct pain ttm--1 hw?f

Only cruel people like to inflict pain. (lfDo't .,

...?f'l- f"''.IIJ-'1. Q;l,l)'f Ill""{- oflil' <;
'ffDo
inflict troubles 1\ll:r1~

He inflicts his troubles on everyone. 1-'f.,C' Y

ll'f"lt-A

influence (v.)
I. h.,IJIJ. I am not trying to influence you.
h'J1-'t 1\.,IJIJII hA'I"hCI"'

2. M"'"'. His speeches influenced the public

and caused riots . .,.,.,.;. ih11R-'t M"'P'-1'
o-h'l- hllh1-ll
3. 1-~6'l' hllfDo. The moon influences the tides.
..,~_,. 0'1"1: IIY. 1-~6'l' hll'l4. 1-~6'l' holl.~. His advice influenced my
decision. 9"h'l- 0,...,~\L IIY. 1-~6'l' h

...~.~

be Influenced (by)

I. -1-i). The young are influenced by idealism.

IIJIIJ.fo"{o f"1Afo '1-C' .('.Al<;'f'I'A
2. T1of.of.. An angry mob is influenced more
by impulse than by reason. f1-<;1.1. ih11ofl )

be under the Influence of

T-Ao~

He was under the influence of drink. oom'l'

1-.,_..'l''l- )0C
have no influence

*Don't go to him for help; he has no influence

whatsoever. lll'.C.II:!" 1.11- H't: h'I-Y.: 1
f"''.'fi;'J"~IIJo

hm.'i'l"'

fll

Yll,.
He is an influential man. Tl..,.,_..)'f- .J'IIfDo

influential
(laJ-

.,.~..,.,_..),.

~(Do

influenza

l'.'t'i'/1-'ll't~

Influenza broke out again this year. 011.11 't

oo>'l- l'.'t'i'/1-'II'J~ l'.'t1.1'i' 1-)P':I:A

influx

Oofl~'l-

.,...,q:,.

Due to the influx of tourists, all the hotel

rooms are occupied. f-l>&ll.fo"{o Oofl~'l- IIJ.II
1C oP"IIJ'I- lf'-f:ll-"{o'J 11-/1- hiiJOO

Last year there was an influx of immigrants.

IJII.I.IIJo , 'too>'f- oom.l":f

1-M

inform
1.

)1t:.

Can you inform me where he lives?

f'l- l'.'J1."'1.'l'C A'f-).,l."i '1-~1111!

2. hll:l"IIJ.,.. The government informed the

press that war had been declared. oo>'J"IP'-1>
I"C)'f- OD:J"IIJ)I":'J II;JII.m'l'"{o hll:J"IIJ.,.
Inform on mcfl.ou

One thief informed on the others. h't-'1. 1\.IJ

1\.11-'li'J m4Loo

Inform oneself of 1-t:.ll

He informed himself of all the pertinent facts.

hll.l.l\1.. flf''l-'1-'t -~"lfl""{o 11-11- .,.~.o;

be informed

I. OIIJ.,.. He is unusually well

hoo>m'J O'IY. }'fDo:t'A

informed.

informal
2.

640

.,.~1l(fDo).

I was not informed in time. ll(lq

1: hA.,.~1l'f9"

informal
I. M.(l.II.A YAII'~. The statesmen held an
informal discussion. DD&JP'Il M.{l.\I.A YA
II'~

2.

.....,.,.,.. hS'.l1oolt.~.

infrequent ( ~ adv.) hA6: hA6:

He pays me infrequent visits. 1tA.S:

1tA.t::.

Y.mY..,..,.A

infrequently hA6: hA6:

It rains infrequently in the desert. II?"Y:l II
'I hA6: hA6: Y.H"JQA

We are having an informal party.

;ret DD/tj!. A 'i"S'.C"I

~,.

informant hill~
The informant he has is not very reliable.
f(l. ' hill~ ' f"'l..,."7DD).IIT ' (lfDo ' hJ!.S'./19"

infringe "'ll
Speeding on a busy street infringes the law.
.,.,.'1'171 ll"'l.ll~ll't- oP11Y: "" 11'1''1'~

T ' OD"J'IT ' ib"I"J ' DD"Jil '

infringe upon

~IJ)o

~It

Do not infringe upon the rights of others!

information
1. ouaf. Where can I get some information
about that? il/111..1' DDlll" hf't- h1'l'llu- l

A dictionary gives information about words.

""11111 :J>'I't- ill\ ' :1''\T DDlll" J!.(l"'A
2. ,.,..,lloGJ.. Theinformationconce rningapplications for permits was published in the newspapers. illl 4.:1'Y: wl.,.'t- "7DDAb;F :Jfl.tn
:,: I
J\Y. I oP"'U\ft). QJIIJ
3. f~,..,.:,.. oum"J. His wealth of general information is amazing. YilfDo fm'l-'1'1 ~.....,.
T ' DDm"J ' f"'l.Yil.J'."J'I' ' ~IJ)o
4. "7MY. Dial information and ask for his
phone number! "7MY S'.fDo/IIJ f(l."J ilA
h
mY.'I'

"'"'c

*This is for your information only. .e.u 1t"J+ 1

1-."JY::f"'.....,. .... ofi;F

ingenuous

~ ....

Ministry of Information f"'f{l;t-m4!Y ""Ltll-I:C

The Ministry of Information publishes various

daily newspapers. f"7(l:f"'tD<I:Y "'l.~il-I:C llf
b/11: Af. Af. ;JH,tn:f Ylt't-"7A
[See also 'piece, pump'}

information desk DDlll" h'i'A

Ask at the information desk! ""lll" h'i'A

mJ!.'I'

informative """'il"'i f"'l.{l'J'

He gave an informative talk on Ethiopia.
ill\ h.'t-f-kY DD"I/I"'i f"'l.il'l' 1"1"1C
hS'.l1

informer 'jt.l': miL l mt{. 1\.,.tt,e

An informer exposed the conspiracy to the
police. ]t.l': miL (a>"- J\.,.qy.) 1\Y:"YfDo"t
ll?"'ll.il 111m

infraction """'il
Any infraction of these regulations will be
severely punished. ll?""tll" qy.~:,.. J!.IJ"t ib
., OD"Jil II'J'ofl'l' Yil.,."'A

fll./1-'f"t ' DDoflT ' 1\'t-"JlJ

infuriate h'i"AA
The students infuriate the teacher. .,..,&JP'Il
1\il.,..,&fDo"t Y'i"Y:/I.:f"'A

infuriated (adj.) f.,.-t"'

The infuriated lion jumped upon her. f.,.'tiiJm- 1
h"tlllt Hll- 1-ofl hi\Q't-

infuse
I. Hd.Hd.. The maid infused the tea leaves in
hot water to make tea. 1lJl,. li'f."t 11"7'1'

~:,.. '1-mll-1 ...'1' ,.~ fDoil'l' Hd.lld.'f

2. M>l'>l'. He tried to infuse the soldiers with
fresh courage. m;f-'S'.I'::rl"t Q'l,il f;("l"t~'t-
OD"Jd.il ' 1\.Y~:J>:J> ' 'l"hl
infuse courage Into h~of.Ll.

The captain infused courage into his soldiers.

li'll"ll/lo W:f"'S'.t::rl"t .1\S'.Utlo:ffDo

infusion, make an -

""-OD+

He made an infusion of herbs and drank it.

:tm'l '1-mA ""~"'"' m"'

ingenious
1. h"J~~- He is very ingenious when it comes
to making up excuses. ?"h"JY't- IIDD'i'mC
h"JS'.'l' ~ ....

2. -fiA.ll. Only an ingenious engineer could

have built this bridge. Y.U"t Y:AY:Y. "-"'
tlo f"'l.'fA of!AIJ ODIJ"t'l.il ofi;F ~ ....
3. 11"1?" fl.,..,. I ~lVII Y:"t'l'. That's an ingenious device. 11"19" fl.,..,. (~11-ofl Y:"t
'I') DD"'&Y ~ ....

ingenuity of!AIJ~'tThe boy showed ingenuity in making toys.

A)!: hlf')1-ll.'t- (l.U'tlo of!AIJ~'t- Y.:f"'Y.II:f"'A

ingenuous f'I'IJ
The ingenuous girl believed that everyone

ingrained
loved her. f1':\ Alh<:.J:- {lm- IJo/1- f

m<:n:f

ingrained Fe f{lf.f..
It is difficult to overcome ingrained superstitions. Fe f{lf.f.. h'I-A Ml").-,. .,in
'i' h'l:>l- ) ....

!l'"'f1 )m*Mary inherits her father's blue eyes.

He tried to ingratiate himself with his rich

uncle. flllil;.l-9" h1-l: H1.J:" AODIDJ!J: ,
"!<:

OJ~

t.{l4'foumHe requites kindness with ingratitude. m-A;I"1'

flh-1.:,. (flm-A;.I- n.M:,.) f"7.0DA!I nm- )m-

ingredient
I. :,.ou., :,Oou9". The ingredients for the stew

are pepper, onions, and salt. ftD'l' :,.ooay :,..

OD9" nefl6. 11111-e..,............. .,..,..,.
2. h'i'A. Alcohol is the principal ingredient
for beer. t.AI>A 1'.,..,. fml\ h'i'A )m-

*The ingredients of cement are sand, lime, and

water. 11."7.11' fh1f1' f'l'&-., fiB? :,.
~(Do

1. dJoCil. His inheritance was more than

$1 million. ,l'~"fm- m-en IJ1.J:- "7.11.M
2. fm<:nm- 1111:,.. He was magnanimous with
his money and lost his inheritance. fl"19" A:>
II IIAII') fiD<:{lm-1 1111:,. rr/1- hm-1.

inhibit
I. h""~l.. Lack of rain inhibits plant
growth. ~'"~~""' 1.,....,. f b91'n 7..J:-~..,.

f""'i"'oi.A
2. h~~. The presence of the police inhibited
the crowd. f?'ll.ll ou'fe ilollfl-1 M~m

*The presence of grownups inhibits the behavior of children. 1-A.,l>:f <111-fl:,. 11;.1-

ill!.,:,. '

1.1~A<J'fm- h.f.IT).9"

inhospitable

inhabit 'l'<:
Dinosaurs once inhabited the earth. .IIY.HC":f
fl4'J:-'1" UOD1 flf".J:-e 1\Y. Y.'l'~ )fle
be inhabited {lm- 'l' .:n:,.
This island is inhabited. Y.U ~n.:,.
Y.'l'efl;.I-A

inheritance
ile fli\Y. )fle

1 hoi.:,.

He resented her ingratitude. m-A;.I- fl.M:t

We inherited these traditions from our ancestors. MH.U1 A.,P.:f fm<:Mm- 1)<11'
{1.,,1''1! 't.f."t IJ<I:t .l'~"f:fm- ) ....

ingratiate oneself 1-mf.f..

~'f'

inherit m.:n
She inherited a large fortune. 1111-. 1111:,.

"7.1D.I;..,.' ODII'\..,.

ingratitude m-A;.I- n.M:,.

inimical

641

{lm-

inhabitant )1'11
All the inhabitants are farmers. )1'11l"lfl rr
II- ~fl6.9':f .,..,..,.
[See also 'aboriginal')

inhale
I. 1'm. He inhaled the smoke of his cigarette.
fll.:>&-m-1 ...,.11 1'm
2. t.fe m~ m-11'1' 1\fl. Inhale and smell
the fresh fragrance! hf~1 m~ m-!1'1' llfl
IJ ' OD't'f1 ' h1i..,...,.

inherent f1"1.'1't!"
In spite of flattery, she kept her inherent
modesty. {ll":f flh11> fl..I'ID.J:'fl. :,.9" 1.
fl. ' f1"1.'1't!" :,.ilo.-,..,1'1 hA"'A":ff"
be Inherent in f' - - - h,.JJ. q,nc,e. r ~co

hll1"":>~).-,. f1-~Am-

Her husband's inhospitable behavior offended

her guests. f<IA\'"m- hil1".,:>)!'):,. f1-~
Am- m<JY. 1.1'1P.lfl1 t.ll4'fOD
be lnhoopltable f"'l.ll.,., t.Y.~A9"
The desert is an inhospitable place. n<:vm-
AOD'l'11,1' f"til.,., h.f.J'.A9"

inhospitality 1.1'1.111 hA""4'11A

Inhospitality is considered a fault by Ethiopians. 1.1'1.111' hAOD4'flA flh...,.\'"A-,I'm-,1'1
H1.J:- 1.1~ )m-e Y.ofl<m&-A

inhuman flilh'l! ,I'AITt

We complained about the inhuman treatment
given prisoners. fl1.!l<:~'li 1\Y. f1"~<:~m-1
{lflh'l! ' ,l'oi\IT) h,l',l'll ....:l'ID9"1

inhumane flilh'l! fAIT)

Inhumane punishment is forbidden by law.
flilh'l! ,I'AITt :,."1:,. flilo'1 f1"hAhA )m-

inimical
I. 1-)(. Narcotics are inimical to health.
{loll f"7.1T1

OD.J:"~t..,.

Am.... 1-)( )m-

Lawlessness is inherent in rebellion. ,"h1 GJT

2 f'l'llil'. The inimical acts of the two

countries led to war. flrrA1> h~t:";f- f1"~<:

):,. ' fOOD6 ' h1.11. <IiiieY. )m-

.,_.-,. f'l'l\il' 1-"l<tt::f file):,. l\{lh1"1141

inimitable

642

injurious

be inimical to ml\

take the Initiative dtltofl

For some reason he is inimical to me. QA;t-m

He took the initiative in producing the play.

.,. !l"h't.t''l- .em~"'&\

1;.1''1-~'t t\"7H:>"Y..'I- m ...il }'DD~ ... , . h

(to I )aJo

inimitable ou(IA ft\1i

Mark Twain's humor is inimitable. f"7Ch
'In

f""''P;f-

t\'f

OD(Ijl\ o ft\1i ' ~tJJo

iniquitous l"'''i'
The judge's iniquitous deeds were punished
by death.
l"'''i' h.J:-&-1'1- 0'1"'1-

r.o;.,,.

hll.,."'tJJo

iniquity (iniquities) :1'"7~ hf\oull"t

His iniquity became known when the bank
went bankrupt. ;1-"7~ 1\t\DDII''t- fl'th- flh
(I~

'1.11. .,.11\l\

initial (n.) filii" """Y..""t..l' IJ'.iPlHis silverware has his initials on it. 010;1- h
:l'tJJo ~.e fil- """Y..""t..l' IJ'.IPl-
.,_.,.Cl\tJJofl;I-A

initial (adj.)
I. foP~ If. The initial salary is small.

fou~lf
S'.'l"ll- 'l-'t1i ~,.
2. fou"Y..out..f. Our initial visit to the new

museum was brief. Y .llll O.T oPHhC

fou"Y..aot..f 1-11~;1-l-'t ~"'.'"C 1.11. ~oc

initiate
1. "Y..""~. They initiated the plan with the
building of a road. l\:,0.<1-'t oP't1.J:" flaDP'
&-'1-

.,_,..~

2., hil..,flm. The father initiated his son into

business methods. hfl-1> t\Ail: f't"I.J:" HJ'.

l"l-'t hil""'flmtJJo

1 initiated my friend into the study of Amharic.

'iS'.,IL't il!l"-1' f"7.t'm-+tJJo't h"7C"'
M.,..,ch-'1be initiated

He was initiated into my fraternity. hk flt\u0'1- fiD't.J:""7"7l- hRil tJJoil'l' hfiA

h't'l.ll''t hil.l.~'l.tJJo P'C't'l- ' .,_.l.ll...,t\'1-

initiative m ...il f"70D't ......,. l-iP;IA leader must have initiative. h"t.J:" out.
.11.-.-o f"7""'t""''l- l-IP:I' fl. 'i"~,. .e
1fiA

you must tell him to do everything because

he lacks initiative and does nothing on his own.
"7.J:"~"I .t'Afl'l-'t 11-/r 11\'l-~"l~tJJo J',1fl
A I !l"h't.t'-1>11" ?"'til" ~1C hilll' ODJ"&-'1-

hJ',II"tl\'1-V"

h.ootQ;J.

inject
1. oPCd_. m;J. The doctor injected medicine
into his bloodstream. "h~ F..VO p.;..1'
oPCd..

OJ;JaJo

2. "'A:J' hil1fl. He always injects politics

into our discussion. OQ;a..'f':f"l-1

m-il-r floA

'1.11. ' f?"t\1; .. ID&, "'A:J' ' .l'il1fiA

injection ""C.t.
Are you getting injections? ODC.!.. '1-m:>t\tJ !
injunction
1. 'I-M11. He obeyed his father's injunction.
.t'fl-l>'t 'l-l\'111 .,..,.flt\

2. f'i'C.J:" 0.'1- "71)1". An injunction directed

the teachers' union not to strike. fOD!I"tJ&-'t
'lil~'l- P'&- h'tll.t'.J!I" h'i'C.J:" 0.'1-
"71ll". aD"Jfl'l-

injure
1. hfl~lf. Do not injure the bushes in the
park! """""-~~""'" 11;1- .1'11-'1-'t

"'"'*"'

l"l- h;l-fl~1i
2 . .,..,.ll. She fell and injured her leg. m.J:-:1'
h"l<::'t .,..,.lll3. 'I-ll. Dishonesty injures a business. :1-"7~~.-,.
't "71'S'.A P' &- J', 'l-IlA
4. h'I-S'..I.. The director injured his reputation.
'l.&.h- 11 ...tJJo't h'I-S'..I.

5. h'P~. He injured his pride by asking

his parents for money. m~,l('fi't 1'tHil fl
""mf:,O hil~'t h'I'~S'.

injured (n.) f-1"'1-ll 1 r-a.M

After the fire, every available car was used to
take the injured to the hospital. h:l'miPtJJo

r.,..,......,.'t ( r-a.iltr'l-'t) (ll""f- m

11.11" o.+ A"7.<:-~il ,.,.1'f,. ""h." o...,.
lr .,....&-0'1a:>.~

be Injured

'I.

.,M.

How many people were injured in

the accident? fJS'.;>tJJo il't'l- l'll"l- 4'.1'111-!
2 . .,..,..;, When a pregnant cow is injured,
it will ahort. hil.J:- fll'~ l- ~II" il'l-'1-'1
.-,...,~"14-Al-

(be) injurious to 'I-ll

Lack of sleep is injurious to health. 1\'t:,OA'i'
"7"1'1-

m....., J','l-llA

injury

643

injury (injuries)
1. 'l-.11-l-. He received only a minor IDJury
in the crash. q.r.;>m- ff.<:iiO-l- '1-.11-l- -l-"t
1i toe

2. lt!IA. His injury requires only slight

treatment. 411111- 4''1<1\ .hh9"<; 11!1' tm-
f"'l..l'lld.Mm3. .,..,_.11-l-. The injury to his knee disabled him
for many weeks. f'l-A0-1> .,..,_,~~+ 1111rt-
<'19""t;l--l- ' hP'&-IJJo ' t1J4I}- ' hf.<:~m4. "7'1'<:J'.'. He considered it an injury to his
pride to ask his parents for money. <D'I;i'fi"t
~"tH11 oomf~"t h11'1-"t h"t!. "7'1'<:.(-
41m<:m-

injustice
1. OJ'.A. He raged against the injustices
inflicted on him. OJ'.<:iiO-l- OJ'.A tn~A
2. f"l'i! P'&-. The troubles stern from injustices of long standing. :f-1<1- 11rt- 1..11.
b.f.f I M'i! I tp6- I fOD~Q.l. I )'(Do
3. "1'1'. Shooting cattle without any good
reason is an injustice. f4'"tt: h11-r-:f'l .1''1
"t.II:Y. 9"h"t.l'-l- oo<:ll'"t "1'1' tmdo an injustice Of.A
You do him an injustice by not appointing him.
IJAlf9"h,. OJ'.Ah,. "711-l- tfDo

ink 4'119"
Write the test in ink! d..,.'o",."t 04'119" R'i!
[See also 'dip1
inkling 'i!"t"'l"
Daniel had no inkling of their plans. .ll"t h.A
1111 h~,ll:ffDo 9""t9" 'i!"t"'l" hAtO<:fDo9"

inkpad f4'119" ""~""'

He needs an inkpad for stamping documents.
iltl'-:f-'1 11"71-9" f4'119" ""~"'l .l'lld.A
~'I' A

inkwell f4'119" "7114'0D"'l

Each desk has an inkwell. h.l'"t.ll"t-'1- .!'.llh
f4'119" ' "7114'0D"" ' hl\fDo

inlaid f-1-iiiJO-lThe desk had an inlaid design of ivory.

m<:A.q,. f1111'"t 'I'CII f.,.iiiJO-l- '1.'1'
to.:m-

inland (adj.) ~q .I'll

Some inland areas do not yet have roads.
h"t,ll"t.(- ' ~q ' fl\- ' 11'1!&-l"":f 0 ~<; ' OO"t~.(- '
h<I\1-P'&-'1'1',.,..

innermost
inland (adv.) <DJ'. OD"Ijjl\ h~C
They left the ship and walked several miles
inland on foot. hODCh11 mc.r.,. 1111rt- "7
~/.\

fJJJ!..

I OD"Ij/.\ I

1\'fC I 1fto

in-laws h"7-r-:Y.
My in-laws are coming to visit me. h"''-H: i\..
mJ'.4l'f J'.OD"'/1-

inlay (inlaid) 110!.

He inlaid the chest with dark wood. 419" "1'1'
)."t 0'1'4lC ol"t""-l- 1\0J'.fDo

inlet -l-"t1i MilL

His house is built beside an inlet of the lake.
11.-1> hmJ'.4l .IIC -l-"t1i l'l'lfiL hm~11 f
+av&- ~m-

in mate
1. hll<:o:'. The inmate refused to accept the
food. hll<:o:',. 9""111-"t h&\4'0<1\9" hi\
2. t'l'& 0111-'1. One of the inmates of the
mental institution escaped. fhh9"C' 01i1-'l'
:Y. mh.9" n.+ ,.11'1' t'l'& hll').-l- o1i
1-'l':Y. h"t-'1- hODI\m

inmost
1. fA-fl. His inmost desire was to be a writer.

fA11 9"'l'-~> , uti.. ll""ll'"t , to<:

2. '""""<:'!". We went to the inmost depths
of the mine. "7oiJ'.'). ,.11'1' hllh """"l:lf
,. ' '1'<1\4'-l- ' ~q"t

inn -l-"t1i 11'-I:A

There is an inn on the road to Dessie.

tD'- Y.
ll. ' O"'i.<DIIJ'.fDo ' OO"t~.(- ' "" ' -l-"t1i ' 11'1:

hi\

innate f.,.d.'I'C'
He has an innate talent for drawing. IIP'oiA
P'&- '

f-1-d.'I'C' ' 1-il'l'l\ ' hi\IJ)o

inner
1. f"'"llm'1. The inner door is locked. f,.llm
,.,. ""111...1' .,.41<1\~A
2. f<l\11. She kept her inner thoughts to
herself. f<l\11 9"11m.~"t 011'~ .I'H:Y.
inner circle of f~Cofl

Only the inner circle of his friends knows

about his plans. 1111 h~-'1- f"'l...',..,.+ f
~C11 l\J'.'l'Jfi 11!1' 'i''f,.
innermost foo\Jhl\'1
Only the innermost parts of the book have
not been touched by the water. ,.;) .I'AtiJ,.
f0Dl\'m4-"t ' fOOIJbl\o;'IJ)o ' h'i!<l\ ' 11!J' ' tiJ)o

innings

inopportune

644
be Innocuous oocn~

innings
*Our party will have its innings after the next
election. '"' :ret h"'L"'"'"-"'" 9"e'"'l
0:\'1 7.:,0'1."} l\"7h'OID1 {)F:A J'.'U.'I'A

innocence
J. "}1\..ft I ODIJ'"} j "}!l'.ft'O j 'J'of.-J-"' I J\1\0DIJ'"}.
How did he prove his innocence of the crime?
hw1;(11- 11\..ft 1\0DIJ'). M

"7~:>1'"'1

lim!
Even though his innocence was known, he died
without receiving justice. rf,.. "1'\1. "}Jt-tlt
iJ)'1~ ' '/"-tHis confession proved my innocence. fl\o ~Pi

'Om- ' (L;f'ID:,09" ' 'i'-1-.ft

ou"} n1 "'"'"""' ""-""11'1 l\~:>1m

2. l\I\"71D:,O. She pleaded innocence of the
law. a,.,."} QI\"71D:,. "7Tof.;!:1 l\DDI\h-t-:Y.
3. f'f'U)-1-. The innocence of little children is
lost as they grow up. f-1-1111 A]t.:Y. f'f'U)
-1- ' 'hf!f..,. ' I\~ ' -4'&-A

h.~S!Il'r

:Y. ""eH"' hY.!f.ll-9"

innovate
I. l\o-1 l\DD"'. They innovated the saying of
prayers in Amharic. q.,e.,. llll-'1- "7F:~
{I

I h~'} I _fODato+ I ~1C I ~lD"

2. l\>1.11 (H!f..) .l.m~. When the older methods

no longer work, you must innovate. f.,.(!. H
!f..fP:Y. ' 0"7J'11\"'II-0T '1..11. l\>1.11 ' OD<j:
me l\1\-IIU

innovation
I. f"""' l\'1.11 l\IP&-e. He fought against
the innovations which had entered the church.
00.1- helltJ'). m-IlT fOD"'m-"} l\JI.Il
l\IP&-e ' 1\"7114'~-1- ' ;1'11\
2. l\>1.11 t1e. Lighting by electricity was an
innovation in 1890. O!;!:fitl ~- 9". 01..1\.h'l-&
h -flcY"} ""llm-1- l\>1.11 )1e )Oe

innuendo, make (innuendos)

innocent
1. f'f'U. Don't be so innocent as to believe
everything the politicians say. f?"l\tll llfP
:Y. f"'LII-'1-1 IJ-11- 1\"7""1 Y.U1 J'UA
f'I'U l\'l-v-1
2. (~noun) ID1;(1\"' l\1\,..ll').. The investiga-

He is making innuendos about my honesty.

111\t ;1'"7~)-1- Ol\11-e Y-'01&-A

innumerable .,....e
OI"'"'Q:Y.1

.111 )Oe

He was innocent of the crime. hm'Jj!lt- "}

1\..ft )Oe

4. ( ~ adv.) J'l\ ...,m.l\1>. Many innocent

persons lost their heads in the French Revolution. 04.~1-te 11-oe '1..11. -1111- ' nfP:Y. '
J'l\ ' ...,m.h;l''l'm- ' 1-1!1.11-

5. o:r-1 AIW f-t-nm. It was just an innocent remark. o:r-1 A!l'O f-t-llm l\111J'f-1- )Oe

be Innocent Tof.-t-"' hY.!f.l\9"

The lawyer asserted that his client was innocent.
mO:l'm- )1e-t-"'m- Tof.-t-"' hY.!f.l\9" II.
A 1-h&-h~

stand innocent
*He stands innocent of any wrong.

'~"?'"

T'i-

-1- ' fl\0-l-9"

ll'i'e fl\.1\m-

There were innumerable ants on our food.

ID1;(1\"' l\1\0DIJ')."} l\~:>1m

3. 11\..n. The arrest of the innocent man

diSCODcerted the policemen, f'} K.oifl I {laJo I 00
J'1l ' ?"II.Mi1 ' l\!f.'01&-'f'm-

Ol\11..,.e

1-'01~

tion showed that he was innocent. rcoo&-tD-

innocuous

Some snakes are innocuous. h.'J"fi'l.(- "Qfl

'IF- _,....e ll'i'e fi\.1\ID- .,.,

inoculate h-1-Q-1-

l\!1.~11\'1-

The doctor will inoculate you against smallpox.

F-h-f-1. f4.1"1"1 h-1-Q-1- J'!f.C'IA?A

inoculation

h'I-Q-1-

Smallpox inoculations will he given free. f 4.1

"1"1 h-1-Q-1- O)ll Y.II"'A

inoffensive

f"71114'Y.9"

He has a very inoffensive manner, so no one

gets mad at him. f"7J'II4'Y.9" mQY. Mil.
.... ' "719" ' l\Y.'O!f..F:0-1-9"

(be) inoperative

l11A"'II-'I- m-op II')

The law regulating slavery has been inoperative

since slavery was abolished. qe)-1-1 f"7.41."1
m~m- ' .ft"l ' 'le)-1- 1 h.,.ID1~ ' IDJI.U l)
1/A"III-'1- fiJJf." II').A

inopportune
1. ffPJ~oo":f-. He came at an inopportune time.
0"7 y.ou:Y. '1..11. OD"J

He made an innocuous remark. f"7J'Ilhof. h

2. J'l\'1..11."'" fOD"'. An inopportune call delayed us. J'l\'l..rl.m- fonq f-1:1\.6:1 T&

111-J'f-1- nm

l\H1f1

f"7J'Ilhof.

(be) inordinate .,.10. hMRU"

His anger was inordinate. of!:IIJ(J)o +10.. 1\A
~RG!I"

inordinate amount of oom,. r fl\.f'\.ID"

There was an inordinate amount of confusion
00 registration day, flr1J1ll. I .,.,. I ODQ11' I
fi\.1\CD- TCII"h!l"h ~IIG

inquest

!I"COD&-

The inquest showed the woman died from

drowning. !I"CODti-CD- I 1\.Tf"'l' I h'l'"'l I OD'I":J:
., h<'lf

inquire mf.,.
You'd better inquire first whether the job is
still open. P'tl-tD- hv-"J!I" li"J-'111 hh.,.J':
OOIJ 11-l-mJ'.:,. J'."lf~A
inquire Into oot:,ool,
We must inquire into the matter of the missing
money. 11'Hfl- I (tft I ODtptf,.-J: I .,..-;,.e. I ODoPC
00(; hl\11")
Inquire after one

I. mf.,.. Inquire after my friends when you

go to my hometown. tDJ'. .,.tDI\J':h-11-l-
h_,."'l M~J': ~J'.'l''ti"J mJ'.:,.A~
2. hi\ m."J~-1- OtD.,.. Friends have been
calling all morning to inquire after you.
~J'.'l''fu hi\ m."J~-1-u 1\"'ltn:,. 111.-l- (l.J'.
m-flo hGM.

inquiry (inquiries) !I"COD&An inquiry into the crime is being held.

hi\ tD")~I\o 11"1:""<1- I IIODJ'.G"' o ~)'. ~tD
make Inquiries h(fl,ff+

He made inquiries about the suspect. hl\1"m6o

mGm- (ltD- hmJ'f.,.
on Inquiry ll.,.mf.,. 1.11.
Details will be given on inquiry. 111:11~ R.,.m
,.,. ' '1.11.' J'.{I"'A

inquisition

fOCOD&-

The inquisition uncovered many heresies.

'rCOD~(D4 I

insanity

645

Inordinate

ofllf-

I OOij"fi!:J>"J"} I

J\;J/ttn

inquisitive .,.,..&-..,.:
He has an inquisitive mind, and had acquired
a lot of knowledge at an early age. .,.oo&-"'16
hl\!I"C: MI\CD- 1<; Rtn"'-1-H 1111- ~

..,._,.T' .,.P'"J.A

be inquisitive T.fi: r h.Oif

Children are usually inquisitive. Ap:;f- ofllr-

'1.11. ' "''"" .1'11~11-

inroad, make an """' into 'I'll

1Q

Our troops made an inroad into the enemy's

line. tD;f-J'.C:;F'f") m~-1-"J 'l'htiJ. ~&
make Inroads on
1. J\DP~DP~. His expenses made great inroads
on his savings. m"l.BJo 1 .fmt-+oo8Jo1" 1 1'lH
11 I Ot1J9'" I ,hoP~oP~BJo
2. htnh. Eating too much makes inroads on
yonr health. 1111- ""11~-l- m.n.ru"t J'tDh'I'A

inrush ..,J'.II'i'

htn&-GJ':

The inrush of water quickly filled onr tanks.

ftD-;lotD- ..,)'.II>;' htD&-GJ': IIC"'L~'f"J"J -1'
II"

.,.~

insane

....

(n.)

I. l\11.1':. There are many of the insane in

Emmanuel Hospital. h"'l'l-l..A ll'h"C:f"A ..,. .
h'l' 1111" li11P.'f hll2. fhli!I"C: ih""!l".,.'i'. A mental hospital treats
the insane. fl\11P.'f ll'h"C;t-A fhli!I"C:
iJ.oo9".,.'l''f"J J'h"'IA
insane (adj.)
I. fli11P.'f. There is an insane asylum in the
city. llh_,."'' tn-h'l' fli11P.'f t1D'f6J' IL
-1- hi\
2. hli!I"C:CD- f ;1-tnh. Insane people are not
responsible. hll!l"t:'l''ftD- f ;1-tDh (l,.'f
ll..,~.c.~.r hJ'.mf4<!1"
be Insane h.O~

You are insane if you think that he will give

you any money. 1'lHofl 1 ,..(lm~A oflAU 1
hhllll ' l\")J'.IJ'") I h11~7A

insanitary lim.<;

m"J:,.

Letting flies walk on your food is insanitary.

11"JP'f 1111""11111 {l.J'C4- 119" "'11\-1-
f\tJL'i

tn"}ol-

~BJo

insanitary conditions f"}K'ift'i = 7-X"-f\T

The inspector criticized the insanitary conditions of the kitchen. .,.41."1"1Gm- M J':IL-IJ"t
Mll"ih'i" .,.J':II-1- ~"'"-

insanity
I. l\111'.-l-. Due to his insanity, he had to be
hospitalized. Rl\111'.-l- !l"h"JJ'-1- ll'h"C;t-A
OO"'IJ-1- "'J': li'~R-12. h'J1-I\ "":f"tnh. The criminal pleaded
insanity. tD")~I\'i'm- h'J1-II OD:f"tnh-"t ll
"JJ'. !l"h"tJ'-1- 1\'i!CJ': IL-l- h.,.GR

646

insatiable
strain of Insanity

1h~:,.

There is a strain of insanity in the family.

RIL.,.IIII'ffDo 1h)'l- 1\11
insatiable f"7'-G"
The child's insatiable curiosity often got him
in trouble. filtY\'o f"7'-GIJ f"7m'l> 'i!ll1
'1- -1111- 1..11. 'f-Ie 11'- '-'1'1\'PA
be Insatiable I\Am1RII"
He is insatiable, though he eats constantly.
YII"7*G'I' R.RIIII" 1'1'-m"'-1111"

inscribe
I. 4'GII. I asked tbe jeweler to inscribe the
ring witb my name. R4'11Rof: 11'- II"'L1 1\
1-'1.4'CK" 111'1'G'i'm- )1CIJ.'l2. 1\IILG. The Emperor inscribed his name
on tbe photograph. 11-w )1P'-I> 11"7'fm1 RG:of"'<!of. 11'- 1\114..~
be inscribed
1. TAL. The words were inscribed over the

door. :1"111: OD1f1..Y"'" 11'- .,.K".t.m- )RC

2. .,..,.Gil. My father's words are inscribed
on my memory. Yll-1: 1"1"1C RI\1\II"C"\1.
m-11'1' .,_.,.C!lA

inscription
I. K"m.'i=. He cut an inscription into the wall
of the castle. R"'ll"fl- "'J:-1'1 11'- K",_'i!
4'GII
2. f.,.4'Gll K",.'i!. Can you read the inscription on the stone? fl~11JOJ- ~ It~ = f++~Am1 K",_'i! A;J-)ofl '1-:Y.IIIIU?

insert
the thief will be able to get in. .,Af. 'l'ofl
'I> IJAif) 1\.11 11.111 ' '-:filA
2. 1\A.,_.,,..)II". She was insecure in her job.
RP'<I-'1' l\'l-"7....,R'l-11" )RC
feel insecure 'i!<!oil' 1\~G(R'l-)
The child feels insecure when his mother is
away. 1\o;--1> RII.II:Y.R+ 1..11. .h'\'o 'i!<lil' Y.I:'CR;J-A

insensible, by ~ degrees R"7'-11"7 hlo.:\1

The room grew cold by insensible degrees.
h'i!ll- R"7'-11"7 1\lo.:\1 l\f4'H4'H 't~
be insensible

~t;:(t.'}

it+

The rock struck her on her head, and she was

insensible for nearly an hour. R.l:-1;>'- <1-!l.
1 111\.,.ou;J-:Y. 1\1.1:' ll't'l- YUA )'i!!l.
1 II;J- )RC
be Insensible of

1. 1tA+1~Hilr. We are not insensible of your

kindness. ~"1)'1-01 <\11)Hofl I\A4'G111"
2. l\llm4'11". The boys in the boat were
insensible of the danger. flODCbofl 1 1&-il'l' '
nno~-.r Al!:Y. ~'~~-" --r~1 , 1\llmoJIII" '
)RC
be insensible to I\A.,.II"7(m-11")
hm.'i!9" '
I\A.,.11"7(fDoll")
+His frozen fingers are insensible to pain. 11
oflC.I:' f~)Hif- "1-f'll .h""ll" ' h'-11"7'fmll" )RC
He was insensible to the needs of his children
and did not give them any help. fA;('Ii '
:f"'C hm.'i!ll" 1111"7J/.11"7m- 11"111" 1\C-'1
;J- l\llf.G111'I'fDoll"

(be) inscrutable
The expression on his face was inscrutable.
.L-1:1 R"7f'l- -IIi" f"'l.YIIRm-1 "7m'l>
1'1'-ii'AII"

(be) insensitive to II"'L-1:1 1\A)IJfDoll"

+He was insensitive to the sea's grandeur.
fll.h~ "'C"7 '1"111 II"'L-1:1 1\A)IJm-11"

insect )'i!<\'1An insect is crawling down my back. h.1: ' i'

'i!<\'1- R)!CII\1. 11'- 'l-'t-'111:Y.
[See also 'pest']

The dentist made Tom's tooth insensitive

before he pulled it. 'l'CII-1 hou14'11- R.L
T dth...... fof-11"1 ' 'I'CII 1\~)HHfDo

make insensitive

1tF..~HH

insecticide f.,.ll,. "7'1'.LY 1 f.,.ll,_ ouhllb..l'

The farmer impregnated tbe soil witb insecticides. 1Rt.m- ov.:.-1:1 f.,.ll,_ "7'1'4-Y (ov
hllhY) ""'ouGR'l-

inseparable f"7'-11Yf.
These two are inseparable friends. 1\ HU' o-11
-1> f"7'-IIY'" 'i~'l':Y. .,,..,.

insecure f"7YII.,."711"1
Their insecure partnership ended in a quarrel.
f"7YII.,."711"1 'licho;-'fm- Rm-11 .,_Lll""

I. 1\11111. Insert the screwdriver into tbe keyhole! mov1)1" OD'i'if'm-1 .,Af. 4''1'1
fDoll'l' 1\11111
2. h.,..,._ He inserted tbe book into his pocket.
""K"dtf.1 h. II- OJoll'l' h.,..,. ....

be Insecure

I. 'l'ofl'l> 1\Aif)ll". If tbe lock is insecure,

insert

3. hbll. They inserted several maps into the

history hook. 11;1-611- ODK"do'i' m-ilT il
II- IIe;J-l"'f hbll-

insider fl.-1-'1'
Only the insiders know what's really going on.
~7~'t ' llhC"IT ' f"''.S'm-...'1- ' fl.-1-'l''f ' il

i1' ' ""'"'"

insertion CPJm-"'."fThe insertion of an advertisement in a newspaper often gets results. fi"l~ .,lt;I-ID4:S''t
11?11."1 .,..,."'"" hil~'fm-'t 1.11. m-m.'J-
S'll7'fiA

*The insertion of chemicals is done by machine.

fb."''.IIIA ;r.oo9" f"''.""OD6fDo IIODh.'O
~

insinuate

647

insertion

....

inside (n.) m-IlT

May I see the inside of the house? ffl.i>'t milT ' .,f'l- ' >.'1'~1111- l
inside (adj.)
I. fm-IIT. The inside pages of the paper are
missing. f ?H."'m- fm-IIT 71<'1' m'i'-1-'I'IA

2. 9"l'hn.t-1!. Inside information shows that the

government will seek a peaceful settlement.
9"llm.6-'l! ' 11.'0 ' OO't"IP'-1> ' M.,'l! ' 'I'll
"'1. ' f"''.LIA"I OOII').'t foollb;I-IA
inside (prep.)

1. m-l'l-r ! ~ --- m-l'l-r. There is nothing inside

this can. aJilm- m-ilT 9"'t9" fll9"
They are inside the house now. ho-1' 1 ~fl..J: 1
fDoltT' <;'f'm2. fl - - - m-l'l-r. He promised to arrive inside
an hour. <t't~ 11,'1- m-ilT >.J:eilii!Jo il

insidious
I. f-1-'th-IA. His insidious plan to take control
of the government nearly succeeded. OD't"IP'-1>
't ll""nt S'l:.:7fDo f-1-'th-IA >.:r-~ 11.
ilii 9"'t9" h1A4'<:m-9" ~lie
2 . ..,.,.b-t\1' .f'lfA. His insidious remark provoked a quarrel. -1-'th-IA't S'HII hll-1-S'f
., mil 4'114'11
3. il~;J-m;r. m-ilT m-llm-'t f"''.ll~. Cancer
is an insidious disease. lt1'(1C 1 /Jf,;J-m:,.O 1 m-l'l
T m-llm-'t f"''.M llii;J- ~..,.

insight
*Because of his insight. many people come to
ask his advice. hlt-1-'1'~ 111111'~ 9"be II
.,"ITT ' ill!- ' ill"'f ' ID.I'./1- o ~ODIIJI\-

get an insight mA.fo 1 om+

That is how I got an insight into his character.
m<tl<'t miA<fl fm:r-11-'1- h't'LIJ 'Ill
OD1'1.e- I )(Do

insignia

he.,

The crown and the scepter are royal insignias.

.,,..,.

""'"~" 11'1-.: oo't"IF'l-

n-,.,.... he.,

insignificant

(I./A
Inside (adv.)
1. ~m-l'l-r. Don't take the chair out; leave it

I. h~ll-1-'1'. Heavy industry plays an insignificant role here. b<t~ h't>l-ll'l-6 hllll

inside! m1'Ro;..1' s hfl.."f- 1 h;J-m-nJm- 1 l1.m-l'l

-r 1 1-mm2. 11-1-LTC'fDo. Inside, she is really very shy.

2. f.,~.:<t. I am not interested in the insignillcant details. ll.,~.:n-'1- 11e11e -,..o;l'"'f

11-1-LTC''I',~~h~'O'l-

3. mY. 1 o.+. Go inside! It is raining. mY.

'!- "1'1 l ~H't'IIA
inside of 0 - - - m-l'l-r

fl.

Inside of five minutes, the theater was empty.

'19"11'1- J:of::J- fDoltT ftS''l-e fl.., 'I
fl. ' 4'.:
Inside out
1. ntt:,O.f. He knows his business inside out.
P'.!-fDo't m't:r-$ fm-:t-IA
2. . , . _ """lll.J'fDo't. I know !hat town

inside out. b1"01Jm-1' oo(DoGl

001rt.f'm-1'

hm-4''1'11113. 1Aofltn. He has his sweater on inside out.

!1'6-tl-'t 7/Ailtp llil(\;1-IA

f"''.llmm- 1\1/A"III-'1- Mil-!-':' ~..,.

.,~ ' fll"i9"

insincere II't7'1-

11'1~

Her smile is insincere. L 11:f"tf

~ ~

....

111'-J+

Olt

insinuate
1. llh"lll -1-'076. He insinuated that she is dishonest. ;1-.,"i fllooll'fl_'t llh"lll -!-'016
2. hill:.:. The enemy propaganda insinuated
doubt into the minds of the people. fm~'l-
'!"C';r?'t"' ll.h1til ~~ ' Te"'~ hill:<:

insinuate oneself into

1. !~'lAb ill\- 1<1. The stray cat insinuated
himself into our kitchen. 'lllfl.'l- fll.llm- ~
oo'l- !~'lAb ill\- .,~fl.;l-'f't fDoltT 1'1

648

insipid

2. .,./1"79"(11 11.11". He insinuated himself

into the minister's favor. 1"A"'79"'tn f-tt
ll'k-"J ' 00111-J'.Y: ' h~"f

(be) insipid "'M"

insist

insolent

q111.

Punish that insolent brat! J'1'1' q111.

~"'iD-

A~

(be) insoluble

f/lm-9"

The stew is insipid. mm- 1116r

inspector

s fii.ID-'1"'

Y:C~ h/1

He insisted that he was innocent. '1'4-.,.'1 hf.

I'./11Jo9" 1111- Y:C~ h/1

*I insist that you go to see him. A;l'fm-

y.~q

I. hf..,.A'l'9". Grease is insoluble in cold

water. ~q+ 0"'11-"'~ m-;) 111-ll'l' hf.

"'"'...,..

2. "7tD~ hA.,.il'/19". The mystery of his death

is insoluble. J'".7.".7.1>1' 9"llm.C "7tD~ h
A.,.il'/19"

A h'IIIIJo

(be) insolvent

insist on :J-11\

I insist on my rights. /IOD11-J: '-~'1/IIJo

*The child insisted on having candy. iftt).
ll~"'L'I IJAIIRJ:f1Jo'1 illl- :fh h/1

'i'A hAil'/19"

*Because this woman does not know how to

manage money, her husband insists on doing it.

insomnia

11.'1-1'"'1' f~"l'Hil hJ',nl 1111"7;1'111-~ q!l.

Mr. <loll. IJA,nlll-l- f.'IA

f.rP.4'J'A

insistence :fh

"711'1-

His insistence that I go to school annoys me.

'I-9"UC'I- 0.'1- IJA~qu illl- :fh "7/1-1>
J'OI\A>.'1A

f'-"t~A'i' ,_,.,,._

He suffers from insomnia.

0"-'l:,.A~

,._,...:,..

insomuch
*He worked fast, insomuch that he finished
first. O'i''l')'l- hODF <l-'1- f.,.)"' .,..1':'/"

...a.

inspect

insistent

I. ( = adv.)

h'1'114'. Despite his insistent

urging, I didn't want to accept his proposal.
9"'19" ,_.,.,. h'l'il.fo 0./19")'1 J'.,.~om-1'
.ho\11 A_,.OA hA4./111Jo9"
2. ( = adv.) h1Jo"t9" h1Jo1'9". The insistent

ringing of the telephone disturbed me in my

work. fiiAII- h1Jo"t9" h1Jo"t9" ooJ'.mA
F<l- hl\u><l- h/1'1

be Insistent
I. Y:C~ h/1. In spite of the rain, he was
insistent on going out. 9'"19"" 1..'1\\"} R.tt'lofl.
IJAY.Y:Il- 1111- Y:C~ h/1
2. 0"'/Y: J'll. I did not want to go but he was
insistent. /IODY.Y: hA4./111Jo9" )OC 1
1' 0"'/Y: J'H'1

insofar as '-1"1'.9"

+ imperfect + 1111')

He is working insofar as I can tell. "-k s J\"}Y-."'7

IJio.,.IJio 1111') I f.IPt.A
*I shall do what I can insofar as I am able.
O"'J.il'/1'1 oom"J O~"'L f"'L4.~Y:A'11'
hiP.l-/IIJo

insolence

Mm-1' ll.ll'i'A hAil'/19"

Due to the crisis, the company was insolvent.

o:t-1-1- 9"h"JJ'+ lJ.q"JJ'm- Mm-"1 11.11

ilA"'I'i' 1 IIY:)'I-

How can you suffer such insolence? A'lJltJ Y

/11Jlo1' i1A1'i' :(IIY:)'I-) '-1'1'..'1- '1-~rP'I'/IU 1

I.

~01".

J>:.~.:-11'

The general inspected the troops.

m:rl'.e=J;"I ~o"f

2. 4-.,.lf. The customs man inspected my

baggage. r-..9"'1-h ,.,,:..,.,. ,,....., 4-.,.lf
3. out:,out:.. A dentist inspects the children's
teeth twice a year. f'I'CII .hh.9" fAn
') I

TCC.

inspection

0'1-0DT

&AT

'1.11

~ODt:.IJP~A

'i'.,.lf

When do we pass the customs inspection?

1'"1-9"'1-ll-1'

<;:.,.If f9"'i'A4.m-

oo'f )m- 1

The soldiers lined up for their daily inspection.

tD;l'l'.e'll Of6/lof> II"'LI'.~~m-
11114-

<;:.,_If .,_

*An inspection of the roof showed no leaks.

"l&J'ID- (I.:J'f. f"'LJ'4.11

.,.,~~,~~

,...,,.. '

hA.,.~1"9"

on inspection

(LODt:,ODC

On inspection, the coin proved to he counterfeit. fl.""~ooc ~1'11- rm-lf'l- rr-r .,.
~,.

inspector .,.'1<"1"1&
An inspector visits the school every three
months. .,.'1<"1"1& 'I-9"UC'I- 0.1>1' Of?'ll

+ tDC

f.~0'1A

inspiration

instance

649

inspiration
1. ooh-6.V. The captain was an inspiration to
his men. !fii"0/1- 1\a>;l-f.!:'ll oo!MJ' )

oc

2. f"''..f)"'"'tJ>o oo1.r.11. The poet's inspiration

came from his everyday surroundings. 111JD!.
fJJo1 f"''.J')"'"'fDo 0014.11 h"''..'l'COT
l\ltq0. 0 fOD) .... o )fJJo
3. f.-1~ do/111. Your suggesting that we take
an extra tire was an inspiration. :,.ctj:: s .,..., 1
7.1f"H 111111 J'of>G11hw- do/111 1.-1~
do/111 )0C
4. oo-J-14.11. Inspiration through the nose was
blocked by a clot of blood. 11m- M:1""l11Jo
OG:> 1.11" (IJ..c.1 OD-J-14.11 .1'~-J-'I'A
be an Inspiration to A"l.:t':JThe music of the band was an inspiration to
the marchers. f'l.C:. ,...H.:I' IIA.C.'I''Il1
f"''.J'):J':J' )0C
get Inspiration ll""L-1: T+fl+r'l

Some people get inspiration from sermons,

some from nature. l\1'111.- 119':Y. 11"';1-:f
..,. f"''..of>llof>IIIIJo Oll11h+ 11.11'1 n.l'll
1."1'1" 0-J-4.'1'1: )fJJo
give Inspiration 1\"I..,Pf

The Italian invasion gave inspiration to many

Ethiopian writers. flii.J'"i WG&- 1111-9'
'll"i l>.+f"k.1'11Jo.f1 f.&-11.9':Y. 1.-CIIT 7.

M"'"'

"i>I.K"4- '
serve as an Inspiration

OD~Lll h"I..+:J>
His memory will serve as an inspiration to
posterity. +11;1-w- f-J-h;J-I<"i ,...,.,.,.. oo-;
4.11 J'):J':J'A

inspire
1. 4-il+il. Patriotism inspires brave deeds.
)!"'"i)T f)!11.C:. F&-"i f.of>II~IIA
2. 7."i-'I.'I'A0T l>f.G1. He has the quality
of inspiring confidence. 119':Y. 7.?")T l\1
-'1.'1'11-0+ f"''f."G"' :Y.IO>;J- l\llw3. 0014.11-1 M"'"'. The sunset inspired her
to write a poem. '""'"' '1'A++ '"ITr' s
AT1'1'11" 0014.!1."i M"'"'T
be Inspired

I. -1-11111. He claims that his writings were

inspired by God. f"''..K"4-'1'11Jo K" m.c:::Y. Ol\
"'H.C f-1-11\K-A'1 <;:fiiJo f.IIA
2. ( ~ active) 1of.of.. They were inspired by a
belief in a better future. fmY..t.-l- 1 DPAlt9"" 1
).1: ~of.of.:fw-

install
I. l\.f.oo. They installed the machinery in the
factory. ooh.<;IJJo"i of.ofl<llttJ>o w-11'1' h.,_.
2. of>mll. The company installed my telephone
yesterday. 11-Q"i.l'w- :,.o;-;:,.o; IIAll of>miiA'1
3. l\ll1Q. The company installed a new gas
stove. 11-Q"iJ'w- l\-'1.11 f:>11 11"1.-7{ l\ll1Q
*The university installed a new president today.
~t. l\-'1.11- fl<tii'CII.-1: Tt.H.'I1T F)
P'C~T -J-f.C111T FA"')-1 -J-GhO
Install oneself
I. 'I'~AA 111>' -J-'i'. The cat installed itself

near the fire. t.-oo;t 7.11-1> l\m~11 'I'~AA

1111 -J-'i':f
2. ~Q. We installed ourselves yesterday in
our new quarters. -l-'1)-l- 1 h-t.fto 1 ooJPt,f 1
fl.-l- r tiJofi:T I "Jf\.,.
installation t.-c)!'+
In Algeria the underground movement suc
ceded in capturing all important installations.
1\A"f..<l.l' IIJoll'l' ll"llm.MI!IIJo 7."i~II:J'Il.
'1'<;'!'<;9''fl"i ' 1.-C)!'.f:f ' 01'10> /IOOf"ll ' /I'll
installment
I. -J-h;J-;1-f. 7.+11". This story appeared in
Life in five installments. f.ll ;1-<lll 01\f.
"' ODK"do.T QII"IIT -J-h;J-;1-f. 7.+11" W"'
2. f'I..H. ll'i'J'. You can pay it in five installments. Qll"ll+ f'I..H. ll'i'J' AT""'CIIIIJo
+:Y.ill\11
on Installment

we bought the furniture on installment.

fO.-I>"i 7.:J' 'I'_,...., flf'I..H.IIJo h'i'll"i
II""""'GII 1~"i

instance
!. "''llaf. This is another instance of his
carelessness. f(to 1 -,Y; fit1h-l- ,.e.u 1 t\.1\m- r
"711G7{ )w2. r"ltfl.. Lincoln is an instance of a poor boy
who became famous. II."ii>A"i ht.-"M+ -J-)
JP.f

I (1:00 I 'f'~ r flf~ I {I~ I

fUI){l.

I ~tf)o

3. '1..11.. The fine in the first instance is $10.

ttoo"f.ODt,f 1.11. r oo+~m- OJ-PC 11C

at the instance of fl - - oP>J4.4-...,.

~m

The pupils entered the contest at the instance

of their teacher. QII-J-"''<IIIJo oo1of.of.+ .,.
"'169''1l ,.,..~ fJJoll'l' 111for instance i\9""lt{l.

There are quite a few possibilities; for instance

- - - 1111- ~f.)T ou"i~f." l\11 1 1111"11/1. - -

instant

650

in the first instance oo"f_oot,y r ~1C

In the first instance, this man is a thief. oo)!oot,

~1C

f,.U

{llf)o

1\.f}

~(Do

A"l1' 1'toii1'YII\
~ 011.,1'"1 '1."
At that instant the hell rang. 011...1'"1 1.n f.

instant (n.), at that

r "LII.

He paused for an instant. 11'1'-1:'1- '1." <f.

9" All

in an instant fl"tl: 1 J\.tj:.;f- ! Cl'1Jl"i:;f"

He was gone in an instant. '11'1: lvt;;J- 7t
11\9" All

tDt.ID-"1 tDI',JfDo 7."1f.ll"7v-+ ' ~h-1111

l'tlJo).').

l flol\o"l )1C .1')"1"'/

~(J)o

M"''li)'I-

His accusing me was done at the minister's

instigation. ll.hll'5 f;FIItD- O"'l.tll'l-<l-
M"''li

fA.(-"7tD- M"'lf'.f 1'J.'HAtof.~

Reading good books instills a love for literature. op<. J OD~;hrJ:T1 I G71'flofl I fi(taJo I It~ I

h.o-).). '

l\{l-

instigation

instill

fP') ~~'""'~''~ 'i':,Oc J.'to.('&.A

instant (adj.)
1. hll~. When there is a fire, there is an

instant need for action. f7t.lt:t- ..+ml\<> f\.i'

.., All'f\o,J'. 1.C9")1' OOtD-(1.(-

AIIL~'I.

'

)fDo

2. ( ~ adv.) tI',JtD-).. He felt instant relief

when the medicine was put on. ODJ!",k-1: (L
f.~"'ll'l- tP,JtD-). hP':l'f. hG:f. All
3. ( ~ adv.) q")JI'f';fo. The play was an instant
success. tJ.''I-<I- q")JI'f';fo 1'tJI~)'I-"1
A1'f
4. [AII4' ,_..,.. f1'H;J)! IIOOm"J'I-9" If)
llooofl~'l- ll.LII"' ID-~ ofi;F f"'l.J.'II""9"C
ODffi'J' 0 tDf.9" ' 9""1oflj
q").(- A'i';Jo

q"IJI'i';Jo

I shall come instantly. q").(- A'i';Jo ho"l

L"l;fo

If Henry is sick tomorrow take me on the trip

instead. 11& ~., h~oooo 1 fit\- 1 L 1~ 1
1ic1ic tD-Ilf.'5

What do you want instead? fit\-

instinct
I. f1'L'I'I!' lltn;l-. He has an instinct for
doing the right thing. '1-hhii':'ID-"I )1C II
"7.(-~"1

f1'L'I'I!' lltn;fo AIIID-

2. 1'.1.'1'1!'. Birds learn to fly by instinct. mc:'.f

ODofi~C

f"'l.ll9".11-'l- fthl.'l';,:'f,.

instinctive

)fDo

f1'L'I'I!' -:r-~t-;1-

Climbing is instinctive in monkeys.

f1J'l~C',

.,. ~'I' ODID-"1'1- f1'L'I'I!' -:r-~t-;Jo )fDo

institute (v.)
I. f.)11. The club instituted new laws.
hOII- AJI.II .n1-:r- f.)11
2. fH. The police instituted a search. ?'1\.(o:r;
'i'II;J J.'H3. J:oot:. The college instituted a new course
in Ethiopian literature. toll.)!: AJI.II fl>..'J-

llv-

instead 011-

(JJo I

The instigators of the plot were arrested.

I sent you the news the instant I heard it.

Come here this instant!

All\)0~9"

fA;I-4'1.

instigator

instantly

instigate M"'"'

M"''li)'l- )0C

just an instant '1"4:+

Wait just an instant! Tot:+ off.
the Instant tDI',JtD- h"lf.
perfect

this instant

3. h + (verbal noun). Why don't you do

something instead of complaining all the time?
Ht'I-C h"7"7~C liM A"l.(- )1C A;fo
f.C"'9" 1
The demonstration was not spontaneous; he
instigated the whole thing. M"7'1! llA4-

mit- +,gmfl

fl..-4::,..

2. fl - - - L 1 ~. He gave me tangerines instead

of oranges. OofiCoJ>tt"l L "I ;I- OD"If.tl"l (l
m'5

in this Instance flrf.IJ l..'ll:

In this instance you are wrong. OH.U 1..11: '

for an instant

institute

L'l:J-

'r

"I .'J-LII\;JIIII !

instead of
I. 0 - 9"'1-h. Couldn't you go instead of me?
0~ 9"'1-h A'l-lt.(- A'l-'.fA9" 1

Nr.r

P') ~~'""'~' '1-I"'IIC'I- ~-~

Institute (n.)

l>."llltoJ>+

The Institute of African Studies deals with

factors related to Africa. fA'i'tltt "'""' l>.
"llltoJ>'I- ' fA'i'tltt"l 'JoJif'.,. llll"'l.ODIIhoJ>
)11!'-:r- J.'m.,.A

institute .e-c~+
We should have an institute that can grant

institution

insufficient

651

academic degrees. llof>llll" '1-II"IIC'l- "L"I&

f"''.ll'l' .J!"C~'l- l\7-'L'l'&"t f'/ft.

institution

instructive. 7"1"1'1- '1-II"IIC'I- f"'1.1'ffi'l- )

oc

instructor hll.,..,&
is

sick

1. IA"''Y:. Marriage is an ancient institution.

The arithmetic instructor

;>11;J' ' h'I''I'J- ' fOD"J ' f>..,.J!" ' )lD-

f"'-1111 hil.,..,&a>- q,:. ;1-.,_A

2. Y:C:E-.:'f-. The government is an institution

which regulates the welfare of the country.
""7"1F'l- f!J1&:1:7 J'.'l7)'J- f"''.m11'1>
.J!"C~'l- )a>-

3. oo,t:*~ The institution of a new bank is

regulated by law. f"L/1- IJ'Ih OD!I/!1/?"
O.h"l fTaJIU )a>-

institution of higher learnin1 h~j:i"~ 1 Tf'"tJ

c'l-' 11.'1He has never been in an institution of higher
learning. h'i'T'i' '1-?"IIC'l- 11.'1- 111-1' hf

m-'1-9"
[See also 'mental']

instruct
I. hHH. She instructed the maid to sweep
the house. 1&"1.:1:'1 11.-1>'1 l\7.J:-'l-mC"I h
HH;J''l2. hll;J-mof>. My agent instructs me that you
still owe me $200. n o-11'1- ,..,. 11
c l\7~111111 mh.l\. hll:J-m+'t
3. hilT.,&. He will instruct me in mathematics. m_/111 fllT?"&'i'A

instruction '1-?"IIC'lHe received much instruction in history. f;J&h '1-?"IIC'l- fUlol-a>- T?".,:A
*Socrates spent his life in the instruction of
others. f"o'J>t-'1'11 11.11-':f'l (IJ'IlT?"C .bY.
m-1>'1 hllllolinstructions
1. oof'"t,~. The

ambassador received his

instructions before going to the conference.
WJ'. 1-IJII.tD- hOD'tJI. 0.1-'l- h?"IJIIJ'.-1- '
""?"&f , .,..,.nil

The head nurse will give you instructions.

'l''i''l' ' )CII ' OD?"&f ' '1-ll"'':f:\ll':f
2. '1-l\qlf. The messenger communicated the
general's instructions to the men. -f-4\1\h..ID" f
:(~t-11-7 'J-l\qlf llm;J-J'.l':'Jl hllT'Ill.l-

(be) instructive
I. '1-?"IIC'l- lim. It is very instructive to see
how country people live. f1mC lll"':f l\'1
.1'.'1- ' l\7J'."''.'l''l- ' .,f'l- ' h'i' ' fll ' 'I-?"
IJC'l- S'-11"11>.
2. '1-?"IIC'l- T1'fR'l-. The lecture was very

today.

instrument "'"'l&f
instruments must be clean.

A surgeon's

fof>l'- m:>'S mh.?" """'&fl"':f 71\..h

ODif7 ' h(IIJ'fa>-

The army was the dictator~s instrument for

controlling the country. tfiC llt-'-1> h?"
IJ1)l- IJ1&-1>7 f"''.4'."1mcn'l- , """l&f ,
)ftC
1 f
The flute is a musical instrument .

.,'li,.+

D'D"-fl~ ~

00

..,&1

~m-

(be) instrumental h&JI.'I- )11!'':f 'l''i'

)0C ! 1111-

&~

His tactics were instrumental in defeating the

enemy. fTtnof>ODIJ'fa>- H.l'.l"':f m'l'l-'1 II
.,if)'i' ' h&JI.'l- ' )1C'':f ' 'l''l''ll ' )fl-1-

He was instrumental in finding a job for me.

Ft- l\"t~1'S 1111- &~'t

insubordinate f.,S'-:1-Hlf
The officer struck the insubordinate soldier
with the flat of his sword. ouh-'ll- f.,S'-:1-H
Hm-1' =

m:rY

fl.,..&-1..1D"

1X"

oo;rm-

be Insubordinate +"-tf11 1tl\blll.f'"

The lieutenant was arrested because he was

insubordinate. oo~ 1 1tfl~ID" +"-lf11 1 ll
'l'lhn& .,.,"

insubordination hliOd:J-Hlf
His insubordination was punished by the officer.
IJ(IOd:J-HII- ' ODh-'ll- ' of>"'ID-

insubstantial 1111hllh
A cobweb is very insubstantial. fif t.t:+
111lhllh ' )a>be insubstantial frtAV"

Y:C

~ID"

Dreams and ghosts are insubstantial. .hA?"'i'

"1&'1"'1- ' f'lt.r- ' .,,..,.

insufferable ii"":J-1F f.,Y.;J'A

His insufferable rudeness offended everybody.
(IOD;J-1F ' f.,f.;J'I\a>- ' 11A."I'i'tD- !Joll-7?"
hllof>fOD

insufficient
The police had insufficient evidence to arrest
the thief. ?"ll_(o'Jl 0 1\,l]a>-'j ' (\0Df1f 0 floJ: ' 0D

&It '

hl>.)flt-'fm-?"

insular

*My funds are insufficient to allow me to buy

a car. oohS 1\oo"J~'I- 1!ltlo t.Y./.)t~IA
"19"

insular
I. f.<'.ll.'l-. The insular climate is mild all year
long. f.<'.ll.-1> 1fC rH;l" 'loo-Jo'! .,.
f'r

OOQhl\11

~lD"

2. mil-fl. Their insular attitudes were ridiculed

by the French. RmQ11 t.il.,.1f:J"'I'm- L
<:'!<'ll'l- .,. ...114lQ'fm-

(be) insulated
*Telephone wires are often insulated by a
covering of rubber. fllAh iifll"l- !><:'It
l\'1'11ii_,....IA4- 11H-tJJo'l 1.11. R'lllth
MfL<;tr

insulation
1. lt~1'1: 1 h1.l':. He cut some insulation from
the wire. hiiflm- 'IY. '1-'lii !><:'It M
~'

.:m

f..,..,.,_

2.
ooh'lh1. Putting insulation in the
wall helps keep out the heat. R"l~'l 'IY. f
..,..,.,_ ooMilf "'1~<:.,. ..,.4>'1-'1 /looM
IliA Y.<:'IA

insult (v.) ll.<'.R

intake

652

1 HilL

Though he came to visit you, you insulted him.

1\.mY.~U ll""tiJ ll.<'.11hmThe shamefaced boy asked the teacher's
pardon for having insulted him. 'lY.'I t.-1-~
IA'I': t.il-1-"''tltJ>o'! 0""11114- UC:J" mf4>

insult (n.)
I. H/1'1-. The ambassador complained about
the insults to his country which were printed
in the paper. h9"Q{).<'.~ R:>H.tiJtJJo 'IY.
11'11~ :1"'1-'1" 1\mtl)m- H/1'1- -t-:J-m-'l"m'1 ' t.4><:R
2. II~. I consider that an insult. 1'1'1 l\'I
.<'. II~ ' ll.4r.T<:'I'IIllmake veiled insults about flh-Jfl 1 1"11..0
He made veiled insults about my mother.
Rt."lfl l\<;1:'1 ll.<'.Q'I-

insulting remark

II~

Profound silenoe followed his insulting remark.

hCil- II~ R:\'1 'i!l\.9" IIT:l" ll't

insurance
I. f:J.Y.mt '1'11'1-<;1 '1'11'1-<;. Shereoeived much
money from her husband's insurance. bQ'- 1
f:J.Y.m'l- '1'11'1-<; 1111" 1'1H11 t.1T:f.

He showed great foresight when he got that

insuranoe. 1'1'1 '1'11'1-<; R...._,Q-Io t.C
t.il-1-'1' M-1>'1 t.<'lf
2. f'l'll'l-<; 1'1H11. The insuranoe was paid
in a lump sum. f'l'/1'1-<;m- 1'1H11 Q'l~
1.11. n-tr .,.hLII
be covered by insurance tf'ii-T'i

hl\lD"

Is your house covered by insurance? 0.-TU 1'

11'1-<; t.l\m- l

insure
I. t.<::>1m. I am going to insure that you
obey orders. 'l-l\~11 oP4>RAU'I 11"'1<::>1
T ' t..<'.C:>/\112. 'I'll'!-<; t.MQ. Insure my house for $20,000!
11.1:'1 01'1 It 11C '1'11'1-<; t.ll1QA'{
3. t.'lt. More care will insure you against
making so many mistakes. ,..flAT 1 oom1'
4>~ 1111" ll:h-t--fl-'1 hooP'<l-'1- 1 ~'!?A
be insured tf'il-l-'i J\1\.iD"

Are you insured against all possible accidents?

II..<'.C/1110 1\"''..:f.A h.<'.:> 11-ir '1'11'1-<;
t.IIU l

insurgency ooot
The insurgency against the government in
Nigeria was suppressed. <;Y.'f.t11 tJJo/IT n
OD'J"JP'-Jo I '\Y. I f.,..<'.f!1t1Jo I 0oP6 I of-.<'.OD{l{l

insurgent oooo'1
The insurgents have finally been captured.
oooo"'''Jl R"""'-t!lf -t-111"

insurrection 11-h'IAn insurrection broke out in the Congo.

1>'11 ' tJJo/IT ' 11-h'l- -1-t"f

intact <'IY.MC
I found my glasses intact along the roadway.
ODtll"t.'I <'IY.IlRC ""'11~ "" M'fll-'1be intact 9"'19" .,.~11'1- f/IR'I-9"
Even though it was not cared for properly, the
machine was still intact. 9"'19" l\'1\>.'1 -1-1
!l T'I:J-<11 QY..<'.<:"III'I-9" oo!J.<;m- t.ll-'1
9" .,.~/It f/IR'I-9"
keep Intact t.AtlJ9"
He lived on the interest and kept his capital
intact. 'I'<; 1'1HR-'I <'IY.tlJ Rm/IJI. 11il'
'l"t!

intake 1!l
The intake of money decreased after the
manager was fired. P'<l- t./111.1)1: hP'<l-
1l-t-m1.<'. n:\'1 f1'1H11 11l"'" 4>t(l

Intend

653

intangible

*The intake of each boiler is 300 gallons an

hour. f"'''i'Y .:>1 Ofl't'l- !Pil'l- ooof :>
11-1 fiJ 1.'1 .llo:f'IA

intellectual (adj.)
1. t.'t.'I"C" f"''.m.e.:r.. Teaching is an intellectual occupation. "'111-I-"''C t.'t.'I"C" f"''.m.llo
:,.

intangible f"''.llo""'O'I'
Sound and light are intangible. !f:'J"a<; 11C'I
1 f"''.llo""'Om- <;:ftJJo
The child's intangible fear could not be removed by explanations. fA)I:1 f"''.llo""'O'I'
'i'CY'I- 0"'111<:"1'1- 11"7/IID~!f: h.llo!J'A'I"
1. 't.llo~-1-'1. Freedom of the press is an integral
part of democracy. fK".J..'i' ~l\~'1- ll"'.'l"h
<~-11. ' -t.e.~-J-'1 ' ~~c ' ~tJJo
2. ,_II- f"'Ufl"f.. Arms and legs are integral
parts of the human body. 't.]~ 't..,c-:Y.
ffltJJo1 t.IJA ,_11- f"''J(I"f.'J- h'i'll:y. ' <;:ftJJo
3. m:r-'1'1. The integral works of Hemingway
were published recently. f't"'1.1.,'1l.llo m:r-'1
'I K".J..'i' o:r.co- ;.t-'I-".7.A

integrate h'l'.hY..
They are going to integrate the army and air
force. jll(; fl<l-'1!1:1<; YfC .-..e-11-1
fiJ'I' "'~:ftJJo ' ~tJJo
*They are going to integrate the schools in
our district. 0'1 .,.011. 'I'C":f<; ~""':y.
q1!f: -1-"'1& IL'I- 't.1'1."'1-l- (IJY..C'I-
~tJJo

integrity
1. "'"'>;'~'!-. Nobody questioned his integrity.
"'"''1~1:1 "'11'1" t.A-1-m<~-m<:'l"
2. t.1!f:~'l-. Ethiopia will defend her territorial integrity. t..'l-f"t.Y M~-1'!1!1 t.1!f:

Ofl'o~

)d)o-

.,.,,.'!-

intelligence

integral

;.t-llh11<~-II:Y.

of integrity

2, ft.'t.'I"C". Winning a scholarship is an

intellectual achievement. lli>'ICltT
Oh't.'J"C" :Y.II-;.1- ~tJJo
3. Mflofl'i f""""<I-""C. He is a man of great
intellectual powers. h'i'-1-'1 f"''{lofl<; f""
OD~ODC c l-tr-:J- I YllfDo I (tfDo I iom-

"'"'>;'

He is a man of integrity.

"'"'>;' {ltJJo ~tJJo

intellect
1. f"''flofl :Y.II-;.1-. Intellect distinguishes men
from the animals. {ltJJo1 h't.1/lj\:f f"''.ll
Y'l'tJJo f"''fl11 :Y.n-;.t-:ftJJo ~tJJo
2. 11.:r. (pl. fl.:l>tJJo"t'l-). Einstein was one of
the greatest intellects of his time. h.llo11l;.l-.llo1
O"I.H.tJJo h;.t-m'l- ll.,..tJJo1'1- t.1-'l. ~
oc

intellectual (n.) '1"11-C

That magazine is read by many intellectuals.
oog-m..,.1 , 1111- 'l"o-<~-1 no-;.~-A

1. f"''fl11 :Y.n-;.t-. He shows little intelligence

for one his age. M!f:"'LtJJo h"''.~qtJJo nl'l
f"''(lofl ' :Y.n-;.t- ' t.lltJJo
2. t.'t.'I"C". He's below average in intelligence.
t.'t.'J"C"tJJo ht1Dm~'1 (ltJJo t.M"C" 11:r.
Yll ~tJJo
3. 11AtJ~'J-. He is on a par with his brother
in intelligence. 011AtJ~'J- h1D1!f:..,. :>C
't.h-A ' ~tJJo
4. ""<:'If. The general has secret intelligence
of the plans of the enemy. :(~<1-11- 1'111 m'l'l-
t.:r.!f: ' 'l"llm.<l-'1! ' ""<:'If ' t.lltJJo

intelligence department ft1D<:'ff h'i'A

He is an officer in the intelligence department.
't.(l- foo<:'jf h'i'A ' ODh-11 ' ~tJJo

intelligent 11AtJ
She has an intelligent child. 11AtJ A)!': t.
'I'!-

(be) intelligible .,.A.,. -1-1'1"'1

Because of the noise of the plane, your words
are not intelligible. hhtJJoi!"T'Il' t;~;~rli'J- f
-1-~"1 f'l"'l-~<:tJJo .,..A-1' h.llol'l"'''l"
your response was not very intelligible.
ODA(ItJ1 ' oo<:JI'I- ' YI'I'I'"IC ' ~oc

intemperate
1. YA-1-~;.1-. His intemperate language startled
the audience. YAfl;.l-tJJo 1"1.,-1- t.!f:<"'m
1 ih1111 t.IIY..~~m
2. hoam1 O'l.llo f"''.m"'. An intemperate
person will soon lose his health. houm1 0'1
.e. f"''.m"' (ltJJo 0-1'11- m.<;tJJo1 Y"'A
3. .-..e-11'1. The intemperate winter ruined his
health. .-..e.ll'1tJJo ' h<:'l"'l- ' m.1~1:1 ' .,...o;tJJo

intend t.I'IO
What do you intend to do? '1"1 A;.I-Y..C"!
;.1-MIItJ l
*The author intended his book for adults.

intended

654

Y.&-(LaJo """""'4-"1
~aJo

H"IY.- '

fll.!.aJo

110'1'4: J!.rn

intended (adj.) f;J-4'J'.

We set off on our intended trip. f:J-4'J'.aJo"l .,.

!l.:fn

~-C"I

be Intended (for)
I. -1-rUHG. That remark was intended for him.
$ hil-1-Yf+ 1\r\- f-1-ll~HG ~OC
2. :J-(111. This book is intended for you. J/.11 ""
"""'"' 1\"1-1-. f;J-(10 ~(Do
3. -f-ODJ'.O. This fund is intended for emergency
use only. J/.11 1"1Hil IIY.-"11-f-'i' m"'-
il!l' f-1-ouJ'.O ~aJo
4. :~-=. His son is intended for the ministry.
A)!: 1\:,0il'i' :1-1l-:J:A

intense
I. 'lf.ll'i'. I could not stand the intense heat.
'lJ!.II'i'aJo"l ..,._,.-,. hA!I'Ah-+ r
2. f:>ll il"'L+ $1\aJo, Those intense young
men will make good soldiers. MIU' f:>ll
il"'L+ $1\'l'aJo m"'.Y."f -No m;J-J'.J!"f J!.

dJ"''f'I'A

intensify (intensified)
I. hm~h<:. We will have to intensify our
efforts if we are to finish on time. 01.R oo
""Gil h.!.l\"1"1 -r<:;J-':f"l"l .,m"lhC h
llil"l
2. mo:,O hJ'.G1. He intensified his studies
0~

.,.

'0-1>"1 mo:,O hJ'.G1aJo

3. hOG:J-. Blowing on a fire intensifies the heat.
7. ...-1>"1 M: .,11:,. ..,._,_,"! $0<:;1-'I'A

intensity
I. 'lf.A. The intensity of the heat melted the
iron. f..,..,., 'lf.A iiG-1>"1 h4'1\maJo
2. "Ill+. The intensity of his anger showed
that he would never forgive her. MJ'.-1> "I
II+ r"l1.1r J!.:,Oc;J- M$J'.C"'IIT
ODrf)."j

h ... f

intensive
I. 0'1""1:1'., f-1-S'-<:1.

:,. -r4:.Y."f ""llih'i'+"l m"!:,Oof' .,"10

il fOIIm -r:,Or hllaJo

*He is taking an intensive course in Amharic.

hil~'i'aJo"l 1.1aJo"l f"t$ ...A'i'O+ y.,c

'i' +rue+ J!.h:J-1-IIA

intent (n.)
I. 'l'l.,, The intent of the committee was to
raise funds. fJ'.C.,. 'l'l., 1"1Hil 1\0D{Iil(l
il ~OC
2. .,11+. What was the intent of that remark?
Ol'lmaJo hll-1-Yf+ M .,11-~: ~nc 1
*It was not my intent to harm you. A.,..JIU
hllO. hA~O<:r

to all Intents and purposes OMr

~1..e

To all intents and purposes, he is finished.

Or"!r G1Y.- fr\- ~1C hO:J>
with the intent to lti'Ul
I shot with the intent to kill. 11""1J'.A h
110. -1-h-llh-

intent (adj.), be - on "'"flo rJoll- - - - ~nc

He was intent on my destruction. .h'llt- ,.
II- 7.k"l 11.,'1'1-:,. ~OC
give an intent look h+tN!" ..,.OOl\hT

intensely oc+.Y.
He studies intensely. Oc+.Y. $m'OA

before the examinations. hL.,.'i"CDo

intentiona lly

An intensive search
turned up the missing key. 0-r"I:J>., f-I-J'.G1
aJo ~:> fmof.aJo"l ""h"-!1' hll1T
2. ( ~ adv.) m"!:,Ool', An intensive study of a
few books is more valuable than much careless
reading. illl-l""f't 01J'.II'ii h.,"!Oil J!.A

He gave me an intent look when I said I had

never cheated. h"i"OCil"- h'laJo:,Or 1111
(Do '

h'l-tH: ' -f-ODI\h-f-"J

intention
I. h..,IU+. His good intentions are evident
to all. ouAIJr h..,fU-1> 11.,"1,. "IA1;" ~,.
2. ...,llofl. He intimated to me his intention
of leaving early. 4'Y.r ill\- 1\""'tJ'.- .,,..
flo"! mof&ou"t
3. $110l1Jo ~1C. Wasthatreal lyyourinten tion?
1.,.~.-,. Yl'lilhliJo ~1C J!.1i. ~OC 1
have intention h.tl:f1

He has no intention of coming. II""'""'+ h

Yllilr
with good Intentions

They acted with good intentions. 0-N- ou"J

.!.II (0:,0"1 Aflo<;) ~,. f"'ol-+

intentiona l
I. :J-Ilfl f-1-MHG. That !:>low was intentional.
.11.1\liJo :J-Ilfl f1'1l~HG ~OC
2. ( = adv.) If"! illl-. His insult was intentional. IIY.-flo If"! ill\- $J'.G1l1Jo ~1C ~OC

o.....,.

intentiona lly If"! ill\- 1

The child intentionally hit the dog. A)!:
""~~"aJo"l If"! illl- (o.....,.) "":I-""

Interest

655

intently

intercommunica te +"llii

intently O'J''t .+oJI

They listened intently. O'J''t.+oJI .t.Jioom-

interact h't-'1. q')Jl. 'If. TX"6'r h'l:f,.

The dining room and kitchen intercommunicate. 11""111 0.1>'i" "''F: 0.1> f.1'i"':'ll-

These two chemicals interact. 11-111> fll."''..

interconnect T1'i""f

IIA :,.oo'l"":f h't-'1. q')Jl. 'If. TX"6

'r ' h'l:f,.

intercourse "''t"f)'f-

intercalate hh1q
It is necessary to intercalate a five-day month
to make a full year. '\OD1>'t .-11- 1\"''F:
~"' q11 hll"h'l- 'i''t cDC "''h1q'f- fh
.I.A.:> A

He interceded with the king to have my

punishment reduced. :,."1-f: h't-'1.4')/IA~
' h"''llf.~

interdict hllhll
The government has interdicted all trade in
narcotics. OD't"'P'1> "'''t':',.'tll" f'i"CI>

interdiction "'11)f
The interdiction on selling arms was revoked
after two years. ODUf&f OooifT s -\f, f+
f-~1,. "'11)1" hll-11'1- 0\oo'l- 0:\'1 T)"'

intercept
I. co(l~'t "'"''~' ll.C(I fH. The police intercepted a shipment of smuggled goods. fl>'t'I-C"
q')Jl.

Social intercourse is necessary for a proper life.

llf.')'i" ' ~C" ' f.h1111 ' "''t"f)'J- ' hh.t.'l'l. ' )IJ)o

-l:h 't"'F: hAh!lA

intercede h"''llf.
,.,.....,

The roads interconnect. ""'t1F-Ij; f.1'i"':'ll-

h.+

co(l~'t

...fA'!' ?""ll.(llj; f.C

....... ''''""'"

interest (v.)
I. '1''1'1'1- .t..-.f.~(o'l-). Can't you interest him
in that? OIU' )1C '1''1'1'1- A;J-o'IF:CR'I-
h'l-"'fAII"l

2. ""'t1F: 'If. fH. The policemen intercepted a message she sent to her convict husband. 1\cD't~ll::',. ' q!l ' f'lh"'f,., ' """'
hh'f- ' ?""1\.(l":f ' OD't1F: ' 'If. ' ffl-'f3. f.~(l(R'I-). I intercepted him before he
reached his office. Ill!" hoo"'q1> 0.1.'1- f.~

't

1111-0'I-

4. .-.n. Ethiopia's past interests historians.

intercession

h"'''l~)'f-

His intercession on my behalf was very helpful.

h"'/'1~)., ' 0"111" ' ~.tl~

intercessor

h"'''l~

He acted as my intercessor with my father-inlaw. h"''-1: H'tF: h"'''l~ 1!''1" ~f.A~

interchange (v.)
I. h4'ff ~. You can interchange the parts
of these machines. fODIJ..'i"l"lj;'t h.+ A;J-4'
ff.~,. '1-:f'IIIU

2. Tll'l'cDm. The twins interchange clothes

frequently. oo')-'J-f"lj; 1111- 1.n ol\1111 f.
ll'l'cD"'/1-

interchange (n.) OD/I'I'cD'I'

There was an interchange of views between the

two parties. 011-111> cD1'r"'f ""UhA f.h,..

11 ' OD/I'I'cD'J' ' Tf-~1

(be) interchangeable 11./l'l'tDtn- 11'11Tires on an automobile are interchangeable.

fODIJ..'i" ' 'l"'/l"lf 0 /1./l'l'cDtn- 0 J'.lf'l/1-

2. '1''1'1'1-'t M"'"'. An exciting story interests you. h"'L'I-'t f"''..4'(l:,.h ;J-&h '1''1'1'1-

'f)"'"'A

3. hhf.{lT. The book interests me, apart

from the plot. h;J-&11- OIIT'i'C ""X".h4-
om:,."""'" hhf.h.P.':'A
fh..'l-l'"lrf f'r't'l- ;J-&h f;J-&h ~..,,~.
l"lf't J'.MA
5. f - - - '\'1"7 ),.. The fight for peace inter.:J-1- ftlAf'" =
ests all nations. Allt\r a
.h11fl":f ' 11-11- ' '\'1"7 ' )IJ)o
be interested in
I. cDf.f.. I am interested in sports. hh:rC-'1-
hcD.tl/111-

ou.,

2. d.A-J. He is interested in her money.

f"''...t.oi\11J)o ~'tH!l't ),.
3. '1''1'1'1- hll(,.). The Emperor has always
been interested in developing education. )i"'tl!'
f. h'J"t-l- ~11"1!" '1-II"UC'I-'t f"''h<f.<f.
'1- ' '1''1'1'1- ' )Ot-:f,.
4. 1J'tq/l. hll(,.). He is deeply interested
in Amharic. 'I"''C'i' 9/'t!l/ h'I'T':' 11't
q/1, ' hll,.
5. h"'L'I- hll,.. I am interested in child welfare.
ll.hY'i"'l- 0'1 hF:t-'1'1- h"''.'l- hll~
6. ( ~ interest) hhf.(lT. +J am very much
interested in ancient art. 'J''t;f-' IJ..) '1'0
11 ,. 0"111" fhf.hT'i'A

7. +I'J:Li\. He is actively interested in the

project. Oh:t-'1- f"'l.I}L/1,. 0.,..11- All-
)

interior

656

interest

....

People like him because he is an interesting

person. h~'l:f {1/llf) {I,. .f.a>~'PA
3. h~<;of!. The film has an interesting plot.
fd.A.,.. ;J-&11

h{l~<;of!

),.

interest (n.)
1. hlP/.:,.. These events aroused great interest.
MILU ~C'I.-r-":f II<;: f/1 h"'L:,. oj>{loj>~
2. <;:111:,.. Interest lags in political matters.
f?'/11:1} ' "1--'11'-":f'l ' f"'l.""/111..,. ' <;:111..,. '
ilrt-,.'1 1.11. .f.oj>) 'lA

His purpose was to advance his own interests

rather than the company's. 't11"7,. f&-~'1
7.'11( fll-q'lf,.'l <;:111:,. 11"7JIOC hA)
0~11"

3. fOf..aJF.iD" ' ~1C.

He has many interests

besides languages. II*"~* 11.11 ill!- f"'l.a>
.11'1'.... ' )~l!"":f ' h/1-..,.
4. h~<;4':,.. The exciting life of the author
gives the book additional interest. f~&.fl.

.,&

.... ' h~il":f ' ).1!" o /IDP1;".h4- o .,.....

o
h~<;4':,. .f.{lm'PA
5. 'l':tl"'. He has an interest in the brewery.
00.&. ' 4-il& ...... ' .... (1'1' ' 'l':tl"' ' h/1 ....
6. mtt!:. How much interest does the bank
pay? q'jll- 11"'1 filA a>/1~ .f.ll<t:IIA l
the best Interests T.;'f>r"

The ambassador must protect the best interests

of his country. hl"'q~"- 11"-'1 'l':tl"'
""mo:t h/10.-,.
have interests

He has many interests. ill!- )~l!":f .f.II:J.,.IIA

lack interest hA.nJoor
A dull book lacks interest. f"'l.'fll """""'"'
h.f.'l'l"'l"'
take an (active) interest In
I. OIJD"/1- All- .,..,L/1. He takes an active
interest in the literacy campaign. 0.,.11"1!" "7
ll.,..,c """"' ,.ll'l' o-11- All-
I} LilA
2. o:tcil .,.II:J-.,.11. He takes an interest in
my work. fP'&.f-'1 ,..11.,,.., o:tcil
11;1-.,.IIA

.e

.e

[See also 'rate, secondary, vested, void']

interesting
I. f"'l.f~ll:,.. That's an interesting article.
f ' f"'l.f~{l..,. ' """"""' ' ) ....
2. h~'l':f. From what he says, it must be
very interesting. h~ h'l~"'l./1,. llrn
)~ ' O"JI"" ' t.~il':f ' ODIJ"t ' h/10..,.

interfere
I. "'A:J- ~q. Don't interfere in other people's
affairs! O{l,. )~C "'A:J- h.-,..,q
2. h:>m""("'"). Come on Saturday if nothing
interferes. 11"'111" l}ll:>m""IJ :t.ll"'L <;

Interfere with
I. h:J-m{l. Absences interfere with school
work. 11.-,.I"'IJC:,. o.:,. ,..;r.~:,. :,.rue:,.'!
f:J",.'IA
2. hMII/1(0:,.). Do you allow pleasure to

interfere with the performance of your duty?

~{1;1- P'&.IJ'I h'I'IJ{l<;IIAiiiJ :,.L:t.ll/111 l
3. n:t-s.:,. lf)O:,.. You are interfering with
my work. OP'&.II. ll'l:t4--l- rrthii'S
4. hmh. A tight armband will interfere with
circulation of the blood. fmOoj> fh'l~ ll.f.
h{IC f~l"''l ""H'I'a>C f"'"I}A

interference
I. "'A:J- ,....,q:,., France's interference in Nigerian internal affairs is resented by that government. O<;.f.J>;.&f f,.ll'l' "1-J!.f. fL~'I
il.f. ' "JA:J- ' OD"Iqo}- ' f<;.f.J>:.&f'l ' OD'!"I
P'..,. :tc h{l"f
2. oo{l<;IIA. The heavy rain was a serious
interference to travel. hq~ 11<;il 11"1-fiiJJo
II<;: ' f/1 ' OD{l<;hA ' )0C
3. DP'I"i"i:,.. Because of the interference, we
couldn't hear the radio broadcast. b""'l"i"'i
-l- f_,.)"' 0&.-'1.1'- mt.,.'l A'l{l"7 hA
!FA'Ill"

interim 1.11.1'1!
The interim President turned over his office to
the President-elect. 1.1l.f'l!,. Tt.IVI'I-l- 11-1""~m,. Tt.ll)l'l-l- P'A"J)-'1 hll~bO
In the interim ODDI'J:hhIn the interim, all order vanished. 0""1}1111-
P') P'C't:,. IJ-/1- m4-

interior (n.) ,.ll'l'

The interior of the house was very beautiful.
0._, ,.llm- 0"111" fi"'C )OC
In the Interior

*The explorer is somewhere in the interior

of Africa. hill. h"NNII ,.ll'l' HA4' h'l
~ fl;f- .f.~'1A

657

interject

Ministry of Interior 11C ' "1~'1- ' "'L~II-I:C

He is an employee of the Ministry of
Interior.11C "1~'1- "'L~II-I:C ,.,~.,.>;' )tJ>o
Interior (adj.)
1. /1C m-i'I~J". Interior trade is regulated by
the Ministry of Commerce. 11C tJ>oll'l' "t"l
~ fl"t"l~ "'L~II-I:C oi!'I"''C P'C ' )tJ>o
2. fOD"tj A. The interior rooms of the house
are well heated. fiL.,. fOD'I\ ol\ h'i'A-:f fl
.l'."t11 ' ,.,..,. ' ""'""

interject mcmc h.l'.t:1

Every now and then the speaker interjected a
question . .,.'i";>6tJ>o hAt:: hAt:: '1'.1'4:
mcmc J'.I'.C"I )flC
interjection :I'll h:>'f
'Alas!' and 'Hurrah!' are interjections. mf,.i,! f
'l"ll~:f I :I'll h:>'f 'i"lftJ>o
inter! ace (vt.) h'llll/1.1.
Baskets are made by interlacing bamboo
strips. :J>c""i'l- foJ>C:I'? ll"t'l'~"t fl"7oflllll
'i' '"'"'~ol\
interlace (vi.) -Tmi\AL
The branches of the trees interlaced above the
path. f'lt::'ll :J>C"t"'"l.t:::f h~1J!. fillY.
.,.mllol\.I.'I'A

interline floop>oo?o ooiJhA ~L

The editor interlined the manuscript with his
corrections. hH.:>"lf. l\C"7.,."t flODP'-
oul)hA li.I.IJJo
interlock .,.mii/14The two deer interlocked horns. 11-11.,. h:>
H'f:f oJ>"t~ 1\.J>"t~ .,.mll/14interlocutor flfDoJ'-.1'.-J: h11C''I- .,.IJ4-Y.
Our interlocutors anticipate much of what we
say. flfDoJ'.J'..,. h11t:IJJo"t .,.1)4-f":f f)fl<l-'1-
f'/""t/\IJJo"t hlloJ>~oo,. J'fDool! )flC
interlude fllt:'i''l- 1.11.
There is an interlude between each act of the
play. flJ'"tJI"tJI. faL'I';I- '1-<!Y."t'l- """
bA fllt:'i''l- 1.11. hll
we appreciated the interlude of sunshine.
(Jool)b/1- BdoJ'. ll'i"1~ .1'.11 1111-"t )flC
intermarry .,.;>q
Some governments do not want their employees
to intermarry with foreigners. h"tJI"t~ OD"t
"IP';I-'1- ' ...~'l'll':ffJJo ' b.....,. ' 11.1-:f '
:>C l\"tJI.:>Il- hJ'..I.ol\1-'1"

intermittent
intermediary (n.)
I. hll;l-~-1:. The Swedish ambassador is the
intermediary between Israel and Egypt. fll'.1'.
"t hrq/l.l'.C flliii~II.A'i" n"HHx- ou
llbA hll;l-~-1: 'i"lffJJo
2. .1'.1111. When I bought the new house, my
intermediary was Mr. Parker. hJI.fl."t IL'I-
111'1 .1'.111111. "'LII.,.c ;rchc )RC
Intermediary (adj.)
I. ODIJb/1,.. He is taking an intermediary
course in mathematics. ODIJb/1>:' fdo."'11
'1-'I"IIC'I- Y.b;I-.,.IIA
2. hll;l-~-1:. He suggested an intermediary
proposal. hll;l-~-1: do<\11 hoJ>t:fl

intermediate ool)bA J'l\

This stage is intermediate between the advanced
and primary stages. J'-11 .l'.t:"f{ flb'i'_,.,.,.
'i" 0 flOO;t;OD6J'OJo 0 ODI)bA ' J'l\ ' )tJ>o
interminable "711-1:.1' fl\.1\tJ>o
He gave an interminable speech. "711-1:.1' f/1.
1\tJ>o "t"I"IC h.1'.t:1
intermingle (vt.)
I. h.l'.q/\oJ> I oJ>IIoJ>/1. The farmer intermingled
the goats with the cows. "IO,&.m- lj:f~
M'l":f :>C h.l'.qll:l'lftJ>o (oJ>II.,.IIlftJ>o)
2 . .,.II:J-11- ll.l.. The author intermingled history
and fiction in his book. .l'.~ll.tJ>o l\tJ>o).,.,.'i"
A11 WI\~ ;1-6h"t .,.II:J-11- ll.l.
Intermingle (vi.)
I. .,..._q/1.,.. The goats intermingled with the
cattle. 'i'fil-'ll bb111':f :>C .,..._qMr
2 . .,.,'i"T. Many tribes intermingle in the
marketplace. 1RJ' tJ>oll'l' 1111- 1-ltl":f l'-1
.....II-

intermission fllt:'i''l- 1.11.

Refreshments were served during the interntission. flllt:'i''l- 1.11. -MI:I'~ ODm'J' .,.{lm
without Intermission Ill 4-;t"
He worked without intermission.
1 4-;:f- 1

...~

'It

intermittent(~

adv.) hAt:: hAt::

Malaria causes interntittent fever. mq hoi\
t:: hAt:: f"t)"' '1-h-lt'l- J'OOIIJA
be Intermittent
This stream is intermittent. fm'l'H- 1 ,....lt+'i
1-~11'1- J'.~t::I'A

..

interrogative

658

intermittently
intermittently hi>.C: hi>.C:

He does this work intermittently, since it

doesn't always need to be done. P'M 11-1>.
"Lit. """'&-'!- illlll.IIR'I- hi>.C: hi>.C: f.

P'&-'1'1>.

intern (v.) t.ilmR.,.

The government interned the refugees in a
military camp. OD'J"IP'.,. IIJ'..,.'I''Ii'J RCD:f"
Y.C iloi.C tD-il'l' hilmR.+'I'mbe Interned 0-ll'l"l"C ~C """

The prisoners were interned in the military

camp. 9"CI>'I''Ii RCD;f"Y..-1- (loi.C tD-il'l'
Rofi'I'TC P'C -Ill'

intern, n. [T.,..,.'J RO'ii'I::f"l>.

tD-il'l'

f"'LJ'

m..-:Jo:Jo n:tc-n f.,.,...:.,. .bh.l"']

2. .1.:1". He interpreted my dream of the night

before. 111oi.CD-'J 11.11.'1- ' .:hi>."''.'J .l.;l"l>."i
3. ot.m.:. We interpreted his silence as a
refusal. 119":f"m-'} l'i'JY. l'i9"1l:f" <t.mc)m4. ou1111- P'&o. The actor interpreted the part
of the soldier with skill . .,.....,.!!. CD:f"Y..-1-'J
""1111- R'l'-1- "'f-11-:f" P'&o
5. h11&-Cof h110:'1. He interpreted the poem
in his own words. M"l",.,..,. ~ O~{ao
h11111lt t.11&-Cof t.11.:'1

interpretation
I. 'i':f-. What is your interpretation of his
strange behavior? 1111.11 l'i'J"I'I mql!. 9"'J

'i'l- 'f-(lm'I'IIIJ l
2. '1-C'I-9". The obscurity of the paragraph

makes several interpretations possible.

11- "ll>.lt hlloPO''J 1111' '1-C'I-9"

internal

n+

11.1

I. ftD-11'1'. A foreigner should not interfere

....... f."'f-111>.

in the internal affairs of a country.

3. ft+t-l.ofl. The actor's interpretations were

praised by most of the critics. f.,.'l'.,.l' h.,.&-

h~C

t'tD-1}"

{liJJo q~c tD-11'1' '1-'lf. ou"!q'l- fiiR

'l-9"

The heart is an internal organ. A-fi t'CD-illl'

h ...,. )CD2. CD-11"1'1!. He died of the internal injuries he
received in the crash. R"l'"l".,. hJ'..:(lR'f-
fm-11"1'1! t.""' '1-'1'1- f.,.).., .,..,.

international 'tll9" h.,.'i'

An international conference on postal matters
will be held in Geneva. 1111 ?'11:1" '1-'ll'"l-
'tll9" h.,.'i' .,_q~>, R:()..li f.Y..:;JI>.

internist ftD-11'1' t.""' .t.h.9"

My brother is an internist in Haile Sellassie I
Hospital. CD'J Y.-"'1. 0.,.'1"7'1! ...,,_11 P'llll.
0'11'1::1"1>. ftD-11'1' ' h ...,. .t.h.9" )CD-

interpose (vt.)
I. R - - - ODI/hl>. ttY..:~. He interposed his
body between his child and the falling rock.

{ltD-).,.'} Rl>.)l:.... R"''..CDJ'.".,...,. Y."'J:>f.. ODIJ

hi>. t.U~
2. nouvh~>. t..,..:n. He interposed an objection at that point. RODI/hll- .,.,....,..,. h

.,..:n

interpose (vi.)

.:11 Rt.11q'I''Ji Tl!l""'f- _,.,..(1~)

4. "'111&-&1. This writer's work demands
interpretation. fY.&-11.,. P'&o "'111&-&1
111oi.I>.~'I'A

interpreter

h11.,.~"7..

The interpreter knows five languages. t.11.,.C'I

.,_..,. h9"11'1- lln*l""'f- ' 1"'""'"'

interrelate t..,...-n.:
The agencies must interrelate the dam building
plan with the agricultural plan. J'."C~ MY."
IYt P'.:. ht.clf..,.
c t.IIR'I-

r.:,.Y."

:>C

.,.,..,.n

interrogate ou<:ou.:
The police interrogated the prisoner for an
hour. ?'11.1\'li l'i11<:'1m-'J h'JY." il't'l- 11- ou,:DP.;.'I-

interrogation 9"cou&o
The interrogation is being held at police
headquarters. 9"cou&om- R:rl\.11 m:Jollf.
oP9"&1 nouY..:"I 'If. )CD-

interrogative (n.) oumf.:Jo

trJA~

"JQ

The teacher interposed in the dispute. h11.,."'1&

'I' nhch.;. ouvh~>. ..,,.,.. ~q:f-

The interrogative is expressed by a special

mark. oumf.ofl Rl>.l' 9"1>.h'l-

Interrogative (adj.) '1'14:

f.~IIRA

f"''..~Alt

I. 1>11.,..:1-ou. He interpreted my statement for

the Emperor. 'J.,.,"-'J II'J'I-P' )~P'.,.

His interrogative expression showed he did

not understand what I said. 'I'14: f"''..'IAR
m- oPfAh- f_,...-~Ch-'1- 1A~qm- oPIJ').'J

h11.,..:1-0D

h""llh.,.

interpret

interrogative pronoun oom,.e.:t- 1"a-ltm

illl"

"Who?" and "what?" are interrogative pro

nouns. ...,"} 'i cc M oum,.e.:t- +m-il
m il'l":f ""'"'"

I. h*~m. It is not polite to interrupt when

someone is talking. 1\'lY: {lm- {L.tf-IC ,..,
*~'I' iiA"''O ~,.

The floods interrupted traffic. ,_c#- f.,.1ihc

t~&l":f"J DP"t4'ta4'il hll/~m

2. OIJ.LA hllhll. A wall interrupts our view.

"'s:-1'1 1."t'I'O.I'. OIJ.LA .l'.hllhi\'OA

interruption

""*~"'

The interruption of electric service was caused

by the storm.

1\l>~"t-1: ""*~"' ll"h"t.l'-1-

MOll-

~,.

*There was an interruption in the program

for a special announcement 1\A\< "'lil;l-m-1:
.1' Tl!""'<~-,.... 11'1'-1:'1- 'l.rt. .,.*c"' ~oc
without Interruption II.J'!l:CT
He worked without interruption. ltJ'*C'I'
IP<!-

intersect .,.1111.1..
The roads intersect near Dessie. OD")1P-=ri F.
ll.

hm~il

.1'..,.11114-11-

Intersection
I. ""~<0'1'. The intersection of three main
roads caused traffic jams. f?'il-1: hfD-<1- .,..
'I<OI":f ' ....~ ..'1' ' f'l-<1-ol.h ' .....,."'""'.., ' h
ilh.,.ll
2. foP")~p..:f oP~<;'I' I ""il4'11'1' o oP")~f:.

There is a light at the intersection.

0oP")~P..

'li ""~<0'1' 11.1'. ""il<l-'1- hi\

Slow down when you come to an intersection!

oPil4'11'1' OD")~f: 11.1'. il'I-1.Cil 11"1 OA

intersperse

0.,.~

The gardener interspersed leaves among the

flowers. h-1-hA_,.'I',. qop'Ji oPlfhA :J>
mA

o.,.~

*The farmer interspersed the shrubs with

flowers. ~01!-fD- hAt:: hAt:: 041'1'*"'"'"
....>thA hoq .,.hll

interstice 4''1'1
The interstices in the basket allow the air to
circulate. f:J.C"'i-1: 4''1'11":f hfC 1."t'l.
H'I'IDC .1'1-C:>II-

intertwine .,.mlll\.1..
The vines intertwined on the wall. .fm.l'."t dt
~i:f O"'s:-l'lfD- 11.1'. _,.miiAoi..'I'A

interval
I. 6~'i'T. After a brief interval the play
continued. IJ"'l"C 6~'i'T 0:\11 -1:.1''1-

interrupt

fll'~,.

intervention

659

interrupt

' 4'mll

2. 'l.rt.. An interval of twenty years between

the two wars helped to build up the country.
011-1\1: ...CH:f DPIJhA f~O~fD- fYJ'
-'1- 'l.rt. 11~&-l:"t 11"71-C~'I- ~'I
3. h'i'-1- 11:1-. There is an interval of three feet
between desks. Ofm~A.~I":f oPlfhA V'il
'1- "'i"7 h'i'-1- 11:1- hi\

After an interval of a week, the mailman will

come again. ?"il.,.'l'fD- h"t1: tall"")'!- ltta
1\.1.. 0:\11 .I'.DPI\ltA
at Intervals
I. hAt:: hAt::. At intervals, there were receptions at the governor's palace. hAC:. 1t.A
f::

Q1C:

11(aJa

o.:t

DJo-il'l'

.,1)'1("

~oc

h<!-C<I'. The officer posted his

oo>ho")). m;I-J'..l:'lh 1.11-A
h<I-C<I' h4'"7'ffDat intervals of
I. Of. The buses leave at intervals of 15
minutes. hfD--r-fl-l''li OfOP'<I- hril-1- 1.
-l::l'fD- ' .1'.~"1112. 0 AI'~'!-. The trucks travel at intervals
2. 1.11-A

men at intervals.

of six or seven miles when crossing the desert.

oPit..<;l"'li r1:~ 0'1 I'I....I'*Cm- Oill:il-1-
m.er O(lq-1- "7.1'.A AI'~'!- ~qtr

intervene
A week intervenes between these two holidays.
OHI..IJ o-1\'1- O'tll-:f oPIJhA h11:

tall"")'!- ' hi\

*We enjoyed the picnic until a thunderstorm
intervened. ""ii~:J> 1.ilh "1110'1- '!.H. 1:
~il ' 1.il ' illl-"t ' -I"") if <l-ife")
Intervene In one's behalf h"7111.(11'1-)
His friends intervened in his behalf. '\1.'l''li
h"'IIIJI..II'IIf nothlns Intervenes f"7Jhot~m- )"JC 11

A"""'

I shall leave on Sunday if nothing intervenes.

f"'U'il4'~'f ~~c ItA"""' 1.m.1: 1.-t'll\o-

intervention
I.

~11:>.1'.~'1-.

A friend's intervention pre-

vented a fight. f'l~"' 1'1;>.1'-t."J- mll-'1 hll

+t:
2. 1'."'/i\~t."J-. The minister's intervention
proved necessary to obtain his release. hll-'1
hlll.i\
1\"'lilll+~ f"'Uil-K - 1'."'/i\~)."J-
.... ll''i". -M"f
3. "'/"'11\!1:. Your intervention had an adverse
effect. f'l-f" "'1"'11\!1: '1-"li: aJoRL."J- hllb-t-11

Interv iew (v.) f:f'/:\ Tf4l h+t:R

The reporte r interviewed the visiting diplomat.

IL'i" 1'.~&-llaJo 111'.'1"1-'laJo -'l."l"h""'."J-
f:l'"- "''"' ~>+.:n
interv iew (n.) f:f'/:\ Tf4l I :I'll oom.e~
Will you favor me with an interview? 1'4:-l- 1
f:l'/:\ TJ'4llP":f-'1 (:I'll oom.e~) .('.oo/:\

. . ,.,,.!

sive an intervie w 1\:J>A

into

660

interv iew

1'1-t l 00/All I (tm

early.
oo'S

.,.~,.

ill\" 1\00't!/: "'Iiiii-'! m.,.

f~Cil "'-"~
I have many acquaintances, but few intimates.
ill!" f"'laJo:f':faJo lll!'":f- 1'.11- i f~Cil
ID-'I}(lfi "1'1 T<i:."J- 'i":faJo
Intimat e (adj.)
I. f~Cil. We are intimate friends. NCil 'l
~V'":f- )'I
2. fm.<l~t."J-. The intimat e gathering was
disrupted by outsiders. fm.<l~t."J- Mlil<laJo
R"'""l" li!P":f- -f"t.Rll'
3. fmll+. He has an intimate knowledge of
the country. ill\ 1116;1: f mil+ llaJo+."J-
1'.1\aJo
4. f?"llm.C . He told me the intimate details
of his life. ft-C'aJo'l f"ilm.C 11C11C t
1t.'S

intim ate (n.)

The ambass ador refused to give an interview.

hf"<lll.l'.-1- 1\:l'/:\ T.f4laJo OO/:\il oollm."J-
hf"IL Mr

be on intimat e terms f'~C1l 1 "'11"f.)+ ' ltl\mHe is on intimate terms with the Empero r.
b'l.,..,. )11"-l> ;>C f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J-

have an intervie w with J\);J1l.

1'.1\aJo

Father had an interview with the teacher

about my work. 1'.<11: hll-f""'l 6aJo'l ill\
P'&-'l- M.:>1<'.aJo

intest inal fh'l;e."J-

Intestinal flu can he dangerous. fh'l;e."J- h.'I

'1'11-'11'1~ ~1"' 11.11''1 .('.":f-i\1:\

Intest ine h'l;e."J-

His intestine came out where he had been

stabhed in the belly. ll'JI. '1.1'- R...ll. R-f"
m;>R."J- Rb-1:\ h'l;e-t: -1"0<'.11.

intima cy

1. f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J-. His intimacy with the

king obtained a high office for him. b'l.,..,. ;>
C .fl\aJo f~Cil "l'l"f.t."J- b'i' J'l\ ~
t.ll" hllmaJo
2. '1'/:\~ llaJo+."J-. His intimacy with Ethiopi a
makes him a likely choice as ambass ador to
that country. ill\ 1'..."1-f"kY fl\aJo '1'/:\~ '
l)aJo+."J- I 1\016., o hf"<I{)~C)."J- ' h - ' {)J'
~C1aJo 1'..1'-+Cf"
*The teacher allowed his pupils the intimacy
of calling him by his first name. OOf"IJ-1- .,..,
6l!''ll no- l\llb.m>~-."1- !l:t:ll h+t.<t

"'"'"

intim ate (v.) m.,.oo

He intimat ed to me his intentio n of leaving

acqua inted

intima tely, be

I. R~Cil -t-'l'm+. He is intimately acquainted

with the minister. h"''.tll."J--1- ;>C R~Cil
.1'--f"'I'ID:f'/:\
2. fmll+ llaJo+."J- 1'.1\aJo. He is intimately
acquainted with Greek archaeology. ill\ "16
b I'.Cb.f-11-:( fmll+ llaJo+."J- hl\aJo

intima tion 9"/:\ll."J-

A frown is often an intimation of disapproval.

.t.+1 I OD*tnC
9"/:\ll."J- )aJo

1}fto

"L.fL

f'.,..:J>t&'fP

intimi date hlli.&-&-

The fascists tried to intimidate the people so

they would not help the patriots. of.ltll+":f-
.n1111- I'.CR'l''ll'l l\'1-'1.1'-t.-'1 1\"'/lli.&-&."J-. '!"h-I-

into

I. mS'.. Can you translate this into English?

.1'-111'1 ....~ h'1"111.11'i' ' /:\."1-.J-(..,..QPaJo
."J-":f-i\1\1) !
2. m~ - - - aJoilT. He walked into the room.
iDf..

hfi:/A

iD"fl1'

1Q

3. aJoilT. The ball fell into a pond. l>.!l. b-11.

aJoilT m~+":fPut that book into the box! ""lt.hf .'l "'Tt-
aJoil'l' h!I:C1aJo

intolerable

intrinsic

661

4. 'I.e. He divided the land into ten parts.

f"7.P.lf~c

intransitive

"""'-i>'J OI"C 11;1- 'I.P. h.l.r\1&

The verbs 'go', and 'stand' are intransitives.

*He worked all night and into the next day.

f.)) '0

((

lfOO

f"''.P.lf~-1-

"//l'f

'O'ff&

1"&-I&'J (LP'&- h$:1: ht'.IJ.

intolerable f"''.P.ii'A
The heat is intolerable.,.....,.-!> f.,.P.ii'A ~,.

intolerance t.Aou!J'!J'A
Religious intolerance brought many settlers
to America. O?.P."'''l''l- t.Aou!J'!J'A il,.
t'lof.t<S":f-'1 ms>. t.uiJ t."J-'I.t'IS'.-'1. t.f..t'.~

intolerant f"''..:l'm'l" 1 f"7.P..,.OA 1 f"''.P.S'.

1'i'

There are religions that are intolerant of other

religions. 1\.ir'l- ?.P."Y'l'-fo:f-'1 f"''..:l'fD-'1"
(f"''.P..,.OA, or f"''.P.S'."''i') ?.P."7'l''l- t.A
be intolerant hA:J-1rP'r

The government is intolerant of all opposition.

OD'J11"-J>

"7')l;'f&')'/" o -f':J'I&'f" ' h.P.:J-~1"'/"

intonation
1. 11"7~. The intonation of the prayer is
accompanied by beating of drums. fllir''l-
11"7"' OhOC .P.;J-)':qA
2. f:l'A t.t'lqoc. In a question, the intonation
rises at the end of the sentence. ll.mf:Jo f:l'
A t.t'lqoc oot'.'i'-1' ~~c ,....,<'-lf h
<;:' .P.'IA

intone t.rt.oo
The priest intones the church service. 4:(1.. :,.
Jill. Yrt."''A

intoxicate
I. t.t'lhl. Whiskey intoxicates people. 'l!llh.
t'll& Yt'lh&-A

2. h.llL)omlf. The warm spring air intoxicated the colt. 'l":l'-1> fllf...P. t.fC f.l.t'.t'I'J 1A~A hll.l.~mHI&
become intoxicated (th~

If a man drinks too much beer, he becomes

intoxicated. h'JS: s {ltD- OIIJr 11ft" fl,t. '
flm"' .P.t'lh&-A

intoxicating f"''..Yt'lhC
The sale of intoxicating beverages to minors
is prohibited. t.IJA oum'J 'IAS'.t'.t'l- t'IS">f
f"''..Yt'lhC ODm'J' oolf'l' hAhA ~,.

intransigent m<'IO "1'1-C

The President is intransigent in political
matters. T"'H.-'I'J-1> 1 O?"M:IJ ~~c 1 m<'IO 1 "'
'1-C

I~,.

intrepid

S'.of.C

Amundsen was an intrepid explorer.

., s>.of.C

t.<'l'ii

h.__,.~ft

~oc

intricacy (intricacies) fD-IIilllil

The story was full of intricacies. ;1-t< It- 1 fD-IIil
llil roqo'l-

~oc

intricate
I. r.,..m<'lt'IO. His ideas are too intricate to
be easily understood. m<'lll- 0"1'1" f.,..tD
{)(lfl I llr\IJ'~ I fl.,.'l/1- I r\OO<'.JI'I- 0 h.P.!J'A'/"
2. ft'..,..,. l f-1'&-.,..,.. This cross has a very
intricate design . .eu 1 ouii.,.A 1 ft'..,..,. (f.,..
&-.,..,.) I t.w&-C I hr\1&

intrigue (vt.)
I. h~h~. The news of his unexpected dismissal intrigued all of us. <'l.e:f't'lil hi"&- 1 f
ODfi'OII-1> '

tD<l,

11-'l:f'J'J'I" h~h~'J

The simplicity of your plan intrigues

me, but I wonder if it would work. rt.:JoS'."ll .,.
2. <'10.

'IA~'I- llfi'>'A l "''J f"t<'IIJ oPIJ').'J 1 ;>.m

&-m6-AII3. "7t'.h. The book's unusual title intrigues me.
roox-m4- t."J"'-'1 fll'~ t.ct.ll'l- .P."7Ch'>'A

Intrigue (vi.)
I. .,..,..<'lmt'.. He was disgraced because he
intrigued with the enemy. hmll'l- 1 :>C IIA
.,..,..<'lmt'. 1 1''1' t'.S'.
2. t.ll.t'. l tof..oo. They intrigued to get him
out of his job. hl"&-1& r\"''llm"''l- t.ll.<l11'1- (t.S'..,..II'I-)

intrigue (n.)
I. .,...,11-A. The intrigue to get him out of his
job failed. hl"&-1& I r\"7.1.'0.,.A I f.,..f..t'.~
, . .,...,11-A I hlf.l.
~~C ,...,..il1'ill.,..'Jh-A. She enjoys intrigue.
~1C I 001'o{l1'o{l I (-f''Jh-A) I '1-a>Jir\'f
3. 1!.6-. Political intrigue threatens to disunite the country. f;rM;IJ 1 1!.6- t.~t<:;I:'J
.
A'JJI.P.hof.<i:'l'l- YII.~.&-A

2.

intrinsic

;>.~&~1''>'

The intrinsic worth of a man cannot be

measured by his wealth. ft'll& A~ ;>.~&\
.,..,.. 1

loA'/"

'I'_,,.

OUil-1> oum') (LoPft'J. h.P.

He never fails to intrude into my private life.

introduce

I. {IOD"J!.OD61 "1.11. hlloutiJ. Menelik introduced the eucalyptus to Ethiopia. h'l MAh
flihC ' ~'i''l ' rDJ'. ' l\..Tf-W1 ' (lou"J!.fiD61 ' "1.
IL hlloumo

2. h.,.~n. He introduced an arms bill in the

parliament. llll tnC "'"'161 fih"' ~4:~
lll"'hC fl,-fo h.,.~n
3. 1\Mfl. The writer introduced many new
words into the language. J'.&.(LriJo 1111" h
riJoll'J' hll~fl
'1.11.11 :1''1'1-'1
4. 1\ll.,.'l'r.,.. The chairman introduced the
lecturer to the audience. (L.,. ""'~"~ .,.
<;;>t.riJo'l t,J'.'"'/""' ih1111 :>C 1\ll...'l'r.,.
I'd like to introduce you to my father. t,q-f:
:>C 'lll...'l'riJo~IJ

!!rt*""

5. "J!.ou~. He introduced his speech by telling

ajoke. '1"1"1~'1 ""'~ "J!.ou~
6. hll"J!.ou~. The teacher introduced the pupils
to mathematics. OD9"tl~ .,...,6l"'lh m.'l
7. h.,..,.. The doctor introduced a long tube
into the sick man's throat. mtLoo- 1 l\;t-oooo
(Do I (taJo I .,..C"f!" I lD'{l'f' I "R.'r I -J:fl I h.,.+
be Introduced ODIIJ

The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced to

Ethiopia. flihC ~o;: rJ'. h..'t-f-w1 fou
"'"" n~c11 "'-"' )riJo

introductio n

1. oo..,RJ. It is mentioned in the introduction.

fiD"'IU'riJo riJoll'J' .,.m~!tA

2. 1\J'.&.. He brought me a letter of introduction. fhJ'.&. J'.11'1fJ. 1\0DIIJA'S

3. ouf"IIJ't-. The introduction of steel made the
construction of tall buildings possible. fo~11
11~'J- ' ODf"IIJT ' ~"f:f" ' ih'll\l":f'l ' {IOU
&.+ hll!l'll
4. foPIIJ ~1C. Radios are a later introduction
than telephones. o!J!.f- ' hllAh ' R:.\'1 ' fODIIJ '
)~C' )riJo
P'

*She became shy because of her introduction to

so many strangers at the same time. b-tl,..

7.'1"11'-:f ;>C '1'1.0. llll ...'l'r.,.:f hll.~:f

introductor y ffiD"'IU'

The introductory paragraphs are very im~

portant. fOD"'IU' h'l.,.ll'll RIIJ9" m:l'
"'1. ""'""

intrude IIJA:I'

~q 1 'I'A~ hll

I intruded upon their conversation.

I

1\~ I

R"'A 1-C'\1- riJoii'J' 'I'll\~ "'lll'l-'1 J'.rJIA

intrusion

1. oo""lfl:,.. Intrusion into a private residence

without a warrant is illegal. MIA 1 oPtf&Y 1
n.+ riJoii'J' 1ll 'i'CJ'.- n.+ "'IH"Jf' oo

""JQT

tlt1

dJIJ'

,...,fl.C

~(Do

2. IIJA:I' ~11)'1-. The card players resented

his advice as an intrusion. lJC;J- 1 .,.1.-l- '

.,..,.f_

rh~'l 1.'1J'. IIJA:I' ~m+ """'~""

1 1-R
The authorities blamed intrusive elements for
stirring up the riots. IIJA:I' ~plj; ~11\friJo

intrusive, """' element tiJIA:I"

'I R"'l)"f"f;l-:frD- flliP'AIIJ'l':f "'"'!t:friJo

intuition 11"7.'1-

A woman's intuition often tells her that

certain things are not good. h'I'I'IJ'.- )~C':f
'I'~ ' 1{IOUIJ'<;:friJo'j ' fi\'J- ' 11"'/,:J: ' J',)"'

&.;I-A

11 ' 1\II"J!.OD&.'friJo

8Jo

invade

662

introduce

11)1!\.:J"

"Jfl.&

R'l""l"''~

(be) intuitive f.,.II.'I'C' 1\II.,.'I'M't- hllriJo

He is an intuitive judge of persons. flm-"t A
ou~ou+

f ...II.'I'C' 1\ll... 'l'.l'o)'t- hllriJo

*I have an intuitive dislike of him. m-:1"0..'- '

1\J'.rJ'.riJo'/"

inundate

1. h'l'll"'ll"'. The flood inundated the plain.

'I-C4<' "''.''riJo'l 'h'l'll_,.ll.,.riJo
2. hll"")"'. On holidays visitors inundate
the museum. RR'\'1'1- .,.., 'l-11'l":f n.
.,_ ouuh~'l 111..,'1-1!;1-A

be Inundated ( ~ inundate) '1-~II.(R't-)

+we were inundated with requests for money.
f1'1H11 'I'141 '1-~11.11'1

invade

1. "'~~. Didn't Napoleon try to invade

England? <;;rfl..f-'1 ' f7.'1"1tl..11'1 h~C ' {IOU
riJo~C hA'I"h~9" !
Crowds invaded the new hotel. l'll":f l\.11.11'1 ' IJ'-I:A ' "'~~+
Grasshoppers invade fields and eat the crops .
.t,')jll:f "'lilriJo'l r~riJo 1'11111\'1 J'.R'Itl2. )t,. The law punishes people who invade the rights of others. fll.ll-:f'l OD11
'1- f"''.)h- lll":f'l ,n.,. J',_,.IIJ:f'I'A
3. IIJA:I' ~q(n+). Reporters invaded his privacy by asking personal questions. .:>H.m'l':f
llll "'A u-).;1- '1'141 7.fmf-l! R"'A 1-C'
"" IIJA:I' ~n-n+

Invert

663

invader

4. tul.t. The smell of cooking invaded the

house. f'MIIl 11;1' IL1:1 hi.~,.

invader tDt-6
The Ethiopians defended their land against
the invader. t./INrfiJJof1 h16-'ffDo1 h
mt-6fDo _,.Mhll-

invalid (n.) t.lill 11111-A llfDo 111111-A 1 t.li

II ' 1-f.II-

The invalid finds solace in music. h ItA

h-11- llfDo O..,.fl.:l' f.tr<;<;A

il"t

After the accident, he remained an invalid.

lif.;>fDo

0:\~

11111-A ll"'l' .,.<'.

She poses as an invalid when really she is

well and strong. m1lit-<; f.'W II"<; {)II

:f 111-'l"llA >.1,-. t.lill

.,_,._II- :r-rr<;ll:f

[See also 'helpless1

(be) invalid hAP.<;'!" l ,..r::,. II"~

A will without a signature is invalid. .LClfll

fii.IIOT f'l-qfl. :t'A t.f.K<;'l"

His testimony was declared invalid.

,. :I'll-

,..r;:,.

fr"ilhc~

II"~

invent
I. l.mt.. Did you invent that story? 1-1111
;1'6h fl.mChfDo t-.1.,. ~Ill
He invented a new approach to the study of
language. 11'111!1/ .~ '!'<;:,. hll.il Hf. l.mt.
2. l.lllll.. He invented something new reoently.
n:,.cn- t.JI.il ~1c ~olllll.

invention
1.

Lm~.

His story is a complete invention.

;1'611- 'i'l\.'1" l.mt- ~,.

2. fl.mt- l-11-;1'. The author shows much
invention in telling the story. ~ll..m- :t"6h1 f1.<;1C h'i' .I'll fl.mt- :fll-;1' f
ll.I'A
3. 'i'Ailof.. The invention of the telegraph
helped to transmit news quickly. f1:11."1t-'1"
'i'Ailof. m~1 O'i''I'~T ll'"lll.,.~ll'i'
<'.'I
4. hll.il f.,.l.lllll. ~1C. The invention
found widespread acceptance. hll.il f.,.l.llll
"-"'" ~1C Ill. _,..,.qf.H t.1"f
5. fl.lllll. ~1C. He coined a word for his
invention. i\LAliLm- ' ~1C 11'/A r Lm~A+

inventor I.A{)l.

invalidate lft.
The new will invalidates the old one. t.JI.Il-
'1-qH. hC'1.fDo1 f."lit.'I'A
be invalidated L~(l.

Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor.

IL1li'"'L1 'i't-1hll.1 "'":,. I.All~o ~nc

inventory 11C11C

The stipulations have not been met, so the

contract has been invalidated. flm-& m-il
'I' f_,.m.,.ll-:r- "lf.;l'!""{- MA.,.I.l'...,.
fDo/1- I.C!I..A

The library made an inventory of its books.

IL.,. ODl'..l.'i'-1> fODfr dtG:'Il1 11C11C

hH?J!

inverse .,.:t't-t

I. D11H11 f'"l!-1'1. This

Your intervention to settle the quarrel had

the inverse effect. mo-"t l\1Pfil~1.F 1 Y"t1-

I"Y:r:il 1-m.,..... n,. not.tiJo fmc:,. '1'1

""i 011H11 f'"l!-1'1 ~.,.

Write the alphabet in inverse order!

invaluable

gold cup used

by King Theodore is invaluable. f.ll h'l -1;

2. +m.c;.c;6 s fi\.Am-. He is an invaluable friend.

.,.tD-'1'16 fll.lltiJo ~f.'f

~,.

invasion

m~~

The Italian invasion began in 1935. fh.."'Af"t

mt.t- nr;m~y; 't.'l" . .,.J!out.

invective

,.c~11'1

The angry woman's invective shocked him.

f_,.<;,-.f."{-fDo ll.T fDoC~11'1 t.llf.~1mtiJo

1-f.

11-1 h:\'1 ]!'I" t.ll mu:r- ""'

Inversion "'JIA11T

invariable f'"lf.lltD'I'
He is a man of invariable habits. flfllf..htDT
IAlfll~ I YAm-- I (\dJo f ~m-

"'A:t' .,..,q:,. _,.:t't-t tiJom.T ~O<'.fDo

in inverse order

"Said he" is an inversion of "he said". hi\ 1

>.Cil- f 1\Cil- hll :t'A "IA11

~m-

invert
I. 1110m. If you invert 2/3 you get 3/2
2/3 1A1lmfDo ll.lN-T 3/2 f.II"<;A
2. t.rr-r: 1.1.. He inverted the order of the
t.rr-r: 1.1.
alphabet. fl.f-11-1
3. f. of.. He inverted the glass to show he
did not want more water. 1-Q;L.lfll6 m-;) fiPf

.,.to

662

introduce

He never fails to intrude into my private life.

introduce

1. flooY.oot.$ '1.11. l\lloodJ. Menelik introduced the eucalyptus to Ethiopia. l\'1 l"'tAh
II"'C ' ~<;:"} ' aJI. ' l\.'1-f"k$ ' fiODY.OD(.$ ''1.
fL hlloom2. l\.,.~0. He introduced an arms bill in the
parliament. llll tnc "'"'M$ f..,., M:'l>
lll"'hC 0.-1> l\.,.~0
3. l\ll111. The writer introduced many new
words into the language. F-&.(1.~" ofltf- ~ 11.
-'1-'lll :1'11'1-"t !1/"t!l/m- m-ll-r l\ll111
4. l\ll-1-'l'aJ.,.. The chairman introduced the

lecturer to the audience. A.+ ou"Jn.;. .,.

'i':Jt.m-"} IJ.I:""'/""' "'11-fl :>C l\ll-1-'l'a>.,.

I'd like to introduce you to my father. IJII-1:

:>C llll-1-'1'..,_.,.11
5. "'-""~ He introduced his speech by telling
ajoke. "t"l"l~"} 0.,.11\J:" y_oo~
6. 1\llY.oo~. The teacher introduced the pupils
tO mathematiCS. OD9"1J~ ' T"'I(.J"'Ii"} 0 m_it
il l\llY.oot.-'fm7. h-1--1-. The doctor introduced a long tube
into the sick man's throat. Jth.oo- ~:J'oPoo
(Do I {laJo I ~f!f! I aJo{l'l' I )[9'" I -J:(l I h1"1"
be Introduced ODIIJ

The eucalyptus tree was recently introduced to

Ethiopia. II"'C ~<;: a>l. l\.'1-f"k$ fOD
"'aJ- O'I>Cil '1.11. )mintroduction
1. oP""'fl..f. It is mentioned in the introduction.
OD"'IU'm- m-ll-r -1-m'l>!lA
2. l\1.&-. He brought me a letter of introduction. fl\1.&- l.il-'10. l\OD"'A'1
3. ODI"'"J'I-. The introduction of steel made the
construction of tall buildings possible. fO~il
ii~T ' ODI"'"'T ' ~"f:9" ' ..,"}1\l":f"l ' (IOD
P' &-'!- ' l\llll'll
4. fODtiJ. ~1C. Radios are a later introduction
than telephones. "-''.f" hllAh 0:\11 food)
io"JC I )fDo

*She became shy because of her introduction to

so many strangers at the same time. hofllt'
l\"}"!1'-":f- :>C

1}"}.1',

llll-1-'l'm.,.":f- 1\L~":f-

introductory fOD"'IU'

The introductory paragraphs are very important. fOD"'IU' 1\"t.,.lt'll 0"19" m?

..,_ '

.,.,..,.

intrude "'A? 111 l -rA'I> l\ll

I intruded upon their conversation. O"t"l"l&-'1'

m-

~,..

invade

IIJA..+ 1Qfl-

O"'A 'ioC'I'o m-ll'l' 'I'A'I> "'lll'f-"} ~m-'IA

intrusion
1. oP..,q:,.. Intrusion into a private residence
without a warrant is illegal. MA. oo'i6~ 1
0.'1- ' d>-ll'l' ' Ill ' 'i'CI.' ' 0.'1- ' "'IH'lf ' 00
I ift1 I (D'f' I .,....,(}C I
~lD"
2. "'A? 1-fl)'f-. The card players resented

"''flT

1 TAA'P~ 1
l\"}1. "'A? 1-fl)'f- '1&-r~m-

his advice as an intrusion. ltC;t-

.,..,.f_
9"h~"t

intrusive, "'"' element IIJA.ft" ~ 111

The authorities blamed intrusive elements for
stirring up the riots. "'A? 1 P'll ~illf m"} 0"'1)"1"1;1-:fm- llliP'A"''f":f- "'"'!l'f'mintuition ll"''.'I-

A woman's intuition often tells her that

certain things are not good. l\"}-'1"}1.' )1C'"'f-
'I'~

fliODIJ''i':fm-"} fl\'1- ll"''.:J: ~)"!

&-;I-A

(be) intuitive f-I'L'I'C' l\ll-1-'l'~)'f- l\llmHe is an intuitive judge of persons. (ICJ)o'} fl

OD10DT ' f-1-L'I'C' ' l\ll-1-'I'~)T ' l\(lm-

I have an intuitive dislike of him. :J-fl.(&.

l\~aJS'.d>-9"

inundate
1. 1\'l'll.,.ll.,.. The flood inundated the plain.
1-C4- "'1.-''m-"} 1\'l'll.,.ll.,...,_
2. l\il"")"'. On holidays visitors inundate
the museum. 00'111'1- .,."} 7-il't:l"l- 0.
-1' ' ODHh~"} ' fll ...."}4!;1-A
be inundated ( ~ inundate) 7-~L(O'I-)

+we were inundated with requests for money.

f1"}Hil '1'14:

7-~Lil"}

invade
I. m~~. Didn't Napoleon try to invade
England? 'i'?"fl..f""} ' fl\"}"lll..1f"} l\1C ' (IOD
m-~c l\A'I"h~l"' 1
Crowds invaded the new hotel. ill"":f- l\'lfl"} 11'-I:A m~~'I-

Grasshoppers invade fields and eat the crops.

l."ttnl- "'1/laJ-"} m~m- lli!A"} ~011112. )IJ. The law punishes people who invade the rights of others. f/1.11-":f-"t oo-o
'1- f"t)h- ill"":f-"t ...,.,. ~.,."''f''I'A
3. "'A? 111(0'1-). Reporters invaded his pri-

vacy by asking personal questions . .."JtLm?fl-

llll "'A 11-k;l- '1'14: 1\fmf... O"'A 'ioC'
m- "'A? 18-0'I-

invert

663

invader

4. t.L). The smell of cooking invaded the

house. f....Oil "li;J- IL-1:"1 t.L)a>-

invent

I. Lmt:. Did you invent that story? f.tJ"I"I

;f'6h fLtnCha>- h"l-1- )IJ!

The Ethiopians defended their land against

the invader. h.'t-f"t;,rm- n M~'f.,."l h

He invented a new approach to the study of

language. M/"1~ 'I''O't- t..ll.il HI. Lmt:
2. LII(IL. He invented something new reoently.

ID~61D-' -t-Mhll-

R=I>CII- h.ll.il )1C LII(IL

invader

rot-~

invalid (n.)

t.ltll il"lll-A o'la>- I il"lll-A l t.lt

II ' 1-1'.11-

The invalid finds solace in music. h.tu\

ll'l

11-11- ,..,. n.,..H.:I' ""'""A

After the accident, he remained an invalid.

ltl'.;>m- n:\11 il"lll-A IT<r .,..:

She poses as an invalid when really she is

well and strong. m"llt~<; l'."t'O IT'O 1111
l- llf-9"(11!\ 7."11'. t.ltll 1-1'.11- 't-IT'OIIl-

[See also 'helpless']

(be) invalid hi!\'1.'09" l

His testimony was declared invalid. f'F'ilhC)

:,. :1'11- fDoJ:"=I> IT)

'1-~H. hC:1.a>-"l Y."lit:'I'A

'I' f-1-m.,.(l.'t- "IS'.;f'l"l- MA-l-L'!..,..

ID-1\- LC!)..A

invaluable

I. fi1"1H11 f"'/f-1'1. This gold cup used

by King Theodore is invaluable. f.tJ h\ -1:

I"J:"r:il 1-m.,..,..n:,. f)fit:m- fmc=t> '1'"1

""& fi1"1H11 f"'/f-1'1 )a>2. of-ID-'1'16 f/l.lla>-. He is an invaluable friend.
of-ID-'1'16 ' f/1./lfD- ' ~!'.';' ' )IDf"''f.IIID'I'

He is a man of invariable habits. f"''f,.AmT

1:\"''Y: I fAID" I (lm- : )otD-

m~&.

The Italian invasion began in 1935. fh."'Art

IDt;~

fi!jif~ 't.'F'. -1-loPt:

invective

fDoCJ.\'11'1

The angry woman's invective shocked him.

f-1-'0I'.I'.l-a>- ll.'t- a>-C).\'11'1 hill'.)1tnfDo

LAII.C.

Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor.

IL"Ill'"'/."I t;:~"lhll. "I ;J-'1=1> LA IlL )fiC

inventory

L~(l

The stipulations have not been met, so the

contract has been invalidated. OtD-ft< tiJ<ol\

invasion

5. fLII(lL )1C. He coined a word for his

invention. llLI\liLm- ~1C 1 *A 1 Lm~A-1-

inventor

lft:

The new will invalidates the old one. t.JI.(l.

invariable

4. h.ll.il fof-LJI(IL )1C. The invention

found widespread acceptance. h.ll.il f-1-LII(l
La>- )1C (IL -1-.,.Qf.)'t- M,-

f/I.IIR't- f'I-~H. :J'A t.S!-'1.'09"

be Invalidated

;f-611- 'i''!.-9" Ltn~ )a>2. f Lm~ l-11-:f'. The author shows much
invention in telling the story. ~(l.ID- ;J-611"1 ' (l.'01C h'i' 111 fLtn~ l-11-;J- f
/If A
3. 'i'AM. The invention of the telegraph
helped to transmit news quickly. f-J:f\."'Jt-9'" 1
'i'AM ID6."1 ' fi'i''l')'t- ' 11"'/il-MII'i' '
t:-'1

fDoJ:"=I> IT)

A will without a signature is invalid. kCOIJ

invalidate

invention
1. Lmt-. His story is a complete invention.

11C11C

The library made an inventory of its books.

IL-l- our..ftt;:-1: foP'GmG:,;"I
hH;>l

inverse

11C11C

-1-:J'~t

Your intervention to settle the quarrel had

the inverse effect. ffifl-') I 1\IP/l\;r'IJP I n+ I
"'A:J' oP"IQ't- -1-:J'~t m-m.'t- )fit:fDo

in inverse order

Write the alphabet in inverse order! Ll'.

11-"1 ' h:\'1 ' l'F't:IJ ' IDI'.L't- ' '!.'i'

inversion ..,/:\11'1'
'"Said he" is an inversion of "he said". << hi\ 1
1-.C(l. f 1-.C(l. hll :J'A "11!\11
'f'

)ID"

invert

If you invert 2/3 you get 3/2.

2/3 1A1Itna>- (l.'G4-'t- 3/2 f.IT'OA
2. hli'r: l\L. He inverted the order of the
alphabet. f.C.I'.II-"1 of-~ hli'C: '!.L
3. !'.of.. He inverted the glass to show he
did not want more water. +~"7~ 1 ,.,.=" 1 f"''
I. 1/lfim.

invest

664

f..l.A"'I ' ODIJ').') ' 11"'/'lf-l- ' fiC.,...,.tJJo., '

1'.4-tJJo

invest
I. l'lm. He invested his lawyer with complete
power to act for him. 7.'tJ'.&.(lo ll''l" l>'t'L
1P&. I Amn..+m- r liD"~ I JPA"I'l I fltnfDo
2. II 'I'll. He invested much time in the project.
oMJI. 'If. 1111- "l.rt. 11'1'11
He invested his money in bonds and land.
1'tHIYt 011't!'."'i" oooo~.-}- 1\f. 11'1'11
3. F&. 'If. II'I'll. They took counsel together

before deciding to invest all their money.

,1'1\:ftJJo't 1'tHfl ' 11-11- F&. 1\f. ' 11"'1'1'/Jt.
hODfD(I'i":ftJJo

0.1.-}-

.,.ODlJh-1-

4. 1tmar. Why did you invest so much money

in that ancient building? 1\ff.U 1 1t1!""1 itt'l"
f.ll't't ,1'11/Jt. 11Hfl liM IIIDIIJIJ l
be invested
I. .,.l'lm. The military governor has been
invested with full authority. m:t"J'.tl-'l!tJJo 1
1C ' """II- FAIIJ't ' .,.1'1'1'1'--l- )OC
2.1f.oo+ 1 ..,.flm. The new minister was invested
by the king in a brief ceremony. 11-'l.(lo "'l.til
ol-C 'I.,..C FC'I-l- O't'l-,.. ~OD-}- _,.(lmtJJo
3. ')o"'JIP. A
'}.,..IP-

king is invested by crowning him.

HlD-Y:

flOOQj,"J

f,')o.,Uf/A

investigate
I.

oo~OD~.

The police investigated the conditions that caused the accident. ?"ll.(lo II!'.
.:> f!'-~1'10-l-'t 11-~:t" OD~OD~
2. h.mfl. He is somewhere in the interior
investigating the tribes. ,_'19''1?t 11"'1-r'i"-l-
flfii\1C

lD"ll"l"

')odJo

investigation
I. '/"COD&.. An investigation has been ordered.
'/"COD,&. ' 7.')'1.!'.~1 ' -l-7.~11 .,.f'l'l':tA
2. -r'i"-l-. His investigation of the tribes will
be published. ill\ ,_'ltJJo ,1'!'.~1tJJo -r'i"
-}- ' f.:t".,."''A

investment
1. 1'lH-fl "'"l~A. Investment in government
bonds is a good thing. 00D't1F-l- 11'tl'-l- 1\
f, I '1.,HfltJ., I ,..,.,./A I "'~'? : )"'JC I )DJo
2. ,I'IDIIJ ID"l. He got a threefold return on
his investment. ymariJ)a"} tD"l. ?'ll+ 6-r
'i' ' 111'-"C'I ODI\(1

*The new. house was a good investment.

11-'l.(lo 0.-l- 'I'.:> ,1'1\tJJo 1'tHfl fiDtlJO
..,.

invite

inveterate
I. f - - (loll ,1'110-l- l'ltJJo. An inveterate smoker
will damage his lungs. f/I.;J&. (loll ,1'110
+ ' (ltJJo ' '1'1"'19''1l't ' ,.,.."'"'

2. fdou,gn+. No one ever believes an

inveterate liar. fi\DDJ'.O-l-'t tJJolf ;t-'1" "'''t
'I" ' 11,1''/")tlJo'/"
3. f.,..l.'l'c:". Cats have an inveterate dislike of
dogs. J'."OD-}- 1\tJJolf f.,..l.'l'c:" '1''1!1' II
Il-l-

invidious

llilh.l.

The loser made an invidious remark. ..,.if..-~m- 1

llilh.l. 1111_,.,l'f-}- (I)H~

invigorate

IIO~:t"

Staying in a cold climate will invigorate you.

04'11:1'~ ' llfC '

invincible

tJJoil'l' ' OO'l"C ' ,I'O~:t"A

f"''f.01C

The champion wrestler seems invincible.

lf'I""I:f"). -l-111 ... f"''f.01C f.ooMA

inviolable f"''f.IIJ!l
The law of gravity is an inviolable law. filO+
ih"'l ' f"''f.tlJil ' .ih1 ' )tJJo

inviolate

f"''MlJ

The inviolate privileges of diplomats have been

recognized for centuries. f'LTII-"'11'-l- f"''f.
)lJ ooi]-}- 111111- HDP'i"-l- ll't-fo ol'f.:tA
keep Inviolate 1tl\.l..t:flr

He kept his oath inviolate and died without

possessions of any kind. ""dtl\tJJo't 'l,l'.l.C
II 9"'t9" 'til~+ 'lf.tJ>.fl-r .,..,.

(be) invisible hf.:t"f.'l"

Clean glass is invisible under certain conditions.
'tll-.ft DP{l:J"m+ IJ'tl!'t!'." 1Jo~:t"9'l- llf.
:t"f.'l"

invitation
I. 1fiV. I did not accept his invitation to go
to the theater. ID!'. -1:,1'-l--1- 1\aD'/.J'." ,1'!'.~
1A'h 1fiV IIA.,.4'0Ah--l-9"
2. f-r& m~4'+. Admission is by invitation
only ....,'I+ f"'l.!l'lltJJo O-r& m~4'+ 11
!I' ' )tJJo

3. f"7..Y')o'1'1. The article was an invitation

for public protest against the newspaper.
Ycd>4- .ft111Jo O.:>rt.tlJtJJo 'If. .,._,tJJo
'I" 7.'t'L,1'4'Cfl f"'l.,l')"l"l )0C

invite
I. m&.. He invited thirty people for the holiday. i\f\oP..,. I 0'\1\- I IJ."-"/1 I (UD- ~ tnt-

He invites danger by driving fast. Ott:T~-l- fl

ou"J.<;-1- '1"-1-'t 1-m.!-A
2. h.=\=\. The calm water invited us to swim.
1\'1' YtltD- OJ? 7.'t.l:-'t'l'~ h'\0\'t
3. 1-.,.0tl. The speaker invites your comments
after his speech. 1-'i";J6tD- h't"l"l~ 0:%11
hh-t-Yf:t-"'fv-'t ,_.,.01\A
4. 1"1/l(tD-). +A good performance invites
applause. 'I'~ -1-0.f.-1- "'MJOQ./1 1-1/I'I'A
Invite gossip oom11 If~
His sudden wealth invited gossip. fl.(-"J1:,. lJ
il:f-9" oolf). oomyy rr~

Invite In '7fl r h.A

He did not invite me in. 7-Co\- "Ill hlltl~ll"

invite to dinner 7t.&-+ ;JOH
I invited my friend to dinner tonight. '\.1'.'111-'t
~"-

.,,. 7..!--1- :>ii"JC'I'tlv-

.!-tD- f"''.Y'\0\ t:Ct:C h.,.<:OA~

invocation Aoo'i" .,:J><:il

A church mass often begins with an invocation
to God. :,0.<;11. tl7."11f.hildo.C """" 0.,
:J><:il f."f.ao.!-A

invoice 4-h-i:C
Show me the invoice for that shipment of
books! ODJ\.lt'i!-1: f-t-1\h-0-1-'t 4-h-i:C hll
f~

invoke fl""~
He invoked God's help in his struggle. O:f"l~
' 7.C.'l:f" '

2. mf+. Success always involves effort. lr"'lofl

(lou~

The condemned criminal invoked the judge's

mercy. f-J-4.<:.1'.0-1- m't;l!"tl'i' 'l'i'tD-'t II"
a.<:-1- ' (lao~

aot:<:h -r<:-1-'t f.mf.:I'A

3. h-J-1-. Repairing his house involved him
in debt. 11.-f:'t .,11.1'.1\- M tD-h'l' hi"
..,.tiJ-

4. IIJt\. His remark involved him in the argument. f(lmtD- hh-J-Yf-1- hChC tD-h'l'
IIJ(ItD-

5. tun:J"AA. Housekeeping involves cooking,

washing dishes, and cleaning. fll.-1- hY.1'11

ll""lil .,ii(IA't ! ll.lt't .,mil't'i" "'~~''~
-1-'t Ym:I'AIIA
6. m(l.I'.(0-1-). Schoolwork involves most of
my time. f-1-ll"tJC-1- 11.-1- P'.!- hil~'i'
tD-'t 1.1\l.'t f,mht:il'i'A

7. ~tr. These changes in the company involve

the interestS Of aJl the partnerS. tJ.fl,.faJ- I IDf1-.l'.l:1tD- ' tltD-'1' ' flf&l>:f't ' 'i!l\1

{l'J' '

inviting f"'LJ''\0\
He made me an inviting offer for a job. llA P'

1.1 ' fl."llf.hildo.C't

inward

665

inviting

-1-

v-tr f.~t,A

involved (adj.) f-t-m/1(10

Amharic likes to use very involved sentences.
II.,C'i' fi"tD/I{liJ- Ol:'i'i" ~1C':f f.O~tr
become involved +mte(I:O

The more he spoke, the more involved his plan

became. f.OA'I' 01-'i'll: <l:'l'C 7,:,0.<;..
M-t-m/1{10 '6.1'.

be involved in

1. +l"t4-f. 1 tr~. He was involved in getting a

scholarship for the student. A+OV~m- f~2\
-1-ll"tJC-1- O.,h1"fr <:1t: -t-t,of.f. rr~

2. 111. He was involved in a plot to kill the

merchant. ~;J~m-,. : /l.oP'?J'.A O+,_.l.,m-
hr:-7

ID-ilT

111-f

~OC

3. hti(0-1-). He does not realize how much

work is involved in it. 9",. lOA ,.,~ 1
7.'t.'lt10-1- hA-J-<:.'ltD-9"

involuntary
I. lltl.,m:J> f.l'.<:h. An involuntary injury

cannot be punished under the law. lltl.,m:J>

f.l'.<:(l 1-.'1-1- O.lt"l 11..,."1 hf.:fA9"
2. ( ~ adv.) YtltD-.I'..:f"tD-. He was threatened

until he gave involuntary consent to the plan.

be deeply involved +tpm

They were deeply involved in debt. OM 1-tDmm-

~flC

invulnerable f.,f.01C
The fortress was invulnerable. r"li,...

f"7,.eo

YtltD-Y.:f"tD- Odt<\11- 7-hh.h.,., t:<:h

1c

hh.r..!-~-1-

*No man is invulnerable to old age. .,'t9" (I

~oc

be involuntary

tD- h7.C~'i" hYaoA-r9"

The beating of the heart is involuntary.

Achilles was invulnerable except for his heel.

fAil't -1-C:f" ""'i<"'mC hf.iJ'AII"

hh.tlh ' h-J-<:hH- ' o.,.c ' 1\.1\tD-'t ' (ltD-~-I:'t '
1-.'1-l- hf.O"Il:""9"

involve
I. hhh-t-tl. The trip involved a lot of expense.
1-~tD- ' ilfl- ' "'"'- ' hhh..,.tl

inward (adj.)
1. (Do{lll'f'J!. A person's inward nature is not

easily revealed. fli<D- <D-II"''I!<D- .,.L'l'C'

..,. R4''111- MC:IIR'l- hf.!I'A?"
2. ( = adv.) mt. <D-11'1'. An inward curve keeps
cars from running off. mY.. m-ll-r f"7..:f"m
<;: ' ODffi?"H"lf" ' ODIJ!;"9':f ' IJOD")~f." : h"!
'11-tm- f.C:'IA
Inward (adv.) mt. <D-11'1'
This passage leads inward. f.U oo.,.l\ll.l.f
mt. <D-11'1' fll~qA
*His thoughts turned inward . ..hlUI-"t aJolfl
hii4'C:ID-

inwardly
I. <D-11'1' <D-IIm-"1. Outwardly he was calm,
but inwardly he was seething with rage. t\1-
'11'"1 ' fC:;> ' ~ .... l <D-11'1' ' <D-IIm-"1 ' "1"1 ' fi"l

1.'1- """ ~nc

2. t-ll-"1. Look inwardly and try to discover

the truth. t-IIU"I ooc?"C:U h<D-~_,.'1..,."1
11"7"/"f'l- 'l"hC
*She grieved inwardly. h"l)!:t"l R'l'l-

irascible "/A<;:.,.l;'
The irascible old man frightened the children.
"/A'i'_,.:;o..,. 11"7"11\. A]t.:f-"1 ' hlll.~~"l'i'<D-

irate f.,.'il.l.
The police dispersed the irate masses. ?'ll.(t.
'll ' f.,.';"I.I.<D-"1 ' .h11il ' fi.,.)-'1-

ire"'"'

His ire is easily provoked. of!IIJaJo h.tt:"}1

tJJo

1\~ J

irony

666

inwardly

iron (n.)
I. -o.:'l-. This griddle is made of iron. f.U
hil.:'l- f.,.wt- ?""'I." ~..,.
2. lt<D-f. If the iron is hot I want to iron a
shirt. lt<D-f<D- "/A h"!l.lf~ if"7.11 A
-Ht-11 hLA:>IIIl*Strike while the iron is hot. B.hf. ltll '1-'1'
Irons fh"lC ilt':'lPut the thief in irons! 1\,q<D-"1 Rh"'C
ilt':'l- ' hliC:<DIrons in the fire

He had other irons in the fire, so that one

failure would not disappnint him. h"ll." ~~C
qf.ltltll'l- h"l'lf.tl."'l> 1\.11-:f Ft-9':f
flt't'IA
Iron (adj.)
*He has an iron will. OD"!Lll m"lltt- ~..,.
with an iron hand RT ' 1\'1" ' il.J!"C")

He governed his district with an iron hand. Jr.

<D-t-)f<D-"1 ll'l' 11'1' hi."C'I ~q
[See also 'band, strap']

ironical
I. fll"ll'l-. "Speedy" would be an ironical
LIIJ1' r fl4'").(;' : h.tJJolfl
f?"ll'l- II?" ~..,.
2. fHR'l-. The speaker's ironical smile puzzled
the audience. f.,.<;;>&<D- fHR'l- L ~"1:1"
h'l"7"""'1l"! ' hll~t':"7'1'<D3. nn'l-. It's ironical that the student should
know more than the teacher. .,...,&iD" I'Jt.
f.RA'l' f<D-:I'A "711'1- Hfi'l-

name for a snaiL

_,...,&..,.

)oOJ-

arOU$8 ire hl'l.,.trJ

The students' disobedience aroused the teacher's ire. f.,."7&9''1J ' h/IOD:J"H11 ' OD?"U'I-"1 '
hll'k"'ID-

irk 'l>c hll"f

Your remarks irk me. f?"'l-llm<D- hll.,.ff
'1- 'l>c ffl"f'1A

....

ironing press lt<D-f

The ironing press will take the wrinkles out
of your suit. lt<D-f<D- f.,...,..,~.~. AiiiiU"I
fiDDHt':;>;>'l- ' f.m'J>"7A

iron ore fill: 'I- hLC

Iron ore is smelted and made into iron.

irksome f"7.fllil:f

fiiC:'l- hLC _,.Atn ilt':'l- f.wt-1>.

Weeding is an irksome task. h.l.fD "'ll.fD

f"7.f(lll:f Ft. ~..,.

iron (v.) .,.h-ll

She irons the sheets very well. h."t(t.l\m-")
'1- hi."C:> '1-_,.tfollll:f
be Ironed out

'1"

+"'t-

There are still a few things to be ironed out

before they can sign the treaty. <D-11-"1 hooL
t:"7'1'..,. n.t.'l- '1'4:'1- f"7."1"- ~~C":f t.ll-

irony ll"ll'lThe boys called the very thin boy "Fatty"

in irony. A;<i:'ll 4'"1")."1 1>.;1!' R?"ll'l-
(( ,4.q ))

}\(t-:'fo

irony of fate f"l~;}woo")

It was an irony of fate that the great cancer
doctor died of cancer himself. :J-'14! flt"!ll
c .hh.?" t-fl. nlt"lllc n1i:t- ""'~"
., ' f"7f.:J"OD") 0 f.oPlll\f>.

irradiate M'.oo"'
Stars irradiate the night. h'l'hil'l- 11.'1-"1
f1'.9":Nt-

*She seems to irradiate joy. fJI.ii:J" 9"1

.,... ' ):Y.

irrational

oo"'~.,..

0.11

He has an irrational fear of dogs. l'la\ m-i'f

ooowt;1" ll.il fll') 'i'&-!1' 1\IIID"

irreconcilable t.c-1> f"7f."!Qa>The two peoples are irreconcilable foes. v-1\11

.1o1111:Y. t.c-1> f"7f.~Q'fa>- mll.f-:Y. <;

"'"'"

irrefutable f"7f.IJ.J:The omnipotenoe of God is irrefutable.

fl\"'IH.l\ildo.C ...fA)'!- f"7f.IJ.J:" )a>irregular
I. P'C'H"! fA1"h1"11. Irregular court prooeedings are invalid. P'C't'l-"1 fA1"h1"11 f
'i'C.J:" 11.'1- 1\0D&-C l\f.I!S9"

2. ih"l at'J'. This noun has an irregular plural.

"" I

il~

ift1

aJ"f"

fo{lft-

cfl:'l'C

J\1\(l)o

3. h1-IIODJI.a>- fm"'. Irregular breathing is

a symptom of a disease. hi"I\OO~m- fro
"' 1\1-H-I..il fOii:J" 9"Ah'l- )a>-

4.

mil) 1Q,

,.tJ

This coin has an irregular edge.

ij:&o.,.h I lDifl I "IQ I f1\C1J I J\{tlDTh_e surface of the ground is irregular. oo

I

~1J I

aJII) I

"IQ

~fl)o

5. 41C'l' 41C'l'. His respiration is irregular

due to shock.h.J:-"!;>m. f1")"1 '1-"14-if.

41C'l' 41C'l' f.IIA

*The student was irregular in class attendance.

1""7/.ID- ' 1\AC: ' hAC: h'i'A 1\f.OD"'f" )0C
irregularity (irregularities) f1"~Q )~C
We will have to even out these irregularities
first. ooJ!oot.f MH.U"! f1"~11- )~I!':Y."!
"7i11"1JhA f.'l"Cil<;A
irrelevant hl\Cl\il'l- a>-"f.'" fll') I f"7f.<':Q
Don't confuse the issue with irrelevant
questions! hl\Cl\il'l- a>-"f.'" 011') (h"7f.t:Q)
'1'14: ' "1-"'\<1 ' h:J-"7:1"
be irrelevant
I. "'1"11')'1- fllfD-9". Some people feel that

European history is irrelevant to Ethiopian

history. 1\"!"'"!.J:- a!P:Y. fl\a>-l!';r :Jot.
h hh.'l-1'-kf :J-t.h ;>C "'1"11')'1- flla>9" f.llll-

irreverent

667

irradiate

2. 1\"'IQil)'f- flla>-9". This proviSion is irrelevant. f.U 1\"1.,.,.. 1\"'IQil)'f- flla>-9"

irreligious ?W'7'l"1" ll.il

His irreligious behavior was censured by all .

?f."7'l"1" llil 1-"'IQ'I- 011-11- H"!.J:" 1").,.1..
irreplaceable 9"'1-h f"7f.~'SII'IHe thinks that he is irreplaoeable. 9"'1-h f"7
f.~'SII'f- f.ODlJII'I'A
irreproachabl e l\"!h"! fll.lla>-

His irreproachable conduct won him the

admiration of the teachers. l\"!h"! fll.lla>-
9""'1Q<I- fil1""7t.IP:Y."! 1\.J:-<;.$'1- 1\1"<':1..11'1irresistible
I. IIDDol/ol/9" f"7f.ii'A. The enemy's attack was
irresistible. fmll'l-"1 '1':1''1- lloool/ol/9" f
"7f.ii'A )0C
2. f"'LJ''i'i. Why do you put an irresistible

dessert in front of me? ll9'"1' f'ot.P~~ "''

"'"'"'LJ' .t.'l- ' 114.-1: :J"il.,.9""111U !
irresolute mll'l'f.

Irresolute persons make poor leaders. mi\1'f.

{li":Y. ' f"7f.t:ll- ' ODt.IP:Y. ' f.ll'<;/1irrespective of 1\f.llf.

Everyone was invited, irrespective of age.

~.J:-"7.

1\f.llf. 11-11- {Ia>- 1";>il!f.A

irresponsibilit y ..,114.)'1- OOH"!;>'IHis irresponsibility cost him his job . ..,114.)1>

') r

OOH1',."J.ob

P~tD-'}

r hfallJm-

irresponsible
I. "'I.J:" filii. His irresponsible driving caused
three deaths. "'I.J:" filii 1\)"'.tl. f'1'il'l- {Ia>-
.,.,. ' l\ilh1"11
2. l\9")1>"! f"7 f. mil-l>. He is an irresponsible
businessman. l\9")1>"1 f"7f.m11<1> );>J'.
)ID"
irretrievable
I. f"7 f.1-IJ. The books destroyed in the library
fire are irretrievable. O:l'mll-a>- fm4-'1- f!l.1"
001\.h'i'-1: ' OOt;"dtC::Y. ' f"7f.1"h- ' <;'l'a>2. f"7f.""llil. Soil washed out into the sea is
irretrievable. :l"'l'fl m1. qa..c tD-ll'f" f'1q
1\I..C f"7f.ODIIlJ )ID"
irreverent 1\hill!''l- f1-1'.11(a>-)

His irreverent attitude towards the Emperor

enraged the courtiers. 01"1-W )~1"1> .t.
"" ' 1\hill!''l- ' f1-JI.IIa>- ' 9""'1QC ' ODI.'f..9"
Qll":l.ll-'ll"l ' 1\<;1'.1'.

irreversible

668

(be) irreversible 11.""1111 1\Y."f-A'I"

Once the combustion of gasoline begins, the
process is irreversible. O.'lrt1" 1 A'l~ oP+IfJ
mAb~OD~oi\.ODfiAI\J'>"foA'I"

irrevocable royy.lfc
The court's decision is irrevocable. ffi:C.e:- 0.
., m-o"t~ royf>lfc ~

irrigate OODA<;" 1\m"'

They are working out a new method for
irrigating the land. OD&.-I>"t OODA<;" noym
"1'1- /\'LA HY. 0""'i'mC liS'> <;'I'm-

irrigation ooA<;
Irrigation enables us to raise three crops a year.
ooAo;" O~OD'J- I"A'l- '1.11. {loy'!"~'!- f
A"f-fl'i'A

The Egyptians have practiced irrigation for

centuries. "MMI<"f- hofl,. H""'i'T ~'1"1!'
OouAo;"' S'>m4'-. ~oc

irritable "'A'i'-1-'0'
The driver is an irritable person 'if.l...ot- "''A
Am-' ~..,.

o;:.,.,.

be irritable
I. "'"' "'"' 1\A. He is very irritable this morning. '1&. IJI.'l- "'"' "'"' oflii-;1-A
2. -1-4'."1. My skin is easily irritable. "'-"~'"
04'1111- S'>4'."1A

irritably OoflA"l"'lHe blasted his hom irritably at every car in

his way. OoflA"l"'l- Oou"t1-'l- liS'> Q.:>m..,.
'J- ' ODh_<;jP"fo IIJ'> 0 11-fl-' fODh_ 'i'tJ>o"t 0 'No"tQ '
O~S'>A H-

irritate
I. 1\0o't..., I 1\'i'AA I I\A4'."1. His remarks irritated me. f(lmm- 1\A-1-ff'l- 1\0o't...,'f
(h'i'AA'f I M4'."1'5)
2. 1\""'i'OI'l. The smoke irritated her eyes.
"1"(1- ' ~S'>S:"t ' 1\""'i'Oo't'l3. I\A4'."1. Harsh soap irritates her skin.
If..<!- ' o'i..,_'i' ' _,.J!'I'"t ' fA4'."1'1'A

irritation ""4'."1'1The boss's irritation disturbed everyone.

fi\A:J>tJ>o OD4'."l'J- 11-1\-"t'l" 1\A.....~.,.
skin irritation fTtl&"' 1 .f.lli
This medicine is not helping my skin irritation.
{1.,.._"1..,. ' .,.JilL ' S'>tJ ou.t:-;)~'1- 1\f,~J!
'5'1"

isolation

irrupt "'" Ll'll'l

The water irrupted through the dike. m-;>m-
"'.e-o-"t "'" ' d.l'll'l

is
I. ~m-. He is a teacher. ~C(lo 1\A-!-oy& ~..,.
2. 1\A. The girl is at the market. A~-1> ~10
f ' 1\A"fo
-ish, expressed in Amharic by a composite verb
This coat is red, but that coat is reddish.
S'>tJ to'!- ' 4'S'> ~m- I "'"t ' f>;'tJ>o to'!- 4'
II ffl ~m-

lslam
1. ~AA'I"'i'. Islam spread in Africa. 01\'i'&,.
ID-A'!' ~AA'I"'i' -1-M-'i';!:A
2. ~M'I". Islam is the religion of Arabia.
fO~IU' Vf,oy<;:,O Mll'l" ~m-

island

~1\'1-

There are several islands in Lake Tana.

"''i' mf>'l> m-A'I' ofl,. ~1\.P."fo 1\11-

isolate
1. hfl.ll A'i'& Af. Lack of communications
isolated the town. roo1<;'0' ~fll'l- h.,..,..,.
"t ' hfl.llm- ' A'i'<!- ' AfiD2. hfl.ll-"fo Af. The lack of a telephone isolated
me. AAh "'"'"" hfl.ll-"f- flf'f
The scientist isolated the virus of the common

cold. o'tY."t-I:A-1> 1'"1-"tof.)."t iif>~A hfl.ll-'ll

{lfm3. AS'>+ 1\A-1-'0'. The hospital isolated contagious cases. lf'A-r::;J-11- -1-11111. O'li;J- ff
'l'l'm-"t l'lSI'"fo A,..,_ 1\A-1-'0'

isolated (adj.) 1AA-!-'O'

The house is built on an isolated spot. 0.-1>
1AA-!-'O' ll;J- liS'> -1-u>C;!:A
be isolated
1. hfl.ll-'ll T1AA. The sick children were
isolated. f;J-oo .... 'J- .ht'i''l- hfl.ll-'ll -1-1
All2. hfl.ll-'ll -1-~mfl. Some of our units have
been isolated by enemy forces.l\"t-'l"t.e- ftD;J~c h'i'll-!1'-f"t Omll'l- ~S'>A hfl.ll-'ll
.,.~"'fl"'" ~oc

isolation
I. Aoflil' "'"lf'"t. He prefers isolation to being
with other people. hfl.ll-:f :>C bou4'114'A
J'>A'I> floflif' ' ODif'"t"t J'>ODC"'A

2. f"""..,AA HI.. Isolation is used in treating

issue

item

669

contagious diseases. -1-'1'1.1. R1i;l-l":f1 ll"'l

bll" R"'l"'liA HI. Jl.m-1'"'111-

issue (vt.)
I. Of..ll. They issued food and clothing to the
refugees. ll/1.<'.-1-'l''li ?""'il'i" Ailil Of..ll2. 11w"'. The government issued a denial
regarding the arrest of the ambassador.
!Ill 1111"QIIf..~ ou;J-{IC OD1"1P''J- "'Ill
-1-QR.f 11fD"'
The government issued a new coin. oP1"1JP
'1- 11>1.11 ~1Hil 11fD"'
The company issues an illustrated magazine.
b-Q1.f1D" P'b'l'l! ODI\'d.'J- J'ID"'A
3. lim. Only the government can issue
passports. fJI.ll'i' mt.++ ll.ll'l' f"'l.:fA
""1"1.1""'1- ill!' ~ ....
4. -1-4-. The crater issues smoke. flVt-1- ~.,..:.
lD" 11'1' "l"il JI.-1-4-A
Issue (vi.)
I. ID"'. Pus issued from the wound. OD"'A b
411111- ID"'
2. oa)"'-. Cold water issues from the mountain
spring. +11:1'~ ID";) h-1-6-6-ID" P'C J&ou
~"'iA

trans.) # . +smoke issued from the

crater. l?.<'t-1- ~'1"6-ID" 11'1' "l"il J&Tof.A
4. -1-~"f. Victory issued from our efforts.
R'l't.;l-:f-1 ' 1:A ' -1-~"f
3. ( =

be issued aJIIJ

During the President's illness, a medical

bulletin was issued daily. T<I.IV11.f> R;J-ou
OD 1.11. fm.1~;1-:ftJ>o _.,ll"'i Rf-1').
J/.ID"' ~RC
[See also 'decree']

issue (n.)
I. l'.'l-11". I have not read the last issue.
fOD<Uot.lftJ>o1 l'.'J-11" 11'1~Rilb-'l-11"
2. MJI.. They debated the issue in parliament.
;rc'l"'l ID"il'l' RMI' -1-bil-b~R'I3. 11btl-l"t<l '1--'IJ/.. New paving is an issue in
our town. Rb-i""'!l-1 ID"il'l' ""1~1: ..,
"'il-'1- 11bil-tt<l MJI. ~..,.
4. ID"tD.'I-. Wewillhavetoawait the issue of the
hattie before we can do anything. 111-'l:f ~~
C b"'IY:t.;J:f-1 R.I.'!- ftJ>o1..ftJ>o1 ID"tD.'I-
ouma~ 11lli11
S. ou~;J-t.ll.J'. I do not want to make an issue
of it. J/.U11 ou~;J-t.ll.J' 'lf..C~ID" 11A.l..A"'II"
6. HC. My uncle died without issue. 11'11: .I'll
HC 111.11.

at issue 1"1"1C f"'l.f..l."'R'I- '1-'IJ/.

At issue is the power of the state to control
a person's life. 1"1"1C f"'l.f..t."'R'I- MJI. ou
1"1.1""'1- f{ltJ>o1 ).1!' 11.4L"'mC f"'l.:fAR'I-

P'A"'1 ~ ....
the day of Issue ftDIIJO+

I bought many stamps on the day of issue.

amm-a+ +1 ill!- -t:ll"iil!':f ~~11take issue with +?mOD

The students took issue with the proposaJ.

-1-"'l<ll"'li f-l'l.RID"1 oh<'til -1-:i'ID..,.

isthmus
it -ID", -+

A<'t~

11"1:C

I cannot do it. l'.~ 'lf..C~ID" 11A:fAll"

They cannot do it. Mil- ll..l'f..C'I-'1- 11JI."'fll-11"
*That's it! 1'.1>1..1' ~ ....
It Is~..,.
It is six o'clock. OF&- 1 o-tt-+ 1 ll"+ \otJ)o
it was 'i'OC

Who was it? It was Jobn. "'11

RC

~RC l ]0 ~

Italian
I. 11.."11\..1'1. There are many Italians in
Ethiopia. 11..'1-l'"k.l' tJ>oil'l' ill!- 11.."111.
.l''l':f 11112. 11.."11\..1'1.,.. I studied Italian last year.
Qli.C.ID" ~oo'J- 11.."111..1'1,. T"'!Cil-

ltaly h.."'A.f~l 11.."111..1'

itch (vt.) b-llb-ll
His wool shirt always itches him. (}-ij: 1 ifCJII.It'
11-A1.11. Jl.h-lllt'li'PA
itch (vi.)
I. 11<'tbb. The wound itches. 411111- .l'<'thttA
2. b-l'lb-ll. The shirt itches. if"'l.H- J&h-illt'
ItA
3. 'i'i. He is itching to get his hands on her

money. fj).1

~1Hil

ll"'l"'"f'l- Jl.'i'iA

itch (n.) l'.hh

Any itch can be cured by applying this powder.
"'11,.....11" l'.hh RII.U OD1::>t+ J/.J':<;A
have an itch to m11t&o. 'r"F+ 1\1\111He has an itch to fly. 11fDoi!'T'I1 liDP1.11'1-
m1ttil- 11"'1''1- 11lltJ>o

item
I. l'.:i'. We do not carry that item. JI.U11 l'.
:" 0 11<;iiOD"'II"
2. h'i'A. The first item on the program is a

670

itemize

native dance. RTC""/&-DD- 1\Y. YiltD- foo)>;

OD6YID- ' h'i'A ' ilm.&-'1! ' "1!'4.&- ' tm-

3. t1c. How many items are on that bill?

.b.ltfl- 1\Y. lrt'l- t1C':f il'i'<:'I'A ?
4.

m~.

Did you see the item in the paper?

tD<I,ID-'t ' .;JH."' ' 1\Y. ' hf'litD- 1

5. .,.&- 41'l'C. I don't understand tbe wording
of item no. 3. R.,.&- 41'l'C ,...,,. 1\Y. f
"'1.1'ftD- hl\1\'i' hA11J'tll"
Item by item (leD-A 1 llCD-1\He enumerated tbe merchandise item by item.
f't"'JI.'t >.? RID-A tltD-11- H<:H<:

itemize
I. H<:H<:. He itemized the changes he wants
made. >.'tii.J'.<:.,. f"'1.4.A:>'ftD-'t {ltD-tp:f
H<:H<:
2. 11C'IIC 1\4.. He itemized tbe bill for tbe
books. fODII.ft'i'T't 'I':> 11C'IIC 1\4.
iterate
I. !l.:>1"". The teacher iterated his request
that there he silence. OD9"tJ'I- 11'1';1- >.'tii.J'.
<:"1 !l.:>"''l" mf4'
2. S'.:>"''l" hll;J-ro4'. It is necessary to iterate
tbe instructions. oo9"6Yl":f't S'.:>"''l" .,ll
;r-ro:,O Yll4.A.:>A
itinerant .,.H'I''I'6

A troop of itinerant musicians came to town.

of'H'I''I' 6 fDD-fi.:J" '\S'.' h_,.., 1il;I:A

ivy
itinerary
I. .,.~. His itinerary was interrupted by a
railway strike. RIJII-C "'ilY "'&-i''l':f h
S'.'., 9"h't y:,. .,.~.,. _,.9/Ct!JA
2. f.,.~ 11C'IIC """'il"'i. I do not know the
Emperor's itinerary yet. f'}.,..IP 1 ~1P"i11 = f
.,.~ ' 11C'IIC ' OD"/il"'i ' 1.. ' hl\tD:,OtJ-'1-11"
itself il.!l'tD-'t

The frame itself is worth more than the picture.

IIP'bil-

.eo=.:,.

h4.4- ilil'tD-'t ftlilm

'1':> ' /;{ltDby itself

""II."

I. OtD-/1>. The car won't stop by itself.

tD- OtD-/1> hf./1>11"9"
2. &-11-'t :fll-. This cannot stand by itself.
&-11-'t ' :fll- ' hf./1>9"9"

In itself
I. &-11-. Card playing is not harmful in itself.
IJC;I- ""'1';1-CJJo ' &oil- 1)( hf.S'-119"
2. il.!l'tD-'t. That in itself is not important.
t1'1- ' il.!l'tD-'t ' 'I':> ' f i l -

ivory f111l''t 'I'Cll

This box is made of ivory. Y.tJ "''l''t h111l''t

'I'Cll f_,.,.&- tmivy .h<:"'

The walls were covered with ivy.

.h<:"' _,.lf'i''l" tRC

..,..(-..,~m-

jab
1. tD;J. He jabbed me with a fork. Oif.IJ t;J'"I
2. -t-1111. The doctor jabbed the needle into
his arm . .hll..,.. oPC.C.m-"t llti'IJI. ilf.
-t-lllltD3. 1-ifoo. He jabbed his elbow into my ribs.
'1-k"t OhC). 1-ifoP'"!
jack h6h
When you change the tire, use a jack to lift
your car wheel off the ground. 1"7 h'l-.,.f.C
ooiJ.'i'tJ"t 11"7"t"''l- Dh.&h -t-m.,.?"
jackai.,.OI!'
The jackal hunts kids . .,.01!' f'i'fA "'.c\111:f"t ' f!:'i'A
jackass (n.)
1. tJ'.A htJf. The jackass brays very loudly.
tl'.A htJ.I' 0"1?" ' .l''i'4-A
2. AA11. Some jackass ran into my parked car.
h"t!: AA11 fol'oo:f ooiJ.'i'\L"t 1"'1'1jacket 11'11.'1He wears a jacket instead of a coat.
"t:J- 11'11.'1- f.II1111A

ott+

jade [11'1."1 '1.'1' f"''.J'11\"'A m"tlJ.!- fiiO

.: ' /:"t,;Jf.]

jagged
1. aJIIJ 1fl. On the map, the coast has a jagged
outline. OIJC:J- (l.:J-f. ffJ.h'l- m.:'i'
WllJ

jam

671

jab

1fl

.:J-CK'

}\{liD"

2. fl!"ll. We cut our bare feet on the jagged

rocks. fll"l\m- !:"t;Jf. IJP..m-"t l\"1&-:f"t
"t ' .,..:m
Jaguar [OoolJIIM'm- h"''.&IJ f"'/.1'"1 hhL
6 f JI.C !:oP'I-]
jail (v.)

M.:

The government jailed everyone who was

suspected of theft. .,...,..,_,....., 0/1.11)'1- f
-t-mt:m'l-'1-"t rNr hilt:
jail (n.)
1. l\h.!-'1-. He was sentenced to six months
in jail. h!:h'l- tDC l\11.!--l- -1-.1..:1'.0'1-

2. l\hC IL'I-. The police kept him in jail for

three months. ?'1\.h 1\!Ph'l- me l\hC
IL'I- hol'fm3. rout IL'I-. What is the name of the Addis
Ababa jail? .I'JI.h hOIJm- rout IL'I- h
.,.. Mf:)m-1
land in jail ~tiC r

o.+ 1Q

Wenearlylanded injail.l\hC IL'I- A"t11J )0C

jailer ftDtJ\ M:W
The jailer released the prisoners.
:If" ' l\ht:'l''li"t ' {\.,..,.

rroutm-

hiJ

jam (vt.)
1. rolf.,.. He jarmned a stick in the door to
keep it from closing. 0'1- l\"t-'1!!-H;J ~"t=
mif.,.n+
He jarmned all his clothes into one
2.
suitcase. A1l(l=ti1- IJ-fto r Q"} s: r ?f1ollJ m-It

r '

to=.,..
.... to=.,.

3. .t.='i').,.. Cars jammed the parking lot.

""ll.'i'9''1i foPoi'"''.J'm-"t P;.l ,t,,;g,'i'H<'I4. .,.t:m.l.. +He jarmned his finger in the door.
0'1- "1-l>"t ' .,..:m.l.m5. H;J. A pebble jammed the motor. '1"-t-'1-"t
mmC H;Jm-

jam (vi.) )IJII

The window has jammed; I cannot open it.
oPhl>-1> ' th(l.A i All'i'+tD- I hA:fA'I"
be jammed

1. -1-nJRR. The corridors were jarmned by

crowds of schoolchildren. oP-J-111\4-.I'm- O-t"7.&9':f 11q'l- -t-"111 )DC
2. -!-.,..:.,..:. The ship was jarmned between
two rocks. oocll!l Rv-11'1- hl\ofo:f oolJII
A ' -1-.,.t:.,..::f
jam (n.)
1. "7CoPii:J-. Waiter, please pass me the jam!
hlli14. I "7CoPfi:J- h?"nJA'"!
2. oo-t-4-.1."1 1 """"'i')li-. The concurrence of
three large highways causes traffic jams.
f!Ph'l- ' :J-ilii:J> ' htD-.!- ' oP"t1P..:f ""1'i'l'l- '
f'l-.!-4-h oP-J-4-.1."1 ' (""""'i'):J>) .1'-.1.'1'.!-/A
An accident caused a traffic jam. hl'.,;Jm-
-l-~11-"t ' H;J

janitor mt-1.
Call the janitor and have him clean up this
mess ! m&-1.lD-1' mc+u f..U"J"J .,. ;r;r 11
iltnC"I,..
January 'I'C

Japanese
1. l'll':r"J lim-. My friend is Japanese. 'IS'.'f
I

f)f:r1'

walk with jaunty steps 71.f.,..t;~~1 T&-ODJ'..

The happy boy walked with jaunty steps.
fof-.1'.1'1-!-IJlo A"j!", ),.fof-<!1<!1 of-cl-ODS'.

javelin tnc
He [is the best javelin thrower. ho-11-11" f'l
.,. I

Japanll'rt

"'

jeopardize

672

janitor

(laJo

~(Do

2. fll';r"J !ln!l/. Last year I studied Japanese.

IJI\A..ID- qoo:,. fll';r"J !1/")!1/ -1-"'/Chjapanese (adj.) l'll'rt
The Japanese trade mission visited Ethiopia.
l'll':r"J ' l'"t"IS'."" ODA),.hof-'l':f. ll..+f"A"rt

.,.a-,

j ar Uarred), vt.
1. M:J-~4'. Your heavy footsteps jarred my
table. ~J'.II'fm- ht:"7oo.t:-tJ mt:A.~\L"J
M:J-~4',.

2. hiJ>o h.l'.t:1. The news jarred him. H.<;m-

hiJ>o h.l'.t:11J>o
jar (vi.)
1. of--""'" We did not get on well together;
our opinions always jarred. hA-1-"IIJIJ")!I" ! m
IIIJ:f."J ill!- 1.11. of-_,..._
2. 1\.tn.'l' hi\. The brakes jarred as the car
stopped. oo!J.<;IJ>o 1\.4'11" '1'<1.). 1\.tn.'l' hi\
jar one's nerves ll+mm
The children's screams jar my nerves. fA]({-
=1i:,. ,l'.il4''1'tn'fA
jar (n.)
1. "71'1~. We keep the potatoes in a jar. .t:-"J'Ii
., "71'1~ IJ>o/1'1' ),.<;'l',!.1\")
2. nil. Put a label on the jar! 1"Jfl1J>o 1\,1'.
?"Ah+ 1\'l''l'a+
3. "7/14'ou-. He put the flowers in a glass jar.
haiJl"'fi") ailC"i"+m- "7/14'00- IJ>oil'l'
h'l't.'I'IJ>o
jargon AI< !ln!l/
The thieves have their own jargon. 11\.fl<li f &-IJ
'I'IJ>o AI< !ln!l/ hl\'1',..
jaundice flll'i' a11;.tHe has a bad case of jaundice. OD'J'f:: flll'i'
a11;.1- J'.fi;.I-A
jaunty lnm'f
She wore a jaunty little hat. +"J11 ll")m'f
IJC)."' h.I'."C;>II:f.

tJlC

BJC.,.6

)liJo

jaw "7"J1"i"'l
The punch broke his jaw. lttn.IJ>o "7"J1"i"'l
m-1' hmll+tDjawbone ,..,_,_,
Samson killed many people with a donkey's
jawbone. It?"{>") ahtJ,I' oo");>;> ill!-
(ldJoo I 1S'..A
jaywalk
*You are not allowed to jaywalk. hiJ>ot.
<;IJ>o") ,1'11"7!1/t:""iiJlo "7!1/t:'l' hJ'.A..4'S'."AtJ?"

.,.'I

jealous
1. 4'<;-1-'f. Be careful, her husband is jealous.
of-m")4':,0 I IJ!I.. 4'<;-1-'f ~,.
2. f"7,1'/I~IJ. The dog was a jealous guardian of
the child. IJ>olfm- A)I:"J M,I'II~IJ tniJ

-t

~ac

be jealous
1. 4'<; ! of-ou4'"f. She's jealous because you
have a new coat. h'l./1 t>+ Ml\11 4'")
;.1-ll:f. (of-oo:,O'S;.t-1\:f.)
2. of-m~4'4'. He is jealous of his good name.
1111 II... a"'?" J'.tn~4':J-A

jealousy :,0<;+
He is eaten up with jealousy. :,0<;:,. hi'IA/111;.1-A
jeer (v.)
1. "14'(a+). The children jeered at the new
student's mistake. A)('li IJ'I.II- -1-"76 /l.ft

-!-+'..,.,.a..,.
2. ""'1i(a+). The crowd jeered at the losing
team. of-ODAIJ'fl ' .ft11il ' aof-if<;,r. ItS'."")

""'1ia+
jeer (n.) fd..11 ..,:,.
The children's jeers stabbed Tom to the heart.
fA)('Il f411 ..,:,. I f.,.,.., I II"'&T I .,..'! ....
jeopardize
I. h"'""'"- I will not jeopardize my chances.
~.(-{1,") I hl\ ....<;"1'1'!1"
2. IJS'.;> 1 1\J'. 1 "'ll. He jeopardired his life.
.ft_l'.lll.,.") I IJS'.;> I 1\J'. I 11)1\

673

jeopardy

jeopardy f"l.f{I;J rH;JA fireman's life is often in jeopardy. f"ll+

hf.:J -1-hiii!Y. a.r.m+ ilfl" "I.H. O"l.f
(I,;J ~~-~,. 1\Y. )(Do
jerk O'i!T)'I- 1:J- 1 O'i!'l')'l- 110

He jerked the reins to make the horse stop. L

Ut") 11"7-f'l"

A~DD<")

O'i!'l')'!- 1:l'

He jerked a signal cord to make the train

stop. qo-~ "1.")-'l..f'l" f'I"Ah'l- OOil""iaJo")

(1")(111'1- 0'1!'1')'1- 110
jerk along ~f+"t1&J.1Q;a. 'tF.
The bus jerked along. haJo-I'R-11- "l.f-J-")1""i1

....

~~

jerk (out of) oo)..,.,.

She jerked the book out of his hands.

do#-") h"h)l: 00) ...

.,.;-r...,.

jerk (n.), with a ~ q'l'

The sleeping man awoke with a jerk.
(l(l)o\L q'f -J-)"1

""~

r+~m-

*The train started with a sudden jerk.

Q(K.

(1,)"1 -f-")1""i1 ...

jest (v.) loJ.H
It is not proper to jest about a serious matter.
0.,.9" )1C 1\Y. "7411 -l-10. hf-~119"
jest (n.) +Af:
His jests do not amuse me. +AP..'6 hfl""'
'S9"
I said that only in jest. II+Af: fAll-+
)(Do

jester h"'l'l':f
The jester entertained the court with his
performance. lo""i'l''6 "lll.aJo") 0'1-C"I.f-'1-
M~fl-1-

jesuit h.fll-11'1!
There are many Jesuits in Canada. IJ<;JI aJoil
.,. ilfl" h.fll-llaJof") f-1'1/\'
jet
I. n-A:,.;J-. A jet of water spurted from the

fountain.
-1-m.:m.:

rm-~

'

(toA.}o;J-

hM""

m-It~

2. )':+ haJoC"J'I\"). Ethiopian Air Lines imported some jets recently. fh.'l-f-kf lofC
""")1f: o:,.co- T-1!'1- 1:+ haJol!"l'l\'l'
:f ' hilOO"J

job
jewel
I. fhO.: f:");Jf. I.C'l'. There are many jewels
on Theodore's crown. 0-l:l"f:l!'ll HaJof: II
f. ilfl" fhO~ f:");Jf. I.Ctn:f hi\'
2. '}f."). His new secretary is a jewel. lo-'1.!1.

"'"'"'"'" .,,.

")

.-;:,.

jeweler lo")'J't:'1
The jeweler is fixing my ring. h")'J't:'1m- 4'11
n'l- Y.ov&-A'1A
jewelry '1"1'1'1'
His wife likes to exhibit her jewelry. "l.ll1: 'l
"''ltp.") "711f'l- '1-m'lll:f
jewish floY.v-P..:f
The Jewish holiday is on Saturday. flof.v-P..:f
(1")0'1- :,.J;"'L )mjibe -1-;Jmoo l i-1"1moo! -J-ll"7"7
Their stories do not jibe. fi-'i1~+ hf.;Jm'l"
9" (loM"'m'/"9" I loY.ll"7"79")
jiffy, in a ~ 0-1'11I will be there in a jiffy. 0-1'11- "l.oo"JIIIIjig, dance a ~ ""'IL oo;JHe danced a jig, he was so happy.
-J-)"1 ' ""'IL ' ao;J-

~ll;J-

jiggleM:J-H
Don't jiggle my arm while I am holding a glass
full of water. fl-RC"f1'.f OOoh- m-;) ~11:
111111- "h)':") h:J'):J""):,.
jilth'l
When he lost his job, she jilted him. hl"&-m-
(l,fllmm-+ M:fmjingle (vt.) lo"):J-..,11
He jingled his keys .,.Af::'6") lo"):J-..,11
jingle (vi.) -1-:,...,11..,11
The bells jingled. :J-"1"11-'6 -1-:,.""ll""iljingle (n.) .,.,...,A
We heard the jingle of the bells. f~m~ oo
:J"""A ' (1"7")
jittery, feel ~ -1-lfO.:
I feel jittery before every examination. hl.-1-'i
0.1.'1- 11-A"J.H. "hlf0&-1111job
I. 1"&-. He is out of a job right now. loll-")
I"&- f llm-9"
It is quite a job to clean the cellar. 'l"f:C IL1:
") "7~.11'1- hqf: 1"&- )m-

..

It is not my job to tell him that.

-1~~ ' f~ ' P' &- ' hf.S'./1'1"

joint

674

jobless

rn '

/1(1- '

2 . .,..,fJC. The regulation of trade is the job

of the Ministry of Commeroe. 1"1Y:1 "'"""!
me f1"1.1:" "'UlW:C -t-"lf!C )fD<
3. ~1C. It was an awful job to convince her.
l'.C!).1 ' "7"1flfl-l> 1.~"1 ' hll'l';H. )~C '
)flC
[See also 'pretty']
jobless/"&- .1.'1There are large numbers of jobless people in
the city. 11hof-"7fD< fD</1'1' -1111" P'&- .1.-fo
"'1- ' Alljockey [fou"lioJ>.IIS'."'LJ' .l.t.i:'":f-1 f"'L:JA-11
fill ....I']

Dedesa joins the Nile. fl.l.il 1111 h<)fl

f. ' ;>C f.oJ>IIoJ>'IA
The brook joins the river. :-E-~-1: hm")~ ;
Mf!A
6. h--- :>C of-'1'11). His farm joins mine.
"7ilfD< h~fl>o ;>C f.'f'{t<;"A
7. f-- hfJA II'). He wants to join our club.
fhflfJ":f-1 hfJA /loull'1 f..I.A:>A
*My wife joins me in thanking you for the
gift. fJ/10.-1:'1" M'l" 1111 lltn;J-fD< M'ou
11"11?111
join (vi.)
I. -1-~o;f. Tbe roads join outside the city.
(LA 001~1'-,; f.~<;>,'/1hh-!-"7fl>o
2. -1-flfll.. They joined in a plot to oust him.
l'.C(l-1 hP'A"'1 /1"7fD<l.S'." flh.S'.-"7 of-f!

ID"'

11~

jocose foJ>AS'."
Jocose talk is not proper in church. 110.-t- he
ll-t:n ..,.11.,. foJ>AS'." M:nc ~IL to
f.S'./1'1"
jocular
1. oJ>As>.>,'. A jocular person is needed to make
the party lively. :rC-t:fD<1 11"7.1:-0D:,O oJ>AA
>,' (tfl>o fll.I.A:>A
2. f .1..11. I made a jocular reply to his question.
ll'l'f"'"'" f.!..11 ooAll llmo-'1jocund "14::1"
Everyone likes the jocund old man. 11-11-'1" "'
4:;f-fD<1 ' 11"7"1/1. ' J/.t/1.;1-A
jog (jogged) )I) hS'.l.~
She jogged his elbow to get his attention.
.hillt-1 /100"7/.h hCI-1 )It hS'.t.~":f-..,.
jog along 'ltYH1011 '/,1..
The old horse jogged along. f t."f..fD< .t.l.ll l'.

'"~"" ' '/,.F.

join (vt.)
1. M"'mou. How do you join these two parts?
Mtl.ll1 11-11'1- h'i'll-"'1'- 1.11.'1- h"l'l'
"7lf1'/IU 1
2. hll-1-illlt.. The priest joins the couple in
marriage. 4:(1- ...711!',;1 11:>-llil' f/1-1illl&-A
3. """~Go now! I will join you later. ho-1 'f.
.1:" i l'.~ ' fl:.\'1 ' l',OD"J/1114. h-111!''1- '/,.F.. He joined us when we went
to the library. mY. 0.-t- ""ll..n'l''l- /11'/,..1:"
h-111!'1 ' '/,.F.
5. h--- :>C #'loJ>/1 l h--- ~fl. The river

3. -1-lt'i-f. II'). Why doesn't Tom join in the

conversation? -fo9" flfD<J/.f.-1> 'If. -t-lt4-f.
f.,f.ll')fl>o ' 11'1"1.1:-)fl>o!
be joined -t-~<;1
The two lakes are joined by a narrow channel.
11-11-1< .hf-4'"'1'- flmfl-11 Mm. f.~<;>,'/1join (the) army 11/DC 11&-'1!'1- fD</1'1' -t-+
ml. I t;f-F.C)'f- ~fJ
A physical examination is a preliminary to
joining the army. OtnC ll&-lf!+ m-llT (lao
oJ>mC (t:f"S'.C)'f- /IOD"IfJ'f-) fi}A 9"
coo&- o:,OS'.-"7.1 f.F.l.:>A

join forces +lin~

We joined foroes to defeat the proposal.
foJ>l.flfD<1 ' "'""' ' ....~ ' 11"7.1:-l."l ' of-'1111:1
join hands
1. l'.~ Ill'.~ -1-ffH. The children joined
hands to form a large circle. A;l(,; 1.~ II
l'.~ ' -1-ff.UfD< '1-A:,O hfl-11 "'~
2. -1-flflt.. The two companies joined hands
to finish the work. 11-11-1> h-'11 19'"'1- P' &-fDo
1 ' /IOD<U,G/1 ' of-flfl~
join together ~~}IJII
They joined together to pull the truck out
of the mud. f"'.")'f- ou!J..<;fD<1 h"'l":l'fD<
fl>o/1'1' ' 11.,....,.,'1- ' of-l..ll/1.

joint (n.)
l. <)1\":,0. The finger joints are swollen by
the disease. fa.t-1> <)11"4'"'1'- hl11i;J-fD< fof-)
"' h-llm'I'A
2. h1'1 I <)11":,0. He pierced the joints of the
bamboo to make a pipe. -loll /lfiPP' &-'1- f
oJ>C:I'"JifD<1 h1'19':f- (<)11"4':f-) Oil

3. oo~IIJm"'''. All my joints ache. OD~IIJm"''..l'

9''Ji't I 0 ....1\- I f,4'.t:'J'OD'fol\
The joints in this chair are coming apart.
fiUJ di9"0C ov~IIJm"''..l' fl.il.l'f. tmbe out of joint

I. ml\4'. My finger is out of joint. IIJ-1: mA!tA

2 . .,.,..mll. The times are out of joint. "LH.CD- .,.

,......

journey

675

joint

jolt
I.

h't~""'i~""

The old bus jolted us as it

went over the stony road h.(!'").w- h.BJotf-fl11 ' Rlo<:to't:f ' OD')~.I:"' 11.1'..1:"' RIIJ9" ' h't~"'i
~Q;I,')

2. l\Mt~m. His sudden death jolted

.l:"'t~T'f l\".7.".7.-1> hMt~m't

us.

~~.,.

joint (adj.) f;J&-

They came up with a joint communique.

f;J&- 00"/il""'i t.mm-

jostle ~'i'fo l\11~11

The crowd jostled him into the bus. ih11R-
~'i'fo I )\..,..,.11-(1. I tJJoii'J' I l\il111CDjostle each other 1"14-of..

The children were jostling each other in order

jointly f?&-('fm-)
The two boys own the boat jointly. illl-11-1> A
](.f )';AIICD- f;J&-'I'tJJo ttJJo
joist l\Cii<MI
The joists of the floor are hewn from logs.
fmilll- 1\Cii&-P:f h"l't .1:" fTm<:R- <;'I'mjoke (v.) h<(.H
He joked about his misfortunes. llil~<:llR'I-
ooh&- l\<(.H
*This time I'm not joking. ho-'tll 4'AY..'t

to see the parade. A)>:'Jl llAf.'t 11"7f'l.e~<f.f. toe

jot (n.) ~'tiiJ'IThere is not a jot of truth in it. h't-'1.'1-9"

fl\m-t'l- ~'tiiJ'I- fil:fR'I-9"
jot down
I. ~1.. Please jot down his address! l\.1:"&-"lfm,. I

Kfi;

2. 0"711;1-m"/f .I'H. The clerk jotted down the

order. h7f7f"" '1-l\qlf-'t 0"711;1-m"lf .I'H

hf,~l\9"

joke (n.) 4'A.I:"

I have heard that joke hefore. 4'A.Il.'t hti.U
0.1.'1- ' ll9"'11'1'illlHe cannot take a joke. 4'A.I:" hf,~lltJJo9"
play a joke (jokes) on T"'idiT(R'I-) I 4'~
I played a joke on him by putting a balloon
full of water on his chair. Om9"R-I- 'If. h
't.l:" ' .1.':' ' "'"=' ' 'I"A'fi ' R"7{l4'0D'J' I T""'i
m'I-IJ.R'IHe likes to play jokes on!people. RlltJJo 'If,
DD4'il.l:" ' f,di/4A
[See also 'butt, target']
joker4'~'f

That joker is always playing tricks on people.

.I' 4'A~'f ilrt- "1.11. Rll9':f f,"'im;I-A
joking 4'A.I:"
All joking aside, I want my money. 4'A.Il. 4'
Cfo I 1'tHO.'t ' 1\I.A?illljolly
I. ~llT'1. A jolly person is always laughing.
~IIT'f I {ltJJo I IJ-ol\"1.11. ' ,.,..,..,.
2. f~ll:l". Christmas is a jolly season. ~<; f~
11;1- I "J.II. I tCD-

journal
I. ODX".h.'l-. The archaeologists publish a journal. hCh.9'11-i[M':f ODX".h.'l- .f'aJIIJII2. "7ll:l"m7f. He keeps a journal of the day's
happenings. ff4').'t .I:"C"Lfo:f 0"711;1-m
if ' f,f,qA
journalist ?H.m'f
He is a journalist in the Ministry of Information. 0"711;1-moJ:.I' 1 "'U:.II-I:C CD-{l'J' ;JH.m'1 1
ttJJo
journey (v.) -MH
We journeyed through the desert for miles.
RR<:YtJJo I CD-{l'J' ' ilrt- ' "Yf.A I -M11't
journey (n.)
1. oo')~.l:". They started their journey at dawn.
"t.ft I /1.4'.1:" 1 OD')~J:" I )';OD-12. "l-11. The journey from here to Gondar is
now an easy one. hti.U l\llh .,.'t~ 1 f
~<;~CD- I "J-11 I )\l)o') I 4''\ol\ I tCD*They set forth on a journey around the world.
'tiiM 1\0DIIC Tt,...
go on a journey i"=lH

We are going on a journey to Addis Ababa.

dl~ I l\-'1.11 I l\011 I OD'\q:f't I tCD-

judg(e)me nt

676

jovial

make a journey "/J. I T~H

They made a journey to the desert. <S'. O<:V
~ ' (.,."If")
jovial S'.ll.,.:;'
His jovial attitude shows he has no worries.
S'.ll.,.';' oo.r). illl"i"'l- 7-'JS'./1.110'1- Y
ltYA

joy S'.ll;t-

She was beaming with joy. OS'.II;t- iJq')-

.&.;1: YO.!- )OC

be a joy S'.ll hll

This book is a joy to read. Y.IJ OOK'dt'i'

Hl-'1- S'.ll Y.IIA

(lJ

I f"''...'IIS'.II'lHave you heard the joyful news? The war is

over! h!IS'.It'li'J "'" li'I".,.VA ! tDCH h0.4"
The advent of spring is a joyful occasion.
f'IJ'.Y. on'/""1'1- f"''..YIIS'.II'l- w:,O'l- )fD-

joyful MS'.It:f

joyless S'.ll;t- f/1.110'1-

These unfortunate children have a joyless

home. fMILIJ ~Y:II 0.11 A]f.:f l'-1:
S'.ll;t- ' f/1.110'1- ' )fD-

joyous f"''..YIIS'.II'l-

The Emperor's return was a joyous occasion.

fi"I-P' )~P'-1> ODODI\11 ' f"''..YIIS'.II'l- '
ro:,O'l- )OC

jubilance .l.'tm11Y

The jubilance of the crowd was boundless.

fih11!1- .l.'tm11Y <li'J hA)Ot:fD-l/"

jubilant OS'.II;t- f.,.'l'm

Jubilant crowds celebrated the victory. OS'.II;t-

l'.,.'l'mfD- ih1til fY:tr't 01A hhO<:
be jubilant .,.S'.ll.,. l .I.)S'..,. l ont.'l- mOOfDHe was jubilant when he found he had passed
1.11. .,.
the exam . .,_.,..,...,.., "'1114-'t
S'.ll.,_ (.!.)$'..,. I oat.'l- mOOfDo)

q,..,.

jubilee h.I'"O.AI'

The jubilee of the coronation takes place next

year. fHfDoY; 01/A h.I'"O.AI' f"''..OO"J
fD- , 1oo'1- Y..r"A
Jubilee Palace h.I'"O.AI' 0..,. OD'J"'P''lThe Emperor's residence is the Jubilee Palace.
f't"!-P' )~P'-1> oou.y h.I'"O.AI' 0..,_
OD'J"'P''l- o )fDo

judge (vt.)
I. 'i'CY: lim. God judges all men. 7-"'llhil
do.C 011-11- llfDo IIY. 'i'CY: Y.li"'A

2. "1'1"'1- "'ll. Don't judge him too harshly!

MY: "'ll"'l- h'l-"'AO'l3. oolll\(fDo), I judge that you had forgotten
the time. 1.11.fDo't f<:ltiJ y.ooiiii:;'A
How tall do you judge him to be 1 .,,.,., ?"
., ' YIJA ' J'.ODIIAVA!
judge (vi.)
I. .I.<:S'.. After the judge heard the whole
case, he judged against the plaintiff. J!:;'fDo )
~~., 11-11- IJJ!oom 0:\11 Ohltlf. IIY.
.1.<:$'.
2. fDo/tl'. lim. I have heard the evidence and
will judge accordingly. oo<;)l'fDo't llll"il'llu-.,
7-'JS'. ' S'.'J(I- ' fDo/t).fDo'J ' 7-ll"'l\113. .,.<:-'!. I judge from his manner that he
doesn't like me. 7-'JS'."''Y.<S'.'f hu-l'.;t-fDo
.,.<:J!u4. hll.,.'l'll. He judges with great perspicacity.
Oii~IJ AIW Yll.,.fD-11/A
5. 100.... I never judge by appearance. 'i'l\.
?" OooAh .I\A1ll"'l-?"
*To judge by his face, he is not very enthusiastic.
(IJI''l- 0"1'1" f"" hY.ooii{A'I"

judge (n.)

'~"'

When is the judge going to pass sentence?

J!:;'fD- 'i'CY: f"''..llmfDo oo=r: )fDo !
The judges awarded his picture first prize.
J!'l''li ' llll- ' P'~A ' Y"JS'.:;')')- ' 'liA"'''l- '
lim*He is a good judge of horses . .1.<:11 oo?"<:
'I' YfDo.4"A
Judges onft<;:'t'lThe Era of the Judges follows the Solomonic Restoration. fooltt;:1'.:'f- Hoo1' hlld-'l"'l
P'CtD ' OO'J"JJ"')- ' J!"'OO';' ' OD)"f')- ' 0:\
1\ fooll)

!jato

judg(e)me nt

I. 'i'CY:. When a judgement has been made,

it must be published in the newspaper. 0)~~
IIY. 'i'CY: ll.ll'l' 0;>11."1 oo;t-ro"f:
Mfl'l2. hll.,.Yf'l-. His judgements are always without
bias. hii.,.Yf-1: 11-A1.11. Yll hY:Al" )tiJo
In my judgement, you are doing the wrong
thing. Ol'. ' hii.,.Yf'l- ' f'/"'1-P.!-fD- P'.!-
llih ...'l- ' )fDo
3. 1'7."11lhildo.C 'i'Cll'. The neighbors considered his broken leg a judgement on him.
,..<:O.+'Ii ' 1'7."/~'t ' OOliOC ' 1'7."11lhildo.C '
<;:elf hS'.<:"I-'1-

4. AiiT'PJ.'.~'I-. Don't accept his advice! His

judgement is not good. ll"h-1-1 A'I-.,.OA A
iiT'PJ.'.t-1> f"''..l'iiODIJ hJ.'.S'.II9"
You can rely on his judgement. 7.en- 0"'1.
All .,.._,._,,.,., '1-':f~llll
get a judgement against hild.t:.~O:'f-

When I refused to pay, he went to court and

got a judgement against me. AAh'i'AII" IJAh'1- "I.U <;:e~ IL'I- h(o Ail.t.<:S'.11'1
make a judgement lj:.C~ {lm

A judge must he circumspect when he makes

a judgement. -'1':' <;:e~ ltil'l' '1'14<:,0
"""1 AIIO'I[See also 'soundness']

judicial
I. f-'l'h'l-. A modem judicial system has
been established in Ethiopia. Oh.'l-1'-k.l' Hoo
<;''J! ' f-'l'h'l- P'e'i'l- T?I.,....,_A
2. f ih"'. Lend us your support in our fight
for judicial reform! llih"' ool'fl'fA 119"<;'S'.
e1m- '1-"'A ~;><;:111 111111
3. fih"' .,.e'l"''.. Executive power usually
exceeds judicial power. 1t1ltJ~m-"t "L.tl. fat
"' Ailol.l\"''.tD- P'A"'1 hih"' Te'l"''.
m- P'ARJ1 J.'.OARJA
4. Aoo~~'1. A judicial mind considers both
sides of a dispute fairly before making a
decision. Aoo~~'{ A7.9"C m-U hODIIm
-1> Od.'l- 011-11-1>11" 011-A .l'lltD-1 he
he .roo~1f<;'A
judicial decision lj!C,t:

A judicial decision will decide his fate. <;:e-'l.

fmU'I- ~~11-1 J.',mii<;'A

judiciary ih"' Am-"'The judiciary is one of the branches of government. ,-,_.., r hiD"liQ. foP'}"1JU:t- r hil+-'51..C r
A1-'l. h<;:A tm*He is a member of the judiciary. -"~

jump

677

judicial

tm-

judicious
1. oflA.tJ. That was a very judicious remark.
0"111" 11AII AIIT.I'f'l- tOe
2. h.ODlftf:OS. A judicious historian considers
facts carefully. AOD~~'{ ;J-6h ~.ltd. 7.
m-tT':' ~11!"':f1 0'1'1 :1'-11 .I'00~1f<;'A
jug S'.9"0!1"1
He put a jug of wine on the table. A1~ S'.!l"
0!1"1 ~~~~ m<:A.~ ~J.'. All.,;oom
juggle
I. mY. ""'" O.,.t.t.<::t- Mm<:m<: .,.110.

The clown juggled three oranges and a lemon.

AP'4:"f. T'P<;'J.'. 1"11'1- 11e-t>IJ'l"':f<; A1~
11-"'1. ' IDS'. ' ii.,J.'. ' 0.,"-t.<::t- ' MID<:ID<: '

.,.110

2. A~11.f- K.t.. The manager juggled the

figures to show a profit. F~ oo&m- +c
<;: All 11.,11'1- oll'!'l!"':f1 A~11.f- K.t.

juice
1. ~"7-t:. These oranges give very little juice.
Mll.ll 11e-t>IJ'l"':f 0"19" 'l-111 '?"'14:
J.'.IDRJ:f'PA
2. m-;}. The juice of the euphorbia is slimy.
follA?IA m-~ 11A"'A"' tm[See also 'press']
juicy 1111- m-:> .!'limA juicy orange will drip on your shirt. ofllt' : m;} film- 11e-t>IJ1 11'"'1.1111 ~J.'. J.'.1miJ
IIIIJA
July m9"1\.
jumble up AHOt.e-1' All.,.oom
He jumbled up his toys and books in the cupboard. Al'f'l'l-11.-l''ll1<; OOI\ih'i'-1>1 Ooll9"
"1'1'1 tD-11'1' AHOt.e-1' All.,.oom
jump (vt.)
I. AHIIII. He jumped the horse over the fence.
.t.<:n-1 OA'I'-1- ~J.'. AHIIII
2. ( = intr.) Hllll. We jumped pages seven
to twelve. hiiiJ'I- 7.11h OP' t. 11-11'1- .1'
11-'1-1 1P.':f HIIA1
jump (vi.)

I. Hllll. How high can you jump? M .I'IIA

h<;:;J- '1-H~IIII 1
2. IJ1 ~ A<;:;J- TIIIDm. The traffic light
jumped from green to red. f'l-t.d.h oo11t.'l-
IJ1~ A<;:;J- 1!<:1'1.<'.. IDS'. .,.,. TIIIDIII
3. S'. t 0<:. He jumped when he heard the
noise. ~9"1Jo1 il..il., S'.tO<:
4. T'i' 1111- Tt"'. He jumped from his
seat when the teacher entered. h.il+"''~ID"
fl.111 I htJD+oP'"'l.IJ)o J ....~ I -flft<" I .,..~..,
5. hOC" ao;J-. Her heart jumped when she

heard the news. IDil.tD-1 11'1-il., A!J. hOI!"

OD;J'
6. IJ1~ "I.U IDS'. ~J.'. IDRJ. Gold shares
jumped on the stock exchange. 010.1' 9"1~
6. vmc-l- T;J 111'1: 1 'I.H.. m" ltf. mtrJ
7. :fh..A. Don't jump to conclusioris! ij:C..(" ll

""llm'l- A'l-:ftt-A

jump
jump across ( = pass.) 011'1f. :NIL.
The chasm was too wide to jump across.
~,_II-

juniper

678

o"t.L 1111

to~

011'1f. 11.;1-11-;: t.A

jump (n.)
I. 11'1f.. His jump broke all records. fo't-
11'1f. no~'I-'J h11~ mo"t'l'l- ,.11-

...ll'll,.

(tO~

jump around }..'}IIJ'f' a l\'lllJT hi\

Stop jumping around! li'J"''I' li'J"''I' h'I-OA
jump at tDJt$fDo'l- ... .,.011
He jumped at the offer. f.,.~OII'I-'J mlt11
tD/t$t1Jo'l- .....,.011

2. O,_.'J~'I- h'i' "711'1-. A jump in his tem-

broad jump foo~+ 111'\Y..

jump In
I. Hll-

11'1f. '

~Q.

He jumped in the water. fDo;) fDo

11'1' Hll- ~q
2. ooh.,'iaJo aJot.'f'
1Q. Jump in, and
we will drive over to the movies. ouh.,'im-
t~Joll'l' .f-11- "IQ'i'
fl.t"7 li'J~JIII'J

.,.It-

m,_

jump Into f - - ...ll<f..f. ll't

He jumped into the discussion right away.
tD/t$t1Jo'l- ' f'J"I"I~ ' ...ll<f..f. ll't

jump off Hit-

perature prevented him from going to work.

'1-h-111: O,_.'J~'I- h'i' "7111: h "(... hll_,.
~(IJo

He got first prize for the broad jump. ooo.:.."f-

,.,,..:;ot'I-'J ' 1111\"7'1- ' h

(IJo,...=

high jump fo't"7f. 11'1f. l fh'i',... 11'1f.

He got second prize for the high jump. Oo't"7f.
(Oh'i',...) 11'1f. fDof;f:C f,.ll ... :;'t'I-'J 'liA

"'""' h17

jumpy, make -

hll0~11

Horror stories make me jumpy. ho't:1'4! ,.,.(.

!>':f J.'IIO~"I-r-:;'11\

tD~Y..

He jumped off the cliff. hh<f-4- 'If. Hll-

tD~,..

junction

oo~'i':;'

The junction of the two roads was blocked by

a fallen tree. f,.II-J:'J oo')~J'.':f oo~'i':;' f

jump on

I. Hll- tD"'. The cat jumped on the table.

Y:oo-t: ml.A.Ifm- 1'\Y.. ntt- mtfJ
2. Hll- ~~111(t1Jo). He jumped on the snake to

kill it. l\Q!I-'J 1\0D"I,_A Hll- ~~111f1Jo

3. ~~111. The donkey jumped on the grass.

m,_.,. "I'Jf: H"l.f.'l- toe

juncture ""1'i'7'1The juncture of the two armies marked the

end of the war. f,.l\1: IP~':f oo~'i'l'l-
h,_~(tfDo

htJJ.'fDo ' .,~., ' ~~111

IPCt-J:'J h'i'l\"'1.

4 ......"!. The teacher jumped on the inattentive student. oo,.u~ f"7f.h,... ... llt1Jo'J ...

at this juncture lt.lltl 1'\Y..

"7(. ......"'fDo

"711,...mll J.'lf A

jump out

m"'.

I. Hll-
He jumped out the window.
OODII!>'I- ' Hll- ' tD"'
2. Hll- ... t"'. He jumped out of bed. llA;> H
II- .... t.,

jump over fill- +Tf"ll.

He dared me to jump over the stream.
HA\1. li'J,_.lf~C h,_of.L.~"i

At this juncture, it is best to recall our original

purpose. liH.tJ 'If. f ... t"''JO'I-"J 't'l"7

june o't~
jungle '"ill
There are many lions in the jungle. 11I wIlT 11H- h'JO(l':f All-

m.,.,..,.

jump up
I. Hill\. He jumped up and touched the
ceiling. Hll- T'IG:'I-'J til
2. Hll- 11,_.., hll. He jumped up when I
came into the room. m~ hlf:& i'l1Q Hit-

junior
I. fO,...':f. He is a junior clerk in the Ministry
of Agriculture. 07.Clf uM:c t~Joll'l' fO
,...':f R...of. tfDo

When the commanding officer is absent a

junior officer takes command. JVI'1f 1 ooba"t.,. 1
01\.110'1- fO,...':f ooho'J'J J.'~A

11,...., ' hi\

2. ,...'i"'i, He is his brother's junior by two

jump upon Hll- "HI hl\(0'1-)

The infuriated lion jumped upon her. f ...<t-"1

*He's a junior in college.

t1Jo h'JO't Hll- "HI hiiQ'I-

[See also 'headfirst']

years. 1\tD'Jf:ou- fv-11'1- 't""'l- ,....,.~ t<Dfl+~

I f\001: I ~tiJ-

juniper '1'!!:

OltA.~

tD-il"l" ?'

junk (v.) "'ll

We finally junked our old car. 11""""l:lf 1\t:
"1. ' ooh.<;:f"t'! ' "1&\~tJJo

junk (n.) l\'!-1' 'i''!-1'

1 ."f-Ch. ?"Ch.

Junk is collected by very poor people who

sell it. 11"1?" ~'lj fll"'l- l'll":f l\'!-1' 'i''t
-I'm-'! M/1<1..,. Y.lf"'IIThe storeroom is full of junk. 1.:1' 0.-1> ."f-c
h. ?"Ch. 11JI' ~"'"

juridical .0;>'1!
The juridical questions of the frontier were
discussed by a commission. f..e-")0~ ih.;JC
'1--'li":f ' 01>"7.1'1.1"'! '!"I"IC -f-f.<:1q'fm-

jurisdiction P'&\"1'!
The student council has no jurisdiction over
academic affairs. f-!-"7&1":f "7"r11C ."f-!l"llC
."f-'! '11"7.0DIIll-lo' '1--'1\":f' ~f. ' P'&\"1'! ' flltJJo?"

The case was not in his jurisdiction. '1-J.ltt. 0"C(l- P'&\"1'! P'C

l\&\~11<:11"

jurisprudence .01 'i'&\ll'i'<;

Criminal jurisprudence is an established sub-.
ject of study. fiD'!)!&\ .01 'i'&\11'1'<; f;l.,.,. ' ."f-?"llC."f- ~"'"

The jurists proposed the laws be revised.

f.O"Io'l'<tl":f.n.,.,7..,~lflf&\m~11l\.,.<:~

jury [b-1-.:.m-' .01111' -f-ODCffitJJo' 'i'C~ f"''..,.

""'"' ' 1/i (ll":f]
just (adj.)
I. m.,.'O'. My father was a just man. )<,q-J: m
.,.,.. (lm- )OC
2. ."f-111111'0'. A just description should omit
exaggerations. -l-htu\;;:' s oo..,i\Ai DY;J~")")
11-1\- "7IIID1~ ' l\1111."fJust weights are required by the law. fOD10.1'.1'
"''.~'l':f ' ."f-111111'0' ' l\'t~ll"'). ' .0"1 ' .1'111~-'1&\
3. f"7.1q. The criminal received his just
deserts. m'!)!II'O'tJJo f"7.1qm-'! 'I';> l\11'
4. T1rt. His anger is just. -l!:tiJw- T1fl. ')offl-

just (adv.)
1. 11~. I have come here just to see you.
l\fl.ll 0 fOD"JIJo."f- 0 )\'j-f-'j ' IIODmf:J> 0 11JI' 0 ~tJJo

He had just enough money for himself.

11.:.(1- 11JI' f"7.11:1' 1'!H11

His house is just across the way. fL-JJ &\h h

00")1~ f tJtl p. I ')oDJ3. &\11 111'1~-1>. You just made it. &\11 111'1~
., ' 1..<:1111
4. l\11-'! 1 &\11 l\o-'t. Do you know the woman
who just passed by? l\o-'! (&\11 l\o-'!)
11H.Il .I'M.:fm-'1 (l.."f-1" ;J-m-:l';l-llll l
5. 1'i JuJ"t. We've just received a new
shipment of shoes. f-J-1\h&\'! l\~ll "'1"7 1
... ' l\11-'! ' f..<:(l'!
6. 1<;. He is just a little boy. 1<; .nn ~"'"

Why are you leaving so soon? It's just two

o'clock. II"'! l\11'1'11-llll l 1<; IIM."f- (l~

..,. '

....

7. IIT<I:."f-. The bullet just missed us. 'l'f.-1> 11'1'

<l:."f- ' ~-~-'!

8. 1111" 1111-. They don't collect the garbage

here; they just dump it in the streets. "'lflf l\

Y.l'l11ll~!l" j 1111" ' 1111tJJo ' ""'111'-'ll ' ~.... '

f.H<:"If.;l-&\
9. 1\M:. Just taste this! It's delicious. l\ll-1:
:J>oo(lm- 1 11"1?" f."l'i'"l&\
10. 1\'!~fm-. Oh, that's just talk! l\'t~.l'tJJo

mt.

~m-

*There is just nothing you can do about it.

llll 'I--'ll' ?"'!?" &\;l-f..C"I l\."f-:f&\!1"

jurist fih"l o'l'<l:

~O<:m-

2. &\11. He is just like his father. &\11 l\'!f.. l\

q-~o' ~

just

679

junk

....

They caught him just before he could get over

the border. &\11 m<:f.'! 11..1'&\'i' 1'1.&\ .1'11-."f-

*That's just what I wanted. fl.ll"lo-."f- Y.ll

'!'! '

~ ....

Just don't worry! ?"'!II" l\;l-1111

just across 'i'f1C 1 -fiA-

His house is just across the way. tL-1: 001'1-''! lf1C 1111- ~tJJo

just as &\11 {I + imperfect

The siren blew just as we reached the hospital.
&\11 II"II"C;l-&\ ll'!f..CII ~f.<:'! ""'1i

just as long fll.ll'l- .I'll&\ 1.11.

That takes just as long. l\{1-?" fll.ll'l- .I'll&\
1.11. ' f.l.}f&\
just as long as he is here 7-H.U

llll

H1'~

Just as long as you are here, we might as well

discuss this matter too. l\H.Il IJ~:fo- H't~
f.ll'!'!?" ' '1--'lf. ' 11'!~;>1CI1."f- OD&\IJ?"
so also

just as

o ~tJJo

000

*Just as a child has corporeal parents, so also

has he spiritual parents. II&\~ f P';> m~;
'f- ' J\').111\-."f- ' IJ-1\- 0 )\'j~IJ-!1" 0 fOO'jl.,{l 0 OJ~
;:f ' f.."l'l" ' l\11-."fjust as soon

*I'd just as soon stay at home. l't.tL-lf."f- ' .......11'0'&\

oo.r-

juxtapose

680

justice
just at the right moment flli:'H:

He came just at the right moment.

mil hi\

fl(l~.,

just the same (lff')fd

Just the same, I am going to check the addition

again. ll.ll'"t?" .1:-?"~"t h"'&-1\11-

justification ?"h"t.fT
What is your justification for being so late?
'-tJ"t .ftJ&\ 1\""H"IfTtJ ?""t ?"h"t.fT
hi\IJ l

justify Uustified)
I.

-t-~11.

h{lool'tl\. She tried to justify her

~1C 1 -Mfl A"7lloP(IA 1

f~P&-ifm-,.

have just about enough 0..4-m-

actions.

+I have had just about enough of your impudence. il&\"l<;"tJ ' o:t--r-'1&-.
[See also 'instant, like, minute, moment, now,
once, second, so, time']

2. ( ~ intr.) Oo!: ?"h"t.fT ~m-. Your desire to

go on a walk does not justify your leaving the
baby alone. oo"tif6-il"C oo&.l\"111 .n71-"t

justice
l. Thhl\'1 'i'C.I:". Even though he took the
matter to court, he could not obtain justice.
?""t?" ' l\"t\>,"t ' -..JII'"t ' 'i'C.I:- '
+com- :,.hhl\'1 'i'C.I:" IIJ~'S

n.:,. ' ll..f

ht.il'l\r

2. -MII.~T. He upheld the justice of our cause

by refusing to do anything illegal. .n"l"t .f&\
-t-h-t-11 ~~c h&\u>&-?" 0.,11..,. f'tll.,:f
"t"t ' -~-~~~.~.-,. ' .f.~ol.

3. ~:;'.His brother is a justice of the Supreme

Court. m'l.t".,... fm:,OI\,._ ,..,...,.. )11'"'-1-
'i'C.I:" ' n.:,. ' -'1'1 ' ~"'"
bring to justice .ft""l d.T

h+t!fl

The police brought the criminal to justice.

?'fl.{l- ' ID"t~ll'1tJJ<"t ' .n"l ' d.T ' h4'<:0tJJ<

dispense justice

Ll.~

The judge dispenses justice without bias.

-'1'1m- .fll h.l:-&\11' '-ol.C-'1&\
do one justice

*When you say that he is not very intelligent,

you are not doing him justice. OI1Jr 1 ofiAU
h'-1.11?" "71\TtJ -1-~11. h'-1.11?"
in Justice to him

*In justice to him, one must realize that

Amharic is not his mother tongue. h"""C~ r~
.,..,. ' !1/")!1/tJJ< ' hl\0011'\-"t ' -~-~"t1f(l ' 1\{1- ' hit
-1-.ffT "7.1:-<:"1 -t-~11. ~"'"
Minister of Justice ffi:C~ 1 "'l.'kllTC

The Minister of Justice left for Paris. ffi:CJ!'

"'Ltit# ' ID.f. ' ;r&{l ' y;.o;.
with justice

*He complained with justice of the bad treatment he had received. O.f.<:t'IOT O.f.&\ -1"~11.
fll'~

' {1.,.;1" ' h4'<:0

justifiable -1-~11. ~"'" f"'LQI\mAn act -is justifiable if it can be shown to be

right. h"t.l:- ' h.l:-6-~..,. ' -~-~a. ' ~"'" ' f"'LQ
1\IIJo ' Thhl\'1 ' OOIJ'). ' (L<:;>~'I' ' ~ ....

.,.h<::f

ilil'm-"t '1'1111 j\ooy;.~:- Oo!: ?"h"t.fT h

'-1.11'1"
3. ?"h"t.fT h.I:"C1 h4'<:0. He justified his

shooting the criminal by saying that the man

attacked him. ID"t~11'1,."t 0'1''-T f~f.lltJJ<
ill\of"<;"~4'tJJ<'

oPIJ')."t I ?"h"t.fT I h.f:C") I h4'l0

4. ?"h"t.fT l'tm. How do you justify your

absence? 1\oo:t-.::,.u M ?"h"t.fT Tl'l"'IIIJ l
*He tries to justify himself before the court.
'l'of.-1"'1 ' hi\OOIJ')."t '1\'i'C.i:"' 11.-J>' 1\.,l:;J~'I''
,..,.h&-&\
be justified ( ~ it is justified) -1-~11. ~,.

You were perfectly justified in asking for more

money. +"'-nil& 1,.H1l 1 oomf-l-11 1 +1ft
~oc

justly ( ~ adj.) f"'L~q

He was justly rewarded for his faithful service
by being given a pension. lfto~:t' r 001/ ..l"f:,.
:I".,'SH 11""110:,. h~&-."111--1> f"'L~q
IDl:;l" ' of-114.1\tJJ<

jute .4-"'l
The lash of the whip is made of jute. _,., 11.4"
"'i '

,.~00-'l&\

juvenile
I. fatf1J-l- 1 A].(:f.. Juvenile delinquency is widespread at present. 0~"- "LH. fiD"'T &-.]!.
:f ' ID"t~&\ ' -1-ilof.'i':J:&\
2. fiD"'T. He is a juvenile offender. fW"'T
t.rd. ~
3. fiD"'T 'l''i--1-'l':f. The boy's case was
judged in juvenile court. f&\)1: "l-'1'- 0
ID"'T 'l''i--t-'l':f 'i'C.I:" tl.T of-IDM
4. 1\ID"'-I':f f-1-114.. This library has many
juvenile books. f.IJ 11.-1- oo11.n'1':,. 1\ID"'-1'
:f f-t-114- illf' """"'c::f hil-T

juxtapose .,.:"t 111-"t hit+oom

He juxtaposed dark and light paper. mote
.fll<; ~"' .fll 1Dl:4'T 1-"t 111-"t hit4'00m

keep

681

keen

K
keen
I. ltA. A keen edge cuts better than a dull
edge. ItA flf~ 101"1 hJ'.~II" f.A:t f
Ollm 1'-11-C"'A
2. ht: Ill. He has a keen interest in sports.
IIIITCT h'i! 111 'i!l\~:,. hllw-

3. 1<1:. Her questions are indicative of a

keen mind. fi"'Tmf.:l''fw- 'I'14:9'":fo "I <II
hhi"'C: l'."IJIIIT fltU!k
keen edge ltiiT
The knife has a keen edge. lli\'I'OJo ltiiT hiiOJo
have a keen mind l'\)1-ll- ht;:.+ 1 ll"~
He has such a keen mind, he can figure out the
hardest problems quickly. h"l"l-k h'i!T ltll
If~ 0"11"' hlt'f:>t flf).T"I TC:111\.'I":Y.
O'i!'I'~T f.w&-A
keep (kept), vt.
1. /H. He keeps his things in good condition.
1\:I'OJo"l 0-N- M\:\"I f. f.~ A
2. hlt-1-m. Please keep this for me! l\'lhll"l
l'-11"1"1 hlt~I"''I'A'f
3. !!'ml. Can you keep a secret? l"'ltm.C -r!!'
'1'6-1111 l
4. mO~ l h1,._. The shepherd keeps sheep. l\
l'1w- 0"1 f.m11.4'A (f"IJIA)
She keeps my dog when I travel. !'.~
1\.1\ h1C lt'U: w-lf\1."1 -rm1l:tA.':'I\:f
5. hltofoJI,..l. She keeps house for her uncle.
f~:t"l n.-r :f"ltofoJI,....&-II:Y.
He keeps the zoo for the government. foP1""1P"
1>"1 fl\"llt'l-r (l:f" fltofoJI,....6-A.
6. h - - 'I'll. She keeps very rough company.
IJA:f"lou- (19':f :>C TOJol\11";fo
7. w(l,... May I keep this picture? l'-11"1 F~A
A.OJo(l,...,.l
8. hhOl. The Jews keep the Sabbath.

w,._

11. 1~. In spite of these insults, she managed

to keep her temper. f.U"I filA ofo(l,._..q !'.
"1'>. "IY..;I:"I _.,:f",. lf'll:f12. hit-stem. Sorry to have kept you waiting. MltmO:to-u r.:tc:f"
He kept belaboring the point after we had
agreed. hofolt..,..,"IOTI"' 0:\1\ 1-Jif."l -11
Af> ..,"1"11>"1 hl\!!'lml"'
keep (vi.)
l. '11'-01\11 .,.f. This milk won't keep till
tomorrow. .e.u = m++ ; ~llh ~1 = .f.:~il
<\f.OI\11 hf..,.l'-1"'
noun. I told him to be quiet but
2. ~mil
he kept shouting. 111"' l\"III.A ~1Ch-T "I
"I ...,"li-1>"1 ~mil
keep above h - fli\Y.. t h.IDlfJ
He kept his head above water. t-c\-"1 hw-:>
.,. 0111'- hOJo'J'of ~oc
keep apart (vt.) 11\111
Keep the two fighting boys apart! f"'-"'kT"I
o-11-r A]f.:f- 111"11\'l'wkeep apart (vi.) of-11111 I ~milt. hll
He kept apart from the unruly students out of
pride. llh11o;. II.A hqll'1.9''6 ofo..,t9':f-
of-11111 (~tnA hll)
keep at ltf!l:C'I' IP~
He kept at it until he finished the job. 1"6-0Jo
"I l\lth.""Clt ,._..llt <\f!!'C'l' "'&-

I am sorry, we do not keep them anymore.

keep away (vt.)

l. hl\lt,..t:(ll"'. Fierce dogs keep burglars away.
ofo<;IJ11 w-j\":f- n.:,. (IC<\69':f-"l hflt,._Cc\-1"'
2. hlt~.:. What kept you away yesterday?
'l<;"l:,.o; 1"'"1 hlt~.:u ?
3. h&-~. Keep the baby away from the fire!
ihY)."I hl\'11> hC4:0Jo
keep away (from)
*Keep away from the fire. l'.<\1>"1 hTm:>
*The doctor told him to keep away from
cigarettes . ..h!J.DD- 11.)1"&- r.:tc1111 hllw-

l\11.11 IJC,._. T!f"'ll:f-o- l Ml<;llo- ..,lt

-"1:,. Tofo<;A
10. h.,.f. An exacting employer will find it
hard to keep his workers. O:l''t f..,f.A
hwt w&-of-'1''6"1 ..,.,.f:,. flt'l'"ll'I'A

keep back (vt.)

l. <t..:m. The government keeps back 5 percent
of ones pay for taxes. on.,...,p....-,. tnx (taJo =
,._.,.11 h-of hl"'ltT 11"111C 1'-4/.C"'A.
2. ofohl\hll. They quickly made a barricade

t.r.o-o~~w-n

:t-'1"'1."1 Yh11&-k

9. hlt-"1. Do you sell

postcards

here?

keep

682

to keep back the enemy. mll'l-'t 1\0dhllhA

-f-11- 111\llJo ooh;J- Ml)l:
3. tDF. :\11 ODI\o'l. The police had to keep the
crowd back. Tll.fol- .ft11fl-'t tDF. :\11 ""
Odl\11 "IY: II"~Q'f'tJJo
4. h.A.'i1C Ail. The prisoner was keeping
back vital information. l\11~'i'tJJo 0"111" h11
d.ll"l. fll"~llJo't oo.:)l" hA..-,C hi\

5. h1F-. The dikes keep back the flood

waters. "IY:(l,.; 1-C4-"t MP.iiShe struggled to keep back her tears. l\'tQ'f''t
11"71Y: ;f-11\l-

keep back (vi.) tDF. :\11 Odl\11 hi\

Keep back! You are going too close to the edge
of the cliff. m~ :\t\ ooi\ll OA :i '1"-& 1t
4-'1' 0"111" -t.4'COVA

keep doing something 'At'.J~.;nott

+ verb

The goat kept butting its head against the fence.

'i'fil- t-~'t 11'1''1- ;>C l\fF.;>10d h:>""

keep down (vt.)

1. h..f.oo. The government of the Congo is trying
to keep down the rebellion. flt"t1 ""'t"IP'
'1- , f-1-~"'tJJo't ooo6 11"7_,11" J'.'l"ht-A

2. +)ft. We must keep down our expenses.

keep
keep hold of

*Keep hold of it until I get back. l\11hooll11

h't-t :> J'..,.J'.
keep in h.,.f

The teacher kept me in after school. h11-t"''&

tJJo h'I-II"UC'I- 0:\11 h.,.f'S

keep (someone) indoors

The rainy weather kept us indoors. 11'iflo

hR.'!- hll11tD"' hll't

keep it to oneself nrilm.C I .111

I'll tell you only if you promise to keep it to
yourself. fii"~"ICU 011"11m.C f111htJJo '
l\'tF-11"~ 11!1' ~llJo

keep (someone) lona h..,.r

I won't keep you very long. >fill- hii.,.J'.UII"
keep off (vt.)
1. h1F.. The engineers made a bank of earth
across the road to keep off the cars. oPh.<;l"
,.;'t 11"71Y: OOU'tP,.(o,.; 0""'11.1:- ' IIJ'. '
hd.C _,.1111-

2. hQ~~. They made a smoky fire to keep off

the bugs. ~'1'<'1-f-,.;'1 II"''Q~C 1111- "11'11
11\tJJo l\<'1'1- hH'.P,.

tD"Vl-'t't .,..,~11 hll11't

3. hmof.. He hoed the garden to keep the
weeds down. h~.,..'t 11"7'1'4-'1- h'l-hA-Io'!
11--th--ttJJo

keep off (vi.) 11\A hi\

When the policeman saw the children climbing
on the automobile he told them to keep off.
Til.~ A.;,.; ooh.<;tJJo IIJ'. 11."tmllmil-

keep down (vi.) 1-'t011 hi\

*Keep off the grass! "1'1-'t h'I-C1'1'

Keep down or they will see you. 1-'t011 OA

hi\IIJ' 1'1-VA

1. hllhll. Nobody can keep you from going

there. l\IIJ' hoo~Y: "'''tll" hJ'.hllhAUII"
2. h1F-. Sectarian disputes keep Lebanon
from being united. fVJ'."'''l''l- Af.~'l- fll.
Q'l'11't h'tY:~'I- h"I.O:..A
(negative imperfect)
3. l\'tY:

h1F..

A constriction in the neck of the bottle kept

the water from flowing out. fmCODoft. h.'l
1'1- '1'0'1- llJo~llJo l\'tP,J'.d.11 h1F.tJJo
4. l\'tY:
(negative imperfect)
hF-~1. The

absence of water keeps plants from growing.

ftJJo~ hi\OO'l'C ~D'f''l- l\'tP.1Y:"I- ' 1F.C:>

'I"''A

+ (negative imperfect).

He jammed
a stick in the door to keep it from closing.
5. l\'tY:

keep (someone) on (vt.) h.,.f

The maid was very lazy, but we kept her on.

keep from

Qf "I.U 11\A ' l\'tJI.II- ' ~1.!-'l'tJJo

0'1- l\"tP.J'.H:> ~'t""'Jo tDif4'0'1-

6. h -- - hP.~. He kept me from making a

big mistake. h:J-11~ 11.1.-t'l- hP.~'S

1~.0:.. 0"1,. M'i' ~O~l- l "l't

..--r

h_,f

keep out (vt.)

1. h114'~. Bad eyesight kept him out of the

army. 'tJ'.~ oii-t'i' ""ll"'i- htD:f"F.c~+
h114'~tJJo

2. -thllhll. Putting insulation in the wall

helps keep out the heat. O"IY:"IP. IIJ'. f..,.
4''1- oPhl\h1 "7.1:"~1- ..,.4''1-"t 1\0Dhl\hA
J'.~P,A

*Keep him out of here! He only causes trouble.

l\'tP.J'.1Q hAhl\tJJo l 111'1'"1.!-A

*Shut the windows and keep the rain out!

11<;flo l\'tP.J'.1Q Od1llt-lo't 11;>tJJo

keep out I Od"JQ'I- hAhA ~llJo

keep out of h - - - t-4' l h - - - P,~
Peaceable people keep out of quarrels. M"'''f
lll"l- hm11 J'.C.4'tr

keeping

683

keep

My brother made a sound decision and so

kept out of trouble. CD't ~ 1\llfl OJoil~ M

the others. hl\.11-':f- ;JC IIODCD.IIS'.C .1'-'1

S'.G~ h":f-lc .II)

2. Th;I-Til. I cannot keep up with you when

you dictate so fast. 7.'tS'.H.II L'l')ll 11;1-

keep out of It
*It's his affair; you'd better keep out of it.
ft-ll- '1--'1.1'. )OJo ! 1\'tT q'l-~qn'l- .l'.lf~A

keep rlsht on +mA

Keep right on talking! 't"I"/CII't oJ>'I'A

keep straight on 11,.. iiA- IF..

Keep straight on until you get to the church!

{I.T hCM:.I"i 7.llh'l-S'.Cll S'.'Gll 11?"
111111 'l.S'.'

keep to
I. .I'H. Keep to the right! oJ>~II't .1'11
2. 1\hRG. She keeps to the rules. a."l ;1-hiltll':f*I have to keep to a strict diet. fTCD{I) ?""Iii
oooo~il 1\llil~

"IT'1A

t;'L~ Ah;f-TAII 1\A':f-A?"

I cannot keep up with my work. Ft-11-'t Ah

;I-TA I\A':f-A9"
3. S'.G(l(R'l-). Run to keep up with him! 7.'tS'.'
'l-S'.CllR'l- '1-'1'
[See also 'alive, appearance, awake, back-

ground, balance, body, book, company, control, eye, face, fast, fit, go, hand, head, house,
mind, posted, promise, temper, time, track,
wind, word']

keep (n.)
I. fi).C'OJo f"'L.fllLA1- )~C'':f-. The student
earned his keep by doing odd jobs. .I'~TOJo't
Ft. fiODFt-'1- ' T"''60Jo fi).C'tJJo f"t.l'

1\,1'.~<;'~?" ' (Or, ii!J'OJo't OOif't ' ,I'.CDJIA)

llLA1-'l-'t )~C'':f- .1'1'1A

2. 'I'R:J>. His son is in my keep. fll- A-,:
Oi. I '1'0.+ I PC I ~m*That servant doesn't earn his keep . .1' 1\1i
he f"t(lmtJJo I\1A"III-'l- h"t.f1TOJo "'~
?" ' .f){l )tJJo

keep together (lilllfl .I'H

for keeps

During his imprisonment, his long~suffering

wife kept the family together. Rhllt--1: 1.11.

They agreed to settle the controversy for keeps.

keep to oneself Olf'JJ.. J'H

She kept her inner thoughts to herself. fAil

?"llm.Z:'t nrr.g_ .ru':f-

*He always keeps to himself. M1.1t.?" h(ltJJo

illf< f;f-~..,':f-..... "tll-1:. {l..,.(lfYt (lilllq

.I'H':f-

keep up (vt.)
I. .I'H. Country people still keep up the

custom of marrying their children young.

fq~~C (19'':(- I\1Jo't9" A](iJ''fCIJo't RCD
nJ'l-)'1- fODJIC't A"''S'.' 7.'tS'..I'H- ""'"'"
2. R"t~q .I'H. Can you keep up the house,

now that you have lost your job? ltv-")

JP&-

II't flloJ>~II lllllf) ILi>'t R"t~q A'l.1'.11 'l-':f-~1111!

3. OS'.'til .I' H. How inuch does it cost to keep
up your car? ouiJ.<;ll't OS'.'til {lou.1'11
M .filA "'"'- .I'IILA"IVA l
4. ~'1-(R'l-). Keep it up, and see where it gets you!
"1'1-R'l-<; f'l- h'tS'."'L..'S'.Cilll .,_,..Ah'lKeep up the good work! .l'.ll't ""AIJ9"
Ft. "1'1-R'l-

l\Hl\ok~l&

1\{IOD"Jqq;J-:ftJJo't IIHII</l;f-tJJo
'1- Tll"'i""'

tJJoil~

' ll,(lm-

keeper
1. un'1. He is
rn..,. ""Hh<~-
2. mqof:. Am I
CD't~ mqof:

a keeper of the museum.

un'1 )..,.

my brother's keeper?

7.~ f

)~ l

keeping
1. "''hnc. The keeping of Christmas is an
old Christian custom. AS'.'l-'t "''hRC f-'f
fhCll-t.l"t A"''S'.' )tJJo
2. "7ilS'.1..f. The keeping of the orphaned

children was paid for by their uncle.

CD~](il''f

tJJo il'l"i>q'f..,. A](':f- "''iiS'.1..1' f"th'i'

lltJJo 1\.,.'l-,...... )CIJo

be in keeping with ..,.11"111? J 1m011 J ..,.ODIIJm~

A good man's actions are in keeping with his

principles. f'l"'- (ltJJo 1\S'.'t-~'l- hq'I"''CIJo

keep up (vi.)

,;JC

*The rain kept up all day. '11<;'11- .,..,.,. ""'

The deputy's air of importance is not in

keeping with his real job. ?"h'l-11- t-n-

flo (l.H'til 'I'll

keep up

(with)
I. TCD-'IS'.G. It is hard for me to keep up with

.l'.ll"7"7A (.1'.1'1'"7A)

't h'i' 1\S'.'C~ "''ilfi> h'1~.C.)i> ' ;JC '

I\,I'.ODnJffi't9"

684

keepsake
in (someone's) keeping 1\1.~

She left the money in his keeping. 1'tH!l.'t

M'.&- l'lm:f.,.
In keeping with 0 - - ODrP.l..-,.

In keeping with our previous agreement,

I am sending you a check. hll.ll ll"-'1- fl.!'.
~..,).,. 1111"11"H ou..,~:,. 'lih l\Ah
11\?IUJkeepsake "711:f'tulf
My friend gave me his picture as a keepsake
before going away. 'l.l'.'i'\1- bou~-'1. ll"-'1-
:1'-"1&-4-'t A"711:f'tulf l'lm't
keg '1-'t?i IIC"''.A
The beer is stored in kegs. m'IIIJo 'l-'t't1i
IIC"'/.11-:f 11Jo1l'1' 1-.I'.C'IA
kennel f11Jolf IL'IThe kennel is painted red. fiiJolfiiJo 11.'1-
4'1/. ' 4'1\9" ' 1-4'-fl:tA
kept, see keep
kerchief lf1i
She wore a colored kerchief on her head.
IJI\4'1\9" lf1i l\11&-A:f
kernel 'i'&.
I put a kernel of corn in the ground. l\ 't Y:
fll4'11- 'i'&. -!-hAll-

kerosene

~"P'

;J11

Mary bought a liter of kerosene. "''.tl h'tY:

11.'1-c ).,. .nr 1~:f
kerosene lamp 11-&-11
The country people light kerosene lamps.
fi'I1C":f IJ.&-11 .1'11&-11kettle~ll'i"

Put the kettle on to boil! ~ll'i"IIJo't "'.I'.IIJo

key (v.) l\11"7"7
They try to key the radio program to the
interests of the children. f"-''.f").'t TC""'&-11"
hAJ>;=r; 'i'l\,'1- :>C 11"711"7"7'1- f.'l"h&-11be keyed to l\'t-'l.11"7au- of-OD~mThe colors of the curtains are keyed to the red
and blue carpets. fOD:>~1fl"=r; 4'1\'l":f h+
f.'i" bl'l"7.1''1! 11:>1fl":f :>C l\'t-'1.11"7ou-
lf"~tl)o

I )aJo I f..,..OD.ltJlo..,.

be keyed up 1111"'1.'1- of-)"1"1

The players were keyed up before the final
championship game. b,.....,~lf.,. flfii""CI'"'i"
"''l'"'t.l' ll"-'1- 1-"'l'l':r; 1111"'1.'1- of-)"1
P'of-IIJo )IIC

kick

key (n.)
I. .,.11\'i'. I have lost the key to my room.
fh'i'/1. .,.11\'i' m<f.ofl't
2. 'i"t"l'". This letter is the key to the whole
mystery. f.ll .l'.ofl-'111. fll"11m.'l- 11-11- 'i''t
"P' I )Q)o
3. 'i':f. The key to this puzzle will be publish-

ed next week. fll.ll l\'t4':,0A1i 'i':f ll"'tou

"'IIJo 1\ll"'t'l- f..:f'-1-"711\
4. 11"1'1(1. The steel industry is the key to our
nation's economy. fofl~'l- 1>.'t-'1.11'1-tl .1'1&:f't l>.l>'l""'t 9"(1(1 )IIJo
5. 'l''i" IIC. Gibraltar is the key to the Mediterranean. ~&-11\;f'C 11"'1.-'1.1-&-1..1'"1 'l''i"

oc

= )m-

6. l\11\1\11". He answered my letter in a mournful

key . .l'.ofl-'111.\lo't dtH't llof-ODI\II'f- ' l\11\1\11"
ODI\1'11\'f
key (adj.)
I. 'l''i" 11.:1' f"'tl/.11. The Minister of Interior
is often the key man in the government. ,11C
"'~'f- ' "'tt11'f-C l\ofi~:;'IIJo't 1.11. IIOD't"'
,.,_, 11Jo1l'l' 'l''i" 11.:1' f"'tl/.11 IJAP'A
"''t ' )IIJo
2. ou"'~:f''l!. Steel is a key industry. fofl~'l-
"-'t-'1.11'1-tl """'~.:1''1! )IIJo
[See also 'lock']
keyhole f.,.A'i' 4'-'1-'1
He could not find the keyhole in the dark.
11 ....11., f.,.ll\4-'t 4'-'1-'1 .,..,,.,. l\11\;t'
All"
keynote 'l''i" DD't.l.il
World peace was the keynote of his speech.
f't"'"'-1- .,..,. OD't.l.11 f'tl\11" Mil" )IIC
key ring HAII'II need a key ring for my keys. A.,.AG:'Ii HA
11'1- ' l\.1.11\:>1111keystone """'~""
Freedom is the keystone of democracy.
)1\)'f- f-'1.'l"h&-(L """'~"" )IIJo
kick (vt.)
I. ~1m. Mybrotherkickedme.w'tY:"''.~1m't

The horse kicked the boy. .1.~(1- 11\)l:'t ~1m11Jo

2. A:> i oo:f'. Kick the ball! 1>,(1-'t A:> (11".:1')
kick (vi.) 1-&-1m
I hope this horse does not kick. f.ll .1.~11 l\
't.l'."7f.&-1'1' 1-114- l\A't
This shotgun kicks. f.ll ~11 f.&-1"111\

kick about

kind

685

kick

kidney h-'111-+

TH'Pm~

He kicked about a good deal before settling

down. f-t-.0.1\Jtl\ ).1!' hou;eouo~- n.~o+
1111- ' -i"H'I'IDl
kick against

I. flll"l-1- .O.fl.O.fl. He kicked against the door

so that someone would open it. """' 1 00111..1
"'"'~ liVLh'i''l-11+ nll"l-1- .o.n.o.n
2. :,O.:,;t-ID-"1 ~~~~- He kicked against the treatment he was receiving. 1111-J-.O..:~n+ rHo-
:t-.:.;J-ID-"1 ' ~~~~
kick around fDJIJ I lD,I},tJ I h.f\
He has been kicking around Europe since his
discharge from the army. brnc r'l&-1!+
h-f"ll....fl-1" ' ;e'/"1!' ' 1\ID-1!';r ' ID"{l'J' ' ID'I_
y "''~-11 s>.A tnc
kick (the) habit 1\oo>ll-"1 TID
He tried in vain to kick the cigarette habit.
f(L;><! 1\0DII-"1 IIOD-f"ID- Oh"l-1> "'l
kick off 1\ID'III+
He kicked off his shoes and climbed into bed.
"'i.,ID-"! 1\ID'IA-1' 1\A;> 'IS'> ' ID"'
kick out hiL'I- 1\!IID"'
I nearly kicked him out. hiL+ 'I!IID"'ID"
'1""1'1" hA+.:'111" toe

kick (n.), give a -

l~m

The horse nearly gave me a kick .

m'1 '/""!'/" hA+liD-'1" }OC
get a kick out of

He died of a kidney disease. Oh-'111-+ 011;J-

'1"1"

kill
I. ~.1'.11. Thou shalt not kill. h+"I.I'.A
The long hike killed us . .:~ 11c11c ~.1'.11"1
2. hmof.. The frost killed the sprouting grain.
ID-C..., 11-:I'YID-"1 hmof.ID"
We killed time by looking out the window.
0""!11>+ il"l""llh+ "1..11. hmof."l
3. &-;e. This infantile disease kills many babies.
S'>U fA)("f- 01I;J- 1111- .ht....'l-"1 ' S'>

L"JiA
4. ID".r::t-

h.l'.l~. The senators killed the tax

bill. h.,IJ<!l"'li M11-l-"l .h"l l<l::t- 1D- .r;-:,0
1\.o..:-,.+
kill (one's) hope -t-!lof. 1\Mr..:m
His defeat killed our hopes. f~ oulft
'i' -t-!lof.l-"1"1 hll<lr.lm"l
(to) kill time "1..11. 11.,<'111'1' YIIA
We played cards to kill time. "1..11. 11.,<'111'1'
YIIA IJC;J- T"'iiD'I-"1
be killed '1"1"
The soldier was killed in action. ID;J-.1'.-1- nrn
C I t'JIIA I f\~ I 'fP+

kilo
.1-l~

11-l"l

+.e.f"l+

The children got a kick out of going to the

circus. A)('li ID.<'. I'IChl'l 0""~"'"'"
1".1'.1'1-1>

kid (v.)
*I'm only kidding. +A!l."I tiD"

kid (n.)
I. "IA~A. The goat had two kids. 'i'f!l ti-ll+
"IA~~l- toe::+

2. .ht"l. Don't act like a kid! .ht"l h'l-u-"1

kid (adj.) '1-"111
She looks like her kid sister. +"111 l\..,;1:"1
'1-ouMIIl[See also 'fresh']

kidnap
I. h'i''l' IDI'I.I'.. He kidnapped the rich man's
son. fii11;J-<n>-"! I'IID-\L A~ h'i''l' IDI'I.I'.
2. mil&-. After he kidnapped the girl to marry
her, a search was made. A~"! 11-Y~IJ+ hm
IlL fl:\'1 'I'll;> -l".l'.l~

h.~

kilogram

h.~&-9"

kilometer h.II-'"/.'1-C
kin
I. Hoo>P..l-. We are near kin. f:t-C11 nouP..
l- ' t"l
2. uou.r:. Write down your next of kin!
f:t-C11 ' HOD.1'.-11"1 !I'/" ' ~'i'
be kin (to) ofoqouf.
This book is kin to that one in subject . .e.u 1
""K".h'i' OYHID- t~C hHJ':;:ID- f"'Lqou.r;-
tiD"

kind (n.) 'tl'>H

There were all kinds of books on the table.
m.:A.q"'" 'IS'> 1111- 't.M+ -~.h'i''l-
tfl-1What kind of person is he? '/""! 'tY.t+ (liD"
tiD" l
*She's the kind of woman who likes to help
people. I'IID-"1 oo>OI'Jo f'/"'1-ID.I'.- 1'1.'1- .....+
kind of ""I'IA

They make a kind of wine from raisins.

686

kind

hHil11 o Wf.1 ' ffi~ o oo(IA ODffi'J' I f.IP6-I\*I felt kind of sorry for him. 'l{tS'. "7H1 1 l\All11-lall kinds of 1111- 'lf.)T
There were all kinds of goods on display.
0-l-C'I\1-1: IIY. 1111- 'lf.)T '1.:1> fi.:J"Y.
4>Cfll )OC
be kind of, expressed by a composite verb
*The room was kind of dark. h'i!ll- ""1111"
1111- I )OC
have a kind of

*I have a kind of suspicion that he was check

ing on my work. f!I"IP6-"'"1 7.1S'."''.'IL"'mC 1
'I'C"'<I. l\.1:-<!'11 ...A
in kind O"''.,I'ODC_,.(I)o 'lf.)T
The farmer pays taxes to the government in
kind. 70<1."'" O"''.,I'ODC.,.(I)o 'lf.)T I 1\0D
1"/P'T "111C Y.h'i!IIA
She will be repaid in kind for her rudeness.
111IA"I'i"'P 'I':>'1'1 :1"7 ...1\'fo
of a kind

*The boxes and a plank make a table of a kind.

~'1'1~111?'1.1S'.Im~~~fl..l'71\"lii-Y.'f-llll

of the kind 'll1S'.H.II

,I'll 1 )7C
I did not say anything of the kind. 'll1S'.H.II
,I'll )7C l\AW"''S!I"
1

(be) two of a kind l\1 .!:"" ""'"'"

The twins are two of a kind. 001-l-1'",; l\1.1:-
~:f(l)o

kindred

kindle (vt.)
I. 1\,I',I'H. The sparks kindled the dry grass.
fll-1> '1!1"1& S'.~.,1 ~c .t..r.rn"'"
2. MS'.S'.. He kindled a fire in the fireplace.
7.11".1:-li""'" "'"il'l' 7.11-l- MS'.S'.
3. 4>(14>(1. His cruelty kindled our anger.
f(l. "1/'IJ~ 1 .<'.:J"'f-11 4>(14>(1(1)o
kindle (vi.)
I. )S'.S'.. The damp wood would never kindle.
'I.C'1'11 b1""-l- O'i!l\.11" l\Y.).I:-11"
2. 4>11. Her eyes kindled with anger. 'lY.'l';l!
01.<'.-l-. 4>113. l\06-. Her eyes kindled with joy. 'lY.'l';l!
OS'.ii:J" l\0'1kindly (adj.) fS'."lH
The kindly faces of the nurses reassured the
frightened child. fl\li:J-"7"'1.!1',; fS'."I)T
l\ll.,.,l'f-1- fS'.)7m(l)o1 A~ AW~~"'"
kindly (adv.)
I. OC-.6-"\.. He spoke kindly to the frightened
child . .u:-r- f)0~"'"1 .lt!1 oc-.6-"\.
M:>7~"'"

2. o:,01 1 OD1.1.ll. He does not take kindly

to criticism. )4><Wf"1 o:,01 oo1.t.h AY.+
OAII"
3. 0"111". We thank you kindly. 0"111" '1\~oo
(1"/1?111
4. '1\Qhll. Kindly stop when your time is up!
'1\QIJ";f-v- 1.1(1)o ' fi.,I'A:,. "'"'most

kind (adj.)
I. S'."l. He is a kind person who is always
nice to children. 11-A'I.I 1\A"/f..'fo S'."l f
lf')o

(lfDo

')o(Do

That's very kind of you. S'."l ~PC.,.? A

2. fS'."I)T. His kind act balances his rough
manner. fS'."l)T P'6-"'" Ql\1. mQI'1
Mf'i!111:J"A
3. ODAIJII". Her kind words assuaged my
grief. ,.,.~7~'fo'S ooAIJ?" ?A ltd.H~
l\W~~'S

*How kind of you to help me! iiii~JI1i'S .t.oo

(1"1~1\l}o

*Will you be kind enough to close the door?

0'1-1 11-l-H:>"'"
[See also 'heart']

e-x.-.

kindhearted
1 S'."l
He is very kindhearted; he does not like to see
people suffer. 0"111" c-.'1--, (S'."I) (l(l)o II
I\W)~'f-fi.1P?I'"7f-l-AY.W.I:-II"

kindly.,.~.,_.,.

+mP

She received us most kindly. .,...,1? .,.mQ

.,..,.01\'f-1
kindness
I. S'."l)T. I appreciate your kindness. ill\
S'."!)TII )\OD{I"/1?1\!Jo
2. m-ll;fw. She does not seem very appreciative
of the kindness done to her. I\.,.U711-l- (l)ol\
:J" ' )\OD(I;J'S I J\TODiiA!I"
kindred (n.) H""J'.";fo
Are they your kindred or your wife's?
,1'1.,. ' HODJ'.";fo ' ~:f(l)o ' Wf.il ' f"''.il'l-11 !
kindred (adj.)
1. 01111"~ ,.,..,.6-~0. Kindred tribes live
in the region. 0119".1:-~ ,.,..,.6-~11- .,.llll''f-
04>01\.(l)o (l)oii'J' Y.'l'6-112. f.,.~...,S'.. Writing and grammar are kindred
studies. W.ltL'I-'i' {l'f'il"'" 1 ,.,.~""-'~- , '1-11"
IJC-f'f- ' 'i':f(l)o
3. fODI\(111. We are stndying about rain,

687

king

frost, and kindred elements of nature. illt 1

11<;',. I tJJoC"P<;' ' fou{)(t/1- ' 11-~;J-jP';f ' l.<;'m
<;'1\"t
king "t.,.,..

George VI was king of England.

>t.,.,..

.,.'1 fl>"t"'l\.11
become king ~1aP

;(C~ ll.(-ll

to~

kiss (n.)

ou{){),.

I heard the sound of a kiss in the next room.

0"'1..4>'1"1\tJJo h'i!A tJJoll'l" ' fOD{){),. ' .(-

,.6' ....,.,.

give a kiss {toP

He gave his wife a kiss and went to work.

"''.ll-J:"t ' ll'l" ' IDS'. o I" tlo ' ~S'.

He became king before the Second World War.

bo-11.,.'1"'" 'ill,. ,nct'l- oo~-'1- t1,
make (one) king M1"'

They made him king after the old dynasty

died out. b4>.(-1"m- ' FCID ' OD't"'I"T
'i!II"'L 0:\'1 1>(1-"t ht1,.T
kingdom
I. M.,.l" .,q..,.. He ruled a kingdom. O"t.,.l"
.,q..,. ' 1q

2. nc. Does your question concern the

animal kingdom? 'l".f.,W fl>"tllllT"t HC
f"''..ODI\bT tm- 1
Heavenly Kingdom OD1..,P"'.,.. {l,..,.f:,O

Sinners will not enter the Heavenly Kingdom .

...lll.h.,.'l'"f ' OD")"J/".,. ' (1"'/.fT ' hJ'.11Jo,.

[See also 'divine']

kingly
I. "t.,."f'l!. His kingly pride made him choose
death to surrender. "t.,."f'l! IJ.&-1: ' 7-)l:"t
boullmT 'I"T"t 7-"t'L""C'I" hS'.t.1tJJo
2. M.,.l". He wears a kingly crown.
Hm-.(- ' "PS:A
kingly personages "t.,."f,..f"t ' fl..,.(t(l';f
A large number of kingly personnages attended
the funeral. 1111- "t.,."'tJJo.f"t fl..,.(t(l';f 04>
11~ 'If. .,.1'S.,.,. toe

n.,.,..

king of kings "t.,.,. t11"T

kit
I. OD"f&.f. The nurse carne with her first-aid
kit. tC!l. fou1.,ou&.f ' 7-CJI:J' ' OD"f&.f'l'"t
J'.q' OD"J';f
2. ""1"1m"''..f 1-:l'l"'f-. He bought a radio
kit for his son. IIA)I: f<l-'Lf' DD1"1m"''..f
1-:l'l"'f- ' 1ql\..,.

[See also 'first aid']

kitchen "'1.(-fi.T I ID'l"fi.T

The cook is in the kitchen. ID'I"fl.:t "'1.(-fi.T

(m'l"fi.T) m-ll'l" .,..,.
kite m'l"t'l

They like to fly kites. m'l"t'l "'/m-11111111

f.t-'111-

kitten
I. f.(-oPT "'A1A. A kitten grows up on mill<.
f.(-oPT "'A1A Om_,...,. .f.(-;>A
2. """A"lA. The cat is nursing her kittens.
.(-ou;t "'A111-!l!'t ;t-mqll"f
knack .,.1'1'1"1-

He has a knack for carpentry. fh<;m.tT .,. ...

'1"1- hl\mnot get the knack of it Hl.tJJo hf.ll'"ti\T,.
I want to dance well, but I cannot get the knack
of it. IIS'."t11 1\oPJ'.tll ALA:>I\11- "'"t
Hl,m- hJ'.ll'"t A 'S,knead hlllt

The Ethiopian ruler is the king of kings. fii.T

f'kl ' 11C ").,..... t11"'1- ""'"'"

She washed her hands before kneading the

dough. 1\.m-"t b"''flolt:t Ooi.T M~-"t
;J-mfl"f

kink

*There is a kink in the rope. 1DD-'I.

knee

:J''I"~A

kinky bCJI'I

Some people have kinky hair. h"tJI"t.(- l'll""f

bC'I'I 1!.'1-C h'l'f'tJJo
kinship 11,-.(-<;

Kinship is based on a common ancestor.

1111,..(-<;' ' ..............,. ' f"''..ll'ttJJo ' h"t.(- ' h
.fT 'J>.(-ou hiT ttJJo
kiss (v.) flou

He tried to kiss me. ll.llou'S 'l"bt.

knee.,.AOT
I hurt my knee .,.A01;o"t

.,..,_'1.,.

bring to (one's) knees h.10~hh

We brought the enemy to his knees. m'IT"t

h"tflt.bh"t
drop on his knees .,."tOt.bb

He dropped on his knees to beg forgiveness.

uc:t- 1\0DI\oP"t

T"tflt.hb
fall on his knees 0'1-Afl.Jz m1..ct

He fell on his knees and begged for pardon.

fl.,.Afl-1: t.(-.J ,.,... ......,. 1\0D)

688

kneecap

mF.+
He went down on his knees to beg for pardon.

go down on one's knees O..,..AOrJ:

?".ht:'l- 11""11""') 11'1-AI1-Io

[See also 'bended')

mS',.oj>

kneecap f'I-AI1'1- 11-"7.

He fell and skinned his kneecap. mY:.Y. f'I-A
11-lo' 11-"7. ' -1-'ltn
kneel (knelt) -t-'JI1t:hh
He knelt before the statue of St. Mary. h:,>Y;
il'l- "''CY?" .hDJoA'I- .l.'l- -t-'JI1t:hh
knell (v.) -t-S'.mll
The church bells knelled all morning. fll.-1-
hCil-l;y) S'.mA (LS'.mA t.M.S'.
knell (n.), sound the ~
I. .,.,_mil. A bell sounds the knell during each
funeral. 11foj>110:. P') P'C'\'1- 'If. fll.-1-
hCilty) S'.mA f.S'.dl'IA
2. f - t.~A"III-'1- "'111-I:Y II'). The

invention of the automobile sounded the

knell of the horse and buggy. fooh. <; ""4-A
il'i' f4-t:ll<; filt:~'l t.~A"III-'1- "'111
4:Y ' II')
knelt, see kneel

knew, see know

knife (v.) 11Q;1JI). ' m;>
He knifed his enemy in a fight. 11mll- 'If.
mi\-J:"t O~W~O. tD;J
knife (knives), n. IL'I'I' l IL'I
He cut his hand with a knife. l\)1:') IL'I'I'

...:mOJo
[See also 'back, pocket')
knight [11""1Jhii':'DJo Hoo') h'i' Yll )>;
-flJJ.. AUoP rot.r'IT rm~F.C hoflc ~
"'/6<':"1)
knit >P&She herself knit these gloves. l\Ht.ti'J fl\;1!'
lf.&-fl:Y. ' f>P&-:Y.DJo ' &-j). ' .,,..
be knit together .,.lt(ll:
The two families are knit together by a common
interest. 11-11-lo 11.-t- ilfl:Y. 11:>&- T:Jo?" .,....
ilt:'I'A

knives, see knife

knob
I. l\)>:;1-. The knob fell off the door. fl10:. 1.)>;
;1- mil+

knock
2. IrA. There is a knob on top of the flagpole.
hil'Js>.:Jo '\'1"'/DJo ""il"'Y ""i'i' 'If. t.'J
Y: irA l\11

knock (vt.) oo;tHe knocked him on the head. l\&-il- 'If.

"":f-IJJo
knock (vi.)

I. 110:.') l\'JI\1>.. Please knock before you

come in! hoo"JfJ'I-11 114-'1- 11-:.'J l\')1>,1>,
2. l\')1>,1>,, Someone knocked at the door.
ilm- ' 110:.') ' l\')1>,1>,
3. ~1i. The engine is knocking. '1"-t-O:. f.~

"liA
knock about (vt.) l\')~'1;1-

The waves knocked the boat about.

AfJDJo') ' l\')~'l;f-DJo

'1"~.!1-

)>;

knock about (vi.) .,.'Jh&--t--1-

He knocked about quite a lot in his youth.

11A)!'H 1111- -1-'Jh&-:tA
knock against

1. h :>C l\;><U.. He knocked his head

against the wall. &-il-'J h"IY:"I'I :>C l\;><U.
2. 1'.111'.11. Don't knock against the table!
m.:A.qDJo') ' t.'l-1'.-tiY:-tl
knock around

*He has knocked around all over the world.

11'\11?" 'If. YAt:~tnDJo il'l'&- fll?"
knock down

I. .,..,_ "'ll. He overtook the running thief

and knocked him down. f.llii f)l1t;DJo')
1\.fJ ' S'.t:ill1'1-<; ' .,..,. ' "'IIDJo
2. "'ll. Be careful not to knock down the
flower vase! l\11'1 "'/iloj>""""iDJo'J l\'J'I'I'I"A -1-tn'J+:J.
3. 'I':> oj>M, The storekeeper knocked down
his remaining winter clothes. '111""1'..110:. f.,.
<':4-DJo'J fht:?"'l- A-till 'I':> +M
{be) knocked down

I. 4-t:il. These are the old houses that have

to be knocked down. MH.tl l\1!"1. 11.-1'-:Y..
OD'I'(;il ' YllfJ:fDJo <;:fDJo
2. ms>.oj>. Reset the stakes that were knocked
down! fmS'.4J'I-'J :Y.IJII-:Y. DDAiltl '1-MlfDJo
3. ( ~ tr.) 'lm. He was knocked down by a
bus. t.DJo-1'-11-il '!mOJo
4. (~ tr.)~'i:-l-1!'"111. Whencrossingtheriver,
he was knocked down by the onrush of water.
m')lf-') (LY!tC'J" S'..&-71 DJo;) ~'i:-l-1!' "'
IIDJo

knock

know

689

knock (Into) h-- .?C of-;JQ;L

He knocked into many people as he ran.
1\.1:"'1' h11rt- (ll":f .?C -1-;JQ;L
knock off (vt.)
I. h&-(1- ilf. "'II(R'I-). He nearly knocked
my hat off. IJC~"'I'-'t h&-(1. ilf. II.'I'A11

't ?"'t!l" IIA+<:w-!1" tnc

2. t+(l. He knocked two dollars off the price.
h'l'.?ID- 11-11'1- 11C t+(l
knock out

I. Ml<:m. The explosion knocked out the

power for several hours . .l.'tl[fD" 1111rt- (I
~'I- l>t':'t1:fD"'t lilt t':mfD"
.2. 11(1"111. He knocked the tray out of my
hands. 11C"I-'t /l;r.'t hh:( llll"'ll't
knock (oneself) out

*He really knocks himself out for football.

All- hllh.mA:J> '>.II P'im;I-A
(be) knocked out
I. R"'!l" f.hou. He was all knocked out after
one game of tennis. -J:tll ll'tY: rt-C h-1-Lm-t- R:%11 R"'!l" .J'.houw2. -1-lh.r.. He was knocked out in the tenth
round. IJI"t':'i'fD" rt-C -1-lft.r.
3. mil+. A panel was knocked out of the door.
hOD111JfD" ll'tY: h<;:A mAltA
knock over ~4-

Who knocked the pail over? IJA'I.m-'t "'''t

Y.of.m- 1

(be) knocked over haJo h.ll

When the announcement came, we were

completely knocked over. "'111;1-m<f:J.'m-'t
ll't(l"'' hm- IIA't
knock together (vt.) w-'1-<;:'1-<;: 1\Y:C'I rP&The boys knocked together a sort of raft out
of old boards. A]('ll IJt':~ ll't .+ ""'til
1.1-J.' lltn. m-'1-<;:'l-<;: li.!':C11D- "'""
knock up 1\Rillf
The children knocked up the new table.
A]('ll 11.11.(1-'t m<:A.~ IIRIIIF-'1(one's) knees knock together .,..,.~hil.h

He was so scared, his knees knocked together.

h'i'CII-1: f-1-t"' 1-1lt':ht':h
[See also 'senseless, unconscious']
knock (n.) oa')'>,'>.'IThe knock on the door made us all jump with
surprise. foP111..fiD- oo't'>.'>.'l- lll1Rt':11't
*Did you hear the knock at the door? R'l-
1\.'t'>.'>. (1"'111 1

knockout oon<:c
The champion won by a knockout in the
tenth round. fiJotr <:'f ftl'tm- IJI"t':'i'
m- rt-C ilf. R""Ht':C lllft.l.
knoll "1-11:1' i """" 1><:11:1'
The shepherd sat on a knoll to watch his flock
better. h<:'i'w- h11-H?t RY.'t11 II""""
Ah'l- 7.'t.ti.:Y.A h"!-11;1-m- (h'l"ililm- I>
<:11:1') ilf. -1-+""m
knot (v.) ltmt':
Shall I knot the string? 1\.IJ'Im-'t A!ll'l't':ID- 1
knot (n.)
I. !1/ml:". The string is full of knots. 1"""- 11
,. !1/ml:" 111\R'I2. ~f.'t. The board is full of knots. ll't .+m-
~f.'t 11!1' tm-

*ml.
Make a knot in this string, please! f.U't't 1\.
11'1 '!1/'J't':ID-

make a knot

tle a knot *ml:

Tie a knot in this string right here! 1\.IJ'Im-'t

hiLII ' ilf. lt'J't':dJknotty
I. ~f.'t fR~R'I-. A knotty board is not good
for making shelves. ~f.'t fR~R'I- ll't.+
IIOD.J'.CUJ.' .....,.,.,., ' llf.t':IJ!I"
2. R"'!l" 1111'1'.?&. That is a knotty problem.
Mf. R"'!l" 1111'1'.?& tmknow (knew)
I. om+. Do you know him? No, I don't
know him. ;J-m-+'I'IIU 1 fll!l" 1\ilm-+m-9"
I do not know how to drive a car. ouh.'i oo
'tJI'I- 1\ilm-:J>!I"
2. -1-t':JI. He suddenly knew that she would
not stay. f"'''l--l'f. outl'~'t ' RY:'t1'1- -1-t':JI
3. 1\f. You will know his house by the red
roof. 11.-t:'t R+f. "'&J.'m- -'1-llf'l'l\11
4. 11111\.l.. He knew many days of adversity.
11rt- f""h&- +'f:Y. 1\IIA~A
know of OlD+

Do you know of a good restaurant around

here? RILU 1\IJIJIL '1"1- 9""111 11.'1- ' :1'
m-.+11111
for all I know 7.'t.ti.J.'m-9"
For all I know, he may be dead. 7.'t.ti.J.'ID-9"
/lf.'l"-'1- llf.+C!I"

690

knowing

knuckle
'h'11.07..f~+(D<

let know llil;J-ro4'

to one's knowledge )../\- ,

After this, please let me know in advance!

To my knowledge, he hasn't been here.

,_~ ,_'tf."'IOJ-4'0J- ,_11- ,_H.ll /IA)IJ~9"
to the best of one's knowledge fO?.faJo+m-") 1

llaJf..l.-1> ' .,.,.,. ' illlll ' llil;J-OJ-4''t

[See also 'place, rope']

YIIA

knowing (adj.)
she gave me a knowing wink. 1Ah-+

f11l'l- oorrs:'t 1111\:f-A't

knowingly

o.,..,.

He would never do anything knowingly to

hurt you. ll9"'t9" 't.J'.)'f- OOJ-.,. 11.1'111 II.J'.4.A"I9"

"''~-'t ' filA ' OOA/1[See also 'common']

knowledgeable o'P.J:
He is a knowledgeable young man. O'P<l: flY)
"'"''~-')OJ-

knowledge
1. bOJ-4''1-. His knowledge of the area is
remarkable. illl 4'11/I.OJ- YliOJ- 1!.,..,.'1-
f'''Uilf.'t:t )OJ-

2. lf-11-:J'. His knowledge of Amharic is poor.

Y"'IC'I' :f-11-:J'OJ- Mil_,.'l' )OJ3. oo~A. One of his recent requirements is a

knowledge of French. o:tco- b111Y'fOJ- )
1~:f f4.~'til.J'.

Answer to the best of your knowledge! f9":J'OJ-

knuckle (v.),

down

You'd better knuckle down to work! 11-il.,.C

illlll il'l-oP<Io f. "If AVA
knuckle under to +.,.OA
Ethiopia did not knuckle under to Italy's
demands. 11.'1-f"t.:Y ' II."'AY ' Y4'~1l:f-OJ-'t '
Tfof: IIA.,.4'1lll:f9"

:t't* ooJI'tr )OJ-

come to one's knowledge (1"7

It has come to my knowledge that you are

slandering us. ,_'tf.9":J'"'/'t 119"JI'llu-

knuckle (n.) <tK-+

I hurt the knuckles of my right hand. f4''t ,_
:('t ' 'tK":t ' 1-'111-'1-

label

691

lacerate

L
label (v.)
1. All. They labeled him a liar . ..,.if:'"?" All-.-,.
2. 0?" llm.t. ! ?"Ah.-,.. llm.t.. The druggist
labeled the jars. ouJ:-;>t..,. ' +"''"'L"'" ' me('':(- ~J'. fouJ:-;>t-1:1' 0?" llm.t.
The clerk spent the day labeling the merchandise. Alflf"" +"I-1' ,_II- 7..4'"'" ~J'. ?"
Ah.-,.. noullm<;: 'I'll

label (n.) ?"Ah.-,..

Take the label off the bottle! lime-a- '
?"Ah.,.,.

~J'.

~m..,.

The sound 'b is labial. 0 fb1LC F:tJDIJ

)(Do

He was sentenced to five years at hard labor.

.1'?"0..,. ' .,,....,. '

ll"). '

7.(1&-..,. ' .,."'~"..,.

[See also 'communal']

laboratory 0..,. ,...h&A laboratory for testing bovine medicines has

been established. M?" f"7.11'1' ' "".1:-;>t.,.:f '
f"'LL.-,..1'

0._,. .,..h&- _,.,..,._.,_A

He is just a common laborer. T&o f+1' rv

&-.,.'1''

)(Do

laborious

labor (v.)
l. w&-. He labored all day long in the factory.
flof,.1)t;l)aJo I aJo{l'r I oft).'l I IID-/r I iP&,.
2. of!,. ~hou, He labored for the betterment
of mankind. ll(l(l)o A~ oulflfA of!,. ~~~

".7-A

1. :,..,.u. Bees and ants are laborious insects.

1'1l:f'i' ' .,...,.JI'l':f ' hll ' )<;:........ ' ""'"'"
2. A.l:-11"7.. Looking through files is a laborious
job. /'.fl. "'11~0'1' A.l:-11"7. 1"&- )(Do

laboriously 0-fl,. .1:-lt?"

3. nJ<:. He labored to improve his farm.

"''ta.....,. ll"''lf'i'A
.,..,.1~:1".

A.-,..f'k.l' fu>llm"l- w&-.,.V':f YOLA'i;I-A

hard labor Jfl). lt.il&-T

laborer f+1' w&-.,.'1'

labial fh"l'.t.e

4.

5. w&-.,.'l':f. Ethiopia needs skilled labor.

The ship labored in the high

waves. ooch!l. Oh'f:..,.~aJo 9"1J!" dJoll'l"

.,..,.1~;1-:f

labor the point (Ill )1'1- ,..,.:'"

An~

The speaker labored the point so much that

we lost interest. .,.'i':>&..,. Oil )1'1- ,..,.:'"
MO~ (111'1'1'
labor up 0-rt:.+ r CD"'

The monk labored up the steep hill. ou)lf-1\

.... ' '11.,1' ' 0'1'<:..,. ' tD"'

A~ ' 0-fl,. ' .1:-lt?" ' L<:OD

labor pains ?"'!'

The labor pains made her cry out. 9'"m- hit
~"lj..,.

labyrinth ("""'""'A OU"'IlJ':f"'" O"''J'.:f"tD'I-

A\>.:\1' f.,."'"- ,.._,.~111-Yl"':f-J

lace (v.) AM
Waittii!Ilacemyshoes! "'1"'1\L"l' 7.01tOe .JJ'.
lace together h.(Jl.

He laced the sticks together with a strong vine.

~1'.u.-Hi"l'

labor (n.)
1. f,... Y_,.'l' 'I':>. Labor alone will cost three
hundred dollars. f,_Y.,.'I' 'I':> -fiJI' 1"0
.-,.. ""_,. ofle J'.ll''i'A

2. f.,..An.-,.. 'I':>. The farmer wants to be paid

for his labor. 10"-"'" ~An., 'I':> 7.1'JI.h
Lll"'" J'.mJ'.:J'A

3. ?"'1'. His wife is in labor. "7.0., ?"'I' J'.

!I.:'"A
4. '!'<:.-,... All our labor has been in vain.
'J'<::'"':f-1' IJo/1-

The child traced his signature laboriously.

..,..,.If. '

"1<:

111'., '

)(Do

n'J'ofi:J> m<:"' A(l<:

lace (n.)
I. "'1(1&.1'. These shoes need new laces. J'.ll
""1."'1 ' AJI.{I ' "''(l&Y YOLA1'1'A
2. JI1'1:A. The girl's dress is trimmed with lace.
fA]f1<:JI.:J: +"7.0 OJI1'1:A f_,.h.t.L )"'"

lacerate
I. !l.mm. The thorns lacerated his flesh.
7.11"11- ' p>:>"'"1' ' !l.tntn(l)o
2. 114-'1' 'll.<:m. The shattered glass lacerated

692

lack
his hand. fTllO~m- ou{l;l'm't- ll.)l:'t
h4->;' 'k~mm3. )IJ. Sharp criticism lacerated his pride.
hq.(- ' ).,.<f. ' hil-1-'t ' )IJ<DIacerate one's feelings ll01.'i:"}

lad

A~

He is a handsome lad. oPAb +'J A"/: iom-

ladder
1. ouMA. He climbed the ladder to the roof.

..,_.41

His cruel words lacerated his feelings. h4- ll.

).:>1-1- ' !1"'1..,,. ' ?-'ltD-

lack (v.)
I. .,.1.1\(m-). +J did not lack anything there.
li.ILIJ ll"'t9" f?-J'.II'S )1C l\.A)0~9"
2. Mll(m-). +A coward lacks courage. .I.&
Ail 1'lll'I'A
3. l\."1. Lacking butter, we put honey on our
bread. ;r>o. M"''t 'lll'l':f't't "'IC .,.q)m-

[See also 'interest']

ODDMA ' "lt'..I'OJo 11,1'. ' OJ"'

2. J'.~ll". He was high on the political and

social ladder. 07"1\i:IJ'i' O'lil~ llil h'i'T
... ' ...~' )0~,.

(be) laden -f-i)

The donkeys were laden with bundles of wood.
li.II.I'S"'Il ~,_..,,_ T"V")OJo )OC

ladle (v.),

out ..,11.1.

She ladled out the soup. !l"cq,.,. ..,1\.t.:f

ladle (n.) "V"A<f.

lack (n.)
I. l\.'1'~'1-. There is a lack of trained personnel.
f"'llm). .,.,._..,.'l':f l\.'1'~'1- l\.11
2. ll.lfl'l-. Lack of rest made him tired. f~~'i''l-
ll.lfl'l- ' li.J'.hoP<D3. "'1"1'1-. Lack of a telephone isolated me.
!lAh "'1"11: hl\.11-:f llf'S
4. l\.11
(verbal noun). His mistakes betrayed
his lack of education. f l.ll"'llf'<D- il.loT-I':f
l\.11'"'"'1-1-'t 1111\.0'1-

our most serious lack was fresh water.

0"19" flf'1~'t 1-1\..lo m-;) )0C

for lack of
I. IU'"'. For lack of something better to do,
I went to the movies. i\.1\ f.,.'lfIt ~1C
f"'IJ'.C1<D- ' q"' ' ll.:t"'l ' 1qo2. !lllm<f.. He was acquitted for lack of
evidence. "'lil~ll" !lllm<f. 0)1\ Tl\4'4'

(be) lacking l\."1

We have everything we need; only water is
lacking. fll"'t.I.A1<D- "'l't'i'<D-9" )1C l\.111-
m-;) ' il!l' ' )OJo ' .I'"')OJo

be lacking in
I. .,.1.1\(0Jo). +He is lacking in wisdom. '!'Oil
f.'l-.1!"1\'I'A
2. Mll(OJo). +A weak person is lacking in
strength. J'.IJ"'l {ltD- 1-AO't- 1'lll'I'A
*He is lacking in courage. m'l"'l- fii<D-9"

The ladle is broken. "V-A-1-0Jo .,.Mia:A

lady (n.)
I. (l.'f-. Is that lady his mother? .l''f (l.'f-1'"
)'(-!
2. (l.'f- m,I'.HC'. Mrs. Parker is a real lady.
m.ent!' ;rchc "'"'"" tl.'t- m.ent!' 'i'

M"'""'

.,,..

3. m,I'.HC' (pl. m,I'.WHC't-). Ladies are requested

to come at ten. m,I'.~11C't- q.-..:,. ll'\'1-
l\.'jo'I,DDm4. q110.'1-.

,1'.1\DD'i'l\-

The ambassador and his lady

arrived late. l\.9"q<"IJ'.-I-'i' qllo.;l-'1',. H"',l'.

.,.,. ' ... ....

~

ladies hll-t'.-'1-

Ladies and Gentlemen! hll-t'.-'1-'i' hll-t'.-1- I

lady of the house Ql\fL.-,.

The lady of the house is the one to hire the

servants. ll.'liht!':f f"''..,.'l'-1-'1- q110.1:..,

.,..,,..

Our Lady l\.ODO.;l':f't

He said a prayer to Our Lady. 1\l\.ODO.;l':f't
Kll-'1- l\.1.~1
lady (adj.) (l.'fShe is a lady doctor. tl.'t- mh.9" 'i''I[See also 'old, refinement, waiting']

ladylike fm,I'.HC')'fHer ladylike manners charmed everyone.

laconic li.'I'C 9"'1'1He has a laconic style of writing. J\TC r"fl

.I'll .l'l\l\'i' HJ'. l\.1\0Jo

fOJ,I'.HC')'f- o-l!.;l-'1' o-11-1-9" "'l~h

lag (lagged), v.

lacuna "1.1!".1..'1There is a lacuna in the manuscript.

Jo.4- I OJo{l'J' l "1.(-.l.'f- l l\.1\

lag

fllt.~

K"

1. mJ'. :\11 .,.~. The plant often lags in

making its quota. ill!" 1.11. 4-ii&IJOJo II."'
t'.otD- h"'1.1q,. '"'m't mJ'. :\11 ,1'.4't'.-A

lag

2. <I>H.J>H. Our interest lagged toward the end

of the performance. m!'. -l-Cl\.e-1> -.u.o~:lf
'1.1'. ' ll"'L;l-:f") ' "'""'"
lag behind b - - - :\'1 .J>.G
He is always lagging behind the others. IJo/I.'F'
bl\.11-:f :\'1 Uti-A
lag (n.) ""<!-<!-~
There is always a lag between promise and
fulfillment. :J'A 0""1lm-l-'i' O""LI\9"
""IJbA IJoA1.H. ""<!-<!-~ All
lagoon .h.t'.<l> q;,c

I aid, see I ay

lain, see lie

lair 'l'lf
He found the robbers' lair. fH<l-Ll"'ll1 'l'lf
M'f
laissez passer 1'.1'.11'1' mo~:++
The refugee has a laissez passer. T1~~
11'1' mo~:++ , J<.llm-

land

693

f~

1aity 9"l\""'i'1
The laity and the clergy agreed to hold a
council. 9"l\""'i''J.'i' IJtJ'i'-1> 1111{1q 11"7:
.1:"1 ' +11"7lake .h.t'.~
We went bathing in the lake . .h.t'.., m-11'1'
A1'1'~ lt:1
lamb 1'0"1 mP+
When do you shear the lambs? 1'0"1 mP-I':f
1 ""'fi -l-lfA;l-lltJ 1
boiled lamb 1'0"1 ~~A
We are having boiled lamb for supper. 11<!--l-
fO"I ~~A l\10'1111
lame (v.) J<.11JI'J J<.Y:Ci J<.ll.J>.G
The accident lamed him for life. l'o!'.;>m- ;,
.t>.m-1>1 -11- J<.11JI'J J<.Y:Ci J<.ll.J><~:mlame (adj.)
1. }l"}I"Jlt. He is lame as a result of an accident.
q!'.;J 9"b1.1'-l- l'o11JI'J IT)..A
2. 1lq, He has a lame leg. J<.1Y: l\"1'1- 11q
~,.

The lame man clumped along. 11 q,. {I mIlo ' l\ f+'l-++ ' lt!'.
be lame +I'Jll.G
His arm is lame from playing ball. 1>.11 b""
"mol- f+~"'' b1.11- +I'Jil.,:A

be a lame excuse R-1: 9"h1.1'+ l>.t'.!'-119"

Sleeping too late is a lame excuse for being
tardy. +~.P. "7CLY: H"l.t'.-1' IIDD~"''-l-
04: ' 9"h1.1'+ ' l>.t'.!'.l\9"

lament (v.)
I. J<.ll+ll. They lament the death of their
friend. m'l)i':fm- 1111'1"+ .I'II~I'Jfto
2. J<.H~. We lamented his absence. OOD~.G-1>
J<.H11
lament (n.) f.hH1 l\11-C"l-1!
The woman's lament moved the people to
tears. fll.-l-1'"'1' f.hH1 l\11-C1-f!' llm1 l'ollii.J>ll
lamentable
I. OIIJ9" f"7..1'1'J111. It was a lamentable day
when our dog was run over. m-71-f'l f+Jlmfi
+ +1 OIIJ9" f'"I..I'I'J111 .,., ~oc
2. 1'"7.t'..Gq, The audience booed his lamentable violin playing. f"7.t'..Gqm-1 fli\'"11.1
9"-1>1 J<.Y:"7P"'Jl OtJ>Ii+ +:t>m-+
lamentation ll~f\
Lamentations were heard everywhere when the
king died. 11-.,. 11.'1"-l- 0.1'110-l- ll~f\
+ll"7
lamp
I. of.'l"ll. We need a new lamp for this room.
IIH.tJ IL-l- l>'l.ll of.'l"ll .I'IILA~'i'A
2. on-ot~-+. The desk lamp is new. fm.GA.qm-
--ot~-+ ' J<.'l.ll ' ~,.
[See also 'kerosene lamp']
lampshade 11of.1
We will buy a new lampshade for the desk
lamp. llmo~:A.qm- ""11<1--l- l>'l.ll 11of.1 l\
1~qll1

lance (v.) J<.L.Gm

The doctor lanced the boil. .hb..oa- 111-111:
1 l>L.Gmmlance (n.) II'C
He can throw a lance twenty yards. II'C ?.1'
.I'CY: l>C.f. ll.m.Gm-C .t'.:f'IA
lancet [1Joll-l- 1111-l- .film- If-A fiT~ .h
11..9" I''"I.~II~AO-l- -l-111 0.'1'1']
land (vt.)
I. 1\I'J.GL. The captain managed to land the
plane despite its broken wing. fJ'tft)oe""rt\).
h1'i' 0.ll0C9" IJ"C-I:'J. l;f&C'T'I'J.1 II
"71'J.G'i'' il'll

land

2. 1\ID.:J'.. The ship landed its passengers.

ooCh!l. .,. ... -NII"l-1- 1\IDi'.Jl.:f
3. 1\Jl.i'.ll. The train will land you in Addis
Ababa on time. IJII-'1- 01\'t-1: 1\.11.11 1\0
IJ YJl.C11?1A

land (vi.)
1. hi'..l.. The plane landed smoothly. 1\IJloC'TII
). OC:>;f- hi'..l.

The cat jumped and landed on its feet.

Y:oo-t: Hll- 07.."1'1- hi'..l.

1>.!1. "'/,JJIJlo ooiJh/A 1\i'..l.:f

2. -'"" The ship landed. ooCh!l. -'oo:f
3. hooch11 IDi'.Jl.. The passengers landed at
noon. oo1-1Jl.'1''1l 4''1-c liS'- hooch11 m
i'..C:.
4. 1fl. Though the ball landed in the goal, it
was declared a foul. 1>.!1. "111 11T11J!I" )
'I'll- ' 4-C11 ' II')

:> 9"h1-Y't- IJM'I>.S'- "7i'.'i' )Oi'.O'tThe landing of the American forces in France
is known as D-Day. fi\"16\J ID;f-Jl.C':f f
.l.i'-1-<'IS'-1- !I".!':C fi'.1m-O't- 4'1- .II.
I'.S'- " .,.1111- S'-m&-IA

landing field fi\1Jlot!'TII1-

"7i'.4-Y

The landing field is not marked on the map.

hfA.,.oPflh1'9"

landing strip

"7i'.4-Y f"'/.11'1- "''.JJ

There is a landing strip for small planes.

fl'l-'01-11 1\IJloC'TII'l':f "7i'.4-Y f"'/.11'1-

"'" ' 1\(1
Iand Iady IJI\0.'1-

The landlady demanded the rent. flflll.:t h.

&-1'1- mf4'l-

[See also 'ground, jai11

landlord f0.-1> 1.;1-

land (n.)
1. II".!':C. This is the land of Ethiopia. Y.tJ II"
.!':i'. h.'l-f-kY ),.

2. oot.'l-. The land here is very fertile. nrw '

1\IJIJIL oo.:,:,. 0"19" fill" ),.
3. f1111. After traveling by ship for a while,
we were happy to see land. nooch11 111-'t
.!': ' hCoo1- ' f1111 ' 11<;}!. ' Jl.l\ ' 1\(114. MC. He is visiting distant lands. '1-'1> MC'
:f-1- WPO'f/A
The whole land prayed for his health. h1C
n-11- flm. 1-)-t: Kflf
[See also 'pasture, piece, Promised Land, tongue,
tract']

land forces f!I".!':C li'C

The land forces are 150,000 strong. flJDS:C
h,IJD{J

3. ( ~ to land) "7i'.'i'. The pilot made an

emergency landing. I\1Jlot!'TII1- HI:,. 01\Jl.

fi\IJloC'TII1- "7i'.4-YID- OIJC;f-ID- liS'-

The ball landed in the middle of the court.

""' I OO.f- I

landscape

694

n:

tn

I lj(l)o

landholder fJ(Ioa.:,:,.
The landholder must pay a tax. IJfloot.-t: "I
11C ooh.I./A 1\tiO't-

landholding foot.'t-

The landlord must fix my door. f0.-1> 1.;1oolf'l..f'\1-1- "7rP&-'I- 1t110't-

landmark
1. 9"/Ah'l-. Surveyors make landmarks after
they have surveyed the land. 4'Y"P-f oa.:.-t:
1- h4'fll- 0:\11 11"/Ah'l- YJl.C:>fl2 . .,_/A.,. f"'/.;1-fiD-. The City Hall is now a
landmark of Addis Ababa. 01\.11.11 1\0IJ
1Jlo11'1' ' 1\rJ-1- ' .,./A.,. ' f"''.;f-fiJlo ' fh1'"7
,. ' h.'l&-11 '

)ID-

3. 'I-A 'I> 11"~&-'i'. The telephone and the radio

are landmarks in the progress of communications. 11/Ah'O <1.-'l.f- noo1<;'f i'-1.!': '1-IA'I>
9"~&-'i' ' S'-H'I'/A
4. foot.'t- ' .!':1-0C ' f"YJooflhT ' Jl.1-1,.f.
The landmark was hard to find. foot.-1:1- .!':
1-0C f"YJooflh_,.,..,. Jl.1-1.Y "7"1"fT h
11'1':>6 )OC

landowner flfiC11'tThe landowners have to pay new taxes.

Y.~;t-

Landholdings vary in size in this province.

Oll.tJ m'I>IIY. "1~'1- 1Jlo11'1' foot.'t-
y.~;t- ODm). S'-fiYYIA

landing
1. [OJl.i'.ll" ooOQ,i'.lf IDS'-11" OJl.i'.li"'O Oil.
i'.ll" ""IJhtA Yfl 111"1 "7"-'1-Y]
2. "7-'"YJ. They tied the boat up at the landing.
~/AIJIJlo1- h"7-'"'LY,. hM'I-

IJfiC11+:f'

.,...,.,6

'"111C' ooh.I./A ' 1\(lf)'f'IJlo

land reform foot.'t-

S'-~;t-

oolflfA

Land reform is badly needed. foot,:,. S'-~;1-

oolflf/A 0"1!1" 1\11.1.111.

)ID-

Iandscape foot.'t- h4'"7oo'l' 1 foot.'t-

oo(A

h 1111'
The Ethiopian landscape in the north is bare.
fl\"11- h.'l-f-kY foot.'t- 1\4'"700'1'
f.,.&-.,.,. ' )IJlo

The landscape in the lowlands is monotonous.

R.JI\m- I 1\"'C I /Itt- I f'oP~..,. I ODA.h I.._,,..,. I
Ntllif'A
The lunar landscape has only reoently been
explored. fQ;J.~.+ ' 1ll" ' fi'oP~-~..,. ' a:tc
of! ' oflif'' tm-

The road is blocked by a landslide. OD')1'1-

<;'I ' 1-H"I;l:A

languor, fill with -, cause - Mllld.lld.

The intense heat filled the travelers with
languor. :>f.ll'i'm- ,....,.,.. oP"t1~'1'l(;"t l\11
A long illness causes languor.

~)":,.

a.ou,-

111/ld.Aof.A

lank

land tenure fout.'t- f.P:I"

Land tenure in the south is very complicated.
a~a-11 h'i'A rou.:.'t- f.P:I" f-tmtu'IO
)IJJo

I. 4''1' 111. Her lank hair does not make her

look pretty. "'"' 111m- 1\1-t: ~"t; hi
llouM't-,-

2. ~)":,. .,.'fl""t. A lank boy was leaning

against the wall. ~)":,. .,.'fl""t A)": "I

lane
I. f~"IC OD')1.<:". A narrow lane leads from
the road to his house. mf11l f"-"'IC OD"t"'J!'
hOD"t1'1- ' Mlh ' ~ .... ' IL't- ' f.OJII'IA
2. m'lofl """11.<:". A car drove down the muddy
lane. ODh.tj I flQ;~.4'ffDo I ffif}ofl I OD")1F:' I
1-'lH

language
I. lll"t!ll. He speaks a foreign language.
fiJJo'f!" Me !1/"t!l/ f.<;16-A
2. .+~'t-. It is difficult to understand the
language of chemistry. fh."''.ll't-&"t .+~'t-
floP~'I't- ' 111'f"I6-A
bad language fof!A"I<; .+~'t-

Don't use bad language with children around!

A]F:'f '111-0't- fof!A"I<; .+~'t- h't-<;1C

languid A'i'll'i'll
Hot weather makes people languid . .,..+'t- hf
C A'i'll'i'll I~C:>A

0011)

*He opened his eyes languidly and then fell

back asleep. ~"t:tA<;: ~n1~~~..,. ~f.t
'l I h"f:.,. I ,.oPb\{1 I +"f

languish

..,.,..,.

fi~IIC

IL't-

2. mmil"'. The roses languished in the summer

heat. ll"'l.t.'ll"l(; hn;~m- ...,..,.,.. f-tt"l
mmf\.,.

3. ++HI. His vigilance never languished.

.,,..., ' 9""11..11.,. ' hA-t.,.t(l

1-~.,.::

tnc

Hang out a lantern so people won't fall in

the hole. (ll"":f- h"I-Y:'i.<:- m-11'1' ~"t'lf.OJ
Y:<lc of.'l'll h"tmA'I'A

I ap (lapped), v. 1~.1.
Waves lapped the shoreline. '1"1.<:"
ml.lj: 1l.Lmlap against oo;t-

f'l.b~"t

t-&1.1..1

The waves lapped against the side of the boat.

'1"1'1- ' f~A'Im-"t '1-"t ' OD:f" 1;~~1
lap over +Ut..O
One session lapped over into the next one.
h"t'l- h'i'll 1..11. h"'1.4''l'IIIJJo :>C 1'~6-~fi
lap up ~~~ l\~~1
The kitten lapped up the milk. f.t:-"":1: "IA1
A m-t-l>"t ~~~ h~~1":f-mI. 'fl""t. She held the baby in her lap. A)l:"t

The servant moved languidly toward me when

I came in. h 1ih~ 111'1 Mi'Ad.(ld.(l m~

I. ..,.,..,. . He languished in prison.

.<:-"l'lm-"t

Iantern of.'l'll

lap (n.)

languidly M-I'Ad.{ld.(l
I

lanzulsh for ~ L+

The exiles languished for their native land.

M-t'l'l(; f't-m-A.<:- l\16-lfm-"t o;d.<lc

lld.llof.lfm-

landslide <;'I

):,

lapse

695

landslide

~"'l'"S: ~f. hll.,.oum":f-

2. lf"C. He was in the lead by five yards in the

first lap. foo~ou&f lf"C ~f. q,-ll't- IC
..:- ~c.,.,. f.ou6- tnc
in the lap of n - - - ~)":

His fate was in the lap of the gods. IJ.t:-11- Oh

"'IAh't- ~"1':

Iape!

tnc

1>1\.;1-

He is wearing a flower in his lapel. llA.;t-m-

~,. ' hfl'l ' h.<:-c'iA

lapse (v.)
I. 1'~11. Many local customs have lapsed in
this century. nrUJ h'i'll Hou"t m-11'1' of!
If" /1C A"'IP..":f- 1-~111-'PA

696

lapse

2. h/1<1'. If I do not pay this premiwn my

insurance policy will lapse. h<;:J'\I.'t I)A.b.l.
A.b- ' h.'tif..!-'tl'l. ' YA.:I'A.
3. mof.. The boy's interest
fA."lt 'i''IH Y~a>-). mof.

lash
be at lar1e hA.-tYH!I"
The thief is still at large. /l.'lm- 1<; hA-t
YH!I"

soon

lapsed.

*He lapsed into the bad habits he had before.

:f''I'P ' ~:1' ' II'~
lapse Into ruin

The house lapsed into ruin. lL1t

~f..~

large (adj.)
I. (to(.. He built a large house. (to(. IL'I- oP.!2. ..,,..~~!, He is a large man, nearly six and a
half feet tall . .,,..., am- ~.,. l -11""-1> II
~11'1-

""1"7 -tb-A. ll.ll''t ' !/"')!/" l\J'.<I'~fl>'

3. 11,.. She inherited a large fortune. 11,.

let lapse ( ~ intr.) -t'III.I.(R'I-)

+Don't let your policy lapse! f.hJ'.m'l- '1'!1'1-

A man with a large family needs a house.

.~.~a

<; lo't'l-.!-'1- h'i'Y ll't'l.r.-t'lll'i'11U

[See also 'silence']

I apse (n.) ""~'1'1Any lapse from true belief will be punished by

the church. hl\m-~-t>;'w- l\!1"~'1- ""~'1'1-

1111'1- m~a:r11,. IL-f-(111 Ylla>- (tw- IL'I- YII.I.A.1'1'A.

*This room is not large enough. J'.tJ htt:A

R4! !14.'1- f/lfl>'!/"

large (adv.) R'I-A.A.-11

Don't write so large! ll'tS'.H.II R'I-A.A.-11 h'll\'1'

RIL-l' bC!l1:1't Yil+IIJA.

by and large nm:Joi\1\ID-

*The lapse of local customs is due to contact

with the city. nc ' A."7~ ' llfmof. ' f"7.'/.

By and large, the results were satisfactory.

S'.a>- hh~"7 :>C R"7.S'.~1W< "''t')'~

'1- ' ~ ....
lapse of memory lll,.,il:J"mil l-""'c

He suffers from an occasional lapse of memory.

Rm~'l'lm- m-m.-1> h'l':>R. ~Rc

[See also 'by, consignment, measure, multitude,

number, proportion, quantity, scale']

largely Rm~l\1\mThat is largely incorrect.

Rm~l\1\m- ll.n-t

h't'l'tS'.. Yll"7!l;f'm!l "f"'c li/IR'I-

'1-

1apse of time

*He is largely to be blamed for the fight.

t\mll- !l"h't f'I- h'i'-t>;'m- '1'4-'1- f(t- i~""

A long lapse of time is necessary before they

will forget. ~1'1-'t hoPCil;l'l'm- R.I.+ 11
,. 1.11. "7/l'i' hiiR'I-

Iapse of (the) tongue 9'"1\il ll..lr:T

A lapse of the tongue may easily be overlooked.

!1"'1!1 (IJ~'l' R<l'l\11- ll.:f'll'i' J'.:Y.'IA.
after a lapse of tu\L r fl:\1\

After a lapse of five years, the committee met

again. h!l"!l'l- 'i""'l- '111.1. R:\'1 S'.C'I-
ll'tS'.1<; -f-(tR(tR

larceny /1.11~'1He was accused of larceny.

~ ....

largess 11:>!1~'1The duke's largess was remembered by the

people for years. foP!l'i'\<o 11:>!1~'1- R(t?'
H't~ 111111' 'i"":f''~- _r.;t-mll ~Rc

:r-

larva ll~
After the larva hatches, it becomes a butterfly.
ll~

h1'.1./l.l.t\ R:\'1 R..!-R.C' .r.li'<;A.

I arynx "7't-l!C'IHe has cancer of the larynx. f"7't-l!C'I-

R/1.11~'1-

-th(t(t

~<I'C

il ' _r.p;f'A.

~'t'lh Rhil"7 ~

I ascivious 11-+ f"7.+(t~ll

Her lascivious dance was finally forbidden by
the police. 11-+ f"7.<1'(t~ll 'l'tjl, RoP
... ~lf RTII.il 1'ht\hll

I arge, (n.) at - Rm~l\1\a>The country at large approved of his reforms . .h1111- Rm~l\1\a>- /IW<m-'t -t<I'R

lash (v.)
1. 1~.1.. He lashed the horse across the back
with a whip . .1.~(1-'t t)t\'t:> ~C'la>-'t 1

I ard fhil"7 t;-"7

Fry the potatoes in lard!
. , -rn(IQ)a

....

II.,.

~.~.

Bandits roam at large in the countryside.

2. 'IiLII. The lion lashed his tail in fury.

h'tRilm- R'tS'..'I- ~.1--l>'t 'IiLII

R1mC ' fi'i'.,.:f ll'tS'.A.'l'l'a>- .r.H'I'ID.!-/1-

3. ao;l-. The wind lashed the trees. )of./l

G:lf?t ....;1-lftJ>o

lash against f.flf.fl

The rain lashed against the windows. m-'li'l'i!

~

lasting

697

lash

aoll!>-1>'1 f.flf.fl

lash Into a frenzy O;JA

il"'+ 1\~..,..,

The speaker lashed the crowd into a frenzy.

_,.<;;>&tJ>o hf.""'''""'Ji'l 11:>11 11"'1.-l- M
..,..,.,,.
lash out against }'&rofl.J ')o+L

The speaker lashed out against his opponent.

_,.<;;>&tJ>o _,.:l''l'"'l.tJ>o'l hTofl-1' HL

f"7Y.mfl:r- )7C )IDIast (adv.)

I. ho-tr'l" .,..,;g,..:lf. He arrived last. ho-tr
t]D 1 oPQ;l.iJ'f I ODll)
2. floo,;g,..:lf. I cannot speak last at the meeting.

flllofl{liJtJ>o ~f. flaoliQ.c(lf ""<;'7C t.A:fA'I"

Lacking nails, they lashed the two poles

together with a rope. ,..il"''C hl\m'I n,;g,-r-:f fl7ao.(" hfl~'ftJ>o

o-A'It

~&-'i!

He was given two lashes. tN\-l-

*This is the last thing one would expect from

him. Y.tJ hcflo f."""'A .,.illl- Ll\"'1"

I last heard from him in May. flooliQ.c(lf h

lash together hll.l.

lash (n.)

Y~-l-'1 7'1Hil o-tr fltU'

Ailll liQ.c({l:f
*This book is the last word on politics.
llll o ?"111:1! h""1.7Al\.-l- ""ll.h'i!-l- o-tr
f.tJ'I oPI\"dt'i! f"'l.,l"liA fll'l"

that dress.

~t-fi: s .,.

7c':L

flo fll"71Jo-l- IJIILtJ>o "l'lll-l- )tJ>o

last but not least fiDDQ;a..l,'i\"m-

Last but not least, I would like to mention the

weather. ooo,;Q,,tJf = llll 1 h.f<- 1 mte. 1 lA.
<;'1C hLA;>IIIJo
(the) last thing

*Eating is the last thing I feel like doing.

00{1~-}-

last (v.)

fl'i!l\.'1"

h~fl"f"1'1"

I. -l'f. The war lasted six years. tpC)-1> llY:

Il-l- 't....+ -l'f

at last fl""liQ.t:lf

I am afraid this good weather won't last long.

hll.ll ' hfliJ 111'1

at long last hfllf<' 1 "LtL 0:\1\

Y.tJ ~ hfC ilrt- f"'l.-I'Y. t.Y,ao/111"1'1"

2. H~<I:H hlltJ>o. Stone lasts longer than wood.

M'lliQ.+ Y.A:r- Y:'I:>Y. Y.flAT H~<l:)-l-
hiiiD3. Hll<l'. He is in with his boss, but he doubts it
will last. 1!11:1'1& :>C ll'/"'1" <;lftJ>o "1"1
f"'l.HA;r, ""If).'! Y,m&-m&-A
4. flt:h.,.. This suit did not last at all. Y.U A
illl hAflc':h_,.!l"
5. L"f.. The examination of the witness
lasted two hours. f'l"llh~ '/"CoP&- 11-1\-l-
ll't-l- L"l.
6. ( = tr.) t.-l'f. I do not think my money
will last. 7'1HIL f"'l...'-l'f"1 hf.oP/111"1!1"

*We will enjoy ourselves while our money

lasts. 1'1HIJ:f'l hlll!ll Y:c':ll h'lf.fl;l-11'1
last one

o.r

We have enough food to last us three days.

11?'/l-l- <1''1 f"'l.fl:l' '/""Iii hll'l

last (adj.)
I. f""~iQ.c':lf. Saturday is the last day of the
week. :r-'1"'1. filM-!> fao,;g,..:lf <1''1 )tJ>o
2. fltL. There was much rain last May.
IJIILtJ>o "l'lll-l- ilrt- H)R
3. YIIID- 1Hr. She spent her last cent on

At last we reached Addis Ababa.

fl""~iQ.c':lf

At long last they granted us a raise. hilrtf"L I 0:\1\ I , _ , . . , I ~ooo;,.A_'}

next

tO

the last hODQ;Ll,i('tD-

0,t.T

'1.

fft

You wi11 find it on the next to the last page.

hoP,;g,c(lftJ>o fl.t.+ IJIIID- 111" ~f. :1"
11"'1'1\11
see the last of someone
*I hope I've seen the last of her. 'l"l""'i' h
'1-'I~Y'I- h""'i'lloto the last lt.llh

oog;a,~if

He remained faithful to the last. hllh oPiiQ.c':

If ;1-"7"1 ' lf'l" -l'f
[See also 'leg, moment, night, recourse, straw,
word, year']

lasting

I. Hll<l:. Our goal is lasting peace. 't~"7l'l H

""""l"t:+. )IJ)o
2. fHII'tll'l". Nothing can assure lasting happiness. fHII 'til'/" 1.11;1-'1 f"'l.Y <:;>"IT 'I"
'1'1" )1C fll'l"
3. t:H?" 1111 '1.11.. The border dispute caused
~<1:. (1~'1".

lasting dissension.

ffD(I).

11 '1.11. "1-l-ch t.llh.,.ll

hChC

l.H~

1\

698

Last judgment
be lastins H114l;J- tR~mThe settlement was not a lasting one.
of> H114l;J-

late in life 0/l~aJo hm'i" r 0:;\"ilrr~

Rbll1- ?"ll'hT f(lm- A"l": rJo/r ll'i'e.l:""

f.4'e<IA

lastly nou ....~lf

And lastly, we shall sum up what we learned.
f1-"7etm-') M'm'i"-l-:1'11')

I atch oumemt.Y
The door is closed with a latch. OD1f1..ftD-
noumemt.f 1-H"l:t:A

late (adj.)
1. fou..,.~lf. The late edition of this paper
appears at 3 P.M. fiLII ;>11."1 fou..,.~lf
m- hT?" RHm'f {1'\.}- Y.m"'A

2. .,_":f-. Your late brother was a friend of

mine. .,_'li m') .I:""?"U mJ!:( t Re
3. ( ~ adv.) H"lf..f.. We had a late dinner last
night . .}-rl').}-'i" "7;1- H"l.l'-1-') h.l<T , R~')
The late arrival of the train messed up our
plans. f<IIK- H"lf..f. ou.e-~11 ohft<J":f-')
') rHr h:J>m(l11')
4. ( ~ adv.) .ff..f.. We had a late winter this
year. fH').I:""I!' h~?"T .ff..f. 1<1
5. ( ~ adv.) hllh ?"11-1>. The committee had
late meetings this week. RH.U ft?"')'l- S'.e
.,. .t.llh ?"11-1> f.{IR(l11 ~ne
6. ( ~ adv.) mS'. - - - ouou.~lf 11."7. The
leaves began to fall in late autumn. mS'. RA
d) I oPQ;J.l!,i{ I

1'-07

I :ttni\~ I

OOC1'i:

I )!00?-

late (adv.) H"/M

She arrived late. H"l.l'-;1- S'.~(l":fRoses bloomed late last year. Ql\Lm-

~ou

.}- l\'1.~-'!l"":f- H"l.l'-1-m- .t.RIIbe late

1. H1f. The teacher chided him for being late.
IIIIH1f hll1-"7t.m- 1U'l\tD2. (morning) .t.e'i'l'- OD<IJ. He was late for
school this morning. lit:. q~.T .-,.f""IICT
IJ..}- t.e'i'F- """'

3. (afternoon, evening) H.,M OOIIJ. He was

late for school this afternoon. If"- hfl't-1- 0
:\~

He married late in life. RbS'.""/.tD- hm'i" 0

:\~

hAtR~tD-?"

Last judgment bl\1- ?"ll'hT

At the Last Judgment all mankind will be tried.

nou..,.~lf?"

lateness

' T?"Ue.}- IJ..}- ' H"lf..f. OD<IJ

He was late for school this evening. If"- Dtf

;J- T?"Ue.}- IJ..}- H"lM """'

4. (evening) .t.oulf. She came late in the evening. h?"11;J- ou<IJ":f-

'M<l

as late as yesterday .}-'i"').}- h')\o,')

I saw him as late as yesterday. .}-'i"').}-

h')\o.

') t.Y.:fim- ~ne

at a late hour Jr..r'li.,.

They arrived at a late hour. h?"111-m- oum(it is) settlns late 1\.11.-1> 1'i':;I::A
It is getting late and I am getting sleepy.
1\.11.-1> 1'i':;t:A I h')ol-A'i'?" f.~>;'A
(be) In one's late {years)

*The man over there is in his late fifties.

hll.f Yllm- (ltD- mS'. ll.l:""fttD- 1-m"l:t:A
In the late
Gordon was killed in the late I SSO's. 1el'-')
mS'. !;.ifi: 'l. ?". 11."7 1-11.11

in the late afternoon h(l:'l-l- r 0:\lt f\.OD

11 ' <l.A
In the late afternoon, the game ended. h(l'l:J-
R:\~ o 11.""11 o II.A Q;l.'J';J-tD- hll4'

of late h"'-e11 1..11. m'I.U

Of late, I have been hearing about you. h"'-e11
1..11. lD-'1.11 /111')1- h')J!').I:"" ~1e h
(1"71111stay up late J\oPi'f

Staying up late is harmful to health. "7?"lf .}-

lllfL')t.}- '1''1- ' hf.S'.II?"
too Iate H""lU

He discovered the deception too late. f"7 ;J-11

A P'.l< oulf).') H"/M

S'.~(IO.}-

[See also 'evening, night']

latecomer H"lf..f. fou<IJ
The latecomers were seated in the back of the
room. H""'~+m- 1 foPm--l- 1 h:\lt r ++oomlately
1. Rol-en-. We have had much rain lately.
o-l-en- 1111- H')fl toe

2. h"'-e11 1..11. lD'I.U. I haven't been feeling so

well lately. h"'-e11 1.11. mJ!.U rtL'i" h'l'
il'llu-

3. ( ~ adj.) f1..1f.tD-. The prices lately are

prohibitive. f1..1f.tD- f1Rf m-.e-t+ hf.
S'.LC.?"

lateness
*He was punished for his lateness. illlH1f .,.

.,..,

latent

699

Ia tent f.,..ll.l.)
He has a latent talent for the theater. llt1+
c ' f.,..ll.l.) ' ":f-11-:l- 1\IIIDThe city is calm now, but violence is latent.

h+""" "'"'"

Kif'

ofl~A l 11"1"-fllfto

"''t ' ll'tf-.,..11.1.) ' )IJJo

later
/1.~.

The meeting was deferred to a later

date. 1111(lQIJJo 11/1.~ f>'t .,.~114.
2. ( ~ adv.) h'I..H. 0:\~. The last part of the
legend is a later accretion. f;l-&11- foo..,t:
lf h'i'A h'I..H. 0:\~ f_,...,.,.,t: )IDIater (adv.)
I. :\11. You will find out later. :\1\ '1-f.CIIO:l"IIIJ
2. b - - 0:\11. One day later the letter came.
lt't.J:' ' 4''t 0:\1\ ' f.11.1111.1D- ' f.t:(l
3. mU-1-. Don't destroy that box; it may be
useful later. n"t "1'1''1 II:J-01\ll'ID- 1 mu
+ .e.m~9"1J .e.IJ''>A
I.

later on

I. 0:\1\. Later on, he told me the whole

story. 0:\~ tJoll-'19" )1C )1<!:~
2. btU' 0:\11. Later on, they went to Harar.
hH.1 0:\1\ mf. mt:C 't.O:.
3. m-tto Jr..J!'f!. Prudence can spare a person
much difficulty later on. oom"t4'~ ID-11- II
.J:or: ll"t.J:''t (liD- hill!' ":f"'C 1.J:"'>A
no later than h - - - {l'\'1- 04.-l-

Please be at the game no later than 3 o'clock!

O""'P:l"ID- 11.e. hHm~ l'l'\-l- 0.1.-l- .,.1~
[See also 'sooner']

lateral f.,..'t
The fish has lateral fins as well as dorsal ones.
'\"'iD- f.,..'t h't'i''> f)!CQ b't'i' 1\IIID-

latest
I. O~Ctl- fm"'. The latest cars come in all
kinds of shapes. o~cn- ' fmm- oo!J.'>l"":f '
1111' '\,e.)-}- ~CII' 111\'I'ID2. o~cn- f.,..,.:.. They scrapped their old
machinery and imported the latest equipment.
1t:l!ID-'t """1&1 'I'll,. o~cn- f.,..,
6-aJo.") I ODVf~f I b~ I h1C I Jr.itODiflo
3. o~cn- f.,.uoo. The newspapers con
demned foreign agents for the latest disturbances. o~cn- ' O.,.ol.l\ODIJJo ' 11'1'11'1' ' fiD~ ' 111C ' M"'if":f ' .,...4-,1'. ' OODIJ''>'fiD- ' ;J
H.tn'li ' )4'4-'P'I'ID4. foo..,t: lf. He bought a car of the latest
model. foo..,t:lfiD-'1 'I"I.A oob.o; 1'1

latter
5. 0"19" HOD'>'f!. Our planes are equipped
with the latest instruments. 1\ID-!!'T~'l'!J'":f"t
00"1&1 ' ll~'fiD0"19"
6. 11.11-'1.11. His shop was stocked with the
latest goods. (l- Q.ll-'1,11 II:J'l"":f .,..,.A

""""'!! '

;I: A
latest news

:,..11-r. m~

The latest news is broadcast over the radio

in a special bulletin. +11--ft. ro&. OA '- U?
ll;l-m4:1 0&-.11.1'- ,e.)1&-A
at the latest fl.H1.e. fl.H1f.

I will be there at ten o'clock at the latest.

11H1,1'. 11H1,1'. Q&-1- l'l'\'1- 1111.1 llf.Cll
1\!Jo

the latest o~cn-

Have you heard the latest about the director?

1111 -'l.t.h.,.~ o~cn- l'l9".,.YA ?

lather (vt.)
I. flou-o; 4'Q. He lathers his face before shaving.
bODI\ ...._, ' 0.1.'1- ' .!._,') ' flou-o; ' ,1'.4'Q'I'A
lather (vi.) llt:of. <D"'IDSoap does not lather well in salt water. {Joo-t; 1
flQ;I.dJdP/ I (Do~ I tiJol\')' ; oflft' I i't,~'i~ I J\J'.fDfll
ID-9"

lather (n.) fll.,..., Ill:'!.

He smeared the lather on his face. k1:"J f{Jooo; ' lit:'!. ' 4'QID-

Iatitude
I. b.-1-C''tll. Ethiopia is located in the low
latitudes. 11.-l-f-to1 011~_,.'1..,. b.-l-C:'lll II
,1'. ' '1-1'fll":f
2. fmll11 )l\~'1-. Does your government
allow much latitude in political belief? OD't"'
P':l-":frJo O?'lltlt '1-"'.e. 1111' fmll11
)ll ).]- ' ,l'.(l"'A !
3. ~AtiJ"}. The diplomat was given wide
latitude in negotiating the treaty. .II.Til-"'/_,
fiD-11-'t .J:'C.J:'C IIDD);J1C (l'l. 111 P'A
"''t .,.l'l'l'-f-l- ) oc
4. """-'>.!.':'. In negotiating with the strikers,
we do not have much latitude. F &- r tt.,.oo+

,."JC

fi,...,.),."J1CO+

"Lt1

11ft'

00~

.,4.'1 ' fll't9"

latrine 11'1-l- 11.-lThere is no latrine in the rented house. "-+h&fiD- ' 11.-l- ' 1i't'l- ' 11.'1- ' fll'l"

latter
1. r.\1\;;:. Two matters were mentioned at the

700

lattice

meeting: the former concerned politics, and the

latter concerned war. flilfl(tllaJo lt.e o-Il+ r
"1-.<lf":f- +~l"+m- ~RC 1 f""Jf.""t.Ym- ;r
11-f:IJ ~h {l.lf't 1':\1\lfOJo I"C ~h ~m2. 11-ll+'f. I will come to Ethiopia in the latter
half of the year. R~"""" 11-1\-l'lf h:>"711 II
f. mY. h..'l-1'-kY '-"'"'IIIII-

I atti ce C11&-11
The lattice was intertwined with vines. C1l6IJ- llf. fmf.'t .ht:"' -l'm9"T'I"R:N\
laud 1'.'1"111
We lauded the writer for his excellent book.
Y.t-11..,., 1111 9"CT
h'1"1il~m-

"""""'f.

laudable f"'L""IIn
Generosity is laudable.

Y."'~'l-

f"''.oPII?'t

~,.

laugh (v.) ..,.,.

He laughed when I told him my story. ;f-t. h.'t
M"'t:OJo ' "14'
laugh at "14'(R'I-)
People laugh at him because of his deformity.
lll":f RhiJII- "1-Y.II-~'1- f.1"41R:f"A.
laugh off :f-11 hil
You cannot laugh off this matter. f.U't "1-"1
f. :f-11 <11.'1-IIOJo h'l-:f-<11.9"
laugh (n.), break into a ~
He broke into a laugh. h'l- 1111- ..,.,.
evoke a laugh

A good joke evokes a laugh. '1'-1- 4'AY: f

I":J'A

laughable hl"oi!"i
Did you see her laughable costume? h1"'4!"i lA
11!).'t hfU l
f~4'Clt

R"li

I aughing stock ouftlloi!f

He is the laughing stock of the village. foP't Y.
-1- ' OD{t/loJ!f ' ~IJJIaughter "'~
We heard loud laughter behind us. h:\ll:f't
,;-h ' fil ' ..,~ ' 11"7't
break into laughter

fl..,.,.

launch
1. hL..,.. He launched a new business. h.Jlil r
't"'Y: ' h.t.-1'
2. Jf.""t:. The enemy launched an attack at
dawn. mil+ "1-.h 11.4'Y: "7'1':1''1- Jf.out;
3. oucol' ' h'tlt.t..t.. The government launched
a new boat at Massawa. OO'J"""P"+ 09""6'P
hJI.il ' ouch11 ' oucol' ' h'tlt.t..t.
4. mt:mt:. The hunter launched a $pear at
the gazelle. h.<l1' R"'L.<l 'i!f!l. llf. I"C
ml.mt:
5. 1-h-11. The ships launched missiles into the
air. ouchP'Ii "'Lltf.ll-:f-'t mY. 11"7f. of'
h-11[See also 'blow, threat']
laundry
I. <11.1111. Put the dirty laundry in this basket!
fY..t.m-'t <11.1111 hli.U ~C""i'l- OJoil'l'
hi'+
2. f:f"mR <11.1111. My laundry just came back.
f;f-mRm- <11.11{1. hll-'t """'A"i
3. fA11il 'tK".h<; ""il""i. Where is the nearest
laundry? ~ell- f<l\.1111 'tK".h<; oPil""i f
,. '

~,.

laureate [RIU TR11<; Rltf.'til ':f-11-:f"m-

fof'oullht:ll'l-<; 11<~~."7'1- mY.9" h11c N
{lmOJo ' lim-]

laurel [liMit 11A"'."A"i" ~mA film-

A.1.n 119"119" ~"']

h...,+

laughing 4'11<11.
Cancer is no laughing matter.
:1- ' 4'11<11. ' hf.Y.I\9"

lavish

r 4.~.11

Hereupon, the audience broke into laughter.

RH.U9" 1.n hJ':"7,;-'Ji R"'~ oU-'1.
[See also 'gale, howl, roar, shake, tempest']

11-

I ava fhlt-1' 1'1"<1- ~A.'I' Y:'t:>f.

The lava spread over the plain. l'hlt+ 1'1"<1-
~A'I' Y:'t:>f. "'L.<;m- llf. .t.{l ~RC
I avatory (lavatories) foPR.<lll' h'i!A.
In Filoha hospital there are many lavatories.
R'i!A OJo;) ll'il'C:f"A 1111' fODR,IlJI'
h'i!ll-':f- ' hlllavish (v.) h.t.{l{l
The rich man lavishes money on his wife.
qi\R;>m- "7.11-1> llf. 1'tH11 f.t.ltA
I avish (adj.)
I. }',qiJ"i. His son is lavish with money.
Ali'. nn11 J<.qiJ"i ~""
2. ( = adv.) h't.<l1T. His lavish spending
ruined the family. h't"l1T 1'tH11 "'lm-"1
., fl.-1'1111-'t ':f-"'c llf. "'ll
3. ( = adv.) hODm't Rllf.. He was lavish in his
praise of me. houm1' 1 0"-,r. 1 J\""1fl~

*Lavish gifts will not purchase true friendship.

f{ltn;f- M'I- l\11>').,.;;' 'W.'h'fo't l\j'.1q?"
be lavish With 1tArtm09"'

The teacher. is lavish with his time, and helps

every student. OD?"IJ-1- .,'to;'ID''t?" , .,..,.:
'I.KID"t ...f.'I>'Ml f.&'IA

law

I. m"'. A man must be punished if he breaks

the law. 1\'t.l:" (liD' m"''t hRJ{I ,...,.RJ'I-
l\110'1-

His son chose law as a profession. Alt. fih..,

"} r fiD<'f r oot;m
2. J.'."Hl. The law of motion was discovered
by Kepler. fl\'t-1-ll:l'll. .<'.'til f_,.,'f"" Oh.
'l"IIC )II>'
In the name of the law OihoiJ hr"-"\h
Stop in the name of the law! Om"' l\?"~h
41?" I
practice law Oih.., I P6- I i'il"16- I r-r11
.::,.'i F6- I IP6-

How long do you have to study before you

can practice law? o,n., I F6- hoPilOIJ6-+ I
o.c.'l- ' M ' YIIA ' 'I.U ' OD"'IC ' l\llilll 1
My son is practicing law. A:( f'l'il-1-t;
P'&. ' OODP'&-'1- ' ~,. ' )II>'
lay down the law 1.7Wl ~ O"'t"JQ hllt:.tri
Lay down the law to your students, or you will
not be able to teach them. .l'.'tiJ-'t 11.,."'1&9'
:fu 0"7.1q l\11&'1 l YIIIIJ A;f-11_,.?"
&.'l'tJJo ' l\'1-:fA?"

[See also 'civil law, criminal law, martial law']

law-abiding m"' 1\hq.:

I am a law-abiding citizen.

m"' 1\hq.: n

;J ' )"j

law court 'i'C.I:" 0.'1There is no law court in this small city. l\H.:f
'1-'t'li h_,."'l ~~>'11'1' 'i'C.I:" 0.'1- fll?"

lawful m:J'I!

Is it lawful to forbid people from eating in

the theater? t'l9':f -t.r'l-c o.'l- tJJoil'l' l\
't'lf.OII- oohAhA m:J'I! )tJJo 1
Who is the lawful heir to the throne? m;J'I! '
l\A;J

lay

701

law

ro.:-11 .,'t

)tJJo

lawgiver m"' 1\tJJoQ;l,

Solon was a famous Greek lawgiver.
;f-aJ_,. f"'&h

m"l 1\tJJo<"-

{lfto't f

)OC

lawless
I. m"' fll'li. A lawless country creates trouble

for itself. m"' fll'li l\1C 0&-!l. ~f.

:f"'c :f"OdRJII:f
2. m"' f"'l.'l'il. A lawless person should be
punished. m"' f"'l. 'I'll t'l~~>' """'RJ'I- l\110'1l m"' aJ'I')'fLawlessness is inherent in rebellion. ih'"J oo11J
11 (m"' dl'l')'l-) fooo6 l\'t-'1. q;J.cf.

lawlessness m"' ""Rill

)II>'

lawmaker

m"' ' """"'-

The lawmakers were asked to legislate against

prostitution. m"' ' l\ID'Q;l,9'1j;' ()..,.;;' ' l\'1&)'1-

't f"'l.:l'aJ?"

m"l ~'t-'l.Yil.,.~A4-

.,.mf41

lawn MIL oollh

The lawn still has to be sprinkled. f"'fLtJJo ""
llh .1\11-'t?" tJJo;> oomRJ'I- l\110'1-

lawsuit .....,'1Did he win the lawsuit? ..,..,.,'t

&;f- !

lawyer

I. mO:l'. The fee for hiring a lawyer is quite

high. mO:l' IIOD"'q'fo f"'l.hd.IIID' 1'tH
il h'i' Yll )~~>'
2. f m"' 0'1'4:. Ethiopia has many good lawyers
to administer justice. l\.'1-I'"A"Y 'i''l-m't f"'l.
YllLr;, .... ""'" fll'). iln- fm"' o'l'<t9'
:f-1.~'1-

lax
I. "1.1:" fll'li. He is rather lax in his work.
OP'&...,_ "1.1:" fll'li fLm. )II>'
2. AA. He is lax with his children. OA,lt'fi l\
YJ'"II AA )tJJo
be lax with M"~.,..,.
She has always been much too lax with her
children. A,lt!f!"l ill!- 1.n :f"'l"~-1-:l'll:f

laxative f"'l.Yll.,.?"'l' "".l:":>t'I-

The doctor prescribed a laxative for her .

.hh.DD- ' f"'l.Yll.,.?"'l' ' "".l:":>t'l- ' """~""

laxity

I. 'I'A.,."i)'l-. Laxity in the performance of

duty is a punishable offense. OP'&. ~f. 'I'A

.,."i)'fo ' f"'l.Yll.,.RJ ' "'"""" ' )II>'

2. l\IIOdm0-1-. Laxity in discipline created
chaos in the class. fP') P'C~'I- hll""m
0-l' Oh'i'A 11>'11'1' &il1f .Lm&

I ay (laid), vt.
I. hll.,.""m. Lay the book on the table!
"""l;.h4-'t m.:A.~w- 'If. hll.,.?"'l'

lay

lay

702

2. nJA. The government laid taxes on tea.

ou")"IP''t- Rlff. :jom&\ 'If. 4'<:'1' "'ii
Ants lay eggs. -,.")JI") ).")414\A f-'1''1&\
3. "1&\ l\f..<:1. He laid his hand on my shoulder. ).7!:") '1-hlf\L 'If. "1&\ l\f..<:1

4. 1\m"'. He laid careful plans before starting

his business. ")"IJI.") hoo~oo-~- n.c.'t- ' ),:j.JI.
") ' fi'l'") "'"' 1\DJ"'

5. 1>1'1<:. The doctor laid many bandages on

his wounded arm. ohh.""" R'll.llii<D- b")

Jl. 'If. 1111- ' 4-lf 1\ll<:il'l6. l\4'<:n. He laid his case before the commission. .,.JII'") ill>"''.-J:m- l\4'<:n
7. hm""f... He laid a trap for his adversary.
fliJ/l.:J6-aJ- I
I aJ'I'OII~ I 1tffiOD~
8. 1\ll:M"'. A shower has laid the dust.
""''"'" 1\!J.&.<D-") 1\ll;l-1.......
9. Mm.l.. Who will lay the rug? IJ"")"J4-")
"'/") n.,..,..,&\ '
10. ( = passive) .,.H<:<:. +one blow laid him
on the floor. Q").(' ?"'I- mill\- 'If. .,.H<:<:
She lays great stress on education. ii'I-?"IIC't-
h'l'.,_>;' 1\lt.,.ff'l- M't-

l\,..

lay (vi.) ).")414\A "'ii

Our hens are laying well. P.t:iJ'":f-") ).")414\A

,.~ ..... f-'1''111lay ahead mr...c.'t- f..<:ll

He little knew what lay ahead. mU'I- f"''.f..

C(l<D-") ' ?"")?" ' 1\fm-:j.?" )fiC
lay aside
I. 'll.mfi. It is advisable to lay aside money for
a rainy day. il":fo"IC '1.11. nn11 oo'll.m
1) I ffi:J""Y. I i'aJo
2. l\ll4'oom. He laid aside a pretty penny.

h'i' fil 1")H11 l\(l4'oom

3. .,.m. They laid aside their childish pastimes

and behaved as adults. 'I.H.f'fm-") ).")f. .n
Y<;'t- fib")_, "'1'1'4-'1- ,_.,.,. ).")f.
,...,. 11''1-

0'1'4:

lay down

I. 1\ll.,.,.. Lay the baby down gently! .ftYS:")

....... 11illl ' 1\(l.,.,.,.
2. fi:jo.('"''.f h.l.il. He laid down $500 toward
the purchase of a car. ooh.<; iiOD"I~T 1\?"
ll't- oo.p. 11C fi:jo X:"''.f h.l.il
3. 1\.l.llll. The workmen are laying down a
coat of asphalt on the street. ..,.:..,.'1'~ oo")1
Jl. 'If. 1\llof.A't- f.l.flll-

4. 1\m"'. The minister laid down rigid rules

concerning demonstrators. "''.~ll'f--1- llil ll'l"'l
~llA'1''1'1l:jo.n"ll>m~

5. 1\ll<:hn. The defeated army had to lay

down arms. S:IA f+oo;t-m- fllC ODUf61lD"
") "'lll<:h11 tn.:n't(be) laid down .,.m(l)

The prices are laid down by the government.

'I':>l"~ fiOD")"IP''I- f.,.mll'l- <;'J'mlay for 1t.(;l;:tn mfl+
They laid for him at the corner. oo;J-m.c..rm-
'If. 1\X:'i'mm- mn41'1lay In 1\h"'l'I'
Some animals lay in food for the winter. 1\")JI")
.(: ' ).")llfl ilh<:?"'t- ' f"''.li'<;'J'm-") ?""111 '
fh"'lil'lllay off 4'M

He laid off his workers when he ran out of

work for them to do. f"''."'&. P'&. llilmof.

....:....'1'~") 4')(1
lay on
I. .,.r..qr..n. When the mob became unruly,
the police began to lay on. ih1111- P'C't't-
I>Am11:jo ll.A ?"ll.ll ODf..Qf..11 ~oo<:
2. 4'Q. The painter laid the paint on with a
wide brush. 4'il?" 4'11.m- Rll.C. 11-1-11 4'il
?"' 4'Q
lay open
I. fi"IAII' ).")JI.;J-f. l\f..t:1. The cut of

,.,.If

the knife laid open his intestines. n=n.

t:h.,_m- li'JI. /\")~_,") fi"IAII' ).")JI.;J-f.
l\f..l11D"

2. 1\:>ilm. The arrest laid open a plot to kill

the governor. f(laJo,.m- oo.rtJ 11Cm-1
iiOD"If..A ' f.,.f..<:11D"") ' (1.&. ' 1\:>ilm
lay (oneself) open to &.flo") 1\:>ilm
He laid himself open to criticism. ii)4'1..:J- .:.
flo") 1\:>ilm

He laid himself open to a charge of theft.

fi/l.oll)'f- ll.fllhllllm- f"''.":f-A P'&. ..,.,:.
lay out
I. 1\DJ"'. How much did you lay out for me?
?"") ' filA 1")H11 1\DJ"'ll&\'t!

2. 1\H:>~. She laid out the clothes I am to

wear for my graduation. il?"<:?m- fi'tA f
?"i1111l<D-") ' A111l.") 1\H:>~
(be) laid out .,..,.f(l
These streets are well laid out. MILII OD")1P.
.,. ' fif..")11 ,.,..,.,flo <;'l'mlay

over~

We will have to lay over in Dire Dawa on our

way to Djibouti. mr.. ~!H: /l")%.(' X:t. , J1
'I' "'lf..C ' l\i111")

lead

703

lay

(be) laid over 1-'11\L

The vote was laid over until next week. S:r'if
fOD/Im-1: ?-'If. ll.llh"7.4"1'1\fl>o I'UI,..J'I
1-'11\L
lay to rest -tRl.

They laid him to rest last week. IJI\Lfl>o Ill'"

.,,.. .,.0~'1lay up ll.h"7'1'
He laid up a surplus of food for the winter.
ll.h"7'1'
1\h~r+ och'l- Yll

,...,-o

[See also various nouns and adjectives combined with 'lay', such as 'ambush, claim, low']
lay, see lie
lay (adj.) f1-&- {lfl>o
In legal matters, it is better to have expert
advice than lay opinion. O.lt"'l '1-Jif":Y. h1&- .f.A:,O fO'I'-t't {lfl>o l'"hC oumf:,O
Y.lf'IA
layer
I. 1.1\A. Everything was covered with a heavy
layer of sand. rJott-1'" ~1C h'i' fill Y!f
.,. 1.1\A 1-lf'i''l" ~oc
2. 1-1.&-0.. Put another layer of paper over it!
hO'II' 1\.'1 1-UO. m~_,.'l- li.II.,.I'"TO'I*There is a heavy layer of dust on the table.
m~A.'Ifl>o l\.!J.&- il!l' ~ ....
form a (thick) layer 1-;>1~
The ice formed a thick layer over the ground.
0~1'-fl>o """--!: 'If. .,.:n~
[See also 'mud1
layman
I. 1-&- {lfl>o. Even a layman can understand
that. 1-&- {lfl>o ll.'tl>.'t Y.ll't't 1\.~Jifl>o ' ,.

:filA
2. ""'Y.l'"'t. Laymen may not enter the sane
tuary. BD?.f.r<;) ou:t1.11 fl>o/IT aD"'IfJ
'1-li.Mfl'l'fl>ol'"
layout
I. l\..,."7""'1". The layout of the factory makes
the work easier. fo(.ofMltfl>o ll..,..,ou.,. P'
&-fl>o't _,.'lA Y'-C1'1'A
2. ll..,.Yfll. The layout of the streets is quite
attractive. f""'t1Jl. ll..,.Yfll 0"11'" Y/11.11
:t"A
I ayover "7~'i:
A layover at Athens is necessary for travelers
coming to Ethiopia from Europe. hl\.fl>oC';r

ID1. l\..'1-l'"kY f"7.oum-'l- OD'J11.'l':Y.

l\.1:'t '1,_ "7~'1' YIILA;>:f'I'A

laziness ll't'i''i'
Laziness makes us all idlers. ll't'i''i' P'&- L
'1- Y1.C1'i'A
lazy
I. M'i'. The teacher beat the lazy boy.
ODI'"II~ M4-'t A)': OD:f"fl>o
2. 1111-1;<. A lazy stream winds through the
meadow. 11"'1+~ 'r't"f!" "'JI:m- t\Y. 1
,_m"7H'IA
3. f"7."'i"'i't. It was a hot, lazy day. '1":1''1-'i'
f"7."'i"'i't n ~oc
be lazy

(t~L

Don't be so lazy! ll.'t1.11.11 ll.'l-11~'1' I

leach 1\,_ofo ll.mO
The rain has leached the salt from the soil.
11'i'O ..,....-, ltL~ 1\U li.T!l:t"A
lead (led), vt.
1. uo&-. A general is leading the army.:(~&-fto
fl1~'} ,.ou&-A
2. ll.'l'fr ~OC. He led the Allied forces during
the war. OfPC~-1: '1.11. f:l'A h.JI't ~1'-:Y.
'1,_A ll.'l'fr ~oc
3. 110. The boy led the horse by the reins.
A~ L~{lo'J OA~I'" IIOfl>o
4. hL1-. He led the dance. JI'J{Io'J hL1Iead (vi.)
I. uo&-. You lead; we'll follow. ll.'t1- 1'"&- l
l\.1;' ll.'th1-'lll't
2. +Y.oo. This horse is leading in the race.
,_II L~ll 1-tJIJI&l"'ll't ' rJofto .,.J!:"J,A
3. ml'l1.. This road leads to the city. Y.ll ou'J
1!!: m1. h1-"7fl>o ,_IDIIJIA
4. f - - - .,.-,""' ~fl>o. In arithmetic he is way
down in the class, but in history he leads. om.
fli) I IIJJ! I oPQ;a.l,jf'Q)o I f'\.tr) I fl;f'~lJ I "'l"J I
fh'i:fto .,..,""' ~ ....
lead across ouc.,. J\1f1t:
The dog led the blind man across the street.
fl>ol\"OJo ~,.~ ll~'t {lfl>o. ODCofo ""'t1
Jl.'t ll.lf1~fl>o
lead around to
*You can lead him around to your point of
view if you deal with him shrewdly. ttm:tuo+
Omll-1111 ll.'t-'1.11"7"7 A:t"1.C1fl>o '1-:Y.'IIIII
lead (a) life 'l"~
He leads a lonely life in the country. il!l'fl>o't
01mC ,_'l"&-A

704

lead
lead off

"1"1"1~"1

)!oo.:

He led off by saying, "Gentlemen, we must

unite". hfl-6-") ! OOTil.OC h.llofl'} >> 0

leading
LC 7.1i:J>.<:-9".<:"9" fh"'61J"I"I +.tl"'l.)-1-
IIOD+)ll +'l"h&-II:Y.

.,11.-,. "1"1"1~"1 )!oo.:

2. '1'"1"1". The footprints were a lead in solving

the crime. fh"'C .ti-IJ9':Y. fiD"I)!II-"1 v-t

lead on

;J- IIODt:.tl+ 'i'"IT'

*She led him on to think that she would even-

be in the lead oa&o

tually accept his proposal of marriage. flODQ;I.t,

If ;M'I'i'II:Y. f"'l.&\ 7.9"):,. h.tt~.::Y.

n-r

lead (to}
1. ltith.,.l\, Do not spit in public since it
leads to the communication of disease. ffl7i
;J- OD-1''111'1'"1 llii"'I.J'llh+A t).l'.t)t)f,
9"&-:J-11"1 h-1-'1-4-

2. hll!FII. The information you gave us led

to his arrest. fllm1i"l ooCJf '-"""~ lloof
hll;FII"I
3. h.l'.t:ll. The clash between the workers and
'H

the factory owoer led to a strike. RU'&--1-'l''ll<i'

R4-1161JID- 111111.+ ooiJh&\ f-I')"'IJJo "'
""'"" 1"&- tD.I'. "'"~"' h~t:ll
4. hll1T. Hard work leads to success.
m"lhC" OD.f"&-+ ' '1'.:0 fil1'i'&\
5. 1."1.1:imperfect
l\.1'..:1. Subsequent

events led him to reconsider his position.

h1.11. R:\'1 foom-+ 1-01\'":Y. do<\fl-"1 7.
"1"'-1" 7."1-'U'lliln+ h.!'..:.,.:,.
6. 7."1.1:imperfect
14-'1-. Her anxiety

about succeeding led her to work hard.

"""'"' llou.<:-.:11 f'l+ .,..,..-,. m"lh&-
7."1.1:-'1-"'&- 14-4-+
*Where will all this arguing lead to? f,tJ rNr
T":J>"i":J> oo<Q.t:lf,.. M.i:")ID- I
lead up
I. l\.1'..:11. The latest events led up to the war.
n:J>cn- f1'.1'.t:1-'l- )1C":Y. hrnc)+ h~.:""
2. 1\ID"'. A circular stairway leads up to the
balcony. f"''.moo~HHID- ~.:)f "'~ 111):,.
fiD"'&\

lead (the} way

I. oo&-. I will lead the way, and you follow. 7.
t 1,oo&-llv- ' h"l-1' 1-h-1'&\
2. 'I'C1.f hol.-1'. Ethiopia led the way to
African independence. t...+l'"kf llh'i'&IJ
)II)+ 'I'CV ho!.-I':Y.

[See also

'astray, blow, command,

dog,

existence, nose']
lead (rhymes with 'bead'), n.
I. +.tl"t)+. Russia is trying to reduce the
American lead in the space race. ~ lim

1)').

He was in the lead by five yards in the first lap.

foo)!oo6f IJ<C 'If. '19"11+ fC.!:" 7.C
.,...,. f,OO&- ' ){IC
follow the lead

.,..,.~

He usually follows his sister's lead. ilfl< 1.11.

07.~-1> <

f,OO&-&\

take thie lead

I.

+~oo.

He took the lead in the race.

R~"'i

.,.~00

2. +.tl"'l.)+ fH. Take the lead, and keep it!

+.tl"'l.)-1>"1

1."1~

<

.1'1111 '

J<.+A+~

lead (rhymes with 'dead'), n. 7.C<\ll.

Is this pipe made of lead? f,tJ !1.9"!1. h1.
C<\il f-1-"'&- )ID- I

leaden h7.C<\ll fT"'&The leaden coffin is very heavy. h1.C<\il f-1'

f~-4 ..,~ niiJr hfl.e- ~m-

.,&-,. .

leaden spirit hll.l!'" thH1

It was easy to understand the team's leaden

spirit after the defeat. h-l'lf)L R:\'1 11-.1:). r~.:lln+"l h'l.<:- "'""' 11ou.:.t1+ "'"
&\' )ftC

be leaden

*His legs were leaden from fatigue. h.<:-IJ9" f

1')"1 '

7."1~"1 ' "'"'"'"" ' 1\:J>-I';J-&\

leader
I. oo6. The leaders of all parties were present
at the conference. f :re-t.,. v-11- 0069':Y. n
iliiii'IID- 'If, 1'1'STID- )RC

Who is the leader of the group? f'l.tl- 006

.,)ID-1

2. hii:J'. The police arrested the leader of

the gang. ?"fl.(l'fl f.ti-C\I-9''fl"l hii:J' 111-+
leadership
I. ""6)+. Leadership is not a common virtue.
OD6)..,. v-ir f"'L.t"'TID- K:J I l\f,~ll9"

2. od69":f. The union leadership agreed to

arbitrate. M~n~ oo69":f .!:"C!f:C 11.,
.1:-t:"' -I'll_,_

leading
I. 'tii.J'.. The leading thought
'tftJ. do<\lt . )ftC

was

2.

f~m+.

lean

705

leading

Many leading scientists live in

California. 1111- f;I-OJ"' flt-"'111 il...f":f- IJ

il..ll!C1J.' m-11'1' .e.'l'6-113. (= adv.)ol.'l- oj>.l:''f".Herodeiotheleadiog
l\"''..'M~.,. ou!J..,.. fDoll'l'
car. .1.'1-
)0C

.,..!:'.,.

leading man

oo~

.,...,.,..,

The leading man io the play was applauded.

0-I:J.''k- ' OJoll'l' ' OD60Jo ' T'f' ........ ' -f'""0""
011'1[See also 'light, spirit']
~OJ'. ,.m.'i'
The leading article in today's paper is good.
f~"-.... ' :>tL"' ' Cl\{1 ' h1.,.,. ' (~o..e. ' ,..ft.

leading article Cl\ll h1.,.,. 1

'1') ' 'M- ' )OJo

leaf (v.) -l>mA hW"' 1 1\0DI\OD
The trees began to leaf in October. ~ll!'ll 0
'1'-l>P"T ' ol>mA ' "70Jo"'T (ODI\!1"1\P") o J':OD"-"
leaf through h11\flm

I am only leafing through the book. l\1-'1.11-

"""'"'4-1 ' 1'.1'111"11\11leaf (leaves), n. ol>mA
There is not a leaf on that tree. 0~4- 'I.e. II"
111" -l>mA fliP"
Someone tore a leaf from the book. h1.1:' (I
t& I boPX'tflf. I t&l\T I }\"}.("I ~ffiA I +P.. I
hfDo'J':I:A
turn over a new leaf

+ififl\

He promised to turn over a new leaf. l\lflf'lll

IJw I itA- ?A I 1Q
[See also 'put forth, send forth, shoot forth']
leaflet "'.ft.'~'
People passed out leaflets everywhere. (19'":f-
Offl;l-fDo "'.Jt.'l' OJ!.IIIeague "7"fOC
There is a league of war-haters here. IDC)'I-1
f"''..::'m""" (ljP";fo "7"fOC hll.ll hi\
League of Nations f~IIP" ,..1.,.1";1-'l-
"7"f0C
The League of Nations died io 1935. f~IIP"
""1.,.1";1-'l- "7"f0C O!ilfm; ~- II". hO:I'
leak (vt.) 0.1:'11-l> )1G
The minister leaked the secret to the press. "''.
tll'k- 1\:>tLm'l'":f- 0.1:'11-l> P"llm.C
)16-'1',.

leak (vi.)
I. hi-M. This pot leaks .e.u "7liC' J.'l-ltA

2. fDo;l> hil1'1. The ship was leakiog badly.

""Cbll' fDo;l> 0"11"' J.'il1'1 )OC
3. -f')ol-(1, I patched the tire, but it still leaks.
1"7fDo1 1\'l'.!..fDo )OC .,1 hll-11"' .e.-t)'i'/tA
4. IIC1 1'1. Water leaked ioto the boat.
fDo;l>fDo )';A'lfDo fDoll'l' IIC1 1'1
leak In

*The rain is leakiog io. II.., J.' I- ItA

leak out

I. -t-1m'lm0 I hfol-llll war. Water is leaking

out because the pipe is broken. !J-f'"!ltu- ll

11-!'liOG fDo;l>fDo .e.1m'lm'IA
The drnm gets lighter as the water leaks out.
fDo;l>ID- hfl-1111 ll_W"' OC..,II- l\foj>l\1\
.e.~'IA

2. -I'll&-"". The story leaked out somehow.

OJ"'fDo l\1!!.1"'111" 1111- -1'(16-....
[See also 'spring']
leak (n.) oj>'l'l l f"''..J.'I-11 oj>'l'l
There is a leak io the boat. l':A'lfDo oj>'l'l
hi\OJo
He plugged the leak with a rag. f"''..J.' ol-(lfDo1
"'"" ""col>
[See also 'stop']

w-to~-,.

leakage
I. 'i'lt"ii. The leakage results io a loss of
several gallons a day. 'i'ltlf. 0oj>1 l\llh
1111- :>11-1 .e.Jl.CitA
2. ltJ'.;t-wo}> ,..,.... .-,.. The leakage of military
information helps the enemy. fm;I-Jl.&-'1! 11"11
m.c lt.e.;rwol> ..,.,.... .-,. m'l'l-1 .e..:'IA
lean (vt.) hi1Jl.11Don't lean your chair agaiost the wall! m10C
111 h.,~.o;.... 'I.e. h;l-iiJl..,I.OJo

lean (vi.)
1. noooP. There is a famous tower in Italy that
leans. 01\."'AJ.' OJoll'l' f;l-moj> fH"""" .,1
11 hi\
2. 1'1.11- l -I'Jl..,ll! "'"" The log was leaniog
agaiost the wall. .,"'- "1~'1,. 'I.e. -I'Jl.
"'ll! )0C

The sailor was leaning against the mast.

ODCbO ........ f""Cbll-1 !l"(l(o -I'Jl..,ll! .,.
'I" )0C
3. Jl."l'i' hi\. The shepherd leaned on his staff
to rest. l'>G>;'fDo 11"7G'i' H11- 'I.e. !!.1'1'

hi\
4. hH)OI\. Her interests lean toward sports.
'1''11:1: WJ!. l\II?"C'I- J.'H)11'1A

Iean

706

Iearn

~~------------------~------------------~

lean backwards

OJ~ :\1\ =

F..1i: 11.A

He leaned backwards in his chair to make

himself more comfortable. a> 'I R~ I\ f. f. RIC\
..- Too;r:l-..,. Aou+oo"l' mY. :\1\ 1 ~'11): '
1111
lean forward h.1'11:1 11-l- h1.l.1
If you lean forward you can see him. 11'1'1'1-11'1
11:). ' 11;1-~"1 ' ;J-f1'1111
lean (the) head .0.1'1' 1111
Lean your head on my shoulder! '1-hlfl'- 1\f.
.0.1'1' RA
lean on

I . .,..0.1.1.. He was leaning on the table.

.,.., .,.....,c:

m.:A.~

~Rc

2. .,.OD-:11-H. He leaned on his walking stick.

H'l'l-'1 _,.ou.:IJ..H
3. R +hlf 1\f. ~.,.. John still leans on his
parents. l'"do'lll 11,.'1?" Ra>l\.1,; '1-hlf 1\

,. '

~.,.

He leans on his friends for guidance.II"''.J'.O.C

1.,. ,.11- f'\.e.'l',;'l ?"he f.mf.:I'A
lean out T1au\au\
Don't lean out of the window! ROD/Ito., 11'1'lmAmA
lean over vi. ( ~ vt.) 11111-~RII
+The trees leaned over in the wind. ~4-ft. IJC:
'll'l 11111-'111~'f1'A
lean (adj.) -1'"1.'"'1
He is very tall and lean. R"'?" .:"Jf:?"<; -1'"1."
"J

3. Hll- a>"'. The cat leaped on the table .

....OD:t 1R:J' 1\f. Ill\ a>"'l4. fll..A. A scientist cannot leap to conclu~
sions, but must test every hypothesis. lt,_.,'l-1:11
+ m-it~ 1\oP/Im'l- ll.e'flt-IC\?"' "7'1'i''f.,.
'I?" oPI\ ?"'I- ,.11- f.OD.:?"&-A 11'1)(
leap at lld.'i' 11.0..:1
He leaped at the opportunity of going to
Ethiopia. a>.O. 11.'1-l'"kY 1\0D't .... Y:>m""
OJo'l ' ~ ....&\ ' lld.'i' ' 11.0..:1
leap to one's feet HAt> ' +)"f

He leaped to his feet when the Emperor

entered. 1.,..,.. )1P'.fl : fl.1fto s Hfr> r +)ut
leap up a>.O.I\f. Hill\
The dog leaped up to catch the stick I threw.
OJolfiJJo ' rm.:mch-'1-'1 ' ~., ....,.. I\ODf11 '
a>.O.I\f. Hill\

leap (n.) 111\f.

He cleared the ditch with one leap. Ill''I Rll'l
.... ' 111\f. ' .,.'1"1-:mby leaps and bounds Q"J.';tt:;J-

The lion covered the distance by leaps and

bounds. II'IRittJJo IJ'IJ;'i';J- ""'1111.'I ..,.:11
leap year HOD~ l'"do'lll
Last year was a leap year. J'l\oi.ID- -tou+
HOD~ \'"m'lll ~Rc
When is the next leap year? ~'I'"'L 11 .... 11'1-
-1''1 f"'L'U"'" ""'li ~.,. !

)aJo

lean meat ilC1 P..

Do you want fat meat or lean? f9"'+LA 1tiJc

pt>IPJ I !P,;J I i'aJo I aJf,{l I 1JC"}P,. ?
lean year f .e-c:t- q.oo:,.
It was a lean year for farmers . .eu '1-oo.'J1R&.l":f r ....c:}> 'tOD'I- ~Rc

leaning (n.) 11'111/1.

He has a leaning toward foreign languages.

,,;,..,.. ' II'IC ' !t'llt ' I\OD"7C ' 11'111/1. ' .1\1\IDleap (vt.) 111111
The runner leaped the ditch. ;.:... .,.....'\)!.'I
Hill\
leap (vi.)
I. Hllll. Leap over the fence! Rll'l'~ 1\f. 11
IIA
2. a>"'. Tongues of flame were seen leaping
into the air. flllt'l- ~RAilA m.e. II"'/ f.
ll.m"l .e;~-.e ~Rc

learn (vt.)
I. .,..,.:. He has not learned a thing. M?"
~'IC IIA-1-"7.:?"
I learned German in one year. )!CoP'I'i' 11
'1.... ' 'tOD'I- o OJo/1'1' .,."7Ch2. om-t. He learned the truth too late.
1\0Jo~-1-'i'ID-'I ~'IC fa><I'ID- H"'f.+ ~OJo
3. 1\0D.O.. The baby has learned how to walk.
.htl- ' OD&.OD .... ' II?"J?...A
4. .0.-:II(R'I-). I accidentally learned the truth.
1\ID-~_,'1 1\'IJ;:>"l"'L .O..:Ilh-0'1learn (vi.)
I. 11"7. When did you learn of her illness?
OD;f'OD"J.') 0 fll"71iaJo 0 o'fi 0 ~OJo!
2. 1\oo.O.. She has never cooked, but she can
learn. ?""111 wC;J-?" II;J-~ i 11''1'?"
A'l-11?".... '1-:fl\ll:f
3. '1-?"IIC'I- 11l(tJJo). +He learns quickly
and gets good marks. '1-?"IIC'I- .f-11-
1111"7.11JID- 'I'~ m-IIL'I- Y'l'i'A

least

707

learned
learn by heart

n.+A

J'H

She learned the poem by heart. "J'J'OD-'t fl.+

least ,..,,. .l'tJIIt. + negative verb

I was least impressed by his poetry. ll"''I'OD-

!1.' }'Hlom-

,.,,. }'tJIIt. hllt.-1-1'.1"1-l-!J.,.

come to learn OlD.,.

least of all
I. ll-1-llf.,.. None of you can complain,
Charles least of all. h'i"'t-1- ID-!1'1' .,.,,.
IIJ"7CC hf.1fl,- f ll-1-11,1'.,- ii'CIIt.ll
(negative verb). I would have ex2. ll'i'X-,.
pected that from you least of all. ,l'.tJ't't )1
C h't-1- ;I-I'.C1'1'1\tJ iltlo ll'i'X-,- hllflil
11-,- )flC

How did you come to learn where she is living?

1.jl f,.-'1-'l'cll'l-'t

tt:t- 1.'t.l'.'l- omll>u 1

learned f-1-"7~
This professor is a very learned man. ,.r.u T
C".!,.I"IC 0"1,-

f-1-"7~

(liD- )ID-

Iearner "f.."7t.
This book is for learners. ,l'.tJ ODlt'mt;: 111..
"7t.P'l-

)IJJo

learning
I. '1-,.tJC'I-. Learning is very precious. -}-,-u
C'l- ll"',. m.+"'l. )m2. O'l'of:)-'1-. The enormity of his learning surprised everyone. fO'I'of:)-1: h'i'-f-'1')'1- tJo
11-'t hi"I1~0D

lease (v.)
1. -1-h~f. The owner will not lease the apartment to noisy tenants. f!IIIL-1: .t.;rC-t-"7m-'t
"'i"'i;l- 1\"'l.}'llrt- I"IP'l- ' h}'h~,l'.,.

2. -1-l>'i"-t-~. They have leased the hotel for

five years. 11'1:11-'t 11,.1"1'1- 'tOD'I- -1-l>'i"#'llease (n.) l>'t'I-~'1We had to sign a lease for one year. IL-I:'t 1"1
'th~fiJJo 1\'t.l:" 'tODT l>'t'I-~T ODI..~,.
)fl~il't

leash (v.)
I. "7flt..l' .t.l'-~1. He leashed the dog before
he went for a walk. ilcilc hOD~-'!- 01..'1-
1\ID-"Ifm- "7/"lt..J' hl'-~1

2. 1;1-. He leashed his anger and did not say

a word. 't.l'.-l:'t 1-1' ,_,,. hllt.of-'i"1~,.
*They leashed the energy of the river with a
dam. Om-~m- "1/.llt. 1\0Dm.,.,. CD'trt-'t
11'.11-'1-

leash (n) "7M.I'

He walks his dog without a leash. m-"lf,.-, .1'
II "7flt.}' ,1'.~-l- ,l'.~~llt.
be on a leash :J"{l~

The dog was on a leash. m-"lfm- ;1-lla:llt.

hold (keep) in leash 1;1Hold your temper in leash, or you'll get in
trouble. 't.l'.'l-tJ't "1:1- l .I'IIHJ l-"'c m-!1
'I' 'l-1fllltJ

at least
I. IL.Mll fl..l''tll. He is at least as tall as you.
IL.Mll IL.Mll ' .l''t-1-'t .l'tJIIt. ,1'.~11"711t.
These shoes cost at least ten dollars. ,l'.tJ "'i
"7 IL.Mll IL.Mll OP'C iiC }'CD"'IIt.
2. IL.Mll. At least make an attempt to pass
your exam! IL.Mll 1..-t-'i"m-'t 11"71\'i' 'l"hC
3. ,J'tJIIt.. There were at least a hundred
people present. ""-~' }'tJIIt. l"lm- )flC
4. f+~m- O.+C. He could at least have beeu
courteous. f+~m- O.+C '1-a.'l-<; "7ltf'l-
,1'.1f)m- )flC
5. 1\.1\m- O.+C. You may at least say
'thank you I' 1\.llm- o.+c 1."1nc f.ll'l'llt.
'{ llt.-'1-llt. f.1flllt.

in the least '1-'til,.

It does not bother me in the least. '1-'til,.

h,J'll'l"''~'t,.

not in the least O'i:K.-9"

Do you mind going with me? Not in the least.

h~ :>C il'l-~.1:" l!>C ,l'.llt.VIIt. l ll'i'X-,not the least
I. l..lt''l". I haven't the least interest in the
matter. 1\)1-1- l..lt''l" 'i'l\1'1- fll't,.
2. ,.-,,.. There is not the least wind today.
"" ,.,,. )4-ll fll,.
the least
I. +llllt.. He argues over the least thing.
ll+llllt. )1C f.h~h~llt.
2. htJoll- Mll-1-'1'. Who did the least work?
htJoll- Mll-t-'1' f"'~ "7)1D- 1
3. '1-'til 1.'t\\. The least bit of dirt in a
watch may make it stop. fl't'l- ID-!1'1' '1-'t
fi ' ).'t1>, ' fh!l~ ' ofl<;'{ ' 0.1fl ' 1\J.fOD
m- f.lollllt.
4. Mll-t-'0' )1C. That's the least yon could
do for him. llt.;I-I'.C"'I\'1- fll"'l-l-1\m- Mli-1'0'm- )1C f.tJ )ID5. htJol\o .1'){1. All of us have little money,

708

leather

but I have the least. ll-'ll-"t9" J'tl") nnil

'1'<1:'1- ~.,. t fl!. "h"ti!Jm-9" hll-11- .I'HI
~

....

the least of foo .....:lf Mll.,.'i'

The least of his crimes is robbery."h/1- IIU"7
'I'm- m")~II-:Y. 11-11- foo .....:lfm- Mll.,.'i'
11CI.,I'

~..,.

~..,.

leathery
1. <1''1"7. The elephant's trunk is long and
leathery. flflf). 11-"tll G'fr9"'i' <1''1"7 ~..,.
2. <1''1 llm.. The covering of the chair is
leathery. foo4'""""l"'" "114-"t <1''1 llm. ~..,.
leave (left), vt.
I. hll4'oom. Leave your hat and coat in the
hall! 'IC~"'U"t'i' IJTC'I-U") oo.,.'llll-,1' aJo
11'1' hll4'9"maJo
2. +m. Did someone leave a message for me?
""A"hh'l- f.,.mA'"'i (laJo hill
Where did you leave your suitcase? lf"t"'U"t
f'l- .,.....h .... l
He left his food on the plate. 9""1!1-"t ltf."'-

Cll Tmml.eave the door open! no~-") h'i!'l- .,........

Leave it to me! 1\). TmtD3. ll4'4'. I am leaving the job. P'.!-aJo") All

:,.

..,.llf.....
~

4.
The boy left home when he was
sixteen. A)!: OF.!- IIF:Il'l- 'tou'l- ll.lf~aJo
hn..,. (Ill- .,.{If
5. hii4'G. Leave some cake for me! '1-"til h.
h hii4'CA'"'i
A long bout of illness left him weak and
without money. f ~=rrr "LtL ;,...,..,... ~I]
"7'i' F:">i hF:C1 hii4'GaJo
6. llm. This job does not leave me much

leisure. ,.e.u JP&. ,-,,..

TC~j:.

"l..rt.

11.~

llm'"'i9"
1.
He left the room secretly. hll'i!ll- 1f.
All illl-
He left school before graduating. ltf.ou.::,. h
'1-f"uc'l- n.'l- "'"~

aJ"'.

8. "'ll. I left the matter in your hands.

1-Jif.") t)").,. " " 'l'\1.'1'{1119. '1--1' 'tY.. They left him for dead on the
battlefield . .,..,. illlaJo htDC "~'~"'" 'If.
,...,...,.,.. 'tJI.

He went away and left the child alone. A)l:"t

ilfl'aJo") ' ,...,.,.. 'tY.

The postman left a registered letter for you.

[See also 'last']

leather <1''1
Shoes are made of leather. "'i"7 h<l'-'1 f.w
<1-A
leather strap m'f:C
I tied it with a leather strap. Om'i!C hllch-'1leather (adj.) h<l'-'1 f.,..,.&.
Leather gloves are expensive. h.f~ f1-w&.

=n-t m-F:

leave

aJ"'

7/l.,.l;'aJo 0 ft"-1>"7").<'. 0 fOO"J 0 Y,o(IJ!fl. 0 '1-I'Ail 'tY.

10. 'I'll- 'tY.. He is sad because his beloved left
him. m-'1)1: .,.,...,. llll'tY.:Y. h11!<A
II. .,.h-1' .,..,. . He left two sons and a daughter.
11-11'1- m"tF: A]!.:f'i' h"t-'1.'1- 11.'1- .,.h-1'

.,..,.

12. '1--1' .,..,., He left his estate to one of

the charities. "tiiG1>"t 'l"tF: 01 hF:<~1'1- F:C~'I- '1--1' .,..,.
13. hmG(I. She left the house to her son.
fi.:J:") ' liA~'I' ' hm<:(l:f
14. haJoC(> .,..,., He left a large legacy to
his son. IIA)I: illl- :,.ell haJoC(>'Jo .,..,.
15. ( ~ be left) 4'.:. Three from seven leaves
four. hll'l'l- "'11'1- ll.~"' h.!-'1- J'-4'<1-A
leave (vi.)
I. 'tY.. My father left yesterday for Europe.
h'l-1: '1-'i'"t'l- mY. haJot:;r 'tY.
2. .,.~"!. The train leaves at two-thirty.
'1!1-'1- 0119"")'1- ll't'l- .,.11-A J'.~"'A
be left

I. .,.GL. Are there any tickets left for tonight?

M"- "7:1' f.,.GL 1:11.'1- hll !
2. 4'G. When I pay all my debts, there will
be nothing left. M\lo"t 11-11- llh'i!A 9"
")9" hf.4'G'"'i9"
leave alone
You'd better leave that alone! '1-'ll'"t il'l-.,.

.,..m

"'"'" J'.lf'IA
(be) left alone ilil'm-"t 4'G
I was left alone as before."h"tY. O.C.1> ilil'\lo"t
4'<:11(be) left back
*He was left back in the third grade. ,ll.,.'i' h
'i!A y,~ou
leave behind

.-,..-f ~

We had to leave our trunk behind. "''l''i'l-"t"t

+n ou'tF: "'F: .r~il"t
leave lyina around h11~h~h
Don't leave your books lying around! OOl\'.hC::Y.
U") h:1'11GhCh

leech

709

leave

leave off +m
Please leave off biting your nails! IJ''i:CU'l oo
-11'1-l- .,...,.
leave on h.ofiC..Y. TID
Someone left the lights on. 1\').!1. ""-fl<l--I>'J
1\-lleof -l-1'-;NI.
leave out
!. Tal. When you copy it, do not leave
anything out. l\'.Jt.f.') 11-l-11\-11'1' M?"
~1e h-1-T..,.
2. 11.4.. He left out two letters when he
wrote the name. lloo-1 1\.K"'i! v-1\."f- ~S?.fr>
'f ' 11.4.
leave out of h - - - aJoll1' 1\il+t:.

He always fights, so we left him out of the

game. II-A1.H. J.'.'II'IA ! 111\li.U h""'I';J..,. IJJo!I'J' '

1\llof>t:~IJJo

(be) left out

!. .,.~'I'll- h'J.<l.of>e Tf.t:1. The children were

1\o-A-l-
m(lf.

me

hP'<l- f""'l-t:-1- 4.-"'f.'

leave-taking f""Mqflil' ' 1.11.

During the leave-taking, many tears were shed.

fl""(l~qflil'm- 1.11. -lilt" I'I!P'f T'lof>l'ltake leave 1-(tfiflT
He took his leave of the company. hli-IJ{lq..,.
Tl'l'a"'fiT

leaven hell"'
The leaven causes the bread- to rise.

~Ci1"tDo

'l!lfDo"t f.~4-'I'A

leaves, see leaf

lectern 1\-l-C"Jll
The speaker placed his notes on the lectern.
.,..,_,.-...,. "7!1;1-mlf!P:r;'J 1\-l-C"JI'I- 'If.
1\llof>""m

lecture (v.) -l-?"ue-1- (lm

left out of the group of students that was to go

to Harar. A;(:r; mr. .ht:e h"''.~f.IJJo f

He lectures on zoology at the university.

T"76!P'f 'if.- T~'l'I\IJJo h'J-'1.4>~ Tf.

t:1
2. 1-f.l\. The hiatus in the old manuscript

<;-l- ' -1-?"ue-r ' f.(l"'A

lecture someone 11PK

shows that something has been left out.

q.:;;e..,. fh~ ~~'"'""' ..,.n... nn.:..,.
h<i:-1- P:J- 1\')f.- ~1e .,...,..f./1-') filYA
(be) left over Tt:4.

Nothing was left over after he finished eating.

fiA-1'

toll-"' fl:\'1 M?" hATt:4.11Jo?"

~fie

(be) left to oneself f"''...,"'me fA?"

+The students were left to themselves during

the holidays. fl~t:'i:-1> 1.11. T"76!P'f'J
f"''. ..."'me fA?" ~fie

flf..~lien.-t:IJJo m-11'1' Ill\ h'Jllil-1- 'I'

The teacher lectured the boys for being lazy.

h!IT"7611Jo T"76!P:r; 111\Mf. 1"'ll'f11Jo

lecture (n.) 'J"I"Ie

It was an interesting lecture. fl"'?" f"''.fllf.
11-l- 'J"I"Ie ~fie
give someone a lecture 11PK

He always gives us a lecture when we are late.

fiH1f'J 'I<Te f.1P'F.<;A

lecturer .,..,_,.-.
The audience hung on the Jips of the lecturer.
1\'1"7""',; .,..,_,.-...,.-, fiT""lllfl 1\'l.,..m--l-

*He wants to be left to himself. (lllJo h'J-'1

f.f.ellfl-1- f.4.A;JA

led, see lead

[See also 'breathless, disorder, exhausted, gulf,

ledge (f)1f.A 1\4-<;:

impression, school, unmoved, unsaid, word']

leave (n.)
!. 4.-"' r.-. He has taken three months' leave.
f!Pll-l- me 4.-"'F.- m!I~A

You have my leave to stay away ~rom work

)1 1 hP'&- 1 1\oo.:Jot:.+ r ~Y; (I

tomorrow.

"'"''"""

2. li'J-11-l-. After two years of work, I took a

month's leave. v-1\-l- tt-ou+ hw&o.,. 0:\t\ ~
'I'J r.- me li'J-11-l- m(lt.-11leave Of absence h.P'&- I f-:tt:.:r-

I.J" F:

He took a leave of absence for two months.

The mountain climber obtained a precarious

position on a narrow ledge. +&.-&.- m"'-
of>.,_.., 1f.A 1\4-'i' 'If. hf.1'i' o-~;1- 'I
f. f.1'f ~fie

Iedger oP"JI1-II
He wrote the debts in a ledger. fAfi-1') M
11-11- ' 11""111-11 ' aJoli'J"' ' 1\1'14-t:

leech 1\A'I--lOn the river banks of our country, there are

many leeches. q1&-':f1- 1 m.,.11 .asc ofllt'
1\A'I--l- ' hi\

leer

710

leer "Jt;oooo
He stands on the comer and leers at the pretty
girls passing by. '1"'1 .J'I" m-il 1:\"JfU.P..
:Y. {lJI:\4- f.U.9"9" tRC
(be) leery of Tm&.mt:
I am leery of anyone who promises me a
prize without doing any work. 9""19" ltt>.
w&. ilt>."'''l- f.{l-rVI>. 1111- ?A f
"''.~qt>.'S"J o-11- l.m&.m&-1\IJo
lees AT'\
Don't drink the lees of this beer! fii.U"J m'l
AT'I A'l-m"'
leeway
I. h'i''l- P:l'. There is little leeway between
the table and the wall. Rmt:A.~m-<; R"'~JI
..... DDOhl:\ '1-"Jil ' h'i''l- ' P:l' ' All
2. ""L<;L"'. His instructions left him little lee
way in the negotiations. f(tmm- oor6Y a 0
"J"'"'C 1\f. 9""19" DDL<;L"' At>.(lmm-9"
left, see leave
left (n.) "1&.
You sit on the right, and I will sit on the left.
A"JT R4>'S _,..,..,..'!" 7.~ R"'&. 7.4>00"11\oat the left of R - - - RIIT"'&.
We had seats at the left of the stage. R""J:'t:h-
Rll_,..,&. T4>9"m"J tRC
left (adj.) (f)"'&.
Take the other bag in your left hand! Y"'m-"J
Pelt R"'&. 1.~0 J"/1
left (adv.) tDY. "1&.
Tum left at the next corner! not.+TillD- oo
mruv mY.. 1&- ;.t-mt;:
[See also 'hand']

left-hand, adj. ( ~ adv.) mY. "1&.

Before you reach the hill, you make a lefthand tum. 7.1tt:il:f'm- boo.J:-t:IIU Rol-'1-
mY. "1&. Tm9"H11
on the left-hand side Ol'l+""'&o

His house is on the left-hand side of the street.

IL-Io f"''.~'fm- R.,."J~-'1- Rll_,..,&. tmleft-handed
I. "1&-'S. Left-handed people have a difficult
time learning to write. "1&-'S (l,.:y. ll'iful.'l-
1
:f"'c Allq'fm2. ( ~ adv.) bA"J~'l- R'lf.. He made me a
left-handed compliment. bA"J~'l- R'lf. Aoo
Mt'S

fl."''""

legal
leftist f"'&. h"J'i'
All the leftist parties voted for him. f"'&. b"J
4- 0 f;>"ll-f:l) 0 {1-J:''f:Y. I IJo/1" 0 1\{l- 0 J:'f"/J 0 (1mleftOVer '1-&.ol.
The servant ate the leftover meat. A'lib~
'1-&.o~.m-") I":> I R'l

leftovers fT.:.!. 9""111

The housewife eked out a dinner of leftovers
by adding rice. fiL:t 7,ooiL'l- RTt:Lm-
9""111 1\f. ~11 I .... ,..&. 117.&.'1- I Ail:l':l'

:y...,.

leg 7."1C
I have a pain in my right leg. 4>'S 7."1<'-")

Y"""'i>.
The stool has three legs. RC"""''"'" 1 1"11'17."1C I Allmwe are on the last leg of our trip. Y.tJ '
'J'":f") I . . . Q;I,_,:lf I tm-

f.,.,,

be on one's (its) last legs hiiJIIJi;

He was on his last legs when we saw him. h~ 1

ll<;fm- Y"''I"C tRC
*Our car is on its last legs. ooh,'ll-'l J h'l.t:
_.,..,.11 4>C;I::I'I>.
not have a leg to stand on r"')fD OdlPl,.-,.. r

fll ....,.
He claims he deserves the scholarship, but his
claim does not have a leg to stand on. lllt'IClf.
'J' 0 f.~q"{l:\ I ill\" I mf."-'1:\ I "!") 0 'J"f.,
~ I ~IJD

; ODIPt'-,:,.0

f/l~fD

pull (someone's) leg Ai>'.I.(R'l-) l A:l-1111

He told me I had won the prize, but he was
only pulling my leg. iiA"''-to Y.c(IVI>. 11
II- t~.:'S l ..,., ilJl\'<;:il'S I tRC
He loves to kid people, so be careful that he
doesn't pull your leg. Rllm- oo4>11J:' 1111"'1.
m.J:- 7."JJIY:I'AAU 1 Tm"J4>:,0
stretch one's legs ~"'1?.~ h.ti:.:t".:t"
He got up during the intermission to stretch
his legs. Rbt:'i'., '1.11. 7."1~") 1 1\"'''i':l':l'
'1- .,.)..,
legacy :,Ocll
He left a large legacy to his son. II A:( 1111-
:,Ocll t.m-c(l'l- .,..,.
*Our legacy of freedom was bequeathed to us
by our warrior fathers. tllt:I':Y."J"J Y.Jf.l>.")
ACR'I''Jl Aq1'JI':f"J 1 <;'J'mlegal
I. ih"' 1 fTbTII. That's perfectly legal. t~""
ih"' fTbTII tm-

2. f.ft"l. My legal advisor is away on business.

f.ft"l l'o"71J611. OP'&. "1-"'J'. ID!l. tD-'1!'
't.I;..A
legal procedures fi'h."1 ~"' P"C'I-+

The committee used unfair legal procedures.

!l.C"I- -Mil qAIT) ' f .ft"l P') P'C't'l-

-t-m+oo
legal proceedings hrt

They instituted legal proceedings against him.

2. .ft"l l'o111''111.!... The lawmakers were asked

to legislate against prostitution. itt.., 1\m-Q;t,
jP'fi ' 1\1'"' ' h"'6)'f-") ' f"t:J>ID'/" ' .ft"l
'-VU'111''1A.f. -1-mf.+t& )OC

legislation

1. c'h""". There was not much legislation passed

this year. 011.11 'too'!- illf" .ft"l hAID"l'l"
2. .ft"l "7tD-"''I-. Parliament is responsible for
legislation. 'l"hC 0.., .ft"l f"7tD-"''I- ..,...
,f.)'f- l'ol\0'1-

O(l- ' 'If. ' h11 ' t.+~fl-0'1-

legislative f.ft"l

legality .ft:>'I!H
We discussed the legality of the case. 1111 "1-"1
f. ' .ft:>'f!)'f- ' 1');>1C'I

legalize .ft:>'l!

legitimate

711

legality

l'o!l.~1

Some states in the United States have legalized

gambling. Ol'o"'I.&IJ tD-11'1' l'o"J"'")~ .,~.,.
":f _,..,C'I .ft:>'l! l'o~C1'1'A

legation ll:>fi.I'""J
The French legation has many buildings.
f.!..~"J'IJ'. ' ll:>fl.f"") ' illf" ' .ft")l\jP":f ' l'oll-'1-

legend
I. h.!. :t-6h. There is a legend that a snake
once ruled in Ethiopia. h.'l-1'-kJ'"J l'o"J~ H
"JI'- .('.1~'1- )0C f"tA h.!. ;t-&h hi\
2. ,..,.'i'. Read the legend on the dollar bill!
Oil-1- ' 'If. ' J'l\t&") ' ........'i' ' l'o"Jilil

3. 00"11\"'i. He couldo't decipher the legend

of this picture. fllU"t JPIJA OD"ll\1 'r
") '-"J!l.IT) 11"7<D;r> t.A!I'II'J"

legendary ll'i"J J'-1-U.

His deeds were legendary. f(l-

~C1..1'":f

Legislative reforms are needed to end corruption. fqll P'A"'o:"":f"J 'l"""q~ ll11)'f- 11"74'
'/" f.ft"l oulflfA J'11.!..A:>A
legislative body ih"'J hm-aa. hlf:A

The legislative body makes the laws for the

country . .ft"l htD-Q;l,.tD- h'i'A 11016;1:
.nH'"J J'.S'.)"I:>A
legislative decree J!-1'..?1.

The Emperor rules by legislative decree when

parliament is not in session. 9'"hC 1 0.-1: 1 Oil
iJ(lq ' 'If. ' 0"7f.1'10'1- ' 1..fl, ' ")"!-"' ' )1P'
_, 0~");>1. J'111'"1~6-A
legislative powers ih"'l fii'Jm-IIJ."f- 1 ~IAIIJ1'

The Senate has legislative powers. ih""l

oum{l

"'"'" .ft"l f"7t&"''l- P'A"'"J hilt&

legislator .ft"l /'otD-m

The legislators must draft and submit bills.

;,., t.t&..._,.":f ;,., t.c:r-+"'"

.,;r.~"'

hi\IJ'I't&

legislature f.ft"l l'otD-m h'i'A

ll<n ' J'-1-~.f. ' )0<-

The Senate and the House of Representatives

form the legislatUre. ih"'l I oPtD{I'ifi.lJ'"Ci I ODfP

~ h.!. ;1-&h f"7.)1CII'I- (It& )t&

6ft& ' 'l"hC 0.-l'":f f.ft"l /'ot&Q;l,. h'i'

A ' <;'ft&

Robin Hood is a legendary person. l!'fl1" o.

(be) legible MOIJA

His handwriting is legible.

f'-~

l\".ft.!..., J'.)

oqA

legion h'i'll tnC

The army of ancient Rome consisted of several
legions. f'I'"J;t-'1! ~'/" tnC 1'1&.'1!'1- illf"
h'i'll tn~":f .('.11'0'1- )OC
be legion 41:-rC llct:C f/UD'/"
The numher of sinners is legion. f;)m.l'o-1-'l'":f
il~'l- _,.'I'C 1l'i'C flit&'/"

legislate
I. .ft"l hiD"'. Parliament legislates for Ethiopia.
'l"hC ' 0._, 1\h.'l-\'"kJ' .ft"l ' J'ID"'A

legitimate
1. ih..?'f!. His claim to the throne was not
legitimate. 11"4-l'- f.1q"'A "711., .ft:>
'I! hAHI~'I"

2. .ft:>'l! OD"J1~ f-1-h-1'11. His livelihood

is not a legitimate one. oo.,...-;~~~m- 1 ih..?'f! 1
.,..,1~

' f-1-h-1'11 ' hf.S'.II'I"

3. 1'11l. The government used tax money for

legitimate purposes. oo-,.,,.,., f-1'1\0I'IOOJ<"J
"liiC IIT11l "l.JI\'"":f h'l'llt&

4. h.ft:>'l! :>il!l' f-1'11. A legitimate child

will inherit his parents' property. h.ft:>'l!
;Jii!J' f-1'11 A~ f<DII,l'.:'ll"J ")il~'f- .('.<DC
'lA

leisure

712

5. not. Sickness is a legitimate reason for

a child's being absent from school. ihOD,. 1 ll
A"/': h.r!l"uc:,. IL:,.

"Jy:,.

0-1: !l"h

{IOD:j>(.y

~tJJo

*If all the crops are poor, a legitimate

conclusion is that the soil is poor. (loflfl- 1 n.,...
/r

,.f)o(l

hiJ'\'

OD~..J: I OD"]"C:,

)',.,.. :

{1."7

ll:,. 1-i"'IA

leisure (n.) .rc'i! 1.11.

This job does not leave me much leisure.
y.u Ft.. !I"'J!I" -rc"' 1.11. hf.l'lm'S!I"
leisure time TC~ "l.H.

I can do it in my leisure time.

n-rc~

...." . . . .

Au>t..tJJo l\:filllllat one's leisure 1\.0D'ftJJo

Take this book and read it at your leisure!

f.U'J ""ltdt'i! mllf.U {l.oo:fu h'J110<Dbe at leisure

F~

L;fw

Call on him only when he is at leisure! P'&c 1 1\.

4.:1" 11i" m1-4'<Dleisurely (adj.)
1. f"'' J'.lllf.'i!. A leisurely person cannot be
made to do things quickly. f"''Y-"11.'1'7 1'1
tJJo h"JY: ~1c o:flt-11 l\"J'I."'t.. ll"''
Y:~"' hY.i"A!I"
2. ( ~ adv.) 0~:> oo'Jt.ll. I had a leisurely

conversation with my friend.

h=i~~,_

,."JC

~;J ' OD'Jt.ll

' .,.""l<D,.'J
leisurely (adv.) OC:>;J-

length
lend oneself {itself) to
1. 1'1. Don't lend yourself to such dishonest
plans! l\'Jf.H.U 'Ill l\9"~.,. 11.11 l\
:tY: tJJoll'l' h-r"'fl
2. Mll1ll. This tool lends itself to many
UseS. ~IJ I ODUf6,.f I flofllt' I "J"ol-9'" I ,.f~Jfl.
"'ilA

*The pronouns lend themselves to ambiguity,

so try to use nouns instead . .,..m-1\m ilf"l- :
hlf"''. llll"''.ll'). O!l".riJ'ftJJo 11!1" h"'fl
[See also 'hand']

length
1. c:uoo.r. Let's measure the length of the
room! fh'i!II-'J C11"":,. l\'JliiJ
2. oocn!l". The length of a speech is no assurance that it will be good. f'J"'"'-1- ODCH!I"
'!"1- ' {IDPII'). ' "'/l.?1""1 ' hJ'.li''J9"

3. h'JY: 'lf.~:,. C11"'1~ YlltJJo. I bought

three lengths of pipe. 1"11:,. h'JY: 'lf.~:,. C
11"'1~

Yil'l'm- !l9"!ll"lf-

1~11-

*The length of a visit to a sick person should

be only a few minutes. 01i.,.lf'J floomf:t h
'1'-1::,. 1.-1:-"'l"lf- MY. oof-r hYIIt.A
"'!I"
length of time 't.R

What is the length of time needed to do this

job? f.U'J Ft.. ll"''h<;m"J f"''.YIIt.A1<D-
't.fL

,.ftJA

,..,. t

}at-

at full lensth .,.HI!"

He lay at full length on the bed . .,.nr: hA:>

He was working leisurely at the task of folding

papers. f<D~4'-r "''m'i!'J Ft.. OC;>;J- Yh..l'

"" ' .,.,.,

'/.Y: ~oc

He spoke at length on the border problem.

lemonll-"7.
Lemons are sour. tr-ot.

at lensth O(l.Lmllll m{l). MY. OI'I.I.<D-

lt9'"1lJilJ

_,.<;1~

go to any length

)om-

*He will go to any length to get what he wants.

lemonade 11-"'1.<;:,.
Lemonade is a satisfying beverage. fra67..'iT

fOJ.J'~l} I ODffi"]" I }IIJo

lend (lent)
1. (money)

hOf.~.

h'JY: 11C A;J-OY:~'S .r:filliU l

me your

book!

ODltdt'i!U'J h<D-(l'S

3. l'lm. The flowers lend brightness to the

room. hOil:f llh'i!ll- Y:!/"4':,. 1-1'1"111Lend us your support in our fight for judicial
reform! ll.h"' oolflf A ll!l"<;f.C1tJJo :,...,
A Y: :>'i'U'J llm'J

ll"''"'"f:,. f"''Yf.C1<D-

in length

Can you lend me a dollar?

2. (objects) h'l'l'l. Lend

f"''.YIIt.A1<D-'J
~1C fll!l"

*The government report was 300 pages in

length. fOD'J"'F.,. t..rc-r 11~:,. 1"11:,.
..,...,.

?Jt

)one

keep one at arm's length hi\4'C1l h.i\ID-

She kept me at arm's length though I met her

every day. !1"79" l\'Jl>.'J Of4'). '11'f-r
9" hii4'C11 hlllf-'1

of some length ofllt' ; "LtL

He made a stay of some length in Rome.

r:!l" <D-11'1' 1111- '

"Lit. 4'1-:tA

stretch full length 1-Ht':t':

He stretched full length on the bed. t..A;>ID-
'If. ' 1-Ht':t':

(t-~1&1'

I J\t!,HODID<

lengthen (vi.) t':HOO

In March, the days begin to lengthen. non:>ll
:,. <DC .,..,..-,. l\f t':H... on'tY: f.Y.,'l" &-IIlengthwise ""'""""
Cut the material lengthwise! ""C<II'J noo
1J

.,...t!,tnaJo

lengthy t!7{.'1"
The lengthy speech that he gave was boring.
f"-t':11D" t!1{.'1" .,.,.,c filil':f- ~nc

lenience "'"'~.-,.
Lenience promotes disobedience. AA ~.-,.. h.
(lon:J"H11') fllh.-,.'1/A

lenient"'"'

You're too lenient with him. ilil- OIIJ9'" lA

A lf~llil:l"A
lenient attitude IAA ~..-,..

His lenient attitude encourages the children

to be disrespectful. f"7JilffDo "'"' ~:,. A ]f.
:r; qfl'l. 1.')-'l.lf). 1"-C:>:f'l't:.

lens ti.'Jll
The lens of this camera is broken. rtt.tJ c:
+"1&-'i' "7')lf {1,')(1- 1-1'111~/A

Lent frJoJ!1. 1<'1"

When does Lent end? frNI1. 1<'1" on'li f
A:I'A?

lentil 'I"IIC
Add some lentils to the soup! lfCqtD- tD-11
"' 'I"IIC ""'l"cn:,.

leopard ~11C
The leopard lives in the jungle. Hie f"7.'f t':
I

ll.IJ.C

~liJo

leper 4'"7"1
Lepers stay in a place by themselves. 4'"7 l"':f-
il11il':ffDo 01-ilf ' (l:J" f.'l' &oil-

leprosy <ll'l"'l''i'
He caught leprosy in his youth. <ll'l"'l''i' nt.;t'
~1>

fHID-

ID-"1..,.

h-11~')

' f"''.f')\o,llll
"7:1'11/A ' ~fDo

0 OOK'do,..,. 0

"7

lesion <IIllA
The lesion became infected because of the dirt.
<111111- h4'lflftD- f-1'~"1 1-oo>t':H

less (adj.)
1. J'Ht. I have less money than he has.
hcil- nil

nn-o t..ii'S

2. h.tnC fil. We will get home in less time

if we fly. OhtD-I!'T'I') h'tY:'J hmC q{l
'1.11. 1.11.:,. 1.'J"-Cllii'J
less (adv.)
1. !HI. I work less in the rainy season.
n11'i'1l m&-:,. nil 7.w&-llr~2. :,.nl. I do less because I get no reward.
'I':> lli1"7'11'Sn:,. :,.-,11 1.w&-ilrJo

less (prep.)
*He. spent a year less two days in Ethiopia.

.,."! .

h...,.f"kf ' ID-11'1' il't""..,. ' 11-il..,.

f.,.t':fDo '1.11. t..llil.l.
*Five less two equals three. tt~lt+ = o-i\+
(L.,.~ll ' 11'11..,. ,..,.&-"'

be less h. HI.

Tom is less clever than his brother.

-f~

011

"'"~..,. hm'JY:... n"-"'

do something less +HI

You must drink less if you want to stay healthy.

Ill.)~ I

tJ')tJ I i\OD.,.f..,. I hLi\""JU I ODffi"f"

"""'~II hil-1111

I ent, see I end

iD'"

lese majesty h-11~') "7:1'11/A

In Japan, printing pamphlets belittling the
Emperor is lese majesty. O)i';r'J ID-11'1' ')
,.,. 0 ~1P'1>')

lengthen (vt.) t..t':H""

The tailor lengthened the trousers. A-fill 1'1.1.
(1)-

less

713

lengthen

Eat less, and you will get thin! '1""111 ' 11.-,..,.'}
II ' .-,..,.'l''i'illl

have less ( ~ intr.) .,.II/A Ail

+J am having less difficulty with my work
than I used to. OP' &-\1. hY:I!' f.t.:,O h
!Jo') f"'Lf ;J'I'UD'S

':f-"IC .,.iliA ' f.'IA

1 1..11. ; m-{1-r

in less than h - - l))(l

In less than an hour, we will be home. tt'l.e'

il't:,. q)/1 '1.11. ID-11'1' '

n.:,. 1.'JJ'.Cllii'J

no less (than) h - - f'l~il

He won no less than five hundred dollars.
OlD-Y:~

>t'l"ll:,. oo+ 11C

f'l~il

h11
no less a person than

*No less a person than the President came to

see him. T &.IVI'J-1>') f"''.fiJA (ltD- il.tnf..,.
Q)o:ODfl)

714

Jessee
still less

*He is not guilty of theft, still less of robbery

by violence. 7.1'\\"t f<l"''/'tH fl\.ofU-1-9"
m"t)';A t.Ad.KOD9"
the less the better

*The less you worry about it, the better it

will be. 1111' q.]-og,):,OR-1- f-t-lf/1 J'.tr'iA

[See also 'more, much, nothing']

lessee 1-h&-J'.

The lessee must keep the house in repair.

1-h&-1' !1.-l>"t "'IS'.Il t.II0-1Jessen (vt.)
1. 4'HI. In summer they lessen the working
hours. RR:><D- fF&- ll'H'-:f"t J'.4'"tilll2. h,?ll.ll. Don't lessen his service to the
state! 11?&-1> fS'.t.?<D-"t MA"'k>-1- t.
:J":l'A
lessen (vi.) +llA hi\
The rain lessened. ll'ifl- 4'/IA t./1
Jesser Mll-1-'i'

He chose the lesser evil and remained in exile

rather than return and go to jail. h.)il..,.;;:'m-1 '
Odb,&.

fioPSJ'"~~ I

+ ' h"'l.?q '

}11.;..

+ouA,(I

l;.{lC

fl.

-J-(11>. ' 4'1.

lesson
l. +rue+. Translate lesson eleven for next
time! 1\D?.+Ti\m- s "'.tL OF6- 1 n,.,.e.;;:-m-"}
9"UC-1- 1'C1'9"
The crash taught him a lesson . ..,..,..orb -1-?'"tJ
c+ tr)w2. h'i!A. My next lesson is at three o'clock.
f"'l.4''l'II<D- h<;:ll. RHm't l'l't-1- ~..,.

give lessons ftl'l+"'l~

She gives Amharic lessons. t."'IC'i' :J-111'9"&ll:f

[See also 'review']
lessor t.h&-J'.
Both lessor and lessee must sign the agreement.
t.h&-1'9" ' 1-h&-1'9" <D-/1-"t ' 00.1.,(.9" ' t.
M'l'wlest l'."t~ + (negative imperfect)
He hid lest he be discovered. l'."t'!J'.1't 1111-
-t-~n.,

we watched all night lest the bandits should

return. 1i<i*'ll f-1-oP/II'l- l'."tS'.If) R"'l/1-1-
11.11.-l>"t oo-{1- ll"tm-tJ:,O t.S'.C"t

let

let (vt.)
1. t.h&-f. The hotel lets rooms by the week.
lf-1:11- Ril9""t-l- do..il11 h'i'II-:Y. fh&-fA
2. .1.4'S'.. Her father will not let her go to the
party. t,q;t w~ :rc-tw- l'."t~-1-~~ t.
J'..t.:,O~II-1-9"

3. t.ll-stem. He wouldn't
t.l\ .....&-9" t.ll't

let

me

do

it.

let (vi.) 1-h&-f

The house lets for $80 a month. !1.-1> owe 1'1
"'l"tf -tiC J'.h&-fA
let, jussive
Let's start at once! t.v-'1-'1- l'."t)';I"'C

let alone

*He could not even understand Amharic, let

alone speak it. t."'IC'i' OD'i1C 4'C1' oo{l
"'1-1-1"' t.J'.:fAI"'

*It would have been a hot day for summer,

let alone for spring. 7.1'\\"t IIKS'.J'. J>.:,Oc<; II
R:> 7.1'\\"t '1":1'-1- 4'1' J'.lf"t )OC

let (someone, something) alone

1. ;1'1rP. Can't you let me alone for five
minutes? 119"11-1- ~<1::1' A-1-:J"?"''t -1-:Y.II/111?
2. l'."t'!/1 -t-m. If you approve of the plan,
let it alone. Rl\:,0-'1. h-1-ll"'I"'IIJ l'."t'!/1 1'
aJ<DIet by t.illld.
Let him by since he is in a hurry to catch the
bus. t.w-1'-fl-l'l-"t ll""il.t.C 11/l"'l.'l'ltA t.
ilA.t.wlet down (vt.)
1. t.wt.S'.. The baby is not comfortable; let
him down from your shoulder. ih'). hA+oo
'I'<D-9" l h-1-hlfll 1\J'. t.w-CS'.<D2. H:>. Please let down the blinds! "":>t.Yfw-"t
li:><D3. t.il.t.t.. I was counting on him to help me,
but he let me down. J'.t.'!'i'A -tilL 1'"'19""SR
-1- )OC I "'"t t.il.t.~'t
let down (vi.) :fll t./1
He is beginning to let down in his work.
1"&-<D-"t :Y.II "'111-1- )';9"Z:A
let have
1. l'lm. Please let me have the menu! f9""1fl"t liCliC 11-1-l'lm't
2. t.OS'.t.. Can you let me have five dollars?
t-9"11-1- -tiC A:J"O~~'t -1-:fii/IU 1
let (him) have it 01'\(l)o
If he insults you once more, let him have it.
~"1'1" l'."IS'.II.U hi'IS'.OU 11/I<D-

letter

715

letdown
let In Ah1Q
Don't Jet anybody in! .,'t't?" A;J-h1Q

let up
I. Ot:Y: All. The storm has let up. 'tm-11-

let (oneself) In for ~C

tof.fl. Ot:Y: -fl!liA

2. ;Jofl Jr.. A. Will the rain ever let up? oo:t;
f.IT't ' 11.. 11- ' ;>-II f"'l.llill"?
3. 1'm. They refused to Jet up in the fight. Y:-11
Y:ll-'t A't1'fD-?" -1111m- >.?"0. Air
[See also the various nouns and verbs combined
with 'let', such as 'air, do, pass']

m-t.T "JQ

He did not know what he was letting himself

in for when he took the job. I" 6-ID"'t 1'1.'1'0
lA M 'lf.H l--Ie m-h'l' >.'t.I'."'I.1Q
A'lm+ID"?"
let (one) In on Al!ol.ll

We Jet them in on the secret. ?"htn.-1-'t Al!oi.IA

""'""

let into h.ll1Q

The maid let us into the house. 1t:.O:.-I> MI.+

M1Q:f't
let off
I. Amt:.l'.. I asked the driver to let me off at
the comer. )')(m- hoP;J-mA.fm- s 1\..t'- ~ lt7"
ume.I'.'S ' mf:,Ov-+
2. Am"!. This machine Jets off a Jot of steam.
f.U oohS -1111- >.'tof.ll-'1- fm"'IA
3. 114'4'. The judge Jet him off with a warning.
'1::'111" .,hm't+4!f 1\'1'-1' 114'4'111"
4. Al\.,01'. The manager Jet the clerks off at
noon. JP~ oo&m- +:,.Oc 1\,e ~dut.~
,;'t Al\..01'
let on .,..,1.:

Don't Jet on that you see him! >.11-'t .,f'I-U

't A'l-..1e

letdown 11:,. .,11+

The letdown in sales caused the closing of
several stores. f7if.,_. 11:,. .,11+ -1111-9'1-
00.1'.-fll!':f ' ).'t,ll,H'I- ' A.l'.t:1
be a letdown (in, to}

1. T'l1i +n+n. There is a letdown in business

this month.OILU me 't"IY: 'l-'t1i +11:,0
!f./A
2. :,O&,;t- Ail.l'.t:(o+). The match was a Jetdown to the spectators. "l'l'"'i.ffD- 1'0D/AIJ
,;'t ' :,O&,;t- ' Ail.l'.t:Q'flll"
lethal 11.1Y:IA f"'l.:fiA
A sharp fork can be a lethal weapon. hll:f'?"
a:IJ 11.1Y:IA f"'l.:fiA OO"f6f ~,.
lethargic, - condition IA'I'il'l'h~+
His lethargic condition is due to ill health.
IA'i'h'i'hH" Om.'tti> oo-"'mh ?"ll'tf'l- tm-

let out

produce a letharsic condition hAL(lL(I

I. 114'+. At night we let the cat out . .,,..

. , , . . I J':OO:J;'t ' ).'tii-"':J"II't

A hot, humid day produces a lethargic condition. '1"-"''1- >.eT-11 +'t fiAol.l\'i'iliA

The woman let out a scream when she was

beaten. ol.'l-1"'1' h'l-.1'.0.1'.-11 =1i;t't 114'+1Let the water out of the bathtub! ill"~fD-'t h
11\ OD:f"mflflD- DJoiiT A++m2. Am"'. He Jets out every secret you tell him.
n1ehm-'t ?"hm.e 11-ir fm"'IA
3. Ahm"'. We opened the windows to Jet out
the foul air. f1'0'1lfm-'t Me ll.,hm"''l-
oont>~ hol.'l-'t
4. Al\of.. The tailor Jet out my coat because
I got fatter. hllmol.eh- IA-IIh 1\d.m- 1>-l:'t
Mof.IA'S
(be) let out

m"'

Owing to a shortage of teachers, school will be

let out early. Ooof"U&-'t >.Tt:+ f1't"'
.,_.,69'1- h'I-9"Ue'l- 0.'1- 4'.1'.9" -llllfD-
f.m"'ir
let through Ailllol.

The police wouldn't let us through. 7'11.11-

A'lil/A'i' ' All't

lethargy oufAol.hol.h
The child's lethargy is the result of prolonged
illness. fiA)I: OO/Aol.hol.h 1 ht:;t'?" 1 1.11. ih
oPIJ"'

f , ....

.,..,I

'j(l)o

letter
1. "-ii.'Hl.. Are there any letters for me?
.1'.0'10.9'1- Air~ !
2. d..I'.IA. The word has five letters. -"'ir A?"h
+ ' d..l'.ll-1- ' Air+
*The judge enforced the letter of the Jaw.
'1::'111" ih1-'t >.'t.l'.1'llol.fD- P'&-O.f"
letters JP'i X'",n.fi:;

The dean of the college is a man of letters.

fl>/1.)1: ' .O:.'t fp>t ~~'"""' ' ... ,. ' ""'""
to the letter :J-A O:I"A

He follows the rules to the letter. ih'l-'t -"'"'

0-"'IA f.h1''1A
[See also 'capital letter, circular, dead, recommendation']

letter box

716

letter box f?'il;f' "''m&-4"''1..1' l ;rll;f'

"f'l'"t

"''m

The letter box is painted red. f?'il;f't-

&-4'"'/J (;r!l;f't- ' "f'l'"t) ' .,,. ' "'"'" .,.
4'-II;I:A

letterhead hC"''
Do you have paper with the letterhead of the
Ministry of Education? f'l-9"11C'l- "ttii-I;C
hC"'' .1'1111'1- mt:<f'+ hlllll
lettuce M"'
letup, be a - 4'114'11 hll
There was a brief letup in their work. .F6-:f

,. 1\-...c "LtL ~ +11+11

11A- ;

~oc

lever
office. flOOJPt..l' rt.;f':f"t h9"il'l- fS'.'I"
11 S'.t:7/:9':f hlr
The civilization of mankind has taken thousands
of years to reach its present level. flit- A"!':
P'A"'~ ' h(lo"t ' >tllfl'l- S'.t:7/: IIOD~t!il-11
It- o l(, o '\OD;f'.'l- L"1':;1:A
There will be a conference at the ministerial
level. fl"ttil'l-l!':f S'..:YI: '1-qh. f.S'.t::>A
2. t:::,O. You can buy tea or coffee on the
upper level. h'lf.'1t- t:::,O 'If. ll"f. mf.
9" It<; A'l-1~ '1-:f-1\1111
3. oPm1'. The raid only escalates the level of
violence. aJl&.t- = fmlt-1' r oPnt"} ,.t'Q-fl(l~A
*The boy reached a high level of intelligence.
Ait 0"19" 11All maJm-

without a letup J'/1.4-;J-

be on a level

1 have been working ten hours without a letup.

OJPC 11'1'1- .,...11- .1'11<1-;f' 7,w&- )fiC

His work is on a level with the best.

levee .,J:-11
There are levees in many places along this river.
nrw m"t11 .o:c fl111t- fl;f' 'If. .,~fl:f
hlr

level (v.)
1. hil1">thll. Death levels us all. '1"'1- """
:f"t"t9" .l'il1">th'IA
2. S'.fiJ'.11(1"S'.AJ'.II). The ground has to be leveled. """--!: oof.AS'.A hllfl'l3. hmf.ou. The artillery fire leveled the town.
foP~4- 1-lt'il h1""'1t-"t hmf.oum4. nS'.II. The storm leveled the tree. 'lm-11- )
<1-il ~4-"t 1)S'.IIm5. "'t:m. They leveled the trees to make way
for the new highway. 'l'lll- hm-&- 'l-'1
<; 11.11- ~t::'li"t "'t:tp.'fw6. 1UH~. He leveled his criticism at the nation
as a whole. '1-:f-t:"t nm:,OI\1\t- fl.lt111t 'I
f. MHt:
level off (vt.) S'.IIS'.II

The machine levels off the mountaintops so

that houses may be built. CL+ f.rP&-ll:ft& '
H"t~ oPh.<;t- f1"&-&-9':f"t ""l'i' f.S'.
II~'IA

level off (vi.) fi006.'1- ' hi;>,)' '

n.:.:

Airplanes level off just before landing. ht-I!'T

11-r:f h"''.:<~.'fw- no~.+ fl"""-'~- M\.1'
f.fi&-11-

[See also 'accusation']

level (n.)
I.

~~)f.

There are five salary levels in our

.,..oP"Jm~

~&.om-

9"CT ' hiY)-'1- ' 119':f ' ,;JC ' f"tOD"Jm"t '
rise to a level htj: 1 h.A

The flood rose to a level of fifty feet.

tJOoi\T I h.?"ft

Mi"'l

h'i!

)tD-

fm-~w-

h./\

level (adj.)
1. _e.A..';I&, We built our house on level ground.
fl.;f':f"t"t fiS'.A'I'I fl;f' 'If. w&-"t
2. 114>.,..'1- '1-hhA. The bookcase is level with
the table. fOOltdt'i' ""'-CY.t..l'm- hmt:A.~
t- ,;JC fl4>ou'l- '1-hhA )t3 . .I'A1"11'1'mm. He spoke in a calm and level
tone. t:.:> q11<; qA1"11'1'mm ~9"6 1"<;1t:

be level 1"il1">thll

The ground was bumpy, but now it is leveL

"""--!: hqaJ 7-q"' )fiC l h(lo"t

1"il1">th~A

*The water rose until it was level with the bank.

m"tlt- 7-ilh h'i' S'-14- 'I"A:t:A
do (one's) level best f.,..!f=At-"}

h._e.l.1

He did his level best to stop the riot. t:1ll\"t-"t

II"''.J'/" f1"il'llm-"t hS'.t:1
make level hil1">thll

Make this pile of sand level with the other!

f.ll"t fhlf'l' 4>AA hi\.1\ID- :>C hil
1->thllt[See also 'ground']

level-headed f"''f.lfflc
He is a level-headed person even in the worst
situations. h..,..l\-9'" 1 fh<f. 1..11. (LoPIIJ 1t.
"tl>."t f"''f.lfnc 11m-

)m-

lever [hq~ 7..4'9':f"t m!-9" S'."t"U'"t II

OD.f."t<f'A f"tt:'l ' h"tS'.
t:'i'r!l" f1lt:'l- H"t.,]

!!:"l':<r

.I'll '

levity

liberality

717

levity '1>11m'IHis levity makes him unfit to be a priest.

'l>11m-t> 11<1:11~'1- -Mil hYY.C1tD-9"

liaison M..-'t
He is the liaison officer for the Americans.
1\h"'UIJ'I'l- ' M..-'t ' ODb-")") ' ~ ....

levy (levied), v.
l. dJI\. The government levies a tax on
tobacco. """I"IP"'-1> O'f-9"QIJ' llf, 4'<:'1"
f.'I"IIA
2. O"IY." 1\w;.t-Y.C~'I- OD/IDP/1. The government levies troops in time of war. DP'l"'IP'-1: fl
fi'C~'I- ''-'I. lll"":f-"t O"IY." /la>;.I-Y.C~
'f- ' f,OD/1'/"IIA

liar <D-lf;.t-'1"
He is an awful liar. fQilO'I- <D-lf ;.1-9"

lexicon 001110 :1'11'1We need an English-Amharic lexicon. 1."1"111.

11"'"'" ' h"7C..."t ' h"l'l"l!' ' fYH ' OD1110 '
,.11'1- ' Yiii.A1..-A
liability (liabilities)
I. ..,..,_.,.. h. ...&-. In a partnership, the partners
share all liabilities equally. 01ieh..- "t"IY."
a>-ll'l" 1iCb'l'":f- "'l"t ...a>-9" wm..- h.... &-
1.11-A f.Y.CM'f'I'A
2. ""il..-hA. Poor eyesight is a liability.
Y.tt"'l 'tf."t DPil..-hA ~"'"
3. "111.1.~'1-. The renter of the property has
no liability for the owner's debts. fi11<:1> +
b&-f. ' /IQ/1 ' "111<:-t> ' 6'1 ' "111.1.~'1- ' f/10
'I- 'I"

*He takes special precautions because of his

liability to disease. 04'1111- /1.;.1-0D'I" ll/1"7_
:f-A f-t-llf 'l""t;<l: YY.C;JA
have liability +mYof: IJ'~
Minors have no liability for damages due to
poor judgement. 't'l>ou h-'19" 1 YAf-<:(1. 1 n
l"l- I b+ ...... + ' "19"'1- ' f+~"' ' 0"7_YY.C1-'I- '
1--'1'1- +mY<I: hf.IJ''l-'1"
(be) liable~"~" ouhi.A h/10'1You will be liable for any damages. 11"7.Y.Cil
w- ' 1--'l'f- ' IJ... ' DPhi.A ' h/11111
be liable to
negative imperfect
I. II

+ hf.4'C'I". He is
+
liable to forget. llf.l:ll hf,4'Cf"
The boxes are liable to fall. "''J"'I''fi llf.WY.-"'
hf.4'~'1"

2. A + imperfect + 11'11. Rioters are liable

to arrest. <:11lf'l''li 11.;.1-ll~ f.l-1111conslder (one) liable 0"111.1.~'1- mf4'
If the car is damaged, I will consider you
liable. ouh_..-ro- f+OIIlf :t."t.11'~ 0"111
.1.~'1- hmf.'I>VIIv-

~w-

libation foPtn'J" ""P"''I'6'1The Romans made libations to Jupiter.

C:"'/tJ>oY"t ' /I"Jt"t+C ' fODtn'J" ""P"''I'6'f-
1\4'<:!1libel
I. fll9" "'1'1"4-'1- W"t~A. The government
is suing the newspapers for libel. OD1'"'lP'T '
;JH.fl'":f-"t 011'1" "7'1"4-'1- W"t~A b!l-'f'I'A
2. M" "'1'1"4-'1-. Libel must be proven by law.
119" "'1'1"4-'1- O.ft"l ODl:;J1'1" h/10'1libelous 119" f.,Ym'iHe is accused of having made a libelous statement. 119" f"7_Ym'i- K'.m.<;: K'I.VA +
1111- +b!l-A
liberal
I. 'I-A'I>. A liberal reward will be given to the
person who finds my watch. ll't-l:"t 11"7_Y1't
A't ' lla>- '1-A'I> WC:;.I- f,bi.II'I'A
2. 1\;JO. The contributions of some liberal
donors assured the construction of the hospital.
Y"t'l"tY." II;Jll 01 hY."&-'I.I"l- llfl';.l-
IJ'll"t;.l-11- ' 1."1-'1."'&- ' hllil'll
She is liberal with her money. 01"tH!L <:1Y."
/I;Jll ' .,..,.
3. ncb+ Yll. His liberal donations made the
construction of the school possible. l-r::;.t-l"'fi
OCb'l- 111111- 'I-9"11C'I- 11-1> 1\.oP&- 11'11
4. f"7f,;<:"t. The government has a liberal
attitude toward religious worship. oP'l..,P'-1:
"'l"t ... tD-")'1" fVf."'l'f'l- h'I"At> f"'lf,;<:"t
hll+ Yf'l- ' h/ltJJ5. 1111 Y/1. The government followed a liberal
policy toward the country's artists and writers.
DP")"IP"'-1> ' 11161> ' "''tll.l"":f-..- ' 1\d,.l.l"":f- '
YII<D- Y-"111 1111 Yll ~..,_
*There was a liberal supply of food and
drink at the party. o;rc-tro- ' llf, ' 9""111.. '
oom'l" :t."tY.A11 ~nc
liberal views

He has liberal views. llol. hll-t-..,1'111 h/la>liberality (liberalities)

1. 1\;JM'I-. His liberality is remembered
by the townspeople. 1\;JM-1> Ob+"'lw- ;,
1111 n-A- ,.,.....,..,A

liberate

718

2. II.C. hll.,...,llil. His liberality offended the

conservative members of the church. lid. hit.
-t-.-.1111- II<D4' f"7Y.I.IA1-'I-"t fiL.,. he
M:J'"t ' hfJII-:Y.. ' M14'fOD
liberate )1\ hOJ"'
They liberated the country from its oppressors.
h1&;J:"t h"""t'l':Y.. )II hmtp.'fliberty (liberties)
I. )1\)'f-. Everyone likes liberty. rNr'J" II
tJJo ' )1\)'f- ' Y.m.IIIA
Lincoln granted liberty to slaves. 1\."tlt/A"t II
IJC':Y.. )1\)'f- lim
2. ouil'f-. The constitution is the guardian of
our liberties. tll1 OD"t"7P"1: ftntofl:f'l-1- a m
'14: ' )OJo
*The prisoner pleaded for his liberty. l\/t<(l;'IJJo
11)1\ ' l\").11.1\4'~ ' /AOD<; ' h4'~11
be at liberty
I. !I'll. You are at liberty to go at any time.

111.11"11iOJo 1.U 1\oo'f,J': '1-:f-111111

I am not at liberty to tell you his secrets.
'J"ilm.-1-"t /A)"Iell h/A:f/A'J"
2. 1.n IU'1'S. The principal will see you as
soon as he is at liberty. F&o oo&tiJa "l.U. a
IU'1'S OJ.II.J'IJJo). f,.)"le?IA
3. l\ile IL'I- hf,.J'.Il'J". The burglar is at
liberty right now. 1\.IJOJ- fJo-). 1.n l\ile
IL'I- ' hY.Jl.I\'J"
be set at liberty

)2\.

+A++

The prisoners were set at liberty by their

guards. l\il~'l''f; llmfJ4:9'ii''I'OJo )1\ .,.II

.,..

give the liberty

*They gave us the liberty of the whole house.

IIIL-Io IJJo/11' ll"tfl.IAIJ:f"t ll"tY:"tll'"t I.
4'-'1-IA"t
take liberties with

+.IlL~

He takes too many liberties with me. II"''J" Y.

'll.~'f/A

*He takes liberties with his father's purse.

J'IJ-Io"t 1"tHil ll"tfl./A!I- J'OJ"'IA
take the liberty .-.Y.mY,.4'1JJo
I took the liberty of borrowing your book.
oux-m'i'll"t "IAmY.~II -t-IJJoi&'PI\11librarian o:I'IL ooll.lt'i''IThe librarian won't let me borrow any books.
o:I'IL oal\ih'i'-lo oox-m'i' l\"t.IIIA'Pil bll
bii'S

lid

library (libraries)
I. IL-t- ool\ih'i''l-. The library has a large
collection of Ethiopian hooks. IL.,. ""llih'i'
-1o iiH- fh.'l-f'kJ' oox-mc::Y.. hll-'12. ooJt:b.fi:T. He has an extensive library on
Ethiopia. ill\ t..'l-f'kJ' f.,.ll#- II"''J" il
,. , ool\ih'i''t- hll-'1-

lice, see louse

license (v.) f'J"ilbe m~4''1- lim
The ministry licenses teachers to teach.
"'Uil-1* 1\oo'J"IJ.!-"t f"7il.,."7e f'J"il
he ID~4'T Y.II"'IA
license (n.)
1. 4-:f'Y:. You have to have a license to open
up a restaurant. 'J"""il IL'I- 1\00bl.'l-
1.:1'Y: J'ili.IA:>IA
2. l\Y'i' 'J""IfJe. The invaders showed un
believable license. OJ.!-&9':Y.. II"''J" l\Y'i'
fll') 'J"""fJe l.ll.,..
3. iliA"!<;. She showed license in calling her
teacher by her first name. hil.,."7&'1'"t ll/1':7.
lloPT.!-'1- iliA"!<; h'lf:Y..
license plate 1111..11
The license plate was covered with mud.
11/I..IIIJJo 11?:1' -t-lf'i''l' )lie
lick
I. 1111. Just look at the cat licking her kittens!
J':ou;J: "IIA11r',;t il't-IAil .,.oofAb't2. II'J"IIil h~mll. Lick a stamp before you
put it on the evelope. 7'/l;l-OJo IIY. boollm
'I'll II.C.'I- -1-'J"il-1-"t II'J"IIilll heTIIIJJo
3. 1~1.. Flames were licking the roof of the
house. ) 11/AIJII- fiL-I>"t "'~J' 1~I.OJo
4. hlf)l.. I bet I could still lick you. l\"tiD.!-~
.r:. hll-"t'J" ' lllf"t'i'?llullck clean /A{a IJ....,."t h/14'~
The cat licked the plate clean. .r:oo;J: ""').
"t IA'I fJI'-IJJo"t hil4'~:Y..mlick up mT.P.

t;U.~(I

The cat licked up all the milk. J':oo;J: IDof--1>

"t m'l':l' ""~II:Y..,.
[See also 'boot']
lid
1. ODbJ!..,.. Take the lid off the pot when the
water boils. OJo;)IJJo 11.1.11 oPbfl..,.,."t b
)';II<;IJJo 1\Y,. h"t"'
2. b.ll"t. Does Ibis jar have a lid? Y.ll me.,..
il ' b.ll"t ' hi\IJJol

life

719

lie
3.

1.~1.

The wooden lid of the box is broken.

f"''l'l-

~., ... ,.

~1

.,.(liJ,1::&\

I i e (lied, lying) 'I'll"

He lied when I asked him if he did it.

hf:C~+

1.'11.11''1 ilm,1'.4'fDo 'I'll"

lie (n.) fDoJI"T

Everything he says is a lie. f"Y.Am- o-tt- : m11"+ ' )fDo
give the lie to b'l-J: hU1

His work gives the lie to his claims of experience. 1"6-fDo &\'1"1: hl\'1 "'11\i>'l b'l
i> 1f.C1'1'A
[See also 'tissue, web1

lie (lay, lain)

I. .,.1;. Canada lies north of the United
States. \J';"-'1 h\Wf.Tf: ili:Til Oil.,.(l"''1
+1'1Wf

The cure for ignorance lies in education.

ff:'I.,.C';" ""'i!T.h. OT'I"UCT ,1'.1'111\
2. )fDo. The book lies on the table. ODK",M
m~A.q.,. 11,1'. )fDo
3. "':>'-""The child lies on the grass. 11\'Jf. "'
'1- 11,1'. .,.:> 1:..,.&\

4. .,.'1;>1111. He was lying on his

O)';CQfDo

back.

.,_'1:>11- )OC

5. .,.HC"'-1'- :J-f. When we got to the mountain.

top, the plain lay before us. +~&olD" ..,_~
il'lf.Cil 1f1\<l'fDo ~;J-":f-'1 .,_HC"I-1'- :Jf'l
6. #ODtn. The book lay open on the table.
ODK"dt4- ' m~A,qfDo ' 11,1'. ' 1-111\11' ' #'1"1\l.A

7. (body) .,..,.0~. His body lies in the church

hcM:1l- ;r..,.c fDoil'l' .,..,.o~
yard.
lie about Of(l;J-m- ' +O;J-.,.)
Books were lying about the room. flh~A-

oo..,.

<D-il'l' """-<M:+ Of(l;J-m- .,_O:J-+)m- )0C

lie back .,.'1:>1111

He lay back in the armchair. t.":i:<D- llf. .,.

'1:>!1.&\
lie down :>1.'1" hi\
If you are tired, go lie down! f.h'I"U 1.'11.11'
) ' 'IJ;';" ' :> 1.'1" ' 011\
lie over 1-ilA4f.
The other business on the agenda had to lie
over until the next meeting. Oh)';'l.llm- 11,1'.
11\fll- ' /l.llfll- ' .,..o;,e. ' I\"'L4''1'1\fll- {liJ(lQ '
,...,.111\'i' ' )0~0+

lie with one f{l- 4.'1;1-

)fii-

The burden of proof lies with you.

"'':r>Ml ,.,.,. 4.'I;J- )m-

"''il~li"m-'1

take lying down

*He did not take that insult lying down.

ilf:ll-'1 ' 11'1" ' illl- ' hlll\4-fDo'/"
[See also 'bed, idle, low, prone, ruin, wait']

lien, have a ~ on OtDI\f: h"lf: 1H

The bank has a lien on my house until I pay
back my loan. ~.11\lo'l "hilhb'i'A f:~!l q
'Ill- 0.1:'1 OtDI\f: h"lf:
lieutenant""-~'-

,e.~;J-11\

hll-"'

My brother is a lieutenant in the army. m'l ~

"' fii'C (l&-'1!+ ...,.,_ hll-"' )m-

life (lives)
I. )'i'il. God gave Adam life. "h"IH.hil.b.C h
.11'1"'1 )<;:{1 H&-0+
2. .n.e.w+. Is there any life on the moon?
0...,~:1' llf. .n.e.w+ hi\ 1
I have lived here all my life. <h,l'.tD-1:'1 oo-tr
"hH.U ' 'f<1.11111-

3. (tm- ! r(l(l)o ihf..m:'t-. Five lives were lost

in the accident. Qf.;>fDo h'l"il+ (ll"":f-

.,..,

How many lives were lost in the earthquake?

OOD<I.i> ' .....,.,..,..,..,. ' 'l"h'11T ' fii'IT ' (I
l"":f- .n,e.w+ m'i';tA l

4. f<hf.tDT ;J-&h. He is writing a life of the

President. fT <I.H.'I'Ii>'l f .n.e.w+ :J-6h ,e.
K-4-A
5. 'tf.)T. Zoologists have classified animal life
in a hierarchy. ~t-11-"l{il-1'-":f- f"h'lii<'IT'I 'tf.
):,. 01.~11" b'l-'i'llm-;J-A

6. .,,..,.. Put more life into your work!

OI"~U 1\f. 1:1'+ ""''I"COT

7. "h'!:r>!l-"'ll.. There is not much life in this

small village. OH.":f- +'111 ""'11-C iiH- ''l:r>!l:l'll. ' fl\'1"

8. 1:'1"4'+. He was the life of the party.

1\"lil"lf"fDo 1:'1"4'+ (I'!'# )OC
9. 'tl\'1". What we do in this life will determine
what will be in the nextlife. OH.U 'til'/" f
'l"';"f.Cifll- Oro.IIJ>;'fDo 'tl\'1" f'/"''IJ')fll'1 ,l'.tDii';"A
10. l-C'. Village life is different from life in
the city. fQII1C l-C' hb1-"'1' l-1!' f.,.llf
)fii-

*What is the life of a battery? q+&m- '1"'1

1UA ' ,1'.<1'111\l
brlns one to life M-"'-"'

The music seemed to bring him to life. oo-fl.-"'

.... ' f"'Lf),.. :I'm- ""(Ill

life belt

come to life
1. ')ott:"il r 11&-. When Jesus touched him La~
zarus came to life. h.fft-l'a 04llflm- "l.tL
1\Al\~C )<;:II 11&He came to life when the pretty girl asked him
a question. <I'"J}I;'I' Alf~<:.l:" '1'.1'4: llmf+
:y..,. 1.11. )<;:II 11&2. J':9"+'1- 1\~T. The evening passed, but
somehow the party never came to life. ~rooif
ll.'t.l:-9". ,..,., "lofl'Jf'ID-' ,..,,. .1:-9"+'1- 1\o\

~TI"'

for life t),.e-01, All-"} ! /J~ Ah

A leg wound maimed the soldier for life.

o\J'. 4<11A W;l'S'.~") b.l:-"'1. All-")
1\l!l\ 1-F.k> ' 1\F.<:~<J>o
The robber was jailed for life, and that was the
end of him. +"'l'i'<J>o b.l:-"'1. Ah .,.L(J'.
11-l-'i' <;:~"''.<J>o If)
7."1~

for the life of me

*I can't remember for the life of me what

)~C 11<;:~9" '1-11
7.")\>,") 1\J'.I\"il"'
full of life .,."''.'I':Y.
People like to invite her to parties because she
is so full of life. 11"19" .,."''.'l'l- 111\lf)'l'
(ljP:f 7.!).") 00:>1111 J'.a>>liiHis speech was full of life. ")"1"1~ 11"19"
f"''..I'MII-'1- )IIC
give (one's) life ihJ!,ID.f:"} hlthL
He gave his life for his country. o\~~ ihJ'.W.,
") 1\lti\L

happened. flf)<J>o

lose (one's) life 'I"T

He lost his life in an accident. hF..:J

1111'1- ' .,..,.

ill\~

1. f'l"'l- a>J'.I"' foo'l'c )~C. This trial is

serious; it is a matter of life or death for the defendant. fii.IJ 'H!J'. 'i'C.I:" 11.'1- oo:]-<;11
11"19" ' )\/)/)fl. ' )<J>ol 1\.,.hltlf. f'l"'l- ' WJ'.9" '
foP'fC I ~1C I ')om-2. f'l"'l- a>J'.I"' f1i<:'l- 'H!J'.. Let me in!
It's a matter of life or death. l\11~11-"i I J'.U f
'1"-l- ' WJ'.9" f1f<:o}- ' '1->lJ'. ' ~<J>o
mode of life M:s:c
His mode of life is ascetic. l>S:S:~ f<lih:l''l!
J'.oPMA
take one's own life
~M

take one's life In one's hands

.... ...,. "'ll

.n.,e.m~") a

We were warned that we were taking our lives

in our hands by going through that swampy

area. 11.1:"1.1:'1- <J>oll'l' oo't>l'i'") ihJ'.a>:J'
'!'")") o )\S'.;.> ' o\J'.

OO"Jo\:f") ' OOif).

.,.~.,

I!"'J' )IIC
to the life

The portrait is my uncle to the life. P'bll-

1\1--I:"J 111\l"'ltA 7."J>lll l>.i:"C1 .l'lt.I'A
way of life l>S:S:C
These stories are representative of the Ethiopian way of life. MH.U ;l'&I>:Y. fl\..'1-f-A:n
l>S:S:C f"''.~A~ 'i':f<J>o
[See also 'communal, duration, early, easy,
flower, hazard, late, lead, loose, married, prime,
real, retire, risk, run, sacrifice, sign, state,
station, survivor, vagrant, walk')

life belt fOO")ltLd..l'

'l-'J':]>

Life belts are placed under the seats in the

plane. foo")ltd.L.I' -l-'1':]- hl\OJoC'To\). oo
+oo"''. P'C l\11

lifeblood fF-9" P'C

Oil is the lifeblood of their economy. IIJ'.'l-
111\..l>'l'"''..l':f<J>o fl'-9" P'C ' ~<J>o

lifeboat fihJ'.a>'l- "'1-'l'i' lA<I

The lifeboats are placed by the side of the ship.
fihJ'.a>'l- "'i>l'i' lA<Il"'l' hoPCh!l. '1-"J
.,.+l"'m'I'A

lifeguard ihJ'.w'l- l>>l"i

A lifeguard is on duty at the swimming pool.
ihJ'.Wo}- ' l\>l"i ' IIOO'f'o;'ID- ' 11<;:&- ' .,.<;!;' '
)<J>o

life imprisonment iJ.I:-"'1. J'.'i':l'U l fiJ.I:"

matter of life or death

He took his own life. &-1\-"J

lifeless

720

h.J?.

"'1. Ah 7.11&-'lHe was sentenced to life imprisonment.

iJ.I:""'L J'.<;:;J'U (fiJ.I:""''. Ah ' 7.11&-'l-)
(J'.II'l-

_,.d.

I ife i nsu ranee

I. f ihJ'.a>'l- '1'11'1-'i' 'I':>. I pay life insurance every three months. Of?'ll'l- w~ f
ihJ'.Wo}- '1'11-l-'i' ' 'I':> ' 7.h<t:i\I\IJ2. f ihJ'.a>'l- '1'11-l-'i'. His wife is the beneficiary
of his life insurance. "'1.11., f ihJ'.OJ'l- 'I'

11'1-'i'<J>o .,.111.4'"'1. ' 'i''l-

lifeless (adj.)
I. <;:aw; fl\.1111'1-. The moon is a lifeless
planet ...,<:.+ 'i'm-C fl\.11<1'1- 'tl\9" 'i'-l2. a..v.w-'1- fi\.I\<J>o. Lifeless matter does not
reproduce. ihJ'.QJ'l- fi\.I\<J>o ~~c l\J'.&-<19"

lifeless (adv.) OJ!"") ll''l'

He lay lifeless on the ground. {)..("") lf'f oo
.:.'1- 'If. tDJ!".f. )OC
lifeless body Ml
The lifeless body floated ashore. tl.o'tCD- .,..")It
6:

aJY,.

Q,jho;.

J;C;J!

I 0011)

These two old men have been lifelong friends.

7.)11.tl o-1\'l 11"7"11\.P':f f/JY:"''. Ah
ID>I}r.f ' <;'J'tJJo
~ IJY:"''. f.
<;:;I'll
The judge doomed him to lifelong imprisonment. >:>;'CD- IJJ!-"'1. f.<;:;l'tl .1.~!.0'1-

lifelong imprisonment, to

lifetime
I. IJJ!-"'1.. Grandfather has seen many changes
during his lifetime. h.N: 0/JJ!-""L..''I'CD- 1111-
1\CD-jll:f hf..,..'I'A
2. n-'!" II CD- IJY:"''.. A thing like that happens only once in a lifetime. l\'l~ '},._~
I

~1C

Q"J.t!"

(laJo

{Jr:a'

4Joil'l"

11,")

-'!" "LH. 1111' f"V'.CII )CD'1-'1'~

Iife vest foo")o"t.U.,f

The life vest is under the seat. foP"JilLd.ft-

+-r-l> boo+oo-J.m- FC )ID-

lift (vt.)
I. M"'. He could not lift the heavy box.
hij"'.") ' "f'l'") ' "7")"1'1- ' h:l".,......
The box is too heavy to lift. "f'J').") 1\"7")"1
'1- 0"1?" ' hqJ!- )CDThe court decision lifts the ban on the book.
f<;:CJ!" IL-l> ..,. ... ~ foPK"do4-") 7.1>1 ,f
)"11\:I'A
2. M :I":I". The good news lifted his spirits.
'K-CD- o ID<l. o oP").f./1-") o M:I":I"CD3. h'i' h!.~1. The children lifted their voices
in song. A;rt.'fi J!"?"Y'J'CD-") h'i' h-'!"C1CD-

"~

*The window will not lift. ODIII>-1> ID!.'If.

hAo't11 hll
lift (vi.)
I. 1.1..1.. Toward noon, the fog lifted. mt. 7.11"

+'l

"IF....,

.,...;J,.

be lifted

I. hO:I". The boycott was lifted. f")"J"'. h-'!"

., ' hO:I"
2. .,..(l~H. The governor ordered that the
restrictions be lifted. M~ 11CCD- 1!.1':f
7.")'1.(1~11- hUH
lift (a) finger

lifelong f/JY:"''. Ah

-}o

light

721

lifelong

1LL

2. ) :I" hi\. His spirits lifted when he heard

the news. tD<l.CD-") 0(1"7 "Lll. OD").f./1- )
:I" ' hll
3. II++. The sky lightened as the clouds
lifted. J'.OD';' {1.1\~ (1"'11' m<l-

*I won't lift a finger for him. ?"")?" 11,11'")

7.C>I:I' M!.C"'II'I-?"
h'l;Jmm
lift {one's) head tDI.:
The pupils lifted their heads to see the plane
overhead. .,...,&P''fi f"''.O~CD-") hCD-G"T'I")
1\"''f'l- mt. (1"7}!. h").:>mmlift oneself up ,&.(to."} }'taJtiJ
He lifted himself up from poverty. &-11-") h
J!-1i~'l- ' htD"'
lift up
I. .,.., h!.~1. He lifted up his eyes and looked
at me. '\}!.).") +<; h-'!"C~ .,..oollh.,..'f
Lift your head up! <1-lltl") +<; h-'!"C1CD2. h~"'. Lift your arms up! 7.;i!'tJ") h")"f
[See also 'hand']

(1..,,._

lift (n.), give a

I. ~>1. Give me a lift with this job! f.tJ")") F

<1- ' 7.C>I'f
2, 1.!.~(1. Will it put you out to give me a lift
home? 0.1: 11;1'J'.C(l'f hll't"''CVI\o- !
3. OD").f./1-") M:I":I"CD-. Praisealwaysgivesme
a lift. '1"11.:>'0 v-A"Lll. ou").f.fl,") .f):J-:1"
'I' A
I M")/1-C l .!.ll.ii_,.C
He got in the lift and went to the tenth floor.
ho't")(l~ CD-11'1' o 111.,_ OF~'?CD- ll:~ tD"l

lift (n.) M")(IC

light Oighted or lit), vt.

I. 1\h-(1, I want to light my pipe first.

OD~oP&

,f "I;;r!&.") All!til

2. hn&-. Lamps light the street. ""11<1-.,.:f 1>I<;P':f") ' ,fO<I-11It is dark; light the lamp! ..,A".'LA I OD11<1--I>
") 1.11&-CD3. hUH. Wait till I light the fire. M-J>") 1.
/lh"'',fF-11 ' J!-~/1 .fF4 . ....:. Light a match so we can see. ll"''f'l-
l\.") m :fA h11&'1- "'iC

n1 ht (vi.)

I. .,..,."'mil. The dry wood lights easily.

!.~~ /J")..,'f- 0+1111- F-+"'m'IA
2. h~.l.. The bird lighted on the tree. mj, 0
Of4- ' 'IF- h~.!.l-

"

light

722

light
3. 11~')1-'1- ht:.C.. His eyes lighted upon a coin
in the road. Of.'l"'ll OD')1~ 1\f. nm.r..4'
m- 11')-1:11" 1\f. 11~')1-'1- hM
4. ou;t-. The blow lit on his head . .11.1\ID- &-""
1\f. ' OD;f-ID5. mt:f... He lighted from his horse. h.C.t:"" II
f. ml:f.
be lit-1-,I',I'H
Is your cigarette still lit? fl.)i"&-11 h!J-')11" 1.
"tf..-1-,I',I'H ~..,.I

light up (vt.)
I. milA hf..l:1. The flashlight lit up the
woods, and he could see the animal. q-'1-,:m-
""iltm-"t milA llllf..l:11D- 1.')liii1D-"t II.
.l'fiD- !I'll
2. hll&-. A smile lit up her face . .C.1"1;1- .&.;1:
') hii&-ID3. ofiCV"t ltm. Hundreds of candles lighted
up the cave. llofiH- ou-r- f"'l.'lr.m'l- "if"''l"
It'I' "if..,. of!en ltm-'1light up (vi.)
1. 41A"i" 41A"'" hit. The children's eyes lit
up. fA]I:'Il '\f.') 4lA"i" 4lA"i" ' hit
2. .C.lt. Her face lighted up with joy. .&.;1: II
f..ll;l- .C.lt
[See also 'fire, poorly']

:r-

light. II"Cou&-m- ofllf< hVI.ll ' ~11!':f hll

1'f
(be) brought to light .,.1'f

New facts have been brought to light. h>l.ll

DPl:)i"l":f .,.1't-1-'I'A
come to light f-11"

Some previously unknown letters have come

to light. hrt.ll 11.&.-'1- ,I'A;t-m4l f..ofl-'111.1"
:f -1-1~-1-'I'A
In the light of ll"tDPith-'1In the light of his earlier behavior, it would be
unwise to give him a job. f+.F.:'Pm-'1 mqf.") ~
ll"toulth-'1- P'&-m-') IIC"" oullm-'1- +
11l ' hf.f..ltll"
leading light '1-A.f f"''.;f-f. (liD-

George Washington is one of the leading lights

in American history. }(C]!! 'l'"lh"'.,.') llh"'L
t:lt') :1-t:h m-ll'l' '1-A-1-ID- h"''.;l-1<
"'" (ll":f h')-'1. ~..,.
put on the light ouo(l,:.-j:"t hii&It is dark in the room; put on the light! b'f:lt-
ll/t ..../tOD ' ODofi&--J>'t ' hofi&-IDput out the light

DP-flt-~'l

.hmof..

Put out the light before you leave!

11.1.-'1- ' ODofl&--l:'t ' h '1'4-IDSee

hou~~~~

the light ~1'1- 1q(m-)

light (n.)
1. ofiC'I'). God said, "Let there be light".

He finally saw the light and accepted the idea.

h"'ll.hofl.h.CII" hit ! ofiCV"t f.IJ-'t

2. ouofl&--'1-. On arriving home, I found the
lights on. 11.-'l- ilf..Cll DDofl&--1> IIC-1' h
1'f!J--l3. hoflt:-'1-. Do you have a light? I have run
out ~f matches. hoflt:'l- hltll I hoflt:-'1- hit

shed light
I. ofiCV"t ltm. The lamp shed a soft light.
4-'l""" f"''.llmm- ofiCV"t f..o(lqq ~..,.
2. "'iofl&-t:,l' nm. This document sheds light
on the financial problem. f.ll M~ lilt 1"t
Hfl- :f"'C "'iofl&-t:,l' f.li"'A
(it's) staying light
*It's staying light much longer. )!;11"11~ -I'll-
h-'1-mATII"
throw light on
I. hofl&-&-. His confession threw light on a
mystery of long standing. ).qn.m- ltofiH- 1.
n. +ltm-1!' nn.:m-') ~1c hofl&-&2. 'i'"t"'" ltm. The discovery throws light on
conditions in early times. f+1TdJ4 I i'1C r
'1'1'1- o-~;t- h"t.l'.,'l- h"tf..~llt: '1'1"1"
f.li"'A

4'ofl~

4. f-'1-&-.l.h ouofl&--'1-. Don't cross till the light

changes! f-'1-&-.&.h- ouofl&--'1- hllh.ltm'l' h
-'l-"if1C

5. ooAh. That throws quite a different light

on the matter. ,1' 11~1'1- 11.11 ouAh f.
llm'I'A

I never considered the matter in that light.

~1'1-"t ,C.ll;'f" 1111.,1' OO&\h ' hA-f-OD/th-'1-h-

11"

~IIC

6. "'iofiU,I'. We need more light on the sub

ject. lilt 1-'ll< -1-..,"'it: "'iofl&-t:,l' ,l'li.C.A1<iA
*Sununer has more hours of light. 1111;> 4').
l:HII" f.IIA
bring to light hl11'f

The investigation brought many new facts to

IIOD ....l:"if

~1'1-

' lllt1qm- mllfl-') .,..,.lilt

[See also 'shine, traffic light']

light (adj.)
I. llll. Why don't you take your light coat?
ll"""t 1>'1-ll"t liM h'l-mll~ll" I

lighten

lightly

723

2. +-\A. The consequences of the accident

were light. t.Jl.;>w- ,l'llhof-111- 4'~A )IJC
Light rain fell yesterday. +...,+ 4'~A 11..,.
11 ' "'ll
She has been given some light duties. 4'~A
1"6- of'll'l':t'l- )IJC
3. 4'1\A ,I'll. He eats only light food for breakfast. II_,Cll f"'Lil~w- 4'11A ,I'll !1""111
11ll' ' )ID4. Mil ,I'll. The bank cashier made good the
shortage and was given a light sentence.
fq'HI- 1'JH11 hof.J'. f'I-Jl.IIID-') 1111'1"~
Mil ,I'll :J>"''I- of-mMII'I5. 11'1-11. She prefers light colors. 11'1-tl 4'11
'I" '1-IDJIII:f
6. )"1". The stripes graduate from light to dark.
ODJ"ODC''!l 0 h)"l" 0 lllfl. ' 'J'.,C 0 4'11 I ()4'
ll ' J'.of-~114-11He has a light manner of dealing with this
problem. )1'1-'J li.J'.11 t."J!l. hq.(- )1C
t.J'.'i<'I'C'I"

*She has a light complexion. 4'~ .l'll:f """

lighten (vt.)
I. 4'){1 (11'1-). He lightened the load, and I could
carry it easily. lfhoa-'J ll114'MA~ 114'~11-

Alfhouw- JI'Ah2. "l"H h'JJ1.4'11w-. We threw some boxes

overboard to lighten the boat. DPCh!J. "l"
H: /;'JJI.4'~'1- 11"'/11'1- 'I'.J:'I- "1'1'-:':f Ill
fl. qa.c ~-11'1' "'A"J
3. t.:J-1111. He was able to lighten the problem
by working hard. m'JhC' flDDF&-'1- :f"'
'1-'J 11"'/:J"IIA Jl'll
4. M"'. The sun lightened her hair. 8.hf. l\
,.~-, 'M"'w5. II - - - 11CY"J lim. A full moon lightened
the road. oa-11- ~:J" IIOD')1JI. 11CV't llm
6. t.Jl.oo4'. His jokes lighten any occasion.
,;Q.op;J-w- ' "'I"J ...'f'ID-')'1" ' u-~;J- ' ,I'Jl.'I":J"A
lighten (vi.)
1. 11.1"1 t.ll. His face lightened when he heard
the good news . .,.;... OJ&. 0{1"7 "LtL 4.1:
11.1"1 ' t.ll
2. m&-. The sky lightened as the clouds lifted.
Jl.OD .... fi..II:J> 1\"'11< tn&3. of'1111Q;l.IIQ;l.. It lightened, and it thundered
all night. 1\.11.1:') ' 11...11- ' t.fof'1111Q;l.I\Q;l.
.... ' )'1-.(-'\.(- ' t.,l'll"'l ' t.U
lighten one's heart t.ll!l.llof'

Such news lightens my heart. t."J!l.!Ltl ,I'll

m&. ,l'll!l.llof'...A

lighter (n.) "'14'"1m,l'

That cigarette lighter is expensive. ,1' fll..ll" 6-
"'14'"ltn,l' ' w-.(- )ID~ M4'1111 J'.~JIA
The drum gets lighter as the water leaks out.
1-;)tJJo M 11.1111 ll..lll"' IIC"'LII- M4'1111

Iighter, get
J'.~A

light-footed 4'A"'of.
A light-footed dancer makes a pleasant dancing
companion. 4'A"'of. Jl.oni f'I";J-ll!l.ll'l-
fJI"J11 '\.(- J'.lll"';J-A

light-headed

f.,f.~q

That light-headed girl thinks of nothing but

parties and clothes . .l':f f"'l'l-~q A)(' h;rc
.,.... hA11ll llllof-4'C M'l" t.;J-1111'1"
be light-headed 6-ll-'J t.P~
The sick man was light-headed from fever. llii
of'...fJJo h'l-h-4'1- fof-~"1 6-ll-'J ,I'P~fJJo )flC

lighthearted

"1.(- fl\.lltJJo
Since he is lighthearted, he didn't mind even
though he was passed by for an appointment
to office. "1.(- fl\.1\fJJo 111\IT) lf.oa+ fl..!'
A.l.tJJo'l" :tc t.~11w-

lighthouse fof...,. n.+

The lighthouse is built on a high promontory.
fof. ....w- ' n.+ ' h<;: ' qll ' 1-'1' ~,.. ' )ai4'~A DD"ft..l' f,l'rt- t."'~'l':f
Light infantry followed up the cavalry attack.
4'~A """'t.,l' f.l'rt- t."'~'l':f t..l'm"'
f"'L~JI.'I-"J ' ll.~ll'l':f ' of-hof-11-

light infantry

lighting 11cn
The lighting in this room is bad. fiLII h<;:A
11C?'t Jl.lt"'l )fJJo
[See also 'stroke']

lightly
I. 4'11 1111-. Please press lightly on the button!
OD'J'(.,I'fJJo') 0 4'11 ' 111\tl ' of-1)fJJo
Walk lightly so you won't waken the child.
A'JI:'t h't.tl'l-4'll:J>ll 4'11 11lltl of-6-0D.(2. /;')fl. 4''1A )1C. You ~houldn't treat that
warning so lightly. n"J "'lllm"J4'-t.l' t.'t
fl. <t~A )1C oe.,...mc flliltl'l"
3. t.'t\\11. He likes to speak lightly of other.
persons. llll 1\.11-:f t.'tl>.(l oe....,c J'.IDJIA
eat lightly 4'~A !l""'il IIi\
In the morning he eats lightly. 111.'1- 111.+ f
"'Lfl'ltJJo 4'i\A !1""111 ~fJJo
[See also 'roast, think']

be like OD(II\

lightning oo11.::,.
Lightning struck the church steeple. oo11.::,.
fiL.,. hCll-1:,1')-"t '1-AII'I- OD;J-tr>streak of lightning OD11.l:."t

He moves like a streak of lightning. Ah l\'t

F. -11.::,. ,..,.h-ltA

stroke of lightning OD1U.:Jt

The house was hit by a stroke of lightning.

IL-I>'t 0011<!::,. OO;J-tr>-

(be) likable flltr>- fiDtr>-F.!: hiltr>He is a likable fellow; that"s why he makes
so many friends. fltm- ODOJa/.:
II- ' l\F.'l':f ' ,1'.1..&-A

lll\flaJo 11

What is he like? I have never met him. 9"1'

I. mU. I like this kind of cake. f.ll't 'tf.H

ll.h l\tD-'11\11Do you like to dance? -'l'tll '1-m-'11111?
I like him. l\mF..'PI\o2 .1..111. Would you like another cup of
coffee? fK" 11""!:1'1" '1-.t.A:>I\11 l
I wouldn'tlike to disturb you now. t.o-'t llll
'f"ICII t.A.t.A"I'I"
3. .,.:>OH. "What would you like?", the host
asked his guest. 'l"'t '1-;>Oq/111 1111- QI\IL
., l\'t"l-'ltr>-'t mf4'

like (vi.) M"f

I will go when I like. 11.,1'111'1 l\'t-'11111-

of

I. l\'t-'1.11. Did you ever see the like of this

rain? l\'t-'1.11 ,I'll 11'i"11 l\,1'..,.11 :J-tr>-:/1'

something like 1t~.1:

The cost will be something like five dollars.
'l':>tr>- t.'t!: h'l"ll'l- 11C ~"'"

there is nothing like

OD'l1.1: OD

'tf:'t fOOI\1\ ~1C ' f/1'1"

*There is nothing like leather for making shoes.

11"1"7 ""l"t.,l' ....-'l't f"''.,I'IIA fll'l"
what like l l\'ti.'I-

What is the weather like today? q.:, hf'l-

l\"t1.'1- ~"'" l

[See also 'such')

likeliest, the -

*What do you think is the likeliest time to

find him at home? l\IL'I- f"'1.1"ftr>- M 1.
11. , ,l'.fiDllAVA l

likelihood
*There is little likelihood that he will win.
11"711"~'1' ,1'1\tr>- .,.11>1- '1-"t"li ' ~"'"
*Is there any likelihood of rain this afternoon?
q.:, hll't'l- 0:\11 ,I'.H't11 ,I'.IT't l
0"'/'t~tr>

1111 l

*In all likelihood, he will get the job.

2. ,l'.ll't fOOI\1\ ~1C. Did you ever see the

like of it? ,l'.ll't fool\11 j~1C t.,l'.-l-11 ;J-tr>-

'1" o <!:11:' 1"&-ID-'t ' f"''.f1'{: ,I'.OOlli\A

:/1'1111 l
likes f"''.tDF.tr>-

~1C

What are your likes and dislikes? fV"'I-tDF.tr>-'i"

fV"'I-mlltr>- ~1C M V"'t!:~tr>- l
like (adj.), - amount ,l"t). ,I'IIA
Bring me a cup of sugar, and a like amount of
flour! h"t!: ll.t lllo.C'i" ,l''t). ,I'IIA -'1-

,I'.OOlll\<1\ ! 1-.,I'.'Jitr>-V" l\lltr>-:,.

just like 41C'I'
You are just like my. sister. 41C'I' l\'"r1:'t ~1i
(it is) just like him A"Y.JJ. )d)o
It is just like him to go away without telling us.
II~ lt,l'.~"ll:'t OO't!: A"''-'1- ~"'"
look like (relative verb) + oo(l/1
It looks like rain. f"''.H't11 ,I'.OOlli\A

*There is nothing like traveling.

like (vt.)

like (n.), the -

likely

724

lightning

likely (adj.)
I. II.IT't f"''.lf-A. That's a likely story. ,1'.11
II.IT't f"''.lf-A ;1-t.h ~tr>2. V"'6. Is this a likely place to fish? 't"' 11"7
'J'OOf: 0 f. II o '/"'6 0 (l;J- ' ~ID- !
*One likely result of this heavy rain is the rising
of the river. ,1'.11 hQ!: 11'i"11 IU'llh'I-

41'1- hV""'A'{

A f"''.lflltr>- t.'t-'1- ~1C ftD'IH- oo.,...

11'1-. ~"'"

like (prep.) l\'tF.

The roar of a mill is like a lion's. fiD'i'""" !:

likely (adv.)
*I shall very likely be here again. tDF.ti.U ItA

ra l\'tF. t.'tOlt

001\ll hA4'CV"

~"'"

He ran like mad. l\'tF. l\11!: C'm

and the like fOD<\1\11-'1Barley, oats, and the like are cereals. 111ll'i"

be likely to
I. (verbal noun) + f"'lf.4'C ~tr>-. Novices are
likely to make some mistakes. l"''t.l":f ll<h

h)f't ffiD<\1\11-'1- '1'&-'1'.:. ,I'.QII/1-

.,.,..

00.f"&o;J-'ftr>-

f"'/ UC

~ID-

+ negative imperfect + hrA'C?". The

fog is likely to persist in most areas. ~ ;J.,. fl

2. Cl

11n- ll:t-9'l- ltf..ff. hf.+c?"

3. A + imperfect + f.TiiA. A tense rope is
likely to break. f-t-mmt: 1""~ II.RmCl
f. l-ilA
be more likely
That's more likely! h"t'l.l' Rll'1
it is likely to f?" + imperfect + f.ODCli\1\
Do you think it is likely to rain? f"'l.H't11 f.
OD(li\VA I
it Is likely to be ll.lf't f.TIIA
It is likely to be hot in August. R)mll. 'I":I'+
ll.lf't f.l-1\A
it is not likely (relative imperfec t)+ hf.ODCII\?"
It is not likely that he will come any more.
hl\'t"IJI.IJ ' aJJI.IJ ' llaJJ'.d.of, ' f"'l.OD"J > hf.
OD(ll\?"

liken oo(lll
The poet likened the clouds to a human face.
111JOf.(l)o

F._oPrjiJ)o"'; ~ fl{JaJo

A,.:,.0

OD(If\(l)o

likeness oooo~tt'IA
The likeness between the two sisters is remarkable. fll-11-1> h'r-t.,.," -1' oooo~t(IA f
"'l.J'Cl1C?" )aJ-

*That photograp h is a good likeness of you.

J' ' G:.f-"1<1-t;: ' h't-1-'t '

be in the likeness of

"11' ' )aJo

r - - ~CK"

hl\tD-

The cloud is in the likeness of a camel. f..OO'itD-

f"loPA 'JoCK" hllmlikewise l\'tY.II.IIJim will sing, and Mary likewise. "K,?" f.H?"
t-A l "'/.6?" l\'tJ'.If.II-

*Watch him, and do likewise! of-ODI\h-t-m-o;

h(l- h'tJ'."'l.J'J'.C1aJ- h~C"I
and likewise - - - fJD - - .. 'r

He is tall, and likewise strong. t:..-:fDr m1tt

/,-l}P

limit

725

liken

~ft)<

liking, have a ~ for mu

I have a liking for Ethiopian food. fh.-lI'"A-n
,...,11 ' l\m'lllllbe to one's liking tDYJ.,.

+Js this food to your liking? f.ll't ?""111

-tmY.'I'IIIl 1
not to one's liking F..ll :

J\~Al&fP

This is not to my liking. h'tJ'.II.Il J'll )1C

J'.Cl ' 1'.)1.11'1?"

take a liking to

*He took a liking to me right off. 1o;' IU'f'1

.,.,..IL..,. mY.Y-'1

lily [fMII 'tM-1']

limb
I. h;E-<; h"IC. He lost all his limbs in the war.
RtDC)-1> h;E-o;' h"l~'t 11-11- h"'
2. hiJA (pl. h\Jil-1'). The .legs are articulate
limbs. h"IC"T ;1-"'d. hiJil-t <;:f.,.
3. 'J>C't-t;:. He sawed the limb off the tree.
f~4-'t '1-C't""it;: ROD;>11 .,.t:m

move a limb -1-"t+ll+il

I could not move a limb. ?"'t?" A"t+lt+Cl
hAiJ'AlJ.? "

limber (v.) ht;:;t-;t-

Exercise limbers the body.

A?"?"~ ilm-H

't ' yt;:;t-;J-A

limber up (laJ-)-I>'t ht;:;t-;JThe dancers limbered up. J!'til'l''li (laJ-);J-:f
tJJ<'t ' ht;:;t--1>

limber (adj.)
I. f"'l.ll""'l'. The limber branches of the tree
sway in the wind. f"'l.ll""m -+ f~t;: 'Joe

't""iG:lo RHCl r.m~m~ll2. f+llmd.. A piano player should have

limber fingers. "CJ''l' f"'l.""iaJ'J- (ltJJ< f
+llm4- "1-l'l- l\'t.ll.'l'~'l- J'Cli.A:>A

lime (n.)
I. ir'"'l.. Limes grow in Ethiopia. ir'"'l. h.+I'"
l\"J' ' "'"0'1' f.R'I-1\A
2. if~. The soil does not contain enough
lime. hi.~ 1111" 'l't- fiiR'I-?"
lime (adj.) fll-"'l.
Lime juice makes a nice drink. fir""!. 1!-"'1
4: I '1"<;. I O'Dffi'r I f..dJifJCfA_
limeligh t, be in the ~
*Film stars are often in the limelight. f d.A?"

-1-"'i'l':r:.f ' h11~l;'tJJ<"t 'LIL f(ltJJ< 'tf.'t

f"'l.J'Ct;:ll :fm- o;:f.,.

limesto ne nv ' ~'t;>f.

Limestone is necessary for making cement.

nv ~'t:>f.

1.,

il."'l.'t-1' II""Ft-'1- hOd.il

~aJo

limit (v.) aJ(I)

Limit your essay to three paragraph s!
ll't RIPO-t h"t+K" m(l)m-

~cil+

limit

line

726

We must limit the expense to $10. ..,..,_,. hOP'

c of!C

~'t.llf.RA'I'

ODIIJ/I't hllofl't

*Please limit your talk to three minutes!

't"'I"'CtJ't hl"ll'l- .1'.<1::1> R~f. h;Nl~1IODID-

(be) limitless mll't film-?"

Spatial distance is limitless. fmLC 114-'1-
ID/I't fi\ID-9"

limp (v.) Mhll

He limps noticeably. ll..l')hil f.;J-m:,Oo;J-A

Iimit (n.) Ah
There is a limit to everything. 1\rNr'l" )1C
Ah hi\ID-

Speed limit: thirty-five miles an hour. f'i''l')'l-

Ah Rll't'l- "'~" h?"il'l- "'f.A
limits

1. hAA. The limits of the town are some

distance from the center. fh+"7 hAA
hODtJA h.,.., &-:t Yll )ID2. oom"J. As we grow older, we learn the
limits of our abilities. ~y ~)!'t il'tlt~ fl-11;J-:f't't ODm't ~'t1)Hql\'t

limp (n.) .,'thil

His limp has gotten worse since his illness.
h;J-ouou IDJI..tJ .,'th/1- ofi(\0;J'A

(be) limp .,.l'fll'

My col1ar is too limp; I need a fresh one.
I>/1.;1'\L _,.l'f1i;tA l h.ll..il YilLA1'"/A
become limp Ai!i:il'i:ll If)

The cardboard became limp when it got wet.

I've reached the limit of my patience. '1-b"'P'

ttc-r-1- o~mo 1.11. A'i'il'i'il II')

go limp .,.11/lLI\L
She suddenly went limp and fell. 0.(-'t1'1-
.,.111\'i'A'f. IDY.-t:f

-l:'t <U.Cl'fIIII-

look limp mmi\-J

that's the limit ~'t"'.ll..tJ R:J>tJ

The flowers look limp in the heat. hO(l'Jl

RD.hl' ?"h't.l''l- miD-A1'1'A

reach the limit of Q;l.l,{l

Now that you have insulted my father, that's

the limit! hll-'t );q-f:'t hiiY.oflh ~'t"/.11..
tJ R:J>tJ I
within limit ooom').

limpid fm&Her blue eyes are like pools of limpid water.

II.,Y'I! 'tf.'l'!l! fm&- m-;) _P.ouM/1-

I am willing to help you within limit. ooum\-

A~.lltJ L:I'Y.'"l )'t

limitation

Iine (v.)
1. J\rvoot:.. Please line your paper with a pencil
and ruler! m~-t'l-tJ't o~c.-.il'i' 0.,_....,..

1. fTSJfl)o ootrt. He is unwilling to admit

&,1' hP''I"C

any limitations in his knowledge of Amharic.

2. ( ~ intr.) .,.,_~~. Cars lined the road for

many miles. ouh.'i'l":Y. 11-fllt- .,,.A ""'t1

y.,c>:

l-11-;J-OJo f.,.mM outJ'l-'t 11

_,.,..'t hf.LA"l?"
2. 1.1'.-fl. Anybody can take part in the contest
with the following limitations. f"''..h-1-11-'1-'t
1Y.I':f hhof!C' .,'t'"lm-?" IIID- RID-~
'-"? _,.lt'f.f. 1\.ll''t f.~A
3. b't:t'f.'l-. His height is a limitation.
.,.,...,. b't:t'f.'l- f,tJ')'I'A

Jl. ' ~f. ' _,.Y.C~~'I'A

be lined
I . .,.ta.,AA. His face was lined by age . .!.-!:
h~C~'i' f_,.)"f _,.ta.,J!._A
2. .,.110.1'.. The trunk is lined with canvass. "f
'1'1- nil'&- .,.11-fl.t!._A
*The jacket is lined with silk. fl>.,. 1RC .h
C

limited (adj.)

~(Do

*His pockets were lined with moiley. h..lt-

!. f.,.<D/1). We have a limited amount of

space available. .l'll't 1';1' f.,.mllt )IJ>o
He has limited intelligence. fh~?"C' :fll-;1'
m- t'Tm(l)o ' ')o,.,.

*The road is lined with trees.

This discount is good for a limited time only.

line outhmtrJ

:,O<;if. ' 1\.,.ID/1) ' 1.11. ' -fiJI' ' )ID2. h"'."C. Our time is limited. Yll't 1.11. h

We followed the plan he had lined out.

.,..C

-fiJI' )0C
hou'J1,IJ. : 1&-Ci

-t't ~ll::f /;ti-

~II- ,I'<D"'ID-'t ~:,.~ _,.h.,.A't

line (the) streets 00D"J1.tJ. r -J&-Ci r +~ r 1"flAL

')oaJo

be limited to

*His food was limited to bread and water.

?""'lit .lll''i' ID-;)

'tHofl

-fiJI' )OC

Crowds lined the streets to watch the Emperor

pass by. 't'l-"' )1P'.,. II..I'Ai- 1\0DODAh'l-
,l,111t 00D't1JI. "1&-'i' -t't _,.111\L

line up (vt.)

1. ft1T. How many volunteers did you line

up? ll't."f- L:J>I'."if"'f l\"''"t-1-?A l
2. l\(11\L. The corporal lined up his men.
OP'C l\1\:J>w- <'ll"'fi't l\{11\L
line up (vi.) -1-<'11\L

There are a lot of people lined up in front of

the box office. tll.l- ouif"'w- .t.."f- 1\.L
."f- ' ofllt" ' (lw- -1-<'IA~A
{be) lined up -t-+"1'1'1\UJ- .,..,..
Cars were lined up along the road for miles.
oulJ.'i"l""'f DP't1Y: llf. 1\ofllt" "7f.A
-f-4-llf'r{UD ; JI.OOOJo

line

727

lin!!

r ~flC

(have one) line up h(IAL

Have the boys line up in the hall! A]!'li't 0

l\'lt.lf UJ-11'1' l\{IA'i-:fw-

line (n.)
l. oPJPOOC. I still have a few lines to write.
1'i" '1'-l:."f- oPP'aoC:"'f aDl\'i' l\11-fl'"t

How many bus lines are there in this city?

OH.tl h-1-"7 UJ-11'1' ll't."f- fl\UJ-1'11-11
1
The soldiers formed themselves into lines.
m;l'I'.C:'Ii Ooul"aoc 1111 shall proceed along these lines in my investigation. 9'"CDP~'"') ; flf111- I oPJfloPC I llf-r
oo~oor:';f. r 1\lt-

111\112. fliAh ""P'""C. The line is still busy. filA

h- ' ""P'""C l\'tl'.' -1-.I'H )m-

3. fiAtt:. People were standing in a long line.

<'ll""'f 0~~!1" (lAo;: .p.aow- )flC
4. HC. Haile Sellassie is the descendant of a
long line of kings. +.11"7'1! 'lf.ll 1"1111. 1 f
'l'"l."f- ' )1/":l'."f- I HC ' hll'l'w5. IIA."f-. I cannot follow this line of argu
ment. fH.tJ"I hChC 1 IIA."f- Ah-1-A l\A"f-A!I"
6 . .h~"'. Short lines characterize his poetry.
f(lo ' "1'1'!1" Q"i"C .h~.,. f.:l'm:J>A
7. 'if.)."f-. He carries the best line of shoes in
town. Oh-t-"7w- f"'l.11' !I"C'I' 'if.)."f- '"i
"7l""'f't f.ii"'A
Please proceed along these lines till further
notice! 11.11 1 ."f-M"II 1 l\llh-1-t'lm Y:~ll RH.
tJ ' 'if.)."f- ' +'1'11This line of policy seeks security through
military alliances. fH.tJ 'if.)."f- Til.<'l.. l\'1'
:l''t nm:l'l'.&.'f ll!l"!l")."f- 11"7111"f't- f
"'l.LA"' )m8. 'if.H l\:J>. We do not carry that line.
fH.tJ ' 'if.)."f- l\:J> l\'i"IIDP"'!I"

9. Y:"IOC. This is the line between Texas

and Mexico. f.tl f-t:hltll'i" f"'&h<'l.lt Y:'tO
C

~Q)o

10. f'i"' "7'1'oo)f. My line caught on a snag.

f'i"' "7'1'""lfl'- h "I Y: )1C llf. -!--1-0-1-0

II. "liP. The wash is still hanging on the line.

f:l'mOw- A-fill 11Pm- llf.l\'tl'.-1-<'1"1 )UJ12. .1'..-fl.llfl.. Yesterday I received a line
from my friend . ."f-'i""l."f-'i" h'\1'.1;'\t. 1'.-fl'l
fl. ' 1'.~(1'1
13. 1"&.. What line ishein? I" &ow- !I""IY:)w-1
*There is a long line of cars ahead of us.
ht.:J-"'i-'t -fill- ""ll.'i" -t-+"1'1'11- f.'t'lA
lines
I. :,Ocx-. This car has good lines. .l'll oolJ.'i"
:,.ex- ' t.llw2. aoAh. Along what lines will the story be
written? :1'611- 0!1""1 ooAh f.li<I-A l
3. .,'tQC. The army advanced toward the
enemy lines. tfl~ s mi.. s m~+ "'l'lflC 14-

* '

*There were deep lines in his face. k1:

,.

..,_"7.1!-.A
all along the line

I. 11-11-!1" )1C. He had success all along the

line. 11-11-!1" )1C li'M."f2. au--tr s ooo-w. The report has proved inaccurate all along the line. t:?"C1: IID"fr' n
.
-~~- ' llih-1-1- ' ll''l" ' T1"f
{be) along the line h - - :>C -1-.1'.I'H
It is along the line of what we discussed. h-1-) :>
1C"IO."f- :>C f-1-.I'J'H )UJbring into line
1. fi""P"""C l\li"IQ. The riders brought

their mounts into line. Llll"'f'f. L~(l!f'=fm

'}

OoPP"oPC

1til1flo-

2. l\"1-'1.11"7"7 l\1'.~1. We must bring the

dissidents into line. -l-.4''1'"'l.l""'f't l\'t-'1.11"7
""" ' "7Y:~"I ' l\1\ofl't
draw the line m(l')o

You have to draw the line somewhere. 1t'}.li.

,;J r oum(l") s hAoflU
*They would draw the lineatmnrder. ihf.m."f-
h"7'1'<1-."f- 011-t<J>C "7'tl;'w-'t!l" m't;eA
f.LK""''II-

drop (someone) a line

Drop me a line! 1'.-fl'lfl. ll'i'Aoo;
fall in line +llAL

The soldiers fell in line at the officer's com.:.

mand. oooho't). ."f-l\~"11 ,.,.~:,. m;l'I'.C:
'li-1-<'1114-

linguist

728

lineage

lineal, -

form a line ..,..(U\L

The teacher told the students to form a line.

00!1"11'1- ' .,....,6jP'Ii'J ' -f-(11\4- ' h~:fiJJo
get Into line _,.{1/lL

descendant 04''1':1- fmt.s:

A grandson is a lineal descendant of his grandfather. fA)': &\)': haJ"t.l:' h,l''l- 04''1'
;J- fmt.s: )m-

The members of the marching band got into

line. OD-If.4''l''ll -f-{1114hold the line against 1-h~hll

linear fClfOU'f-

An inch is a linear measure. h."J"f.

oPI\11.,1' '

fClfoo:,..

)Ill'

We must hold the line against inflation.

linear drawing

f1"tHil ouchll 7-"t'I,I'.S:Cll ouMhA

hllil"t

A linear drawing shows the plan of the palace.

In (one's) line

*That is not in my line; I am only familiar

with electronics. Y r frvllm"Htfl+ JP6-
h,I'.S:II'J"l h~' f"''11Jo4'1D- ' Ill\ ' A-1\.h'l-t!'thll '
ilil' ' )ID*This is not in my line! 1-U ),~1' hY,oP
llh'l-!1"

(be) In line for

*He is in line for the presidency.

rot+~J>l\fD-

T&.ll.ll"t't- 7.(1- ,1'.11"'0&\

in line of duty 01-"'IJC

~,1'.

h"tllll

The policeman met his death in line of duty.

?"ll.l'l- 01-"'IJC ~,1'. 7-"tllll '1"1in line with n - - - oPU'~..,..

In line with our policy, we will refuse him a

scholarship. 0?"1\.{l.,l':f"t """''-'~- fU,
'I-!1"11C't- h"tl'tmDJo!l"
keep In line 1;1--

He could never seem to keep his temper in

line. !l""t 1.11.11" "tS'...,"t 1\DP"':J-'1- f"7..
:fA h,I'.OUII&\!1"
(be) out of line

1. hA+ll"7"7fD. The conservatives are out of

line with us. 1\dM' 1 f"''Y,A.A,..:,. h~ ,:JC
h.l'.ll"''OD-!1"
2. hODP'ODC ID1!" )m-. His answer is out
Of line. 00/A(t.. I hoPP'OOC I IJJotif!" I )W"
reading between the lines

*Reading between the lines, he realized his

wife wanted him to return. h"7..ll., S:illlfl.
ho\l\'i' 0 7.")S: 0 100-f"IJ)o
.1.1\'i"t ' -f-(.11

"7,!1.,

7,")JI.OUI\!I 0

single line +C:l"

He disposed the cars in a

00

single line.

0011.<;jP'Jl") 111-C;J- ' h.f"'':fiD-

The governor is a man of good lineage.

ODA1)9"'

T~"t

,l'fi,I'A

linen
I. 11. '1'. This tablecloth is made of linen.
,1'.11 fmt.A.q Ailll f-1-u>&-..,. hll.'i' )..,.
2. fh&\;J Ailll.]Thellinen is changed every
week. fh&\;J Ailll Offl!l""t., J'.4'f&-A
liner '1-A'I> ouch11

The liner carries more than 1,500 people.

'l&\4: ouchil hlf. h!l"ll'l- ou.y. (ljP

:r- j'.0&\'1' ,e,eq&\

lineup

*We could not identify the criminal in the

police lineup. ?"11.11 W'.t.S:&-'I'm- (ljP:f
ouoh&\ m"t)!ll'i'm-"t ll""llf'l- hAiJ'A"t!l"
linger
1. Jtv-'lfP Itt\. A trace of smoke lingered in
the air. hfol- m-11'1' hu-"tr '1'4:'1- m.ll hi\
2. .ff. We lingered awhile after the party.
"'il'Jf'm- IJI\4' n:>.~ 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. .r;n
linger about tDjJJ mJt,.U hll

He lingered about after everybody had left

so that he could be with her. (lm- u-tr h'L
S: 0:\~ h!l. ;JC 7."t.11.4'C mll,,' m
.11.11 )'.&\ )0C
linger on h.tl-'lfP 1"1"f

The custom of propitiating spirits lingers on

in some country districts. ll~flC fODDIJ1r.'l ;
IJIJA hll-"t!l" IJ"t'l"t.l:' 4'01\.jP:f 1'1
>;'&\

He lingered over the decision.

m-/t).lD"")

ltWJf

linguist flll"tlll o'l'4:

lineage He
I

"t.<:-4- ffl.-1- ou"t"'P'.,"t

lined (adj.)
1. lit\ oupouc. I want some lined paper.
fill ""P'""C mt.4''1- h.I..&\;JI\u2. f-1-IIOS:. She wore a coat lined with fleece.
00"1 111-C f-1-IIOS: 1>'1- llilflll:f

linger over 1tH1f

(See also 'hill, reform, strike']

Ht:

")~(j:.

~m-

11ClD"

The linguist studies the structure of languages.

flll"tll/ 0'1'4: !Ill lll"tll/ u-~;J- ,I'm<;&\

linguistics f!f/'t!ll '1'011

He is interested in Ethiopian linguistics.
fh.'l-l'"kf't !1/'t!l/ '1'011 f"'l'l'<;'l- '1'~1'1-
IIIIIJJo
lining 10c
My coat needs a new lining. lt-i: ' h.ll.h 10
C J'li~IA1'1'1A

link (v.) IIJ'.VH

The new bridge will link the island to the
mainland. IIJI.~ ~IA~J'. .P.Il.1>'t h'l'
<;IJJo ou,:.'fo ;>C J'J'J'.~IA
be linked "l't"t'~T IIIIIJJo
The police officer is linked with the criminal
group. f 7"11.~ ouho't't hiD't~ll'l''li 'I
~ ;>C "l't"t'~T IIIIIJJo
link arms

They linked arms. h't ~ llh't ~ of"J',,,.

link up of"J'J'H
Your story links up with what John told us.
ll'tof" f~1Ch't<; l'".h'tll n1t:'t fof"J'J'H ~,.
link (n.)
I. "'IJ'1"1". One link of my watch chain is
broken. f(l'\'1- "'l{lt.J''I- ll't~ "'IJ'.f'Of"
of"O'l'itll:f
2. f"''..J'J'I'-11. Our generation is the link
between the past and the future. fl;' TIJJo/A
~ ' J'II~IJJo't<; 0 f"''..OD"'IJJo't ' TIJJo/A~ ' f

"'1.11111

lisp

729

linguistics

~,.

linseed of"/AQ
They make oil from linseed. hof"IAQ HJ'.T
J'tD"'IIIint fhc<; f""col> 11<;'S
Lint collects in the pockets of the suit. h.ll
IJJoll'l' fhc<; r ....c:,. 11<;'S J'.m&-4'"'1/A
lion ll'tOit
The lion is called the king of beasts.
ll'tOit J'/.o'ET 't"I-P" ~,. J'.Q~/A
lip
I. h't~C. He cut his lip while shaving. tn....'t
11.~"1." h't~~'t ot.l:tniJJo
2. 11'1'. The lip of the cup is chipped. fll.tiJJo
11'1' of"ifC~/A
bite one's lip :I-11P
He wanted to return the insult, but bit his lip
in order to avoid a scene. oP/Ai' : t\ll,_ofl 1
~IA1 ~oc 1 "l't rqn m11 l\'t-'11~...,
0"'111'1- :1'1"'

hang on the lipS Of fl+OO(lf1l I }'\,IJiOOtn

The audience hung on the lips of the lecturer.

11-'l"'l'""'li o of"<;;>(.IJJo't 0-f"ODllll' o 11-'IDDtn-T
lip service, give - Oll'i' 11!1' .<'.1111
The hypocrite gives lip service to the church.
"111,. O.of" hcM:J"l't Oll'i' 11!1' J'.
.P./A~/A

lipstick fh't~C 4'M"

Almaz went to the Piazza to buy Hpstick.
IIIA"'111 fh't~C 4'11?" IIOD"I~T tDJ'. 7:
, ... ''t..P.:f
liquefy (liquefied), vt. 114'11tn
The cook liquefied the butter in a pan. OJT n.
1> ol>O.IJJo't oo>'J'Olf ~J'. 114'11tniJJo
liquefy (vi.) 4'11tn
Let the butter liquefy in a warm pan! OTh-{l
OD'J'Olf ~,. ol>O.tD ' J'.-l>l\'1'
be liquefied mY. Ll\"lh:t- +llmm
Gases can be liquefied ."JJfl- 1 mY. 1 Lil'lii-~l- ,
1\.lltDtn J'.:f~llliquid (n.)
I. ~it1i

allowed liquids.
11!1' ~,.
study of solids
and liquids. ll."''..ll'l-t. f'l''l'C':f't<; f~iti'l":f
't mQJ'. fm<;IA
liquid (adj.)
1. &.'l'li. Do you have liquid soap? A.lt7i 1 flo<; ' 1111111
2. 0.,.~11- tDJ'. '1'.:0 1'tH11 1\.lltD'l' f"''..:f/A.
Bonds are liquid assets. fl1X" r 04'1\1\- a mi.
'l't. 1'tHofi 1\.IIID'I' f"''..lfA o 't11."1- o

~1C. He is only
fof"~_,..P.II'I- ~it1i ~1C
2. ~it1i. Chemistry is the

~,.

3. /All/All 111. The girl has a liquid voice.

IA"/:-:1: /All/All 111 ~6 l\~'1liquidate
I. h~ll. He very soon liquidated his debts.
tD-'I.J'IJJo). 6-'IIJJo't u-11- h~ll
2. ,.t'.ouft(l. The dictator liquidated his enemies.
II?"Q1~). 0 tn~.fo'li't ' J'.OD{l(l
liquor 11/AI>/A
Drinking a lot of liquor is not good for the
liver. IIAI>IA 111111-1' oom"l'l- 11"1-0'1-
'1'~ IIJ'..P.II?"
lisp of"ho~of"~
She lisps when she talks.
ll:f

li'I-~;>1C

'1-h-~of"-1-

lisping

730

lisping I>A:f"of. M:nc

His lisping is annoying. ffl- I>A;f-of.

lit, see light

h~:n

litany (litanies) 11.,.,-,

The priest recites the litany. l!IJ). II."'"J ,1'1'.

C ,I'Olt"'iA

list (vt.)
I. 011C11C 1\L ! 011C11C h'l"<!. He listed
all the equipment that was lost. fmof.ID-") on
"'(.,f 11-ll- 011C11C 1\L (011C11C h'l"<!)

2. oPH10(+ooH10). This item is not listed.

f.ll ' h:J> ' hA-foODH10?"
3. hODI\h-1-. The bill of fare lists only Ethiopian food. 11C11~ f"t,I'DPI\h+mfh.'l1'-k,l'"t ' ,...,-II -11!1' ~mUst (vi.) hH~OI\

The boat is listing from a hole in the side.

01-). ~f. l!l\m- -1'.11.11
hH"J-11!\_A

f-1-~"1

)';AQm-

Make a list of the things you must do! "Yf:<!

f""l,1f1tJ")

~1C

1fC1fC

His name is not on the list.

I ft\9"

}\tfJolfl

n,.,. 11C1fo;..

lD"{lT

listen
l. h.IIDPm. We listened. but heard nothing.
h.llOD"J'"J "'"J ?""J?" hAI'I"Y"J?"

I like to listen to good music. T"- ,..H.:J> "''

J;OD"J"

l._m,.c;{llJ..

2. 1'1"7. I tried to tell him that what he was

doing is stupid, but he just won't listen to me.

f"t,I'J.'.C1<D- ~1C f"Yf.<!Q ODif)."J ' ~
CIJ.'I- 1 "'"J h.l'-1'1"7'1?"
listen for (loy
Listen for the sound of the bell! fT.mll-"J !:?"
6' 11"7
*The mother listens for her baby's cry. M"-1:-1>
A!_ 1'1.,1'1\:,01\ h"JY:'I-1'1"7 C:J> h'l-'tf:?"
listen in +..e..fl"" h..lloPm
I think our neighbor listens in on our telephone conversations. 1-t.IL;f-h 01\Ah II
"J~:nc +J.'.-1141 f"'L..'Il?"-r f.""llll'"tA

[See also 'reason']

listless, make - 'i'1111 h1'.<!1
Hot weather makes him listless. 'I":J>:t- l\f
C 'i'1111 ,fi'.C1'1'A

list price f++oo~ 'I':>

He sold the car at 20 percent off the list price.
ODtJ..'i"tD-1' I h+.,.OD~(Do I 'f,;J 1 "/Y I (lOD.f I
-I'"J(I' il"m

CltA

liter 11.'1-C
Give me a liter of milk! h"JY: 11.'1-C m+'l-
llm'1

literacy
I. f1-A"Y(Il- '1-?"IIC'I-, He is a strenuous
campaigner for literacy. 111-A"Y(Il- -l?"IJC
'I- -IIC-1> +".7.'1l- ~m2. oPI\'i''i" "Y"J0-11. Literacy is of primary importance. oPI\'i''i" "Y"J0-11 ODrP<!;f-'1! hilL
....1..

~1C I

}DJo

literacy campaign +rt: s orth+"''C ! +9"1!"

"711-1-"YC HOD!" 1 fLT.A ' 1'1<1-'1!'1-

I ist (n.) liC11C

.., I

literary

Many young people engage in literacy campaigns in their spare time. oflrt mnJ..P.':f '
0'1-C'i' 1,1,1':fm- 0-1-?"C' "711-1-"YC (0-1?"C' "711-1-"YC HDP!I') f.I'I"Y<!-11-

The literacy campaign helped many people to

read. fLT.A 1'1<1-'1!'1- -1111" l'l,..:f-, hVI.
,1'~!1-

' lll

literal
I. ( ~ adv.) h"JY: Q"Jf:. The robbery victim
gave a literal account of the robbery to the
police. f-1-H<!A..m- (lm- Ill\ H<!of.m- h
"JY: ' Q"Jf: ' 1\?'ll.(ll- ~1<!
2. ( ~ literally) :J>A O:J>A. Please make a
literal translation of that! .f'"J"J : :J"IA r 0.4"/A s

+c.,..oom-

literally :J>A O:J>A

You must not take him too literally. f"t'i"1<!<D"J :J>A O:J>A A'l-m!IT.m- hf.1Q?"

The teacher asked the students to translate the

passage literally. OD!I"IJ~ +"Y&,..'Il ,.-,q
!1-"1 :J>A O:J>A h"J-'1.+<!.,.....,.'1- mf-1'
*She is literally penniless. -l'llll 'i'<!-"Jh
'l-9" 11"711'1- f.!I'IIA

f~

literary fP'~ X',_'i'

His latest novel is a literary masterpiece.
o:tco- rmtJJm- A-ll m111: ODX"m4-
..,~,..

fP'~

x-,_o;o :ten ~"'"

Literary men gather at the club to discuss

books. f P'~ X',_'i' l'l,..l- Ill\ ODI\ih'i''l-
ll""m.l'f'l-

nhno- .enonq11-

I iterate f.,.M
A literate person is needed for the job. Ill"&.
w- f_,."''~ (lm- Y(li..A.:>A.
literature
I. I " ) 1\'dt-'i'. Have you studied English literature? 1'1>"1"111..11'1' I " ) 1\'.ft.'i' .,..,.~?A l
2. f.,.."-L. He has an enormous library on
medical literature. !Ill ihh'l"'i f.,.l\4- 1111-
ODl\ifo'i!."f- ' hl\-."f3. OD""JI\fiJ.. We wrote for literature on the
electric typewriter. !Ill l\1\.h."f-tlh :J-Wr oo
"111""1 l\VI.A.IJ-A."I 1\'i'"l
litigant .,.".7.:>-:f 1 )1~.,..,
One of the litigants asked me to write an application for him. h.,.".7.:>-'ll (M1~.,.'1''1l) h"l
J!- ' "''ODI\h!J' I l\"!J:-1\''i'll."f- ' tnf4''{

litigate .,.".7.1.,.
They have litigated about the property for the
last two years. qiii..ID" v-11'1- qoo:,- !Ill
C:il-1> ' .,.".7.1-1>
litigation,.._.,..,_
Litigation ate up all his money.
"I ' v-11- ' .... ~(10'1-

aD--""J~.,. r 'J"}H~

litigious .,.".7.:>-:f
Litigious persons spend several days a week in

court .,.".7.:>-:f (19'-:f tlll'/""1-l- m-il'l' 11

If ' 4'"1 ' 'i'C:.I:- ' fl.'t- ' r.w-~11-

on a litter. tl7i.,..,m- tl:l'otl.~ mil- lfil"C:JA. ' .,.m(ll'3. "IA."Ift-':f. Rabbits are fecund; they can
have several litters a year. 'l'"l:fft-':f m~P.:f
illltJ"). ' tlqOD."f- ' ID"il'l' ' 1111- ' "IA.1fl-'f < f.W
A.'llllittle (n.) '1'-1:'1The little of his work that I have seen seems
excellent. '1'-1:'1-'1" fl.lf"l Yfv-'1- l"t.mll)/.'"1 f ti11J'/" ' 'I'~ f f.ODill\1\
on so little tllf.IJ Mil.,.., 1"11111
I earn only $20 a week, and I cannot live on so
little. f"'11'fr- tlll'/""1'1- ?Y 11C: 11!1'
tm- l tlli.IJ Mil_,.., 1"11111 A.'l"C h
A.:fA.'/"
little (adj.)
I. 't-"17i. She has a little girl. 't-"17i o!.'t- A.
11.' M!J'."f2. Tot::,.. Won"t you stay with me for a little
time? 11'1'-1:'1- "Ltl. h~ ;>C h't-ol'f.'l" 1
3. f"''f.~q. She frets over little things. tl"''f.~
n- ' t1C"'f ' '1-tlll"'ill:f
4. 1f~ r fl\, The girl has a little voice, and it is
difficult to understand her. A.)l."): 11-'1> Yll
.1:-'1"1> ' M~'t- ' IIODil"'''t- ' Yil:f"lt.A.
5. h)il.,.'i'. This idea is of little matter.
f.tJ dtll11 Mil_,.'i' 'I':> Yllr- tm*It is only a little walk to the store.
WI'- ' oPfl-11~ ' 1111- ' hYill~.i:-'1"
*That is of little value to me. l..9""111f~ 1 h~
tn-'J>OD'{'/"

I itter (vt.)
I. h-1'11. Don't litter your desk with paper!
m~A.~tJ"I tlm~+'t- h:J--1'7i7i
2. ti:J-.,.). They littered their toys from one
end of the room to the other. oPftJ.m!F:fm-1'
h'i'll- m-il'l' h'IC llilh 'IC: ti:J-.,.).'1Iitter (vi.) WIII'The cat had littered in the closet . .1:-0D'): ll"'
'I" "''l'l- ID"il'l' Wlll'-:f
be littered

little

731

literate

.,.~1..~1..

The battlefield was littered with corpses.

f,nc: ' "'L'IID" ' ..:,{) ' .,.~'i'C:G:tl't- ttiC:
litter up .,.11~h~h
Dirty clothes littered up the room. f-1'11 A
11(1 ' h'i'll- < Wil'l' ' .,.11~hC:!> ' ttiC:
litter (n.)
I. -l'lflf. Pick up your litter after the picnic!
h7ic:7i~ ' tl:\1\ ' ol'lflfm-"1 ' A-4''1"
2. :1' ..:.~. The man was carried to the hospital

little one A.)l.'

How are the little ones? A.l{'f Y.-,.,- <;:fw- ?

little (adv.)
I. '1'-1:~. She gives little to charity. liM ' h.i:t.H .1:-C:)/.'."f- f'!"."f-(lmr- '1'-1:'1- )mIt's a little warm here. l\lf.IJ '1'-1:'1- '1"-l>
f.I\A.

2. M'l" + (negative). He little knew what

lay ahead. WY.J.'t- M l\"11'-"'U'-Cil '1""1
'I" hYm--'1>'1" )tiC
3. l\"1-'l..l'm- + (negative verb). He little knew
that the police were about to arrest him. 7"1\..il
ll_f.Um- l\"11'-ttl~ l\"IJI.Yr-'1" h~W4'
4. l\'1"11~'1" + (negative). She is little known
in the city. tlh.,."''m- m-il'l' l\'1"11~'1" h
."f-:J-W-'J>'I"
little better than

He is little better than a thief. ht\.11 '1""1'1"

YtJA. hf.lfA. 'I"

live

732

littler
little by little
1. '1-.1f.C. Little by little, he calmed down.
'1-.1f.C ~:> '1-.11
2. 4'11 04'!1. The waterlevel rose little by little.
f'OJ-~lJ)a I oPJ.'.{I I rf>{l ~ fl+(l I h~j:. I J\/\
little--known l-9"11tf9'" s

f!A~m+

They live in a little-known town.

'1-.11"11~9"

IJA;I'm4'':f h-1""'1 m-11'1' f>'/' &-tr

fishermen. OIJ,'hC '!Cil' '1-.I]IJil f"'L'/''1-

(ljP':f ' h11~'l',; ' 't"' ' h'l'"'':P:':f ' ""'"'"

liturgy (liturgies) f0.-1" hc!ltf't F) JP

C't'I-

The Ethiopian liturgy is much like the Egyptian

Coptic liturgy. fh..'l-f-k1 0.1" hcilt1"1
JP)

JPC't'l- ' h"111ll' ' I>Tth ' 0.1" ' hC!I

t1't

,;JC

0"19" f,OD<'IMA

a little

I. '1-'t'ii '1-'t'ii. I can speak a little French.

.t.~'t<'lf>'O' ' '1-'t'ii ' '1-'t'ii ' '1-.'i'1&-1111-

2. 11'1'<1:'1- '1.11.. Sit a little with me! 11'1'<1:'1-

"'.tL

h~

; ;JC r T+OO'l"

(be) livable

1\oP'/'61 ""'

The house is small but livable. 0..,. '1-'t1i

n.on!l" /loP'/'~1 r.n:l'A

quite livable f-t.fool- r lf'f

He found life on the island quite livable.

a little way '1'-l::."f-

Of.cl..,.

Come a little way with me! '1'<1:~ lf"f~

make little of 11:,. ' hJ.!"C") = +out\h+
He makes little of my trouble. ":f"'t. 't 1 11~

live

~f,

).f!'

f"7.1oo':f 11''/' M"f..,.

(v.)

not a little OIIJfD

1. cr~. Before the war, I lived in France.

hi11C)_,. Ool-'1- .t.~'t<'IY, Me '1-.'/'C )OC
He lived a very happy life. 0"19" ~!11"'0' ).

He was not a little annoyed to find I had

disobeyed him. '1-'1-.~1!-'t l.I\DD4'0/I.'t fl.1m-

The Chinese live largely on rice. il'f>'i'l"':f h

h.I':C1 ' f,ODI\h-I"'I'A

:,.

fliiJf""

""'II'

think little of
1. 11:,01"'0' "19"'1- '1-.1\m-. I think little of someone who destroys books. oP~,O~j:.-}o") : 1\IPIJ
nl"':f 11:,.1-'0' "19"'1- '1-.11~
n~if.
2. 'I':> '1-.'t.llllm- )1C 1 '1-.A4:.m~9". I think

.,.,.,,n.o:-

little of driving 50 miles to see a movie.

fl.~"''

II"''f'!- h9"<'1 "''Y,A ou'tf.-'t 'I':> ' '1-.

"1.11/lm- ' )1C ' hA4:.'l'C9"
very little
I. '1-'t'ii. We slept very little last night.
'1-'i''t'l- ' ..,,. f-1"'0') ..... '1-'t'ii ' )IJ)o
2. '1-.'t.ll't.l'... I see very little of him since he
moved away. h'tf. ~9"1!' ' f"''fiD" h't.ll't
I

~IJ)o

[See also 'finger, how, mind, mischief, short,

while']

littler, the - h)!l

'fl_

11~'0'm-'t ' f"'L 'l'<-'1- ' 0'1-11 ' )ID"

filL

*The problem gave us not a little trouble.

1 :>moo"! ":f"'c 'I'<!: 'I- '1-.f,f.l\9"

1.,

~ I

111..,.

The littler of the two children is my son.

hll-11_,. A]1.:':f Mil ,f"'LII"'" f~ AY; )m-

littlest, the - hll-11- f"'L1"!(1mThe littlest child got nothing. hll-11- f"'Lf't(l
m- AY; !l"'t!l" h~119"

littoral region fiJ,'hC .IIC/1' '1-.I]IJil

The people of the littoral region are mostly

He Jives well, even though he hasn't much

money. 1111- 1'tH11 1 IJY,'/'~m-9" f."r'i' ' r,
'l'&-A

I earn only $20 a week and I cannot live on

so little. f"'11"fm- 1 0<'19""1'1- ?1 11c 11

if' )ID" l OH.tJ M!l-1"'0' 1'tH11 A'l'C

hA':fA!I"

2.

1".11!.~.

He managed to live on $40 a week.

0<'19""1'1- hCIJ 11C ' .h.<'l11 11.1"-'lf.C /I'll

*He knows how to live. f).(!""} r HI.. fJ:l'A
*His memory will always live in our hearts.
9"') ' '1.11.9" ' .,.,.,~ .......
live In llfL-l- r If l,

Does your cook live in?

ID~J"

n.+

r 1P&-.-T

'O'u f!l"'l-'l' ~..,. '1-.0.'I-u )..,. !

live off

I. 0 - '1-hlf ' '/'~. He lives off his parents.

OID'\]1.:,; '1-hlf f,'/' &-A
2. h O"'Lf11m- 1".11!.~. The soldiers lived
off the land. m;l'f.C',; hhi]IJilf'l'm- 0"7,
111-'1- ' 1".11!.'1live (on)
I. OD'/'<1-'t 4'mll. The old people died, but the
young people lived on in the village. roo,. F...;..
'li"''"/1\.l"':f ' hllofl ' ,,.,.,.,; ' "l't ' hrt.J'ID" '
ou<;&-'l'm-'t 4'mll

2. 01\. The people on this island live on

nothing but fish. fH.ll f.ll.."f- )'l'tll'':f 111

't"' ?'"t9" h,I'.OII-9"
3. ++Cat 1 If~- His great words live on in our
hearts. f-t-'01&-'fiD- ;1-11:,. .4'11'1- OAq:f'Jo
ID-!1'1' ' -t--te?.ID- ' f.'f &-oillive out hl\41..

She won't live out the winter. ht.9"'1-'t h;JA'i'9"

live through hf
He lived through two wars, and one revolution.
11-11'1- ' flleH:f-'0 ' h't .... ' ODoP(.:J-'1! ' /liD... hf.:t:A
live to
*He lived to a ripe old age. 0"19" he~ '1"-tlive to be

livestock

733

live

},(lh.lf~(J)a

tj l.

He lived to be a hundred. .,..,_ 'tDD."f- h!lh.

li')ID-'ft.
*He did not live to be as old as his father.
h't'lq-J> he~ hA'I"-t-9"
live up to fl - - - oowl.T l j l.
He tried to live up to the ideals of the Christian
religion. OheM:n ?f."'/'f'l- f.'til ou"'t.
.")- 1\0D'fe 'l"ht.
*He didn't live up to my expectations. h't'lllil
11-'1 ' ll''f ' hl\1111-'1-9"
[See also 'affluence, camp, morally, seclusion,
style']
live (adj.)
I. )'i'il 11\tD-. It was a real, live lion. hiD-)
.,_.,. )'i'il 11\ID- h'tO<'l )Oe
2. h))<;:ll- 111. I bought some live fish. hH
<;:{)'ftD- ' 111- ' 'l"'lP:f ' ,~,.
3. t,QJ,,J>""-1:. The border problem is a very
live question right now. fm(t). ~c h
11-'t'}" ' h~JJ,,l>"'i-1: ' 1-'lf. ' )ID4. ;1-:1"6. A live, young man may succeed in
making this store earn money. h't.l': :J':h'
ID"'."f- ,1'.11 DPf.ile illl- ."foe<;: ' h't'l.,l'1
'1 "''.l':t."' f.:fA f.li''OA

5. tf''i.Emancipationof theslavesis no longer

a live issue. fQl!"l- ~R oPCIJotiJ+
II. ' "'" ' 1-'lf. ' hf.f.ll'}"
[See also 'coal, wire']

livelier, be a little ~ ),1> hil

The patient seems a little livelier this evening.

0'11 .......,.

~.:.

hoPlf '

),I> '

111 .

j/.08!11\ol\

livelong uo-11She is busy the livelong day. <l')o't uo-11- I"

&- 'If. ' ):f
lively
I. 't-1!. He is a lively boy. 'to!! A'f: )OJ<
2. ff.DP<I'. That was a lively party we had.
;rettD- 0"1'}" f)'.DP<j> ' )Oe
3. 1."7:,.. She likes lively colors. 1."7:,. <1'11'1"
:f ."f-ID-'1/I:f
4. .,.:,. 111. He played a lively tune. .,.:,.
,f/1 Hoi.'t -t-"'iiD-tTheir house is very lively. o.;t-;rw- 1 ,.,.-,. :
111 )ID5. h~ 1 Yll. He has a lively interest in political
events. !Ill 7'111:lJ 1-'li":f h'i' 111 il"'l.
'1-. h/\ID6. ( ~ adv.) !1"'1..'1- 0"'1..<1'11:,.!1 hl>.:\'t . He
gave a livelyaccount of his adventures. illl~~
110'1- )1e !1"'1.'1- O"''..<I'IITil hl>.:\'t -t'01t.
feel lively Tf.IIT
Horses prance when they feel lively. .l.t.(l'fl

1\.1'.11-1>

j/..1,)"51\-

make lively J\.F.OD+

A jocular person is needed to make tbe party
lively. ;retiD-'t 11"'/.I':OD:,. <I'M.,. !'ltD-
1il.I.A;>A

liven hf.ou-t
Music livens a party. uo-Jl.? 1ii'IJ"'I Yf.?"
,I> A

liven up )-,.4> : )o:J" ' hll

She livened up after a nap.
"'?f ' 0:\1\ ),I> ),I> hill-

~.F.r

111\ : h+)o

liver 1-0'1He has cancer of the liver. f'l-ll'l- lJ'tlle h

110'1-

Qu-). 1.

livelihood ""-t-'lf.t.1
His livelihood is not a legitimate one. oo..,.JJ1.6
11D- .h;>'l! DP't1.1':'t fThTII hf.f./\9"
earn (one's) livelihood ..-.-;~c:
He earns his livelibood by farming. f"''..T'If.t.
ID- 01ile'O )ID-

livery (liveries) AI' Ailil

The servants in the palace wear livery.
fiJ.T oP't11"'1- h1ihl!':f AI' Ailil
f.llil<'l/1lives, see life
livestock hil.f?f
We cannot get enough feed for our livestock.
llhofi-H'?f't o-t '1"1il h'01'1?"

livid

734

(be) livid IV'"X' llllil

His face was livid with rage. h'JS'.'l-

Uf

~.J:

hoP:'

living (n.)
I. >C". Living is
).C" I ~lltJ I OtlJ9"

lizard h'J7i'lll.'lf-1-~

t'\0(1

awfully expensive here.

I

m-~ I ~(Do

2. ool'f:. The old man is tired of living.

71"'1"11\.tJ>o ' OD'i'C ' iiA:f.f.:I'A
3. hS::S::C. The preacher urged the importance
of right living. ill\h.tJ>o f'l-hhll'? h.)..).C
'J h!MA1.~T ll'l'il~ hflilll
do for a living
What does he do for a living? !I"'J IPC+
YY:&.A l
make a living +.4,_~
He makes a living by selling shoes. -"7 0
ooif'l' f.+JI~A
make one's living "fw&. ' 'r ~
How does he make his living? 9"1 hflP&-
J.'.'i'&.A l

[See also 'cost, earn, high']

living (adj.)
I. IIM'l- f"'/.11:1' iii". We pay our workers
a living wage. IIIP&.-1-V'i"l-'J llc!ll'l- f"''.ll
,., J'.'l"ll iii" ' ~ .... f!I"'Jh'i:ll'ftJJo
2. ( ~ while he is alive) llihf.ID., flll. A living
author does not often find recognition. iliND
'J 1.11. J'.&.fl. llihf.m., flll il_. hY
m&-!1"
3. f"'/.IP&-11'1-. Amharic is a living langoage.
h"''C'? ' f"'/.1P&.IIT !lnW ~ ....
4. 11!1"11!1". The tree was struck by lightning
while it was still living. tf4- 1'i ltfDlt'r
i'tl\ I OD1Ji:.:Jo I OD:}-tiJa
*He is the living image of his father. .,.C'I'
~~.

...

.,., . ....
~

be living llihf.IDT ' 'i'.:

I don't know whether he is still living. llihJ.'.tD

'I- oo'i''I-'J h'ltJJo~!l"

living conditions f).C" v-t.:J-

Living conditions here are very bad. llrt.u

f).C" I &).:J- I OlfJfD I OD"'J'f:: I SolDliving costs f).C' aJoJ!"io-lOur wages are pegged to living costs. J'.'l"'l
"f-'J h).C' tJJoY:~T ;>C J.'.II'I'ID'QA
[See also 'standard']

living room flii-'J

The living room of this house is large. fii.U

11.'1- 1\11-'J ill. ~ ....

load

The lizard walked on the wall. h'J7i<\ll.'l- fl

"IY:"I'I"'" ...,. 'tJ'.l-

load (vt.)

I. "'i~. Load the cases on the truck! "''l''i''tl'J

ooh..,...,. ' 4\f. ' "'i'i''f..,.
They loaded the car before the trip. h1fl..,.
fl.t.'l- ""h.'i'"'"'J ""1).

Before going to market, they load the donkey.

1flY hoo't'l'f..,. fl.t.'l- hUY J.'.~tr

The farmer loaded grain on the donkey.

1fl<l...,. hUYtJJo'J hUA "'i~
2. h:l' hflLt: I "'i~. Why don't you load the
truck? h:l'tJ)o'J ooh.'i'..,. <\f. II!I"'J h:l'
ll'i'C!I" (h'l-"'n!l") l
3. 1-11.:. He loaded his stomach with food.
ITJl. 'J fl!l""lil 'l-Ilt:
4. h'l-t:il. The soldiers loaded the gnn and
fired. ID;I'J'.C''fl ' mOD'J)f'ftJ>o'J h.,.CiltJJo
-1-h-fl.

load (vi.)
I. -1-"'i~. The ship loaded at Massawa.
oochll- ' !1"6'1' ' ...,. "'"""'~
2. ( ~ active) h:l' h{)Lt:. The bus usually

loads at the rear door. h..,.-1'11-fl. h:l' f"''.

Yll'i't:tJ>o hil'l'?tJ)o'J 1.11. fl:\'1 fie ~..,.
load with
I. "'i ~. He loaded his workers with too much
work. 1P&.of-V''tl'J illl- 1"&. ' "'i'i''ftJJo
2. fl1'i' hJ'.t:1(11'1-). He loaded his friends with
gifts. II~J'.V''tl iltR:I' fl1'i' hJ'.t:1'11f..,.
be loaded
I. -l-""1 ~. The baggage is loaded on the plane.
~II- h..,.C'T'I). 'If. -1-"'."S::A

2. '1-t:il. The gnn was loaded. moo'J)f..,. '1C!l..A

be loaded down -1-lfhoo
She was loaded down with packages. -1111- f-1m.,.lltr h:l'l""f- +lfh"'' )flC
be loaded with
I. flq(fl+). We are loaded with work. 1"&.
flll+il'i'A
2. m.:Y.(fl'l-). She is loaded with troubles.
illl- ooh&. tD.:J'.I\'1load (n.)
I. ifh!l". The load is too heavy for him.
ifh.- llfl. hoam'J fl'IJ.'. hi\Y: ~..,.
2. "1."~'1-. I ordered a load of coal. h'JY: 'I."
~')- hilA hHllh-

735

loaded

loads of ooq.:,.
He has loads of money. oo'J:,. 1'tHil hllfD"

(a) full load of 0 ...11-

local
2. (object) oo'J'II. The Joan of books is not
allowed. ODK".h'i' OD'J'II hf.l.'tY:'I"

He has a full load of classes this term. 011.11

_,.C'I" f"''.llmfD""t :,.'I"IIC:,. 'Jf.):,. 0
"""II- f.IDII.IIA
have a load of O~(o:,.)

loanword r:,.,.ll:,. ?A
English has many French loanwords. 7.'t"'l\.11

+r have such

(be) loath .<'.II Mll(tJJo'l")

I was loath to go to the party. IDS'. ;ret

a load of work that I must work

on Sundays. 1"6- llll"''.O~il'f 7ui>Y: h"'"Y:

6-,.

0D / "
0 hl\il'f
take a load off one's mind ..ftlUl-"} h.?l\

II(H)
Her safe arrival took a load off my mind.
0.<'.~ ... ODY:~!l. .htaO:t h?IIIIA'f

loaded (adj.)
I. "11'):,. fO~o:,.. The loaded truck broke
down. "1/'):,. fO~o:,. oo!J.o; .,.llO~
2. t,Q;L?"'I.-1:. That is a loaded question.
h ....?'"i4! 'l'J'of: )ID"
3. 1'1-~ll. You will get hurt if you fool with a
loaded gun. 0'1-~ll mou't)l" il:,.'"iiD:,.
A,.'l-11 :,.:Y.I\1111

[See also 'heavily']

loaf (loaves), - of bread liP
We need two loaves of bread. 0.11:,. liP J'
III.A1o;A

loaf (v.) M1m 1 PH)

He was loafing on the job. OF &olD" J'l\"1'1'
(f.P11't) )OC

loafer 1"&- 1.:,.

His wife divorced him because he was a loafer.
1"&- l.."f 111\lf) "'1.111> l.:f':Y.IDloam 'I'AIJ oo.:,:,.
Cotton grows best on loam. '1''1' R'PAlt

s oo

.:,:,. 1\f. .<'.~o; hY:C~ f.O"'>IIA

loan (v.)
I. (money)

hO.<'.~.

He loaned me five dollars.

t-'1"11:,. ilc t.o.<>.~'f

2. (object) h'l'll. He loaned me an interesting

book. f"''.J'II.<'.II:,. DDK".h'i' h'l'll'f
loan (n.)
1. (money) iiY:C I f1'tHil iiY:C. I refused
the Joan he offered me. ID-o'IY: J'll'f't ilY:

'i' ill!' fl.~'tilf.'i' r:,.,.ll:,. ?11:,.

M:,.

,. t10'/.Y: .<'.II hllll'fll"

loathe 0"1'1" mil l h't1lf1lf(tJJo)

I loathe pork. fhil"'/ I" ;J 0"19" 7.mll
IIlio (J"t1lf"'lf'i'A)
loathing '1'11!1'
He eyed the food on the table with loathing.
hma.. ~,. 111- J'l\tJJo't ll""'il O'l'llil' .,.
1101\h.,.,.

loaves, see loaf

lobby (lobbies)
I. oo.,.l\ll~J'. They are waiting in the lobby.
tiP.,.I\Il~J'fDo Ill'- f.mil?ll2. [fll"hC
h~. lll"":f]

o.:,. h'lll-":f't

1\"'1"1'1'1:,. f"''.'l"

lobe }(f!'
She pierced her lobes so she could wear
earrings. ~:,.!1' 7-'tY:;l.<'.C"J }(f!''l''t .,.0
ta:Y.

local
I. fl11C ' tJJoll'l'. Our papers carry local and
international news. ;JH.tnil'":f't f1J1C tJJo!l
'l'o; ' ffDo"'/' ' h1C H.o;JP:f't J'ID"l/12. J'1C. He was not familiar with local
conditions. J'1~'t o.~;f' hA.,.IIoo.<'.tJJoll"
3. fh.,...,. The city administration abated
local taxes. f"'/H;J)I" o.:,. fh.,...,tJJo't "'ii

c. 4')1l
An express bus passed the local bus. 0&-&

..... h,.,..,.IJ-11 fh.,...,,... h,.,..,.IJ-11 .,....

QDIJ)o

4. Of"'II.J'fDo f"'/.4''1". A local train takes

twice as long as an express. OfiiJOJ'(Do rot.
4''1" IJII-C 0.,.'1':1' h"''.'t.<'.fDo f.A"'> lJ
'l''i' 'LH. f.IDII.IIA
5. IJ'tY: (l:f' Ill'- flf). The injury was local;

C 7.'1"0. hAil-

so his leg was bandaged, and he went home.

Loans are decided by civil Jaw. f1'tHil il

~.111:

Y:C O'i':,..h il.t..C $"1 f.IDo'lo;A

7."1~ 04-lf ' ;f-Ill!' ' IDS'.

f.<'.~llfDo

IJ'tY: (1;1' 1\f. 111\lf)

0.., ' '/..<'.

736

locality
locality (localities) 4>011.
There is no school in this locality.

ntt.u +fl

11. +?"uc+ o.:,. f/19"

-fl:.F

~(&

locally llltii0.11Jo 11!1'

The flood did much damage locally. 7-Cf. II
ltiiO.IJJo 11!1' 1111- 7'1+ h ...:(1

llll+tiJn+ '

?"""J

9" OD';''}C hA.!I'II9"

2. ( = active) 'i'./1,/.., +The secret was locked in
her heart. 9"ilm.~"l OA.!I. IJJoil'l' 'i'./1,/..
':fiJJo
lock arms h"!.... llh"!.... 1'.1'IH

The girls locked arms and walked down the

street together. A.)I'7<:P..~ h"!.._. llh"!.._.
1',1',!'.HfDo h1I:11Jo 0'1-'I';'IJJo '1,!'. 1'"1lf
&-If~

locate (vt.)
I. ,i..A.'I h7'f. I could not locate him. ,/..A.
1. '17'ffDo hA.!I'A.b-9"
2. t.ouflh1'. Can you locate Addis Ababa
on the map? OltC;fIJJo '1,!'. h'l.il hOII"I
Pl,:f'ODflh+ ' +':f'l/111 !
3. hll/!1/ou. He located his store in the center
of the city. h1'"'111Jo ' ODIJhPI. ' OD...11C ' hll/

*""
4. .._<:(1(0+).

be locked
I. -1"104>. His jaws were locked, and he could
not say a word. oo"};J;Jt.D-

(be) localized
*The infection is localized in the foot. r+.,.JS
(Do- I ,.,.,....,. I

lock

I couldn't locate the trouble.

:f-"1~"1 hA....<:ilb-0+9"

lock In h(t<:

The police locked in the criminal. 7'11.(1- w

"1)!/l'ffDo"! h(t:
lock (oneself) out OO"''ft.f J\11)

She closed the door and locked herself out

because she forgot the key. 41A.4-"! f&il'l'
<:il;l- 0~"1 iliiH;>':f OD"I0.,1' h"'"f
(be) locked out
I. 1'H:>(O+). If you don't get in by midnight,

you will be locked out. 00\lrll 11.11.+ II

locate (vi.) {1,/..:

+711 ,I'.H:>117A.

Early settlers located where there was water.

f'l'"l+ M-t<l"':f IJJo~ 11110:,. (l;f' ,!'.(1

2. 0~ ..,.H"I-fO+ .,..,.. h ...<:. I was

locked out last night. +';'"I+ "'I;1- 0~

"'~'~or.

_,.H"I-r-11'1 IJJo'fl' h ...C.Ir

be located

lock together +.'\1"00

1. +1"f. Where is your new store located?

hJl..(t- ou...11CU f"7. 7'f1JJo f+ ~IJJo 1
2 . .,. ....... A new school is to be located in the
town. h'l.il +?"IIC+ n.+ h1'"'111Jo "'"
{ltp I l'l.rP&- I ~(Do

location
I. h.,...,ou'l'. The location of the hotel is ideal.
flf-J;fl- h4>"'1""'1' f(tm ~"'"
2. ,.,..,"'(:,.. The location of missing persons is
the duty of our office. fm4- (tl":f-"1 "'l"l'f
:,. faoP'&I ll.;f':f-"1 1"'111C ~,..

lock (vt.) ~"Don't forget to lock the door when you leave!
il+\\ .... ' 0~"! ' OD'i'.fl'f' ' h+C.I\
I locked it in my desk. m<:A.~\Io IJJoil'l' ot.
M:~ro+

lock (vi.)
I. 1'41/1,/.., The door locks easily.

0~

0+'1

flo ,!'.41114-A.

2. ~h(t. The wheels locked, and the car

skidded. 'l"'lf& illl~h(t ooll.';''l' .,."!If&-.,.
.,.;r.

The two cars locked together in passing.

11-11-1: oull.o;l"':f (1.1'1\M 1''11'..,.
(be) locked together 1'-t.'l/1,/..
The bumpers of the two cars were locked
together. fv-11-1: oull.o;l"':f ,i..:4-"l'l':f ,
. 1'41'1114lock up

I. 'i'.ll,i..(O+). They herded the prisoners into

a room and locked them up. 0\h<:'l'~ h
"! ..... h'i'A. IJJoil'l' h.,..<:IJJo ot./14-ll'fiJJo

2. 11-fl-"1 ~7C 41'111,/... Be sure you lock up

before you leave! hOD\\.._.11 0,1..:,. v-flo"!

~ .. c. 411\A.'i'
3. h"''l'"l 41/1,/.., Lock up your jewelry before
you go away! hou\\.._.'11 oo~.:,. 1."1 1.'1''11"! ,
h"''l'"l 4141\o!.O+
(be) locked up
I. 1'4111,/... The magician was locked up in a
box. m"!ll/1' "1'1'). f&il'l' 1'41A.Il:O;I-A.
2. 0\ilC. n.:,. 711. He was arrested by the police
and locked up. 07'11.11 ..,.,.. 0\ilC. 11.
,. .,q

[See also 'hom1

737

lock

log

I. f.,.<l\'i' 1\<;-l-. The lock needs oiling. f.,.<!\

4- l\<;"-l- Hf,.'f fM.<I\1'1'11\
2. (f.,.<l\'i') 4"'1'1. He could not put the key in
the lock. ofl<l\4-") 4'-'l-'l..,. "'"liT oob.,.-l-

2. '111-1' of'l.. The bullet lodged in his shoulder.

Tf,.-1> -l-b!ftJJo ' tJJoiiT ' 111-1' of'l.
3. .,.,_,. of'l.. The kite lodged in the top of a
tree. ID'I")Jl'f' ' q4< ' ""i'i' ' 'If,. ' .,.,.q ' of'
t,";f

h<l\!1'119"

be lodged .,..,.l.of'l.

3. HM. A lock of her hair was found in his

wallet. IIPC{)..,. tJJoiiT fK1-;,: Hill\ .,.1")"
lock, stock, and barrel ).."}1;1\
I bought the store - lock, stock, and barrel.
00.<'.11~") ' l\")Jlll ' 1ql]o-}be under Jock and key .,..,.11.1.(11-l-)

His foot was lodged between two rocks, and

he could not get loose. l\"1~ hv-11-l- !liT~

lock (n.)

The documents were under lock and key.

(l)p..'Jl .,..,.11\G:ll:ftJJo )OC

ool)b<l\ llll.,.of'l.of'l.

IIODtJJo"'-l-

h<l\il'

119"

lodge (n.)
I. f"7U.f 'l]t;. He owns a lodge in the
mountains. 11.,.&-&-..,. 'If,. f"7l..l.f 'l]t;
hlltJJo

locker "'T")
He stowed his clothes in a locker. 11\11(1-") 111
tj>jl\/1" ' "'T") ' tJJoiiT ' hllof'ODffiCJ)o

lockout F&- ""H:>-lThe workers demonstrated against the lockout.

w&-.,.'1''11 'u&- OouH;>-1: M"7' 1'111\'i'
h.<'.l.1-

locksmith .,.11\'i' w&-.,.lf

The locksmith fixed the broken key for me.

2. f"7~0C :,0C")""'i'. The lodge meets every

Tuesday. o-<1\1.11. "7hl'l'l' f"7~0~ :,OC")""
'i' 11111'1'1 ' f.<'.C:><I\

lodger .,.h&-1'.
How many lodgers does she have? 11")-l-
.,.h&-l'.ll'"'f M..r 1
take In lodgers

*The widow makes a living by taking in

lodgers. '1!1. f'l".,.ll-l- ll.-l-1" f9"-l-.,.-'l.<'.l.

.,.11\'i' w&-.,.lf f.,.(lfil.CJ)o") .,.11\'i' w&-11\~

CJ)o ' 0.:1: ' tJJoiiT ' l;").';")J:;' ' h'i'<l\ ' 1\fb&f";f ' )CJ)o

locomotion oo'l'l"lf"
Trains and planes are means of locomotion.

lodgings oo'ft.f
His lodgings are on the second story. oo'fl.f
tJJo OIJoll.,.'ftJJo G;:,O 'If,. )tJJo

.,,..,.

'111-C<;" l;CJ)of!'T'I") foP'I'I"If" HJ'.ll'"'f

locomotive '111-C
Smoke comes from the locomotive. '10><;
"1"11 ' ,..,.<!.<!\

locust h")O"'
The locusts are bad this year. 1;")0"1 011.

'

tJ ' ~"".r
h'i':J:<I\
[See also 'cloud']

lodge (vt.)
I. h'l"l.. We will lodge the refugees in the
schoolhouse. ll.<'..,.'l''Jl") -l-9"tJC-l- 0.-l-

take lodging 0.-l- .,.h&-f

I took lodging with an elderly lady. lJVI.-l-
Ill.. ' lJII- ' 1\-l- '
.,.h&-fiJo

o..r '

loft ~T
Store the hay in the loft! J:'C~ if.")

M""'"

tof,. hJ:'C1tJJo

lofty
I. b'i'.,.lf. His lofty aims proved impossible
of realization. b'i'.,.'f ~'1"7ll''li 11"7h<;"m
") f"7f,.il'll- '

If').

CJ)oiiT ' l\<;"'l"&-:f'f'll")

2. 0"19" b'i'.,.'f. The lofty mountain peaks

can be seen from here. 0"19" b'i'.,.'f flf'i-l- f.,.&-&-ll''li ' ""iG:"'f ' hll.tJ ' 11.:1'1< '

2. hof'l.O. I lodged a complaint against my

opponent. 0111'1-!: 'If,. h0.-1::1' hof'l.11h*The hunter lodged a bullet in the lion's heart.

3. 'I"+ fll. He treats his colleagues in a lofty

manner. fP'&- 'l.<'.'l''Jl") '1":,0 'Ill h\>,:\

h.<;')< ' 1;")0/)CJ)o") '

ji\(Jo") '

IITf,.-l- '

lodge (vi.)
I. MO.,.. He lodged with
bHooP..'Jl :>C Mil.,.

his

OD:J'CI)o

relatives.

f,.";ftoll-

") ' f):>"l&-'1''1'11\

log (logged), v.
I. DD)tlll.. They are still logging the forest.
""ilJtJJo") ho-")9" 00DOD")ffiC 'If,. <;:ftJJo

log

lonesome

738

2. 0"711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-C 1\.f. How many flight

hours have you logged? ll"t'l- fO<:&- ll't
'I- 0"711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-Cll K:.f.YfA t

log (n.)
I. "'l"t .t:. The log is still burning. "'l"t-'1. h
1Jo"t9" ' J'.)J!fA
2. "711;1-m!f .1'.11-1-C. The airline pilot keeps a
log. ffC ' OD"t1'1. ' l\fD"I!'T'I"t ' ))( "7
11;1-mlf .1'.11-1-C J'.J'.qfA
*I slept like a log. l\"t:t>fA'i' .t:11"t h.t:C1
mll.l'.'t
log (adj.) h"'l"t.t: f-1-IP&- l f~"t..,-'1He has a log house. h"'l"t.t: f-1-IP&- IL-l-
l\llfD"
They lived in a log cabin. f~"t..,-'1- 11( fDoll
'I'' 'l"-1-

logic
I. 9"C9"C. He is guided by logic, not by
feelings. f"'LOD&-fDo ' 011"''1- ' ftJ'.ll'"t ' 09"
C9"C )fDo
2. l\ll-1-ftll11. His logic is faulty. l\11-1-ftllll-
11.1.-1--1-'1 ' )fDo
3. 'l-hhll'1 l\ll-1-ftll11. Logic will show that the
two ideas are incompatible. 'l-hhll'1 l\11-1-ft
ll11 ' IJoll., mft!l:f f"t:J>t:)o ' ODII''i"'ffDo

' '"'"'
"t -tr
'i'1C. There is much logic in what he
4.

says. f"tllfDo 1111" <1!9" )1C l\110'15. 11-i(h. He studies logic at the university.
\<kltCII.-1: fDoll'l' 11-:(h fm'i"fA

logical -l-11l l\ll-1-ftll11

It is logical to look for a fire if you see smoke.
tn.ll ' {1.;1-J'. ' l\ft'l- ' /110'1-"t ' (l;f" ' OD.f.ll"'l '
-l-11l ' l\ll-1-ftll11 ' )fD"
logical reasoning h-)(h"J s f1-oPl.t...H 1 9'"C
9"C
Logical reasoning is required by science.
OftJ'."tll 11-i(h"t f-f-oot:h-H 9"C9"C
J'.Lti;JfA

loin m111
I have been sitting a lot, and my loins ache.
1111" 1111-1-+""'l'h ID11L"t h'1"'1A
gird one's loins ;t-m+

Samson girded his loins and went into

battle. ft9"{l"t ;1-'l'.f> m.l'. tnC)., ~.1'.

loincloth
*He wore only a loincloth. .-,o;:.:.,"t lloPlf.f.
"t fUll\ 11!1' 1111J).fA

loiter -1-"t+'l'llll
The police kept the young men from loitering
on the comer. ?"ll.{l:f fD"'.,.,;"t ll!P:f
OD"t1JI. ' 'IJ'. ' l\"tJ!J'."t+'l'll/1- ' l\.l'.t:"l-

lone
I. 11'1''1. The lone traveler was glad to reach
home. 11'1''1fD" OD"t1.1'.'1 IL-l> Ooo.t;-,:
.... ' .1'.11 ' l\llfDo
2. ( = adv.) 11il'. He was the lone survivor of
the accident. IJ.I'..;JfD" f-1-t:.f.fDo l\ll- 11
!I' ' )fDo
3. 11il'fD""t f.f>DP. A lone house was built
on the summit of the hill. 11il'fDo"t f .f>oo
IL-l- 01><:11;1-fDo 'IJ'. l\11

loneliness 11'1''1)-lThe misery of loneliness was now compounded

by his poverty. .t:1H'l- f11'f't)ol- F:J>f.
"t l\QllO'l-

lonely
I. f11'f'1)'1-. He lives a lonely life. f11'f't)'l-
).1!' ' J'.'l"&-fA
2. "'I'C 111. It may be dangerous to walk at

night on a lonely road. "?C Ill\ DP'}1J!"

'IJ'. 11.11.'1- .....~.("- ' l\.1'.1>;' ' ll.ll'"t ' J'.:f
'I fA
3. 11il'fD""t f.f>DP. He sequestered himself in a
lonely cabin. 11il'fD""t O.f>DP 11( fD"ll'l'
-l-1fAII- .,..,..,..m
be lonely

1. 'V'C : 11.1\. This place is quite lonely in winter. 011<:9"-l- ' J'.U (1;1- "'I'C 111 )fDo
2. 11'!"1)'1- -1-1'1"7(..,.). She was lonely
when among strangers. Ol\"t"'IJ'..:f ""IJhfA
0)0t::fO'l- "1.11. 11'f't)ol- -l-ll"7'l-

lonesome
I. 11'f'i'. The lonesome widow sits for hours
at the window. q!l f'I"-1-Q'l- 11'1''1 fl.
'1- 111111" ll'tofo:f ""111>-1> hm111 'l.
"""""'ll:f
2. ( = adv.) 11'1''1 ll''l". He spent a lonesome
evening at home. 11'1";' ll''l" 9"il.,"t l\IL
'1- ' 1\ftll.f.
be lonesome for ~ L4She is very lonesome for her family. IL-1-llP!!!
"t 0"19" 'i"'i':J>II:f
feel lonesome 11'!"1)'1- -f-ll"7(fDo)
She has felt very lonesome since her husband
went away on business. q,._ OPto ~,_
1111~.1'. 11'1"1)'1- 0"19" J'.ll"7;1-A

long

long

739

long (v.) 'l'l

I am longing to see my parents again. 011\}(:f
., ' }.")f-1 .. '

ll.,f,.. ' 'l"I'!Fllv-

3. b
perfect
4'f. I knew that long ago.
to01-1Jo'l- 4'Y.!Fllv-

long since

This monument has long since fallen apart.

long (adj.)
I. t:Y:'I" I t:"Jf.'l" ! t:1C'I". The road is long. .,...,

Y.ll dtm-A'I- bLt:(l HoP") film-'/"

(a) long time ill!- 'l..li

1-'l- ' t:Y:'I" ' ~ ....

The trip took a long time. 11'tD- ill!- '1..

He made a long speech after the dinner.

" ' .r..,;

bt-'1- R:\11 t:Y:'I" "J11C hS'.t:1

(a) long time ago

I. bill!- 'l..li 0.1.'1-. Latin died out a long time
ago. fil-l:") !t")!t ""~1'1- bill!- 'l..li 0.1.'1-
4'C:J:A
2. -'1-C'. That was a long time ago. f -'1-C'

A year is a long time. h"JS': 'ioP'I- t:Y:

,.. I

"l.fL

)liJo

2. t:H'I" fll. A long drought disheartens a

farmer. t:H'I" f/1 Y:C4'+ 10"-"J 1-M
fll<t.C"'A
3. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li fof-S'.t:1. The long siege
turned into a war of attrition. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li
f-t-S'.t:1m- ""bOil >.>JS'. .,-'lb'l" tnc~+
.,.~

4. ( ~ length) C11""+. The room is twenty

feet long. fh'i'll- C1JoP'I- YY
~,.,.
*He is late; he must have taken the long way
home. fH1ftD- h!tt-"i'" qAII"~m- oP")1S':
0..0D"' f.ll"o;A
long (adv.)
I. ill!-. I can't stay long. ill!- A4'Y. AA"f

""&.,

A'/"
2. ill!- 'l..li. He's awfully long getting here.
>.rw /ltiDf.t:ll ill!- 'l..li Y.OillS':R;I-A
3. llt:Y:'I" 'l..li. A reform long advocated by

the younger generation was finally adopted.

001"1-l> +m-AY: llt:Y:'I" 'l..li f-1-mf-l'tD-
oPlflfA OoPQ.t:lf Ft. 1\Y. "II
4. /Iiiii- 'l..li. War has long atllicted mankind.
tnc~+ /Iiiii- 'l..li (ltD-") R"''l" 1-Y:.f;I-A
5. b
perfect
4'f. I have long intended
to call on you. Am.Jl.:,OII IJ(lilb- 4'Y.!I'IIv-

be (become) long

I. t:H"". The trip became long. oP")1Jl. t:HoP

2. filA ~m-. The holidays are six weeks long.
f6t:<;:'l- 'l..litD- llY:ll'l- itM'I- filA ~,.,.
long after h
perfect
bill!- 'l..li R:\11
He got there long after we did. M' bS'.t:il")
bill!- 'l..li R:\11 S'.t:(l
long ago
I. bill!- (bt:Y:'I") 'l..li 0.1.'1-. That happened long ago. Y.ll fii"~OJ- bill!- (bt:Y:
'I") 'l..li 0.1.'1- ~,.,.
2. b'I'"J'I- J;'I"C'. The medicinal value of this
plant was discovered long ago. fll..ll 66
"-"'ih+ ' b'I'"J+ ' J;'I"C' ' f;l-014' ' ~ ....

~nc

(a) long way to f--- 0"1'1" <1-:,0

It is a long way to the top of the mountain.

f-1-t-t-m- ' ""i'i' ' 0"1'1" ' '1-- ' ~ ....
(be a) long way 0"1'1" t-4'

The school is a long way from our house.

'1-'I"IIC'I- IL-l> biL;I-';f") 0"1'1" ft-4' ~,.,.
(be a) long way off AA-1-:I't:R'I"

Christmas is still a long way off. f1o; R'iA

hv-"J'I" AA-1-:I't:R'/"
all day long +).1' a IID"fr 1 ~~D-/r

All day long, he sat there and cried. 4')..") au11-' <-~~-' 4'")) ' }.H..ftD- ' .,"l'"' il/1"' h/14'(1
(do something) all day long ll + imperfect + "II
The child cried all day long. A)l: (IJII:,Oll
..II

(do something) all night long ll

imperfect
hS'.t:
The child cried all night long. .ftf).. ll.f/1:,0
ll ' hS'.t:

as long as
I. :t.ilb
perfect

+
+ S':t:il. It does not
bother me as long as the work gets done.
Ft-tD- l.ilb -1-"'t- S':t:ll 1S': fii'S'I"

2. b + perfect + H"JS':. As long as you are

here, have dinner with us. >.11..11 to/Ill H"J
S': '

>.t-+ ' hilt:'!i") ' ill\

as long as you wish f4..1111im-") 'l..li f

IIA
You can keep it as long as you wish. f Lll11i
OJ-") 'l..li filA A;l-4'fm- '1-"fil/111
(be) awfully long ill!- 'l..li OIIIS'.(R+)
He is awfully long getting here. >.11..11 /IODS':t:
il ill!- 'l..li Y.OiiiS':R;I-A

longevity fiJ!.':"'l. ouCH'!"

for so long l\~;Eor "Lit.

I have not used mathematics for so long, I

cannot do the problem. ilt.Y:'I" "1.11. .h.lt
11 MAJP<l-11- f.tJ") 'I'J'<f: AP'<l- I>
A"f-A'I"
go a long way toward

*This will go a long way toward meeting my

needs. f.tJ .,...,&.") 1111- J':I'AAA"lA
the long and the short of it

q~

The long and the short of it is that they will be

forced to sell all their holdings. q~ ")11(.;1'
'fm-") l\Vllfm- f.1!f..Jioir
[See also &before, how, just, keep, overdue, run,
so, standing, that, too, trousers, twice, while,
way']

long-ago fTH

longanimity ;1'.?1iH

long-distance f-1-:,0 '

I

fil~b

T6

iD"$:

')oe&

longer t.H'I" 'Ill "1.11.

I wish I could stay here longer. t:H!I" 'I
II "1.11. l\ILIJ 11f. !f..il Qii'S )flC
any longer l\")"'JI.tJil l h"J"'JI.tJ ' tDJI.J'
I cannot stand it any longer. l\")"'JI.tJil A;f-1
P' I>A"f.A!I"
I can't put off the matter any longer. )1-1-")
h")"'JI.tJ tD"'-J' 'lii-1-'IA.I..m- I> A"f-A'I"
make longer

hla~HOD

You have to make the dress longer. oJ>"'l.ll-")

.,ilt.H'I" 1>111111
much longer 14- hJ!-C-)
His training is incomplete; he needS to go to
school much longer. f-J-(lmm- '1-!l"tJC'I-
f-1-.,_'1 l>f.!f..l\!1" I 1'1- M':C'I ,...,C J'il
LA1'f'A
stay longer 4-f
He wanted to stay longer, but I was sleepy.
l\11- 1\Af. LA'I )OC l l\~ "'") ./>")oJ>'I'i-'S
~ "1<1- O.A
I can stay only three days at the longest.
"14- O.A iP!i'l- oJ>") 11!1' l\J'ii1Jo

longest, at the
~

longing
1. 1-1-'1-. His longing for fame caused him to
die for his country. 1111...- f)Ot:m- 1-1-'1-
l\111-1- ' bOD'f"'l- o />!f..(.{lm1 . ...-'i''1-. He spoke to her in words charged
with longing and love. ..,..'1'.,_'1-..,.. 'i':,Oc QH
II />\>,;\") />);>1t-'l~ 0""'1-!l"l'l- -t-ooilh-1He eyed the chocolate longingly. 'fl>l\1>")
flOD'I-'J"l'l- 0 -J-001\h-J-

Longitude is a line drawn from north to south.

h.hl!'il hl'l"'l.") tD!f.. !f..IHI f-1-"'""'-
OD~ODC

~lD-

long-range ft.Y:'I"

OOP'ODC

Long-distance phone calls are expensive.

OPJPoPC

~ Ol\Y:
Write the letter in longhand! !f..11Jioll.m-"J n
l\)(' l!.'i'

longhand, in

Iongitude h.hl!'il

His longanirnity was exhausted by her endless

complaints. :1';>1i)-Jo O.,J'!'IC'P ">'1-c
\>, l>h-t-oo

Longevity is increasing because living standards

are improving. f)-1!' !f..t.'Ji l\f-1-lflfII nou
't-'1- f6!f..'"'l. OOCH!I" l\f....OO(. Wt.PoA

longingly, eye

The engraving shows long-ago London.

:,Ocl\- fT">'I- ~1'-">"> YltJ'A

'"".:,0

look

740

long-ago

"1.1:1.

Our long-range plans aim at secondary education for all children. ft.Y:'I" "1.1:1. l\:,01'-!J'"f") IIA]F:'i- 11-lr fll-11-1-'i' !f..t:'li '1-'l"tJC
'1- 1\.,!f..'l:il )m-

long-standing ff
The long-standing feud ended with tbe destruction of both families. ffm- m11 0
IJol\-Jo 0 ().-J-{1(1"{- 0 OD'J''i-T 0 -f-.1..1\oP

long-suffering 1111- f;f-1"'

During his imprisonment, bis long-suffering
wife kept the family together. Ol\il<l-1> "1.11.
1111- f;f'1JP"f.m- "'Lil-lo ().-J-(1(1-") ' il11il
q YH"f-

look (v.)
1. -1-""ilh-1-. He looked through the window
and saw that~ the room was empty. flODilltio
-f-oPAh-f- h'i'ir Ql'- ODif)-") hf
He looked her up and down. hl\"'C l\ilh .:.
!1.. -1-""ilh;f-'12. 1>'1-11-1!' -f-ODI\h-1-. We looked, but saw nothing. />'1-h-l:") 1I")ODI\h'l- ' !1"")!1" ' )1C h
'lf")!l"
3. oo(l{\. The picture's coloring looks fine.
fP'6ir +11!1" !f..W f.""MA

look

741

4. hHHIII. Conditions looked toward war.

rH;J-IJJo mS'. tncH hH~OII
He looks his age. oool\11- ol\h 7,")S'. M:
DIDJo I iomlook. about hf'l- hf'l- hS'.<'.1
Look about and see whether you can find the
book. oo1.m4-"> :J-1"i 7.")S'.II'~ 7.1111. h
f'l- h f'l- hY:C"'
look about for Ll\1
Are you still looking about for a job? ho-">9"
P'&- OOD.I.II., 11.1'. ~II !
look after
I. mO+. Is there anyone to look after the
children? A~'ll"> f"7.m11:,0 II,. hll ?
2. hiiO(II'I-). He needs a wife to look after him.
f9";J-111111'1- "7.11'1- :J-11.1.A1'1'11":f
3. O't.l'."> .,.h.,.ll. They looked after the train
as it left the station. q(H. "'IU'IJJo"> 11.11
:,. O't.l'."> _,.h.,.ll-'1look ahead ODQ;t.m-"} ~ h(IO

He's never in straits because he always looks

ahead. OOl.IJJo") !111"7..1'1111 ":i-"IC S'.Cr'O
..,. h.l',.:,-9"
look alike +oalt(IA
The two sisters look alike. v-11.,. h'lM"7
"+ .('.ooltM/1Iook around
I. ~~~ .1.111. Did you look around the bookstores? OfooK-m'i' OOS'.1J~ 1'<'.11 4.11"111!
2. .1.111. We'll have to look around elsewhere.
11.'1 (l;J- OO.I.II"I .f.'l'C11'i"A
3. hoo~n~. Don't make a decision in a hurry;
look around well first! O":i-1>'1 <I<CT mlt11
h:J-J'.'C'1 f hll+J'.'ODtl ' l\OD~lf")
4. O't.l'.l- :1-"r. He looked around the room.
h'i'll-") O't.l'.l- :1'1
look around for
I m-t.u I Alit. I Lll1
When I looked around for her, she was leaving
the hall. W/JJ ' WJI.ll , h.fAII" 11.1.A;J'f- '
IVI&-if. ll'f-m"' hf:\'1look at
I. hf. I enjoy looking at pictures. F6A "7f
'f- 7.W-'lii!Jo
2. oot.oot.. You must look at all the facts.
oot.lfl"'ll"> v-11- oooocooc hll1111
look away
I. ,..,.") nwc hs-.<'.1(0'1-). She looked away
when I tried to catch her attention. h ") s>.-'1-oull
h_,."i 9"Ah~ ll""llm'l- 11'1"hC 4.;1:">
nmc hS'.t.1":i-11"i

mv

look
2. ,..,.") W/JJ hilt.. Don't look away while
I am taking your photograph. G:.f-"1&-'i' U
"''ll o .t.'f-'11") ' WIJJ ' h;J-tl-6
look back fiC All

She looked back and saw her mother waving

to her. I'C 11'1-A 7.<;;1: 7.{.") ll;J-C10"1
11 ' .,.oollh.,.":ilook back on
I. <R'IIll1111- hiiO. Lookingbackonmyschool

days, it seems as if they were a century ago.

f'I-9"11C'I- 0.'1- 1.il.tlo") oollil 11tlo '111
OIJJo ,...,_ -too'f- fll'~m .('.001111'"/A
2. h!l;J-Wil. He likes to look back on his
youth. fA~~:,. 1.11.1JJo") "7ll:J-mll .('.m-'lA
look back over hil~m(t
He looked back over his childhood and realized
how lucky he had been. fA~~.,.") 1.11. hll
;J-m-r' 9"")'"/ 6.1:'11'"/ h">S'.~O<'. _,.1~HO
look down
I. hH:,Oll .,.oollh.,.. He looked down at the
valley below him. hO;J-'Il .fiiiJJo") lfII
hn:,011 .,..,..llh.,.
2. <;+. You must not look down on people

just because they are poor.

II'~

(UD1'

..e-"fi illl

11!1' .,...,..:,. ' h.('.1qtl9"

look for
I. .1.111. We are looking for a room. h'i'A h">
.I.A.:> II">
Did you look in every drawer for the letter?
S'.11-'l0.m-") ' !Joll-9" ' 00'10..1'' IJJoll'l'' .1.11"11iiJJo!
2. mO+. I'll look for you about 3 o'clock.
OHm"i 11'1'1- 1S'."7 7.m11:,0VII!Jo

look forward '1'1 J 01-1-'1- .,.mqo+

I am looking forward to meeting you.h").,.")
11"7f'l- ' '1"/'il'llv-

We are looking forward to our vacation.

fM'i''l- 1.11..1'-:f")") 01-1-'1-. h")mqO:f'll">
look 1ood h"7<'.
The house does not look so good from the
inside. 0..,. h~JJo11T h ") S'.,...._.,. h.1'9"C9"
look In on 1-&- -fill- mf+

Let's look in on our friends on the way home!

mS'. 0.'1- ll">~S'.' m-'l~il'":i-">"> '1-&- 11
II"> h">m.I'.:,O
look Into
1. out;,oP~. We will have to look into the matter.
~1~") ' oooocooc ' hll11")
2. h"'&-. This may or may not be true, but
we will look into it anyway. f..U Am-~:,. s t\,

11"1!1" , 'l.f.ll"'!l" .f."'f-11&1. l Y!l" II'~ .f.

U ~1~'J ll.o;"'&-II'J
3. om.J>. You cannot look into the future.
,,.,,..,_.,., ' &\;JotJJo:jo ' h.'l-l-&1.!1"
(they) look it too

*These shoes are cheap, and they look it too.

MH.u "'i.,S""'f clt11 ""'"" 1 ou&~.lt'f'tJJo
II" .f.ouii!J&-A
look like DP(tl\

That pencil looks like mine. Y 7.CIIil

f~'J

li.CIIil _l',onll'IA

After reading the news, I think it looks like war.

;Jti."'IJJo'J lt~Oii!J. 0:\'1 fllC~'I- li.'Jf.
"'I.~"' ' of-II.,'S
look on .,.oPI\bi"

The police did nothing to stop the rioters,

but merely looked on. Tl\.11,; lillf'l',;') II
.,~II" li.C9'11' ' ll.f.roil>l- 1111" illltJJo ' .f.
""llh:t'f'"" ~oc
look on one as ~")F. - - - 4l.ml. I )\'1~
of-ODIIhofThey looked on her as a stranger. l\.11.. 7.'J
"1.0: '.,.m<::+
I look on him as my best friend. li.'Jf. Ail
~f.'i'l'o 7,onllhoJ-'I'II1Jo
look oneself
You don't look yourself. 7.'Jf. m'I-I!'U l\.f.f.
IIU!I"
look out
I. IDf. ,.,..,_. oJ-onllhof-. He looked out

the window and saw a parade passing by.

Oonilto'l- IDf. ,.,..,_. IL""IIh'l- IIA.I.
'l'"'f ' 1\.Y&\4- ' )\f
2. mf. ,.,..,_. h.f. She parted the curtains to
look out. rof. ,.,..,_. 117f+ on;Jl7fl"'li
'J 111m"'f
3. l\110. The selfish girl looks out for herself
exclusively. 7.&-!l.'J ro.O:f." &1.7f1lf." 11&!l. ilif' :f'MII"'f

4.

look

742

look

of-m~.J>.J>.

He has to look out for his health.

illl m.'J~., onm'J.J>:jo l\110'1-

Look out! There are things falling. of-m'J.J>:jo '

f"''.mf.":jo ~1C l\11
look out (at, on)
I. h.lf"ll!' oJ-OOIIIJof-. He leaned on the ship's rail
and looked out at the ocean. oonc!Jo- ouf.11-Y
'l.f.of-f."IG:rof.DJo:jo,l"l'il h.lf"ll!' of-onllbof2. h '1-.f.'- ~"'" Our windows look out
on a large square. onilto;Jo"'f'J lt'Jf." ll.f,

1\f,.fJfJ.f. ' ""-"''" ' ~,.,.

look over
I. Of.'Jil of-onllbof-. We must look over the
II""
house before we decide to buy it.
"1~'1- bonrollo;"'f"J 01.'1- Of.'Jil onoo&~,
h'l- ' h.llii'J
2. O'J''J :Jo<l: oJ-onllbof-. Please look over your
papers before you hand them in. 1Dl<I>'I-U'J
bonilm'l-u 01.'1- O'I''J:l'ofl of-on&~.hof-DJo
3. h.ilof-DJoflo h.f. He looked him over from
head to foot. h7."1C 7.ilh &-11- h.ilof-DJoil- h.

o..,-,

,,.,.

4. h.'J1.,'J il:jo h.f."Ci of-onllbof-. The fledglings looked over the edge of the nest. fro<;:
"'i""-l'"'f Oi}':DJo 1 mCJI 1 'l.f. h.'J1:f''f'DJo'J
il:jo I h.f."C11JJo ' oJ-OOIIb.,
look through
I. .!.of-if. Look through your clothes and see
whether you have any of my shirts! &l.illl"'fu
.1.'1-'llo; I if"''.l ' of-J'.fJ&\~ I 7.'Jf.IJ'~ I 7,
') I
.f.&I.'S
2. OiJJoiltf'to I nr. The glass is painted so that you
cannot look through. ODJoilm- 1 11"7f'l- 7.
'J}l.f.if'&\ I of-f.Ci I OD(I:f'IJJ., I .J>II!I" I of-.J>il
;I:&\

3. M'lilfll of-oullbof-. Look through your notes

before you take the exam. .1.1-o; !JonDJollf."
U 01.'1- f.ilof-CU'J M'lilmU 1 of-on&~.bof-DJo
look to
I. "'"'""~.The country must look to the army
to defend it. 016;1: llonh'I!JY OfllC
11<1-''1- I ODof-.,OD'J I l\llfJ'I2. o,g'lofl /H. Look to your fences, or your
cattle will get loose. h.'J'CU'J Of.'Jil Y11
YIIH.Y 1 f<I>'Jf." hii.Y."'fu .f.m'i-113. Oof-il'i- of-mfJO.J> l oo;<;:~'l- of-mfJO.J>. We

look to the day when world peace will be a

reality. f~llll" Mil" f"'1.1'SO'I-'J 1.11.
Oof-il'i- (M<;:~'I-) 1 7.'JmfJO:l'II'J
look toward 0 '1-.f.'- 1 ~,.,.
The hotel looks toward the lake. 11'1:11- Om
,..,.

'

~IJ)o

""-"''"

look up (vt.)
I. oJ-onllbof-. For my essay, I have to look up
several books on the subject. llf."CIIof: 1 illl h.C
7.(1., ' f"''.1&\l\. ' ill!- I ODl\.h'i''l- I ODOD&\b

"" ' h.llii'S

2. .1.111. I have to look up something. 7.9".1.&1.
"J(Do

'>"IC

AA

When I came to Addis Ababa, I looked up an

old friend. h.-'l.il h.OfJ iiOD"' f~f ~f.':'
\1-'J ' .I.II"IIJo'l-

look

743

3. ouff mr+. Look me up some time, won't

you? ll't.P: 1.11 OD'J'.,.Il mf-4''{ I lll(?
look up (vi.)
I. 4''i" 1111. He did not even look up when
I called him. ilm&-,. 4''i" ll'tl>.'t /IIIII?"
2. .,.lflfII. Things are beginning to look up,
now that he is back. llv-'t ili\.,.ODI\fl )1

.,.,.. ODlflfA ~l"'t::A

look up to
I. 1\oallh. She looks up to him because she
thinks he is almost perfect. 'i'l\.9" flll"'l.ODil
liT ;f-ODAh'l'll:f2. llhO<:. He looks up to his older brother
and follows his example. ;t-1\;r. a>'t.P:..,.'t
ilii"'L.I'h1l<:fJ>o 1\CII.I'fJ>o't Y.h.,.IIA
look (one's) way

m~tt- 1

lfC hi\

He did not look my way when he passed by.

(U'A'i' WJ'..~ PC?" /IIIII

[See also 'bare, dejected, downcast, favor,

fit, forward, grave, like, limp, nose, pensive,
pleased, round, sharp, small, sullen, well']

look (n.)
1. oPt\h. A look of pleasure came over her
face. fJ'..Il;J oaAh lld.:t liS'- ;1-f
2. 1\il.,..l'fT. He gazed at me with an abstracted
look. O.,.oailtn 1\il.,..l'fT IITit~ .,.ODI\h.,.'{
looks ODAh

All we got was angry looks from the neighbors.

h1-<:IL.P.iF:f-'t .f1'f)fJ>o f"1 ODt\h '
1lil' )0C
by his looks ho-lr.;l-fJ>o

To judge by his looks, he is a warrior. ho-lr.;tf.ODill\t\

give (one) a look +ooAh+
He gave me an angry look. 0"1 .,.ODI\h.,.'{

, . ' tnl;>;'

have a look

I. oaflll. The town has a European look. h.,."'l

fJ>o f/lfJ>o~;J"'t ' h.,.'l"lf- .f,ODill\t\

2. /If. Let's have a look at your hand! llilt
ll~ll't ll'tfiD-

loose
lookout "'l"'l
A lookout was placed on every hill. Ofl><:ofl;ltD- I ll.e. I ..,.., TIPC.,. I )OC
be on the lookout for

I. ol..l\111. I will be on the lookout for you

when you arrive at the station. fl&C tiJO

.1' ilTJ'..Cil llol..I\A"'?IIu-

Whenever he goes to the market, he is on the

lookout for old books. WJ'.. 10.1' Oa>"'
'1'C 11~1. ""ll'.h'i' Y.ol..IIA;>A

2. .,.m)4'4'. Be on the lookout for snakes

while walking in the forest. O"'i!JID- ID-il'l'
ilT'/.J!: l\Q11 .,.m't4';r.
keep a lookout +mQO+

Keep a good lookout, and tell me when you

see the train! O'J''t_..<l: .,.mQO+'i" QIK-'t
il;l-,. 't1<:'{

loom (v.) ;1-f

A tall shape loomed in the darkness. 0""'11"'1
m-il.,. ll't.P: <:~?" ;r.cll' .I'll,. )1C
;t-r

loom (n.) fil'"'llr. ll_..

The weaver is weaving on a loom. if"7:t,dJo
Oil'"'l~ ll_., A1lil Y.w&-A

loop (v.)

we,.~

/lltllol..

He looped a rope over the branch.

o;r.C't"'i4- I\ f. wcw-~ 11 'Ill of.

loop (n.)
I. 4'1\0T. The letters d and q have loops.
J'.. ll'i" ' 4' d.J'..II->:f- 4'110.-,. 111\:fw-

2. !1/mC'. The loop of the rope is wide. f1""

JJ. I 5tmf!" I (l,l. I )'(Do

loophole
I. 4'.11'1. The soldier made a loophole in the
wall so that he could fire at the enemy. W;I-J'..~
Omll:,. 11.1' 1\.,...,_boil ll't-'l.OD:ffJ>o R"'.P:"'
liS'- 4'.11'1 110~
2. "'19"1\"'i OD't1.P:. The lawyer found a loop.~~ .....

take a look at ..,.ouAh+

hole in the laW, mn..cJ>dJ4

Take a look at this painting, and tell me what

it is supposed to be! S'-ll't P'6A .,.ODAh.,.

"'1?"1\"'i ""'t1.1': M'f

II ?"'t l\'tJ'..II') 't1<:'{

[See also 'desolate, foolish, glacial, icy, intent,

sheepish')

looking glass fd.T

ou{l;l-w~

She broke her looking glass. f ,~..-,. uP{l;t-w

;l:'t fiO<:lf-w-

-,ouJJ,.'}

hih..,..

+c..,..,..

loose (v.)
I. 114'4'. The girl loosed her hair. A)l'1<:-'l.:t ll
1-t::'t 114'4'lf-IDWe loosed the wild horse. .I'A.,.1t-w-'t ol..<:
il ' 114';r.),.
2. Ill\ 111'..<:1. He loosed his grasp. 11.1'.1'11't ~~~ 111'..<:1

loose

744

loose (adj.)
1. AA. It is easy to plow loose soil. AA h
LC"J "'U.h .,.1\A ~m-

2. ~A:Nt~. The loose ends of the rope

became tangled. ~A:Nt~T f1oo.O:. -&c:>f.
TtDlt(tll-

3. Ahhhh. His loose conduct was ground

for his dismissal. Ahhhh P""''q~ hi""
&. II""""""" P"h"J~.-,. ~oc

4. O.I'."J-11 ~AT.I'.~1. A loose count showed

there were more than fifty people. O.I'."J-11 ~A
T.l'.~1 -t.m&. h"1P"lt (ll"";f- fO/Im '-"t.l'. )

0~ '

l'.ltf

5. 0"1!1" f"7Y.:l'~-ll. This is a loose translation

from Amharic. lt"7C"' 0"1!1" f"7Y.:l'~
-II TC"I-P" )m-

*He is known for his loose business practices.

0'1"1~ l""&.m- 'If. 7.P")T 1'.1'-'lf.)-1>
f:t-m.,.

~.,.

owner of the store tied up, and they cut him

loose. f(l.<I!"J q/IIJ.T :J-IIC' h/1 M"f.T
'-h&.-I>"J 'kemm- 11.,..,.-,.

3. "7(l&~m-"J .,.~m. The box was tied so

tightly, they had to cut it loose. "''J'). 0"19"
O'l'-ll:J> :J-hC' h/1~0~ "7/l&~m-"J _.,.._
~'I' ' )O~q'J'm-

cut loose (vi.) OD.lfi1i J:ou.l

They cut loose the minute the teacher leaves

the room. hll+"''&m- 1t: mil) (l.A
~Oil f. J':9" &oil-

*He leads a loose life. :r.C'm- fTAh(lh(l

....

lOOSe tongue, have a .- tut,.:;= I ~dJ-

She has a loose tongue, so watch what you tell

her. mt."' hlltr~>f. hiiP"T~"I&.T ~1C m"J

.,.:j> OA

get loose
1. l\DP/Im. One of the lions in the zoo has gotten loose. Oh&.'I!T DP/1-111111..1' ll'i'&. 1111.-,. ' l'."JO(o:f h"J.O:. hP"AtJI.A

2. OJ"!. His foot was lodged between two

rocks, and he could not get loose. 7."1~ hll-11

.-,. *"''{ DPlthA

hll.,_.,.~.,.~ 1\DPtD-"1

3. mtf... Look to your fences, or your cattle

will get loose. h'J'CU"J ' O.I'."J-11 ~11 fllfi.J'
f.,."J~ h-11-l':fu Y.m4114. "7/l&~m-"J l.:t-. The dog got loose and ran
away. m-ifm- 1 "7fl~.t>tu-'l ' L.Y. ' J\oP~m
hang loose +'lH~l.L

The coat hung loose. It-!>

be loose

I. 'Ill. The button is loose. 4!A4- 'IA;I:A

2. TL:t-. The dog has been loose all night.
m-"ifm- /1.11.-I>"J oo-~r TL-1' ~oc
break loose
1. L/1.,..,.. The criminal broke loose from the
policeman's grip and escaped. m")J':/1.,.,. h
?"11.(1. 7.)!' LA:J-4' l\OO/Im
2. }l.ooi\m. The man broke loose from prison.
(ltD-11om- h'-hC !I.T l\DP/Im
3. T0tJ){l I TL:t-. The box that was tied to the

back of the car broke loose and fell on the road.

hooh.o;m- oto.,.l':cq no~m- ..,.,.., .,.
O'J'(o (TL-1') oo"J1~ 1\f. w.l'..,.
4. h"7(l6~ l\DP/Im. The dog has broken loose.
m-"ifm- ' h"7(l6~tD- ' l\oP/Iffi
come loose A++

The seam on my coat is coming loose.

fit-!: roo~.:,.

'-f/1.,..,.

~.,.

cut loose (vt.)

l. oflt:.m. He cut loose the boat from the pier,
and it san)<. l':Aqm- hDP-1'"7.~"'" ;JC
f:J-II~OT"J 1-~ h/14'-~llltD- nmoo
2. '-h&.-I>"J 'ketn 11.,..,..,._ They found the

OD

:,. l'.Aii'IIP"

loose life, lead a .~

loosen

let loose

T"JH~LL

A~+

He let loose the chained dog.

f:J-{l~m-"J

"if ' 11.,..,..,.

(be) on the loose h~llC n.T

The criminal is on the loose.

m-

}tooi\.m

m'l:t:A~m-

'-hC !I.T l'.P"AtJI.A

run around loose

*Is the dog allowed to run around loose?

m-"ifm- mJjJ m-'l,U '-"t-'l.A Y.ll.,.:l'A!
set loose A++
He set loose the trapped animal. Om Too.(" f
T~Hm-"J ' '-"thlt 11.,..,.

shake loose h.li:A++

His grip is tenacious and hard to shake loose.
h~flt- fmO.,.'i" 11"7hii.,.:J> f"''.fh'I'"IC ~w

turn loose /....Y. A++ i A++

He turned the dog loose and let it run. m-"if

m- '-"t-'l.C''I' L-1' 11.,..,..,.
He turned the cat loose. ~ou:t"J 11.,.:l'T

loosen (vt.)
I. 1'.1111. Can you loosen this screw? Y.U"J :J>

C"Jf-~ A:t-1\~m- T>f.~IIU 1

loot

745

I want to loosen my shoe laces. f"""711-'t "7

(l6Y 11"71\1\'l- 'I.I.IA:>IIu-

2. lllll'lll(l. One

should loosen the soil

before planting. h""1M-'1- O.L'I- ou"-'1-

't ' "711111111 ' YIII.IA:>IA

3. M?~+. The strong wind did not loosen
the posts of the fence. hQ-'l- )4-11 Y<N't ' lll"''.l":f ' lii\):J>):J>lf'tJJo9"
loosen (vi.) 1\1\ 1111

His hold on the children loosened as they got

older. 0/A~'Ii 1\.t'. f)Ot:tJJo "''l"l'C lA~
,; ' 'I.YJ'.'I- ' ol.~-'l- ' 1\1\ ' 1111

loot (v.) llt:l.

The soldiers looted and massacred for three
weeks. m:t-1'.~'6 111"11'1- l)f"'t;t-'1- YUIA
o\.HCI-<;

o\.1~11-

4'1<

loot (n.)
I. 9"Cio. We raided the enemy's camp and
got much loot. fml\'1-'t (li.C mt:'t 11
If' 9"Cio 111TI
2. fHt:l.tJJo, The robbers divided their loot
among themselves. H&o.LI"'Ii fHt:l-'1-'t of-h-1.
1.11-'1-

get loot Ht!L

The robbers got much loot. +"7'1''6 1111'

Ht:l-

lopsided of-"1'1"
The picture is hanging lopsided. 1"/JII- of-"1
'I" ofo(l'I-!).IA

be lopsided 11:>1'.11

The load on the mule is lopsided and will

soon fall. o'l-11-tJJo 1\.t'. YlltJJo .,..),. II
:>J':!)./A<; 11'1-CII- Y.m~?IA
loquacious 11<;:1\.L
His sister is very loquacious.
<;:1\.L' .,,.

J\~-lz

fiiiJ9"" l\

lord
I. 1.1\.,.. 4&&-.,.., He is the lord of that area.
flU' ' +0/1. ' 1.1\.,.. ' 4&&-.,.. ' )tiJo
2. 11'9". They honored the lord of the town.
fh.,"7tJJo't 11'9" llhO~'IOur Lord 'l.:t':f't

Our Lord died on the cross. 'l.:t':f't 0""11

+A ' 1\Y, ' '1"-fo

lore

1. m..,. Indian lore may be forgotten in

another generation. fU1'P..l- dJ""I lf}.:'

'1-tJJofAJ'. 0:\1\ Y,<:l) .t'.IY<;IA

lose
2. IA"7~. The scouts learn Indian lore. 'I.IIIItJJo
-Hi fU'tP..:f't ' /A"7~ .1'."7&-11lorry f.,..)'f- ""h.<;
Load the lorry with bricks! f.,..)'f- ""h.<;tJJo
") I trtofl I .&j,~Q)o

I ose (lost), vt.

I. llm4-. We lost hours in the heavy traffic.
hDDh.<;tJJo 11q'f- fof-)"1 1111' (1'\'f- llm4-'t
2. 11"1. He lost his entire fortune during the
war. ll"'CH 'l.IL ?11-l>'t 0..,..11- 11"1
They lost a son in the war. OtnC)o.J: ~.e.
/Alf'l'tJJo't ' llm3. "'ll i m-1.(0'1-). Ilost my pencil again. 'h'tl'.
1<; 'I.Cii(I.'t "1/Ah- (m-1-11'1)
4. ltofo. Don't lose your way! ""'t1~U't 11'1l)'fHe lost his head in the crisis. OJ'.t:(IO'f- :f"'

c ' &o(lo't ' ""'

5. ll""llm(tJJo). +I did not lose a word of the
lecture. h't"'"'~ ll't~9" ?lA 111\""11
m'19"
6. of-01\. He lost $200 gambling. 0.,"7C u11'1- .,..,_ 11C of-01\
7. ofolHI.. We lost the game. O"''I'"''.YtJJo ofo
lf)<;:'t
8. ofot:;J. I lost the lawsuit. _.,.,'t of-t::t'u9. ofo-tt:m. He lost a leg in an auto accident.
0""h.<; 111'.:> 9"h'tY'I- ll't~ 7."1~
ofo-t.:m
10. of-'1-'l. You will lose nothing by waiting.
11'1-4'.1'. ' 9"'t9" ' ll'l-'1-'19"
II. h - - l h -- - ofo(l<;Oofo I II++. He is
morose because he lost his job. hP'&otJJo 1111
(1111-fo(l<;Oof-, or P'&otiJo't 111111++) h
'i'.Y.:t'IA
12. h(lt:. We lost on that deal. OIU' 't"'~
MC't
13. h - - - 11"11\. His mean remarks lost him
many friends. llllh.L llllof-Yf-1> hOif'
'IJ'.'I''Ii ' 11"11\tJJo

tD"'

tD"'

14. (DJ'.. :\~ +t!. My watch loses three minutes

a day. {l'\-1: O+'t 1"11'1- 1'.4!? ml'. :\1\

'1-+&-ll:f
lose (vi.) ofoif).C.

We played well, but we lost. .,..,_ ofo""ltJJoofo

't )0C "''t ofoif)'i''t
be lost

I. m4-. My shirt was lost in the laundry.

if"''.IL IA1111 ll"'ll. 0.'1- m42. of-01\if. The harvest was lost because of too

746

loss

lost

much rain. h11'i'il il~'t- fT~"' DD'Jl<.,.fl'lif

3. f"'l.Y'-C'I""''I t,y,..:,.,., Since his wife's
death, he is completely lost. h"'l.ll-1> .,.,.
m-'1.11 f"'l.Y'-C'I""''I fl'i'~9" hY,..:,-9"
4. DD'11X: liT. Being lost in the desert is an
unpleasant experience. O.l."li m-ilT OD'}1~ -

losing sight of the goal. 't'l..,:f'-1 "111-"t ~'I'I

f.ll't- 1\..,X:G"I OD!I"6Y ~'1-'l.'i"<!'l
MQA

00/J.+ I OD'f'f:

[See also various nouns with 'lose'. such as

'balance, life, weight']

h,;JII)ot_ I )'OJ-

5. .,.,.llm. He was lost in a book and failed

to hear us come in. flDDK"d\4- +ouiltn il
lltfiC 11'11Q llf.ll..,'l _,.,:

6. T'l'tn. He is lost in thought. flmllil .,.,..

liLA
lose (the) battle

~A

' +'i"'l

The enemy lost the battle. m'l't- X:A .,.

~.,

lose {the) edge '-~11

The plough must be tempered to keep it from

losing its edge . ..,,:'if,. ~'l'lf.'-'111 fl~ll
:,. "Itt- """''~'"''~' hiiM
lose {the) fight Tif~l..

When I was losing the fight, he came to my aid.

fiX;-ofiX;-fl- Aif~'i' IIA II.Y"Ill'S ' ODfl)
lose (one's) hair
1. 2\'1-.;~ +ouAm. He is losing his hair because of a disease. bfl'li;t- fT'i"1 2\.,.-r r 7..
f.,..ooAm 'im-

2. ToPAat. He's beginning to lose his hair.

ODODI\'J' ~9"Z:A

3. fl,t. ll"'i. I am losing my hair. 06-

1,

oorr

)(Do

lose {one's} memory "7/t.;l-mlt.

h~+ID<

He lost his memory because he was hit on the

head. &-ll-'1 hT"":I' fD-'1.11 ..,11;1-mll h

.+.,.,..

"''..YI\11-

loss

..,"'T.

1.
Loss of health is a serious matter.
mS ..,"1:,. hllllfl. ~1C ~,..
2 . ..-4.+. Losses in war are not soon made up.
fltnC~'t- !l"h'l y:,. f"'l.'-Cil- '1'4-1'-:f fl
1'-tt- II.Th- hf.:f'-11-!1"
3. 1-.ll't-. They suffered heavy losses. h'i' ,PI\
.,.,~~,. ,_,:(lq'f'm4. ""'1'4-'t-. The old man was embittered by
the loss of his money.
fi11HII-
""'~'"-""
,:,:
5. 'l"'t-. She grieved for the loss of her son.
Om'IX: A.( 'l"'t- hll~:f'

'li..,.,l\.,..

..,.....

6. ,..,.,. . He bewailed the loss of his son in

battle. A)!: fltnC~-1> 'If. fl""'l"i> hll.,.ll
7. ooooA..-. Nothing can be done about loss
of hair. llA 1 ~..,.C 1 ooooA..- r ?"~~ 1\..r..
<!"I hf.!I'A9"

8. 11.11&-. I sold the house at a loss. IL-1:'1 0

h. II&- if'1'11-'t*Can you come without any loss of time?

1..11. 11;1-Qh'l A't-OD"' 't-:f-'11\U 1
*The loss of life increased each day. f"'l.'I"T
tlJ. I c'\IIJ. I ok..-C I h+~ f aJF.. I .,.,. I 1\.fg;J,OD
,: '

.,,_

be at a loss "1&- 1Q(,..)

lose money hfl.l.

He lost a lot of money in business last year.

Ql\1.,,.. ' '\DDT ' 0'1"1X;' ' oflffo ' hili!
lose oneself m4The boy lost himself in the crowd. A)!: 0..1.
1111- """hA m-1lose sight of
I. H~:>. We must not lose sight of the fact
that he is a thief. t\.Q ootr).'l oon'l..?+
fl\11'19"
2. m-1-(fl't-). +IIost sight of him in the thick fog.
'1':,.'1':,. Qll,.. "'l":>"1 m-11'1' mof.ii'S
3. h'lf!l". I have lost sight of him lately.
n:,.cil 1..11. t..'lfv-'t-!1"

*We must have guidelines to

lose {one's) stl'"ength .r..hoo

I've lost all my strength after this long trip.
hll.ll ' h<!~9" .,.~ fD-'1.11 0'1'~9" '-h

keep

from

+I am at a loss to understand your actions.

hX:&-~'t-U'I 1\0D<!.II't- "1&- 1111'-lfA

*I am at a loss to explain his absence.

r+~Jl

't- 9"h'IY't- f-11 ~,.. AA hA:f'A9"

be never" at a loss for"

1. !1"'11..11.!1" hY"'!I". He is never at a loss

for a excuse. 9"11..11.!1" 9"h'IY't- hY"'!I"
2. h,.,.,<!,..!l". He has presence of mind and
is never at a loss for an answer. 1l.'h~t:t& 1'
41 111111'~ !l"ot'l..ll.!l" ""All hf-'1'"1<!

*He's never at a loss for something to do.

~)I:

P' &- 1..1'-

lost, see lose

t,y,..:,.,.

747

lost
lost (adj.)

I. fqM, Lost time can never be made up.

fqht "1..11. hf.ODtlll'l"
2. fmof.. The police found the,ostboy. ?'fl.fl'f-
fmof.fDo"t A"/!: h11-':,.
3. OD"I-11." fmof.. The lost traveler saw a glimmer in the woods. oo').,~ fmcf.BJo OD"J1~
If ' O"'iiJfDo fDoll'l' fOD11olo:,. o "P'\1-"PA
:J'ffDo
4. mt:IP f-1'17. Turn in lost articles to the
principal! mt:<J>fDo fi-11-' '/\:l'l"'f-1- lll"olo
OD(.fDo ' hll<:h11
5. f."A frno:,.. The lost battle was fortunately
not an important one. ~.;A fli"~O.!'t tfiCtT
'/\1-J'. ~f."A IT'l" 'I',;J hA~O(.fDo'/"
be lost h'tf."t i-llm<:
The hill is lost in the distance. lt<:11:J'fDo he
.,.-,. fi-~"1 h'tf.1- i-llfDoC::A

set lost mof.

The dog wandered off and got lost. fDo!ffDo
fl."tholoi-:,. mof.

lot
1. oo~.!'f-. How big is your lot? OO.'.."NJ 9'"')
J'UA llof.:,. hllfDo l
2. ODJ'-11. They measured off the ground into
o:,.1-1-11 ODJ'-11 hof-.1.
small lots.
11-..,.

oo.:,.,.,.

3. ~"1. Let's draw lots to see who should go

first. "71- ' ODY.,OD(.J' o '/\1-J'."7.,'tf: o ~"' o '/\

""'""'

His unhappy lot made him look old

prematurely. DD'l'fO': /J~tr fA "l.fLtD- 1 f

4.

~f."A.

(.Y., ' hllOD{l(lfDo

~1."11-1-
hm"t01.l"'f- ,;JC h"l-1: hF-<:1
5. 'I':,.A, I will send you the books in three
separate lots. ODK"dll;:'li"t O!l'll:,. 'I':,.A h
'i'll. '1\AhA?ll,.

He cast in his lot with the gangsters.

*He is the only one of the lot that you can

trust. hoollh'l'ffDo A.-,..,..,oo.,.o:,. ff":,.'{tlfDo ' '/\{1- ' 11;1' ' ~ ....
lots of -fJft'

She has lots of money. 1111' 11-H11 h'l:,.

a lot 0"1'1"
We like him a lot. 0"1'1" '1\"tmF.'I'll"t
He is a lot better than people think. '1\ll- Ill"
'{- ' h"7..1'1".,..,. ' 0"1'1" ' fi-lfll ' ~ ....

loudly
quite a lot
I. 1111' "1..11.. I saw quite a lot of her when I

was in Ethiopia. h..:,.f't.:J' fDoll'l' 0)0Ch-

"1..11. 1111' "1..11. h11f:,. )OC

2. 1111'. For one day, he accomplished quite a

lot. q1-1: +1- 1111' "-~""
quite a lot of och:,. ' J'(l
I have quite a lot of money. och:,. J'll 1
1-H11 hli'S
(the) whole lot m:,O'I'I
I will let you take the whole lot for only five
dollars. m~'lfDo"t qrll'l- 11c '1\lf'l'

A?il,.

[See also 'mean, think']

lotion :,Oq'fShe rubbed her skin with a soothing lotion.

;r..oor O"''..J'll:J'"ll" :,Oq'f- IP-'1'1'1- hlf'f[See also 'soothing']

lottery 11--l't.
I bought a ticket in the national lottery.
h"l-1: ' f11.h.olo'l! ' 11-i-(. ' -!:h...,. ' 1q,.

loud (adj.)
I . .,.All l h'i' J'll. She has a loud voice. 1AII (h'i' J'll) 1:'1"6 h'l:,.
2. ='li:,. fOqo:,., The loud demonstration
disturbed the quiet of the evening. ='li '1- fO
qn:,. 11'1"7'1! IIA'i' f'/"11.,1- ~'l':J' h
mh,.,.

3. ""'h J'll. We heard loud laughter behind us.

h:\'l'f-1- ' ""'h ' J'll ' ..,:,. ' 11"714. f"''.."l-""1.""1. The loud boys were told to go
away. f"''.."l-""1.""'1- A]!.'f- umc '/\1-.!1.11-
i-)1&-'ffDo

5. F-"7:,0, I do not like loud colors. F-"7:,0 +

ll'l" hAmf:'l"

loud (adv.) ""'~

Don't talk so loud! '/\1-J'.II.U ""''fill h'l-'i'
1C

[See also 'crash, think']

loudly
I. O"lJ'.A. Someone knocked loudly at the
door. h"l-1: (lfDo ""li"I..J'fDo"t O"lf.A
h"l-'9.'9.

2. ""'h 1111-. He spoke loudly. ""'h 1111- .,.

'i'1l:

I still have a lot of work. ,.,,..,.,. 1'i' 1111'

3. ""'~ He emphasized the word by saying it

very loudly. 0"1'1" P"~ R""'i'1C :1'11-1- h

l"olo ' hli'S

,;J))

a lot of ofllf'"

748

loudspeaker

..,.,..fiJ

loudspeaker fJ':'I"6
1 heard the announcement over the loudspeaker . ..,ll;J-moJ:,I'tD<"t OJ':'I"6
(Do

..,.,..(IJ

fl'"ill-

lounge (v.) -1-11o;o;

Several young men were lounging around the
counter when I came up. ~~ iiF.Cil 1 nch
,. ' ,I'll' ' ID"11'-"f ' RQ"tl>m- ' fl-&.1' ' J-'.11...,.'
~0-1-

lounge (n.) fou11o;'l' h<;:&\

Coffee is being served in the lounge. 0oo11o;
:;' h'i'&\ tD<Il'l' ' "'" hf;J-S'Jt. ~,.
louse (lice) ~..,&\
Lice are carriers of disease. :,0"7A CI7i.+
ll+IIII.C. ~,.

lovable fJ'.llJ'.Il ,l'flm- 1 J'.ll f"'l.&\

She is a lovable baby. fJ'.IlJ'.Il ,1'11-l- (J'.Il
f'l"-l-&\) a.n ~"f
love (v.)
I. roJ'.J'.. I Jove apples. of>'(. hro-'lfloHe loves her very much. 0"1'1" J.'.ID-'1;1-&\
2. 0"1'1" J'.ll hfl(m-). Would you like a
cup of coffee? I'd love one. h"tJ': ot1 oo;
'1-.C.&\.:>fltJ 1 0"1'1" J'.ll J.'.fl'l'&\
love (n.)
I. <;:~C. Love is blind. 'i'~C 'lJ.'."t fflm-'1"
2. ootD<S'.J':. Hisloveofbooksled him to found
a library. oPK"th'i: oPtD-.f.~ 2 O.+ r oo2\lft
'i'-l-"t h "t"l,,'ON<'I" ~'(..4.m3. <;:111-l-. I study languages for love. oll"toll f
(1<;:111-l- 11!1' ~,.
*The theater is her great love. 0"1'1" f'l"-lroJ',m- ~~c t.r-rc ~,.

..,Ill.,,. .

be In love t;:.:J>C

.rn(Da

He is acting so strange, he must be in love.

,l'fiiD't-t:m- h"t-'l.IJ f"'l.ll"~m- 'i'~C J.'.

1'-l- ,I'.IJ'o;&\
fall In love 'i'~C ,I'HID<
He has fallen in love with her. h!l ' .?C
~c

'

t;:

J'.I':J-&\

for the love of God itA A"'lrth.1ld..C oflAU

For the love of God, don't do that! llfl h"lll.h
11do.C 11fltJ ,l'.tJ"t h:J-J':C"I

no love lost

*There was no love lost between the two

brothers. Rll-fl-1> ID"tJ':"l..,'ICf ooiJh&\
'1'11!1' ~0<:
[See also 'philter']

low

lovely J'.ll f"'l.&\ l hllJ'.il"f

They have a lovely home. J'.ll f"'l.&\ 0.-l-
M'fmHer complexion was a lovely dark brown.
oP&\\>, J'.ll f"'l.&\ mJ'.'I" ~oc
The trees and the brook make a lovely picture.
~t.":'lio; 'l""t"" hllJ'.il"f '1-ChJ'.-l- ""'"'"
we had a lovely time in your house. O.Tu '
o.r.no.r "LIL O"''l" J>.ll 1111-"t ~oc
lover
I. <;:~<::;' l <;:~C+'l'. Romeo and Juliet were
famous lovers. t:"'l.9'o; )1':11.11--l- f;J-ro4!
'i'~<:'l'"f (<;:~C-1-'I':f) ~R-12. Ill-'!'-'. He became her lover shortly after
they met. O.,..'l'i"F fl'?C "LtL r tDoillf' m
-'1~ .,.~
be a lover of

mu

He is a great lover of books. oPl\<h'i'-l- 0"1

'I" ' ,I'.ID-'1&\
loving
*She has a loving nature. ilaJo mJI.(" )llovingly O'i'~C
The child embraced its mother lovingly.
&\)1': ho;-!>"t o-;:~c h+'(..-llow (n.)
*He heard the low of a hungry cow. f+&.O:fiJlo
11'1" h"t!l. ' Il-l-&\ ......,
low (adj.)
I. 11~ ,l'fll +(lll+'l'. He asked the visitor
in a low voice, "What do you wish"? 11:t
Qfl (R+(lll+'l') J':'l"6 'l""t ,I'..C.&\;>11- ot
&\ '1-11'fm-1 mf+
2. 11~-1-'l'. He always gets low marks. 11-&\'LIL
11~+:;' ' ..,Ch ,1'1:;'&\
People of a low income bracket live in this
neighborhood. 11~+:;' ~fl. ,l'll'fm- (l9'';f
011.1! hiJQfl. ,1'.'1"&.II'
She had a low position as a kitchen maid.
RID'!' 0.-l-~-l- 11~-1-'l' fll"~ ' F&. ~0&.-l
I have a low opinion of him. llfl(l- 11~+:;' "'
'1"-l- hfi'S
3. 11~+:;' '1'.:>. Twenty oents a gallon for
gasoline is very low. ll"tJ': .:>11-"t O."tH."t
?,1' il"t-1:'1" 0"1'1" 11~-1-'l' 'I'.:> ~,.
4. Mil ,l'fl. Three is a low number. !Pil-l-
Mil ,l'fl 4!'1'C ~,.
5. CIJ'li. Parcel post rates are low in this
country. hH.tJ h~C h:J- O?'ll:J- f"'l.llhO
-l- ' 'I'.:> ' CIJ'li ' ~,.

lowbred

lower

749

6. 1\'I.'"C. Do you want shoes with high or

low heels? f'l"'t-I..A"I.lD" .,.~bH ~"1!:'1"

""i.,

7. P"'

2. 1-f.ll. The well is getting low. f1-Y:'\JI. lD"

=' hf"l-f.ll ' ~(Do
lay low
I. hf.4'4'. Illness has laid me low. O"li:J- 1\Y:

*Crossing at this place is possible only at

low tide. OH.U (l:J- oalhC f.,.!l'lllD"

2. hoo&.'J- f.Qll4'. One blow laid him low.

1\'JY: ll"'t- hoa&.'J- f.Qll4'lD"
lie lo" Y:'I"B-'J 1\'l''i'-fo .,.1.04' I .,.f.-11-1'
ol'f

~lD"

m.l'-fl _,.~bH 1\'J.'"C l

Yltll. The low flame doesn'tgivemuch
heat. P"' Yltll ~0/Jt.QA -1111- .....,.:,.. 1\J'.ll
'I' 'I"

lD":'lD" 01-.l'.ll 1.11. '""' ~(Do

low (adv.)
I. 11~ -1111-. That plane is flying too low.
Y 1\lD"C'Tit'J 0"1'1" 11~ -1111- J'.O&-A
2. 11~ 1\Y:C'I. Aim low, or you will miss the
target. 11~ 1\Y:CitJ MnJ'I'C t YllOlllf.Y
'\.lt.,lD"'} 't-ll.,.'PlltJ

(of) low birth b11~.,.'i' fl..,.ll-11 f.,.tDllf.

Men of low birth have occasionally attained

high office. b11~.,.'i' O..,.ll-11 f.,.tDll-'1. ll
9':f 1\A&:: 1\A&:: b'i'_,.'i' P'IA"l'J J'.
H'PA
low grade (of) oa<;l;'
A low grade of meat has a lot of fat. """'i'
,..,;J -1111- ' ,....., 1\{l(l}o

low prices CIJ"Ii

Buy at low prices, and sell at high prices!

OCIJ"Ii 111_,.U OlD".<'." "li'l'
be low
I. 11~ 1\ll. Prices are low compared to what
they were during the war. fNl' 1':> 0/PC
~of: 1.11. b~O~lD" ;JC (l.oa~H'J 1\11-'J
11~ Yll ~lD"
2. I\H4'H4'. The sun is quite low already.
~'/"0.?;: 1\11-'1-'1- I\H~11:J'll:f
3. f.boa, The sick man is very low today.
O"li.,.'i'lD" (llD" ~&. 0"1'1" f.h"J.IA
be low on 1\tn~(lD")

We are low on water. aJo;) ATI!'i'IA

be In low spirits

hlf~

I was in low spirits after I failed the test.

~...,..,(Do'J hmf.~ll- O:\lt t.11"'E ~oc
be In a low state of health m:a"" ;t-mh
He is in a low state of health and cannot travel.
tn.'J~-1: llll:f"tDb 11.'\11 1\J'."'f-A'I"
feel low b'f.(lD")

I feel very low today, although I have nothing

to complain about. M'l" .h'J\\ f.,.,c
~lD" ~1C QJ'.'l'C'I" ~&. b'i'.f-'i'A
get low
I. h~ll. Our funds are getting low. 1'JHQ:f'J
AY~ll ~~A

~ol''i'A

The rebels lay low while the police were

searching for them. ?"II.<',; fl.I..A'\'I'lD" o

DD6"'1',; ' f."'I"Y!f'lD"'J ' 1\'l''i'.,.lD" ' .,.f.ofl4'lD" '

~oc

The thief lay low until the police had gone.

?"11.11- Mlh.~Y: Y:~ll 1\.QlD" _,.f.-flo!' ol'f
new low

*Prices are expected to hit a new low.

:>

1'

11~ J'.ltiA i"-1111- J'.mO:J'A

run low

tD~Cflll\4::

)BJo

Supplies are running low. ffl.'t- 4'll-fl mf..,

M'

~lD"

speak low Y:'I"B-'J 11~ 1\Y:C'I .,.'01~

He speaks low; I can't understand him.
Y:'I"B-'J 11~ 1\Y:C") llll"'1.'01C All.,lD"
1\A"'f-A'I"

[See also 'crouch, high, tide']

Iowbred 1\lt-'11. f"l-f.lllD"

Lowbred children are disrespectful. 1\lt-'11. f
1-f.lt'l'lD" AJ('f- Qll1.9':f <;'l'lD"

low-cost,

housing

Q~ll.,.'i'

nn-o

"'Lh&-!l 0.-f-:f
The city prepared a study on low-<:ost housing.
h.,..,'P Q~ll.,.'i' 1'JH-fl llll"''.h&-ll 0.-f";f ' 'I''O't- 1\H.:>~

low country ol'lt

They are going down to tbe low country to
gather salt. ......,.. ll""{l-flll-11 mf. ol'ltlD" ""
(Do~JI'I'lD". ~ ....

lower (vt.)
I. 11~ 1\.<'.~1. Please lower the blinds! oo;>~"Jf
9''1i"t 11~ 1\Y:C;>'I'lD"

His cowardly acts lowered him in our eyes.

I..&H llll- no~'J'J .,.,.:,.. 11~ l\.<'.~1lD"
2. 1\ma. We lower the flag when darkness
comes. fl.ou"li ll'Jf.~ 'tlt.,(Do'} .h<;tDC'Ill'J
3. 4'tll. Lower the rent, and you will have
more tenants. 11.&-ll'J -IIM'Jll -1111- .,.h
&-.('. :1"1'i'llU

luck

750

lower

He lowered his voice when he saw her come in.

ll'lou"J Q.l''l- 1.11. Y:?"IJ-') +HI
lower (vi.) h.,_l\41.1\
The sun lowered slowly. 8mf..,. 011"1;1- h41.1\
41.1\'lf-

loyal ;1-"'I'S
You could not have a more loyal friend.
f.,_ IfII ;1-"'I'S 'lS'.... A.;t-1'1 h'l-':f-A.?"
He has always been loyal to the government.
1\0D'J"IP'_,. ' M1.11.?" ' ;1-"'l'S ' )a>-

be lowered
I. wt..l'.. The flags are lowered when darkness
comes. o\,ou'li (I') s-.:,0 't'l"'l f.WCIIA.

loyalty
I. ;1-"'l'SH. You can depend on his loyalty.
;1-"'I'S).,. h.l'm&-'I'C?"
2. :t-"'1'1 ODIJ"t. Nobody questions his loyalty
to the government. 1\0D'J"IP'.,. ;1-"'I'S ou

2. ,.~. Food was lowered to the workers in

the mine by a rope. R"'I6Y:'J a>-il'l' 'Ill-
rP&-.,.'I''lf- ?""1-11 R10DY: .,_iiU'I'fwlower oneself
1. &-ft-'1 n~~~. He would never lower himself by taking bribes. 1-11 Rou+RA. I..'G'I"
&-{1-'J h.I''I'CY:?"
2. mt.S'.. He lowered himself to the ground
by means of a rope. fl1DDX" ' mY. 004..}-
tD(.Jl..

lower (adj.)
I. fR;t-'lf-. The higher court affirmed the lower
court's decision. htt:.+;;:m- t;:C..(; o.+ f
R;f-'lf- "i'CY: 0.'1- w-it~ hlU'.+
2. nil. My competitor sells at lower prices
than me. f'J"IY: .,.tIIII&\L l\~ h?"ll'mw-
'1':> nil f.ii'"'A.
the lower part FC

P~

The lower part of the wall is painted blue.

"IY:"IIIw- P'C P'~ il"'l.l'' .,_+-II:J:A.
lowermost, adj. ( = adv.) hP'C Rh-A.
The lowermost books were not damaged by
water. hP'C Rh-A. .1'11-'l-'J ODIY>"i''l-
w-;>w- h'IR'IIf'fw-?"
lowland 4''1
It is very hot in the lowlands. 4''1 R"'?" f.
'I":J>A.
lowly
I. h.,.&- f.,.tIIS'.. A lowly person may often
be more polite than a well-hom person.
-1111' 1.11. h.,.&- f.,.tDI\S'. (Ia>- h ....
'I' A.~ f.A,:,O .:r-.....:r- f.ll"t f.lf'<;A.
2. t&-11. Pottery making was considered a
lowly occupation in olden days. fifh'l P'&-
R'I''J'l- 1.11. l\'JS'. t&-.11 P'&- .1'-41-mC )0C
3. Mil.,..,., His family lives in a lowly cottage.
(J..,.(I(I'Jl Q)il.,.'1 .,~ a>-il'l' f.'r&-114. ( = adv.) 11:,0 hY:C-t. Hehadalowlyopinion
of himself. &-{1-'J 11:,. hY:c-t .1'-1?"'1-
)RC

If').')

"'I'J?" hf.mt.'l'C?"

lubricate Hf.'l- hm"l

I lubricate my car every month. oah,<;\L'J Of
m~ Hf.'l- hm"'l\11lucent f"7J''JMc:,O
The lucent clouds seem made of silver. f"7J")ll
QC.,.'l- S',OD<;jP':f ' h-fiC f.,.IP"- f.ODil
'Illlucid
I. fm&-. Fish can be seen swimming in the
lucid lake. Rm&-w- mf.:,O a>-il'l' 't"' o\,
'1''1 .1'-:t'.I'A.
2. "IA.'G. His explanation was lucid. l\1'11\l\.
"IA.'G )RC
lucid moment

*Even the insane have their lucid moments.

l\-IIY: l\')\>,') f"'l.""?"'l-0'1- 1.11. hi\
luck
I. 6Y:A.. My luck has changed. 6Y:tt. .,.1\wm
It was my good luck to find a $5 bill. h?"il'l-
-IIC tY:ol' "'1"11'-1: '1'"- 6Y:A. )RC
I wish you good luck. oaA.IJ?" bY:A. l\oa'S
A.?l\112. 1Y:. This man does not have good luck.
f,IJ

{teD-

~ I

"J.f:

fi\CJJoiJ'"

3. h:>"l"'l.. It was his hard luck that the flood

washed away his land. 'I-C4- f(l-') ou.:.'l-
"'1'1'1\:,01\.,. ' OD'J'&; ' l\,;J"J"'l, ' )aJo
*I wish you all the luck in the world. ..,-,.,.w?" )1C l\"JJI.+<;u r-.oa'SA.?I\11be In luck ;1-S'.I\
We are in luck; our chance in the lottery won.
;1-Y:I\'OA. I fll-.,_& 6"1':f'J tD"'A.'J
be out of luck IJ.f:ll llil

)BJ-

When it comes to getting theater tickets,

we're usually out of luck. f-1:.1''1-C 1:11.'1-
0"'1"11''1- t.1Y: 6Y:I\ 0.1\l- )')
*You are out of luck! We just sold the last

lumberyard

751

luckily

ticket. Ah t.u-'1 foo..,t:lfiD-'1 -1:11.'1- lf

'1''1 ! i>~AIJ ' ~IDgood luck I s>-:j-<;1}!
have bad luck t.A<I'<;ID-?"
He had bad luck in that card game. OIJC;f-
""''P:f"ID- ' t.A<I'<;ID-?"
[See also 'ill, pure, stroke']

luggage '111
Where can I put my luggage? 'Ill.'I f'l- II
11<1'?"'1' l

luckily F."'~-1>
Luckily, she did not see me. F."'~-1> t.llf~?"

lukewarm
I. Ml .I'll. Take a lukewarm bath! ~1111'1
1111 'Ill ID-;> ;f-m11
2. +11:J'q. The applause the speaker received
was lukewarm. 11-f-<;;Jt:ID- f-1-F.l:~ID- "11"11
""'" +11:J'q ~oc

lucky i>~ll"'l
We were lucky to escape punishment. h:jo"J'I-
"7?"11"1'1''1 i>~IIV''f ~'!
*They recovered their losses when they made
several lucky bets. ~~ <I"!;J:'I'ID- t.'l~ u11-1: h-1-al&-l:JI. 0:\11 fof-OIIQ'f'ID-'1 ~'IH
11 ' t.lloull""
lucky charm

I. fooAIJ?" ~~ ou~t'l-. He always carries a lucky charm in his pocket. A(to ti-A"L
II. ' fODAIJ?" ' ~~ ' -~t'l- ' Oh."" '
S'-S'-qA
2. fouAIJ?" i>~A h;f-11. He wears a lucky
charm around his neck. t-'1~1> ' liS'- fooAIJ
?" i>~A h;f-11 t.IIZ:A
lucky coincidence 'I'.;.. J\;JtiJO?.
It was a lucky coincidence that both of us
came at the same time. v-il:f'l-7SJD ; fl1J!"
"J.II. ' OD?""J;f-'f'l ' ~ ' h;J"l"'L ' ~IJ)o
be pretty lucky oJ><;(ID-)
+so far you have been pretty lucky. l'.IIIJu-'1
<1"14'-YA

lucrative '1-C'i' .1'110'1This is a lucrative business . .e.u +eli: .tllO

..,. I

JP&.

)'tJJo

ludicrous f"7111'1'
His ludicrous attempt to speak Amharic made
everyone smile. h...-,C~ f\OD'i1C ,.tJ?..~./ItJJo
f"711~'1' ' -h&- ' 11-11-'1?" ' {liD- ' h"'<l'
lug Ougged)
I. O~IJ?" '1-'I-.Y. hal"'. We lugged the rug
into the yard to clean it. M"14-'l II"''X"-'1'1-
O~IJ?" '1-'1-of-'1 all'. ID-1/" t.al"'~ID
We lugged the heavy box upstairs. h'IJI.'I "1'1'
'I all'. G::jo O~IJ?" '1-'1-T'I t.al"'~ID2. O~IJ?" '1-'1-.Y. t-11~'1. He lugged the

television set into the room. of:tl.li.'fn'l o

~""' ' '1-'1-.Y. ' all'. ' n.-r ' hll~f)IJ)o

lugubrious 0"1?" t,ltq'S

The lugubrious tale of his misfortunes made
her cry. 1111 ooh&-ID- .l'al&-ID- 0"1?" t.ltq
'S ' ;f-t:h ' t.llll<l'<\'1-

lull (vt.)
I. t.ll:f"~"'. I tried to lull her suspicions by
pretending I was going to visit a sick friend.
f;f-ouou 'IF."'l\1.'1 f?"ms>-:jo O"''llou{IA
'l'C"'t-'1''1 11"711hl" 'l"hCh2. <1'~{1(11'1-). The good news lulled her fears.
ODAIJ- ' IJ,<; ' 'i'CY:t'l ' <I'~M'IIull (vi.) 1\'1' toll
The wind lulled. H-"" 11'1' toll
lull by singing softly l'.ik-~ ' toll
She lulled the baby to sleep by singing softly.
l'.lf.~~ l'..l'll'f .l>Y't-'1 t.ll-1-"'l'fiD-

Iullaby (lullabies) l'.lf.~~

I know Amharic lullabies. .I'"''C"'l l'.lf.~~
hiD-.4'1111slng a lullaby l'.ik-~ toll
She sang a lullaby to put the baby to sleep.
.ltY't-'1 11"711-1-"'l'l- l'.ik-~ t.ll'f
lumber <\'I:J'
How much lumber will be needed for the bookshelves? IIODI\.lo'i''l- ouF.Cl'.t:.l'l",; ?"'!
.I'IJA lt'I:J' .1'114-A;.oA l
lumberjack i>'l""''l- 4.11"11"
The lumberjacks cut down all the trees.
{1'1 ....'1- ' 4-llfl'"'f ' qG:'f'l ' 11-11- ' 4Lt:mJumberman i>'l""''l- 'IL&-"11"
The lumberman felled the tree. i>'l""''l- 'IL&. , ' q4o'l ' "'ll
lumberyard fi>'!""''l- OD{l'!m4:.1' 0.'1- 1 f
i>'l""''l- "'111"7;1' hAA
The lumberyard makes boards from the logs.
fi>'l""''l- OD{l'!m<t.l' n.'l- h"''!~ lt'I:J'

'-"'&-A

752

luminary

lure

The lumberyard is where the boards are stored.

In a lump sum fim.)oltt\aJo

tt't.+.,. f-J-hoPl:6Jo O~'t"'-'1- "7h"7!1'6Jo

The insurance was paid in a lump sum. f'f'ilT

hAA.

aJoiliJ' )oaJo

luminary (luminaries) f1H II.~

Einstein was a luminary in the field of physics.
b.f.'tll;f"f.'t Ool.lLhll 'till'" f1H II.~ )0<:

luminary (adj.) oflCY't f"'i.ll'l'

He observes luminary bodies with a telescope.
oflCY't f"'i.llm- b.t,ll-:f't h'I'Aof 0"7.

Yttf. "")II"C f.""ilh;f"A

'i'l\.!1" Mlf.'l- )6Jo

lunar f"'-<:.+
The lunar landscape has only recently been
explored. f"'-l:.+ 111" foJ-oPl:oPl:6Jo 0
~co-

luminous
I. oflCY't fO~O'I-. The luminous room blinded him momentarily. oflCY't fO~O'I- h'i'lll
11'1'-1:'1-

.,.,. 1'tHofl Om~I\I\6Jo 1-hd.ll

lunacy 7-oflf..'IIt is sheer lunacy to walk in the desert without

water. 00<:? 6Joll'l' rJJo;) ttf.H- DP'\11

1..n

'tf.).'t b.ttm<:.,.

2. "'lAX". He gave a luminous report of his

trip. 1111 .,_,..,. "'"'~~"" ftr) .:rc'l- t...,.<:o
3. ~fO foPfli\.. The luminous sunset makes
the mountain look on fire. J?.~ foo(IAm-
fBmf. 'l'A4''1- 1-&-&-6Jo't 07-tt'l- f-1-YYH
b.ll....{li\6Jo

4. f"'i.YO&- .,.11!1" foJ-4'Q. A luminous plate

is put on the telephone poles so you won't
bump into them in the dark. 0"'-11"7 hilA
h 6't.....,_:f ;>C 7-'t.tl'l-;>"!.'" f"'i.YO&-
4'1\11" f-t-4'11- lliiJII":f Of6't..._., llf.
J.l.f.<:;Jilbe luminous h~Kil~+
The stars are luminous. l>hll'll Y't~QC.+il-

lump (vt.) b.m.+i\11

Can we lump all these items under one heading? MILII't )1C':f Q't~ b.C7-ll'l- I"C
N;m.+AII:f6Jo 7-'t:flli\'t l
lump (vi.) '\1-11

Porridge will lump unless well stirred. 1'tt::

t,A-J-"7{11\ J.l.'\'1'1\lll

lump (n.)
I. '\Ill. What are you going to do with that
lump of clay? f.1i't fifhll '\A !l"'t A;f"
f..C"/0'1- )<J)o l
2. b.'t\\C. I take only one lump of sugar in
my coffee. 1\R-<;1'- b.'t~ b.'ti>.C lli>.C oft
il' ' J.I.O.+ ...A
3. 7-oflm'l-. If you feel a lump under your skin,
go to see the doctor. 4''111 I"C 7-oflm'l- f
oJ-ll"711 7-'tf..ll") mll.ll" H't~ 'U:

).,.

[See also 'eclipse']

lunatic 7-oft~
He is acting like a lunatic.
"'"~ )<J)o

b.~&-1.,.

lunch (v.) !l"tt 011

Will you lunch with me? !l"tt

h~

7-'tf..

;>C

'l-0111111 1

lunch (n.) !l"tt

It is almost time for lunch. f!l"tt ll<t'l- II.
f.Cll !l"'t!l" b.A4'<:6Jo

lung tt!I"Q 1 tt'tQ

His left lung was seriously infected. M&- ttl'"
Q6Jo h#-... 1-1-~of )0C

[See also 'congestion']

lunge, ~ at Hil- hd.'i' b.f.<:1
The dog lunged at the stranger.

.,.lf.,. Hil-

7-'t"l.ti<J)o't {l<J)o b.d.'i' hf.l:16Jo

lurch (v.), ~ forward M1-'t1'111. V.I.

The wounded man lurched forward. f<f.{li\6Jo
{l<J)o 7-f1-'t1'111. '/.1.
lurch (n.), leave in the ~ '1-of V.I.
His secretary left him in the lurch at the peak
of the busy season. ~"'"""'" 1"&- 0"7.0~
0'1- '

'l..n ' 'I-;1"6Jo ' '/.f.:f

lure (v.),

away

I. hQoflll- mM. He lured away my maid by

offering her more money. fOi\m 1'1H-n OOD
llm'l- 1<:1..'t hQoflil- m{lf.
2. mttll-'t h - - - 'If. mM(O'I-). The sound

of the parade lured the students away from

their studies. flllll#- ~!1"6 f-J-"7&1"'1l't

lump sum 11'11.

mttofl h'I-!1"11C;f":f6Jo 1\f. m{lf.q:f.,.

The insurance gave the widow a lump sum of

lure into
1. h'1QQ. He lured me into going with him. h
II- ;>C 7-'t~'/.~ h"/QQ'S

$10,000. f<t.f.m'l- '1'11'1-<;.,. Q!l, 11'1"-1-Q

'1- 4.'1- OI"C 1( oflC Q'tY.. h.l.l\'1-

753

lure

2. h:Nt hil1q. They lured the enemy into

an ambush. m~'l-"t h:I'IIOJo ~l.m-11'1- (l:J-
hil11t+

2. Y.-9"4>'1-. Sickness has made her eyes lose

their luster. ;r.oor 1 f'tJ.'.'l'!Jrl' y_-,..,.:,.
11.1.

add luster to

lure (n.)
1. H"-. Women have many lures to attract
men. (l..f-:f m"tP.:f"t 11oooy,:h illl" H
~ ' hi\'I'OJo
2 . .,.!<11.~'1-. The lure of city life brings many
young men to Addis Ababa. fh1"'7 l-C" .,
o~<ll.~'l- illl" m"'.f-:f-'1 mY. h-'1.11 hl1
q 'j.'.{lqA
3. ftol1. Gold was the lure that started a
rush to California in 1849. 11!;!lf!71i 't. 9". il
,. (tl":f-'1 mY. tul.t::eu> ftol1 me'!>
~11e

1. h;>~~(ll'l-) l fl111m h;>H(II'I-). The

runner S victory added new .luster -to his fame.
f~Q;k ' oylf~'i' ' 11o;m-") I h;>HII'IThe victory added luster to his name. Y.-tr II
-") fl111m li:>HII'Iput a luster ll"t'Lf")llqe'J> hY.t:1
Polishing put a high luster on the silver bowl.
oomAmA 1-Y.-'I'Im-"t file toih"t 11"19"
ll"t'Lf")l\Qe'J> liY.t:1<JJo
9

lustre, see luster

lusty f<f.<f.

lurk
1. hY.I.m. There is some animal lurking in
the bushes out there. liH.tJ 41'1'1/tn m-il
T YY..Lm 1\ID"t!. 1 hi\
2. 7.J>Y.q ltY.. I saw a man lurking around
the building. h"tY.- (tm- 7.J>Y.q 1111.1> :\
~ ' (t.ltY." ' hfll-

luscious "14-.,..
He picked a luscious, ripe peach. fO{II\ trJ
<f..,. ' l>h ' 114>00

I ush 119"119"
Lush grass grows along the riverbanks. Om1"
II" 'le!f' 119"119" "'e ).'.11'1-~A

lust (v.),

~ after .,.oo,He has lusted after my job for years. llilll"

'tOD:J''f- o P'.!-\1.") o (t.oo'f ~11e
lust for 11.,"11"'1- Til111111
The tyrant lusted for more power. a;t.ll/"): 1
1C fl111m P'A"'"t lloy"11"'1- Til111111

lust (n.)

The lusty baby gave a loud yell as soon

as he became hungry. f<f.<f.m- ;r,n mJL.rm-
ll"tY.o~<Om- Y.-9"11-"t h'i' hY.-C1 hll4>(t

lute [OY."C" '

'I..U ' f"'/..IP.!-0'1- ' llilb ' ?f h

o~<'l- hm-:J-c-~ .rtr'l- r.-H.:I' """'&fl

luxuriant '1''1>'1''1> 1 111

They cut their way through the luxuriant
undergrowth. '1''1>'1''1> fllm-"t 41'1'1/tn llf"'
(1-1-

'tJI.

luxuriate
1. TY-(IT. He luxuriated in a hot bath.
11'1"4> 1 m-~ (tOJo~-f>") floo:J-mil TY-(1+
2. llil'l'l- 114>11. The plants luxuriated in the
new soil. ~D'I'-1> Q-'1.{1- oo,:.'J- ~).'. Oil
.,,. ' 114>11-

iuxurious r'1-o;' m-o'l- 'filmThis hotel has luxurious furniture. ~u lf1:A

r'1-o; m-11'1- '~"',. 'h:f'l"~ htr'I-

Juxury

1. h'i'T'l' .,..,.,., His lust for power was his

dowufall. IIP'A"'"t n11.:m- 1 b'i'.,..,.. 1 .,.
.,.,. ' lim-Y.-4>'1- ' t,U(tm2. 1ftJD<o+. Lust is considered a sin in some
religious. 11-'1- q")>;")Y." v.eoy<:'f- 1 ll
"tY. 1 ~m.h'l- J.'.'ILm.!<A
have a

lying

lust~~

He has a lust for power. IIP'A"'"t

J.'.'\'IA

luster
1. oy")llflt:'l>. The luster of pearls makes them
desirable. ftrfto~ oy")llq.:'J> ll"t'LDDlC'I''f
.... I fS'.C:>A

1. Y.-tt-'1-. Most Americans live in luxury

compared with people in very poor countries.
11"19" I y_-'lj ' blf).'J- ' h1C"~ I ih11il I ;>e I
{lo;m>;Y.".!<T<JJo I hil~'l'l"~ I h"'Ult~ I 11
Y.-tt-'1- ).'.<;'.!<tr
2. r'l'+. He likes the luxury of a soft easy
chair. bllill\11 ' m"tl1e I f"'1..11"m-"t ' r'1- '
).'.m'IA
luxuries fMtn'l- 1 li:J"l"~
Jewels and furs are luxuries. 6"t4<9'~o; fll.,.
e ' Aill'~ I f'l>"ttn'l- l\:J-9'~ ' ""'"'"

lying, see lie

48

lynch .l.:>'l!

lyrical

754

lynch
qAII'~

OD"J~K-

~f.il

The mob lynched an innocent man . .l.1111- "J

~m."J /lfDo .l.;>'l! qAIJ'~ OO")~J:' ~f.il

lyre h&.c
This man knows how to play the lyre. llm-\l.tD"
h&.e -m+ y;:fiiA

lyric [.,11'1! 11""'1-"J f"''..~All" h'f/"C .,.,.,..]

lyrics.,.,.,..
He composed the lyrics for the school song.
f'I-9"11C'I- 11.-I>"J f0011..,.C .,.,.,..

lyrical II""+

f.~ll

f"''..~lt

She gave a lyrical account of her trip. 1111 1-fl

1' 11""'1- f"''..~lt OO"Iil""' llm:f

755

macabre

madly

M
macabre hll:l'-1:
The battlefield was a macabre sight. ftnCB
"'1.11 hll:l'-1: '1-i>f."l'l- )OC
macerate (vt.) 7."/II.IIIIAII

OJo;>

OJo/1'1' H

"""""
She macerated the meat for two days.

P' ,;JOJo

7."/II.IIIIAII llrJ.II'I- 4>"1 OJo;> OJo/1'1' H

<1-H<I.":fOJo
macerate (vi.) ou'ioou)

The ascetic's body slowly macerated. fOD'i'"F

{IOJo)T 4>{1 04>11 OD)OD)
machine ""h.'i"

The machine is working again. ootJ.'iBJo :1\'t

Y.~'i" f.rP&- ~ODC
machine gun ""'~-~fll
He sprayed the advancing troops with a
machine gun. f"7. ~of.OJo"/ tnC OOD'f-all
~<1.~<1-0Jo

machinery 4-ll<llt
New machinery has just been installed. hll.ll
of.ofl&lt ~ ... hrJ."I -t-1-hll
mad
I. Ml.lt". He drove like mad. 7."/Y. l'.ofl.lt"
)II
He was bitten by a mad dog. Rl'.ofl.lt" OJo'll"
-f")h{l

2. h"/1:. The dog made a mad effort to catch

up with the train. OJo'II"OJo RQIK- 'If. II""
.1:'.:11 h"/1: -h&- hY..:~
3. "lf.ll .... A mad gale swept across the channel."lf.ll"' )of.ll RQihC Mm. 'If. h
114.
be mad tn<l.
He was so mad that his face was red. OIIJr' tn
t:: llii)R~ .1.1: Y.f" IIRII
be mad about
I. hRY.(II'I-). She is mad about him because he
is so pleasant. R"'ll" hMlll- !IIIII') .1\
oflllll:f'll.,.
2. hAh YIIL mY.Y.. She is mad about hats.
QC~"' hAh YIIL '1-IDIIII":f

be mad at -1-'i"Y.Y.
She is mad at me because I insulted her friend.
'IY. ...'I'"I IIMY.oflh-Q'f- 1-'i"llofl...ll":f
be mad for
*The dog was mad for water. m-Wm-'1' OtiJr"
mll".,_'l- )RC
get mad 1-'i"Y.Y.
He got mad and called me names. 1-'i"l'- MR'S
JO mad hOY.
He went mad during the bombardment.
Rl'!l"ofl Y.'ofiY.QOJo "l.li haY.
stark raving mad
He was stark raving mad. "'-1:41"/ '1'!\.A
madam IDf.HC:
Madam Marnmite came yesterday. IDf.HC: "'/

..,_., . ,.....,,.., """'"

madamell'."''.-1:
Madame, your purse is open. 7."'1.-1: I I'CiljP
h'i''l- )OJo
madden
I. h<'IRY.. The drug maddened him. "".1:':>~1:
hliRY.OJo
2. h'i"Y.Y.. His iguorance maddens me. f/lo .1:'
"141C'i" Y'i"Y.'Y....A

made, see make

mademoiselle 7.1: 1 IDf.H<I'IMademoiselle, please come here! 7..,. 1 ) f.
l'.M:
Mademoiselle, how are you? IDf.H<I'I7."/Y.M hll'li l
made-up fLm&This is a made-up tale. f.U
)OJo

f Lm&-

+~'1-

madhouse f'I-CII"ll 1':1'

The stores are madhouses during the Christmas
rush. R~'i" 1 R'tA 1 "l.li 1 ODY.oflr:":f 1 fTcll"
II I (l :f'l"l- I 'i"'I'OJo
madly<'lf.,..mofl
They worked madly to fix the bridge. Y.'AY..''"1 I ll""ffi~"j I llf....ffifl- I ~

madman

756

He was madly in Jove with her. fl'i!:,Ot:: ' hil

J;..A
run madly :l\fh}L

r C"tn

He ran madly down the street. noo11.0:. ~f.

1.fht.f.. C'm

madman .rns-. o'uD

Madmen have to live in a sequestered place.
.1'11.0:. II,.:Y. 11-t-hllll I';J- ooorc hllq'f'..,.
madness 1.iiS'.'IIt would be madness to climb the mountain
during a storm. 11"1f.llo;: 11..,.il "1.11. -1-&+<JJo
1 ' OOtJJoi'IT ' MIS'.T ' ~ ....

magazine
1. OD.."JH'1. The ammunition is stored in an
underground magazine. 'I'.I'Ao ' f-1-h"'''I'<JJo '
q')S'." ' hoo&.'l- ' fl;J-:f ' q11 ' OO;JH') ' <JJo
il"l" I }aJ2. oox-..h.."I-. This magazine appears twicemonthly. f.tJ ' oox-m.-r ' owe ' v-11'1- ' "1.11. ' f.
a> "'A

magic (n.)
I. hll"'''l-. They used magic to bewitch their
enemies. m~ofii''I'<JJo1 flhll"'''l- .1'4.,. ~oc
2. oo-t-'1-. It suddenly appeared as if by magic.
Ah floo-t-'1- 1.1S'.II'~ ~1C flS'.-11'1- ;f-f
3. <JJofl'l-. The magic of poetry captivates many
people. f:,O!> <JJofl'l- il,. ll,.l-1 f."''CIJA
masic (adj.) flhll"'''l- f-1-"'&A magic palace stood in place of their hut.
111;f:1''1'<JJo ' 4.1;1- ' flhll"'''l- ' f-1-0P&- ' a.+ '
""1"/F'I- ;J-f
black magic hll"'''IThe witch doctor used black magic to injure
his enemies. hll"''+o;:w- m~-Mi1 ll""'l'-'1
T flhll"'''l- +m+oo
magical, ~ spell hll"'''IA magical spell was cast on her. flhll"7'1- +
MII:Y.
have a maslcal effect on ~'I'll H&-(11'1-)
The sight of money had a magical effect on
the tired man. 1'1Hofl .,f-fl f..P..hoo1
llw- ' ~'I'll H&-11'1-

magician
1. hll"7+o;:. The magician conjured a rabbit
out of a hat. hll"''+o;:w- noo-t-., hqcl>
aJ-/lT I T'l:fA }UDilJ
2. m1!1:f.. The magician foretold my future.
m1!1:1' 1111 wU'I- I>S'."il. ~1<:'5
llfaJ- I

magnificent

magisterial FA"'" .l'llwThe captain spoke with a magisterial voice.

?1"9"1111- FA"'l> ' q11w- F.-9"6 -l-....1<:
magistrate f.lt"l qiiFA"'1
The magistrate has the authority to perform
marriages. f.lt1- ' qiiFA"'1 ;Jilil'1 II
004.'1.9" FA"'1 hii<JJo
magnanimity II;Jll~'IHis magnanimity prompts him to help everyone who is in trouble. II;JM., f-1-'1'1<:1
IJ-1\- ' IIDDC'I'I- ' f.14-4-1'A
magnanimous
1. Uc Q.f.. He is magnanimous toward his
enemies. m~-Mi1 .e:,Oc q.e ~,..
2. 'l'c. This magnanimous king is loved by
his people. f.tJ 'I'C 11-F fl.ltllll- f-1-a>
AA' ~,..
*He showed a magnanimous attitude toward
the conquered enemy. S:A. f+oo;t-m-"} me\
-r R'i!:,Oc ' ~f.1 -f-DDIIh+
magnanimous with money 1\;Jil
He was magnanimous with his money and
lost all his inheritance. 11"1!1" II;Jll !IIIII'~
fa><:llw-1 Vil'l- v-11- hm'l-

magnate FA"'1..,. tJil'l- .l'llwThe magnates control all our industries.

1.1.0:.11'1-&,.:Y..1 v-11- f.l',.'l- FA"'1 ....
Vil'l- .l'~'l'w- ' ..,..,,..
magnet "'1"11>'1The magnet picks up nails. "'1"11>'1- '
hoo&.'l-n"'A

9"11"'/C '

magnetize
1. m~ IIIJ""I1..'1-~.'J- l\tDm. You can magnetize
a needle by rubbing it with a magoet. DDC.(.')
11.,"/l>T ~f. flOO.I."/4."1 WS'. ' "7"/l>T~

'1- A'l-llw-'1' '1-:Y..~IIIJ

2. "7<:h. Her beautiful voice magnetized the
audience. f"''.J'9"<:<JJo F.-9"!1. hS'.""'/""'1
.,<:hwmagnificence h!IS'...,.<I:~'IThe magnificence of mountain scenery attracts
many visitors. f.,.&+..,. h!IS'...,.<I:~'I- -II
,. 'l-ii'5,.:Y.1 f.MA
magnificent
1. I>'I.AI F.-1:,.. The Emperor's palace is magnificent. n,., ~1F., 11.-1- oo')"/FT I>'I.AI
F.-1:,0' ~ ....

2. 0"111" ~-,:,.. This is a magnificent idea.

f.U 0"111" ~:,0 dolo11 tiD"

magnify (magnified)
I. h'l'A.,. t.lof. This lens magnifies six times.
f.U ' ODtR"C ' 11~11+ ' "~ ' h'l'A.,. ' YIIYA
2. h:>U. He magnifies the deeds that he has
done. fP'il-'fiD"'t MQC':f Y:>'tt;A

magnifying glass f"''.Y"lll oatR"C

You can see it only with a magnifying glass.
A:'"fiD" fll"'l-:fiiiD" R"''.Y.,_II ""tR"C
11!1' ' tiD"

magnitude
I. oPm't. The magnitude of the building makes
it the largest in the world. ftlt'l~m- oPm"J 'to
1111" llf. IJII-'1- rJ.II- '1-A:f- YS'.C'I'I'A
2. b'i!-J-:;'t+. The magnitude of the loss ruined
the business completely. fb.loil-ID" b'i!-t-:;'t
'1- 't"'.tl-'t ~R".,. t.RIIlfiD"
of great magnitude

"-:Eo.., bfj:. Yll

War brings problems of great magnitude to

many nations. tnCt+ 01111- h1C':f 1\f.
'-~"1 b'i! Yll- :f"'C':f't Yllh'IIIA

maid 1.:~
We hired a maid last month. qt\Lm- me
1t:~

' .,.tile'!

maiden (n.) A"Jf1t:~

A maiden should not trust a young man's
praises. A7f1t:~ f'l-t:ll"lo't _.,.., hll"
<; ,._,.RA fiiQ-l-11"
malden (adj.)
I. YA-1-I!t::f. My maiden aunt is coming to
see us today. YA-1-I!t::fiD" t.hll-1: Oftl. A

'1-mf..,.'t ' -'~-"""11\:f

2. fOD"Y.oPt.f. This is the ship's maiden voyage.
f.U foPCb!l foP"J!uo&y 1-Jf tm-

mail (v.) 0?"11:1" lib

Please mail the letter for me! S'.11/!lt.ID"'t fl
?"11:1" llhA'S

mail (n.) S'.111!1L

In some American cities, the mail is delivered
twice a day. Q'tl!'t~ ft."''.(.IJ b+"'/9':f ,.
11'1' S'.1II!IL nn u-11-l- '1.11. f.:'"S'.IIA
by mail R?"ll:'" IL-l- RIJ.A
The package will be sent to you by mail.
'l':f-11- 0?"11:1" IL-l- RIJ.A f.llhAYA

[See also 'return']

mainstay

757

magnify

mall box f ?"II:'" .,mil-.,."''.Y "''i''t

Where is the nearest mailbox? .,.t:ofl YIIID"
f?"ll:'" "'lmil-.,."'LY "''l''t f'l- tiD" 1

mail carrier S'.111!1L t.DDI\11'11

A postman is sometimes called a mail carrier.
?"11-t-:;' h'tl!'t'- S'.111!1L t.uollll'ii f.QIIA

mailman ?"11-t-:;'
I hope the mailman will bring me a letter.
?"11-t-:;'ID" S'.111!1L '-'tS'."''.YDD"'A'S -1llol- ' toll'S

.,..S'.lr'

t.S'.t:1
maim t.IJII
A leg wound maimed the soldier for life.
llf. 4111A ro;1"S'.~'t
t.IJII .,_S'.lr' hS'.t:1tD-

f"'~

6~

AIJ.'t

main (n.), water ~ !1.11"!1.

The water main broke and so we had no water.
!lll"!ltJJ- ' 1111-1-ilflt: ' ....~ ' h"l't
In the main
1. 1t.1llf~m-"t "t.I'L. The discussion revolved in
the main around two questions. l'l-tltJ~m-1' "L
u. ,.,.,."' 1111 rJ.II-t> 'l'Y-1:9':-f toe
2. Rm:f-111\ID": I agree with him in the main.
Rm:f-111\ID" bil- :>C '-11.,"'/llrJ.

main (adj.) '!'<;

You have forgotten the main thing. 'P'im-1'
t1C H't"'-1-YA
Did you inquire at the main office? IIJ''i"m-
oP.f"&Y IL-l- mf..,.YA 1
[See also 'point')

mainland f1111
We crossed from the island to the mainland
in a boat. bS'.Il.-1> WS'. foflll R"J!AQ h
9/t:'i''t

mainly t.110f:;'ID"'t 1.11.

He comes mainly on Tuesdays. h110f:;'ID"'t '1.
H. ' "'lhil'l' ' f.oP"lll\

He is mainly interested in making money.

'!'t;ID" 'i!l\11: 1'tH11 "'1"11'1- tiD"

mainstay

I. """'.:+. The mainstay of Ethiopian economy is agriculture. fh.'l-f-kY fll""'~ 11

ofl'l- """'.:+ '-Cif tiD"

2. '!'<; S'.:>l- lll"ilfo. He is his parents' mainstay; without him, they would starve to death.
fWII.)t'Jl '!'<; S'.:>~ '-il- tiD" l '-il- ' Q

Y.'l'c

o.:~

,..,."' tnc

758

mainstream

Through her work she was the mainstay of the

family. OP'<~-'1' ffL.,. "11(' ~9-m- ~n<::Y..
The mainstream of American politics favors
the center. 'l''>tD- .'"'1<11)1 ?"111:1) 11q
c f"Y.h-1-lltD- h.,l)\<1 0011.1': ~m-

Main Street was full of cars. 'l''>tD- 1-'1'>

-H"A.f. ' tOC

.,hOC hll.l.il'l.

~m-

Maize is seeded in May. 04'11-

"11(1'1-

f"Y.H<~om-

~m-

majestic qii"'C.,

maintain
I. hii-J-'1.0:.<:. He spends a hundred dollars a
week just to maintain his family. IL-1-1111-1 II
.,111-'I.O:.C ilil' 0/)!1"1'1- oo.f. iiC fW"'A
2. .fH. You must maintain your equipment
in good condition. OJJUf~.ftJ'l ; 0~ ' ~~:1'"
00.1'1f ' 1\lliJil

3. mO+. The church has a vested interest in

maintaining its schools. IL-l" hCil-1:11 '1-!l"ll
C'l- IL.f-!1!1 lloomo;r. h!t1 f"Y.~I) 'I'
;r.vo M'l-

The government is trying to maintain friendly

relations with all countries. on1'..,P'-i: bu.&
!I" ll11!l- :>C m'l~~+ lloomo;r. f.
'l"h<!-A

4. O"Y.1q mO+. It costs a lot of money just

to maintain the road. on,.-,..._'} ' 007..-JQ on
mO.,. il,. 11Hil f..l.)fA
S. lt.h. He maintains that he was there.
7.11..1' ~ncb- Y.IIA
6. +ht-ht=. He maintains his innocence.
1lt-.h 1111 ool)'). f.h<!-b<!-A
7. hllbO<:. The police must maintain public
security. ?"11.11 f.h11111 l\'1';1- .,llbOC
MO'l8. h.0:.<:1 (1-.0:.<:1). Contact with the main office
is maintained by radio. h'Pcam- 1 onp~.f lL
'I- ;>C "111'~'1- f"Y..0:.<:1m- 0""-'1.1'"
~m-

*Everyone wants to maintain a good reputation.

.,1!1" 1Lll'1 ooAI)!I" II"
f..l.A:>A
[See also 'hold"]

4. "7b0C. Maintenance of quiet is necessary

in a hospital . ..hb.!l" IL'l- m-11'1' l\'1';1-1

maize 04'11-

Main Street 'I''> 1-'1'>

I

3. 11).1! filA. His small farm provides a

maintenance, but not much more. -l-'l~ 7t.C;f
m- II ).C:m- filA h 17( fOIIm hf.ll'l'!l"

mainstream 'I''> -nqc

QOOb.'>

major

~1-'l.'l" <:m-

maintenance
I. oom0-1:1. A thousand dollars have been
granted for road maintenance. Aon'}-,,.(- onm
0-1:1 1\1.1': I( 11C 1-II'I';I:A
2. oo-J-'IUf. Taxes pay for the maintenance
of schools. h"111C f"Y.1Tm- 11H11 11'1-11"
llC'l- IL.f.:Y.. oo-J-'I.t:.<lf Y.m-IIA

The palace is a majestic building. lL+

on'}.,

,...,. qii"'C., .h1ll ~mmajestic appearance ..,COl/ 1 'fP-Jil

He has a majestic appearance. -JCay 'JP-Jil

/\lim-

majesty (majesties)

"'C.,.

The majesty of the night sky imI.

pressed him. fl\.11..,. II., f. ' "'eO? 0"111" '
h!l.<:.~+m-

2. '1"111. The majesty of the mountains awed

us. f-1"<1-<!-tD- '1"111 ' 1\11.<:.~+1
3. "1,A., Policemen and judges maintain the
majesty of the law. ?"II.(':f.:; ' 'l'l'l- f .h"l
1 "lf.A fllb11<!-11majesties ~-JF;t--l-

The wedding was attended by tbe majesties

of Europe. fhm-r:;r ~1P':l-'l- O;>ilil'm-
ilf. 1-1'11-m- ~nc
His Majesty "'C.,'~;1-'I'm-

His Majesty will see you now.

1t.~1'

"'IC

<~.'1- ++cqllll
Your Majesty I "'C.,'I! II'f.!
Your Majesty, may I present to you the
Swedish ambassador. "'C.,'I! II'f.! fll'.1':11
1\!l"ql).<:.C 7.1-'I+Cil f..I.+.I':A'S
.,'I!~:J-'I'm-

major (n.)
I. WII:J'. The major was promoted. WII:J'tJJo f
.,b<:"l ~.1':1'1- h1T
2. 'I''> '1-!l"llC'l-. What was your major in
college? toll.~ ll'~ll 'l''i"m- '1-!l"llC'l-ll
!1"1 ~nc 1
major (adj.)
1. "P'i. A major cause of accidents is driving
while intoxicated. f.O:.:>V'l- 'l''i" !l"h1f'l-
OIII)C 0014.11 001'1'1- ~m-

2. '1-A;r.. A major war will probably put an

end to civilization. -l-A.-1' tnc~:,. ll~'1 P'
A"'t1 o\fm.l':!l" hf.+C!I"

3. h'i' 1 111. Garbage disposal is a major

problem for large cities. II:N\II:J> 1 h.,..,9':f 1
"'"""" I .,'t"fT I h'i' I 111 I :f-Ie I tliJo
major part .e.OAmThe major part of my income goes for rent.
h10.\l.
tliJo

f..IIAm-

f"''.liJollliJo

IIILT

11.&-f..

majority (majorities)

I. Ml~'l':f. The majority was against it. Ail~

'l''ll 1 . , . , . , .....,.T 1 toe
2. IJq 1 111 1 m1't. Ethiopia aligned herself
with the majority on that vote. l\..Tf"W1 1 Y:
'/"{) I IJ"''.{l'I'IJT I "I.IL I IJq I IJIIliJo I dJ1
't I .,.{1/lol,:f
3. fY:'I"b 1 iiA""l. He was elected by a bare
majority. f.,.ou~m,. 1 'lt/1.,.,. 1 fY:'I"b 1 it
A-1 I )OJ4. 'l:J>"" 1 A.ll'l". When will he attain his majority? ll'l:J>OD I A.llll" I f"'Lf.e{lliJo I OD'Ji I )liJo 1
5. AIJII 1 ""m't 1 'l:J>"" 1 do.'l''t. When will she
attain her majority? l'>!l. 1 AIJII 1 ""m't 1 (II
'l:J>OD I do.'J''t) I f'/"T~C{lliJo I OD'Ji I )liJo 1

(the) majority of Aoflq,.9''1l

The majority of the students were sick.

Aoflq ...9''1l

.,..,69':f

;J-OIIliJo

tOe

majority vote fS:'riJ -fiAftl.

The farmers have the majority vote in all

elections. ll.,'t,.,..,. 1 'I"C""l 1 11lt.9''1l 1 f
Y:'/"b I ofiA""l I A'l:fliJo
(the) great majority of l'>;t'"l 1 f"''.Oq,.
The great majority of people favor having
elections. l'>;t'"l 1 f"7.1Jq,. .1 .81111 1 'I"C""l
l'.'t'U'-~"1

f..~"14-A

[See also narrow, preponderate']

make (made)
I. A~~1. They made him chairman. 11.4' 1 " "
"tile I M~"I-T
2. AY:Ci 1 II'"". The President made him his
special envoy. Tt.IVI't-1> 1 AI' 1 ""Al'>h.,.
AY:C1l1Jo ' li'....T
... I
3. AH:>)';. Since the mother was at work, the
daughter made the meal. M'Tf"'l' 1 P' &- 1 'I
f. ' lllltll~:f ' '1""111-'t I A:t':t ' AH:>)';:f
4. oP&-. The man made a bed. {lliJo\l.liJo 1 AA
;J

make

759

majority

IP&

5. Mm.r.. The maid makes the bed every

evening. 1~.11..-1> .,;J- 1 . , , , . AA:> ;J-)'1'
4-ll:f
6. h1"f. How much do you make a week?
IJft'/"'tT I ll'tT I :f-1... /IIJ 1

7 . .,.~H. We have made eighty miles since

noon. hl'.ll-11 ' 4''t I aJ-'l..IJ I {l.,'t1 I . ,f..A I
_,.'I'H<;A
8. "'"'. Our teacher made the front page of
the Amharic newspaper. ""'i"IJ&-:f"t 1 q.,e
....... I ;JIL"J 0 IJOD)';OD61 I 1K' I 1\f.. I aJ"J
9. m"'(liJo). +If you study hard, you will make
a good doctor. lleT.,.II 1 IJm<;IJ 1 'No 1 dt
11.'1" I f..a>"'VA
10. A.r.&-. His disdainful attitude made him
many enemies. (ldVJ fOD'i.ifo mQtl ofllt'
m'IT 1 A.r.&-IIT
1I. ~~{I( liT) ! Uh. Do you think we will
make the train? 'lfK.'t 1 fM~lliiT 1 f..ODll
AVA?
You can make home by sundown. Pdtf.. 1 H:J>H
T ' llTA I l'>ILT ' AT~Cll I Tl-'IIIIJ
12. All-stem, or A-stem. You make me
laugh. :J-P'4',.110
13. ll't. Twelve inches make a foot. OP'&- 1 II.I f..II'<;A
IlT I A.."t:f' A'tY:'

""i.,

Bread and milk will make a supper for us.

,11(1<; I dJ.,.T I l'.<J.T I f..IJ't<;A
Two and two make four. 11-IIT<; 1 11-IIT 1 A
<loT I f..IJ'<;A
14. tliJo. This makes the fifth time you failed
an exam . .r..,.o; 1 llTa>Y::J> 1 f..IJ 1 A'/"11.,.,. 1
"LILli I tliJo
*He'll make his way in life all right. W!'liJo 1 f.
:J-<;11;1-A
make after AilU
The men made after the thief, but could not
catch him. {l9''1l 1 ll.f)liJo't 1 Al'o~-'1-T 1 "l't 1
/l.f.II-T ' AAi#'ll-'1"
make as If

I. (relative verb) + OD{III, We will make as if

to leave, then come back and bring him a
present. f'l"'t'tY: 1 ""llll't lltn;J- 1 f..H'tll
T I l'.'tODIIll
2. :J'"'. He made as if to strike me. 11."":1"~ 1
:J'"'il~
make away with
I. f..l' m4-. The embezzler made away with
thousands of dollars. A"l"OefJ&liJo 1 1111- I( 1
iiCf..l'lm<f.
2. ...,~{1. He made away with the whole loaf of
bread. ,ll(lliJo't I IJ-fl- I ....~{lliJo

3. 1un4-. He made away with his enemies.

m'I-Hl"t Am4-:f,.
make do (with, without)
I. 11'1. You will have to

make do with

roasted beans for dinner. A"-6-+

.,.A- oo1)

'1'1- f.'l'Cii?A
2. 'l' t.. During the war, we had to make do

without coffee or butter.

OtnC~,.,

"LH. fit

flo ...... ' Yll ' ~tl. ' OD'J'C ' )Ot.il'l
make (for)
I. IIOD<Io. They made for the hills. tD!l. l>t.il:l""
,.,; ' 11""'12. ~(1~(1. The soldiers made for the enemy
camp by night. tD;I-f.C''fi tDf. m'l'l- t'l.!.C
011.11.'1-' ~(11113. 11"7"17'1- t.JI. Respect for the rights of others
makes for a happy life. f/1.11-:f'l ouo(J'f- "7
hOC .1'.11_,.>;' 1>-C''I 11"7"11'1- f.t.JIA
make (one's) fortune 0-fl:f'"gs"

fY)

He made his fortune in oil. OHJ'.'I- '1"/J:-

IJil;l-?" ' II')
make it

I. f.t.t'l(O'I-). He just made it; the bus was

leaving. ll..,..,_floll- 1\.)"1 11'1'4:'1- f.t.(IO'f2. 11')(11'1-). You don't have to worry; he will
make it. 11:1""11il I f.li''III;I-A
make of hA

What do you make of his strange behavior?

f.IJ'I'I 1\'1"/JI miJ\!-'1 ?"'I 'I-II'I'IIIJ1
make off lfiiof 'tf.

The witness to the accident made off before

the police arrived. I],I'.;JtJJ< ' not. ' 9"11hc '
?"11.11 ' hODJ:'(.(lo ' O.f.'f- ' lfiiof 0 'f.ll.
make off with

.elf

m4- I Ht:L

The thief made off with all my money. 1\.IJtJJ<

~'IHtl.'l

make

760

make

IJ-11- f.Jf m"-

Someone broke in and made off with all our

money. II'IJ:- (ltJJ< tl.;l-:f'l'l t'lill!' 'Iii
t.:l"":f'l'l Ht.L'I
make out (vt.)

1. 'fP~. Have you made out the application

blank? f"70Dol\hlJ'tJJ<'I C:C?" '1"'1111
2. llf. I can barely make out the ships in the
distance. h-1-~ ouchflo'l 1\l"'il~l"' IIAIIJ'.I"'
3. 11J(tJJ<). +Can you make out what he means?

f"'LIItJJ<

f.~IJ?ol\1

4. liL. He made out a check for fifteen dollars.

fOP'&- 11?"11'1- iiC 'lih l\L
He made out his will. 1>-~H.tJJ<'I OIL
5. llt'lO(II'I-). Please make out our bill!
.Jo.41J:f'l'l ' 1111i!A'I
make -out (vi.)
I. II'). How did you make out yesterday?
"""""".... ' 1\'lll..'l- ' ll''lh 1

2. Hll+. He will make out all right. nt.w f.H

A?A
3. YH(tJJ<). +How are you making out in your
new job? 11.11.11- I" <loll 1\'lll..'l- J'.Jf?A 1
make (one) out

*He is a strange person; I can't make him out

at all. miJ\!- f.,.llf 111111') 1\'IJI.Il )tJJ<
11"711'1- ' IIA:fA?"
make over
I. 1111.,.'1/IL. He made over the whole of his
property to the national trust. llil1:'1 ' nIl- llildo.&o' J:-C~'I- 1111.,.'1/IL
2. Oil- 11?" ll~mt.(ll'l-). Her father made
over the farm to her. 11'1:1: out..,'! Ojl.
11?" ' ll~tDt.'l'l3. lltDm. She tried to make over her husband
after their marriage. h.,..:>flo ' o:\11 ' '1!1.'I '
A'l-lltJJ<mtJJo 'l"ht.:f
make up (vt.)

1. Ltn~. He is very ingenious when it comes

to making up excuses. rti"Jf:,.O r floo'i!mC ;
11'11'.>;' ' )tJJ<
2. IIH.:>)!. The druggist made up the prescription for me. ODJ:';>l:.'l- 4'"7"'LtJJo ouJ:-;>l:.
1:'1 ' 1\H.:>)!A'S
Did he make up the speech himself? '1"1"1'1-'I
YH.:>)!tJJo &oil- )tJJ< 1

3. II.,A I still need five dollars to make up

the sum you asked for. fmf~1i'S'I ~'!Hi!
11"7-:'t'l'l- 11?"11'1- iiC f.4't.>;'A
4. "'&-. Make up a sentence with the word
'no'! flt.'r OOJ.Am- ?A h.'l.e o

t;:+

i-1C

JP6<

*Water makes up most of the earth's surface.

J\"fltf~OJ- }oo~+

"JJr

fldJo-;)

frf"'ifL~

)olD"

(not) be made up
l. .....,.., llf.:fol\9". Losses in war are not soon
made up. OtnC)'f- ?"h'IY'I- f"'LLl.C11 'I'
oj.'f- Oofll- II._,.IJ II.J'.:fol\9"
2. h.A:+ooll.ta.r. Lost time can never be made
up. fiJh) 1.11. II.J'.OD/111?"
make up for
1. ftt'..oP. You

cannot make up for past

mistakes. YIILtJJ<'I 11ih_,.'l- 11"71.9" 11'1-:fA?"
2. lfL)(/1'1-). His kind act made up for his
rough manner. ff."/)'1- 1"&-tJJ< '1111. m'l
\!-'1 f.lf'i''III:I""A
make up with

:1"~+

He made up with his wife after the quarrel.

h"'L111: .:>C h.,.nJI\ 0:\'1 ;f-t.4'

[See also 'bed, believe, face, fortune, good,

mind, nothing, time, way']

make (n.) "J.'.H
What make is your radio? &-JlMtl 9'"'l
"J.'.H ta>-!
make-believe f"7ilouiiA
A mak.,.believe battle was performed on the
stage. nou.t:-<:11- ~.I'. f"7iiDDIIA IPCH
1-D'<lmakeshift
I. 11"'1-h. When the electric lights went out,
we used candles as a makeshift. 1><:1ta>- 0
m<f. 1.11. 011"'1-h- lf"7 h0&-1
2. 011"'1-h- /1.~ t1C. We couldn't find any
pliers, so we had to use a makeshift. oo~'} m
"" MAtO<:") 011"'1-h- 0/1.~ t1C oo
m4'11" tO<:il1
3. O.m. He used a makeshift screwdriver to
remove the screw. fl-lt->'l Aoo~;.t--l- s omoo
I OJJfj~!f!

"))f

fl.tn.

..,.ffi.,.OD

makeup
I. h+"7oo'l'. The makeup of the front page
clear. f00"f..OD6ffDw I 1K" I 11.+47'10DIJ" I "}-

iS DOt

.1\UhJ.'.f.ll!l"
2. ,..,, f#flfla>-. Her makeup was washed
away by the rain . .1.:1:1 f1'4'flfl"'l'a>- 011"
11

IID"/Aiif!"

-flit-

;f'm0

3. f-1'.1.'1'1!' mfJJ.'.. Shyness is part of his makeup. "J.'.t h<f.CH f-1'.1.'1'1!' mfll' ttiJo
wear makeup .,.\\1;\A
She wears makeup all the time. 11-A1.11. '1-l>.l>.
~II "'I'
making ooP'&-'1The making of a violin requires great skill.
>i\'-11.1 OOP"tl-'1- '1-Ail> TOil J.'.mJ.'.:I'A
makings llihC,.e.

I see in him the makings of a hero. f"f..""J'i

fJ<hCJ.'. hJ.'.'IiO;I-1111maladjusted IJitfJO.a>- :JC f"7J.'.il"7"7
The maladjusted children show a tendency to
be sick more often than the happy children.
IJIJfJO.,I':ftiJo :JC f"7J.'.II"'/- A]f;"'l'
h.P.i11-'l'"'l' A]f;"'l' fOIIm foo;J-aoll" 11'1'1/1.,
,I'll,!'flo
malady (maladies) 011;1Lying and cheating are social maladies. ooi!p
if'I-.. ' "'i"l'OCOC f~il<:-1' llil 011;1-9'"'1'

""'""

malign

761

make

malariamfJ
He got infected with malaria while in the
SWamp. ~..,l."t-

CD-/l'J" I IJI\ I Wt) I fHID-

male (n.) m'!.t:- 1 1-flol'lls that dog a male or a female? f BJo;f m"}
.<:- ta>- mj.'.il rl.'l- !
This basketball team consists of three males
and two females. J.'.U fii>C""'1- \>,II 11-.1:-'1
11'11'1- 1-IlM.,.... u-11'1- h'lll.f-"'1' hii"Oor
male (adj.) fm'IJ'."'I'
Our school has a male choir only. '1-II"UC'I- 11.
;1-T'I ,l'lla>- f0011-C 'i.l:' fm'IJ'."'I'
il!l' ' ttiJo
male being OJ'l..t!"

Only male beings are allowed in this monastery.

~H.U 1-'111" IIOD"Ifl'l- f"7.ol..+.t:-~:fa>- '
IJJ'IJ'."'I'' il!l' ' ""'""
malediction ~C"I"'/'1
A father's malediction has great
,1''1'1- ~C"I"7'1 h'l''IT J.'.llii&-A

effect.

malevolent, ~ character 1-'lltoll'ft."fHis malevolent character shows in his constant

efforts to belittle everyone. 1-'lltoll'ft., u-A
1.11. lla>-'1 11-11" 11"7:1'11A O'"l.J'S'.C1<D-
'1'<:'1- J.'.;I-ID:I'A
malformation O."f-htJA hllooiJ4'A
A malformation of his teeth prevented him
from chewing well. fTCII- 0'1-hhA hll""
ii+A .!'.~ .. h.!:'C'I ~'1-'I,I''ID hS'.l:1tiJo
malice 1-'lltoA
His malice was responsible for my losing my
job. P'&-\1.'1 11"7"1'1- ,1'.1'.<:11'1 fll- 1''1
boA ttiJo
malicious 1-'lltoA ,I'Hfl
His malicious remarks irritated everybody.
1-'lltoA ,I'HII hil-l',l'f_, 11-11"'111" lla>-
hOllo:u.
malign (v.) h"7
He maligns me when I am not around. Rf\.Av-fl
'1- 'M'fA
malign (adj.) f"l'IJ~
The malign rule of the tyrant caused revolts,
massacres, and exile. f"'-*"'f. f'!l'lJ);. 1 lt11J11 1
11-h'l- 'i';i>:'l-'1 .. hU1C oo/1.1'..1:-") hilh-1'11
*Gambling has a malign influence. ~"7C ' .,..-':
'1-1 ,l'ilh."f-~A

762

malignant
malignant
!. 1\1'.7'1. The growth on his shoulder turned
out to be malignant, so it was removed.
0'1-hlfm- 'If. .l'f.t:O'I- Mlm'l- 1\1'.7'1
11'<:' hl\-1-71 O+F- T7'i' OJ"'I\'I2. O"'r 1\t:ool!.. Hitler was a malignant person.
'L'I-1\c O"'r 1\t:""l!. l'lm- ~oc
3. f-1-"tli-A. The malignant plot to oust the
director failed. 'l.<!.h-1--1-"t 1\oolfc f-l-f.t:7
m- f-1-"tli-A 1\1:"1 hlf.!.

manage
He is not the man for it. 7.1'1- fH.U (lm- 1\

""""'

2. f(lm- A:t,'. The two men engaged in a long

dialogne conoerning the rights of man. 11-11-1>
l'll":f hi\ l'lm- A:t.' ""'""" .::e;r m-r.r.
,. 1\f.t:.,.
3. qA, Man and wife are buried in the same
grave. qA'i' "''..h-1> q"tf." oo:J'oflC .,.
+oo~-

4. m"tf.". The army will make a man of you.

mallet fb"t ... 'l- oop.lf

m-'1-f."C'i' a>"t f." .l'f.C"I?A

5. m;l-f.C. One oflioer and four men volunteered to capture the rebel.l\"tf." oolt-"t'!'i' 1\6-'1-
m;l-f.r:l' ii<;:;J-m-'1 11"".1'11 Uf.V':f 11').
They were killed to the last man. 1\"tf."r 1'1
m- 'lf.+C 1\114<

malnutrition f,....,ofl .,.,_.11'1-

Any man can do it. "''"tr fl."'&-"'" Y.:f'IA

malleable ooo+T+T fl.w&- f"''..l'A

Gold is a malleable metal. me~ Ooo+T+T
fl.w&- f"''..l'A foflt:;l- oflt:'l- ~y.~:,.
~m-

any man ..Y"Jfl"

Malnutrition can cripple children. fgo.>Jofl : .,..

1'."11'1- .OY'i''l-"t 1\l!l\ 1-f.ir' fl..l'f.C:>'f
m- Y.:f'IA
malpractice hl\"lqofl m-'i" fll'~ .nhr'i'

as one man Q")J!")-l-

They arose as one man to protest the verdict.

<;:CJI."t ' 1\0D:J'mr ' q"tf.-~'1- ' _,.~..,._
to a man

The Medical Association hopes to prevent

*To a man, the members of the team did their

malpractice. f.fthr'i' "'110C hl\"lqofl m'i" rrr~ .nhr'i'"t ll"''hm7r.- .l'hqA

best. 7-..l'"t'l"t.ll. fR-f."). 1\qA f"''..!l'l\a>-"t

.I'UA 1 "'C;l:A

maltofi~A

We make beer with malt. hofi~A mil Y.m

OD:J'Il\.
maltreat l\"t7'1;1He maltreated his horse. .!.t:l'l-"t l\"t1'1;1-mmamma 7."'1"'1
Mamma came to visit me yesterday. +t\1'+'1
1."'1"'1 ""'1':1- mf+'f't
mammal m-1-'1- rr'I-I'IT 1-."thil
Mammals suckle their young. mTT f""Lflm-
1-."thil'l- "111\.7/r'!l''fm-"t .l'mqllman (v.)

*During the war, the women had to man the

factories. OtnC~-1> "1..11. (l..p.:f Om"tl'-:f fl;l-
.,..,.h.,.m- Ofof.oflt:l!l"'ll oop&-'1- ~o.:q'fm
man oneself dl"fP-fJ"}

*mt:

The captive manned himself to endure torture.

.h'l"-l>"t
rc!>'i'm- F :l'f."t

m.:

"""**"'

man (men), n.
l. flm-. God created man in his image.
7-."IH.I\ofi..,_C l'lm-"t qr1111- .!.mt:

[See also 'aged, estate, leading, mark, mean,

note, old, room, white, young']
manage (vt.)
I. 1\l!'tf.. He managed the store for six years.
1\l!'tf.
""'-11-1-"t ' 1\hf."h'l- ' ~.,.,;!-,.
The house is so big that I wouldn't be able to
manage without help. IL-l> O"'r '1-A~ h
1111'~ .1'1\t:'l'l- 1\l!'Lf.m- 1\A':fAr
2. 1\h-1-'lf.t:. Who manages the estate? Ch-l>"t '
"''"t .l'h-1-'11'."6-A l
3. -1-'l<"'mt:. I cannot manage the children.
A;t>:'f?t A'l<"'m&-'fm- 1\A':f-Ar
4. 4-J\OD. He managed this difficult alfair
with admirable address. Y.U"t 1\h'f:>6 .,..~~,.
O"''....'hf."t~ ':fw:l- .~.~~.,.,..,.
5. !I'll. How did you manage to get the
tickets? -I:IJ.ol'-'f?t 7-."tf..'l- 11"'1"11'1- !I'AU l
He managed to see the governor. tt1l. 11ClD"
"t I\.,~;>1C !I'll
6 . .,.,..,.(11'1-). He barely managed it. 11'1'<1:'1-
-1-'ll!l\'1manage (vi.)
I. -1-'lf.t:. We have to manage very carefully
on our small salary. q~h-1-'i' f.'l"~':f"t 0'1'
"t :J'"' OD-1-Jif.C 1\1\ofl"t

'

2. ll.'l'C il'll. How can you manage on that

salary? Olf..l' ~1"11 ~"t.l'..-1- A.-1-'l'C +
:Y.'Illlll
3. 'l'~. How will she manage with her husband
gone? q!l. V.P. ~"t.l'..-1- -1-'l'.:.li:Y.!

manageable
we must begin while the task is still manageable. I"MD- II."'.J. O"t:fA.0-1- 'I..IL h
v-"t oo)!ooc 1\MI"t

maneuver (v.)
I. 011.1'. ll..l'il~q 11'11. He maneuvered his
car into a small space. ootL'i.... OH1. lt
"t-'L+ mqofl P;l- ll..l'il~q il'll
2. h"t+fl+il. The admiral maneuvered his
fleet into an attack position. 1\Y:"t.J.fl- ll"'/'1'.4"
+ ~"t~"'l,ou:f hY:C1 oochP~ h"t+fl
.,. ...
3. 0H1. DDt.. The chairman maneuvered the

discussion to his own advantage. A..,.DII,.fl?-

management
1. 1too&-c. The management of the store is not
very good. f001.ofl"" lv,.,~C Ont~ If'.;.
hf.~li'J"

ID-J'.J'._,"t Ail- ~"t~"'l.ou'f'm- hY:C1 011.1'.

ao,:.m4. fD/fJ m.tu hi\.. Their maneuvering at

the conference was a play for time. flh>fl(lq

1..fl.

ll"''"l'f+ )IDmaneuver oneself lt.1~9"'19" +ir-A-hAlt

IJ)o I

2. l\111-'l'lt:l":Y.. Complain to the management! '1111-'l'lt:l"~ l\DDA.h-1-

manager
I. I".J. hilh..l'~. The manager left town.
I".J. 1\ilh..l')l: hhi-"'1 tD-"J!> '/.~
2. l\111-'l'lt:. His wife is a good manager.
"til., '1'1- l\111-'l'lt: "'~-

mandate
I. f-1-"'AO+ h~. Our mandate allows us
to do all we can to develop the country. fi-"1
Ml"t h~ ll~t:;t"t li"''OA.K"I f-1-if'll
")") v-fl- ~")J:-'0~ J'..l.JI>Y:A...A.
2. 01""11L-l-"t+ f"''il-1-'I~C "1'1.1.)-1-. The
mandate over Syria was given to France.
{l&f"t 01""11L-l-)-1- f"''il-1-'I~C "1'1.1.)-l-

f-1-iltnm-

manhood

763

manageable

liL~"tflf.

)OC

mandated 01""11L+ hil-1-'I~C I"C f'l"

'1-~~ ! 01""11LH+ f'I"-1-1-'I~C

Southwest Africa was a mandated territory.

~o-il 'l"c!.J.il M't:l! 01""11L-l- hil-1-

'I~C I"C f'l"-1-~~ "1~-1- ' ) O~:f

"Lfl.

tD/fJ

CDJI.U

"71\;1-:fiD"

~~(I

He is trying to maneuver himself into a higher

position. ~"t~'l""t'l" -t-1111-hA.l> m~ h'i'-1"' ~~JI" {IOOY:~il ' J'.1"h.J.i>.

maneuver (n.)
1. IA'JOIJPI:. The troops are on maneuvers now.
hv-"t m;J-~1!'~ 01>.'1"'/"Y: 'If. ""',_
2. fill>.tn-1- 11.1'.. When we refused to use his
idea, he tried to force it on us by a series of
maneuvers. f{)o'l dtltfl r&. J lt"7fJ'IA :
~'1"0. il"tl>. ~"tY:"t+Ollm- 01>.1'- 1>.1'- f
iiA.tn-1- ll.l'.l":f ' II.~<!-<!-"t 1"h~

manger "IC"I'I"
They put oats in the manger. .,C1f'" aJoitT

hll". h'l'-1-

mangle +~mL
A trap has mangled the rabbit's paw. m'l'ooY:
f'l'"t'f'!l."t 00-'1'1' +~tnLID-

mango "''"t1
mandatory "1.1'..;1Taxes have been mandatory. "'JoflC ODhLA
"1.1'..:;1- )IDmandatory power f1""11L-1-)+ hil-1-'I~C
l"l>."l"t f-1-iltniD-

A mandatory power is in charge of the man~

dated territory. f1""11L-l-)+ hil-1-'I~C 1"1>.
"'"t f-1-iltnfD- 01""11L-l-)'f-
.,~+ "1'1.1. )ID-

mane ;J"7
Comb out the horse's mane!
1\0'I'~ID-

{1"7_-J-'1~~,_.

fL~(to~

;J"''

manhandle 1\"t~'I:JThe police manhandled the suspected murderer. 0)'1'11 "1-'IJ'. f-1-m~m~m-"t (lm- ;r
ll.(l:f 1\"t~'l.,+

manhole [.f.lflf oom-~JI" (lf. m-il'!' /loP

"IILJ' ' f"'l.nll"li>. ' OO")~Y: ' 'If. ' f{l ' q
{I h'l"t "1-Y:'lY:]
manhood
I. hlill oom"t. He has reached manhood.
'IliA oom"t ~C!l-1>.
2. a>"tY:)-1-. Manhood is not acquired

by

mania

764

avoiding difficulty and hardship. :f-Ie<; ODh

&-") D-lf11 "''~~..,. l\f.1'S!I"
3. CD")J'.";f o-11-. The manhood of the nation
answered the call to defend the country.
l\1tN") hCD&o& IIODMhA f.,..J'./:10Jo")
CD") 1'-"'f ' 11-il- .,.4>Dil-.'f-

O'P~

mania, have a ~ lf4>11

She has a mania for new clothes. 1\-'lil:

A-fl

ll '1-lf"'-'111"'1-

manifest (v.)
1. 11111. He manifested his joy by whistling.
.J'.ll;f-DJo") D4-......,. 11111
2. ;1-f(D'I-). +she does not manifest much
of a desire to marry him. l\1\-") 11"7"7q.'f- 11
,. 'i'l\1'1- 1\f.;f-f.q.'f-!1"
manifest itself ;I'-m+

When did your illness manifest itself? D11:f-U

f;f-CD4>U OD'Ji '

~OJo

manifest (adj.) "!All"

This is something that should be manifest to
all of you. f.U 1111-'ll-o-!1" "!All" ODIJ'
") .I'IID'I- ~1C ~..,.

manifestation """71105
His whistling is a manifestation of joy. fll- 4...,.-,. f.J'.ll;f- """71105 ~ ....

manifesto """71105
The students' manifesto demanded farreaching reforms. f+"7&9':ri 1 DD""IllMi 1 (14. 1
.I'll ODlflfA 1\VIJ.t:"l mf4>

manifold
1. 11,. HC'i' .I'IIDJo. This manifold subject
requires years of study to master. 1llt- 1 HC'i!
.J'IIDJo") .'f-!I"UC.'f- 1\m<;'.f 11"7CD"i' f11,.
'tOD;f-.'f- 'J'<;'.'f- .J'lli.A;>A
2. AI' AI'. His manifold duties included
editing a newspaper. hAl' AI' .,..,qc-'li
1\").IJ. :Jfl."l "70.:>)!'1- ~DC

manipulate
1. Dl\~ 1\")4>1\4>11. He manipulated the controls of the car, but could not drive it. fODIJ.<;'DJo
") ODofl."lm&.l'l1'"'f Dl\~ "7")4><\4>11 "'f~
A "7") OD")JI.'f- 1\f.l-A!I"
2. l\")4>il4>ll. Even though he is young, he
manipulates the tractor well. 1~ 1 mnJ+ fl
11'")!1" fl\Clf ODIJ.<;'DJo") ....~ 1\~Co)
.J'")4>ll"i'ii'PA
3. l\").J'.I.II1DJo 1\"lqq_ A clever politician

manner
manipulates people to get his own way.
11AU f?"M:I:J /IDJo f"''.I.A10Jo") 11"7"7
"f.'f- ill""'f") l\").J'.I./11DJo Mqq'f'PA
4. 1\"7;1-. The bookkeeper manipulated the

company's accounts to conceal his theft.

dt.il11 .J'1CDJo llC.f.,") IIOD.J'.D-1- fh-q")
.J'OJo") dt.il11 1\"7;15. 1\").J'.AD- 1\.J'./:1. He manipulated the pliant twig. .,.11.,...,., "'-C100i'i' 1\").J'.AD- .1'
J'.C'IOJo ~IIC

mankind
1. /IDJo. Mankind was created by God in his
image. /IOJo") l\"7f1.1\11.h.C Dl\!l"llll- I.
mt:OJo

2. f/IDJo A~. Mankind has committed crimes

against nature. f/IDJo A~ .,.I.'J'C"") D~~A
3. ('(1111.1! 'f:m-C. The desire for praise is
a strong drive in mankind. ~il:;J~ 1 ODLit"'' 1
D/1111\'1! 'i'm-C 11-11- .I'll f"'1.1<f..<f.. 11

C_, '11-A

~..,.

manlike /IDJo f"''.oollA

A manlike ape once lived in what is now
Kenya. IIDJo f"''.ODIIA 1f"))!C" 1\IJ-") h.")
.1' D"''.qiiDJo I\1C f.'l'C

~DC

manly
1. CD") .II CD")~. He is a very manly boy for one
so young. 1\").J'.II- .I'll CD"''I- A~ D"'
IJD

2.

feD")~.

611'.';

aJ'}X"

I ~Q)o

Boxing is a manly sport. llhll

feD

.....'P;f- ~ ....
3. 'I-D11. If you coddle your child, he won"t
grow up to be manly. A~U") I:J'1"'14>"1-1iDJo
'1-011 IJ''l' 1\.1'~!1"
")~

man-made /IDJo ..,&-11

Man-made objects were found in a cave.
n'Plf OJoll'l' 11..,. ...&-11 1\,.,..,. .,.11'

manner
I. mq.e. I do not like his manner. mql'") 1\
ACD.J'.DJo!l"
2.

'tf.~'l-.

What manner of man is

!I"") 'tf.~'l-

he?

/IDJo ~ .... l

3. o-i.;J-. He sang in an amusing manner.

D"''...'P'-1-

o-~;1-

HOD/:

4. H.l'.. What is the best manner of peeling

onions? 1i1'h-CT1' 1 {loo"\., 1 ~m- H~ 1
,..,~~

.... l

5. (noun of manner). His manner of dressing

shows much care. 1\llqon- 11,. ....,,..
"7~/:"fo") .l'li.I'A

mannered

765

*These houses are built in the Mexican manner.

MH.U 11.-I':Y. N.,.~'l- l\"J.I'. ~hll.l> 11.
.,.:y. ~
manners

1. A"''~. The manners of the ancient Romans

are described in this book. f'I'"J'l- 1':"'/IIJof
., """'P.:Y. RH.U DDJI'dt'i' IJJoil'l' .,.
71:\l\'1'1:\
2. QUA. The literature of a nation reflects its
manners. f"JJ'.: tm: P'~ 1\'.t.'i' f1

QUA J'.7A'I.A
3. mQio. He has good manners. "'~'"- mQio
hllm4. P'C't'l-. After the guests left. the boy got
a sermon on table manners from his father .
l\"J"IP.,; h~-'1. R:\'1 hQ'l-1'-m- IIA:(
!Ill 70;1- P'C't'l- P"hC flmm*She has no manners. ltY: 1 'i"-l~")

bacl manners oflA"''i" I DDT&: 1 9'""'7QC

It is bad manners to stare at people. flm-"J h
'i''l'fll .,f'l- -RA"Io; ~"'"
You shouldn't correct your children for
their bad manners in public. llA 1 oo-r&: r
"IQ<~o'fm- A;:Y.u"J Q.I'.QQJ'. ou:fodJ'l- h
J'.7QUP"
[See also 'decisive, ease, ill, proper, smooth']

mannered, see ill-mannered, well .. man..

nered

mannerism mQJ!.
Each of us has his own mannerisms. l\.n'l"t'l
':f"t fMA mQJ'. hii"J
mannerlyOD.'I'
A mannerly child is a source of pride to his
parents. OD.'I' AT: lla>'l;,; ou&t:f ~"'"
mannerly way "'-'P~-lHe spoke in a mannerly way. ROD.'I'~'l- -t~l:
mannish fa>"JJ'.:
She has a mannish voice. J'.:P"!I. fa>"JJ'.: J'.:
P"6 ~

manumission
The army is short of manpower.
f")li'I'A

(l&o~il

(lm-

mansion 'l-A:fo R.'lHe lives in a handsome mansion. O"tfrc

'l-A:fo ll.'l- IJJoil'l' J'.'l"<I-A

manslaughter
1. l'lfH nm- """I.I'.A. He was convicted
of manslaughter. l'lfm-:,0 nm- 0"""1.1'./:\
-tLCP..R;J-1:\
2. ~o;:n 7-'IJ'.~'l-. The driver was proven
innocent of manslaughter. ~:q:m- M'i'll 7-'IJ'.
~:,. "Jl\.ih ouiJ"). -tl::>7m
mantel [hl\ll'l- "l"t.l'.lf R'IJ'. f"'l.7'S ou
.I'.CU.I']
mantle ttq
The nobles wore silk mantles. oui>,"J"J., f
dtC ttq 11-nnm- ~nc
manual (n.) DDP"<If
I am writing a teacher's manual. f'ODf""U&-1'
,.,,.<If l\11'4-llvmanual (adj.)
1. f'l-AR'l- I f'l" ,.,..,.~:,.. He looks down on
manual labor. f'l-AR'l- (f'l"f-t.,.~'l-) P'<I"J ' J'."J:I'A
2. fl\"T:. Using a loom requires manual skill.
rlf.,li. l\:1' fl\"T:
f"'l.mf.:f- ~"'"

-n

manufacture (v.)
1. w&-. They manufacture rifles and ammunition in this factory. RH.U 4--R<Ilt m-11'1' 'I'
y.:,.o; mou"Jlf f.P'<I-112. Lm~. The lazy boy manufactured excuses.
IIH A"?: P"li"Jf-l'':f Lml:
manufacture (n.)
*The code on the label shows the date of
manufacture. R"J"IJ'.: l\:l'm- 'If. film- A
I' .,!1;1-mlf l\:l'm- f-tP'<I-R'l-"J .,_"
foullh;f-A

man-of-war (pl. men-of-war) ffllC ""Ch-R

Portuguese men-of-war appeared in the Red
Sea in 1520. R!ii~XI 't. P". f?"C.,;>A ffll
c ""Chii:Y. +f. q;r.c m-IlT """

manufacturer QII'I--Rt:lt
Don't deal with middlemen; write directly
to the manufacturer! lt'l-11-.1. :>C h'l-'1''1'1:\
+'1';1- IIQII'I--Rt:ltm- 'l.'i'

manpower flmThey need a lot of manpower to build new

roads. h-'1.11 """J7J'.: 1\0DP'<!-'l- -Rrt- fl
"'" fllLA:>'f'I'A

manumission t.c~'l- "'"""~""

Manumission of slaves is an act of piety.
qc-':f"t t.c~:,. . , _ , . r-t+.P.n .,..,
qc ~""

766

manure

manure tt:..,
Manure is used by farmers to fertilize their
fields. 10t.l":f out,:J-'I'tJJo"J 11"7-'IOC O'i'
"l.&m+"711-

manuscript

I. f11t-o; oux-m'i'. I wantto buy an Ethiopian

manuscript. fh.'I-1'-A:.I' f11t-o; oux-m'i' II
OD"/~'1- "l.ti.A;>IIII2. f7.~ K"m.'i'. This is the earliest extant
manuscript. .&11 f7.~ K"d.'i' h'l"t.f.lfi vII- f"''..,. .!:'?" ~"'"

many 1111I have many books. 1111- DPK".h'i' All'S

many a o(lft'

Many a man owes his success to his wife.

1111- {ltJJo 0"'1.111: ll"h"t.l''l- P't-tJJo
,&:J-o;II:J-111
I have passed here many a time. 011.11 Oil-A
1111- '1..11. l>A4...1'1111many of -flft'fl:f + suffix pronouns
Many of us left early. 1111-l"il':f"J +Y.II"
1111"J ~.1:-"J
a great many oflft'
A great many books have been written on that
subject. 011.11 l>C"I.h'l- 1111- DPK"mG::f
_,.K"tl.'I'A
In as many flf..l'). .I'IIA
You made ten spelling errors in as many lines.
O~C I OD~ODC I X"LU I
fHJ). I ftJ/A I
fti.Y.A
l>.I:'C1YA

{I;J,.,.,.

one too many

*I feel that I am one too many in this company.

011.11 "111..,. 1\.& DD1'f-f: f.,.tl.ll1 l>,&ou
hii'SII"
so many
I. OtiJ?" 1111-. So many people have failed to

pay attention to the warning! 0"111" 1111- Ill"

:r- "7hm"t+4!.1'tJ>o"J hMII" IIJ'.-t-M-'1- *

2 .&ll"t .I'IIA. Do you need so many? .&ll"t

.I'IIA .l'hti.A"I'IA I

too many
I. l>11AID. You gave me three too many. ?'h

'1- l>11Amll llm1i'S

2. 1111-. A student who has too many activities
does not have time to study. 1111- .,..,q~:f
f"''...'ho;tJJo"J
11'1'.,,. '1..11. flltJJoll"

.,..,6 .

map (mapped), v. IJC:J- M"'

1bis scholar mapped Western America. .&11
11"11-C ll"bt-11 l>"'UIJ"J IJC:J- l>~"'

march
map out
I. O"t.l:''i' l>OJtiJ. The general mapped out the
campaign. :(.~t-11- fHODJI'tJJo"t hA'I- O"J

.1:-'i' l>OJtiJ
2. mrn. Have you mapped out your route
yet? f'l-l'll"t l;:,Otq"'i mM'IA I
3. Y.~ll" OS'.~ l>maJ. The students mapped
out the week's tasks . .,..,61".,; f"ll""t1:"J
P't- Y.~ OY.~II" l>mm-'1-

map (n.) IJC:JHe is making a map of Sidamo province.

fl\.-'l'l""t m:,OI\,e "lifT IJC:J- 7.f1Pt- ~"'"
put on the map f:J-m+ l>Y.~1
The discovery of gold put our town on the map.
Oh.,...,:f"t tJJoh'l' mc:,O ""1'f1: r:rm
+:f M~'l-

mar (marred) l>mh

Nothing marred the happiness of our outing.
oiie11t-:f"t 1..11. no~"J"J Y.h:J- M
II" ' ~1C l>I\IDbtJJoll"
be marred
I. .,.01\lf. The painting was marred by cracks.

Fbll- o-+.o;s:.o~. .,.O'Iii-1'- ~oc

2. .,.':?...,~ I .,.!1...,~. This table has been
marred by knife marks. .&11 m~A.If Oll"tm.
.,.':7-"l"a:A (_,.!1."l"a:A)

maraud

m~~

The gang marauded over the countryside.

m"JOS'.I".,; 1m'l-"t m~'l-'1 A fox marauded the chicken coop. +O~ h
P.~tJJo 11.'1- 111-1'- P.~l":f 01\

marauder m"JOS'.
The marauders pillaged the house and then
set it on fire. m"JOS'.I"'Jl 11.1:"J hHM 0
:\1\ .,....,. llh-11-0'1-

marble 7.11~ 0~.1:'

The statue is made of marble. .htJJoA1: f.,.
IPt-IJ)o I b7.11~ I 0~.(- ' ~IJ)o
marbles 11,&
Boys like to play marbles. OJ"J P.:f fl\]"'f 11.&
OD"'ifDT. ,&OJ-'111-

march (v.)
I. .,.{lAG: -MH. He drums when the soldiers
march. m:J-~'Jl .,.IIAtl.tJJo 1\.IJH- :J-11"11c.eao:J-A
2. OIIA'i' ~-Did you see the soldiers march
ing? m:J-~'Jl OIIA'i' "-" Mil I

mark

767

march

march on

2. ( ~ adv.) )..1~'1"1'1" 1111-. The crops in that

region are adequate for marginal s.ubsistence.
OH.f h'i'A u~c fll"'" )..Ut. )..1~'1"
1'1" 1111- ' 1\0D'fo'.f ' fUt. Y.O:I't.

Time marches on. "LtLfD- J.'..).,..-'IA

be marginal hltLil"L )"IC 1\f,Mr

march through h.WCfl' ~,g

This is marginal; we need not consider it in

our plans. f.U hill.il'l. t~C hf.~l\'1" l
oM'I"'f1 fDoil'l' t.<;il~Q"'" hffii.A"''I"

march {someone) off m(t~

The policeman marched the thief off to jail.

?"(1.{1- /l.llfDo1 m~ MIC (1.-'J- m(l~liJo

The soldiers marched through the desert to

the front. m;J-~1!",; O.!?fDo1 l>ltemfDo m
~,..enlle~.ll.

march up and down ilf,'i

:f'':f Aft

He marched impatiently up and down outside

the doctor's office. IWth.,.... 11.1!" liJ4f!" f
11 -l-6"11"-l- """ :r"'f ""' toe
[See also 'doom, head, step'}

march (n.)
1. "1-JI. We still have a long march ahead of us.
' .!'lf:'l" ' .,.,. ' Y.+.!<;t.
2. .,e"li. The band began with a march.
'""'ll.+'l':r; 'l.l:" o.,c"li J':"".!
~<;

march of events h1.U. m~1.tL foyJ.l,-,...

t~l!"";f

The march of events shows us that life is

getting more complicated. h'I.H. "'~'1.11. f
"'l,.l'..!"l--'1- t~l!"";f 1-1!" M-1-mii(IO ""~
.11.1 ' fll'l-<;t.
forward march "1il;JI\

Their forward march was blocked by a river.

rtc(l- "'il:>l\ 111.1:" m111 MP. toe

March "":>11.-l11 rains in March. 0"";>11.-l- f.H111t.

mare 1111&He kept two mares in the stall. ;>"'fDo fDoil'l'

11-11-l- ' Q1f&- ' 1\{1.!

margin
1. "'""' Leave a wider margin on the left side!
0"1&- 011-A (lof. fl\ ...'1"1 hil+C
2. 'IC!I'. The margin of the lake is overgrown
with reeds, fQ.lt'lo 'IC!I' O<l,m., -~""'"
tp.t\

by a narrow margin A'l'-t:T

He escaped defeat by a narrow margin.

1\'1'-t-'J- ' hODlft'i' ' 'It

marginal
1. 0..,'1.,. fDo{I'J' f-1-1\1.. A marginal note
explains that the book was printed in 1910. 0..,
'1"1- fDoil'l' f-1-1\l.fDo .,ll;f'm"lf """
.t.l- O!Jifl 't. '/". OD:J-1-""'1 MMA

marinate 0.,..,..,. HI.HL

Marinate the meat to make it more tender!
I" ;>l1Jo1 Y.OA'I' 11.,1\ill\il 0"'""'1" H'i'

1fl.l1Jo

marine (n.) ODChll:f

Ethiopia has a small merchant marine.
1\..-'J-f"t;f ' '1'-t-'J- ' f1"1.J:" ' ODehll:f ' 1\!1.-'J-

marine (adj.)
1. fQ.ltC. Whales are marine animals. 't"f t
Q&9'";f fQ.ltC ).1il(>:Y. <;'J'fDo
Marine insurance protects cargo ships. ftlihC 1
'Pil-l-<; ' 1\'II')T ' ODChll:f ' 'Pil-l-<; ' f.{I"'A
2. hll.ltC f"''..~'f. Marine products are sold
in Massawa. '1"6'1' hQ.ltC f"''..~1' lr+fl'
:f' Y.il""'ll-

marital
I. fQA. Providing for one's wife is a marital
obligation. "''..il-'1- f"'LJ'ili.A;>-l-1 11-11- ),
1.1:"~'f .,.1:".!"1 fQA ..,111.)-'J- )fDo
2. f:>11!1'. A man and a woman take marital
vows when they marry. ID1.1:"<; 1\-l- ll.;>
o- f :>11!1' :Jot. M1 f.I.'G.,II-

maritime
1. fll.ltC ilf.. Maritime commerce was harmed
when the Suez canal was closed. fftot11 Pt.
OODH;>-r. fQ.hC ilf. 1"1.1:" 1-'1-'1
2. fQ.hC 1\'PII'f. Eritrea is Ethiopia's maritime province. II.C-'1-&- fh.-'1-f"kf fQ.ltC
1\'PII'f m.,.IIY. "'lf-'1- <;-l3. fQ.ltC. He studies maritime law. fQ.ltC a.
"' fm<;A

mark (vt.)
1. 'l"t.b-'1- 1\~.!~(0-l-). I have marked the
important parts of the article. f'G .t..4-1 'i't.
t~C 'I"Ah-'1- 1\.I:"C'I.O;J-1\p.
Have you marked your laundry? f"'l.:J-mOfDo
1 t.11ilU1 'I"Ah-'1- 1\.J:"~IJO;J-t. !
2. 1\.!0D. When will you mark our examination papers? f 1.-f-<; ID.!+:J-:f11 OD'f] :1'
c-,1\1)!

mark

768
~~------------------~~-----

-----------

3. ftoohh+ . His answers mark him as a

good student. f"'Ut"''ffD o oofA(o";fo .,.~
T"''& ODII'"I't J'ODI\h:h\

He marked the enemy position on a chart.

m~'l- ,1'110'1-'t h'i'&- OIIC:f- ~J'. h

oollhT

4. ~1111. He marked his satisfaction with a

smile. Y.h:f-fDo't 0.1.~"1:1- ~1111
5. f+llf 1t1..t:1. Many importan t invention s
mark the last hundred years. ill!' :f-~~:,0 1 <;:

/A{lof.l""'fo I ,1'11+-'i-'J I OD-1' I 'JOD:f-'1- I fTI\

f. .I'Y.C~'f'I'IA
6. A.ofl 11.1'-. You had better mark my warning!
"''hm't+< l:.l'l'-'t /Ail 1 ii'I-IA 1 J'.lf~IA
7. 'l"""l"l.t: . Be careful not to mark the table!
m<:A.~fDo't 1 l\'t'l'l-'l"" i"L"C 1 Tm't+:,O

8. (~ pass.) :1-tD+. +A frown marked her

displeasure. hllooY.(l ;t 1 .L;t't hoo!l/m~ 1
:f-tD+
mark (vi.) hhT'I'II

Mark how carefully he moves! l\'tF. 'I:J'41 I l\'JY."t&-DDY.' I hflTfDo/A

O'l''t

be marked

1. :l-tD+. His face was marked by years of

hard WOrk. 'l.ll.fDo'J I ohqY.' 0 P'&- 0 J'fll\.1. I
ootl'"l 04._, J'.:f-tD:I'IA

2. m+m+. +His face is marked by smallpox.

"-""'t .1.'t"'"' m:,O'I'ol':f-IA

3. TODIIhT . The borderline is not marked

on the map. Y.-'tO~ OIIC:f-fDo ~J'. hiAToo

llhT!I"

mark down
I. l\.1.. I have marked dowo the things I want.

f!I".I.IA:J'ffDo't '

)~(!"";(- ' o-11- ' ll'.w''f'l' llo-

Mark dowo the address! hY.-&-lffDo't l\'i'

2. 'I';J .,:,. hY.t:~. The store marked dowo
the coats from seventy to fifty dollars. ooY.ofl

~ ' fl>.,'t ' 'I';J h(lq ' IDS'. h!l"lt ' iiC '
.,:,. ' hY.t:~
(be) marked for TS'.~(l(ll'l-)
+The informer is marked for death. ;1:1!" mO.
.... I .,...... ' TY."'M:f -IA
mark off 0!1"/Ah'l- llf

He marked off the distance on the map.

c+.,'t

oiic:t-..,. ~J'. O!I"IAh'l- llf

mark out

1\tvOD~

We marked out a tennis court.

)I I 1ttvODC')

f1:~11-'t

"'L

mark up
1. "~.DDt:. The store marked up the prices ten

per cent.

ou.,P.ofl~ 'f' ;~fPm

mark

oJPc Ooo.f

OQ.DDl;

2. '1""'1"1.<:. Don't mark up the desk!

mt:A.~

fDo't h'I-'I""''"L "C

[See also ' time, word']

mark (n.)
I. !1"/Ah'l-. Make a mark after the names of
those present! qit-'1- (ll""'fo h!l" h'tl\C !I"
IAh'l- hY.'C"'

His face shows the marks of old age. "-""

J'. fl\C~'i' !1"/Ah'l- J'.:f-J'.O:f-IA

The wet glass left a mark on the table. l\C'I'

11- iiC"l"ol' mt:A.~..,. ~J'. 1 !1"/Ah'l- TW
2. fDotiL'!-. He always got good marks in
mathematics. l\C/1- 11-IA'l..ll Ooh..ltil 'I'
~ fDom'l- h'1 )OC

3.

'\.~"'1.

He hit the mark with his first arrow.

o-~-&.1'..,. +h'l- ' '\.~"''fDo't , oo:J4. H~-1: fiT) DD:f-(111.,1')'1-. Theodor e

left
his mark on Ethiopia. 1:l"Y.'C"h Oli..'I-1'-J\'

,1' fDoh'l' H~-1: fiT) oo:f-(lll.J ')'I-'t

'1-T'I'IA
5. fTtiJ(l) Y.t:7t. His dissertation was below
the mark. 1\'dJ.i- h-1-WI'ltfDo Y.<:7f .,:,. 1
,I'll )OC
6. 00"!11"'1. Remove the price mark from your
new suit! II-'1.11- /Aoflhll ~J'. f'l';JfDo't oo
"111""1 ~'t'I'IA

*Standing there, the lion was an easy mark.

l\11.,1' ' l\'tS'..f.OD ' h't0fttiJo ' 0+~11- ' (I.OD:f- '
J'."fiA )OC
as a mark of fot1AX'"

Accept this gift as a mark of my esteem!

J'.ll't ' hhill!"-l; 't ' f"7..~1AII' ' h ...:f- ' .,..,011'1
(be) beside the mark h'l-'lf. 1 fDo"1" )OC
The answers given by the witness were beside
the mark. !l"hh~ f(l"''ffDo oofA(o";fo h
'1-'!f. ' fDo"1" ' )0~
1et blackan dblue marks

Where did you get those black-and-blue marks?

(ltJJo)'l-ll't I 9"'t ' hOI\HfDo I
make (one's) mark 1f'i"J

1\1-~L

He made his mark in the world. 0'111!1"

~
11'i"t hTt:.l.
make dirty marks on hol'lflf
Who made these dirty marks on my new book?
h-'1.11-'t ooA-m4't "'''t h.f.lflf.., . 1
man of mark 1ft~

His uncle is a man of mark. h1-., 11)'1'

<;'ftiJo

769

marked

mar.rlage

not feel up to the mark J\'1~ m-l-t:>m- tt..w~

hf."f-IA'l"

That item has been off the market for a year.

A tired person does not feel up to the mark.

J' h-"' '11!i': ~,..:,. b1flJ' m'i';tA

ff.b""fD< o'lfD< ' h'H'. IDT~fD< ' 1\.IP&- hf.

"f-A'I"
(be) off the mark Ah hf.l.l\'1"
His opinion is off the mark. hll-1-J'f-1> Ah
hJ'.I.l\'1"

[See also 'identification, passing, punctuation']

marked
1. "t-A.U. There is a marked difference between
the two brothers. 1111-ll-1> OJ'H':"''"''lJCI' oo
ltbA "t-All flY) Af.)T hll
2. 'I"AhT f-l-1.t:1flT. Did you read the
marked passage? 'I"AhT f-l-1.t:1flT1 M
'111 h11lfl?A 1

3. .,.mCIIJ6. He was a marked man once his

revolutionary past became known. +Y:'P Y..
oo )fD<'I' h11.)flt: b;f'OJof' 11:\~ -1-mC
11)6

(ld)o

I IT~

markedly 11"1'1"

He has markedly improved. fl"''J" -l-lf1i!I,A

be off the market h"101 m4-

be on the market 1fll' 'Pi\

Fresh vegetables will be on the market this

week. J'A'I'll J'~l.t: hThAT 1111.11
<\MT m-11'1' 1RJ' f.-A
be put on the market 'lOY

m"'

This toothpaste has been put on the market

only recently. J'.ll f'I'CII <\.....,. 10J' fOJ
"'fD< b~C11 '1.11. OJJI,Il )mthere is a market for

*There is a big market for warm clothing during

the winter. 1flJ' m-11'1' Rht:'J"T .,._,..,_
flf'l- ' A-11/l"f- ' J'.)"f/1there Is no market for Ll\"1.. flttD-'r

There is no market here for these typewriters.

hll.ll Mll.ll fK'ihi.T oob,'i'l""f- I.~ 'I.
f~lfm-'1"

(be) marketable 11C M"f

His invention is marketable. 7-.1'1- f l.llo'll.m-
)1C 11C J'1>;'A
marketing, do - 1flf

marker'I"AhT

The marker for the exact spot where Theodore

died was made of bronze. -l:l"!i':~ll f'l"-1>11
:,.-, Thhll'i' ll'i'&- f"'L..'<\fm- 'J"AhT
b)ohll ' f-f-IP&- ' )fD<

market (vt.)
I. lf m. The farmers market their grain
through cooperatives. 1fl.:Ol"'ll hll<\lffD<1 n
-.11..::,. Y:c~:,. R!J.A J'.lf"'ll2. ( ~ intr.) li1RJ' +<:fl. My invention-needs

a few refinements before we market it. fLAI\

'i'IJ.T ll1flJ' h""~t:ll- no~.:,.
""lflfA J'II.I.A1'1'A

h1J11!i':

market (n.) 1flJ'

Everything is cheaper at the market. MflJ' 1111-'J" )1C <:bll

J'.~A

How is the coffee market today? q.:, fll-'i'

1RJ' h11..T )m- 1
The market is under way. ~O.,fm- cf.oP
The market is in full swing in the afternoon.
bl'l~:,.

11:\~ 1RJ'm- J'.f.&-A

The market is over. 1flJ'fD< -1-R-f-)

be in the market for Aou-,q:,. LA't

Are you in the market for a good car? 'No

""b.'i' ll""'1q:,. TI.A.:>llll 1

She does her marketing in the morning.

fii.T fii.T T1RJ'll"fmarketplace 1flJ'

He went to the marketplace to see how the

goods were selling. h?l"'ll h11..T 7-.11.
"'l.lfm- ll"''fT ,,_ 1flJ' ~1.
marksman M"'"'<l

Since the hunter was a good marksman, the

bullet did not hit the ground. hJI'F -No h)
"1"1<1 lllllf) 'l'J'.-1> .....:,:,. h&\OJ1.4>'J"
marmalade

"7COO~;f'

maroon (v.) J'll oooo(llf hllof>t: ! J'll oo

oo(llf l\4>4>
The loss of onr boat marooned us. f~AfJ"f-1
OI"J'of.+ ' J'l\ ' DDDD(Ilf I hilof'{;")

Pirates used to maroon people on desert

islands. fiJihC 1i'i'+"f- l'll"h 11<:?"7 II
IY'I- 1-ll.+"f- 'If. hfOJI'IJI. Yll """"lllf
J'.ll!lllfm- )flC
maroon (n.) [lfh~ ~M:,. of'li'J"]

marriage
1. ;Jofl;r:. His marriage was considered a
disgrace for the family. fl'l- :>11JI' llfl.-1-
1'111- 7-.11. -.'1'..::,. -1-'kmt:
49

We wished the bride and groom a happy

marriage. 1\ou-'li&;J:<; 1\0D-'Iio!-..,. fJ'.ll;J-
.:>11!1' "'M.IMII'I'IIJo ofooo'f'tii'I'IIJo
2. .:'f-~C. Her career is more important to
her than her marriage. 1\Cil. h-l-.11~ Y.A
;r. P'o!-'1' Y.OA'I'Q;J-A
3 . .,"'Q-'1-. Before her marriage, she worked
in an offioe. h.,"'Q;I: 04.-l- Ill!" 11Joll
'I' -'1-,..o!- ~OC
arrange marriages

Arranging marriages for one's children is

outmoded. f<DII~'I'- IIA~'I'- f).l!" 'iJ'.'i'
oo'/"~'1' Y:l!" 4'C;I:A
civil marriage follm.&-'1! .:>11!1' P'C't-lThey had a civil marriage. fofo;>Il--l- 011do.o!'l! .:>11!1' P'C't-l- ~ ....
(from her) first marriage hooloo&,l' Q!l,
She has a daughter from her first marriage.
hoolOD&,I' Q!l, 11.-l- A'Jt: <DA-'III'fo
give in marriage

martial

770

marriageable

~l.

He gave his daughter in marriage to a minister's son. AJI:'t 1\"'Ull-l-C A'Jt: .II~
[See also 'propose, servioe')
marriageable 11-'1--'IC fJ'.~{l
He has two marriageable daughters. 11-11-l- II
-'1-.IIC fJ'.~{lo 11.-r-'1'- A~ hil--lmarried (adj.) ,1'1Q 1 foJ-.11~'1'He is a married man. l\fto J''Jll llm- ~m
She is a married woman. "!1. ,1'1Q'fo 11.-l- <;-'!The adventurer looked for an unmarried girl
whose father was rich. 1.""1\,IIJo ,I'Aof-.11~'1'-
fQIIll;> A'Jt: d.l\1
married couple QA.-,.J;C

This house is only for married couples.

Y,U 0.-'1- 1\QII-l--'IC 11!1' ~..,.
married life :t-JSC
Married life changed many of his previous
habits. -'1-.llc 1I11'11Jo't fY:I!" "'-"'"''t
lUDtn8Jo

marrow:r-A'I''I"
The marrow is taken from the bones and eaten.
:r-~:t.'l''l" lt'l''t-l- IIJoll'l' <D'I'-r- Y.OIIA
marry (married), vt.
I. MQ. Is she going to marry him? A;f-1QIIJo
~ .... ?
Is he going to marry her? IU'1Q-l- )IIJo l
2. .II~. He married his youngest daughter
to a writer. -l-'tl('t AJI":'t 1\UII.. "'ol--l-

3. h:>Q. The patriarch is going to marry

them. ;r-'1-&,I'Ch- IU';>Q:fiiJo ~..,.
marry (vi.)
I. h1Q. He married late in life. 06Y:"''.11Jo h
m<; 0:\11 MQ
2. QA MQ'fo. She married late in life. QA
nq:f...,. 06Y:"''. hm<;'l'- 0:\11 )IIJo
marry off Jll.

He has married off all his daughters. 11.-l-

'll'to-11-Y:?/.A

A~

be married

1. h'J'l. Were you married in church?

,1'1Q1i11Jo Oofohii.A ~..,. l
2. of-:>flo. They've heen married over a year.
hof-.:>11- 'too-l- 1\A:f,'I''I'A
get married ft1ll

When is he getting married? oa:r: i'aJo rD?.

,1'1QIIJo l
When is she getting married? "!1. f'I";J-1QIIJo

oa=t:

~m-

marsh ~..,~.,
They are draining the marsh to build houses
on. 11.-l- 1\oPP'o!--l- ~"1~1-'t VF.M <;

"'"'"

marshal (v.)
I. hH:>l. He took great care in marshaling
his facts for the court. 1\'i'CY: 0.-l- f"'1.4'C
OIIJo't 0'1-A:r- 'l''t:l'4: hH:>l
2. oot-. The host marshaled them into the
fOOm. fliUL-Iz I IIJ.f.. I }Jij:l\- I aJo(ttp I OD~:ftiJbe marshaled Oh11C ofo<D{lJ'.
The foreign visitor was marshaled into the
presenoe of the Emperor. f.....,. Mol- "'t
"1.11 't'l-"' ~1P'-I> <D-'111-0-'1- Oh11C
ofo<DM
marshal (n.) [OIPC {lt-'f!-'1- 11Joll'l' h'i'ofo
'i' QIIP'A"''t)
marshland ~"1~"1 ll'i'&This marshland is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Y.U ~..,~., ll'i'o!- f<DQ -l-'t'S
OOCIL,I'

~ ....

marshy ~.,~..,
Marshy land shelters many small auimals.
~"1~"1 oo.:.+ 1111' -l-'t't'li h'tllll-'1-'t
.l''l'o!-A
martial
1. fl"''t)-'1-. The Ethiopian patriots showed

their martial spirit in battle. fh..+f"kf hCO

'l':f f)!"I'H+ ll"''.:l"'l'""1 OtnCtoJo II
" hill'
2. "7C1i. Helikes-martial music. "7C1i oo-u.

:J> f-a>llA.

martial law m:f"f..tl-'1! ..,..,

The governor declared martial law.

"J1CfDo

martyr ll"711T (pl. (1"711:1"+)

The church honors all martyrs. fl..,. hCM:f
1 (1"711:1"+1 11'11' :l"b-fl&-ll:f

.,._m

mash (v.)
1. hf.."'-~' A rock fell on his foot and mashed
it. J:-1:>1- l\"1'1- 111- mJ:-$ hf.."'"'""
The elephant's heavy feet mashed the grass.
1111'). Oh<IJ:- l\"lt:'ll "1'1-1 hf..........,.
~ ...

The martyrdom of St. John the Baptist is the

subject of a new play. fOD'J',...,. f"m1ll (I
"711+t+ fll.ll tf+C hCl\llT t..,.
martyrize hP':J'f
The ancient Romans martyrized many Christians. f'1'1T 1::"7..,.11 ofltl- hClltf'l':f
1 hP':J'f.
martyrize oneself

He sought to martyrize himself. ll"711T 1\0D,..

llA 'l"h<:

marvel (v.) .,.f..t+

I marvel that you were able to succeed under
these difficult conditions. OH.Il htJJ:- 11'~:1"
OD\thA llll.,.llltAil l\f..t:J'I\11'
marvel at hi!.)+

J:-"t'll't OD'i'.U.T hllofi'S

3. M ... m. They mashed the chickpeas to

make stew. W'l' 1\0DP'ti-T 1i1ofltl-""1

llt+m-+

mash (n.) :tA:tA

The baby ate a mash of bananas and water.
.ntt- fDD-11'i" f..,.~ :tA:tA 011

mask (v.)
I. 1.0+. He masked his anger behind a
smile. oflll"l"-lo1 0.1..1"1:1" 1.0+..,.
2. l\1/lY.:J"m:t lr.t.t. The robber masked his
face . ..,.,.,...,. l\1/lY.:J"m:t ,!.-lo1 If.t.t

mask (n.) ODf..OoJ:.I'

The robber wore a mask over his face. -1'"7'1
..,. .l.-1:1 oouf..04:1 lr'i''f toe

*His smile was a mask to hide his disappointment . .1..1"1:1"..,. :t~:l"...., 1\DDf..O:t f.,.f..

He marveled at her skill in typing. fODII.'i"

K".n.t.+ :tA'I"i''i"1'1 hf..t+

marvel (n.)
The marvels of modem science are
1.
amazing. fHOD'i"'l! llf-1(1 :I",..C fMC

,.,.C.

"7A

These pills work marvels. MH.Il ll.t'l':f :1"

,..Cf-P'tl-/1'
2. rltta.. Your room is a marvel of neatness
and order. h'i'Ail f'tK".n'i"'i" fP'C'tT ,..

t ....

<:1 toe

mason "110'i'
The mason will build the wall. "110'1..,. "IJ:"IIl..,.1 Y.1tt1A

masonry M10'i't+ P'tlHe is an apprentice in masonry. l\{1- 0"110'i'

t+ P'tl- .,.11"7"7~ t..,.

mass (vt.) h1J:-t+ llOllO

The general massed his troops for an attack.
:(~&oil'

a>:f"f..t:'ll1 llf1Jo1J h1J:-t+

(10(10

mass (vi.) .,.(10(10 l Ooflq:,. .,.(10(10

"~"-"'

h.

masculine (n.) .,.<111:1"1- 1<:1"

The masculine does not have a special marker
in Amharic. ti"7C'1 lln!t .,.<111:1"1- 1<:1"
AI' ,..AhT fll..,.,..

fl\"IC \>,(I fW1 J:' .U.1':f" t..,.

2. +Q6~.,e.. "He'~ is a masculine pronoun.

ll,.. t..,.
l\{1- .,.<Ill:I"1-

2. "-"" I just have to mash the potatoes.

martyrdom ll"711+t+

marvelous "'"""'
This is a marvelous cake. 1-11
h t ....

masculine (adj.)
I. fa>1J:-. Football is a masculine sport.

masculine gender, see gender

:1"1.&-'1! ..,.., om)';

~~~

mass

771

martial law

Crowds were massing in the square. fJ,_QfJf.

111- ofiH- .n11ofl .,.lloflllll toe

The troops massed for an attack. m:J"f..t:'ll

11"7'1':J'T OofiHT .,_llOllll'

mass (n.)
I. h,..C. A large mass of feathers will be light

Mass.

772

in weight. Til~ ' f'lq ' hi"'C b11~.,.

+'lA ' ~fll2. "111-'i'~T. He couldn't move the piano
because of its mass. b"/11-'i'~.,. f-1-~"1 T..f
'l"fll-"t ' fi.J'~:J'"t+fll- ' 1\IAJ!'AI"'
3. ( ~ adv.) 011qT, Mass meetings are forbidden unless a permit is obtained from the
police. bTII.ll UF: l!A-1-Ilm Oll-1-+
C 011qT ""1\111\11 hAbit. ~fllMass production results in lower costs.
7.:1'1 ' 011qT' ODJ"&-T ' fODJ"&,f' 'I';Jfll-"t '
M"t<'IA
*The mass of opinion is against the plan.
f1;.11q ...fll- ' 1\fll- ' 1\ll.J-ltl\11 ' 7.~'1-"t ' f"'L
:J'ml"' '

~fll-

*The car is buried under a mass of mud.

.... ~~........ ' .,... ' fll-ll'P ' -1-+0~:f
masses ..,.&- tlt11il
The masses are illiterate. +&-m- .lt111l oP
IJJ/.1"' ' ~fllin the mass om:,.~ltfD"

The valley, in the mass, is extremely fertile.

lfA-'fll- Om~'l'lfll- 0"11"' ill"' ~fllMass~.lll\

Mass begins at 7 o'clock. ~.111\ f"'L1qfll-

hl\l.T q"tF: llqT ~fllcelebrate Mass :,...q(L "lfl
The priests are celebrating Mass now. rJ:lt:t: ~
~.Ill\ 111-1-'I'A
go to Mass
She went to Mass. A;J-ll+F:ll 't~:f
[See also 'sing']
massacre (v.)
1. 1~11. The soldiers looted and massacred
for three weeks. m;t-~~'ll ll?'llT ltl"'"t
;1-T II.HCf-'i 11.1F:II- -'f.
2. ~JI.. The enemy massacred the wounded.
milT 4!llll'l''ll"t ~'ffllmass acre (n.)
l; l'.A<I:T. At Siddist Kilo there is a memorial to the Yekatit massacre. llF:llT 11.11-
'If. ' llfl!-I:T l'.A<I:T f-'oo oo;t-1\0..f do
fll-AT 1\ll
2. 'i'~T. The malign rule of the tyrant caused
revolts and massacres. f~~ f"Pilt h1tf
'II 11-hT'i 'i'~T 1\llb.J-A
massage (v.) 1\lf
He massaged his cold fingers. 11CF: . foo ;1'ffll-"t . ' "1-Hl"t ' 1\.lf

master

massage (n.) oo;t-lfT

How -much does a massage cost? Aou;t-if'.Jo
l"'"t ,ftJA Y.b~'IA 1
get a massage :t-il'
I'm going to get a massage to help my aching
back. f"'',.foo't"t JI..Cq\l."t l'.VI.lfll't 7.;1lfllll-

massive

..,,.,..t;:.

1.
He was locked in by a massive door.
.,,..., ' OD'If'LJ' ' -1-H;>RT
2. ofltt-. Massive evidence showed that the
president was the embezzler. "r&.H..II"t.,. f.b
'1111 ' 1"tH11 ' f"'L.f"l"0~11C ' ODif). ' 0
1111- ""~li' ;t-m+
3. htt: 1 Ill. His massive erudition impressed
the audience. b'i' .fll ~fll-.,..,. 1\.11"7'""'11
"t ' 1~.,,fll4. ouq.:r-. A massive swarm of locusts invaded
the country. ooqT fh."tO"' DD"t;> 1116;1:
"t ' m~~
mast foocb11 l"'llf\
The sailor was leaning against the mast.
oocbO ...fll- fODCbll-"t l"'llf\ -1-~"1.:::

""" ~oc
master (v.)
1. m"t~-' om+ 1 O~"t-fl 1\"'C.P. om+. It
will take you five years to master Amharic.
1\"7C~ m"t~-' ll.,m~ 1\l"'llT qoo

T' ,.~~'"

He was bent on mastering Amharic. h.'"IC'?i

O~"t11 1\"'C.P. il"'"'~ "'~
2. 1\m'i-' om+. The manifold subject requires
years of study to master. 1ltl- HC!Ii: lAID"
"t TI"'IJCT 1\m'i-1' ll.,m~ f1111-
q"";t-T 'P'iT Yll~A:>A
3.1\'I'C.P. om+. He has mastered three foreign
languages. ?'liT ftD-"1" 1\1C ~"t~l":f
1\'PC.P. ,ffll-:J'A
4. 1;1-. It took him quite a while to master
his temper. "tS'..,."t A"""';I-T 1111- 1.

H. '

mll~OT

master (n.)
1. '1:1". No man can serve two masters. h"JJP:
I"' 1\fll- 1111-liT 1.;1- 11.1q 1\Y.:fAI"'
The master beat the dog. "I.Tf"fll- fll-lfm-"t
"";1-fll2. OOI"'IJC. The master taught his pupils how
to read. ODI"'U'I- -1-.,&l"'li"t "tq11 1\ll.J-"7
&-'ffll-

match

773

masterful
*He is a master at story telling.

:.,..to+ (lJOJ

&- 1""/J'hl\fDo fl\'1"

*He is master of the situation.

fOOJ"&-T 'f-11-;1- />1\tJJo

'1..1'~

~~;t-m-

master of the house QllO.T

The master of the house is not in. Qll0.11 a AO.

+.fir'/"
master (adj.) 1'<;'
The master bedroom has a large window.
'l'<;'tJJo oo'S;I- 0.'1- '1-A:t oollt>+ />1\tJJo
master musician foo-rt..+ A.:t-

He is a master musician, and everyone admires

him. f.,..H.:I' 1\.:t 111\ll'~ v-tr Yf.'l
4'1'11\
master plan ourvl:.,.. "T#\1
A master plan is needed for the city's development. i\hofotP/m- 'A~+ oPrPl.+ T#\1' s
YIILII\,;JII\

masterful
1. 1"11\"1'1 f-J-ODI\0'1-. His masterful tone
frightened all the clerks. 1"11\"1'1 f-J-OOI\0'1-
1:'/"tJo ' 'lf""''lh ' v-tr ' 1>111.~1"1'ftJJo
2. '1'011 f-M"I\0'1-. His masterful ways gained
her love. '1'011 f-M"I\0'1- 1"&-tJJo f!).
'I -;::,.e l>ll1'f11+
3. <::4::,0 flf~. The masterful performance
of the pianist enchanted the audience. f'I:Yt
11-fo t:4::t flf~ f'I:Y'l' t.oo;l-'1- 1>'1
.,""',;, hllf.(l;l-'f'tJJo

master key 't,l'.~-1-'f 4111\'i'

This master key will unlock all the doors in
this building. ,I'.IJ 't,l'.~-1-'f 4111\'i' O.ft'lll
"'" fDoll'l' Ytr+'~ o~l- v-tr ,l'.h'i':I"A

masterpiece ;1-1\:t :tell

His latest novel is a literary masterpiece. o:,.
:1-11:t ,
en- ym"'"'" A-n m11~ ,
fl"~

""""'*" .

,..,.-;: :tell ~,.

*This painting is an artistic masterpiece. .eu

1"611\ :1-11:t e-t+ 111,. I"~ 'I'O
oft I ~liJmastery
1. 01\,I'.H. The two teams vied for mastery.
IJ-11... ' n-~'1- ' 1101\,1'.~'1- ' 1-0J'If..-12. ":ftr-:r. His mastery of arithmetic is noticed
by all. Odl.lt11 t:1~ '""'" '1-11-:1" ovtr H'lf." f;/"OJ-1' ~,.
3. 1\004\"'me Yl\fDo '1-11-:1". His mastery
over his temper helped him greatly in life. 'If..
1>'1 11""4\"'me fl\fDo '1-11-:1" O.ft,I'.OJ-1>
8J"(l'f"

.... ,..

t;,48J"

masticate l>'fh
He tried to masticate the tough leather.
m'llJ&-fDo'! m'i'e 11"7'fh 'l"ht:
mat (v.) 0;1--J-~
The sea breeze matted his hair. hQ.fte f"'L""
"'fDo ~4-11 li"K-'1 0;1--J-~fDo
be matted
!. -J-4/."'mt:. His hair is matted with blood.

li"K- 01.'1" 1-41."l'I'Z:A

2. +~oo~oo. The grass was matted because
the animals trampled and rolled on it. h'llllt+
llllt:;J1tnoT<;' 11111-'lf..QIItrO'I- "1-1- -1-1.
OOf.OO

mat (n.) (Ill.'!

Put a mat on the floor to sit on! l\OD4'0odi.
Omlltr 1\,1'. lll\.'I l>'l'l''i'

Master of Arts "7111-C l>'i' t.e+ll

He received his Master of Arts from the
University of California. f"711-J-e l>'i' t.e
+II '1."16fDo'! hlJII.G:C'IY l''!iiell.-t 1>1'f

match (vt.)
I. -J-oolto\,1'. ~"'" This color matches that one.
,I'.IJ 4-fl'l" hH.Y'i'fDo :>e -J-ooltlt,l'. ~,.
2. />btl. My skills in typing do not match his.
foob.<; 10.ftLT 'f-11-:1"\1. f(l-'1 Joo.l'hA'I"
*I'm ready to match my strength with yours.
1>'11-'1 R'IAOT 11""**'1" 11"1)1: ~'1
match (vi.) -J-OD/t/t,l'. ~"'"!I>'! f." 't,l'.~'l- ~,.
The two candles match exactly. IJ-1\-fo 'lf"7l"
'fo ' 'j:l\.'/" 0 -J-00/t/tf"'f- 0 <;'ffDo
Your socks do not match. fh"le ~&--RIJ
1>'1~ 't,r.~+ 1>,1'.1.11'1"

master of ceremonies 1>111-1'1'4:

He was master of ceremonies at the concert.
o ....H.,..,. O'tA 11.r. t.II-J-1''1'4: ~oe

match (n.)
1. hofl6-l-. Give me a box of matches, please!
1>'11." ;rt> h116+ lim'S

masterly fmR.-11
He did a masterly job of repair work. 0'1'1<;'
Oil-A fmtl.11 1"&- oP&-

mastermind

faJm~

(\fDo

The mastermind behind the revolt was caught.

v-h-1>'1 v-tr fOJm~,. (lfDo 1-YH

Strike a match; I can't see in the dark. hil&'l- 1

""'C I OOQ.II"7

11"7f'l-

I\ A :fAf"

2. 1'1'"'1..1'. Who won the match? 1'1'"'1...1'....,. 1

"7'J I 1\lf~l. l
3. .,.OD/1/If.. I am looking for a match for this
paint. flf.tJ't I 4'119" I .,.OD/1/If. ' 1\I.A;JIIII4. 1\h-J'. You're no match for him. He'll
flatten you with one blow. 1\h-J'm- 1 1\f.Y.IIU
,. I fl't~ I , . , . I f.HCC?A

5. :>il!l'. The parents did not approve of the

match. 11>1\,l~ 1 :>il!l'm-'t 1 I\A1.4'JI.9"
arran1e a match J\;Jq

She tried to arrange a match between the

bachelor and the widow. m'tY. 1 llm.....,.'i' 1 q
!).

f'l".,.fl'f-'J

(\'f-

11"7;Jfl'f-

'l"bG:f

be a aood match

I. ll:>il!l' 1 .,.11"7"7. He is a good match.

1\(\- I II;Jofi!J' I f"'l.il"7"7 0 ~lf)o
2. .,.11"7"7. These colors aren't a good match.
MII.U I 4'11'1":f l\f.il"7.,..,.
be a match .,.il.,.IJhll

She is not yet a match for her mother in

cooking. 09"1il 1 1\w&-C 1 1\'i':l:'t 1 1\'l-il.,.
IJhAf"

matchmaker 1\"7"1."
The matchmaker arranged a marriage between
ll"-il.J:"J (IJP~
these two couples.
I

1\11"7"7

h"''""

l. .,..m?. The animals in the zoo haven't

mated this year. 01\tl-'1!'1- 1 ""m04:J' m-il
'I' 1 ,rtt-'1- 1 1\'tilj\:f 1 OII.U 1 'lOD'I- 1 1\A.,.m

.,.,.

2. 1.111.11. Birds mate in the spring and build

their nests. mr:.:f 1 f"'l.l.ll'i'it-'1-'i' 1 '1.1 1 f"'l.
I

OIU'.f.

~"'"

mate (n.)
I. 'JY.'f. He and his mate left the school at
!2 o'clock. 1\(l.r,' I 'JJ'.'fm- I 0(1.1(-(l'f- I (l'l'f- I
h'l-f"UC'I- I 11.'1- I " ' " ' "
I lost the mate of this glove. fii.U 'J'tt 1 '\F.
'I'm- 1 mof.ii'S
2. f'I-'IC 1 'JY.'I'. One should treat one's mate
with consideration. 1\'t~ 1 (lm- 1 f'I-'IC 'JY.'f
" ' " ' I 0"'1.1fl I ODJ'111 1\110'1-

3. qA. The lioness and her mate were sunning

themselves in the cage. 1\'tO/If.-f:'i' 1 f!!). 1 1\il
t:'f-

0 'J,llf)o I

fDo(l')'

'f-

8dof.

fDo(l')'

I 'J,l11Jo I

8dof.

f.'1"41

~OC

material (n.)
1. "'-C~. I have enough material to make a
COat. f>'f- I IIOD(lof.'f- I 04: I OQ.C:f> I 1\
II'S

2. 1\:J'. We use only the best materials.

1\'f I ff"'tiPtl-fl'flJ)o
'i''t'fDo

f"C'I'

1\:J'jP:f

o(J!J'

The raw material is processed by the factory

and turned into plastics. '!'.!."'" 1 1\:J' 1 of.ofl&
"'"il'l' I b.,.IPtl- I 0:\11 I " ' " I Tllil
I f.I\ID"'A
3. AI' AI' "7il~9':f. He is collecting ma-

IJm-

th~'l-

terial for a book. OOJtdtt;:

AI'

"7ilt:ll"9':f't

1\DD~fi:

floP(lo(J(lo(J

llf.

A'-
~ ....

material (adj.)
1. ~1\011". She's only interested in material
things. 1\!). I fl'lii"7'J! I ~1C':f I ofi!J' I 'f-J'.
(1;1'11~

2. "I-AU. There's no material difference between the two. R.,.A'it 1 ool:)bA 1 r-tf'" 1 "1-A
A\!.~'1-

fllf"

3. m:J'"'l.. The judge warned the witness

not to hold back material evidence. J'.;;:BJo 1 fP
(lb~ I m:J'"'l.
MmH41'1-

"7ilt:JI"jP:f't

1\'JJif.J'.ofl:f-

4. 'P'i. The baking is a material factor in

making cake. h.h 1 (l.IV,t.. 1 'P'iBJo 1 JP,&. oo

mate (v.)

...~,.

*The lion and his mate were sunning themselves in the cage. I\'tOll,.., 1 1\'tOIIf.-1: 1\ilt:

[See also 'wrestling']

II;Jofi!J'

materialize

774

matchmaker

f.'1"41

~OC

;J1~ I

~lJ)o

5. 111\IJA 1 f"'l.(l'l'. Food and shelter are

material comforts. ,-,11c; 1 ODmlal 1 ia.h.tt
A I f"'1- I f"'l.(lm- I 'i''I'IDmaterial needs f{U&~+ 1 ODIV;1'-~ 1 fj:;t\1+
Every man needs to satisfy his material needs.
(liD- I !Jolt- I f(lfDo~'l- I ODIPG;l''l! I 'i'll'l-f:'t I
11"7CIJ'I- I f.I.A:>A

materialize (vt.)
I. floa)';ODtJ' 1 1\ID"'(II'I-). An inventor materializes his ideas by building a model. I.A/1.1, . I 1\.IPtl- I J'(tflll)o'J ' ~1C I flOD)';OD<IJ' I 'I"Jl.
A

J'ID"'I\:J'A

2. h1il 1 1\Y.Ml. He materialized his ambition

tO become a dOCtOr. doh.f" I IIODif'J 0 f)flt:
ID-'J

9"'P'f-

b1-ll

1\J'.t:{l

t\~ 'PA
Our plans did not materialize. 1\:f-P..!J':f't 1 liP'

materialize (vi.) RFt-

tl-

llf.

1\A'f'ft-f"

materially
materially

I. D"''F'. The teacher's ideas helped materially

1:$~'t D"7H:>~+ ~
11: $11.,."7&"'" m<'lfl':J' D"''F' ~""'
2. Dou"f&$ ~11:. The enemy was strong
materially, but weak in leadership. m'l'l- Dou
"1&$ ' ~11: ' m'tiJ&. ' ,..,., ' ll't'l[ ' DOD
& Dh-A .I'.IJ"7 )DC
3. Dllil'l-. The nation got better materially,
but worse spiritually. 111&-1< Dllil'l- 11'1lflfA DDD'tL<'I'I! ~11: "l't l\f_,.D'Iif

in planning the play.

:r- '

't.I'.'T

maternal
I. fl\'i''l-. A child needs maternal love. A'Jf:
fl\'i''l- 'i':J>C $llLA1'1'A
2. Rll'i'-1< Dh-A. His maternal grandparents
are still alive. Dll'i'-1< Dh-A 11$-Hi llv't9" aa.y.m+ /Illmaternal care ra.,o;+ 1\ll.,."l.l'."l

Maternal care is being taught by health teams.

f.n,o;'l- llll.,."l.l'."l 'I-9"11C'I- DtiLo;
'iP..':J' Y.II"'A

maternity (n.) ml\1: ouiJ"t

Maternity changes a woman in many ways.
ml\1: ODI/''t 11.'1-'t Dill!- OD't11: Y.il
fDo"';I-A

maternity (adj.)
I. f"7'1'illl'. This hospital has a maternity
ward. Y.ll mh.9" IL'I- f"7'1'11ll' h'l'
A 11/lfDo
2. fliC'I-11. She wears a maternity dress.
fl\C'I-1! Ailll '1-ilil'til':f-

mathematician fm.llil 0'1'<1:

A mathematician is needed to solve this problem. Y.ll't't TC'ili\.'F' /IDDJP&-'1- fdo.'t
il 0'1'<1: $llLA:>A

mathematics do.<'lil
I study mathematics every day. v-Ai"t do.<'l
il llmo;/lv-

matriarch [IL.,. llil't mY.9" '1-<'l't f9"

;1-ll.,."lf:C l\DDIL'I-)

matriculate 1>1\.'Jf: 1q
I matriculated last year. 't9"o; 1>1\.'Jf: 1qv-

matrimony :>iii"

matter

775

matron

[Db~ m'i' $11- ,1'"111- mY.'F'

qA f'f".,.q'ffDo mY,.HC')

matter (v.) llllL'I"I. )fDo

It hardly matters one way or the other.
$'F' II') Y.ll li'Jf:"l'F' llllL'I"I. 1\Y..I'.ii'F'

matter (n.)
I. '1-"lf.. It's not a matter of price. f'l':> .,.
"lY. IIM'./19"
2. )1C. I'll look into the matter. )1'1-'t l\DD
~'F'~'I'IIIJ-

You're only making matters worse. \o1o;..'l

qo(l(l'l'/111
3. 'l't. )1C. The matter of this book concerns
everybody. fH.tJ I ODX"thfi; I ~~ I \o1C I rJflo') 0 f"7..DD/Ih'J- ' )fDo
4. 'I':>. This idea is of little matter. Y.ll II <'I
'1':> $/lfDo )fDo
il
5. 9"h't$'1-. If a man is robbed, he has matter
for complaint to the police. ll'tf: /lfDo f
_,..,.., ll't.l'.l/') il?'ll.ll IIIL-1<;1- /1"7:J>~
il 9"h't$'1- Y.'l'~'I'A
6. "'H'I' $/lfDo )1C. Solids and liquids are
matter. 'I''I'Co; L'l"li )1C'T "'H'I' $'1'1'
"'" )1C'"'' o;'l'm-

Mil_,.,..

matter of fact, as a ""'

I. l\'t"lJfDo'F'. As a matter of fact, I'm leaving
for that country myself. ll't"lJfDo'F' ll~ &.
1\,

IDY,HJ

1\"JC

OD'/,y_

\oaJo

2. ll't.l'. l\fDo)-1< hi/'). As a matter of fact,

I wasn't even there. ll't.l'. l\fDo)-1< hll') ll
II.J''F' 1\A)DCha matter of i\11,..

We waited a matter of hours. llofU,.. iltlT

mD:J>'t

be the matter iolt

motor? Y.ll't 'I"

What's the matter with tbis

' ,., ' l
.,.c
What's the matter? Why are you
)IJ<D-

crying?

'F"t )IJII ('F"t II'WA) i liM ;J-/I:J-<'11111 l

for that matter ll't"lJfDo'F'

For that matter, he can stay where he is.

l\'t"lJfDo9" l\II.J'fDo 11.-JY. Y.':J''IA

In the matter of fl - - - flh-A

He is strict in the matter of discipline. OP'~+

Dh-A 'l'il:J> )fDo

It does not matter .,1:

rltr

Matrimony is the goal of many young women.

It does not matter; I shall go myself. "11: f/1

filii" A'K1~P..':J' 't'l"7 :>iii" )fDo

'F' l

l\~fDo

' &.ll. ll't"lii!Jo

matter-of-fact

maximize

776

It did not matter to him whether he got paid

or not. R.hi..IIID< 'l,l'.hi..IIID< "'!l: hA~n.:

3. 0'1'<1:. This job can be done only by a

mature woman. f.tJ'l ATIP&- rrT~A :

it's of no matter h.t'i'aC.119'"

be mature
1. fl(ltt The boy is very mature for his age.
A)!: 011.1.1 b!l:"'LID- 0"1?" ' RM.A

.,.,.

0'1'<1:

It's of no matter. The cut is a small one.

f-1-ot..:m.,. 'l-"t11 ~.,. l h,l'ltll11?"

no matter what g-Jr it

imperfect
No matter what I do, it doesn't please him.

2.

a.+ 11!1'

Tm..-++.

.,.,..

His plans are not yet mature.

fll- J.:j.Jl: 1<; hA-1-m<;oJ>oJ>?"

M?" 11"'&- h.l'IIJ'.II-1-ID-?"

of mature years ffl(lt\

Time moves on, no matter what we do.

Persons of mature years are needed for this

job. lllf.U l"tl- fRill\- lll":Y. ,l'III..A;J/1-

M?" 11<;~ '1.11. "'Ill<;: h,l'.4'C?"

*We're going, no matter what you say.

,l'AhiD-"t 11'1-A J."t~'lll"t

what does it matter 9"1' fJ'..C;J/J\

What does it matter? I'm going anyway.
M ,l'!'.C;JA 1 ,1'?" II"~ ,l'.U oo~J!. ~.,.

[See also 'course, dead, fact, form']

matter-of-fact(~

adv.) ?""t?"

J."t'IAII"~

maturity
I. o:j.ou h-'19". He had reached matnrity
by the time he was twenty. ?,I' qou+ II.'I"
~.,. 11o:j.oo h-'1?" !'.Cft ~nc

2. o:j.ou .t..'l'"t. She had reached maturity

by the time she was twenty. '/~ r floaT lt.
.,.~,.. 11o:j.oo .t..'l'"t !'.Cit ~nc

hfl:C-)

be far from maturity 1'i h.AO(II\r

His matter-of-fact explanation of the accident

surprised everyone. fF..:Jt-1 ,.i.:t" r'J,..

Even thongh he is 30 he is far from maturity.

"'~" qou+ 0.11"~,.,- 1<; hARIIII?"
bring tO maturity b""Jil I lt~~(l
We brought our plan to maturity. J,:j..o;:Y."t"t

J."t'IAII"~ hfl:C-) oo<;1<1- IIID<"t

rNr hll1

.:oo....

mattress 'i'&-11

h"111 h!'.<:ll"t

I need a new mattress for my_ bed.

h-'1.11 'i'tl-11

mature

llh.IA;J~

,l'III..A1>i'A

This experience matured his character.

~tJ

~1c m'll'"t h.,..lloo

{liD<

mature (vi.)
1. fl(U\. Wine matures in three months.
m,l'.). IIDD1111A 1"11'1- me ,l'.I..~R;t-A
2. 1ul\oP{I. He seems to have matured as a
result of his experience in the war. hlllc~:r- a q
11"1D- A?"?"Jl: f,_llooll ,l'.ooMA

3. m'tht::. Most animals mature faster than

human heings. 11,. J."tlltt+ hiiiD- 4'1'.'1"
11111D-

R-1-".l~
'1..11. IIOO)!OOC !1'112. 01111. The oranges on the tree will reach
maturity in two more weeks. Otll.l 1 IJ'i! 1 t\f.
,1'11-'l- 11C-I>IJ'l':Y. hiJ-11'1- lt?""t'l- 0:\~
J'.RMII(not) reach maturity (JS:ortm- : llf.~Cll .,..,.

they were able to begin. J.:j.'l'fiD<

(vt.) h.,..lloull

;,.,e.m-1> f!'..:lln+

reach maturity
I. -I-".7A When their plans reached maturity,

,l'.m~h&.ll-

4. fh'i',l' 1..11. 1'..:11. When your saving bonds

mature, you can collect their full value. frflmtl
ll"t!l:ll fh'i',l' '1.11. II.!'.CII """II- 'I';JID"t A'l-mll!l: '1-:Y.~III.I

mature (adj.)
l. ffl(ll\. A mature mind is capable of com
paring things. fRIIII hJ.?"C" ~10 "'/OO
~H"t J'.:Y.~A
2. f"l-A?"II<;. Fifty is a mature age. ..,,.... f
"JoA?"II<; b!l:"'L ~.,.

Many fish and frogs never reach maturity.

11,. q..,,..,... ' J."t.,&.&.Y.:Y. ' b!l:"'L,l''I'ID- '
lt,l'.!'.CII ,1'.'1";f-Il-

m au I

R"'/"t1~:f'+ .,....;

The lion mauled his trainer. 1t'l0llto h.IPA

"11'"t R"'l"t1~:f'+ ,_..;.,.

maxim

?"ltit.

"Make hay while the sun shines" is a maxim.

h'l'l- ltll h'l..'l' i )!"tRC ltll <1-'1' f
"''.IIID- ' ?"ltit. ' ~,.

maximize
1. h;~U. He maximized the importance of
what he had done. fiP&.ID<"t ~1C '1-A:j-~'1-
h;JH

2. h-'10.:. He will maximize profits by re

777

maximum
ducing costs. IDI'tl.") oou4'Hl TC'i'") f
Jlofl&-&\

maximum (n.)
I. ouQ;I,~"If. I'm willing to pay twenty dollars,
but that's the maximum. ? 1 1 -flC 1 I\ODh4.
A 7.11"'1"'11111- 1 _eu "'") fouQ;I,~"Ifm-
~

....

h'i'-1-'f 'i''l'~T. The speed

limit is 40 miles an hour; drivers must not

2.

fou..,~"lf

exceed this maximum. f'f::Ti'.fl

m(J(}

s O(l'l

:,. 1\CQ "'I.e&-. ~,. 1 ~"l(l":f _eu") roo

""~"If h'i'-1-'f '1''1'~:,. "'111'1' fiiQ'fm-11"
maximum (adj.) h'i'-1-'1'

The maximum temperature ever recerded in

the city is I 00 F. MIIJII-") RH.ll h-1-"'1 fofOOH101D" h'i'-1-'i' ......,.,. 100 o(.~")?.e-r
~,.

He pays the maximum amount for old books.

~C'"/, OO~.ft'i'T h'i'-1-'f ~-" .eh'l'~&\

The maximum weight for baggage in air

travel is 44 pounds. 01\ID"C'T~") ~_e f"7..1..
4'f.m- fh:l' hofU'.T ~").1:' 11m- 1\CQ
h&-T ~'I'C ~,.
May"'")ll+

This may or may not be true, but we will

look into it anyway. .eu hm-~:,. ll.IT")II"
~.enll" .e~A 1 fll" rr~ .eu ~1"-")
h'i'"'&-11")
be that as It may fll"i'lD- llii""J i 19"' II"
~ .eu 1 "1&-11" ~1..11 4''5

Be that as it may, I will go to New York anyway. rrr~m- fLIT") (fll" rr~ .eu l "1&-11"
~1..11 4''5) ' 7.~ ' IDf. tm-\"Ch OO'tJ'. ~IDmaybe
I. 'l"'i'&\QT. Will you come? Maybe. :,.oo"JIItll
'/"'i'AQT
2. ll"'i'AQT + gerundive + _errt;A. Maybe
he's lost. 'l"'i'AQT m'i'.Y. _errt;&\
mayor
I. h")-J:Q. Who is the mayor of Addis Ababa?
fl\-'1.11 1\0Q h")-J:Q "'/") ~,. I
2. f"'IH;J]f o.-r if.ll". Who is the mayor
of Dessie? ff.i\ "'IH;J]f o.-r if.ll" "'I
") ' ~,. I
maze OO"Jfl.f oom-'"im- f"'l..ff.'i"''C

Many ancient palaces were mazes. -flrt-fP~ fT

")T 0.-f- OO")"JF.f-'f OO"'fl.f OOID"'"i

'I'm- f"'l..ff.'i"''C

may (might)
I. Uussive). May I offer you a cup of coffee?
I\") .I:' ll.t 11-'i' AII'I'IJ I
May I go now? A'f..l:' I
May you be very happy! f.ll .enAu
2. (verb) + _err<;&\. That may he so. 7.111..1'
.en _errt;t.
I may he able to come. &\OO"' h':f&\ .err'i'A
I may he too late already. 1\11-")11" fl.rT") H

"'f.'f _errt;t.
Be good, and I might let you have my bicycle
tomorrow. mQ.etJ") to/louch ~1 oflllhl\.
i:") hll'l'tJ _errt;tA
3. II.IT") .e':f~A. It may he true. hm-~:,. II.
IT") .e'f~A
*If we had rushed, we might have caught the
train. ofi")C''J' 'l'C' Q(K.") &\")S'.CIIRT 7.")
':fA ~oc
*You might at least say 'thank you'. 1\,~m- fl.
4'C h"'UC .ell'l'&\'5 A+A ' _e1QA
may as well

we may as well stay where we are. iUf.lJ All.

tJ QII")RT 7.")-l'.e
(this) may or may not be ll.IT")II"
'/" ' .e:f~A

meager

~_err")

~RC

This maze of facts and figures is hard to

understand. fof-ID/11111-T") 'i't. ~1C':f'i' "'
'I'C':f oo~JI:,. fll'f-1&-&\
be in a maze +"7:1'"

I was in such a

maze~

I couldn't answer.

of-"'l.f-ofl'5 1111~0~ &\00&\11 1\Aif'Ah-11"

me, expressed by the suffix pronoun -='S'

Did you see me yesterday? Tt;"):,. l\.eof-1i
'fA I
Give me your book! DDX'dt'i'IJ") llm'5
meadm~

Drink this mead! It's good. .etJ")") m~ m

IIJ

j ~I

i'lD-

meadow oullh

,.&, .

The meadow is bordered by trees. Oou(ltt-

~G::f

1\11-

meager
I. f"'lfm"'ofl. He ate a meager meal of cold
boiled potatoes. f"'lfm"'ofl fO~f. :,.:,.p, .1:'
")'f o~
2. f-1-1-11"'-11. The meager face of the beggar

aroused his compassion. frf"..,.i'JoJr.Am- fAD?

")< kT 1\IIH~m-

mean

778

meal

3. l'o:E-"19". The Central African Republic's

resources are meager. fODIIhl\>;' l'o'i'<ll:t .:-.:
-11/l,h ' fit.'!" ' fof-.1.'1'1!' ' 11-11'1- ' l'o)!'"'9" ' )fDo
be meager l'o9"-11'19" '1'-1- l'oo!\)0~9"
The results were meager. m-m.~ J\r'-fltfr ~
~ ' l'oo!\)0~9"

*I am sorry I offended her; I really did not

mean any harm. ll'lh'i'f9"\>.'l- l'o11<;1\rJ- I 0
hC"''l' ' hof.'l- ' )',(10. ' l'oo!\)0~9"
mean a lot TA:,.O i'1C ~cDHis friendship means a lot to me. fC(l- ~S'. 'h
'1- II~ '1-A:t )1C )fDo

mean business fr?1" \oat-

meal 9""1-11

Breakfast is the first meal of the day. <I!CII f-1'

'1- o fOD"f.!"'<lffDo o 9""J-fl > )fDo
I haven't eaten a decent meal in weeks.

When you say you'll fight, do you mean

business? hiiJ'II\11- 11'1-A f9"Cil"t )fDo 1
mean everythlns

11-1111- <l9""J'l- '1'-1- 9""1-11 l'oAO'III-9"

*Money means everything to him. 1"JH-II

*Three meals a day aren't enough for him.

.... ' )fDo

0<1'") V'll-1: ' OD-fl'IT ' l'o.i'm"'0fDo9"

humble meal +&- ,.....,.,.
Will you partake of this humble meal? f.lllf"t
of-&. 9""1-11 h>;' ;JC A'l-<lof-'1' '1-L:t'l
1\11 ?

[See also 'festive, midday']

mean (v.)
1. 071\oT iom-. Falling leaves mean winter is
near. :tm'l :tmA 1\~"1'1' h~9"'l- of:I'C!l.A "'111'1- )fDo
What do you mean by that? l'o"t-'1.11 11'1-A
,.., ' "'111'1-11 ' )fDo 1
2. l'ohO. I meant to call, but I forgot. AS'.fDoA
l'oiiO. )0C "'") ~<lll-'11 know he means well, but the way he does
things annoys me. :,., "'/{If!-") l'ofDo:l'l\11- l
"'"t hrP&.-1- f<;~S'.>;'A
He says exactly what he means. f"''. <;1~,. A
h f{IOfDo"t )fDo
3. .1.111. I didn't mean for you to see the letter.
S'.-11-'IO.fDo"J l'o"Jof- l'o"J~;J-ffDo l'oA.I.I\"111-9"
)OC
4. f9">1-"t )fDo. He certainly meant what he
said. f9">1-"t )fDo fof-<;1~,.
5. (I)H~.

He meant those words for all of us.

l'ollof-ff_,"J fMH~fDo llrJ-'I:f"t9" )OC

6. Allh1"A. This frontier incident means war.

.eu rmoc "'"P'l- fllC)'l- fllh'l-'IA

7. f---9"Ah'l- )fDo. Thoseblackcloud smean
rain. f hfl~ S'.t1D<; f11<;9" 9"Ah'l- )fDo
8. 'l-C'J-9" /1,'i' ~,. ;FA. One word often
means several things. l'o-IIOf>;'fDo"t 1.11. h"t
~ :I'A -1111- 'l-C"J-9" ll.'i'~fDo .e":f'IA
9. '1-C'I-9" )fDo. What do those signs mean?
MIU' 9"Ah-l'":f '1-c-J."'''!'fDo 9"")~),. 1
10. '1-C"J-9" hm. The dictionary tells you
what words mean. ""1110 :1''1'1- f:l''l'l, '1-C"J-9" f,{IIIJA

)'I'

mean nothing h9"")9" hf.<t.'l'~- ! 9"")9"

hf.S'.I\9"

The high cost of living means nothing to

some people. l'o"J'I"J~ (19'-:f f'I-I!'"J """'
S'.~ ' h9"")9" ' h.e<t.~'l-9"

It means nothing to me.

II~

9"")9" hf.S'.I\9"

meant to be

*Is this number meant to be a one or a seven?

.eu <k'I'C l'o"t~ )fDo m.ell h'l'l- 1
mean to say .,1\-h i'm-

Do you mean to say you saw everything?

11-11-'19" )1C l;f,;r'l\11- "'111'1-11 )fDo 1
mean well

*When he punishes his child, I know he means

well. A)l:"t 1\'i'IIJ 0~ tiD"JLII t1DII''I-"t h
fDo:l'l\11not mean much 't;J flttD-'r

His promising to pay you back later doesn't

mean much. 11.'1 1.11. l'oh'i''ll\11- "''ll., 'I'
;J ' fl\fDo9"

mean (n.)
!. l'o"'/11'1 do<l-11. We must seek the mean
between the two extremes. 1\11-111> fof-&.&.<1!
do<l(l:f ' l'o"''l:t"f."t do<l-11 ' .....~.~~.., ' )',(1-fl")
2. l'o"''l:t.e. Gray is the mean between black
and white. f'I'<I!C<; f)op <1'119" l'o"''l:t.e
"1&.-i ' )fDo
means

!.

t1D"t1~.

We won the game by fair means.

.....;f-...., ' flf)'l')fDo ' 0'1-hhl\>;' ' t1D"t1~ '

)fDo

2. o:t9". He doesn't have the means to do it.

f")"t 1\DDP'&.T O:t9" f A He lives beyond his means. 11:,0,... O'lf, .e
'i'&.A

*He uses paper as a means for sweeping up

the dust. l'o!].&.fDo"J ' Om~-1''1- f,mC;JA

means to an end
It was just a means to an end.

7. .(.ftlt. He lives in a mean, little house.

J',tJ

h..,ft

f"'LG'I ~1C ~,.

by all means RP"'t!l" 't,M'I- 0.1/"t l 011"
't9" ' M>,:\'t
By all means take the job! OP"'t!l" 't,M'I- 0.
1/"t P' <1-ID-'t .,.4'0A
Avoid that by all means! OP"'t!l" h\\:\'t 1
't't ' hli<D"'J'.,.
1\0D~l:ll

(not) by any means f"~f" + negative verb

He was not surprised at the news by any

means. RID'-"'" P"'t!l"

meaningless

779

mean

hA.,.J'.~4'9"

by means of
I. 0. You can regulate it by means of a
screw. O:f-C'tf.~ 9"li.,C A;J-li.,.IJhl\,.
'1-:fiii\U
2. n- - h.,IJ.... ~'I-. Among the deaf and dumb,

communication is carried on by means of the

sigu alphabet. J'.'t.fr:<; ~JI flf). {I
ll':f dtftfl f"'LI\ .. <Dm-'1- 0111'1- P"Ah'l-
h.,IJM'I- ~,.

by no means
I. OP"'t!l" 't,l'.~'l- + (negative verb). By no
means will I allow you to do what you planned.
.l'+~biD-'t l'.'t~'l-"'<1- RP"'t9" 'tf.~'l-
hAtl.:fo~AUP"

2. O'i'lt.P" + (negative verb). He is by no

means stupid. R'i'lt-11" AAfl h,I'.J'.l\9"
man of means IJAX;J
He is a man of means; he can afford to pay
more than other people. 111\ll;> lll\lf~ b/1.
11-:f {ll":f ,I'.RA'J' ll.b'i'A f.:fiiA

[See also 'foul, ways']

mean (adj.)
I. <D&-'1. His mean thoughts are unworthy
of a person who is a priest. <D&-'1 hll.,.>\{1
II- ' 4111 ' ""~ ......... .,.10. ' h,I'.J'.l\11"
2. ( ~ noun) <D&-'1~'1-. It is mean of him
to treat you like that. h't.,.'t l'.'tJ'.H.U .,~
<!:1- ' <D&-JIH ' ~,.

3. hllho!.. His mean remarks lost him

many friends. h!lbol. hll.,.,l'f., bfl,.
0\J'."t':f hiiJIIID-

4. oovhA ~. What is the mean temperature

of Addis Ababa? fh'l.ll hRIJ ooubl\'1
.....,. .... ' ll't'l- ' ~ .... l
5 . .,l'.bll,l'.. The mean number between 3
and 9 is 6. fl"ll'l-<; fUm'S .,l'.bll,l'. .JI'J'
c 11~11'1- ' ~ ....
6. lt..,il..,ofl. A miser is mean about money.
"":to l\1'tHfl ll"'fl"'fl ~,.

0'1-'t'li J'.ftft 1,1( ,.111' ,l'.'f&-A

no mean ObiD-4'., b'i'.,.l;'

He is no mean scholar, and everyone knows it.

Ob,..,.., b'i'.,.l;' ' 11"11-C} ODif).'t ... .,,,.. '
.,_,,.
fiD-4' .. A

of mean birth b~'Jj f.,.<DI\J'.

This boy is of mean birth. ,I'.U

,.,.,1\J'.

A~

b~'Jj

~,.

of mean quality oofj'i'l

He wears clothes of mean quality. OD'i"/1 A
fill ,1'.1\fi>\A

[See also 'trick']

meander
1. '1lf1"'f'ODAODA .t.(t(t, The river meanders
across the flat plain. m'llt' r A'l' ttAOJo 61
Jl ' 11,1'. ' l'.f.,.'J'ODI\""1\ ' ,l'.ti.>\A

2. .,.'t'I-<1-AA. We meandered through the

park. nou<;tf.lfiD" ' fDoll'l' ' .,.,.,.<1-J'.~'t

meaning
1. ~'f. This word has several meanings.
,I'.U :l'A fl,. 'i':f hl\ID"
2. '1-C'I-9". What is the meaning of life? fOD'l'C
.rc.,.- P"'t ~~,. 1

*He does not know the meaning of fear.

'i'C?'I- ' P"'t ' l'.'tJ'.If~ ' hf~D":t-11"

meaningful
I. .,.10.. The choice of Amharic as the
language of instruction was a meaningful
decision. h.,Cl;''t 1\.,ll.,..,&,l' !1/'t!l/~'1-
OD9"<!:1' .,.1n. ,.,..~~. ~nc
2 . .,..II- 11"1.'1- f"'LI'I'I'. The teacher asked the

students to make up meaningful sentences.

0~~... I
I ,.,.1\- I {lfllj,..,. I f"!,ftfllo I
~1r::f l'.'t.ll."'"" .,..,&!l''ll't mf+
3. ( ~ adv.) RAI' 11"1.'1-. She gave me a meaningful look. RAI' 11"1.'1- .,.,..1\b.,.:f'S

OD9'"t)<;.

meaningless
I. '1-C'I-9" fl\.1\,.. His meaningless gestures
showed that he was dazed by the blow. '1-C'I11" fi\.1\ID- l'.'t:foll:l'I'I.ID- 011"., fti.HH
ODif).'t 0 hODl\b.,.

2. .,.;J 1 fA.Am-. Most scientists never do meaningless research. fl,. fft,l'.'tll ll.:l'ID"'t'l-
..:> fi\.1\ID- 1'<;'1- tl.10''1" h,I'J'.C'I-9"
be meaningless +c.,.,.. 1 hA(tm?"'
The argot of thieves is meaningless to other
people. fl\.{l:f AI' 't"'"IC 1\1\.11-:f '1C'I-9" h,I'.{IT9"

meantime

780

meantime (n.), in the I. nouull-. The police were busy fighting the

fire. In the meantime, the criminal escaped

from jail. Tll.{>'ll )VI_,.") OouhllhA
f.niS:.4- ~oc 1 ooou11- m1~11"'"'" hl\ilC

lLT I h_oPfltn
2. 7-.llhlf..l' .(-~ll. In the meantime, I'll just
have to wait. }t.{lhrt.J' 1 ~t:.il 1
1 11'- 1 uo

11,..

mn~ hili!'{
for the meantime ll"LillD"
I'll do as I've always done, for the meantime.
111.ll.iD" hll.ll 0.1.'1- 7-.1'1S:.~"711-'I- hS:.C;JIIIl-

meanwhile 7-.llhlf..l'

.(-~{1 l 7-.llhlf..l'

Meanwhile, it had gotten too late. hllhlf..l'

.(-~ll

R"'?" H"7M ~oc

We must wait for him here. Meanwhile,

we can play cards. >t.ft-'l ; Mt.o- 1 uomn:t> 1
hllil1 1 7-.llhlf..l' IJC:f" 7-.1"'im'l-

measles b-o;:'{
He got the measles while in Harar. dtl.C
1.11. &o;:'{ "'""'"

0~0

~n+

measly

h~ll-1-,.

He can't get along on his measly salary.

O~:f q~{l-J-"' S:.'l"tl- 11.'l"C hY.:fA?"

measure (vt.)
1. lllt. We'll have to measure the room before
We buy the rug. ?"")"J4-") ' hDD"7~;f":f") ' fi
.1.'1- h'i!ll-1 ODIIIJ'I- hili!")
2. .1.-J-~. The novel measures the skill of an
author in writing long stories. Aofl IDI\~ 1
:f"&h S:.&-ll.tJ>o ~"J':?" :f"&l>:f IIODl\'i!
.flltJ>o") Tir':f" Y.I..'I-'OA
3. UDif~. You have to measure the importance
of the issue before you make a decision. lD-itJ:. 1
hoo{lm'l-11 0.1.'1- f"l-'11'1 m?'U'I-
ODODH") hlli!U

measure (vi.)
1. f Ah 1 ~aJo. How much does he measure
around the waist? fm111- 1 Ah 1 M 1 fUA 1
~"'" l
2. ~noo. The front of the building measures
20 feet . .l.1llm- h.l.'l- 11.1..,. ?J' """'
Y.~11.,A

measure off h4f.Ll\

They measured off the ground into small lots.
oo~.,.") 0'1-1111 ooS:.il Ml..ll-'1measure out DDif~
He measured out three kilos of sugar. ~Pil+ 1
h.lr' {1\>.C ODH~

measured
measure up o(lof!: 11"~
As an administrator, he couldn't quite measure
up. llhll-J-'1'1&~'1- il41 hA ~0~?"
measure up to}..")~- i 11"~
The exhibition did not measure up to that of
last year. h."7H.O.ih 7-.1'1111..m- 'loo'l-
hAlT~?"

The party did not measure up to her expectations. .(-"7(1- .f{lO:ftJ>o") .filA hll1"f:f
m-?"

measure (n.)
1. Ah. The cloth is cut according to measure. ..,C41 f-J-4'AAtJ>o OAh ~"'"
2. uoA hJ. An inch is a measure of length.

h.1:f fC1foo'l- ""llh.J' ~.,.

3. ao{li.&J'. The measure I used for beer
disappeared. mil llon~J!'I- f-J-m4'?"h-O'I-
ou{li.&J' mof.
4. ih..,, Congress passed a measure for flood
control. ?"hC IL'I- ftJ>o;lo") aa'!'ll~ll~ II
.,1Y.. f-1-H;J~ .l."7 hillll..
5. lt.Cf"")f. All necessary measures have been
taken. hll1..111.m- ' 7-.C?"ll" 11-11- -J-m(l~A
6 . .hili!. The administration and the staff

locked horns over the proposed measure.

hll-1-'IS:.~<; ' >P&-1-'P'Il 04'~0"'" .hili!
~,.

ilf.(l.,_ ' 4'?

beyond measure hoom") 1 01\f,
His joy was beyond measure. F-tt.:raJo hoom
1 OilY. ~oc
in large measure h..fiq;,;:m-") "LH.
His success is due in large measure to hard
work. ll.iliJII'I- fil'lltJ>o h11~"'"'"' 1.11.
m1hl!" ooop,.:..,. ~..,.
in some measure Room).
Their success was in some measure the result
of careful preparation. ooom.,. ' m-m;f":fm-
1\..f?"C f!J'IIm- 0'1'1.4-4: hooH;J~;f":ftJ>o
f-1-~"f ~ ....
some measure ( = adv.) Room).
The government had, at that time, some measure
of power. OH.f'l 1 til. ~ uo'}..,JP'f: Room).
"1Y.A ~n~"'"
take the measure Alt
Did you take the measure of the lot? oot,.-J:") 1
llh-1-?A l
[See also 'defense']

measured (adj.) f-J-m(l)

Drive over a measured mile to test your car's

speed! fouh.o;'U1 ~'1'~'1-

1\.,.,~ 1\-f-dJ(l)

..4"1\T
The speaker's measured words brought applause. -f-o;';>&fDo ouctn f-1-o;'~&-lffDo :J'
11'1- h.l:'o;'.,.'l-1 h-1-M
measured words ODCtfl r f+'i"'lt.JftD-

fl+oum~

nt"'~

~C

Mr
The funeral cortege walked with measured
steps. A+il-1-'1.,. O-f-oum~ 1"11"1:1' 1.C?"

1f ' -1-'iH
Her measurements are 36 - 24- 38. f!J, A
h ' .<'.t:.'J- ' ~i I m~11 ' ~fi I Jlo\. ~$ ' ~ ...
1. JP ;J. He won't eat raw meat .

..-~ r

JP ;J

The meat of the nut is tasty. fl\fDort- P' :>

"14-"l"' ~ ...

2. 'U. ~~C. The meat of the book is its

description of 18th century Ethiopia. fou
ll'.hf. 'i!.l. ~~C h.'l-f'kY OOP'&- il?"
1-1-'1.,. h~A nou1 no.::fo'l-1 f"''..~
All''~.,.

[See also 'lean']

meaty
1. P' :> fOqo.'J-. Meaty brolh is given to sick
people. P' :> fOqO.'J- out;~ 11011-1-'l':f
Mt"'A

2. .,,.. ~~c f-1-'1"11. His meaty speeches are

listened to with great attention. ,.,.. 1 )"JC
f-1-'1"11 1"1"1'1-1 OK'I':t' hJioum-~~~h

I need a mechanic to fix my car. ouiJ.o;'\1-1 f

"''..oP&-A'f ' .......~ ' 1.1-A;>I\IJ-

mechanical

1. h....,...,-th. Some mechanical device opens

the door. 0'1- f"''..hl.-1-fDo Q1.1:' h.,..,...,-1:

h I ODUf~f I )OJ2. f'I"-1-C. A mechanical failure caused !he
plane to crash. hfDoC'TII). .m.<:-.,. II.(IQOC
f;FI\m- h'l"-1-'1- oo>OIIlf'l- f-1-~"1 ~.,.

His reading is very mechanical.

MQOD- .<'..1:~ ~.,.

mechanics (ill\ """'&Y 1.1~il:l'll.o;' ~f.A ;

f"''..~Al\'

<\f-1il]

DD"f&Y

oonm-c +It
1

)m-

--.~, I

*Sand in the mechanism will stop a watch.

hlf'l' (l'l.'J- fDoil'l' h~Q 1\'i-111 y.,.ou'I'A
*The bones and muscles are parts of the
mechanism of !he body. h'J'1.,.:fo;' m-1;1',..
:f YllA h~ll-:f o;'lfmDP"'&Y hl"t't.<'.
We need to mechanize the gold mines. fmC.,1

mechanize OHDPo;''l!

"""""'!! '

medal "'L-'If.

DP"'&Y ' .,tt't.<:- ' hi\

1 ~'1f1

He received a medal for bravery.

f;e"l1~'1- "'L

(t'1f1) M'f

hf.OII?"

.<'..1:~.

'If.

meat

3.

.,/J.I:''l':f '
111

measurement s Ah

mechanic

mechanism

A pulley is a simple mechanism.

.,,_A 1-'1

with measured steps

mediator

781

me_asurement s

meddle ~q

1 "'A:l' ~q

He likes to meddle in other people's business.

OM ' (lm'1-)f.WJIA

'

.,..o;,. ' OD"IQ.'J- ' ("'A:l' '

,...,q

meddlesome f1.C1 11111

His meddlesome wife is into everything he

does. f1.C1 11111 fll'~:fm- "Y.il1: 1.
(to I fl"ttP,&.dJ'1-111\:f

JP,&.

dJ-{llf'

l}o(to

lf'A:,.

media HJ'.,..:f
Radio is one of the news media. &-Jl.\'- hw
ll. .,(1&-""A HJ'.,..:f h1.!1. ~.,.

medial ouvhl\'1
The medial section is 15 em. wide. fouobl\'1
fDo h~A il4-'l- OF&- h?"il'l- <'11-I:"'L
'1-c' ~.,.

median h.,ttf. "'"'c

The median of 1, 3, 5, 8, 9 is 5. flilrl ii 1$1

D h.,ttf.
mediate

"'"'c ii ~.,.

Ohil:t'&-4:~'1-

~q

Sweden will mediate in !he dispute between

!he two countries. il'l!.<:-1 OIJ-11-11 MC':f
outtbA 0-1-l.mt:m- "l"~"l"~ Ohil:t'&4:~'1- ' '1-~QI\:f

mediator hil:l'&-4:
The mediator discussed the issue at length
wilh both sides. hil:t'&-4:m- ill\ .,.-'11' h
IJ-1\-IJ?" m~'l':f :>C O(l.C.m- -1-~:>~t:

782

medical
medical
I. f.lth,.'i'. He is attending medical school. O.lt

medley
2. .lth,.'i'. My daughter is studying medicine.
A:( .lth,.'i' ;1-m'i'll:f'

h,.'i' .r,.uc.r n..r nouoyc 11.e ~..,.

2. fmh.,.~'l-. Family tradition destined him

for the medical profession. fmh.,.~'l- F~
fHtl-'fiD" ' fiou(l'). ' 1.1\-,. ' mh.,. ' II'~
3. fm:n.r. During the President's illness, a
medical bulletin was issued daily. T "-IVI"J.,
n;J-ouou '1.11. fm "J~;I-'ftJJo OD"/1\"'i Of
-t> .eu"'l ~ nc
4. ftiL'i". A medical examination is required
of all entrants. IVI.II 11ll":f' rNr fm'i'
,.CODtl- ' 7."J~<:"lll'f1D" ' YIILA;JA

medical supplies oo..e-~t+

medieval foolthl\>;' nou"J

This country has medieval habits. .eu Me
fODI}hi\>;'ID"' JIOD") ' mQ.P. ' l\1\0T

mediocre .,.,:.
Despite the considerable research involved, the
study is mediocre. 1111- 'l''i''l- f.,.!l.<:10'I-
llii'"J,. 1.")\>, ' x-m.+- .,..:. ~ ....
be mediocre

*He is not an excellent student, just a mediocre

one. 1-011 _,...,~ 1\.P.!l.ll,. 1 11''1',. ,..

We need medical supplies because of the earthquake. IIOD"-"' OD"J-1''1'+'1' ,.h"JY'I- 1\!l.

"),.. ' 1\.P.A

remain mediocre

<;(ltD- ' ?-'1-l- ' OD!l.";)t'l- ' YIILA1'i'A

Even if we discount the irrelevant material,

the thesis remains mediocre. f...,,e~QttJo'l 7-

be under medical treatment :f"hoo

I am under medical treatment because of the

car wreck. Oouh.'i' t.!f.;J 1\!l.<:llil'f .,.
'I 'I- Oou;1-h,.. II.P. ~Of

h,-,.r

'I.P. 7.")1>, h"''I'C 'l'i'1'1

.P.4r.mC

a Jt,.t.-t.mC

ll-m.4- hll""t!l" 1\

meditate

medicament oufl.";)t'I-

I. 1\ID"' 1\rD<:!l.. The general was meditating

on an attack. 1!:'~11- 11"7'1':1''1- YID"l ymc

In the old days, they had few medicaments.

O'J'"JT ' '1.11. ' lll":f' ' '1'4:'1- ' OD!l.";)tof:f' '

!!."

~OZ:'ftJJo

He meditated upon his misfortunes. llA

medicate +'I
The doctor medicated the wound with iodine.

mh..... "'1111-"J 1\l'"'l."t -!''ltDmedicate oneself oo..e-:)t.-,.. mAA

It is often dangerous to medicate oneself

without a doctor's advice. 1llt'

-,.n. dth.

,.. ltY11 ODfl.";)\T ODID"(lfl." l\1!.1>;' ~ID"

be medicated oufl.";)t-l-~'1- l\1\ID"

These candies are medicated. .eu h<:"'ll
oPfl.";)t-l-~'1- l\IIID"

medication oufl.";)t-l1 need some medication for my chapped lips.

1\_,.ll~"'m+tJJo h"Jd."- oPfl.";)t'l- YIILA1>;'A

medicinal,

value L'l'ih'I-

The medicinal value of this plant was discovered long ago. fiLU IJ/1 L'l'il~+ h
'I'"J'I- )!,.I!' f;l-m+ ~..,.
have a medicinal taste oPfl.";)t'l- oPfl.";)t'l- l\11
This liquor has a medicinal taste . .eu fl\AI>
A OOm'J' oofl.";)\T OD!l.";)\T .P.IIA

oo

'1'6: ' {J!l.-11- 1\ID"' ' 1\rD<:fl.

2. 1\liO. He meditated revenge. II.R+A 1\liO
3. 01\"JhC' 1\liO. Monks meditate on holy
things for hours at a time. ""~lt-(l.l":f' 1111
rto ll'tof:f' Yl\"7*<:'1' 1111 :J-'1-11 ~1
1!'':1' 01\"Jhl!' Yil'lll-

medium (mediums, or media), n. u~

Radio is a medium of communication.

~r-

fOD1'i'>;' ' Jl.l', ' ~ID"

A temperature of 70' is a happy medium.
70 1!.11 f"'L,,'(l'f ODUhl\>;' --t'l- ~ID"
through the medium of n

Vacant positions are made known through

the medium of the press. h'i!'l- f F ~ 11;1-l"
:f' 0:>11."1 II.P. 0"711;1-ID<J:Y .P.ID"'I\medlum (adj.) oPI}hl\>;'
He is of medium height. "'"""' oPI}hl\>;' ~..,.

medium-sized ovmt>;'
It is a medium-sized business.
!!." ~ ....

""m~>;' "J"l

medley ID"'I'"J:r-'1'

medicine
I. ovfl.";)t'l-.

~nc

This medicine tastes

.eu ""!l.";)t'l- ,.....~"'

bitter.

There is a medley of races in Hawaii. rl1'"'

tD-11'1' fHC ID"'I'"t:J-'1' l\11

783

meek
meek f'l'll
She is as meek as a dove.
'i'"l-

1.1~

be meek mQtl A(li\IJ

C"'ofl f'l'll

)8Jo

His wife mistreats him because he is so meek.

mql' liM{) 111111'~ "'1.111: :J-ov:l'f'l'll":f
meet (met), vt.
1. M'f. Did you meet him on the street?
,.,~Y: ~ ..... .1'1'f'llfDo 1
2. 1'.,.011. He met us with a smile. Ooi.~"I:J- 1'
.,.0111
I must go to the railway station and meet my
mother. m~ qo-c "'IU' 't:( l.'i'-1:1
,...,.OA 1>1111'1
3. 1''1'tJJ.,.. Pleased to meet you! 1111 1''1'm0:,.1Jo
II ~II 1111-'1A
4. h - - 1''1'tJJ.,.. Have you met my sister? hl...,
-1: :>C 1''1'.......VA 1
5. oi.I\OD 1 uoa(ll"l-). They couldn't meet
their obligations. "l"'lf'l'l1Jo1 IIIIDol..l\'1" h
Ail'tr'l"
He met all my demands. fmf.:,OIJo"l-1 IJo/lo
oi.I\ODA'S
6. hol.ll. He did not have enough money to
meet his bills. ,1'110"1-1 do,/)11 IIODhoi.A f
"'1.0:1' ~1H11 hA~O<:fDo'l"
7. Ifol. ~. I can barely meet my expenses.
m<U.\L1 f'l"lf'l'~"" n":f"lc ~..,.
8. 1'ollolloa. We must modify our requirements
for admission to the university to meet the
new situation. l>JI..Il-1 11'~:1" lloaol/ol/'1" II I'
\l'iCil.oJ: IID"IIt,.l' f1'~~~~fDo1 ~111 '
"7'11''11'A 1>11111
Whatever befalls them, they are ready to
meet it. f"''.,,':>'1'"7'1'fDo1 IJolr ll.ol/oi/DUo
1'H:>~A

*We met the boat at 2 o'clock. 011'1"1"1- ll't

"'" IIDChll- (l,t1D"' 1.11.,1' ~OC1
meet (vi.)
1. 1'~'i"f. We meet once a week. 01)'1"1'1- h
11': '1.11. 1.1~'i"1111
He met with the President and spoke with him
for an hour. hT4.1V111: :>C 1'~'i"Sofo 1>1
Y: ll't'l- M:>~<:..,.
The two ends don't meet. 11'111: "''l::":f h
M'i'l-'1"
2. lloflllq h~<:~. The Senate will meet next
month. f ..lo"l aomlll;'fDo ll"bc IL'I- 0"'1.
"""'"" me lloflllq ,I'~C:>A
3. 1'110110. The UN General Assembly meets

meeting

tomorrow. foJoqno~-+ OD1"11":1"'1- m.:,OI\1\

.,_q11, ~~ ,I'.IIOIIqA
4. 1';>moa. The two teams met to play for
the Mrican Cup. 11'111: 11-Y:'l'":f llh'!'&l)
fl'1-&

+.?moo-

be met ll.ol..l\'1" il'll I 1'ol.ll""

My demands are easily met. fmf0:,.1Jo'l- 0+11

lr ll.ol..l\'1" ,l'.":fi\A
The stipulations have not been met, so the
contract has been invalidated. Om-& tD-itT
f-l'm.,.ll-'1- "IJ!.:J-!P":f MA1'oi.I\DUo fDo/r
oi.C!LA
meet halfway

*I am willing to meet him halfway. 1.11-'1" ,1'.

1'fDo 1.~'1" A1'fDo
meet {one's) needs hllLA"ImThey starved because they did not take enough
food to meet their needs. f"''.,l'lloi.A:>'I'l1Jo1
'1""111 qll "",l'q'f'fDo 1'<1-11meet with h:>mOD(fDo)
On his trip in the desert, he met with misfortune and never returned. OOt=.VGJo tt.~'U
q;>mDDfDo tiD'J'f:: ()J':A 'l"h1,1''1- 1.1~
roll)

+t=.

The proposal met with unexpected opposition.

f.,.<:OfDo hll1',1'f"l- ,I'A:J-110 1':#'fDo'l"
h:>m""""
meet with one's approval 0 - - .,.il"7"7

+Does this explanation meet with your approval? 011.11 "711<1-<1,1' '1-11"7"711111
make both ends meet 1111:1":1"
I am having difficulty on my salary making
both ends meet. ~'1"11.1 "711:1':1''1- Jo,:,Oofo
I;'A
[See also 'death, disapproval, doom, end,

obligation, refusal, response, reverse']

meeting /111M
There were five hundred people at the meeting.
Olloflllq..,. 1\,1'. 1>'1"11'1- oaofo II!P":f
~0~

*I had a chancemeetingwithafriend. '1~'1\L1

f"7"1'f'l- ()J':A h;>moa'S
meeting place f"''.~'i'1'0'1- 11'1'<1We chose a central meeting place. f'1"1~'i''SO
'1-1 I "7l.hi\'J! I /1'1'<1- I DDl:'J'1

arrange for a meeting lt.1.11.'1~ 11.1.~'1

I arranged for a meeting of the two. 11'111: 1.
1JI,~..... ~<:"Ill'
[See also 'order, summit']

melancholy

784

melancholy (n.) .hH't'i" .-,.,111.

He suffers from melancholy. O.hH"t'i" 0'1-lt
H.-1-<D-IJI.A
melancholy (adj.) .hH"t'i" '1-ltH. J'm?wHamlet was a melancholy person. VIJD/l.:t- th
H"t'i" +ttu. f m?w- (ltD- ) OC

mellow (vt.) t.MM

Sorrow mellowed his nature. th.H'} mflf-1'
t,II{I(I(I<Dmellow (vi.) 0(1(1

The mead has mellowed for two years. m)t:

"'"-'~- ' 'iOD'I- ' oooh.:- ' OM.A

mellow (adj.)
1. t:;J fA. His father is a mellow old
gentleman. t.IJ-1> t:;J fir t.~w-"t+ ' 'i"'fw2. AIJ ~A. An expensive violin has a mellow
tone. ~ fll") iif"I'L"J AIf YltOJ- ~,.
6 ' t,(ltD3. TD-9'". This is a mellow wine.
TD-9'"
fiDf."t m~ )robe mellow fl(IA

,.tJ

If mangoes are not mellow, they have a sour

taste. "7"t1 ltAO(l(l f.1-"""II~A

melodious M J'(l
The priest's melodious voice makes the service
beautiful. f4:(1. (I~ J'(lw- S':'l"il :r-'!ll.w"t fit 'I" &-A

melody (melodies)
I. HL"t. Wesangafamiliarmelody. t."tS': f'l"
'i"-w-"t HL"t HL"t"t
2. :l''i" f(lw- ..,."-"'. I heard him playing a
wonderful melody. "1-1-'1" ' :l''i" f(lw- ' ..,.If.
:1' ' {I. ""liD+' ... .,.,.,..

melon .hil.hil
melt (vt.)
I. t.)mt:. The good housewife gets up in the
morning and melts butter. flAoo-.Vf.-1: f(L:,.O r
7\oPIL+ ' IJI.+ -f")F;I- ' :roiL I ;1-)T&-(l:f'
He is melting gold in a melting pot. 0"7:r-A""l
w- w-ilT mc:r- J')T&-A
2. h"J. ".7.. He melted the sugar in hot water.
ilto.o~-"t o-:r- w-~ t."J."J.ro3. w-~ t.f..t.1. Tears melt my heart. A:r-f'o
AIL") w-~ J'f..C1'1'A
melt (vi.)
I. ".7.".7.. Sugar melts in tea. il\\C o?f.e wilT f."J."J.A

memento

The candy melted in his mouth. ht."'l\w- It

4- <D-ilT ' ".7.".7.
2. +Am. The butter melts easily on the fire.
:roiL 1\il'l- (l.)ltw- 0+1111.- f.+A"'A
3. All- w-;> ll"). I melted at her smile.
L1"1 il-l-A AIL w-~ ll")
melt away
I. -1"1LL. The clouds melted away, and the sun.
came out. J!ooljtiJa +1LL'i 6th~ m"'l-

2. mof.. His fear melted away. 'i'CV-1> 1 mof.

melting pot .,;r.A""l

He is melting gold in a melting pot. 0"7:r-A-
w- ' ID-ilT mc:r- ' J')T&-A

member
I. t.IJA. Are you a member of this club?
flf.IJ hOi! t.IJA HI !
He is a member of parliament. r;rcl\"7 t.IJ
A

)tiJa

2. h - - t."t)l.. A member of my family carne

to her wedding. hiL-i" (l(l'Ji t."t)l. (I(IC
~

ODIIJ

3. +h;:t-Y... Christian practices have occasionany been adopted by members of other

religions. t."t'l"tS': fhCM:n 'l""IIJC':f
011.11-:Y. l\'1")-}- -i"h;l-1'-:f H"tJ': -!".,.
liM+ t."I'S-1-'I'A
4. IJAf..t.IJ. The members of the company
have to report to their superior officer. f~-'J. 11
Af..t.P:f hOIIf. ODho"t). H"tS': ou:r-.:-o
ltM'fw5. l\~'i" 1\"IC. All his members were covered
by a plaster cast. l\~'i" l\"1'1-- O:(f'o -1-if'i'S:A

membership (n.)
I. t.IJA)'l-. Membership in the organization
costs $3.00 a year. 0"7')0'1-o w-ilT IIlJA)
'I- f"''..hLAw- 1'lHil O'iou'l- ?'il-l-
iiC )w2. ft.IJII-:Y. .,..,.c. Our membership is down
to less than one hundred. ft.IJII-ii':Y."t 41TC
boP+ o 0;1-:f I ll"S:IA
membership (adj.) fltQA)-l-

1 don't haVe my membership card on me.

fltiJA)-}- "":I'ID4!S' mt.+-l:'t t.AJ'"IIh-'1"

memento
1. ou;f'(I(JJ. He gave me a ring as a memento
of our friendship. 1\'\f..'S);I-:f") OD;I-{IIIJ'
f.ll""t H"tS': +AO'l- (1m'S
2. "7il;I-ID?f. He has some mementos of the

Italian occupation. ll:h h..trJAn mt..&-

h"t-'11.1:- .,ll:l"mlf .1'-!I.A
*He wrote a book dealing with mementos of
the past. f'1'1'l- ~1C":f"t f"'U'<Dil ""~~'"'
'i'' li'~A

memoirs
I. f ;,.em+ :l"&h. Winston Churchil wrote
his memoirs. '1!111-1-1 'fc:f-A f;,.em+
:l"&h-1 ' ~.~.
2. -l-1t:Jo. He wrote his father's memoirs.
hQ-1> .l'll'fm-"t 'l-11:1" li'~A

memorabilia 'l-11:1His book is filled with memorabilia of the

war years. DDJrdtf. RlflC~-1> "1.11. 'l-11:1"
f-1''1"11 ' ~,.

memorable f.,.l'-l:il
This was a memorable day .
1

mendacious

785

memoirs

.eu f., .1'-l:il .,.

~nc

from memory R.:J-1\-o

He recited the poem from memory. ..,..,.,....,.

R:l'tr a>"'tD-

memorial (n.) oo:J-(IR..I' dtm-A+

At Siddist Kilo, there is a memoral to the
Yekatit massacre. llJ:-Il+ h.ll- 11.1'- llfiJ
.,,. ' 7.A4:+ ' f4'0D ' OD;J-(IR.f ' dtm-A+ '

Kit--l- I T11ltC
They are holding a memorial service for my
father. IIQ1: foo:J-(IR.f ~11-+ .I'S'.C:>tr
Ethiopian Christians celebrate a memorial
service on the fortieth day after burial.
fh.'l-Nr.r hcllt.l''l":f- llm- R'l"-1- qcq
>;'m- ' n ' -i"111JC .l'a>"'tr
1

memorize R:t"A ltm'i

I have to memorize my speech. 1"1"1&.1 R:l'
A .,.,..,:,. hll-ll'f

memory (memories)
I. 'l-11:1". I have pleasant memories of this
town . .eu h-1-., 'No +11:1" .,.CJ<-11

'1A
His memory will serve as an inspiration to
posterity. +11:1-m- f'l-m-AJ:-1 OD1Lil
.I'~:I':I'A

2. .,ll:l"a>ll. He suffers from an occasional

lapse of memory. l\1'111.. f.,ll:l"a>ll :f"IC hiiR'l-

have a good memory

*He has a good memory for names. ilr fOJil

;J-a>/l 0 'No I :f-11-:J- I l\1\IJio
have a poor memory

I have a poor memory for names. llr

a>ll h.I'-11"1A'f~

..,tt;r

honor the memory

*We honor the memory of our heroes. f}!"1"f

lf':f-11 oo:J-(IR.f h';'h-11&-111
In memory of A--- ou;t-(lflJ'
The inscription reads: "In memory of
f-1-.,.l:~m- ll'oft.'i' 7.1-'l.U .1'-IIA II- -oo:J-(IR.f

memorandum (memorandums, or memoranda) .,ll;J-mlf

Here is a memorandum from the Foreign
Ministry. htJJo1.'" 1-'1.1'- "7.~M:C fOD"'
.,ll;t-mlf .e"lim-

htl
memorial service foP;Jo(ULJ'

3. f.,ll:l"a>ll :f-11-:1". My memory is not what

it used to be. f.,ll;l-a>ll :f-11-:1"\lo 7.1.1'. .1:c-m- ' h.l'-.1'.11~

retain a memory of ltll;t-ml\

She retains a clear memory of her childhood.

fA~~+ "1.11.'1'1 RS'-1-11 :1-ll:J-m-... ll:fwlthln one's memory )..(to )t')I:...,_,CD-+tJJo

hll"~

This has been the hottest summer within my

memory. 7.~ 7.1.1'."'"'""'"'" hll"~ fH1J:-C"
R:> hoo'lim-~ .1'-RA'I' 'l":l''l- )m[See also 'lapse, lose, refresh, search']
men, see man

menace (v.) hll:>

War menaces the entire world. tnC).:'fIIIJio"t 'ttl~ .l'll:>'I'A

au

menace (n.)
I. ~!I'. The radio broadcast a speech filled
with menace. ~!I' f'I"'IR+ 1"1.,C R&-.11.
I'" -1-IIIIL
2. m1"1>. He is a menace to society. 11'\-IIG-1-
llll- ' m1"1> ' ~,.

mend

m.,.,...

Wben will you mend my shirts?

lf"7.H."t oolf +m-l>~A'11111l
2. m~~. The workers are mending the road.
1P&--i"'l"'i , oo1~11.1 n-m~1 11.1'- "'"'
3. hlflfll. You'll have to mend your ways.
mQ.I'-01 .,"lflfA hii-IIU
1.

mendacious 'I'll"
The mendacious old man cheated me again.
'l'il"m- '
7.1.1'.~';' ' h:l"llll'f

11"'""' '

786

mendacity
mendacity '1'11")'1-

His mendacity is well known, so don't trust

him. 'l'ii"H f:J-m.,. lll\11") l'o'l-oo)OJo
mendicant 1\.,'S

Mendicants are forbidden to sit in front of

onr hotel. 1\.,'l':f 11"-1:'1:-f"t l.lr'i' 7.'J.'I,e.
"'"""'" ThAhii'I'A
mendicity OOI\oo')

Mendicity is not allowed in the streets. oo')1J!""

'I.e ' 001\00') ' l'o.e-4..,.J!"""
menial11:,..,.:;:

She spends a lot of time on menial tasks such

as washing dishes. /lilt') ' .,mofl') ' ooollllll- '
11:,..,.:;: P'&-,.:f oflll- 1.11. :J-mof.ll:f

She is having her menses. K"'l. ) :f

menstruate l\1.4-.:f
Women menstruate from the time they become
sexually matnre. 4.-fo:f 1\o:,Ooo .&.'1'1 h
1.<:1'1-0'I- )!rc Y J:--4-11menstruation l'ol.'i'
Menstruation occurs once a month. (&...-,. A)!-
l'ol.'i' f"Y..:J-Y-'1- omc l'o1J:-o 1.11. )OJo
mental
I. fl'o7.rc. Her illness is mental, not physical. 01i:J-'I' ' fl'o7.rc ' 7,'):( ' f(IOJo)'l- '
A.e1.11r
Mental patients must be treated like those
who suffer from diseases of the flesh. fl'o7.r
c a.oor.,.'l':f 7.11. l'oiJA 01iT'l'
:f oo:J-f-'1- l'ollfi'I'OJo
2. f7.ofiP..:f. A mental hospital treats the
insane. f7.ofiP..:f ll"il'C:J-A fl'o7.rc a.
our.,.'l':f"t Yh.,A
mental Institution fl'o7.rf!' 01iT'l':f .hh.
rIL'I-

One of the inmates of the mental institution

escaped. fh7.rc 01iT'l':f .hh.r IL'I-
OJoilT )'1'<1 hiY).'I- 01iT'l':f l'o1JI. l'o
ool\m
mentality (mentalities)
1. l'oilTIIllofl. His mentality is that of a five
year old. l'oilTIIllll- 7.11. l'orll'l- 'IOO'I-
A)r:' )OJo
2. fl'o7.rc :f-11-:J-. He is a person of average
mentality. ODIJhl\';' fl'o7.rf!' :f-11-:J- Yll
(UIJo

mentally

*He is mentally ill. fl'oM"C' 011.,.:;: )OJo

*He is strong mentally. h'AtJPt:OJ- 1'ck iom-[See also 'deficient, distnrbed, retard, unbalanced']
mention (v.)
I. .,....,<:, He didn't
'I';>IJio') l'oAT'i'1<:r

2. M"'

i m&-.

mention

the

price.

I heard his name mentioned.

.,flo

ll_, ' ll.f).... ' ...

Mention my name, and you will be admitted.

il"'L1 '1'&- Yil1!1-?A

3. m.,.ll, I would also like to mention that ....

OT<Q..,<I Amol-llOJo fr4.A10Jo
don't mention It! 'r')tJD h1--F.A

Thank you, Mrs. Graham. Don't mention it!

menses

,. I

menu

~QJo.

7."1H.C .eilTA'S "7..1'1.11 "1&-Vr J Mr

l'o.ei.A I
not to mention _.., +mOJo

I enjoyed the meal, not to mention the conversation. f""'ll- O"'r l'olll.ll-1-'S I ""'1':1-

. ..,.,., 'TOJIJio

*We are too busy to take a holiday, not to

mention the fact that we can't afford it. OJ.U.OJo
') 1JIIooif''l:f1r 11.'1 P'&- ilii"Y.O~ofl')
llb<:'i''l- 1\00~J:-- l'o1:fAr
mention (n.)

.,,..,.:r-

Mention of the incident caused surprise.

~1

-1-') ' .,,..,.,. ' l'oil1<:0D')

mention is given +m+fl

A brief mention of the flood was given in the

newspaper. ill\ OJo;:>OJo OO'J'I\-l-11-l- ;>11."1
..,. OJoil'l' ~~- Tm:,O!}.A
make mention m+fl

He made mention of his coming to Ethiopia.

mi. t..'l-i"kY oor"'.,., m.,.ll
receive honorable mention {lou- 1 Oh-f!C 1
Tm&He didn't win a prize, but received honorable
mention. 1iA.,'I- IJY1'Sr 11- RhofiC
TmC;J:A

mentioned, above ~ h'IS'- fTm.,.ll

The above-mentioned people will not be admitted to class. M.e fTm.,.ll-'1- ll,.:f
h'i'A 7.1.11.111- A.e4..,.J:-o'l'l'..,.,.
menu fr"'ofl 11C11C

The waiter brought me the menu. l'oii'I.LOJo f

f""'ofl 11C11C l'o.,.<:OA'S

mercantile f't"'J!'
Mercantile law specifies how contracts must
be drawn up. f't"!J!' .lt"l ID-A 7..,...._,.
"'"I"I'A 7..,.~"t1q f.IIIIJ.<;A
111;1-~c
The mercenaries deserted when they were not
paid. ~...c 111;J-~t:'ll ~.,...., ltf.ho!.ll'l'
lJio 0<1'~ '1.11, hJI.
mercenary, adj. ( ~ adv.) 1111-H-tl n.A
His mercenary reasons for helping the rich
man were soon discovered. 011~ (UD-
f"t~-'1.,. ' 1111-Hofl n.A ' ODIJ'). ' 111-'IJID- '

mercenary (mercenaries), n.

merit

787

mercantile

~'I'C

;1-111<1'

merchandise (v.) t1~

My father merchandises office furniture.
1\q-J: ' ftl.t: ' 7.? ' Y.t"''IA
merchandise (n.) lf+IIJ lf<l''l'
The merchandise arrived in good order.
lf+nJ lf+m- o~w 11-t:J- ~cji.A
merchant (n.) t;>.<'.
The merchants live in a special quarter.
t:>.<'.l"'ll 0.,.11, 11o1.c Y.<r&-tr
merchant (adj.) f't"'J!'
Ethiopia's merchant marine is still small.
fl\.'1-f"kY f.,."lJ!' ouchP:f 1\11-.,.!1" 'I'
4:'1- <;'faJo
[See also 'retail']
(be) merciful &-liThe judge was merciful to the offender.
""'.,. ll'l'of...,....ID" 11-il-11'1merciless ..,..:OS
The people did not like the merciless ruler.
.R1111- ..,..,..,. 11C 1\AIIIU.,.,..
mercilessly Yll C"ri!-..,
He whipped the horse mercilessly.
II C"ri!-.-,. 1~oi.ID-

4.~11-.,.

have mercy on

Me

ItA

Have mercy on the poor sinner!

I f.~C I 01\IIJ<

m.l\.,....

show mercy

~llb.)-1

..,

.ltl.T M~1

They showed mercy to the defeated enemy.

1\.,.lftol.aJo I ffii\T I !l".ft~T I 1\~~.,.
mere, adj. ( ~ adv.) -Ill"
The mere thought of it disturbs me. "71111- ofl
!J' I f.~ofllf...A
The mere sight of a dog makes him afraid.
ID-l!' .,,., I -Ill" I YIJ.o!.i!-1'A
merely
I. 7..,.-'IJID-. I was merely joking. 7..,.-'IJID" 1 +
A.<'..,. 1 toe
2. 11!1" -1111-. The police did nothing to stop
the rioters, but merely looked on. 7/Lf\'ll 1 ~
ofllf'l''ll.,. o 11"7-'!1" I 7.C!I"))" I /tf-111/J.,IJ. ' 11
!I" I ofll\lJio I f.ODI\h;J:'f'IIJ< I t0C
merest OIIJ!I" MIJ..,..,.
The merest trifle upsets him. OIIJ!I" 1\t/J..,.
... I t1C I YO/t ...1'A
merge (vt.) h1'm~
The big company merged various small
businesses. '1-A-11 1 h-q.,.y 1 A\< 1 A\< 1 ,MIJ.
.,..,.

.,...,,_;r..,.

1\1'~

merge (vi.)
I. .,.1'~. The two companies merged into
one. 11-11-l> h-q.,.yjl':f 1 1'1'd\JI.
2. .,.<1'11<1'11. The blue slowly merges into the
greC,n. 11"7Y'f!ID- 1 <1'/J. 0<1'/J. 1 hh~.,.'i.<'.IIJ<
;>C I f.<I'II<I'IIA
3. .,.;>m"". Traffic merges here. .....,.,..,. ML
u Y.:>m"7A

meridian [~11-q'f!aJo.,.<; 1 II"Y.'t"'f!.,..,. 1 1'A:I" 1

, .....A I f"'LqllaJo I ODFODC I "1<1'1.
n 1 f.qiiAJ

mercury qu:J>
If you swallow mercury, you will get sick.
qH,:J> h1''1'h 't-;J-OD"71\U

merit (v.) .,.,q(ID-)

+I think he merits a raise.
"t1qlD" I f.OD/J.I\ ...A

mercy !I".R~'tHe pleaded for mercy, but the judge sentenced him to death. !I".n~'l- 1 7..,.JU'.~"'II'I- 1
1\0Dt I ..,.,. ""'.,. I ,.,..,. I 'i'CJ!' I .1.~0'1He has no mercy. !I".R~'t- 1 flllD-!1"

merit (n.), merits

1. ""Aii!l" 1 Fil-. His merits have been widely
recognized. ODAII!I" 1 Fi!-IIJ< 1 Oll.f,.,. ;r.,.
-'11;1-A
2. ""Aii!l" 1 .,..,qc. His vanity detracts from
his merits. "'ofl11t-l> ODAII!I" 1 .,..,q~.,. 1 f.
....,.IJ.R;J-A
3. :fii-:J-. His merits as a teacher have been

at the mercy of

*He is at the mercy of his employer. <I'IIJ<IID"

7..,.-'!l!'IIJ< 1 1\J~ID" I f.:fiiA

f~'1"11 1

"1""'1<1

meritorious

788

recognized. ,l'il+"''tl~'l- "'fflo:I"IIJo :I"IIJo.fii:I"A

Promotion should be made on the basis of
merit. fl"tlo M:-1'1- R"'fll-:1" ouu>t~'l-
""ll''t hllfi'l-

4. ,..~:1". Judge the case on its merits, not on

your feelings! "1-'!f.'t 1.'tl'. tH.:I"IIJo 1.'tl(
1.'t1'. il"l'I-U h'l-'i'tl.l:"

*There isn't much merit in giving away things

you don't want. f"'I'I-.C.A111Jo't ~1C ""ilm
T .('.U't ,I'UA f"'L..'il""il"n hM'..(I'I"

meritorious hiloull:>'S 111<; f"''....'-I'C'i'

He received a medal for meritorious conduct.
Q/lOD/l;J'S ' l"tl-IIJo ' "''.JJ.('. o -f'lf(IOD

The saving of lives is a meritorious action.

fi'IIIJo"J a..em'l- "'IJI't 11<; f"'l.,l'-i'C'i'
of'"IQC ' ~IIJo

merriment 11-tl:l'
The children's merriment annoyed the old
man. fA)('Il 11-tl:l' 11"'1"1/I.IIJo't hfiit"'-11Jo

merry 1'.11-l''i'
She is always merry. fi-A'I.Ii 1'.11-l''i' <;'!Merry Christmas I tt'l\\'l 1 t\-fiCV~ 1 AF..-h
hl'.tlit"'fo- I
make merrY d..'lm1fY 1 hF..~'1

They were making merry during the holidays.

nn~11-

'1.11

.c.'tmll.l' .1'"-C'~-

~nc

[See also 'vein']

merry-go-rou nd [0'1"-i'C f"'l.IIC hit f

II'~ "".1:-tlh i Rill'

II.('. h"IJI"'l. m'tRC'

"'f<; hcl't"'-'1- f-l'+tl~ .r.t~(l"'f ,1'11-R'I-]

merrymaking .t.'tmll.l'
Sounds of merrymaking came from the house.
f.C. 'tmll,l' .1:-'1"/J hiL-l> IIJoil'l" .('.fi"'IA

mesh (v.) -i'1"Jmoo

.('.1"1m"'IA

mesh (n.) +JIJI

oot~n-

h'l"il
'1- h.'t":f.. 11<(..'1- .l'll'f +JIJIJP"'f h
11-'1-

mess (v.),

2. h"'-"'111+. Don't mess up the floor with

your wet feet! RC'I"il 1."1CU mtlflo't h:l"

...,.,A:,.
3. h:l'mi'I(R'I-). The late arrival of the train
messed up our plans. fQfK.. 1 ,..,,_..,. 1 ooS;~
II doitQ"'f't't o-11- h:l'mflil't

mess (n.)

1. 9"'111 o.+. Common soldiers cannot eat

at the officers' mess. +~ m:t-F.t:l- oob-

't'l'":f.. 'l"""il IL'I- IIJo/lT 1.'tJI..RII- h.('.

.c.+.<:-ll'f'm-'1"
2. "1"1. Cheating got him into a mess. :,O'l".t.T
"'"' IIJo/l'l" h-1'-i'IIJo
3. .Jiflf. Call the janitor and have him clean
up the mess! mtlo'l.fJJo't Ttl-<; .Jiflf 1.'tJI..m
C"l 't1tl11Jo
4. '/"i1:,0A:,0A. The house is in an awful mess.
IL-l> 'l"il:,OA:,Oflo ID'I';I:A
5. IIJo'l"'t:,O'l". I can't find anything in this mess.
RII.U liJoT't:,OT fDo/l'l" .,.,.,. ~1C II
1'S hA"'fA'I"
6. llilC:,.c:,.. He burdened me with the
responsibility of cleaning up the mess. .('.U't
llilc:,.c:,. 7.'t'lil-i'lthA 'lllol.~'l- "'i~il'S
7. 11ChCh. She's a mess! liChCh ~"'f
make an awful mess h1f~h~h

When the baby got into the flour, he made an

awful mess. A7!: Jl..</1-1> IIJo/lT 1il1' hll
tlhGhiiJo

message ""Al.h'IIs there a message for me? t\i. 1 ODAJ\h+ 1

hill
He found a message written in code. nrilm.C
K'd>'i' f-l'l\.C. ODAJ.h'l- h1T

messenger

The teeth of a zipper mesh. fll. TC 'I"Cil

The net has five-inch meshes.

messy

around -i''t1-JI1-S'.

She likes to mess around at home. 1.1L'I- II

'I' ""'t1-JI1-.I:" , '1-mJI(I"'f
mess up
I. hHRt~-L:+. Who messed up the papers on
my desk? mtlA.'I\L II.('. .l'liiiJo"J mt~+
T .,., hHRt~-tl+IIJo 1

I. ooA.l..h+;;:. The messenger is waiting for

your reply. ""Al.h-i''i'IIJo ooAIIU't .('.mil
:l'A
2. hilittl. Dawn is the messenger of the day.
..,,., f+'t hilittl )IIJo

Messiah ""l'l..lo
Some religions wait for the arrival of the
Messiah. h'tJI't.l:" V.e"'l'l'+"'f oon.a. .('.
"""'A<;A illiiiJo ,l'.mil:l'll-

messy
I. f1'11tlhtlh. I have to put my messy room in
order. f1'11tlhtlh11Jo't h'i'/l.'t "'IS'.tl-)!'1-
Mil'S

met

2. f-t-OIIlf. There was a messy political

situation in the Congo. 01>1~ tJJoil1' f-t-011
if f?'M:II IH;f- )OC
be messy 1111C:J.C:J. l\11

The kitchen was messy. "7Y: 11.-1: 1111C:J.

C:J. 1111- )OC

met, see meet

metal (n.)
I. 11~'1-. Gold is a precious metal. mc:J. fh
0~ 11~'1-. )tJJo
Is it made of wood or metal? fi"IP&oto h61
..,,. )tJJo mJ.'.il h11~'1- ?
2. 11~;.1 11~'1-. Cars are made of metal.
oPh.o;"l":f h11~;f- 11~'1- f.P'&-1\Copper is a metal. oPJI11 h11~;f- 11~1'-:f h
1)}.

)oaJo.

He washed his hands in a metal basin. ll)('ll1

h11~'1- 0-t-P'&- 7-Y:'i.ll <\.1.1 tJJoil'l'
:f"mO

[See also 'sheet']

mete,

housekeeper. '"l.il-1: 011.'1- hJ'J'll I"C'l

'1- J'll'l-

out mM

The judge meted out punishment to each

criminal. Jl':'tJJo 11.1'1.111-'J. m1)!11':' :J-"1'1-
mM

meteor 0&-& l>h11

A meteor was seen in the sky last night.
0&-& l>h11 '1-o;,'l- "7:1" 00"7J.'. IIJ.'. ;f-f

meteorology J'fC mQJ.'. '1-!I"UC'IMeteorology instructs us about atmospheric

changes. J'fC mQJ.'. '1-II"UC'I- ill\ l\fC
oPI\'I'dJ'I'

J'ii~JIA

meter
I. "'1.'1-C. A meter is about one yard long.
h1Y: "'1.'1-C h1Y: J'CY: J'UA J'.~11"7A
'lt.nJ~.

The water meter is not working.

tJJo;) o&"'&tJJo l\}'.P'&-!1"
3. 9'"11J~. Poetry is written in various meters.
"1'1'!1" 01-IIJ'f !1""1~ J.'.l\of.A

method HJ'.
Broiling is a common method of cooking meat.
oP'J'Oil f-J-1\0D~ fi";J "7110J' HJ'. )m-

Thls student worked with method. ,r.u 1-"7

& OHJ'. l\mo;"

methodical
I. I"C'l'l- J'l\m-. His wife is a methodical

o;:,.

2. ( ~ adv.) OHJ'.. His methodical habits

enable him to solve many problems. OHJ'. f
OD/"&-T

&\"7-'J. ' 1\1111' ' :f"'C':f

J'il:fii'I'A

OD'i!T

m. l\1'U"''S

meticulous '1'14!:J.
He is very meticulous in his work. RP'&-IDa 0
"'ll" '1'1.,:J. )tJJo

metric
*Ethiopia uses the metric system. h.'l-f-t;J' 0
"'1.'1-C II}'. 01-0DP'~-J- ODI\h.J' HJ'.
'1-P'&-1\:f

metropolis '1-A:J. h-t-"7

New York is a metropolis. tm, I'"Ch '1-A:J.
h-t-"7

metal (adj.) h11~'1- f1-P'&-

2.

midday

789

)lD-

mew t:-1i
The kittens mewed loudly. Y;oo.f-'ll O..,J.'.A
po"fi.

mice, see mouse

microbe(s) M::Jo )'i!<\'1Microbes can be seen only through the microscope. ~4::Jo )'i!<\'l-1 "7fT f'"l.il'llm-
0"71'J' oP)l\'C 11il' )m-

microphone J/:!1"6 "71'J'

Please use the microphone so everybody can
hear you. IJ-11- Otll- 11.0"7U }'.:fA H1
Y: OJ/:!1"6 "71'J'tJJo -J-<;-JC

microscope f"71'J' oP)l\'C

Our laboratory bought a new microscope.
11.1- -h&-:f-1 h.ll.il f"71'J' oP)l\'C
1~

mid l\;J"71i
The term lasts from mid-June to mid-August.
-t-c- hO~ l\,:~"711 l\ilh )dill. l\;J
"''ii J'..fJ'A

midair, in

~ O"''J.'. IIJ.'.

The bomb exploded in midair. 11!1"11- 0"7}'.

1\J.'.. d.)JI

midday (n.) +'1-c 1.11.

The town is quiet at midday because of the
heat. h-+-t: f-J-)"1 h-t-"Ym- 0+'1-C '1.
H. "PC J'.'IA
midday (adj.) 0+'1-c f~~"'

The midday rest period in hot countries is

790

middle
called the siesta. 0'1".4''1- l1m:"'fo 0.,.'1-c f
"'1.1-~~m- f~~o;:.")o '1..11. 1'1.11.11;1- J'.<IIIA

midday meal 9"/J:

I take my midday meals in the hotel. 9"11\l."t
f9"01\m- 11'-f:A ~..,.
midday sun f'm&-&- 8dtf..

Don't go out in the midday sun! Om&.&. ll.h

, h'l-"'""1

mighty

midget Y:"th
In olden times, midgets used to be chosen as
palace jesters. RT"t'l- 1.11. Y:"tlt"'fo r\0.-t-
OD"t"'P''l- l'.""i'l'"'f-~'1- -"'""~m- ~ac

midnight hlJ.r\ ll.r\..'1It was past midnight when we fell asleep.

h"t:tA'i' {l.mllf."t hlJ.r\ 11.1'1.'1- l'.AC: ~OC

midst, in the
middle (n.)
I.

ID~il.

He seized her around the middle.

ID~!J."t h:tC: ' .f~.")o

2. h:>.,11. I'm leaving the middle of next week.
fi"''.OD"JIJ)o ' 1\r"t.")o ' h,;>.,11 ' 1\J'. ' h~r\113. oo'>iA. The man collapsed in the middle of
the Street. (lDJoo..... I OD")"J.IJ. I OD"IjA I T1f
r\'i'AC: ' ,,_.,.

*They were in the middle of dinner when

I called. llf.m-AI\:fm- &.'1- J'.OII- ~ac
He's put on weight around the middle.
I'C"l" htD4';1:A
middle (adj.) ootohr\'i' l OOI/hr\'i'
Open the middle window! ootohr\'fm-"t oolllt

'I- hL'lHe is a man of middle height. oo!Jhr\'f .,..,..

'1- .fr\IJ>o lltD- ~ ....
*He is in his middle forties. IJY:ortm- mY..
hC<l h9"111> ~..,.

Addis Ababa is approximately midway between Asmara and Nairobi. h'fPI\ 1-S'..A t h.
'1.11 ' 1'.0<1 ' r\l'.P'OO&.'i" ' r\'i"J'.C'O. ' ,..,..,, ' II
'i'&. ' 'i"'lmldway through a - - - 1'.:>"711 ' 1\J'.
He caught cold midway through the campaign.
OlD-Y:~

midwife

1'.:>"711 1\J'. "1-"t<f."t .I'HIJ>o

h'PII~

Call the midwife when the labor pains begin.

9"'1' {l.J'.~'l- ' I> 'I'll~"t ' 'I'&.

midyear rqou.")o ' h:>"711

He just passed his midyear examination.
rqoo.")o h:>"711 L-t-'i"m-"t ~'i" "7M ~..,.

oPI.-ac

rqou.")o ' h:>"711 ' 11.1'"1" hr\IJ>o

middle-aged m'i" .l'r\

He is a middle-aged man and is still strong.
~..,.

Middle Ages ootohr\'f ooo"t

The Middle Ages stretched from the fifth to
the fifteenth century. ootohr\'fm- HOD"t hh
9"11-t-'fm- ouof qou.")o hllh 01"&. h9"11
-t-'i'm- ooof qoo.")o Y:~ll ~ac

middle class ootohr\'f ~a. .I'Am- .lt11il

The middle class was hard hit because of the
war. OtnCt-1> l"'h"t.l''l- outohr\'f ~0. .1'
r\IJ>o .lt11il 0"19" 1-'1-.11

Middle East ootohr\'f 9"1"&-:t

He is studying in the Middle East. oPtohr\'fm-
9"1"&-:t IJ>oll'l' aoo.,c 1\J'. J'.~'fA

middleman h'l-&..L
Don't deal with middlemen; write directly to
the manufacturer! hh'l-&..L :>C 1>'1-'I''I'A
.,.'1';1- r\<lr\of.ofl&tom- 1\'i'

midway l>"7toJ'. ll'i'&.

This store has a midyear sale. f..tl

[See also 'finger']

m'i" .l'r\ (lm- O.ll'"t9" m"tto&.

~ n -- ouYhA
In the midst of the crowd, we saw a policeman.
0-f-(lO(lOm- .lt11il ouYbA l'o"tY: Tr\..11
l'.M

might (n.)
I. "1-AO'l-. He works with all his might.
<lr\IJ>o "1-AO'l- 11-11- J'.u>&.A
2. ~J'.A. Might does not make right. ~J'.A
oui).")o ' hJ'.f.r\9"

might, see may

mightily 0"19"
The workers tried mightily to finish before
dark. u>&.of"'I''Jl bou9"1f1> 0.1.'1- """""~
II 0"19" "'~

mighty (aclj.)
I. ;1-ll:t. He is a mighty man from a mighty
nation. h;l-1\:t .lt11il fooiiJ :1-ll:t (lm-
~

....

2. ~J'.r\'f l '1-011. Theodore was a mighty warrior. -t:!PY:C'II ~J'.r\'f ('1-011) "'~"' ~ac
mighty (adv.) 0"19"
I was mighty glad to see him again. h"tf.~'i" il
,..,. ' 0"19" ' 1.11 ' hii'S

791

migraine
He has done mighty little work today.
9" '1-"t'ii oPC.P. 1'11

~"

0"1

migraine '1J'.II.,. f&.ll 9":1''1-

He has been suffering from migraines lately.

b~Cofl '1.11. m'I,U '1J'.II ... f&.ll 9":1''1-
yao1'A
migrant +H1'1'~
He hired migrant workers to harvest his fruit.
'i't. 11"7/llloJ>f" +H1'1'~ oP&-+"1''1- oJ>m~
migrate
I. LMI. The Galla migrated from the South

and settled in central Ethiopia. :>tro'f- b~R

ofl LAI'lfDo ooiJA h..'I-NrY (IL~
2. +'lH. Ducks and geese migrate southward
in the fall. .tlb!L'i' 11\L oaao,. m~ ~o
il 'J'.'l~llmigrate into 1111..--- 1 LIAfa 1 1q

The Arabs migrated across the Red Sea into

Ethiopia. o~P'f- oJ>J'. qa,C') +lf"l~fDo
m~ h..'l-'f'k:Y LA(lfDo 711migration

1. hP:f" IIIJ1.. 1 {l:f" oan'fmC. The government

is trying to prevent the migration of the nomads.
DD"t"IP'.., fH~'l''f-'1 bP:" m~ (1;1' ao
H1'aJC lloubAbA Ooo'l"bC ~J'. ~,.
2. ( ~ verb) Llll'l. The migration of the

Boers was from the coast into the interior.

{lf!"';f 1 hmt:'i: 1 LA(Im- mF.. 1 oovA 1 1flo
migratory +H1'1'~

Migratory workers travel about from one job

to another. +H1'1'~ oP&-+'1/''f- IJ't'l.
,..,6-

IDF.

MiD-

Y.H'PID6-fto-

mild
I. +~A. He received only a mild punishment
for his crime. llaJ'J)!II- oJ>~A ~"'T +oJ>
011
2. 7C. He is a mild person who wouldn't
harm a soul. .,.,.,,.. IIOD'I'.tl'l- f"lf.LA"I
"lC

(IBJ-

)BJ-

3. IIMll. They prefer mild tobacco for

cigarettes. (L;J&. floPP'oti-T flMll '1-9"
qlf ' J'.""C"'II-

This sauce is mild . .e.u 1 ID'I' 1 llil~/l = )m4. oo!Jbfl"' Because Addis Ababa is in
the mountains, it has a mild climate. hJlil 1
t.oq 0+&-&.l"'f- aoubA Ooolfs; ao!Jbll ...
1\fC M'l-

militarize
mildew
I. If;>:". The bread is full of mildew. ~'J)!&.fDo
lf:>:l' 011.P.0:1'A
2. oa2f1+. The moisture in the air causes
mildew. YfC CTO'I- ""lf7'1-"t Y.LT&.IA
be covered with mildew 2f1i-

The bread is covered with mildew. Jl(lfDo lf1

:I:A
mile "lf.A

He ran a mile in 4 minutes. q&-'1- q&-'1-

~oJ::J'

1\'t~ "7Y.A C'm

[See also 'stretch']

mileage

*His mileage on the trip to Asmara was close

to five hundred. 1\P'OD&. (l.'t~ m~ 1\9"
ll'l- OD.P. "7Y.A Col>'!- ~CI\ ~OC

*He gets good mileage from a gallon of gasoline. q')~ ,;>ir''J IL'tll.'t ofllt- "lY.A
Y.'t.tiA
milestone
I. Col>'!- f"''.Y""IIb'l- ~'t:>Y.. The milestone
ShOWS the tOWn iS ten miles away. C-t+ I f
"''.YODIIh+fDo ~'t:>f. b+"7fDo OP'C "7
J'.A ao&.oii'J YllYA
2. 1\-'l.ll 9"6&-'i'. The coming of the Portuguese
is a milestone in Ethiopian history. f?"C""'-1'
,. ' ODf""'T ' Rh..'l-f"lrY ' :"~h ' fDo/l'l' ' 1\

-'1.11 ' 9"6&-'i' '

~ ....

militant
1. floo1' :>'1- f'IL~m. A militant defender of

freedom is prepared to fight in its defense.

fl""1':>'1- f'IL~m )!1'i' At!!.~'!- flao1' :>'1-
111)1: ' ~ ....

2. ~,.m.,., The crowd was led by a militant

leader. f+(l0(10fDo .lo11ofl O~""m"' ""
~ f.""otlo ~OC
become militant flOD"P

..?+

4l.C:m

The Indians became very militant as settlers

began to move west. aDm.l".,; m~ 9"6&-ofl
l'l.7f. u'JP.'f- """1':>'1- ~mmilitarism O,nc '1f.A ,...,...,,...,

The UN tries to combat militarism. f+qo~

'1- ""'t"IP':I''I- O,nc '1J'.A """'"'""'t't
IIOD!I/!1/9" ' OOD'I"hC ' ""' ' ~ ....
militarize O,nC '1Y.A 1\~~)!

Hitler militarized Germany after 1933. 'L'I-IIC

h!ilf~li

A'

't. 9". 0:\~ )!Cou'J'J O,nc '1f.

1\~~)!

792

military
military (n.) l'lt-'1!'1-

The military took charge of the village.

l'lt-'1!-1> ""1 f..tl-1>1 Ol\)1: llf..t:1
military (adj.)
1. fm~~C. He was wearing a military uniform. fm;.l-f..C ff..111 Aoflll 1\oflf\

toe

mill about 1-1-t:"Y""I'I

The frightened cattle began to mill about.
f1-f..<;"1m-'l- ' f4'1~ ' hofi-1'-:Y.. ' ... .,.;:.,... 11 '
l"""~mill flour L"'-

The stones mill flour from the wheat.

'll ' 111.<'. '

2. ftnC '1,.r.A. The distribution of our troops

is a military secret. fm;.l-f..C:!I"f1 ~A~A f
tnC ;f.A l"'llm.C tdJo
3. f11Jo'l- ~c<;. A soldier should have a military
bearing. m;.t-f..C fdJo'l-~c<; M/9" l\1-'l.'l'
t:IIJo YifA

militate, -

mimic

against 1-JI'I-

His rashness militated against

1\f. "'ll"'"
him. ":fb-A~1J

'HI'I- ' "" ' "11\IIJo

militia oflm.t-'1! tnC

The governor exercised his power to call out
the militia. 11C"'" RP'A"''l- 1-m:)-'1"
ofl.t..t-'1! ' tn-1-1 ' llllhTT

milk (v.)
I. 11110. They milk their cows twice a day.
II"Y:f11Jo1 01'1 tJ.I\-1: YAlJ.;.I-A
2. "''lffo() me") m(l.,g, He is milking his business as much as he can. h'l"'l.tJ. Y1"ftD-'l 1
IJA 11H11 mCi f.OJII-'IA

milk (n.) m1-'IDon't drink unboiled milk! YAI..II m1-'l-

11'1-m"'
[See also 'powdered milk']

milk tooth fm'i: 'I'CII

The baby's milk teeth fell out one by one.
f.hY'l- fiD'i' 'J'Cf\:f 111~ q1~ 14lose (one's) milk teeth ..,.., totlJ(iVI)
The baby has lost all his milk teeth . .hY'l-
"1"1 OJ'I'-1'-11;.1-A

milky m1-'1- YIIR'IThe milky sauce tastes good. m1-'1- YIIR'I-

ID'J' ' f."''i'"'A

Milky Way fm1-'l- 1--'1<;

The Milky Way forms a band of light across
the night sky. 01\.11.'1- l'l"''f. 'If. fm1-'l-
1--'1<; 11Jo;J;J1 Y.;.t-YA

mill (v.) oi..<Q.

The women mill a little grain for their
househoid. 1'1.-1'-:Y.. 110.'1- f"''.ll'1 '1'4:'1- l\
IJA ' f-1..""1.1\o

mt;:~fJ

f-1..""1.1\o

mill (n.)

1. m~ n.:r-. When are you going to take

the grain down to the mill? 1l.tJlt-"} mt;:P'"
n.'l- f9"'1-mllf...,. ""'li t.,. l
2. m'i'&-. A pepper mill is used to grind pepper.
rncnt. m'i'&"" ncnt. 1\""'i'...,'l-
11"11\A
3. <f.ofltll!. We ordered the paper straight from
the mill. mt:4'1>1 04''1';.1- h<f.ofltll!IIJo II
H111

millenium

111~ i( ~.,.,.,..
The Axumite Empire came to an end a millenium ago. fllhl'l-9" Od"t"'P''I- fa>f..4'11Jo h
111~ ' i( ' ~...,.,.. """"" ' tdJo

millet "Y1ill
Millet is widespread in Ethiopia. "Y1ill 011.'1f'kY 011~'1- f.1>:'A

million "''.ll.f'1
millionaire IJ11:1"9"
The charity was established in perpetuity by
the millionaire. 1/ofl;l"oo- fBi ll~t-i-1>1
~c~'l-
119"11.11.9" t.,.

Y**"""'"

f~1;Jf. m'i'&""
This millstone is too heavy to lift. f.IJ1 f~1
;JJ'. m<;>&- ll"n"''l- hq~ tdJo
nether millstone mtt:~ i l-'i"T : mt;:,;The nether millstone is made of a hard kind
of stone. OJ'i'&""IIJo (l\<;'1- OJ'i'&'"'IIJo) hm1
lit- '~1;Jf. ' ,.,..... t- ' )IIJo

millstone

upper millstone oo:E-

So that the grain can be ground thoroughly,

the upper and nether millstones have to be
carved. l\IJA 01.111 ""'i'<Q.'I- l\1J!Jl'
A Od)t<;" ID'i'&""tD- OdaJ4'C l\110'1-

milt "1"-Y
When a sheep is killed, milt is given to the cat.
R"' 1'1.;.1-t:~ "1"-Y"'" 1\~ou'l- f.I'I"'A

mimic (v.)
1. oollf\-

+~.

We will get him to mimic

mimic

our old music teacher. "li"'l""ll\.aJo'l roo-f'L.!I" 1

hil-1-"7&.~'-f'~'l ODilll- 11'1.11.4'A.I!" ll'i'.l'.C~
'I' A'I
2. +Jifl. Parakeets mimic human voices.
a:,.a.+ fll,.., .1!"'1"6 .1'-+JIA

mimic (n.)
some comedians are skillful mimics. h.'l
'1'1.1!" fi>"'/.JJ. -J-"'i'l''1'- foo:,OJI't- :fll;t- h~'l'tJ>o

mimosa Mt-C .,,_~,.._

mind

793

~'i!

minaret fllll-'1- "'"!'&$ 1'1"11

Each mosque has a minaret. 11$'1JI'IJI. ou111..
.J!" ' fl\11-'l- ' ODJ'&$ ' 1'/"11 ' hl\tJ>o

mince h-t-.1.
The woman is mincing onions. {l.+f"'P 1 "li'l be+ '1-hH-tt:f
Mince the meat finely and cook it! JP,;JaJo'l
h.l!-:,04'11 h-1-4-'i' F &tJ>o
not mince words
I won't mince words with you. }..<}-a;k"} 1 ll~
1CVI\1Jo

mind (v.)
I. mO+. Who is going to mind the baby?
.nn'l .,., .l'-m11:l'A 1
2. -!-+Ott. If you don't mind my warning,
you'll be hurt. "7ilm'14'4:,1'1L'I IJA-t-4-0A
h '1-1-JIAIJ
3. -1-m~++. Mind your step! The stair is
loose here. -1-m'I:,O-tu -t-t-ou.J!" I 1111..1'
:> .l'.<'.!{tJ>o ~A:tA
4. il"7. My son doesn't mind me anymore.
A)!: .11~'1 oull"7'1- '1-:tA
5. :f"IIH. You must mind the policeman.
1\?"1\.il ' OD:f-H11 ' hl\1111
6. :,Oc htt(tJ>o). Do you mind if I smoke?
Q""il :,Oc .1'-AVA 1
*If you don't mitld, I would like to have
another cup of coff~. 11-'i' 11'1-.P.1ou'S .l'.ll
.
.1'-tt'I'A

mind now!A11 h.I!"C"I

Mind now, this is not a definite promise.
A11 h.I!"C1 ! .1'-11 f-1-'l&<'.m :l'A h,l'..l'.tt'l"
mind you Aofl 1 OA
I have no objection, mind you, but I think
it's unwise. Aofl I OA j rr:J-moom- I t1C I
ftt'S'I" l 1'1 ~a. h.l'-""lltt'S'I"
never mind J '1Y: rltr
Never mind! I am not hungry. 1.1!" ftt'l" I h
At-O'S'I"

not mind
I. ~ htt. Don't mind what he says! 111\- f
"7.tttJ>o'l ~ OtttJ>o
2. 1.1!" ftttJ>o'l". He doesn't mind the cold
weather at all. tt11CJI. 'i!R-'1" 1.1!" fAt&'/"

mind (n.)
I. doo't11. I have changed my mind. do 'tO.'I 1\tJ>o

"""""
Is he still of the same mind? h1Jo'l'l" do 'til-
, .....
1
~..,.

On my way home, the thought flashed through

my mind.
I fL-f: I (l'tl;: I tftf\-fl I -flAT' I
MA'S
2. h'l'l-A. He has a very keen mind. 0"1'1" 'I
4l 11'11-A 1\tttJ>o
3. h.)..9'"l!". You need an agile mind to solve
the problem. tt:f1-1- ou<;:'t-.h. tt"7il17'1-
.,., 1111'/"r: $ll.I.A1?A
4. m0..1l. Who are the great minds of our day?
fHou'i':f'l ;t-~~:,. mO.Q'I M"7'1 'i''l'm- 1
bear in mind l.il::f"dJ(t
You must bear in mind that he is a foreign
StUdent. )..(to I ftiJ<oap I Ji.1C I T"7~ I ODlf").
'I ' "7il:f"Wil ' l\ft1111
bring to mind h.il::f"ID{t
That brings to mind a funny story. liF-t'S
;t-&h ,l'll;t-a>-(l'i'A
call to mind 1\ll;t-w(l
That calls to mind a story I know. f h."JJ!:
f"7tJ>o4't&'l ;t-&h ,l'(l;t-t&(l'I'IA
cross one's mind Othi'Jtl- 1 ODIIJ
It never crossed my mind that he would object.
,l'.:l'W"7A 111'- Odoo'tO.'I" hAOD"J'/"
give someone a piece of one's mind ol-e 1 )..
'l.l'.-J-(17 ~ttlltt+
I will give him a piece of my mind for telling
such a lie . .1'-11'1 ooft,l'. t&lf'l- hM~<'.'S
:,.c 11'1.<'.-t-fl'f,. II~A~ttt:t-tt,.
have a mind h.ftO
I have a mind to punish him.l\1\-'1 ttoo:,O"J'I-
1\MttiJo
have {one's) mind set on tf&CIP r .,.~..,
She has her mind set on going shopping today.
~"' ~or
ttoo"'""''~- 'I&C"' -t-~F:t-tt:f
have in mind h.(lO
Have you anyone definite in mind for the job?
tiFt-a>- 0-J-11.1'- .l'll11htJ>o (1,. lltt 1
keep in mind 1\{l;f-W(l
We must keep in mind that foreign students

ID"

.,...,&

have different training. ffo'P h~C

!P';f f.,.IIJ'f '1-P"IIC'I- h'tWfm- "'Ill
;f-mll 111\ofl't
keep one In mind 1111;1-m(l
I expect that there will be a job open soon,
so I will keep you in mind. n:r-cofl '1..11. P'
tl- f.~'I'IA ofi\L 1111~1"''1- llll;f-m-11?1\rJkeep one's mind on dtla&"J - - -

t'\.e.

r AlJ.l:L

I can't keep my mind on my studies when the

radio is playing. t-.11.1'" l'l.""lm'l- d\40.'t 'I'
'i'-1: ~f. 11"'14~'1' IIA:fAP"
know (one's) own mind

*He's too young to know his own mind.

f"''.m:r-ODm-'t'i' f"''.'l-'lm-'t 1\0DI\f'l- ~'i'
A,; )fDo
make up one's mind

'll.~m

1 dtltflo'l r 'l:.t::m !

rom)
I cannot make up my mind which girl I like
better. f'l-'l''l''t IA1f~~to fRI\m l\'tS'.P"
mto IA4&C'I' IIA!l'Ah-!1"

Sooner or later, we will have to make up our

minds. "ltl-!1" )d.(l 4>'S .h<'IQ:f'l't ""
.....~... ' 111\ofl')

presence of mind by extinguishing the fire.

Aofl(l. Rl\4'1- ~'~.Tnt <'lf.S'.~"I'I' ' ~:> ' ofl
lit" llm4-mset one's mind on tiL~m
He has set his mind on learning English.
l\'t.,/1.11'1' 1\0D"'IC 4&CQI.IA
(have a) small mind d\411- mQofl ~"'"
He has a small mind and cannot be persuaded
to accept new things. tbiltt- 1 mQ-R 1 laAtr)o a
11.11.11 .h4ofl l\'t-'1.4'0/A A:f""IQQm- II
'I-:flAP"
take one's mind off
*Try to take his mind off his troubles! 1111 ';f
"IC''Il ' l\'t'ITMIIA lltoc~mto my mind 7t."t~~
To my mind, she is the right person for the job.
l\')~ ' liP'tl-fDo ' .,.~n.
l\!l. ' .,,..
would you mind

' ....... '

*Would you mind opening the window?

OD/1!>-1>') 0 ofl'l-b'i'.,.fDo !

[See also 'flash, frame, keen, load, open, peace,

piece, put, read, reel, rest, right, sink, speak,
turn over, weigh']

A man of decision makes up his mind what

to do and then does it. .,cm'l' l'lm- M
l\'tf."'LTS'.C"I mT'l" OFt- ~f. Tm-1\'I'IA
(be) of one mind .,.11"'1"'1
We are all of one mind on this matter. OH.II :
'l-'lf. ~f. rJ-~:f't!l" .,.li"'IP".,.'i'IA
(be) of two minds 1\m~ml\
I am of two minds regarding the proposal.
11114>~Rm- .h4ofl 1\m~m-~1\,.
(be) on (one's) mind 111'10
What's on your mind? ll"'t ;f-IIQI\11 l
(be) out of (one's) mind 1..01.

Are you out of your mind to go out in this

heavy rain? fiii.IJ I hQ.(" I 1ffj1) I mi. I tiJ"f." fi"''I-~S'.m-

mine

794

minded

lloflr.?A l

presence of mind fl1.Arl!' J\C;J~

She had enough presence of mind to remember
the license plate of the speeding car. R'i'T)'I-
f"'l.R~m-'t fODIJ.'i' (11\..'1 1\"'lll;f-mll f"'l.
Tll:fA flll\P"C' l\C;>;f- )Rtl-'1(have) presence of mind 1\'Af"l!'tD- 'l~ iom-

He has presence of mind and is never at a loss

for an answer. lll\P"C'm- 't., 111\11') OD/A
11 ' llf.'f1~m-9"
(show) presence of mind IJ,.~)-"1'1' 1 ~;J 1 hA
When his clothes caught fire, he showed great

minded, be so - d.M
He could do it if he were so-minded. R.d.A"I
(I.TS'.C~m- Y.:f~A

be - minded II - - - 1f')QI\, 1\1\fDo

He is mathematically minded and grasps every
problem. 1\dt.<'lil 11'tQII. Mllm- "'l't'l''fm9" 'Jf.)'l- TC'ofiii.P" f.~Q'I'IA
mindful, - of RDDii"'I'IMindful of your advice, I went slowly. P"hCII
')o(IOD/I"'I'I-11.,ofi!L~toh-

be mindful
1. om4'. Father was always mindful of the
needs of the family. IIQ-1: fl!..,. 1'111-'t 'I'
~"1'1- IJ-IA'I..tl. ym-:r- )OC
2. Aofl llll. Be mindful of the many dangers
you facellll\"'1.1'1'-11 ofltl- :f"lc-';f Aofl RIA

mindless "11.1111
He is mindless of all dangers. 1\"'l't'l'm-9" liS'.
.:> ' "11.1111 ' )fDo
in a mindless sort of way lt.fla-R
He does things in a mindless sort of way.
ll'tto )1C (I.TS'.C"I t'iTllofl )mmine (v.)
1. llm"'. Do they mine gold in this region?
l\11.11 IIIIQR. mc:r- Tm"'tr l

2. 4."t"l( 1 <l'fl~. The enemy mined the road

to the harbor. m'l+ 1 tDS/. 1 tDS/.11- 1 fl"Y..I'""
~IJ)o I DD"J~-" I ,!."J"l( I <l'fll:
mine (n.)
I. .,~_,"t. Are there coal mines in Ethiopia?
flh_'l-f-A-.1' I IJ>oii'J" I f-""J;J.('. I h(IA I .,~
-"'l'">f I to/1- f
2. 4."t"l(. The rebels planted mines in the road.
OOD9'1''ti I OU"t~JI. I '1.\'. I L "t"l( I "'"""
3. 9""t"P. A good dictionary is a mine of
information. '1"1- 1 ""11~fl 1 .+11+ 1 f~IJ>o<l'
+I M"P I ~IJ)o
*He is a mine of information about ships.
Ill\ I ODChfl">f I o(IIJ- I .('tJ>o:l'A

mine (pron.) f~
Jt's not yOUr hat, it'S mine. n+ I qc~"J I 1t
.1'-1.119" 1 n 1 ~IJ)o
of mine (suffix pronoun)
A friend of mine gave me this. h'l F: m-'IJ:,
.1'-ll"t"t 1 lim'S
miner .,~_,"t 1 'IL'I-6
Miners often endanger their lives. "'~-""t 1 otof.
69'">f I o(IIJ- I "J.I I ifo.('.fJJ;I-:ftJ>o I fl"Y...'{l;J I
IJ-~;1- I

mining

795

mine

1\.('.

3. .,..,'1<1'11. The waters of the Missouri and

the Mississippi rivers mingle nem:- St. Louis.
f"Y.IJ-6'i" I f"Y.(l.(l;I; 0 fJJ"J~">f 0 1\.('."J'I- I /1-'l!
II tom~-11 1 .('.<1''1<1''111-

miniature (n.)
1. tfP ~A. In the museum, there is a miniature
of the ship 'America'. fLT 1 ooub.;.. 1 aJoilT
to"Y.6lt)) ,.,.ll'f">i-fDo I DI'Ch-11 .,.I'.A I toll
2. fl"'9" 1 '1-"t'li 1 P'~A. There is only one
miniature in this manuscript. RH.U f-fl~'i 1
K"m.'i! OIJ>oii'J" I .('1\fDo 0 to"J-" 0 fl"J9" 0 '1-"J'Ii I

P'~A

I '""' I

~IJ)o

miniatures T:J":,.'l JPIJir-":f

There are many miniatures in this manuscript.
fl!LIJ 0 fofl~'i" 0 K"m.'i! 0 fDoii'J" 0 o(IIJ- I 'J".++"J I
p>~(to">f I tollminiature (adj.)
1. T :J>:,.'l. There are miniature paintings in
the old Geez manuscript. fl'l""t-1> f"lc!11 f-11
~.. I K"m.'i! I tJ>oll'l" ' T.++"t ' P'~ll-'">f I
.1'-1'1'112. 1t Hl+~. There is a miniature train in the
park. OD'i"4.7ffDo fDoll'l" 1 Mll.,.'l' fiii-C

~IJ)o

mineral "'~-""t
Coal and salt are minerals. f-""t;J.('.
....IJ)o I .,~_,<r">f I 'i"'ftJ>o
mineral oil fM)(' H.\'.'1Mineral oil is used in cars.
1\0D h... I .1'11\"I'IA

minimize
1. +ttl. Proper care will minimize the danger
1

hliA'i"

f~.&;~ Hf.+

mineral water mOA

This mineral water is effervescent. f.U mRA
.1'-oi.'IA
mingle (vt.)
I. to'!flll. One should not mingle sheep with
tigers. n~">f"t ' ht-llt:'">f I ;JC I .,'IRA '
to.\'.1'19"
2. ( ~ vi.) .,..,'I<I'll. The two rivers mingle
their waters. fo-1\i: 1 m"t~">f 1 tJ>o;) 1 .('.<I''I<I''IA
mingle (vi.)
I. .,.S/.'111<1'. The detectives mingled with the
crowd. ]l:.t:' 1 mfl.9''ti 1 hih1111- 1 ;JC .,.,.q
M<

2. "JffiOD. He is very shy and does not mingle

much with the children at school. fl"'9" 't
.1'-"t ' toof.c 111111'~ I 'I-9"1JC'I- I IL+ IJ>oll'l" '
hA;tt.">f ' ;JC I 7.9"-11~9" ' to.\'.~'1"9"9"

Of fire. ~fl. 0 T"J:l'<f! I fl\it'I-"J I tof.;J I 1\.

<l'"t(lfDo I .('."'f'IA
2. to.+l\11. He minimized his act of bravery.
f~"I"J~+ I tnk.('fDo"J I to:l'l\1\fJJo
An ungrateful person minimizes the help
others have given him. aJoll~ 1 R.ll liOJo 1
1\.tt-":f ' .I'S/.~.,.11'1-"t I l\C-'1:1" ' .l':l'A'IA
minimum, n. ( ~ adv.) 7.;1('"1 1 fl..l'"tll
Eight hours of sleep is the minimum that
children should have. ih!'i"'l- 1 7.)('"1 1 fl..l'"t
II I liM+ I ll<t+ I .....,.'1'+ I tollfJ:ftJ>o
a minimum offlJ10 rtnn
Study a minimum of three hours a day!
fl..l'"tll 0 fl.nll I fl<l'') 0 1"11'1- I (l't'l- I to'J"'i"
minimum (adj.) l\~11.,.'1'
The minimum salary is a hundred dollars a
month. Mll_,.'l'.,. 1 S/.'1"11 nmc .....,. -lie
~.,.

mining (n.) .,IJ>o"'+

Coal mining is the chief industry of several
states. f-""t;J.\'. hliA .,tJ>o"''l- f-1111- 1 "I
~+">f ' .,..,. ' h."t-'1.11'1-6 ~IJ)o

minister

796

minute

mining (adj.) f"7<l.l:""t

4. 'I':l'M. The office boy takes care of minor

things. 1-lll\h.m- 'l':l':,O"t F&.l":f"t .fh'i'

A mining region produces gold and silver.

f"76.1:""t 4'011. mc:,O<; iiC Y.mnr:l-/t,

"'"""'

5. "HC"HC. Minor details are circumstantial

compared with the main facts. h"P'i"m- 1 .,...-;

minister, """' to
1. hhoo. I need someone to minister to my
wounds. 4<illl."t f"''...'hii"A~ ilaJo "A~A

f. :>C il.""qU). 11C111!''li ~11!'':f- h:>

:>lW

2. hh'i'm~. After his wife's death, his sister

ministered to his needs. OOZ.l'..,1 h'fP+':f 1
0:\l\ "A1>f: f"''...fild..AWJ"t rNr ;J-h'i'
m-111'1- ~oc

minister (n.)
1. 11.1\:J>. Our church has a new minister.
0.+ hCM:.f..-:1-"t lVI.il hr\:l' hr\IIJo
2. "''..~il'I-C. The Minister of Education visited
our school today. f'I-II"IJC-1- "''..~il'l-~ q,:.
'1-II"IIC'I- O.;J-:f"t"t 1-01'
[See also 'deputy']

ministry (ministries)
I. "''..~iloJ:C. He works at the Ministry of
Education. '1-II"IIC'I- "''..~iloJ:C f.oP&./:t.
2. -1-l'l'i". His son is intended for the rriinistry.
A)!: r\:,Oil<; :t--J!o:J:A
*The ministry is sometimes chosen by parents
for their children. A]!.;"f fO.+ hCil-l:.f"t
h1A:>f-':f- "A"t-'1.11'> hVI"t.l:" '1..11. 0.1ilfl!l':faJo .fltil!l:f'I'A

minor (n.)
I. r\hiJr\ ""'"' .fAUil ilaJo. No liquor
will be served to minors. 1\hltl\ 1 oom.,. 1 ltA,g
<:11- ill"':f- ""m'l' hf.ifTII"
2. r\0:,."" <h.'l'"t .fAJ'.<:il':f- 1!.'1-. Sexual

relations with a minor is a criminal offense.

1\o:,..,.. <h.'l'"t IJAJ'.<:il':f- 1!.'1- :>C <;:'l-m+

F :> oo,u,!l" O.ft"' .fil4'"1A
3. (0'1-II"IIC'I-) +'1>-"76 P"C"'i. He has a

major in history with a minor in sociology.

'l''i'IIJo TII"IJC>f: ;J-6h il.ll'"t -t'r:Ll."76

II"C"'ii!Jo~"''l" f1il<: ilil '1-II"IICT ~,.

minor (adj.)

1. 4-ltA. He suffered minor injuries in his fall.

0""11Jo~4< f~<:ilO'I- 4<ilA 4''1/:t. ~,.

2. Mil+'f. I made only minor changes.

.f~<:..,,.,. 11.....,. Mil+'f ~oc

3. 11:,0+'f. He plays a minor part in the government. 0....,..,,..,. aJoil'l' .fr\IIJo "ll\d.~
'1- 11:,0-t-'f ~,.
His brother is a minor official. m"J..\!"CJOo 111:t+
'f ' qf\P'f:t."'"t ~ ....

"'"''.l""f- ""'"'"

minority (minorities) .
I. O<II'I'C Mil+'f fll'~ .ft11il. The minority
must often do what the ml\iority decides to do.
O<II'I'C Mil+"' fll'~,_ .ft11il
'1,.11. ' hilq'faJo ' .ft11il ' r\"7.1:"<:"1 '
il~I!Jo"t "7.1:"<:"1 hiiO'I2. 04<TC Mil+'f ID1"t. We were
minority. Ocf=IJ'C h)'il+=i" fiJ")'tD- 1

ill!-
f"''..ID

in the
6J1.,. 1

~OC"t

minstrel h11"76
A minstrel will play songs at our wedding
feast. ilC:>':f-"t 'If. h11"76 f.U<;:"tA'i'A
mint 1"tHil ' OOF6.f
The mint is coining pennies. 11'Hil

ODF~I

,.,. ' lt"t-t'l""f- ' 0"'1-t-11" "" ~ ....

a mint of 7,~ fllf-

He made a mint of money.

7t.~ 1 .,..,. 1

1.,.

Hil h+<:d..

minus (adj.)
I. f""4'~il. The minus sign is-. foo4'~il II"
Ah'l- - ~,.
2. ( ~ adv.) hH.I!' O;J-':f-. Minus three is
a negative quantity. hH.I!' O;J-':f- !Pil'l- fh
tr;J- mqy. ~,.

minus (prep.)
I. il.4'~ill 1\.~"1. Three minus two equals one.
h!Pil'l-' 11-r\'l-' il.4'~il '(1\.~"1). h"t.l:". Y-4'&-l:t.

2.

~1\.

I found the book minus its cover.

""1i'do4-"t .fr\ 114-> M"fll-'1mlnus (adv.) hlf.l!' O;J-:f

The temperature is minus five degrees.

'MJ:l'lf.

hlf.f!' ' 0;1-':f- ' hP"ilT

IDC~A

minute (n.) M::l'

I'll be back in five minutes. q!l"ll-1-

~f~

Jl."16 '

~4::l'

IIJoil'l' ' "I.OOr\ltllrJo

minutes ~It 1 .,.q~

The secretary will read the minutes of the last
meeting..l\dtd.IIJo .fr\~aJo"t ilofl(lq :I'll
.,_q~-,

.f~IJA

797

minute

~ lD"il'l' 1 1Q
He mired his car and had to go for help.
ODh.<;fDo "7'1' fDo/1'1' hMlJ 'tP.. 7-e.II;J-
DPtl../1"1 "IY: ll"tO'l-

mire. vt. (= intr.) ""7'1'

any minute h,."J

The train will pull out any minute. lJIK- hv") Y.t"'A
in a minute O.f-11- I 0.<'.4::1' fDo/1'1'
He'll be done in a minute. O.f-11- ,...,ellA
(0.<'.4::1' fDo/1'1' f.""'eiiA)
just a minute hil.f: 1 .fo~
Just a minute, please; I have to answer the door.
1.111: "" .. (I~") f"'''"t\\\\fDo .,., 1.")
.<'.ll"tAY.
the minute 7.").<'. + perfect + 111P,.J'fDo
I'll call you the minute I know. 7.").<'.11"711- tD
JI.J'fDo h.<'.fDoAA'/Avthis minute I A.,.).).

Come here this minute! hii-'J.'J. <;

up to the minute

misadventure

h~..,

1 lfOD...-"f

As far as fashion is concerned, she is up to the

minute. 04-'li"t <'.1: 7.)!'"1 HOD<;' <;'!-

minute (adj.)
I. <'.4:~. It was so minute, you could hardly
see it. <'.4:~ bouii"'J. f-1-t"' A"7f'l- f
11'1'"1&-A
2. 1fC1JC. He gave me minute instructions
about how to do my work. P'&-Y.."t h")S'.
'f- ' h"),l'.'/""'&- ' "HC11e ' fll"t OD'J"(.J'
llm'1
3. ( = adv.) h"tY: ll"tY:. I have checked every
minute detail. 1-.111'") h"tY: lJ")Y: -J-oPA
h~'I'Av-

*His story is of minute importance. ffl. 1 :t"t'.h 1

oflH-'1" ' m:I'"'U'l- fAfDo

minutely O"HC'He
The plan of attack was minutely prepared.
hJ'.;J fOD"'/1- h~Y: O"IIC11e 1-H:>)!'.f-
toe

miracle 1-h'l"e (pl. 1-h'l"&-'l-)

It was a miracle that he escaped unharmed from
the crash. 0"1"1"-1> IIY.'I-.11 ""~<'.-!> -1-h'l"
C I 't8Jo
Christ performed many miracles. heh+ll 1 ofl
II- -1-h'l"&-'!- "'e;I:A

miraculous
1. 1"hrc. Her recovery is miraculous. oo.,ll

S: -1-h'l"e tfDo
2. A-1-h'l"e I"'U1e. He had miraculous
success in his business. R"J.,R:' P~lJio A1"
h'l"e I f""U1e fDotn.'t M"f'
3. -1-h'l"&-'1!. Penicillin is a miraculous drug.
"J;t/1./1.") I -J-h'/".1-'f! I ODY::)t'f-' tfDo

mire (n.)
I. "7'1'. We waded through the mire to reach
the road. hOD"t1Y: /IODY:<'.h 0"7m- fDo/1
'I' 1-'l"lf")
2. OD..,~f'l-. The mire of the road delayed the
travelers. fOD"J-1)1.. 1 oua..TrT 1 OD'}1,g,'ljii=J?t 1
hH1J''ffDo
turn into mire h.Q;t.+f

The rain turned the dust of the road into mire.

"H<;(Jo 00")1.11-") h ....oi'ffDo

mirror (v.)
1. 1i\Jt His face mirrored his feelings.
.C.-I> h""-1>") 11111
.t.Y:e1 hllf. The book mirrors
2.

"'"'"!."

life in the countryside. OD1t"tb.f.. 1 f1mC'l 1

'J.I!' _,.A"l" hY:e') J'/IJ'A
3. 'I'll hllf. The water was so still that it
mirrored the trees along the bank. fDo;)fDo 0
"1'1" f<'.:> hAtO<'. O.lleil'tiJo J'/1-'f-") f~
c:':f 'I'll hllf

mirror (n.)
I. ou(I;J-111'1-. Her mirror is old. DP/1;1-111;1: hi!'
"J,

~Q)o

This book is a mirror of life in Ethiopia.

r.u ODI\"da'i' rt..'l-l"*n f"J.I!' v-l!.:J
f"''..J'IIY. OD{I;J-111'1- ttiJo
2. '1"1111.. That soldier was a mirror of bravery.
f 111;J-.<'.e f)!"l"tt'l- '1"1111. toe
mirth"'~

His sides shook with mirth. All- 0"1~ tl.<'.il

miry "7'1'

fO~O'l-

He couldn't press forward because of the miry

road. 00")1.11- "7'1' fO~O'l- IIAII't 11.1
il"lh hAii'A'I"

misadventure OD"J'S:

/JR:'A 1 OD"J'f::

~1C

f.<'.<'.IIO'l- ':f"le
They failed through misadventures, not from
lack of skill. ':fll-;1- h'l'-1-fDo IIY.II""t OOD'J'
c: I bY:A 'l"b")J''l- 111S'...,.
We had several misadventures on the trip.
01-JffDo IIY. -on- OD'J'&: t11!'':f h;J'J'ODIJ>o
"t toe
She spoke in a merry vein of her misadventure.
hh.<'.lilll'l- ':f"le v-11- M-I'A.<'.':f +<;1<'."1-

798

misalliance
misalliance filii' :>11!1'
A misalliance should not become a marriage.
filii' :>11!1' '1--'IC 1\.J.'.If"J?"

misapprehend 0~")11 ll.oil\1Q(CD-?")

+The workers misapprehended the orders given
by the boss. JPt:..,.'PlJl l\.11~- f(tmCD-
'1-1.~11 ' 0~")11 ' ll.oil\1QlfCD-?"
misapprehension <lf.1QCD- -~<:'!Their misapprehension of the orders caused
a delay in the work. '1-1.~11- 'lf.1QlfCD- ~<:_, P'tl-CD- 1."J'I.H1f. l\.~<:1
misappropriate li..,..M
The treasurer has misappropriated the club
funds. 1"JH11 f'ICCD- fhOII-"J 1'JH11 ll.
.,_~II

misbehave Qll1
The children misbehave when their father is
away. AJ('Jl li.Q;t-lfCD- <lf.'l'C J.'.Qoll\:>11miscalculate l\.1-oil\ 1_.,.
He miscalculated the distance he had to jump.
~IIA no.:o.r-, c+-l- l\.1-A 1-.,.

miscarriage
*She is in the hospital as a result of a miscarriage. illlila><:-'1'1- lfil'C;t-A 111;1-ll:f
have a miscarriage hllmt.t~+

She had a miscarriage and had to go to the

hospital. Milm<:-'1-l- lfil'C;t-A -v.F: to
<:Q-lmiscarry (miscarried)
I. ll.ilm<:-'1'1-. Our neighbor's wife miscarried,
and had to go to the hospital. f.,..<:O.;t-:f"J q
1111.'1- Milm<:-'1'1- lfil'C;I-A -v.F: tO
<:Q-l2. .,...,.,11.. I am prepared to admit that my
plan has miscarried. f mil fl..,
11"7_., ' 11-m: t'S

_..,,'1' '

miscell an eo us ( = adv.) Of'tf.t.,.

He owns a miscellaneous collection of Ethiopian-made things. 11..'1-\'"lrf CD-il'l' ,.,..,.
'1- t1C':Y. Of'tf.t_, f't11il!I.A
mischief
I. ftb-A. A child's mischief may cause a
serions fire. fA~ .,..,II-A hQF: :l'mll-
IIJM"' ' J.'.:flloil\
2. 1--'1'1-. People who tell tales about others
can do great mischief. 1\.'IQ<J:l":Y. 1111- 1-'1-l- IIJ~(Io J!.:fl\11-

miserable
you little mischief! l\.").,. hS'-f't.

You little mischief! You tore my book.

li."J.,. hf.f't. 1 -x-m.c.., +~h

mischievQus
I. .,...,'I':Y.. The mischievous puppy amused us
greatly. .,...,'l'!t! 11-:fll 0"1?" ll."l+:Y."J
2. f.,."Jb-II'I':Y.. Mischievous slander cost him
his job. f.,."Jb-II'P:Y. l\.11-Qoil\;J- P't:.CD-")
li.II"'CD-

misconceive 0'1-hhA 1\.A.,.<:-'I(CD-?")

He misconceived the problem. :f-1'1-"J 0'1-hh
A li.A.,.<:'ICD-?"
misconception ll.ll"7m~
Many mistakes result from misconceptions .
1111"7a>~ f_,.t"l 1111- ilih_,.'l- J.'.~C'IA
misconduct
1. ODIJ'I:: hOD/A. He was punished for his misconduct. nou..-.:: }lootr +.,.tiJ
2. 'l'ol-'1-. I'm honor bound to report your
misconduct to the police. 'l'oi-'1-II"J 11?'11..11
1."JF:1oil\X" ' ~11..<;\1. fii1F:~'1A
[See also 'flagrant']
misconstrue Oilih.,.'l- .,.<:-'!(CD-)
He misconstrued her silence as approval.
11?";1-'1'") 1.")~ -11"7"7-l- li.F:C't Ollila
.,.<;,lieD-

...-r '

misdemeanor ll.til.,.'1 m"J)';A

It is a misdemeanor to throw litter in the
streets. ol'lflf -"J1F: llf. """'A Mil
_,.'1 ' m"J)';A ' )CDmiser.,,..,
A miser does not spend money on his children.
"Jf."' IIA]I:'Jl "I'JH11 l\.fa>"'?"
miserable
!. ll.f't:l'<J:. He talked about the miserable life
of the refugees after the war. hfiiCt.,. 0:\11
illltO'I-0'1- l\.(1:1'<1: ~C' 1\.mt:.
2. DD'l't.':. What a miserable meal that was!
M
'tf.t'l- ""Ttl:
toe
3. ~1111. They live in a miserable shack.
~1111 11( ' CD-il'l' f.'l' tl-114. oflil<D. A sick child is often miserable.
f;f-O<JDD A~ ' l\.11~ ........, "J.II, 11il<Uo teDfeel miserable +U(CD-)
I feel miserable today; my stomach is upset.
~4. If!I."J 1111-0D'S +6:'1A

M.,."'' ll

,...,-o

be a misfortune

make miserable

She makes life miserable for him. ).C"m-"t ""

~ ' ;t-~R;t-ll:f
miserly~

This is a novel about a miserly man.

~tJ

Aofl

tDIIF: :t"<lh 1111 1\"tF: ~ f"''.'i'1C

miserly habits "tf.n+

His miserly habits are noticed by everybody.

fll- "tf-1)'1- Rll-11- H"tF: ;t-m-#:Pt.
In a miserly fashion fiP'P"-l-

misinterp ret

799

miserly

He lives in a miserly fashion. RP' I"+

f.'f&-Pt.

misery (miseries)
I. :f1c. The poor live in misery; they lack
everything. M!l" ~1C 11111\.'l'l'm- F:'Jl:f
R:f1C f.'f <1-112. :f1l:.,.)'l-, Some people rose from misery
to fortune. 1\"t-'l"tF: l'll":f h:f1l:l;')'l- of"
~1"-t-m- llofl:t"'l":f II').
3. ODh<l-. Misery follows war. ""h<l- fllC~'l
"t f.h-f"'IPt.
4. P':1' f., The misery of loneliness was now
compounded by his poverty. F:1i~+ fofl'l'
'h+ P':f'f."t 1\fii'IR'lbe in misery OIIJ9'" ..,.,.:t'f
He was in misery from a toothache. R'I'CII ih
""V" R"'V" f.ov:J'f. ~RC

I. 1--'1. It won't be a great misfortune if

you don't get it. 'l;t-11m-V" oflrt- 1\S'-1--'1
UV"
2. il"l h'l(m-). It was his misfortune to be
killed in the war. RfllC~.., 'If. f'l"-t-m- iJ
.... hF:-1'+ ~ ....
suffer misfortune ODh<l- ~l:I'I(R'l-)
He suffered great misfortune when his wife
died. "'1.11.., R'l"-t-:f 1.n '1-Pt.lf- DDh<l-
~l:I'IR'l-

misgiving s 'I'C"'"He had no misgivings about his ability.

1111 :f-11-';t-m- 'I'C"'"- 1\A~Rl:have misgivings lf>c 1\ll(m-)
We had some misgivings about hiring a servant

who was suspected of theft. Rl\.ofl~'l- f-f"ml:

ml: 1\'lihc IIOD!f>mc 'l'oJ:'l- lf>c oflll-'"t
~nc

misguide 1\<\11-tThe lawyer misguided his clients about the

inheritance. 1111 m-CII- .,.'If. mR:J>m- ~
"tR'I''tl"t 1\VI;J-'I'mmishandle
I. 1\'1''1'1. The night watchman mishandled
the dog. HR ...m- m-lfm-"t 1\'l''l'lm2. R"''.1'1 1\AtnRof'V", The heirs mishandled
the estate. m&-ll"'ll Cll..,"t 1'1"'1.1'1 "f.tnofloJI

misfire hll".l.
The gun misfired, and the deer ran away.
"'""" RODhll"f. 1\;JH). 1\0DIItn
Our plans misfired, and the criminal got away.
1.ii'J'.!f'7f't llllhll"f. tD"t)!;ll.,.,... 1\""llm

mishap

misfit hl'lm- ;JC f.,f.1flfl l'lmA misfit never finds friends. hl'lm- ;JC II.,
f.1flfl ......... ~~.... f l l be a misfit Pt.h 1\Pt.IT~His coat was a misfit and his trousers baggy.
""" Pt.h 1\P\11'~- l 11-&m-V" l'llj:>f-R;J-Pt.

misinform 11Jol1"'l- ~1l:

He deliberately misinformed his employer

misfortun e
I. ODh<l-. He commiserated with his friend on
his misfortunes. tD-'1~ Ml:I'IR'l- ""h<l- dl
H)."t 111&
2. ""'1'1:: IJF:Pt.. He is brooding all day long
over his misfortunes. ROUTS: br:lr ,..A-
M RdlH"t 1'1.-t-h11 f.m-'IA
3. hf. i'"t. Misfortune tests a person's character. hf. n fl'lm-"t mflf. f..l.'l-'i'A

+4'<~--

I. ~-". The mishap was reported in the

papers. 1\~;>m- R;>nfll:f- -t-1Al< ~RC

2. '1''1-'l-. The spilling of the sauce was his
only mishap. fl'.l:l'lm- '1''1-'l- tD'l' ODF;of.
+. oflll'. ~""

about the situation. A+IIJt.(l)o itA

II'~ oflll-' m-il"+ ~1l:fDo

v-~;t-m-

misinform ation f-f"..,..,-f" ""l:'fi

His report is a hodgepodge of lies and misinformation. .:;rc.., m-ll"'l-'i' f-f"..,..,-f" ""'l:
'If f-f"of''lof'IIR'l- ~
misinterp ret
I. Rllih-t-'1- -f"l:1-oP. He misinterpreted his
silence as giving consent. 11V":t"m-"t +11.,,.
:J;Pt. R.,ll'l- Rllih+'l- -f"l:1-0DfDo

misjudge

800

2. ooarrt.: I h. f. He misinterpreted my intentions

and was offended. dtltll.'t 11"'"1'6: Mfw-
~c Tfl'f

misjudge
I. llil.bTT ~oo.,.. He misjudged the distance
and fell into the water. c+-l>'t llil.bTT II
OD10Dif I dfo;:)tD- I Q)o{ltp I IDJ'..+
2. IIT<'l<'lT hilT.l'f'l- ~ooT. I have misjudged
his character. mQI''t IIT<'l<'lT hilT.I'f'l-
~ODTh-

3. 11~ h.I':C-'1 ~oo.,.. We mustn't misjudge

the seriousness of the situation. t'u-i.:f"DJ-'l

h<'t<\IU'I- 11~ h.I':C1't oo~oo:,. fl\11't9"
4. ( ~ intr.) .,. .......,.. You misjudge him if you
think he is !rYing to hurt you. II.'1-JI'f .I'M
A 111111 h't~IJ") T<'lilTYA

mislaid, see mislay

.,.,.

mislay (mislaid) f'l- h't>lil+oomw- hllm

I've mislaid my glasses.

oo)~tt.'t

f'l- h't

Jlil+OO'l'h- ' hll~9"

I. llil.bTT ""6-. Our guide misled us in

the woods, and we got lost. oo')~.l': oo&~
't llil.bT'I- ill\oo&-'t "'ill CD-il'l' ~11
T't m<f.'t

2. hititT. He misled me into thinking that

I could buy the house cheaply. IL-I>'t IICIJii
1\.....,~:,. fii"~A 11"7ilOO{lA hititT'f
3. hOIIif. Bad companions often mislead
young people. h.,.A 'l~'l"~ h11~':'CD-'t "L
II. ' 01"1-f~'t .l'lllllf /\-

misleading hit<\~
The description is misleading. OD'"lAGLm- hit
...~.)CDnODT: I J\OD&-C

OD6-

He mismanaged his father's store and soon

became bankrupt. .fQ-I>'t oo~11c 11""'1'
C:: ' hOO&-C '

ili\006-CD- ' OIJI..I'CD-). ' hflC:

misplace .1'1111;1-w- h'I'C:

He misplaced the book of poems in the science

section. f"l'l'_., ""ltdt'i' .1'1111:/"CD- liP')

'i''I'C:'I- h'i'A h'I'C:CD-

misprint fh'l-9" il.hTT

This word is not a real word; it is only a misprint. J'.ll .:I'A '1-hhA hJ'.~I\9" I fh'l-9"
il.bT'I- tw-

mispronounce IITititT rJolo.:/" MilO

Some foreigners mispronounce Amharic words.
h'tJI't.l': fdl"'l." h~C (ll"~ .1'"7C':'
.:1'11'1-'t IIT<'l<'lT IJolo.:/" .f)!l.'f'I'A

misquote .1'111\CD-'t hi\

The student misquoted the teacher in reporting
the aocident .
h~:>w-'t ll"''...'ilC:-'111

.,..,&..,.

T "1.11. ""9"11~ .1'111\CD-'t hi\

misread (misread)
I. ll..l't11 .,........,.. She misread the recipe and
spoiled the cake. fl"'""11 h1P&-C ooV"&.I'
CD-'t il;l-tofl ' ill\..,........,.~ ' h.h-'t ' hllll~....

2. hA.1QaJofD. She sometimes misreads my

expression and thinks I am angry. h'tJI't.l': "L
II. f.l-1: IJolo.:/" <\J'.~Q'I- fT'i'~h- J'.ooM

:1-A
misrepresent 11"7J'.~Q rJolo.:/" h+C:II
The salesman misrepresented the product.
hlflf"" h:l'w-'t 0"7J'.~Q rJolo.:/" h+C:O

miss (v.)
I. houllm(w-). +I missed the first part of his
f't"l"l~ f""Y..oo&.rw- h'i'A
h""llm'f
+Do you think I'll miss my train? QIH- f"''.
.fODAm'f f.ooilA'/A 1
+I missed the chance of a ride to town. m~ h
T"7 ' ll""h.'i' fOD~.f: ' iJ.I':A ' h""llm'f
2. +c:. Hemissedschoolfor a week. ll't.l': it
V"'t'l- h'I-V"UC'I- IL'I- +c:
3. hllfll". I missed the beginning of the race.
fCD-.I':~'t fooY..oo&.f h'i'A hllf!JoTV"

speech.

mislead (misled)

mismanage

miss

hA~Q-. +You missed the point of the

story. f:/"&11- 'i't. nc IIA~QU9"
5. itT. Our house is so easy to find, you
can't miss it. IL:I"~ 0+1111- illl"''.~'f A'l-

4.

ilTCD- h'I-~A9"

He fired, but missed the target. Tlf-11 '\.11"7

CD-'t ' ....,.
6. 'i'd.+ I 'i'd.+(w-). I'll miss you terribly. 0"1
I'" h'i"i'~YII!Jo

+He is a precious friend, and I shall miss him

when he leaves. f"''.m~ 'l~'1 illlll"t
(1.~.1': ' J'.'i''i'+':'A
7. OD'J'<f.-l>'t om+. When did you miss your
briefcase? IIC<\11 ""'1'4--l>'t """' 001~11 1

mlss(n.)
His first shot was a miss.
!foil ....,.
[See also 'hit')

fOD~OD/.YtD-"'J r

801

Miss

mistaking

Miss mY.H&'IDid you see Miss Laqetch? mY.H&'I- 'I.,.:Y.

"t MY'!- l

misspent filM
He mourned his misspent youth .. Ollh)omrm"''l-~'1- """'~- -t-llll-1-

misshapen f-1-0'Ilf
His misshapen body results from an accident in
his youth. f(UD~-1> 'J>CII" f-1-0'IlffDo OA
~~-!> 01.~110'1- hi.;J ?"h"t.l''l- ~ ....

mist (v.)
*Tears misted her eyes. Of.'l";t! 1\"tll 1\.,.
<:<;.

(be) missing
I. m'i-. The child has been missing for three
days. A)l: hm'i- IPII'I- _,..,_ ~.,.
2. '1-f.ft. There are two pages missing in this
b00k. hrJ.tJ I ODJrdtlj: I BJo(l'f" I ,.fl:J- I 'JX" I
.,_f."!I.A
3. +~. Four children were missing from
class today. ~"' 1\&-'1- A]t.:Y. hh'i'A .,.C
-M'A

[See also 'action']

mission
1. ODA"-h+. He completed his mission successfully. OOAI\h-J>"t 0"7.111 1\h'i'ID~
2. ovAI\h-1-'l':Y.. The Japanese trade mission
visited Ethiopia. \'li".T"t fi"lf." ODAI\h
-t-if:Y. 11..'1-I'"A".I'"t .,_O'f.
3. -t-AM. The mission of the troops is to catch
a band of robbers. ffD:J-f.f!'=J; -t-AM f.,.
"77f:f"t '}f." 00.1'11 tfDo
4. '1-ilD'I. His mission in life is to help the poor.
fihf.ID-f> ' 't'l"7 ' f."~:f"t ' OOCJIT ~fDo
5. 01/./tf-"}. There is a Catholic mission near
here. OltU 1\'J>&-fl..l' 1\"tf." flt.fll.h "'t
ill'""t 1\11
go on a mission

noo+

The chaplain who went on a mission with the

soldiers gave the blessing. hm:J-f.f!'=J; ;JC f
HOO-f>'!- ofl{l 11-&-IJ.

>

(lm-

missionary (missionaries)
I. ftD11.A {IQh.. Missionaries disseminate
the Christian belief all over the world. ffD"t1.
A llllh.l":f fhCiltn"t 1\7"~'1- Oov'l
..... 'til?" f{l&-"'1.112. otilK1!. Missionaries are trying to convert
the pagans. "'tiiKtD-n 1\<:ov).l":f-"t 11"'1
lloo"t Oou'f"hC 'If. 'i''l'tD-

misspell 11.11"'1' 4.1.11-"t 1\1111-tHe misspelled the word "rhinoceros,.

1\fDo&-&il f"'tllfDo"t ?A 11.11"'1' 4-!l..ll-"t 1\
IIII-I-

mist (n.) "'.";J"I

The hills are hidden in the mist. 1><:-il:J-l"'li
0"1.";J"I . -t-lf'i'~'I'A
mistake (mistook), v. I\A111(fDo?")
+You mistake his real purpose. '1-hhlll;'tD- 't
'l"lfDo I\A111U?"
*Please don't mistake me! frABJo"t 1 mi. 1 t\.
'I 1\'I-1-C'l-OOIJJo
*Sorry, I mistook you for someone else.
1\ll'i'llfJ- I 11.'1 (lfDo ""illl1i'S ~tJJo
mistake (n.)
I. ilih-t-'1-. How could I make such a mistake?
1\"t.<'.'l- 1\VI.U .I'll ilih-l-'1- 'II.C"I 1\
:f'lllu- l
Sorry, I took it by mistake. l\11'i'llu- Oilih-1:,. ~ ..... fiD/11."11-'12. -r'i-'1-. I am sorry; it's my mistake. l\11'i'll
f1. i f), I IJ"4..+ I )oBJo
make a mistake +itlt+
He made a mistake when he married her.
1\!J."t "7"111-1> 1-11111mistaken (adj.) f-1-11111That's a mistaken belief. f-1-11111- 1\?"~.).
~

....

A mistaken person should admit that he was

wrong. f-1-11111- /lfDo oullll-l>"t "loo"t , 1\
110'1be mistaken +ltlt+

With regard to what you say about the French,

there you are mistaken. illl l..<:"tllf. 01-'i'
1ChfDo ~1C 1-llii-1-YA
be mistaken for

He's often mistaken for his twin brother.

1\11-"t'i' OO"J:J- ID"tl:'..,."t ' .l'llil:t'f'f'A
"'He is often mistaken for an American.
ill!- 1.11. lll":f 1\"'UII' f.DDM'f'rA
mistaking -rc-rc
There is no mistaking what we ought to do.
ODP'&-'1- Mllofl"t ' ~1C Y""t?" ' "I'C"I'C
fll?"
"'There's no mistaking his intention. q.-\"7CD- 1
lltD-C 1\f-1.117"

"

mix

802

Mister

the misunderstanding between Poland and

Czechoslovakia. fl?"'l't!l!."'i" fl'lilo1111-lih.Y

Mister, see Mr.

mistook, see mistake

mistranslate hil!l-1'- .,.....,...,.,

He mistranslated the passage and got a bad
grade. ll"'tQII-'t hill\-1'- III\Tl.1-0Dm- ""
Ttl: ' "7Ch ' h1'f

oPlJh/1\ fTLmt.m-'t hi\.,...,QQ'I- 1\"71\ID

1Ji!." flOD"JC 'If. 'i"'ffDo
2. Of.'til hi\ODl.-'1'1-. Her misunderstanding

of the recipe caused her to make a mess of

the cake. fll".,il hoP&+'t OD9"6}' Of.
'til ' QI\OD(.-'1;1: ' 11.11- ' Tfl'llf

mistreat
I. OM. He mistreated the children. A]!:<r;'t fl
.~Nfm-

2. 1\tv ?f. His wife mistreats him because he

is so meek. mQI' 1\Mil !IIIII') "''.M
;1-P':J>f'l'll"{-

mistress
I. J..ooo.T. Servants obey a kind mistress.
h "lihC'"f. 1\f.., l\ODILT f.:J-H~II-

2. ll"'Q'I-. He considered her his mistress.

ll.,Q., h!l!."C'I .._mt-'1-

mistrust (v.) Tmt-ml.

1 hi\OD)!I"

He mistrusts my intentions. tit flO. 1 ,..m&.

mt-11\

I mistrust the story he told about his discovery.

!Ill 'i'/i\1\'i''i"m- fT'i"1l.fDo't :1"6h h'lll"'t
II" (l\mt-mt-1\u-)

I. h1-il..,ll. He misuses his horses by glVlng

them loads that are too heavy. hODm't OilY.
hQ.(- ' fiJ'jo. "'1.")-1'-"f- flOD"'i't o Ll.(\'fl't }'1{)f"'\'f'l'A
2. }'II h.,Qil hiD"'. He misused public funds
to buy a car for himself. 1\t-!1- ODh.'i" II""
.,~'1- fOD't.,P'T 1'tHil }'I\ h.,Qil hiD"'
3. }'II h.,Qil Tm4'ou(fl'l-). He doesn't know
Amharic well and misuses the words. 1t."7C~
Of.'til !ll\"7}'m-'!o :1'11-l:'t }'1\ h.,Qofl f.
m4'!1"Q'f'I'A

mitigate M'lfll
He asked the judge to mitigate his sentence.
.O:'l'm- 'i'OI-'t l\'t-'l,.l'lf"lill-11'1- mf4'

mitigating

mistrust (n.) hii""T"7't

Mistrust prevents them from reaching an
agreement. hi\ODT"7""'t h!III"II")T l\'t-'1
f.f.Cflo }'ll.C:>'I''I'/1\
feel mistrust of +m&-m~

He felt mistrust of the stranger. l\'t.,'lm-'t

misuse

*There are no mitigating circumstances for

your behavior. f,Pt-'Jim- P't- 11.:1"1\'i'
hf."f./i\11"

mix (vt.)
(I

.,.. ..,.m&-ml.CD-

(be) misty

I. ..,_.:>., fl~(fl'l-) I .,.,. 0~(0'1-). August

is misty. Moi\. "'1.":>., (1-11") f.fl~fl;J-/1\
2. l\'tQ hHII. She didn't cry, but her eyes were
misty. h'1114'fl"f-!1" 1 "tf.'t!l! .,'t l\'tQ h
111\fDo )flC

misunderstand (misunderstood)
I. flf.'til h/i\Tl.-'111". First of all, you misunderstood me. """J!""6Y )1C flf.'til h
li\Tt.'l'li'SII"

2. h/i\1Q(m-11"). +You misunderstood when I

said that I was coming on Tuesday. "7h!l'l' l\
OD"JI\11- }'Ah-11 ' h/i\1QIIII"

*Don't misunderstand me! f!l"l\m- ,_.,QII

misunderstanding
I. hi\OD.,QQ'I-. They are trying to clear up

I. h4''14'11. I mixed yellow and red. il"'i'i" 4'

" ' 4'1111" ' h4'1\4'/i\h

2.

~QA+.

Don't mix business with pleasure!

P't-'t ' h""'l':l" ' h'l-f.Q/i\'l3. """"l.. The servant mixed a little oil into
the dougb. 1l.-'l.;l: 1\,m- fDo!IT Tof:T
Hf-'1- ' ..,_t."f4. 1\ID!I. He mixed pepper with bile. OCO&.m-'t
flh'l"'l- 1\ID!Immlx (vi.)
1. T'l'm-'1. Water and oil don't mix. m-;W H
r.+ ll.'l'do'l- hf."f-11-11"
2. Til"'/"'/. The two colors mix very well. M
H.ll 11-11'1- ' 4'1\'l""f- ' 0"'1.1Q ' f.{l"'/"'/113. TA'I> hi\. She likes to mix in other people's
business. fl(lm- )1C T/1\'l- "'111'1- '1-w-'1
II"f.
mix In T/1\'1- hi\

Don't mix in. This is none of your business.

T/1\'l- h'l-0/1\ l h}'1QIIII"

mobilization

803

mixed

cough mixture for his cold. 111-'t'l.). R.,.IIJ'.

mix up

I. l>~RI\11-1>. He bas mixed up everything.

1Joll-'t9" ~RIIA.<I';I-A.
2. Aoo'l-1>11. Don't mix up the cards! IJC;I-a>-'t
l>;l-oolt:J.A.
mix (one) up
1. h.1Q. Don't mix me up in your argument!
"Jl':Jo"fl':J-'fo- a>-IIT l>;J-!11-'S
2. ~<;u.. His explanation mixed me up

completely; I can't understand the problem at

all. fll- MIIIIK' "fl'<l-ii ~'i1t.'S l "I'

f_,.-1>,...,. filA. ooX;-;>tT f.IDIIJIA.

[See also 'indiscriminate']

mix-up 9"/I:J-A.:J.A.
That was an awful mix-up. J.' A.h f/1.11
a>- 9"/I:J.A.:J.A. )RC

moan (v.) l>:J-11.,.

I could hear him moaning in the next room.
l'."''.-I>TIIa>- h'i!A. a>-IIT IT'l' (IJ:l'IIT
)',(1..,..,. )RC

C'-11/l...,.'t ' R'i!l\.9" ' A.t.Jia>- ' l>A.7fA.9"

moan (n.)

(be) mixed up .,.1"f(RT)

The mayor is mixed up in the scandal. no..l"S:.

X:C'I..T a>-IIT h'J-J:qa>-9" f.1'1R;I-A.
(be all) mixed up

I. .,...,;1-(RT). I'm all mixed up. Is be coming

on Tuesday or Friday? .,...,-r-R'fA. l f"''.ODnJ
1
..,. ..,hll'l' )a>- mf.ll
2 . .,.,.11:1'-1>11. The books are all mixed up,
and it took me some time to sort them out.

'c"'

..,:1-(IT

His moans disturbed me all night long.

f(l.

"f

:J-(1.-,. /1.11.-l>'t Rou-11- Amh'S

moat [RT'JT H""'t milT l'.'JJif.1q II""

hllhA. R"l9"ofl 11-<IJ.' f"''..,.d.C ' TA.-1>
.-,.-; 114-T J.'lla>- 1-X:'iX:]

mob (mobbed), v. mt.t.

The crowd mobbed the consulate. ih1111- <l''tll

""K'mll:'ll _,.,.(l:J-:Jolla>- IIII)RC Rfoo

A.lt- ' 11..,/1-J>ODT ' 1..11. ' ID/I~ofi'S

Spectators mobbed the courtroom . .,.,.A.IJ

{get) mixed up 'JmOD

";f 'i'CX: R.1o't mt.~T

Don't get mixed up with that gang! MILIJ

be mobbed

Jl.<l\1-l"'f :>C l>T"Im9"

mix well .,..,qq

*The stores are always mobbed right before

Christmas. 1'i MCII -~-RC''f (Ia>-

He mixes well with all kinds of people. h..,'t9"

:>C ' f."lqqA.

mixed (adj.)
f.,.~qii-J>.

He bought three boxes of

mixed nuts. V'IIT "IT't f.,.~qii-J> 11D"11 1q
2. f.,.IIJ.'- lll"'f f"''.'l'~RT. He lives in a
mixed neighborhood. f.,.IIJ.'- lll"'f f"''.
I.

'l'~RT ' AIJqR. ' J'.'l' 41-A.

3. fOD'J"IP'T'i' MA. 1>!119" J.'IIRT. The

mixed economy of the country proved to be
fairly successful. fOD'J'1P'T'i MA. M:
9" J.'IIRT J.'1<11o M'l'"''. ""A.IJ9" wm.'l- ' l>'lf
mixture
I. :J.A.:J.A.. This drink is a mixture of fruit
juices. ~tJ oomT fA.(!. Alt ~fJ'f
.,...,4! ' :J.A.:J.A. ' )a>2. x:of~A.:Jo. Nigerians are a mixture of several
different ethnic groups. 'i'J'."t,<IJ.'a>-J."t foflll'
A.- ' A.- ' '1-ill"'f ' x:of~A.:Jo ' <;'J'w3. f.,.oj>oooo "".i:?tT. He takes a special

"'"' ' J'.rJ''ill-

mob (n.) ih11ofl l f"''.t.oflii ih11-fl 1 11..,.41-,...

II

n Rt.

ih11ofl

He barely escaped being beaten by the mob.

hih1111- x:-n~q 11nii Aoollm

The soldiers were forced to the extremity of

firing to scatter the mob. m;I-~C''Il f"''.t.ofl

If..,.., '

ih11ofl ' /lOUR.,.., ' .,.tt-11 '

.-,. ' '1X: ' IT)q'J'w-

ODbd.

Tbe mob almost lynched him. 11..,.41-""11

Rt.a>- ' ih11ofl ' ih:>'E ' qA.IJ') ' OD'J1X: ' II.
1X:IIa>- M9" l>A.4't.a>-9" )RC

mobile .,.H'P'P<I
The Ministry of Education organized two
mobile libraries. T9"1JCT "''.tM:C 11-IIT
.,.H'P'P<I R..,. ' ODl\ih'i'T l>H.:>;Eo:tA.

*She bas mobile features. 1-:1: f.II'PID"'A.

mobilization fh.,..-,. (1&-'ET TM11

Mobilization was decreed by the Emperor.
(14!-'ET Tl'.'l11 R't1-"' )1P'1o

fh_,..-,.

;l-ID)';

mobilize

804

moderat e

mobilize

model oneself OD')"'.f: r Tb+A

I. Ailh-1--1-. The President

armed forces.

T&rfA')~

mobilized the
ftflC ~,e.tt-'l r

t.ilh-1--12. lloP1"1F'I- -f-"'qc l\'1'11. The President

mobilizes industry in time of war. OfllC~..-,. 1..
fL TC:.IVI11> h.1JI.il'l-&l":f-1 lloo1"1F
:,. -1-"'qc .l'm-'I'I''I'A

He modeled himself after his hero. f"YJ.l'.1of>m1 ']!"'<; ' oP1~Y: -1-h-i-11

model (n.)
I. 'PS'..A. He is working on the model of a
bridge. fY:AY:f. 'PS'..A O""P'&-'1- 'If.
~

'i ' '1-w&-lll-

The army was mobilized to meet the attack.

mum-1 llooll'll/9"

I. M~m(O'I-)IA.I..li(O'I-)1 Ail"d.(O'I-). The boys

mocked the blind man. A}('ll ~~1 ilm-1'-
M~m-0'1- (t.l,.ti'O'I- I t.II"4-0'I-)

2. hLt;(t. His actions

mock

,...,q-1- ll/l,trol- t.Ct..l' ~..,.

3. 'lf.~'l-. I want a dress like yours because the

model is becoming to me. 'lf.~oJ> illl"7.il"7
"7'f n:r: 'lf.~'l- Aoflil ""Aoil l\o~.
A:>lltJo

convention.

t.Y:&-11> A"7Y:1 .l'd.C"A

mock at 71.'l~ r +A.r: "'t.mt;

He mocked at the idea of a peaceful settlement.

"'""1 -,..<;f.1l\1.<'. of>AY: 4r.m<:m-

mock (adj.)

2. t.Ct..l'. His behavior is a model for others.

il&-'1!'1- -1-h-1--1-

mock (v.)

fill\"7'1!

....

His sister works as a model. >t.'\1J If"F-A IT

be mobilized 1-h-1--1-

fof>AY:

The dance represented a mock battle. 1!-L&-ID-

fof>AY: tnC~'I- f.ooiiA ~OC

mockery
I. fooof>IIY: .l'tJA. His trial was a mockery
of justice. 'i'CJI. O.h"' foPof>IIY: .l'tJA
~oc

2. 411. Their mockery and insults made me

cry. .t.~'l'm-<; iiY:q'fm- Ailllof>il'f
3. """114:.1'. Through his foolishness, he became the mockery of the village. O~A~oJ> 9"
h1.1''1- foP1.l'.'l- """114:.1' II'~

mode
I. 'PY:. He dresses in the latest mode. A.!l.il
fa>"'m-1 'JOY: f.llofi"A
2. HS'... Riding on a donkey is a mode of
travel. J\tJJ' I OD+oP'l" I foP~~"If' I liS',. I )ID-

model (v.)
I. 9"i1A w&-. He modeled the minister's head
in clay. f"'Uil'f-'1-1 &oil 9"iiA Olfh'l
w&-

2. OoPh-f-A t..P.&-1':. He modeled his strategy

on Napoleon's . f<;.r/1..1"11 ftnC iiA'I-
OoPh-1-A ftnC HS'..m-1 t..P.&-'J':
3. 'PS'..A t."f. They model dresses in this shop.
MI.IJ oP.l'.ofiC m-ilT fAoflil 'PS'..A
.1'11.1'11-

model (adj.)

'""/1, fll'~

A model farm was set up to spread new

farming methods. A'lil fl\Clf HS'..l"l-1
11"7il&-Q;l,'f- 9""/1, f"7.11'1 l\Clf -1-l!'ll/oo

.,.,.

*She is a model housewife. fll.'l- <lt1"""

moderat e (v.)
1. Oil+ ou')flc~+ DD&-.. We need someone
to moderate our meeting. iloflilQl-11 Oil..of>
oo10CH f"7.""il-A1 ilm- .l'iloi.A~'iA
2. llilllil A.P.<:~. During the argument, he
moderated his views. OhCh-1- "l.fL
1 llilllil A.<'.<:~

"'"o-

moderat e (n.)

OPtJhll'f fll'~

The radicals got many of the moderates to

follow them. 1-&-"7}('1l 0.?"111:11 t.il-1-.1'
f:Jo'fm- ooohll'l'l- fll'l'-'1- l\1-'l.h-1-~'1'
..,. 'M<:?-

moderate (adj.)
I. oomH'. He is a moderate drinker. ""m~'1

mm.

~m-

He has a moderate income and cannot afford

to buy a house. 111. oPm)o;;: lU\ll")o R.

'1- 1\00"1~'1- Af.l-A'r

2.

oulJ:hit~.

His political views are moderate.

f.?"ll-1:11 Ail-1-.l'foJ> ool1h11"1 ~..,.

3. llilllil .I'll. He wrote a moderate reply to
my angry letter. 01S'..'I- IIK'i'h-'1- .l'.ofi'IIL
llilllil .I'll oPA.il lid.
4 . .<'.~<;. Wheat is sold today at moderate

prices. ~.:. i11S'.. 0.<'.~<; 'I':> .elf"'A

He has moderate success as a painter. filP'to/L~
,. ....~... i19" l\lldJo

moderately
I. 11111111 h.J:-C1. They expected him to give
a fiery speech, but he spoke moderately.
f;JII ' "J"l"IC ' Y!f.C:>A ' ill\tJJo ' hiiOtJJo '
~OC "l"t 11111111 h.J:-Co) 1'<;-iG
2. OODtn'i-. He drank moderately. ooom').' tn"l
He acted moderately. '1-ih'l-'i' hllf
moderating
The UN exercises a moderating influence in
world affairs. f1-QO~'I- OD"J"IP':J-'1- .J:-C"/5
'1- 0~119" ?-JII'":Y. IIY. h"J!f. 11"7"11\.
IJ''l" Y.w&-A
moderation ( = verbal noun) oooom")
Moderation is necessary in eating. hflltA1
ODtn"J ' YIILA:>A
practice moderation

molar

805

moderately

oo

ODm)'

People who are too fat must practice moderation in what they eat. flt1J9'" m~&-,.. fiT
'). 0 119':f- 0 f"'/.OD1!1-'J-"J 0 ODODtn"J 0 hl\q'f'tJJo
with moderation ooom).
Eat and drink with moderation! flODm). 111\
tn"l

moderator ftJJof.f.'l- oo&

The moderator kept the two men from becoming very angry at each other. rm-~1-1: oP
& 11-11_, (l9':f- h"J'If."7G~ h!f.G1
modern Hou'i'' 1 fHOD"J
The university gives courses in modem
languages. l'tliC{l.ttJJo fHDD'i'' II/"JII/9':Y.
'1-II"IIC'I- f.(l"'A
Television is a modern invention. i:A.'ii.!fr1. H
OD'i" ' 'i'AM ' ~ ....
Schools should adapt their curriculum to
modem needs. '1-II"IIC'I- IL-I':Y. P'C~1'
'1-ll"IIC_,"J hHOO'). '1'111'1- :>C "7&-00.J:"
hM'I'tJJo

modernization Hoo'i"C P"A"'t

Ethiopia is making great strides in modernization. h.'l-1'-t;Y OHOD'i'' P'A"'~ ;J-11:,0
hC9"!i' 0"7.J:"G"l llf. ~:f.

modernize
1. HOO'i"'f! hi.L..1. We must modernize our
house. IL;J-:f-"J"J H""'i'' "7.J:"G"/ hllil"J
2. h'lf'lfll. We must modernize English spelling. fh "t"lll_11'1"t II'ihL'I- "7'/f'/fA hllil"J

modest
I. '1-m.'l-. She's a very modest person. 0"19"
'1-m.'l- ' lltJJo ' 'i''l-

2. aom~'i'. Though his income is modest, he

dresses well. 1fl.tJJo ""tn~'1 fl.II'"J9" hl\qR
f'\-I~I)Q)o

3. Mil Yll. He lives in a modest little house.

M(l q11:Y. IL~ tJJoil'l' f.'l"&-A
mQdesty '1-ih'l-'i'
Everyone likes her modesty. 11-11-9" '1-ih'l-'i'
'l"t .em'IA
modify (modified)
I. 1\mtn. Having learned the facts, he modified
his opinion. htJJo~1''1tJJo"J ~1C 1Jm4' 0:\
II hii1-Yf_,"J 1\mtn
2. h 'If 'IfII. The judge modified the jail sentence.
.l;';'tJJo ' fh(l&o.,., ' :,0"1'1- ' h'lf'lfll
We must modify our requirements for admission to the university to meet the new
situation. h'lii-"J 11-~;J- 1\00II/11/9" lll'tii'
C{l.t OD"/IU' f1-!f.~11tJJo"J !!."til "7
'lf'lfA hllil"J
3. 11111. In the phrase 'old man', the adjective
'old' modifies the noun 'man'. 11"7"11\. (I
I flD7.,fllD" I l'h~""' I aJ-{l'f' I (( 1i"7'1/l. )) I
f"''.lltJJo :,OwA n,. f"''.lltJJo"t !19" .e
1AKA

lD-

modulate
I. h!I1'1Jhll. The cantor wants to modulate
the hymn. 11-4' ""Hil"&o'i- ll"7tJJo"J 11"7!11-IJ
hA Y.LA;>A
2. hl\(11\(l. He modulated his tone considerably
when he discovered that it was the minister,
and not the secretary, who was on the phone.
OIIAh f"'/.Y~;>"/GtJJo 1\...LtJJo llf.IJ'~
"''.t(l'J-~ ODIJ''i''l'tJJo"J qm4' 'l,ll s:-9"9"J R"'!l" hl\(11\(l
moist hC'I'il
The ground is moist. out-if

~c....O

)m-

moisten hGmO
He moistened his lips and went on talking.
h"JL~"J hC'I'(l "J"l"l~"J 4'tnl\

moisture
1. CTfl+. Themoistureintheaircauses mildew.
YfC ' C'I'O'I- ' OD'/f1'1-"t ' f.L'I'&-A
2. ..,..,. . The heaviness of the air iS due to
moisture. Yf~ hqs:-~'1- h1-'i- f1'~"1
~

....

molar, ~ tooth OD"J;>;>

My brother does not have his molar teeth yet.
f~ m"J.J:-9" 1'i' ao"J;>:> hllm"l9"

mold

806

moment

mold (v.)
I. 'l"llA P'&-. He will mold the head in clay
before he makes the statue. .hiD-A-1>1 h""P'
&-1> fld.'l- f&-ll 'l"llA hiOJ'I f.P'&-A

2.
The molten metal cracked the
mold. ,.,..,.1\mm- 11l.'l- :1'11.11-"t llflt.m-

2. hl..,.. His father's discipline molded his

character. ,l'q-1> 1\,1',1'11 mqf."t ht..,.m3. oo&-. His speeches were intended to mold
public opinion. "t"MC''6 f.1.1111"t hili",I'

moment
1. "LtL. At that moment, there was no one
around. 011.,1'1 1.11. flhl)qfl.m- "'11'1"

f'l- 11""'1"6-'l- f;Noll- ~fl<mold (n.)

I. :1'11.11. When he poured the metal in the
mold, it cracked. 11l.-l>"t :1'11.11 'If. 11.,1'

l.o"tm- _,.Mtn_,.
2. :JocK" "'/ID-""l. You can use this mold for
the cake. f.ll"t llh.h- :JocK- "'lm-""l "'"'""'
'l"fi'I-

There was a layer of mold on the cheese.

hf.ll- lf1'1- 11-C'fl;f-A

*The son is formed in his father's mold.

A)!'!Lm- 1\q-f:"t 4tC'I'

~,.

11l.'l- f"''."'&- .hiD-A'!- "'P'I11- lll"l- Y.ll.J:-11'1- ~oc

fl"t..'""A

,.,..,.lim.

(tm-

1\A~Ol.'/"

2. 61\-l-. The moment of her arrival was a

happy one. hil. f'l"'l-"""10'1- bil-l- ff..ll;f-

-r.n.

~oc

a moment
I. '!-"til. Wait a moment! '!-"til ~f.
2. 11'1'4:'1- 1.11.. He stood on the doorsill
a moment. A-rot+ 1..U 1..4c ",e. .foP
a moment ago h'l'-t+ 1..tL OA.-1He was here a moment ago. h"l'cf:-1- 1..tL 0
"'"" hri..IJ ~Ill.

at a moment's notice Bflh;f-IDcf!f

IDJl.f'OJ-).

A"t..l'.T(I

mOJo I

molding hl.'i'

The moldings around the windows of this

room are made of wood. fH.II hi:A oPil
""" ' hl.t.':l- ' hb"tta'l- ' f.,..,<- .,,.,,.
(be) moldy lf11"

Since the bread is moldy, throw it away. J.l(lm-

lllllf11" tiJ/ItDmole'i'AI.A

The mole heaped up the dug-out earth. 'i'AI.

II-

hl.<-1 .,.AII-;1-A

She has a mole on her cheek. 1-"t"il. '1,1'. "'I

C,l''l" 11"'1;f-11:f.
molest
I. hflltta. The child molested her older sister.
A7&: ;f-'I:J> h'l:t"t hflltta!l''l~n~n.

The beggars molested the tourists.

11"'1'1''6 h1C 'l-fl"l"'6"t ~H~H-'P'I'IDmolllfy (mollified)

I. }\qfl/1. She mollifed the crying
f"t,,'II:J>Ilm-1 A)!' 1\qflll:f.m-

child.

2. .,.~ll. He mollified his demands after he

understood the situation. rJok:f"8Jo'l h+-':
0:\'1 ,l'lli.A1~A f"''.IIID-"t ~1C

"'lil;f-OJ4:,1' ' 1\"tf...,.lltniJ ' OJJI.,I'ID-). ~~-~

"1'1- ' 1-H:>)!'

at any moment
I. hv-1 ltv-1. He was afraid he would
be captured at any moment. J\rl""t 1 ltrl""t 1 +
,1'1111- 1\,1'11 f.fll."l"l ~fiC
2. 1\o-1. He will come at any moment.
hv-1.1'-"""'A
3. '1"1 1.11.'1". This wall is so weak that it may

go at any moment.

have a mole '"lCYtJD ftool-m-

2.

Be ready to leave at a moment's notice!

_,.)(!

molten.
I. h.,.llm 11l.'l- f"''.P'&-. A molten statue
was worshipped by idol worshippers. h.,.llm

..,X""'~Jim-

AlA boorr

). f-1-~"1 '1"1 1.11.'1" II..I.Cil f.:f.'IA

at the last moment "1'4:...,. (l.+~mHe arrived at the last moment. '1'4:'1- ll...,.l.
tiJa I ODIJ)
at the moment i\!t.tLOJ- ! hl1-"t

At the moment, I can't give you any further

information. A1.tLtiJa 1 fr"fl"l'U 1 +"'-"7,t 1 ,..,
ill.ll' fii'S'I"
At the moment, our friendship is somewhat
strained. hv-1 'if..'f);f-:f'"t '!-"til lfha:A
for a moment ll"1'4:T 1..1

A bright light blinded him for a moment.

11'1-IJ 11CI'"t 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. 'if.)."t hllllm-

great moment ;h\.:,.. 1'"6~~

The Emperor's return was a great moment in

Ethiopia's history. n . . .IP I ~1P"-IJ I 00001\fl I 0
h.'l-f"k,l' ' ;f-&h ID-il'l' ;f-'I:J> 'l"b&-'i' ~fiC

money

807

momentarily
(be of) great moment ;1-1\:j.H hl\fD'

This decision was of great moment. .eu

,..~ :f'~:j>~.'fo Yll.,. ~oc

important moment, be an """ h'f:-t;;: (l;:f"

'"

His presentation at the court was an important

moment of his life. IL.,. OD't"'l"'l- ou:j>t;
11- oa..ew., ,.11.,. h'i'.,.'i' ll:f' fYH

momentary,
I. ( ~ adv.) 11'1'-t'l- '1.11.. There was a momentary silence in the room. i\"1'4::,. r "LtL 0
h'i'tr ,.11.,. K'l':f' ~oc

2. ( ~ adv.) O.l:"'t~T. They live in fear of

momentary annihilation. 0~11+ r 7t.'iA~Il1 r
0"'1.&\ 'i'C?.'fo f-'1"&11-

In a few moments ll'l.t: }\'j:.:J"

h~j:. Ylt
The opening of the Koka dam was a momentous occasion. f.f? "7.(;-ofl. oubLT htt: y

It was all over in a few moments. fl'l.(- h

fl O't&\

~.,.

'i';f' ' hll+

in a moment
I. hoo:j>K"O"'. In a moment, all was changed.
hoo:j>K"O.'fo 11'11-'l" ~~c .,.1\wm
2. h!Jo't. I'll give you your change in a moment. hrJo't DD&\IIU't llll'I'7111Jo
just a moment h1Y.. : .J.e
Just a moment, please; I am on the phone.
h'tl'. /Jf. 11&\h f."lf:YIIrJo
Just this moment hll-1' r 1'1
I

}UJo"J ~ 1lJ'

ODil"''rf:

~(l)o

Have you thought of doing it yourself? Not

for a moment! ~lUJ A."f-tPt-CDo hllOU
~oc

? LK"'l" 1
=

fit

The President is busy on a matter of moment.

"l' &.H.-'I't-1> h'i' Yfl '1--'lf. ~f. <;'l'fD'

the moment Ah ll1'~

I. l\Yfll ~~. The campaign to make him

President gained momentum. 'Aft-1 T ~HA1

'1- 11"'/.l:"t:"' f"'l.~t:~,. '1-"'A l\Yfll ~~

2. '1''1'~'1- llf""""t: ~~- A falling object

gains momentum as it falls. 1\1: ~"lC f\_m
.(":j> llllh.YC'i' .l:"t:ll 'i''I'~T llf""""~
f.~-'1&\

,..,..lP ~1P"-l-

Haile Sellassie First is an Ethiopian monarch.

4>-'1"'1' "1f.ll l"~ll. fh..'fof"kY 't'l-"'

~~1"'1- ' ""'""

not for a moment LYt'fP

of moment h'i:

~oc

momentum, gain

monarch

I have just this moment heard the news.

BJi'..aJo1'

momentous

+ perfect

I started the moment your letter arrived.

&\h ~11-'IILU ll't~t:ll~ T~"fiJo

[See also 'crucial, lucid, only, precise, spur,

unguarded, very']
momentarily
I. fl'l'-1:'1- ~-t:J> I 11'1'-I:T '1.11.. I saw him
momentarily between two classes. Ou-AT 1 h
'I'll ' 'I.II.YT ' ODfh&\ ' 11'1'-I:T ' 1.-t:J> ' hfiJoT

The luminous room blinded him momentarily.

11Cfi fOqO.'fo ll'i'&\ ' 11'1'-t.'fo '1.11. 't
f.jo.'t ' h{)a>t;fJJ'

2. Of1.H.aJo. The danger of fire is increasing

momentarily. fll{).'fo h~;J Of'l,ll.fD' llf
Q{l ' f.~-'1&\

3. A"LH.QJo. I am momentarily out of cash.

monarchy (monarchies) 't'l-"1' h~WII

Monarchy was established in Ethiopia centuries
ago. Oh..'fof"kY fD'Il'l' 't'l-"1' h~q11 f.,.!l:

*"""" h-ort- .,..,. 't"":f''~- o.r.'l-

~..,.

monastery (monasteries) ~-'1'1" (pl. ~-'1"'/'1-)

There are many monasteries in Ethiopia.
h.'l-f"kY ' fD'Il'l' 1111- ~-'1"'/'1- htr
monastic h-'1'1" 1 foo~ho{).'fo
He lives a monastic life. f~-'1'1" (foo~h-4'1-)
jo.f!'

wr &-A

Monday ll"if'
monetary f~'tH11
The dollar is the monetary unit of the U.S.A.
-tiC ' fh"'L&tt f1'tH11 """"m&Y ~..,.

*The old car has little monetary value. hC"''.tD-

ouh,<; ' 'l"'t'l" ' YU&\ hYa>"''l"

money 1'tH11
I'm losing money on that deal. RH.Y 't"'.l:"
1'tH11 llhll&-1111'

ll'l,ll.fD' '1'&. ~'tH11 fll~'l"

make money 1'lH-fl r h1"f ! 1'lH11 h+~L

*We are expecting the doctor momentarily.

thh.,.,. I OD9"18Jo I ~(Do.

I have to make money on this job. OH.tJ F

&- 1'tH11 "'1"11'1- hl\11~

moneylender

He made a lot of money on the sale of the

house. IL1>"t o\.lf'l' illl- 1"tHofl 1\1-1:4.
put some money down +11~ hL"
You have to put some money down on this car.
/111.11 ' OOh.'\" o +ii.J:- ' ooh&.A ' 1\/lilll
[See also 'close, expenditures, free, lose,
magnanimous, ready, roll, sum, tight, worth']

moneylender 1"tHil 1\0'1<1

I need money, so I'm going to the moneylender.
1"tHofl llll"''...'lld.A1'S mY. 1'tHil hO
'l<ltJ>o ll.~/111-

money order m'l''l

Can I buy a money order at the post office?
h?"ll;l' IL-l> m'l''l A1q ll.:f'l/111- l

monitor (v.) mAG: 1\Jioum

me\L(I)o OIP/JlODT It~ 'i:fiD"

monitor (n.) 1\II:J" l fh'i!A 1\/I:JThe best student was appointed monitor of his
class. hu-11- f-1-ll'/lfl>o 1-"'1& fh<i!A hll

:J> IT'f

+oo~m

The monitor set the children against the newcomer. fh'i!A 1\/I:J"fl>o A.)('li"t l'l.ll.ll nou
'If. h<\f..OD

..,..... A., .

monk

ou~w-1!.

The monks always pray during a fast.

01<11" 1.11. 1111-."f- .rnm."f-&.A

monkey (v.), -

around with

monophysitism f-1-'l'ihP.

Vf."'l'l"."f-

Monophysitism was accepted by Ethiopians in

the fourth century. f-1-'l'ihP. Vf."'l'l"."f- mY.
1\.."f-Nr.r rt&-1-'i'.,. h'i!/1 Hou"t 1<1

monopolize
I. hm:J-11- llil!l'm- .I'H. The company seeks
to monopolize the coffee market. h-ll"JYtD- r
IK"m-"t 10.1' hm:J-11- lloflil'tJ>o /IOU.1'
11 f.4.1A:>A
2. ilil'm-"t .I'H. He is always monopolizing the
conversation. fJoA 1.tL mt.av) 1l;J!m--'1 ~~
H'I'A

monopoly 'l"'l"?"A
In some countries, tobacco is a government
monopoly. <l"t'I'I.J:- ' h1C':f ."f-11"<111' fou"t
"IF."f- ' 'l"'l"?"A ' ~fl>o

The police are monitoring the telephone calls

of all suspects. ?"ll.fo:f f-1-mC"'&l":f"t IIA

ll'T u.tr

month

808

ou~tf-(1. r

Christians and Moslems prefer monotheism

to polytheism. hcllt.l''l":f'i' li.M'I":f hofl
II- 1\"'IAh."f- f.A:J> <l"t.J:- l'lll"'lh "'I
OD'}"J I ~ODCtrJ/r

monotonous
I. f"''..l'flll:f. Life in a small village is monotm-n-r oo"f'c fO?..f
(1/l:f ~ ....

onous. T"fli oo"} F.C

2. fTh. His speech is monotonous. 'J"'I""l<-

f'l'h. ~ ....
be monotonous It~"} (l{llf

The landscape in the lowlands is monotonous.

~~~~~

Stop monkeying around with those tools!

O.fltm- I h1C
f.Mii'A

fllOJo

roo&+

"IX'

ltf."J

monster

Mll.ll"t OO"f<l.l'l":f 1\."f-~IJIJ

I. 1-.J:-. A five-legged calf is

monkey (n.) 11"tl':C'

The monkeys destroyed the wheat. 11"t)';C'l"
'li l\1111-"t 1\mf.

monogamy
*Most religions preach monogamy. h11Jf~=ti '/
f."'l'l".f.:f 1\"t.J:- m"t.J:- IJ"t.J:- 1\."f- f"''.llfl>o
"t .l'll-1-11"&.11-

monster.

hll"il."f- li."/C .1'/lm- 'J')f 1-.J:- ~m-

2. "fJ"&,:,.. He painted a picture of Satan in the

form of a horrible monster. (lf."''l"t 1\ilU
'1"&-:J. 1\{lOD{l/1- ' "f/ltJ>o
3. TCD-'1-'1~ ft\.ltm- tu~oo~. He is a monster

of cruelty. fl'l"IJ~m- 1-m'l'l<l f/1./lfl>o

1\~-~ ~tJ)o

monstrous

monolithic boll'l''f f-1-4.114./1

There are monolithic churches in Lalibela.
0'111.0'1 m-il'l' holl'l''f f-1-4.114.11- IL-l-
hCilt.l''l":f 1\11-

monologue, deliver a - ilil'fl>o"t

monotheism <l"t.J:" l'lll"'lh "'IOD"t

1. fl11J9" 1 J\(1..4"-J!. He committed a monstrous

crime. 0"111" 1\(1?4: fll'~ m"t)';A 4.11""
2. ou~:,.. The public debt is monstrous.
f'OD')""Ip-'-fl

1-'\"1~

The aCtor delivered a monologue. ..,_.,..,_ 11

if'm-"t 1-'\"1~

t)~

00~:,..

~(J)o

month (n.) me
I earn a hundred dollars a month. omc' oP.fo
-oc l'l1'i'11u-

monthly (n.) nfm-1- f"'l.m"' :>rt."'

He writes for a monthly. Ofm~ 1\"Y..WtiJ r
:>rt."' ' lt....'i! }'H;>)fllt.
monthly (adj.)
1. fmC. If you miss one monthly payment,
they won't complain. f"}Y; 1 me hlf:l
11'1-HIIt. hf,Q;J,-"'""-IU19"
2. ( ~ adv.) Rfm-1-. You can pay the amount
in monthly installments. th.ltfl""J Ofm"" 7-.
fhol.llt.ll llt.'l-..,Cll '1-:fl\IIU
3. ( ~ adv.) nmc. His monthly salary is $500.
,...,..,. nmc h9"ll+ .....,. 11c ~"'"
[See also 'popular')
monument

1. dtm-AT. A monument to Menilek was

erected in the city. fM. 9"tllt.ll dttD-IIt.+
flh1-"1tD- ID"il'l' ' -!'".tilt.
2. :1"1\<l- :t-cl'l. Homer's works are monuments
of Greek culture. flfODC lt,..G::f II"Ml>
'1U11t. ,..~:,. :J>cii:Y.. ""'"'"
3. :J>cll. The Egyptian pyramids are prodigious monuments. f"111lt "C&-"'l.P.:Y.. f"'l.
Yllt."l.,. :J>cii:Y.. ""'"'"

:r-

monumental

;J-~:J>

Building a bridge is a monumental task. Y:AY:

f, ODF&-+ ;J-~:J> F&- ' ~ID"

mood H:f'
In his present mood, you better not speak to
him. hll-"1 '11111+ o-~;J-m- 'l;f'~:>"l<:m- .r.
lf~llt.

since she lost her job. hF&-'1' h-1-il"fl-1-:Y..

DJ'I.U 1111..., lf ..ll:f

about fldt<\11 '1'1111

She was mooning about all day. fldt<\11 II+
'l'llt.llt. 'I'II:Y..

moon (v.), -

moon (n.) ""l:-"'

His moods change from time to time. &).;f"m-

flf1.rt.m- f,II'I'DJ"'ilt.
be in a bad mood J'.ll h~ll(tD-9")
Don't talk to hiffi now;-heis in a bad mood.
h;f'~:>"ll:tD- I

J'.ll

h~lltD-9"

be in a sood mood

He is in a good mood. J'.ll J'.ll 1111-;f'llt.

be In the mood for hll'f(ID")
+rm not in ihe mood for that. Y"l"l "1Y:<:"I
Mfl'f~ll"

+J'm not in the mood for laughing . ..,:,. h~(l'f

~9"

[See also 'ebullient, wayward']

(be) moody
1. +LL. He is a very moody.person. o-A"l.tl.
h"IJ'.-I'ol.ol.tD-

2. 1111=

~.,.

If~.

She has been moody ever

m.,.

The moon appeared today. tft. "'-l...+

:f'II:Y..
fLJII moon oo-& ' Q;~.l,ft'
Is there a full moon tonight? tf4'- oo-tr ,;u.
<:-"' .rm..,II:Y.. ?
new moon

*We can see the stars better during the new

moon. ""<:-"' fl9"+miiY:fl+ m:J>+ ll'l'
1111+ 111."111 ' f,;f'f. ..llt.
once in a blue moon hi'ttJT h'lJ.'..

He visits me once in a blue moon.

J'.. ll.mf,-1'~ f,OD"'ilt.

bin:,.

h'l

moonless
*It is a moonless night tonight.

ID.t:,,.+ If&.

hllt.m"l:f-9"

moonlight f""l:-"' 11CV"I

The garden is beautiful in the moonlight.
fl""<:-"' 11CV"I }''1-hllt.-1< (l;f' J'.ll
.r.~llt.

moonstruck
He acts moonstruck. mLIJ! Yl..l-1111-

~oull

~lit.

moor (v.) hill!'

moods o-~;t-

ho-"1

mop

809

monthly

h"""

The sailor moored the ship to the shore with

a thick rope. onclJfl'i'm- ""Ch!l"I flm'i!&9" ~""Y: 'l.ft-1- .IIC!J' ~f, hill!' h
-11"1+
l OD/It.il f"1f,~~11+
Which one of the two started the war is a moot
point. ho-11-1< tnC~-1<"1 f~ODl:tD- "1"1 ~
hh&-1)6 ~"'"
"'" ' f"'l.lltD-
Whether the Germans would have surrendered
had Hitler died in 1944 is a moot question.
'i.+IIC ' flliif\lii 't.9". fl'l"or ' 'l'l!' ' ~COD'l'
h)f'fm-"1 .r.hm- ~nc "111-1- oollt.ll
f"1f,~~ll+ ' .,.,., ' ~"'"

moot hh&-IJ<I

'I',., .

:r-

mop (mopped), v.
1. mAmA. I have to mop the floor. mi\A-'1 oo
mllt.mllt. hll11~
2. m<:~. He mopped his forehead with a
handkerchief. "1"1'1-1-"1 floPdtl:11 m<:~

mop

810

mop up 11:1'.,..,..

The soldiers are mopping up the scattered

enemy units. fTO;f-Tl-+1- rm~'l- 'lP.:Y.
tD;f-S'.C"'Il 0001\:J'.,.,.

~,.

,.,..,.

mop (n.) oomAmY

She swept the floor with the mop. tJJI\11-1- ooo
tDI!\tDY tDI\tDII:Y.m-

mope :,Oc 1\ll(m-)

He moped indoors all day. -f>l-1 -11- :,Oc
1111-'1- l\11.'1- 'I'll

moral (n.) 'i'.tl.

)~C

And the moral of the story is this .... f;f-&h-

'i'.tl. ' )~C ' Y.1i.m- ' )D>morals "111<: ~ofl l "111<: ~ofi)'IHe has no morals at all. "111<: ~ofl fl\.1\m-
(UD ~m-

R..,.

The church condemns corrupt morals.

hCII-I:YS: m-.r::,O "111<: ~ofi)'J-1 ;1-tD"I'III:Y.
moral (adj.)
!. roo11.11. I need your moral support.
nT1 fOD11.11 .1'::>'1' 1\I.A:>II,.
Our country won a moral victory in the UN.
11~&-:f-1 OTIJO~+ OD1"1P';f-'l- roo11.11 '
.I':A ' T"l-'OY.I.:Y.
2. f"lofl<: ~11. Freely admitting one's guilt and
accepting punishment is a moral act. lf'4-+") 1
l\9"<:' :,0"1'1-1- oo>f>OA f"lofl<: ~ofl _,.
"IIJC ' )D>3. O'P4!. Man is a moral being. flaJo O'P-1:
'i'm-C' )D>[See also 'value']

morale 'l"&-A
The morale of the troops was excellent.
ftD;f-S'.C"'Il 'l"&-A 0"19" 'I'~' )0C
~ofl)+ l "111<: ~ofl ""11'1Critics complain that morality is declining in
this country. T'El":Y. RIUJ ll~C D>-11'1' "I
11<: ~11)'1- aoom-y_:,. ~y. , )m- l>YII-
f"''C&-11They argued about the morality of dancing on
Sunday. 1\m..l': 1\m..l': ooS'.)II "111<: ~ofl
111\0DIJ'l- Th&-h~

morality "111<:

morally 0"111<:

~ofi)'J- Oil-A
What he did was morally wrong. l\1\- YS'.<:~
m- 0"111<: ~ofi)'J- Oh-A llihT'I- )0C

live morally ~oflt:: 1-R~+ )flt:aJo

Because he lived morally, he gained the respect

more

of his neighbors. "111<: ~ofiH 111\)0<:m-

f"l-<:11.-r-l-1- l\h-fl<:+ l>T<:I.

morass, turn into a -

h"'-+f
Heavy rain turned the highway into a morass.
hfJ.I': ' 11'09" ' 1\tD-&- 1-.ll'OD>-1 ' 1\ ....,.,....

morbid 1\llh.C.
He thinks morbid thoughts. m0\11- ,.11-
1\llh.C. ' )D>-

more (adj.) TIA"''&

.,....,...,&

He is asking for more money .

~1H
ofl f,I.A:>A
I need more men to help me. f"''.<:.ll.~ .,....,
lll":Y. 1\I.A:>II,.
more (adv.) OY.OA'I'
Be more careful in the future! llm1..U 1 0.&
OA'I' Ttn14':,0
more or less
I. h'l"~ 1-S'.A. I believe that report is more
or less true. Y &?"'C'I- h'l"~ 1-S'.A +h
h/1 ... o f,OD/11\ ...A
2. Y.ofl'f ' Y,)ll. All the offices on the first
floor are more or less like this. 09"'-'!"C 1 O.T =
f"'1.~1'+ ' ll'ihl.'l- ' n.-r-:Y. ' f,ofl'f ' Y,)ll ' l\1S'.II.Il Yll- <;'fm-

"''&

more than

I. h--- O~Y.. It's more than a month ago that

I saw him. t,r,.:,. 1}1.1': roc R~Y. II'S:A
There is more than enough. h"''.O:I' O~Y.
l\11
2. h - - Y,l!\:,0. She is more beautiful than my
sister. l>!l. hl\'"11: Y,l!\:,0 ;f-9"&-1\:Y.
3. h --- fOAm. The elevator cannot carry more
than ten persons. l\0\111~ hOP'C lim- f
01\tn ' 1\Y.llll"
more than once lt'l.l!" 1 'lolL 1 flit.& j lt'l'.e..r
,.111:
King Theodore defeated Ras Ali more than
once. l\~ 1:l".I':<!"II &-II '\II.1 1}1 .1': "1.
11, o~.e (1}1-.<'.11" ,.111:) .r:A 1\S'.<:'l'fmas many more RTta"''& J'1). YIIA
You gave me ten apples. I should like as many
more. OP'C -toof. II'I'T1i ...A I RT...,"''& y
1-l- J'IIA 1\I.A:>II,.
get more and more ~OA'l' ' (O.&OAT) "-

r + perfect + 1\Y.
This disease is getting more and more complicated. Y.ll Oii;f- Y.OA'I' MIJIIO'I- Y.\\JIA
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
,.11-9" )~C Y.OA'J' 1\fTtDS'.S'. Y.\\JIA

moreover

811

He got more and more involved in the matter.

fU~~ O~OA.'I' 1-lt'l-~ 1.fll') ~~
tiVe more

Q;I.OD~

Give me two more bottles of wine! trll+

c-11 m~'t m)!' ""?"CA.'S

have some more Q;Loo~

Won't you have some more soup? l\"cll 1 h

-l-""?"C?" I
in more h - - - 0:\11
The oranges on this tree will reach maturity
in two more weeks. fltlll 1 lftt: 1\Y. r fir
:,. 11c1:1t'l":Y. h~~o11-r ll?"'t-l- 0:>.11 , ~o
Milno more 9"1-9"

+ negative verb
I have no more money. 9"1-9" ' 1'lH11

r/1.~9"

(be) no more 4.i:c\

The house I lived in is no more. f'l"Cil-0-l-

fl.-l- Lt:il
no more of

No more of that, please! 1\'t"l'LU "-"'

no more than

*He's no more able to read Chinese than I am.

1\il-?" ' II') ' 1.~ ' il'~'t'l' .,'t011 ' h.'t:fA.?"

not any more

Don't do that any more!

1\'t'I~II?"~U

the more the

*The more he spoke, the madder he got.

4l'I'C 'tS'.oJ: 1.fQiiO-l- ~~

0-t-..-~.:

the more the more

mortal

Yesterday morning I came to see him. :,...-:,.

.,. IJI.-l- Am~.,.,.. ""'l''li tnc
2. +'l. A few mornings ago, birds were
hopping about in my garden. h'l'-1:-l- +'l""f
n.t.-r m,;::Y. nh.-l-hA-l- fl:J'\L fDoil'l' m11 m-11 il..ll- toe
early morningiP/IlJI
He gets up in the early morning. 0.,11'1 ~)
"lA
good mornlngll\'t~?"'t h.~Ch I (2nd masc.
sg.)
in the morning hours ql...-,. 1 q1.:,.
I like to work in the morning hours. q1.:,. fll.
:,. ' ""p> &.-l- ' 1\fD'III!Jo
the following morning fl"7..,P'-k 1 q1.:,.
They made all the necessary arrangements to
leave the following morning. OIP/..,P'it tp.
-l- II""~~ h.iiLII1.fDo't 11"1).!'-l- 11-11-
h.~.:...
the next morning 001/..,P'-k
He came in the next morning with a smile on
his face. 0.,"/1"1: LoJ:'t L ~., h.~C1 ~q
this morning If&. ttl.+
There was a lot to do this morning. If&. tP.+ 1
1111- P&. tnc
[See also 'thing']
morning star .f''l'fi.J' l>h11
Can you see the morning star? ,.f'l"flJ' llh1l
~;J'J'.YA. I

*The more I give him, the more he wants.

Oilm~~o-l- 4l'I'C ~OA.'I' 1\'t~ilmfDo ~L
A.;JA.
what more btltl 1 01\Y. 1 9"'l
What more do you want? htttl 01\f. 'r
't -l-LA.;JIIU I
[See also 'any, even, hardly, nothing, often,
once, what']

(be) morose h'i-(fDo)

+He is morose because he lost his job. h.F'&-m-
illlfD"' ' h'i'.f:J'A.

moreover hH.U?" 011~

Moreover, he talks a lot. hH.U?" 011~ ~II
LA. 'I-A
*He is fat; moreover, he is short. mlf:&-,.. h
""ll'l>-?" ' 011~ h."f}'C )fDo

morrow, on the ~ )11 00);JfDo

I will see him on the morrow. \-1; J\1l'fl\uSome say a red sunset imports a fair day on
the morrow. B.h~ 11-l-mA.:,O ~?" ""ll"il
!1. ' 00);JfDo ' f11&. ' +'t ' 1\'t~"'LII''t ' .f'
oollh;J'A. ~QIIA.

moribund, be ~ 1\fof>.: ~~
Astrology is moribund as a science. rh~h11
r 'll.m&. ... ~'til)1: M+.: ~~A

morning
I. IJI.-l-. He slept all morning. IJI.1:'t oo-11-
-t-'1.f ' h..:~

morphology 1\CQ:J'
The morphology of the Amharic verb is very
difficult. q.,c'l' Mil 1\CQ:J' 0"1?" .f'il'l'
"/&.A

morsel, ~ of food 4l&.1i

I haven't had a morsel of food since I left the
house. hfl.-l- hfD"'!Jo 4l&.1i?" h.II~T!Jo
mortal (n.) 1-&. (lfDo
Entry into the holy of holies is not for

ordinary mortals. ~.1:-11+ ~JI.lt') ,.11'1'

.,...,q-r ' f"t.L<I>.I'. .... ' l\"7')':'tD-I'" ' +<~- '

{I

mortal (adj.)
I. ":/.'f. Man is mortal. {ltD- ":/.'f ~ ....
2. h'l"'l- f"Y.J'.I'.CII. His injuries proved mortal.
"1-'1-1> h'l"'l- f"Y.J'.I'.CII rJ''l' +1'f
3. hQ.I:'. Only God can forgive mortal sins.
hQ.I:' :>m.h-1-') Y.~C QY. h"'ll.hilm.C
iJlJ' I ~ ....
4. iiC:f- fll7,..1llm-. They are mortal enemies.
fiC~ I f"7Y.1Q'ftD- I t111\1''f I 'i"'ftJJo

5. f(lm-. We all have mortal weaknesses.

f{ltJJo I J'.IJ"7~'1- I hl\iJ')
6. ( ~ adv.) f'l"'l- YUIA. The people live in
mortal fear of the nearby volcano. l'll"'ll 1 Rh
IJqn.y'fm- I Yl\tD-') I hit+ I 1'1"&- I f'l"'l- I
YUIA I hf.L-1-'1- I Y.'l'<l-11I

I. "::.'f~'t-. The mortality of man is a subject

of many philosophers. f{ltD- 1 ":/.'f~'t- 1 filii- 1
.f.l\llof.l"'f I Ch{l I ~1C I ~ ....
2. f"Y.'I"-1> 1 l'll"'f. The high rate of mortality

been reduced

by modem medicine.

f"Y.'I"-1>'1- I (ll"'f ' <I:'J'C ' qt~, ' RHOO'i"'l!

.1:-:>t-1- +.J>')IJ.IA

00

*The epidemic had a high rate of mortality.

m<:c111'

fh'l'i'~

Rill!-

f"t 'II. me

infant mortality fD?.

ob11il .L'Jf.

,.."= ih.''i"+

The infant mortality rate has been going down.

f"t '1"-1> ' obt'i"'t- ' <I:'J'C
.I;..lA

11~

Wll

It

mortally hAil

+tt-11

Mortar fire held up our advance. fh'l'i'k +

t.')'1')14- h.l'.<:n

mortgage (v.) hiiYH

He mortgaged his property in order to get
money for a car. 1\oPh.'i" _..,,_ ?1flil
l\"7"1'f't- I'I.A ')iJ-1>') hiiYH

mortgage (n.)

oo Y'lf" l ml\.1:'

h"'.l:'

The estate is encumbered with mortgages.

Cll-1> ooy..,-

+1'1'1';1:/A

I have a mortgage on his house. 11.-!>') Rml\

.(- ' h"'.l:' '

F-11:'1'1\IJo

mortify (mortified) h,_lt'lr.ll

He mortified his body in order to find salvation.
1\.l\.(-~

hllil

{1 ....~-j.')

h,.lt'lr.l\

be mortified R"'l'" h.L<:

I was mortified by my son's rude behavior.
RIA:(

mortality

has

mortar fire

tt-11 m.r..L't-

.... ' hY..I'.I\1""

IJol\'f')l'"

most

812

mortality

i!A"''i" ' R"'l'" ' h.LC!J.

mosque ooii1..1:'
Muslims go to the mosque every Friday .
hM'I"'f 'tCil 'tCil

m.r.

oo111..1:- Y.lt'lll-

mosquito fmq 't-')'1

We were all bitten up by the mosquitos.
~Jo'l:f')l'" Rmq .'J-')'1 +~.1'.<;:')
[See also 'net']

moss
!. f.I'.')"J.Y 11R't-. He scraped the moss from
the rock. f.I'.')"J.Y 11R'I- h.I:'')"J.YID- 1\Y.
4-<1>
2. h<:')'l.l'.. The stagnant water was covered
with moss. fl:;>ID-') ,.:> h<:')'l.l'. lf<;:'l'
;t-IA

The soldiers were mortally grieved by the

death of their general. m;t-.I'.C''Il R:(k&-1\'f

....*HeIwas00.,.,.
'
mortally wounded.

hiAil ' hH'tRK"'t- 1111'11.1'111

hiA+<:.LI'"

be mortally offended h')'Jf..-1> +'lr.<:m

He was mortally offended when she refused
to speak to him. hi\~;>"'CIII'" Ql\";ftD- 1.
H. h')'Jf..-1> +'lr.<:m

mortar
1. oo-+AJ.. She ground the spices in a mortar.
~oo....., R.....,.""l m.J>m'f
2. 1'1."Y.')-1'. The wall is made of stones held
together by mortar. "1.1:-"''IID- 1 RI'I."Y.')-1' h
+YYH- .1:-'):>f"'f f+w<~- ~,.

most R"'l'"
The talk was most interesting. .,..,..,.;.. OlfJ
II" hll.l'.lt'f

~Rc

The music pleased me most. oo-tt..4'm- ntJJ

II" ' hll.l'.l'l+'1

*She received us most kindly. oPAltfD

11.+

QRIA h.1'.<:1'fiA')
most certainly 00"1'1'

I will most certainly go. RC"''I' hlt'IIIIJo

most everybody Jtofllf~=li

Most everybody has gone home.

hil~'l'=J;

.l'.fll.;t-'ftD- lt.I'.'I'IA
most of

k hoflq>;',.') 1.11.. He was ill most of the

1 hiJq>;'ID-') 1.11. 1 :t-'1" ~RC

summer. hR:>m-

motion

813

mostly
He is on the road most of the time.

h-fl~'i'..,..,

mother (v.)

h'tS'. ho;+ h'thfJhO

'1.,11. IDS'. t1Jo"J.. Y.'t.P.IA

She mothers him all the time. h'tS'. ho;+ v-

2. hofi~'l',;. Most of those present were

against it. h-M1''1- n,..:f h-fi~'l''li .,.:J>

IA'I..II. :1-'thflhO'I'I\:f

tJJoODm-+ ' ~oc

3.

hofl~'i'tJJo't.

He did most of the work.

h-fi~

~tJ)o") I ~~I fiP~IIJo I 1._(1.. I )(Do

mother (n.)

'-"'~-

My mother is forty years old. ho;-J: hCIJ 't

oP:J:

~liJo

mother-in-law h"'l'l-

at most tfllf

At most, the bill will come to twenty dollars.

o.o~ m.llll- 71 -oc O.lf't ~tJJo
at the most ..,4- R.A

At the most, it's worth ten dollars. 14- O.IA

hOP'C oflC O~Y. hftD"''/"
make the most of fOIJ.~llm-") IUA ..,..m

"'"""'~He did not have many opportunities, but he

made the most of those that he had. -fill- b
~lA h~~'f'l" I "l't ' f ;JmDDtJJo't ' b~IA '

My mother-in-law has much land. hfl71: 11

11- en+ h~'l'tJJo

motherhood

ho;+~+

She took the duties of motherhood seriously.

ro;+~-~>'t ...,~"-~+ h'l'-fi:J> Yn:f

motherland

f'l-tJJoiA~ ' h~C

They defended their motherland.

MtJJo/A~

~6-'FtJJo ' ...h~h/1-

f"Y.!J'II..,.., fiJIA .,.m.,..,..o+

motherless '-""" f'l".,.:fO+

*She is not really beautiful, but she makes the

most of her looks. 0.,.4.'1'1!' .f>'t]( hY.Y.II:f
'I" 1't IJ~'l- tJJoO'l- rNr O"Y.!J'~'l-

motherly rho;+

He is a motherless child. '-""" f'l".,.:fO

'1-IA~~tJJo

+m.,."'lll:f

A young child needs motherly love. .nn

the most

~ fho;'l- <i::J>C Y..f.IA;JIA

I. ho-A-r. This is the most dangerous animal.

motherly person h'i".-,..

f.IJ ' hv-11-'1" ' hS'.~'i' ' htJJo<l. ' ~lJ)o

She's a motherly person. h!l. ho;+ o;+

lA

2. Y.OIArn-'t. Who did the most work? Y.OIArn"J

I ~~ I

fiP&-aJo

"''"} I

~(J)-

3. hv-11- Y.OIA'l'. This is the most beautiful

chureh I've ever seen. l)f:\'l'tJJo tl..,. hCI'It

y'l":f 11-11-

Y.IJ Y.OIA'l' f'/"6-IA

4. -fill-. The pocketbook with the most money

is hers. -fill- ~'tllofi fl\0'1- IICI'o f!l. ~tJJo
*That's the most I can pay. Ah'i'IA f'l":fll
lJ)o '

h'i'....... 'I';J ' f.IJ ' ~lJ)o

*Do the most you can. f!J'Ah..,.., fiJIA 1"6[See also 'far, kindly, part']

mostly
1. f.flAlll". The audience consisted mostly or
women. 01'1-fil'lfJtJJo n0<;-'1- Y.OIArn- r\.P.
:f '

~"""

2. h-fl~'i'tJJo't '1..11.. He is mostly out on Sundays. hofi~'i'..,.., '1..11. hm.~ hm.~ htl.'l-
hf.tJJoiA'/"
3. 0-filt' (.~~-He's mostly right. 0-filt' (.~
~ ' '1-hhll'i' ' ~lJ)o

moth fhto+ h&-'1There are many moths flying around the

lantern. -fill- fhl'o'l- h&-+:f 04-'l'l'l- 11-&f
Y.0&-11-

mother tongue fho;+ ,.,.,.

His mother tongue is Amharic. fho;+ ,.,.,.
tJJo h"'IC'i' ~tJJo

motif

't~"'l

The motif of his book is that crime does not

pay. fOOK'dt4-' 't~"'l ' ID't)!IA ' f"'lf.m:J-'1" '
oPif)."}

OD""Jl\Jt'

tOJo

motion (v.)
I. '1"/Ah'l- l'lm. He motioned for the taxi to
stop. ;1-hr\.tJJo h't'l._,'l" 'I"Ah'l- l'lmtJJo
2. m.,.l'l. He motioned me to be quiet.
11'1" h't~IA m.,.I'I'S

motion (n.)
I. oo~:t~:t. The motion of the car made him
sick. foohStJJo oo~:t~:t hTIIil'llil'tJJo
2. 't:Joo;o!:. Watch my motions carefully, and
you will see how I do the trick. Aofi ofii\IJ
f"'IS'.~..,.., "t:to;ol: _,..,..Ah'l-o; h't.<'.'l-
h~'l. '1-'t"IC-I>'t h'tS'.'I"w&- ;1-fi\IJ

3. h't:til:J>r\. If a thing is in motion, it is not

at rest. h't~ ~~c Oh't:J-1'1-"'r\ ~y. hlf
~ hA.,.OD'/" "'111'1- ~IIJo

motionless

814

4. f.,.<:R m/111. I second the motion to lower

the taxes. :1-hll 1\"M,.,.)II f.,.<:RtJJo"t m
1111 ' l\J'."Iof-1\IJo
be in motion h&\.fOD'/" I ofo"t_,.ll.,.(l

The train was still in motion. Qfl'"- "J'i 1\A.

.,....,.

If a thing is in motion, it is not at rest. h.'lY:

)1C ' R"''."t_,.II.,.IIR."fo 1.n <:"I.Y. h&\.fDD
'I" "'lll."fo )tJJo

zo throuzh the motions llf.'l"{tf;\ ' mll.f

tDJI.U hll
He doesn't really do anything; he just goes
through the motions. llf.'l"l"lA tDII.f roll.
u f.~A ll"t'l[ 'l""t'l" f"''."'<l-"'" m-"'
"'1. ' 1"<1- ' fll'l"
[See also 'circular']

motionless 119" oflf\o>

The lions stood motionless. h"tRj\,; 11'1" 11
/t.IJJoi~OO<'

motion picture ofo"t.,.ll-"''11 4-A'I"

Motion pictures are now being made in

Ethiopia. ofo"t"'ll-"''11 4-A.,.~ hrJo"t Rh.

."fof'toY '-"'<~-~

motivate 14-4What motivates him to work so hard? ll"tS'.H.U

m"thC' 11""1"<1-."fo f"7.14-4-tJJo 'l""t.l:')tJJo 1
motive (n.)
I. 'l"h"tY."fo. What was his motive for killing
her? ll!l."t f1S'.IIR."fo 'l"h"tY."fo '1""t )RC 1
2. f"7.14-4-tJJo m/111. His motives are only
too obvious. f"''. 14-4-tJJo m/111 R"IAlt
f"''.:l-tD:,. ' )tJJo
motive (adj.) f"'l"t_,.ll.,.lf
Engines supply motive power. .,.of-C f"'l"t.,.
11_,.11" '1f.A f.l"l"'A
motley (adj.)
I. 'li""t"JoC"I-C. Her motley dress attracts
attention. 'li""t"JoC"JoC A11!l. f(ltJJo '\f."t
f.ilfiA
2. AllAil.Amotley crowd filled the streets.
f;\ \!- ' f;\ \!- ' ih1f11 0 DP"t1JI.") 0 .,.~tiJo
motor .,..,.c
He put a motor in his boat. 11)!&\qtJJo .,..,.
c ' hil1qll."fo
motorcycle .,..,.c ll.ll.h/l.."fo

Many traffic policemen ride motorcycles.

ofllfo ' f."fo<!-4-h ' 7'11."~ ' ....,..,.c ' fi.(Lh/1.
."fof.IJ!~

mount

motorize RDPlJ.<; h'I'IH

We have motorized the entire army since

World War I. IJ"tS'.I;'tJJo f'\11'1" ,nc)."fo "'
JI.U ' l"l<!-'1!-l- ' f'/"<;'l"l'HtJJo ' RDPII... ' )tJJo
mottled 'li""t"JoC"I-C
The hyena has a mottled pelt. ~ 'li""t"JoC

...c

.f-'1

}U\CJ)-

motto """""''
'Think before you speak!' is a good motto.
hoo<;1CU R4.-l- hllofl f"''.lltJJo "I'
~ I

ODOD~~ I

)dJ-

mouldy, see moldy

mound
I. "Joofi:J-. The mound that we see is undoubted
ly a grave. f'l"<;ftJJo "Joofi:J- Yll "I'C"I'C ""-"'
ofiC )tJJo
2. """'"' I found the book under a mound of
papers. oo~tm4-"t hro.:.,.:,. """'"' P'C
MTrJoolmount (vt.)
I. .,..,.,.m. Hemountedhishorseand rode off.
ol.<:(lo"t _,._,.'/",.. .:>IIR
2. "'"' He mounted the ladder. ooM~ ~f.

"'"'

Theodore mounted the throne in 1848. h'l -1:

I" .1:'1!'11 tfoof."t ~f. ftDIJlool- R!Sf!'i '\. '1".
)tJJo
3. hll1q, He is mounting photographs in an
album. Rh&\11-'1" tJJoll"l' S:-1'"1.1-'il Vil1q
)tJJo
4. moPS'.. They mounted a gun on the fortress
wall. R-l-A_, '1"'11"1 "1'1"11 ~f. oo.(-'1'
mDPJI.

mount (vi.)
I. ol.<:(lo"t .,..,.,.m. He mounted in haste and
rodeaway.ol.l(lo"t R~l>~ .,..,.'/",.. lfoPmm
2. "'"' The children mounted to the top of
the steps. A)('ll IIS'.<:)f tJJo ""!.'!' ~f. "'""
3. Al.oul.. Our costs are mounting daily.
"'~ ' Rf.,.'). ' 1\f.W.OD<: ' f.~'IA
mount (n.)
I. +~. Have you read the Sermon on the
Mount? f+<!-<1-tJJo"t lloflh-l- h"tofiRYA 1
2. 4.<:11 I fi>Cil' 4.<:11. The riders brought
their mounts into line. ol.<:l"l'l''ll ol.lj\il"ftJJo"t
Rl"lA'il l\The general bad an excellent mount. '(~<!-~
R"''l" '1"1- fll') fi>Cil' 4.<:11 )R<:tJJo

*His usual mount is a mule. ofltt-m-1

1..tt.

"'1.4'oomm- fl-l-11- tm-

mountain Tt-tHow high is that mountain? Y Tt.t- h'i'

;l"m- M YIJIA tm- l
a mountain of OD'\.:'fo
He overcame a mountain of difficulties. oo'toT 1
b1'-l>M"f1' TOIRJ
mountain (adj.)
I. fTt-t-. The mountaintop was covered
with snow. fTt-t-m- ll'i"'l- flfl~P.. .,.
!fo;:'l" toe
2. flT~ 'If. f"''.'l"e. Mountain people
are used to a cold climate. flT~ 'If. f"7.. 'l"
<- lll""f 4'11:J'q life li'I"S'.'PIA
[See also 'range')

mountain chain

lf1'.,.~e

A mountain chain separates the two countries.

lf1'T~e tl-r\1:1' Mt:"f Y'Pil'i"'f'PIA

mountaineer [)t1'S'. 117'e'l- aJf.'l" 7.1'S'.

Ft. .,.'l't:'l- Tt-t- f"''.aJRJ lim-]

The hunter brought down a mountain goat.

11'11" f"'/..'1 'i'f!l.1' Tlt't\ 1S'.'I'I-

~u

+Rho

+t:.

~QJ-

mountainside fTt-t. '1';>'1The house stands on the mountainside almost

all alone. 11.1: Tt'l'll- flTt.t-m- 'I':>'1-
'If. f.1'1'1A

mounted

mournful
I. r dtH"J. The priest read the prayer in a
mournful voice. 4:1l- 1111-1:1' noo-'1- fl
ohH1' Y:'1"6 tOe
2. .IIH1' fTOD'Ifl'l-. He answered my letter in
a mournful key. S'.11'111.11.1' .IIH") flT""'I
""" I M'lr\11' I ODr\IIIA"i

mourning
I. IA-l>t\ I r\ol>t\. The sound of mourning can be
heard in the church. hii.T heM:Yl- "Ill.
tAol>t\ f.II"''IA
2. hiA. She still wears mourning. llu-1''1" htA
'l-ll11 ...ll"f
be in mourning thH1 r I\~ 1 ~ml'm still in mourning. llu-1''1" ohH1' 'If. t"i

mouse (mice) llf.'l'

The cat caught a mouse. Y:OD;t: llf.m-1' YH"f
The mousetrap does not function.
'J'ODJI. ' llf.u>t-'1"

fl\~"1"

z tD

mouth

mountainous +t:.t--7
This region is mountainous.

04'11<- 'If. 1111" r\4'1lT'I'"f (.11H1'T'I'"f)

tfl<-

mousetrap fllf.'l' aJ'J'ODY:

mountain goat f"'/..'1 'i'fiA

t:.fl7

mouthful

815

mountain

4.~11'1'

Mounted police accompanied the parade.

4.~11>:' ?"tl.t\"f IIIA4-1' ThTII-'1be mounted 04.~11 'tS'.
Troops that are mounted are called cavalry.
04.~11 f"''.'t"'- aJ;f"S'.t:"f 4.~11'1'"f ,r.q'\{1-

mourn
I. .IIH1' 'If. tm-. He mourns his father's
death. qq1: '1"'1- .IIH1' 'If. tm2. IIHt. The wholenationmournedhispas sing.
fill- '1"'1- 111"- o-11- IIHt
3. TIIAT. He mourned his misspent youth.
nqhtm- rmRJ'I-t'l- """l-

.,.

mourner li4'11T'1' 1 .IIH1'T'1'

There were many mourners at the funeral.

I. ll'i'. He opened his mouth and showed his

teeth. 114-1' h'i'.f 'l'ell-1' ll"f
The dog stopped at the mouth of the cave.
m-lfm- < b'Plfm- I ll'i' < '\f. ' f.Ct\ < """
2. OD'"IOJ. The river broadens at its mouth.
aJ")ffo (JOD"/fl.Ym- 'If. ' f.llof.IA
*He has four mouths to feed. llt-'1- T4''1fl.l"
'f-1111-'1from mouth to mouth ft")-4. 1 tiJY.. 1 h"J-4.
The story passed from mouth to mouth.
:1"611- >t1'JI. mS'. 111'"1- T'lll4.
put words in one's mouth
Don't put words in his mouth! Y'lr\m-1' 11'1-'i"
1e
[See also 'hand, roof, stuff, water, word"]

mouthful .,.elf
The sick boy couldn't eat more than a mouthful. f:f"oooom- 1 lA~ >t1'Y: .,.elf fflllm
tl.fl'l IIIA!J'r\'1"
mouthful of food ...Cif
He took a large mouthful of food. '1-IA-l- .,.e
lf. '1-~11

mouthpiece

816

take a mouthful of

*He took a mouthful of beer, but spat it on

the ground.
0 'If.

0..,.."}~

ODt:,oj>

1D'"fr ~ ml\ +1-"J1.1".f-

.,.4.1&

mouthpiece
1. h. 'I:. The mouthpiece of my flute is broken.
f'l'"/i')-1; ' h<;: ' .,. ...11;.:111.
2. hit.,..l'f'l- f'"I..~A.ll". Al-Ahram is the
mouthpiece of the government. h.AiuJ&-9'"
foP')"'P'-f>')' hil.,..l'f'l-' f'"I..~A.ll"' :>1''1 ' )I&

movable .,..,<1'/I:J>"Ii
I sold all my movable property . .,.')<1'/I:J>"Ii ')
11.:-~;-, o-1\- il"Th-'1our fingers are movable. "1-f-!l"'f"J .,..,<1'/I:J>
1i ' <;'I'ID"
be movable ..,.lltpmm

Christmas is a fixed holiday, but Easter is a

movable one. ~<; f'"l..l&ll\0'1- <!'') f.,.fD(l
) )I& < 4-II.II "''J Y.II'I'ID"'A.

move (vt.)
l. lfC

l't.Y.~1.

You'll have to move your car.

ouh..<;u"J ~c "7~.:., .t.1111u

2. hH'I'<Dt:. Let's move the table! m.:A.~I&') 1.
<;H'I'I&t:ID"
3. h'J<I'II<I'I'l. She cao't move her foot.
.,...,;,:-, ' A.;f-')<1'/I:Jo!l ' h'l-:f-111.9"

move
We moved three times in the last year. lll\Lm- '
't""'l- Y'll'l- 1." IL'I- 1\ID'I''J

This house is too small; we will be better off

if we move. Y.U IL'I- 0"19" '1-"J"Ii )IJ>o I
IL'I- 11"J<I'Y.C Y.'lf'IA.
3 . .,.1iht:ht:. When you press the button,

the wheels of the machine begin to move.

41111.4-') ' ll'l-""i)IJ>o ' foPh..<;IJ>o ' oP')hotl-hc::f ' Y."liht:hil-1\4. .,.'IH. We are moving at a good speed now.
.t.u-"J f9"')'11IO'I- 'i''l')'l- ~w )IJ>o
5. +~ODS'.. Mark how carefully he moves!
.,.., ... ,.. O'J''J:J>4: h'J~'"I..il-OD~ ' hll.,.ID"I!\
6 .,.):J>)<I'. His fetters clanked when he moved.
II.):J>):Jo fh"'C 11.:-1> _,.:J>..,_II
7. .,.IIU'.. The work on the new gymnasium
moved slowly. J'JI.{to ' ll?'C'I- h'lil-1i P'
.:- O<l'll;J- _,.II't.l'.

8. ~~ll.. The police move quickly whenever a

crime is committed. m"t)!A 1 n+-c.&OD ~tL 1
?'fl.fl:f ' l.'l')ID" ' Y.~C/11\9. 'I'll. He moves in the best society. ID"ir'ID"
h'I-A.A.:Jo (l9':f :>C )I&
move alon1m~4..:,. "t~

The policeman ordered the crowd to move

along. ?'ll.(to f-1-I'IOI'ln-'1-"J l'l9':Y. m~l.
'1- h'JII.'tll- hHH

*Things are finally moving along now.

~~c

4. h=l=lH. Trucks were used to move troops

lf "''"J'i'ID"9"

to the front. m~F.t:=th- mF.. lflC ""I'JQC

11"7'1'111 Oh'l~ ouh..<;l":f .,.m<too5. mftS'... A moving company moved our
furniture. 1-.:J> f'"I...I'""'III\(IID" 11-'I'J.1' fiL
,.. ' .t.:J>:f')') ' fD~II\')
6. It)..,, Step aside while we are moving the
table. m.:A.~..,.., A.<;)"!l& )IJ>o<; ~c 0111.
7. m/111 h<l't:O. I move that we adjourn.
il111'l'IID" 1-.'J-'U'O:J> m/111 h<l'C'II\11-

.c;.,A.
move around +H'PIDt!.

8. ~4-4-. Nothing I said moved him to offer

his help. f_,.~Ch-'1- )~C 11-t\- 1-.CJI;J-
h'J-'U'~C"'

hA~4-4-ID"9"
9. ll"'L'I- )II. The eloquence of the President
moved the audience. I'Tt:.IVI'J-1> h'J~O.,.
Cof>c))'l- .1'$':"'/ll'"'fo') ll"'''l- )I)
move

(vi.)

I. .,.-,11-lfh-lf. I hear something moving in the

dark. fi""II"''ID" ID"il'l' h'J~ )~C II.
"Jh-lfh-1i ' Y.l'l"'''i'A.
.
2. IL'I- ' 11<1'<1' I IL'I- 1\fDm IIL'I- <l'ft:. We're
moving on October first. f.IJ') IL'I- 'I':J-9"
,.. ' h'J~ ' <!'') ' 1.')1\:J>I\')

fiooQ,),~

oo&~.h h.l'~'f

' 't

Although the mao was very old, he still moved

around with alacrity. 9"')9" 1.')\o,') lliD"IIo
..,. ' 0"19" .l't:'/f. ' 0.11').!1" htJ-')9" ' ):J> '
111\ID" Y.H'I'IDil-1\move aside 4..+:,. 1 1\F..t!.'J
Move the table aside! mGA.~IJ>o') l.<t:Jo h~
~IJ)o

move away (vt.) i\.1\

;J

mi')F..

Move the table away, please! mt:A.IJQJo") i\.1\

,:JifD-(a.RaJ-

move away (vi.) IL'I- ' 11<1'<1'

They moved away a long time ago. IL-l>') hl\<1'

41 11n- 1.n.I''I'ID" )..,.

move closer tn;J

1\F..~'J

Move the lamp closer! ""11il-of>'J m:>

h~

~IJ)o

move in ~'1(0'1-)

The office is not occupied; you may move in.

U.C:IJio hA..,..I'H9" I A.h'IO'I- '1-:f'IIIU

move

moving

817

move into 1Q
We're already moved into our new house. lt-'1.
flo fi.;J-:f't 1il.,_'i'A
move (a) little 1111 1\1'..1:1

OD)"'-!>'t ' I\/I;J-ID41

Please move your chair forward a little so

I can get by. 11"711'1' l\'t~:Y.A l\111: m"tll
Cll't IDU'l- 1111 I\~C111Jo

move on 1\1\L i ~1.

Time moves on, no matter what we do. M'l'"
il'i'Y.C"' 1.11. "71\f. 1\J.'.of>Cf"
Move on! '1.:!

move out
*The train moves out slowly. QfK. +lt

be on the move .,..i'Uf

Our planes reported that enemy forces were
on the move. 1\IJJoi!'TII'l"ii':Y.'t ftnll'l- tnC

04"

II '1''1')'1- }.'.~9"<1-A

move out to 1Q
My parents have moved out to the country.

fl..,. (Ul'li 1tnC 111-H'A

oM.,...,..

move slowly
The work on the building moves slowly.

*They're forever on the move. 'r't'r '1..11.

1\J'Cf-9"
make a move
1. h.l.t.1. He can't make a move without
asking his wife. "'1.11-l>'t IIJ.'.mJ.'.~ Mf"
IU'Y.C"I 1\J.'.:Y.Af"
2. .,.'tof>llof>l\. Every move I make hurts.
0-l"'tof>llof>llh- 41'l'C J'OD...A

[See also 'strategic']

movement
I. l\'t~il:l'll.. The enemy's movements were
closely watched. ftnll'l-'t l\'t~ll:l'll. 111'-'til
J.'.h:J-.,_11- )fiC

By a series of rapid movements, our forces

managed to halt the enemy's advance. IICh'l-

f.ft'tl!.IJJo F.!- J.'.'l.,.;J-A

Qll- 0 <l."''t ' l\'t~ll:J'Il.l"".f o ID;l-1'-l!'iJ'".f't o

ftnll'l-'t l\C9"1( 11.11> ii'II-

move to1fl
We're moving to a new house on October first .

He never belonged to any political movement.

hM9" ~J.'.)'l- f?"M;It l\'t~ll:l'll. :>C

...~,.'1-

.,'t"f.)'l- 1\A)fi.I:IJJof"

1\'t~

of>'t 1\.11.11 11.'1- l\'t1qll't

move up 1'.1.1
He moved up fast in his new job. fl-'llt-
JP~tiJo

-fir' h.1.1

move up and down hC1010

The bird moved its wing up and down. m:J,
h't:J,'t I\C1R1R:Y.

be deeply moved il1.fz r 01119"' .,..i-tt I hflF:

dtH't .,_11"7(11Jo)

I was deeply moved to hear about his tragic

death. 1\ltq"f."t 1\".7.".7.-l>'t Rl\"711- 1.11. II
"'1.-1: 11"1!1" .,_)it (hq~ dtH't .,_I\"7'S)

make move Ail~

The muie balked, and nothing could make it
move. 11~11-'1' II.,., 111\.Joo:Y. Mf"
IU'illVI'l- 1\Ail'l\9"
[See also 'heaven, limb, tear']

move (n.)
1.....~. Whose move is it? fG?1 1 ..,..~ iotiJo l
2. l\CII"ll". This is a move in the right
direction. J.'.ll mY. '1-hhll.,..,. 1\~"'"'i
f"'l.OD<!- o l\C9"lf o )IJJo
*What will his next move be? 4"Til- l.~fD
M J'Y.C"' J.'.ll''t 1
*Do you know all the moves in chess?
fl\'tmt:'fn ~1';1- .ft1-'t u-11- ;J-IJJo:l'l\11 1

2. OD"'IOJ' ODtiJ-1. His movements were

closely watched. oo..,OJ oPIJJoAJ.aJ-"} OT'
11~

J.'.h;J-.,_11- )fiC

movie ll.Af"
They are showing a good movie today at the
cinema. q.:. 11.)."7 11.'1- '1'<1- 4-Af" J.'.;J-J'A

movie camera ll.t"7 D'71?f

I bought a movie camera for my son. ItA:( 1\.
)."7 ' "7'tlf ' 1qtJol\'l-

movie theater 11.)."7 11.'1A new movie theater was built in the Mercato.
ooclt-1' 1\'1.11 11.~"7 11.'1- .,.,..C;t:A

moving
I. f"'l.'tof>ll.,.ll. Any moving object attracts
my attention. f"'l.'tof>llof>/1 )1C 11-11- dt
1111.'t J.'.IIR1'A
2. 11"'1.'1- f"'l.)lt. He told us a moving story.
11"'1.'1- ' f"'l.)lt ' ;J-&h ' )1t:'t
moving spirit
I. 1''i' 1\H:>~. He was the moving spirit in
planning for the party. f~<l- 1''i' 1\H;>')f.
l\<l- )IIC

2. f:MA. He was the moving spirit in getting

the bill passed. f.ft1- .1:4!~ l\'t'LJ'A'i' f
;l-11\IJJo l\<l- )fiC

mow

818

mow O"~>~
I must mow the grass . ..,-1-")
mow down

'"I""~

muddle
how much 1

1\llil't

OQ;L~

I. ('I':>m-) 11'}-r. How much is this? J.'.LI

lrFt 1 )om-?
2. 9"") YLIA. How much will this car cost me?
AH.LI ODIJ..<; ' M ' YLIA Yllb'i'II-...A 1
'f;Jm- s

He mowed the captives down with a gun.

9"Cit'l''fi"J flmou"Jlf O""-'l:fm-

how much!

Mr.
I. "'1.11-1-C. Where is Mr. Smith? "'1.11-1-C II
"'1.11 r-r <;'I'm- 1
2. 1\of. Where is Mr. Kebbede? 1\.f bfl~ f

..,. <;'I'm- 1

I. 1\"Jf.-r. How much I love that! n"J 1\'}

OD{l{IIJ I
2. 9"").... How much I love this country!
J.'.LI:f'J I\1C M':' 1\m-'l:t-llv- !
,..,. 1\0J~'I'llv- '

make too much of .h.;JU

Mrs.
I. "'1.1111. Where is Mrs. Smith? "'1.1111 11"'1.
11 r-r <;'I'm- 1
2. my.nr:. Where is Mrs. Belaynesh? mf.nr:
111\J.'.)'/i r-r <;:fm- ?

much

We mustn't make too much of this incident.

Y.LI"J"J .,..o;y.
not much (of)

"'':>n flloft"JII"

l\9"oft~9"

He is not much of a scholar. fCft. ; ro-c):,..

l\9"oft~9"

this much J.'.IJ") YLIA

1. ofllt'. There isn't much food in the house.

MJ.-r m-11'1' oft,. ,..,oft fAll"
2. 11"19". I feel much better. 11"19" -t-'liii-"'A
You should work much less; you are hurting
your health. m."J).-,.1.1") llllll".-,..,..-'1 P'&-1.1
") ' fi"J9" ' ODof>){l 0 1\{loftiJ
much as r'"Jf'" 1\"J'>."J
Much as I should like to go, I feel I must stay
here. 9"'}9" 1\"J\>,"J {lou'/.~ oft.I.A"I 1\H.LI
ODol'f..,. ' 1\{loft'f

What's going to happen to you after you eat

this much? J.'.LI"J YLIA fiAof-1.1 M A-rll'
') I

)fDo

*This much is certain: He won't play tricks on

us again. -'1"1"""' l\"J~"''J.'.""".m-roft"J fof-~
;J1m '

)fDo

[See also 'ever, so, thank, that, too, twice, very']

mucus 'l'i!T
Wipe off the mucus! 'J'i''J'LI'}

'1'~"1

mud "1.":1'

much harder fOAm m'lhl!"

m"th~

Jn the rainy season, it is difficult to go through

the mud. flb~9".-,.' "'.":I'm- 1\YIIb..J:-9"

much less

be covered with mud AL+f

*I didn't see him, much less speak to him.

"''<;~c +c.f 1\1\fv--rll"

The doorstep was covered with mud where

people had wiped their feet. lll":f 1\"1&-:fm-"J
llllm~'l-fl.-,. ~4-
)IIC

You must work much harder. fOAm

IJ ' ODP'<Io..,.' 1\{loftiJ

much of h.111J~lD"

Much of what you say is true. fll"-rAm-

c

1\oft~.......

)m-

1\m-)..,.

)~

)(Do

(be) much the same Mil" ftJA 1\Aof-ll

mm9"

The patient's condition is pretty much the

same. ffl'li-1-.....,. 11-~:J- Mil" YLIA 1\A
-t-llmm9"

as much as

*This would be as much as saying 'I accept

your idea'. J.'.LI 1\ltofti.I"J 1\of>fii\Av- f"''ll
.-,. YLIA )ftC
as much . as ---r---r
It's as much your fault as mine. lta.+-t~ ft.r a
n-t-9" )m-

..,;r.,._,.

deposit of .nud FoltA.

A deposit of mud covered the field after the

flood had subsided. .,..C4- b.,..~ll fl:\1\ ~ll
A "'LJ!m-"J 1\llflllmform into mud Jtm.+f

The rain formed the dust into mud. 11<;11- ou

,:..,") 1\....of>fmlayer of mud M.A.

The flood deposited a layer of mud in the

streets . .,..C4- ftou'}~-'1. 1\J.'. ~AA 1\b
'"I 'I'

muddle (v.) 1\"'':Jyou have muddled the scheme completely.

l>:r--'1-"J fi'I'K-9" 1\"'1-t-'li'I'A

muddle up t.l.'i'1G

A financial crisis muddled up the British.

7.1"11\.~:f-1 f11Hil :f"'c t.l..<;-~&-'fm-

Everything was muddled by the late arrival of

the train. RQIK- H"'M ""I:Gll !l"h1.f
'1- -1111- )1C .,_..,_.&--,.(1
muddle (n.), in a ~ .,...,.,1'\:l':J>h'
When mother came home, she found the house
in a muddle. 7.<;1: MJ.+ ll'I-1Q 11.1>1 .,..
OD(I:J":J>h' ' M'f:fm-

muddy
I. f""+f. A car drove down the muddy lane.
ouh.<;m- R""+f mQ-11 ou111: .,..'iH
2. f"f.":l". Don't walk around with your muddy
feet! 0"1.":1" h"'CII <Dil..f <'1.11 t.'l-'t.l:
3. I:~Cll. We need a filter for this muddy
water. 1111.11 l:~ll m-;> .,lfl&.f .flld.
/:\1<;/:\
His muddy thinking is difficult to
4.
understand. f.,...,;J-m-1 t.ll.,../1(1!1-1 ii""G
.o;+ .f"l"';J-&\

f.,..,,._

be muddy
I. ""+f. The ground here is muddy. Ml.ll ;>

"""'"' ' "":J>f.:tt:\

-11!1' )m-. The shore of the lake is
2.
-11!1' )mmuddy. f mf.41 "'C!l'

.,'1'

muffle
I. lfd.). She muffied her throat in a warm
scarf. t.11:1:1 nm~&--!1" .1'11'1- &\-fill
lfd.)"lfm2. t.d.). You have to muffie this loud noise,
it's disturbing everyone. f-111 h~ .I'll 1:
II"~ ' .,d., ' t.ll-1111 i (lm-1 ' ,,.,.. ' .fll'f"'&-&\

muffler "f."ll . , _
My car's muffler is broken. f'ODh.CJ't'- "l"'ll
.,m-'"i ' .......-11~/:\

I (l..,..fl' I tDT.f I fl~fl(: I "l.fL

<; t.&--'1- R:J>h'l":f .,_.h&--f

nh.:ll"+ 1.11. .,..,. "1."~.,.,

111

)m-

mulch [h111Q h:J>mh':f<; hiiMII t.d.C f

.,..1-.QII+ .,.o;n&!J

mule R:J>h'
You can find a good mule for two hundred
dollars. 'No R:J>h' ' Ro-11'1- ,.._,. of!C '1-

1\.'}f:

mull (over) ll..f<lfl ll.}'mcl: .fof

He mulled over the decision for days.

fl=l"!,

m-lt~m-

1 11-1111- +<;-}- ll..f<lfl II.}'<DCI: .fof

multicolored -1111- +II.,+ filmShe put on the multicolored dress. ill!- +II.,
+ .film- &\-fill IIR(I"lf
multifarious f.,..ll.ff ~f.)+
He has multifarious interests. f'1"A1f' 1-f.i-+
~111'1- t.llmmultilateral
1. ofltf- -,..-,. fit~-. The hexagon is a multilateral geometrical figure. ~h/111 -1111- .,.
1 .flltD- fl[r-1.'1-c :Joel\"' )tD2. f;>&-. The NATO nations signed a multilateral defense agreement. fM- l:c~+ t,q
A fll''f. Mc:"lf il""hllh.f f"'l.ll'1 f
;>&-- ' ll!l"!l")'l- ' .,.d.&-.:....

multiple
I. Rch+ .I'll. He suffered multiple injuries.
RCh'l- !II .fiJI:\ .,..o;+ f..G(IR'I-

2. A\!. IAtt.. He's a man of multiple interests.

AI' &\I' )1C::f f"'l.<l: (ltD- )tD-

multiplication table f1.11. 11.+

Learn the multiplication table! f1.11. 11.+
t.-r<;!

multiply (multiplied), vt. M~

If you multiply 10 by 4, you get 40.
t.&--'1- ofl;l-R~ t.CQ f.ll'<;t:\
multiply (vi.)
I. .,..&-Q. Rabbits multiply
"1'1'fh'"lf .,.h' ' f.&--QII-

2.

muggy "1"~"1"1 !II

During the rainy season, the days are muggy.

1 ...11-:f

muleteer ll'i"'l.
He hired a muleteer and four mules when he
went on a trip to the mountainS. tnl. -t~~
i&

be muddled .,...,..&--""(1

.,'1'

multitudinous

819

muddle

R~.

~I"C1

very

quickly.

His troubles multiplied. ooh&-tD-

n~

multitude, ~ of R"'!l" -IIIIA multitude of thoughts passed through my

mind. Rlfl!l" ill!- )1C:"lf :J-(111-'1
large mulltude {l#j:C -lt'1"C f'A.Am- ib.11-fl

A large multitude gathered in the street .

ou11.11. llf. ll~c 41-rc fl\.1\tD-

a.11

-n .... nnnn
m ultitudi no us Rlfl!l" -fluMultitudinous birds sang in the trees. Rlfl!l" -II
II- mt:::f 0~4- llf. f.1'"i"" ' )RC

mum
mum, keep - l\'1' 1\11

Keep mum about this; tell no one! lU\H.U .,.

JIJ'. l\'1' OA I 11"7"t9" l\'l-"t1e
We can't hear him because he always mumbles.
lH\1.11. 1111"7..1'1'"".,_9"'1- f"''.llm- 1\
J'.(l"7"J9"

mummy [7."t.IIJ'.Leil OOD.I:":'k'l-

I\"71JJ'.~'I-

f.,.tn0-1' ' f(lm- ' lloiJ]

mumps Jr: ~"''i'

I caught the mumps.

]r: ~"''i' J'.~'i'A

munch,- on
1. J\4\oom. He is munching on a cookie.
ililh-'1- ' J'llii""'A
4L~moo.

2. 1\0illf. She murders the song everytime

she tries to sing it. OIIL~:Y.. 41'1'e HL).
"J :1-0illf'I'II:Y..

murder (n.)

mumble 1\1',....,.,....,.

2.

murmur

820

He is munching on parched grain.

/#itt' ' .eoa;.:'I'"7A

mundane fll.ll 'lllll"

Monks are uninterested in mundane affairs.
OD~Ifol)'l- ' lllf.ll ' 'tll9" ' "l-JIJ'.' "1.1:" 0 fil'flll-9"

municipal f"7H.:>lr IL-lMunicipal bonds will finance the new waterworks. f"7H;>)f IL-l> (l"JP..:Y.. ,1'11.(1-"J f
...., ' "7(1.!-"'i ' J'.h'i'llll-

municipality (municipalities)
I. hT"7. There were mostly Moslems in this
municipality. 011.11 hT"7 m-ilT l\o(Jq'i'9''1l
1\M'I":Y.. ~o~
2. "7H;>)f IL'I-. The municipality building of
Addis Ababa is new. J'll.il 1\oq "7H.:>lr
IL'I- ih"tll 1\11.11 ~,.

munificent :J-Il"Jo
He made a munificent bequest to the university. lll'kliell.-t:m- :1-ll"Jo "til<:'!- 1\m
<:(I

munition(s) '1-'l'"Jo'i" ,....,:,.

The war was lost due to a shortage of munitions. Ol"e~-1> f.,.lf~'i'~"'" '1-'l'"Jo'i' F"t
:,. ' 0"7~(1- ~ ....

mural (n.) "1.1:""1.11 IIJ'. f.,."'ll FIJA

There is a large mural in Africa Hall. 01\'i'<IIJ
1\.11.!-"ii "1.1:""1.11 IIJ'. f.,_"'ll '1-A:t- FIJ
A 1\11

murder (v.)
I. 1~11. He was accused of having murdered
his wife. "'1.11-l>"t ODD"'~A .,.h(lit

1.

~~ll

..,"1!1-. The murder was not discovered

until a few days later. t'i'il "''ll' l\ilh '1'<1:

'1-
.1:"<:11 1\A:J-m.,.,. toe
2. ~'I'll 1JIJ'.t'l-. The prisoner did not bat
an eye when accused of murder.llil<:'l'm- 0~
'I'll 111J'.)'I- (l.OJ)~A 'tJ'.)-1 l\1\\1
1\AM<:II"
3. "'.I:"J'. The murder outraged the citizens.
"'.l:",l'fDo t'l'<l9''1l"t 1\11-a;"''ffDo
4. "":>~A. The antagonism between the two
villages led to murders. 011-11-1> OD"J~r::Y..
ODIIhA ' J'lllll- ' 'l'il!J' ' l\(lh 0 OD;J~ '

~""'"'"

""1~A. The murder of the child was a

beastly crime. fol.Y). ""1~A fl\fDotl.t'l-
.,..,qe toe
6. 1\".t".t'l-. The news of Kennedy's murder
astounded everybody. l'h.M. 1\".t".t'l- (lm"t u-11- l\~t1m
commit murder (lmo 11.1\

5.

He committed murder, so the police arrested

him. (lfDo ill\1~11 Tll.fi:Y.. J',.'l-

murderer

~'I'll 1'1J'.
The murderer escaped from the jail. )'i'!l 1
.Ill< billie IL'I- 1\DDIIm

murderous
I. 11.1.1:"A f"''.:Y..A. The villain aimed a murderous blow at the hero's back. .,..,11-ll::'m- l':"''i'
m- ~eq IIJ'. 11.1.1:"A f"''.l-A 9"'1- (l~H.:
2. ~'I'll 11"7'1'4-'1- f:l-"'~. A murderous plot
was uncovered by the police. t'i'(l 11"7'1'4-'1-
f:J-.,.~m- 1\.1:""7 117"11.!1 .,.~<:(10'13. IJLe f~qA:to. He gave me a murderous
look_ IJLC o~qA:,O 1\ii.,.J'f'l- 1\I"S

murky ""11"7 fll't

He could not see anything in the murky cave.
"'-11"7 Oll')m- 'I'll" m-ilT Mil" II.J'J'. 1\
J'.:Y..A9"

murmur (v.)
I. I\1'<:DD.:ao. They murmur about the work.
1".!-lll- iiiiOqq'fm- ' ,1'1'G~~"e"7112. 1\~= l t;"01i. The wind was murmuring.
~4-ra- J'~"f!" (J'.t;"01i) toe

murmur (n.)
I.

"K-9"~9":1-.

I hear a murmur of dissent.

fflODil"''"'':l"'f'tD-1 f"'1.1AK' ' 'K-11"~11";1-

f.ll"'1'1A

The brook's ceaseless murmur is enjoyable.

f"'l,l'l\'CmiiJo fll""tm 'K-11"~11";1- AMlt
:f tiiJo
2. "'11'~'1"~11". He paid the fine without a murmur. :f-"1-Jr"t f'l"t'l:f "'11'~11"~11" h.l.fl
Physical exercise develops muscles. ~ll"'i'M:h
lll'"til'l"if':f"t"t f'lilt-A
[See also 'strain']

muscular
I. flll'"til'. He has a muscular ache. flll'"til'
<hOD'/" f.I';I-A

2. lll'"t!l""'l. He has muscular legs. 1."1~ ,....,.

musket )'i''l'
I have a musket that my grandfather used.
Af1: f.f.ll--l- no~ t'i''l' All'S

The three musketeers are a famous trio in

French literature. lf'll-1: t'i'm'l':f O.l.~"tlt
,. P't X'dt-'1' tJJo{I'J' f ,.,.,. flf'll-l-
{IS":f 'i.l': tiiJo

musky f11q.l':
This has a musky odor. f.ll f11q.l': 1t
,. AfltJJo
There are many Muslims in Ethiopia. 01>.-l-f"k

The boy spent the whole afternoon musing.

A:<!: hll'i-l- 0:\'1 {l.fll'lllA 1.1l.tJJo"t Ail
flo!.
~"'}1-

1. 'ltt:C". He eats mush made of cornmeal.

fO.ffl- 1''1'1!' f.O'IA
2. "7'1'. After the heavy rain, the old dirt
road turned to mush. hqJl. 11'i'il h"lfl 0:\
11 AI!'"LtJJo fA!l.t- ""1'1.1': "'1'1' rn

mushroom (v.) i!:f> i!:f> M

Stores mushroomed along the highway. O'l''i'
,. 001'1.1':. "1.!-'i' .,.'S {1-.f:f. i!:f> i!:f>. AII*The little town mushroomed into a city.
-l-1'1( h-1-"7 .foil- Af.1:f

mushroom (n.) 1.1'-Nif.

Mushrooms grow in the rainy season. )t").,.JI~
Oh~'l"-l- f.O:f>'IA

music .,..11.:1'
I like to listen to soft music. Allltlt oo-fl:J"")
oo{l"'/-l- M>'lflv.

1 tJJoll'l' illl- 7.M'I":f All-

muslin lf1t
His head was wrapped in muslin to keep off
the dirt. A!)..!-tJJo t-{1- 'If. 1.1''11-01'0-l-
lf1t Alii!' toe

muss 0;1--1-t

mush

r-11.:1'

Ethiopia has several kinds of musical instruments.l>.-l-f"kf illl- 'if.)-}- r-11.:1' """'
&fl":f l\!1.-l-

musician

Musk is obtained from the civet cat. 11q.l': f

"'1.1'ftJJo h'I'C'S tiiJo

Muslim l.M'I"

"'"" tiiJo

muse All'lllfl

museum R.+ oonhc

Let's visit the museum! O.+ ounh?-1'
il'fiiJo

musk 11q.l':

musketeer t'i'm'1

muscle lll'"til'

musical

must

821

muscle

oo-fl+~

The musicians took their seats in the hall.

_11..,.'1'~ q.o;,!.~ tJJo{I'J' {l<j:t-'ftJJo"t '""

The wind mussed her hair. )of-{1- 1!.1-,ll:"t 0

;1--fotiiJo

must (v.)
I. Afl(O-l-). This must be the book you want.
fll"-l-.I.A111Jo ODJr.b'i' f.ll ..... .,.,. AflO'IWe must see what can be done. r1' ,.,~~
"' 1.1'1."'1.ii'A "'lllil Aflil"t
You must do as you are told. ,.f&t.J"} -~
t--l- Aflilll
2. gerundive + f.IT'i'A. He must have sneaked
into the house. ~Ah ilfl- 1il.f. f.IT'i'A
I must have left my briefcase somewhere.
IICltiL"t A"t'l- :> -l-'I111Jo f.IT'i'A
*I must ask you not to do that again. 1.1'11-1."1
'/"II Altllil?flV.
*I must try to see him more often. -fltt- "LIL
~,,. 1.'1"ht-flv.
*You mustn't do that! 7.1''1;1-f.C111Jo
must have fh.I.A1'1'A
She said she must have a new hat for Easter.
fl4-{l.lt A.ll.{l qc~"' f{I.I.A1'1A Afl:f
must have been ltf.IT"t Af..,.CII"
He must have been in Ethiopia at 'that time.
Olf.f"t 1.11. l>.-l-f"kf IIJo{I'J' ltf.rrt A
,..,.ell"

822

must
must (n.), be a

"11.:1" )ID- l MY: 111

mutton
be muted Mit

The sound was muted by the distance. hC4>

4-A;JA

To finish on time is a must. 0'1.tL oom.~il

"11.:1" ' )mIn winter warm clothes are a must. Obt:9'"+
'1":1''1- Aoflll MY: 1114-A;JA

-1> f-f-)"1 S':ll"f!. Mit

mute (adj.) >1.'1

He was born mute. .ll,-'1 lf'r +(liAS'.
remain mute 1"..?1~

mustache 611
He is growing a mustache. 6ffo"t fitS': :JA

When the lawyer asked him a queition, he

remained mute. mO:J>m- 1 Omf+m- 1 "LH. 1

mustard ll'i'i''i"
Mustard is sold in the market. lt'i'i''i" ~Of

[See also 'deaf']

m-11'1' f.lf"'A

muster ltRitR
The lieutenant is mustering the troops.
fDDof hll:l'ID- a>:J-f.C:'Il"t f,{IOIIQA
muster (one's) courage 1-~.J:'l 11l0m ! F-t.
-l>"t ' ~of.

He mustered his courage and went to see the

director. f.t.-l>"t ~Aofl"' (~'i'of) 1"6- oo
611Jo't 11"7);J~C 'tf.
muster In 1\a>:J-f.C)'I- of-OOH~R

He mustered in last month. llllLm-

me

1\a>:J'f.C)'I- of-OOH~R
be mustered out +(tlj"flrf"

He was mustered out of service after the war.

h"'C)-f> R:\11 to~A"III-'1- -1-ll'iR-1-

musty Rllofl{> flh-fThe room was full of musty old clothes.

h'i'll- Rllofl{> Rlf~-1- he:"!. Aoflll -1-'I"A
of )OC
be musty lo'i lo'i hi\

The room is musty from being closed so long.

oflffo ' "1.1 ' -1-H"Iof ' Q004'f-l> ' ll'i'll- ' lo'i '
lo'i ,I'.IIA

(be) mutable Rf"LI11Jo f"''.ll'l'a>'l'

Tax and voting laws are mutable. f:J-Illl'i f
II"C"'i a.H'- Rf"l.r11Jo f"''.ll'l'mm- ih
-t:f ' 'i'l'fDo

mutate -1-llmm
The vegetation of the earth mutated during the
Ice Age. foo<~o+ ' 68'1''1- ' f-1-llmm-+ ' ana '
HOD'}

I ~Q)o

mutation ooAm'l'
A mutation of the earth's vegetation occurred
during the Ice Age. foo<~o+ 68'1''1- ool\m'l'
ftl')fDo ' RRt.P.. ' Hoo"t ' )ID-

mute (v.) hllltlllt

He muted his voice. S':ll"f!."t hllltlllt

-1-:J~t.

mutilate
I. 41.6-t.m. The robbers mutilated the body of
the victim. 4>"7'1''1l f~f.ll-'1-"t {1m- ~~~
41.6-t.m-+
2. hRIIlf. He mutilated the page by drawing

black lines on it. ..-chc

oo,_uaoc

JtYrPao

t, ~l\."t hRIIlffDo

mutinous hJ':oo>/
The mutinous crew threatened the captain.
hs>:oo'l''ll oocbR'I':f to"I;-1;1-"t hiiL&-'1-'1mutiny (mutinied), v. ooos
The Russian army mutinied before the revolution. f-1-fi.,J'' a>:J'f.C::f' h1iofl'l-' O.C.'Jo ' OODIJ.
mutiny (n.) "7006
The mutiny of the troops was due to low pay.
fm:J-U'Il "7DD6 01'.'1"11 "7)11 ll"ll"t

1'1- )OC
mutter (v.)
I. h"l't.oot,oo. Thunder muttered in the distance. )1-S':~-'1- h-1-:,. h"l't,ODt,oo
2. AR- h...,..~aoL.ao. He muttered in his sleep.
Rl\"t:,.A'i' All- h"l'l!ODt.""
mutter to oneself fl~~ 1 Jr..m&-

He was muttering to himself as he walked

along. ofliJ'fDo"t l\ftD6- ,1'.'/.-'IA
mutter under one's breath

*He muttered a curse under his breath.

011'.11- -1-ltf.R

mutter (n.)
I. S':ll"6. We could hear the mutter of distant
thunder. fODoflt,:,. S':ll"6 h-1-:,. ,1'.11"7'iA
2. "1-CII"CII":J-. There was a mutter of discontent in class. Ob~rj:.& 1 m-11..- 1 f-l-~;t-
"1-CII"CII":J- ,1'.{1"7 )OC

mutton fR"I P';J

The Ethiopians like to eat mutton. h..'1-f"*,J'fDo
f"t fR"I I";J f,tD-'111-

mutual f;J&-

The contract was extended by mutual agreement. m-tr 11:>&- llii"II"H :N'.(l

Mutual respect is essential for true friendship.

1\~toH... '\Y.'h'l- f:>&- hh111!''1- !11

4-IA:>IA

It will be to our mutual advantage. T.:Jooo- f

:>6-':fo"t ' ~""

muzzle (v.)
I. hfo"t h1l<:. He muzzled the ox so that it
would not eat the grain. ll.!.to ~IliA ~"t'l
.f.ll'l ' hfo"t ' h1l<:to
2. ~~~~'1- hllhll. The government muzzled
the press. OD"t"IP"1: f:>lttn':fo"t ~~~~'1- h
1\hll
muzzle (n.) h<;:
There is blood on the dog's muzzle. m-lfm- h
'i''l.f.Y. II"hll

*Oxen wear a muzzle so they won't eat the

grain. llol.jP':fo ~IliA ~"t'l.f.lltr h'i-'fm-

.f.:1'1l6-IA
my

This is my book . .eu f~ ODl\"do'i' ~""

2. - e, - \1-. He is my father. h1l- foq-J: ~""
This is my table . .eu m<:A.~\1- ~""
my I my! hO.'I- hO.'I-!
My! my! What a pretty child she is! hO.'I- hO.
'1- ' ~"t!.'l- ' :1'11"6-1\':fo I

I.

f~.

myriads of ll'i'C ofl'I'C f1M'fto

There are myriads of stars on a June night.

11(1~ 11"11'1- ll'i'C ofl'I'C fl\.1\:fto h'P
h11'1- ' .f.:l'ftr
myriad (adj.) ofl'I'C fllo'l'fto

They were admiring the myriad stars of the

summer night. ofl'I'C fllo'l'fto"t fii;J h'Ph
11'1- !Y."tofl ~IIC
myrrh hell.
Myrrh is found in the market. hCO. h111Y
.f.1 ... 1A
myself Mt.
I'll do it myself. 6-ll.

mythology

823

mutual

~oP&-'1'1\IJo

be myself

I am not myself today. ~.~. ~"t!. m'l-cm-

h,f.!.I\IJ-11"
by myself
I. 11!1'11-"t. I sat by myself in the garden.
h'l-hiA-1: ' to!l'l' ' 11!1'11-"t ' .,..,,..,.flo

2. 6-ll.. I cooked the meal

11""111-"t 6-ll. hH:>)>;o-'1-

by

myself.

mysteriou s

1. h1'""JJ.l 1 flf)o. His mysterious behavior made

the police suspicious. h ,...,.-.; flf~m- 11-1.~
to ?'II.(>'Ji"t 'I'C"'ol. hilf.<:q:fm2. AI< 't.f.~'l-. There was a mysterious light
in the sky. 111l.,.e 1\,f. AI< 't.f.~'l- 11C'/"t
HIC

mystery
I. ll"lltn.C. The mystery of the minister's
disappearanc e was never solved. fottll."K-. oo
'1'4-'1- ll"lltn.~ h1AT!.<:1lll'l-11"
2. fT1l1D<: 1-'l.f.. The detective untangled the
mystery after a few days. m")~A = OOCII'/6tJJo
fT1l1D<:to"t 1-'l.f. tl'l'-1!'1- 4'"t 11:\'1
!.<:(11113. <:-t:J> ~1C. One of the mysteries of life
is love. b.l..f.ID'I- <:-t:J> ~11!'':fo h"t-'1. <;:

:Joe '

~OJo

be a mystery hA;l"tD.,.r"

The name of the thief is a mystery. fA.Qm-

illl" ' h1A:J-ID4'11"
mystic (adj.) <:-t:J>

I am studying the mystic teachings of the

ancients. f'l'"t:J-to.l'"t"t <:-t:J> '1-ll"tJC'I- h
tno;'I\IJo

mystify (mystified) f"''.l\to"t hil"lto

The magician's tricks mystified the audience.

fhll_,.,..,."" .r.-cvr-':fo .,.,.AII'1i"t f"''.
tr'l-"t ' hil"''fto
myth
I. hL :1'6h. There is a myth that serpents

ruled the land in ancient times. fllf'1+ s HoP

"t H"tP.jP':fo h1~"t .f.~H- ~IIC f"''.IA

hL :1'6h hi\

2. oPIP,lT s 0..11 ~9'"~-l-. Racial superiority

is a myth. h"t-'1. ~11.' h/1.1\to .f.IIIA"'
,.,..<:.,. ' llll ' ~11"~'1- ' ~""
lA '
3. T<:'l-. His large stamp collection was just
a myth. 1111- -f:II"11C 1l11110.fi\1Jo f"''.ll

.,11,. '

liJo ;

.,..,l:,.

)(I)-

mythical llh4. :1'6h fT4.tn<:

Hercules was a mythical hero. 'tCfloll.il llh
L :1'6h fT4.tn<: )>;"lo;' ~IIC
mythology (mythologies ) h4. :1'6h
We study Greek mythology in school. 11'1-11"11
c'l- o.'l- f"l&t>':fo"t h4. :1-&h ~"t.,&-1\"t

nag

824

name

N
nag (nagged)

I. ..,.,...,.,._ He nagged his father for a car.

hfl-l>'t ouh.<; "I~A'S 't.ffl ...,.,...,.,."'"
2. 1\w.:l'f. This headache has been nagging
at me all day. &oil ?":J'T 4').'J .,...flo II.
fw.:l'f'S 'I'll
nagging 'tll'tll
She drove me to drink by her constant nagging.
O.,f!I/C'I" 'tll't!l. hm"'.'")T h.J!.<:{t:f-'1
nail (v.) O?"ii.,C OD:J'
Please nail the board to the wall! {tft.J!tJ>o't "I
.1:"'1-'lfDo 1\Y. O?"ii.,C ?";l'tJ>o
nail down .,(t&f ' h.1!.<:1(11T)
Signing the contract will finally nail down the
agreement. m-1\-'l OOl.'1"' ~ l'l:rr~.J:'l oy
{t&f f.I!.C"Ifi:I'A
nail together nrll-,c I hYfH
Nail the boards together! ll't .:1'9''1i't O?"il.,
c 1\fY.~'f,.
nail (n.)
1. 9"'ii"""C. Don't hammer the nail in too far!
?"fl.,-1-'t ' 0"1?" ' IDS!. ' fDofl'l" ' hT?":J'tJ>o
2. 'l"'i'C. I just broke a nail on my left hand.
M&- 't.:(, 'l"'i'C _,.(tO<:
hit the nail on the head ).,.PaJr1' s }loP/\b+ l
't,;r>""'J .,..,1<:

Your analysis hit the nail on the head.

'1-'t.,.o;u "t.;r>""'t 1\0Dflh.,.

When you told me he was a cheat, you hit the

nail on the head. h:I'I\Y. )tJ>o -IIIIU fiT)
"1<:'1 "t.;r>""'t _,.<;1Ch
[See also 'tooth']

naive 1&-.1C
She is a naive young woman. 1&.1C fll'~~

OJ"'T o;T
naked
1. &-4:+ + suffix pronouns + 'l. He is
naked. &-41-l>'t )fDo
The children run around naked . .bY<;-1> &-41
;f''ftJ>o't Y.~fl2. IJP... You can't see germs with the naked
eye. )';C'I":f't OIJP.. 'lY.'t .,fT hM1'A?"

*The trees were left naked of leaves. f~G:'Ii ;r>

mll-:f n.,...fl- <:"ld.fDo )OC
(the) naked truth "t.;r>='t
He told me the naked truth. "t.;r>""'t )1<:'1
[See also 'strip']
name (v.)

1. llr m&-. Can you name all the stars?

fh'l'h-11-Mi't IJoflo il?" Ttn&-fiU I
2. il'l"' ' m+ll. Can you name the most important people of Asia? f'hilf't ;1'1\'l;r> (t9':f
il?" ATm;r>rt Tl-111\U !
3 . .,..,1<:. Name your price! fii"Tlf'I"OT't .,..,
1C
4. il?" 1\fD"'(fiT). He named the baby May.
ihYS:'t ""y. -1111- il?" 1\0J"'I\T
5. h.+tW i (lin. She named several reasons for
her delay.ilfl ODH"If;J: -on- ?"h'tf.Y.:Y.
h4'<:0:f ((tm:f)
6. m{t). The class named the day for the
party. _,..,&9''1i f;rC1:11Jo't 4''t m{t).
name after fl ~ ~ ~ ll!l'" ' m&o
They named the baby after his father . .hY).'J
Ohfl-1> M" m'I-T
be named
I. .,.~~""" Mr. Smith has been named acting
director. "''..ii.,.C il"''..ll .,.mflfl-1: Jl..:.h.,.
C I lf'f I ....trQIJ
2. r ~ ~ - llf" 1 .,..m+(t. Three persons were
named in the report. ~rc~ 1 aJoil'l' 1 fV'
liT (t9':f il?" _,.m;r>!l,A
name (n.) il?"

What's your name? llf"tll "7~m- l

He got a bad name. DD"f'~ ilf" 1\.,..l!.L
I know him only by name. f"?m-+m- 1 flllf"
-11!1'

)OJo

call someone names flf.fl

He got mad and called me names . .,..,P.. (1.1!.0'1
(a) good name ll~

He got a good name in the war.

<;'t

flf1lC~~

11

1\.,.<:d.

in name only flll9'" ~ 1l:'F

He is president in name on1y. r~tt..~J1'+~~
Oilll" -oil' )fDo

narrow-minded m<'tn mflofl

A narrowminded person hugs his optmons
closely. m<'tn mflofl ii<D- .hft!l-") h"t
ol' ' f.f.~A

nasal fh'i'"t"'"l
~

>>

fh'i'"t"'"l !f:'I"P":f- 'i":fwhave a nasal (pronunciation, voice, tone) ll

+ imperfect + 1')of..).l.

French people have a nasal pronunciation of

Amharic. .l.~")ftf"":f- h"7C'i' ' 11..1')!1- f.)of..)
of..IIHe has a nasal voice. il.'i"1C f.)of..)of..A
He sings in a nasal tone. ii.H'I"C f.)of..)of..A

nascent n"7.1'."1

The national defense costs the government a

lot of money. ofldo.&-'f oPhil.hY oP")"IP'-1>
") 1111- 1"tHofl Yilro"''I'A
n"''.</>'l'ii<D- ft'l""tT ofl.h..l-'f 'I"C"'"l f..!'.~:> A

national anthem f.h1111 ,..11,...C

The children sing the national anthem every
morning. 1'"7&lP'Il tp.:,O tp.:,O f.h1111
001J,...C f.H'I" .l-11-

national holiday -fl.h.<l-'f

f. Yll-:,0 f'l"6<l-11 h'i'&IJ "1~-f-":f- f:>

.:. ' il'/"'/"):,0 ' h.l'.~"l-

R'~A

The 23rd of February is a national holiday.

fiJt:,O rJY >"11:,0 </>"t -fl.h.<l-'f n'tA )a>-

nationalism ofl.h.<l-'f

ll.f. Yila>-

The nascent republics of West Africa made

mutual treaties with each other. 0"7Y.."'"I 1\

!l"'LT

Nationalism is one of the characteristic features of our age. ofl.h.<l-'f !l"'LT 1.UYT
") ' h"''.ilf.fl:fa>- ' 1--'lf"":f- ' 1\")-'l- ' )ID-

nationalist (n.)ofldo.&-'f

ll"'L:,O Yila>- ii<D-

He is an ardent nationalist. ")J',f\11

nasty
1. hllmfd., The nasty remark angered her.
hllmY.I.w- hil1'Yf:,O h'i".!'.-'1:,0
2. oP~C.:. This medicine has a nasty taste.
!W ""!f:;'t:,O ""'I'G: "16'1" hila>A nasty rumor about him is floating around
town. hil-"t f"''.oPilh:,O ""'I'G: ro&. nh
1'"7<D- f.)'i'ftA
3. 4-ifif. The room was nasty and smelly.
h'i'll- -l'lflf'i" "1'1" )nC
4. r+LL. Do you always have such nasty
weather? Yf~ v-~:1' nro:r-c 1-o"t.I'.H.U
f</>.1..1. ' )ID- 1
be nasty Q;a.b)
Don't be so nasty to children! nA}'.:":f- ll.f.
1-o"t.I'.H.U 1\:,0al.h"t

nation
1. h1C. The whole nation mourned his death.
Oftc I 1"."1- I h.1"- I ODD-i\- I ltH')o
2. oP")"IP':,O (pl. oP")"IP';I':,O). The nations of
the world need to unite to stop war. tnc~+'l ~
11"7-1''1" f'M'I" oP")"IP':J:,O oP1'flnC h
ilfl:f<DU;J

He is a foreign national. flD-6f!" h1C ;

~

financially. oP")"IP'i> il.h..l-'f<D-") i:YTC

nnHofl f.~A

Next week there will be a national election.

The nasal sounds are m. n. ao n s cc

national (n.)

nationhood

826

narrow-minded

....

ti.;J

national (adj.) -fl.h.<l-'f

The government supports the national theater

1ldt.&-

'f ll"'LT Yila>- ilw- )wnationalist (adj.) ofl.h.<l-'f

The nationalist movement was repressed by

the colonial government. il.h.<l-'f<D- ' "):,0'i"4:
n'I>'S ' 11CID-. OD")"IP'T ' .,.al..,....'l' ' )nC

nationality (nationalities)
1. U"I)T. What's his nationality? U"l)i> 'I"
")!f:") ' )ID- 1
2. h1C. There were three men of different
1 fAf. 1 A\t h
1c n1":f- -'111..1.)-l>"t ro!l.l'.w- )nc
3. ~K'i'+. The protectorate achieved nationality last year. n'I""IH.T):,O P'C :,01'-'I.I'.C
nn~":f-w- h1C flil.l.a>- 'toPT )l\);1;"
") ' h1"f":f-

nationalities in charge. V'il+

nationalize n"""t"IP'T

P'C 1\.1'.~1

There was a movement to nationalize the

railroad. QfK..'l ODD"J""IP':,. P'C ll-?Y:l.
"I "t:,O'i"ot )nC

nationally il.h11!1- ' n-IlThe President's speech was broadcast nationally. rr&.H.-'l"t-~> "t"l"lc ila.11n- n,...
II- ' h"t-'Lil., n&.-'1.1'" 1')1~

nationhood oP")"IP':,O):,O
Israel obtained nationhood in 1948. hil<l-h.A
n"""t"IP'T)T f;l'ro</>":f-a>- O!ilf~ 't. '1". )a>-

naturally

827

native

painting. 111"611\ f-J-d.'I'C' III";J- l\1\tDEthiopia needs to protect her natural resources.

native (n.)
I. -J-61'1)!'. He is a native of Ethiopia. fh...'f-1'-k
' ' -J-61'1)!''

h..'l-1'-kf ' f-J-d.'I'C' ' ll1l:t"i ' aomo:t> ' l\1\Q.'f-

~"'"

Biology and chemistry are natural sciences.

You speak French almost like a native.

Ql'-11-'l(<; ' 11."7.11'1-C: ' f-J-d.'I'C' ' llf."ill ' <;'!'m-

d.~"'tllf."l 11\h l\"i~ -J-611\;l('ll 11\.'f-<;~C

It is natural for a bird to fly.

M?" l\11\.,.~11?".
2. l\~t. l f~C -J-61'1)!'. The colonial government oppressed the natives. f-l-~ 1 "J1C$Pl- 1 oo
..,.,,....,. ' 1\~t.m-"'t ' (1~~.., ' -J-dll\)!') ' .... .,.

oo-fi~C

t\m~

f-J-d.'I'C' ' )tD-

2. f"7.~Q. It was natural that he should hit

ao?";J--1> f"7.~Q )mback.
3. f+lloPF.. It is natural for rivers to flood
in the rainy season. flh,lr+ 1 fm'l11 01Joo

""II\"

native (adj.)
I. f.'f-tD-11\St:. The United States is my native

land. l\"'C:IJ f.'f-tD-11\St: l\~t. <;.'f2. fV1C. It is a native custom in America

to go to church on Christmas Eve. Ol\"'?IJ m-

11'1- ' f-J-1\0D~ '

)tD-

Speak in your natural voice. Don't try to sound

so educated! fllfm- fl+flooF.m- 1 ~r6tJ 1
-J-<;~C l f-J-.,~ lim- 1\ao?"llll\ l\'1-'l"hC

Il'!' O~<; 1'11.., 61~ 0.-J- hCII1:f"i

ao'tSt: fii~C 11\.,St: )tD-

4. fl\m-).'f-. The fruit in this picture looks

very natural. lt.ttU 1 JP/JA f 1'\.e f YAm- 1 ~

)OC

5. ( = adverb) 0-J-d.'l'c:'tD-. She is a natural

painter. O-J-d.'I'C'1' "'~II. )':f
*He died a natural death. l\"'rt.C ~~lim

The groom was splendidly dressed in native

attire. .,..11.:-m- omc 11\1111 l\lf11c.r.
3. ( = noun) f.'f-tD-11\St;

his native Harar.

m~

li~C.

He returned to
V1ct- mf..

+m-A~ a

.h~C

-J-aDI\11
4. f-J-d.'I'C'. He has a native ability for
languages. lll'l"i!ll f-J-d.'I'C' III";J- l\1\m-

*Tobacco is native to America. hOOL&11

tVI!r

QIJ' ' )\~~ ' )tD-

native-bo rn

The paucity of native-born engineers harms

our development. fii~C -J-61'1)!' aov"'t'I.":Y.
.,)II l\St:~;J-':f"'t"'t f~h""1'1l\

*He is a native-born Ethiopian.

o+m-A~

h..'l-1'-kf'l! )m l\~c

He never returned to his native country.

61~ '1-m-11\St: 1\?~ O'i'~?" l\11\-J-aDI\11?"

native speech

fl\<;'1- 91'191

The native speech of most Americans is

English. f1l~'l''tl l\"'?IJ'l':Y. fl\<;'1- 91'1
91 ' l\'1"111.11"1 ' )tDnative tongue fl\<;.'f- 91"'191
Amharic is his native tongue. f11.'i"+ *'l*m-
1\.,C"t ' )tD-

Nativity

11\~.'f-

The church celebrates the Nativity of Jesus.

0.-J- hCII1:f"'t fhCII.fll"i 11\~.'f- ;J-h11

Ml':f

natural
t. f+l.~J>C". He has a natural talent for

'i't.

f.ODII'IIl\

natural state +4-IJ'C"

In this zoo, animals can live in their natural

state. 011.11 ft-'1!'1- onmO-tf (l;J- l\
il-'1!'1- ' l\"i~ ' -J-d.'l'<::'fm- ' ll.'l'~' f.':fi\11-

[See also 'resource']

naturalize

fii~C -J-m'l)!'

native country f'l-tD-11\St:

t. ' fl\tiJ-).'f-

frt."').'f- on1J.'f- lim

The new law naturalizes those born abroad

who have one Ethiopian parent. hJL(t- 1 ih"J 1

Om-"l" l\~C f-J-dli\JI.. Q"iSt: m~<;'fm-

h...'f-1'-WftD-f"i fll'')..'f-"'t frt."').'f- on1].'f-
f.ll"''f1'1l\

naturalize d (adj.)
*He is a naturalized Ethiopian. H."J)o-JJ'l

tD-1" ' h...'f-1'-kf'l! ' fll') ' lim- ' )tDnaturalized citizen flih"J 1 fH...,)-1- 011-fl+
~'f ' lim-

A
=

Naturalized citizens are permitted to vote.

Oih"' frt."').'f- on1J.'f- ~'f..'f- 119'':f

St:!/"6 1\aollm.'f- f.d..,.St:'l'f'l'l l\

be naturalized tL;J

If)

Aliens in the United States can be naturalized

after living there a certain time. fto-"11" 1 h1
C 119'':f Ol\"'&IJ tD-11'1' 11-J-mll) "1.11.
h'l'~ ' fl\"'?IJ ' 11.:> ' 1\oPIJ"'i ' f.'f-'111-

naturally

1. 0-J-d.'l'c:'tD-. He is naturally shy. 0-J-d.'l'c:'

m- ' ~f.) ' l\of.c ' )tD2. l\"i~ -J-d.'I'C'. Speak naturally! Don't try to

828

nature
imitate some actor! ll'll.

.,..L~l!"U

1"'i1C i

J.'M'H~:

_,.'l'<;f. /IOD<;1C 1\-l-'l"hC

3. 7.')1..;1-. Did you answer the letter? Naturally! 11~-IVULID- oo>AII llmll l 7."t1..;J- I
Yes, naturally, we will go. J\')1..;1- I J.')y;-'1/l"t
4. -'1". She offered me some candy. Naturally,
I took it. h<:"'L~ J."tto 1\ll':f-'1 I 7.~9" .,.
.,.flAils. -'1" J."t-'1.11-. Naturally we want you to come.
h.,.,..,. J."t-'1.11- J.').(--}-oo>"J J.').I.A;>/1')
behave naturally

She behaves very naturally. /IOD'I"IIA h+

'l"hCIJ" ' (or, ODII/1" ' /IOD:J-f-}- ' 1\-l-'f'!") '

be naughty Ql\1
She switched her child for being naughty.

1!1)1: 11/IQI\1 1l:.l.':f1D~ h-'1-/llflllf(.,.)

+I was overcome by nausea after having eaten
too much. ofltl- 11/lfl~ll- 1\"l-lllflllf"i

nausea, be overcome by

nauseate
I. 1\'I'ID/IID/1. The fishy smell of the store
nauseated me. fl(l.~ ID-11'1' YIIID- f'\
., he'l--l- h'l'mllm/1'1
2. hllmt\. His behavior nauseates me.
.,. Yllm~'i'A

nauseous, make feel

nature
I. 1"L"l"C". He enjoys the beauties of nature.
fl.,..I.'I'C' ID-fl+ f.~{l:J-A
He is by nature a just man. O+L"l"l!"iD" :,..,

(liD" I )aJ2. '\1-t-l-. I can't tell you anything about the

nature of my job. 1111 1"&-'1- '\1-t-l- '!"')
'I" A t"ICII I\ A ':fl!o.IJ"
3. Q:t.c.e.. It is human nature to be

some and suspicious.

mO~'i

quarrel~

rf'm&-."1~

oPlF

., f(l.,. q,ncy. t.,.

4. mQf... Because of his evil nature, he doesn't
make any friends. flh4- mQI< f.,.t., 'l
~V"':f h.$'1'19"

*She is of gentle nature.

In a state of nature

~;J

~lt":f

(1m-

'i+

O~C

Wild animals live in a state of nature.h&-.1!+

fl.IJ.C

navigation

w:&-11-

[See also 'second']

~ 1\~lllflllf

The motion of the plane made me feel nauseous. 1\ID-C'T~'i- (l.y;.(- Y~lllf P..lf'fp..

nautical fODChfl'1t-lNautical subjects are taught in this college.

flll.ll 1>1\.'f: ID-11'1' fODChfl"it-l- T'l"
IJC-l- ' f.(l"'P..

naval
I. fQ.RC. England was a great naval power.
>."t"ll\11 nq.nc ..,~ 1<;<; tn<:':f
2. fQ.RC ..,Y.I!o.. Naval officers are visiting
us. fQ.RC ..,f-A ' ODho')'l':f' ),'f') (JOD
1-il'f-l- ~" <;:fiD-

navel >.'l"ilc+
The donkey has no navel. 1\IIY >.IJ"ilc+ f
/IID-'1"

navigable /IODChil '1-P f"'tlf'"t

None of the Ethiopian rivers is navigable.

naught 11.1!'
Five minus five equals naught. hh.rll+ 1 taf..

1\'1"11-l- 1\.,.tll 11.1!' f-11'<;1>.

bring to naught h'l.JJ 1 hF-.~1

He brought my plans to naught by his intrigues.

fl.,."th-11- 7."1-1..') h"t.,.
come to naught h'l>i: IF)

&).:f"

l\~l:11D-

All his efforts came to naught. '1'<:.,. 11-11- h

.,.,. lf't

naughty
I. .,."th-11>:' I Q/11.. You're a very naughty
child. fl"''l" .,."tholl'f P..'f: ttl
The naughty girl was the despair of her parents.
Q/11.'1' l!o.'f: m~]!!f!') 1\IIODC&- tflC
2. .,."th-1!1. It was naughty of you to pull the
eat's tail. f.I!"OD;l:"t '1:&--l- .,...,_.,.-l-11
_,."th-A tflC

hl\.Tf"A-Y ' OJ')P:f' ' 1\').1!-'1" /IODChofl

'1-P f"'tlf'') f/1'1"

navigate (vt.) OD&It was difficult to navigate the ship during the
storm . .,~fll!o. fl.,.t., 1.11. ""Chfl-') ,...,.
&-+ 1\ll:f;>t: tflC
navigate (vi.) fl<:<:

Planes need radar to navigate through the thick

fog. '1'~'1'"1- ' Q/IID- ' '1-'1" ' ID-11'1' ' /IODofll:C '
J."t-'l.:f-11- 1\ID-I!'T~'l'':f &--'IC YII.I.A;>lf'I'A.

navigation
I. fl)!P..Q ,..y;.l!". A precipitous flow of
water prevents navigation. fl1"-A r "y. 1 f07.
Lll ID-;) fl)!AQ hODy;.(- M-'IA
2. 1\~"'""i"t fOD/IfT TII"IIC+. They have
to study navigation before they are allowed to

fly. l\tJJol!''l"ll"t 7.'M.. )JI.. h""l.."'JI.. o.c..-r

l\~"'"'i'J fODI\f't- '1-II"UC't- .,'l'o;'t- ' l\/1
q:ftJJo

navy

yqa.c

~f. A

The Ethiopian navy is in Massawa. fh)tt'-k

nearsig hted

829

navy

rqa.c ~f.A f"'1..11'"'" 11"6'1' llf.

)iD"

nearby (adj.)

Ol\~c!-11..1' f"''..~'S

Ask at a nearby villlage! Ol\~c!-IU'U ml-"'1..

~'f"'" ""'Jf.C ~1-U mU
nearby (adv.) Ol\l)qO.iD" l OH.U o l\l)qfl.
There is a park nearby. Ol\ltqO.tJJo fODo;.r..'lf
(l;f- ' l\/1
Is there a restaurant nearby? fltUJ h.lJ.flll
f,._,-R IL-l- l\11 l

near (v.)

-~""'~0. Slow down as you near the curve.

m1. ODmii"H'IfiD" 11'1-,...::-R 11., OA
2. -I'm;>. The ship was nearing land. ""Ch
!1. m1. f-All fl""m;>'t- llf. )O.:::f

I.

near (adj.)

~c-R

The station is quite near. tiJ(lJm- OliJ9'" ~

C-R ' )iD"
near (prep.) 0 - - l\~c!-11..1'

near at hand
Always have a good dictionary near at hand!
11-A'I..II. 'No ODli~O ,..11'1- l\m~-RU f.'l-C
near each other ftm111 l\m11l
They are standing near each other. l\m~-R II
m~-R """'f'A
near here OtLU

h:t-,e..flJ
Is there a hotel near here? OH.U l\~c!-11..1'

r:tcofl

uoop..'fo

...,.,; ' ""'"'"

f~C-tl H

near side liLT

We can see the near side of the moon, but not

the far side. ,.,.,~,...., .C..;t'J 7.'J'l[ )';cq'f'
'J ' .,,,_ ' l\'J:fA9"
lt'l~

As near as I can guess, forty people came.

;>,~ 7.'J1.~9"1'tJJo foom-'1- l\cq lll":f

""'"'"

come near T :1" l.O

We ran for cover when the storm came near.

~f./l':'iD" 11.,9" 11..,..~-R 1\0Dm/IA C'

'l"J
get near .,.m;J
Don't get near the fire! 7.11-J>'J l\-l-m;>

nowhere near

*The work was nowhere near completed.

P'c!-iD" ' ..,~~ ' l\1111

[See also 'draw, far']

come nearer +,l1l 1 hi\ ! +m;J

Come nearer! +,l-R 0&\
If you come nearer, I'll hit you. -R-l-m;>'S 7.

nearest

I. f"''...,.C-R. Is this the nearest way home?

1\IL't- f"''...,.COiD" QD'J~J.': f.U )tJJo l
2. f~C-R. He is my nearest friend. f~C-R 'l

1.':''- ' 7.11- ' )iD"

nearly

I. A+ imperfect + 9"')9" l\A"'~"'" It's nearly

one o'clock. 11q:,. il't't- II..II''J M9"
l\A.,.O::iD"

I nearly suffocated. A;f-l..'J Mil"

They are my near relations. Mil-

as near as

His house is nearer to mine than yours.

lt'J-I'iD" f.A~ fll- IL-l- II~ Y..,.cqA

Od;f-Yilll-

A nun lives near the church. OIL-I' bCll-I:Y

'1- ' l\~c!-11..1' ' l\'J-'1.-l- ' ""HNI..'t- ' f.'fc!-11-

11'-I:A l\/1 l
near relations

(be) nearer

l\A.,.~

'59"
2. fUA. There were nearly forty people at
the wedding. OiiC'I- llf. l\cq lll":f fU
A )0'1-

The rock struck her on her head, and she was

insensible for nearly an hour.

F:1;J~

&-(1..1 1

ll/IOD;f-'1-' l\'JJ.':' {l't't-' YUA' )'i'!\...., ' ll;f- '

)OC

3. A + imperfect + )0~. He nearly lost

his sight in the accident. qf.;>tJJo 'tf.'l- II.
mof.. )flC

[See also 'pretty']

nearsig hted

'1-~ 1\.,f-l- f.,Y.':f-A

Nearsighted people usually wear glasses.

-~-~ ' /\.,,,. ' ,.,,..,...II- ' ll,.:f ' l\-R~':'tJJo'J '
'1..11. Od)K'C YI.C;>IIbe nearsight ed lt'i''J"'iiD" l\f.C~II"

His policy on foreign affairs is nearsighted.

llil ..,...,. Me 1-'lf. YiltJJo l\""c!-C
lt'i''J"'iiD" l\f.C~II"

neat

nectar

830

I. 11\...n. His desk always looks neat. m<:A.qtJ>o

2. t.il.l.'l"l.. There is no necessity to do that

more than once . .f'l'l lt")F: "LH. fll\,.('. =

li-A~H. I

ODF&-'f- hil4.'1"1. ' hf.f..il?"

neat
"}1\..ih

I ~QJo

2. '1'"1-. She always looks neat. Ha>'I-C '1'"1-

.,.,.
3. T1'4tol>. A neat worker also works fast.
'1'1<1<:J> w&--1'>;' 4."11 w&--1'>;' ~,.

4. f..il f"tA. He drew a neat design on the

paper. Om<:.,.., lt.f. f..il f"'LA :J>Cl\"

hil111

"'ii

neatly 0'1'1:J'<t
Her gloves were neatly paired in a drawer.
1'7.)!' ' if.&-1'!)! ' OD{)O.f ' tJ>oil'l' ' 0'1'1:J'.,. '
0'1'1~ 0'1'1~ -l'f..C~<:'I'A
be neatly dressed T7i+t!+l.
He is always neatly dressed. 11-A"I.H. '-1f..-l'
11.,.<:.,.<: ' ~,.

5. :Y..,c, He was driven by necessity to steal

food for his child. IIA)I: 11""111 '-1'1.ilC:J>
:Y..,c t.il1UtJ>o
necessities hil.l.it."l. ~1C':f

Food and water are necessities of life. ,_,11'1

tJ>o;) ' 11).1!' ' hil.l.'l"l. ' )1C':f ' 'i':ftJ>o
be a necessity litLA:JA.

When abroad, a passport is a necessity. tt1C

nebulous
I. f..OD'i'"'l. In September the skies are nebulous.
Oooilh<:?" il"'ll' f..OD'i'"'l f.IT'i'A
2. f..11qq, He had nebulous ideas on the
subject. ilil "1-.111' f..11qq hilT.I'f'l- ~O<:tJ>o
3. "'AX" fAIT~. He has nebulous plans concerning his future. lll\ mUT ').t!"m- ""IA11
.1'A IT) 't'l"'l hiltJ>o

necessaries t.il.l.it."l.

~1C':Y.

'1"1. ' ~1C':f ' 'i':ftJ>o

OIT~ "1.11. ITil"!;;I"A f..tJ>olr

of necessity MY:

He did it of necessity, not because he wanted

to. a>P.. {)f.IT1 f"'Y: iliiiT~O'I- )tJ>o

neck

h11'1-

hf..<:lftJ>o "" ' (l.aJ~ ' h11-f> ' .,..,..,.,

*Big men are not necessarily strong. ""Jff"fi: f

IT~ u-tr m11J&- )tJ>o "'111'1- t.f.!f'A?"

necessary (adj.) t.il4.'1"1. l T.l.it."l.

Can you raise the necessary funds? Ail.l.'l"l.tJ>o
1 (T4.it."l.tJ>o1) 11H11 A'l-il0il11 '1:f'lilll l
It is necessary that we get ready early. .,.f..?"
1111- ' ODH;>)!., ' hil.l.lt."l. ' ~,.

necessitate t.il4.111(tJ>o)
Your proposal necessitates borrowing money .
I

In case of necessity, call the hospital! hil.l.it."l.

He fell down the stairs and broke his neck.

necessarily

.1'.,.<:11htJ>o .h{)11 f11H11

,..,. q~ro'l- "1.11. ff.il'i' m<:.,.'l- .r

il.I.A:>A
in case of necessity hilL"-'1. I fl(J"~ I 'l,.fl,

foP&-tJ>o

Food, shelter, and clothing are necessaries of

life. 11""111 I 0.'1-'i' A11il il.hf.m'l- t.il4.

ltL/A1tiJa

3. f"'L..'il4.A1tJ>o. She did without necessities

to be able to pay for her daughter's piano
lessons. f"'L..'il.I.A:>'I-1 u-tr :fit. 1111 II
AJ!. "l:.l''l" "'lilT"'I&.I' h4.ii:Y.
4. t.il.l.'l"l. fiT~ )1C. We must bow to
necessity. hil4.'1"1. fiT). ~1C':f1 ,..,.OA

11~C

f"'L..'

~tJJo

The bottle has a very narrow neck. fmCOD-fr

h11'1- 0"111" mq11 )tJ>o

[See also 'stiff, wear, yoke']

necklace .h11A 1 .1'11'1- '1.'1' l

~.-.

She is wearing a beautiful necklace. 0"111" f

"'L..'?"C .h11A (.1'11'1- '1.'1' I ~&) h~C

:>ii:Y.

necktie h&-'i'l1 bought a necktie for five dollars. qrn'l- 11

c ' h&-'i'l- ' 1ql]o

necrology f'l"'l- H.'i'

The hard words in the article necessitate the

use of a dictionary. fiK"'dt-f'j:; m-ilT Y&+

The author's necrology appeared in the Sunday

paper. ff..&-(l.tJ>o f'l"'l- H.'i' Ol\dt-~ ;>H.

hq~ ' :J'It.'l- ' OD1110 ' :J''IT ' .l'il.I.A;>:f'I'A

tiJ

necessity (necessities)
I. t.il.I.'I"I.)T. We understand the necessity
of eating. fODDD1111 t.il.l.it."I.)T 'h'i'tJ>o:J'I\1

I""' I

GJIIJ

nectar .roq "'IC

Flowers secrete nectar. t.OI':Y. .roq "'IC
.I'a>"' {to

need

need (v.)
I. hii.C.I\1(.,.). +Man needs air in order to live.
....... ' {IOD'l"C ' hfC ' Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
+Plants need water in order to grow. c')O"f'-T =
11"71'."1 .,.~ Yii.C.&\;>'f'l'&\
2. .1.111. Don't hesitate to call if you need me!
h.C.fl"l1i'S ' (IODj!.(Df;\ ' h;f-OD1;JWe have all we need. f?'"I.C.&\1.,. )1C 0
-rr hll1
3. hliO'I-. Does he need to know? "7m:J> h
fiR+!
*You need not bother. h+'f1C
need (n.)
I. '1''11+. Father was always mindful of the
needs of the family. hq-1; fiLT (IIJ-1 'I'll
1'1- 11-&\'1.11. y.,.:,. )OC
2. Toi.'I'I.)'Jo. There's a great need for wool
in winter. Oht:ll"'l- (1-<;: h'i' Yll .,.
.1.'11.)'1- ' hll ....
3. hii.C.'I'I.)'Jo. He emphasized the need for
careful driving. 0'1'1.4"<1: !Ill OD1J!'I- hil
.1.'11.)'1- h'l'il~ T'i'1t:
4. f:f"IC 1.11.. He was a friend in need. o:Y.
"IC '1.11. f"''.!'.Cil '}!'.!;' )OC
5. h4- .,.1. You are certainly a friend in need.
h1T O""'"H fh4- .,.1 mJ!;Eo )U
*His needs are many. 11ft' )1C 1-:f"'~'PA
at need hlM.I\"1. ' Olf) 't.tL
You can call me at need. hC.LI\"L Olf) "1.
H. &\'1-mt-'S '1-:fl\liU
be in need of Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
He is badly in need of a vacation. fbl.~T "L
H. h4-'1 Yii.C.&\1'1'&\
have a need of Ll\1

He has no need of your charity. :fl!';f-U1 h

f..C.&\"111"
if need be ltii.C.I\1

I will go myself if need be. ltii.C.i11 t-Il.

l'.'!1111there Is no need to 1\fC.LA..,'r
There is no need to worry. ou,;g,):J> hYII.C.&\"111"
[See also 'material, meet, sore']
needful hii.C.I\'1.
No needful service is to be looked on as base.
"71"'"'"'"~~" "")"" hii.C.I\'1. P'&- l\11'.
mt-'1 )1C ouot.mc fliO'I-11"
needle (v.) .,.M(o+)
We needled him about his big ears. ](1!'.,.
&\&\:J> ilfiiT) ' .,.(IK;-10'1-

negative

831

needle someone into 14--f..

We needled her into going with us.

l'.1K:'I-K: ' 14-of.'i''l-

ftil~'1

needle (n.) ouco~,.

A needle serves for stitching clothes. ODC4 It
&\ilil ' OD'f'.,."''.Y Y1il"l'l&\
needless T1!l Y&\IT) 1 f"7f.1q
His needless grumbling annoys people. T1!l
Y&\IT) (f"7f.1q) "7"7.:~ (1.,. YOll""i&\
needless to say ffP lf'i 1 1
Needless to say, he kept his word. IVU
y .+tt-1 hhO.:

needlework 'I'&\ 'I'

She does needlework for a living. "''Afi!
P' t-+ ' '1-1-J!!'.c!-ll:y.

If~

flou

needy :f-"1.:11 I fT'f1t:

The government is building houses for the
needy. OD1"1P''I- ll:f"lt:if':Y. IL+ OouJ"t:,. 'If. ' )tJJo
They dispensed tbe clothing to needy refugees .
IIT'f1~ ii!'.Tif':f &\ilil Ol'.tr
nefarious hll.oJ-4:
The dictator's nefarious deeds shocked the
world. fhll"q1H hll.oJ-4: .,..,qc q(lll"

1 hlfo.:
negate
I. 'I';> llil h!'.t:1. Thisnegatesa llourwork.
r.u P"t-l-11 o-rr 'I';> !lil YI'.C1'1'&\
2. h.C.t:ll. The facts negate what he says.
fiT).,. )1C l\{1- f"''.il"'"1 Y.C.Cll&\

negation
1. hll-;1-. Shaking the head is a sign of negation. t-111 ou):J>):J> fhtr;J- 11"&\h'l- ).,.
2. T.4"&-t. Darkness is the negation of light.
'1!'11"7 fiiC?1 T.4"t-t ).,.
3. f"''.Yii-J-qil&\. The statement he made
today is a negation of his former beliefs.
q.:, fT'i'1t:.,. f.,. Y:'r" l'.II"H1 f"''.
YiiTqofl&\ ).,.
negative (n.)
I. htr;J-. 'I won't' is a negative. l'.ll"!l "711

+ htr;J- ) ....

2. ~;>-J:.fl. Only the negatives of the films have

been developed. f;J-mO.,. f-1.&\oo- ~;>-!:
.flii!J')tJJ o
*I asked him if he wanted to go, and he replied
in the negative. fiODK;- f..C.&\"1 l'.1!'.1T1
ilmf..,..,. hlilK:II" hli'S

832

neglect

negative (adj.)
1. rl'll\o~. Minus three is a negative quantity.
hH.t:' n;J-':f l"il.'f- fl'.t\:l' mq,l'. ~..,.
2. 1&.. The teacher criticized the child's
negative attitude. l'.il1'"7&m- fA)I:"t 1&.
l'.ili'tuHI ~+.t.
3.

f~f"''Q.:t".

His answer was negative. ODA{lo

fl\l"'ll.:l' ~nc
He maintained a negative attitude toward
cooperating. nn..:m- ' ,.....,qq:,. ' ll"tq/1. '
fl\l"'ll.:l' ~ nc
4. <l.-1:. The negative charge should not by accident come in contact with the positive.
flot:"ttm- <1.1: hm"t!',m- ;>C R.l:'"t1.'f-
OD1'i"f.'f- ' ft\R.'f-9"
5. '1-.1:-t\.'f-"t ' f"7,.foPt\h.'f- l '1'-1-.'f-"t ' f"7..fOD
Ah+. His criticisms are always negative. fft-
.'f-':f.'f- 11-A'I.H. '1-.l:'t\.'f-"t ('1'-1-.'f-"t) f
"7,J'ODt\h.'f-

~dJ'

The results of the blood test were negative.

fl'.l"' 9"COD&.dJ' m-m..'f- hO'Ii;J- "t~
ih ' ODII')."t ' 1\0Dt\hi'
negative results fi:~aJo h.I\""'"""C

The negative results of his work discouraged

him. fF&. 'NI.m- l'.t\"7"7C 1'11-1- 1\ilofl.t:mmneglect (v.)
I. ':f'l l'.t\. He went to dances and neglected
his studies. Rf'l"t~ ll..'f- {L;,:;,:'I' 'l''i'.,"t
':f'loflll-:l'A
Lately, he neglected his family. h~Cofl '1.11.
a>JI.tl ll.i'{lll,.;"t ':f'l ofi!I,A
2. llH~. Don't neglect to water the plants!
1\;J-hA.,"t m-;) h"7m"'.'f- l'..'f-llll"t
3. il + negative imperfect + +t:. He
neglected to tell me that you were here.
l\II,IJ oo'i'Ctl"t /1.1'.~1t:'1 +t:
neglect (n.)
I. 1!'..1\'li~.'f-. The car has been ruined by
neglect. oo>h,'i''P fi'R'Ill":fm- h1!'.t\'li~

..,. '

,.,.~..,

'

~..,.

2. ':f'l "71\.'f-. His neglect of the truth is

astonishing. l\..,.~.,"t ~1C ':f'l "711., f
"7..1'il1C9" ~..,.
3. 'f'A:l'. The house had gone to ruin from
neglect. R'f'A;J- l"'h"t.l'.'f- II.., L&.t:{l
neclect of duty "tlltl'IA~.'fHe lost his job due to his neglect of duty.
R"tllti'IA~_, F~"t 1'."1

neighbor
(be) neglectful of ':f'l l'.t\
He was neglectful of his health and fell seriously ill. m. "t~.,"t ' ':f'l ' 11'111 ' R"'l"' ' :J'ODOD
negligence 'f'A1''1~.'fShe was dismissed from the job on account
of negligence. hF&.m- fi'ID11'.':fm- R'f'A
1''1~:1: ~RC
negligent 'f'Ai''i'
He is negligent in his work.

s;: '

OP"~tJJo

=fA+

~..,.

negligible l\9"oflq9"
The harvest this year is negligible. Rll.tl "too
.'f- MIA l\9"11q9" ~..,.
(be) negotiable
Their quarrel did not prove to be negotiable.
'l''l'f'm- '11"71/1. f"7.1qm- ll''i' l'.A1'1"f9"
negotiate
1. T).71~. We are negotiating with our
employers about our wage claims. ill\ f.'f"q':f
"t hl'.,&l"JI'':f"t ;>C Roo~;>1C '1,1'. ~"t
They are negotiating the sale of our house.
II.;J-':f"t ' illl"7.li''I'R.'f- ' 'P;> ' ROD~;J1C ' "

....

'.,.,....,.

2. 1'11"7"7. They finally negotiated a peace

treaty. nou,;u,..:lf f(l'\9" m-A 11"7.1:'t:1
1'11"7negotiation
I. fil9"9"~.'f- "t.,.,C, Negotiations were broken off after a week. l)"t .1:' 49""t.'f- R:\'1
fil9"9"~., "t11C i'ltt:m
2. .1:-C.I:'C. If the strike continues, the government will have to take a hand in the negotiations. F&. "79" h+mll OD"t1F.'f-
R.I:'C.I'X- ' dJ'il'l' ' 1''1-l-,1'. ' OUIJ'"t ' ,l'.'l'C
R;J-A

Negro'I'.,.C
The majority of Africans are Negroes. fh'il&>i
ih1111 ofllf'dJ' 'l'"'C ~..,.
There are many Negroes in this city. Rll.tl h
.,.., ' dJ'il'l' ' 1111' ' 'l'.,.t:'':f ' 1'.11neigh l'.'li>i>i
I heard the horse neighing at night. "7;J- L
c(~ 0 {lflil)l) I {1"711neighbor (v.) Ma~
My property neighbors his. ou.:.-1:
.:..'f- .I"Pil'i'A

f~"t

""

neighb or
neighb or (n.) 1-<':11.-l-

He and I are neighbors. 7.~<; 1\il- 1-<':11.1'

":f. )"!
nelzhbor (adj.) 1-<':11.-lSudan is a neighbor nation of Ethiopia.
ll-.11"1 fh..-'1-f-kY 1-<':11.-l- MC <;:,.

neighb orhood

1. 1-<':11.-l-. The whole neighbor hood was there.

1-<':11.1: 0-11- MJ..I' )OC
2. ,...,,.C. Many artists and merchants live
in our neighbor hood. OD')Y.&o'f.,. (1)-{llf' 11
It" ' P''tl\.l"":f-<; );JJ'.I"":f- ' S'-'1'6-113. ii.U:. Is Churchill Road a good neighborhood? f'I'C":f-A 1-.11<; 'I'~ M-C )CD- l
4. t.l)qo_. He wants to live in the neighbor hood of London. 011-"!P.."I t.ltqo_ {lliD'I'

S'-1-llt.:>A
5. t.l)qo_ liD"! ~:C. The potter makes pots for
the entire neighborhood. lfhll P'&CD- lt.h

l)qo_..,_ ""'~s:c o-11- flfhll 7.? y.

P'6-A
6. O:,.cofl)-'1-. The neighbor hood of the airport
is a serious problem for us. fhaJ-(!"TI\.'l "''l..k
y :,.cofl)-'1- 11'1 +A:,. :f-Ie )<Din the neighbor hood of '11....,

This house costs in the neighbor hood of

$30,000. y.u n.:,. "''~" ltu oflc 1S'."''

Yt"'A

[See also 'gossip, immediate')

neighb oring

1. f"'L4''1'A. A fire broke out in the neighboring village. O"'L+'I'it.CD- liD"!S'.C CD-/1'1' 7.
11-l- .f-)"1
2. 1-<':11.-l-. The neighboring country gave
asylum to the rebel. 1-<':11.-l- h1C lt.OODfl
';'a>- '1'1'h+ ilm":fnelghbor lng country 1-<':11.-lThe neighboring countries of Sudan and
Kenya are plagued by locusts. 1-<':11.1'-il'":f-"1
h."!y<; ll-.11"1 Ot."IO"' -1-<D<':'I'A

neighbo rly, very - ODAit,. 1-<':11.-l-

The people here are very neighborly. MLIJ

.R111!- ODAI),. 1-t:M":f - <;'feD-

neither (adj.) bll-111: h"l"l-,.

Neither answer is correct. bo-A-It l\1.11-9'"

ODA/1 ' Ah ' hJ'.S'.It.,.

neither (conj.) - ,.. - ,..

He doesn't sing, neither does he dance. hJ'.H'i'
'~"'"' hJ'.S'."Ii l,.,.

nerve

833
*If you don't go, neither shall I.

ltA~S'.'h

A~.(-,.

(be) neither here nor there hJtCll.ll+ I ~

)CD- I hlLIJ "Jq f"''J'.qA )1C )CD-

What you are saying about the accident is

neither here nor there. ltA lJ.;JtD- fr' ;t<D6-CD- ht.Cl.il-'1- IIJ1> )CDThe fact that her family has no money is
neither here nor there. 11.-f-{l(l!f! 1"1Hofl f
11.1\'I'CD- liDU'<;'fa>- hlLIJ .,q ' f"'' y.qA '
~1C

~(Do

neither nor

1. - ,.. ll') + (negative verb). Neither he nor

I will be there. 7.{1-,. ll') 7.~ h"l"""'' "
I have neither time nor money. 1.H.,.. If'~
1"1011 flt.'1,.
2. - ,.. - ,.. + (verb). I could neither cry nor
laugh. "''A+il, . t1D"':,0'1" h:J>-1-'1
I am neither for nor against il S'..:>l.,. -1-:J>'I'
..,_,. hJ'.S'.It.ll-,.
neither of
1. h"IS'.'

+ (suffix pronouns + negative

verb). I like neither of them. t.VI'I'a>-"1,..
hA<DS'.',.
2. h"l"l-,. + (negative verb). Neither of them
will he satisfactory. h"l"l-,. h'l':>ll hJ'.S'.

II,.

negative verb
in neither case hrN\1: Q"JJJ-9'"
In neither case can I agree. hv-lt.-1: q")Jl-,.

Ail"''"'' hAl-A, .

nephew ftD"IS'.',. A)': 1 fl.'r-'1- A)':

The nephew is considered as a brother.

f<D1S'.',. (fl.'r-'1-) A)': 1\"IS'. tD"IS'.',.
Y.<llm6-A

nerve

1. fS'.?"P' C.Hecut the nerve in his arm, and

now he cannot move it. fh"l"l- fS'.,. P'

c illt.-1--ll<':m 7.)1:"1 .,):J-)0:,. t.Y.":f-

A,.

2. )':"'1-l-. My foot is numb; I must have hurt

the nerve. 7."1&. S'."I11!1.A I )':"'1-1: .... )h.f-
Y.ll'<;A
get on one's nerves h.Oli:Q;~. I hlt&"Uo)of'
The constant noise is getting on my nerves.
f"''Y!IIC'I' "'i"'i;f- YOIIa\.'1A (.I'll..,"!
+';'A)
It takes nerve S'.''i'<':-l-"1 Y.mY.:J>A
It takes nerve to pilot an airplane. h<D-~11"1
OD"!-'1-l- S'.''i'<:-l-1 Y.mY.:J>A

..

lose one's nerve oott.IIJmC 1 1-IJ.i-(m-)

The soldier lost his nerve and fled. m;t-S'.~ oo
<t;"'mC Tll.'l''l- 1f1f

nervous
I. fTS'..,1m. His calm confidence steadied
the nervous passengers. fl.;J Ari'-t: 1 f
TJ'..,1lll'T't ' OO't1J'.'I':f ' """"'ftiJo
2. fll"''1- ih'l'lt'l-. The nervous system is
very complex. fll"''1- ih'l'lt'l- h"'t.C 0"1
'/" <!<J::J> ~,.

(be, 1et} nervous

I. oo"t<~.h- .,...,~.,.. She takes tranquilizers
because she is so nervous. OO'lL!).. fitiJ9'"
111\"''...,~:J> "711:1"111' ooY.-;>t'l- '1-tiJo"'o\:f
2. T0lt .... The last few days I've been very
nervous. qM'I- '1'<1:'1- .,..,.,_ T0lt"J.>'Ii ~

oc
3. TCOS'.OS'.. I get nervous when you watch
me working. 7.~ ll"'<l- 'l-Ite .01\U II
'f-oollh-14 l.COS'.OJII\u4. ( = make nervous) hll"-t.. She is nervous
about staying alone at night. 11.11.'1- .O!I''I''t
"7J'.. hii<I.C;I:;I"A

make nervous h.,....~m~m

Anticipation of the battle made the soldiers
nervous. IPCH't .,..mqo:J> m;t-S'.t:'Ji't h

I need a mosquito net to put over my bed.

hA;>IIo't f'l".:>CS'.-0'1- fmq '1-'t'S oPhit.
h.l' h'IOC 1.4-A;>I\u-

net (adj.)
I. fT"'<l-. My weekly salary is fifty dollars net.
Olt'l"'t'l- f"71'ft1Jo fT"'<l- S'.'l"li '1'1"
IJ. I oflC I )oaJo
2. (= adv.) .fl!l'tiJo't. The net weight of this
truck is four thousand pounds. ooh.'i"m- 11
!f't1Jo't ht.'f- If. ?'tiJo'tS'.- f.OD11.,A

nethermost foo..,<!lf
No light reaches the nethermost depths of the

ocean. .ocn

hl~Jo:J>1'l'll foo..,<!lf 'I'A

.,.,. hf.S'.Cil'l"

neuter "IIJ-11 1-:1"

The Latin noun has a neuter. flt.1:'t 11'1" "I
IJ-11 1-:1" hl\tiJo
I. 11\A.,..,., Sweden was neutral during the
First World War. Ooo~""61t1Jo f'tl\'1" II'

ooo..,~:J>

He paced the room nervously. h'i!it'

m-l'l-r

Ooo..,~:J> tDJU' tDJI,U hi\

nest (v.) 'II( "'<lBirds nest in trees. mt:::f 'I ]('l''ftiJo't f"'L"'
~'I- Oq'i' ' lt.f. ~,.

'11(

There were four tiny eggs in the nest. fimfi! 1 1:Jt

, . ' tiJoil'l' ht-'1- 'l-'t't11 1.'t411t.ll-:f ~0~

nestle Too!f':f.P. .,..,.

The baby nestled in his mother's arms. ;,yo;.
1..,-1> h'tS'.- lt.f. Too!f':f.P. .,..,.

net (netted), v.
1. hmODS'.. The fisherman nets fish. 't"f h'1'"7

'It ' 't"f 1m'I"JIA

2. fT"'<l- 11L hll1'f(ll'l-). How much does
this business net you a year? ~u f1"1.f: 1 P'
t. q.,..:,. M 1UA fT"'<lo 11l 1111
'SA7A l

I. OD<!.fl. The nets were full of fish. OD<!(l'Ji 0

't"f .,..,.A.,.,. ~oc
2. I\' 'I-. He was caught in a net of lies. ft1Jo1f'l-
1\''1- , ODIJ'l- , ;t-m.,.o'lmosqulto net rmq '1-'t'S oohlt.h1 h'IOC

neutral

.,...~m~"''f,.

[See also 'jar, wreck']

nest (n.) ftD'i'

3. hll1'f(ll'l-). The sale netted me a good

profit. 111... 'I'~ '1-C'i' hll1'fA'S

net (n.)

[See also 'jar']

nervously

never

834

nervous

C~'l- II'E~'t 11\AT... ~O<!:f

2. S'..OH11 111. Gray is a neutral color. "lt."'i

S'..OH11 11\ .,.o\'1" ~,.

neutrality 11\A.,..,.~:,.
The big powers do not often observe the
neutrality of small countries. '111t.'t OO't"ll"
:1"'1- }'o.j)q.,.,., 1.1i f'l-.,11 ....,.,
1":1"'1-'t 11\AT... ~T h.l'h.fl~'l"

neutralize
1. fi!t'.. lll'l l'tF..l.1. His carelessness neutralized his efforts. m't:1':1' ho\""IT'i- '1'4!-1>
't 'I'll. ILII l'oS'.<!1fJJo

2. 'I':> hlt"'. Our artillery neutralized their

cavalry. f.,. oo~<~.'l':f f~h-'t 4-<!ll'l':f
'I':> hlttp.'ftiJo

never

(negative verb). She never eats fish.

I. ,~.,...,.
't"f ,~.,...,. h'l-011'1"
h1tiJo:J>'/". Never in
(gerundive)
2. "-"'I"

my life have I seen such a fire. R.lt'-"'"" l."t

~II.U Yll l?.fl'l- :l'mll- Lrt" h''liMfDo:jo!l"
3. h-1' + (negative verb). We never travel
without a spare tire. """'ft.Y 1"7 fl"t Mf
h.f- ' OD"J1.1:" ' h"J~.I:-!1"
4. gerundive + hJ'fDo:jo!l". I never went to
Ethiopia. m~ h.'l-f"kY ~;( MH!I"
5. M '1.11.11" + (negative verb). A carrier of
bad news is never welcome. oPif'S: mt.1 f
"'LJ'OD"' M 1.11.11" R~ll;t- #fl'-~'1-
hY,"i!l"
*On his trip in the desert, he met with misfortune and never returned. RRG7fDo {l.'i11
fl:>m"""'" ""'I'll: 6.1:-fll. !l"h"tY'l- l."t~

mnr'

.,.G

never again
I. 11-111-'1 +(negative verb). I'll never go there
again. u-111-'i' l.lf.Y hfii.J'.CII!I"
2. 'i"l""'i' L~'l" +(gerundive) + hYfDo:jo!l".
She never again came to visit me. JI..,OD;o;' A.."fm,..,."i Lrt" OO'J';t- h;t-fDo:jo!l"
[See also 'loss, mind']

nevertheless

fll'~

11''1'
Nevertheless, I still can't believe it. flf) ll''f
hu-"t!l" llll'"t ~1<1-"t ~M hfll"'ffll!l"

new
I. h-'1.11. I bought new clothes for my brother.
1\m"t.<:-"'1. h-'1.11 A-till 1'111-11'1-

In the new year, we hope to get out of debt.

fl-'l.il- ~oo'l- hM u. il""ll'"t 1-ll<f.
l.'i'~C:>ll"t

2. h-'1.11 ~1C. What's new? M h-'1.11 ~

1C hll l (M '-mil-A !)
That's all new to me. '-U u-tr II~ h-'1.11
~1C ~..,.
3. l."t"l-'1. I am new to this town. llh1-"7fDo 1.
"t"l-'1 ~"i
The idea is new to me. dtiJfto tUr. J\1..,~
~

New Testament

835

nevertheless

....

1. hll.ll ODRI., All newcomers m1,1st register

here. h-'1.11 ......._,..,_ u-tr hii.U """"11
1-tl hllfJ'f'fDo
2. ~..- foPiiJ (lar-. He recapitulated the argument briefly for the benefit of the newcomers.
1'i' il""at-T ll9'l- {l.fll. f1-~G1fDo"t h
ChC 1l"t~1'i' fJ"l/'<1- 11\K

newfangled HR'i''-

l HOD'i''l!
The old man railed against newfangled ideas.
'il"7"111.fDo ' {lfDo ' HR'i''- ' (HOO'i''f!) ' hll-1{)(lfJ"'f"t"t h1D1H

newly h-'1.11

1 1'i' h-'1.11
The newly bought harness broke. h-'1.11 f11'1fDo fLGII 1.:1' 1-R"'mll

A newly married couple rented the next room.

1'i' h-'1.11 f-1-:>R- flfll.'i' "'l.ll'l- f"'l..,.'l'
1\fDo"t h'i'fil. 1-hil-\1.

newlyweds n:jocn- f-1-:>R- flfll.'i' "'l.ll-l'"'f

The newlyweds are giving a party. n:joctJ- f
1-:>R-'1- flfll.'i' "'l.ll-l'"'f "1-tl"lf" Y~C:>fr

news
1. Ill<!.. The news came entirely unexpectedly.
aJ<I.fDo L~'l" o'l'-:l"ll-tl ~Gll
2. '1-A:jo H.'i'. His discovery made news. fL
1\llLliJo h-'1.11 ~1C '1-A:jo H.'i' h'l-C~fll.
*That is news to me. 1'i ODi'l..,1: ~cobe in the news fl(td.CDo 1 ~OJ~A

His efforts to invent a plane are in the news

lately. hfDol!'T~"t 1\0DLfll.ll<;: f"'LJ'~C1fDo
'l'G'l- Rll.LfDo '-"'il-fll.
latest news h-'l,l'l OJ/. I +tt-l'l 1 OJ/.
Tell me the latest news! h-'1.11 ('1-11-11) m.:.
"t1G"i
[See also 'break']

newscast

m.:.

We listen to the newscast at five. ROP'il- h

"tY: ll~'l- Ill<!. l.'i''l!l""'ll"t

newsman :>H.m'i'

new arrival 7t.1..,JI

He is a new arrival here. Show him around!

1.'1"1'1 111111'~ M<l-"t hflffDo
be new from h .. - - hJlll ODIIJ
My servant is new from the country.
fi~1C ' h-'1.11 ' fOD"' ~fDo
[See also 'high, moon']

newcomer

h'ilh<~o

newborn baby hil-11 fll.)\'

She held a newborn baby in her arms. hil-11
fll.)\' ;t-:jo<f. ~RC

They shut all newsmen out of the meeting.

:>H.m'l'"'f"t u-tr hii-RllfJfDo 7."t'1'-1R- h
ilh!l.'l'fDo

newspaper :>11."1
This newspaper appears twice a week.

~u

11."1 RflM'l- 11-111: '-"'"'"'

New Testament h-'1.11 IVI"t

The deacon studies the New Testament.

.ll.Y.f). h-'1.11 IVI"t Ym'i'fil.

836

next
next (adj.)

next door (adv.) D"''.+'I'IICJ>o n.+ CJ>oll'l' l

1. +.:>;'. "Who is next?" the nurse asked the

patients. +.:>;' n..,. 1 -11'1 )C!l. ih""
11"+'l''lh mf+:Y.
2. f"''.+'I'A. Next time do it right. R"''.+'l'll
..,. '1.11. D+hhA 1"&-..,.
The next bus will arrive in ten minutes. f"''. +'I'll
..,. 11.....,_11-11 QP'C 1'.4!:1' CJ>oll'l' f.I'.CitA

3. fDY.ODtiJ. We are coming next month.

D"''.ODIIJCJ>o tDC 1\"tODIIJI\"t

By this time next week, we shall be in France.

D"''.ODIIJCJ>o ta9""t+ f.U"t '1.11. l.t!:"tlaf.
II~C

)"t
4. ( ~ adv.) +'I'll-. Take the next turn to the
right! +'I'll- mr. +~ f"''.;f-mi.CJ>o"t ""
"t~.f: J'1l
next (adv.)
1. hii.U R:\'1 +'I'll-. What will you do next?
hii.U D:\'1 +'I'll- 1/""t ;1-I'.C;JI\U l
2. +'I'll-. My name comes next on the list.
D11C"II~ CJ>oll'l' II"'L +'I'll- f.""IIJA
3. 11-11+.,.. When next we meet, smile! u-11+>;'
ll"t~~~ 1.~~ DA
next day D.,~ll.,.
He spent the day at the market, and the next
day he got sick. 1D.I' I CJ>oj\o I D.,~~~... I ;f-OD(ID

to
1. h +'I'll-. Hewasnexttomeinline.DI\A

next

4- 'If. h). I +'I'll- )DC

Which town is next to London insize?Ooom1'
hl\""tf."t I +'J'I\" 0 fi\CJ>o 0 h+"1 I f ... I )CJ>o!
2. f +h;J-f.. He is next to me in rank. D.,
tl~ f), +h;J-f. )CJ>o
3. '1-"t. Sit down next to me! '1-l< ++""'I'
4. h llm~ofl. They live next to the church.
n.;J-'I'CJ>o hU.+ hCM:.I"l' llm~ofl )CJ>o
next to nothlnl' Mr"
No wonder she's so thin; she eats next to
nothing. ~'1');1; ll.l'lll'."t~9" I 9""t9" II+R'I
1 f.,.~m- 1 A.l\m- 1

the next best thing7t.,."1JLU

~I

)"JC

There are no tickets left for the circus. The

next best thing is the zoo. tJJI'. 1\Chll- l."t-'1
"t~Q -tiL+ IIA!IIA I 1\"t~JI.U f+t!:"t
1\ACJ>o )~C .1'&-'+ oomDof!.I'CJ>o ~
'I"C I),..

[See also 'door, last, morning, time']

next-door (adj.)

f~Cofl

We are next-door neighbors. f~Cofl '1-<!:0.

)"t

+.

nicety

1."'1.+'1'1\CJ>o n.+
The tailor lives next door. Aoflll 1\d.CJ>o D.,.
+'I'IICJ>o n.+ CJ>oll'l' f.'f &-A
Please go next door! 1l"''.+'I'IICJ>o n.+ 't.f:
f~Cofl noo.f:
As soon as he died, they notified the next of kin .
1\"tl'.'l"+ 1\~Cofl H""JI. )~~

next of kin

nibble lr&-<!:1.
The mouse nibbled the bread. llf.l!l. -'lllCJ>o"t
lf&-t:I.:Y.CJ>o

nice
1. - Let's go for a walk! It's a nice day
today. 'lic'lic 1\"t't.f: 1 q<~. 'I'~ +"t )CJ>o
That wasn't a nice remark. llll+.l'f+
IIA)Dt!:9"
2. F-"1. It wasn't very nice of you to refuse
that old lady a seat. 1\t.l'"t QA-1:+ T)P'
+U llll.,ll+oo'l'tJ 1'."1 11'11'.<!:~1111"
They are nice to strangers. 111\"t~P.:Y. 1'.-'l:Y.

~"'"'"

3. <!:4!~. Artists must make nice distinctions

between various colors. "''ill.l":Y. D+ll.,+
ODI)hA <!:4!~ I AI!-)+ I .,.f:t!:~ I IIM'I'CJ>o

nice and ...

1. r.w. It's nice and warm by the fire.
1./a... -'IC I'.'W f.'I":I'A

2. Dl'."tofl. Be sure the beer is nice and cold!

(U.CJ>o Dl'."tofl '"'""'" ODIT\o-"t llt!:;J~'I'

nicely Dl'."tofl
The bench will fit nicely in that recess. 11~-'1
"''.CJ>o tD"tDC RIU' ~~-'1 .,11~11.,1' ..,.
11'1' O.ll'"t Dl'."tofl f.~'I'.,A
do nicely, that will "' .e"fi.., 1 ,...;...
Would you like a sandwich? That will do
nicely. lt"t.f:'l!:f +I.A;JI\U l f.'li., quite nicely ~ 1\.t:C"'
You did that quite nicely. ll.f:C~U "'

c+'li"A

nicety (niceties)
1. .:+~ .I'IICJ>o. He knows English well, but not
the niceties of grammar. l."t"/11.11>;' 1'.'1~ II
.f:C"') .I'CJ>o:I'A ~"t t:+~ .I'IICJ>o"t fl\ .. 11
..,. ' 'I'D-II ' II.I'CJ>o~9"
2. f"''.OD'Jl )~C':f. The niceties of life cannot
be obtained in the desert. 111'-C' f"''.""'li )~C'
:f"t 1/".f:t!: D-'1 CJ>oll'l' .,~'f+ llf.li'A9"

niche

niche [IIAI' AI' l.:J' t1Df.CU, l."tJI..I'

,II"IA 0"1.1:"'1"1 11>"11'1' f"t,'f .,.1."'\
"' ll'il&-]
~ lf<:.r.
She hit a cup and made a nick on the edge of it.
1\l:......, ,<?:t- hi- "" If<:.r.":ftJJo
In the nick of time Ot'illl l."t-'li.CII
They summoned a doctor in the nick of time.
.bh....., Ot'illl l."t-'I.I.CII m~'l-

nick, make a

nickname f:r>K'A 119"

Edward's nickname is Shorty. fh.I."'PCI." f
:r>x-A 119" ~~-~~ )II>"
A~ 1 fro"t.<:-9" A~
My niece is going to be married tomorrow.
fl.-.-1: (ftD"tl.""'/.) A~ ), A'I-JIC )tJJo

niece rJ.-.'1-

niggard -t."t!l:'i"
His father is a niggard and will not buy shoes
for him. hQoJ: -t."t!l:'i" 111111') "'i"7 l."t\>.
hf.,qll'l-9"

niggardly
I. <k"t!l:'i". His father is a niggardly sort, and
won't buy him shoes. hQ'I-\LID" -t."t!l:'i" IL
m. 111111') "'i"7 hY.,qll'l-9"
2. MII-J-'0'. This niggardly gift of a pair of
socks does not repay me for the work I have
done. fl."IC 11'&-11- htii-J-'0' llfl':t" 111111'
) ' f"'&-v-'1-"t F&- hf.OD'J''t9"

nigh, draw

~ 1-:J'<:O
The time draws nigh. "I.H.tJJo 1-:J'<:O

night 1\.11.'1He traveled day and night for a week. lt9""t'l- 1

oo-11- I .,.., .. o 1\./1.'1- I -J-0\H
nights 1\.11.'1- 1 1\.11.'1He works during the day and writes at night.
.,.., I .,.., I J.f"'<l- I 1\./1.'1- I 1\.11.'1- I J'.l\'<1-A
night and day '11"7!1:<:'1'
He worked night and day until the job was
done. F&-11>" 1 7.11ltll.,. 1 1."<:11 '11"'1!1:<:
T

nightmare

837

tP&-

(the) night before QII<I.ID" 1\.11.'1The night before, my father came by train
from Addis Ababa. Qll<l.tJJo 1\.11.'1- 1 hQ-1: 0
QR-C I hhJI.III hOQ I ODIJlo
good night! ,...,.,. 7.1-C (2nd masc. sg.)
last night '1-lo"t'l-'i" "7:1"
We had unexpected company last night.
'1-lo't'l-'i" I "7:J- ,A:J-(10 I J.'t"IJI OD"Jofl"t

late last night q,!, 1 1\.11.'1Late last night I heard a noise. q,!, 1\.11.'1- 1
1."9"6 I (1"7fJo
put up for the night q,!, hill.<:
Can you put us up for the night? q,!, 1 A:t"
ltl."<:"t '1-":floi\U ?
stay (two, etc.) nights.,.., 1 hi.<:
He stayed at my house three nights. hiL-l: II'
11'1- .,.., hi.<:
take In for the night hill.<:
She took him in for the night since there was
no place else for him to go. ,..y;!f MAtO<:tJJo 1
hltl.<:":ftJJo
tomorrow night t1 "7:1"
They are going to the movies tomorrow night.
) , o "7:J" I tDf. I 1\l:."'' I f.y;JI/1[See also 'before, dead, retire, settle, spend,
take in, young']
~ 1\0D"li
Children must come home at nightfall.
1\0D"li I A"/('f I hiL'I- I ODh-J-'1- I hiiQ'ffDo

nightfall, at

nightgown fl\.11.'1- A1111

Her nightgown is made of black silk. fl\.11.'1- 1
A11!l. I h'I'"'C I .bC I '"'""'&- )II>"

nightlong, adj. ( ~ adv.) 1\.11.-lo"t ...liThe nightlong rain caused a lot of damage.
i\.1\.-J:~ I IID"fto I fU)oODQJo I 1f'ig&- I oflft' I .,.
Jl'l- I hf.<:(l
all nightlong A.A.'it1' ,..lr
They typed all nightlong to finish the report.
&?"C-Io"t 1\tiDQ;).l:ll 1\.11.-lo"t I -~~- 0""
h.'i" I 1\K'I- I hf.~
adj.(~ adv.) "7:1" 1 "'':t"
His nightly bath takes 20 minutes. "7 :t- 1 "'':t-
,lotJJo") I I\:J"m11 I U, ' l.of::J' I J'..r.lfA
nightly (adv.) 1\.11.'1- 1 1\.11.'1He wakes up nightly. 1\.11.'1- 1\.11.'1- f.Q"t'i"A

nightly,

nightmare :r>11"'1The child woke up screaming because he had

a nightmare. A')l: I O:r>11"'1- '"'"~ 1-)"1
be a nightmare R"'9" 1 hlll."t:>'? )0<:
The train crash was a nightmare I shall never
forget. fQ~ 1 "1"1''1- 0"19" hlll."t:><? 1
111\tO<: ,.-,.,_11.9" hA<:lt~~>"9"
have a nightmare

*.,.

He always has nightmares. fJoA"I.rt. f.:Mf"A

night school

838

night school "7:1- 'I-9"UC'I- IL'IHe is attending night school. "'';1- 'I-9"UC'I-
IL'I- Y."''&-A

There is a nightstand by the bed. hA:>tJJo h

m1il lloo'l.'l" hll

nightwatchman fl\.11.'1- liR.,.

The nightwatchman keeps an eye on the
house. fl\.11.'1- liR.,. IL-Jo't Y.mil:I'A

nimble
I. .,.A"'-1-. The monkeys are nimble in climbing
trees. ,n"'l"'ll ~'i' RootJJo"''l- .,.A"'S:":f
<;:ftJJo
2. 't4<. The boy had a nimble mind and could
think up excuses for every occasion. Alt. 1'41:
h'-9"!: llii~RC:tJJo ll"'''t ...tJJo'l" ~1C 9"
h't.l'+ Y..t.'l'C ~nc
lim~

nine o'clock V'il."f- flf\o+

I will come at nine o'clock OV'll-l (lq:,. 1l
OD"JII!I-

nineteen OP"&-

lim~

ninety lim<;
ninth

lim~.,.

.i!l:'l'":f't't h:l'mll't

A late frost nipped the first flowers.

H"'Y..f f"'ll tJJoC'P floPtJJo"''l- IIY.

no~+-t

hR!l":f "'""'"'"'"

4. .,.C:mof.. +He nipped his finger in the door.

0D1f1JtJJo I IIJ.f:")

+~tnA.,aJo

The dog nipped off a piece of meat. "'"~~""'"

~OQ,

be nipped ( ~ active) oo;t-

The plants are wilting because they were

nipped by the frost. tJJoC'P (llloo;l-:ftJJo .,.
~

of 4-'1- M(ll'l-)

Have a nip of this whiskey! hH.U tJJo(l h. 4+ OAII'I-

I. fll9". Is it Monday today? No, it isn't.

~.:. (I~ ~"'" l fll9" hY-~119"
2. h~1..1tr. Answer 'yes' or 'no'! )o(l)o
hY-~119"

m1.or

iliiU ODA{I

3. (verb in the negative). He has no money.

1'tllil flltJJo9"

The desert is no place for a weak person to be.

9"Y:C: RJI ~lt"'' (ltJJo hY.ll"''"'''l"
*No talking! oo~;>1C hAhA ~"'"
no one

!. "7't9" + (negative verb). No one came to

see me when I was sick. ;f-9"'"7. i\1\o- "'71

9" hAmf.,.~9"
2. OJ1r it + negative verb
It is an axiom that no one lives forever. "71'9"
(ltJJo llllllll9" '-'t~"''Y.'l"C ,_.,..'t ~"'"

J\1.(- + suffix pronouns +negative

verb
No one of you can lift it. h'tJI":fo-'1" A:J'

no one of

. h'l-:fll-'1"

+ negative verb
No other man can do my work. P'&-'1-'t "'''t
'I" 11."'&- hY.":fA9"

[See also 'later, mo~, sooner, time, whatsoever']

nobility
!. oul>,'t't'l-. The nobility accompanied the
Emperor to church. 't1-"' ~11"-lo 11.1' hell
ll.'t.<~. oo~>.-t-t-~o o)';!l.'f'"'"
2. '1-A:r>~+. We did not agree with his method,
but we admired thenobilityofhisaim. flHY..CD-

-tn

noble (n.) ool>,'t't'IOnly a noble may receive the title of Ras.

f&-M+ "''i>C"' f"'1..1'1~ ODI\'t't'l- i1

i1' ~"'"
noble (adj.)
!. ll:>ll. He is very noble when it comes to

hll-'ll mtJJoA1'1'A

nip (n.), have a

"""'"'"') hmO":ftJJo

no

Q'tll"7"79" f'lll"''tJJo't '1-A'I>~'I- h~~:r>'t

nip off ~og,

P';>tJJo't

nipple of baby bottle m-tn

She washed the nipples of the baby bottles.

~-+

!. ~hll h.J'.C:1. The puppy nipped me, and it

hurt. flo":f-11'1' ~hll llii~C:1":f~ )<,oooo~
2. h:l'mll. The cold nipped our ears. ilCJI.

.,.OQ..

""i'i'

The nipples of the breast of a woman who

gives birth must be kept clean. fmtt ffioT

no other man "71'r

nip (nipped), v.

3.

nipple

""l'i' R'tK-.ft<; oomn:r> hiiR'I-

nightstand ll""'l.'l"

nine

noble

giving money. fi"l1'Hofl 1 A.:Jll 1 )CD2. r,;u.1'. He is a man of noble character.

ra~.q- I mil,. I YACD- I (tm- I ~

3. fll+. His noble thoughts manifest themselves in his actions. fll+ h!l-t-<'u'lll- OF
f-;1-m:N:.

~,.

[See also 'countenance, presence']

nobleman (noblemen) oo\>,"1"1'1The nobleman has an obligation to support

the church. OD\>,"1"1-1> 0.1' bCM:.I'"I"I foo
...,'!> "IS!.;I- hi\0'1I. "7"19" + (negative verb). Nobody saw him.
.,.,,. hllffDo9"
2. "7"19" (lfJJo +(negative verb). Nobody may
leave this room. ...,.,,.. {lm- bH.U hfi:A r
h"IJI.IIIIIJ I hf.I..4'J':i\'l-9"
3. h"IJ':9" + (negative verb). We saw nobody
we knew. h"IJ':9" f9"<;,..,.,. (lfDo hllf

.,,.

nobody else Aoil "719"'

{tm-+ negative verb

Nobody else offered to help me. /1.11 "7"19"

h<C\~.II't!l"

nocturnal
I. f/1.11..'1-. The owl i a nocturnal bird. "J-"l-'1-
f/1.1\.,'l- I iD'i> 0 <;'12. ( ~ adv.) 11.11..'1- 11JI'. Stars are a nocturnal
sight. ltbtt:f 11.11..'1- 11JI' f"''.;l-1' httll-:f
<;lffDo

nod (nodded), v.
I. h"l'l-lll. He began to nod over his book.
ODl\"do4-"l 11..,1')11 ,1'"1'1-11~ )OC
2. ~(1-"1 )4')4' I '1-11"0!1 +<; h,._~,. She

absently nodded in response to the question.

.J.t\11 I fDo!l'J' I TfD-dJ I ftl\:f I 1\'J'f
OD.c\!1 I ~!)."j I )4')4':f
Nodding your head is equivalent to saying yes.
~11"1 '1-9"0!1 +<; "7J':~"' M( f"711'1-
!ll<C\ )fDo
3. -t-mqmn. Trees nod in the wind. q,;:'Jl 0
)<f.(l- f.mqmq/1*He nodded to me as he passed. II..,I'<C\'1' ~(1-"1
)~"1-' Mll";l- (lm't
0/1.11
4:fDo

nod (n.)

~(1-"1

oo)~)~

He signified his consent with a nod. ~(1-"1 0

00)~)~

00!1"7"7-1>"1 11\l\

give a nod

*He gave us a nod as he passed. (tJ/At;:

.....,

noise

I. "'i""i;l-. The noise in the street distracted

me from reading. OD"I1'1. 111- fi\fDo ""&""&
;1- "7"1011 bilbil't
2. fDol);l-<; '"'&""&;I-. His ears were attuned
to the noise of the big cily. ]!.r:,. f'I-A41"1
b-1'"7 fDoi);J-<; ""&"";1- 119"P.;I-A
3. J':9"6. I heard a faint noise in the dark .
""11"7"" fDoil'l' J':9"6 ooflf. (1"7,.
make noise T"Jftl-J.

nobody

(lfDo

nominal

839

nobleman

Ooo)~)~

Mll";l- (lm"l

greet with a nod

He greeted us with a nod.

h~

)"#"!

Children, don't make so much noise! A]!.:f I f.

11"1 fll<C\ h'l-"1""&...

noiseless S':9"6 f/1.1\fDo

She owns a noiseless typewriter. Y:'JD6 fA.A
fDo

fl\".fti..'J-

OOb.<; ' hll'l-

noisy

I. "'i"'i;l- f"''.Oqo+. That's a noisy office.

"" ""i"":1" f"''.oqo'J- llr: ),.
2. "'i""i;l- f"''.fOq. The owner will not lease
the apartment to noisy tenants. Qi\0.-1> h:r
C1'"7fDo"l "'i""l;l- 1\"''.,I'OH- (ll":f h,l'b~f.9"

3. ~.'li.. The noisy boy did not let me finish

my letter. "il.'li."" <C\~ ,._11.110.\lo"l h"l

.II<C\..,Cll h,._~1't
be noisy
I. 1-"l"'i""l. The children were noisy when the
guests were trying to talk. h "I"'P.'Il II..""im-1>
<C\]!.'Il f."l"""" )0C
2. ""1i'~- hOq. The patrons of this bar
are asked not to be noisy. fiLII o-<; 0.'1-
,._"IO'l':f ""1i'l- h"I.II!OH- 1'm,..,.1'A
3. :'1:'1:1" Oq(O'I-). The party is too noisy;
let's slip away! :ret,. 0"111" :>:>:1" 011
-f-0;1-.c\ I lf.Ab 1111"1 h"lfDo"l

nomad Hll"l

Nomads take their cattle on a search for grass.

Hll'l''ll .,,..71 'i>i\;'J b11-f-JI'lffDo"l f.H
,. ' f.H1'1D~II~ tribe Hll"l
Nomadic tribes live in eastern Ethiopia.
Hll'l':f 011"1"~~ t..'J-f"kf f.'l'~ll-

nomadic,

nomenclatu re oo&.h

:1'11'1Every scientist must learn the nomenclature

of his field. .,.,,...,,.,. fftf."lll II..~
f""'!fD-"1 oo&do :1'11'1- "7'1'<;'1- hi\0'1-

nominal

I. 0"111" '1-"1'11. There is a nominal entrance fee.

fOO"/IlffDo o 1';'J I 0"19" I 'l-"1'11 I )fDo

nominate

840

2. ( ~ adv.) RM" 11!1' i 1111..... The queen is

the nominal ruler of the country. .,.,,...,.,

non-stop
2. 1\'t.(- + (suffix pronouns). None of them
has yet come back. l\11ltu-"t 1 1\'t'l'fm-,- 1 l\

u16.,., f"''..111'1- nM 11!1' )m-

{lt..,.ODI\{1-

Though the king was the nominal ruler, his

son governed the country. .,...,..,.... 1 All_.. 1 .,
"IC ILtl''t!l" l\16.,-, f"7.J'II1'1.(-<:m- /lt.

none of your business

That's none of your business. ft"}+"} ftY'lQtJ?'"
none other than &-flo
The one who called you is none other than the
director. fm~IJ 1 -'1."-h.,.~ 1 t-ll'fm- 'i"'fmnone too good 4..~'1" 1 ~..;.. + negative verb
The play was none too good. t.l'~ 1 I.~

71:

)flC

nominate
1. l\"oP. The President nominates his ministers.
'1""-ll)l't., ' "'1..~11'1-C',;., ' 1-1'"'1/lt.
2. l\4'<:fl. When do the parties nominate
their candidates? ;rctl",; l\..,l"!J''ftJJo')
f"'L..'4'CII-'I- ou'li )tD- l

The salary he pays is none too high. f"''..h'i'll

be nominated n.,.D'I'I6)'1- ' 4'.::n

tJJo

He was nominated for the office of President,

but not elected. 11'1""-IL'I't'l-)., n.,.m'l'l6)

none too soon Ab 1 0(1't1z

We arrived none too soon since they were
just beginning to eat. 'J'i' oP1}A 1 oP'1..oP&-:f
tJJo I 111\)flO:: ' flt.h I fl{l't., 0 J'.0::11')
[See also 'worse']

'1- 4'CP ' )flC l "l't ' 1\/lt..,.ODO::m!l"

nomination ou;J-OQ.'IThe senate accepted the nomination of Mr.

Parker as ambassador. fih..., 1 oPaJ(IOj=m- 1 rh
C 11.'1- f"'1..11.,_C ;rCbC't II!I"Q/IJ'.CH
oP;J-OQ.'I- ' #fill

*We will now hear the nomination for club

secretary. llhflll- 1\dul.)'l- "'''t l\'tS'.;J..._

l\!Jo')

l\'){1"7/1')

nonchalant "11..1111
He is nonchalant about his debts. Mllfl'l'I

"/1..1\11

)tJJo

.,.

'J'~

}\{lt.)fl0::!1"

none too high 1111" 1\f.S'.II,.

J'.'l"1f

1111"

1\f.J'.I\,.

nonentity (nonentities)
My neighbor is a nonentity.
q ' f"''f.Q/lt. ' ....... ' )tJJo

1-t:.O.-t~ 1

hH.tJ

1 ..,

nonetheless 'I~ 1 . , . ,
Though he cannot leave the house, he is busy
nonetheless. bll.., 1 1\Y.mnr,- 1 'I~ .,., 1 I"
t- I fl11+R;J-/lt.

nonexistent fi\.A
He worries over nonexistent dangers. 01\.A

nondescript 1-11 1 )m- 1 f"''f.Q/lt.

A small, nondescript dog came into our room.
}\').(" I

b'i'll'f-')

f.IJ 0 )tJJo
I 1Q

none

f"'if.Q{lt.

'1-')11

tJJolf

II_Qi I l../lt.1. I )flC l "/')

'til" ' 1\/lt.)fl<:,.

biJ..,

tD-11'1'

,..

.,.J'.);J10::

nonsense
1.

f..,.&~ll 1

l\').11.1)

None of the money is left. h'J"}Hfl-

9""}9"

J'/1

)'JC. Don't talk such nonsense!

f"'if.O::Q I )1C I l\oT'i"1C

Don't spend your money for such nonsense!

1'tH111J't

1\/lt..,.O::I..!I"
2. l\'t-'1-,..

f.OQ.):J'(lt.

(be) nonplussed .,.S'-):>10::

The speaker was nonplussed by the sudden
interruption. fl.(-'t1'1- M!l/.::m-'1- 1 .,.'i":>6
tJJo

(negative verb). I needed some

string, but there was none in the house.
I. 11"'111"

l\S'.;J

IIILIJ 11"71-0::Q ' )1C

l\;f-'1'4-

(negative verb). None of my

friends could help me. b~S'.'I''Ii 1 l\'t-'1-,.. 1 11.

2. l\Cl}"} 1 fA7i. His conversation verges on

nonsense. ta.IIP;t-m- },CQ"} fA7i s ll..IIA 1

0::'1~

,...,,.. I

l\/lt.!J'I\!1"

none but the best ~ 1 ~m-"} 1 )'JC

They choose none but the best. v--A."'..H. 1
'NotD-')

)1C

11!J'

11"'1-11"

f~ I

ofl;..:

f.ODC"' flo

none of
1. fD)-9'". None of this money is mine.
H11

l\1-S'.II,.

~tJ

1 .,.,.

}<,f.4'0::tJJo,.

3. ouqbc l ""ll1i' /lt. l 'P:> IL11. This is perfect

nonsense . .1' 'i'~,. 1 ouqbc 1 (oul!'l!'A l 'P
:> IL11) )tDnonstop 4''1';1He flew nonstop from New York to Paris.
b~tJJof"Cb

l\11b

;T611

4''J';f-

fl0::0::

nose

841

nook
nook [Oh'i'A. m-11'1' 1-hA.II- f"7.1'{

~~

noon li!J.II ot't

Toward noon, the fog lifted. m!l. li!J.II ot't
11.., "1.":>1- 1LL
at noon
I. 0-t'l-c l ot'I-C 'I.e.. She is seldom home
at noon. 0-t'I-C l\IL;I: f9"'1-1"fm- ~A.G:
~A.G: ' ~,.

The manager let the clerks off at noon.

~&

....&,. , +'1-c 'I.e. lldtLl"'l?t ~o't'i'O-J-

2. fl{l'JoT. He comes home at noon for lunch.

01\'t'l- ' l\(L., ' 1\9"1) o f.DD"'A.

nor

I. -9" + (negative verb). I have not gone

there, nor will I ever go. l\li.J' ~:( ~'lm-'1>9"

m!l.L'I-9" ' O.ll''t ' ~A.~!l."

(negative verb). He cannot do it,
2. -9" -9"
nor can I. l\11-9" l\~9" A.'t,.,&om- ~'t"'fA.9"

nor- nor

Nor silver nor gold can buy it.

office at 10 o'clock. 1111- 1.11. Q&--1- ll't

'1- ' II.C'dJo ' ;f-1"f'I'I\IJ

11-J->;' ' (l;f-]

-ocr If~ m

c'l> 11.1~,. ~.e."'fA.r

[See also 'neither']

norm
I. DDm~'l' 41'1'C. The norm for daily production
is about 10 cars. 0-t't 1-,.,C-J-m- f"'Lm..,.'l-
DDh.<;l""'f ""m~'l'm- 41'1'C OP'C ~,.
2. f-1-1\DD!l.. Two cars per family is the norm
in many American cities. flofl,.. f}'tOJ.~lt1
h~l""'f ' fD-11'1' 0 11-1\'1- 0 DDh.<; o 4\'t!l." o
IL-1-1111 f-J-1\0D!l. ~,.

normal (n.) DDm't

During the rain, the river rose five feet above
normal. 011<;11- 1.11. m'tH- hODm)o ~9"11
'1- ""i"'l ~A..:: .,.,..,. ~oc

normal (adj.)
I. f-J-1\0D!l.. The normal temperature of the
human body is 98.6 Farenheit. f-J-1\0D!l.m-
film- ' ~~~" ' -+'1- ' 98.6 4-~"t?.e.'l- ' ~,.
It is normal to make a mistake sometimes.
~'tJI't!l." 0 'I.JI. 0 DD{)l)')- 0 f-f-1\0D!l. 0 ~fDo
2. ll'th't f/1.1\m-. He is a normal child. ll'th
, ' f/1.1\fD- ' A.~ ' ~ ....
3. u-~;f-tJJo f-J-1\DD!l.. Some people are normal;
insane people are not. ~'tJI't!l." 1\l"";f u-~;f-'1'
.... ' f-f-1\DD!l. ' ~ .... I l\111'-"'f ' .,, ' ~.e.!l.ll-9"

normally
I. 1111- 1.11.. You will normally find him at the

2. ~11~>;'11Jo't '1.11.. Normally, I take a walk

in the morning. ~11q'I'11Jo't 1.11. IJ).T 111.'1-
Ol\'1"' ll'tlf&-lf&-1111behave normally o-:t.;J-m- ""l'i

If~

He has behaved normally since he finished his

treatment. .Oh9"<;11Jo't hQ;J.~(l mJI.IJ u-~;1"'"'!l.'W li'S:A
not act normally h.\1.:\.,.
1\9"

r ~,,_ JJ.~m- h.~~

He is not acting normally; you think he is ill?

~\>,:\). ' ll't!l. ' Jl.l!'m- ' h.e.!l.l\9" I f;f-DDDD '

.e.-IIA?A.l

north ll"1't
Asmara is to the north of Addts Ababa.
~""""&- h~JI.II ~oq Oll-1-ll"'l.'t ~"'"

northeast
I. f(l"'l.<;' 9"P'&-:,0. The northeast wind rarely
blows. f(l"'l.<;' 9"1"&-:,0 ~4-11 ~AG:
~AG: .e.~'i'llA
2. hll"'l.<;' 9"1"&-:,0 f"'L~'i'll. The northeast
wind brings rain. hll"'l.<;' 9"P'&-:,0 f"''. ~"'
""'" ~4-11 11<;9" Y"""'A.

northern ll"1<;'
The northern part of the island was flooded.
f!l.ll.-1: (l"'l.<;'f! h'i'A. ' 07-C'i' 1-'1'11-tll-t

North Pole fll"1't 'I'A.;fThe North Pole was reached by man in 1907.
fll"1't 'I'A.:f" f-1-!l.~llO'I- !Sf:iil 't. 9". ~,.

northwest
I. f(l"1<;' 9"6&-0. The northwest wind rarely
blows. f(l"'l.<;' 9"6&-11 ~4-11 ~A.G:
~AG: M'i'llA
2. hll"1<;' !l"ol&-11 f"'L~'i'll. The northwest
wind brings rain. hll1<;' 9"6&-11 f"''.~'i'll
"'" ' ~4-11 ' 11<;9" ' YOD"'I\

nose (vt.) ML~L

The dog nosed the grass in search of a trail.
tJJo"/fm- ' DD't1J': ' 'I'll:> ' ..,~, ' ML~L
nose (vi.) ~IlL

The little boat nosed carefully between the

rocks. -1-'tj( ~AQ 0!1/'l''l''Ji ool)hA 0
'l''t .+41 ~IIL"'f

nose (n.)
I. ~'i''t""i. Greek statues have straight noses.
f"l&h .hm-A-f"'f +'I' Yfl ~'i''t""i ~4\'l'tJJo

nosebleed

2. f"711-l-:,. ":f-~:1". Most dogs have a good

nose. h11~'i'l"=J; tJJoif";f f"711-l-:,. ":f~:J-'1'
ID'- I h'f: I Ylt I ')o(l)o
blow the nose TIIJLm
I have to blow my nose. oo<;d..T hl\11'1

count noses flp:l'l- 4r.mt:

Each time the troop left an exhibit the leader

counted noses. 'IJI. bh."IH.0.11). R<D"'

""<I"'"

4:TC
fll"=J;"J ,..,..,.c ~nc
following (one's) nose Oil1:t- ofl~
It had been many years since my last visit,
but I found the house by following my nose.
b%~11- ~"J':'I" -r.u IT'l''1 ~nc 1 ~1c .,.,
011"'1.:,. 11ll' IL-l>"> 11"7"17:,. li'Abhave a nose for
*He has a nose for news. m~ h.YooAmt-VO
(m.:. f:,. 7."llc:"'l.1'1 ftD-:I'A)
lead by the nose

*He let his wife lead him by the nose. "'1.111>

7."}-'!lf:,. 1."l~:J-Ic:C'ltD-' ":f~ 'h~:,.

look down (one's) nose at

m.:. f"'l.<D~

He is so nosy that he always knows what's

going 00. ID~ I {lflD7.,lD.(11-11- t.fouAmtD-'1"

I f07.lf~8Jo I ~1C I

not, expressed by the negative verb

Did you do that? Not I. h"l-1- HI f.U"l flc:
~"11itJJo

l 7.~ ' hf.lc:l\11-'1"

He warned me not to be late. 1."l'!AH1f. hll

mH.,.'1
not at all
!. d..~'l" i "1!'&-11! 7.">-'U'tD-'I". Are you tired?
Not at all. lc:b'I"?A l d..~'l" I ("1!'&-11 l 7.">-'1.
ftD-'1")

2.

d..~'l"

+(negative verb). I'm not at all sure.

L~'l" 7.C"Im'i' hf.lc:l\11-9"

3. 9"'1'1" hf.lc:A. Thank you very much! Not

at all. R"''l" t.oull"l<;l\11- ! 'l""l'l" hf.!l.A

not even ll"J\1.1' + negative verb
Not even a dog would eat that. tJJolf 7."}1>."}
not only but also

He always looks down his nose at foreigners.

~"'"

-o;.:

r ilf.IY"} - - - ,.

He was not only a good student but also an

outstanding athlete. 1-011 -1-"7& 11ll' 'If.
IT"> 11~'i' il?"c-1-'1'1" ~nc

tu,.n up (one's) nose +mfL ! li+

He turned up his nose at the food he was
given. f.,.~nll:,."l '1""111 -1-mfd..
She turned up her nose at the suggestion.
f.,.~RtD-"l m/111 <;.,.";f..,.

The theft took place right under the policeman's nose. liC-'42 f+Lg,oPQJo = h?"IL.ft.
I

FC

~(Do

nostalgia
*His nostalgia causes him to constantly talk
of the good old days. f'l'"l-1> :,.11 1.11\tD-
11-11- 1.11. f.<;1ti-A

(ltD-

notable (adj.) f"'l.:J"<DII

The restoration of independence was a notable
event. fU.~:,. ooool\11 f"'l.:J"<DII IJII:,.
f"'l.fll~ ""

.,.,,....,. ' '"'"'"'" ' h'P'Pf.]

notation(s)
I. "711:1-<Dlf. The notations that he made on
a bit of paper were illegible. n:,."l11 ..,~.,.
:,. ~f. fl\LtD- "711;1-mlf hf.~R11'1"
6j:1". Someone who is not a musician cannot
understand musical notations. oo-ff.+~ YIA

2.

IT~ (ltD- f..,.H.:l'"l 'l';J-l"":f II.~'! hf.":f

nostalgic
She was nostalgic for her youth.

:r~:r-

Many notables came to the President's reception. 1\T&.H.'!"l-1> "111.,. 11,. :1-~~:r- lll"

notary [tD-~":f"l<; MP.":f"l

~ Hl~(tD-)

He had a nosebleed from working too hard.

liP'&- 11~:,. f-1-~.., ~11c-:,. ~n~

Mil+-:,. .,..,.-,.

notable (n.)

~nc

[See also poke, running']

nosebleed, have a

[See also 'any, anybody, anything, bit, yet']

loroPIJlo

under one's nose h-- -'\.f..'} FC

fA)':~:,.

"1.

11.'1' :,.11;1- hAI\_,.:l'.-,.9"

nostril

nosy

hf.R~tD-'1"

IIJ+

ftD-"1!' t.1c lll"":f"> um:,.c 7."llc:<;.,.

'\f..7

notch

842

h'i'"l~

A'l"

notch, make a

~ 1\'I"Ab.-,. fUA 4t.~m

The doctor inserted a tube in his right nostril.

He made a notch in the sheep's ear with a

knife. fR'I"l ;t;:C" 1\'I"Ab:,. ' fUA 00.~

mb..... n.,.'1 h'i'">~"'" -t>ll b-1--1-n:,.

'I''

4t.~m

take note Ail .hl'.t':1 ! Ail hi\ I All.,.'!' II

note (v.)
I. .,.1tHO. He noted that her hands were
_,.,tHO
dirty. 1?..(1-
2. .hll.,.'l'll. Note the difference between the
two! Ov-11-to ODl!hA .1'110Jo1- Al't'l- .hll.,.
tiJ<A
3. .,.onllh.,.. The groom noted that the horses
and mules were fed properly. qAJ>.&-{1- .u.
l'>'ll<; 0~11-l"'ll OP'C'H onon1q'ftiJ<'t
.,._II h.,.
4. "711;1-a>lf hJ'.t':1. I have noted it on my
calendar. 0<1'1- ' oormt..f'tiJ< ' ,.,. ' "711;1a>lf .hY:C'I..f'llv-

,.._,lf7i

note down ODH1R

The policeman noted down every word I said.

?"11.{1- f.,.<;1Ch-'l-1- :J'A v-tr ouH10

note (n.)
I. "711;1-a>lf. See the note below! h"IC'I. .1'11
tJJo1- 0 "7ll;f-1Dlf ' .,.ODAh'l2 . .h"i"CJ'.-11-'IIL.Hesent me a note of thanks.
h"i"C fl"'ll.:><; J'.-IMIL ll.hA'S

3.

m~++.

He cajoled me into signing the note.

J'.AII- IDt':<l'-lo't ' hiiLt':OD'S

4.

tr~.

nothing

843

note

A skilled musician reads notes without

any difficulty. "!'OO'f oo-rL<I''f .1'11.1-.ll:f

:f"lc -;;1- 11..:.11 Y.:fii.A
5. ilC. I have only five-dollar notes. I'll'S q11
hl"'ll'l- ilc ill!' ttiJ<
6. Y:l"'b. There was a note of doubt in her
voice. ll'l-<;1C f"I'C"'O:. Y:l"'b t0&-'1-

There was a note of humor in his films.

OoP&.tiJ< LA'/" tiJ<II"I' Mll.,.'f f<I'AY:
II'"L'l- to.:o-r
compare notes Dllll;f"'mii" h.il+lf

They compared notes about their experiences

in Ethiopia. Oh.'l-1'-A-.1' M.:>m"7'1'tiJ< t1C
.f'll.'l'tiJ<'t ' "711;1-a>lf ' .hll.,..1'1'
keep notes on RDifil;f"lDif

IH

The student kept notes on the lecture. +DY6m-

'1-'I"IIC-Io't 0"711;1-a>lf .f'H
make a note of 0"7/I;J-m')(' ,fH

Make a note of the time he left! f~J'.O'l-1- 1.

" ' 0"711;1-IDlf ' .1'1J
man of note r:f"m+ = {laJo
A man of note came to our town yesterday .
.......,. .... o h'tJ': ' f;f-ID<I' ' l'ltiJ< ' IDJ'. ' <1'01\.
Y:f"t ' OD"J
take no note hr1'9" h.Aofl.ml.m-fD
He took no note of what was going on. ~1.l.'1
ftOt;tiJ<'t v-tr hl""tl"' .hA'I&mt;tiJ<'/"

Have you taken note of the fact .that he is

always late in the morning? tjl.'l- tjl.'l- f"''.H
11- ' ODIJ"').'t ' Ail '.hY:C1YA l (Ail' iliiYA !)
Take note of what he says. f"'1.<;1Ga>-1- hll
.,.IIJ<A
take notes """ii:Nif

m(l~

The students were told to take notes of the

lecture . .,..,t.9''1l fOD'/"11-1-1- 1-"I"IC "711;1a>lf ' ~1--'l.a>IIJI. ' .,.t1-lworthy of note ~')'i fO{QA

There are few plays worthy of note this season.

qv-'). 1." J>.W f"''.qfr "1'4:'1- -1:.1''1-1!'
:f ' hfr

notebook f"711;J-a>lf J'.il.,.C

I bought a notebook in the stationery shop.
hK".nL'l- """'"~' ooF.ilc f"711;t-mlf
J'.il.,.C 1~v-

noted (adj.) f;f-ID<I'

This town is noted for its pottery. ,.e.u :

h.,."''

Olfhll. ~:J'9':f f;J-ID<I' ' ttiJ<

noteworthy

f"''.~t~

The first flight across the Atlantic was a

noteworthy achievement. .h'l-11.1--l:h't 0"79/
/;"!' ' 1\0D"f..ODt..f' ' 1." ' f.,.J'.t':111J< ' OG&. '
f"''.F.t~ t1c toe

nothing

(negative verb). Can nothing he

I. 1"'1-'1"
done? 1"'1-1"' "7Y:t':"l hY.ll'A'I" l
Nothing came of our plans. ~~.ll:f"t hl"''tl"'
.hAJ'.t':l'l

The house shows nothing of its former

splendor. IL-Io '1"1-'1" fY:I!'tiJ< tiJ<O'l- hY.
:f-Y.O'l-'1"
(negative verb). It was nothing
2. LK"'I"
like that. LK"'I" ~1-J'.ILII .hAtOt':'l"
nothing but
(negative verb).
I. h--- OII.,.<I'C 1"'1-1"'
They got nothing but bread and water. htiJ<~
<; h-'lll OII.,.<I'C 1"'1-1"' hll.11-'l"'

2. 11;1=. For weeks our diet consisted of

nothing but fish. 1\ilH- lt'/"1--1'-:f l"'"lq:f"t
~"' ill!' tRC
nothing doing .hY.IM'I"

How about lending me your pen? Nothing

doing. il~Cll't il;f-tiJ<II'SII l .hY.IM'I"
nothing less than 1t;J=

She was used to nothing less than the best in

844

notice

life. O.:h,l'.a>;t ' f/lODf.TtD- ' '1''1-fl>o"t ~1C

il!l' ~oc
nothing more

*There is nothing more for me to do here.

hh"t"l.ll.U MLU f'l"w&-m- ~1C fll'S'I"
all gone for nothing ODCi

+t:.

"Six months of hard work, all gone for nothing,"

he cried. fll.l:-11-'1- me h'l.l:" P'&- <; 4'<1! I illl- '""'Ji
be nothing 'P;J'r f(l(l)o

Money is nothing when you are without health.

m."t~-'1- h/1./lU 1"tllil 'I':>'I" flltDbe nothing like
I. O'l""t'l" h,I'.ODIIA'I". He is nothing like his

brother. m"t .1:-..,."t O'l""t'l" h,I'.DDIIA'I"

2. 4.~'1" hYUA'I". His new novel is nothing
like his first one. hll.f\o Ail mli~ DDK"m
4- 4.~'1" fOD"J!OD&Ym-"t hYUA'I"
for almost nothing Oill\i'i --- YtJA
I got it for almost nothing. Oill\11 Y,1u-'l-
YUA ~mfor nothing

I. O~X. He works for nothing. 0)11 ,l'.w&-A

2. Oh"t-1>. It turns out I did all that work for
nothing. Y"t"t u-tr fw&-u-'1- flh"t-1> )mhave nothlne on

She has nothing on.

, ' <;-'!-)

11-"':t' <;'!-

(hC.4'S:

have nothing to do with

I. 'l""t'l" "l"t")')-'1- flltD-'1". This had nothing

to do with the matter we were discussing.

.eu ll"tmy,e h~flc~m- 1-'1,1'. :>C ,..,,.
"l"t")'~-'1- ' flltD-'1"
2. 'l""t'l" 1-'1,1'. hA)flt:m-'1". He had nothing
to do with him. hi\- 'l""t'l" 1-'1,1'. hA~fl
t:m-'1"
3. fl'l""t'l" 'l,l'.)-'1- hA1tnOD'J". I advise
you to have nothing to do with that man. htt.f
l'ltD-\1. ;>C h-r- fl'l""t'l" 'l,l'.)-'1- h"t'l-'1-1'1''1"
h""hCU/lumake nothing of

l.h'l""t'l" h,l'.-&'l'.t!tD-'1". He makes nothing of

his children's disobedience. fA}('Ii"t hllOD
:1"1111 ' h'l""t'l" ' h,l'.-&'l'.t!tD-'1"
2. 'l""t'l" hA1'1m-. He could make nothing of
the complicated directions. f-1-l'lmm- f-1-a><'ll'l
fl ""'1"6Y 'l""t'l" hA1'ltDto nothing

*The sound faded to nothing.

mof.

s:v- ~,.,.

notice
to say nothing of

*He had seven children in his car, to say

nothing of two dogs and a rabbit. llll ll-ll-1>
m-'{i"fo<; h"t.l:" 'l'"t'I'A h<;'t"l<; ou!J.o;m-
m-11'1' 1'1'1-l- A~ h<'l'i!a:A
[See also "else, ever, mean, next, think']

notice (v.)
I. hf. I didn't notice the sign before.
h!LU ' fl.l.-'1- ' Y"t"t ' 'I"Ah-'1- h'lfu--'1-'1"
2. hf(ll-'1-). Everybody noticed his tie. l'lm-
u-tr ' h&-li-l>"t ' hfll-'13. Ail hll. She scarcely noticed him. Ail
,. ' h'lll"f-m-'1"
I notice that he left early today. ~"' .,.,_,.
illl- ' OD\tJI., ' Ail ' ii\I.Yilll4. Ail hf..t!1. Did you notice the fear in her
voice? OD'i!ll-;t"t fl.~:-'~"!1. Ail hf.t:"IU 1
5. oro4'(:1"m4'). I noticed it right away. mv
m- om:,Ou--'1His good humor was particularly noticed.
-i"""'l'"f-)-1> fl-1-ll,l'. f:l"m4'1l-l- )m6. h<l<'l" )1C "14.. It would be beneath
my dignity to notice his insults. fl\-"t 11.1:-il
h_,'l" )1C """''i' hilt."t ,1'.4'"t<'IA

notice (n.)
I. "711:1"a>4!Y. Did you read the notice on the
bulletin board? fl"7ll:l"m-tYm- 1'111.'1 II.('.
f"7.17m-"t "711:1"a>4!J' Mflilh 1
2. "711m"t4'4!Y. He was fired without notice.
Yil "711m"t4'4!Y hP'&- -1-m1t.
3. -'1-"f--l-. The new movie received good
notices. h-'1.1\- .I.A'I" '1"1- -l-"f-'1- of-f..t!1
Il-lattract notice ( = pass.) 1-A..,. ~f
In a big city, peculiarity attracts less notice
than in a small town. fh"t"l'l~-'1- m'l,l'. h-'11\A:,O h-!-"7l""fo ,I'.A:,O fl-l-<;"t1i hT"'/l"
T ' tD-11'1' ' '1-A-r- ' ,l'.;l"YA
come to one's notice (t., I OlD.,
It has come to my notice that students are
not handing in their homework. of-"76l""fo f
IL-'1- P'&- hll"711t:h'l'l'm-"t l'l'l"!l'llu-, (om'I:Yilu-)
escape one's notice 11.1\lt+'PAr
I don't know how it escaped my notice.
h"tS'.-'1- h"t'I'III-1-'I'Ah--'1- Mm-:,0'1"
give notice
I. hll;l"m4'. Did you give your landlord
notice that you were moving? IL-I>"t f'l"'l-ll:,O
ODIJ'"tU"t ' ll'lllll.-1> ' hii:I"-7A 1

noticeable

noun

845

2. 1"&-ID-'t l\"t.<'."'l.IIT 1\(l;f-m+. Our maid

gave us notice last week. ~<:'l:f"t Qllol.dJo 11!1"
"t'l- F&-ao-"t l\"t.<'.!l"'l-11:,. t.n;t-m+:f"t
3. 1\(lmt++. The driver sounded his hom
to give notice that he was going to tum the
comer. ODmf'"H'JfiD- 1\.f. f"7.mouH1f ootr
)."t ll.,hm"t+:,O t)(ao- -N-"tQID-'t H
pay no notice
She paid him no notice. .r.'l- 1>.1:\l'lm:fao-,serve notice 1\{I:J'm+

The boss served notice that smoking is not

allowed. 1\IIT\LdJo .,..,n hl:\hl:\ ou
tl')."t ' t.n:J-m+
take no notice of l-1\ 1\il
Take no notice of what he says! Ml f"'l.llao"t ' :f-11 ' Ollaotake notice of Aofl Jru\
Take notice of what I say! f!l"<;~<:ao-"t 1:\
"'' 01:\
until further notice II.~ .,(l;f-ao-t.J' l\hh"'l.
1\'1' ' .1':<:(1
This store will he closed until further notice.
11.~ .,n;t-m-t..r l\hh"'l.I'IT .r:<:n J'.ll
1'1-T J'.H:>I:\
(be) worthy of notice
His last book is worthy of notice. fou..,<:lfao-
oux-.t.4- '1':> 11.1\mao- f"'l.~Q ~..,.
[See also 'moment')

noticeable
1. I:\ I' 'tJ'.t'l-. There was a noticeable odor as
we entered the hospital. rrn-r:;f-11- ' ao-(1'1' ' n
")~q ' 1:\1' ' 'tJ'.t'l- ' 1i;f- ' +l'l.,"t
2. ..,..All. There was a noticeable difference in
his manner when he returned. ht~Joo45P h1C
h+""lll'l 0:\~ OmQI' ~J'. '1-1:\11 llao'1' ' ;f-f
be noticeable
1. +111'.-1'- ;t-ao+. Our kitten is very noticeable
because its fur is yellow. K~ ofl"'i hillY
~ o .,1:\~1:\ o J':OD;f-:f"t ' -1-IIJ'.;f- o 'f-;f-m.?ll:f
2. 0.,1:\1\" ;f-f. The prevalence of new methods
over the old is noticeable. 1\'IJI.n o H.l'.l":f
at.nao- ~.r. '-.l'fll- ...y,.o;'fao- o.,l:\x-
J'.:f-.1'1:\

notify (notified) M;t-m+

You should have notified me in time. O'l..tt.ao-
1:\:f"h:f-.....,.~ y.~qu toe
be notified +t~<:
You will he notified as soon as the director
arrives . .OU.h-H- l\"tAA<:I'I J'.~~C'/1:\

notion

1. .t.llofl. He had the mistaken notion [th~t

he could fly. 1\dJoi!"T~"t M'lllv- f"'l.l:\
f+llll+ .t.llofl ~o.:ao2. t.n+.l'f'l-. He has foggy notions about the
situation. fill u-~;f-ao- .l':ofl1111 .I'll t.n+
.l'f'l- ' 1\lldJo
3. l>.h+lll'lofl. He has a preposterous notion
about politics. fill ?"111:lt .l'llao- t.n+
111\ofl ' f.,J'.<:Q ' tao4. 'I"V''I-. She had a notion to buy a new hat.
1\Jl.(l Qe~"' 11,...,.,:,. '/"V''I- tR&-'15. h"t-1> ' mllofl. That silly girl has too many
notions. .l':f 'I"~ 11\J{U.I': oflll' h"t-1> m
llofl ' )\~,.
notions [oue4. I ""e4. _,1:\'i' I he<; MILII"t
fODIII\11- Mn+'O' lf+"' lf+"':f f"'l.lfm-o
,. '+&-)
have a notion of ~q(ao-) I om+

+Do you have any notion of what he meant?

!l""t 11.,11'1- l\"t.<'.ol.ll~ ~ofl-1'-YI:\ 1
I have no notion ofwhathemeans. M "7A11
l\"t.<'.ll't O'i'l\.!1" t.~ao-:,.!1"

notorious

1. f~OJ4", This metal is notorious for its

resistance to rust. J'.ll ofl<:'l- f.,J'.11., ODII'
). f;f-m+ tao-

2. fmiiJA.'f-. He is a notorious liar, and no

one believes him any more. fOJIIJll.'f- OJoif~fD
hillY~ ' .,"t!l" ' (lao- ' l\J'!I"tao-!1"
3. Me .1'1'111'1'. He is a notorious criminal.
Me .1'1'111'1' m"t~II'O' tao-

make som.eone notorious h4-llf" h.,.~L(ll.'f-)

Laval's perfidy made him notorious. f~lil:\
lf'i''l' ' h4- ' (111" ' l>.-1-<:ol.ll'l-

notwithstandi ng
1. O.ll'"t!l". It is raining, but I shall go notwithstanding. J'.H"tQI:\ l O.ll'"t!l" l\'1.'11111His deformity notwithstanding, he became a
famous scientist. 1\ltll 1-.<'.lr' O.ll'"t!l" f;fm+ IIJ'."t1:M IT~
2. O.'l'e!l" l\"t\\.Hedroveon ,notwithstanding
the storm. 'tmlr' tof.(l O.'l'e!l" l\"t\\ OD't'l
-l>"t +mil

nought, see naught

noun h!l"
Do nouns occur in the a plural? h'l":f foflll'
t.~'fao- 1
[See also 'common noun, proper noun']

"'"'e

846

nourish

nourish
1. oo1R. She nourished him and cared for
him while he has ill. R;f-oooo 1.1 R~111
hfOD1R:f hil;f-oooo:fa>2. h4-4-. Milk nourishes babies. m1-'1- ;,y<;
'1-1 ' .1'4-4-111

now

now
1. hv-1. I have to leave now. hv-1 ooJ':
M11'S
Either do it now or not at all! htJ-1 P ~,.
+tolD-

tDf,.f/"'

NOW

that you mention it, I do remember.

Water and sunlight nourish plants. tD-'>'i re

hv-1 11'1-m.:,O(la>- hil;l-milh-'1-

dl.f. ' -+:r- ' 66'1''1-1 ' .1'4-4-11-

2. Qq.). mol-+. Most science books written

twenty years ago are now antiquated. hV.f 1

nourish the dream h.{lfl

He had long nourished the dream of living
abroad. ~ lt"lC /\outre 1 .,.,.. 1 "l.H. 1

.l'il11

tJ)o I

~Rc

nourish the hope +ll4- h.S'..i.."l

He nourished the hope that he would be

promoted. h.l!-!'1- h1'i'llv- 1111- 1"il4-
h~t:1

This food fills one's stomach, but is not nourish.f.'l"~/11 o

h1}[ o OD;J

nourishment 9""111

He hasn't taken any nourishment in days.

111111- +<;'I- 9"19" 9""111 hAR~!I"
novel (n.) 11111 mi\Y: ""K'dl'i' 1 11111 mi\Y:
;1-&h

Do you know of a good novel? ~ .t\11

1\J':

ODI\'dl'i' (:1-&h) ;1-t-:1'1\U 1

1

h..tlll

th.ll.

11.f.ooMA

The number of novelists is increasing in our

country. f/1111 mi\J': U(L.I'1 41'l'C
RV1&-:f1 M""oot: RooJ': ~.f. ~a>novelty (novelties)
1. h'l.il ~1C. The plane trip was a novelty
for him. RhfDoC'T~1 OD'\11 Ill\- h'l.il
~1c ~Rc
2. mt:'l-. The novelty will soon wear off.
mt:.,. -fll- .1'1114-A

tDC

We missed the last bus, so now we must

spend the night here. foo..,t:lfa>- hiD--filii hoollm1 1 h1"1'1.U Mr.u h1~C
*Now where could it be? f'l- ~C(l .f.ll'1 ?
*Now stop quarreling and listen! mll-1 h41
--: ' hJI!I"mnow and again iliAC:. hAC:
I write to him now and again. hAS: hillt::
hll''i'I\;I-1\IJo
now and then hAt::. il.Ab.

t"7 ' hillS: ' hillt:: ' h1'1111

now now h1JI1.1'.9" ... h1JI1.1'.!1"

They continued to argue, now in shouts,

now in whispers. i't1~11. 1 flODt;-1i I h.

novelist f/1111 mi\J': U(L

November ~Jic
November is a cold month.

We have finished this assignment; what shall

We go to the movies now and then. m1. 1\.

novel (adj.) h'l.il

That's rather a novel idea. .e.u

lj:ftiJ-

3. h1"1'1.U. Now we'll never know what

happened. h1"1'1.U fll'~a>-1 ~1C "7m:,O
h1:flll9"
we do now? .f.U1 P'&- ""Cii<;A l h1"1
'I.U 9"1 h1F<l-?

(be) nourishing oo;>R.~'I- hl\a>ing . .f.U ' 9""111 ' IJ'J': '
n.~:r- fi\ID-9"

-too;f-'1- ' R.C.'I- ' f-l"l\4-l- ' h11~'i',.,; ' f{).f.

1il ool\;,<;:'1- Q!Jo). m:,.;r. 1.1 .1'114-Q'f'

~JIC

11CJI"7

)tD-

novice~"7&

1-'11.1'. Rlf.hlf.h;l- (L"":l'""41 4'1'

now that

*Now that he is rich, he is constantly besieged

by appeals for aid. V11;1-9" iii\IJ'~ hCJI;I-
m.l'4: R~R'Inow then

1. :1-'1..1'. Now then, what do you mean by

that? :1-'1..1' 9"1 "711'1-U ~a>- ?
2. h1.1'. I hilt Rill. Now then, what are you
doing in my garden? h1.1'. l (hilt Rill) t f
h'l-hill'l- 11;1-\lo t-il'l' 9"1 'l-tP&-1\U ?
by now hiiiJv-1
He really ought to be here by now. hiiiJv-1
Mr.u ooJ':t:il ~Rt:R'I-

Novices_ are likely to make some mistakes.

even now hv-'lf"'

~"7&f':Y.' il......,.. ' ODF&-;1-'ft- ' f"7.f.+C'

Even now many people believe in the evil eye.

~a>-

hv-1!1" R!I-JI f"''J!I"). 1111- llf':Y. hll-

nowadays

847

from now on tw."J Y.,IJ"'r:

From now on I'll be more careful. tw"J ]!.'/"

t: 0"1'1" 1omt.,..4'Aujust now hu-"J 1'0 l 1'0 hii-"J

We just now received a report from him.

hii-'J ' 1'0 ' hi\- ' ,.,..... ' DD"'Il"'A ' .O:<:Il"J
I talked to him just now. 1'0 hii-"J M:n
eb-'1[See also 'every, here, right, up, week']

nowadays 0~.1- 1..11. 1 q.,.-, 1..11.

Nowadays, young people do not respect their
elders. 0~.1- 1..11. (q.,.-, 1..11.) m"'.,.";f
;f-1111-l'i'"f....., ' h.l'bofl-1-'1"
nowhere f'l-'1" 1 f'l-'1" P;tThe money was nowhere to be found. 11Hflo
f'l-'1" (f'l-'1" 11;1-) 11.1'S hATif'll'l"
from nowhere hf-1- ootr'). IJ:f.,;t-m:f.
A gang of thieves appeared from nowhere.
bfT 0 ODIJ'"). 0 .V.;J-m:,O ' fji,Q 0 "J': 0 OD"J
[See also 'near']

noxious
1. m.'O f"'L'I-.11. Noxious fumes filled the automobile. m.'O f"'L'I-.11 "'-II ooh.<;..,.-,
'l"lltD2. ODC1f. This plant is noxious. f.,tJ IJII oo
Cll

)tlJo

nozzle f-1>11 """"

He adjusted the nozzle so that the water came
out in a fine spray. m-;)CIJo O+"P). J.."t-'lt:
"1" f-l>(ltD-"J "'A"i' hiiTIJhA..,.
nucleus
1. -l'e!tII. A few faithful friends formed the
nucleus of the club. T-1:'1- f"t.,....,ou"l- ".<:':'
'l"'f fhOII- -I'C!tl:lP'f ll'"l2. oot~. The few books which he gave as a
present became the nucleus of a large library.
.I'O<:b;f-'f.... ' '1'-I:T ' ODQ"i'T ' A'I-A:,O' a.
T ODJ\ih"i''l- oot~ II'").
nude (n.) <1-.,.'1- + suffix pronouns
He swam in the nude <!-.,..,.., .f.'P'S toe
nude (adj.) 1oen + suffix pronouns
They found a nude baby near the church.
hll..,. hell-l:.l'"l- t.m1ofl h"JJ': .nn
7oe.4'"l-"J h1'f.
nudge (v.) 7-tTA
I nudged him to wake him up. 1o"JJU.4' 7-t
TAII-T

number
nudge (n.), give a ~ 7-"JTA h.E:<:1
He gave me a nudge when the girl passed by.
A)I"1<:Jl.:J: 11;1-A"i' 7-'JTA h.0:<:1'S

nudity <1-.,.'1- oo'tJ':

Nudity is common in some hot countries.
Q"J.II'J .1': 'I".4''1- Mt:'f m-IlT &-_,.'1-
OD'/,F: I f..,.ftODF.,. I

~QJo

nuisance
1. "1"1. I have to go through the nuisance of
registering again. 7t.'l~1'i" rouou1f1flo'l IIJilJ
OD4_'1,'/" 0 h/lofl'S
2. m"J:,O. Cars splashing water on a rainy day
are a nuisance to the pedestrians. 011'1?"' 1 +'l 1
ooh.<; f"'Lt:""m- m-;> r\1."1<:"1/''f m"J:,O
tmbe a nuisance hll=fu;
The flies are a real nuisance this summer.
011.11 11.:> '11'1"11- 0"1'1" .l'll:f"i&-A

(be) null '1'.:> fr\tD-'1"

A promise obtained by force is legally null.
0"7111.0:.1': fT1Q ?A Oih"' 4.'1- 'I'.:> f
r\tD-'1"

be null and void 'P;J rAr I 'P;J r llll

tm- l "i'ell<; m-.1'::,0 tm-

This passport is null and void . .1'-11 :rll?'e

'1- '1'.:> fllto-'1"
The contract is null and void. llJo/r 1 'P;J r (l
II ("i'CII'O ..,..!'::,.) tmnullify (nullified)
I. ~ <:. The governor tried to nullify the tax
law. 1'1C"" f.,.<:m-"J ih"' 11.11e 'l"h<:
2. 'I'.:>'I" f Am-. +The costs of the project
were so great that they nullified its benefits.
1o:,OJI. f"'L4.)!m- 1"JHo(J oflH- 11/111') b
<l- ' f"'L1"ftD- ' .,.:,..,. ' '1'.:>'1" ' filmnumb f.O:tllll
He rubbed his numb fingers to make them
warm. f.O:tHH-'1-"J "1-Hl"J r\"7'1":,0 h~~

"'""

be numb F.JHII

My foot is numb; I must have hurt the nerve.

1."1.1- .O:'J'II!I.A l ~"7-1: .-.MIJ hJ'..,.e'l"
My fingers are numb with cold. "1-Hl Oofle
.1': .O:'J'IIII'PA
She was numb with grief. O.hH'J .O:"J'II~ toe
number (vt.) .,.,.e (lm
Let's number them from one to ten! bh"JJ': 1o
lib OP'e ' _,..,.e 1o'JII"''ftD-

number

848
------------------------ ----------------------------nurse

r numbered the people in the group at

twenty. f+flOflO fl 11~'1- vy f
"'/.If') ' f.m'hii'1A
number (vi.)
My books number about eighty. fOD~'i'-1:
"'TC :l.llh

{1"7')Y

f.f.CfiA

be numbered

1. "'TC +11<1.0'1-. The seats aren't numbered.

"""'""'"l.ll''ll "'TC hA+lld.Q:f!l"
2. h - - - h')-'1.. He is numbered among our
friends. h'i~'I'!J'l-') h')-'1. ~,.

*His days are numbered. +'i- ~!l.A

number oneself among h - - - ODI}bA. )DJI number myself among his friends. ~~~ h'i~
'l''ll ' OD'IhA ' ~'S

number (n.)
1. "'TC. Did you write down the number?
"''No') ' ll'i'h l
The word 'we' shows plural number. ll~
f"''..A ' ?A ' f1111- ' .,.TC') ' YODAh;I-A
2. ofiJI'l-. The number of sinners is legion.
f ....m.h+'l'lf 11~'1- "'TC ll'i'C fA....r
3. ll'l-11". Do you have the current number of
this magazine? fii..U oo~.tt.'l- Yll-'1- l\'l!1" hAUl
4. h'i'A. The program consisted of four
musical numbers. TC'"'&.oo- h&-'1- foo-JI..:I'
h'i'll-ll' ' ~0~'1numbers oflrt- r lisP'~
Numbers were turned away. 11ft' r liSOl- r
+ooA{la lar1e number of .... ,..

They entertained a large number of guests

last night. '1-'0')'1-<; "'':t' 1111- l\')"11'-ll'
a number of Och'l- YII-

A number of men have been detached from

my regiment to guard the railroad station.
h~ tnC Och'l- Yll- flll'll' QII-C "'ll.
, , . , Aoomo:,O +wM'I'A
r

Stars beyond number appeared.

f~ll:f ' h'l'h11'1- ' "'"'"

DUmber Of

ncb+

I ~fr

numberless ll'i'C "'TC f~A,.

There are numberless fish in the sea. QthC DJliT ll'i'C "'TC f~A,. 't"' hll
numeral "'TC

The numeral "5" was written on it. Arlt+

.,.TC

+~~O:t'A

numerical f.,.TC
I cannot understand these numerical symbols.
Mlf.U') f.,.TC !I"Ahoflf oo.:JI'l- hAlf-All"
numerical order.f+~ 1 4lTC
He arranged them in numerical order. O+~ 1

.,.'l'C'

....

~~

numerous oflHHis friends are numerous. 'i~'l''ll 1111- <;

.,,.

numismatics [f:t'<l'l'l! 1'JHIIll' T'O'l-]

nun oo~lf-ll-'1A nun lives near the church. 0.+ hCli1:Y'I-
t,:,O.,:.o.y ' h')-'1.'1- ' oP)Itll_'l- ' ,..,&.11nuptial{s) liC"'

Their nuptials were announced in the newspapers. f'lc;>:f O.:>H.tnlf 1\f. +1AI<
~oc

(adj.) fliC"'
Their nuptial day will be in June. ff'lc-1- .,.

nuptial

') 0(1~ liT f.II'<;A

nuptial feast 1\c-7

The nuptial feast was attended by all the family.

o.+ f'lll- o-11- fliC1- +'14-f.

hli+'01-'I-

beyond number 41'1'C il'i:C

quite

Quite a number of people have come. OCh'l-

Yll- flll'll' ""T+'I'A

t'M:fm-

"''l'C ll'i'C

in larp numbers Rofllf:t-

People came to the fair in large numbers.

ih1111- ' 011~'1- ' OJ~ ' 11."111.1171'1- ' """'
large numbers -Rif" (lpt';f
Large numbers were turned away. 1111- llll'
lf ' 1\')-'I.OD{l{l- 0 +~l1

~oc

nurse (v.)
1. hll:l""""" She nursed him back to health.
...c... ' llll~') ' hll:t-........
2. hmQ. Does she nurse the baby herself?
ihf'l-') :t'mQ'I'IIll' l

:r-....

3. -~~'l-h~l1. You must nurse your cold

or it will become worse. 111-')4-')U "".(?).
'1- ' "''~l"'
hii11U I Ylllf.Y ' f.oflli11YA
4. YH(O'l-). He nursed a grudge against his
boss. Oh/1:1',. 1\f. 4:11" f.lfO:t'A

'

nurse (n.)
I. ~Cll I hll:t""'"''... Some hospitals graduate
many nurses every year .1\')JI')~ li'li"C:I"/1ll' OY"""" Oeh'l- Yll- )C(olf Yli""C:l'll-

nursemaid

nutritious

849

He hired a nurse to take care of his invalid

mother. hiJII ll"th-o:\ h'0-1<"} h"tY::J-Il:J-9"
9" h"tY: hll:J-.,"'1. ()Cil) 4'mt:l\'t2. 'I""IIL't-. The children are out in the park
with the nurse. o:\;1!:,; h'I""IIL:J: ,;JC aoo
'04-'lfiD" fl:J- ""'"'"

nursemaid 'I""IIL'tThe nursemaid is taking care of the children.

'I""IIL:I: o:\;l!:,;"t 't-mofl:l'll:f

nursery (nurseries)
I. fih,'O't- .,IIJ'.'IJ. There is a nursery
attached to the school. b't-9"11C't- IL-l> ,;J
C f-1-J.'J.'H fih,'O't- .,IIJ'.'IJ hll
2. r:f-"1'1 ODlf""l fl:J-. I houghtthese plants
at a nursery. MILII"t h't-bo:\.f-:f b:f-"1'1 ou
lf""liD" fl;J- 1ql]o

nursing mother hou""l'tNursing mothers need to eat good food.

l,OD""l.f-:f ' 'No ' 9""Jo(l ' ODofli\T ' h/lq'fiD"

nurture h"J'.1
She nurtured the child as if he had been her
own. ih')."} h"tJ'.&-~ o:\Jf: hY:C;J h"
J'.1:fiD"

nut
I. IICIMI. He likes to put nuts in candy and
cakes. Rbt:"''.l\'0 Roflllh-'t- fDoll'l' IICIMI ou
~-c

~mP.A

2. R-11-"t. This nut does not fit the bolt.

(1-/1-). QODJ.'..,..fDo ' ID"{I'l' ' h.f.1q9"

nutrition J.'"";J1ofl HF..

The care and nutrition of children is an
important matter. fo:\;l!::f hJ.'J.'11'0 J.'OD,;J1
ofl HJ'.. R"'9" hll4.1\1. )ID"

nutritious OD;JR.)'t- J.'/111>"

A nutritious diet is important for health.
ou;JR.)'t- .I'll~" 9""1ofl 11m."t)'t- hll4.
1\1,.

)aJo

oak

object

850

0
oak [flf'i' 'tM-'1-)
oar "":t>u.r..r
He broke the oar while rowing the boat.
~Aqm-"t {1.4'11'1' "":t>H.r.}'m-"t IIRGIIJo
oasis fRG">i ~t-'1There are many palm trees in the oasis.
J.qG"Ji 1t-l- m-11'1' ofllf" urqq hi\
oat(s) h"ff
They put oats in the manger. "IC"II"' m-11'1'

h"/f h/14'........
oath""'"""~

He took an oath to teD the truth. J.m-t-Jo"t II

OD...,C I ODtftl\ I '1Q
be under oath oPthl\ .,q
You are under oath when you testify in court.
'I'C.(- 11.-l- fl"'llhCt-'1- .4'AII"t 11'111'1'
"""""~ 1ofl-1"11 tmtake an oath "''A

He took an oath in court to tell the truth.

J.m-t-Jo"t 7.'i"1&-ti\1Jo oflll- fl'I'C.(- n.-'1-
"711
utter an oath l."lliC"t h"7GG
He uttered an oath when he dropped a rock
on his foot. 7.1-1- <I.e m:>.e {1.01.(:t- l."lliC"t h"7GG
[See also 'aUegiance')
obdurate :>"IC:l'l"'
The obdurate child would not answer. ;>"IC:l'
- A)!' ""All hAII'I' hi\
obedience
I. :l'lf'l"rt-'1-. Obedience is required in school.
R-l-I"'IIC-'1- 11.-l- m-11'1' :l'lf'li"t-'1- }'11/..A:>A
2. "":1'011. The law requires obedience. .lo'l-
"":l'H11"t .&m.&?A
compel obedience -l-7.'111 hi"lhRG
The teacher compelled obedience by the
threat of punishment. ....,.11-1- n:t-"1-l- 0"711
~..&-&--'1- -l-M11 hi"lhRG
obedient :l'lf'l"r
Your child is not very obedient. A)!'ll :!'If
'l"r h.&M,.

The letter was signed, "Your obedient servant".

1.ofiJI(J.dJo :l'lf'l"r
/..C'I"R:l'A

h~A:>.&P'

-l"oflll- .....

obelisk mm-A-'1There are still obelisks in Axum. lf&.l"' hh(l.

I'" m-11'1' .hm-A.P.:f Allobese 01'1'&-1"'
An obese child cannot wear ordinary clothes.
01'1'&-1"' A)!' RAil- }'A-1"114- Aofli"l 11.11
ofli"l h.&:fAI"'
obesity
His gluttony is responsible for his obesity,
hll'Jll"'t-lo f-l"t"' llC"'il"' U't
obey
I ;I'HH. The lazy child doesn't obey his
mother. llt4o A)!' 1\J.'i"-Jo h.&:l'H111"'
2. -H'Rtll. I can't obey that order. .&ll"t -l-7.
lf11 Aof>RA hA:fAI"'
3. hhRG. Obeying the law and paying taxes
are civic duties. tlt'1'l "7hOCII ""1-RC oo
h/..A .lJ11q' "IJl.:I'P'':f 'i"lfm A horse obeys the reins. /..Gil RA'I- .&1
:I'A

obituary (obituaries) li'i" bG'i'-'1I read his obituary in the newspaper. li'i" 6
G'i'-lo"t h:>li"' MRoflhobject (v.) -1".4'01""
Mother objected that the weather was too cold
to play outdoors. hf-1- R"'l"' 4'11.4''1 1111
U't 1.)!' oP"'iOI-'1- h_&1ql"' 11-'1-A 7."7
"7-f".4'01DD';f
object to 1".4'0IOD
I hope you don't object to my smoking.
{l."ff&- , "71Ail."t 7."t1."7-l-.4'011"' -1"114-
h1.C:>I\1Jo

object (n.)
I. 7..4'. Tell me the Amharic names of aU the
objects in this room. Rll.ll h'i'A m-11'1' .r
11--'1-"t J.?P'':f nr u-11- q.,c.,. "t1G'S
2. t1C. He was struck on the head with a
heayy object. &-(1. ' flbq.(- t1C ' -f"OD.P. ' tflC

3. 'tl\"7. What's the object of your trip?

f.,.JIII 'tl\"7 M .l::")tJJo l
4. oJolt!L. The object in this sentence is
expressed by a pronoun. filii 1 Ol.tj:.T ~1
C I +itfl I -taJo"ffi I tar I )d)direct object CM oJoltiL
The direct object in this sentence is expressed
by a noun. fll.ll O<:'i'oJo )~C C.,.b oJolt
1L !Ill" )tJJo
Indirect object h.C.,.ll oJolt!L
This sentence has no indirect object. f.ll o<:
<;:oJo )~C h.C... ll oJolt!L ' flltJJo?"

objection oJo:l'tJJo'l"
He raised no objection when I told him what
I was going to do. M.RC"i<JJo"t O)~Cll-+ '
"LH. M?" oJo:J'tJJo'l" 1\11+<:0?"
have objection +:J>moo

Do you have any objection? f?"-l-:J'fDtiP<JJo

)1C hlllll
raise an objection T :J>moo
At this point, one of the members stood up
and raised an objection. Oll.ll't "1.11. b.t.q
h-'li h'tJI. oJo)P'ofo oJo:J'fDtiP

objectionable

oblige

851

objection

f"7f.~q

The censor removed the objectionable passages

of the book. lt'tll-<1- Ot1Pll'dt4- tJJoll'l' f"'l.
1't'-l-'t f"7f.~ll- ?"'Jq(l:f hfD"'
He uses objectionable language. f"7f.~q h)
.:>1C f.t;'I&-A
[See also 'smell']

objective (n.) 'tl\"7

All our objectives were attained. 'tl\"7l-'t't
rJ-11- 111 .t..<::-cllo;A
objective (adj.)
1. f"'l.-'lllll'i" f"'l.:Jof.. Spirits have no objective existence. ooo;<;:ll-l- f"7f.-'l{l(loo; f"7f.
:Jol'- o;lftJJo
2. .I'AoJo'fq_ The policeman gave an objective
report of the accident. ?"11.11 liiiJ'.<:{ltJJo
"1"1"-l- .I'AoJo'lq OD"III""i h+<:O
be objective

rn

try to be as objective as possible in

considering the conflict between the two
people. OrJ-11.,. lll"l- ootthA .flltJJo't
"1"1"-l- OoJoii'II'S ODffi't h't-'llo?" h.I::"Al"
lti\1-C"I h""'lli)'PIIrJ-

objectively 0"7""'11ft
Now let's look at the problem objectively!
hrJ-'t "1"1!'11_, 0"7""'1H't l\'t""Ah-l-

oblation cq"t
I take the children to church for the oblation.
ihY.,._,.'t II.,.Cq'J IDf. O.oJo hCll-l:.l''t
l\fDMlf'PIIrJ-

obligate hii11-1Accepting money from him obligates you to

do him favors. hl\o ~'tH11 oo+OAII q11
tJJoii;JotJJo h.I::"C-!11 Ol\4-<JJo't l\'t.I::"-1-""A
1111-l- .1'111.<::-Y:YA
be obligated "lfl.:Jo 1q
He is obligated to spend a year teaching in the
provinces. 1\'t.l::" -too+ m'l>llf. "I'l-l- tJJo
ll'l' l\'t'U'lloJo?"C "lfl.;Jo 11l:f:A
be obligated to qlltJJoii;JotJJo )tJJo
I am obligated to you for your help. !111<:-'111 OS
qlltJJoii:Jo\lo )II

obligation "lfl.:Jo
One must fulfill the obligations of citizenship.
"7't?" ......... fH."I) ...'t "lfl.:Jo. OD,U.?". hiiO-lA wife's first obligation is to her husband and
children. "'l.ll-l f"""f..""t..l' "lfl.:Jo'l' 11q
,_.,. IIA}I:!J! )tJJo
be under obligation to QA4t"A;ND

tcu-

I am under obligation to him because of

the many favors he has done me. 11ft' i'1C 1
111\1-<:~A'S qlltJJoii;Jo\lo )tJJo
be under obligation -JF.:J-

ltAOoT

The one who did the damage is under obligation to pay for it . .,..o;.,.'t .1'1-<:lltJJo {ltJJo f
ODboLA "lfl.:Jo hiiO-lfeel an obligation ttAm-A;J-

)dJ<o

I feel an obligation to those who help me.

ll"'l.<:JI.'S qlltJJoii;Jo )'S
meet one's obligation f"7.LA""'OoT,. L~OD I
' ,U.OD

"1-'1~

He can't meet his obligations due to illness.

Om.'t)-l- .,..1::"11-l- ?"h't.l'-l- f"'l..LII"IO+'t
(1-'l)l:'t) II..Lll'?" hf.l-A?"

obligatory "lfl.:Jo
Is attendance at school obligatory in this
country? l\11.11 Me tJJoll'l' -l-?"IIC-1-
o.+ .,...,q+ "lfl.:Jo )tJJo l

oblige
1. hll11-f-. The law obliges parents to send
their children to school. .n.,. fDI\}I:lo A}(
if''f<JJo"t l\'t.IIJlloJ-?"'1- .1'111.1::"-'IA
2. :JoHH. I am always glad to oblige you.
A;JoH1111 M"LH.?" ~f.>;' ' )'S

obliging

852

*Mr. Jones will oblige us with a song. "7.li.,.C

;("Jll ' DDAlt!l" ' 1.?~ ' IT'l" ' Y.H'i''JA'i'A
*Kindly oblige me by closing the door.

R~'J iHH;>A'S

ll~llh'S Q

llm-11;1-tl ' t'S

be obliged 1~ ITtR'l-

I'm much obliged to you. iiH- m-11;1- mIIIIA'i'A

(be) obliging lim-

~~~

He is always obliging. IJ-A'I.Ii lim- l'."J~~~~

tm~~~~~

An oblique angle is any angle other than a

right angle. ~~~~~ .,l'.H'J .,11'1- '1-hhll'i'
l\'J~

tm-

glve an oblique glance f'l-~'1" J\f

He gave me an oblique glance as I passed by.

<'IA'i' 1'1-~'1' l\f'S

I. l\mof.. The flood obliterated all trace of

the boundaries. '1-Cf. f~'JR~'J !I"Ah'l-

o-tr l\mof.m;>~.

A cloud obliterated the sun.

~-'i'

8doY.'I'") ' ;:>~JI-1be obliterated .,.~ODIIII

The writing was obliterated by ink. x-;tul.-1:

R+ll!l"

_,.~!l"ll!lA

oblivion, fall into -

.,.~,..

The memory of many great men has fallen

into oblivion. filii" '1-AA:,O llJ":f '1-11
;1- _,.~li;J:A
In complete oblivion fl.,.oull,n

Grandfather sat by the fire in complete

oblivion. m"J ~ l\Y-1: R.,.,..ll,.. I><'I-t> Jl

c ++oom

(be) oblivious
1.~<'1.

The book was so interesting that I

was oblivious of my surroundings. oux--mf.

R"'!l" l\M<'I:f liMR~ RH-<1,1'\L Yllm'J o-tr. ~ll'li' tRC

2. "'S'.IIm-9". He is oblivious to any danger.

llll

tR~

He is a very obnoxious person. RIIJr 1\lt

ffil\.

(I:BJo

tCDo

He uses obscene language. M:>~~ ll..l''l' t

m- (or l\f. YA;I-~OD tm-)

obscure (v.)

;>~

~""""" 8doY.'I'
'J Y.;>CJIA
*His arguments obscured the issue. f' f\o he
he "1'-ffm-"J l\mof.m-

"1'-lldJ-9"

obscure (adj.)
I. f.,Y.;I-Y.. The cat hid in an obscure corner
of the room. ~-;I: lt'J~ h.,Y.;I-Y. I"
Cil' m-ll'l' ~ofl;l- _,.~R+:Y.
2. YA;I-m+. I am reading the poems of an
obscure English poet. n~ YA:J-m+ fl'."J
.,11.11 ~"1"7. "1'1'9" MQII!J3. "'AX' YAITt. The obscure sound is made

by termites which have burrowed into the wall.

"'AX' YAITtm- ~9"6 "'~Jim-"J -&'1'
~ h~R-'1- !l"liiR:f f"7.0D"' tm-

obliterate

2.

'1'1 "''I''J dJ-ll'l'

Clouds obscure the sun.

be obliged to

.,l'.H'J YAITt

The shoes were in an oblong box. """' l"'li 'I"

obscene K.l"''

He was obliged to walk on foot because he

had no car. DDh.'i' li'IAtR~m- Rl'..,C ""
't~ "'~ ITtR'l-

oblique

oblong '1"'1'1

obnoxious l\llmll.

be much obliged QlldJ-11;1-m- tm-

I am much obliged for the ride.

obscurity

4. ~o()qq_ I noticed an obscure figure in the

fog. <?-"'~- liT ~o()qq :,Oc~r :1-l"'i
5. h.,.'I'C f.,Y.~Q. He has an obscure position in a large company. R-1-A:,O b-Q"JY milT h.,.'I'C

f.,Y.~Q

I"A"''J l\lldJ-

6. IIDD~JI'l- f"7.Yll'f"'C. I explained to

him the obscure points of the contract.
hm-11;1-m- ' m-ll'l' IIOD~JI'l- f"7.Yll'f"'~
'1-"J ' l\"J+I<:f ' l\MJio-'1be obscure "'Air l\Y.U!I"

The meaning of your words is obscure. Would

you, please, clarify them for me? f.,.m+!l"hQ
'I'm- :1''1'1- 'l':f .,All' l\Y.U!I" I A;l-ofl
~MD- '1-:f'llltl 1

obscurity
I. "'-II.,. The obscurity of the hall prevented
me from finding the room. _.,.'llld.Ym- "'11., llllfTt h'i'tr"J 1\~"fm- l\A!J'Ah-9"

2. "'Air l\IIODIT'J. The obscurity of the paragraph makes several interpretations possible.
fl\"J+l\. "'Air l\IIODIT'J ofllt- 'l-C"t-9"
II.YII'I' Y.:f'IA
hide In the obscurity ~il+ .,.~R+

The dog hid in the obscurity of the thick

bushes.
fJJoil'l'

observer

853

obsequious

,.If,. -N-'1':,0 tu\fJJo "'"'*"'

~-~~.,.

T~Oof>

pass Into obscurity

T~lt

:f 11'1'4:'1- "LH O't.e) _,;:..,. .eh:I-T

11-'1- )OC
2. O.,.T'I'C P'C h1'11. They kept the border

Many once famous names have now passed

into obscurity. Y:r: ~<;<; f)O?- ill":f
hv-1 T~ilT1'A

under observation to discourage smuggling.

fl>1'1-r:q1Y: l\:J' l\1-'l.e~q m~G:'Il1 v-11-

rise from obscurity h..-,.flJ Ti'Uf

make an observation 1flA.

Lincoln rose from obscurity to fame. 11.11>41\

1 h-l-11..1' T)P'ofo 11<;"t hT~.L

""'"'"'c P'C t-1'11-

The President made an observation to reporters

on the needs of the city. "f'<!.IVI1-I> 1 h.,...,
1' illl"''...'ii.LA'\'1- )~f'::f II;>Hm'l':f

obsequious hf:C q_e

Obsequious courtiers greeted the king. hf:C
q_e ql\".7.11-:f 1'1-,.1 l\)(' ),.

my observation Is

observance f"''.hOC O'U\

Epiphany and Easter are annual observances.
Tll"of>'l-<; of.{Vt qoo'l- h1S'. f"''.hO?-

'\fJJoll- ' )of.il ' .1'110'1- ' 11<;-fl ' .l'ilh'l-~41\

O't~'l- ' <;:ffJJo

*The observance of Independence Day was

marked by parades. f)l\)'1- +1 O'tA 0
(tA~

ThO~

*The observance of the law is required by all

citizens. fii~C:-1> )1'6l":f v-11- .t.-n l\
1-'l..l'h-11?- MS'.I'.IIreligious observance f'l~a-tlf:t- 0'\A

There are few yearlong religious observances.

h<too'l- <too-l- f"''.-1'1' '1'4:'1- fV.e"'''l"
'1- O<t~'l- toll-

observant hiiT1'.e
The child is very observant. ol\)1: 0"111"
hiiT1'.e ' )fDo
observant of hhq;:

He is observant of all religious prescriptions.

f'l.e"'''/''1-

.l.~;>'l-1

IJ-{1-

hhq;l

)fJJo

observation
I. hilT.l'f'l-. He published his observations on
the book recently. illl oPl\"do4- .l'llf1Jo1 hilT
.rr+ o:,>co- t.,..'l-1" t.m"l
2. "''ilT1'A. Try to develop your powers of
observation! f"''l'lT1'A :fll-:1-111 11"'1-'IOC
'l"hC
3. oo""ol\h-'1-. A half-hour's observation taught
me the game. "1"'111 l'l't'l- oPoPol\h-1: ""
1':1-f1Jo1 hiiT"''~'{
4. !I"Coo&. He was taken to the hospital for
observation. 11.'/"'CoP&- IDS'.. trll"C;f-A m(l

JJ.'Ikeep under observation

I. O't.e) .,.;:..,. Th:I-TII. The police have kept

him under observation for some time. riLl'

~liltlt.1"~1

hlf~

My observation is that such clouds mean a

storm. l\1 ~~ hll') .eu1 fOD(tl\fJJo , ~oo<;
observatory (observatories) t.-IIHCllofoC:
There is an observatory in Addis Ababa.
h'l.il ' t.oq ' ID-il'l' b-IIHCllofo6 hll

observe
I. T""llhT. The elders observed the doings
of the young people with disapproval. 11"'1"1/l.l"
:f f1D"'ofo:f1 J':C"L'I- 0'1-11-IIT Toollh-1>
2. mn+. We must observe silence in the
classroom. hfi:A I CD-11:..- ' K..-:1"1" I oumo:,. I
hll-111

Pious people observe the church fasts. Y.e"'''l'

T'l':fhll"1'"'1'1- 1.em-fi:J'II-

3. m+(l.. He observed that crime was on the

increase. ID1)';A l\fO~ ouY,,IJ.1 mof>l'l
4. hll. "A good day for planting", the farmer
observed as he went outside. ~ 1 fHC n 1
1\i\ I "ffl"-aJo I aJ~ I ,....,. I lt,')~aJIIJ
5. Th:I-TII. He has been observing the
political situation in Ethiopia for some time.
ft...-'1-Nrn f?"ll-t:lt .e11:1- 11'1'4:'1- 't""
:1-'1- .eh:J-TA )0C

6.

ou~ou~.

An astronomer observes the stars

fh1'h-ll'l- IIDC"''6 h1'h-ll'l-1 o _eou~'/"6-41\

7. hhO~. The Ethiopians observe Christmas in December. h.-'1-f-k.l'fDoJ"t ~<;'t O't

41\ ' 0:1-\"fP' ' .l'h-116-11-

The big powers do not always observe the

neutrality of small countries. '"f.f'l\1" 1 ou')"'JP"
,.,.. ' h-11~,.,_1 ' "1./L ' f'l-<;"t11 ' ""1"/P'
:1-'1-1 ~1141\T,.)T h.l'h-11'1-11"

observer
I. :1-~ll. United Nations observers are coming
to check on arms smuggling. fTq0?-'1- oP1
"IP':I-'1- :1-~IU":f OtnC oP"f<l.l' Oh-

obsess

"' f~l:1fDo"t flt"t-l-C'IJ"t.(- "t"l.l:" IIOD

ODCODC f,ODtiJI\2. ..,.ovAl]~. The concurrent views of different

observers show that the minister was in the

wrong. fAI' AI' .,..,..AIJ-1- 1\.ll.,..l'f-l-
ODOD/1111>. I "''.tll'k- I f.,./1/1.,. I OD(I')."J I J'
DDIIh;f'A
3. f"''.h:f'.,.A i .,.h:f':f'J'.. He was a close ob-

server of the war situation. ffllC~~"} o-~;1'-

o:r-co- f"''.h:f'.,.A "-fl- toe
He is an acute observer of the political situation.
07"11-l:IJm- J'.ll;f' "t"' .,.h;f';f'J'. )fDo

obsess 11.11..,)+
Fear that someone might steal his money
obsessed him. 11m- 1"tH11 J'.l'lC+'i'A f
"'LA 'i'CV-l- l\.11..,)+m*He is obsessed with the idea of making money.
.b/111- V.il- 1"tH11 0"7"17-l- 11.1'. 1\....tt-~A

obsession
Tidiness is an obsession with her. 'lK"ih.'i h
V.il- 11.11Atn f9"-l-t!'.m- )1C )m-

obsidian IJA...,-lObsidian was used to make knives. IJA...,-l-

1

obstetrician 1\.'I'II"Jf:

.hh.9"

The obstetrician studied in California. I\.'I'll)!:

ohh.9" OIJII.C:C"t.l' )fDo f.,_.,<:.,.

obstinacy "-All
He tried to cure the child's obstinacy by
thrashing him. A)l":"t 0"""1<:'1' "-AV."t 11"7
11.,..,. 'l"h<:

obstinate
I. "'f-It. She is so obstinate that nobody can
argue with her. "'f-It 111111')"'f- "7"t9" ll.h
.:.h.:.-l- ll..l'."'f-ol\9"
2. f"7.1'.01C. His obstinate fever has defied
the doctor's attempts to cure it. f"7.1'.01<:fDo
-l-IJ.II-1> ohh.... 11"7"l"t .1'!'.<:1m-"t ...
ht:- V.il- .,.Hoo

obstruct

be obsessed

llll'l'

obtrude

854

IIODP't:--l-

.1'111"11>.

I. H:>. Rock slides obstructed the road. f!'.

"t'I..J' <;.o; OD"t1'1-"t H"l...;f'A
2. :><:!'.. The trees obstructed our view of the
lake. IJC:IJ; .b.l'."'"t "-"t"l'OJ'. :><:.11."t
3. 1\.IJIJ. He tried to obstruct justice by
bribing the judge. ll"l'i'm- 1-P 0DD11m-l-
'1'-l-ih"t 11"71JIJ-l- 'l"h<:

obstruction
I. fH:> )1C. The obstruction in his throat
was removed by the doctor. ?-l:l:t& 1 t&ll'l' 1

)0C

obsolescence
*Military weapons are subject to obsolescence.

fH:>fDo"t t1C ohh.... 1\.tD"'II-l2. "71'l'Oh.l'. The workers adopted a policy

"7"t>;'fDo9" ')f.).}- ftnC OD"f(.J'

0:\11 IJ1A"III--l- aJo6f!" .I'.II''OA

of obstruction due to their conflict with the

boss. IJIP&,I''fm- :>C IJIIOD11"7"7;f"i'm-

h'l..l

.,.f.,.).,
...

obsolescent '1..1 .1'11.1.(0-l-)

These weapons are obsolescent.

7t.~JUJ

OD"f(.J'jP"'f-

<;'ffDo

'1..1

J'lloi.IJ'ffDo

(be) obsolete '1..1"'" 1\.A!l:A

fll'C

1 Hoo). 11.11

4.(0-l-)

This medicine is obsolete. J'.ll oo.<:-:>k+ 'I.

.,.,:_.,.>piJ; 0"71'l'Oh.l' HS'. .,.m

obtain
I. 11.11. He obtained what he wanted from
his friend. h'l!'.'i'm- f"7.oi.A1tD-"t )1C 11.17
2. 1\.tD"l. He compressed the beans to obtain
the oil. H.l'.-l- 1 11"7tD-"1-l- ' f1-ll-tD-"t H.l'.

nm- 1\.A!i:A

+-

The firearms of this army are obsolete. ftll.ll

obtain for 11..,.<:4.(11-l-)

tD;f'!'.C'"'ftm-.

This book obtained great fame for him.

fi"C

OD"f(.J'

HOD).

,1'114.0-l-

obstacle
I. n:r-'1--l-. His youth was an obstacle to his
success. A"Jf: DDIJ'). M.l:-11- "":J'<;-l-
n:r-'1-.r ll'to.r

2. DD(l'i"ht>.. A tree fallen across the road was

an obstacle to our car. oP1"1"- 1\f. r fml..

+m-

lf'i' IIODIJ.<;";f-"t ""l'l'OhA II')

f.ll

,;g,ou+

ODJt'oh'i' ' ;f'll:r-

Obtrude

1J<;"J

1\..,.l:ol.ll-l-

(1!'.)'..

He obtruded his hand through the opening.

"-lt"t 0+"1"1 tD-11'1' (II'.!'.
obtrude on "-"t.II.+OIIm- 11.1111'.1'-tD-

Don't obtrude your opinions on others!

n.,."t 1\.ll.,..l'f-l- lt.A-":f "-"t'l.+nll-+ 11.:1'
MY:Y:

occasionally

855

obtuse

obtrude oneself upon R - - - OD?A. "l"A:t-

1\11
While the nobles were talking, the servant
obtruded himself upon their conversation.
""'"-.,.,_, r ll.'"im_, r /\11M Rm"-.l''fCD- r ao
?A r TA'J> 1\11
obtuse~A

The boy was too obtuse to take the hint. A')l:

R"'!l" r ~A 111\~R.: T'J>!fCD- r 11.1qCD- r 1\A
!1'119"
become obtuse ~hOD
One's hearing becomes obtuse in old age. R11
'I""'A<; r 1.11. ' fDDII.,'J- r ";f(lo;J- r J'.f.h

.,A

form an obtuse angle ;JY.t\ hll

The walls form an obtuse angle. "1.1!"'/"'CD- :>
f.A r .I'll r ~..,.

obverse (n.)
!. ""Ah. The obverse of the medal has an
inscription. f"''.''f. DDAh 1\"dro'i' 1\IIR'l2. ( ~ adv.) RHCD-f." Rit-A. The obverse of an
Ethiopian coin has the date on it. fh.'l-f"W.I'
'1'<1-.,h RHtD-JI. r Rit-A r '\OD-1" r ll"ihC:'J- r
1"1\"G:R;f-A
obviate
!. h - - -

1\"1~.

Proper care of your car can

obviate the need for much repair. AODh.IJ'tJ

ODtJl.,.,..,..

h-1111-. '1"1<; .l'f."~'I'A

R"7.1q.
2. 1-h'lhll. These precautions obviate any
chance of accident. MH.ll .,llm.,+-t.I'S"l-
.,.,:;o'f..,.-,9" '\.1'-t'l- 1\f.:> J'.MMII-

obvious "IAI\"
The answer is obvious. ooA.{l- "'IAK"

~CIJo

obviously '1'~9" I R~C"I'I"

He was obviously right in asking to be admitted. 1\aD"Iq'J- ~.,-'l.ll.+f."ll'l- Raomf.,.
'~'~'" '1-hhll':' ~Rc
The woman is obviously with child. 11.'1-f"'l'
R~C"I'I" 1\C"Iql\";f
occasion (v.)

1\11~"1

His queer behavior occasioned a good deal

of talk. ~.,.,,~~ ,..,q~ -1111- <tl.'l':f" h
11~"1

occasion (n.)
!. 1.11.. A dress like this can be worn for
any occasion. ~.,f.H.ll .I'll A-1111 II.,<;
'fCD-9" 1.11. II.IIRII ,!'.l-IlA

On what occasion did he say it? ,..,1.11. .,.

<;1C:CD- l
They met on three occasions. 1"11'1- 1.11. 1"
1<;1'2. m'J>'I-. The advent of spring is a joyful
occasion. f'IJ'..I'> aof""''l- f"''...'!lf.ll'l- m

.~....You must wear a dress to befit the

"'3.""R'\A.
occasion. IIR'\11- f"''.ll.,., A-1111 DDA
R/1 hll-1111
4. ,l';>mODCD- r)f."A. He has had few occasions
to speak Amharic. h.,c:;o 11ao<;1c .1':>
mDDCD- r r)f."A r '1"4:'1- r ~CD5. 6f."A. Last year I had occasion to go to
Addis Ababa. qiiii.CD- '\DD'I- h-'1.11 hRq
1\ao'tf." 6f."A h:>T'I"'S ~Rc
6. 9"h.,.l''l-. The dog that was the occasion
of the quarrel had run away. f'l"ll- 9"h.,.l'
'1- fii'~CD- CD-I(' m'i';I:A
*Everybody is dressed up. What's the occasion?
u-11-11" 1ic -fi!I.A 1 ,.., hll 1
great occasion A'- fl'\A

The jewels are worn only on great occasions.

6.,_,.

RAI'

R'\A

-11!1'

.1'-f..::>A

on occasion hAt:: hAG:

He visits New York on occasion to see the

new plays. h-'1.11 "i;,I''I-C 1\.,f'l- hAG:
hAG: mt. l:,CD- r f"Ch r .1'-'t"'A
on the occasion of 9"h.,.l''l- R.,f."C:"I

On the occasion of Independence Day, the

Emperor gave a speech. nll)'l-'t r R'\A 9"
h.,.l''l- R.,f."C:"I .,'l-IP ~1....., .,.,.,c
hf.C:'Iquite an occasion A\!. 1 O'lA
His birthday will be quite an occasion. fM'I-
.,..,_ AI< R'\A r ,I'.II''OA
[See also 'sundry']
occasional ( ~ adv.) hAG: hAG: 1 h.,,~~.,..._
His occasional visits cheer me up. llA.t:: 1 1\A
,;: 111\"''..mf.+'S f.ll .1'-II':'A
He suffers from an occasional lapse of memory.
1\.,,~~.,..._ f.,ll:f"mll ":f"lc hiiR'Ioccasionally
I. hAG: hAG:. I see him occasionally. hAG:
hAG: 1\f'l'l\112. h.,,~~.,f." 1.11.. You have to discount occasionally what you read in the newspapers. 1\.,"1.,,_.
1.11. :>11."1 m-IlT fll":f"~R..,.., l-'1 .,11'1-
hll-1111

Occident

856

Occident 9"~<l-fJ' h'i!/1 't/19"

The Occident succeeded in overpowering the
Orient for a while. 11'1'4:'1- "1.11. 9"~<l-fJ'
..,. h'i!ll <t/19" 11,....,.:.,.,..,.n 'I.e
t..ell- ' )IJC
occidental f9"~.:-fJ..,..I'"t
He has adopted occidental food habits.
f9"~.l-fJIJ)o.l'"t'J ' ,...,11 ' 119"~/A
occult ll..,.C
Magic and astrology are occult arts. 'l'"t"'l<;
l>h11 4<m.l- II~ 'l'lltt:f <;:ftJ>o
occupancy ""rtl
The occupancy of the land by farmers was
opposed by the cattlemen. """-"" llt.<lolf:f
""1'11-"t h11'l- t.Cil."':f .,._,....,..... )IJC
occupant
I. f"''. 'l'C l'ltJ>o. The occupant of !his house is
very quiet. lltLU 11.'1- f"''.'l'~tJ>o 1'1..,.
t..en..,
2. f"''.w<l- l'ltJ>o. The occupants of this office
are out for lunch. lltLU 11.1!' tJ>ol'l'l' f"''.
...~:,. n,.;r. 119"11
11/I'I'A

Yo-,.,.,.

m"'

occupation
1. P&-. What's your occupation? JP&-11 MS:
"t ' )tJ>o I
2.
The occupation of the city by enemy
troops Was achieved in a few hours. fh..,...,.e.-h
llm'l'l- m:t-Y.c ""rtl 11'1'4:'1- l'l<t.Y.:f .,.
h<;m)

""rn.

Occupation fml\-l- 'l.li

Where were you during the Occupation? Om

'1'1- "1.11. f'l- )lleh I
occupational hP'<l-tJ>o :>C fT1'1'H
Crashes are an occupational hazard for truck
drivers. 1?'1- II?)'J- oPh.<; l"ot..l!':f
hP'.:.:r:.... :>C ,.,. .ru t.Y.:> )tJ>o

.r

occupied, not ~ (house) mo; I t.<;

The house hasn't been occupied for years.
11.-f, 111111- 'l"":I"T m<; (t.<;) )IIC
occupy (occupied)
I. .ru. The enemy occupied the city at
dawn. 1-ih (L4'Y: m'l'l- hT""IU"t .ru
The store occupies the entire building. oo.(.1)
~ ih"tl\tJ>o"t 11...,.11- .efi:I"IA
He occupies an important position in the
government. floo"}.,P"-1: JP&- aJoitT hfi:+
~

p&-

f~H

(tiD"

~8Jo

occurrence
2. 'l'~. Who occupies !his house? l\ILU 11.'1-
tJ>ol'l'l'' f"'l.'l'~ .... ' ..,") ' )IJ)o!
3. 1'1. My friend is waiting to occupy the
new house he just bought. 'l!l."'\1. IJ:,Ocflo
l\1~tJ>o , 11.'1- , ..,.1'1'1' , 11""1'1'1- ll""mfJII:,O
'I.e' )IJ)o
4. d.-,_ I d.-,.(11'1-). The dinner and speeches
occupied three hours. 1\.l--f,<; "t"/1~ l"il
'1-l'l't'l-d..,_
School occupies all my time. 'l-9"uc+ 11.'1-
1'11'h ' "1.11. ' l}o/1- ' .ed.~"'"'
*Many lhoughts occupied my mind. llt."t-t/1.
tJ>oil'l' 1111- dtl'oofl )II~
be occupied

I. P'<l- YH(tJ>o). The boss is occupied at

the moment. l'\1.H.BJo n:.ooc a ~&. r ~HerA
2. ..,.J'H. The office is not occupied; you may
move in. ll.C'tJ>o t.IAT1'H9" l IA'l-1'111'1-
'1-:f'IIIU
occupy oneself "LtLt.D-1 1 1tllAL
He occupied himself with solving algebra
problems. ft.IA:(ofl.l- Tl!'oflll.'l":f"t ll""P'
.:.+ ' 1.ll.tJ>o"t ' t.l'olld.
keep someone occupied 1\IP&.

That will keep him occupied for a little

while. J'.ll 11'1'4:'1- 1.11. .fw?'f'IA
occur (occurred)
l. ..,..,T. Errors occur in his work. 0~&-t.D-
tJ>oil'l' ilihTT .e1 ...1A
2. !!.~1'1. The accident occurred while he was
on his way to Harar. t.Jl.:>tJ>o f!l.~l'lll'l-
m!l. m~C I'I.~Y: )..,.
3. ..,.m+(l. The name occurs twice in the
chapter. ll9"~<l-4- ' tJ>oil'l' ' n - ' v-i\'1- ' "1.
II. Tm:,O!).IA
occur to one

1. h.c'\0. It never occurred to him to close

the door. oalf"l.l'..,."t iiODlf:>'l- t.'\1'1119"
)IIC
2. ml'o11 oP"'(Il'l-). It occurred to me !hat
I should go to Ethiopia. mY. t...'1-l'"lr
f
-~Y: m>'l11 """111'1

.r

occurrence
1. f~Cil ~'lC. Car accidents are an everyday occurrence. foPh.<; t.Y.:> llf4'l- f
"'l.Jl.Cil )1C )tJ>o
2. M~. We were delayed by several unexpected occurrences. Oofl,.. J'A:J"{lflo .,.J;
1'-:f 9"h"t
H1M

.r+

university. f.).iiCI\.of:IJJo l\(1-1 fODof>flll- 6

ocean m-:1-1'1"11
How far is it to the ocean from here? hH.U l\
llh m-:1-f'l"{lo 9'"t fUA Y.C!l'A 1

ocean liner '1-A.:,O ooch11

The ocean liner anchored at Massawa at noon.
'1-A!I: ODChofi flll.(-11'1- ll't'l- '1"11'1' 11J:f

o'clock n<t'IThe shop is open evenings until eight o'clock.

(1-41

of

857

ocean

.,:r .,;r l\llh

lJ-11'1- (l't'l- .(-t:

~,.

.(-A Mll+'1

In a tug of war the odds are with the heavier

team. fl10D.(- 1-1-:t" IJJo.(-.(-C '1.11. 6.(/r

fdJfi:6-'f"=Ji

aJ'J'}

)tD-

*The odds are in his favor. <'If.+<;,. l\f.+

C'l"
odds and ends
l. '1'!1'.:,0"1 ~11!":f. I

still have some odds and

ends to take care of. 1<; f., m<;:,O!1''1',.

octagon [11'1"1'1- .,l\11"1 fiiiJJo :,Ocx-]

'I':J'M ~11!":f l\11-'S

2. :,Ot-hl'. The room is full of odds and
ends. h<;:ll- n:,Ot-.:,0")(1 f+'l"l\ ~ ....

October '1'.:,0'1"'1-

against heavy odds

II h<;:'l-

~,.

our troops fought against heavy odds.

oculist f'tf."l mh.'l"

There is an oculist near the bank .. 11"1 11- lim
111 f<tf."l mh.'l" l\11

+ ;><;:mfJJo ' IJ.(-A <'lf.t:-'1'1'

be at odds

He is at odds with everybody. h.,"l'l" il'l"'l"

odd
1. h'l"'IJ.l )'IC. His absence at this time is very
odd. flii.U"I '1.11. {)f.oonJ oo:,Ot:., l\"1"1
s; )'IC I )tiJo
2. l\"1.(-. It cost me thirty-<>dd dollars.
l\1.(- IPI\{) 11C l..~of-11'1A
3. 1-f.ir'. Seven and eleven are odd numbers.
M'k" OP't- l\"1.(- 1-f.flo 41'l'l!"'f <;'I'IJJo
4. "f.'1 fii.IIIJJo. I have a couple of odd shoes.
l\11-'S
"f."' fii.I\'I'IJJo u-11'1-
5. flY~ fAif~. While he was in the city, he
had odd jobs. h-t-/IJJo. IJJoll'l' n~nt:n'l- '1.
11. flY~ '"'"~,.1 P't- '-"'<~- ~nc
*He is a very odd person. u-~;r,. f., Y.:t"

"'i.,l".,. .

61:,.0 I {atiJo I )tiJo

at odd times IJA+m.U {l't'IThey pick up the garbage at odd times.

<l'lflffJJo") f"'Lf~.,..-'1-

ID;t"f.l!"il':f"l
.,....
.....

IJA+ID(l~

(l't'l- ~IJJo

some odd 'Tof!T

I have five dollars and some odd change.

l\'1"{1'1- 11C<; '1'4:'1- 11C11C 'i't-1h liii'S

fllfJJo

*The odds are that it will rain today. '/"<;All 'I-

""" f.H"Iofi f.lf<;A
~1C fl+IIY.
f"'Lll'i! 'I'A:,O 11"'1.'1- fiiiJJo "1'1''1"]

ode [lllll\"1.(- (lfJJo IDY.'I"

odious f"'Lfllml\

Torture is odious to civilized people.

fliPflm~

.ft1111 f"'"':J'f'l- .:,0"1'1- f"'Lfllml\ ~,.

odium IJJoCf.'l-<; "1+'1He bears the odium of having betrayed his

country. U10:."1 llllh-'1 IJJoCf.'l-<; "1+'1-1
ll+t:l..

odor
1. OD'\olf. The odor of this perfume is pleasant.
flf.U 'li-1' OD't'f "!of..,_. ' ~IJJo
2. 1i;t-. Rotten meat has an offensive odor.
f'J"'' I JP ;J I OD'Tf:: I 1i;J- I 1\flt&
smell the odor If++(fDo)

oddity (oddities) l\1"1.11 ac

The oddity of wearing a fur coat over a bathing
suit is indeed striking. fK...C 1 t-+ 1 O'P'i"
1\1111 1\f.. ODf.t:ofi fl"''l" l\"1"1.11

~'1-

the odds are

~1C

~ ....

oddly ( ~ adj.) l\1"1.11

He acts oddly. Do you think he may have been
drinking? u-~;r,. l\1"1.11 ~,. l fm"'
'-""liMA 1

odds 6.(-A
The odds are against his being accepted by a

+J smell the odor of onions cooking. f'li"lh-C

'1- 4111.'1- Y.if+'1A

[See also 'detect']

of
I. h. Give me some of that cake! hlf.f h.h
'1'4:'1- lim'S

The doctor cured him of syphilis.

m11.- hot

'I''S l\.11~ ....

The watch is made of gold. (l't., f+IP<!-IJJo

hmc:,.

~,.

off

858

He is one of us. AI\- h:;:' h."JJ;. 'iom2. f. He is manager of a big department store.

f'IAJI ""~11C P"&- hllhJ;t!' )m-

offense
off with his head ! ~{to") ~lmmThe general cried, "Off with his head!".
:(lr.&-11- &-11-"J .,...~mm- 1111- '""1i

The house of bricks belongs to me. ' flrh'l

have off

IL'I- flr. )m-

*Your Excellency, may I have a week off?

hii-C)'I-l" fl\"J.(- lt:r'"J'I- dJ>.(- ILilm'S

Have you read the works of Shakespeare?

fl&hll"tC"J .(-Cil.Y.:f l\"J1101A ?
Is he one of us? f~ s (tm- 'iom-?
3. 1111. He thinks well of me. lllllr. '11m-
l\111-,f'l- .,.~ ' )IIJ-

1 have been dreaming of this for a long time.

111111.11 )1C 1111- 1.11. ltA:r' )OC
Are you sure of what you are saying? llAf'"+A
m- )1C hC""Im'i' )II ?
4. 0. He was accused of robbery. 0.,."1'i')'l-
1-h(o )OC
His father died of a heart attack. l\Q1: OA11
.(-l}:r' ' '1"1:

with his (shirt) off(lr"'l.rt-"J) ' 1\m-A.,.

He works with his shirt off. lr"'l.rt-"J l\ID-A

.,. J'.w&-A

[See also 'cry, day, duty, guard, mark, record']

offend (vt.)
1. 1\ll.,.foo. I hope I haven't offended you.

'lihc f'l- l\11 ?

1\~ll.,.f:r'h-U:r' ""'f:r'
2. h'i'~K He wittingly offended the judge.
J!'i'm-"J 1M 1111- h'i'Um3. ~II 1\'lll:r'. Colors that don't match offend
the eye. f"1 J'-11"1""" .,.11"1-l- 'IJ'."J ~II
hJ'.II-:r'
offend (vi.) l\m-1-

*Give me a sheet of paper! h."}J!" ftoh ml:.+

Those who offend are often punished. 1m4-

'1- lim'S

Oilt"l J'._,."'A
[See also 'mortally']

*Where 'is that fool of a servant? Y :E-A h

*He expected much of the new medicine.

h-'1.11- oo.(-;Jo~ol- O"':r' J'.m~"1A 1111-
l\llll )0C

*He put the fear of God into him. 'i!CU+ >..""I

H.l\11.h.C hlt~~O'I-

I}'

He sold the car at 20 percent off list price.

ooh.'i'tD-"J h1-1-00)IIJ- '!';>
"J(o lrm

Ooo.Y. .,.

2.

t.~ll.

The water is off. m-;Jom- 1-!':CI!l.A

Their engagement is off. .,.IIO;NFm-

t.~ll

3.

~K

The children

are

off to

school.

A~'ll m~ '1-:r'IIC'I- IL-l" ~~'!'A

I'm off to Ethiopia on Monday. ll'f' m~

h.

'1-f-lr, -~fl. )IIJ-

4. .,.~. The conference is off. 11111lQm- .,.C;l:A

The town is still 5 miles off. h1-"1m- 11oo
.(-~11 h:r'll'l- "1J'.A J'._,.&-A

5. h - - - OJ"!. The car is off the road. ooh.'i'

'f'

hOD"J1.(-

The law will punish offenders with a heavy

hand . .h"l h'l'.l.l":f-1 0'1.1'A +.,."'ll:f

offense

be off
1-!':~m.

1 l\'1'.1.

The offender was sentenced to a year in jail,

but he escaped from police custody. -r'i-1-'i'
m- f'tou'l- '1.11&-'1- 1-t.CP..O-l- )OC l "I
"J h?"ILII 'h)(' l\ovllm

off .,."J(o

I.

offender '1''1-1-'i'

OJ"J:f

6. m-1-. The electricity is off. l>~"Jtm- m'i!;l:A

7. b~'i!'l- hlltD-. We are off Wednesdays
during the summer. flfl."J l:.ftoil l:.R-11 iJ

I. '1''1-'1-. The punishment for that offense is

two years in prison. itT4--Il f"tllmm- :,.
"1-l- ' fll-11'1- ' 't.... ,. l\11&-'1- )m-

2. "7"1'4!)'. The rocket is a weapon of offense.

C'h.-l- f"1'1'4:, .......,.,., tm-

3. "1'1':1>-l-. The most effective defense is

offense. ho-11- f"'l.OAmm- ovh'l~ "1

.,.,..,. )IIJ-

be an offense to 11./tcf'fOO
Your garbage pile is an offense to the neighborhood. fh...,chm- .,.lf'l(' 1-~0.+ ,II.,.J'."1A
cause offense (ltJJo h.llcf'fOD
He tried not to cause offense. (tm- 1\ltD'J/tct
f:r'.

'l"h~

She works off and on. hAG: hAG: '1-w&-

penal offense m"JJ:A

Stealing is a penal offense. lie.,.+ m"J~A tmtake offense ++foP
I don't know why she took offense. ltr""J A

ll:f

"}~.,_.,.,

~'i!'l-

hii"J

off and- on hAC:. hAG:

....:r-

h'\ID-~:r'

offensive

office

859

offensive (n.) "7'1':1'-lThe enemy offensive was halted by our troops.

fmll-'1- "7'1':1'-l- OID;I-.I'.C"!I':f't ;1-1.1'.
offensive (adj.)
1. oPT:. Rotten meat has an offensive odor.
f1"7 I";J ,...,.,;: 71;1- hiiiD2. f"'L..'IIhof.. His behavior was offensive.
hl>,:\). f"'L..'IIhof. )flC
3. hllhd.. They removed the offensive passages.
and reissued the statement. hilh.t. ftJ')(I)o,.
1111# 0:>.11 't"'"'-1-'t h't.1'.1'i" h-'1-oo
m- Jr..mm-

4. h1r.fd.. His uncivil letter was offensive.

11A"''i" f_,.DDII0-'1- .1'.11-'IO.ID- h"f..1.1. )
flC
5. f"7'1'4!1. Their offensive weapons are not
effective. f"7'1'4!1 OD"f&1!P!I''I'OJ- ~f,ll
I;' hf,.l'.ll-9"

offer (vt.)
I. llm(.,.llm). May I offeryouacupof coffee?
fl-'i" Ail'l'll l
This will offer you the opportunity to visit
Ethiopia. f,ll h."'-1'"*'1't IIOD'I-11"f-l-
6Y;A f,II'1'7A

I was offered a job in Ethiopia. h-'1-1'"*'1 , .

11'1' 1"&- _,.II'J'.f-'S )flC
2. h4'<:0. He offers only French books for
sale. 11711"1!" f"7.14'COID- f.l.<:'t{)f, DDI\
.n-;:+ 11!1' )OJ3. ;JOH. He offered me a bottle of beer. h'tY;
0.&- ;JOH'S
He offered me a cigarette. (l.;J&- ;JOH'S
4. ll.lf'l' hllfl. We offered the house at a
fair price. 0.1:'t fl.l'...,'i" 'P;J A'tlfm,.
hilfl'i"A
5. hO<:h.,.(ll-'1-). I would like to offer you a few
words of advice. '1'4!-l- f'l"hC :I'll+ II
fl<:h-l-1\:frJ- hiD-'IIIrJ6. oo<;:4'-'l.'t 111"1.. She offered her services
as a housekeeper. on.+ mQ<f:)-'1- 11"71A1
A OD'i!4'~'t 111"f..:f
*He offered to help me. AC-'111 hii'S
offer (vi.) h;JmOD
I will come if opportunity offers. 6J';A 11..1
;J'J''}" hDDIIJIIrJ[See also 'hand, prayer, resistance']

offer (n.)
I. Y;CK:C. The employer made me a good offer
for the!job. hw&OJ- 111"&-ID- '1'-1- J';CJ';
C Atc!lA'S ' )flC

2. 14'<:00J- OJ-A. His offer included a high

salary and three weeks' paid vacation . .f+t;.Rmo
ID-A h'i!_,.l;' .1'.'1"11'i" h.l'.'1"11 ;JC fV'
!1-l- ll'l"'t-'1- M'i!-'1- h't.l'."'/.11'1' f,1AI\A
3. 14'<:0(11+) .M11. Will you accept my
offer to work with me? h'- s

;Jt;..

h"tR;-Tw

&- 14'<:1111-AII't .hll11 -l-4'0111111 l

4. f(lmOJ-. His offer of $30,000 for the house

was accepted by the seller. 110.1: f(lmOJ-'t
IPII/) ' it ' 11C ' If= ' .,.4'flii11Jo
5. !ljll;f-. The child distrusted the stranger's
offer. A)l: fh't"'-'IID-'t !1,..;1- .,.m&-m<:
*I refused his offer of help. fll-'t hC-'1;1- h'l"
O.hAhmake an offer "P,;J )"It;.

Did he make you an offer for your house?

0.-'1-ll't ' f"7.11ffl-l-'t ' 'I';J ' )1.1:11!

offering ro..,. hCM:f't 1111+

The deacon collected the offering. .II.J'.P.). fO.
_,. hCil1:1).'t !111-l- _,.4'flll

offhand
I. h't.l'."'/.""iiiiOJ-. Offhand, I would say that
he had paid 1,000 dollars for it. h't.I'."'/.DD!III'S
it 11C llf,h'i!Afl+ hA4'<:9"
2. il1!111fl-l-. I can't tell you offhand how
much a month I can pay you. nmc il"J-l-
h't.l'.'l"h'i!AII 1111!111fl-l- A)"'CII hA:fA'I"

off-hours fb<:'i!-'1- "LH.

I spent my off-hours reading. f6<:'i!+ "LH.\L
't O'tQil hilll'i!h-

office
I. ""1"61 o.+. Theofficesdoseatfiveo"clock.
ODJP&1 0.1: f"'/.H;JID- ' flOP'&- ' h'tJ'; (I
'l+ ' )ID2. 0.1!". You can see me in my office. hO.I!"\L
A-l-"""1 -l-:f-111111
3. fooJP&1 o.+ IIOJ-. The whole office was
at her wedding. foP~&Y O.il {tm- nao11- fllle'i llf, )flC
4. .,..,QC. He performs the office of priest.
r:,O!I'i" .,..,qc ,,~.,...,A
5. P'AIIJ't. He was elected to a high office.
llh'i!.,.l;' P'AIIJ't .,.,..<:m
6. f"f..ll--'1- I " ) P'C'l-'1-. There are seven
daily offices in the Catholic Church. Oll.f-11.11
o..,. llc!ltn on IIQ-'1- "LH. f"f..ll--'1-
I " ) ' P'C'l-'1- ' f,.I'.<:;JA
offices, through the good - 0 - - - h.,I"Jf,)-'1I obtained the post through the good offices

r
office boy

860

of a friend. P'&-t&'t 0~.<'.':'\L l\"711,1'.~:,.

h111Jo

offshore
Official

Gazette~:>~:,. :>11."1
My brother's appointment was announced in

office of - - - ~:,.

He is running for the office of mayor.

:,. ' ,l'.tJJI',S'.&-11

the Official Gazette. fm't.l!""' DD!''F' 0~

:>11."1 +11111

:>~,.

llh't1:1J~

be in office

I. OP'A"''t 11,1'. 4'f.Howlon ghas the mayor

been in office?h'ttiJ m- OP'A"'I- 11,1'. ll't:,.
'too:,. ' 4'Y.;I:A l
2. Oll~&-m- +-!-11. Which man will be in office
if the prime minister dies? m:r-IIY. "'L~Il:,.
'1- 0.'1"1> Oll~'fm- f"'L+I1 "7~m- l

offici ally 0,1'.4It was announced officially. OY.<f.

I. ...&-. He officiated as chairman during the

debate. OhCh'l- 1..11. 011.4' OD'JRc~:,. "'&2. 11-&-h. r'lm. The minister who officiates at
the wedding is a friend of ours. Or'IC?- 11,1'.
11-&-h. f(lm-,. 4oll tJJ/Ilf"'h 'i"'ftJJo

office boy +111111.

The office boy takes care of minor things.

offing, in the -

+llllh.m- '1'.4';r.'t P'&-IP"'h .l'h'i"m-'i"A

office girl O.C' fll",..,.&- Ali"1<:J:The office girls are giving a party. O.C' f"'L"'
'1-'1- ' Alf1<:1'-';f ' "1-11..,. ' .I'.<'.C:>II-

officer
I. DDh-'t't. He was an officer during the last
war. IJII.t.m- tnc~:,. 1..11. ooho't't ~oc
2. ~II". Are you an officer of this club?
OII.U h0-11 m-ll'l' h~"7Mi> h'tJI. ~U l

official (n.)
I. IJIIP'A"''t. He is a State Department official.
0.,..,. 'l-IlY. ''Ulli:C m-IlT IJIIP'A"'
,. i'ID-

2.

rP~+2'1.

The customs officials searched us.

f?-11"'1-h "'&-+'l'"f L+~'t

official (adj.)
I. fY.<f.. He paid me an official visit. fY.<f. .,.
-oos:,. t..<'.<:1A'S
2. fOD'J"'P':,.. The papers bear the official
seal. m<:ot-Mi fDD't"'P':,. "'''l+ll" l\11
f)'fm-

*1 received an official letter informing me of

my appointment . r~-:,.
official opening

.<'.-11/IIL

.<'.<:r'l'S

*The official opening of the store will be on

Monday. (1.4< f"'LDD:4-m- (l'f' ~mofficlal status OU f~m+ FIA"'')
He has no official status with the government.
OOD't"'P'i> tJJoll'l' OY.<f. f;l-mot P'A"'
't flltJJo'F'
official uniform

f~"Jofl

Aoflll

Policeman wear an official uniform. :rlt.f'':fo

f.<'.'t-11 A-fill ,1'.11-flltll-

+~"';,:A

officiate

*There seems to be some trouble in the offing.

tJJ.<'.L:,. h'tJ:-

:f"'C ltY.LmC h,1'.4'C?"

off-season (n.)
*Fares are lower when one travels in the offseason . .h1111- -1111" 0"7M~110:,. 1..11.
fth.:,. 'I':> 11:r- Y.'IA

offset
I. h-11.4' .4'. He has to offset his small salary by
living economically . :,.'t~1 .<'.'l"lf"'t 11"'1-11.4'
,..,. 04<miJ ao'l"c l\110:,.
2. ifL~. The gains offset the losses. :,.c+- h.
lt&-m-'t Y.if~'i"A
The better roads offset the greater distance.
'1"'1-tJJo OD't1J:- C4'i>'t Y.if~~'I'A
3. h".'l.'l. Good training of soldiers offsets
numbers. m;PU':f"t 1 OD7..1fl 1 ..,lPA.m'l 1
f4<'J'C't "''~ll .1'".'1.'\A

offshoot
1. 11C.1'9'l-. An offshoot of this tribe settled
in the mountains. fii.U 1-lt 11C.I'I"l- 0
+&-&-~P'f; ' 'IY. ' r'l~<:'I'A
2. +4''1'.1'. The offshoots of this plant grow
several feet in all directions. fll.ll ~~ +4'
'I'YIP:f OrJ-11-'F' t.:r-"1""1 11-1111" ""1"79'
';f .I'J:-:>113. HC~. French is an offshoot of Latin.
L<:'tltY.'f fll1:1 HC~ ~m-

4.

m.:,.. As an offshoot of their discussion,

a contract resulted. f't"'"'&-'fm- h'tJ:- mm+ m-11;1- aoA.&-<:'F' ~RC

offshore, adj. ( = adv.)

hm<:~ &-:r- -fillOffshore drilling for oil is going on in the Red

Sea. 04-Y. IJ.nc m-IlT hm<:~ &-:r- -II
II- fH,I'.:,. 7-J:-~J:- Otm~LC IIY. ~m-

offspring

old

861

offspring nc
The couple didn't leave any offspring. IJA'i'
"'l.ll-11 HC hA.,.m-9"
be an offspring ..,..IDAS'..

The mule is a hybrid, being the offspring of

a donkey and a horse. O:J>A- hhll.l''i' h.LG
ll f9"-l-diii.J:' V'l 'i'-l-

offstage, go - boP.J:'GIJ. -MIIII

The actor went offstage. .,..,..,.,_ bou.J:-GIJ.
.,.11111

often ofiH- 1.11.

We often go to Ethiopia in the summer. 11ft"
1.11. ' 00;> ' diS'. ' t...-1-f'k.l' ' :1.1~-'1111
as often u 0 .. - --kTC
As often as I try to get an answer from him,
he makes some excuse. hf\o OOA.h flmf':t11- .,.TC 9"h1.1'-l- J'..LT~A
be once too often ( = active) hOtf

He was late once too often and was fired.

oPH"'f-l- MO'I hP'~ .,.IJGG
every so often hAG: hAG: l Of1.1Lfl>o
Every so often, I get a letter from him. hAG: h
At:. (Of1.1Lfl>o) hi\- f.ofl-'10. J'.f.C{l'fA
how often l 111-l- 1.11. l 111-k
How often do you go to the movies in a week?
OIIM-l- 111-l- 1.11. (111-k) 11.~"7 +~
-'IIIII l
more often f.OA.m-., 1.tL

In English, the definite article is used more often

than in Amharic. lJ"7C'f J'.A:J> 0:1.1"111.11
'1 f.,.dl(l~ oPll.,.h9"C J'.OAm-1 1.11.
.V.w~O;I-A

more often than not h.ofitf~m-"} 1.H.

The child comes late more often than not.

A7!: hofl'l'ffl>o1 1.11. H"IJ.'Ao J'.oP"'A

oftentimes ofiH- 1.11.

I saw him oftentimes during my stay in
Ethiopia. t...-1-f'k.l' ll'l'C ofiH- 1.11. M'f
,. ~oc

oil (v.) n.v.+ hf.G1(0-l-)

Oil the typewriter or it will rust. fl\"ih.L-1- ,..
h.'i'm-1 n.v.+ t..J:-C"'0-1- hiiOIIIU'
.1'>11;>A

oil (n.) H.V.-1What kind of oil does she cook with? ,..,ofl
f9"-l-w~m- OM 't.l'>~-1- H.V.-1- ~fl>o l
Put some oil in my car, please! llouh.,'i\1. mIlT n.v.+ h.J:-C"'0-1-

After several years of trial, they finally struck

oil. hofiH- 'tOD;f-o}- -h~ 0:\'1 """""
Gif HJ'.-1- h1'f..
[See also 'mineral oil, vegetabl.,Zoil')

oil lamp of.'l'll

I need an oil lamp to read by. 11"710ofl of.
'I'll .l'll.LA1'1A

oil tanker n.v.+ Al'S oPChofl

Oil tankers bring oil to Ass b. HJ'.-1- ""l'S
ODChll:f diS'. h(lofl n.v.+ .V."f!''i'll-

oily
I. HJ'.-1- fm"'. Theseoilyragsare a fire hazard.
MH.II HJ'.-1- ftnm- ""Col':f :l,fjo}- .I'll
~..,""

2. OH.V.-1- f.,.llhll. He washed his oily hands

in the sink. on.v.+ ' f.,.llhllfl>o1 ' :1.:11:1 ' """
;1-mii.J'fl>o m-IlT ;1-mO

ointment :J-11+
Put some ointment on my burn! h..,.?miliD"-
:I.J>: ' '1.1'> ' :J>qo}- ' h.J:'C"'A'S

old
I. hl!''l.. Have you any old clothes for sale?
f"'l.if m- hl!"'. Aoflf\:f hll-11 l
2. fol'f. This food is too old to eat. .1'>11 9"
"'ofl ' 0"19" ' fol'f ' 111111'~ ' h.1'>0'19"
Is this an old model? .1'>11 fol'f 'I".O..A ~m-1
I broke with my old friend. hol'f '11.'1\L
.,.~GT!J.

3. fofiH- 1.11. l fJ!.I!' ! fT1-l-. The man is an

old friend of mine, but is not akin to me. (IID"-\t,. fofiH- 1.11. ( f1'1-l- 1 f .J:-1!') di-'IJ':
~fl)o 0 :1.1:{ 0 J.J'.'fODf.'{9"
4. f.,.Y:'I". We were directed to follow the old
regulations. f.,.Y:'I"ll''fi1 f.11l:f :1.1.J:-1h.,.
A ;1-0111
*How old are you? 111-l- 'tDP-l-11 ~,. l
*He is thirty years old. :1.1\- "'"" 't""-11
~,.

old age :I.C~'i' I f'ii,..,A'i' 1.11. I f:I.C~'i' 1.11.

Old age brings many diseases with it. :I.C~'i'

ofiH- a.oer .l'llh-1-'IA
One's hearing becomes obtuse in old age. 0'119"
"'A'i' (ll:I.C~'i') 1.11. f""ll"7-l- :fA-;1- .f.
f.h"7A
old lady qA-11-lIt is courteous to help an old lady. flA-k+ ""
c-'1-l- f-1-a.-l-'i' .,..,qc ~,.

olden

862

old man 11"7"111.

Old men should be respected.

11.,..,~~,,.;r. ooo

bOC hiiQ'faJo
old people 11.,"1/l.,.:f
f.A~ 11.,"111.,:f -IIAII':f 'i''faJo
old woman hC"L+

We have a special club for old women. 1\C""l..f

:f AI' h0-11 hll"t
a bit too old -r"t11 .f.f'l- Yll

The bread is a bit too old to eat. IIOD-fiA -'Ill

, . 'l-"t11 .f.f'l- Yll )aJo
be old (man, woman) h.l.=e:He is an old man now. h.v-'1 hC~:t:A

11<1::

~BJo

II ' ll.,m~ ' ().f:"7.aJo ' -11_,. ' )IJJo

get old ht!)!
What will he do when he gets old and cannot
work? hC"J/!f- ""1"&-T ft.!'~+,. M
YI'.C:>A l
grow old 0().1:"7. 14-

0ur grandmother did not lose her charm for

us as she grew old. hY:J-:f"t 06.1:""7. M1
4- ' fl~.ll-1"' ll~'faJo"t ' hllm-1"'
[See also 'gentleman, gossip, how, stuff')
f.ll.t:

In olden days, each family educated its own

children. 0.1:-t: 1.11. l\Y"t-'l"t.ll. IL-f-(1-fl
A;f;'fi"t OfiL1: Y(I-1-I"'C )OC

[See also 'time']

older

,.,,.,.,;., hil'f:>& '

old hand, be an
I

:J-11~

He is my older brother. :J-11~ m"t.l:-"7.

)0~

at All".!:" YllaJo

(I

)tJJo

He is an old hand at playing cards. O!)C:J-

""'1':1- All".!:" YllaJo (laJo )aJo
~

.,.., +t::f

She refused to marry and is now an old maid.

hii1QI"' -1111 .,.., ' +t::f

Old Testament -1111-f. IVI"t

He is old enough to know better. bii..IJ f-1-lf

I. f)L(IOT. She has such old-fashioned

ideas. hii-1-Yf:l: rJ-11- f)I.(IO'I- )aJo
2. f.l:"t:. Old-fashioned weapons were cumbersome. fX:f! rtnc ODPf~Y9'":f i\DDI1f

old maid, be an

be far too old ifOD1l\

He is far too old for a young girl like you to

marry. l\"t-'l"t:f Yll:f aJ"'T A7f1l.f: II

r..:-e

old-fashione d

tJJo

She is an old woman now. hrJ-"t hC"J/!:1-II:fo

olden

grow older ht!)!

As we grow older, we learn the limits of our

abilities. 1\Yt!V il"t~.l:" f:f-11-;J-:f-"t"t
ooom") l\"t1)HQII"t

Old people are wiser than the young. bm"'-Hi

.,"'QT lfii""'!I.A
be old enough /Js:o'J.,.

omen

)IJJo

be older than
I. 0().1:"7. Ollm. I'm older than she by five
years. O{).f:"?. l\fl.") hl"'il'l- 'lODT l\OA

"':l-llrJ-

2. b - - ht!)!. This building is older than ours.

f.IJ .h"tll b ... .h"tll Yt!YfA
3. f - :J-11~ )aJo. He is older than his
brother. fm"t.I:"DD- :J-11~ )IJJo
get older ht!)!
You get older faster if you work too hard.
1"&. 0"11"' !)O~IJ 1'11- :J-t!YfiiiJ

The Old Testament was originally written in

Hebrew. -1111-f. h.-'l"t ""l':""&Y f-1-lll.

,. 0()-fl&.f.il'l' '

old-time

)IJJo

f.f:t:

Old-time dances are performed by our group.

11-.1:-'i':f"t f.l:"t: "1."1.&-,:f"t YltYA

old-timer 11"7"111.
Listen to the old-timers talk about the battles
they've been in. 1111+'1'.,..,._ IDC)T ft.l'aJ1-
11"7"111.,:f"t ' h-'ll"'m-

olive fmf.&.

'~'"-

They kept the olives in a jar. fmf.&.aJo"t 'i't.

O.,(lt: IJJo/1'1' hiloJ>ooom-

olive oil faJf.&. Hf.'IYou can find olive oil in any grocery. faJf.&.
"""' ' " " ' ' " ' - ' fl"'"'-11 ' ODI'.o(JC ,.,.,.A
olive tree mr.&.
Many olive trees grow in the highland. l'.;>aJo
h1C -1111- mf.&. f.O~IIA
omen
I. 1.1:". The cry of some birds is considered
a good omen. Y"t-'l"t.f: mt:::f ""'liT 'I'
~ 1.1:" )IJJo f.QIIA
2. f1.1:" I"'Ah'l-. A black cat is considered a
bad omen. "1"-fr:C I Y.;ODT I fOD#f'G:, I 1J!' I fD
Ah'l- 'i'T f.QIIA
omen of aood fortune ~~

The ancients considered the flight of birds

on

863

ominous

an omen of good fortune. fY:r: (ljP:f 011::

:f (LO~ ql' 1..11. 1Y: )m- 111\m- 1
?"). )0C
be an omen of ODfi"IIJ..,1 h.ODAh..,.

The dark sky is an omen of rain. f'Q;a.I\ODID"

(l"Yf. "If<;"?" OD!/""1-1>') 1""1\h:J-A

ominous, ...... sign OD'i'G:

He was arrested on a charge of theft. OIIC.f.'l-

Ol't~A

)0C

.,_,_~

Do you sell on credit? OJI.IL '1-if"'l\11 !

You can depend on him. O(l- A'J-.,..,00')
'1-:fi\1111
2. 0 - 1\f.. Books are on sale now. ODI\'m
~:::f t.u-'J OODifT 'If. <;lfm-

There is only one town on the border. flml.f. 1

"'F:

h.,.., .

Some people consider the cry of an owl as an

ominous sign. h'J-'I'JY: (ljP:f f"l-1-'1-"t ..,

I live on King George Street. IL-l: 0 h.'J"I 1(

1i'l- >."J.P. "'"1'1:: 1Y: 1-.,_-N-;J-A

Cj:!' OD'J1Y: 'If.

11!1'

The omission of certain letters made this

sentence hard to read. n-'I"J Y: 1-.I'.A ""1
.l'.'i' f.II'J O<:'i'.,_ )1C 1\"7')011 hll'l'
h.l'.<:1m-

)IJ)o

)IJ)o

He is on vacation just now. ho-1

omission OD'1F.tt:

:u..

1\f. 111"'" h'JY:

flbl.tt:.:'f- 1\.

" )m-

This is based on facts. 1-11 o>.m-)'J- 'If. f

+ODwl,+ I ~d)o
3. 'If.. Put it on the table! m<:A.~m- 'If.
hll+?"mm-

omit (omitted)
I. 1.1'.1-. He omitted the last letter of the word
'brother'. OI'JY:?" f"''..llm-"J ?A foP...,
<:If 1-.I'.A 1.1'.1-m2. hit+<:. Tell me the whole story. Do not
omit a single detail! h'J-'I:f?" )1C lt;J-11+
c :J-&!J."J o-11- "J1<:'1
+<:. She
(negative imperfect)
3. II
omitted making her bed. hA:>'I''J lt:f")T'i'
+<::f
be omitted .,.HI\11
Your name was omitted by oversight. ll9'"tJ s
f.,_HI\1\0Jo Ollm.,_'l- )0C

omnipotence ~1A).'JThe omnipotence of God is irrefutable.

f>."IH.h11.h.C ~1A)'J- f"Yf.IJY: )m-

omnipotent ~1A
God is omnipotent. >-"IH.h11.h.C

We had lunch on the plane. ?"It fOi\)m- h

m-r:Ti\'J 'If. )m-

He carried his coat on his arm.

lt..,,.

h1JI..

1\f. h.1'.<:1

Continue on page five! '1K" h.9'"ll.:'f- 1 ~~- +'I' A

He hung his coat on a nail. 1>-I>'J ?"ll"YC II
" fl+ll

4. >. I\ f.. What was it standing on? >.M

i\.f, .f.'l" )OC!

5. h. Is there anything interesting on the

radio? h&--'1.1'" ffl"71im- f"''..111.1'.1l'l- )1

c hi\!

6. h - 011.,.. He sat on the speaker's left.

h.,_'i;>&OJo 011.,_.,&- .,_+!1"1" )0C

7. 0 O!J.A. A highway bounds the farm

on the west. >.c!fm-'J hm-&- 1--'l'i 0!1"
~6-11

O!J.A 1'1'/I)'I'A

8. m-11-r. Who's on the team? o-Y::r- OJo/IT

~1A )m-

omnipresent f'l-!1" f"'1..1'1

The belief in an omnipresent God is found in
many religions. >."IH.h11do.C f'l-!1" f"'1..1'1
ODif). 011H Vf."Y'l"+ 1-:J-""<;A

"7') hi\!

9. 1111. What are your ideas on that subject?

111\H.II )1C hll.,.1f'l-ll ?"'JY:'J )m-!

It's a book on animals. Ill\ >."Jillt'l-

L

ODK".h'i!

f.,.~

)(Do

10. II. The boss is out on business. hl\?m- II

P' 6- 1--'lf. OIT;l;A

omniscient u-11-'J O'l'-1:

According to certain religions, God is omniscient. q')JI'JY: Vf."Y'l"'l- ODw<:+ >."IH.h11
.h.C 11-11-'J 0'1'-1:

)OJo

on
I. 0. Is the train on time? q(K. 01..11. 1-.1'.
CltA!
He swore on the Bible to tell the truth. ).OJo)-1>
') ' I\OD'i1C 0""1\'m'i' :f-JI./1 '"711

11. m.l'.. They marched on the enemy's

capital. m.l'. mil+ 'l''i h.,.., """""
12. f. The interest on your money is three
percent. f1'JH1111 011\Y: Oou-1' V'll'l- )m13. ( = when) II + imperfect. On the death
of his father, he became king. .t,q-J> fl.'I"-I> )1w
14. (zero). Are you open on Saturday?
:f--'1"'& '1-h'i':J-'I:fu- !

*He hit him on the head. 6-(1-'J oo;f-m-

once

864

once

on and on FA"7*~~
She chattered on and on about her children.
1111 1-\}(!f! YII"1!1U.'I' IILIIL":f0She talks on and on. m"-'1' 1\Y!IIC'I'?"
on with f.+~A
On with the show! ""'I';ND S"-4''1'1-\
be on
1. T)!ou~. The race is on. t'~1m- 1 tD-F::Y:C

+ imperfect + mum-. He will succeed

IJ~A 1 tt(tmm- 1 mU
""" I S'-llliii:t'"A
once and again 1"f..:J1f0
He has been told once and again not to slam
the door. 11~') 1 ll..,S'-1-\ 1 1\')JIS'-H:> 1 -!-~:>
..,.,. I -~-~"'r:'l- ~llC

once and for all

fouQ;L~?f'tD-1

)tD-

1 am telling you once and for all, stop it!

-1-}';9"~1-\

2. l]oo~<:"' 'IS'- ~"""- Don't you know

there's a war on? tnC)T 1 oou~~., 1 e\f.
00!1').') 1\:1'"~9" l
3. I\I-\OO"J9". Is the water on yet? m-;)m- 1\
1-\00"19"1
be on someone
This dinner is on me. f.:,..,.-, m,,llii f9"h'i'
/ltD- l\~ ~'"{
have nothing on &-4t-Jz1 )flC

The woman was shocked to see he had nothing

on. .:..,..,.., ll''f qf":f-m- '"1.11. (I.'J-1'"'1' 11
"19" ~~1m":fwhats on 1M 1 hA
What's on at the cinema today? If,&. M 1
1.1-\9" 1\11 l
[See also 'off']

once
I. 1\')1,. He read the book not once but twice.
ooK-mf.') Y~llllm- 1\')1. iii" IIS'-11'
") I .,.l\1: I \'..,..
2. I\') .I':. He did it once or twice. I\') .I': 11-11-1:
1\Y:C-);1'"1-\
3. 1\').1': '"1.11.. I've seen him onlyonce.l\').1':
'"1.11. iii" ~""" Yfo-'14. I\') .I': '"1.11. iii". Once doesn't count. 1\')
.1': '"1.11. iii" 1\S'-11.4'9"
(perfect). Once you understand
5. l\')~
Amharic, you can go to the market. I\"1Cl;'')
OO'i"1C l\')~Ah 111Y 1-\'l-m"' '1-:Y.'I/111
6. Y:r:. This was once the railway station.
S'-11 11'1'<1- Y:r: QIJ-C "111..1' ~llC
7. hM;t-'1- I\') .I': 4''). There is a fable that a
serpent once ruled in Eritrea. hbll;t-'1- 1\')
.1': M l\Qii 1\.C'I-<1-') S'-1~ l\')~~11
<: f"''..~1C fl\'i' ;1-&h 1\11
8. 114'.1':'1" noo'). Dinosaurs once inhabited
the earth. -'IS'-~IIr::Y. 114'.1':'1" HOD') 119".1':
C 'IS'- S'-'f~ ~llC
perfect. If she once starts talking,
9. h
she is hard to stop. ""'i"1C 1 h}';ou<::Y. 1 11"1_.
9" I 1\il'f;Jol I tiiJo

10. ii

once given a chance.

I foo ....l:lftD-') I ~iD'" i -f'"m*Once and for all, no! <kC'I' 1 Yllm-') 1 ~,.,. 1
1\S'-!1'')9"
once in a great while hlt'lT 1 h'l~
He visils me once in a great while. hll')'J- 1 1\
')I. ll.mS"-4''{ 1 S'-OO"'I-\
once In a whilel\1-\1:: 1 1\1-\1:: I h(I')'J- 1 I\') I,
Once in a while I like a good glass of wine.
1\1-\1:: I 1\1-\i:: I (h(I')'J- ' I\') I,) I faJS'-') I ffi;t' I
oom"''l- 1 l\m-'1/111once more 1\')1, 1 ~"1'1" l l\')~1'i"
Let's try it once more! 1\')1, 1 ~"1'1" 1 l\')'l"hC
Say it once more, please! l\')~1'i" IIJI\m- 11\M:
f9"~"1CII

once upon a time h/JA;:t-0:,. h1~ +'l

Once upon a time there was a giant with two
heads. hl)l\:f'"'J- I 1\'),1': I 4'') I IJ-/I'J- I <1-(1 I
Yllm- I "1'<1-:,. I till:
at once
I. Q')1.. Everything carne at once. ll-ll'"9" 1 q
')1, I !I'~
2. 11'1''1'~'1- I 1\IJ-'). Come here at once! 11'1''1'
~'J- I (1\o-')) I OJ-'1,.11 I <;"
3. 1\o->>. I am leaving for Rome at once.
1\IJ-).). I OJ~ I f:9" I 00'/.1, I ~,.,.
4. +11-. Do it at once! +II- 1 I\.I':C1"""
This book is at once interesting and instructive. S'-11 1 OOK'"dt'i' 1 f"''..YMII'I-'i" 1 'I-9"11C
'J-9" I f"''..{I'J' I tmjUSt this once
I. '111-).. I should punish you for this, but
I'll let it go just this once. II/IlLII 1 1-\.,...,11 1
S'-1Q'{ I ~llC I ..,., I 'Ill-). I 1\1-\4..'111112. yo-).') 1 iii". Come with us just this once!
YIJ-).') I iiJI' I hl;' I ;JC I 'f.,!':
not oncel\').1': 1 '"1.11. 1 1\')\>,') + negative verb
He didn't once offer to help. I\') .I': 1 '"1.11. 1 l\')
\>,') I 1-\C,II I 1\'\/19"
this once yo-).') 1 iii"
Forgive me this once! Yo->') 1 iii" 1 s-.:,.c;t- 1
1\.!':C"'I-\'{
[See also 'all, every, moon, more, often, while']

one (adj.)
1. 1\~J.!". I've only one question to ask.
h"tJ': ....,., ofl!l' hll't
One day he will be sorry. h"tJ': -t"t f.KK:I-1\
I'll call you one day next week. 0"'1.-trllm-
flll""t+ h"tJ': -t"t "t.Y.m-1\1\VIIoA short speech was made by one Mr. John.
h"tJ': "'L!l-I'C ]t."t f"''.QA {lm- h.,_..C
"t"MC hl'.~1
2. h."JY..~. Start with book one, chapter one
and read twenty pages! h."H~.~tD-7 s ODJrdt'i:
hV"b<l-'i' ' h"tJ': )!V"~II ' " 11." h"toflofl
3. (hour) {lq+ fl'l+. It's almost one. {lq+
fl'l+ ' ll.ll'"t )tl)o
one (pron.)
1. (ltD-. He is not one to worry about money.
111"tHofl ' f"''."'-):,0 {lm- hf.UIV"
2. hfl9'l- """hA h"tJI.. He is one who
never worries about money. 1\"l'lHofl h"7.e.Q;L.
H {l9':f ' OD"h"' h"tJI. )fD<
3. "7'l9'" {1(1)4, One tries not to hurt oneself.
"'l"tV" ' flm- ' 6-(l."t {loo1'J!+ h.I'-1.1\-,V"
4. h"tJ': flm-. One cannot think only of oneself. h"tJ': lim- ilfl 6-(1. ofl!l' "'lflofl f
IIO+V"
5. (zero). Your plan is a good one. dtlt1ti.J 'l"
""

onerous

865

one

)otJJ-

00 you want a black one or a red one?

fV"+I.A1fD< ' 'I'.,C ' )tl)o ' Wf.{l oj>f. l
I have no pen. Can you lend me one? 116C f
fl'tV" l 1\;1-fiJo{l't +l-~1111 l
one after another .,..h:t"-l-1\mHis family died one after another. IL-l' {l(l
'fi I -f'h:l-'1"1\m- I '1"1:
one after the other ,.b:t"Titm- h."}J.!" Q')J.!"
They left, one after the other. -l'h:l-+llm-
h"tJ': Q"tJ': fDmone and all "71f""

IJ,e.+c

One and all came to the wedding banquet.

"'/"tV" 1 'l.r.-tc 1 OflCI- , ~.r. 1 -M"f
one and the same h."JI: IJ.e.)oT
One and the same idea occurred to each of
them. IJofloV" I h"tJ': I 'lf.)+ 0 mflofl I OD"J~:ffD<
one at a time i't"JX" 1 Q"JX"
One at a time, please! llq.,:fo- 1 h"tJ':I q"tJ':
one by one i't'lX" 1 Q'}X"
They came one by one. h.'} X" 1 Q'}X" 1 oomone fine day i't'}J': 1 +'1 1 {LouTroOne fine day I will be back. h"tJ': I n I {l.OD
If'S I ,_.,.,. I ofl:,0 I l\~IIIJo

one from the other i't'1-4-'1

lt'l.IJ. I i't"t"-1

hl\.~m-

They are so much alike it's hard to tell one

from the other. O"'V" 1 flii"''.ODfl{lflo h"tJI.
"t ..."tJ!. I (h"tJ!."t i hl\.~m-) ' ODIIf+ I hil
:f;J& I )tl)o
one o'clock (IQ."fIt's almost one o'clock. {lq+ 1 fl'l+ 1 ll.ll'"t
)to-

one of
I. h - - - h"tJI.. One of my friends arrived late.
h'll'.'l''ti I h"tJ!. I ".,,..,.. I U{l
2. h"tJ': + (suffix pronoun). One of us can
buy the tickets. h"t'l:f"t 1 th.of-'li"t 1 A"t1~ 1
ll"t:f~ll"t

one of these days OH.U 1 (I,.., i't'}.tJ..1 1 +'l

I'll see him one of these days. OILII 1 fl'l""t 1 h
"tJ!."t I oJ>"t 0 hmf.oJ>'f'I\IJo
(be) all one in IJofloV" h"tJ': 1 'If. )fD<
We are all one in wishing you great success.
;1-~:,. ' bJ':f;\ I {l"tOD'tf;\11 I IJo~l-"tV" I h"t
J': I ~f. I )fD<
(be) at one
1. q"t J': 1 J':V"i> 1 -t-11."'1-. The judges were
at one about the winner. ~'q'=Ji itA 1tif'i;t.
fD< I q"tJ': I J':V"i> ' of-{l"'/2. -l'il"'l-. We are at one about the plan for
the exhibit. 11.111 h..,IL0.1i"t 1 T~"t 1 of-fl"'IV"
-t-<;f;\

by ones and twos I\'} X" li-A."f- 1 7t1tr

People began leaving the meeting by ones and
twos. fl9'l- h"tJ': o-11+ 1 l\fflo !lofl{lqm-"t 1
'J'IIfD< I OD'f.J': I )!OD{(1) for onell~ 1 0011-1\.
I for one don't like this fashion. ll~ 1 0011-1\.
f.ll"t"t I 'f"J': ' hl\fDJ':V"
in onehtlJr"~
He is president, chairman, and secretary in one.
T.!.IL'I"t+H1"t 1 11.-t 1 OD"tOC)-J>"t<; 1 Kml.
)of:"t I h"JV"I!" I f.!J.f;\
no one "'''lr" + negative verb
No one came to see me when I was sick.
:1-V""''. 1 'IIIIJo "'/"tV" hAmf-t't
the one
*The black puppy is the one I want. fV" 1.1\1
iJ)o ' 'J'.,0::"t I IJ-:f~ I )fD<
[See also 'another, no, only, that, this']

onerous bqJ':
Overtime work is well paid, but it is sometimes

..

866

oneself

onerous. A-l-C'i' '1..11. 1"&- ilrt- Y.hL'IA I

1\"t-'l"t.l:-. '1..11.. "l"t 1"&-tD-. hiJ.I:"". ~moneself &-(lo
One cannot think only of oneself. 1\"t.l:"" (It-
IIA &-(lo il!l' "711il fAO-l-!1"
At the age of five, one ought to dress oneself.
A"J!: 01\!1"11-l- 't"""' Ail(lo"t &-(lo ODA
Oil OD!f'A 1\AO-lbe oneself
one makes more friends by being oneself
than by putting on airs. 1\"t.l:"" (It- Mt-"t
A!I"IIA illl- IIY.II'"t l\aJo~-1-'i' &-(lo"t 0
ODIJ'"t Y.OA'P '\f."'l':f 11..1'07!: Y.:f'IA

by oneself YA <:-'!-lIt's hard to become very rich by oneself.

YA <:.11-l- 0"1!1" llii:J-!1" ODIJ'"t hiJ.I:"" ~m(be) one-sided
1. 1\f.'l. The judge seems one-sided in his
decision. Jl'i'aJo OlltnaJo aJoll~ Yf.'l -"""II
'lA
2. f"7J'.DD11Jtn"t ~aJo.Agamebetweenanexpert
and a beginner is onesided. OO"''cf: ft.'l
0)'!"7<1 ODIIhA f"YJ'.<:"I "I'P"''J 'f"7J'.DD
liJtn"t. ~ ....
one-track, have a
tniJil II'~

mind 1\111-11110

He has a onetrack mind, and you cannot

discuss politics with him. 1\111-11110 miJil
111\11'~ h(lo .:>C IIA ?"1\ol:lt A-l-~.:>1C
1\-l-:fA!I"
one-track railroad h1~ t'QR-C oP,.,oPC
Many countries have only a one--track railroad.
ilrt- Ml!:f 1\"t.l:"" fiJD-C ODJ"ODC
iii" 1\'l'faJo
one-way, -

street 1\"t.l:"" t.:r-"1""1 ""'t1.1:""

You can't drive in here; it's a oneway street.

1\"t.l:"". t.:r.IIJ""". OD"t1.1:"" IIAII'~ OH.II OilA OD"tJI-l- 1\Y.!I'A!I"

one-way ticket foo~)i" 1:11.-l- l -~ll" 1:

h.-l- il!l'
I bnught a one-way ticket to Chicago.
tDf. ' 'flti ' 1\00~.1:"" ' fOD~!I" o -f:h.T o
1:11.-l- il!l') ,~,.
<-~ll"

onion 'ihh-C-lThe woman is mincing onions. 4.."fof1J 1hb-C

-l- -l-h-l-of.A:f

onset

onlooker -f"ooAtt:f
The resplendent uniform dazzled the eyes of
the onlookers. f"''.Y"tiiiJCof>t- ff."til Ail
II f-f"ODAit'l'lfi"t 'tY."t 1\"1'"0<:0<:
only (adj.) il!l'
Am I the only woman here? l\H.II YAIJo-l-
11.-l- l\~ iii" ~'S !

This is the only soap to use on a baby's skin.

"' . ....

A.ft!"t oi'JI f"''.ll'"t !I"C'P 11-'i" Y.ll it

Mary and John are their only children.

f~(lo A]!:'f "'U'i" ~ iii" 'i"'t'aJo
only (adv.) iii"
I'm only doing it to please you. Y.ll"t"t f"7f.C
1aJo 1\"t-1-"t 1\"7111.11-l- il!l' ~mTbis is only for you. Y.ll 'l"t-1- il!l' ~..,.
only (conj.)
I was going to buy it, only he told me not to.
l\(lo hAhA'S l\"t1( A1~m- ~OC

1 would have gone, only you objected.

1\"t-t- -t-.4-m!l"h l\"t1( l\~.1:"" ~oc
only a moment ago 1'1' Ji.IJo"t
I got here only a moment ago. 1'i" 1\IJo"t f.
l:llhonly one J\1')1.

You are only one among the many who need

help. l\C-'1:1" h"''.YIILA;>'I'aJo hilrt-l"lfi
aJoii'P 1\"tJI. ~II
only too 0"1,..
I shall he only too pleased to get home to
Ethiopia. tDf. 1\.-l-l'"lrY 111/.. 1\0DDDI\11 Oil'
All- OIIJ!I" f.ll IJA'S

an only child
He is an only child. Al\'i"., 1\"t.l:""
the only one ofl~

~m

You are the only one who is able to do it.

A-l-D'&-m- f!l"-l-:fA 1\"t-1- iii" ~II
the only person ofl~
Smith is the only person able to do it. "-"'&-"'"
f"''.:fA 11"'1.11 iii" ~..,.
[See also 'if, not']
onrush, -

of water m&-7!: m-;)

When crossing the river, he was knocked down

by the oorush of water. m"trt-"t 11..1'!1/C'P m&7!: aJo;) 1'i'-l-1! "'AaJo

onset
The onset of the enemy attack took us by
surprise. fm'l-l- "7'1'.4'-l- 1\llf.~O<:"t

867

onslaught

*The onset of this disease is gradual. J'.IJ 1111

:1' f"''.;e?"~tJJo <I'll fl<l'll )tJJo
onslaught "lJ'.II>;' "'1'1':1''1They had to bear the onslaught of the enemy
troops. fmll'l- ID;f-f.t:'h "lJ'.II'>' "7'1':1'
'f- OD:f'1F ' )fl~l}'ftJJo
onto IIJ'.
Let's get onto the boat! ;eAiltJJo IIJ'. l'."ttJJol'l
onward ID.I'.,t.'IWe must push onward, because we can't stay
here. l'.ILIJ IIOD4'f'l- ll11"7"t":f-A IDU'I-
"""lof.'l- IIMl"t
ooze (vt.) 4'll fl<l'll IILI'u'l
The cracked bottle was oozing oil. f-J-II)m<f'tJJo
mc-11 HJ'.'I- <I'll fl4'll J'Lll )fiC
ooze (vi.) -J-"tmllmfl
The mud oozed between the child's squeezing
fingers. A)l: II..U.ilmtJJo T':l'tJJo fl"'.f-'ll
oovhA -J-"tml1mfl
ooze away ~ffi~,_ ~~
His courage oozed away as he waited. "AII.e.
.l'."'i'~-1: l'.ffl~ '&.1'.
ooze (n.) "7'1'
He was stuck in the ooze. "7-r

m-IlT 1t1

opaque iiCrt f"7J'll-J-IIA'i'

An opaque window glass hides the trees.
iiCV't f"7J'll-J-IIALtJJo fODlljl'f- tn>ll-J'1''1- ' 'lt::'il"t J'.:JC14A
open (vt.)
I. hL-J-. Open the door, please! fl-1-"t '1-h'i'
-J-tJJo
My uncle opened a new store. 11"1-1: ll.ll.ll
OD.J'.iJC hL-JThey opened an account at the National Bank.
flil.h.&-'1! 11"th .h.ltil h'i'-J-'PA
The chairman opened the debate with a short
speech. 11.<1' OD")fl-1- tJJoJ'.J'.ofo") 11-r!'C
"t"I"IC hL-J2. 111m. He opened his shirt to show him his
wound. oflllll-"t 1111- 11"7ltf'l- lf"''.lf<"t
111m
open (vi.)
I. -J-hL-J-. The door opens easily now.
fl-1- 1111-"t 11<1'1111- J'.hL:I'A
2. ;e""~ The story opens with a wedding.
:1-&h- fiiiC"I J'.;e?"&-A

open
3. -J-OD~<f'. The bridge opened last Saturday.
.1'.-A.I'."Y. 1111LtJJo :J-14"' -J-oo~+
be opened +hd..T

The new store will be opened next Friday.

11.11.11- OD.I'.iJC f"''.OD")tJJo 'tCil J'.hL;I-A
The new road will soon be opened to traffic.
11.11.11- ""'t1.1'." n:J>cn- 111A"III-'I- J'.hL
;I-A

open (Into) llll111

This door opens into the dining room.

C IDS'. ?"""ii IL-l: J'll111A

,.u 0

open one's eyes 1\~~+

The new buildings in town will really open

your eyes. flh-J-"'ItJJo J'll-'1- 1114.1l.ll a."t~
lP":f- J'll.l'."tofiVA
open one's eyes to A"7m:,.O hll!FA

His angry outbursts really opened my eyes

to his true personality. fofl"' "t"l"l-1- '1-hhll
>;' "7"t)1:'t 11"'/ID:J- llllll'll~
open out fOWU"dJtfJ OC 1\{ttf)oo

Our bedroom opens out onto the garden.

OD~:f' IL;J-":f-"t IDS'. 11'1-hA-1: ll'i'&-
f"''.J'ID"l fiC lllltJJo

open wide
I. IDIIA 11.1'.-C'I hL-J-. Open all the windows

wide! tn>lll>-r-'ll"t 11-11- IDIIA II.I'."C11J hL

;1-'l'tJJo
2. fl"'?" hL-J-. Open your mouth wide! ll'i'
IJ"t fl"'?" hL'Iopen uphL+
The pioneers opened up the West to settlement.
111C II:J>'tlP'Il ?"6&-11'1!tJJo"t h'i'll V1C
1111"-<19'"'1' h.f..,.
help to open
I. 11114-(11'1-). Traveling

to foreign places
helps to open your mind. IDS'. ll.ll.ll ll'i'&lP"T <ID'&.I'." 6tJJo<I''I-1J"t J'llof.AVA
2. IDS'. --- 11"".1'.-~ll llllll'll. Railroads helped open the West. fl1fi-C .M..I'." IDS'.
?"6&-ofl lltn>.J'."~ll 1111!1'11
open (adj.)
I. h'i''l-. The door is open. fl-1- h'i''l- )tJJo
Is the job still open? F &-tJJo 1111-"t?" h'i'
,. )tJJo!
2. f-J-hof.-J-. He must have come in through
the open window. 11-J-h.f.-J-tJJo oall!>'l- fibA 1il.f- J'.ll''>A
3. 111"1. Dirt infects an open cut. 4'1flf 111
"' oflllA J'.ODC'IA

open-e nded

868

4. "!All". An open Jetter to the President was

printed in the newspaper. 1\"f'MI)I't.,. f.J-~
.L "!All" S'-1...111. ll.:>H."' m"l
They held an open meeting to decide on the
taxes. /Ill ' "HH'I- ' I\OD);>1C ' "!All" llilf\q
t,U.,.

The car picked up speed once it was on the

open road. "!All" DD't1S'." 11:1'1'S DDh.<;
'I' ' 'i'T);J:'t ' """"~:f
Please be open with me! l\qhu "!All" tJ-'t
A'S
5 .t.h.e.lJ&. Tax reform is still an open
question. Mile DDlflfA .t.tJ-'t?" .t.h.e.lJ&
"f-Jif.' )OJ6. f.J>~. The only course still open to us was
to go to court. f.J>~'t DD't1S'." 'i'CS'." IL-l-
"'/DD/.\h-'1- il!f' ' )0C
open air, In the ,.... hn.+ ~

Children like to play in the open air. A]i:'f hR.

-'1-, m-"1!" DD""&m-'1- t.m-'111open country 1tnC

We were riding in a jeep through the open

country. R1tnC OJ-/IT R:("f' l\'t'i11 )
RC
(have an) open face '1-'t .t.ii.J-J'f-'1- .t.llmPeople trust him because he has an open face.
'1-"t .t./I.J-J'f-'1- Mllm- (ll"':f J'?".,.;I-A
open hand

*He gives with an open hand. 1\;:Jll ~m

(have an) open mind
He has an open mind to suggestions. f(lm-
.hili! f..J>R'IA
open time

*Have you any open time on Monday?

(l"if '1.11. .t.IIU!
be open
I. .J-h.L.J-. The dining room isn't open yet.

?""111 IL_,. 1<; .t.A.J-h.L.J-?"

2. .LM. The flowers are all open now.
.t.tJ-'t .t.oql",.; tJ-11- .L't.<:-.J-'I'A
3. .t.A.J-m/1)?". That murder case is still open.
f"'.(-,I'OJ- ID't)';A 1<; .t.A.J-m/1)?"
be open (to)
I. .J-.J>RII. His mind is open to new ideas.
.t.l\?"I!OJ- h'l.il dtllll':f f..J>R'IA
I am open to any reasonable offer. f"'L +Cillo\
.'S ' )1C ' F.'t<; ' OD/111- ' h;l-f'S ' l\.J>RI\'1'
1\IJ2 . .J-:>1\m. The city is open to attack. h.J-"'1'1'

1\T:J>-l- ' .J-;>A"'II':f

openin g

*The race is open to boys under 15. IJ1:1

,l''l'm- hOF.e. .t.?"/1-l- 'tDDT 0;1-':f
flf) m'tP.:f A]i:'f tJ-11- Ol\11'1-.<:-?".<:-..,
.J-lJo(.f. ' 1\.lf.,. ' f.:f-'111come out into the open 1t:J- h.A
Come out into the open where I can see you.

11'1- OA I l\11-1: Af.U

In the open hlVI ~
You should spend more time in the open.
f.OAfll''t ' 'LH. ' hiL-l- ' OJ-"'!" ' ODif't ' .t.l\110
keep open .t.AJ'H?"
Keep the telephone line open for an important
call. h/1.1..'1'1. ' T<l ' /11\"''.OD"J ' /1/.\h-'t
.t.-'1-,r'frm[See also 'arm, blow, break, burst, cu~ field,
fling, fly, gape, house, lay, pop, pry, rip, slit~
smash, swing, tear']
open-en ded 1S'.i1 f/1.110-lThe two countries made an open-ended agreement to assist each other. v-A-11 h1~ "I
S'-11 f/1.110-l- fl\C-'1;1- ii?"?")"J- .t.S'-~'1open house, keep ~
We're keeping open house for foreign students.
1\0J-"'!" MC .J-"'I&l":Y. IL"' M'LH.?" h
"'"'" ' )OJopenin g (n.)
I. DDh.L!f'. We missed the opening of his
speech. f't"'"''l-'t ooh.c.ll' ll't/1"'/m- .J>~'t
2. ooh.L-'1-. The opening of the Koka dam was
a momentous occasion. f.f:J- .,~ ovb.c.
T h'i' .I'll O'tA )OC
3. .J>-'1-'1. The opening isn't big enough.
.J>-'1-'IOJ- Rot .t.f.S'-11'1"
4. h'i'-'1- 1':1'. There are no openings for clerks
today. .t.tJ-'t lll\.J,.Ll":Y. h'i'-'1- 11:1' fll't?"
5. 11tt1J """JS. Deer were grazing in an opening
in the forest. 0""&\JOJ- OJ-/IT q11 1'1"1 ~
-'1 ' 'If. .t.:>H't 'f."'T )0C
6. ,..,.; 'LH.. He waited for an opening in the
discussion to offer his plan. Om-t.t..,. m'IT l\'1-JI.'t ll"'l:r-~11 ?"~ 'LH. .J-mQO.J>
at the opening of ll.h.L-'1Were you at the opening of the exhibition?
h.hii?'H./1.1".,. /l.,h.L-'1- )0Ch l
opening (adj.) fooh.Lil' I fOD"'IU'
The opening words of his speech dealt with
the war. M"'"'ol- fDDh.Lil' '(fOD"'IU') .+
1\"J- ' II'C).,.'t ' f"''.ODI\h.,. ' )0'1[See also 'oflicia~ ora11

869

openly
openly O"IAK"

operator

He spoke openly of his disappointment.

hl\.,.{1.,.... I ol-d.;t- I O"IAK" I .,.<;1(.

open-minded do/10 1 hd. 1 flft

An open-minded person is accessible to reason.
.Jo/10 I (l<f. I flft I (lfllo I fl\.1\-:f"t I 11(1.,.
IIMI I .&.,01\A

operate (vt.)
I. 11"t.,ll.,(l. How do you operate this
machine? _&II"J"J I ODIJ_<; I J."J.<',.T I ;1-"J.,
11-l-h'PI\111

2. 111J~f.. The company operates these factories. 7.tff.II"J I of.-1161Jl":fo I f"'LJ'IJ~f..... I IJ.Q"J

y .... I t ....

I. .,1'6Y. Operator, please give me the

telephone number of Mr. Parker! .,1'6Y I f"'L
h.,.c 1 ;rchc"t .,.,c 1 h""-'1
2. f"'L..'M"' 1 (1..,.. Where is the operator of
this machine? loU1" ooh.'i f-tJii.,PftD-
(1 .... 0 fT I t .... 1
[See also 'telephone']

opinion
I. do/1-tl. I gave him my frank opinion.
"IA'l' I Yll....., I do/IlL., I t1Ch--l2. 11h.,.Yf-l-. We will have to get the opinion
of an expert. fO'I'-1: 1 11h.,.Yf-l- 1 -t1<;1'1 1 .&
If'lA

What is your opinion of the doctor? llA thh.

operate (vi.)

1. tP&-. He operates in a peculiar manner,

but he always gets what he wants. 7."t"l'l 1 011'
t I OD"J1-': I _&IP&-A I ll''l',.
A1 ....., I Y1'1A

11-A"I.H.

f"'Lol..

This drug operates on the heart . .&11 1 oo.r:--,

);.-}- I

opponent

f"'LIP&-....

OA-tl

'1.& ' t ....

The machinery operates night and day. ooh.<;

1\.T<; I .,., I _&IP&-1\
2 . .,,. 1 '1'1<; 1 11f.61. The doctor says he'll
have to operate . .hh.oa- +P. 1'1'i "?Y:l."?.
7."t'IIIO-l- I .,.<;1(.
tJ)o I

000 I J'l\11 I 1\{I.,.J'f-}- I ,.-,_r;") 0 ttJ>o1

3. "1!1"-l-. I have a very high opinion of him.
hllh- I 7.~"1 I h'i' I Yll I
I 1111'1

.,,..r

form an opinion ltllTif'T

ro(t')o

I have not formed an opinion yet. -J'i

f-f;"t 11AID(I"t h-,.

ltltT,f

hold an opinion 11h.,.Yf-l- 1 1111..,.

He holds a different opinion than mine on this

matter. 01-'lf. 1 Ilk 1 f.,.llf 11lh.,.Yf-l- 1111..,.
In my opinion 7."tf.k 1 11h.,.Yf-l-

The new law operates to our advantage.

7..1~k 1 h.ll
.,.Yf-l- I 1..11. .,Qh"t I )fllo
public opinion fm-l-'11\a>- 1 ih11-tl 1 11h.,.Yf-l-

11JI.{I-

Public opinion is against changing this law.

operate to ones advantage m+oo(m-)

I

ih"l

_&mo}>oo<;A

operation
I. .,.,.,ll.,h. The operation of this machine
is simple . .&ll"t 1 ooh.<; 1 .,.,.,11.,(1 1 "''~
A I tm2. 111.M,.. His negligence is harmful to the
operation of our plan. fh- 1 "1-': 1 fll1it-l- 1
114..1\l\,. I ~")o}><f_-}- I tfD3. +P. "1'1'1'. His spleen was removed in an
operation. trf~~m- +P... IJ'1'i" +I.C")
fD"'
one machine does the whole process in a
single operation. h'lY: ovh.IJ o-&'lr 1t
m:l'll- 1 .&1P&-A
1\J.-l-JI:fo"J

be in operation OP'&-

-\I-

'9'tl

Is this rule in operation yet? .&11

1"&- '1.&

"t-tl

...

!1-A 1

....

In my opinion, it is a waste of time.

fm-l-1\1\ .... I ih1J-tl I 11(1.,.YfT

ODI\fD'l' I .&:l'fD.,A

flf.II"J' ih"l

[See also 'climate, conflict, critical, private,

venture')

opinionated do/10 1 "1-l-C

It's useless to argue with an opinionated
person. hJo/10 '"lTC I (1.... ' ;JC I ODIJ&-IJC I 'I'
,:J I flll I ')olD-

OpiUm )1."!;1'-,.
Opium is an
h-h

addiction~using

f"'LYI'l.111 00-':;lo);.-l-

drug. )1."!;1'-,.

t ....

opponent
I. Qll;>&-. He suspected his opponent of
giving the judge a bribe. Qll;>&-tJ>o 1 11.11':'..,. 1 .,.
(l

{I'J';I;A

-tll\-

ffi(.ffi(.

2. .,.m-'1'16. My opponent won in the. last

election. Ql\ol..tJ>o I ,.C""i I 1\_& ' .,.IDJIJI6

(be) operative 1"&- 1 '1.& 1 'I'll

The new contract will be operative in May.

"" 11lftol..

11JI.{I- I tJ>ol\
.&m-1\A

3. .,.:1''1'"'1.. The wrestler grappled with his

opponent. ;-;>I'- 1 h.,.:I''I'"'L..,. ;>C 1 .,.<;).,

IJ"I"J(l-}-

)':,.1!'

/ " &- I

1\_&

opportune ,..,.;
He arrived at an opportune moment. r=ri fl
ll't ' 1.1L ' ~.!:(1

opportunist I>I:C IJJ'.

The opportunist obtained his present position
through his activities. I>I:C 1](!. Ul>l:t-~-1>
hiJ-'J ,l'c\0'1-'J ~(jf ' ,I'H

opportunity (opportunities)
I. IJI:IA. I'm only waiting for a favorable
opportunity. f!l"m11+m- f"'LJ'oo'f~'J IJI:
lA

~m-

rve had no opportunity to discuss the matter

with you. lie\ 'I-'ll' ll'J-J- ;>C c\OOOJ,I'f
'I- ' 9"'J!I" ' IJI:IA ' 1>1\~'fo-9"
This job offers many opportunities for an
ambitious man. f,tJ .P-'6- ;J-:J-6 1'\.tJ")
(lCD- 1111- IJI:IA .('.1'1"1/A
2. 1>;>"1"7.. Take this opportnnity to learn
English! l'.'J"I/1.11'0' c\OD"7C .('.IJ'J 1>:>"1"7.
-t-m+II"D'I3. f"''.,l' :>Til" IJI:IA. He takes advantage of
every opportunity. f"''.,l';>-room-') IJI:IA uti: Y.m+II"O;J-A
*When will you have an opportunity to see
him? 7.(1.') 0 c\"7f'Jo 0 f"'i.OO:fiJ 0 OO'Ji 0 teD-!
[See also 'seize]

oppose
1. -t-.+OJou. The people of the town opposed
the tax. fh-I-"7CD- .ft1111 M11-I-'J OD"'fA
-t-.+OJoo

2. M~. A swamp opposed the advance of

the army. fOJ;J-~-1-'J OJ~.I.'I- OD"Jol-'1-
.!:"1.!:"1 ' />~~....

opposed

-1-.+t-~

Black is opposed to white. -r4!c ft"i'" -1.+t-~ ' teDbe opposed to

+~moo

I am very much opposeci to your going abroad.

tD~ tD11" n1c ,..~~~~., RIIJr 'h...,.m
"7c\IJ-

opposing -1-:1''1'"7.
The newspaper published a smear against the
opposing candidate. :>IL"'CD- f-1-:l''I'"''.CD-'J
7."" 1111" f"'LJ'mol. OJt. liL

opposite (n.)

oppression

870

opportune

-1-:l't-~

Black and white are opposites. -r4!C'i" t"i'"

-1-:l't-).JP:f ' 'i"'I'CD-

opposite (adj.) -1-.+t-~

He feels that taxes should be lower, but he
took the opposite view. "111C oo+tll l'.'J-'1
c\0'1- .('.1'1"7'1'/A "I'J -1-:l't-~..,.., da/111 ~~L
They fought on opposite sides in the war.
tnCt-1> 1\J'. -1-:l't-~ OJ~'J m-11-r ll'tCD-
-1-'1''1I expected him to come from the east, but
he came from the opposite direction. hrP" 6-o}o
J'.OO"'IA 111'- llmQU~ b!l"lJt-11 oolfJ
opposite (prep.)
I. b - - - I>'JliC. We live opposite the library.
U.;J-:f'J bOOI\.ft'i''Jo ' 0.-f> ' />'JliC ' tm2. b--- .1.'1-ci..I.'I-.IsatoppositethePresident

at the banquet. 0"111"1f"m- 1\J'. h"I"MI.-'I'J-1>

"'"" ' c\.1.'1- ' -1-.,.00'r!J.
directly opposite b - - - .1.'1- c\.1.'10ur house is directly opposite the store.
U.;J-:f'J ' bl'l-4! ' "'"" ' c\.1.'1- ' teDon opposite sides

A..+ l\A.-1-

They sat on opposite sides of the table at

dinner. "77.1: l'l.+CD- .1.'1- c\.1.'1- -t-+oom-

opposition
I. -1-:l'OJdl". The proposal met with unexpected
opposition. f+lOCD- 1>11-1-.l'f'l- ,I'A;J-1'10
-t-:l'CD-'1" l>;>moomThe campaign was a great success, considering
the strong opposition. f-1-:l'm-'I"CD-'J 11C
;J-'Jo 0 {l.OOc\bof>'Jo 0 lfOO!J'CD- 0 ;J-1\~ 0 f:
A tOe
2. f-1-:1''1'"7. OJ~'). The opposition tried to
break up the meeting. f-1-:l''I'"''.CD- OJ~') II
11(1QCD-') o c\000-f-'J 0 'l"hl
3. +.4-tF""L tnC. Our troops encountered strong
opposition on the front. OIPC ..,.,,...;. ,.,_ 1
nno~-'1- OJ;J-~r:il':f"J ""'IJ'.c\'0' , -t-:1''1'"7. ,
tnC l>;>m"7'l'CD-

oppress

.u..,.

t. The South African government

I.
oppresses Blacks. f~n-n l>'i'61t OD'J"l
P''l- ' -r4!r::f'J ' .('..U..,....'i"A
2 . .,.fii-A.io. This dismal weather oppresses me.
,I'.IJ +U ,l'fC o-).;1- .('.""i"'U'O'A
3. l>li.U.t+. A sense of trouble ahead oppressed my spirits. OJ~ .1.'1- ilc\"'i.OO"' :f"l
C ' "7(111 ' OO')Lfl.') ' />ii.U.t+m-

oppression f"i'".f'i" +"Joe

They are victims of oppression. f"i'".f'i" +"JD
C fOJ~+Il'I'm- l'll":f 'i"'I'CD-

orally

871

oppressive

oppressive
1. f"t..,.,...1. We must abolish all oppressive
Jaws. f"t .........l' .b1:f"t IJo/r ODlfC ' h

11-111
2. R"'l"' hQ.I:". The heat is oppressive today.
'1<1. ,....,._, R"'l"' hQ.I:" ~"'"

oppressor ..,!II'S

The oppressor will be defeated and driven out.

opulence .1:"11-'1-

He lives in opulence. R.l:"ll-'1- f.'r &-A

opulent

1. l\~"1 llil:t-1"'. America is an opulent country. I>'"L61t l\~"1 Oil;t-1"' 1>1C ~"'"
2. '1':,.'1':,. Yll. The opulent forests were soon
destroyed. ff'l':,. YlltJJo "'ilt fDJU'tJJol'
fDI.OD

..,!1/"f. -l-1f1G: f.QG&-A

opprobrious l>!lh.C.

His opprobrious conduct disappointed everyone. l>!lh.c. mQI' IJoll-1 1>04..,

opprobrious name llJe'-fl
Coward, liar, and thief are opprobrious names.
L6 I 'f'jr o; 1\.Q !l.l:"il o;:ftJJo
opt ODGm

He opted to remain in America another year.

I>'"L61t tJJo!l'l' R-1-.....,6

1>1.1:" 'tOD'I-

ODol'f'l-. ODGffi

If"- I

tiJ~IJG

I )"r I ~ODirJ/A

It is either on the table or in the drawer.

tn~A.Jftu- I t\jl:. I
~

....

IIJ~l]D I

00/tfl..faJ- I (1)-(l~

2. mf.!l (in a question). Is he coming today

or tomorrow? fOf.ODIIJtJJo tf"- i'aJo mf,lt
~1!

3. YIIRII"-Y ! 1>11"-Y. Oil the typewriter or it

will rusl fli'.RL'I- OD!Lo;tJJo1 Hf.'l- 1>.1:"
C"'R'I- I YIIRIIH_Y f.li:>A

Go slow or you will damage your car. 4'!1. il

optician Yf.1 ""~li'C lf"'"

Past the Ras Makonnen bridge, there is an

optician. h&-!1 ""h-11 .I:"A.<:" f. l>ll'i' :
ill\- Yf-1 OD~l\'C lf"'" f.1'iA
optimalll~"' !"'If;

This plant will grow only under optimal

conditions. f.ll ~6 f"tY.I:"1tJJo l\~"1 I"'
.,; fll'l' IJo~:t-l"':f- I\Y1'S ilil' ~"'"
optimism Qll -1-!14.~'1-

0ptimism helps one to overcome the difficulties

of life. Qll -!-!14.~'1- :f"'C 1\0D!I/!1/!1" f.
G.tiA
optimist Qll -1-!14.

He always hopes for the best; he is a real

optimist. f-1-lfll ~1C f.oo'iA 1 l\tJJo~-1-'i
Qll -!-!14. ~ ....
optimum l\~"1 -1-ll.,"t

1111 1-'1 ' l>llrt_Y ODh_o;IJ1 :t-RIIlfllll

or rather OIJA:r-

His autobiography, or rather memoirs, is

ready for publication. f.bf.m'l- :t-611- l .,II
'1- '1-11;1-tJJo llll'l-1"' -1-H;>:E-;J:A
or so
1. YOA. I would like twenty or so. YY YtJA
l\Lli\;>1\IJo
2. 1>1.1:". I need five dollars or so. 1>1.1:" l>l"'il
'1- iiC YllLA1'iA
*It will be ready in a month or so. hmc OIPJ
f.RA'I' "Ltl. tJJo!l.'l' f.1.C4A
[See also 'either, else, whether']
oracle [R'I'"t'l- "Ltl. 'll(l':f- lt.,Ah'l- :>C
f.IDYYir -I-iiii- f"t:t-OD1R'I- ll'i'&-]
oral

This is the optimum temperature for hatching.

l\1.,.11A I\OD4'<;:4'<;: f.IJ ,
fll'~ ....,.,_ ~ ....

or
1. tD~fJ"'. He is coming today or tomorrow.

l\~"1

, -f-!1.,"7. ,

option I"'C"'i

I have no option in the matter; I must do it.

Rrt_IJ "1-.t!f. llf. I"'C"'i fii'SI"' l R"'.l:"
ODJP.!-'1- ' />1\ii'S
optional RI"'C"'i f"tfD!l.l:"
This course is optional. f.IJ '1-!I"IIC'I- RI"'C
"" f"tfD(I.I:" ~ ....

1. f:J'A. I passed my oral examination in

French. RLG14f.'i f:J'A L+o; l>ll'i'h2. f"t '1''1'. The doctor prescribed an oral
medicine. miL-' f"t'l''l'' ODJ:";));'I-' I>HH
oral opening }\lj:

The oral opening of the earthworm is small.

f'I-A l>'i' '1-111 ~"'"
orally R:J'A

He told me orally that I had been appointed .

.,..jr.,1 R:J'A ~1G'S

~o_r~a_n~g~e~_______________ ___________8_7_2_______________ ______________o_r_der

orange (n.) ilC-I>to"t

Oranges grow in the region of Harar. f di~C

t.toiJil 11C-!>to"t J'fi:,O'IA
orange (adj.) 11C-I>to"t"7

There was an orange ribbon on her dress. O+

"7.11. 'I.e 11C-I>to't"'l &fi') )fi~

orange juice filC-!>to't "f.W"/4:

In the morning, I usually drink orange juice.

111ND') "1.11. 1\l.'l- 1\l.'l-. f11C-!>to') ''""74: '
t.m"'lllloration 't.,.,C
At the end of the oration everybody applauded
the speaker. h't"'l"'l~ fi:\'1 (laJo 1Jol\o
11-t-<;.;J&aJo
funeral oration 0+11.;.. = 1\,.e.. s f-T1.~1 1'1""1C

h""""""

We listened in tears to the funeral oration.

fi.,.11~

1\J'.

foJ-J'.~11J)o')

't"'I"'IC t."tiJ h

.!').,.') h-'100'1"')

orator -t-<;;J&

The orator promised to fight against poverty.

ofo<;;J&aJo ~1h'l-'t IIOD'I';J'l- :I' A 111
oratory 't"'I"'IC

His fervid oratory aroused the crowd. llOJ.T

order (v.)
l. t.PP. He ordered their arrest. t."t-'1..1'11" h

""

We have ordered lunch, but it isn't here yet.

!l"fl t.H<;A l

"'!')

1<;

hA.,.~fiA')!I"

The doctor ordered rest for his patient.

.bh.""" llfi'liofo'i'aJo b<:'i''l- hHHII'l2. lt"}JlODIIJ )1t:m-. Order the taxi for six
o'clock! ;1-h(LaJo flOP'&- !Joll'l- fl't'l- t."t
Jl.ODIIJ I '1'Jl:f&

3. hmfi++. I must order my affairs before

I leave. hoo~Y.. fi.l.'l- .1'11-'h 1--'11'"":1'
"7m<;.,.:,. t.ll11~
The gods ordered it otherwise. h"7Ah'l- h
h.l'.~-..'1"t
order around

.._.,.ern

*Stop ordering me around! ,e.tJ'l h..t:c-1 Y

1

f"Y.)to 't"'l"'l~ .n11n-'t M-r-r

orbit !l"ib'I'C

The orbit of the moon is around the earth.

fQ;I,~:J' !l"ib'I'C noo.:.'l- 11"&.1' )aJo

orchard oJ-hA
Our neighbor has an apple orchard. '1-~fL;l
":J'"t f-1>4- ofohA hllaJo
orchestra f-11.:1' '\~

The orchestra is giving a concert tonight.

f_lf.:J'.,. '\~ ~tl. "7;1- """11.:1' .l'fl"'IA
ordain
I. ID(l). God has ordained that all men shall
die. h"'lll.hil..h.C (laJo IJol\o h't'l.'l"'l- ID11
!i:A
2. hHP. The governor ordained that the
restrictions be lifted. 1't1t! 1 1"1ClD" 1F.{IIJi
t.'t'l.)...,. hHH
be ordained (expressed by an abstract noun
ofo.,.fill)

ordeal
I. fODh&- "1.11.. For many, the second World
War was a terribleordeal.ll111i"l ":f 11-llofo'i'aJo
f'tll!l" ' tDC)')o ' hfl:f'4: ' fODh&- ' "1.11. ' )fi~
2. P':f'J'.. He dreaded the ordeal of a visit to
the dentist. TC11 .h h.II" H't ~ ~p., TC(lo't
fOD).,.{Io') 'P':f'J'.' 4.6-

He was ordained deacon at the age of twelve.

flOP'&- IJoll '1- 'tOO-!> ' P'C'tofo ' Jl.-ll<;')
of-.,. fill
He was ordained a priest yesterday. ')-<;')')- :,.
(I<; ' ofo.,.fill

"t t.:l"~C"'I t.'l-nll~

order (n.)
l. 'l-M11. We have no orders to do that.
.!")') 11"'1~~.., !l"'t!l" 'l-t.~11 t.Aofoflm
')!I"
2. of-&-. Put the names in alphabetical order!
11'1"'1i"t fi.I.J'.A of-&- hfl11J:faJo
3. P'C't'l-. Put the books in order on the shelf!
ODK".bG:'Ii') fiP'C't'l- ' ODJ'.CSI.&J'aJo ' 1\J',
h11.,.!1""l:faJo
Be sure your notebook is in order! "711:f"m2f
J'.ilof-CIJ fiP'C't'l- ODIJ').') ' h~;J"'I'l"
4. J'.'t11. He set his affairs in order before
he died. hoo'l"-1> no~.+ 1-.llf.'t fiJ'.'t11
t.h<;aJo'l" )fiC
5. t.'t-'1.'111-11'1- -""'~""'" '1".1'41. He canceled
his order for the books. ""K".bG:'Ii t."t-'1.'111-11
'1- .l'.,.~fiaJo') 'I".1'41 (l~H
6. J'.~'ff. His ability is of a high order.
f(lo :fll-;1- h'i'ofo.... J'.~'ff .l'llaJo ' )aJo
7. f'IJ',"7'l"'l- "'l'"lfiC. To what order does
this priest belong? .eu 4111 ff'l-.,..,. f?J'."'I
'l"'l- "7'"1nc t.IJA )...,. ?
8. l\'1";1-. Some teachers have trouble keeping
order in their classes. t."t.ll't~ OD!I"IJ&-'t f
h'i''l:faJo't l\'1":1" oomn:,O .1'11'1'"'1&-:f'I'A

order

873

order

~~-------------------~------------------~

*The chef prepared four orders of fried chicken.

'f'ljtl)o I lD'I' I

f'L+

t\,&.T

(aiD"

fp..f':

'1'

in order to see you. h't.,.'t 11"7f'l- b'l;lt

')

order of the day i>II:J-'1! '1-~~11

OIJnJfJ-

+ (imperfect). In order not to fail,

you have to work harder. ~'t.O:'I-mY::,O m'th

2.

11(1 hH;J)!

~'tY:

The order of the day was to be alert for air

attack. i>II:J-'1!,. 'I-M11 1\fC '1'.4''1- 11

.:11 oPI"&-'1- ' hl\1111

"17!:

u-.,. f"''.A ~oc

bring to order ~"1" 1tF..l.1

The merchandise arrived in short order.

The police brought the riotous crowd to order.

lf+"' lf+m- .f-1- ' 1..:(1

make to order

71\.fo":f- ' .:11lf'O'm-"t ih1111 ' l\'1' t.s..,:-,.'1call the meeting to order

*He called the meeting to order by rapping on

the table. m.:A.~,.'t Oouii":J-'1- h11(1Q,.
OI"C~'J- ~'tJI.OD&. mf+

*I now call the meeting to order. t.u-'t h11(1

QID- ' .,.)!ll"t::A
(be) called to order

*He was called to order by the chairman.

in short order oft\-

He has his suits made to order. A-fl(t.'l

b- .I'MA

OA

(be) on order J..'lJlODil) 1 h.HH

We don't have that item right now, but it is on

order . .1'-11 ~.+ 1\'I..H.ID- fl\'tll" "l't 7-.'t
JI.OD"' t.H<;A
on the order

1 would like a dress on the order of the one

I saw in the display window. Oou(l;l'm'l- ,..

11.+ ou'tO~ I"~ I"C~'I- ~'t.ll.b.,.A

h'l' ,l'fll-'1-'t ' ~,.~,. ' f"''.oP{lA +"'Lh '

~,.:,..

~.t.A;JI\1]<

*The assembly was called to order. f(l11{1Q

,.. I"~ I"C~'t- ~'t.ll.bOC ."fM11 .,.(lm
give an order for '1t.1~+c-o t mr.,m-

(be) out of order

I. .,.01\lf l t.Aw&-9". The elevator is out of
order. h'l'tM .,.01\'li:J:A (t..f.w&-9")
2. h..,Q-fl 1 fll.tJJor'. His question is out of
order. '1',1'4ltJJo h"IQ11 fiiiD-9"

They gave me an order for twelve dozen eggs.

01"&. ll-11'1- 1.CH't ~'tMA ~'t.II+C11

mf4!'1

pay to the order of II - - - ,l'.b.t.l\'fiD-

In good order 01.'"t<;

He wrote on the check, "Pay to the order of

Mrs. Smith". 0'1111- 11.1'- II"'Lh11 (1"'1.11
.1'-b.t.l\'fiD- 111- ' 1\A..
place an order 7l.1'JlfliOD11Jfl.-l- 1 h.HH
We placed an order for hats in this store.

The merchandise arrived in good order.

lf+m- Of.'"t<; 1.C!}.A
(be) in order

1. Oprcq.+

~m-.

Is your passport in order?

;rh;rC'I-11 OI"C~'I- ~,.. !

~,...

His remark is quite in order.

f(lm~D- hh.,..l'f'l- 1'11l ~,..
3. .,.H;J)!. Everything is in order for the
departure. 1\oP'U: u-tt-9" ~1C .,.H;J)!-:J:A
2. -1"11l

(not be) in order :,01.9" .,.b.,.A '1-hhA

h.l'-1.1\9"

The pagination of this book is not in order.

fH.II ou~.h'i' f1~ 4!'1'C :,01.9" .,.b.,.
A '1-hhA h.l'-1.119"
in order of 0

Line up in order of height! 04!ou'J- .,.(11\4in order that h'1..(;

+ imperfect

We ought to leave early in order that we

not miss the train. q~ "-1'JSfovAm1' 1 +
1.9" 111\'t ' -~"1'1- ' hl\11't
in order to

1.

II.+ (verbal noun). I've come from

Chicago

.1'-11 ' DD1.11C

hn11't
place in order

QC~

o..-~,..

~'tJI.,I'{loP"'A't

.,.h.,.A

~(.~(.

Place the books in the right order! -~.hf.":,;'t

0'1-hhi\'O'ID- ~1.9" .,.b.,.A 1.CY:C
I .,.h.,.A

(in} proper order o:,..~,..

Please put these cards back in their proper

order! MH.II't ltC;J-l"":f- 0:,01.9" .,.b.,.
A hh4'9""l'f1Dput In battle order ll.lflC~-1-

h.(III.L

We have put our troops in battle order.

m;J-Y.r:il'":fo't't 1\I"C~'I- h(IA.t.<;'f'I'A
put in order
I. O'l"t:J'oJl t.b<;m~. He is putting his affairs
in order. "l-.lll''t u-11- O'l''t:J'oJl ,l'b<;tJJo<;A
2. hH;J)!. The maid hustled about putting
the house in order. 1.:.11.-1> fLof>'t 11"7H;J
)!'1- m.ll.,l' 01.11.11 .,.t::t::m":f-

orderly

874

(be) quite In order '1-hhll'i' ODJ"ODC .I'H

Your remark is quite in order. hlt-1-.l'f'I-U '1hhll'i' ODJ"ODC f.I'H )tJ>o
restore order
I. ll-h'l-'t IIDAfo h~;J;J. Only a potent

ruler could restore order. o-hM

oofA('

"7~:>:>'1- f"''..":fA "1.1'-ll'i' """- il!l'

)tJ>o
2 . .h"l't

hlthR~

l l\'1';1- hlthR~. The

police took forcible measures to restore order.
?"11.11 .h"l't (l\'1';1-) 11"71thRC 'l'il~
l\CII")I" m(t~
take one's order mf+
Waiter, will you take my order? 11"7 I l\M:
<; mY.+~

[See also 'inverse, numerical, procedure,

reverse, rule, serial, working order']

orderly (n.)
I. ~-'1'1-. He is an orderly in the hospital
and not a doctor. Rlf1t1;;J-I\o tJ>olt'l' ~-'1'1-
l\'t:<( .hh.ll" h.l'-~1111"
2. -1-1111 h.. The general's orderly has fallen ill.
!'J:t<l-1\o -I-IIII h. ;1-.,_A
orderly (adj.)
I. I"C~'I-'t fmR+. The orderly class was
praised by the principal. I"C~'I-'t fmR+tJ>o
h'i'A Rl"<l- """-"'" of-ool'l1)
2. RI"C~'I- f"''..'\11. An orderly crowd thronged
the street. RI"C~'I- f"''..'\HtJ>o .h11il ""
't1JI., h'l'll+ll+tJ>o
3. RI"C~'I- flf). He has an orderly desk
and always finds whatever he wants. f(lt!"
m~A.~tJ>o RI"C~'I- 111111') f"''...I.A1tJ>o't
)1C IJol\o .1'1'i'A

ordinal

""~R'i'

How do you form the ordinal number in

Amharic? Q"7C'i' oo~n'i' .,.'l'l!'":f't
l\'t.<'.'l- , ;J-OOIIh;I-IIU 1

ordinance
1. J!"'l :n.. An ordinance was passed against
doing business without a license. YllL* Y: oo
)1.1:-'t f"''..hllhA .l':'t:>1. -1-IIA.,A
2. ~'til. Please observe the No Smoking
ordinance. "711Lit hAhA )tJ>o f"''..lltJ>o
't ~'til mil"'-

ordinarily l\'t~-1-11""~"'"
Ordinarily, I am at work Wednesdays. l\'t~-1ltooF.m- I (!"of) I t!"-fl J )ttp,&.flv-

organic
quite ordinarily ~"JF.)"l""
She was dressed quite ordinarily. hiiQRO. l\
't~)1~ )RC
*He behaves quite ordinarily. IJot;J-tJ>o f-1-11
-~. ~f.)'l-. )tJ>o

ordinary
1.

+&-.

He is just an ordinary mechanic.

l\(to -1-<l- ' ool)th )tJ>o

She has a pretty face, but her clothes are
ordinary.ooA\>, 'I'~ AilO. "l't of-&-
)tJ>o
2. RAIJ. .I'A-1-M. The obese child cannot
wear ordinary clothes. Y.U m'i'&-11" A"/!: RA
IJ. .I'A-1-M Aillt ll.llillt hf.":fAII"
3. f-1-11""~. The ordinary price is $10.
f+flooF.m- s 'P;J OJ-PC -nc !)omout of the ordinary ~A+ItooF. ~1C
It's quite out of the ordinary to have a heavy
rain in the middle of the dry season. OO;J oo
llhA hQ.I': ' 11<;11" OD11HI ' .1.11"'1" ' .I'A-1-11
ODF., I

\'1C

I ~81-

~ of priests f"'-11<; "7b~"l

The ordination of priests can be performed only
by a bishop. f"'-11<; "7b~"l lloollm'l- f"''.
:fA ~~It il!l' )tJ>o

ordination,

ore

fil~'l- h.I.C

The ore is carried in trucks to the foundry.

fil~., h.I.C R'l'")'l- ooh.<; m~ "7"1-11
""ltJ>o ' f.m{IJIA

organ
I. hltA. The eye is a visual organ.
.1' hltA )tJ>o

~f.'t

f"7

Parliament is the chief organ of government. ll"hC 11.'1- fOD't"ll"'l- 'l'<;tJ>o h

ItA )tJ>o
2. hQA. The tongue is one of the organs of
speech. 11"1111 hhQII-1- A{)'t h'tJI. )tJ>o
3. t.C;>'l''t. Our teacher plays the organ in our
church. h1t-!-"7&.1':f't 1111.-1- hCM:.I't;:f't
t.C:>'l''t ' J'Plm;t-A

organic
1. faJoilT

httA. Organic diseases can rarely

be cured by surgery. ftJ>olt'l' t.ltA R1i;t-l"

";f Roo+~.l': f"''...l':)-'1- hAG: hAG: )tJ>o
2. .hY.m'l- .l'lltJ>o. Coal is organic rather than
mineral in origin. fS:"J;J~ hfiA MQ;ar
h"7b.l':'t {)f.if't a.Y.m'l- MR&-:ftJ>o )1
l!'":f ' )tJ>o

organism <hf.ID'I- YIIIJJo

Oriental (n.)

~~c

Plants and animals are organisms. 68'1''1-'i" 1.")

llo't'l- ,,..,,. '""'"'"

~~C':f

""'"'"

organizatio n
1. "7"t0C. What organization do you belong
to? ff'l-'i'OJo "7"t0C hQA ~Ill
2. 1:C;E''I-. The secretariat of the Organization
of African Unity is in Addis Ababa. fhUlt
h11:~'1- 1:C;E''I- 'P'i" K'<h.t.'l- fL'I- h

.11.11 hOq IJJoil'l' ~,.

3. "7!\'!\'9". He is engaged in the organization
of a new club. h.ll.ll hOofl 0"7!\'!\'9" II
,.. ' )OJo

4. h1P&-C. The organization of this painting

is quite remarkable. fl"llir hP'&-C f"'l.~

H,

original

875

organism

)OJo

organize

1. hH.."Jl':. He didn't organize the party well.

;rC-I;OJo") O~")ofl hiiH;J)';OJo9"
2. h!\'!\'oo. He organized three committees.

"**""

?'ll'l- ~c1:f
3. h.,.'i"O~. He organized his work very well.
I" tl-IJJo") ~"t'i" h1:C1 h.,.'i"O~OJo

organize (vi.) "7"t0C h!\'!\'OD

The workers organized for higher wages.
P'tl-1-'I''Ji ~'1"11 11"7il""'ODC "7"t0C h

f~~ 9"1"&-~ ' lliJJo

Many Orientals live in Tanzania. ;1-")0J") Y ,.

11'1' ' 1111- ' f~~ 9" I"&-~ ' lll":f ' f.'l' ti-ll-

oriental (adj.) f9"Ftl-~

I like to listen to oriental music. ,,..P &oolt

1 ,..

IL,.. ' ODll"7'1- ' l\IDJI/\Oo

orientate oo.,A..

flm

We must orientate the new members so they

will know what to do. IIJI.(>'Ji hQI\":f 11Q&-'fOJo") ' ,,.., ' H")1: ' OD1/\""i '
'fOJo' j.'.~Q'i"A

1\")(1")

orientation (n.)
1. h.:JotrJAi. The ship's orientation was changed
from north to northeast. roocbn- 1 lt.:JolrJ-t 1
hll"'/.1 OJ~ ll"'/.1 9"1"&-~ 1-/\IDm

2. 1f'1Qilo. John shows a strong orientation

toward literature. ]!:") ill"~ l'.'m.'i' h'i'-1-'i'
111QII. ' hi\IJJo
orientation (adj.) foo-f-'f'ID4!Y
The new students attended an orientation
meeting. 1\Jl.(>'Ji 1-"7t.l":f oou-f-'f'ID'i!Y II
o(l(lq '

-~-~,.

origin
1. oo~JI". The origin of the quarrel is a woman.
f'J'il-

OD)JI"

1\")Jl.'f-

(l.'f-

'i"T

**-

The origin of the war is still a matter of argument. fjllC)-Jo oo~JI" h~~o19" hh&-ltt. .,..

1"&-Y.. o f-1-lfll o ODJ"tiPC o 1.1Jl.j.'.11 ' "71:~1 '

Jlj.'. ' ~,.

2 . .,.,.,.~:,.. There are many Amharic words
of Geez origin. """'~;J-'fiJJo 1611 fll"~ ofl

*I'll have to get my work better organized.

Mofl~

Orient 9"1"&-~
Buddhism is widespread in the Orient. 09"I"&~ MC':f f!I-1:Y Yf."7'l''l- 1-llof..'i';I:A

orient (v.) hH)0/1

He oriented his ideas to new conditions.
mo't!l-1 ID~ h.ll.ll Oo~;J-l":f hH~OII
orient oneself 1t~lrJ4fii.CD-1' 1 Ar
In ancient times, sailors used to orient themselves by the position of the stars. 0'1'1'1- 'Lrt.
t1PChO'!':f h~"'""i'fiJJo1 f"'l./11''1- Oh'Ph
ofl'l- ""'"'"""' )0C

*He found it difficult to orient himself because

of the heavy fog. '1'~'1'~ ltiiOJo .,_..."J1 f-1-~
"' ' f'l- ' l\")JI/1 ' /\"71D~ ' 1-'f~~
be oriented
*The building is oriented north. fih1'Rc- 1 ~
o}-

(JJ1.,

(I;D'j,'}

flfil

)CD-

II- Y"7C'i' "'""" htr

*The origin of the Blue Nile is near Lake Tana.

'1'4lC OQf. f"'l.~"'IJJo h"''i" ' mf.~ ' ~,.

of humble oriain r~'li I ffC

He is a man of humble origin, and yet he
became prime minister. f~"lj I ffC I fl..lr),.. I
m~ilf. "'l.tll'l-C II")

original (n.)
1. cpa;-, Is this picture an original, or is it copy?

j.'.tl FilA 'i''i"IJJo ~,. IDj.'.ll ' ~l[IJJol

2. cptj K"dt-'1=. The translation does not correspond to the original. '1-C"I-DD- h'P'i"IJJo 11.'
m.'i' .,"JC hf.ll"7"79"
3. ao)';out.Y f-1-R.t.O'I- !\'")!\'. Did you read

"The Glory of the Kings" in the original? h

OD)';oot.Y 01-1\.t.O'I- !\'")
!\' h")ofl01i'i'A l

of)~ o ~~F'I-1

originally

876

original (adj.)
I. faa-,:aa&y. My original idea was to go on
a picnic. fao"I:""&YiD" milfl. 1ic1ic II""

vs:

~oc

The original inhabitants of Ethiopia were

Cushites. f"""I:""&Yl"'fl fh..+f-kY ~'1'&11'
':f fll-11 uc ~0'1-

2. IVl..il (pl. 1\IIJI..il). He has very original

ideas. 1\JIJI..il fll'). .hilll':f 1>11-+
3. f4'Y:'I". I have returned to my original idea.

ostentatious
llll'~':f fi"'''J'tiJio'/" '111<:+ (111 IM+
A+IM +:f<lll':f

ornamental
1. f"71."'i. Ornamental plants decorate the
entrance of the hotel. fll'1:11- oP"IfU' 0
"71.""1 b9'1'+ 1\'/"l;:A
2. f'ltlJ 1 '1'1'. The chest was covered with
ornamental designs. PfT). 1 O'ltlJ 1 1.1" 1 p/J
k>':f' 1'il''i'S:A

ornate

W!l.. 4'S(:'f" .hilfl. +aoAlfllo-

4. '1'<;. I have only a copy, but the original

letter is with the minister. ~~ ~lt'1 ""IAQQ;k

I. h~"l Y"/.m. I bought an ornate vase yesterday. +II"J+<; h~"l Y"l.m YR'I "''ll

11!1' ~IJio l 'I'<;IJio !!..111111. h"'L~il+'l- H'JS(;

4'0D&J,

2. f1'<1-4'4'. He writes in a very ornate style.

.....

5. ,t.(l. J'OD)at..m-. She wrote an original poem.

<~-!1.. Y""~a\.:fiJio'J "1'1'9" 'M..:f

6. f+~"'R+. At this juncture, it is best to

recall our original purpose. )..H. II -l.e : fT)"1
'JOT'J 'll\"7 "''il;l-Wil Ylf A

*Edison had an original mind. li.JI..fi"J l\1111..

il ~11!':f"J f"'LY""~"l" l>TI-A ~O<:IJio

originally
I. OoP"I:oP&Y. He wanted to be a doctor
a--,:oo&y dth..'l" ' 11""11'., l\
illl ~oc

originally.

2. """"'.1:1:. Originally nomads, they learned

agriculture at a later period. 0DDrPt!1:

""!If

:f ~0'1- l o:M "I'J fl'.Clf'J P'<l- 1'"7'1-

3. A'- ~.e)+. The stage decorations were

designed very originally. fouJ!"t!b- 1.T f+
u.-.-,:.... RAI' 'lf.~+ ~oc
*Originally, he is from California. +,..A.II.
IJII.G:C'JY ' ~..,.

1tf1Jo

h~"l f+<l-4'4' YKK'i' iiA+ l\1\IJio

orphan roo-+ A~
He is an orphan and cannot continue school.
foo-+ A~ ill\ II'~ T'I"IJC-I:'J 11.4''1'A
1\f.:fA'/"

orthodox
1. fl-C-I'J'..hil. There are several orthodox
religions in the Orient. 0'/"P'.I-~ l\11!':f 11
H- fl-C-I'J'..hil 'lf."'''i"-l':f l\11-

2. 1'4'llf.~+ f1"f. He holds orthodox po

litical views. +4'llf.~+ n-r ' f?'lli:IJ l\
il+ilfl11 l\11,..

orthography f-"'11+ l>KI\'i'

English orthography is very difficult. fh'J"II\.11
>;' -"'11+ ' l\1\K'i' 0"1'1" 1>11'1'."'& ~ ....

oscillate 1\mllml\
He oscillates between the two possibilities.
Oo-11+ 'I"C""ll":f llf. Ymii-A

originate (vt.) 1\0D"I:oP&Y '1..11. ol..m<:

The Chinese originated fireworks. c~M /\

,,..,,..n ""',..

"""-""&Y '1..11. fol..m'l-

ori1inate (vi.) +)"'"I
The fight originated in a dispute over land.
mil- f+~"',.. Root.+ hChC ~,..
ornament (v.) l>il1.m
She ornamented the room with flags. h'i'II-'J
Ofi'JY..~ 'll\"7 l\111.m':fiJio

ornament (n.)
1. 1.tiJ '1.'1". We put ornaments on trees at
Christmas time. 01tl 't.tl. OIJ:~ 1 4\-f, 1 1.
"' ' 1.~ ' 7-.<;Y..C."'II'J

2. 11-<~-+. She is so charming that she would be

an ornament to any society. OIIJfD 1 ,.,..,.. 1 il

ossify (ossified) m~h<:

The soft spots in a baby's skull ossify as he
grows. +9"11-h +ro-h f"'LI\IJio f a.n
l><;+ .hf). l'.YY..1 fi..%S(: f.m~h<I-A

ostensible "!All"
He has no ostensible reason for staying away
from school. h+'l"uc+ n.+ 1\DD~<:-t:
"!All" fll'~ 'l"h"JY+ fi\IJio'/"

ostensibly 'If. 11\!."J

He is ostensibly friendly, but I doubt his
sincerity. 'If. 11\!.'J wll~ J'.oPMA ~.,
~"'.,

.,., l'.m<~-m<l-1\o-

ostentatious
*He lives in an ostentatious manner. fl'i-C' lA~
f. A;J-f. f.IIA

ostrich

ought

877

ostrich 111-"1
Ostrich- eggs are decorations for the church.
fl\1-"1 l\"1 ...1\A AIL-I- hCM:.I'"I '1-A'I-1-
'1.'1' 1/.ITt;A
other (adj., pron.) 11.'1
I have no other place to. go. 11.'1 ,,.~~R+
ll;t- fA'S,.
I don't like these: have you others? MILII"I l'o
A4.A:>'I'fD',- i ll.tr>":f hAll l
His other friends are still in school. ll.ir''li 'I
.1'.'l''ll ~t; +,.uc+ IL+ t;'f,.
*He has no consideration for other people.
Al\fD' /'o.l'!l-11,other than h - - - t\.~

I see no reason for staying indoors other than

the chance of rain. 11t;il 1/.H"Iil 1/.ITt;A
h"7A+ 11.'1 l\IL-1- fD'll'l' ,,._,f.R-1-
,.h"l.l'+ l'of.:t"f'S,.
we can't collect the rent other than by suing
the tenant. 1-h&.f."l fJAhl\11"1 11.&-f."l A"l+
RA l'o"l":fA,among other things h+'i1~:fOJo ODVhA

Among other things, he mentioned that his

brother was a director genera1. bi"'l'.,t-:fm-
ODIJhA ID"I~ '!'t; Jl.~h-1-C I ODIT\>-"1
~All

each other

1. l\Cll RCI)'ffD'. You have to help each other.

l\Cll RCI)":fiJo ""b'l-'1-l- l'oAfJ":fv2. (reciprocal stern). Do you see each other
every day? Rf+l>- +~t;;;<l\":fv- l
every other ll.tr>":f ("1"1)
John is stupid. Every other boy in the class
knows the answer. ;"1 Mil tfD' I Rh'i'll-
fD'll'l' y 11- A.tr>":f A"fl.":f .,., R... A- ""
AA-"1 YfD':l'II*Take out every other book from the shelf!
hODI\"m'i' "".l'.cuy,. 'If. YA--l-"1 ""
ll.ft'i'-1- l'o"l-'1"1~ l\YA'i'h l'o"l"'
every other (Sunday) Rfv-A+ l)f""l-1- l\dto
~. l\dto~

The meetings are held every other Sunday.

Rfv-A-1- l)f""l-1- l\dto~ 1\mo~ llilllfJ
1/..l'.l.:>A

on the other side of h-- .. "71lI saw him standing on the other side of the
street. hOD"I~JI. "''I'- .,..,. l'ofii--1-

How do I get to the other side of the river?

ID"IH-"1 l\"11..-1- Alf~C l\":fl\Av- l

one after the other h"U': Q")~ .,.h~TI\m

They came one after the other. l'o"l~ IJ"I~

-J-h;J--1-AfD' ODtflo
SOMe day Or Other 1;,').(:' I +-J
I'll be coming again some day or other.
/'o"l~ +"I -t-ouAJt l\OD"JAIJsomehow or other

1. l\"1.1'.?""1,. ilir'. Somehow or other, he

managed to climb the mountain. l\"1.1'.?""1,.
ilir' 1-.1-.1-fD'"I /I.ID"' !J'A
2. 11"1~ ,.h"IY+. He must have forgotten
it somehow or other. IJ"I ~ ,.h"lY+ I)
J!.(.l)fD' ' l'oA.,.l.,someone or other (ttoo

Are you sure that someone or other will be

there to meet you? 1\fD' l\ILY l\"1.1'."7.+RA
11 l\C"Im'1 )I) l
the other llot\lD-

This one is mine; the other is my sister's.

,.e.u

I f~ I

~lJ)o j

{l.t\dJoo

I ..,.,. I

f),'l-J:

I ~dJoo

the other day R+.l'.,- M+

I saw your friend the other day.

m-'1~11"1 R+.l'.
,- I>A-1- M"fv--1[See also 'any, hand, no, none, one, something']

otherwise
I. YARAILY. Do as you are told; otherwise,
you will be punished. l\"l.l'.;t-H11hfD' F&.
YARAILY -1-.,."'AII
What would you do otherwise? YARAILY
,.., ;t-.I'.C"I tRc 1
2. R-1-U Otherwise, I'm satisfied with his
work. R-1-1.4. RA- P't- 1-.l'.ll!I'AvYou obviously think otherwise. l\"1.1'."7.;t-f
IJ)o I

.h/)o(I.U

Aot\

~d)o.

ought
I. ~IJ'I'A. At your age, you ought to know
better. RILII 1>...-,.11 hiLIJ fRAm "71D:,O
~IJVA

2. /'oAR 'I-. Ought we to visit her? l\!1."I oo

mf:,O l'oAil"l l
Coffee ought to he drunk while it is hot.
R-t; R'l-h-11- oum"'+ /'oAR+
3. 1/.'l'CR;t-A. You ought to start at once.
11"1.1'.. OD~ODC f.'l'CiiVA
*I ought to go before it rains. h""11tR- Rtf.
+ il~~ f.lfA'1A
*He does not act as he ought. v-~;t-fD' f"7.~
I) l'of..I'.A,.

_o_u_n_c_e_____________________________8_7_8______________________________ out
it ought to be ltf.lf1 1\,1'.-I'Cf"
It ought to be a fine day tomorrow. )1 '1''1- +
1 ' lt,l'.lf1 ' 1\f.-l'Cf"
there ought to be 1.1-'l.'l'C 1ili.. A:JA
There ought to be more buses in the evening.
n.-11 -t-ou.u 1\.....,..tl-l':f- 1.1-'1.'l''l-
1ili..A:>A

ounce roil+
We will buy an ounce of gold. 1\11: tD'II'I-
1.11q111

IDC~

our
I. f>:'. Is this our house? ,I'.U f>:' 0.'1- )tJJo 1
2. suffix pronoun a-~1. Our cat is growing
fast. f:DD:J":f-1 ofll- ofll- :1"1::>1\:f-

My wife kept Mrs. Belaynesh company while

her husband was out of town. f01f.HC' 1 011,1'.
)fi I <JA I hh-t-"'1 I tJJo"'/" 0 0)0t"..IIT I 1..11. I
fi. I "'LI'IT I 1\-fi.!-T I .jlfl3. 0. Drink tea out of a cup. Iff. Rh-'11

m"'

The cat and dog eat out of the same dish.

f:DD;f: .. I tJJolftJJo I <J1f: 0 l'l.ft1 I ,1'.0111\of II .... -1111- l II .... 1\.A
He did it out of spite. 1\DD'NI'I- 1 -1111- 1 1\f..t:
1tJJo
I have to go out of courtesy. 11'1-.b'l-., I'IA
DD'/.f: 0 1\1\-fi'S
2. h f-f-)"1. I clid it out of pity. h.hHi-:1"
f-1-t"' 1\f..t:w'l0Ut

out there lt.H....l'

ours f>:'
Ours is larger than theirs. f>:' Mel\- f.-1-A
:J'A
Those books are ours. MIU' DDl\.b'i''l- f
>:' .,,.....

ourselves
I. &-lt:f-1. Let us not fool ourselves! &-lt:f-11
1\..:J"A
We ourselves would never say such a thing.
1.>:' &-lt:f-1 ?"19" fl.lf1 1.1-'I.U 111
)1C I\1A'I"
2. 1.>:'. Nobody likes it but ourselves.
h>:' ol'l-t-+c "'11'1" 1\f.rof..f"
be ourselves lt."J~ 1 m-1-Ctf~
We weren't quite ourselves yesterday. T'i1'+
1.11.. IDTC''I':f1 I\A)OC19"

oust
I. 1\1'101"1. The umpire ousted him from
the game. .11>:' h.U.'I':J" I\I'I01"1tJJo
2. hP'A"'1 1\01<"..1... They joined in a plot
to oust him. "hCI\-1 hP'A"'1 1\"'ltJJot"..f:
01\1:"'1 1-'10'1-

ouster hP'A"'1

"'ltJJot:f:

The ouster of the President was the first sign

of trouble. T&.ll..-'11.,.1 hP'A"11 "'ltJJot:
.11.. ft:-1111'
toe

.,...,_.,..61

out
I. h. Chooseoneoutoftheseten! htH..U tv>'
"" 1\1.11..1 'l"t:'l'
2. h aJo1/". Fish cannot live out of water.
't"' ha>-;) ......,. II.'l'C I 1\f.::Y.A'I"

What are you doing out there 1 1.11...1'

:J"f..C;>IIU 1

?"1

out with it 11-.,1C

Out with it! I want to hear what you have to

say. 1-.,1C I f'l"'l-lltJJo1 11""1'1"'1'1- 1 1.4-A:>
/lobe at outs with each other

.,..t'IJ,....

They are at outs with each other over the most

trivial matter. 4-K''I" 1 R"'lf.t:'l 1 )1C 1 ,1'."11111be out

I. +t:. He is out because of illness. o.n-9" I

9"h11'1- I +C:t:A
She has been out of work ever since her illness.
h:J---:r- I 01-'I.U I hP'&- I -I'C:J"II:f
2. 0.'1- 1 1\AtOt:'l". They were out when we
called them. 1'11f..tJJoAII'I'tJJo 1 0.'1- 1 1\AtR'I-'1"
3. 0.'1- 1 1\A'I'IIf". He is mostly out on Sunday.
}\-flq>:'tJJo1 I 1..fl. I )uf,.f: I "hm.f: I fi.T I 1\
f.tJJoA'I"
4. 011.. 1 """~~" 1 '/.1... Keep an eye on the
children while I am out. 011.. 1 aJo1/" 1 1'1'/.1: 1
A;l!'fi1 1 m-11:1''1'
5. 01"1. The book I wanted is out. f4..11"1o-'l-
DDK'm'f' I 01'J':f:A
Would you please air the room while I am out.
"hi. I /)01IJI h'f'l\-1 I 1\..<j:(ltJJo
The sun is out now. 1\o-1 1 9.hf. 1 01'1':/"ll:f
The secret is out. '/"lim.'1- 1 01'1';f:A
The new edition isn't out yet. 1\JI.I\- 1 1.'1-'1" 1
1.. I I\A01"1'1"
6. :1"'1-'1" 1 01"1. His new book is out. 1\JI.I\- 1
fj\o ' DDK'm'f' I :J"T'I" I 01'J':f:A
7. m4-. The lights are out. DD-fl.e..-Hi 1 m'I'-1'I'A

8. hll+. He'll be here before the week is out.

{)!1"1-1> h"7MI 0.1.'1- f."'"'IA
9. TA++. Since the trial will not be held
until next month, he is out on bail.

.,.~,_

Allh

"'1.."""',. me n'I'C..:- n.+ illl"7f.:l"f. n

11Hil 'I'll TA*A
be out after Tb:I"Tfl
He is out after you. h1T1 f.h:I"TA?A
be out for ol.fl1 I 'i'l\1'1- h{lfDo
She is only out for a good time. fl"''l-oi.A1fDo
-~il'l-1 il!l' )fDo
That country is out for conquest. y';f h1C
{IODfDol:C 'i'l\1'1- hl\'1-

be out of hA+(D'I-)

We are out of toothbrushes; we hope to get

some tomorrow. f'J'Cil il~"ii hAol'ii-;'A 1
)1 f.OO"JA-;'A ilfl1 Til'i- l\-;'~C:>fl1
D'i'~l"' h
f.:l"ilill"'

*That's out of the question. f.ll

*It's a dishonest scheme; I'm glad to be out

of it. l\~-'1- f"7;1-AA )0C i ilflii.Au-0'1-
~il

ilflo:;'A

not be out to dtilofl flltD-tr

I'm not out to reform the world. 'tAM f

"7lflfA .Mil fll'1!1"

[See also 'blue, breath, door, fashion, order,

power, print, town, way, work']

out-and-out l\AI"' Yll

l 'tf.1 fii.AfDo

He is an out-and-out scoundrel. l\AI"' Yll

IDC"OII )fDo .

That is an out-and-out lie. y '\-,_"} fA.Am-

fDolf'l- )fDo

He outbid me at the auction. Odtt-7!: hlf)ol-'1

outbound for

"'~--- f"''..DC

He caught the outbound plane for London.

A1~1 D"''..U<:fDo hfDoC"TI\1 T{)ol.<:

be outbound for OJF.. - - - Jr..oo~

The plane is outbound for London. hfDoi!"TII

.,.

"'~

outburst

*His outbnrst was quickly silenced by the

chairman. 0.1:"14-:1" l1S1C II.+ ou10~
m>I,YfDo). K'l' l\1-'I.A h~l:1fDo

outcast b'til<: t"lill\ ,..,_.. fll') ..., .

In the beginning, the area was settled by outcasts. noo;~:ou.:y Oil'i't-fDo f"'l.'f~'l- h
'til<: t"lill\ ,.~ fll''f. t"ll":f ) n~

outclass hll<;+
This model outclasses all the other cars.
f.ll 'I"JI.A 11.11-'61 ODh.<;jP:f 11-11-
Yi11:1'A

outcome fDoRL'IThe outcome of the election was known early

in the evening. f,..CdlfDo (l)otfL.-,.. r mY..
"7;1-' ;1-fD-1'

outcry ""11'1-

The outcry of the crowd shows the opposition.

fTODA>t'li .ft"Hil ""11'1- T:l'fDo'l"1
f"'1..1AII' )fDo

raise an outcry '""11(0'1-)

The crowd raised an outcry at the umpire's

decision. OfDo{)~<JJo QAOOi1"7"7'1- TDDA>t'li
O.II:;'<JJo 'If. '""110'1-

(be) outdated uoo'f.

hA~A

This way of doing things is outdated. fll.ll 'tf.

)'I- fhwt-C HI'. H""'f. hA~A

outdistance '1'11-'1- R<:<:

The rabbit outdistanced the hunting dog.
'1'1~ h-'11'1 fDolf '1'1\fDo U<:<::f

outbid hlf)ol.

ID~

outer

879

out-and-out

{11~1

YDDt-A

outbreak oo)"f'IThe doctors are fighting an outbreak of

malaria dth.'l":f fmn ou)"f'l- l\fThll
hll- <;'ffDo

at the outbreak of

~ooc

At the outbreak of the war, there were many

Italians in Ethiopia. fRC)-1> iiJ':ODC ill!-

1\."'M'f:f Ul\.'1-f-A"Y )0~

outdo (outdid) DAm

He can outdo me in every subject except
science. b{)f.1il DiiT-I'C Ru-11-1"' '1-I"'IIC
'I- 11.0Am'1 Y.:fiiA

outdoor (adj.) f,..,_.

He prefers an outdoor job to an office job.
hiLl!" I" to f.A~ ffDo~' 1".!-1 f.OOC"'A
*Football is an outdoor game. fl\"'C \>oil h
0.'1- fDo"'!" f"''.."'lfD-1:'1- .....;r )fDo

outdoors,..,_..
It's too cold to sit outdoors.

t&~ Aoo+oo'f"

0"11"' f.OC'IA

outer

I. f.,..,... The outer wall of the city fell into

ruin. fbT"7fDo f,..,_. "11il 4.<:{1

880

outfit

2. ( ~ adv.) Mf.. The outer garment is made

of silk. Mf. fi\OII:fm- Ailll tw.C f+
IP6- I

~Q)a

outfit (v.) hi.&-'f.

It costs a lot of money to outfit an expedition
properly. ~"tf." .,.,. f"''.J'll.t.A1m-"t rJo
11-- 0"7.111 1\"'/1.&-'Jf..'l- il,. 1"tHil f.
mf.:I'A
outfit (n.)
I. "h:J>l":f. He bought his wife an expensive
cooking outfit. 1\"''.ll-1> m-1." fll'). f"'lilll.l'
"h:J>l":f ' 1'1~'12. '1-'1':,.. Space travelers will need a very
complicated outfit. fm.t.C +'\"l":f 0"111"
f+&-++ '1-'1':,. Yll.t.A:J'f'I'A
3. Ailll. She wore a silk outfit. fmC Ail
ll ' 1\il<'lii:Y.

outlet
outgrowth f"''.O:,.A
A callus is an outgrowth of the skin. ""l' O.f
-'1 ~f. f"''.O:,.A ~mbe an outgrowth of
I. 0 - - - ~f. -roo,.-c.P. +ll'l-4-. This dictionary is an outgrowth of a sma11 pocket
dictionary. f.U ""1110 :1>~'1- IJ"tf." '1-"t
"li fb.ll ""1110 :1>~'1- ~f. ..,_.,..,.-c.P.
f+ll'l-4- ' ~ ....
2. bODll'i-4-'1- f+~"' ~m-. This big store is
an outgrowth of a little shop. f.U '1-A:,. ou
f.iiC ' bH.U ' ff.t:llm- ' '1-"tj( ' ODf.ofiC ' b
ODll'f.'f.:J: ' f+~"' ' ~tD-

OUthOUSe ftD-"11- "li"t-1- IL-l- 1 fll1&- IL-lEvery house should have at least an outhouse.
"h.Y"t.tl"t.tl- IL'I- IU'"Ill o.nll h"tf." f
tD-"11" "li"t-1- IL-l- (fll1&- IL'I-) ll.'ft:m-
f.11JA

outflow f"''.m"'
We need to measure the outflow. f"Y..aJIIJaJo")
001\IJ'I- ' hl\il"t

outing"lic"lic
They went for an outing in the mountains.
ll"lic"lic mt. -r&-&-l":f , ~

outgoing
I. fF&- 1..UtD-"t f""t:ll. The outgoing
president gave his last speech today. fP6- "1.
ny'l'm-"t f""t:ll-'1- -r.:.rt..tl"t'l- .,,:, f
""""t:lf ' "t"l"l&-'fm-"t ' hf.t:'l2. mY. tD-alif!' f"tl\h. The outgoing mail
will be picked up at 4 o'clock. mY. ~
f"''.~bBJo f.ii-'IIL IJFC 11'\'1- f-11011
IJA
*He is a very outgoing person. b{tm- ,;JC
0"111" f."IIJIJA

outlandish bllm- f+llf

She wears the most outlandish clothes.
0"111" bllm- f+llf Ailll '1-1111<'11\:f

outgrow (outgrew)
I. 041""'~- 01\m. By the time he was ten, he
had outgrown his older brother. OOFC qoo
'1- tlf.""'Lm- h:f"~:,. m"t~ 041""'1-
01\m
2. (Mf-1) -rm. He outgrew his babyish habits.
Mf.1 f.nn~+ miJI'"t '1-:tA
3. +11+(0'1-). Those fish will outgrow the small
tank. MH.Y 0\"'l":f II""Y"'ftD- f.+A41
O;f-A
*The children have outgrown their clothes.
A)l:'ll b"'lf.;J'fm- f+~"' Ail<'l'fm- h"t
!l.'f'I'A
*Our business has grown so much, we have
outgrown our office. "t"l.tl:f"t 0"111" llii+M4- ' 1)").(- ' OGF~Y ' IL-l- ' o:,.,. ' O~f. ' II'

S:A

outlast
I. b- - fOI\m -I' f. This memorial will outlast
all the others. f.U OD:f"IID.Y b/1.~ rJo
11-- fOI\m f.-I'YA
2. b--- Ot::f". Onalonghike,hecould always
outlast me. Ot:)!.'!l" f"h"IC "lic"lic ~f. ""
A"I.U b~ f.Ot:;f-A
3. b - - - f.A:,. Ot:b+. Leather shoes usually
outlast those made of cloth. hil'l,.tD-"t "I.U
f-1'-'1 ""1"7 bif&- ""1"'1 f-A 'I- f.Ot:b;f-A
outlaw (v.) h.O"I tD-"11" hf..:1
They decided to outlaw public hanging.
f)f.IJI)f. lim- ' ODll+A"t ' b.n"l tD-"11"
11"'/f."t:"l ' OJ/I).
outlaw (n.) .01 W'l' 1 "lit;::f"
The outlaw was caught by the police. .01 m
m- ("lit;::f"m-) ll?'ll.ll +YH
outlet
I. OD<;:IIl'f. The outlet of Lake Tana is the
Abbai. f"''i' mf.:,. ""'i'lllf OIJf. ~m2. fl>t:"t-1: ""lilLY. Where is an outlet so
I can plug in the radio? .:..'1.\")."t "h"tf."{ll)m-
ft>t"t-t -nb.Ym- r-r ~ .... 1

*Boys need an outlet for their energy. fiiX"f

f"t,I'ID-11-11'1- )~C
..,,_1\'fiD-'t IIP't-
.,.,,.,. l\1\Q'fiD-

I\,_

outline (v.)
He outlined the course he was
going to take. f"tm+!l"ll'l-'t H1. H~H~
2. l\~.(- 1/lll. She outlined their trip abroad.
IDS'. ..,..,_. Me f"''...'S'.C'I-'1-1 '1-lf l\
~.(- ~llli:Y.
3. )f.L. The painter outlined two figures in
his picture. IP'\-{t.CD- I flP'bl\- I SJo{l'J' I IJ-fl
'I- ~C!<:Y. )S'.L
4. l\m"'. We will follow the plan he had
outlined. l\A- ,l'lD"'ID-'t l\~.(- l\'th-1-'1/l't
I.

H~H~.

outline (n.)
I. ~CI\". We could see the outlines of the
mountains in spite of the mist. 'l""t,. A1\\
~;J"I ll.ll"t f.,_t-t-ll''ll't ~CI\" ll.,f
:,. ' !I'A't
2. ~<1:~. Have you made an outline of what
you are going to say? llll!l";f-S'.C11D- 't"'"'C
~4:~ l\IJJo'I'.,.YA 1
3. l\Cl\11.,. '1-.11,.. I read just the outline of
the lecture. .1')111111<'1- f'I-!I"IIC1o't l\Cl\11
.,. '1-.11,. 11!1' )IIJo
4. 't ~. The outline of this drawing is
broken. fll.ll F6A 't.(-'i' f.,_,I',I'H l\,_S'.
ll!l"
*The coast has a jagged outline. fQ.b<- m~'i'
dJII)

'"JQ

outpost

881

outline

I ~DJ-

[See also 'broad']

*The outlook from the room includes the lake

and the mountains. IIOO!ll>-t> h"''.:M!.'I- )1
t::Y. ooohA .,,..,..,. .,.t-t-ll''ll ,.~"1'11outlying t-~ 1111- f"t~'S It-~ ,I'll
There are slill some farms in the outlying
districts of the city. hh.,..,..,. t-~ 1111-
11"7.~')''1- +11/I.II':Y. 111-ll'l' l\11-'t!l" fl\C
lf P;f-II':Y. AllAgitators are fomenting rebellion in outlying
districts. M"'i(JP'Il t-~ Qll-'1- l\ID-t-]f9'
'i''f..,.
:Y. ID-11'1' 11'1'11'1' 11.,)"1"1'1-

I\,_

outmoded 'I.H.ID- ,l'liLII'IHer living room has outmoded furniture.

fl\'t"l.ll ""+11.1' h~ 'I.H.ID- ,l'liLII'I-
l\:1' l\lltDbe outmoded .(-t: +~ I 'I.H.ID-. l\liL
Arranging marriages for _one's children is
outmoded. fm'I~:Y. liA]f'fm-1 fl't: 'JS'.
"'' oo?"~'l' .(-t: +C:tA ('I.H.ID- l\A~A)
outnumber
*Boys outnumber $iris in the university.
lll'tliC{).of;ID- ID-11'1' hl\.of:Y. ,_A~ flD
'tP..:Y. ...'I'C ,_IIA"'A
(be) out-of-date"""~' l\liL
This machine is out-of-date.

,.IJ ouh..'i uou

I' l\A~A

out-of-the-way
I. h""'t~.(- ..,..,_.. This place is somewhat out-of-the-way. ,.II P;f- h""'t~.(-
CIJ<"iP.

outlive
He outlived all his children. A;t!.'ll 11-11- fl.
.,..,. l\A- .,.~
outlive its usefulness li.IJ-1 A.e.mO:,.r'r'

The idea was good once, but it -has outlived

its usefulness. .(-t: ,.II doll11 '!'<- )IIC l\
11-'t "l't ~tn~!l"!l"
outlook
I. ftS'. d.'l-

11-~;f-.

The outlook for trade

fiD1.. ~:,.. o-~:1"
...114. f"t"'AII'I- )ID2. l\11.,.,l'f'l-. He has a very narrow outlook
oneducation.llli'I-!I"IIC'I- ,l'llm- l\ll.,.,l'f'l-
11"1!1" mQ11 )111*The Outlook for our picnic is not very good;
it looks as if it will rain. fiiC'ilt-:f't )1C
f"tiiiJ l\f.DDIIA!I" i ~H't11 l\UC!I"
is very promising.

f"}..,~

~m-

m"'

1111-. He lives in an
2. ( = adv.) h""'t~.(out-of-the-way place in the industrial area.
IL1o 4-oflt.IJ q(lll'l- l\IJQII. hoo't~.(- m
II) ..... ~~ ~m-

outpatient .,..,..1\1\ii llii.,.'l'

Outpatients should report to the hospital at
least once a week .,.,..1\'lii llii.,.'l':Y. ll.,l"t
II l\'t.(-. '1.11. IDS'.. ll'll"C:f'A OO!I""'T l\(1
q'fmoutplay h--- fllllm -J-im.,.
The other team outplayed us. /1.'\ID- II-.(-'t
h"'' fllllm

.,.""ltD.,.

outpost 111mc f"t~'S fml\'1- (ILC

The outpost was attacked by the natiVes.
ll~tnC f"'1.~1"1D- fm'l'l- (ILC 1111~<-
.,.m'l;tt.:f .,.m?

..

outside

882

outpour

~ of 0 - - - ""J':""<IY 11.e
It began to rain at the outset of our trip.
0.,.1'1':f'"t ' IIDJ':OD&Y ' ll.e ' 11'011- ' ""IIJA. '

outset, at the

outpour ~.,..J:''i.l:'
There was a great outpour of applause. f"l"-11
oaq ~.,_J:"l.J:' ~OC

J':ODl;

output
I. fF~ f"C'I-ldJom.-1-. You have to increase
your output. fF~ f"C'I-IYt (dJom.'l-ll"t)
""""""C AII-IIIJ
2. OPCof f"'L,,'OJIIJ. The output of our factory
is 3,000 pairs of shoes a week. 4-R&IJ:f'"t 01'1
r"t'l- IPCof ' f"'L,,'OJIIJdJo ' P"/1'1- ' 'Ito '
'l'"t.J:' ' "'i"79':f' ' ~ ....
I. OIIJf" t.<;U. His rude behavior outraged
her. filA."!<; mllf. OIIJf" t.<;AA'I2. AllofLIIJ. The murder outraged the citizens.
"I.I:'YdJo ~1'&9''Ji't AllofLIIJ:fOJo
F~

Killing women and childreu is an outrage.

ll.of:f'"t<; .bY<;-1-"t .....,!!.A. f"i"IJlr. 1 P'~ '
~

My brother outshines the other players.

OJ"t,_...., 11.11-'!i"t Toa1'"-f Yll"t:I'A

outside (n.)
I. ID""l". The house looks very pretty from the
outside. hfll""l" 1\""llhofo'l- IL-fo OIIJf" ~
yr~A.

2. ( ~ adv.) hfll""l" OIJ.A. The outside of

outrage (v.)

outrage (n.) f"i"IJlr.

outshine (outshone) All<;.,.

....

outrageous Al'l:l'<l:
This is an outrageous crime. ,.t.u J\(t..+of: m
"t)';A ' ~Ill"

outrank 0"7bt:"l Ollm

He outranks everybody because he is the only
officer. YIIID" ""11-"t"t ;1.(1. -11!1' /IIIII'~
11-11-"tf" 0"7bt:"l .eOA.IIJA.

outright (adj.) 'i'l\of"

He told an outright lie. 'i'l\of" ID"lf'l- fll'
~ 1 ~1C -K'Jt:
outrlaht (adv.)
I. "lA.'I' AJ:-1:1. Tell him outright what you
think of his behavior. 1111 11-lr.;l-111" f"'tl'l"7
IJ"t "IA.'I' AJ:-e11J "t1t:ID"
2. OJ'IJ'ID"'i-. He was hired outright. OJ'IJ'ID").
.,..,.mt:
3. Ylr.ID"'i-. I paid for the car outright in cash.
IIDD!J.<;dJo Ylr.ID"'i- ;1.)!' O;l.)!' h"-A.IJ.
4. ;l."tJIII. The farm was sold outright.
f'-&11" tl;l-111" ;t."tJIII Tlfm

outrun (outran)
I. 0'1-"'i .,.,_,..,He can outrun his older brother.
O~"'i :NI~ OJ"t,.._., o 11..,..1:'"""'" .e
':f4\A.
2. Ollm. His expenses outran his income.
O J - h10.dJo Ollm

the house is painted green. IL-fo hfll""l" 0 IJ.

A. At:"t'i.<'. .,.llf" _,..,.-ll:tA
outside (adj.)
I. ffll""l". We shall need outside help for this
job. 1111.11 F~ ffll""l" ;I.CJI;I' YIILA1
<;A.
2. h'i'T'I'. The outside figure given for the
cost of the new school was $10,000. l;Jl.(l.
'1-ruc'l- IL'I- f"''.I..)';ID" h.,.,.'l' f1"tH
-II A.h OFC 'it -IIC ~OC
3. ( ~ adv.) hfll""l" OIJ.A.. The outside measurements of the house are 50 ft. hfll""l" OIJ.
A fiLofo A.h ...,,.... "'i"7 ~..,.
outside (prep.} h - - - fD""l"

There was a noise outside the school. h'l-f"IJC

'I- IL-fo fD""l" m'!l'l- ~OC
His trip took him outside the country. .,.,."'"
IJ1C 111""1" 1 OJ(I.J'.ID"
This is outside my plans . .eu ""'J:-b-'1- Ill"
..... I

\'OJo

outside (adv.)

I. ......._"'" It's cold outside. "'""'-"'" -IICJ:'

~Ill"

2. ,.,.)!'. A peddler is hawking his wares

outside. ,.,_)!' A"t.l:' ~ O.J'.t:-1: .eu
"t 1..11'1.. VII ~'I!A
outside of h - - - 11.11
I wouldn't trust anyone here outside of
you. IJ"JT 11.11 ;l.lf.IJ "7"t"tf" h
IIMf"
outside of this hii.IJ M
Outside of this, there's no other possibility.
hii.IJ 11.11 1 Mf" f"C"'i fiiV"
at the outside O.Rif

I can do it in a week, at the outside. 0.011 Ol'l

M'l- ' 11\IP~ ' ;l.':f4\11u[See also 'palo']

883

outsider

outsider f6Jo1/" 1 ..,..,.

He is an outsider and does not know what's
going on. f6Jo1/" 1 (lCD- 1 111\lft 1 f"7.~C:1CD
't I t1e I hJ'..,.:,.f"
The intimate gathering was interrupted by
outsiders. fOJJI~t+ 1 II11AIJCD- 1 R6Jo1/", r'lP':f 1
1"C:Rlf
outskirts
1. hltiJR.. The outskirts of Addis Ababa
consist of small buildings. fhJI.{l 1 hRIJ 1 hltll
0. I .]-<;")11 I .ft'Jl\P':f I hl\o-12. -'IC. Hyenas occasionally come into the
outskirts of tbe town. ~ll:f 1 h'tJI't.(- 1 '1.11. 1
OJ~ I h.,....,CD- I Jle I f-0""11\o
outspoken
He's very outspoken in his remarks. ll.r'l1".1'f1>
')

OD"Jr\J\'

1\,Y.~f"

outspread ( ~ ger.) HC"'+

He rushed at her with arms outspread. 7.~'Ii
't 1 HC"'+ 1 OJ~ 1 7.!1. 1 em
I saw an eagle with outspread wings. b'tf.'t 1
fH~

'J/Ie

1\.f~

outstanding
1. f:J-OJ+. He is an outstanding scholar.
f:J-OJ+ I 11.:r- I tCD2. 1-A+ 1 f"7.:J- f.. An outstanding feature
of Paris is the Eiffel Tower. O;T'<III 1 CD-11'1' 1 1A+ I ,.,_,.,..,. I fi\.Y..t.A I :1-0Je I tCD3. 7.)1: 1 .I'A111. I have a lot of money outstanding. 7.~ 1 ,I'A111 1 1111" 1 1'tH11 1 II.A'S
be outstanding

,.m.-;.s;t;

fAtD-fP

The performance of his work was outstanding.

fFo<I-CD- I :r-/JI'I''i!'i' I 1"0JJIJI<I I fr\....,.
[See also 'credit')
outstretched ( ~ adv.) HC"'+
He received me with outstretched arms.
h'tf.'t I HC"'+ I 1"+RA'S
lie outstretched

+H~~

1 AT oflf\o" 4-;;:

He lay outstretched on tbe grass.

1"H.:C: I (r\'1' I 1111- I ......)

"'~

1 'IJ'. 1

outstrip (outstripped) 11./lhM

He can outstrip most boys in sports and
in studies. R/l?"e-1-'i' 1 0-1-f"ue+ 1 11.111J'l"'i"t 1
A~ I 11.,1'/lhM I f.'fiiA
outstrip in running h - - Lmt
A horse can outstrip a man in running.
.I.C:/1 I h{ICD- I U'l''i'A

oven

outward (adj.) f6Jo1/"

The two things are tbe same .in outward
appearance, but different in essence. ~A.,. 1 t
11!':f I 06Jo1/" I ODIJII}'fCD- I 1\.'t.(- I ll.lfl- I
OIJ.ft<lf. I ..,., I f1"A,I'f. I "'"'"'"
The outward appearance of things can be
deceptive. OD/Jih 1 ll.f.+ 1 OD'i!.:.(- 1 O"'f" 1 11.
'lll:f ll.lf't I f.:fiiA
outward (adv.) OJ~ 6Jo1/"
The dOOf OpeDS OUtward. fl"" I tJJI.. I tJI1!'> I
f. hoi.:!-A
outward-bound mi. IIJ-9 f"t't~

The outward-bound traffic is quite heavy

today. OJ~ I 6Jo1/" I f"7.'/.~CD- I .... ~~.... I IJtl, I
Oeh-1- I J'r\ I teDturn outward "IAflm

He turned his coat witb the lining outward.

fl>.,.'t 1 10e 1 11\0mCDoutwardly 11..1''1--1- 1 llf. 1 11'1-'t
Outwardly she looks gentle. ll..l'f.'l'-1- 1 Q;l,'f' 1
.]-ooMA:f
Outwardly, he was calm, but inwardly he was
seething witb rage. llf. 1 11'1-'t 1 fC:.:> toe t

CD-11'1' 1 CD-r'lm-'t 1 .,., 1 o'tF..-1- 1 ""'" 1 toe

outwear (outwore) h--- r.A:r- 1 o.:h1"

This suit will outwear any other. J!.tJ Aoflil:
h.,.,.,...,.,. I A1111 ""':r- I f.RC:h:J-A
outweigh h - - Rllf. 1 oout 1 h 1\.0DHt
This outweighs tbe forty pounds allowed us.
f.ll h1"L+~A't 1\.ell I ;T'.....,.(- I O'IJ'. I
f.OD11'i'A
The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
-r:r-- I h'I-JI.,. I J'OD11'i'A
outwit (outwitted) 11..,.,.
The prisoner outwitted his guards and escaped.
1.11.:.,...,. 1 no'l''ll't 1 II.'I"'S+ 1 l\ODI\m
oval '1"1111
An egg has an oval shape. 1.'t4111A 1 '1"1111 :rei\' 1 II.A..,.
ovation h'i! .I'A 1 "'MM""II
When he finished his speech, he received an
ovation. 't"'""ol-'t 1 II.""'C/11 h'i! ,I'A "'MM""
II T~C:1A-1oven
1. f".(-7f. She heated tbe oven. f".(-7fCD-'t 1 1.
11-1- 1 M~:fo+
2. f>lll 1 OD;J1<1.1'. My aunt bakes bread in an

over

oven. t.llil-1: 'Ill 0'1(1 OD;n&Ym- '1:>"IMI":fover (prep.)

I. 0 - - '1.1'.. Telegraph wires over the streets
are ugly. OOD"J~-'1. '1.1'. YIM- f-1:1\."1<1-9"
~ODp.":f- ' Yil+......,tr
He jumped over the fence. Q'K- '1.1'. H
1111
Don't fight over it! 01\o i\.1'. t.'l-nltr
Put your jacket over the sweater! on:vou 'I
.1'. 1>'1-II"J .l'.Cofl
We drove over the new road yesterda:.
'1-t;t'l- ' Q'l,l\o ' OD"J~Y: ' "" ' )'I"J
2. 11 - - 0'1.1'.. My room is over the kitchen.
ll'i'A. llm'I'O.., 0'1.1'. )mA general is over a colonel. :(~ hlttr~
A 0'1.1'.' )mThere is a lamp over my bed. IIA:>\1- 0'1.1'.
ODoflt-'1- ' hi\
The water was over his shoulders. m?m- h
'1-lllfm- 0'1.1'. )OC
3. (noun) + il.l'.. Your coat is hanging over
the chair. lt'l-11 m"JO~ '1.1'. .,..,mA~A
The weeds grew over the road. OD"J~-'1. '1.1'.
t.~'l" ' 04'110'1He fell over the dog sleeping in the doorway.
.<'.1f4- '1.1'. f.,.'i'm- m-lf t..o.<;:r-,;:'1- m

.o.+

overage

884

4. 0-- '1.1'. t.lf"ll!". He batted the ball over

the fence. \>.1\o"J Q<K- '1.1'. t.lf"ll!" 11:>'11 can't see over his head, he is so tall. ~7!:'1" il
1\IT) Ot-1\o il.l'. t.lf"14. 1\.,f'l- hA":f-A'I"
5. 11 - - .eA:r-. They chose him over me. h~ .e
A:r- ' 7.1\o"J ' -~m-'16. 11--- fOIItn. We spent over twenty dollars
yesterday. '1-t;t'l- h'IY iiC fOIItn t.mof."t
7. 11 - - - :\'1. She lives over the hill. hlt~ofl
;1-m- ' :\'1 ' '1-<rt-ll":f8. 0 - - - 11-tr. The news spread over the country. lD4.tD- ' q~~ ' IJotr ' .,.).,
9. 1111. He is troubled over his health.
ill\ IlL"J)_, -H'"It::A
10. ( ~ adv.) o-tr. Next year we shall travel
over Europe. O"'l.+'l'lltD- '~""-'~- t.m-c-n
o-tr ll"JPMI"J
*The committee adjourned over the holidays.
f.l'.C"l- ilofliiQ O'itr llilh"'l.YA;r.O'l- "11. ' Y:~il ' -1"'111.1.
over{adv.)
I. ll"J.O.~'i'. Write the letter over! .O.ofi'IO.m-"J ll
"t.l'.1'i' ' u.m-

The work was so badly done, I had to do it

over. Ft-m- O.l'."Jofl Ql\"""'<1-., 7l"t.l'.1
'i' ' UD/"<1-'l- ' "1-': ' IT)ofi'S
2. hll..l' Olj.l'.. Children of 14 and over have
to pay more. OFto t.t-'1- '~""-'~- fiT'i''l'm'i' hll..l' 0'1.1'. fll'). A]f.":f- .I'.OA'I'
ODil.!.A ' t.IIQ'fmover and above h 01\f,
The waiters get tips over and above their
wages. t.<\lj.I.S"":f- h.l'.'l"'l'l'm- Olj.l'. .,.
elf n'i'tr
over and over again I..;J.,'l"

He asked the same question over and over

again. n> ' "''"' ' .0.;>"1'1" ' tnf+
over by h---'1.1'.
He lives over by the hill. hll..l' 'l-il:f" '1.1'.
.l'.'f't-A
over here l't.H.tJ I l't.H.U

;J

Right over here is where I want the table.

tn~A.'Im- All 7.11.11 ll"J'I.IT"t )m- f'l"
.I.A1fDOver here the room is cooler. Jlt.H.U ;J 1 h
'i'tr ' 4'11+11 ' 11 ' )mover there l't.HJ'

;J I l't.HJ

What's over there? 7.11..1' :> M hll l

Who is the fourth boy in the group over there?
7.11..1' h-1' ...'1- A.]f.":f- uol)hA t.t-1-'i'
tJ)o

...,~tl)of

over (the) years 'h'l-11. ' 0:\lj

His personality hardened over the years.
h'l-11. 0:\i\ mQf "1'1-C IT)
be over

I. t.ll+. When is the show over? -tY~ oo

'li YA:I'A l
2. t.O:I'. It's all over with him. fl\o )1C h
0:1'
3. h - - Olltn. Is it over three miles 7 h?'il'l-
.,.I'.A .I'.OA"'A l
for over

h ..

Ol\,e.

He spoke for over an hour. II"JY: 11'1'1-

0'1.1'. ' _,....,~

h fl7i'1C
We heard voices from over the fence.
Qlf1C -':'1"6 ii.,"J
[See also 'all, well, yonder1

from over

11~

overage 06~ 14- 11

The government pensioned off the overage
officers. 06~ 14- Ytr'l-"J ODho"J<r":f-
OD"J"IF'l- ~;f- ' ,_.O.q'fm-

overestimate

885

overall
overall m-l-'1'1

The overall cost is $50. m'l-'1'1 .,;>m- 1\9"

l'p ofiC )"'"
The overall length of the boat was 40 feet.
)0C
flAil .... m-l-'1'1 l\C11"'1~ hCII

"'i"''

overboard houchn- 'If. mS'. l!ihC 1 hou

Chofl I mS'. llihC
Throw that heavy box overboard! J'"t") hi!
~

"f'l'"t hDDChll- 'If. mS'. l!ihC "'ll"'"

He jumped overboard and swam ashore.
hDDChofl o 11/P tlJS'. 'ICiJ' 'l''r
We threw some boxes overboard to lighten
the boat. DDCh!l. "'")., l\")'1..,.'1'1- 0"'111
mS'. 11a.c ....n... "'
+ '1'<1:+ , .,...

'l':r-

A")

be overcome
I. .,.'I'm. She was overcome with fright when
she saw the hyena. )!'11-"t ' 'lf:f' 1,11.' om;>
m.' .,...m:f
She was overcome with joy when she won the
prize. 'liA"''.,., '11'r:f 1.11. RS'.II:J- .,....
m:f
2 . .,.t1J1S'.. The child's stubbomess could not
be overcome by threats. fA)t hAll 0"'1/l.t.
~'I- II.W1~ hA.,.il'l\'1"

(be) overcrowded 1'1,.. '1''1-'1'-l hi\

The bus was so overcrowded it broke down.
h,_,.R-(1. hoom") O'I,P. 1'1,.. '1'-l-'1''1-
R"'/11_, _,.I'IOG

overdo (overdid)

go overboard

*The critics went overboard in pra1smg the

last film . .,.'1l YM....., ~A'I" h"7.1'1"'"
O'lf. .t.mS'.(l.."Jthrow overboard tp;J hltiiJ

I. hoom") hll.t.. I am allowed to play tennis

as long as I don't overdo it. hoom") l\IIIJ'I
1\'i'h- ~Gil oJ:tll h")~m."J- _,..t.'I-J'.A'"/A
2. hAh 01\f. l\01'111. Don't overdo the meat!
I"_,,..-, hAh 01\f. h;J-ofl/111,..

+;JU

They threw the plan overboard. l\'l-.11.., 'I':>

be overdone

hltm-'1-

The funny scenes in the play were overdone.

0-I:Y'k- ,..11'1' hi"<I!'S fli').."J- h'i'IP:f
_,.;>)'I'A

overcast S'.DDt;"'/
We stayed home because the sky was overcast.
1'1"'/f. S'.DD<;"'/ 111\11') ML."J- 'I'A")

overcharge h'l':>"'" O'lf. hllh.t.ll

He overcharged me by $50. h'l' ;>m- O'lf.
h'l"lt ofiC hllh.t.II'S

overcoat

we+

Put on your overcoat! IJ?""C."J-tJ") S'.Cofl

overdose
*His death was traced to an overdose of
medicine. f'fO+IIJo oP~~t+ hoom1' fill
~ I flODaJo(a,.IJ. 1 ODlf). I ~lD+

overdraw (overdrew) h O'lf. hm"l

I have overdrawn my account. IJII'S O'lf. h
dt.ltll. ' h .......il'l\11-

(be) overdue

overcome (overcame)

.,.tlJ"'.

She had maoy difficulties to

I. hlf).t. I
overcome. oflrt- ":f->lt::f") "'/IU'i' )OG'I'l-

He overcame a mountain of difficulties.

-~+ ' b")'l-of..f:f") '
2. +-n. Sadness has overcome him since
his mother's death. l\<;., h'l"., l'l"t': .h
If") ' _,."l'"'I';J-A
3. .:0(1.") l\")JI./1'1- I>U1. The heavy smoke
overcame two firemen. httlf. "'-.it. li-1\T
fl\lt."J- ' hS'.:> ' P'<lo.,.'l':f") ' .:Olt:f.....,' h")JI./1
_, hS'.G;>:f,..
4. h:J>I\11. The loan will go far in overcoming
our financial troubles. oft~ f1")1fofl ":f-1.::f")") oflrt- Y:J>AAA<;A
5. hiltD"lF... The close communion between
friends helps in overcomiog difficulties. fiD'IJ(
:f .,.,_,.lti'IC ":f->lr::f-"t II"'/IIW1~ o f.G'IA

.,.tlJ"'

I. ltf.h.t.A oflrt- 1.11. 11') ..... These bills are

overdue. .h.ltll- ltf.h.t.A oflrt- 1.11. 11''1'
;J-A
2. ll1f. Everyone is worried because the
plane is five hours overdue. ha-f!"Tt\). hr"ll
'1- 1'1~'1- 1111111f 1'1,.. 11-11- _,...._.,WA
be long overdue

*The reform in the school system was long

overdue. f'l-'I"IIC'l- I"C~."J- hoflrt- 1.11.
0~'1- ' DD"If"lfA ' )0GO'l-

overeating hofllfol' OOoflll'lOvereating is a detriment to health. hofl11ofo

OOofi<\."J- 0 1\tn."))."J- 0 .,.j( 0 ) ....

overestimate
He overestimated his strength. 1-AO.,., h"'l.
1'1"'" O'lf. h'i' h~C1 1.,.,_,.,..

overflow

886
overlook
------------ ------------ ----------------------- ---overflow (vt.)
1. 'I"A.f- 41.(11'1. The milk is overflowing the
CUp. ,.,.,.., I 1\.tfDo'J I 'l"flt..f- I .f.(l(l
2. h - - - .,.1:41.. The crowd overflowed the hall
and filled the corridor.Mill- lJJI&-lf. .,.
CG: I OD-MII.I.J'fDo't I 'l"'lfDo
*The river overflowed its banks. m~rt- r h.~
~(lt,4- o 'I"A.f- I .,.Tt':'i'C~A
overflow (vi.)
1. 'I"A.f- 41.1'11'1. Stop pouring, or your glass
will overflow. A-'1-:r-JI .1'1101111..1' ofiC"'Pfoll
'I"A-r- I J'..l.liA
2. 'fPI\. In the rainy season, the river overflows causing great damage. Oht:ll""" 'l..li
ID'tll- I 'I"A.f- I " ' " " "1-.11'1- I .l'f.CliA
*The river overflowed its banks. m"}rt- 'f"A
of- JIC!J'fDo't AAG: I .f.(l(l
overflow into

J\(lQ.l.~cf>

The crowd overflowed into the hall . .lo1111- ""

.,.1\II.I.J'fDo'J I A(I<Q.)4'
overgrow if41.)
Every year we kill the weeds that overgrow the
path. \?..,C I OD'J~JI.'J I f"''.lf<j:)fDo'J I At;
, . I fiJ'OD ... I ~o;C"'/II'J
be overgrown
1. llOft. The clearing is now overgrown with
bushes. f.,.OII)ffit';fDo I ODtl,T I AII-'J I ......~
... I llofl!l.A
2. .,.'I'm. The shore of the lake is overgrown
With reeds. fq.l,.;. I JIC!J' I 041m., I .,.fDoql.{A
3. OIIJ,. '1-A:r- )fDo. He is overgrown for his
age. 1111.11 6~,.,. OIIJ,. '1-A:r- )fDo
overhang (overhung)
1. h - - - AAG: IDIIJ. The roof overhangs
the house. IIJ&.I'fDo hiL., AAG: ID'I";tA
2. .,.'t1rt:~~. Trees overhang the brook. flf'i'
:r-C"J'"'i'i' 1 ;t't;... I 1\J'. I .,.'J1f'c-,~(A
overhaul
1. out:oot:. The mechanics overhaul the plane
after every flight. h.l"tJI'tJI. Ot:&- 0:\'1
"'l.lJtlo'f; ' AfDoC'TI\).'J I J'.ODt';,.&-1\-;...,
2. +Y.oo. An automobile can overhaul any
horse. ODh.o; Lt:l'l't U~A
3. 1.1:1'1(0'1-). The police car overhauled the
speeding truck. f?"ll.l'l ooh.o; O'i''l')T f
"'l.%1."'"'t ""h... f.t:I'I0-'1overhead (n.) fl"&- .,(lhJf "'"'A good businessman tries to keep his overhead

dOwn. 'J''I- I );Jf.. I fJ"&- I .,(lh.lf I fD<U.

fDo'J I IIDD4')(1 I J'.'l"h&-A
overhead (adv.)
1. ~~~y.o;<,.,. t:::r- 'IJ'.. The people overhead
are too noisy. ~'IJ'.'ffDo t:::r- 'IJ'. .1'11-'1- ,
(ljP:f I '"'i'"'i:J- I J'Oiffl2. hO'II'. The bird settled on a branch overhead. fD~ ' hOI\!' I lJIIfDo I :r-c"J'"'i'i' I 1\t;.f.:f
3. Ao;'l- 'IJ'.. The sun is overhead. 9mJ'. A
..T I 1\J'. I ):f
*The stars twinkled overhead. f(I.,J'. h'l'hofl
T I ofiA"'P I ofiA"'P. J'.'lll-

overhear
I. )(CO..,. fDoll'l' 'l'A;r. All. I overheard him
saying he didn"t like me. AAmf.,.,.,. II.A
,;co-. m-ll.,. .,.A;r. All
2. 1\JIODm. They spoke so loud that I could
not help overhearing what they said. """h
oflll .... I J'.);J~'I- I (lll)fiC I f"'l.fi-'1-'J I 1\1\JI,.
'I' I AA!J'Ah-,.

(be) overlaid .,.1\Rm

The box is overlaid with ivory.
.. I 'f'Cil I r+llfltn I )oaJo

...,..-> 011tr

overlap (overlapped) .,.1.&-t:O

The functions of the two departments overlap.
fll-11 ... I h<;:ll-:f I 1"&- I J'.Ut;qA
overload h""m't O'IJ'. '1"'1
She overloaded the washing machine. fAoflll
.,mfU'fDo't DDh.o; h""m't O'IJ'. Aoflll
'l"'l:f0-'1be overloaded
I. Rlf(0-'1-). I am overloaded with work.
P'&- 011.f-ofl'fA
2. "'i")T 011(0'1-). The truck was overloaded
and broke down. lJ"'l.l'"l- "l'")T liiiOIJO'I-
_,.{lOt;
overlook
I. All.l.. Shall I overlook his mistake?
(1.1,.,.~ I All.f..... ?
2. il.l'll.,...,.ll..,. 4'1:. He must have overlooked
it. fl.f(l.,. ....llfDo I 4'C-r- I j'.l)'o;(A
3. .,.<t.IIJmt:. She had to overlook a large
number of employees. ofiH- 1P&-.,.7f':f
IIJmC )Ot;q'l4. a - - 1-A-r- I ;1-f. The municipality building
overlooks the city. f.,ll:>lf IL'I- .lo'tl\ a
h.,.., .... I 1-A-r- I J'.:J-.I'A
My room overlooks the Piv..za. h~j:l\. r m-n
'P I 11''1" I "r;J'fi'J I .,fT ' J'.!J''IA

""'*'

overlord 1.:1"
The overlord was accompanied by many
people on his way to the market. '1.-l-....,. ~R

y ll.mm-

oflrt- ~"~"'"

o)!;q'f',.

overly hAh YliL

He is overly polite. hAh YliL

+m.+ ),.

overnight (adj.) ns>: 9"11+

The COrPOral got an overnight pass. YI"C A

11:1'..... ns>: 9"11-l- L:I'J': .......m ....
overnlsht (adv.)
I. q"t-'1<;::1". He got rich overnight. q"t'I<;::J"
q(I&.:J II')

2. q"t.l'.. Fear aged him overnight. q"t.l'. <;:

CV."J- Alfoo~fl"'"
3. Q"tJ': .,."t. Preparations for the party were
made overnight. li"HH"II",. oo(l<;/'. q"t J':

n ),. f ...u~,.

4. q"t J': /1.11.-l-. The cement set overnight.

1\."'l."t.,...... q"tJ': /1.11.-l- ,.~.,.
overnlsht stay YllliL"'" /1.11.-lMy overnight stay at my friend's was very
pleasant. l\f.'11L H"tJ': Yllll<;:h-."1- /1.11.
+ 0"19" Alll.lllf' )0C
stay overnight 1\1-l.

I intend to stay there overnight. Mt.Y 'IS':

C AIIO.Yllv[See also 'stop']
overpass (v.) AliL
We had overPassed the frontier during the
night. /1.11.1t"t RJ':"tR<!- AAL"t )OC
overpass (n.) ...f.t-<1-IL J':AJ':J'.
This highway has several overPasses. RH.U A
"'"<1- '1-'l<i 'If. oflll- ...f.t-<1-IL J':AJ':
f'll' ' Alloverpay (overPaid) ."1-C<;: hLll
He overPaid fifty cents for his lunch. 119"11,.
~9"11 ll"t-1:9" ."J-C<;: hLll
be overpaid

He was overPaid for the work he did.

liP'to,. h"'l. ~q R'IJ'. ...hLll"'"

overpayment, receive an "'"' h-,.1fltoo

R'IJ'. ...hLll"'"
I received an overpayment for my services.
'I~A"III-I: h"'l.~q'S R'IJ'. ...hLli'S

overpower

overrun

887

overlord

I. Alf)L. He overpowered the robber and

tied him up. .,...,l;',."t Alf"tt:: AR~,.

Grief OVOfPOwered her. ~H"t Alf)4-."J2. Afll. The Occident succeeded in overpowering the Orient for a while. ll'l'ot+ '1.
n. 9"bt-q'l!,. h'i'll 'tll9" 09"1"<1-:I'"'"Y
"t 'If. AJ'.(r- ) RC
be overpowered 11.1111119" AA!1'll9"
He was ovOfPowered by the heat. fDdtf."t dt<!C ll.ltll/9" AA!1'll9"
(be) overpowering
The stench is overpowering. ..,..,.., J\~1
J'.R'I'IIA
The heat is overPowering. _.,..,. 0"'11- J'.m
ofiiiA

overproductio n h ...L'I'I."'" R'IJ'. ll.+

ODJ"<!-."JBecause of overproduction, they had to close
the factory for two weeks. h ...L'I'I."'" R'IJ'.
7.:J' ' hODJ"<!-1t ' f ... )"l ' of.ofJ61}.... ' flv-fi."J-'
ll9""t+ ""'"-" ..... )0~0+
overrate hoom"t R'IJ'. AJ':C1 ~ .......
He overrated his abilities. l-11-:l""'""t hoom
"t 0'\J'. AJ':C1 ~OD-fOVerride (overrode)
I. lf~. The new rule overrides all previous
ones. A"LR- I."toft f.,.l."'l"l"'i?t v-11-
J'.iit-'I''I'A
2. l-'1 All. He overrode my objections and
went to the party....:l'fD"'I"IL"t l-'1 oflll-
mt. ' ;J"C-1:,. ' ~f.
3. h- - - Rllm. The present emergency overrides
other matters. Y ,..,. All'I'\>J'. v-~:r h/1.
11-'li 'l-'lf"lf' v-11- J'.RA"'A
overrule ~fiRm
The judge overruled the previous decision.
'II;',. f.l.1-'1"'""t 'i'CJ': ~fiRm,.
be overruled da~fto

m1..+

He was overruled by the majority. dtllll- OJ':

9"/J ofiA"'i "''-"'
overrun (overran)
I. "'~~. The looting hordes overran the
province. Ht-.1-l"ll' m~'IJ'. 1q1t"t m~<~-+
2. h - - - "''~'"" A~L. The new jet had overrun the landing field A.ILR- l';+ h"'VVm-
fD'I'.,_ A~L
3. 0'1. Weeds had overrun the old garden.
fJ':t:~ Y-l-hA+ 11:1" A~9" RA.,.:J"A
The speaker overran the time set for him.
...<;;>6m- h ... mMll+ 1.11. R'IJ'. -!-<;~~

overstate h:>U

be overrun 1"aJl.l.

The house was overrun by rats. O..fl

Oh~

overseas ~ h.,C 1 IJihc

a<JP..

Have you ever been overseas? m-ap- h.,C (q

.nc "''P.) y;f.u ;1-BJ-:J>IIu 1
overseas (adj.) ffJ<hC "''JI.
Great Britain has granted independence to

most of her overseas possessions.

:t-~*

ofi6;t-

..,, 11111!-l'':f- ffJ<hC "''JI. f.fl;l-lP;t!

)liH 11'1':1-ll:f-

oversee (oversaw)
I. T4'.nJm.:. I have to oversee everything he
does. f"'l."'<l-,..., tJoir OD4'.nJmC hl\11'1
2. TODIIhT. He happened to oversee the
burglar leaving the premises. 1\.fJBJ- h"lll.BJ-
_,.....1\hTBJ-

overseer T41nJnJ&
The overseer reported the theft to me. T41"1nJ
&BJ- fT.I'.t:?,..., IIC-1'.-,. II~ hooilhT
overshadow
I. hll'i"4'. The older boy overshadowed his
brother in school. .-,.&\<1! &\~ 0.-,.?"IJC.-,.
~~. ..... BJ-11'1' ,..,,........, hll'i"4'
2. h""llou(R.-,.). Troubles overshadowed his
life. :f-"/C <hf.ID.,"I h""II""R..,.

3.

ifd.~~

He always overstates his .case.

h(}o

fl-IA 'LtL

Ml'"l ' , :>"1)'1'&\

TIDCI! )0C

II.ID"'

overture

888

overseas

His quick temper overshadows his

real kindness. "1&\'i!T'I')., :t.BJ-)T'I' f."/)

.,.., 1-if'i!)'f'&\
oversight <k'I''I'C

While children are at school, tbey are .under

their teacher's oversight and direction. IA]I)f

R.-,.9"1JC.-,. 11..-,. itir fJIIT"l&BJ- <k'l'

'I'C'i" oo&).-,. P'C 'i":fmby oversight Oilatif".:'f-

your name was omitted by oversight.

lt~tJ

fTHI\1\BJ- Rll<hT.-,. )ftC

overstay h - - 1.11. , 0111- ; -l'f ! f - 1.11.

hitl\.1.
He overstayed his leave. h.I.:J> .I'." 1.11.,. 011
,. -l'f (f.I.:J-.1'." 1.11. hilll.l.)
overt

"1&\~

Violation of a peaceful country's frontier is an

~ I fl~ti"Jt"f! I IJ1C
Overt act of aggression.

ODtiJil
T"I'IC )BJ-

~ I

.(."'lflC

..,AX'

flf"~

f,Wl.t-

overtake (overtook)
I. .1'.6(1(0.-,.). He overtook the running thief
and knocked him do.wn. f.if1i f)ftt:BJ-"1 1\.
fJ .1'.<:(10.-,.'i" ou.f. nJIIBJA sudden storm overtook us . .I'.""I?T'i' 'iBJ~ H-11 .1'.<:(111"1
2. +S'..oo. Japan overtook many countries in
steel production. nil.:.-,. P't- ll';r"l 1111lP:P"I Mr::f- 4'f.ODif':fBJoverthrow (overthrew) 11\Rm
Mussolini overthrew the elected government
in Italy. ..,.{lll.t R<h1111 fTout:mBJ-"1
fh.nJ&\, OD't"/P'.-,. 1&\1ltn )RC
overtime (l'l.-,. :1.11.1. l f.-,.C'i! 1.11.
I had to work overtime. (l'l.-,. :1.~.1. oup>
.:...,. )0<:11'1

Overtime work is well paid, but it is sometimes

onerous. 1\ -1-Cij:. 1 "l.tL 1 JP 6- 1 11ft" 1 f.-hd.t\A 1
h"IJI"I.I'." 1.11. "/"I P'MD ' hfl.l'." )BJoverturn (vt.) 11\Rm l .1'.4-

The maid overturned the flower vase. 1l.Jl.f:

,Of! "711-I'OD"'iBJ-"1 ?1\0nt:f-BJ-

Wbether by accident or design. he overturned

the lamp. ,..,,... ,.,..., 0""-1' h-t-11-"1
.1'.4-BJ-

oversize.-,.&\~

This is an oversize tire, and I cannot use -it.

1-11 ..,., .-,.&\~ 111111) &\?M&\0.-,.
h&\:f-&\9"

oversleep RnJ?" hC'i!JI. ):J> 1 T'1-l' h.:

The rebels overturned the government. oouo'l'

:p _..,.,,.."'.., ' 1110111.overturn (intr.) .,..11\0m
If the boat should overturn, don't panic. ~'J
.
.-,. ~&\fJBJ- 11.1110'1' h.-,.ifRC

d.J'.

I overslept this morning. If-"

tp..-l-

OIIJ9"

hC'i!'( ):J>fJo
He overslept and missed the train. T'1-l' Mt:
IJ._

f)fi-C- l }iODI\Q16J".

overture, make (overtures) 'i!,.,_. hilf

The enemy is making overtures for peace.

mil.-,. M9" 11"7.1'."<:"/ 'i!"l"'l' R.,ilf.-,.
111- ~ ....

889

overweight

(be) overweight h'"I.~M 1 fl'lf. hofl~'l- 1

I>I\IJ>o
He is fifty pounds overweight. h'"l.~q..,. 01\
f. I 1\9"4 0 ;rCIJo'tY: I hofl~')- 0 1\1\IJJo
overwhelm

I. 0~(0'1-). Your kindness overwhelms me.

~"lHII I O~ofi'S

2. "1f.A 1 MG. Our army overwhelmed the

enemy. tl'llo":f'J 1 fml\'l-"1 "1f.A 1 I"IOG
be overwhelmed

+..-m

He was overwhelmed by grief. O.hH"I

1 .,..,.,.. 1

(vi.) hool
He owned that he was wrong.

own

The supervisor overworked the laborers.

I IP<lo-1-'l''li"! I h'"I.~QCJJo

l]{l

01\.J'. I 1\1\<f.lJ'CJJo

overwork oneself )..{l~boP(J)o IP~

He doesn't overwork himself. l\lllt.1.tloPfDo '
1\f.IP<l-9"

2. MA. His preoccupation with his own

affairs prevented him from organizing the
'1--'li\t I ODtnoP,IJ..
I I>J'.G1CIJo

h/"llo I ofl~')- I IIJJo

il1l(ll](l)o

"4-IP If l.
He has been on his own ever since he was
sixteen. hOI"Il- 1 IIY:II'I- ' qoo-~o 1 )';9"1!'
t-11-'1 :f-11- 1 wr t-A
be on one's own ,t..(l.'}

by one's own hand

~~II 1

(or,

f1~ 1 .nr.m-t."l 1 1\m<f.)

His illness was induced by overwork. ;,.oo,....

from overwork boom"} fllt1- llt\P&o
He was tired from overwork. boom'} fll\,.e.
111\IP<l- I ~h'l"'l- I IOC
owe

I. fll- + noun + 1>110'1-. He owes me fifty

f~

)."III.I'H:>~

He died by his own hand. ll-11-'1

overwork (n.) fl"ll- 1 ofi~'If-1-1..,0'1-

OD~lt~"J 1toP~

own (adj.)
I. fll-11-. He has his own horse. fll-/1-1 d.GII 1
l\1\CIJo
I'm my own boss. fll-1\. 1 l>~'rr ).~.,. 1 1'S

'I

overwork (v.) h"'l.~q.,. 01\f. 1 1>114-

dollars.

2. fll- 1 IIJJo. We used to rent this house, but

now own it. f.ll'l 0.'1- 1 +hll-f.-1-IIJJo 10
c I ,,.., I "l"l f'1 I IIJJo

meeting. fl1A

IOC

1JJo

own

I 1\9"4 I ofl(; I 1\1\0')-

I still owe him a small sum. 1>11-"19" 1 T-1:'1- 1 f

/1- I 1"!Hofl I l\1\ofi'S

How much do I owe you? n+ I 1"1Hofl I 11"1

come into one's own f'0?..1QlD'"} ~1..7f

h.17

In the latest exhibition, he came into his own

as a painter of the first magnitude. n:t-ctt- fl+
J'.G1C1Jo I 1\."/lf.fl.'li"l I 0-I-J'.',"of: I IP'\1\.1-Io I f"'l.
1QCJJo") I ~C/i I M'f

for one's very own At-{tMay I have this for my very own? f.ll"l"l IIIlo
1\, ' AIJJol"tJ'.IJJo!

for reasons of his own

For reasons of his own, he refused to join

the club. ).hOIJo I l\ll\1Q?" I 1\"7/1-lo I fll-/1- '

')- I l\1\ofi'S !

9"h").f')- I l\1\CIJo

2. ~q(.,.). +we owe respect to our parents.

of Its own f-1-1\f 1 fil-II111~

ID'I;Jtil':f-"1"1 I "7hOC I J'.1Q'i'A

Mead has a flavor of its own.

+J owe you an explanation for my absence.

fll-/1- I "'b9" I l\1\CIJo

fof>GII-0'1-"1 I 9"h"l.f'l- I A~A~AII I f.~Q:;'A

3. f +noun+ CJJol\;1- 11\1\0'1-. We owe a great
deal to our parents and teachers. fiDII;ltil':f-'1
'," I .fii+"76JPil':f-'j I ofllfo I CIJol\;1- I l\1\ofl'j
*She owes everything to him. ).lf.IJI f~GI"t':f-IJJo
0/1- I '1-hlf I IIJJo

of one's own
1. itofi;FOJ-. Can I have a room of my own?

owing to 0 9"h"l.f'I-

Owing to the rain, they were unable to come.

01J',"1Jo I 9"h").f')- I 1\.0Dffio I l\ll\iJ'/1"9"
owi"I-"1-'1-

The owl flies at night. "1-"1-'1- o\.11.'1- 1 '1-0il-11

1 f-1-1\f

1\ofliJ'I'o I 1\")Y: I h'i!ll\ I I\1'S ' ).:f-1\1\IJo!

2. fll-11-. She needed a dress, and I gave her

one of my own. Aoflllllll\lld.l\:>'1- 1j fll-1\."1
I>"Ill."I I l"lm:\'1-

on one's own 6-l"t-1' if.trHe is working on his own. ,e.(}-'} "4-tr- ~IPt-IA

one's own
1. r &oft.. This room is his own. ~tJ ht;:.A

:r-

own (vt.)
I. hii(CJJo). He owns a house. fll-/1-1 0.'1- 1\1\IJJo

fll-/1- I ICJJo

2.

f1~.

f1~

He only furthers his own interest.

I 'i!I\1-J,") I ofliJ'

[See also 'hold']

.f.,l\11\

owner
owner qlln.'lWho is the owner of the store?
11.'1- .,., t<JJo 1

890
fODf.ofl~

q11

ownership
I. qii(L'l-t'l-. The dispute is about the ownership of this land. hch~ DILU """"" q
1111.'1-t'l- 1\f.. t<JJo

ox
2. qll"lofl~'l-. The company came under new
ownership. tt-q"I)'<JJo"l lVI.ll qll"lofl~'l-
+~hn<JJo

ox""

He uses an ox to plough the field. "7il<JJo"l f

""L.L'Cll<JJo 00<1. t<JJo
[See also 'pair, yoke1

pace

891

pack

p
pace (v.) a>JV a>-'1.11 1111
He paced the room nervously. h'i'll- m-11'1'
llODQ.l.~:,O ' a>I!J ' W-'1.11 ' 1\11
pace off OIIC9")1" IIIJ
He paced off on the ground the area he wanted
plowed. ll"t-'I.:J-4(11 f"Y.I.A1m-"t oo.:.'f- ll
IIC9")1" IIIJ
pace (n.) IIC9")1"
Walk ten paces to the north! OP'C IIC!I")I" m
J'.. ' fl"''."t ' .,.&.ODS':
He hikes at a pace of three miles an hour.
llil~'l- ?'11'1- "'1/&A /&'MIA
keep pace with someone h(to ,;JC }..b-A
.,.&.ODJ'..

I can't keep pace with him; he walks too fast.

hil- ;>C IIII-A A&.""S': IIAl-A!I" I
ll"'!l" ' ll'i''l'~'l- f&&.ODJI,A
set a fast pace

He sets a fast pace for walking. .f-11- .f-11-

1111"7.&-0DY: hil- ;>C OD'/.J': 1\ll,;>l-
~

....

set the pace 9'"f'\A. )dJoo

He sets the pace for evecybody else in our class.

llh'i'll- m-11'1' 1111-'1- .,...,69'l- IJ-1\- !I"
Ill\. ~ ....
[See also 'easy, slack, smart']

pacific
I. illl!l""t f"Y.a>Y:. Those pacific people are
not inclined to make war. MIU' illl!l""t f
"Y.mJJ. ill"l- ...c~+ II"''J':<(1 11/&if.!l"
2. filii !I". The last century was a pacific era in
history. 1111.m- H"""t ll;J-6h m-11'1'
filii!/" HOD"t ~llC
make pacific advances llilll!l" .,.lll

The traders made pacific advances toward the

Indians. ~;>S!'.l"'tl ll"tl'-l-"t llilll!l" .,.
<(!).:fmpacification ( = verbal noun) "''l;>;>'lThe pacification of the occupied city did not
succeed. f.,.1Hm-"t h.,..., ll"''l:>:>+ f
_,.S'..l1m- ..,.h&. IIA.,.IIIJ!I"
pacify (pacified)
I. ll'lllll. I tried to pacify her with promises

but failed. :l'A 0001'1'1- ll'loflll'l- 'l"h.:O

~llC 1"t IIA.,.IIIJA'f!l"
2. Ill;>;>. The troops are trying to pacify the
city. m;J-S'..t:'tl h.,...,,...-. 11"'14(;>;>'1- ll
OD'f"hC ' 11/& ' <;:ftJJo
pack (vt.)
I. 11:1'
Have you packed your trunk
yet? ll:l'll"t lllf"t"'ll m-11'1' h_,.VA l
2. h.,..,.. I packed two shirts and some socks
in my valise. rJoll'l- lf"Y.P.,... '1'4:'1- fll
1C if.&.lll- lf"t"'IL tJJoll'l' h_,.'l-113. liS'.&.~ 1111"'"""' Packyourbooksinthis
box! ODl\.h'i''l-ll"t 1111.11 "''l'"t tJJoll'l' liS'.
&.~_,.II 11114>!1"'1'
4. '1"11. He packed his suitcase with clothes.
lf"t"'tJJo"t Aoflll 'l"llm5. 1\il<(. He packed his bags in feverish haste.
lf"t"'tiJo"t llil'lt-11- 1\{l<(
6. u. We packed the mules and then set
off for the lake. o:,Ot~-l"'tl"t "'l'n mY.

h.,..,.,

.,.,,..,. IIOD'/.Y:

.,.~..,

..

7. 1'1'!1" llll(ll'l-). +People packed the theatre.

-1:1'1-C IL-l> (ltJJo 1'1'!1" oflll-ll;I-A
8. I\Q.l.4>(;J-Q.l..,.). They shouldn't pack us
into the train this way. 'lll-C m-IlT ll"tS'..H.
II 11..1'.....,.., 11/&1'1!1"
The farmer shook down the sack of grain
until it was firmly packed. 111111- llS'.."tofl llllh.
;J-Q.l.:,O 11lol.tJJo }F."t1tJJo"t .....,. ....,...,.
pack (vi.) ll:l'tJJo"t IIH;>JS.:
We packed last night and are ready to go.
11:1-l-"t"t 'llll.m- 11.11.'1- IIIIH;>JS.:"t II""
'tY: _,.H;>~_,.<;A
pack away 1tll+ODm

Pack these clothes away in a large trunk!

MH.II"t Aofll\l- ll'I-A:,O "''l'"t tJJoll'l'
1111.,.!1"'1'
pack off tnOAI\ llh
We packed her off to her mother because she
could not follow the rules. '1-11~11 ll""mll:,O
MA!I'IIl- IDS'. 1\<;:J: ODA{l"t llh<;+
pack up (vt.) m4>1111
He packed up his things and left. 'JII""t m:,O
All- ' 'tS'..

pail

892

pack

It's time to pack up and leave this place.

back to keep it from being chafed. f .l.t:ll- )';

eq 7."1'1f.'l'l' 1:11'111 oo{lf, "1110'1-

7.?:f"t"l m'i'AII"I hH.II ll;f- oo'[.f:

l\1111"1

I need a pad of paper. '1'4!'1- f"'lll;f-mlf S'.

pack up (vi.) 7.,J> m+llll

111'e ,I'/1.1.1.\~>;'A

pack (n.)
I. 'f.'"H. The donkeys were loaded down

with heavy packs. ltlll'"'ll hill: 'f.'"H 1''1.'"

t..,. toe

2. ;rh.'t-. Give me a pack of cigarettes! tt"lf:

;rh.'t- 11.11".:. lim'S
pack of thieves ft\.Q tf'if

This company is nothing but a pack of thieves.

f,l) h-11"1,1' f/1.11 <plf tlD'
In packs Ooflrt't-

Hyeilas hunt in packs; lions hunt alone.

~ll:f f"''.,l'f:'l-'1- Ooflrt't- ll.lf"l tt"IOII "'
ofl!f!BJo") I ~(Do
I

")

package
I. T-l-A. The mailman brought a package for
you. ?'111''1..,. t."lf: '1'-l-A hoP"ll.\11
2. oom-l-11,1'. Use thick cardboard for the
package! lloomo}>ll,l'lD' OID'i'&-11" ltel'"l 1'

paddle (v.) +H.I.

He paddled the canoe across the lake. :f""ll>.lD'
"I M+H.I. .,,..,.., hlllt:m

paddle (n.) oo'i'Hol.,l'

He lost one of the two paddles. hll-11-1> oo'l'
H~,l' h"IJI. m<f.O't-

pagan (n.) ttt:"'l'l!

Pagans are still found in certain parts of the
world. hll-"111" 11"1'1"11: f~llll" h'i'll:f ht:"'llD',I'"I ,e~>;'tr

(adj.) fht:"'llD',I'"I
There are still pagan ceremonies in some
regions. 11"1'1"11: ll:f"l":f 11"-11" ft..:
pagan

"'llD',I'"I P'e~_,.:f f,~>;'tr

paganism "11'1- "'lll"llh

The tribe relapsed into paganism.

t~JI.

"11

'J- IDS'. o "711"/lh 1'0011{1

m+ll"

pack animal f"l'"t't- hofl'tRenting pack animals will cost a lot of money.
f'f.'"t't- h11T DPh<l-f't- 1111' ~"IHofl f.
mf,?A

page (v.) ttllm<lI asked him to page my brother in the hotel

lobby. Olf-1:1.\ illl-"l lD'/1'1' ID"If:"""l 7."1
'L,I'Ilm&-lD' mf-l-li-T

packhorse tt:>llll
I have hired three packhorses to carry my
stuff. 7.?\1."1 fr'f.'""IIJ:f..,. 1"11'1- t.:>ll
fo:f 1'h&-f.;J'IIll-

pact lD'I.\
They made a pact to permit free trade. h+t:'l'
U, flft "1"11: lloo'l'+f: lD'I.\ M'.
t:"l-

pad (padded)
I. ttllS'.t:1'. I padded my coat so it would be
warmer. f,OI.\'1' 1."1-'I.'I"+'S lt-1:"1 ttll
S'..:Th-'12. '1"'1. He padded his story with unnecessary
details. O"'l,l'h.l.l.\"1- 11C"III!":f :f"<lh-"1 'I"
'llD'

pad (n.)
I. 'I'&-'ii. The baby's carriage bas a pad made
to fit it. f.bt'l- ttl.\:> 01.\h- f1'"'&-

'1'&-'ii .

pad of paper

hlllD'

2. 1:11'111 oPI\f.. He put a pad on the horse's

page (n.)
I. ~II'. The book is two hundred pages long.
001\'.h#- ll-11'1-

00.,. .

~II'

hlllD'

2. 11"~&-'i'. The settling of the West is an

exciting page in our history. f.b1111 09"~&11 DP/I.I.e 0;1-&lt:f"t lD'/1'1' 't-A-l- II"
{J<l-'i'tlD'~

3. 1''1'1h.. I sent the page for the newspaper.

;JIJ,"' 7."1-'I,,I'DD"'I.\'S ' -1''11\h,lD'"I ' 1\hli-'Jpageant P't P'e~:,.
The coronation of the king was a splendid
pageant. f"I"I-IP' fHlD'f: 0~1.\ lth'IO

e P't

.....e~'t- 0"111" fY.oo+ toe

pagination f~ll' "'"'e

The pagination of this book is not in order.
fH.II 001\'.h'i' Mil' "'"'e -l-S'.II" 1'h1'
A 't-hhA ttf.S'./111"

pail 111.\'L
Fill the pail with water! QA-'1,.,.."1 lD';> ..,.'1.,.
[See also 'garbage1

pajamas

893

pain
pain (v.) lV"'""(IIJo)

Does your tooth pain you? 'I'CIIU1 1 Y'I"''IA l

pain (n.)
1. "'":>'!-. I feel a sharp pain in my back.
;ecl)\1.') I ~,1'.111;' I dJo;J't I ,j'.(I.,I;'{A
2. F :l'Y.. A toothache is a pain. f'I'CII 1 a.
ODIJD I JP~~ I \ofD-

2. "Ill. Who painted this portrait? Y.U1 f(l

tJJo I JP/JfA t "'7") I Pf/UD- f
3. 11111. He painted an exciting story of his
travels. f.,.~ ....., 1 ;J-&h 0"7.Y~1:,. 1 M\:\1
1111111Jo
paint (vi.) "Ill
She paints in oils. OHY.'t 1 4'M" '1-F'III:f

painl ~119"
Great pains have been taken to finish the
project, J,:,OJI.1 I IIOD~II I ;f-l\:,0 I ~119" I

paint (n.) 4'119"

h~C'liA

paintbrush f4'119" 1 11~11

feel a dull pain In 1-aJ:>:>(IIJo)

+I feel a auu pain in my side.,..).., I Y.m:>:>I;'IA
feel (a) pain In
1. h""""(IIJo). +no you feel pain in the tooth?
'I'CIIU1 I , , . . ,lA l
2. 11Jo:>'t 1 1-fi"7(11Jo). +An of a sudden, I felt a
sharp pain in my back. 0~11'1- lC'I\1. 1 'I
,j'. I ~,1'.111;' I dJo;J'fo 0 -J-(1"7'f
have a pain in JtODov(m-)
+I have a pain in my knee. .,./A0-1:1 1 Y""I;'/A
take pains
1. 11H- 1 ~hoo. He took pains to have the place
neat and clean. (l;f-11Jo1 1 11"7K".II't 1 11H- 1
~hoo

2. 1""'-)4'. He takes great pains to please his

employer. 4'11J&dJo'J 1 11.,~(1+ 1 11H- 1 y.
.U.):J'/A
[See also 'free, inflict, stab, throb']
1. h"""" Was the operation very painful?
4'[l. ' 'J'1'i'11Jo I 011Jjl" I Yll" I )0C !
2. hll4'mm. It is painful to see him suffer.
I YII4''1'11JIA
{l.tP:l',l'. I
3. F:l'Y.1 )IIJo.Childbirthis painfulfor women.
/A~ I ODIIJoll~ I ll(l..f:f I p>:J',j'. I )IIJo

.,f.,

painless YIIMII" 1 F:l'Y.

This treatment is a painless cure for cancer;

y.u 1 .lthll"'i' 1 hl11fiC o'll;t- 1 YIIMII" 1 ,..

I

f"7..4.11Joll

The paintbrush is dry. f4'11,.... 1 11~11 ~C!IIIA

painter

1. IP'\1\,. A famous painter is going to visit

our country. '11)1;' 1 tP'tll. 1 M&-:f11 11.,..
O'S )IIJo
2. 4'119" 1 4'1l. The painter distributed the
paint evenly over the wall. 4'119". 1 4'1l11Jo 1 "I
~JIIIJo') I hii-J-11h/l" I 4'l)11Jo

painting

)IIJo

painstaking ;t-'1:,0
He repaired the damaged car with Painstaking
care. f-1-0'IlfdJo'J 1 ""h.'i' 1 O;f-1\:,0 1 'I"J:J>
ct m1\otJJo
paint (vt.)
I. 4''1. He painted the house light blue.
0..,., I 11Jo;) 0 {I.,Y'f!. I 4'11P" I. 4'l)

F~IA

That's a beautiful painting. y 1 dJo1l 1

A I \oiD"

F~

pair (v.), - off 11-ll't 1 u-11'1- 1 IJ')IIJo 1 ~.li

The boys and girls paired off. m1 P.'li'i' 1 All'

1&f'.'fi 0 IJ-II'fo 0 IJ-II'fo I IJ')IIJo I ~.~~.
be paired 0'1'1~ 1 0'1'1~ 1-~.:J'..<'.
Her gloves were neatly paired in a drawer.
n..~ I IF-&-11!1! I ""/lllYIIJo IIJoll'l' I O'I"J

:J>oJI

(be) painful

:f',j'.

The paint is still wet. 4'11..,. 1 hll-19" 1 l\C'J'111

)IIJo

O'I"J~

O'I"J~

-~-~C~<'.'I'IA

pair (n.)
1. 'I'll"~ ! '1'1~. Many articles like shoes
are sold in pairs. 7.1~""1"7 Yll- 11H-, )1
~:f I f"'/.lftJlo'f- I 0'J''J~ I )IIJo
A pair of oxen pulls the plow. h1~ '1'1~
Ot. I 'I"4.C I ,..,..'1-;f-/A
2. 11-11'1-. The pair danced alone on the dance
floor. 11-11-f> I 0JI'J{I- I IDII/A ' 1\,j'. I 1)!J''f11Jo
., ~)(1palrs dJ'Jf'.:f'i' I (l..f:f I 'J''J~ I 'J")~ I 1\fl)').
Many happy pairs were. waltzing on the
dance floor. 0.11111 1 miliA . 1. 1\Y. 1 11H- 1
f-J-~(1-f> 0 aJ')f'.:f'i' I {l..f'f I 'J''J~ 0 'J''J~ 0 J\
fll'). ,1'.~1(1- )0C
[See also 'glove, trousers']

pajamas '1:)1'.,
Pajamas are worn during bedtime hours.
1:!1'., f"''..IOII"'" o-os;~- 1 'LH. )IIJo

palace

894

palace 0.-1- OD't"'P'"tThe palace was built last year. IJ.T ""'t"'P'
_,. fTOP<lolD- 'tf"<; )GJo

M~"'GJo ~ f'l-b-0\"t-'t "1,ll.l\:;')"f-

This food is not palatable. ,ll.tl f""'il "16

,. ' fl\tJJo9"

I have a sore on my palate. 'l't:l'\1. .Jill!).A

His palatial house was destroyed by the
rebels. IJ.T ' OD'J"'P'"f- o fOD(ll\ o IJ..,.'t o OOD
B~'liA.I.~(loO"f-

I. Hf"qq, These pahns are thirty feet high.

MH.tl Hf"qq,.::f OPl\0\ "'i"7 ,ll.~11"71\o

2.

""'~'~'

His palm is callused from digging a

OOD<a;.l.~ f-1-)"1 ""-'~"

lot. illl"

lfh

jll:A

pale (v.) h""Y: OD{ll\

His face paled at the bad news. ""'I'll: "'
&. I OliOI/ I "l.tL d. of: I h.OD ~ I OD{t{t

pale (n.) n"""tSome pales of the fence are broken.

Y'l'~

h't-'l'tY: 6't""ofo::f TMI~'I'A

outside the pale

*Murderers are outside the pale of civilized

society. )'i!(l 1-'l,ll. h't~OPI\m) (ltJJo
A,ll.<a;mCf"

pale (adj.)
Sick people often have pale faces.

f;I-OD- ' (IJ'>:f ' illf"tJJo't ' 1.1L ' M~"' ' ""
Ah A'l'fGJo
2. ~iiH11 Yll. The bright stars are surrounded
by pale ones. Oil~ll'::f l>bll:f II"&Y ~
iiH11 Y/1- l>bll:f hl\o
be pale 1~"1

When you have been ill, your face is sometimes

pale. (ltJJo {L;I-11Df" A't-'l'tY: 1.1L 1,ll.1~"1A

~~

The pallor showed that he was ill. 11D1C"'.,.

:1'1" h't~)O~ YO\YA

palm

palatial 0.-1- OD't"'P''l- fOD(ll\

.,.

Y""

1\h;I-A

pallor ""1C"'"t-

palate 'l't:l'

turn pale

M~"'

His pallid face shows the severity of the fever.

(be) palatable "'M" hl\tJJo

f1~"1.

.,....., ' 1'tHil ' OODODI\11 ' ID't)';l\o't ' UY:

Ollilll ..M

pallid

[See also 'jubilee')

I.

pan

Palm Sunday f11'"16<; 611'1

Our Lord Jesus Christ went to Jerusalem on
Palm Sunday. f11'"16<; 611"1- 1.;1-:f't A.
f(loll hCllofoll A.f~0\1\.9" 1q

palpable
I. 11)1/111 f"!.::fA. There was a palpable bump
on his head. 0&-(lo 'l,ll. 11)1(111 f"!.:fA
hilm"t- )0C
2. 1-Atl. His writing his name on the check
was a palpable error. n'lih- 'l,ll. llao-'t
-~~- 1-Atl llmT"t- )0C

palpate

~qo/1

The doctor palpated my abdomen to see if

I had an appendicitis. doh..., f"t-c'i! A't:l':'l-

nii:t- '-'t-'11\il'f

11"71D'I' 11'1'., ~qn11

palpitate
I. hOC' OD;I-, The boy's heart palpitated
with fear. b'i!Ctl"t- fof-)"1 fA)!: Ail b
OC' ' "":1'

2. -1-'tH.I.H.I.. His body palpitated with terror.

1\tiDJI..

Wl AA

When he heard that, he turned pale. ,ll.tl't

........, ~.... ' "'"""' ' ""' ' hi\

palisade h'I'C
The bull broke through the paliaades of the
cattle peo. ID,ll..l.'f. 11:>"1 "'"""' A-'t
(liJC' ' "'"'

palliate
I. A11:1'10P. The medicine palliates a fever.
""Y::O\_,. ' 'l-b-0\"t-'t Yll:I'1"1A
2. AY:O(lO(l. He attempted to palliate the
crime by paying back the stolen money. fll~

O'i!Ctl"t- /IGJo)-lo -1-'tH.I.H.I.

pamper"''"""'"'
Sbe pampered her child by giving him everything he wanted. AA!, 1 f .I.MtJJo't 1 Mil
m:f ' "''"""'"':f"'"

pamphlet MilT:;'

"""'"'-"~-

He published a pamphlet on public health.

Ill\ ' m.<;

'1'0? Mil-t-:;' ' 11Dt;dt."t-

"'

"'"'

pan '"'"1'011'
Give me a pan to cook this meat in! ,ll.tl't ,..
:J ff"milllO"t- ""'1'011' llm'f

pancake

895

pancake [h4:"1 1111 ~A hlo1~& ml.c

~A hl'l1.<'. Jl.ot'l- f"''.P'.!- .110. f""
{lA '

h.h]

pane ""1'1;1-m'IThe boy tbrew a stone at tbe windowpane.

A'JI". ou111t1o ""~'~"""''~- 11.e m:>.e
IDl;IDl;
panel
I. h'i'A. A panel wasknockedoutoftbedoor.
h""11'1..1'11Jo h1JI. h'i'A IDA9/A
2. :,.~:-, He is a member of a special panel for
studyingcrime.ID1~A f~m'i' n.~:- A
I' :,.~:- hilA ti1Jo
(be) paneled -1-AR.R
The room is paneled in cedar. "1.1:"'1"111Jo 0
'1'1: -1-MIJ!,..A
pang
*Pangs of hunger did not let him study.
l:;)oll 7.f'"l:'"l: hlll'lm'i' hA11Jo
[See also 'sorrow')
panic (panicked), vt.
I. hll~ I I\Mt1m. He tried to panic the
child by making fierce noises. f~l'll.& .1:,.~ 0"71'1"7'1- iht).1 (IJII~ (fiJI'I
.Rt"l'r) ' ..hl:
2. hlfOl:. The fearful storm panicked tbe
children. hlll.tl11Jo 11'i'ofl A]t.'fi1 hlfO
&'ffJJo
panic (vi.) -1-lfOl:
The soldiers panicked because of tbe bombing.
hflV"fto ' 1:ofi.Ril ' f-1-t"' ' ID;I-~'Ji ' Tlf0-1panic (n.) 'iiofiC
There was a panic when fire started in tbe
movie. 011.1"7 0.-1: 11Jol'l'r 7.11'1- 0-1-t"'
1.11. 'iiofiC ll't
*Panic seized tbe crowd. ih11fto ofo.R'i'1m
panicked, see panic
(be) panic-stricken O'i'CY'I- -1-CO.RO.R l
-1-lfOl:
The children were panic-stricken when tbe fire
broke out. .+mil- 0-1-t"' 1.11. A]t.'ti 0'1'
CV'I- -1-CO.ROJI. (-1-lf0-1-)
panorama
*The panorama of the city can be seen from
tbe top of the mountain. h-1-~ '"i'i'
'I.e h-I-"711Jo h"'C l.llh "'C .e:I"~A

paper

pant
I. 41'i' 41'i' Ttl.l'l. The load was heavy,
and he came panting up tbe stairs. lfh- 1'1
AbM11Jo .,..,. 41'i' l.f-1-tl.l'l .Rai'11Jo1

"'"'

2. '1-14-lf. <IIC'r 41C'r hA. "Come quick,

come quick!" panted John. ].1 '1-14-lf. 41C
'I' 41C'r ~A foil- 'i' i foil- 'i'
M
3. II"'V" -1-"l"'l. The director panted after
fame and fortune. I"& ""tl"'" A11'i''i' A
llofl'l- ' O"'V" ' -1-"'"ll

panther Me
Are tbere panthers in Ethiopia? 011..'1-f'k~
11Joll'r Me'-1'- hll- !
pantomime 7.1:tll.+ll. oflil'
He acted out the play in pantomime. 01:tll.+
ll. ' oflil' ' 1:~-K-1 ' P'.!pantry (pantries) :,.11
The dishes are kept in a pantry. llih'l''ti :,,11
'i''ffJJo
pants llotl
His pants are dark. /lotl11Jo '!'41C ti1Jo
pair of pants ftot:
I bought a suit witb two pairs of pants .
1\1.1:- .,...II- Aofll'l hii-A'I- llotl ;JC 1'111papal 1\1111

She saw her father and cried out, ..Papa!".

1\11:1:1 h.e:l" hllll oflll -1-"'&:fpapaya :r:r~
Papaya is a fruit that is grown in the Awash
Valley. ;r;ry Oh'l''ii lfAfo f"''.O:tA 'I'
4.

)(Do

paper (v.) M.l:"'l"' 1Dl4''1- Aml.(ll'l-)

He bas not papered tbe room for five years.
hV"ll'l- 't.,.'l- -11- 0.1o1 M.l:"'l"' ID
l4''1- 1\AAmi.O'I-V"
paper (n .)
I. 1Dl4''1-. The paper in this notebook is
dirty. fiLII .Rofi-1-C 1Dl4''1- folflf ti1Jo
2. ;>11."1. I read the story in today's paper.
ID4.11Jo1 f)Oofi!M- h'14.11Jo :>11."1 'I.e ti1Jo
3. /Itt:. Some important papers are missing.
1\1.111.1:- m.+"''. fll'). l'ltP.:f- m'i'-I-'I'A
4. 1\".,'i', He read a paper on tbe Amharic
verb at the meeting. lll'lofll'lll11Jo 'I.e I'IA
h"7C'if "Ill fTIII. 1\11: 1\"....'i' MOO

896

paperback

Let's have this contract on paper! .e.u1'1' mA I RK"doo'i' I M'S':C11D"

5. S':CI'I'I-. My history paper is due tomorrow.
1\;f-&h I '1-V"IIC'I- I fl\'i'IJ.'I-'t I S':Co'l'l- I
f.,il~hll.,I'IJJo I ojo't I )1 I )IJJo

sheet of paper m~-1''1- I :JomA 1 m~-1''1The envelope contained only a blank sheet of
paper. )1,'tJtll-1: I QJ'. I m~oJo'l- I 11;J' I f.!f.A
Give me two sheets of paper. ti-l\+ :,OmA , m
~4''1- 1 ilm't
fm~-1''1- 1 'l't-11
This book has come out in paperback . .e.u OD
K"dt'i! I Qm~oJo'l- I 'f'<l-11 I ,...,..,. I mtlf

paperback

paper boy ;.>11."1

lf"l"

The paper boy wants his money. ;Jrt.IIJ ?i"Qa~

1'tHII''t I f.d.A,?A

par, be on a

~ llh-A 1 )ID"
He is on a par with his brother in intelligence.
R11AII)'I- 1 hm'tS':D"' 1 ;.>C 1 llh-A 1 )ID"

up to par ll't~m'I-C'
With his injured knee, Abraham's running is
not up to par. 'l-ARoJ>'t 1 111\;f-ODOD 1 fl\11CY
V" I ~""l I l\'t~m'I-C'ID- I l\f.~l\1"'

01"'41\.

f.'i'1C I )RC

parachute 11','1"1
The paratroopers dropped from the plane in
parachutes. .ffC 1 milS': 1 m;t-Ul- 1 hl\ID"
C'TI\\oo I 1\f. I .R!I''t'f'l\ I mVJ.

parade (v.) RI'IA'i'.

of-H'I'm~

The army paraded through the town. l'lt-'1!-f>

1

RI'IA'i'

of-H'I'm~

parade (n.)
1. I'IA'i'. He marched at the. head of the
.
parade. I'IAfo't 1 oo>t-

2. I'IAL'if'l-. When he looked aut of the

window,'he saw a parade passing by. .Roo>ill>'l- 1
m~ I

,.;.p I 11.""1\h'l- I (IAA..'if''Ji I (IJAio I l\f

make a parade of ')..f.A~ 1u\

A modest man does not make a parade of his

I (liD" I IJofloJ:'t I l\U\'f ll\f.A,V"
wealth.

..,..,.'!-

His garden is a veritable paradise. .f'l-hA-1>

""" I Rl\ID-)'1- I 1)'1- I )ID"

paradox of-ft.&

l\QQA

'Make haste slowly' is a paradox. 011"1;1-

of-

of.m't I .,1\'1- I of-ft.& I l\QQA, I f.ODii'IA

paragraph ll't4'K"
This is the beginning of a new paragraph.
f.ll I .f.f!./1 I l\'toJoK" I OD'F.,OD&.f. I )ID"

The student condensed the long speech to a

paragraph, of-.,&ID" I ~:E--'l' I 't"J"'C I Q'tS';- I
ll't4'K"

1 l\4m~,.

Parakeets mimic human voices. n:J-0,4' fl'l

parallel (v.)
1. of-h'l-11-

't.~.

The roads parallel the river.

OD't?J'.'Ji I m'tlf''t I of-h'I-1\ID- I f,'(.l!{lo

2. of-OD41'111. Your experience parallels mine.
,1',?ffiODII I )1C I l\l!.'t I IJ:>m""'t I f.OD4
MA

parallel (n.)
1\lf.ll I ODJ"ODC I l\'JI!'t I ODJ"ODC I l\1"'/"C

Jesus spoke in parables. ll,f(loll

ID-11'1'

paradise 1)'1-

1. li'IJI't 1 ODJ"ODC. Draw a parallel to this line!

parable 1"'41\.

These students can recite Amharic nouns and

1 of-"?&lPl- 1 y.,c
,., I IIV"'i' I "'ll I liCII;f- I 11.1'1111- I f.l-'111-

verb paradigms. MH.II

IJJo't I S';-'/"6 I f,ojoJIA,

111f' I fK"doo'i' I J"<l- I f.mf.?A

Rho!-.,,.

paradi'gm 7.CII;t-

parakeet n:J-0?

paperwork fK"doo'i'

1 P'tMy job requires a lot of paperwork. P't-'1-

parallel

2. of-OD4lt'-. This story is without a known

parallel, ;f-&11-. I of-OD4ltf. I fi\.1\ID" I )ID"
be a parallel of-.,..41'111
Her experience was an interesting parallel to
ours. Y:>m.,'l- 1 )1C 1 ll,., 1 IJ:>mDD't 1

:>C I 0"1'1" I f"'l.DD4o'IA I )OC

draw a parallel J'ti'Ul.
He drew a parallel between this rainy season
and last rainy season. fft't Y:C'ID"'t'i' 1 Y'/"'i'ID't I h~.,...,. I Mllll~
parallel (adj.)
I. l\'lll't. Rails of a railway track are parallel.
ff}~

I mJ!.S': I ODJ"ODC'':f I l\'JI!'S I 'i''fiD-

2. f"tOD4o'IA. The scholar found parallel

customS in different countries. '/"IX- i 0-t-ll.f
f. I l\1C'l- I IJJo/I'J' I f"'r.OD4(1{1o I A,.,}'.'{o I
l\'tlll\o I of-001\hofbe parallel of-01141'111
Your trailiing:is parallel to mine. fl!.'i' In-t-I
'1-f"IIC'I- " f.DD4MA:

parallelism .,.,.<'1<\f.~:,.
There is little parallelism between hnman and
animal language. O(tm-'i" 01,.)/t<\:,. !1:1!1:
oPilh&\ film- .,. ....... ...,..~..,. 1.9"11~9" ~ ....
paralysis DPII/1&\ 1 f(tm-~:,. ""1111&\
Paralysis of the arm resulted in the atrophy
of the muscles. fh1'1- oPII/1&\ fm-1JI'l":f1
ODoP1oP1 0 hllh.,./1
His paralysis forces him to rest several hours
a day. f(tm-~1> oPII/1&\ 01 111111- (t't
:,. 1.1-'I.YC'i' YI'CI'I'&\
cause a paralysis of ( = intr.)

~oo

*The war caused a paralysis of trade.

1"1s:- .,...,_&\

htnC~-1>

paralyze
I. "11<1 l\f.l.1. Polio may paralyze people.
Tll.f" (tl":f1 "11<1 {I.YJ'.C"I f."'f-il&\
2. H;>. The flood paralyzed transportation.
7-C4- oPoPI\/Ilfm-1 H;>mbe paralyzed
I. "lifJ II'~. She has been paralyzed ever since
she has had that disease. Y a.ouV" llf.t.IJ:,.
1.1L ~9"1!" "lifl ll''i"ll:f

His hand was paralyzed, and he could not

move it. 1.)1: "lifl 111111'~ li.Y"t.,.<\:,.(t..,.
h&\JI'/19"

2. .,.H:>. The traffic was completely paralyzed.

DDPh.'i" 11'1:,. :,.~h D'i'l\.9" .,_H"I-f ~DC

was paralyzed with fear.

D'i'r::o:,. Ds:-1 11'111II'~.

leave paralyzed hlU\t\

The stroke left the governor paralyzed on one

side of his body. ff.V" oPC:>:,. D"li;J- f1.
11.<1-l'l.m-1 .,..,"11 1-1 )\{t/1/lmparamount 'l''i"
Her family was her paramount concern.
'l''i" dt<\!J. IIIL.,.(tll!l! ~DC
be of paramount importance ho-A-r ~1C
"'-'~"'1.)..,. hllm-

The country's welfare is of paramount im~

portance. fll161> 1.~1~:,. hl!-11-9" ~1C
"'-'~"'U:,. Yilm- ~..,.
paraphrase [ns:- V""tfJ111 f.fl;f' D
<~-II

2. D(tm- :,.hlf f"''. 'l"C. He is a parasite;

he gets everything he needs from his relatives

and friends. O(tm- :,.hlf f"''. 'l"C 111111'~
f"''.Yilol.&\1m-"t 11-11- hHoPP..'Ii'; hiDJI,I('Il

Y,'f&\

parasol lf1'1'il
Men and women carry parasols.

OJ") P..'f'i

1\.

.,..,. lf1'1'il f.f.~/1-

paratrooper lfC mlt.s:- m;I'J'.C

The paratrooper receives special training.
f.(t
YfC ID/t.s:- ID;f'f.~ AI'-

..,.,..,c..,. .

m'I'A

,.,.~.,

3. Ds:-1

parched

897

parallelism

Mil/11\' l.lli.JI]

parasite
I. 'M'f ~'i'<\:,.. Ticks are parasites that carry
various diseases. ""T1C &\f. &\f. D"li
;f'l":f"t ' f"''JODifJ 0 '1'1'f ' ~'i'<\..,. 0 ~ ....

parcel (v.), ~ out lf1"li'l" hh<f..l.lt.

The government parceled out land to settlers.
oP1"1P'-I> h-'1.11 /t.{tol.~..,. ....,...,. .....,:..-,.
lf"t"li'l" 1\hof.ol./t.

parcel (n.)
I. f.,.m.,./t./1 1.:1'. You forgot your parcels.
f.,_m.,.lt./t.:,.1 1.:l'l":f111 t.ll.,.VA
2. ff&\. This parcel was not properly tied
for mailing. ~IJ I ..-:tA I IDF.. I iD1!- I 1\IID
1\h D"'1.1fl hA;f-{1(.9" ~DC
3. .,.<1-"P. I bought a parcel of land in the
mountains. D.,.~l"'ll m-11'1' 1\1-'1..-,. "'
<1-"P .....,:..-,. ~~~[See also 'part']

parcel post D?"ll;f' f"'Lilh

Parcel post rates are very low in this country.
l\11.11 Me 1.:1' D;rll;J- f"''.ilhD:,. 'I'
:> Cll"li ~.,.
by parcel post D;rll;f' (L:,. DII-A

We sent the coat by parcel post. 1>1:1 D?"ll

;I' IL:,. Dh-A ilh1
parch (vt.)
I. ol'il. We parch wheat and eat it. 111-"- 4'
A.,_1 1.101\11.1
2. hf.l..,.. The hot sun parched the soil.
f1(.(.11Jo Ddtf. ou.:.-1>1 hf.(..,..,.
parch (vi.) f.(..,.
The land parched under the hot sun. ou.:.-J>
DDdtf. _.,..-,. V"h't I 'I- f.(..,.
parched (adj.) f.Col' f.,.{t~lfJm.,.
Nothing could grow in the parched ground.
!.Col' D.,_(t~lfJm.,..,. -.:.:,. ilf. M9"
hf.D:,OAV"
parched corn f.,.ol'il D.,.II-

Have you any parched com left? f.,.ol'il D

4'11- .,_CG:VA l

"

parchment

898

parched grain

~fr>

He is munching on parched grain. .Jfro

parenthesis :r."J'i'
~.,.

<:'I""/ A

He wrote the translation in parenthesis.

'1-C'I-...."J o:r."J"' m-ilT 11"-""

parchment oflt-<;
Old books are written on parchment. f'I'"J'l-
""K"dtG::Y. f.,.l\4-'l- Ooflt-<; )m-

parenthood
1. m'l-, oolf"J. Parenthood requires patience
and understanding. m'l-, ootn :1':>11)'1-"J
<; hY:"l"'l')'l-"J ~m~:I>A

pardon (v.)
I. 9".lt<:'l- h.<':.G1(11'1-) J "1<:. The President
pardoned him at the last moment. '1""-II)I"J.,
fioPta<:lfm- ~~~ 9".lt<:'l- h.<':.G111'1-

Most governors have the prerogative of pardoning prisoners. ofltfo 1'1Cl":Y. l\il<:'I':Y."J
foP"''C P'A"'"J hl'fm2. .e:r.c hi\. Please pardon my mistake! il
a..,.oJ:"J .e:r.c nil'S

pardon (n.) 9".lt<:'lHe was refused a pardon. 9".lt<:'l- .,.bllhll

*I beg your pardon. Where is Churchill Avenue?
l\Qbl" I f'I'C'J;A 1-ll<; m.<','l- )fDo 1
ask ($omeone's) pardon f.:,c;t- 1 mf+
The shamefaced boy asked the teacher's
pardon for having insulted him. 't~"J h-1-~
A-, hilT"''tlm-"J 0""11114- ~:r.c:l' mf4'

pare
I. 'lm. The mother pared the apple for the
child. l\<;'l-1"'1' ...-1-m-"J IIA7!: 'lm:Y.II'l2. 4')11. We must pare our expenses until we
pay off our debt. M:Y."J"J l\ilb"Jb'i'A Y:
.Gil m"V':Y."J"J ""4')11 hllofi"J

2. m'l-,. Poor parenthood results in unruly

children. OO'J'G: m'l-, f"''~:I'HII' A~:Y.
fa>"! A

parings A"'"'l'
He threw away the parings of the apple.
f ...-1-m-"J A"'"'l' "11\fDo

parish
I. .O:ofiC. This parish is very small in comparison with others. ~IJ f.ofiC b/l.fro:Y. :>C
{l.oPqH"J MilT'1 )m-

2. ff.ofiC .lt'llofl. The parish voted to repair

the church. ff.ofl~ .lt'llofl ILT hCil1:1
')."} oP:J'f.il 1.1.1.

parishoners f.O:oflc .lt'llofl

The parishoners celebrate the festival of
St. Mary every month. ff.ofl~ .lt'llofl f:r.Y:il
'I- "1C1M O'tA Ofm~ lhoflt-11-

parity O{lm- A-, oPIJbA MI-A)'lParity is difficult to achieve. Oilm- A-, ""
!JbA l\11-A)'l- "''"''f'l- hil'l':>tl )fDo
reach parity 01';J +ootiJm)

The two currencies have now reached parity.

parent
I. m'l-,. A parent should teach his children.
mil-, A1i:"J "1ilT"''C hiiO'l-

2. 9""J"'l". Latin is the parent of various

languages. '1-t"J fA I' AI' !ln*l":Y. 9""J"'l'
)fDo

fv-11., Mf!":Y. 1"JHofl hv-"J 0'1':> T""

"''I'S:A

park (vt.)

h-'""

Where can I park my car? oPIJ.<;!L"J N 'I

.,,.. l\:fo'lllv- 1

parents

I. mii~:Y..

parkway

We must honor our parents.

m'I~;A'-11 "''bOC hllofi"J

2. IL+:Y.. She can always move back with
her parents. hLI\1:Y. ILfo!f H"J.I:' 1\0000
llil '1-:fo'III:Y.

parentage ILT{lofl
Even though he is of humble parentage, he
reached a high position. bJ::'tj . ILT{lofl
foP"J tlln9" b:l''l;r. "16<:"1 'I~ f.C!l,A

parental fm'l-,
The boy listens to parental advice. A1!: fro
'1-,"J 9"bC MO'IA

park (vi.) h.JoP

He parked in a busy street. '1-t-.Lb l\Oqo
,. oP"J1.1:' "~ h.JoP

park (n.) oP<;.I.lf P:l'

There is a beautiful park in the center of the
city. ObT"lfDo oPIJbA h"JY: If (1:1' ' hi\

""<;"-

parking place oPIJ.<; "1-J"'U il'i'tThis is a public parking place. ~IJ 1\.lt'IID-
fTIP.!- ODIJ.q "1-J"''.I il'i't- )fDo

parkway hm-t- 1-ll<;

A parkway is safe and etijoyable to drive along.

899

parley

part

hm-&- 1-JI<; Mil"<; 1\0D'tJI'l-!1" f"'LJ'lt

~it+ ' tm-

parry (parried)
1. ooh-t-. He parried the sword with his staff.

parley MIM
The opposing generals met in a parley to
discuss the exchange of prisoners. 7-it<:'l':f'J

2. 1\DDDDI\lt 'l"h<:. She parried our question

by asking us one. 'I'J'<f:J':f't't 0'1'1<1: 1\DD

ill\ DDI\'I'tD'I' 'I-Jif. 11out;nc fo-11.,11"

tnC :(t..:-11-:f MIIIIJ l\~<:'1-

parliament !l"hC o.+ 1 ;rctt"7

The Ethiopian parliament has two houses.
fh.'l-f"kf !l"hc o.+ (;rc~"7) o-11+
h<;:ll-:f ' l\11-'l-

parliamentarian f.h'l-'t P'C't'l- 0'1'4:

The parliamentarian interprets the rules of
order. f.h'l-'t P'C't'l- O'l'of:OJo ~'tll-'t
J'lt<:JIA

parliamentary f;rC~"'L't'lThe meeting was conducted strictly by parliamentary procedure. ltiliiiJm- f?'C~"'L't'l-'t
P'C't'l- 1-h'l-11- 1-IJ~~

tD~ ' "7<:.1-fm- h<;:A 1\MIJ'S

't"IP''l- l.CJI;I- 11'1112. 0"1!1" f-t-rollt. He has lived in one place

so long that his ideas are parochial. IJ't .1:'
ll;J- Mill- 1..1i ltl\'l"<: hlt-1-ltllll- 0"1

l\'C:

~QJo

1\P'of:'S

Oll't

"7~<:-fJ]

parole
*The convict is now free on parole. 7.it<:'1m-
Of1..1iiJJo I IJIIP'A"''t
O'l-11" Otl\ 1-1\ltA

<~.+

-~.:11

O.'l"C

parrot (v.) l\lt-1-;>IJ

He parrots his employer's words. f.,."'.&m-'t
:I' A fil-l-;>IJA
parrot (n.) o.,..,.'t
The parrot repeats

11""111

~'tH11

1\ftD"'!I"

parsimony P'P';I-II"t+
His parsimony is well known to everybody.
P'P':J-!I"t_, 011-11-11" H't.l:' ;J-m-ltA

parson f~11c l\11:1'

The parson was educated in Gondar.

f~11'1-

part (vt.)
1. DD't~.l:' hill\.,..,.. The police parted the crowd
to let the dignitaries pass. :J-~1\.fo'li lll":f 7.'t

2. l\1\J'f. A misunderstanding parted them.

parochial
1. fll.-1- hut+. Both parochial and public
education receive government support. fO.+
hUt'lo<; ' fDD't"IP''l- I '1-!I"UC'l- o IJ.1':f o hoo

OD'J~.I:'

II- Ol:'i'T t~C':f'J J'.Tt'l-<;11-

parsimonious 4''1'lt"'
He is so parsimonious, he won't spend money
on good food. 0"111" 4''1'lt"' ltllll't 11'1''1-

J!Jol\of. ' ?'1\,(l:f ' .h111J-'t ' OD't~.l:' ' l\itl\.,.4<'1-

[See also 'beauty parlor']

parody [4<11" t~c ll'dt-'i'

""1\il 'l"h<::f

parse TtTt
The advanced students parse the most complex
sentences. f~of.+ T"'I.&JP:f 0"111" fTtDlJII

hl\:1' 1-'t~C tm- f-t-"7'1-'l-

parlor "7<:.1.1 h<;:A

The servant let me in to the parlor. h 11M

fJP I f+lD(l) I

1-&-J'..m-'t OH't"l DDhT

l\1\DD"IIJIJ'lo ' l\1\J'f'ftJJo

3. h.l-11. On which side do you part your hair?

&'1-Cu't f!l"'l-h<;:llm- or+ IIII-A tm- 1

4.

~1\m.

She parted the curtains to look out.

ro~ m-"1!' 11"7f'l- ou;><:lfl"'li't ~1\m:f

part (vi.)
1. DD't~.l:' 11.,..,.(11+). The crowd parted to let
us through. 7.'t~A<;: .h1111- ou'J~.I:' 11.,.
.,.A't
2. TIIJ'f. She parted from her friends in
tears. M~'l'!l! 117-'tiJ TIIJ'f:f

We parted at the corner. oo;J-m.l.ftJJo ~f.

TI\J'f't
3. Tllmll. The rope parted in the middle.

-,oo"'4.

OD0/r

~,e. I

+Om(l

~1\m.

The clouds parted, revealing the sun.

~ooo;m- ltl\~1\m 8mf.'l' ;J-f:f
part with

1. 1\tD"'. He hates to part with his money.

nn11 "'"'""''~- "'""'~

2. h7.)(' 1\tD"'. I wouldn't part with that

book for any price. J''t't DDJI'm'i' liM
what anybody says.

o.,..,.'t 11m- f"'l.<;~<:m-'t ooAtt , +o;~.:.ll:f

II" ' 'tf.t+ ' h7.:( l\1\tD"'OJo!l"

[See also 'company']

part

900

part (n.)
1. h'i'A. That part of the work isn't finished
yet. itP'&.CD- y.-;..,. h'i'A ~<; h'1114'!1"
The western part of Ethiopia is very hot.
f.t..'t-r-t;y !1"6&.11'1! h'i'A fl"'!l"'l"?'t- )CD2. .1:-elf. Everyone must do his part. IJoll-!1"
(lCD- .1:-elfCD-'t ODp>&.'fo hllfl'fo
3. .,.,11. The fence is part wood and part
stone. h-N- .,.,~ 6't"'"'t- .,.,~ "~~"
11. )CD4. 11;1-. I have a good part in the play.
-t'1-1- CD-11'1' 'No 11;1- oJ-Il'l'f...A
5. ""1'1.1-)'fo. He plays a minor part in the
government. IIOD't.,P'-Ia CD-11'1' YIICD- ""1'1.1.
)'fo. 1f.:fooJ-.... )CD6. J..'t;l-. The detective's part was to find the
criminal. fm't}';A oo(;"7& J.'t:l- m't}';ll.,.
CD-'t .,.,..,,_ )fle
7. hilA. He felt himself to be a part of the
gang. f'\JI. hilA l\'tf..ll') oJ-Il"7CD0He's part Indian. fll't.l:" hAll )CDparts

1. h~e. Are you from these parts? fll.ll h~

ellCD-tlll
2. .,.(-!~". I haven't traveled much in these
parts. 1111.11 .,.1:"!1" 1111- hAoJ-Jf'l'meh-!1"
part and parcel oPtPt::t"" hC'j:A
The guarantee was part and parcel of the
bargain. 'l'll't-<;CD- f.,1C..,. oowt:;l-'1! h
'i'A tne
Her love for her child was part and parcel of
her life. .bY.m:t foJ-ouwt:oJ-CD- IIA.( 'i':J>e
'If. teD-

for my part Ill IIIl-A I flllh-/1.

For my part, I can let you have the book.

Ill IIIl-A -~dtf.'t 4\CD-1111 l\:f'IIIIJo
For my part, I feel that it is advisable to do so.
111111-/1. f.ll't "7.1:-t:., f"'U''I'"' f.oullii ...A
for the most part

1. h11~'l''li. His company is made up for the

most part of volunteers. fll- llP':f 1\11~'1'
"' ..,,. 11"7'1':f .,,..,.
2. h1l~.,...,.,. "1.11.. For the most part, the
weather has been nice this summer. fllUJ 0.7
hf-1- h11~ ......., "1.11. 'No )CD3. 111111- 1111-A. For the most part, I agree
with him. 111111- IIIl-A hell- :>e l\11"7"7111Jo
foreign parts .-p h.1C

He has traveled much in foreign parts. tD-"P

Me 1111- JI~A

partiality
have part In tflt:(ll't-)
He had no part in the robbery. 111fe.I.YCD- ..,.
11'1' hAtflt:fl't-!1"
in good part

1. flm-'l)(')'fo ouAh. He took the joke in

good part. 4'~\J~.'t flm.ll)(')'fo ouAh .,.
4'1111CD2. h11~"'"'" His succ~s is in good part ascribable to dogged determination. !til fleD- ou.1:t:ll- h11~.,...,. hm'tlt&. oP'tJ..Il- foJ-)
"' teD- 11"711't- Y.!I''IA
In part flh.I.A
I agree with you in part. flh.I.A lt'toJ- :>&.
l\11"7"7111Jo
on my part 111111-/1.
On my part, I cannot understand his English.
111111-/1. f(t- l\'t.,l\..11 .... hY-111'1!1"
play a part 11;1- 11
Private enterprise plays a smaU part in Ethiopia's development. n.t..+r-t;Y A"7't- m-11
'I' ' f.,A 't.,.l:" fYIICD- 11;1- MlloJ-...

tiDtake part

1. oJ-ItLII. He took part in the African

campaign. flh'i'&lt JIOD!J' of-lt'i'l\.A
2. oJ-It4-Y. ll't. Are you going to take part in
the discussion? IICD-Y.Y.-Ia oJ-It4-Y. 't-11'<;1111 l
take someone's part F..1L

He always takes his brother's part. IJoA'I..H.

tD't ~'t ' 1-1..,4--A
[See also 'early, spare']

partake
1. hll- :>e oJ-IIoJ-J... Will you partake of
this humble meal? Y.:f't of-&. ,..,11 h.,.
;>e A't-111-'i' 't-J..:J>-'11111 l
2. oJ-ItLII. He is still convalescent and cannot
partake in sports. h1Jo't!l" ~"",..,..,. 1111
ll't fll\ll?"e't- ll..ltJ.A hY.:fA!I"

partial h.I.A
That is only partial payment of what you owe.
'1111111 6-'1 f.ll h.I.A h'i'Y teDbe partial to

1. h1.'1. He has always been partial to his

youngest daughter. llnl( A"lt Hm't-e y
f. 'lA

2. m1.1.. He is partial to French cooking.

fJ..t:'tiiY.'t ,..,11 Y.m-'IA

partiality 1f'tll/l.
His son shows a strong partiality for history

ll;h~h

books. A:ll: 1
11'1tl/l.

1 ODII.ft'i''l- 1 f-1-llf 1

tJJo'j

I was a participant in the Olympic Games once.

flJ>III"'"J:h I tJJo::C I 1\f. I 11'1: I "J.If, I -J1}4-f. 1 ) nell-

11'1'1-

119':Y.

-J-1}4-f.

f.

Participation of student groups in running

the university is a new idea. 0'-t.ilclt;tm- h
tJJoii'J'
11-'1.11

-J-"''/.9':Y.?"

fOD"J

I -J-1}4-f. I
m'lil I )tJJo

0D

(111

II'I+K"

f-1-llf

ODAh

11'1~'1

IIII:J"tJJo(\1' II!Jo

this particular ,.IJSj=QJ-

This particular dress costs more. f.U'i'tJJo 1 A

I

f<D"'A

particularity (particularities) f-1-llf m'lf.

A particularity of his is great attention to
detail. 11C11C "1--'II'":Y.'I II'J'il<l' 1 oooocooc 1
m<J\<

)tJJo

particularly
I. 0-1-llf.. He is particularly interested in
science. 0-1-llf. fP't 1 'i''l'<'.'l- 1 11'1tlll. 1 II
lltJJo

The inspector examined the

machine particularly. -1-4'."1"1/.tJJo 1 oo!J.<;tJJo

The Amharic participle has a special fonn.

I

f.m).,. -"'"

2. 0'1''1-"''11.

participle (111 1 II'I+K"

flii"7C'i'

0-f-llf.

f-J-IIf

participation -1-lt"-f. 1 ooiJ")

illll f.OA'I'

participate -t-lt4-Y. 1 IJ')

How many will participate in the meeting?
1\f.

I remember one of them in particular.

participant -t-lt4-Y.

7,~"'1

<JIIfl.-f: I 1111 I 9""Jflo I

In particular fl+Af.

partially flh.LA
You are partially right. flh.LA 1 Ah 1 )U

flllil(ltltJJo
IJ'<;tr l

be particular 1-m)++

My husband is very particular about his food.

lllltJJo

11-J--'If.C
IJ'<;'ftJJo

partition

901

partially

lllltJJo

'I

0'J"1-"'<fl

OD<(.OD<(.

parting (n.) ""llff'IThe parting of friends is sad. fm-'I;Jt:Y. 1 ""llf

particle '1>'1"1'1Tbere is not a particle of truth in that story.

fllf..l' I ;1-/.h
fl'l-?"

tJJoii'J'

f1,tJJo)'l-

'J>'I"J'I-

I got a particle of dust in my eye.

'J'

ll!).t-

'tf.~

fll

1 tJJoll

1tl

particular (n.) <'.1:

The work is complete in every particular.
P't-tJJo

fl"7'1'i'tJJo?"

<'.1:

-J-m<;ltA

particulars 11C1fC

For further particulars, write to the publishers.

-f-"""7/.tJJ-'1
mf.'l>

11C1fC

ll;f-"ttJJo'l

fll'i"dJ.'i'

particular (adj.)
I. f-1-llf. Is he a particular friend of yours?
f-f-llf

'}~'1U I )tJJo!

f'l-

11'1~'{

)tJJo

parting (adj.)
The thieves fired a parting shot at us. ll.(l'!l 1
11.11"~

'

-1-ltoll-il'l

partisan
1. f!l.l."' 1 -t-1'"1.. The partisans attacked the
village. fU"' 1 -t-1'"1.9':Y. 1 ""'1~-1-'1 i lim.,.
2. S'.;J.L. Party partisans voted against the
passage of the bill. f:rCttJJo 1 !l.;J.L9':Y. 1 fih
"1-

<(.of:'J>

1.'1-'IJ'A'i'

F:M'ftJJo'j

(lffio

partition (v.) h4-1.11

They partitioned the room and made several
small rooms out of it. h'i'll-'1 1 h4-'i'lltJJo 1
ilif"

'1-<;'lfl

h'i'I\":Y.

IV-1-

partition (n.)

I went on a walk for no particular reason.

I. ooh4-I.A. The partition of India resulted

1""1?" 1 f-t-llf 1 'tl\"7 1 'lf.'f.t.'{ 1 A'llft-lfc 1m

in two new countries. fii"J S:

"'""

2. AI'. His particular task is to care for the

dog. AI' 1 P't-tJJo tJJo?ftJJo'l "7'1h<Jhil 1 )tJJo

3. t-11-. The table I want is this particular one.

fl"' I.A1tJJo I m<'.*-~ I f.U ' t-il- I )tJJo
4. ( = adv.) fl-1-llf.. Pay particular attention
to what the teacher says. 1111-1-"7/.tJJo 1 f"tll
tJJo'j I fl-1-llf. I Ail I -IIIIU I 11:?"'1'

ouh-1-LA.

11-11'1- I 11-'1.11 I 1111:":f I ODI.ffiC I ?"h'IJ'

'1- I IJ')
2. fll.'l- 1lllt4-f.. I made a hole in the partition.
0fl.-J: I 111}4-f. I tJJoii'J' I +.11.11 I IIO)!:!Jo
3. f"7.h4-'i'A 11)11-t-'i' 1 "1:-1-'1. The desks in
the office were separated by partitions. ILI:tJJo 1
tJJoll'l' fir+ 1 m.t.*-~9':Y. 1 0"7.h4-'i'A 1 M
11-t-'i' "1:"1-'1 -J-IIff.-I-1'A

902

partly

.,.,If.

partly
The house is only partly rented. 0.1: ..,.,
if. 11!1' -1-h&-f.:J:A
partner
I. 1iCIJ I II'<lh. My partner is coming back tomorrow. 1iCIJI'o (II'<Ill.) )1 .('.ouii{)A
2. 'IIIT:t-9" l .,..,OC-1-,.. The division of profits among the partners was equitable. f'IIIT:t>
'I"=J; f'foC'i' hhof..I.A -l-11l )OC
He apportioned the profits among the partners.
'foC4-"t 11.,-,0C-J-'I'=J; hhof..l.ll
*I was his tennis partner once a week. OIJ.9'"'}
T h"tY: 1..11. lJ"tY: 11-Y:"l ha- ;>C -1;
l:.il l\"t""lm'fo )OC
partner in crime

"111~ r

ltOC

His partner in crime was later arrested by the

police. "111.: hO~ .fM 0?"11.11 -1-,rn
[See also 'silent']
partnership 1icho;
The partnership was broken up by the death
of the younger one. 0:1'<;11\l.m- .,.,. 9"h"t
.r-r 1icho;m- .1..:1'1
partook, see partake
partridge .f:t>
Some of my friends hunt partridge. h"t'l"tY:
~~'l''ll ' .f:t- ' .r.r:o;tr
part-time f'foC'i' il'l'fo
I am looking for a part-time job. f'foC'i'
,,. F&- o-.1.111 11.e. )~

(I

party (parties)
I. "111"lf'. She likes to give big parties. 'foA:t>
"111"lf' .,Y:t:"' 'fom'lll:Y.
2. f?"II-I:IJ 11-Y:"t. What party do you belong
to? ff'fo ...m- f?"II-I:IJ 11-Y:"t hlJA )II !
3. (lm-. The party you were calling is on the
telephone now. OilAh f9"'fo.I.A1aJo (lm-
.,.C!lA
4. )1<:.,..... Neither of the two parties
appeared at the trial. h)1t:-l-'l''ll h"t'l-9" <;:
CY: O.'fo hA+t:09"
5. ~Y:. A search party set out to find the
missing boy. fmof.m-"t A7!: IIOD.I.II"l f
.1.111..l":Y. ' ~Y: ' -J-(1.,<16. dl1"t. He served as a go-between, but was
unable to reconcile the two rparties. l\"t~ h
11:1'&--t IT'l" ll.r111"1A9" IJ-11-I:"t dl1'l"
:Y. ll.,il:l'.::t- hAil'119"

pass
be a party to -1-IJU IT)
I don't want to be a party to any conspiracy.
O.,"t,.m-9" 'l.('.)'fo hY:., -1-114-.f. IIDDIT"t
hA.I.A"/9"
throw a party

;re-t

r h~t!1

He threw a party to welcome the returning

students. hm-"i" Me f-J-oulla-'fo"t -1-.,.:
jP';f IIOD.,.OA ;re-I; h~t:1
paschal fof.II.IJ
The paschal lamb is expensive. fof.II.IJ 0"1
ID-S;

ioBJo

pass (vt.)
I. hll.l.. I pass this bank building every day.
o-A .,."t 011_11 'l"lh 011-A hAof.lloDid you pass your examination? L,.'iU'J 1t
ll'i'h!
2. h<'lll.l.. He passed most of the time reading.
11H-m-"t 1..11. O.,"t011 h<'lll.l.
After much deliberation, they passed the bill.
11H- h-J-);>1~0'fo 0:\11 f.01-"t .:-t:t>
MII4The teacher passed the whole class this term.
011_11 -I-C9" hil-1-.,&m- -1-.,&l"=J;"t otr ' h<'lll.l.
3. +F-oP. An express bus passed the local bus.
0&-.: ' hm--1'1!-il ' fh-1-., ...."t ' haJo-1'11-il ' .,.
~-

....

4. h.,.OII. Will you please pass the bread?

l\M: 'l(lm-"t l\.,.1111~
Will you pass me the sugar, please! ll\t.<-'l
:1'+1111~

5. hil1'1. The sentry passed the returning

soldiers. Hit -J-oullli"=J;"t m;r~r::Y. hil1

. ,....

6. l\{UD- flm. He was in prison for passing

bad checks. fmil'fo 'llh lll'lm- Ooullm-1>
~ilC O.'fo 111-1' )0C

7. (tm. I can't pass an opinion on your work

before seeing it. P&-IJ'J r 1\1\.e hi\ P'&-IJ 1
9""t9" 'l.('.)'fo hil-1-,rf'fo AliT hA:Y.A9"
The judge will pass sentence today. ,~~,...,. q
&. 'i'CY: f.I'I"'A
8. "'ll. You passed the red light . .,.,. OD11&.
,. ' "lilh
pass (vi.)

I. hll.l.. The days pass quickly when you

are busy. F<l- 1\..f.H- .,.). -I'll- .rAof.A
2. -1-1111.1.. The land passes from father to son.
Cil-lo hhlJ'fo m~ A7!: .('.-1-11114-A
3. IT). Tell me everything that passed be-

passage

903

pass

tween you. Ro-i\;1-:fo- ODI}hA flf~tJJo"J

11-fto 't1<:'1
4. .,.Mm. Water passes to a solid state when
it freezes. m-;) fl.<::> "''- R<:P..~'I- f.
i\tD"'A
5. 10'.4' l /\ill.. The new tax bill quickly passed.
l\-'1.(1. f"111C .lt"l R+ll- 111.4' (/\ill.)
pass across each other i"I\11\L

pass over
I. 'lilil. Pass your hand over the silk and
feel how soft it is! m-1-'t 'Iilii "-'t~'l- "-'
f."'LMAil _,.,..Ah'l2. :f~ l\il I /\ill.. Just pass over the first part
of the letter! ff-11-'lll.tJJo"J fOD'f.!"'&.l' h'i'A
:f~ Rilt- (M.t.m-)
pass up ta.e.+flAaJo +t.

o-

He passed up the chance to go to America.

il., oPp>aof'::f f.-1-~i\4-fto

pass around
1. l\il-1-~ill.. Pass the bottle around! mcoo-(1.
't 1\il-J-~A'i'
2. Ml<:. He passed a rope around the barrel.
RC"''.fto 11-&.1' 10DY; 1\il<:
pass away
1. 1\<:l.. Her mother passed away last week.
'M':I: ' qill.t- ' l)!l"'t'l- ' l\<:42. /\ill.. All this trouble will pass away.
f.ll o-tr :f"lc .1'A4-A
pass for
1. .,.-tm<: 1 ;1-f. He passes for a learned man
in this small village. RH.Il '1-'t'li OD'tf.C , .
il'l' "-'tf.i-"'1<: ilm- 1!.-tm<~oA (1!.;1-.I'A)
2. aoilll- J\1)1).,., They look so much alike
that they could pass for brothers. naoAh l\
'tY: ili\lf). tD't.l':"''.,lf':f ao(lj\m- fl){l;l-fto

l\"'1.&1} i\fiD'/.Y; f~R<:tJJo"J bY:A 1)1!.4'

Rilm- 4'<:
come to pass +F..l.'l
Strange things came to pass. "-'t"l'l ~1r::f
.,.,.<:.,.

The two lines pass across each other.

pass in review (tr.) fi:A~ ..,..R"f

The general passed the troops in review.

~~<~-tr '"'"''-"~-' ilA'i' .,.n'f
pass in review (intr.) RilA'i' hill.
The troops passed in review before the Emperor. tD;I-f.f':'ll ' "'.,."' ' ~1P'., "'"" ' n
ilA'i' l\i\4pass off (vi.)
1. .,.h'i'tD~. The strike meeting passed off
quietly. P'<!- il.,.,,. f.,.f.<:1m- il11(lq
RK'I';I- _,.h'i'tD~

2. ( ~ tr.) .,.tJJ, The headache passed off in the

late afternoon. <!oil ' ,.,.., ' hil't'l- ' n:\~ '
.ff'l- ' 1111- ' .,.tJJ'S
pass oneself off as

He passed himself off as a doctor. Rmil'l-

mh.9" ' ~'1 ' l\il

pass out (vt.) Of.il

They passed out pamphlets at the meeting.
Ril11(lqm- ~f. Mil_,.'i' ""ll"do.'l- Of.fto

pass out (vi.) ~'i'(l.'t 1)-JSeveral people passed out from the heat.
h_.,.., '

f.,.~..,

1111- ' (19'-:f '

~ ......, , . ,

' ....,

it will pass ll"'t9" 1\f.A

This copy isn't very good, but it will pass.

f.ll "IAq"i" 0"19" '1'-1- 1\l!.f.i\9" I If

'1"9" ' !l"'t9" ' 1\f.A
let pass
1. 1\/)ill.. The guard didn't let me pass.
un'i'm- 1\~/)A'i' l\i\'1
2. "-'t-'l.I'A'i' l.4'f.. The censor let the letter
pass. l)'t(l.-1- 1.11-'lll.t- "-'t-'l.I'A'i' l.4'f.
3. :f~ 1\il. He decided to let the insult pass.
ilY:R-'t ' :f~ ' j\.,j\,. ' tD(l)
4. 1\fiDi\m(m-). +Don't let the opportunity to
go to Ethiopia pass."''- h.'l-f"k.l' i\fiD'/.
Y: .1':>m""ll bY: A "-'t'I.I'ODI\'1'1.1

[See also 'obscurity']

pass (n.)
1. f "-?Y: m<:+'l-1 "-"'Y:. You will need a pass
to get by the gate. R-1-'t il.,i\'1' ' fl.,.Y: '
m<:+'l- ("-"' Y:) .l'ill.A"I'/A

2. 1.11..1''1! ff.il'i' ro<:+.:r-. Stateless persons

may be granted passes, but not passports.
U."l~.:r- fiM:fm- 1.11..1''1! ff.i\'1' m<:+.:r-
"-'tll: ;rllTc.:r- 1\l!.il"l'l't-9"
3. R-t-<!-<!-9':f ODIJI\ fi\ "".,.~ild..l'. The

pass was held by the government troops.

n.,.

<!-<!-9'':f 0 fiD(JI\ o fi\t- ' OD-f-~i\d.f ' 0fiD't"l

m;t-f.r:':f "'""" ~nc

F.,.

passable

aom~'i'

He has a passable knowledge of Amharic.

""m~'i'

.I'.,C'i' ':fll-:1- /\Am-

be passable .l'ilh.'IA
This road is passable only in the dry season.

"" ao't1Y: f"'L.I'ilh.f.m- nn:> 11il' ~,.

passage
1. OD-J-~ild..l'. We had to go through a dark

passenger

passport

904

passage. 'fl"AV" q11

ooof-~lloi.J'

.,ll'i'

give a passing mark hltl\L

~flt:il'J

The teacher gave the student a passing mark.

2. f.,ll'i' L?F:. He was given passage through

the enemy lines. flm~+ hAA m-11'1' f.,

hll-1-.,&m- of-"7&m-"J hfti\Lmln passing fl~111. ~f.

Io passing, I'd like to say that ... fl~11l.
11.,11'1- f9"LA1m-

ll'i' L?F: -1-llmm3. "1-~. We had a calm passage across the

Atlantic. l\'1-~'J-I:h'J ll<;!tC'I' f.~<; .,.~
h;>moo"J

4. MQofl. He read us an interesting passage

from his book. hDDII"dti- m-11'1' f"'L..'ll
1.11'1- V"'Jqofi h~flflA'J

5. h'i'A. The expurgated edition of Shakespeare has no offensive passages in it. f:f"L.oo
m- flthll"!;C -I:J''I-C tlm-llm- f"'L..'llh
1- h'i'A fllfl'I-V"
6 . .,ll'i'. The passage of the bill was very
well received. ft:of:.,.'J .,ll'i' flf.ll;l- -1-4'
flll-'1book passage

fl-:1"

r ,.fH

He booked passage to New York.

Ch {loo'{.F: (l;J- J'H
force passage T ,.."J~ r 1\1\L

m~ r

tm- f"

He had to force passage through the crowd.

tlib"lltl- ' OOIJhA ' T .:>'i'f- ' .,1\'i' ' ~fl.:fl+

passion
1. 11"'1.'1-. He is guided by passion rather than
by reason. flV"C9"C ftf.II''J flll"'L'I- f.
oo&-A
2 . .-;::tc. The sight of her filled him with
passion. (IJJ'+ tl'i':tC -1-Hfm
*Musicisherpassion.ou-tJ..4> ~ OIIJr Tm.';l\":f
fly into a passion n.,.,r..:,. I (PL

He flew into a passion when he heard his

speech. 'J"I"I<r'J otl'l"7 fl'J .<'.'I- tnL
have a passion for fltiJiP" ' tDY.J!.
She has a passion for American food. fl\"'1.&
lt'J'J ?""'ii fl"'V" '1-mJill'f

passionate
1. f;Jlt 1 ll"lT 1 YitfDw. Passionate believers in
religion are willing to fight to the death.
.,.,,....,.,. ' (lm- ' ll?f."7'f., ' f;>ll ' 11"'1.'1- '

with the passage of time O+"J 111J+

l}fi6Jo '

With the passage of time, old hatreds are forgotten. fl4''J of!~+ f4'f 4:9" f.t:ftA

f.ooflllV"

passenger ou'J1f.'i'

1 -1-ft'l-&

The bus holds only thirty passengers. l\m-f-!1(1.

'

oP~ft OO'J1f.V''f ' il!J' ' f.f.~A

Boats ply among the islands of Lake Tana

carrying food and passengers. lAql"'f ?""'
ii<; ' -1-ft-1-&l"'f ' """'" ' fl"'<; ' f.tl.f-'f '
ODI}hA f.oo~l\ftll-

passer-by oo"J1S'..'i'

1 h~L h"IJI"'L

A passer-by must have picked it up. OD'J1f.'i'

(MoL h"IJI"'L) h'JF.f-'1- f.II'<;A

passing (n.) '1"'1The whole nation mourned his passing. Oft. r

.,.,.. ' , ,... ' floo>-fl- ' ""~
passing (adj.)

1. ..,.~1\,&,.. The passing crowd paid no atten~

tion to the sick child. -~-~~.~...,. ib"llil fl
11-!-'i'm-"J A~ ~c ilii-V" h~fm2. H~-t~+ fl\.llm-. This is only a passing
fashion. f.ll 'I"F: H~-t~+ fl\.llm- ~..,.
give a passing glance oPAh+ r 1'.1..~1
I gave the girl a passing glance. A~:t'J oo
Ah'l- l\f.t:"lh:\'1-

~f.

,},f.dl.,'J ' {IODoP'J''I- o l',')\>, o l\

2. ( = adv.) fl;>ll 11"'1.'1-. He made a passionate speech. R.:>ll 11"'1.'1- 'J"I"IC l\1.<:1
*He's a very passionate man. (LmJ!" 1 hArt i
otm~V"

l'.'JJI.o-

~..,.

passionately R'I'A:t

ll"'Lr

He spoke passionately of Ethiopia's sufferings

in the war. RtnC)., h.'l-f-t.J' ~f. llllf.t:
(lm- F:l'f. otJ'w&- fl'I'A:t 11"'1.'1- ~..,.

passive
I. of-1}4-f. J'AII'~. In spite of my efforts, the
boy remained passive.
1 11ltof. 1 t..'l\1.

rl,.

A~ ' -1-lt'l-f. ' /tf.II"J ' 4'.:

2. f;t-~'l"r~+. His son has a passive disposition. A~ f;J-~'fn+ mqf. hllm-

*The child listened to the scolding in passive

silence. A~ 1!.'1' illl- .,.,.,....., of-4'flll

passive resistance

lii\IIIJ'e T:J-m-fJ"

Gandhi was a strong believer in passive

resistance. .:>'JJI. fM.,'E -1-?m-'1" -1-h&-lt
& ~tiC

passport ff.ll'i'

m.:-t+ I ;rn;rc+

When passing through customs, you have to

password

pasture

905

show your passport. 1-!1"-1-h -t-41"1"1&1"":1'

U"IY: {L.l'.C(Io ff.ll'i' mt:4''l- (;rll?"C'l-)
"7<'1f'l- ' hl\111"

password faoM :I'A 1 f"711~1 :I'A

In order to he allowed to enter the soldiers'
camp, you have to know the password. hm;JS'.~,; lloi.C llaD"IQ'l- fODII18Jo'l :I'A
(f"711~18Jo'l :I'A) "7Wol> h1111U

past (n.)
I. f'l''l'l- ;1-&h. Ethiopia's past interests historians. fh..'l-l'"k1 f'l''l'l- ;1-oi:h ~"'~l"":f'l
1-MA
2. ( ~ adj.) f4'G. Slavery is a thing of the
past. QCI'l- f4'G 11C liD"
3. 111.1. 11C 1 111.1.. History deals with the
past. ;1-oi:h ili\11.1. I1C f.<;1&-A

Try to forget the past now that your troubles

are over. t.v-'1 :folcu ili\11.1. 111LiD"
'I hC<'tiD"

4. 'l''l'l-. The old man talked of the past.

1i"7"11\.8Jo lliD"IL !Ill '1''1-1: of-<;1G
5. 1<'tllol.iD" 1..11.. The explorer had a colorful
past. h<'tlf. 1<'tllol.iD" 1..11. f"'-1!1S'.il'l- liD"

past (adj.)
I. 111.1.. Where were you this past week?
qllol.iD" <'IM'l- f'l- IIICh l

2. f4'Y:'I". Three past presidents of the club

came to the meeting. ?'il'l- fhllll- f4'Y:
'P T"-11-'l'!.fo":f llil11llq8Jo oom-

3. fY:~. The book describes the past glories of

Greece. oot;m4- M&h'l fY:~ 11<; 1-1A~A
past (prep.) h - - - hll'i' 1111Past the Ras Makonnen bridge, there is an
optician. h&-il DDh-'1'1 Y:AY:f. hll'i' 11
11- 11-'1 aolt;C lf"i" 1-1'1'A
*It's five minutes past twelve. !IY:il'l- 11'\'l-
to!l"il'l- ' S'-.4::1' ' liD"
be past ;1-11.1.
The most dangerous part of the trip is past.
f"I-JiiD" I hS'.1'1' I h'i'A I ;1-Afi,A
go past II--- IIII-A hllol.
Does this bus go past Arat Kilo? 1-U hiD".follil llh&-'l- 11..11- IIII-A 1A4-A l
In the past hii.U!I" ll~'lThat has often happened in the past. 1 hii.U
9" ll~'l- 1111< '1..11. -1-S'.C~A.
run past n - - - flb-A I ~(fl I ll.Ad.
The boy ran past the house. A)!: IIlL-I: IIIIA ~II' hllol.

walk right past Qm111 AAL

He walked right past me without seeing me.

<'tfl"f Qm11L hilL

[See also 'distant, remote')

paste (v.) limo!.

Paste these labels on the jars! MII.U'I !I"Ah
.fo":f ' 11"711~,,; ' i\1- ' 11'1'4-'fiD"

paste (n.) ....]>

Do you have any paste to put on this paper?
1-U'I'I mt:4''l- "7"1114:1

--1- t.IIU l

pastime f'l..tl. "7<'111~1

Children need some kind of pastime on rainy
days. 1111<;11 1..11.1'l- <Jtt<;'l- t.'lY: '\1l'l- f'l..tl. "7<'111~1 1ilLA;>'f'i'A

pastor tou'l
The pastor of the Lutheran church will give
a speech. fll--1-&-'1 IL-l- hCil-1:1'1 toll'!
'I"I"IC 1 1S'.C:>IIpastoral
I. h11'l- t.Cil. The pastoral tribes of the
mountains graze their sheep on the hillside.
-1-&-&-l""'f i\1- f"'-'l"-1- h11'l- t.Cil 1-<'1
P'"'f Mif''fiD"'I f"'-111"7-1-'l- ;>&-iD" 'I'
:>'l- '11- liD"
2. 11C IL'l-. Pastoral life is depicted in
these paintings. Y1C 0..-l- ).C" fl~llU r
Fi>ll-"'f i\1- of-1A!\.A
3. OD'!ol.<'l'l!. The priest read the bishop's
pastoral letter to the church members. 4:1\o
f'-'-11-'1 ' OD'!ol.<'l'l! ' aDAhh'l- ' IIlLi' ' hC
il-1:1'> t.QII-":f Mllll4. f-1>!1<;. Pastoral duties include visiting the
sick. f-1>!1<; T"JQC f ;J-ootJDo IIS"":f'l
aD1-11"f:,. f.(;J;l.!l" &-A

pastry (pastries) 11!111-'l- outtf.

I like to have pastry with my coffee. II-<;
ilm"' 11!111-'l- aottf. ao1111'l- S'.il 1 1II'I'A

past tense "1'1~ 1..11.

The past tense of 'walk' is 'walked'. f ooy.
1: ))

'1-\d.

"Lf'L

((

'/.f.. ))

')olD"

pasture (v.) IIi\

The sheep pastured on the hillside. 11-1-&-&-iD"
'I':>'l- '11- 111"'f 1-1111- IIIC

pasture (n.) "ltn"li

He takes the cattle to pasture early every

pat

906

morning. o-A4'1 "711'1 h11-Hl1 mS'. .,

tn11 ,l'.mll'IA

The rocky hillside had enough pasture for

sheep. Y:'I;J1"7tD- fTtl-tl- '1"'1 llflil-

path
3. ""C-l>. He covered the perforation with a
patch. 4''I'IOJo1 fl""'C:,O llmL
4. 4-.?f'. He wore a patch over his eye for days.
111llf< 4''l'l- 't,l'.). 1\,1'. ol.lf hill!' )flC

f"''.fl:l' "ltn11 )flt:IIT

pasture land f""l(ll1i a oo~:,.

5. OOS'.1J. Her garden patch has only tomato

plants in it. hThAT oPS'.!J. 1\,1'. 111m-

The pasture land is fenced in. f"ltnlf. oo&.

f-1:"7-1:?" ThA 11!1' )OJo

:,. :l''I'Z:A

patent (n.) foP11T "71lhfl61 ii)J:-

pat (patted)
1. hlfif. He patted the dog. tD-lftD-1 hlfifm2. oo;r oo;r hS'.t:1. He patted me on the
back to comfort me. 11.1tr<;<;"1 )!CQII-1 oo
;l- oo;r hS'.t:'l

3. mLmL. She patted the dough into a flat

cake. o/!"'ID-1 1111 h1'1.1Y1 mLmL:f-ompat oneself on the back ,t.(t."} 0&-l"t- ;

h.'l"

111

He has been patting himself on the back for

the deal he made yesterday. TII1T lliiLll
ODfl)a I

"J-/;~

&-(to")

fl,t.(l.

}\tp"'J(I

pat (adj.) T11l

A pat solution is to work hard. +1rtm- OD'f:

He took out a patent to protect his invention.

7.11- I\S'.t:11D- 'i'Ailol. foP11T "71lhfl61 il
)J:- ' hOJ"'

patent (adj.) 7-.A?" 111

That's a patent lie. ,l'.tJ 7-.A?" 111 OJoif
:,. ')m-

paternal
1. hQ;J-'1!. He gave me some paternal advice.
hQ;l-'1! MIC ilm"1
2. ( ~ adv.) 7.1S'. hQT IY'l'. Some governors
want to appear paternal. h1'11J:- nr:l"l- 7.
"IS'. hQT IY)ID- lloo;l-fT ,I'.LA;J/1-

Tdt. .,..,.,_ oPFtl-T )OJo

paternal grandfather ..t'fl+ 1tfl+

My paternal grandfather is still alive. 1Qi:

stand pat h'1'114' ThTII

hQT ho-1?" n.n,em:,. hll-

The government must stand pat in its policy.

OD').,JP-f:

ODoP&ftD-"'J

hT-fl.f.

ODb.,.A.

MilT

patch (v.)

paternalism hQ;l-'1! hllT'IS'.C

The employees appreciate the paternalism
of the old president. 1Ptl-T'I''6 f4'f:'I"ID-"I
"r&.H.'I1T hQ;l-'1! hllT'IS'.C ,I'.OJ'I/1-

1. llmL. I patched the tire, but it still leaks.

i"7tJJo1 II'I'.(.ID- )flC "11 ho-1?" ,I'.T
)'i'<'IA

2. tTJL. Mother has to patch my trousers.

7,<;i; il-611-1 ' oP"''i! ' hllqT
patch together

He patched together a speech. n:f-h-11 "1"1"1

c hm<;+t:
patch up

1. ;J-<:4'. They haven't patched up their

quarrel yet. flT"'II-flT )1C ho-1?" h
A;l-t:<t?"

2. m11 hS'.t:1. I have patched up the leak.

f"'1.1Lilm-1 m'l"t h.\':C?.'PIIo-

patch (n.)
1. A'l''i'. He put a new patch on the tire.
i"7m- 11-1> 1\,1'. h-'1.11 A'l''i' hS'.t:1flT
2. 7-.tl-.L. I will have to put a new patch on the
tfOUsefS, (to&(l. I " " " I J\,llll I lt,,t.,l. I ODtl)tj: I
M11"1

paternity hQT oPIY"I

He refused to acknowledge the paternity of
the child. fA)I: hQT ou!Y).1 taS'.
*They couldn't trace the paternity of the child.
fA)I: hqT "71 7.1S'.IY) 11"701:,0 hA
!I'll-?"

path
1. f7."1C oo11J:-. Keep to the path, or you
will lose your way! f7."1C DD1~'1.1 ThT
A l 111111111..1' Tmoi.IIU

2. oP11J:-. A narrow path leads to the river.

h1J!' mQ11

OD"t~Y:

OJS'. OJ"IIf< .emMA

He followed the path of righteousness all his

life. .n.em-1:1 noo-11- f:,O .J:-11<;1 oo11J:-
ThTII
beat a path

*We beat a path through the tall grass. S'.11\

ID-1 11'1.11 M"'ll1 't.J:-1

[See also 'cleave, duty']

pathetic hi\~~
The cries of the wounded were pathetic.
f.,llll'l'.,; ""'1i'l- h<'o~~ )0C

patience '1-~"1.1"'1- 1 ;.1-:>'liH

He lacks the patience to endure the noise of
children. fA]t."h "i"i;.l- llaoif'A '1-~
.,,......,. ' fii<JJo9"
Parenthood requires patience and understanding. IDI\~ ODII'1 ;.1-;>'li)."f-1<; h:"7
"l")."f-1 f.mf.:J"A

patient (n.) O'li-1-,.

There are two more patients waiting outside.
tt.ll-"f- rJ-11'1- O'li-1-'l'':f- <JJo"l" f.mofi:J-11patient (adj.)
l. 'l-~"1.1"-1-,.. The patient boy let his comrade's insult go by as though he did not hear
it. ..,.~.,......-~-,..... ' "'~ ' f'\.1'.,...,., ' IIJ!:ofl ' h
1'1/:\(1"7 ' ...,...,. ' hll.t.m2. if'f>, His wife nags him because he is very

patient. 0"19" if'!> 111111') "'1.111o ."f-)H

1H'PII"f*It took five years of patient labor to perfect
his invention. 'i!Ac\4..~&'1 ' blf:Jt.-9"\-:,. lliPI
:~11 ' h9"11'1- ' 'l""'l- ' oo-j\o ' 0'1-~"1.1"'1- '
OPtlpatiently 'J'C{l-1 )h(>
He endured his disease patiently. O'li;t-m-1
'J'C{l-1

patron

907

pathetic

)h(>

;1'11

patriarch
l. 11110.'1-. The patriarch of the family rules
with an iron hand. IJII0.1o 0.-f-(111-1 0'1'

oflol> .1'11-1-'1:&-A
2. IJIIIJ'I-. Abraham was one of the Jewish
patriarchs. hoflCV9" hhf.rJ-: IJI\IJ.f':f-
h1'1. )0C

3. ;r'I-&.I'Ch. The Patriarch will dedicate

the new church. ;r'I-&,I'ClJ. h'l.(l-1 0.-1-
hCll-1:.1'1 y.aoc:J-11-

patrimony (patrimonies) fm~(lm- rJofi:JHis patrimony was worth millions of dollars.

fiD~(lm- ' Vofl."f- ofiH- ' "'1.11.1"1 ofiC ' f
"''.,I'ID"'' )OC

patriot h1'1-1 f"''.W: (lm- I hCO,.

Patriots will always serve their country.
h1&-'f<JJo1 ' ,.,_,... ' (ljP';f- ' 9"1'1.H.9" '
!lll'1 ' 01&-'fm-1 ' .1'111"11\11The patriot was a pattern of bravery. hCO,.
m- f;e"''H'I- 9"<'ofl, )0C

patriotic
1. J'1C t;:ol>C. We wrote patriotic songs for
the schools. ll'l-9"rJC'I- O.of':f- ,1'1C <;:"'>

I OD1f11De(!'";f- I

Ktt:1'

2 . .1'1C o;:ol>c ,1'110'1-. The patriotic soldier

fights hard. ,1'1C ' 'i'ol>C ' ,1'110'1- ' W;f-,I'.C '
m1hC' f.'l' :>A

patriotism frJ1C 'i'ol>C I .1'1C ' '1'-l>C

He is imbued with patriotism. OV1C 'i'"'>C '
f+oo(tm

~m-

patrol (patrolled), v. hf-1-H'Pw~ mO.,.

A policeman patrols these streets all night long.
i\.1\..-lz')

(lOD-1\- I

hf-1-H'PW~

?"f\.l\

flJLU

OD"J1.e- I

f.mofi:J>A

patrol (n.) "~>~.,. 1 .4>~ '\:

The patrol was surrounded and captured by
the enemy. "1>~1o (:J>~m- '\:) Oml\'1-
h-1-hOO 0:\1\

-t-"7~h

patron
l. .1'.10,., The patrons of this bar are asked
not to be too noisy. fH.U n-r; 0.'1- .1'.10'1'

"f- ...,1i'l- h1'1.1'0H- -1-mf..,.'PA

2. 01 hj!-t-1... Most of the museum's expenses are paid by patrons. ffL,.... ' oonho;. mQ;t.
hofl~,...,. f"''.h.t.llm- OM h:6-'l.lP"f-
)<JJo
[See also 'saint']

patronage
Thank you for your patronage of our restaurant! >.9""/ofl O.;.l-"f-1 oP'J'-f-U !111-1-""
1ofiU >,r;ao(l"/1V111
under the patronage of

n -- - ;

J.'.;Jtf.~..,.

P'C

The exhibit was under the patronage of the

Patriotic Association. h."'H.!l'li> IJ1C o;:ol>
C "7"t0C .l'.;>d.)'l- P'C )OC

patronize
l. .1'.10,. )<JJo. She patronizes the same dress1 ht f1: Aoflll 1 (1,1. .1'.1
O'l'':f- )1

maker. >.!).<;

2. l..-c. My uncle patronizes the museum.

h.,..-1: 0.-1- aonh-1-1 f.~'IA
3. 11:'f- Jr..Jt-C1 "IOU+. Don't patronize me!
I'm every bit as good as you are. 09"19" 111
T I 1111"71\')11 ' 11"1- ' h:C1U ' h'l-19"-1-~

patron saint ;.1-'1'1.

Our patron saint is St. George. ;.1-'l'l.,l'':f-1
'I.I'C'I.Il )m-

patronym ics

908

patronym ics .t'Q-1: Ill"'

Ethiopians are not called by their patronymics.

paw

pause (n.)
1. l..A.d..r. There was a pause of several seconds
between each ringing of the bell. Q"t'l-'i' II
_,.h;l-1' f~mA .1':1"'6 ouiJbA filii- flh

h.'l-f"k.t'm -n qq;M'm- 119" t.J'.m<~-1"'

patterU. .t..

"t.l': -,.A4..:,. ~IIC

The rain pattered on the windowpane. 11'i'fl-

2. cl~'i':,., Everyone welcomed the pause after

the long test. h~~- 4...,.'i' 11:\~ 11"""1

foullll-J:"t oull;f-m'l- U.4..

patter about +~tn

,.. M'i''l- 11-11-V" ~~~ l.llt-

The child pattered about the room. A)!: llh

*There was a pause in the fighting which lasted

only a short time. jliC~-1: 11"1'4::,.. '1..11.

'I'll- t-11"1' +t>:t>:m

patter on +flmt!

<IV" illl-

The salesman pattered on while displaying his

after a short pause

wares. t.?f?f... f"''.lftr..:r-"t

.t'llf .,.qm~

pattern (v.)

-,.,..9'....,.. -,.

pattern (n.)
This rug has a pretty pattern.

J'.U V""t"''i' T'l- .h~., t./lm2. "tJ:-<1:. Where did you get the pattern for
your new dress? Vl.fl- Ailll'li "tJ:-<1: hf
:r- h~'f'li !
3. 1"'11/1.. The patriot was a pattern of bravery.
t.cn>:'m- f)!"l"t ~:r- I"'II/I. ~ nc

4. 11-~:1". The behavior pattern of the young

generation is different from that of the old.
fm"'.,....,. fmQJ'. 11-~:1"
/If ~

paucity

ho'l'-1:9'...,.

ltA 0:\t\

1. Mm.t... The highway authorities are

paving the street in front of our house. fhtD-6-
'1-'l'i' QIIP'A"'"t hll.;l-...,."t of.:,. II.L'I-
.1'/lm-"t

DD"t~.l':

11"7"tm'i' IIJ'.

~,..

2. m~~. Technology paves the way to better

living. -l:h'l'll-:1[ 11.,..?1"11 '1-C' ou")~.l': J'.
mC;>A
be paved Qllof.A'I- .,.~m4..

Our street has finally been paved.

IIDD"'-~?ft- '

DD"t~'l...,."t

Qllof.A'I- .,.~m4..

[See also 'way']

pavemen t f.,.~m4..

OD"t~.l':

The pavement is very bumpy.

OD")~.l':

f.,.~m.t..m-
11"11"' hQ"' '1-Q"' J'.M'I'A

pavilion [llh..,H.fl'li "t

f"''..t'~II"IA

'I! 'Ill DDIIJ'. 11.'1-]

"7~11

....,.. "7~11 M:-1;1-...,."t"t J'~hou'I'A

'1.11..1'

paving t.llof.A'ITo repair the leak, the paving had to be

ripped up. f"''.DD~"'-ID-"t ' /IOD.l':4.."t ' hilof.A
-J: ' DD4<4..C ' ~~~~flT

pauper n flm.
A pauper was out begging this morning.
h"t.l': f). flm. ~t.

111...,. II.IIM

~nc

paw (v.)
I.

t::~~-

The angry bull pawed the ground.

f.,.'i'~~IJJo

pause (v.)
1. <IV" h/1. He paused each time he could not
think of the proper word. '1-hhll>:'t-"t :J'A

-rc <IV"

pave

f.,.

The paucity of native-born engineers harms

our development. fU~C """'~~ ouU"t.ll.r\

Q"'

.f>'r

'1-"t'li <IV" IJII 11:\~ _,.'i':>&m- "t~"t

IJQ-1: f'I-C' rH.;I- :>C t.oull{l/lmpattern oneself after f - - - 11.Cl\.f +h+A

He patterns himself after Napoleon. f'i'?"ll.
M"t hCh.t' J'.h+~A
.h~.,.

+'lii

After a short pause, the speaker continued.

.,.mil

t.oullnl\

He patterned his life after his father's. '1-C'm-"t

I.

~nc

J'.A ~ IIC

2. fi.L .h.,.;l- flm. The speaker paused

upon a particular point of his speech. _,...,:>
&m- II_,.IIJ'. Q"t .1': "1-'!J'. ~J'. ' fl4.. ' .,_,..
;1- flm

' IDJ'.4..")

DDt.-J:") o

t::~~

2. flof.:,. -,..,'1- ~~~ ~~~ h~~~- The cat

pawed the mouse she had caught. Y:ou:t: f
.t'H!I':,."t hJ'."l' llof.:,. -,..,;,: ~IJ ~~~ h~~

~!I'..,.

paw (n.)

"""~'~'

The dog has hurt his paw. ,..,.-..,. DD'I4-"t

""'~-"

pawn (v.) hii.I'H

I have to pawn my watch to get some money.
1"tHofl 11"7"1T'I- (l'tof:"t "7itS'11 hllofl'1
pawn (n.) oof"'f"
He left his watch in pawn. l'l'tof>"t oof"'f"
l'lm

pay (paid), vt.

I. h.f.ll. We will pay all your expenses.
tD<U.U"t 0..,.11- J."th'i'l\1\"t
2. m+oo. It will pay you to follow my advice.
f"htl. "t ofl'l-hof-A .e.m:t-II"VA
3. hit1"f. The job pays $100 a week. I"M-
O<'IM'I- OD.fo ofiC S'it1'1A
pay (vi.) h"-11

If you paid, let's go! hh.f.Ah 7."tY..I:"

pay back
I. ofi.I:"C ODI\it. I'll pay you back for all those
insults. 7."tS'.HJ itllitS'.oflh'1 ofl.l:"tl."t 1.
OD/A<'IIItJo
2. ooMt. I'll pay you back the dollar on
Monday. ofl<lo"t it'f 1.ooAitAVIIIJo
3. h.f.ll. He paid me back the favor that I did
him. f'I'Ah-11'1-"t tD-11:1" h.f.l\'1
pay down o:t-.1:""'1..1' h.f.ll
He agreed to pay $40 down and $10 a month.
h.CQ ofiC O:t-.1:""'1..1' h'i'll- OI"C ofiC
S'."l'l" llftD<I- il.h'i'A 1-it"''"''
pay (for)

1. 'I';>ID<") M"f. The thief paid for his crime

with a term in jail II.QtD- 1.itC IL'I- ooo
"IQ'I- llov&-ID< w"t)';A 'I';>ID<") h1"f
2. 1-lt. Money will not pay for the loss of his
home. fmof..tD-"t IL-I>"t 1"tHofl h.e.TlttD-11"
pay for itself tp;JaJo'l ODlt(l

This machine will pay for itself in five months.

_e.u OD"f6f 'I';>ID<") ' Qll"it'l- tDC ' tD-ll
'I' .e.ooAtaA

pay off h'i'll-

peace

909

pawn

Q;~.<:(l

He paid off all his debts. r).IIID<") tJoll- ht;:

,.. .W.<:(I
pay out hLII (1-h.f.ll)
The money is paid out on Fridays. 1"tHII- f
"''.h.f.IIID< 'tCofl 'tCofl ttDpay up h'i'!I.A
I'm all paid up. b-'1\l."t tJoll- ht;:S'I\tJo
pay (one's) way through

*He paid his way through college by selling

magazines. oo~rm.'l- Mil"m 11'1-II"UC-1>
flODhLA !JII.;E-'t ' Q;).<:(l

[See also 'attention, call, compliment, heed,

homage, notice, order, sum, tribute, visit']

pay (n.)
I.
C
2.
'1

S'.'1"11. How much is your monthly pay? ftD

S'.'I"11U it"t'l- ttD- 1
h<i!S'. Equal pay for equal work. 111""""1"1
1"&- 7.11-A h'i'S'

(be) payable ooh.f.A hilll'I-

This bill is payable today. .e.u mAil

tl. ooh.f.A hllll'l-

payday AS'.:tI am penniless until payday. 7.llh IAS'.:I"

q .... ' 7.:(") ' t'1

payment

1. ooh.f.A. Prompt payment is requested.

ll"J.HID< ' ODh.f.A ' hllll'l2. h'i'S'. I still have three more payments to
make on my car. IIODIJ.'i"\1. l"it'l- h'i'
S' 4'C-1''1A
*Her thanks was payment enough for my
work. 111"&-'- ll"ll;>'i"'l' ofli" f'l' :> S'U
A toe

payroll
*How many men are on our payroll? .1.-r'11
f"''.h.f.l\'l'tD- it"t'l- M':Y. 'i"'l'tD- 1
*The payroll of this company is more than
twenty thousand dollars a week. .e.u h-Q"t
, IIW&-of-'1':Y. ' S'.'l"11 ' f"''J'tD"'tD- ' 0<'1
M'l- hVS' lf.U ofiC Ol\.e, tiD<

pea hof-C
Children eat peas. A]FJf hofoc .e.ol\11-

peace
1. (IIIII". Our goal is lasting peace. 'tii"'':Y."t
Hl\4: Mil" ttDHe doesn't give me any peace. Mil" .e.
t"I'11A
2. fMII" tD-A. Peace was signed between the
two countries. lltJollof> U1t!:Y. oovhA fl'lll
, . I tiJaA ..... Ll:OD
peace of mind fOD"t.f.it b<:t;:'lInsurance gives one peace of mind. h."t~&-"t
ll o fOD").f.(t b<:'i''l- _e.(I"JA
be at peace lt~fD )QJoo
The country has been at peace for the last
twenty years. hVS' -too+ m-'I.U h1<1-
1'11111" tiD<

peaceable

910

break the peace A.,.;t- hF.Lt.ll

He broke the peace by firing a gun. mOD")jfw") fiODN,_II l\'1';1-a>-") M~.d.~l'l
keep the peace

g~J';fo

h.l\hOI..

Three policemen were on hand to keep the

peace. l\'1';1-a>-") 11"711hfiC 1"11'1- 7"11.
(o":f .,.1'S.,.w- tnc
make peace

I. hil;t-M. He tried to make peace between

the quarreling parties. f.,."'ll-'1-"> m1'l'":f
11"711;1-~:,0 'l"h~
2. ;1-~+. They made peace after their bitter
quarrel. fh~~ 'I'A h.,.IIJ/1< fl:\11 ;1-

~41

peaceable l'lll"7'1!
Peaceable people keep out of quarrels. M"7
'I! l'll"":f hm11 Y.C:J'/1<
Peace Corps fl'liiP" 'i.l:"
Peace Corps volunteers taught English in
Ethiopia. fMP" 'l.l:" hfJII-":f h.-l-1'"
t;y a>-11'1' l'-.">"111.11"' YII.,.P"~ tfiC
peaceful
1. l\'1' Yll. Everything is peaceful around here.
flll.ll hiJfJIL u-tr t1C l\'1' Yll )a>2. M"7'1!. This peaceful tribe tries to avoid
war. Y-11 M"7'1! t1.1:" htnct'l- IIOD&:,. Y.'l"h&-A
peach !oh
peacock "'fDoil
peak
I. "'l'i'. We climbed to the peak of the mountain. tJJF.. I +&-&-tDo I -t'f:: I aJifJ1'
2. lM'i'. He was theo at the peak of his power.
hP'A"'). l\""t'i' IIY. )fiC
*Traffic reaches its peak on this road about
five o'clock. flll.ll OD"J1.1:" IIY. h'i'.,..,
,. f'I-&-.C.h ODQ;l..... t:,O f"''.~C(ta>- flOP'
&- )',").(- l'l'\'1- )fDo

n.

peal (v.) .,.~mil

The bells pealed.

~"'~

.,.~.,/\<

peal (n.)
A peal of laughter interrupted his speech.
h'l- h'l- 1111- II.P':,. "t"'"l~ .,.!!'~m
peanut 1\/l.t
They sell peanuts in the streets. """>1.1:" 1\Y-
l\11.t Mf"'tr

peculiarity

pear [f'i'&. '\M'I-]

pearl II-A
The necklace is made of beautiful pearls.
.(-6fDo ' hfDoil ' II-A ' f.,.OP&- ' twpeasant 1fl&.
The peasants would like to use modem agricultural methods. 1fl&.l"'j; fiH,...,..'I! fliC
"If HJ'. ""m+P" Y.d.A:>/1<
pebblemmC
The path is covered with pebbles. mflfl- OD")
1.1:- mmc d.(ofl;f-A
peck (v.)
I. II+"". The chicken pecked at the grain on
the ground. P..l':'l' ""tl.'l- IIY. YIIIJ)o") 'I'
&-'1'&. II+OD":f
2. m'i&OD. The parrot pecked my arm. fl++).
h">J!."t m'i&DD'S
peck a hole in 7t.fmf&oo Oft

An unhatched chick pecks a hole in the shell.

YA.,.+d.+d.":f "'1""'1- fl'."t411111-"t :,Oc&.
:,. Mm.,.,..":f '1-fl<'lll":f
peck (n.) ODild.&Y
Give me a peck of barley! I>"> .I:" ODild.&Y
11111 lim'S
give a peck mfjt.oo

The hen gave me a peck. P..l':'l' m'f&ou:f'f

peculiar
I. f.,.llf l l'."t"/'1. Her peculiar behavior has
estranged her from her frieods. f.,.llf (l'."t
"1'1) mfJY.'I' hmJI}!:!J! hiiYY'I2. AI'. He is a peculiar fellow. AI' (tfDo
tfDo
3. ( = adv.) 11!1'. These markings are peculiar
to this bird. l'."t-'1.11 '\Y.t'l- +liP" Yll'l-
Y.ll:f ' ID'i' ' 11!J' ..,..,.
be peculiar Y.1C"7A
It is peculiar that he has not come, for he
promised he would. l\ODRJIIu- 1111- :J'A
111.f- .,..:,.~_, f"'1.1C9" tfDo
peculiarity (peculiarities)
I. AI' mfJY.. One of his peculiarities is his
interest in birds. hAl' mfl~ h">JI. 11m
'i' Yll,. 'i':,Oc t,.
2. fll"t"'J!t'l- mfJY.. In a big city, peculiarity
attracts less notice than in a small town.
l'll"t"/'1)-l- mfJY. h-l-1\A:,O h-t..,l":f Y.A
:,. fl-l-..,..,11 h-1""79':f fDo/1'1' 'foA-fo Y.;f-YA

peek

pecuniary f1')Hofl
Because of his present pecuniary difficulties,
he cannot afford to buy the house. '111-l- 1.
H. MIIO't- fnHil
fl....') ' 11.1~ ' hf-':ff;\9"

pedal (v.), -

'lf-lc 9"h')1'1-

a bike ll.hh./1.-l-

It is hard to pedal a bike uphill.

u:-r-

>11'1-

"""'""~'~-

u:-r- m"l
n.n h./1.-l-

hh'l':>6 tm-

The pedal came off my bicycle. fll.h h./1.-1:

ml\+

The driver accelerated the motor by stepping

on the pedal. t'l(m- fl.')It') OO(Iftlm-') """
I

f'fP+o;."}

~T)T

ODI\ho}o')

peel (vt.) 1\m

I have to peel the potatoes. S';')'(i')

I Q;a.ODl,

peel (vi.)
I. -~'"'~"-. The paint is beginning to peel.
_.,.~'i' ' ~,.;::"'
2. M-1'.,.~.1. mf..,., My skin is peeling.
.,.-'1\lo ' l\f-1'.,.~.1. ' J'-IDJ';:f'f;\
3. -1'1\m. My back is peeling from my sunf-f't"' ~Cfl\1. II.
burn. h8dtl-
1\... I )aJo

.-.,..r

pedantic Ttl-11 tm:Jo

He is a pedantic scholar. Mt Ttl-11 tm

:,. ' ,.,.c' tm-

peddle

peel (n.)

llflf~ lrm
m~

"''~- ooco~.. 111- -l-..-t11 t11!'':f Mlf~

I- if"'f;\
Uf.~-1: 1

h!l.6

A peddler is hawking his wares outside.

hm-"1.' h')J': h-:t nf.~-1: .r-rn .1.111. 1

"""''lj"'

1.11\ '
The dishonest peddler duped his customers.
h:J-'11' h!f.6 f.')O~'Ii' h"'.'n~n~

pedestal """'"'1.1
Only the pedestal of the statue remains.
f.,.~,. ' fdtiJJof;\ ... ' oP.J"'1.1 ' illl' ' tm-

pedestrian

"'-'~ I f;\"1"1.'

These oranges have a thick peel. MILII iiC

He peddles small items like pins. h ')f.

peddler h-:t

OOI\'J'

.,.11.... '

step on the pedal lL'1H."} ou{lOJ.aJo"t ~1m

C1T

I. hlf"'"' h f. A child peeked through the

door. a.n 00'1- Ml' "'"' hf
2. -f'DPI\h-1'. We crept up and peeked over the
wall. .,.h ill\') '1'1"1- 1\1- h"'.'f;\1') -1'

Mil'S

pedal (n.) oPC1""l

ODC11

peer

911

pecuniary

h"l~'f

For pedestrians only! 1\h"l~~:f. illl'

pedestrian (adj.)

I. fll"l~~':f. A pedestrian bridge crosses the

highway. fh"l~if''f- J':f;\J':J'- hm-t:- 1--'1
'i'm-') 1l\'C"lf;\

2. f"''J'-"''Ch. He gave a pedestrian lecture

suitable for a general audience. 1\"'1'),. h-'1
"'' "'.' f"''.h"''"'' f"'' 1-"''Ch ')"!"IC hf.~1

pedigree fHC "11S':

The Emperor's pedigree appears in several
t1P".,. fHC "!')J': iiH-
books.

n.,.,.

oPJ\ih'i'-l- ' IJJoh'l' ' l-1'ff;\

have a pedigree
Does this dog have a pedigree? J'-11 m-lf H
'1-' '1"1-' tm-!

......'l'':f o ID'i'tl-9" o "'-'~ o l\1\'fiJJo

Throw away the orange peel! fiiC.,...,l-') "'
"1"1.'' "'f;\

peep (v.)
I. h!l'"'"' hf. I peeped through the window to
see what she was doing. 9"') ;1-f.C"I l\')f.
tO~ 0 1\"'/fT 0 000{1!>... I hlff;\<1: 0 hfll2. ii:Jo ofi:Jo hi\. Stars peeped through the
clouds. l>hll':f Uf.oo<;m- m-hT ofi:Jo il
:,. 'hflo
3. ""'1i. The little bird peeped in its nest.
o}o')j( ID'i' o 1;l>:'f' o fDo{I'J' o IJ''i' o ""'1i':f

peep (n.), let out a -

't-')'i'11 hi\

Quiet! Don't let out a peep! ..,_...,_. ""' ! -l')'i'11 ' 7.')-'lo}of;\

take a peep llC-' J\f

He took a peep into the room. IDF.. h'i!A-
h'l' 1\C.,_ hf

tiJo

peer (v.)
1. h-l-11-1!' -f'OOI\h-1'. He peered into the
darkness, but could see nothing. fl"'-ltOI/ tJJo
h'l' ' h-l-lJ-1!' ' -f'ODI\h-1' ' t1C ' "!') ' M

,. ' 11.11- ' hf;\JI'I\9"

2. ii:Jo hi\. The sun was peering from behind
a cloud. 8dtl-'f' Of.ou'i' m-hT ofi:Jo il
11 tnc

peer (n.)
I. f"''.h-f'..,hf;\. It will not be easy to find his

912

peerless
peer.l\~')

f"''.llTIIhA 11"'1"11"'1- hll'l'.:>

)d)o

2. l\h-,1'. His work can only be judged by his

peers. P'&-m- 11.~-:,. f"''."4-llm- Rll
h-f"'ll illl' ~,.

peerless .,.m,l-'1& f/l.llmThe peerless beauty of the girl was admired

by all. Tdl-'1-'l& f/I.IIID- oft't;t''i"'l' Rll-11-
H').l:" ' .,_,..~.,.
(be) peevedTR~~
Mother will be peeved if we are late.
ll't.J'.II'~ 1S;t-"4-'t '1-M""11"4-

ru~n

peevish illl""
lllness made her peevish. ,}aouou- 1lil"" h
,..~,.

peg (v.), ~ down 'fbll

We must peg down our tent . .1:-'t\\'i"l-'t't oo
'fbA l\11-fl')
be pegged to b - - - ;>C Tll'l'dlm
Our wages are pegged to living costs. S'.'l"lfl') b\<-C'ID- m-.1:-~'1- ;>C f.ll'l'dl"'A
peg (n.) 6't~'l- ! "4-IIA
The boards are joined by pegs. ~'):l'l"'ll fT
;>m...'l- Rb"'t~'l- ~,.
This tent requires ten pegs. f..IJ ~\I.") 0
P'C "4-IIII-"4- ,l'lld.A"Jo;t-A
pellet 'l'f.'IThe pellets of a shotgun are made of lead.
f&1i moo"t)i' 'l'f.-1'"4- bl\C~ll ' fT"'~ 'i"
'fmpell-mell
I. ~"1'1''1'. He tossed his clothes pell-mell into
the suitcase. Ail~"'t ~,1'"1'1"1' lf"'t"'m- m-Il
... I

OJl,aJt:,tJJo

2. .,..,.:>"ITID-. The children rushed out onto

the playground pell-mell. A;'1l T"'t;>"I TID-
mY. oo1m~ OVItJJo ~ mpelt (v.)
I. S'.RS'.R. Rain pelted the roof. 11'i"il "1&,1'
ID-"'t S'.RS'.R
2. m&m&. The boys pelted the windows
with pebbles. A;'1l OD/ll>-l"'i 'If. mmc
dl&dl~

pelt (n.) ..f-'1

I bought a tiger's pelt at the market.
~-nc ' "'" ' ~.,.,.

b~R,I'

penalty

pelvis rm~-n ll'l'"'t'IThe doctor examined the man's pelvis with an

X ray. <hll.- f(lm-\Lm-"t rm~-n ll'l'"t
'1- R&-"l[ oo&OD&
pen (penned), v. l\'1-&
He penned the sheep in a small enclosure.
Ri'll"'t R'l-"t1i h'I'C ID-ll'l' l\'1-&-'fmpen in a corner milP. H.:J(fiT)
He had me penned in a comer where I could
not escape. "'1?"11'1' b"7Al-AR'I- mllP.
H;>il'S
be penned up ;Joltt:
His wife complained that she is penned up in
the house all day. "''.ll-1< .,.).., ...11- fl.'!-
ID-ll'l' :J'(lCh- il'l T~"'i~~lpen (n.)
1. ilbC. This pen scratches. f.IJ -flc)C f."P
&-A
2. n.:'l- l ;>"1. The cattle got out of the pen
somehow. bil-l"'l bR&;t-'fm- (b.:>"''fm-)
ll"'t.J'.?""'t?" dltn<
penal rm"tlll'l'l-

The only settlement in the wilderness was a

penal colony. RR&"Jim- m-ll'l' f"''.~,.,. ""
'1'&.1' rm"tlll'l'l- -nil' ~nc
Penal labor is used in constructing some
highways. ll"'t-'l"'t.l:" l\dJo&- '1--'l'i"l"l- Om
"'tlll'l'l- 7-AR'I- f."'&-11[See also 'offense'}

penal code rm"tlll"' -~ .h"l

The new penal code is harsh. l\JI.~ faJ"'tlll
... ....:,.""' .h"l 'l'il:,O ~ ....
penalize.,...,
The judge penalized him for speeding.
'1- R'lf. RDP"'t-'1-1<

-'!,.,. .,...,,.

b'i''l'~

penalty (penalties)
I. :,...,:,. . The penalty is ten years' imprisonment. :,...,.,. 1 OP'C 1 'tOP'!- 1 l\ll&-'1- 1
~

....

2. """''"" If you do wrong, you have to pay

the penalty. IJm<f.IJ """''"" oobd.A l\11
iliJ
3. P':l'f.. Indigestion is often the penalty for
eating fast. fll' .1:- oftCm'l- llillf"'dJo"'t 'I.
H. Rl-lt-'1 bOD-fl'l'l- f"''.OD"J P':l'f.
~

....

[See also 'death, in11ict1

penance

913

penance 'Hid,
He tried to expiate his sin through penance.
'lm.h_,'t fl'tild, {l.J'ila>CY: 'l"h<:
do penance 1lldt 1 1Q

He must do penance for his sins.

llAtv~tD-

'lm.h'l- 'tild, OD"IfiT hl\fl'l-

penci I 7.Cilil
The point of my pend! is broken. f7.Cilll.
"'it;:

.,_IHta:A

.,,

pendant, a diamond - f.,.'tml\ml\ hA

She wore a diamond pendant as her necklace.
f+'tml\ml\ hll\"711

7.'t~

mofiA hY:

C;J hTA:J'I\':f-

pending (adj.)
I. flf.~C ~f. Yl\. Tax reform is !he pending
business of parliament. MofiC ""IfIfA fl
Y.~c ~f. Yl\ r;rc~., -t-~flc ~..,.
2. ( ~ adv.) fl.,.mC'. The matter is still pending.
~1~ 1 1'i 1 O+ml!' ~
pending, prep. ( ~ adv.) 7-ilh"'L~<:"I Y:<:il

The police sealed all the drawers of the desk

pending an investigation. ?"lt.ft. 1 'rCOD&o 1
7-ilh~<:"l

Y:<:il fm<:A.~m-'t ""ilfl..l'l"

hif;J'I',.
we sat in the garden pending father's return.
hflfl't h'l-hA'l- il<U. ""ilT .,..,.,..m't

':1- ' IJoir '

mfl~~,.

The equipment is kept in a storehouse pending

future use. 1\rDU'l- h~A"III-'1- 7-'tii.,.A
"""'t.Y,. "19"1( IL-l- ""il'l' .,_.,.,..tp.A
pendulum f"IY:"I-'1 il'i'l- H't"l
The pendulum swings back and forth. MJ:-"1-'1
,. l'l'iT H't"l rDII,y mii,U f,rD~rD~A
pendulum clock MJ.!"1JS 1 (1,.:,..

The pendulum clock strikes every hour.

f"IJ:-"1-'1,. il'i'l- flf(l'i_, f.~~A

penetrate (vt.)
I. ~fl. New ideas have penetrated !he countries of Asia. h-'111.11 milll':f- m~ 7.11

penniless
penetrated the sleeping man's consciousness.
f~rDir ' J:-11"6 ' .,.il ' fl.,.il ' ,.,.,.,.., ' (lm- '
h't'I-A Hll.,.m5. "'ll. The troops penetrated the enemy
lines. m;I-~C''Il fm~'l-'t ffllC "l'tfiC
"J{l-'l6. fl.J'f. !I'll. Our eyes couldn't penetrate
the darkness. 'if.'l'!l'':f-'t fl"'-11"7 ""llT
fl.J'f. hA!f'trll"
penetrate (vi.) 1Q

The water penetrates slowly into the ground.

"";>"" ' .,.il fl.,.il

' oo&,'t- ' tJJoilT ' f,~f!A

penetrating TA~
He made a penetrating remark.
f'l-

TA~ hilTY

(lm

peninsula flih<: ~of! ou&.'lThe peninsula of Italy was reunited in 1871.

rt..."'An flm<: ~11 """''~- 7.'t~~" h
flf~m- nx;;;f;;;f 'i. r.
~,.

-,s:-

penitence 'tild,
He was given three Hail Marys as penitence.
1\'tild,m- ' ?'ll'l "1.1 fiMOD ~-'1-il ~of!
Ch.A ooAhh't 7.'tll.~"l!l" :1-HH

penitent fKK'lHe had a penitent expression on his face.

"""" ' ~f. ' fllll'l- ' ODil\h ' f.:l-f.flT ~fiC
penitential fiild,
Lent is a penitential season. IJo'I.L'. f'til.J,
"l.fl.

~d)o

penitent! ary (penitentiaries) mut IL-lTwo prisoners have escaped from the penitentiary. IJol\'1- 7.11<:'1'':1- hmut tl.'t- hi"'
Am 'I'A

penknife (l'tm.
He cut the meat with a penknife. F ;Jm-'t fl
ll'tm. ot<:m

penmanship f7.~ K'ihtl.'lHis penmanship is bad. f7.~ K'ihL., ""T

&:,

I ~d)o

Y h~C'':f- ~oflof-'I'A

Smoke penetrated the living room. "Pil {)

11-).

""ilT

~ofi:I:A

2. ~<:(l(fl'l-). I could not penetrate !he mystery.

penniless f!P.. 7.)1:'t

The Jhief snatched my purse and left me
penniless. 1\.fltJJo PCit\l.'t ~ ....,. fiP.. 7.

ll"ilm.-1-'t ~ilfl'l- hA!I'Ah-11"

)!'t ' M.,.<:'t

3. ilofiC' ~fl. The bullet penetrated his skull.

be penniless

...,.., ' t.-il ~ir't ' (lofiC' ' ~fl

She is literally penniless. 4>-'1-'1 'U-'th f

4. HI\.,.. Gradually, !he sound of the bell

~'I-ll"

"

914

penny

penny (pennies) ILll

Let alone a dollar, I will not give you even a
penny. l\"1\>,"1 h"l~ 11C IJ.II l\AII'I'
119"
[See also 'pinch']
penny-pinching, by -

l\f.,..,..,.

He saves money by penny-pinching. J..rUJlPT

1"1H11 fm&-:,0"7A

(be) penny-wise 1"1H11 0"19" 'fr.mO

He is penny-wise and never pays the regular
price. 1"1H11 0"19" 1111"7.1L'I'11 fT<DM
DJo"l ' 'I';J ' h.l'b~A9"
pension off~;!- hll1fl 1 ~;!- "".0:.0
The government pensioned off the overage
officers. 06~ f14-M ODb-"1-r:f- ,.,.,
"'P'T m-~;1- l\111fl'fm- (ou.o:.q'fm-)
be pensioned m-~;1'- "Ill

He was pensioned at sixty-five. OIIA<'I l\9"11

T o '\OD-f> ' fllo~;f- ' 1fl
pension (n.) fm-~;1- l\OA
He received a small pension from the government. bou"I"IP'T '1'<1:'1- fm-~;1- l\OA

Mi
pensive, ,...., mood oo.,.h11
His pensive mood was noticed by everyone.
,..,.,.bn-"1 rNr9" om-.f. ~oc
be pensive ThH

Why are you so pensive today?

)DJo TllHYA l

q~

9""1

look pensive .,..hU

He looks pensive today.

q~

Tll!f.A

pensively
*She was pensively tapping the ground with
her foot. 0'1-IJIL ""~-!>"! Ol\"1~ '1-.f.~
.-c )OC
Pentecost f.f."lm~llm. 0'\A
Pentecost is celebrated in our country. f.f."lm
~lim. 0'\A '11&-:f-"1 f.bO&-A
pent-up ;1-~'l' no~
With the latest insult, his pent-up rage burst
forth. o:,.co- o.<:.~IIO'I- 11~11 ;J-~'l'
no~ 41"lm- 1)4.11
be pent up .,..Qii.Om

Children Jove the spring after being pent up

all winter. ll~f"-1>"1 ,..11" bT...,Om-
o:va .l.t<;'l- OA"'"I f.<D'Itr

pep

penultimate bou-~lfm- +'I'll- fll

The penultimate consonant in this verb is
geminated. fll.ll "Ill bOD..,~lfm- +'I'
II- film- .,.<;flO. f.m11:1'A
penury ~ta:,.
His penury is due to the fact that he is ill and
unable to work. ~1i)-l: oou;J-ou- 9"11"1
f'l- IIODP'&-T IJIIOD!J'tr fT)"f )IJ>o
of penury ( ~ adv.) T'fr.&-9"1'He hopes to save a lot of money by living a
life of penury. T'fr.&-9"1'- 'l'r: 1111- 1"1H
11 II"''II+OD'J' Tllof. f.O:.C;JA
people (v.) lid.~
The pioneers peopled the West.
ill":f 09"6&-11 11.1.'1-

f+~'l"

114-

people (n.)
I. lim-. Were there many people at the meeting? 111111flm- 'If. 1111- lim- )OC l
2. lll":f. Can you name the most important
people of Asia? fl\/lf"l ;1-'1'1:,0 lll":f II
9" A'l-m:,OII '1-:f-'1111! l
3. IL+:f. You must come home with me and
meet my people. l\IL-1: OD'J'TIJ biL1"11 ...,
T'l'm:,O l\11111!
4. nr::f. My people carne to America from
Italy. nr:'li m.<:. h"Y.illJ fODm-'1- bll.."'
Af )IJ>o
5. .lo1111. The French nobles oppressed the
people. f.!.~"l<'lf. OD\>,"1"1'1- .lollll-"1 ...,.,).:,.
The people of Ethiopia follow ancient traditions. fl\.'1-f-t.Y .lo1111 f'I'"IT f!IIA hh
flil ~,_
Many peoples of Mrica have only recently
obtained their independence. 1111- fh~IJ
.lollll:f )lO;J-'fm-"1 fH'Ili:'l- o:,.c11
"l,tL

)mo

*He does not fear what people will say.

f.ir'S;J- hf..!.&-9"
people of the village OD"I.O:.CT'1':f
The people of the village like the new doctor.
OD"I.<:.CT'1''Ii l\.11.11-"1 dolL9" f.<DJ!.;I-A
[See also 'colored, old, simple, young']
(be) peopled ( ~ act.) lld.l
+The area is lhickly peopled by various small
tribes. R+OII.m- 1111- '1-<;"~11 '1-<'ll":f
'1':,.'1':,. 1111m- ll~lm-O;I"A
pep (v.), - up M:l':l'
A brisk walk after dinner will pep you up.

h~&..'J- R:\'1 ol.m't Qll ~C9'11" ofi.'J-'tif

&.ifc Yt.!I'.!I'?IA

pep (n.) 't.!l'.'JHe is full of pep. 't .!1''1- hl\aJo

pepper ncnt.
Pepper is hot. OCOt. Y.!I'T'IIA

peppery ocot. fOQO.'JA peppery meal makes me thirsty. ncnt. f

MO.'J- 9""1-n .,.:> Yilm.,.,.IA

per

I. n - - ~~. I sent the letter per my son.

l:ofi'IIJ.IJJo't RIA:( ~~ 'lho-.'J2. 0. How much do you earn per day?
Oo!>'t il't.'J- ;f-1 ...1111 I
3. II. Two cars per family is the norm in
many American cities. Ooflrt- fh"'1.61J't h.,_
.,IP'fo aJoil'l' 11-11'1- ooh.<; 'l't.J:' 11..,.11

it I f+flOD,R I

)BJo

*How much is this sugar per kilo? j.'.ll ii'>.C

h.ll-aJo il't.'J- ~.,. I

perambulate .,.'tif&.if<:
The lovers perambulate through the park.
<;:;r><:'l''ll oo<;.r."lfaJo aJoil'l' j.'.'tif&.if&-11-

per capita n'i'il mh'i'

The per capita income in this country is $150.
fll.ll h1C f)<;:il mh<;: 111. O't"".'J- oo.l[-
..,,.,.. -nc t.,.

perceive

perch

915

pep

percentage
I. hoo+. What percentage of Ethiopians live
in towns? hi\..'J-1"1\'Y .lt11ofl bao"'--JJo il
't., taJo b.,_., f"''..'l'<:aJo I
2. hoo+ ~~. The tenant farmers get a
fixed percentage of the crop. "'.'ll'l''ll bii"C
., bao.l[- f_,.mllt ~~ j.'.I:Cii'I''I'IA
3. J!"C7f. The agent receives a large percentage
of the painter's income. mh.& hiP't-1\,lD- '1
II. h'i' Yll .J:'C"If Y1'11A
A large percentage of these books deal with
Ethiopia. btrt.ll ODI\"mC:lo nch.'J- Yll-'1-
ill\ 1\.'I-1"1\'Y j.'.<;1&.11-

perceptible '1-IAil
There is a perceptible difference between these
two brothers. fitll.ll 11-11'1- dl'ti:""1.,Ff- ""
lthiA .,.fAll fll'~ IAI<t.'J- hll
be perceptible

I. ;1-f. The ship was barely perceptible in the

fog. 0"1.'_,.,. ' aJoil'l' ' aochn- ' ~ll"ofiQ9" ' h
,.;~-,.,.. toe
2. .,.11.,. The sound was very perceptible.
tnc
l:"ll"lfoo 0"19"

,.II.,

perception
I. fmll+ hil.,.<'lllofl. He lacks perception
into foreign affairs. ill\ .,..,_. h11!''f- '1-'1
j.'. fmll.,. hil.,.<'lllofl fllaJo9"
2. faollf.'J- 'f-11-;f-. His perception of color
is poor. .,.11,. faollf.'J- 'f-11-;f-aJo Mil.,.
... ' taJo

have a clear perception fl-JAA" ~VI

I. ;1-f(aJo). +I perceived an object looming
He had a clear perception of what was wrong
through the mist. 0"1.':>.,. aJoil'l' h't.J:' ~1
and soon fixed it. il.lt.,.-1>1 0"1/AII" .,.<:1:""1-
c ' ;t-1"1
illltRC di'IJ'aJo~ hii.,.IJbllaJo
2. 1Q(aJo). +on entering his house, he at once
perceptive
perceived that something was amiss. fl.iJ ,.
I. f.,."'&.. He gave a perceptive analysis of the
il'l' ' 11.1Q ' h't.J:' ' YIAII't' t1C' OD'l'-1-'
political situation. ill\ ?"11-f:IJaJo 11-~;t- f
di'IJ'IJJo~ ' 1QIJJo
.,."1&. ..,.,.;t- lim
I perceive that you are unwilling to do it.
2. hil.,.'l'j.'., A perceptive writer can express the
IA'I-"'&.aJo 4..!1'1:... ~'t'IIAII''th j.'.1Q ...IA
spirit of the time. hil.,.'l'j.'. 1.&.11. M..U.aJo't
3. ODfll\(aJo). +This is a nice idea, but I perceive
OD'tol.il 1\.1/AII" j.'.'f-'IIA
'I'

j.'.ll
practice.
difficulties in putting it into
>~- m<'l-n t.,. 1 1"&. ",. 11.,'1'/A "l't l- . perch (v.) h<:.r.
The bird perched on a branch of the tree.
"IC o f"7JOD"' j.'.aDiii\...IA
m;f: RQ4- 1!-C't"'i'i' 'lj.'. h<:.r.l4. -l-1tJIO. I soon perceived that the air was
cold. hf>~- o!>11.!l'Q ooll'~'t W'I.J'aJo~ .,.n
be perched "l4l oflh- ;l'f
JloflhThe fort is perched on a high hill. 9"11.,. b'i'
ItA :>&. 'lj.'. '1-ofl oflll- j.'.;f-YIA
percent nao+
perch (n.)
The cost of living has risen ten percent.
I. fo'l'. The parrot fell off his perch and
f~l!' 'I':> Oao.l[- DI"C h'i' ofi!I.IA

perfectly

916

perchance

squawked. 04'4'\o- h4'm- 'If. fioPID".O:..,

,;-1i

2. h'i>l\.P")'l- M~il. It took five years of

patient labor to perfect his invention. 'i>AM-

OJ~ "7~

..,.., ' h'i>l\.P")'l-' 11"7.<:."~11 ' Ml"!l'l-' """'~- '

DD-1\- R'l-b"IP''l- "'&-

perchance P"t;Aq'l- +imperfect + f.lf't;A

Perchance, I shall return to Ethiopia someday.

perfect (a<lj.)
I. 'i'l\.P". The method is not yet perfect. HS'.

2.

"7~~Y.

~,..,.

The bird sat on a perch.

'If. -1-<f'P""'II"i-

P"t;Aq')- lo"t.<:.- 4"t h..'l-r-t;y l\oPII!I

.... ' 1t;" 'i>l\.P" ' hll\11')9"

f.ll't;"A

They have perfect control over the territory.

percolate H114'
Water percolates through sand ID";)ID" Mf

op....-, '

f.HA?A

percussion .<:."P"6
The loud percussion of a drum was heard.
"lf.ll... fhRI!' .<:."P"6 f.il"7 )ftC
Rll~t;
fioPilflll-'1- )1C f"''.DD;f- fDD-IL? ' "'"'1&.1']

percussion instrument [Rb't"'-'1- I

per diem f<f''t loRA

He gets ten dollars per diem. OP'C 11C f
4''t loRA Y,>;'A

perdition llNI.
The angry priest told him to go to perdition.
r-t-t;.o:..o:..... -1111 il..t.A ll"t.uq

~,.,.,..,.

peregrination .,.,.
His peregrination made him an authority on
several countries. ..,..,.. llll oflrt- l\1f:":f
0'1'4: M~'fiD"

peremptory .o:.-c~ Yll

The officer's peremptory commands were
uttered in a loud voice. oob-'J\o- .<:.-c~ Yll
'1-l\qH-') ' h'i' ' qll ' .<:."P"/1 ' -l-'i"1~

perennial
I. Hl\4:)'1- YIIID". The perennial beauty of
the [lakes attracts many visitors. H'l4:)'1- Yll
..,. r .hU"T ID"R'l- 1111- '1--fl'tl"l-'t M
CltA

2. h"""'~- ll!lh """'~- f"7 f..O:.C~. The perennial stream never freezes. h"""'~- ll!lh """'~-
f"''f..O:.C4'1D" OJ't11 ' 4JO'I" ' hf.t.:JP"
3. h"""'~- """'~- f"'l.Y1111. My garden has
perennial flowers. Y'l-hA'l- fl;J-\1. h"""'~-
""""" r"'l.Y-on- lonqS""T hll-'l*He is a perennial candidate for public office.
P"C"'i

R-1-.0:.~1

"'"'C f.OJI4.0:.&-A

perfect (v.)
I. ll'th't fl\.110'1- "'&-. They have perfected
a new engine. ll'th't fl\.110'1- lo"L!I 'l"+
c.,C-1-'I'A

"!q-t. OM 'i'l\.P" _,'I''I'C P'C )ID"

2. '1-hhA. He drew a perfect circle with a
compass. RI>P".Til '1-hhA fiT) h-fl "'&3. -No. The car is in perfect condition.
ooh_t;ID" 0-N- lo\\:\'t ' f.1"'A
4. -11-. He is in perfect health. ao-11- tJL't)
'1- ' hi\ID"
5. ll'th't f"''f.OJ"'I\'1-. He speaks perfect
French. ll'th't f"7f.OJ"'II'l- 1-~'titf..,. f.
t;1&-A
6. ( = adv.) "'-C(o. He is a perfect stranger
to me. llil- II~ "'-C(o ll't"114 )ID"
be perfect ll'th't fi\ID"P"
Her beauty is perfect. .,.,~t;'l' ll'th't fll

....,..

perfection
I. ll'th't f"''f.OJ"'I\'1- ,...,., . His perfection
made everyone jealous. llil- ll'th't f"''f.OJ"'
1\')- ' ODifjo. ' 11-1\-'J

{liD" ' h!l<f't;"

2. (=verbal noun) r-t-.,_'1 "7.<:."~"1. Perfection

of our plans will take another week. P'&-"T't
., lr+.,_"l' 11"7.<:.-~., R+"'-"7& ,..,...,'1- , y.
OJ !l.<:.-1lt; A

bring to perfection h'i>l\.P")'l- h.O:.~il

He brought the method of painting to perfection. fP'bA h<f'q-o-, HS'. h'i'l\.P")

'1- ' h.O:.~il....
to perfection 'i>l\.P" h.<:."C'I
He did his job to perfection. /"&-....., 'i'l\.P"

h.<:.-c'l ' ...&-....

perfectly
I. R.O:.'tofl. He was perfectly satisfied. R.O:.'t-fl
-1-.0:.11+ )0C

2. 0'1-hhA. He did it perfectly the first time.

OOD)';OD&Y ' '1..11. ' R'l-hhA ...&-....

3. R"''.1q. The music and the action synchronized perfectly. ,....IL?ID"t; .<:.'C'I.._, ' R
"'1.1q ' -1-!I"''DDperfectly well R.O:.'tofl h.<:."C-t
I know him perfectly well. II.O:.'tofl h.<:.-c'l.
h......,.ll.,.

be perfectly willing -11- 0 ...11- L?l.

"' ' ~....

He is perfectly willing to work in the evening.

O'f;t-

'"1:1"

period

917

perfidious

ltODJP6-+

fiD"/t-

0f1Do/r L

:1'1-"l ' ~ ....

perfidious if'l'm"l
His perfidious behavior earned him the
contempt of all. if'l'm"l ODIJ')o 0,.11- H
"t .("" hllmlltJJo

perfidy if'l''l'
Laval's perfidy made him notorious. fll"iiA
if'l''l' ' h4- ' 119" ' h.,.t!:t.ll'l-

perforate 011
A nail perforated the tire. 'l"''tJJo"t 9"II"''C
0/ltJJo
The ticket seller perforates each ticket sold.
-1:11.'1- lf..., fifmtJJo"t -1:11.'1- ,.11- f.
OIIA

perforation .,..11.11
He covered the perforation with a patch.
_,..ll.llfP"'t OAl.C~ llmt.

perforce M.(1 must perforce consult with my lawyer in this

matter. IIIIILIJ '1-Jif. hmO:I'II- ;JC f.,.(-
OD~;J1C ' l\llofi'S

perform (vt.)
I. t.K"" I hh<;m~. He performed the task
assigned him with diligence. f.,.(lmtJJo"t P' &.
O'fo;J'fo o t.KOD o (l\h<;"ID~)
2. hl.t!:1. Who performed the operation?
.,./'. ' '1'1<;"tJJo't ' fl.t!:1 ' .,~ .... 1
perform (vi.)
I. -1-"iiD.,.. He is performing as Hamlet
tonight. ~.:. "'';J- Vf"ll.'l-"t ll''f" f.""I.ID
;t-A
2. .,..,11'1-"t hh<;m~. He performs well on
that committee. 011..1' I.C"' tJJoll'l' .,..,IJ
'1-'t 1."1<; ' fh<; ......A

performance
I. l\t.KI\9". His performaoce of his duties
leaves much to be desired. f P' &.tJJo ht.KK
,. ' oflll- ' ll"th"t ' l\110'12. ~A'I"''<;". The performance of his work
is outstanding. fP'&.tJJo ~A'I''i'<;" .,.ID.II
.110: ' flltJJof"
3. '1-Cllf.'l-. Our interest lagged toward the end
of the performance. IDI. '1-Cllf.-1> """'-t!:
lf ' 111- ' fll't ' ll"'i.:J-":f't ' .,.H.,.H

4. Al.'I';J-. The actor's performaoce was brilliant . .,."'"'" fllftJJo "'-'I':J- m~ ~oc
5. "'-'I':J- "'1/lf'l-. The young actor was
tremulous before the performaoce. ID"'-1> .,.
.....,. ' Al.'l';f-f&'t ' h"''llf-1> ' 04.'1- '
01.01.
6. Ht."t. The singer's performance was brilliant. H"''.:..,. f(l"''tJJo Ht.1 m~ ~oc
There are two performances of the play on
Saturday. ~.11"1. -l:f'l-'l- ,.11'1- '1.11. 1-:J-

.,.c

fA
[See also 'skillful']

performer .,.""1.'1'-:f I -1-'P<;f.

They gave tbe performer a big hand 11-1-"i'l'
'll ' (11.,.'1'<;1'-) ' f ;JII ' 'Pof!Al.IJ ' l\l.t!:'l-11'1-

perfume (v.)
I. l\IDI.. Roses perfumed the air. flM. t!:.ll
ooo~ hf<~-'t hml.tJJo
2. 11+ t!:Al.. He perfumed the air to. hide the
smell of roasted meat. f.,.mO(ltJJo't P'? 11
;t- 11"'1'1'4-'1- h'i'll- tJJoll'l' 11+ .:""

perfume (n.) 11+

I smell perfume in the air. 11+ f. if.,."lA
She bought the perfume in Paris. 11+tJJo't h
;r&ll ' 1~-:f

perfunctory
I. .,1.1111. Her perfunctory performance
caused her boss to fire her. .,1.1111 hw.:..~
l\11:1''1' l\'t.II.J'IJC<Il-'1- 9"h't f'l- II'~
2. trt1'1- 0111- fll'~. His perfunctory cordiality didn't impress me. lt't1'1- 0111- fll'~
'1-ih'l-<;tJJo 11"'1.'1- l\AI'Im'Sf"

perhaps f"<;"AIJ'IPerhaps I'll come along with you. 9"<;"AIJ'I-

l\ofl<l.IJ o l\OD"'II,.

peril l\I.;J
Travelers in the desert are in peril if they
cannot find water. f9".(-t!: 0.11 DD't11.V'":f
ID? ' lt1111' ' hi.;J ' ilf. o f.ID.(-:J'/1-

periloUS h1.1"l
They went on a perilous journey. h1.1"l '1-P
hl.t!:'l-

period
I. H""'t. The last century was an interesting
period in American history. YllLtD- h~ll
HOD') ' Oh"!..:lt ' ;t-&h ' dJoll'l' ' f"''JIII."t~ '
~o.:

H""' '

periodic

918

2. "1.11. He worked here for a short period.

11'1'4:'1- "1.11 ~H.U f.u>&- )ftC
3. h'i'l\ "1.11. I have a third period free.
fiV'/I ......tJJo h'i'll "1.11 u )'{
4. h&-'1- )'l'il. You forgot to put a period here.
~H.U h&-'1- )'J'il "'IX:t:"l t:llU
periodic ( = periodically) hAC: hAC:
He has periodic attacks of malaria. hAC: h
AC: mq '1-)"'ft:f'll'f
His periodic visits cheered up the ill. hAC:
hAC: ll.mf..4''1'tJJo oo~JI. .hoPll".,.'l''ll"t
Mt:;f-;fperiodical (n.) oPJI"do.'II subscribe to several periodicals. nch'l- Y
II- ""~~""'-""'~'- fl.l'."tfl'1)'1- ' ~1ql\uperiodically flfm~.,
&lipses 6ccur periodically. f9d.J'. "'Clt nf
...~_, f.I.Cllllt.

*This stream flows periodically in the rainy

season. J'.U ID"t11 ht:ll"'l- ht:ll"'l- ,..,.IIIII.
periphery
I. mt:c:'f. The periphery of Ethiopia is settled
largely by nomads. nh.'l-1'-itY mt:c:'f f"''.
'l"-1-'1- hoflq'l'jP'Il (ljP'f Hil'l"'f <;'l'tJJo
2. .IIC. The airport is located at the periphery
of the city. htJJoC'Til"t .,U.ftJJo f"'1.1"ftJJo
h.,_"'/tJJo .IIC )tJJo
perish
I. hi\.,.. Hundreds of people perished in the
earthquake. floo.r.., ,..,.,.'1'.,.'1' flilH- oo
.,. f"''.oa;mo~- (ljP'f hi\.,.
2. .,..,.. In the fury of the battle, many
soldiers perished. fl.,_<f.<f.ootJJo tf'C)'I- m-Il
'I' ' illl- ID;f-.l'.f:'f .,..,
3. .,.nil II". Some fruits perish quickly if not
properly packed. h"t.ll"tX; 'i'&-'i'<l.jP'f n
.!'."til IJA:f-11"'1- _,.fr> J'.flillfllperishable f"''.flil'li
These vegetables are perishable, so keep them
in the refrigerator. MH.U 1 h'l-hA.,.'f 1 f"''.
fllj~ ' /11\IJ"). ' fl.,.,.,.,...,.tJJo I IIJo/I'J' ' h
ll.,.li"Q;lJ''I'tJJo
perjure, - oneself fi.J.(l'l- ""(lht:
He perjured himself at the trial. fl.....,., "1.11
fl.hll'l- oo(lht:
perjuror R.hll'l- f""(lbt:
The perjuror was jailed by the judge. fi.J.(l'l-
f""(lht:m- ' fl.ll'l'm- 'l-~q1f ;1-(lt:

permissible

perjury fi.J.(l'l- """"ilhc

Perjury is punishable by a fine or imprisonment. fi.J.Il'l- oooollhC fl1"tllil mY.ll" fl

Ml&-'1- fii.,."'A
perk h-'""
The dog perked his ears when he heard his
master's voice. aJo.,-aJo t'1.;ND"} :1JDIJ fl..
...., }(t:tJJo"t h-'""
perk up (vt.) M.4'.4'
His compliment perked her up. f(l. ll"h:><;
M.4'.4''1perk up (vi.) ).4' ).4' hi\
The sick girl perked up when she received the
flowers. f:f'""""'~'-"'" A~ hnqtJJo"t ll:J-1
'1 ).4' ).4' hll'f
permanency t:Hll" ill\ "1.11 ""-'f'I-

The permanency of the financial crisis nearly

ruined the country. f1"tHil 'f"'C t:Hll" II
II "1.11 ,.._.,., h1&1>"t 1\.fm<f.'l- ll""t
,. hA.,.t:m-r )ftC
permanent !1/"'1.
At the moment, I have no permanent address.
11"1.11t1Jo !1/"'1. ' hX:&-lf fll'1ll"
permanently 1\tJollt. "1.11 l 1\HI\<I:;f-mThe road is closed temporarily, not permanently. oP"t1JI. ,.,.,:>"'" 11'1.11t1Jo )tJJo ~"t7( '
1\IJ-111. "1.11 (1\HI\<I:;J-m-) hf.l.l\9"
permeable tJJo;) f"''.""'l'

This permeable soil is not fit for plowing.

J'.U tJJo;) f"''.""'l' oo<~,'l- 1\~Clf hf.

.,.,,.

be permeable

Lta'li ~1C"}

oPmm

Blotting paper is a permeable material.

f"'lll"m"i mt:.,.'l- ol.ll'li )1C"t J'."""'llt.
permeate
I. HI\.,. I n-11- 1111.,.. The rain permeated
the roof. 11<;11- "'&ftlJo"t HI\.,.
The water has permeated the soil. tJJo;)IIJo hoi.
'1-"t fl..,./1- HA-':f-111.
2. 1111.,. I 1q. New ideas have permeated even
the uneducated class. h-'1.11 .h{)ofl fA.,..,
t:tJJo"t .h11il ~"tl>."t HA-':f-111. (1il_,.:f'A)
3. hiD.!'.. The smells of cooking permeated
the house. fll""'il 'li;J- n..,"t hm.l'.m(be) permissible.,.,_.,..!' .
Playing in the park is permissible only during
the daytime. OD<;ol.lftJJo ll'i'&- lD"/1'1' ""
""'"'"" f"''.oi..,..I'.IIJo .,., ilil' )IIJo

permission UF: I t;:,..F:

He asked for permission to visit his parents.
m~,t':'ln ll""mf;r. 4-,..F: mf+
grant permission 4.+.1'.(11+)

He granted us permission to leave early.

permissive AA
She is very permissive, and so her children often
do bad things. R"''/" Ali\ illlll'~:f A,t':
;I! Of"J.H.tJJo

'"'"I'G:

~1C':f Y.I'.C;Jir

permit (permitted), vt. 4.+.1'.

I can't permit smoking in my house. 0.1: milT 1\.!i"&- ~'tJI.Q;l.ll hA4.;r.F:'I"

Permit me to explain my case! 1--'!llo't

~'t'l

+Cil 1-'i'+'I-A~
permit (vi.) t.ou'f

We will fly if weather permits.

Yf~

rH.:f" l)

*Write when time permits. fl.DP'fotJ ~~

+L.,.F..

No one is permitted to enter this building.

MI.U ' .lt't~ ' tJJollT ' .,'t'/" ' ~'t-'1.1Q ' h14.+F:II+'I"
Is smoking permitted? 1\.11"&- "'""ll 1-4.
+'lA l

permit (n.) fUF: mt:++

Have you a permit to hunt on this land?
(t:f" ~'tF::f"F:'t f4.,..F: mt:++
t.IIU l

~II.U

permitting
*Weather permitting, we sail on Monday.
hf~ h-1-ll.,.,'t (l'l' OoPCbil ~'t~"fll't
permutation ~YII'I'<Dm- .,ll.,..,.T
The permutation of numbers is an important
part of math. .,.TC':f't VII'I'<Dm- .,ll.,.
f

f dt/1-fl

~~dJ- I

h~A I

~ro-

per mute 1\<Dm

Time permutes all customs. "1.11. A.,f..'li"t
rHr 1-lltJJo"'A

pernicious m"t;r.
This pollution of the air is pernicious to our
health. 1-U YfC ""0~lf+ 1\mS:f't m
~

't;r. ' ~....

perpendicular

I. +-r illl- f"''..<DCF:. He drew a perpendicular line on the board. 0(11\.'ltJJo ~1- +
tp r

fill-

fO?..mC~ r

.,,._...,'!,.

"'"' ' Yll ' ODIJ"t ' t.IIO'I-

perpetrate a.,.
He perpetrated a crime on the ignorant farmer.
[See also 'fraud']
perpetual
1. f.,Y!tCT. She is tired of their perpetual
chatter. f.,Y!I:CmtJJo mt.y'ftJJo (IA:f;t::f"A
2. H~-1:. This insurance will provide your
children with a perpetual income. 1-U f .lt1-<D

'I- 'I'll+<; IIA,::fu H~-1: 111.. 1-ll''i"'f

'I' A

perpetually
1. 11-A"I.H.. He is perpetually late. 11-A"I.H. H

"""' ' QtJJoC'"T~'t ' ~'t~'lll't

oPtp

2. +-r Yll. The wall should be perpendicular

bOJII/1- :>C I\.-I-Y1-
to the floor .

O.l'.'toi'C'tJJo 10t. ~1- ID't~A 4.~""

+.1'.'1" ' illl't ' ~'tF:'t~F: ' 4-+.l'.ll't

be permitted

perplexity

919

permission

oopooc r

Pf"

.,,..,. ' 1-oP"ll!\

2. Yl\.,!1/t:T. The earth turns perpetually
on its axis. oPt.+ Yl\.,!1: l:T OH't'i ~1-
+1ibt:h&-ll":f

perpetuate milo!' t.ol'f

This statue will perpetuate the memory of our
heroes. 1-U dltJJoA'I- f~'1'l'il'":f't't '1-117
milo!' Yoi'YA

perpetuity, in 1. ~~~h~"l'&-~. This land has been given to

the church in perpetuity. 1-U ""t.'l- ~~~h~
"1'&-~ 110.-1- hCll-I:Y't -1-r'IT;tA

2. IIHII'Il:f"tJJo. The charity was established in

perpetuity by the millionaire. Uil:f".- f01
t.F:M-I>'t F:C~ Ylt!I:""ID< 1\HII'Il;f"tJJo ~tJJo
perplex '1&- t.:>Q l t..l'.'i"1l:
The problems perplexed him greatly. TC'il
1\.- ' 0"1'/" ' '1&- ' t.,;>Qm-

His talk perplexed me.

't'1'1~ t..l'.'i"1l:~

perplexed (adv.) '1&- 1il.f-'IHe stood perplexed at the crossroads, not

knowing which way to go. f'l- ~'t.I'."''..~F:
'1.1- ' 1il.f.T

00D't1f..'li

""1'i"Y;'

1\1-

.JOD

perplexity (perplexities)
I. OD.I'.'i"1C. His perplexity was so great that
he had to ask several people for advice.
0"1'1" ' boP.I'.'i"1~ ' f-1-~"f ' hilll- ' r'll"":f ' 'l"h
c ODmf;r. ~Ot:O'I-

2. f"'l.Y.I'..,...,C ~1C. There are many perplexities in such a complicated job. ~'t'I.U 0
of-<D/)(10 P'&- ' ID-llT ' ofiH-
~1C'":f ' hill-

f"'i.Y.I'..,...,~

'

perqui~s~it~e~----------------------~9=20~--------------------------~p~e~r==o~n
perquisite, as a

~ ~'r'lf- 1\.il

The maid had the old dresses of her mistress

given her as a perquisite. 'l~Jl-h' a ~..,.!:1. A.
II f"''.ll"''l-'1 1'1\oPIJ.;t'l I>C'I. Aoflll :1114'1"''1'

*He persists in reading in bed. h/.\;J

1\f,

T:>Y:"''. toi\~OofllJ. f.IIA

~oe

persecute
1. 1t1P:t"f. The Romans persecuted the Christians in the eaxly days. 0'1''1'1- HOD'! C"''t<f
'I heM:f'l'l-'1 />oP:l'f.T'I''f'I'A
2. 1>11'1'1<:. The older boys in school persecuted the younger ones. o+rue+ 0.'1- m11'1' '1-AA.f.'fi '1-'l'lll"'fi'l A]f;:f 1>11'1'1
(l:'fm3. fl.fm:l't< Lfl1. He is possessed by the
idea that someone is persecuting him. h.'}.\!" r
{It< fl.fm:l''t f.LA;>A O"''.A .hll
oft TlD<I\l.A

persecution ..,,:l'f-1The boy's persecution of the kitten was cruel.

fA";il: Y:OD-f:;t'l "''oP:I'N

f.,_.to~

F&-

~oe

*The persecution of the Christians by the

Romans is described in this book. f.tJ oo
ll".h'i' C"''t<f'l helltf'l'l-'1 7.'1-'1"'
:l'l''l''ft< f.1AKA

*He remained secure in his faith despite

persecution. flfiiY:JI-'1- 7.'11>. 07.1"'H 11'1
.,. '.f.f

perseverance

2 . .f.f. The fog is likely to persist in most

areas . .,_..;>.,_ Oofllt- fl:l-l":f llf..f.f. I>
f.4'el"'

The child persists in playing in the living

room. A";il: l>lfLG't oflll- 7.'1"1-'1 "''G4.
ft< h'i'A ' t<ll'l' f.-1-aJ ;1-A

persistence

OD'!Lll m'lto&-~'1-

By persistence, many people won religious

freedom. OOD'!Lll m'lto&-~'1- ill!- (II"
f?f."'''l'-1- ' ~"~"" ' h1"f.

:r- '

persistent
I. fAT'IImO. Only persistent effort will effectuate the desired results. fAT'II.mll 'I'G-1-
oft;.' fTLfl1t<'! m-m.-1- fli1'1'A
2. f"''fo!'e'l'. Last August was a month of

persistent rain. YllL,.. ~ ~dt(&. 1 fi'PJY!i:C'I' 11

'>I'" fH~00-1- me ~oe
3. .,.11- f"''f.mof-. Walking through the house,
I became aware of the persistent odor of pepper.

7.0.'1- ' tD<{I'J' ' aJ/4J ' aJ-'l.U IIA .,_11-

f"''f.mof- fOeO.:. 1i:l- ifTT't
4. ( = adv.) ~;JmQ. He gave in to her persistent
demands and bought her a fur coat. 7.!). ~:>
mQ 01"':1"1'.C1t< "1-'1-1-:1- Tif'lll: 1>'1
.... ' 11"1-&-"7 ' lt-1- ' 1qi\."J-

He suffers persistent attacks of malaria .

aJQtD< f.ODI\{1110;1-A

fODIIJIIJC 111fT

By perseverance. the lame boy learned to swim.

hODflJflJe oftq."J- l>'!tollm- A~ ' OD'I'1'1- '
(\ODS'.

persevere
I. ffloP{IA'f-1- "'G. He persevered until he
learned how to do it perfectly. OS'.'loft ""P'
&-'!- ' 7.11h;J'fl ' Y:GII ' f{IOD(IA'f."J- "'G
2. ml'. :\11 1>1\fll"'. She persevered in the face
of many obstacles. ill!- :f-Ie flf;>'1'"7'1-11"
all'. ' :\11 ' 1>1\fll-1"'

Persian
l. 4-Cil. Persians used to rule Yemen.
4-e(>:f fOD'!'! 1-111- ~oe
2. fof-ell oil'!>!'. Can you speak Persian?
fof-ell >!''!>!' OD<;"1e '1-:fllfiU l

persist
1. +mA. He persisted in asking embarrassing
questions. 1>114-<1 '1'/<f:l":f oumf4<'1 4'mfl

person

1. ()m-, She is a nice person. T.;.. 1 (t,.. ~?f

2. nm-~'1-. We should keep our persons clean.
{lm-~:rl-'1'1 O'lll".<h'> ODmO~ l>flofl'l
3. ODI'.ofl. The verb agrees with the subject
in person and gender. "'Ill I noo~1)t; I Olt;f' I
hQfi0.-1- :>e f.II"''"''A
in person

I. &-11. I shall be present at the meeting in

person. lloflliQm- 1\f. &-11. M'l'flo2. 0:(. Please deliver this to him in person!
1>1'.&-u'l f.U'I'I o:q: llmmper person 1t.J"')-'11JI=fmThey paid fifty cents per person to see the
show. 'l-C7.f.-1>'1 fl"''f-1- 7.1'1-'1'1-'!'fm-
"ll"'ll 11'1-1:1"' hLflo
this person ,_II (lm-fThis person is the only one here who knows
Amharic. 7-H.U l>"''e'l' f"''.ft<~ f.ll
llt<IL oft;.' ~m-

personable ouAh ouAil9"

He is a personable young man. ouA.h oPAlt
'r

dJilJoT

perspective

921

personable

~d)o

personage {liD"
Important personages will attend the ceremonies. ;N\11~ {ll":f Ol"t I"C't'l- 'I
.... ' .1'-1':'11-

[See also 'kingly']

personal
I. f"'A. He would like to discuss a personal
matter with you. il't.,. :>C f"'A 1-11.1'-
lt.DDm.l'f'l- .1'-I..A;>A

They confiscated everything, even personal

property. f"'A 'tilt:'l- 1\'t"-'t <'1.1'-+C "'I
't':'ID"'t9" t1c mt:(to
2. MA o-).:1". Reporters invaded his privacy by asking personal questions. :>H.m'l':f it
II"'A 11-~:l" Mmf<l! O"'A 'i-C!'aJo "'A:l'
1ti-O'I3. 7.(1-'t f"'l.til t1C. I meant nothing per-

sonal, so do not take my remarks to heart.

h't.,_'t f"'l.til t1C M'lililh- f(lmo-'1't hil.,..l'f'l- hhof-'1- h'l-.,...mt:aJo

*The Emperor paid the soldier a personal

visit while he was in a hospital. m:f"f-"- IYil'l:
:'"A .,.'S-1' <'Ill 't1-"' t11"-l> 'tf-ID" mf
4!'1-

oo you have personal knowledge of this

matter 1 illt.H.Il 1-11.1'- 6-illl f9" ,..,..,...,.
t1Chlt.l
be personal flm- )It

5. iiiD". He is a leading personality of the

theater. 1.(1- 01:.1''1-C 0.-1> h'i'.,.'f iiOJo tiD"
personally
I. 0011-11-. Personally, I have no objection to
your joining us. 0011-11. h'f :>C ii'I-IY
't hA:I'm9"9"
2. 1\(to't 6-(to't. I would like to speak to him
personally. 7.(1-'t 6-(to't lt."'lt;>1C ' l.LA:>It.ll-

3. 6-(to. The hostess personally saw to the

comfort of her guests. Qlt.0.-1:;1: 6-<'t'l'aJo 1.
't"'l'-'l?t ' .,.hQhti-

*I dislike the painter personally, but I respect

his talent. lt."''tit._ID" f"'A T'lil' ll'l"t:'S9"
:ffl:f"ID"'t l'of-'t:l'lt.lltake personally

She took his remark personally. filmaJo't l'o

il.,_.l'f'l- 09_ '1.1'- f.,_{ltHt: hf--C:> 'II.
mt::fiD"

personal pronoun 9"1--il .,.ID"'Im il9"

ul", "you", and "he" are personal pronouns.
"'-~

1 <<h..,...,.'i

71.{1-))

r..e--o

1 ..,.,..

lim il'l":f ""'"'"

personification ouAilll" 9"/tll.

She is the personification of neatness. fl"}Jr-ifl'i
ODAt,9" ' 9"<'111. ' <;'I-

personify (personified)
I. OD{IIt.. The poet personified truth as a
beautiful maiden. 1"1"'l.ID" 1\aJot'l-'t OaJo
il ' aJ.i'-HC' ' OD{I'Iol-

He always becomes personal in a dispute.

OhChC '1..11 Hm'l-c {liD" .1'-tiiA
personal beauty DDA.h

2. f - - - 9"<'111. tiD" I f- -- """"l:'lf taJo.

A snake personifies the devil. 1\Qil fil.l'-"''t
9"<'111. ' tiD"

Personal beauty is not as important as intelligence. ""Ah fi!Ailt'l-'t .I'IIA h.l'-m~9"9"

[See also 'personal pronoun']
personality (personalities)
I. Q.ftC.I'-. The two brothers have different
personalities. 11-lt.-1> m'tt--"'1"'1-f- f.,.lt..l'f

This man personifies avarice.

f.'? I OD,;u,.~i'f I ~IIJo

~tJ

(lm-

f"}

personnel ,..6-.,.'l':f
There is a lack of trained personnel. fiPi\m'>
... 6-.,.'l':f ' 1\'J"t:'l- ' hit.
[See also 'authorized']

q.nc.l'- h'l'f"'"

2. mQf.-. The boy is developing a fine personality. A7t '1'1- mQ.I'- .1'-!1-A
3. "'l'tt'l-. You have to respect a child's
personality. fA;t''t "'l'tt'l- A:l"hi!Cit.'l-
MQA
4. 7.(1-t'l-. An author leaves an imprint of his
personality on what he writes. 1\d,.l. O"'l.K-L
lfl'o I

)1C

:'".1'-0:l"A

lD-il'r

lt_(t-)-);1'

fDIL1A~

f.,

perspective
I. l'oil.,..l'f'l-. You must view foreign affairs
in the proper perspective. ,,...,_. 1 01C'l .,..
11.1'- ' 0.,.1"-"'" ' l'oil.,..l'f'l- ' ODODAh'l- '
l'olt.illl
2 . .hltil. Working in a factory gave him a
new perspective in labor problems. 0'1-il&t,ID"
lD-0'f' I ODJP~:,.O I {lA I J1.1P&'i I IV~ .... ~ I

:f"'c hll-il "'"'" """"t:ll'l-

perspicacious

In perspective C.,.'l-'t'i' 'I>CO'l-'t m11$

It is difficult to learn how to draw in perspective. c.,.'l-'t'i' 'l>cO'l-'t m11$ I"MA oo"IA
1' I OD"''C ~ hQ.t;' I ~d)-

perspicaciOUS
1. hll+'F~. He is a perspicacious person, so
you can rely on whatever he tells you. hll+'P
J'. 111111') 0"'/.Y'ICU
'l--f-"700't '1-:fii/IU

)~C

IJ-11- A

2. r.-tt.. The perspicacious trader made a large

profit selling grain. t.-lbm- ~ ~~1. ~ )\tJA 0
ooif'l' h'i'-1-'i' '1-C'i' h~"f
perspicacity All-'i'

He judges with great perspicacity.

11-'i' ,1'11-1-aNIA

hll1..'11. (-1-~IL) fll'Jo. f9""111 ~J'.H":f

o-11- ' )O~'t

pertaining h) - He bought the house and the land pertaining

to it. oo&.-f>'t h)0.-1>

~.,,.

pertinacious
I. f"7J''IIC'I'. His pertinacious efforts finally
resulted in his getting the job. f"7J"//C'I' 'I'~

His shirt was wet with perspiration. if'"7.rt-

2. 'l"tftf. A pertinacious salesman offends

many of his customers. 'l"tftf hlflf'l'" 1111"
~'tO'l''ll't ,1'0<\""LA

'111 01111(> )OC

perspire MO(m-)
He perspired so profusely that his shirt was
wet. 0"111" M'IOm- if'"l.lf" C!tA

persuade h"lqq
He persuaded me to accept the money. 11'Hft
't 7.'t~.,.OA h"lqq>S

persuasion
I. ( ~ being persuaded) OO"/qq'}-. Exertion of
authority is not always app1 opriate; persuasion
may he better. OI"A"''t 'lJ'.A 1111' oo,..
&.'1- ' IJ-A1.n ' 'I'~ ' hJ'.S'../111" ! OO"/qq'}- o
J'.lfA J'.ll''i'A
2. 7.11")'1-. The two brothers had different
political persuasions. rN\.fl m1 .f:D'I"''>Pf
f-1-/IJ'f ' f7'111:lJ ' 7.11")'1- ' )0&-lfmI am open to persuasion. f(lm- = dtllfl r f'\oo
11"7'1- ' 11"/;il: )'S

persuasive f"7"1qq'}The salesman had a very persuasive way of

talking. hlflf= lim- f"7"1qq'l- :ftt-;1m- I hcrt: I Yf'\ ~m~of.c

The pert girl was scolded by the teacher.

hll-1-"7&m- ~of.~'t All'~~~ ~"'ll'l-

pertain
I. -f-OO/Ih-1-. This does not pertain to you.
J'.U ' h't-1-'t ' hJ'.oo/lh'l-9"
These are the duties that pertain to your new
job. h'l..fl.'t 1"&-U't f'"l.oollh-1>'1- .,..,qe
":f MII..U 'i'lfm-

2. hlll..'l1. IJ') i -1-~IL IJ'). We had goose

and everything else that pertains to a holiday
dinner. 11\<.'i' tt.tt-":f-9" /IO~A .,._, 7.&.'1-

., ' ooo...~lf ' 1"&-m-'t ' hll~"fll'l011~U

perspiration '111

pert

pervade

922

pertinence -1-~IL)'lThe pertinence of the boy's replies shows

that he is not stupid. fA;il: ooAII -1-~IL
)'}- .J:.I'.11 ' h/IOOIJ').'t J'OO/Ih:/"A

pertinent
1. +1ft. He made a pertinent comment on
the international situation. llf'\ ~ '\-f'\9"' = &i.
:1" -1-~IL hii-1-J'f'l- lim
2. h"lq11)'l- ,1'/lm-. His observations are not
always pertinent. f'"l.ll"'lfm- hii-1-J'f.Y..":f oA1.n h"lq11)'l- J''llfm- hJ'.~ll-9"
3. hlll..'l1.. He informed himself of all the
pertinent facts. hlll..'l1. fll'Jo.'l-'t oo~)l'9'
":f ' o-11- ' -~-~-'!

perturb h<\110
The rise in crime perturbs many people.
fm't)!A 0011tf'l- 1111" 119'-:f't J'<\llqA

perusal O'l''t:l'o!: "7't011

His daily perusal of the newspaper takes him
an hour. Of.,.). O'l''t:l'o!: ;>n"' "7't0
11- h 't ~ ll'i'l- J'.I..~O:I"A

peruse O'J''t:l'o!: MOO

He perused the book. OOl\'.h4-'t O'l''t:l'o!: h
)00

pervade
1.

hm~.

The odor of roses pervades the air.

flM. ~-'! oo~tf hf~'t ,J'm-J!A

2. om) I Oh/1 ! hm~. The stink of rotting
meat pervaded the air. f1"7to- JP ~ 7i;t- ~
hf~'t Om)m- (Oh/lm- ! hm~m-)
3. '1"'1. A sickening odor of burned flesh
pervaded the room. f'"I.J''I>/1 ifA 11 J' ~~ I"
;> ' 11:1" ' h'i'll-'t ' 'l"'lm-

perverse

923

4. llLt(O'l-). Joy pervades his poems. ..,,..,...

IJ-11- Y.ll:f" ll'i''l"O;f"A

perverse
1. liA1i>;'. The perverse child did just what
we told him not to do. liA1i>;'tD- A)!: A
ll li'M.I'Y.C"' f)1C)ID-"J t1C hY-.<!1
2. f(ltD- l"'llC f"7,.oi>OA l J':c:,O il!L. The
perverse man continued to smoke. against
his doctor's orders. f(ltD- ?"he f"7Y.o!>O
1\111- (J':C:t il!L) {ltD- f.hh...,."J '1Mll 'I'll ll.:>&- "7m.{I-"J o!>mll
3. ilAlf.. He has a perverse mind which
delights in causing trouble. ilAlf. hll?"
C' Ml\111- :f"'C "71"'"1'1- .I'M(I.,.'f'A
His perverse reasoning leads him
4.
to believe that riots are beneficial. f.,.ltlt.,. h
ll.,.ltllll- v-11'1- m:l'"'l. tiD" f"'i.A ll
?"t'l- hltJ':C'O:I"A
perverse act '1m.Jrt.T
Cruelty to animals is a perverse act. 0),"}
lllt'l- .........11., ..,m.h'l- ' )Ill-

f.,.,.,..,.,..

perversion "7q<t'lPerversion of the facts is hannful to true

understanding. l\111-).,.>;'tD-"J t1c "7q<t'l-
OY."Jil 1\0D"/<1<1'1- ~"J:t-1-'1- ,_IJ'<;A

pervert (v.)
1. hM. His enemies perverted his friendly
remark and made it into an insult. mit-Hi r

pet
the examination. L.,.'im-"J r A'"IA'f: Yllm- IJ
J':A 'K- OD{l(lo ' h,_:f"f"il"'

pest
1. mt.c11'S 011:1". The pest known as the
Black Death depopulated Europe in the
Middle Ages. OODIJIJI\>;'111- ll'i'll noo"J
T<I!C '1"'1- f.,.<ll\111- mt.c11'S 011:1" f
htD-C';T'"J ihllil -oq'l- oj>)(ltD2. oPCH>;' t'i'lt'l-. Mosquitoes are pests. faJ<I
'1-"J'I':f ODCH>;' t'i'lt'l- <;:ftD3. oP'fr-rc. He is a pest; he always wants some
favor to be given him. DP'rr1C ~m- I Hro+
C h"JJ': t1C li"JJ':;f"Y.C"lll'l- ,_LA.;>A
Insect pest +Q,e.

We must destroy insect pests or we'll lose our

crops . .,.<11'-:f"J "7'1'4-'1- hllil"J hi\01\H.

.1' (Iii 'I:f"J ,_O'Ilf A

pester..._.,...._.,.
Don't pester me to go with you to the store!
mY. (1-:,0 hilt.1i'S ltA'tJ':ll ill\11 h'l..._:,."1"4:'S

pestilence :ftLC
A pestilence has broken out in

thf South.

OY.D-il :ftLC _,.tl";l:A

pestilent
I. ODCH>;'. A pestilent disease like typhus will
cause many deaths . .,.ll(l"J fOD{ll\ ODCH>;'

011:1" {ltD- ,_..._CltA

l\{1- f(lmtD-"J faJ.II)!:t-'1- hll.,..l'f'l- hrt-t.

llJ':il ' h{IODI\{1-'l2. hO'Iil'. He perverted the minds of the
young people. faJ"'of'li"J hli?"C' hO'Iil'

2. hllll.f.. The pestilent barking of the dog

keeps me awake. ftD-lftD- hllhL =1i+

Reading silly stories perverts our taste for

good books. f"7,.t.<l ;f"&l>:f"J "7"JOil 'I'

pestle HtH<;
The pestle iS USed in grinding COffee. ff1odfj I

Ill" '

-1- ' ODI\".h'i' 11"7"JOil .I'II"J"J ll"'l.'l- .1'

0'11lil<;A

pessimism
*An air of pessimism prevails regarding the
efforts to end the war. "'CH'J 11"7-'?"
f"'l.Y.t.11D" 'l't.'l- 111-fiL'l- h.I'?"C?" f"'l.
A ll?"t'l- hi\

pessimist Ill- hltO.

The pessimist always looks at the dark side
of things. Ill- hltll. IJ-A'l..H. f"'l.Y.t..,.'l-
)1C':f IJ-11- DP'I'Io': OD{ll\111- ,.;f"f.;f"A

(be) pessimistic about '1'-1- OD{lflo h,_:l"f

li"J:tA'i' h'lllmllJ': hl\'1

11-<; 1\oPtD-o!>"'i .1'111"11\A

pet (petted)
I. Y.<IOll. She petted the child to make it
stop crying. ihY). "7A.,.(I-"J li"J-'U'-'?"

Y..QO{l:ftD-

2. h"JIJQIJO. A mother often pets her sick

child. l\<;'1- ilrt- 1..11. f:f"oo"" A.(
., ' :f""Jll<lll<tll:f

pet (n.)
I. 11"7-'1 li"Jlllt. We are not allowed to keep
pets in our apartment. h;rc.,."7:f"J 111-ll'l'

11"7.11 li"Jlllt li"JJ':'O'l"C h,_Loi>J':A"JI"'

III-I'"

2. -nc:ttl-. She is her mother's pet. 11'0:1: -nc:t

I am pessimistic about his chances of passing

IL<;'l-

924

petal

pet (adj.) hll-11- l>ofiA"' f"''J'IIOfDo

Building a school for the blind is his pet
project. l\6fDo&."J -1-!I"IIC-1- IL-l- "7ltlt!l"
hll-11- l>iiA"' f"''J'IIOfDo

~1C

)fDo

petal (yoq) :t>mA

This flower has waxy petals. S'-11 l>OQ II
!I" ootoS"> )1C ,1'110-l- :t>mA 1>1\fDo

petition (v.) l>IL-1::1" 1>4'.:0

We petitioned the mayor for a new school.
1>-'1..11 ' -1-!I"IIC-1- ' IL-l- ' l'."JJI..OP&. ' llh"J
-I:QfDo l>IL-1>:1" 1>4'C:ii"J

petition (n.)
I. l>IL-1::1". He sent a petition to the mayor
asking for a new traffic light. 1>-'1..11 f-1-&.ol.h
OOofl&.-1- ' l'."JJI..1Q ' llh"J-I:QfDo' l>IL-1::1" ' 1>4'.:0
2. "7ooAhil'. He forged my signature to his
petition. "7ooAhil'fDo liS'> f:t."t oi.C"7 I>
IIOOIIII- o~..:oo

petrify (petrified)
I. l'."J.I'. Y:'t:>S'> 1>.1'..:1. Heat and the passage
of time petrifies wood. oo-4'-1-'i' f1.11. 11q
-1- b"JQ;L-f>"J l'."J.I'. Y:"J:>S'> ,I'.I'.C;>A
2. OY:"J 1>.1'..:1. The sight of the fire petrified
him. .+mll-fDo"t "7f-1- OY:"J l>.I'.C:1fDo
be petrified lt,'}~ ~;J~ mml.
The wood became petrified after being many
years in the ground. b"JQ;L-f> llilrt- 'loo
:J"-1- oo&.-1- <JJoll'l' tY:.J 1111-Jf l'."J
~ r:-t;J~ mml:
be petrified with fear flx-"J

T.+n

m..._ r.,..,...._o....., nu11 11.:4'm-

petulant
*The child's petulant behavior is due to his
parents' refusal to buy him candy. A)!: f"'t)
"'i)Q;LtJJo <ll~'fi h.:.,ll l>"J1qAII!I"
Mll--1-' )m-

pew [fiL.,. hCII-tn 1>"1-'l"'t oo4'0D"'i]

phantom "'C: '1"-1- f"'t""IIA )1C
He thought he saw a phantom in the graveyard.
OooiJ) "":1'11<- liS'> l>"JY: ' "'C: '1"-1-
f"'touiiA )1C ,l'f o 00{11\0J)o

pharmacist ODY:;Jot-1- 4'"7"'t

The pharmacist compounds medicine. ""Y:;Jot
T ' 4'"7"'ttJJo 0 OOY::JotT 0 S'-4'!/""71\
pharmacy (pharmacies) ODY:;Jot-1- IL-lThe pharmacy that remains open this evening is near our house. ftf~ OD.(-;)t+ 0.
-1- TC:'i' OIL:J"':f"J l>m1il ~m-

phase (v.), ~ out 4'11 04'11 1>114'.:

The factory has plans to phase out the obsolescent machinery. 4-11<11Jm- 1.11. ,1'1\oi.Q'fm-"J
OD"f<I,I'IP":f- ' 4'11 ' 04'11 11"7114'.:-1- ' ,I'IIQA
phase (n.)
I. !l"b&.'i'. This is a critical phase in world
history. S'-11 O'ill!l" :l"<lh tD-11'1' f"''...'lo
~ ....

2. fl'.Y:1-1- .l'..:)f. Adolescence is a phase we

all go through. "I'C!I"II'i' !Joll':f"J!I" f'l"'i'A
'i'0-1- fl'.Y:1-1- .I'.C:)f ~ ....

fM~

:>:t."J 0

IL"Jif."J ' -~~"'"

petroleum HS'>-1Does Ethiopia import all its petroleum?

/>.-1-f-lr,l' ' HJ'.;I:"t ' 000<1\- ' f!I":J"IIOO"JfDo

htJJo"P'

m..._

petty cash IIT.+n

fToo.I'.O nn11
The thief stole the petty cash that was in the
drawer. 1\.Qm- """11..1' m-11'1' f~O.:m-"J II

1111 !l"b&.'i'

ll"~

He was petrified with fear when he saw the

lion. l>"JOto<JJo"t Qf 1.11. OY:"J IT)
petrol IL"til..,
Fill my gas tank with petrol!

phenomenon

~m-1

petty
I. 11:t>T'i'. My uncle is a petty official in the
Ministry of Education. 1>'1--1: 0-1-!I"IIC-1-
"UII-I:C m-11'1' 11:t>T'i' QIIP'A"'"t ~m2. f"7s-..:q 'l':l'n. They argued over petty
details. 0"7s-..:q 'I'.+n 11C11f!"':f liS'> .,.
h&.h<-

3. h'i'A. What phase of arithmetic are you

studying now? l>o-"J f'l":l"m'i'm- fdtA11
h'i'A f-1-'i'm- ~m- l

*The admiral wrote about the naval phase of

the invasion. l>Y:"'t&-11- fQ.lt<-"t "'C)-1-
llll""toullhTfD> <DC:<Io l\.1-

*In the final phase of his illness, his skin

became entirely yellow. a,oo.... 11.114'm- 11.
A

.,.-;.

'i:.K-9"'

fL fij,

II'~

pheasant "'IPII
phenomenon (phenomena)
I. !I"Ah-1-. Fever and inflammation are phenomena of diseases. -1-h-to-1-'i' f(lm-)-1- "71'
.:il.:il fO"li:J" 'I"Ah.f':f 'i''l'm-

phrase

925

philanthropic

2. 1/A.,.I\ooJ'. 11-l!.:l'. Themoontumedredl ast

night No one can explain this phenomenon.
-l-'l't-l-';" "7:1' Q.,:,J> S'.V" 001\1\:f !
f.ll't't 1/AI-I\OOS'. 11-ll.:/' "7'tV" 1\.~Al\tJio
hf.:fAV"
3. !Jol!.:/'. We studied gravitation and relative
phenomena. I'll\ I'IR-l-';" MH.ll't fooill'lll-
!Jol!.:/'l":f hm';"'t
*Lightning is an electrical phenomenon. oo11.:
:J> hh.lloh+&h .:>c r.,.11n ),.,.

philanthropic f:f-1!':1'
His philanthropic bequests have created museums and libraries. Rl'l- f:ff!':l' 'i-~IU":f

II..,. ' ""Hhf!':f';" II..,. DDl\.b'i>fo:f .,...,.

c.,..,A

phone (v.) iiAh S'.a>l\

Did anyone phone? iiAh fS'.ml\ 1\tJio
)RC 1
be on the phone llAh fH

Just a moment; I am on the phone. h.'l"- .P.

f. I iiAh 1-'11:11\!Jo

phone (n.) iiAh

The phone is ringing. IIA h- f.S'.tD-'1/A
phonetic fJ!:V"6
The marks used in a dictionary to show
pronunciation are called phonetic symbols.
RDD'Il~R ?'1+ ID-/1'1' f?'l-l-'t h)qR11 II
"700/Ah-l- fMm4'V"q'f..,_ fJ!:V"6 V"A
hof:f y.q'lll-

philanthropy (philanthropies)
I. :f-1!':/'. A home for orphans was one of his
philanthropies. 1.';"-l- t.q-l- 1\llo'l'ftJio A

phonetics fJ!:V"6 Ail't '1'';"-lPhonetics teaches how the sounds are pronounced. fJ!:V"6 All't '!'';":,. f't1"1C J!:

]F.:f 11.-l- ""ilm., h:ff!':/'tJio h't.ll-

)tJ)o
2. fn1 hJ!:t-V":f 1\CJ!:I'. The Red Cross
appeals to philanthropy. 4'1- ""ii4'A fn1
hJ!:t-"l.l":f.'t 1\CJ!:I' f.IIV"';"A

phonograph ifh'l "7'"1.a>i1'

The phonograph is playing too loudly. ifh'l

philosopher 1.'111<!There were many philosophers in ancient

Greece. R'l''t :1''1!-l- Mh 1111- 1.'1/lof-l":f
)R'I-

philosophy (philosophies) 'i'Ail'i'';"

We study philosophy in college. 1>1\.~ tJio/1
'I' 'i'Ail'i'';" 1\';"m';"l\'t

philter ""J!::>H
The witch gave the man a philter which
turned him into a frog. h/1"7.,.:;:., mS'. 1.
't.,t-.:1:,.):,. f"''..l\tJio'l' hil"7+ 1\l'ltJio\L
,.,. 'l'lm:ftJio
love philter ooil.,.of-:J>c

He went to a medicine man to have a love

philter made for him. ""ii#:J>c 1\'ti!JS'.C"I
11-l- aJS'. S'.11.,.t- tS'.

phlegm hh:l'
He has a lot of phlegm duetohiscold. h1-'tof-'i-
f.,.).., 1111- hh:l' hl\tJio

phlegmatic 1J!:fll1i
The phlegmatic fellow showed no concern
about the coming hurricane. 1J!:flllf. 1\tJio

.,.,.

/11\"''..DD"JtJ)o ' '\tJiol\-

)of../1

MV" ' h/A.,.Q.)

V"P:f't hmt-C 1/I.,.V"C:';"A

"7'"1.mi1'm- hl\oom't ~"liA

phony fm-lf-lHe is a sucker for phony oil stocks. .,.'1'1 ill\

II") '

ftJioif+ ' fHf.-l- hhl'l.f"'l':f f"/RI'I

11llA

photo t::.,..,t-'i'
This is my sister's photo. f.ll fl.'lof:
t-'i'

~::.,..,

)tJio

photograph (v.) c:.,..,t-'i' M"f

They photographed the coronation. fHm-J!:
R'\11-'t FC'\-l- 1::-f"lt-'i> M..,..
photographer t::of"lt-'i' h'tlf.
The photographer photographed the ceremony. t::.,..,t-'i' h'tlf.m- R'\11-'t t::of"lt'i' M"f
phrase (v.) ~Ill\
He phrased his excuse in polite words. V"h't1

.,., a:,.a.:,.., ~~~~~

phrase (n.) do&"/

How do you translate the phrase "to he or
not to be" into Amharic? oil fL l\C 'i
..,. ., n. f"''..ll....., fl."t"/11.11';' do&"/
1\'t.P,.:,.

"~'~" l

hJ!:C~ll

a>S'. h"7C';' -l-.,.&'1'""

phraseology

926

phraseology M.:>1C

pick
pick about

Legal phraseology is hard to understaod.

f.h"l1 ' h~:J1C ' OO<(J!-}- ' hll'f':>& ' ~(Do

tt++oo

The hens were busily picking about in

their coop. P-l!'l"'ll RP-1!' IL1: m-il'l' Y./1
,..:,...,11-

physical
I. "111-'i'. Physical entities are perceived by the

five senses, the spiritual ones are not. ..,,.

pick at +ouil 1t.(-C')

'I' ' hiJII-:f") ' Q!l"ll1: ' .h'P<'I-l- ' /l"''fD:,. ' 111
:fA <(4:4o1 "11 h1:fA!I"

h.J:"C:> TOJ:fmpick (off) lim

2. 1rl'i!. The change from water to ice is a

physical change. fm-:> Wf. R<(P.. ~-l- 00/1

1 :,.c.t.-l- h-l-1\mm-

aJT

..,Hfj:

AID-T

)to-

3. hiJ'I'f!. He has to give up all physical

activity for a while. 11'1'4:-l- 1..11. ..,.,,....,..,
II" hiJ'I'l! 1\"J:,.II-"'11. oo_,.m- h/IR-l4. f{)m-~-l-. His illness is mental, not physical.
R"li;l-m- fh7.!1"1!' 1.11( f()m-~-l- hY.f./1!1"
5. fTd.'l'l!'. The physical laws determine the
structure of a building. fTd.'l'l!' .h1:f J'")
,..., ' .h")~ ' hu>&-C ' Y,.fDII<;/1[See also 'exercise']

It is physically impossible to be in two places

at once. Q1.J:" "1.11. v-/1-l- (1;1- QIJA II
001"fT ' hY.ii'AII"

plck on

I. THt-il. Don't always pick on the child!

.h!'l-1 ' lJ-/A"I..ll. ' h-l-T1tt-(lm2. out:m. The teacher always picks on me to
translate long passages. <(Til" !1"1Q(l:f")
/IOOTC"I-11" ' OO!I"U~ ' HfDTC ' 1.~1 ' y.oo

em-"'"'

pick out

I. oo<(m. He picked out a very nice gift for

his wife. 11"'1.111: R"'!l" 'I'~ fll'~ lltn
I

OOi!;m

2. /If. Can you pick me out in this picture?

1\lf.U ' 1::-1'"1&-'i' ' m-(1'1' A-l-lll"f -l-:f'IIIU 1
pick (one's) pocket hll.ll- {)<(.,...,. I 11.11

,q

physician mil.?"
The physician prescribes a medicine to the
patient. mil.?" IIR"liT"' oo.J:-;>t-l- f'IA.

physics ol.ll.hil
He is taking a course in physics. ol.ll.hll Y."''
&-A

physiology film-

Don't pick the scab off your wound! f4oiiAU

;f-

physically QIJA

..,.ID

She only picked at her food. 11""111-1 .,.oo(l

hiJA. '1'<;'1-

piano T:.l"f
pick (v.)
I. .,.md.. I will pick some roses for the table.
m<(A.Ofm- 1\Y. ll."'''l'C '1'4:-l- l\''U'!l":f
7..,.'1'4./lu2. 11.,.00 (.,.ll.,.oo). The farmer picked coffee
from the tree. 1Rot~.m- h'l4- 1\Y. II-<; II

.,.00

Is the fruit ripe enough to pick? ~~m- {lou

11.,.11" f.C!).A 1
3. 1d.d.. She picked the meat from the bones.
P'_,..,.., ' ......,.,. ' 1\Y. ' 1d.d.:f

4. fH. Pick an odd number! 1-1.11- 4o'l'C 111

5. oo<(m. The judges picked the winner.
J!'l''IJ ' 1\lf<;.&.m-") ' OO<(ffio
6. 1-<(1-<(. The boy picks his teeth with a
toothpick. A)!: Rll1'1'C 'I'CII-1 f."I-<(.,..&-A.

Someone picked my pocket. h1.J:" (lm- h

11.11. ' M.,.'S
A thief picked my pocket. /I.Q 11.11. 1Q
pick up (vt.)
I. 11-"'"'"" l -"'<(oo, He is out picking up bits
of information. hHJr hllU9'" to~ Aoo
11-"'"'~~" (lloo-"'<(11") W'I';J:A.
2. h<'ld.<(. The bus stops here to pick up
passengers. 00111.'l':f1 II"''<'I.I.C h.....,_ll11- ' 1\lf.U ' Y..J"''A.
3. Will.. He picks up his letters from the
post office box. f.ii-'!1Ll"'ll1 h?"il;l-m- "'
'1'1 ' f.fDil'IA

4. M"'. Pick up the paper from the floor!

OJ<(.,..,.") ' hfD/111- ' 1\Y. ' h"J"#(Do
5. fH. The police picked up several suspects .
?"11.11 illl- TffiC"'&l":f-1 fH
6. h1T. The woman picked up a bargain
at the dress sale. RAil() oolf""lm- oof.fl
C 11.-l-1"'1' ~ "11C MT:f
7. :J'<(oo I T"''<(. I picked up a lot of Italian
on my trip. R1-I'\L 'If. -an- "!IIJ")"' -"'<(
11"11- ' (T"''CII-)
pick up (vi.)

I. .,..,., Business picks up after the rainy

picture

927

pick

season is over. h<:!l"-1> l!ll.t. 0:\'1 1"1.1':

JYI":I'I>.
2. ]!!1"1: 4>tnll. Tom picked up where he
stopped the day before. +II" 'lll.t...,. 4>1
l).jlooO'I- ]!!1"1: 4>tnll
3. 'i''l'~T <Uooo<:. The car picked up once
it was on the open road. ..,A~ oP'l1J.!" n
:1"1~ oolt...-'1' 'i''l'~;t1 <Uooo<::Y.
pick (oneself) up 11..(""1 hi\

She slipped and fell, but quickly picked herself

up. 1\.l':f\l.T m.r::J' mi!J..,..,. , -11.1':"1 , 1\
II:Y.

~oc

have a good pickup f'i!Tt...,_ '1.e.A hAmOur old car still has a good pickup. 1\t:'l.'l'
ooh...-:f-1 1\11-1!1" f'i''I'~T ..,,.1>. 1\'1-l-

picnic (picnicked)
our family often ptcmcs at the beach.
I'I<J:Y.1 -IIH- 1.11. m.l'. <J.nc .o;c

o..,.

!J' ll"licfic 't.l'.tiJo "'lf.YtiJo ""'.,.,. f."'"'lllpicnic (n.) ficfic

Let's go on a picnic! ficfic "'11.1':

[See also 'bone, hole, quarrel, tab']

pick (n.)
I. P.."7. The men were carrying picks and
shovels. l'll":Y. P.."7 1\l!'i- .,.ifhoo..,. ~OC
2. !I"C'"i. He is our pick for president. IITtl-11.
'11'1-~'1- !I"C'"i:f-1 .._ .... ~..,.

3. 1\1100&-. The pick is poor this season.

0fi.U I tool--}- I }11fOD&-lD- I ODtpG:, I teDtake one's pick fot,ODCtnlD-'l

*There was a pickup in retail sales last month.

'111.1."'" me f"''c!J'.: fiy.,. h'i' -1111-

CD(l~

pictorial P'~'l'l!
A pictorial magazine will he published for
the tourists. '11C '1-fl'fl":f- P'~'l'l! oo
R"do.'l- ' f.:J-.,."71>.
A photograph album is a pictorial record of
the family. fG:.,..,&-'1' "''tn&-4>"'l.Y fO..,.I'I
.....

P'~'l'l!

00111-11 '

~,.

Take your pick of these books! MH.U ooR.n

picture (v.)
I. 11111. This novel pictures life a thousand
years ago. f.U fl>.-11 m11.r: ;J-&h hi(

We got a high price for the pick of the roses.

'tOOT 0.1.'1- f)0<:"'"1 'lol: f.11>.RI>.

2. "fA. The artist pictured the saints. lP'Joil..4Jo
'f>.ll.il'lo1 "'ll
3. hllf. The scenery pictures a garden in
the moonlight. f-I:YT'I- ."f-c..,f.'l- <Uo<::J'
f.t.)m4>"1'n+ Y'l-hi>.'l- ll:f" YilYI>.
4. 1\11.,.Yf'l- l'lm. He pictured the situation
in America differently. fl\"'1.6li11 oH;J-
AI' I\11.,.Yf'l- l'ltn..,.
5. 1\1'10. It is hard to picture life a hundred
years ago. hoo+ 'tODT 0.1.'1- f)O<:..,.
1 f'lof: ~~-~:1" ' "71'1-11 ' 1\11'1':>6 ~tiJo

'1'-l- f!l"'l-oocm..,.1 ..,...,.1':

the pick of !I"C'I' fll''lo'I-

II"C'I' llll''lo'l- JM.<:'Il":Y. h'i' Yll 'I':>

1\11'1

pickaxe P.."7
A pickaxe is used to break hard ground.
P.."7 m1li&- oo.:.'l-1 1\0D'toi..C Y111"1'11>.

picket (v.) 1'1'1"7'1! I'll>.'!' N!.<:1

The employees picketed the store for better
wages. w&-.,.'l''fi .1'.'1"11 "'1-'I.<UoooC'I'I'..,.
hOD.I'.-fl-1- ' J.T ' 1\.I.T ' 1'1'1"7'1! '
N!.<:'l-

(Of>.'j:

'

picket (n.), wooden - fil"'l 1\tn.,.

The fence is made of wooden pickets. 1\'1"1-
f.,.w&-..,. hl!"'l 1\tn.,.

~,.

pickle [O!o!l""'m...- O<Uo,. f_,.H.I.Hol. .11.'1

my.r 11.'1

'tf.~'l-

'~'.:.]

pickpocket h.11 1\IJ)o'I<J:

The pickpocket was caught and beaten.
h.11 1\....'1<1:,.

.,.,.~

.,..1'.0.1'.0

pickup
*The mailman makes three pickups a day.
7"11.,........ ' 04>1 1"11'1- 1.11. .1'.-11'10. ,. ...
OM I>.

be pictured

..,.~00

Joy is pictured in his face . .1'.11:1" 0.1.-1> 'I

f. ' f.~O<JI>.
picture oneself &-lt-'l 1 'lr.mt:.
He likes to picture himself as an explorer.
&-(0-1 .._1.1'. 1\il"li .,..,...tnC f.<D-'11>.
picture someone as OD(IA(m--)
+I can't picture you as a politician. rrAi:ll 1
(OtiJo ' I\TDD111\~II"

picture (n.)
I. P'~l>.. They have some beautiful pictures
for sale. f"'l.ifm- 1\1'11.1': 'I'~ P'~ll-"1'
1\11-'1''1',.

picturesque

928

2. OD"'II""i. He gave me a false picture of the

situation in the country. itA h1~1l o-~;t- :,.
hhA .fAtr~ OD"/II""i l'lm'1
3. '1-ch.fl.'l-. The trees and the brook make a
lovely picture. ~C.'Ii<; 9"1<DI 1\W:il:f '1Ch.fl.'l- ' <;'fiD4. I-AII". Yesterday we saw a picture with
Greta Garbo. "1~:1" :>Ctl .fll:fO'I-1 IAII" '1-111'1-<; 111'1

S. C.-f'1&-~. That is a picture of my fiancee.

.f ' l?.'""'l'\1. ' C..,..,&-~ ' ~IJ)o
she's the picture of health. m.~'l' I'IID- ..,
11'1- ' l\!l. ' .,,.
She is the pict.rre of her mother. "'C'I' l\<;:J:
1 '.,,.
have a picture of :J"f(ID-)
I have a clear picture of how he looked that
day. .f1 ' .,.1 ' 11"1 ' f.oo(IA ' l\1~~0<: '
0"/AI\" f.:J"f'l'A
take a picture li!..,...,&-~ 11. ~..,
Take a picture of me and send it to your
friends! 6:1'"/&-~ 111"1'1<; ll'l~'l':ftl 1\h
1\'fiiJo
picture (adj.) .P'c!l\'1!
There is little reading in this picture magazine.
011.11 ' .P'c!l\'1! ' ODI\".Jo.'l- ' ID-/1'1' ' ruoofl ' 'I'
4:'1- ' ~IJ)o

picturesque IIJoo{]<; .,&-h.

h.,.., ' .,,.

Gondar is a picturesque city. 1-1~C IIJoofl<;

.,&-h. '
*This is a picturesque description of life in
the city. f.tl fh.,...,1 N:" O'tf.~ ..,II.
<; l\1~"7.:1-f. IIJ:'C') f.,Al\A

piece (v.),

together

I. 1\m<;.,.<:. They pieced together bits of

information to discover the cause of the

explosion. fi.1)!'1D-1 9"h1.f'l- 11..,"/"f'l-
,.,.,.,,.1 'l'.+-l>1 "7/lafl":f hm<;#
2.
I pieced the broken jug together.
f.,.{lO<:IJJo1 ,111 ,t1Jm9"h-'l-

,"'m"".

piece (n.)
I. .,.&-11. May I have a piece of cake? "'""11
h.h A'l-l'lm'1 '1-:fl\lltl 1
2. "'"-"'" Sew the two pieces together! INI-to"t
"'""'"":f ' h1J:- ' 1\f. ' ilof.'FIIJo
May I have another piece of meat? hP';JIIJo
h1JI.'I- "'"-"'" 'I-Al.II"CA'11
3. ilof!CfJ<I. I swept up the pieces of glass. fofl
C"P.f11Jo1 ilof!CfJ<I m<:'1t1-'1-

pierce
This table is a fine piece of workmanship.
f.tl m<:A.~ OAf. 'J'Oofl ,_,.,..&- ~"'"
piece of Information m&.
He gave me a useful piece of information.
111.11.'1- m.+"7. m~ ~,<:'1
piece of land '1-111 -~+
I bought a piece of land yesterday. 'I-<;") 'I- h
1J:' ' '1-111 ' ,..~,. ' ,~,.
break to pieces l\1h'l-h.,. aJtiJ
The teapot fell and was broken to pieces .
rlfl' )';O<; mJ:-.f l\1h'l-h.,. m"'
by the piece

0"'"-"'" ""m1. These workers are paid by

the piece and not by the hour. Mll.tl "'"-"'"
'l':f ' 0~'1- ' ODffi1 ' l\17[ ' O{l't-1- ' hf.
hl.ll-11"
2. l\f'f<:'f<:. He sells cloth by the piece.
Al.Colo f"7.lf mtJ>o l\f'f<:'f<: ~IIJo
I.

fall to pieces
I. .,.n"'mll. This book is falling to pieces.

f.tl ' ODI\"dt~ ' II.n"'mA ' ~"'"

2. 1.&-<:1'1. That old house is falling to pieces.
.f ' 111!'"1. ' 11.'1- ' 11.1.&-Cil ' ~IJ)o
3. ID-A-loA"' "'"' This car is so old, it's falling to pieces. f.tl oo!J.<; 0"111" h"7C)';
f_,.~"'
ID-A-loA"' ll.aJ"' ~IIJo

_,.

give one a piece of his mind

I. h4-'l' ~.,.I.ID-. He gave his employee a

piece of his mind when he saw that he did not

do his job well. .P'&-tD-1 ~1ofl fJII"".P'
"""" ' Qllll..,. '
h4-'l' ' ~.,.l.tJ>o
2. 'foe l\1~.,.1'1"f 111l\(11'1-). I will give
him a piece of my mind for telling such a lie.
f.tl1 ,.....,. "'"If'~- 1111~,<:'1 oloc l\1
~_,.l'l"ftJo l\,AII"II:l"llti[See also 'go, pull, rend']

"'"""'""'IJ)o") '

piecemeal '1'4:'1- 0'1'4:'1He did the work piecemeal. P' &-11Jo1 'I'<!: 'I-
0'1'4:'1- ' ...&-IIJo
f<D~ofl ""J:'<:h
He was standing on the pier waiting for the
boat. fm~Jlo ""J:'l:h 1\f. .f'l" )';AQ
IIJo1 f.moflolo ~OC

pier

pierce
I. 011. The bullet pi=d. his skull. "'""" &il -l>ll-1 0/IID2. 'l'c\
Our forces have pierced the enemy
Jines. f'l' r...c '1f.ll-l- fml\'1-1 f.~
:1" ' '1'/IIIJo ' 111-

,q.

piercing

929

3. 'l'f\ WIIJ. The sun pierced the clouds.

6mf. f.Od<;lD-"t 'I'll WIIJ':f

4.

W:>. The needle

IIJ:t"} I IIJ,;JtiJa

pierced her finger. ooc1.

Qlw I

5. HA<I' 1'1. The cold wind pi=d our

clothes. +11:1-~w- ~4.11 Aill!":f"t"t HA<I'
1'1

6. ~1). The loss of her kitten pierced the

little girl's heart. fY:Od;J: Od'J'of.'l- f'l-"t!(
, A"f: Ail I tltOJo
7. f.UI(R-1-). She couldn't pierce his thoughts.
ml!R- M 7."tf.ll't .:>.'1-t.elln'l- t..:>.i"
ll':f'r

piercing
I. tiiiJ!I" +"'.""t. She has a piercing voice. tiiiJ
II" .,..,..., Y:'r6 l'l'l'l2. }!r: f"'l.tl'l'll. The child let out a piercing
scream. A)!: }!;r: f"'l.tl'l'll m.1i'l- II
.,..,.

3. h'l'"t'l- f"'l.lliiC. A piercing wind chilled

us to the hone. l'l'l'"t'l- f"'l.MIC tof.ll l'l
h-.1-0d-f'"t

piety
I. ?Y..,'l'-i',.t'l-. He is famous for his piety.
tl?f..,'l'-f'... t-1> ' f:f'ID+ ' tOJo
2. :,.Y:II<;. Because of his piety, people came
from far to receive his blessing. 1111 :,.Y:ll<;w-
ill!- lll"':f 11-<1-h. ""'"~'"" ~~~.,. Odtnact of piety f-1'+1.11 T"lfJC

pile
piggy "'A1A hll.,

i '1-"t'li hll.,

piggyback, carry - hHII

The father carried the

baby piggyback.

l'lfJ'l-!L<D- A')l:"t l'lHII

pigheaded mlltl "1'1-C

Don't argue with

him! He is pigheaded.

1111- :>C h'l-11<!-llC l .hlltl "1'1-C tw-

pigment .,.,.ll"'l.Y
Pigment is added to oil to make paint. +1111"
/lfiDI"<!-'1- .,:,.ll"'i.YOJo hHY.'l- :>C 1-4''1
+'lA

pike tnC
This pike was captured in a battle centuries
ago. f.U ' IPC ' hill!- '\DD;J-'1- ' tiL'!- ' tltnC
t'l- 'If. fT1'f 'rCI> tw-

pile (vt.)
I. <1'1111. He piled the books on the table.
ooll.ft<;:1>"t m<:A.~w- 'If. 4'1111

2.

"'i~.

The farmer piled the wagon with hay.

1t1o1.w- :>tlOJo"t Y:C<I''li "'i~OJo

pile (vi.)
I. 1-4'1111. Snow piled against the fences.
ti<:P..w- h~ "" -t-4'1111
2. :J-1-<:. We piled into the bus. hm-.Y.R-11- ..,.
11'1' :J-1-C"t
pile In a heap IJoo<:
He piled the sand in a heap. h if"ID-"t II""
<:m-

Manumission of slaves is an act of piety.

pile up (vt.) IJOd<:

fJ!:':f"t l'lCt'l- .,IJJoiiJ-1- f-1'+1.11 T"'

IJC \'aJo

The gardener piled up the leaves. h'l-hA-1',.

There are not many pigs in Ethiopia. tlh.'1-l'"k

y OJoll'l' ill!- hll.,l"':f ftr'r

My debts are piling up. b'I\L M-f'hoo<: \'.f.

pile (n.)

pigeon 7.C"'il
The pigeon alighted on a tree. 1\C"'!J.

ID- :,.mtr"t han<:

pile up (vi.) 1-llfiD<:

pig M.,

tl~'i'

'If. M.L':f

pigeonhole (v.) tl1-"t l'lW!' <:l!wBritish officials pigeonholed Emperor Theodore's letter to Queen Victoria. n,-,...,l\.11 q
iii"AIIJ'l'':f 111'.1 -l:l"Y:I:II ll"t"'l"'l-
lih-I'CY fT'IIlw-"t f.ii'IIL tl"l-"t h).<:w-
<:11-'1-

I. -ItA.:>. The green book is on the bottom of

the pile. l'l<:"t'\f.,ID- oox-.h'i' IJoox-m4-
-ItA.:> I"C tm2. h!I"C. What am I to do with that pile of
books?
I f""K".h'i! I h9"C I M
I IIY:C

10Jo!

3. rn='l- !l"llf\. The building re~ts on wooden piles. .b"ti\ID- f<f'DDID- b<t=-1- !l"llf\
,..,. "" twa pile of -flit'

I have a pile of work to do. ill!- f'riP<!-ID-

pigeonhole, n. [f.ofi'IILl"l-<; ID<:+.Y.':f f

"'l.+fiDm-fJ:fw- 1\"tf. "l'l'"t Ytr '1-<;"t'li
fm<:A.q h'i'll-':f]

1"<1- l'lii'S

Here's a pile of letters to answer. oaAil f

"'l.YII.I.A:>:fm- f.ofi'IILl":f 1-h!l"<:...:>.

..

930

pilfer
make a pile of stones

I:~,;JY,

110

Make a pile of stones to show the boundary

of your field! foo&.:J-:fo-'t .J:''tOC 11"7<'1f-r
.J:''t:>f. ' 1111-

pin
sleep on a pillow +t-ll +1-+,&.(t

I like to sleep on two pillows. u-11-r -r.:-11

....,.,.&-11 ' l\aJ-'11\11-

1'tH11 il6+

pillowcase r-r.:-11 A11il

The pillowcase is dirty. r-r.:-11 A11(1o 4'11
l(A

pilgrim .,.<'1'1"'1.
The pilgrims are going to Mecca by ship.
_,.<'l'l"''.l"'li o mY. oPt) 0oPCh11 1-~1111-

pilot (v.)
The captain piloted the ship through
1.
the storm. li'tof:)o oPCh!l.'t 0"7cl011- m-il

pilgrimage mY. :J>-'1-<'I't iiLC ~!f.61<D-

"1-11 i "'"'IIIII"
His pilgrimage lasted four weeks. m!f. :J>-'1-<'1
't ' il~l":f ' ~!f.61<D- ' .,.,. ' t..:.-r ' ...,..,
.-,. mMo-r
He is going to the Holy Land on a pilgrimage.
:J>.J:-11-r I\1C't 1\oP<'II\9" Y.~A

2. M. The captain piloted the plane through

the storm. li"C-1:). 1\<D-C'T'I).'t O't<D-11-
~4-(lo <D-il'l' M
pilot to a landlnz h<'I6L
He piloted the aircraft to a safe landing.
h<D-C'T'I)o't ' 1'1't-'l:f ' h!f.:> h<'I6L<D-

pilfer M+
The thief pilfered coins.

~~oqm-

""&-.

"r

make a pllgrimaae A/lltfD 'LF.

He made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

:J>.J:-11-r ' h1C't ' 11.<'1119" ' ~
pill M't
He takes several different kinds of pills for
his illness. 11011:1-m- 1111- AI' AI' h.
~'t ' f.-'IA
pill age (v.) H6L
The bandits pillaged the village and fled.
11'i'-Hi ' OD't!f.'l-'t ' HCL<D- ' lflf.
pill age (n.) f.,.H6L 't116'1A lot of pillage was recovered from the
outlaws. 1111- f.,.HU. 't116.-,. 011'1'.,.,;
ll)(' ' "" ' .,.~"
pillar
1. 'til".~:". A large pillar blocked my view of
the stage. 1\'t.J:- -rA:J> 'til".~:' oo.J:-611-'t
ll't-'1'11- hAll~
2. rill'. These three men are the pillars of
the community. Mrt.U 1"11'1 ill":f f-.11
6 ' (Ill- ' 9"(11\ ' .,.,.,..,.

pillory [All)('., 'l't1-r "7il1fl..l' 111m- h

cl't.W..-,. f.,.,.&- m't:11"' q!f.qqf. f
"'1.+"10:,. ~1C]
pillow
1. -r.:.ll. I bought a pillow for three doUars.
01"11:,. ofiC -r.:-11 1qu2. oPh-'1. Give me a pillow for a chair! 1\fD'tO
.;. f"'l.IM ""h-'1 ilm~

1 OD&-.

pilot (n.)
1. fooch11 ~l[. The pilot brought the ship
into harbor. foPChll- ~l[ oPCh!l.'t m!f.
fD!f.11 ' hil1q
2. 1\<D-C'T'I't ~l[. The pilot of the plane
prevented a serious accident. hm-C"Tt\1' ~:(aJo
h<D-C'T'I)o't h"'1.1il:> h!f.:> hll~mpilot (adj.) f..,.h&A smaU pilot study was done first. ooo)!:oP61
Mil.,..,. r-h.:. .,..,...,. .,.!f.m
pimple11"1-C
His face is covered with pimples .1.-ll't 11"1C .W.CI\;J-A
pin (pinned), v.
1. 'lhh. They pinned the crime on him.
ID't;11-'t o 0(1- ' 'If, ' 'lhh2. h"'O+. When the tree fell, it pinned him
to the ground. q4- Om!f.4' 1.11. boo&,:,.
:>C h"'O+m3. ill!. She pinned a flower on her dress.
+"'1.11. , "" , t.oq ' ill!:f
be pinned .,..,64'6

He was pinned under the wreckage of his car.

q!f.:>m- h.,..W.;l.OO.,.<D- ' ooh... ' I"C '
.,.+c:J>e ~oc
pin down

1. l\'tJI.mil't h!f.61. We couldn't pin him

down to a definite date . .,.C.,. 111 +'t ll
'tJI.aJil't 11"7.1:'6"1 hAi!'A'tll"
2. :I' A hi11q. He couldn't pin his boss down
to a raise in pay. hii:I'<D- f!f.'1"11 .,_....,

pin

931

f"''.YS'.C"IIl'l- flouiJ'). :l'l!t. II.Y111

qm- ' Al!t.il'll'l"
pin on fl7.11"CI!t. A11YH
I'll pin the flower on for you. AflQm-"J 07.11
"CI!t. Mr. A<t1tl!t.Yilo-

&

pin (n.)
I. 7.11-r;l!t. I ftJJt:-t'l- ouc1.. She stuck her
finger with a pin. "';l:"t fl11"1:1!t. (fltDl.
4''1- ' ODCI.) ' tD;>~

2. AC"Y. She wore her class pin.

C"Y (lh;f-11~

fh~"J

pinch (vt.)
I. '*'tmm. Her brother pinched her arm.
tJJ"t.l:-':'1. h"J~"J ot;tm"''l2. YH. Her shoe pinches her toes. ""'"'"' nJ
;l:"t Y.lf.;f"l!t.
3. 4-t:m~. +He pinched his finger in the door.
DD1f1.J'tJJo nJ.,"J -tt:m~m4. AP':I' f. Poverty pinched the family for
many years. s:-11 )'fo Mill" 'i"";t-'1- IL
.,.{111-"J AP':I'u:t- tnc
pinch (vi.)

I. 'J'C{lo"J tho\ 1"tllofl ot;mfl. He pinched

for years to buy a car. ouJl.r; fiDD"I~'I- II
oflH- 'iDD;f-:,0 ' 'J'C{lo"J tho\ 1"JHofl ' '*'mfl
2. YH. Where does the shoe pinch?""'"'"'" f
"''..r.Hm-f'I-~Y.tm-1

pinch pennies

*They didn't pinch pennies on the new municipality building. ~JI.(l. .,11:>11" IL'I- .,.,
&Y 1"JHofl 1\.YtDm- tD~~ A~II-Y"
be pinched T'f1t:
The builders were pinched by the shortage of
good lumber. n~ b1Q;~.'fo 7>'1't:'l- Y"h1
Y'l- 111Ll"'li T'f1<r
get pinched ( = active) 4-t:m~
+I got my finger pinched in the door. flor "'
4-t:m~'f

pinch (n.) 41"t'l'""l

The pinch really hurts. 411'1'""ltJJo R"'Y" Y

.,lit.

Add a pinch of salt to the soup. ii"CQtJJo

Y. Q;l,tJJo ot;"t'J'l.IJ Al.Y"Cfl'l-

do In a pinch ll.l:""t1T'i 1.11. MY" AY.I!t.

This string is not very strong, but it will do
in a pinch. Y.ll <\_q' fl"'Y" m111&- A
Y.F.IIY" l ILII'"JY" ll.l:""t1+'i 1.11. MY"
AY.I!t.

pine (v.) :t:t

She is pining to see him again. 7.1F.1r; l!t.;f-f
.... ' :t?<;f-11~
pine away

oP)oP~

The prisoner pined away. J\lll.'i'm- ODi'ODi'

pine (n.)

pincers tJJt:"JtD
I need a pair of pincers to remove this thorn.
Y.II"J"J 7.11"11 ll.,m-nJ'I- tDl."JtD Y11~
l!t.1'il!t.

-I:"J '

pioneer

f~t:1~

'1'.1:"

pinion , ~ one's arms (v.) f~'l''f A(lt:tJJo

The thieves pinioned the man's arms. ll.ll'll
(ltJJoftJJo"J f ~'1''1 A(I~'Ipink (v.) flAI.t:'i';f- ou;tThe bullet only pinked him. 'I'Y.., fou;t-tJJo
flAI.{.'i';f- ' oflil' ' )tJJo
pink (adj.) 4'~ Yll 1 mY"&-'
She wears a pink blouse. 4'~ Yll (mY"&-'1!)
oflll-11 ' '1-llofl'lll~
pinnacle
I. fT&-6- ""1'1'. They reached the pinnacle
after several days of climbing. hofiH- -tr;'l-
fl:%~ ' "'""""""'" ' ""l'i' ' ~,. ' .1'.{.(1.
2. h'i'T'i .l'.l.)f. Still in his youth, he reached
the pinnacle of his profession. 1r; fltD"''I-t.,
flP' &-,.. h'i'T'i .l'.t:)f ~y. .l'.t:(l
pinpoint flU t.ouflhT
The detectives pinpoinled the criminals' hideout. Ml''ll ftJJ"t~ll'l''ll"J 1-t. IIMtJJo A
ODflh.,

pint (fd.'l1i ouflh.)']

pioneer (v.) 4-JI'"l.t'l- YH
Walter Reed pioneered in finding the cause of
yellow fever. 'l'l!t.TC' (..(" ' ftJJQ1 ' DPtil" ' n
"YtD:t- ' {.1.1:" ' 4-JI"''.t'I-"J ' Y.!l.l!t.
pioneer (n.)
I. A:t-1: I (l>f.&. The pioneers opened up the
land to cultivation. A:t>l:l"'ll (M.&l"'ll) ou
t..,1 117.Clf outmor'l2. 4-JI"''.t'l- fYII. Benjamin Franklin was a
pioneer in the study of electricity. IL111""7.1
'1'&-"Jhll."J ' Riot..,., ' Y"COD&- ' {.1.1:" ' "'
Jl'"l.t'l-1 fYII ttJJo

pitch-dark

932

pious

~1C
M"fllv- f'"LA +11-1- hS'.c!:OT
pitch (vi.) !>to
The roof pitches sharply. "1/.J!'OJo 0"111" I>
C:J:A
pitch (down) -1-S'.of.

*He pitched his hopes too high. v-11-"t

pious
I. ?S'-"'1'1"-1-"f. Pious people always observe the
church fasts. ? J'."''<r+V'~ <hl\'1.11. hK"'I'"''

'M J'.mil.4'112. 11.1:"~. She is pious at church in the morning

and gossips all afternoon. q~.:,. ML+ hell
of:J!'"t 11.1:-~ ,_.,.Mil~ I hll'tT 0:\'1
S'."l .. hii-IJA-1-"f <;:,.

The man lost his balance and pitched down

the cliff. lliJJof.OJo "'1.'1\o-"t IIIII\+ h-'11-J:
'If.. -t-S'.-1-

pipe(v.) M"''
The little boy piped a tune in a high voice.
T"tlf. A"J!: h"t.l:" 11."'1 04'"i""t .1:-"6 hll"''

pltch forward -1-S'.of.

The man pitched forward on his face. llOJofOJo

pipe In 0!).9"!1. hOD"l

Q<;: .....-

The municipality is piping water in from the

hills. "7H;>)f IL-l: OJo;) h-1-t-t-OJo 'If.

pitch In

0!).9"!1. '"""'"'

-1-S'.of.

1. c!:-'1. Pitch in and help us finish the work

on time! 1".!-0Jo"t 0'1.11. ),"t.l:""ttACII ),
C-'l"t

pipe (n.)
'I'

2. Oc!::f-. If I really pitch in, I may be able

to finish my book by tomorrow. hOc!::t-v- ""

3. !1.9"!1.. The pipe has burst. !1.9"!1."'" I."t

3. h'l'"'. When they took up a collection for

the dinner party, he promised to pitch in.

1. '1'11"t.r. He plays the pipe well. '1'11"t.r

~

h.I:"C' J'.'"i,tD;f-A
2. "I;;r. He smokes a pipe. "I:;r ftAI\A
Y::;f:A

piracy fll.hC 'If. 11C.I.1'

Piracy was ended by the king's navy. fQ.hC 'I
f. 11C.I.1' 0"t1-...,. fQ.hC '11'-A -1-S'.
OD{l{l

pirate fQ.hC 'If. Ht-.1.

l fQ.hC tD"tO'-

There are no more pirates today. Otft'..tJJo 1.U.

fQ.hC 'If. Ht-G:~ (fQ.hC tD"tiU'..9'~)
fll-9"

pistol 111-'1'
He carried a pistol in his pocket. 0 h.ll- 111'1' ""

~oc

pit
I. 1-.l:"'i.l:-. Joseph's brothers threw him in a pit.
f'll.'i'"t tD"t~'li 1-.l:"'i.l:- OJoll'l' "'""""
2 t;:.'... Here's a peach, but don't swallow
the pit! l>h J'.1iOJoAU I 'NI.OJo"t "l"t h
MmOJo
In the pit of OJoll'l'

He felt a strange feeling in the pit of his

stomach. II'Jl. OJoll'l' A f. II"'&T +ll

..,,.

pitch (vt.)
1. trJc!:tDc!:. Pitch the ball to me! l>.ll-"t tDC
OJoCA'S
2. +hll. Where shall we pitch the tent?
.1:-"tl>.lo-"t r-r '-"t,.hll,. r

K"do4"t

~1

).tACII f.II'<;A

11)\t-T "lil"II'OJo OD'I'f.- ll.llOIIII- 11"7

'I'"'T .4'A 1'1
pitch Into mODI.
The hungry boy pitched into the food piled
on the table. f-1-t-OOJo A"J!: mc!:A.JfOJo II
f. f+oi'IIIIOJo"t ll"""il mODS'.OJo

pitch (n.)
I. oa-"'i. The farmers smear hides with pitch
to make them waterproof. 10"-~ -1'-'IOJo
OJo;) )."t-'IJ'.HA4'0Jo -

S'-4'11-:f-A

2. .1:-9"6. She sings in a high pitch. 04'"i""t

.1:-9"6 :1-tt."''ll~
be at hlsh pitch 0"19" h<;: hll

Our excitement was at high pitch. 11"'&:1-~"t

0"19" h<;: illl- ~oc
have a steep pitch -'11T~-I> 4''1' hll

Some roads in the mountains have a very steep

pitch. 0-1-t-t-OJo liS'- 1'11- h"t-'l"t.l:" OD"t1
P.~ M-r~:t-lfOJo 0"19" 4''1' 1'11 ~,.

pitch-black 0"19" tA11"7

Since the road was pitch-black, he fell into a
hole. OD"t1Jl. 0"19" IAII"7
.1:-'i.l:- OJoll'l' tDS'-4'

pitch-dark '1'~'1'~

1111~0<!:

,_,.

1'11 tAII"''
It was pitch-dark when we came home.
tDS'. ILT ll"tOD"' '1'~'1'~ 1'11 tAII"7
~oc

Pity is often akin to love.

pitcher
1. "71t:C'k<l.l'. Please get me a pitcher of
water! h1X-- "71t:c-a.&.l' ,.;) h9""1A'S
2. 1>.11 Mq_t., The pitcher hit him with
the ball. 1>.11 hof>ql' (ICJ>offl)<1 Rl>.ll
OD:f"tJJ-

pitchfork ou1ii
The pitchfork is one of the farmer's tools.
ou1ii h~O"- "'"'l&.l'~":f h1J!. )fl)<

piteous f"'U'<'l111
In the middle of the night, I heard piteous cries
for help. Ml-11 1\.11.'1- '1,. f"'U'<'l111 f
X--&ll-A'S Q;~o'JI'l- X--9"6 ll"7v*Starving children are a piteous sight. f-tMt+ A"Jf.":f 1\"''...I'J':fm- .1'<'111'i"ll-

piteously O"'U'<'l111 v-~:1"

The sheep bleated piteously.
v-~:1" ' q ' hll-

pitfall

n~of.'l-

pitiful
1. h<'l~'S. When they found the lost child,
he was in a pitiful condition. f m4d- A.)f:
II.~'S Oh<'l~'S v-~:1" 'IJ'. )OC
2. f"7.f.&q, He repaired my car in a pitiful
way. ""h.'i"IL1 fm~'i"'l- 0"7.f.&q hl>.:\1
)fl)<
C~t--l. fl\,.9"
He is pitiless towards all lawbreakers. ;r,.,
1\"''...I'J.C(Io IJoll- C~<lo"\ fl\tD-9"

(be) pitiless

pity (v.) l'.H)(I\'1-) I II --- hH)

I pity you if you think you deserve to be
helped. l'.C-'1:1" f"'U'IIJ..A"/11 ou1111- h
:f"fll MnAYIIIJo
She pities any child who is hurt. 11-t-'1--'1
A)l: IJoll- :1"11'i"ll":f
be pitied :f"H)(I\'1-)
She doesn't want to be pitied. 7.1-'l.:f"H1'1'1-
h'l-J..A"/9"
doH~:f"

1 m.:."\

He gave the beggar a few coins out of pity.

hdoH~;J- f-f-)"1 1111"71' -r-1:'1- 'i'<lo1h (I

m,.

tL

bOdlD-1..(.-

,?C

m<~o"\

fTffOD1..

1111- .,_
~dJo

have pity on hH)

He has pity on people less fortunate than

himself. fll-1 .I'IIA 'IA;J-S'./1- ll~":f
.1'11'i"A
It's a pity .1'<'111'i"A
It's a pity you can't come. 11""9""1'1- hi\""
i"AII .l'<'l11'i"A
take pity on hH)(I\'1-)
She took pity on him because he was so ill.
R"'9" :1"l" 111\)RC hH)":f-11'1what a pity 7.1.<'..'1- .l'<'l11'i"A
What a pity you could not go! II""'I.X-" hi\""
if'AII 7.1.<'..'1- .1'<'111'i"A

pivot (v.)
1. -t-iih&h&. The earth pivots on its axis.

M,.; 0"'1...1'<'1111

A person will encounter many pitfalls before

reaching the desired goal. h1X-- ll,. h.t.
~~~,. "/ofl h ....X--&(1- 0.1.'1- ' ofltl- j)")
~-1-'1- J':>-rao'f'A

pity (n.)

place

933

pitcher

"""-'~- R7.111C;I: 'IJ'. '1-iih&b<l-1\":f

2. -t-ou,..&-t-. The arguments pivot on that
point. 'Jo-'11' Mf..l' )~C 'IJ'. y.ou,..&:f"A

*John pivoted on his toe and faced me.

1f.") fJC 1111- 4..,1 ' IDS'.~ ""llll

pivot (n.)
1. "7iibch&.l'. A swinging door turns on a
pivot. -f"ID~'I''fr ""11"LJ' R"7iihCb&.l' 'I
, ' ,lf<l-A
2. """'&'1-. This point is the pivot of his
argument.

~tJ

fhcho;.

DPw~.-,. ~aJo

pi acate hqo11
I tried to placate the angry woman with sweet
words. f-t-'i"S'.S'.":ffl)<") 11.'1-1" 01\lll\ll h1S'.R
'I- l\"7qOA 'l"hCh-

place (v.)
1. h'l'& I hllof>""m. He placed the book on the
table. ""K'do4-1 m&A.~ 'IJ'. h'l'& (hll
of>oom)
2. oos>.O. The President placed him in the
Ministry of Education. '1'Ml.-'11., 0'1-9"11
C'l- "'1..~11-I:C m-11-r ""S'.Om3. fl:f" hii.I'H. We have placed all of our
graduates. 9"-l-i"":f11 v-11- fl:f" hii,.H
'i"A
4. "'ll. The people placed confidence in their
leader. ,"h1111- ' 7.9")1>1 ' oao&m- ' 'IJ'. ' "'ll
He placed the entire organization in my hands.
Xo"C)I:.,1 0,...11- M '1, "lll
5. fl:f",. '1-11 hll(m-). +rvemethim before,
but I can't place him. hll.ll R.l.'l- h"''S'J!
,. )RC I fl;J-tD- "11 '1-11 h.f.II'S9"

place

934

plagiarize

II'~. He placed sixth in the race. OfD<J:o~

ilJ:oilofo'? ' II'~
be placed ofoS'.t':1
The table can be placed over there. m.:A.q,.

fD<1 OS'.1ofl 1-1-!1.'1'1'11\ l ll''f9" ' S'.t':)f:f

,., 7.1-'lmofl.,. 1-1.11\7- ~oc

MJ..I' :> li.JI.t':"' 1-'i-'11:.

[See also 'ambush, command, credit, order']

place. h.ilofo.J'f-l-11 h."'qofl f/lfD<'I"

2. ofoO:f"ofo~. The chairs are out of place.
m1oe-'ll ofo0;f"H1'11\
put one in one's place Ah h1Q

6.

place (n.)
1. fl;f". Please put it back in the same place!
fl;f" oPII\{tfD<
Put yourself in my place! 0~ fl:f" II'~ II
7.ffD<
Please take your places when the bell rings.
S'.mflo il.S'.fD<II\ Offl:f"'i-11- ofo+""tno
2. 11.-l-. Please come and have dinner at my
place! 7.11.-t: ""Tofoll 1.<!--l- of!~
3. of-10. fl:f". A cafe is not the place for an
argument. o-o; 11.-l- tlhChC of-10. fl;f"
h~Ot':O-l-

h.f.S'./19"

4. P't-. He lost his place at the bank. ffl'lh

11.-l- P't-fD<1 ofo~m+
5. P'll\"11. Who will take the place of the
President when he dies? "I"C:.lf..OI"t-1> il. '1"-l-
P'll\"1').1 ' .,1 ' f.f.qll\ !
6. ofo"'qc. It is not my place to find fault.
il.ltofo-l- ,..11\+9" r~ oJo"'qc h.f.S'./1'1"
7. ""'~'t.J'. The Parkers have a beautiful place
in the country. f"tilofoC ;rchc ll.ofoilfl'f
1mC fD<il'l' 'No oP'f(.J' h.~:f,.
(be) In place
1. of-10. ~,.. Laughterisnotinplac einchurch.
o.oJo hclltn fD<ilT ,....,:,. oJ-111. h.f.S'.
119"
2. ofoH:>)!. Dinner is ready, and everything is
in place. 7.t--l- S'.C!l,A I 1.1'1.11-9" .,1'?'1'
fD<9" ~1C ofoH;>~II\
In (one's) place
1. O(to 9"-l-h. He couldn't go, so I went in his
place. II.Y.J:o MA;J'/1 O(to 9"-l-h Y.J:oh2. 1.(to1 11.11'1. I wouldn't have done it in
his place. 7.(to1 1111'1 h.~S'.C1fD<9" ~oc
In place of 0 - 1.1:1"
May I have another book in place of this one?
011.11 1.1;1- ~~.~ ""~~'"''i' 11\milJ:o 7.'f~
/IIJo !
in the first place h."JY.~ ' ~1C

In the first place, we can'tleaveuntil tomorrow.

h.1S'.'? ~1C 7./lh ~1 11\1'/.J:o h.1'i-ll\9"
know one's place F.l.:(m-'1 -mfl+
They treated their servants well, but expected
them always to know their place. h.1ihC";J':f

(be) out of place

1. h."'qofl f/lfD<'/". Your remark is out of

Someone ought to put him in his place.

h.1J:o ' ...,. ' 11\h ' /I.J'1qfDo ' J'ili-.11\;JII\
take place
1. ofoS'.t':1. A great change has taken place
in this country in the last twenty years. q/14--l-
?J' 't"":f"T 011.11 h1C fD<il'l' h'i' J'/1
/lfD<'I' ofoS'.C'III\
2. ofool.l\DD I ~,.. The celebration took place
yesterday. fO'tflo h.hqoc -l-~1-l-<; ofo.l.lloo
When will the wedding take place? ilC't-

"""' '

~,.!

take the place of

1. ofolJ. Who will take the place of our boss
when he is on vacation? h.ll-"''i-1 bt':'i'T
il.Y.J:o ' .,1 ' f.ofolJ1'11\!
2. H-4->1 mt:il. The Crown Prince will take

the place of the Emperor when he dies.

17-P' ~11"-1> il.J'Cf. H-4->1 h.II\;J m
t-if. 1-mc"flo

[See also 'any, first, second, setting']

placement A+"'"""'
The placement of the furniture in the room
has to be changed. fll.ll h'i'A fll.-l-
1.-"' o h.<J>.,OD'J' o OD/I(IJ'J' o h./lOT

placement office oo+mt.J' O.C"

The school has a placement office for students.
-l-'I"IICT II._, fofo"?e-'i- ou+mt.J' 0.<:"
h./lfD<

pi acenta f1.1"1Y.. 11\)r:

In the villages, the placenta is buried in a
certain spot. 01mC fD<il'l' f1.1"1Y.. 11\)r:
flf'(IJ(t~ ' il'i't- ' 111- ' 1-+flt-11\

pi acid liT J'/1

The lake is placid this afternoon. q,:. hil't-l-
fl:\~ ' .,,..,. ' 11'1' ' J'll ' ~,.
have a placid expression l.;J
She has a placid expression, much like a cow's.
1.1S'. mofo-l- fV'f o;:,.

plagiarize ft-(to h.ilooil/1'> +>I

He deliberately plagiarized from earlier hooks.

plague

plait

935

rrt -1111- .,.Y-9" 1\.A hTll4-l- ouli;M:+ r

&-(1. hhouhll- 4'-'1

8. f"7.1'9"e. Girls who were plain in their childhood become pretty as they grow up. OA'Jf:t;Jf"7.1'9"~ no~+ A7f1<~:1'-":f , WY.
c ' 1\..l'J!""i- ooAh ' J'.1~119. ( = plainly) 01-Ail. That's in plain view.
J'.ll 01-Ail f"''..:f"J'. t,.,.

'1',.,.

plague (v.)
1. hh.:U.t4'. The child plagued his uncle with
questions. A)!: l\'1-1>") 0'1'.1''11 hh.:U.t4',.,.
2. mat Severe unemployment plagued the
nation . ..,,.11,.. fP'&- ou;J-"1-l- h1M"J
me!).;I-A

be plagued

1. TIP:I'f. As a child, he was plagued with

*To put it in plain language: you are a thief.

).:t-1() IIOO'i"1e l /l,q til

plain (adv.) d.l\"'1"

He is just plain stupid. ).(1. 1-11"'1" Y.Y.-11 t,.,.
make plain

O""'A~

Jrt.llt:.C:

illness. A'Jf: lf'l" o.nou9" y.,:1'J'. t OC

2. TCD./:.1:. The neighboring countries of Sudan
and Kenya are plagued by locusts. '1-.1:0.-l'il'

ODif).") o 0"/Al\" hh.l:-'1

":f"J h."J.I''i" (1.-'1") 01\"JO"' TCD.I:'f'A

to be plain with you lldJo)..,") A'11CIJ

pi ague (n.)

m<~:c1i'S l ou-t+

A plague almost depopulated Europe in the

Middle Ages. Ooul)hll,..,.,. HOD") CD.I:c1i'S

_,,.,.r:n .n11-n
~,.,.,.

11..:u.e(l,.,. 9"")9" t.A4'

A plague of locusts devoured the crops.

fl\")0"1 ' ouot-l- ' ).IJ/1-") 1\CDJ'.ODtJ)o

P'&- A4''1'ell hA":fA9"

plainclothesman t'll' 11q11

plainclothesman caught the shoplifter.

t'll' 11q11 f(t.~ /l,q .I'H,.,.

plainest "!All"

plain (n.) "'JJ

Many people prefer the mountains to the
plains. -1111- (l,.:f h"'JJ J'.A:t> Tel-&-
J'.ODC"'/1-

The warning was conceived in the plainest

language. "7hm"J4'4:.1',.,. fTt1.1:"'" O"IAI\"
ht:>1e toe

plainly
1. 01-Ail. All the goods are plainly priced.

plain (adj.)
in the

country. 01me h"JJ!" Tel- 0.-l- 1\II"J

Poetic speech is harder to understand than
plain speech. hT&- "J"Me J'.A:t> f.l:4'
4' ' "J"I"Ie ' oP./:,11-l- ' 1\h'f:>tl ' t,.,.

They are plain people. Tel- (ljP":f .,.,.,,.,.

The food was plain but substantial. ouofltl- T
&- 0.1f")9" 9"1-llt+ .I'll,.,. toe
2. "!All". It's quite plain that he is after her
money. ?111!1.1 ooLA"Jw "'A.&- )m3. 'i'l\.9". It is plain stupidity to try to cross
the desert without water. ,.,.;lo o'tJ'.H- 0
.I:'I!"J ' 11"7:t.l:'l' ' OD'I"he ' 'i'l\.9" ' 'Jf:At+ '

t,.,.
4. 1-Ail. The printed numbers are very plain.
f :f"T...-l- _,.'l'r:"'f 0"19" 1-Ail <;'!',.,.
5. 'i'C'I' .I'll,.,.. I told him the plain truth.
'i'C'I' .l'lltJ)o") ).tJ)otT"' t1e t1Ch-+

6. AOOo'J'. Embroidery costs more than plain

cloth. 'I'A'i' hAOD<'J' .:u.e:t- J'.mAAA
7. '1.'1' f/1.110-l-. He bought a plain necktie
for two dollars. '1.'1' f/1.110-l- h&-"li+ 0
o-11+ -nc 1~

To be plain with you, I cannot hire you for

any job. ).,.,.t1o"J A"J1Cil l 119"")9" 'tJ'.t+

toe

1. Tel-. We have a plain home

He made his meaning quite plain. 9"") "7111o

"'-"'"'" 11-11- 'I':> 01-Ail Tli"!I,A

2. 0"/All". I thought they stated it plainly.

0"/Al\" fT'i"1~ oohii-'S tOe

Speak plainly; the people have difficulty

understanding your words. 0"/All" T'i"1e 1
(ljP":f

f9"-l-lltJ)o")

11"7-'IOD'J'

J'.'f1c!-/l-

plainSpOken fAR-"J f"''..'i"1e

A plain-spoken person has few friends.
fAll-") f"'/..'i"1e (ltJ)o -1111- m-'!]!":f h
J'.'l"~-l-9"

plaintiff M1i
The plaintiff lost his case. ho'tlf- +.1::1"

plaintive,

song f.hH"J )."J"I-C"I-r:

He sang a plaintive song. f diH"J )."J"I-C"I-r:

""'""

plait (v.) 1-t'l-t

The mother plaited the girl's hair. ).<;-l-1'"1'
fAj(_"J li"I-C 1-t'l-t:fll-l-

pl a it (n.) fl\1-e 1-"J"I-"J

A long plait was hanging down the girl's back.

plan

936

<!.'rr9" fl\"1-C "1-~"1-'t A)1:;t )';CIJ 1\,1'.

1-'t1f"C"I'I ~oc

plan (planned), v.
I. h4'S'.. We planned our trip carefully.
"1-fl'l':f't't O'P't:l'<ll h4'J':'t
2. ouS'.O. He doesn't know how to plan his
time. 1.H.ID-'t ODODS'.ofl h,l'.:fA9"
3. hl'lO. Where do you plan to spend the
summer? O;>tD-'t f'l- ll.,o'tll'i' ;1-IIIJIIU 1
4. 't.l':'i' hiD"'l )S'.I.. An architect is planning
their new house. ouU't.ll.ll .f"l.(l.'t n.;r-'1'
ilJ"-j I ')_e-fj: I flDIJaJolf).'f- I f'\f. I )DJo

The architect planned the building in a new

style. ODU't,ll.(l. ' ih'ti\ID-'t ' nS'.I.ID- ' IJ"l.
ll

DDAh

\'Q)o

plan (n.)
1. 'Tt'\1'. The plans for the new house are
ready . .f,ll.(l. ' 11.'1- ' "rll't ' 1-H;>)1:;J:A
The third five-year development plan was
approved by parliament. 1"111-';'tJJ-'t .1'9"11'1-
'lOD'I- fA.,'I- "rll't ;rCI\.,ID- ' 1-4'0/IID2. 1.:r-.r:. Our plans were discovered by the
enemy. h:r--'l:f't't mil 'I- S'.<'..o"IO'I3. 9">:''1- l m'lofl. She has ambitious plans
for her husband. 11!1. h'I-A:r- P;J- 1\'t"l.
S'.CII h'i'1-';' 9">:''1- hi\'1-

:J

She has very ambitious plans; she wants to

become the supervisor of the department.
m ... !J. '1-A~ ~ID- l fh'i'll- 1-41."1"1<1 '
ODif'J 0 '1-1..1\;JIIT
according to plan 71,')~:!"+~

Everything went according to plan. IJ-11-9"

?C '

1.'tS'.;l-4'S'.ID-

' If~

Have you made any plans yet for the future?

~?C

' hll 1

[See also 'devise, master']

plane (v.) 1\?
The carpenter planed the board. h'i'm.tD-
'l't .4'1D-'t ' II?

plane (n.)
I. htD-C"-rl\'t. This plane flies to Athens.
.ev htD-C"-rl\'t

pi ane (adj.) liC"I

The Jines intersect on a plane surface. ooFoo
~::r;

RliC"I 11'1'&- 1\,1'. ,1'.1-11114.11-

pi a net 'lll9"
The sun has nine planets in its system. fldtl-
011-tl.l''f' Hm'S 'lll"'''l- h!l.'1plank ,..'t.4'
The floor is made of rough planks. IDII/1l)&-

...

't,.. fTU'tl-

hlf

~ID-

plant (v.)
I. 1-hll. We planted flowers in our garden.
h'l-hA'I- 11'1'&-:f't I ID-11'1' hOIJ 1-hA't
2. Htl-. They planted wheat. ll't S'.. H-13. 'l'hll. The workers planted posts along
the road. U'&-1->:':r; OD't?.!l. 1\,1'. :filA
'l'hll-

4. M'"". During the demonstration, they

planted policeman on every street. OM.,'I!
fll\f. 1.11. OfOD't?.!l. 7'11.11

h_,..,..

5. h'IS'.<'..(O'I-). His answer planted a doubt

in my mind. ooA.tt- h>..9'"C"tL tD-/1'1' 1 -r
C"'tl. h ...S'.<'..ofi'S

The leader planted new ideas among his

people. ou&"" Oihllll- 1\,1'. h-'1.11.11 "'"
P:f't h ...S'.<'..IJ'I'tD-

He planted his feet firmly on the ground and

refused to move. 1-'tl..tl-iP .,..,. hA~.4'~;r.

,. hll

plant (n.)
I. 66 (pl. 66'1''1-). Various kinds of plants
have been imported to Ethiopia. A I' A I' 1
{JD'f''l- IDS'. l\..'1-f-k".f 1\'t,ll.oam- 1-S'.C

make plans 1\+F...

IIIDS'.I..-1> .1'4'.I':hiD-

planter

ros-. h-l:'t

.eo&-A

2. U"/f. The discussion was not on a very

high plane. tD- ,1'.,1'.-1> h'i' fill S'.<'.."ff hA
Hl9"
3. ODI\1..1'. I need a plane to fix the door.
R-1-'t IIOD"Im9" ""111..1' .1'111..1\?'1&1.

"A

2. of.1l&ll. The manager showed me around

the plant. hii1--'IJ!tltJJ- of.ofl&l!tJJ-'t hll-1:
M'l-o"f'S
3. J':C)1:'1-. The school has a fine plant, but
not enough teachers. 'I-9"UC'I- 11.-1> "1'1-9"
J':C)1:'1- ' hi\ID- I "l't I 04: I hll.,..,tlll':f I
fll-'1-9"

plantation l.Clf
There are many false banana plantations in
the South. OS'.IJ-ofl h'i'A fh'to"l'l- l.Clf
Oofllf'l- hi\

pi anter IJI\oat~.'IGeorge Washington was a wealthy planter.

J(C)1: 'l'"li't"l-l''t Vil;l-9" IJI\oot~,'l- ~RC

plaster

937

plaster (v.)

1\oU

Have they finished plastering the walls yet?

"'.I:"'IJIIJJo't

pi aster (n).

>

h~""'l:(l.9" 1

ool\(t't 1'i'

play

pi atoon roo-f
The platoon was attacked by enemy soldiers.
,,.,.,...,. Om'l't- m;t-U".f .,.m:J>

pi atter

~ll't

The plaster on the wall is all cracked. f"'.l:"'l

-'~"'" ~ll't o-11- .,.M,.,'I'!t~

11C"' ll.h't

The roast lamb was served on a platter.

h'tY: r.,.mon O"' 011C"' ll.h't +
<:0

lay on a coat of plaster

The man laid on a coat of plaster. 1\111-\LIJio

"'.I:"'IJIIJJo't ' IIMIII-

(be) plausible

'h,.)'t- J'.ooM~

His excuse is plausible, but I don't really

believe it. 9"h'tf., 'hiJJo)'t- J'.ooM~ "'

[See also 'cast']

't ' J>'\OO'tiJ.'t-1>"

plastic T'llli:h
Many household articles are made of plastic.
11,. fO.'t- 'h:J>l"".f hT'IIIi:h J'.u>&-11-

play (vt.)
I.

.,."'liD.,., The children .,."'l,.,

played store.

~;1'1l

1"1C'i' ),;>S',. lf)IJJo '

plate (v.)

We played cards for money. 01'tH1l ttc;J-

)h<:

The goldsmith plated the cross with gold.

T"'liD't-'t

mc:r. h't"'&m- ooMII-'t mc:r. )h<:..,.

He plays the piano. T.f'l" Y,""".ID;I-~

He played the title role in Hamlet. 0?9"1\.'t-

plate (n.)
I. 1"~~. The hook has four hundred pages
and twelve plates.
h&.'t- ,.,.,. 1l<

"""'"'4-

".f'i' 01"&. u-1\'t-

2. ll.h't.

She bought

l"~ft>".f

hll-'t-

three soup

plates.

V'll't- rlfcq ll.h't 1~".f

3. 9"11. You can get lunch in this restaurant
at a dollar a plate. 'hll.ll 9""111 n.'t- h't
Y: 9"11 q'tY: 1lC ;M'i'l\11

4. oi'Coi'O:. The warship was covered with

steel plates. '"'"" ooch11 ho<:11 11<:'t- '
o.,."'"" ol'col'o:l"".f ,.,.110~ )m-

The banquet costs $25 a plate. "111VIJJo 0)'i'

II Yf 1>9"1\'t- 11C J'.hd.~O;J-~

pi ate au

m-il~ 1 oo&tD-1' {1;t- 1 ~tf T-Am.,.

2. oo;t-. He plays the drum. hOI!" J'.oo;t-~

He plays the violin very well. "'11'1.'tol' '1''1- h

Y:C1 J'.oo ;1-~
3. )<!.. He plays the trumpet. 'l"'-9"q J'.)'i-~
He plays the flute. 'l''li't't- J'.)'i-~
4. ~<:~<:. He plays the harp. 01'i' Y.~<:Y:&.~
5. u>&.. He played Othello last night. 't-'l't't'i' ..,,. .1<-1:1'1-'t lf'l". u>&.

You shouldn't play tricks. -1-'tb-~ h't-1"&.

play (vi.)
I.
The children are playing in the
garden. ~;1'1l q't-h~'t- 11;1- IJJol\'1' J'.

.,.""1.,.,..

""".ID;f-1\-

The orchestra played brilliantly. f..,.ll.:J> '1'1.

1>119"0: _ , . , .

J>9"q

A plateau covers the northern part of Ethiopia.

l'l"'L't h..'t-f'kf J>?"q ro~o.r )..,.

2. ;1-f, What is playing at the movies tonight?

~"" l'l.t"''
IJJol\'1' f"'/.;1-f,.
l>"'tY:),.!

plated

.:r.11

This watch is plated with gold.

a....

A smile played across her face. Ool.;t 'IJ'.

Y,ll M't- f

mc:r. .:r.ofl )IJJo

[See also 'silver']

platform
1. ODJ.!".l.h. The speakers were seated on the
platform . .,.'i':>&l"'li hooY:<:IJ. 'If, .,.+
9"m11Jo )OC
2. ""9"6f. The platform of the new political
party demands lower taxes. fJI..(l. f?"lli:lt
11-Y:'t oo9"&f "111C 'h'tJI..+)II )IJJo

.1.1"1;1- Y,;I-Y, )OC

play around _.,1m

You have been playing around long enough.
11,. '1..11. ll't-"'1"1'1' )OC

play at +AA

She is merely playing at

.,...,6

being a student.

lf'i' 't-+~>11\".f

play down Mll.,_'i' "19"'t- l'lm

The newspaper played down the clash.

,;>11."1
, . 1\"'"L"., Mll.,.'i' "19"'t- l'lmiJJo

play

938

play fair ll"tS'."'1.1lltD- hf

He doesn't play fair with anyone. "''"t"t9" flm-
ll"tS'."''.1lltD- hJ'S'-9"
play for time 1...tL

.11.11 "711;1-'fm- 1.1L II"''"'T'I- ~,.

play (a) great role h'i' J'/1 '1'~'1- hS'.~1

The director played a great role in improving

education. 'l-9"uc'l-"t ll"''lflfA F&- oo,:
m- h'i' J'/1 '1'~'1- h.I'.-C1'PA
play Into (one's) hands

~1C

h.!l.ll "''il~lf .,.

1

+~""'

Certain forces come into play to complicate

the situation even more. rJ-J:.~tD-'l 1 fflll 1 hilT
:>6 11"'1.1'.-~"1 ' h"t'l"t}'.- t1r:":f flf1.1LtD-
M"'ll-

put on a play -1:1''1-C h'lf

The students are putting on a play. -1-"''&l"'ll
-I:J''I-C J''IJ'II-

[See also 'dirty, foul, word']

*The candidate play into his opponent's

hands. 1\<Qom- fli-ID'I'I&m- ll~ liS'- f"''.
'1'/ltD-"t -1-"'llC L'I.OD
play off h:>""
The director plays off his secretaries against
each other. F&- oo&m- A.dtA.,:t:'l "-Cil
tiCil'fm- J':>""'.'f'PA
play out Q;l.l;{a

Let's play out this game! f.U't') ""'1':1- ll

"JQ;~.Cil

play up fl"'':>~"t + verb

The newspapers played up the incident as
something serious . .7fLtnl- fT~t:'lm-'l ~'lC r
ll"tS'. hll.l'.- ~1c tl"'':>n '1..4-'1play with the Idea hmar hm~
He was playing with the idea of going to
Ethiopia. IDS'. h.'l-l'"kJ' 1\0D~}'.- fl.J'W"'
~tiC

player -1-""'.'PlOne of the players got hurt during the game.

hi-""1.'1''1l h"t.ll. ' flQ;l,'f':f'tD- 1.1L -1-'1-'1

[See also 'harp']

playful T""'.'P":f
The children laughed at the playful puppy.
A]('ll fl-1-""'.'P'Il 11-":f-11 ..,.,

playground foP""'.mil' !l'i'&There are no playgrounds in this city. OH.tl

h-f-"'1 ' tD-!l'J' ' fOD""'.fDiJ' ' !l'i'&-l"":f ' f/1-9"

playing card fOD""'.fDil' lJC;fI don't have any playing cards. 9"19" foo
""'.fDiJ' lJC;I- fll't9"

playmate .,....,.
My child and his are playmates. A?f.<; A

1':. ' , ....'l'":f <;'fmplaything

[See also 'havoc, joke, part, trick']

OD""'.Wil'

The child left its playthings scattered about.

play (n.)
I. ""'I':1-. The children are completely absorbed
in their play. A]('ll lfl""'P:J-'fm- fl'i'X-9"
-f-OD!lm'PA
2. -I:J''I-C. Are there any good plays in town?
hT"''tD- tD-!1'1' 'No '1''1- -I:J''I-r:":f
hll-!
3. .,.AS'.-. He just said it in play. J'/ltD- ll"t.!I.J'
m- 1\.,.IM':

this trial. flii.U

C!J.A

come into play fif'l..tl.iD"

r l\"7""11+

Their maneuvering at the conference was

a play for time. flil11flllm- 1.1L W.!I.J' w

fl.J'IDCS'.-

plea

~,.

,,.

A ?f. OD""'.mil'l"'ll"t ll"t S'. -1-fl:J--f-). -1-'1'

playwright f-tJ''I-c S'.&-fl.

The playwright received no money for his play.
f-I;J'~ ~&-fl. /1-J:J'~ 11H11 hA-1-.,.

0/19"

plea

'Ill-

I. Aoo<;. He ignored my plea. AOD<;'\1.1 ":f-11

h/1
2. '1'1'41. The judge rejected his plea for a
stay. .,.mC'm- ll"t.!I.&-H9"11'1- ,.,.~flm-"t
'I'1'41 -'~"'"'" hA-1-.,.flll-'l-9"
3. 9"h"tJ''I-. lllness was his plea for being
absent. 11oo;r>~-t> 9"h"tJ''I- hf:C1 fflmm-
oo;t-oooo-") HJC

be brought into play +t:O

enter a plea

New evidence has been brought into play in

*He entered a plea of guilty. Tof--t-"' ~'{ 1\11

*It's your play next.

n+ +&-

play on words (J'?'i

me:,.

lj(J)o

i fl"''C~

oofJ'lC

This poem is mostly a play on words. .eu "'

'1'9" f-1-'I.Lm- flf.flA'I' flfl9"<; wc;r> ~,.
Some people are fond of plays on words.
h"t'l"t..... fll"":f ll"''C"' OD<;'1C ' f.W

939

plead

*He entered a plea of bankruptcy, ""hMoo"J

pleasure
please (vt.)

1\'i'C.(- fl.of> hll:f-1+

make a plea AoP~

1. hMI'IoJ- I .<:.11 hl'l'f. You can't please

everybody. IJoi\-"J'I" "711.<:.1'1+ (.<:.11 "71'1

The mother made a fervent plea to the judge

to spare her son. 'h'i'-1:-lo ""'"'" A_("J

'f'l-)hf.i#'A'I"
ouAIJ'I" <1..4'.(- )OC. It pleased the
2. f
king to go. OD'/,S; I r'1.,.lP- I oPA.l}fD I L~ s: I
)OC
*Go where you please! 'htl.l\"1110'1- 'f..(*Take as many cookies as you please! ftl.ll"''li
aJo'J .I'UA 11llh-'l- aJo(l.(-

'h"J'IJ'oJ'C'i'll'l- A11 0"7.)1) IJo~:f" II

OD):f

plead
1. 1'":1.~1'. He pleaded his case without a
lawyer. m0.4' 4$-J'I" 1'":1.~1'
2. II""). When the rent was due, the poor
man pleaded for more time. ~,r. oPhi,J'aJo
'Lit. (U'.Cll .(-'ljaJo (laJo oJ-OQ."76 'Lit. 'h

"J'I.I'ImaJo 1\DD)
3. A""'i' h+~o l hfl.-lo:f"

h+~n.

prisoner pleaded for his liberty.

'hll~ .......

The

' 0
)1\ 'h"J'I.II+~ AoP'i' (hfl.-lo:f") h+~O
4. 'h"J.<:. 'l"h"J.I'+ 1\'i'C.(- fl.+ h+~o. The
criminal pleaded insanity. w"J)';II.,.,. h"J'I-11-
oP:f"Wh-"J 'h"JJ':. 'l"h"J.I''I- 1\'i'C.(- ' fl.'l- '
t.+~o

5. 'l"h"J.I'+ l'lm. He pleaded poverty when

caught stealing. n.nc~ IU"lf 0.(-'Ji)'l- )
,. ' 1111- ' 'l"h"J.1'+ ' nm
plead guilty T-1-1'.,.)'1-"J h"")

Do you plead guilty to the charge of murder?

O)'i'll ' ~'lf.)'l- ' 11+~01111 hll Tol-1'...
)'1-II"J ' :f"'l"'i'l\11 l
plead with II"")
She pleaded with him not to go. 'h"J'IJ'.'t.(-
1\oP):faJo

pleasant
1. J':.ll f"7.A. She is a pleasant person . .<:.11
f'I"'I-A l'laJo ):f
2. f"7..1'Mll+. After a long march, soaking

one's foot in warm water is a very pleasant

sensation. h~'frr .,.,. 0:;\~ ~tiJC't ,.,..
~ aJo;) aJollT DDH'i'H'i' 0"1'1" f"7..1'M

ll'l- 11"'1.'1- f.I'I"'A

*Goodbye, have a pleasant trip! .t:."''i' "'fl

(or, oP"J~'I."J OQ.C~ .1'.(-C"'AII)
be pleasant for S'..ll lti\DJo

It will be pleasant for her to have news of her

family. 1111 fJ.oJ-1'111!1! wt. 11'1-1'1"7 .<:.ll f.
II:'" A

00

pleaseJ

1. 'hflhtJ. Please shut the door! 'hflhtJ ""11

'l...l'aJo'J 11:>
2. (jussive). Come in, please! f."'tlbe pleased .<:.11 hll(aJo)

+I am pleased to see he is working again.

'h"JJ':.~'i' Ftlo ODP"Jf)of> J':.ll hl\'5
as I (you, he) please
1. fti.II"'!Jo'I-"J. I shall do as I please with my
money. O~"JHfJ. fti.II"'!Jo'I-"J h.t:.C:>I\IJo

2. ~'lF.Att. You may come in and go out

as you please. 'h"J.t:.A111J A'l-~fl'i' A'l-m"'
+:flllltJ
do as you please 'h"J'I{I'fll i 'h"JJ':.oJ'DP'flJ
Should I come tomorrow or the day after

tomorrow? Do as you please. )-1 A9"1fJ +t

~ m'IJ' 1 'h"J'I{I'ftJ ('h"J.<:..,..,..'fu)
if you please <1..4' .(-IJ ll.ti'"J

And now, if you please, I will read you the

contract. h!Jo"J <1..4' .(-IJ llli'"J aJoii-"J h
)11A?I\1Jo
look pleased .<:.11 foJ-(I'f DPlll\- :f"f

He looked very pleased with himself when he

got the award. 'liA"71:"J 1'1..1'~'5 Otl-11- 0"1
'/" ' J':.ll ' foJ-(I'f ' DPill\- ' :f"f

pleasing f"7..1'MMOO
She has a very pleasing voioe. 0"1'1" f"7..1'll.t:.
ll+ .(-'/"6 hll+
be pleasing hllJ':.{IoJ-

The flowery meadow was pleasing to the eye.

OhOfl
)0C

.l'll"O~+ .....

DPllh 11'\J'."J .l'll.Rll+

pleasure (v.) .<:.11 hll(aJo)

+I pleasure in your company.

tt.,.+ ~ ;JC ' oou-

"J.t:.llf.II"'A

pleasantry (pleasantries) fotA.(- h);nc

The workers smiled at the minister's pleasantries. 0"7.~11-K- f+A.(- M:nc wtlooJ-'1'

:,;

00

tl.~"'

hll-

pleasure (n.)
1. 1.ll;l". He never combines business with
pleasure. 'hll- h.fo F tlo"J h.t:.ll:f" :>C
h.I'"''I"C'I"

9!10

pleat
2. ""S'.il'l-. He alternates work with pleasure.
""1"~'1-<; I ""S'.ii'I-'J I Yt.~Cft>IA
3. f"''.YliS'.il'l- 1 )1C. It is a pleasure to hear
her sing. il'f-H'I") I DDil.,'fo I f"'/.Yilf.il'fo I )1
C )'CD4. ""/Ail?" 1 t.ft>~. Is it your pleasure to go
noW? /'o!Jo') I {1-'f.~ I OD/At,?" I 4.ft' ~!P I
)m-!
*For dessert, what is your pleasure? 11.,"1"1
"''.Y I ?"') I Tt..,.Jillll l
afford pleasure S'..ll .h(lT
The movie afforded pleasure to all who saw it.
""',... Yfm-"J nm- 1 ll-tt- t.il 1 AnT
find pleasure S'.il All(m-)
Do you find much pleasure in farming?
a.,-oc<; 1 -on- 1 s>.il 1 F-AVIA 1
take pleasure 1-S'..I\+
Some boys take pleasure in teasing their sisters.
l'o')JI')~ ' IA'/l.':f I R7.'t1'!1'lfm- I R.,lf'i! I
Y.S'.ll:l-11pleat (v.) lf)l)
It takes a lot of effort to pleat a skirt properly.
1-C~ 1 4'"'/.il'J 1 R"'/.111 1 {loulf')lf') 1 -1111- 1
T~T

Y.mY.ft>IA

pleat (n.) 1i"J1i'J

Her skirt has many pleats in it. 4'"7.!).
1i"J1i') I Allm-

-1111"

pledge (v.)
I. ft>IA 1 111. He pledged $100 in the campaign

to raise money for the new church. IVl(t-

1'JH-fl I {IOD(I-fl(l-fl I fi"'/.S'.~
-f1C I 1\0Dllm+ I :J"/A I "Jl)
We pledge loyalty to our country. liU1~':f'J
:f""1'S I {IODif') I ft'fA I 1-fl-f"t;/A
2. ?A 1 Ail111. The speaker pledged the hearers
to secrecy. 1-<;;>;:m- 1 AJI"'""':r; 1 "t.,.,'I-'J ,
R?"ilm.C I 7,')JU'.If" I ?lA I Ail111lfmpledse allesiance fOD,flll 1 ?lA 111 I :1-.,'S)
'fo') I 1fll\
In America, students pledge allegiance to the
flag every morning. fl'o"'Ull 1 T"1t:IP':f 1 1\l.
'fo I 1\l.'f- I {l(l')f."' I 'ti\.,lfm- I f""dti\ I
ft>fA I J!.111ft- I (Yi\lfm-') ' :f".,'S)'fo I J!.1/AI\ft-)
IJ.of"

"JdJ-

hCM:n

T~."J- I OD.f. I

pledge as a security

oP~"tf

h.S'-.!1

He pledged his house as a security for the loan.

IJ.i>') 0 {1-fl~'l- I ...., . . , . 0 l'of.~1 ....
pledge (n.)
I. ?lA 1 ,...,11'1-. Their pledge not to wage

plenteous
war was not believed by anyone. fllC 1 l'ot;)"'
?" I lllt- I ?lA ' .....,11:1-lfm-') ' .,')?" I A
i\OD)?"
2. .,il:I-mlf. He gave her a ring as a pledge
of his love. ll'i!* 1 .,il:I-mlf 1 y.n 1 H'J
~ I 4'fiR'f- I iiiiJT
3. .,~:>1""1. We shook hands as a pledge of
friendship. MS'.'S):f"':f') 1 .,~:>1""1 7.~ 117.
~~ -i"""I1RT'J
4. oo,..,-. He left his mule as pledge for the
borrowed horse. 111-'l'llm- t.~il oo y..,- 7.
') ~'1-lf'J 1 R.,.flom-') 1 lim
pledge of allegiance :J>It ODJtl\
The new recruits recited the pledge of allegiance. l>'lil 1 :,OT1!''6 ?ll """"" 1 111be under the pledge :J-A. 111 ! -JF..;J- r h
liR'IHe is under the pledge of secrecy as long as
he works for the governmeot. RDD'J.,F'I- A1
IA.,flo,. I m-ilT I 7.ililll I ~~il ' ?"ilm.C ' "
YID"' I ?lA I 1-11;1:/A ' (.,1.:1" ' AliR'I-)
take the pledge ?A 1 111
The President takes a pledge to defeod the
constitution. "l"Mf..'I'J-1> 1 .lt1 1 OD').,Fi>'J 1
il""mR.,. 1 ?lA f.1111A
sign a pledge Rd.C., 1 ?lA 1 111
Mr. Parker signed a pledge to give $50 to
charity. "''.il-I"C :rchc 1 A?"ll 1 -oc 1 ':fl!'
:1- 1 {loultm'l- 1 Rd.C-1 1 ?lA 1 111

plenary,...ttIn America, the parliament has plenary power.

RA"'ltlll ' ?"hC I R.-1> ' -~~- I FIAIIJ') ' Allmplenary session
*The parliament is in plenary session. fr'hC
fl.-!> I ....ft- I lt-fl(ll1 I IJoft-?" I 7,')f.~li.J"':f I
R1"1~RT

TS'.~1

plenipotentiary (plenipotentiaries) 1111,...11-

P'IA"l'J

He was minister and eovoy plenipotentiary to

Swedeo in 1908. R!Jlf 1 't. ?". Ril<em 1 01
c I "''.til'I-C<; I 1111-tt- I FIAIIJ') I OD/A7.h
T'i' I )0'1plenitude oo't'I-

There is a plenitude of flies in the market.

1RYm-

m-ilT ' fll?"-11

OD't'l- All

plenteous ( = n.) """'~""

A pleoteous crop means happiness for the
farmers. fil-II/A 1 OD-fi~T li1R&.IP':f S'.il

:1"

~(Do

plenteous supply of Ooflq'I-

There is usually a plenteous supply of raw

,.,,..A

materialS.

q'!-

hoflq>;'IJ)o"t

1.11.

'J'o!,

),:J'

0ofl

Ml

.!>111

h:>H1

+nil.

plenty 'l'.:>ofl
These are years of peace and plenty. Mllll
f'J';>ofl

'tOD;J-T

'i"'fiiJo

There was plenty of food and drink at the

party. O"lofi"II"IIJo 1 1\f. 1 ofllt- 1 ,..,-no; 1 ""m
)0C

We have plenty of time before the plane leaves.

hiiJoC"TI\).
1>111

hOD)"fil

0.1-T

I ofllfo

1.11.

She has plenty of dresses. Aoflill o-nq'l- I hll'lbe plenty 0:1'

Six potatoes will be plenty. il.l:'ll'l- 1 .t:-1:f 1

f.O:I'A

have plenty '1"1\(IIJo)

+we had plenty to eat. f"'lOI\1 'I"A.,.1 1 )OC

In plenty of time +1.'r ofillWe must get to the station in plenty of time.
),<IJIIJIIJo

.,.,.,.

oflll1

.... .(-~~~

hllofl1

pleurisy fll,.q 1 O"li;IHe has pleurisy and doesn't leave the house.
fll,.q

O"li;J-

ilii,I.'HIIJo

hO.'I-

hf.tD"',.

pliable 11.-r-"'m'i' 1 f"'l:fA

lbis wire is pliable. f.U 1 "11111 11.-l""'m'i' 1 f"'l
:fA

)IIJo

pliant
I. f"'l-r-"'m'i'. Pliant vines are woven into mats.
I dl~"l I

f"'l-r-"Jm<I.IIJo

(tl\.1

:r.C1"'il::f I 1\f. I f.1ml\ml\- I )0C

3. -r-11"'1"1/". He manipulated the pliant twig.
-r-11"'1"1/" I :r.C1"'i'i' I ).11'.Ait- I J.'I'.C111Jo I )
I

oc

4. fODilll" 1 hi'.C. His pliant behavior saved

him from the soldiers' arrogance. fODilll" 1
hi'.C
JI)IIJo

ODh&-

"'1fT

J>/lq'f ' )RC

ffiQ(!.

ht;J-I'.f!':f

T~O....>;')T

fOD11'1-1 .IIC. ,.,.

J.'H"I,.. )0C

2. 111"". He just plods along at his job. OP'&, . llf. f.II"I"''A

plod away 001\A(t r hm'i'"

He plods away at his lessons until he learns

them. '1-,.IIC-1: hllh.1QtB- 1 .(-~ll 1 ODI\A{I
J.'m'i"A

plod past hJ.'H1"" hilA.

The prisoners plodded past.

hll~'l''ll 1 h,I.'H1

.... hllf.

plot (plotted), v. hi'.OD 1 hfl.~

They plotted against the director of the prison.
OhllC 0.'1- hii:I'IIJo

1\f. hi'.-

The imperialists are plotting against him.

"'-'"T"-J.'II.il.,.:f Oll-

1\f. J.'l\.&-11-

plot (n.)
I. h.(-"'1. He was involved in a plot to kill the
.ll.t.h-r-~1 IIOD"II'.A O-r-1'.~11D-
h.(-"'1. 1ofl.,. I )0C
2. 4!&-"1/". He bought a plot of land in the city.
hh.,...,IIJo I IIJoil'J' 0 h1.(- 0 41.1-"1/" 0 0Do!,T 0 1q
3. ;1-&h. The film has an interesting plot.
fi.AOOO ;1-&h hlll'.'i"<l: I )IIJo

director.

plotter fl.~>;' 1 h.t:-"">;'

The plotler was executed by the soldiers.
~~.~..., .

f.oP.I-0;1-A

2. -r-mq'P'fr. Children were swinging on the

tree's pliant branches. A')i:'f 1 Oqf. 1 -r-mq<p
'fr

plod (plodded), ~ along

I. hH1"". The weary soldier was plodding
along the side of the road. fl'.h"""'" tD;I-1'.

plenty of ofllfo I Oofiq'I-

'I'

'l''ll1

'I"A:J:A

(II\,...

1 IIOD14'A 1-m'l- J.'il<LA1>;'A

plight ODh<!'fhe plight of the refugees was sad to see. fill'.-r-

be plentiful '1"11

Deer are plentiful in this area. OllU

*He has a pliant nature and does what others

tell him. OlliiJo 1 dlllofl 1 illl"'l""<l- 1 f)1~'11 J.'I'.C.:>A
pliers 1-m'l1 need pliers to take off the bolt. OD4'C4'6f11Jo

plentiful, ~ supply of oflltWe have a plentiful supply of grain. of! IIA

plow

941

plentiful

(h.(-OD>;'IIJo) OtD;I-I'.I!':f .,.,,.11

plow (vt.) h~ll

I will need all day to plow this field. f-111 "''
II I 11"'1~11 -~~- 4'1 r..r.~>;'A
plow through ll1'1'oll -r-'iH

The ship plowed through the rough seas.

tii'Chll- I "'1~011-1 ll1'1'oll I -r-'iH
plow (one's) way Af-r-.:>4- hilA.

He plowed his way through the crowd. o;MI

of!

ODithA

),f.,.;>of.

hll<l.

plow

942

plow (n.) "''<:lf

The farmer's plow broke on a stone. f10ol.fl>o
")

' "''<:lf ' !f:");>f. ' (I0<:0-1-

pluck
1. )"". Did you pluck the chickens yet ?
P.f!l"'fi") )"L'".,.lf'1'1'A I
2. o!>md.. He plucked an apple from a tree.
M'i! 1\f. -to4- o!>md.
3. )4>11. She spent the day plucking weeds.
oj>).") ' Yillld."+fl>o ' hl.9" ' OOD")oj>A ' )fl>o
4. ou:J-. He plucked the strings of the harp to
test the sound. !!:9"9-"t 1\DDd..,."t f01'i"fl>o
")hfl>o;J-Com>:J'
pluck at il11 il11 hS'.<:1

He plucked at my sleeve to get my attention.

mS'. 1.1\- fiC h"t!l:A fl>-l:"t h;E-'1. il

11 ' il11 ' hS'.0:1fDo

[See also 'string']

plug (plugged), v.
1. m.,.d.. He plugged the leak with a rag.
f"''.Yd.l'tfl>o") 4>'1'1 ""C:,O m.,.d.tJJo
2. l'liJ. Plug the lamp into the socket!
oP11tl--lo") 0 OD(t hJ'fDo 0 fl>oii'J' 0 (ll)fl>o

Where is an outlet so I can plug in the radio?

r-r tfl>ol

plumber !1.11"!1. .,,:..,..,.

Call the plumber; the water is leaking from
the pipe. !).ll"!l.fl>o fl>o;> IIII"''.Yd.ll !1.11"!1. "'
,:..,........") ''l'il-

plumbing f!l.ll"!l. l"tThe plumbing of the new house is up-to-date.

Y-'1.1\- ' ILT ' f!l.ll"!l. ' P't- ' HDD'i"'f ' )fl>o

plummet
I. [1""!!: mf.9" '1111 ""l'i! 1\f. :1'111! fq
ihC Co!>or f"''.l\h0-1- f11<:-l- hll-11-]
2. -to"JR.. The mason measured the right angle
of the wall with a plummet. "!"tO.,..... f"l!l:"'
'lfDo"t 4>'1'.,.... "''hn'l 0-lo"JR. IIIJ

plump down h"tH'i! hS'.<:1

She plumped down the heavy bag on the table.
hqJI.") h<:m.-1- m.:A.qfl>o 1\f. h"JH'i!
hS'.-:1"+
plump oneself down ~oft hi\
He plumped himself down on the bed. hA:>
tlJ- I it~ I ~ofl I J\1\

plump (adj.) fof.of.

Your baby is very plump. ihflo:

A~'li 0

"'ll" foJ.oJ."+ 'i"-1-

plug in Ill)
oi.JI.f').") '

plunge

1.")J!:(ll)fl>o ' f!><;")-f: ' OD(th.J'tJJo '

plunder (v.) H<:d.

The bandits plundered the village. 'li'i!-f-'6 ou
"tS'.-1-"t H<:4--1-

plug up S'.d.)

Give me some plaster to plug up this crevice!

f.U") f"'!l:"/JitJJo") ll"t'I':,O fii"S'.'i!"tOT
?:J' lim"{

plunder (n.) fHO:d.fDo i Hl.of.

The army fled leaving its plunder behind. tn-1-
fH<:d.fDo"t 'I'll- lflf
The plunder consisted of livestock and goods.

plug (n.)
I. fl>o:l''i!. He took the plug out of the tub.

HO:of.fl>o f.,.d.~DDfDo Oh11-r-T'i" ' 0"t110:T '

111- toe

hou:J-mii.J'fl>o 1"t'1 fl>oll'l' fl>o;J-4-"t t

o!>lltJJo
2. fl><:"t-1: ""l'lh..l'. The radio wentoffbecause
you pulled the plug out. fl><:"t-l:fDo"t oP(th.J'
llllto!>Ahfl>o &.JI.\"'lo- moJ.

plunge (vt.)
I. "'ll. His policies plunged the country into
war. hODt-'1- h1&;t") tnC)T 1\f. "11\T
2. l'liJ. He plunged the dagger into his
enemy's heart. ml\-lo") U-lo 1\f. ""IL

plumb (v.) 1DP!f: l'lS'.S'.

They plumbed the depths of the lake to find
out how deep it was. fdtf."'") 'I'Ao!>-1- 1\DD

IIIJ0-13. th.:. He plunged his burnt arm into the

water. f.,.:J'mllfDo"t h"JJI.") fl>o;> fl>oll'l'
th<:fl>o

IIIJ-1- 1DD!f:

(IS'..II.

plumb (n.), ~ line -to"JR.

The mason used a plumb line to keep the wall
straight. "!"tO.,..... "l!l:"/JitJJo") 4>'1' h!l:C1
1\DDP't--1- 0-to"tll. .,.m+ou
be out of plumb uouoo
The wall is out of plumb. "l!l:"''lfl>o H".2.A

plunge (vi.)

I. 'I'A:,O hll. He plunged into the midst of

the crowd and separated the fighting boys. ih11

n- ' ODIJA 'I'A:,O ' 1111- ' f"''."'II-M A]t.

"+ ' 111111
2. Hll- 1q. He plunged into the water. fl>o;>
fl>oll'l' Hll- 1q

943

plunk
plunse Into .,..)'.)'H
We plunged into our work. F&-'M"J
)tJ>o

.,.,.1'11

plunse through II"J'I'-1' hll4..

The ship plunged through the waves. oPCh11
'1"1.11."J II"J'I'-1' hll4..
[See also 'headlong']

plunk (vt.) "":1'

He plunked his guitar. 1.:K-"J "":1'
plunk (vi.) (ICQ;I.'J> hll
The stone plunked into the water. J!'"J:>I< ..,.
;)tJ>o tJ>o{l'l' (ICQ;~.'J> hll
plunk down 0'1.e.A. llli\
He plunked his book down on the desk. ""ll'm
4-"J m<:A.qtJ>o ~.)'. II~Y.A "'ll
plural f11ffo "'"'c
The Amharic plural has a special ending.
IJ"''C>;' f11ffo "'"'c f.,.llf "'"'' hlltJ>o
plurality 11A""i
He received a plurality of all votes cast. 11.,..<'.
&1tJ>o tJ>oJ!'J!'C fJ:-'1"~ 11A""i h1T
plus (adj.) fao.r.aoc
The plus sign resembles a cross. foo1..ooc tJP
Ah'l- oo{I4'A f.oPMA
plus (prep.)
I. 11..r.aoc. Five plus seven is twelve. h'l"ll+o;
IIIJ'l- (l..<'.oPC OF&- 11-ll'l- .)'.1/'o;A
2. h - - - II.~. It costs $10 plus tax. h:Johll
II.~ OFC 11C .)'m"'A
3. h ---:>C. He received a salary plus gratuities .
.<'.'l"ffo"J h'N:If :>C #1111
ply (plied), vt.
I. IP&-. He plied the trade of carpenter for
many years. IJo;m.)'l- 11ffo HOD"J IP&2. 4'H4... We plied the water with our oars.
IJih~"J lloo'f>U.I..)' 4'H'I")
3. II - - The dressmaker plies her
needle. A11ll 11.1.'1' llaPCI,. +m.,...,ll:f
ply (vi.) .,.,..111111
Boats ply among the islands of Lake Tana
carrying food and passengers. )';AIJl":f '1""1
11o; .,_llof..ll":f f.HtJ>o ll"'o; .<'.1\..f:f
IIDIJhA I .)'.OD~II/111ply with h'l-<:4..<:4..(11'1-)
Our host plied us with food. ;>IJ..,.:Y."J '1""1
11 h'l-<:4..<:4..A"J
ply with questions h'l'hll
The enemy plied our messenger with questions

.,.m.,.ov.

poet
to make him divulge his mission. milT OD/A
hh.,.>;':f")"J' ODol\hhoJ>"J I h"JJI.)"IC I h'f'hlltJ>o

ply (plies), n. two-ply ~'l''i' tJ>o'i'<:'l- flltJ>o

A two-ply tire is safer than an ordinary tire.
~'l''i' tJ>o'i'<:'l- flltJ>o 1"'1 h.,.&-..,. 1"7
Y.A'I' IJ.<'.:> Y.m11:J'A
pneumonia fii'I"IJ 'l":f
He caught pneumonia last year. IJII4..m-
+ fii'I"IJ 'l":f 00 ;1-tJJo

poach .)'II 4..:J'J:o h.<'.)

He poached on his neighbor's land. 111-<:IL-1>
oo.:.+ ~.)'. .)'114..:1'J!' h.<'.)
pocket (v.)
I. hh.ll- h.<'.<:1. He pocketed the money
without saying a word. h"J-'1.+ :J'A il.)'.o;1
C 1"JHII-"J hh.ll- h.<'.<:1
2. IIC-1' mil.<'.. His partner pocketed all the
profits. lf&h- +ci-"J llou-tr IIC-1' mil.<'.
3. '1''1' h.<'.<:1. He pocketed his pride and
begged for help. h-&-i>"J '1''1' hJ!'C1 1o
C'I;Jo ' IIIID)
pocket (n.) h.ll
Put this in your pocket! Y.U"J"J h.llU m-11
'I'. h.,.+
pocket (adj.) fh.ll
I bought a pocket radio. fh.ll tl-'1.1" 1q!Jo
[See also 'pickpocket']
pocketbook IICil
She lost her pocketbook. IICII'I' mof.IJ'lpocketknife II"Jm.
May I borrow your pocketknife? II"Jm.U"J ;Jo
m-{1~ l

pod 'i'Aof.Y.
She threw out the pods with the garbage.
'i'Aof.I<"J hol'lflf :>C "'II:Y..mpodium IIDJ!'<:h
The podium was too high for the audienoe to
see the speaker. aoJ:-<:11- h'i' .)'II 1111)
II<: hJ!""'~ .,_o;;>&m-"J ll"''f'l- hA
il'll-'1"
poem "1'1''1"
This book contains all his poems. .r.u
m'i' fii-"J .,.., ...:r- 11-11- y.y.qA

""ll'

poet '111'1'~
He is the chief poet of our time. 111.H.f:f"J
:1'~"' ' IJII'I'~ ' 1.11- ' ).,.

point (n.)

poetic

1. f"''l'll". Advanced students eagerly read

poetic literature. R't-II"UC;J-'I'CD- f14- "'""'
6l"".f f"''l'll" P') ll".ho'i'1 Rf..ll;J- .1'
~qll-

2. .:t>li..I''E. She gave a poetic description of

nature. Ill\ 1-1.'1'1!' .:t>li..I''E OO"JI\"i l'tm".f
3. R"''l'll" f-1-1\1.. There are a few poetic
dramas in Amharic. q.,c.,. '1'-t'l- R"''l'
II" f-1-1!.4- Y:<~o.,l"".f Allpoetic speech f,l4".,. 'l""I""IC

Poetic speech is harder to understan d than

plain speech. h-t-6- 1"1"1C f.A.:t- ft'.-1'4'
1"1"1C ODl.'l't- hll'f.;16 )CD-

poetry

I. "1'1'11". She writes beautiful poetcy. 'No "'

'I'll" '1-1'1'"71\".f
2. :toll.. He writes religious poetry in Geez.
OD11.1\'E .:t-ll.l"":f-1 R"'~"ll f..l\"4-A
3. 11"1.'1-. There is poetry in her dancing.
'1111. 11"1.'1- .I'IICD- )CD-

point (vt.)

1. f..1). The fireman pointed his hose at the

flames. 7.11'1- 1-hi\IJI' fCD-~CD-1 !1.11"!1. OJ
f... )flAqll-. 1..1~
He pointed a gun at me. mR1)f f..1)ofi'S
2. t,oul\h-1-. The arrow points north. +111
OJf.. l't"'L1 .1'""1\h;J-A
point at hllf
He pointed his finger at the thief. 1\.qCJJ-1 R"'
-1: hllf
point out

1. hllf. Point out the place you told me

about! n1ch'S1 ll'i'<l- hllf'S
2. t.oul\h-1-. The guide pointed out where
the bandits were hiding. "li~ f-t-f..R-kR't1 ' OD6CD- ' h""l\h-f"
3. h/11)HR. The minister pointed out that
his policy will bring about peace. "'Ltll'K-
fl't- t.ouu 1'11111" 7.11.."'1...1'"""1 t.lln
nn
point to
I. l.ODI\h-1-. Everything points to his guilt.
.,1... CD-II" )1C f(t-1 'l'of.'t- fODI\h;J-A

2. m'ILOD. Point to the man you mean! fll"'t-11

CD-1 '

point

944

poetic

(teD- '

m4"9"

point toward J\ODAh.,.

All signs point toward a cold winter. fl-11-11" )

1C ht'.!l"-1: 4'11:1''1 7.1f.."''..IM fODI\h;J-A

1. "i'i'. The point of my knife broke. fl't1m.

\1- ' "i'i' ' 1-l'tRt'.
2. 'i'4. )1C. You missed the point of the story.
f:J-611- 'i'4. )1C AA1qur
3. '!'<; )1C. The speaker listed each point of
his plan. -t-<;;>611Jo fTI\).1 'I'<; )1C R"ll
C"IIC h'rt'.

4. o-li.;J-. He reached the point where he could

no longer pay his debts. MCD-1 ll.h'i'A
h.,f.".fAR 't- fl-li.;J- 1\J'. f..t'.l't
5. I';J-. Here is the point where two lines
intersect. o-11'1- ,..,..,.,.:". f f"''..-1-11114-R't-
I';J- .e.u ),.,.
6. mqf._ He has his good points and his bad
ones too. ~,.. DD'J't::f'" mfl,. ftAe&7. f..t.lf I oom1. The freezing point of water
is 32 F. ~ Ot.P. f"''..IMO't- 1 f..t.lf 1
32 F. )IJJo
What is the boiling point of water? ,.,.~ 1 1\0D
'i'l\'1- f"''..".fAO't- r--t-r ""m1 111'1- )

,.,.,

8. )'1'"11. Our team won by five points. 11-Y;<;

".f1 q9"ll't- )'1'"11 ofiA"'i hlf)l.
His argument can be divided into several
points. fl't- hchc Roflrt- )'l'!l".f ll.hof.l.
A f.".fi\A
Theturn ingpointo ftheSecon dWorldW arwas
the battle of Stalingrad. fll:J-11.1"16-Y: fiiC)'t-
o-1\-t-...... .. f'tl\9". fiiC)'t- ODAh-. f#ft'.R
't- "l.li )OC
point by point h1Y: q1Y:
We have gone over the contract point by point.
IJJo/1-1 h1Y: q1Y; ""'CII"t'.)'f'A
at that point A.h flll..f1' "LtL
At that point, the telephone rang. Ah 011..1'1
"l.li llAh- -1-f..OJI\
(be) at the point of A + imperfect + )CD-.
He is at the point of death. II.'I" 'I- )CD-

at this point

1. ho-1 q11n'l- o-li.;J-IJJo. At this point,

can't tell if it is working or not. hfl-1 q11n
't- 0 fJ-li.;J-IJJo 0 OOP'<!-'t- ' hi\""'P'<I--1:1 ' 1\
IJJo.:t- hA".fA11"
2. OILU1 1..n. At this point, one of the members stood up and raised an objection. OILU1
"l.li ' hhq~ ' h1"- 0 -f")P'ofo ' -f":I'OJOD
beside the point

That's beside the point. .e.u

)IJJo

hh~

pointless

945

point-blank

-l'~'i'.f-

(a) case in point

point. .1."/w- hllh.I.M f:l.ll

Let me give you a case in point! f.ll1''l .,...-;

~oc

f> f"'/.oPIIhT l'"fl/1. Aii'I'U

come to the point ~~ )'Jo;..") T'i1t!

(be) to the point

-f-oPl\h.,... His comments are always
1.
to the point. :,.:r-., IJoA'I.IL Ml'"t f"'/.oPII

.,...q,.,.,

Why don't you stop beating around the bush

and come to the point? 'IC 'IC "711TU1' :,.
-I'U 'i't. ~1-1-1' liM hT'i'1C9" l
come to the point of lA + imperfect
9" hAof'l.ID-9"

+ r1

They almost came to the point of exchanging

blows. ll.}'.q~n- 9"1'9" hA4'MI'w-9" ~oc
main point

l'j:&, ~"JC

The main point of his speech was that the

danger of war must be avoided. M"Mo;.. fi:~
~1C fjllC~T h~:> oPID11: hiiOT f"''.

~(Do

make a point of
1. ( ~ adv.) Of>4-.

He made a point of
mentioning his opponent's illness. f-1':1"'1'"'/.aJo
.,. "":1"""9" Of>o(. -l''i'1l.
2. 7.1'~ -1'10. ~1C .,.mt.w-. In that country, one makes a point of bringing flowers if
invited for dinner. MU' h1C 11&-.r f-1':>
OH /Ia>- hoq f,P oP'/-1:1' 7.1'~ -1'10.
~1C f>.,_'l'l.'I'A
make it a point
Make it a point to be on time! Oil,., oo1:
l.il hil.l.'\'1. oPU')."t h/1-l'a>-A

+ imperfect + ii,A
We were on the point of leaving when company
arrived. A"l''/.1: ll"tA 7.1'"11'-l- oum-

(be) on the point of A

rise several points fliiJr

-1

ai.ODl,

The cost of living rose several points last

month. q111.w- me f).C" 'I':> 0"19" ""

h-r ~w-

2. 419" ~1C hHII. His speech was brief,

but to the point. 1'"1"1-1- h.,..C 0.11'1'9" .,.
9" ~1C .!'HII ~OC
f:l.ll
imperfect
to the point of hllh

He was provoked to the point of losing his

temper. :,.~"IP'-1>1' hllh.""Cll f:l.ll 1

4-4-.r
up to a certain point Ohd..A.
I can understand it up to a certain point.
Oh.I.A f>1q"/A
what's the point
What's the point in crying? "7A4'il 9"1' f>
m:,0"7A l (or, 9"1' .!'1-C:>A !)
[See also 'cardinal, labor, return, salient, score,

terminal, turn, vantage']

point-blank ( ~ adv.) 04''1':1"
With no hesitation, he gave a point-blank
refusal. flf:,0"7"7 04''1':1" 7.1'0. hll
*He fired at the thief point-blank. 11.qw-1' h

~""'""' htn"laJo
pointed
1. II'A I fll' II. Be careful with that pointed stick!
.!'"11' li'A 11TC -l'm"t4':,0
She has a pointed nose. fll'll h'i'"t"'i h'IT
2. 4''1' .!'II. A cat has pointed ears. t:ou.r
4''1' .!'II ]U: h'IT

3. f-1'1-1~. His pointed gun frightened the

thief. f-1'1-1~aJo moo"tll'a>- ll.qw-"t hll1-

DP(.

~1mm-

strong point
1. 9"11"1. The enemy's

4. /Ia>- f"''.~II. His pointed sayings offended

many people. /Ia>- f"''.~II 1'"1"1-1- 1111-w-1'

strong point was

bombarded before we attacked. h"7'1':l":l"l-1'

/laJo ' h/lof'fOD

OM fm'IT 9"11"1 0119"11 -1'~01-0

2. -l'il'l'.t.. Learning languages is not my strong
point. lt"t!t .,..,C -l'il'l'.t.ll- hf>l-119"

pointer
1. oom.fOI/.J. The teacher uses a pointer in the
geography class. hll-1'"7t:a>- 1(t."l&-.l. II,

there Is no point in Mr 'I';J ffttiJ4'r

There is no point in continuing the discussion.
hh"t"I'I.U ' ID'I_U hCh-1-1' oaof'mll- 9"1'9"
'1':>. flltD-9"

.!'ll-1'9"C Ooom-1'"7..1' f>1111'1A

2. 9"hC. The food expert gave some good
pointers on making better cakes. f9""111
f-l''lfll h.h 1111"'/.P'&-OT HY. h"t'l"tf:
l'"hl!'l-1' lim

to 'the point

Let's stick to the point! h~1-l- h"ta>-IIJ

to the point hllh + imperfect + f:l.ll
The balloon was distended to the bursting

II..,.

pointless
1. f 1'-111'-t>D. He gave me a pointless pencil.
fl'-111'-"" 7.Cflil ilm'1

"

2. 'i't. 11.11 flY~. He told me a pointless

anecdote. 'i't. 11.11 flY~ T<':'l- hm&-11\"i
seem pointless 'I',;J

Yltt- Jr..f.oollA.f"

Further meetings seem pointless. hrtu m.tt

, ' OD{lofl(l11 ' 'I':> ' TfltD- ' hJ!.OD1111\'I"
P'~ FC't'l- Y.mO~
.Point of order, Mr. Chairman! 1\.oJ> OD'tOC 1
P'~ FC'J'I- J!.mO~ I

point of order

point of view h11TTf'l-

1 mo\11

What is your point of view on the matter?

OH.U '1-J!Y. 'IT- ,.,_ h11TTf'l- (mo\11)
,.,~' ~ID-1

poise (v.),

itself

l fC;>;f- ""'t"-11
He kept his poise throughout the crisis. 011b'l- 1.11. v-ll- ft::> ""'t.l.(l- hil\.,..,m
l\'1"
He shows poise in company. O(lm- ootth
II\ ' 1\.lf't fC;>;f- ' OD't.l.11 htltD-

poise (n.) f.::> ""'t.l.11

poison (v.)

I. ODC"IJ M'.:~(O'I-). He poisoned the food

of his enemy. r ml\-il'l r-J11 ODC1f hf..
.:~o'l-

2. ODC11 hO'I. The thief poisoned the dog.

(I,QtD- m-lfm-"t ODC"IJ hO'ItD3. hO'Ill". Fear poisoned his happiness. 'i'CY'I-
1'.11;1-m-'t hO'Ill"O'I4. '1''1!1' ho\1'.<':(0'1-). His wife poisoned the
child's mind against his father. "'1.11'1-1'"'1'
11\)t qq-~: ' "" ' '1''1!1' ' ho\1'.(;~0'1""C"II

Opium is poison.

~"[{t-9'"

ooC1f

~m-

poison gas fODC"IJ m.11

The enemy used poison gas in the war.
iJ

I 1..f'L I

poisonous

poke
I. m;>;>. He poked me in the ribs with his
fingers. 0"1.,.,.; '1-l!.'t m;>:>"i
2. '1-ll"oP. He poked me in the ribs with his
elbow. ObC't- '1-l!.'t '1-ll"oP"i
3 . ._n.,.n. Poke the fire to keep it going!
l\11-t: l\'t'l~.~:- .,.11.,..nmpoke around In 0~0~

He poked around in the cellar. '1".1:-C 0.-t:'t

o.:o.:
poke at ~IJIJ

He was poking at the rubbish with his cane.

4'1flfm-'t ohu&.m- Y.~IJIJ ~oc
poke fun hll'".l.

-~'""

The bird poised itself on one leg. m: Q't.l:"

l\"1;!: .......~

poison (n.)

pole

946

point of order

OlfllC~

1111\..,. I fi0DC1f I ffi.il I .,.ffi..,.OD

1. ooculi'. He was bitten by a poisonous snake.

oocu'i' l\Q-11 ~J!..I.m2. ODC1f):t- Yttm-. Poisonous mushrooms
are inedible. ODC"IJ~'I- Tflm- l\'t'I-JIJ!. h
T-0'1'1"
3. ooc11 TtiO'I-. The analysis of the water
proved that it was poisonous. rCOD64D- I CD-;)
m- ODC"IJ TtiO'I- ....,.,., ' ht::>~at

He pokes fun at his wife. 0"'1.111> TJI'"'i'Q;I-11\

poke (a) hole In

~1'.(1

He poked a hole in the sack. b.lfm-'t ~!'.tim

poke one's nose into 'I'A.:to hi\
Don't poke your nose into my affairs! 0741,.
ID-11'1' 'I'll\~ h'l-011\
poke (out)

I. '\'1-m. He poked his eye out with a stick.

'tJ!.'t-'t O~'t.a'J- '\'1-mm2. 11~ hJ!.t:~. He poked his head out the
window. 0oP11!>1: h't~-t:'t 11~ hJ!.t:~

Poland rll-"i I ?''l't.l:"

polar f'I".I:"C '1'11\:f'
It is very cold in the polar regions. f'J" .1:-C
'1'11\;1- hiJQO. 0"1'1" oJ>11:1'~ ~m-

Pole f?''l't.l:" nmThis store is owned by a Pole. fii.U

Qflll.'l- f?''l't.l:". (ltD-. ~m-

(1-~

pole
I. 'J"(l(l. Will the pole he long enough?
f'J"{I(lm- .,...,. 04: ~m- l
2. hm<;. The fence is made of poles lashed
together with rope. It,...;. f+wt-tD- fi1oo
.1:- OTIIM- hm"l"~ ~,.
3. ~,..,....__ He hung his wet clothes on a pole
to dry. l\C'I'-11 11\ofl{llfi't ~'t"'-'1- 'IJ!. h
(l")
The child climbed up the streetlight pole.
A7t ' t>.:'t-tm- , n.a'J- , "" ' m"l
4. f'J".I:"C 'I'A;I-. Admiral Byrd reached the
pole after a difficult voyage. h.i:-"'1.&.11\ R.C
.1:- bbQ.I:" .,... 0:\'1 b'J".I:"C '1'11\:1'
J!.(;(l

947

polemic

5. mn. His attitude represents one pole of

opinion. 1\!1/DD- 1 .nJI.") 1 mn 1 1>11-1-111111 1
fOOIIh;hl\
be poles apart flllfr" '

polemic (n.) f"t.+l'l

This book is a polemic against previously

advanced ideas . .1'>11 OOJI".t.'i' 1 hH.Il R.L'I- 1
f+lii-M I .t.IIP:Y. I f"t.+l'l I )tJJpolemic (adj.)-!-.+&.~ 1 hChC 1 .I'HII
His writings are polemic. K',.t::'ll 1 -!-.+&.~ 1
hChC':Y. I .I'HII- I <;'l'tJJpolemics hChc

This politician is a master of polemics. f.tJ

I

lltJJ-

fhChC

/1.~

police station ?'11.11 1 "111..1'

The policeman took the thief to the police
station. ?'11.11- 1 /l,qtJJ-'1 1 ?'11.11 1 "111..1' 1
mll~tJJ-

.,.ll.~fl.

In education, they are poles apart. R'I-!I"IIC'I- 1

Q"J!I" I f-foll.l'f. I <;'ftJJNorth Pole fll"''.'l 1 'PA;JHow cold does it get at the North Pole?
fll"''.). I 'PA;J- I M I .I'IIA I Y.+H~~A 1
South Pole f~ll-11 1 'PA;JThe South Pole is located in the middle of a
COntinent. r.f:.fro1] I 'PA:J" I h7: I htJ.,..C I
).!1"11C'I- I ~,. I f.1>;'A

f?'ll-f:li

Polish

)IJJ-

police (v.) -1-'k"'ml

They policed the streets to reduce crime.
d1'I)';A'I I 1100+)11 I 00'11/'.:f"} I T'k"'m-1be well policed 04: 1 ?'II.{':Y. 1 1\lltJJThe streets are well policed. OO'I1P.'Il 04: 1
;"1\.(':Y.. I 1\/1-'f''ftJJpOiiCe (n.) ?'/1.11 I ?'/l.{'?f
Call the police! I've been robbed. ?'11.11 1 T
-1-A'f i -1-HC.w'IIIIExtra police were on duty today. -1-"""76 1
?'II.{':Y.. I ~" I OF&. I 11.1'> I -I-11"7C-fotJJ- I )
RC
police force f?'ll.ll 1 11&.'1!'1The police force protects the people from
criminalS. f?'/1.11 I 11&-'I!'J- I ,ft1j(Jo'l I hd1'J
)';ll'l'?f I f.hllhiiA
police headquarters ?'11.11 1 m~~f. 1 oor
6.1'

The interrogation is being held at police

headquarters. !I"COO;l.IJJ- I 0?'/1.11 I ffi~llf. I
OO!I"6f I QoP~l"' I llf. I )IJJpoliceman (policemen) ?'11.11
A policeman stopped me for speeding. h-1-mll)
tJJo I 'i'T)'J- I Qllf. I QOD")JI-f: I ?'/1.11 I 1\.,.00'f

,II.,.

policy (policies)
I.
The policy of the government is to
keep peace with the neighboring countries.
fOO'J"'F-f> I
I h"l-liJ.'J- I I\1C':Y. I ,:JC I
01111!1" I IIOO'l"C )IJJ2. 1\oo&.e. Cuba's government policy is leftist
oriented. fh-q OO'J"'F'I- 1 1\oo;:.c 1 flo
-~ll'J- I OD'Jof.ll I 1\IIQ'J3. W"'L 1 00!1"6.1'. It is my policy to talk to
every applicant myself. )..I"'JI'IJI.'I 1 1\ooAli
?f I ;l.j\ I "7),:J1C I !1/"t I OO!I"6ff. I )IJJ4. f ihf.tJJ'I- 1 'I'll'I-<; 1 tJJ-A. Don't let your
policy lapse! fihf.m'l- 1 '1'11'1-<; 1 tJJ-Ail 1
1.11.1JJ- I ).'JJI.I'A'i' I -fom'l+~
[See also 'scorch']

,II.,

polish (v.)
I. ml1. I don't have time to polish my shoes.
""1"7f.'l I f!l"mC"'O'J- ' 1.11. I fll'f!l"
2. tJJIItJJII. The m.tid polished all the door
knobs. 1l.l:'f.'P 1 f00111..1'l"'ll'l1 ).)';;J-l":Y. 1 u11- I tJJIItJJII:y.
3. I> lflfII. You need to polish your manners
if you are going to associate with them.
Mil- 1 :>C 1 IIDD"I-JI'f'l- 1 11'1-.t.A"' 1 mqy.u
'I I "7lflfA .l'll.t.A"'YA
He polished his French by taking private
lessons. f"'A I '1-!I"IIC'I- I oooh;J--1-A I Ll")
/If.>;'tJJ-'1 I I> lflfII
polish (n.) +11!1"
Give me a can of shoe polish! 1>'1.1:' 1 .,.C.,.C' 1
f""l"7 I +11!1" I llffi'f
acquire polish hlt.VOt: fl{lA
He has acquired polish by years of study and
travel. h111f' ' 'oP:J''J- I 'J-!I"IJC'J-<; I .,... I
f-f-)"1 I 1\).!I"C'tJJ- I RM.A
Mter years of practice, he acquired the
polish of a professional singer. h1111' 1 'oo+ 1
A!l"!l".(' I 0:\~ I fHof.'f)'J-'1 I - .1' I -1-+JI)';
have a (nice) polish l>'ll\ql+
Your car has a nice polish. DDh,<;ll 1 ;J-'Il\qc
.+II:Y.
Polish f?'ll'l.l:' 1 !11"}!1/
We don't learn Polish in our school. +II"IIC
'J- I IJ.:J-?f'l I tJJ-IIT I f?'ll'l.l:' I !1/")!1/ I 1\
'1"7C!I"

pommel

948

polite
polite

1. '1-m.'l-. A lowly person may often be more

polite than a well-born person. -1111- '1." h

.,_tl- f.,_miiY-

{tm- h""'l' h.,_IDII~ {I

m- ' Y.A!t ' '1-m.'l- ' f.ll"t ' f.l/''lli\
2. f""'l'. She wished to learn all the customs
of polite society. fQ;I.'I' 1-IIG.,. {tofl1 11\"7
P-":f v-11- II"""''C .,_.,...,..,_

3. f.(-11"6 h{t"l'l'. A poll of our class

shows that most of us want a picnic. fh<i:'l":f

1 f.l!'1'"6 .t.{t"''l' .t.-a~'l'il'":f-1 'lic1ic

11""~.(- ' 1\1~11"14.11\"1 ' 111111\

pollen 1M .11--11'1The pollen makes me sneeze. 1nqm- .11--11

'1- 1M'l'{t'l'A

polling booth f.(-11"6 '""ll"'i "'IIJ

polite words '1-.0'I-<;

He phrased his excuse in polite words. l'"h1 1ofo

The polling booths were crowded with people.

1 ' n'l-.n'l-<; ' 11111

f.l!'l'"6 t1DII"'il"'ll "'I!Jl"":f n.n11-a .,_

Q;l,<;")+m- )nC

politely n'l-.n'l-<;
I answered him as politely as I could. n.,.il'll

politeness '1-.0'1-<;
Politeness is a mark of good upbringing.
'1-.0'I-<; ' fOOII\IJI'" ' hii.,.JI~"I ' 11"11\h'l- ' )fDo

political f?"M;IJ
There are two political parties in America.
n.t.~IJ v-11'1- f?"lltiJ R-.l!''i'":f hll-

politician f?"lltii {1mMy uncle is a politician. h1-1: f?"lltiJ

pollute
1. nhll. Sewage has polluted our drinking
water. f4'lflfm- 1\"'IL f""m'l' m-;>":f

'S ""m1 n'l-.n'l-<; ""11{11..11'1-

11 nhll-:f"A

The smokers pollute the air with smoke.

1\Jftl-

h"'iil1- hfC1 nm.ll Y.nh'lll-

2. hGh{t. The mischievous boys polluted the

houses of worship. qii"J.l"'ll 11\,:::- IL.,.
....:,.~(1.1 ' hl.h(l.'l-

pollution
{I

1. ""n'lif'l-. The pollution of the air is

pernicious to our health. 1for ""n'lif '1-

1. f?"lltii hll.,.ltMl. My father's politics

favor the welfare of the farmer. 1q1: f?"ll
tiJ ' hll.,.lt{tofl ' f1nt.l"":f1 ' ~11)'1- '

2. oonhA. The committee made an incisive

study of water pollution. ~c-,. 1111 m-;> ""

IIJo

)OJ-

politics

f.~"I'l-l!\

2: ?"lltii. I'm not interested in politics.

?"lltiJ ' fD-11'1' ' f"""lq'l- ' 11"'1.'1- ' fii'S?"

poll (v.)
1. hll.,.1f'l- mf+. They polled the city
concerning the new school building. 1111 h-'1.
(1. '1-I'"IIC'I- IL'I- .0111 "I-Jif. fh.,_...,
fD-1 .011-11 hll.,.1f'l- mfofl

2. h1"f. My friend polled a majority of the

votes cast. '1~'1'\1. h.,.{tmm- .(-11"6 m-11'1'
h-ll~'l'm-1 ' h1"f

poll (n.)
I. fi'"C"'i "'IU'. The people are going to
the polls to choose a new parliament. .lo11R-
h-'1.11 f;r'C'I"'' """''hC'I- /lt1DI'"G'I' ID~
I'"C"'ifD- "'IU' n""~.l!' 'If. )fD2. 111.,.1f'l- '1-oo<;. They are taking a poll

to find out how people like the new policy.

.lo11R- h-'1.(1.1 fh""tl-C 'l'1"7 M 111
A l\1~"'l.ID.I!' II"71D!t ,rll.,.1f'l- '~-""
<; ' n ....+nA ' 'If. ' <;'I'm-

llm.'l":f-1 m1!t )mnhA '1'11\!l> 'l''l'l- AAG1

polygamy IJ1.1!' "'l.ll'l- n'IY. "''"lq'IThe Christian faith forbids polygamy. nhcllt

?f."7or'l- II1.1!' "'LII'I- n'lf. .,.,q

'I- hAhA )mofiH- !111!1/ ll""'l1C f"'f.":fA {1mThis office employs only polyglots. f. II ""P'
61 IL'I- f"'l.+'I'GfD- -1111- !111!1/ II""

polyglot

'l1C f"'l.":f-11- {tl"":f-1 oflil' )fD-

polytheism n-an- h"''Ah'l- "7""1

Christians and Muslims prefer monotheism
to polytheism. hCIIt1'i'":f<; 1\M'I"":f hofl
H- h"''li\h'l- Y.A!t q1.(- hl'"'lh ,- "7
001 f.""C"'/1-

pomegranate 1!"71
The pomegranate has a sour taste. 1!"71
,..,.~~

' )fDo

pommel (v.) nR-m.' OD:f"

He pommeled him and threw him to the
ground no-m. ODf- ' ""<l-'1- ' 'If. ' HGGfD-

pommel (n.) "'""'~

The pommel of the saddle is made of wood.
ftoeiJ'liJo "'""' M'UU.'J- f_,.,..& )liJo

pomp :9""''~-" P') P'e'\'1The Parliament was opened with great pomp.
9"he II._, fl;J-11.,. F:9" ...'!-t; P') P'e
'\'1-

poor

949

pommel

_,.hL_,.

flfP~'l''Il MA"'flo
'1- f"''.liJoll- ,.,....... ). oPIJ.'Ol".l- 1>11-'1-

employees. lt-q'tyliJo

[See also 'swimming pool')

poor
I. Fo'li. Many poor people live in this neighborhood. flll.ll ll.l.e oflfl< Fo1ll- J'.'i'.!oilSudan is poor in oil resources. ()o)l't flHY.'l-
Vofl'l- F;'lj )'{-

pompous 'Jot.'?
The minister is a pompous person. "?.kil+~
'1-i..'i/

{l(l)o

~d)o

pond It-t.
The cows get their water from a pond. 1\CfP:ri
11Jo;) f"''.mm-'1- hh-t. )liJo

2. '.'f-Ie fflqfl'J-. This is a very poor district.

y.v fl"'9" '.'f-Ie fflqfl'J- "'fl{l. )fllo
3. f"7f.t,q, This is a poor excuse. ,1'.11 f"7J.'.t.
q 9"h'tY'l- )liJo

4. l>lfe qlfe 1 ""'1'6: 1 YA.,..,II, Poor food

stunted the child's growth. l>lfe qlfe 9""1
ofl .lt7).'t l>"'"""""'"

ponder l>IDIIJ l>IDIJ'.

He pondered the effects of his policies on the

Poor food contributed to the child's illness.

Situation. f(to. I 1\0D&-C I Ql\fDo I Qo~:J'" I 1\~ I

,..., liJotn.'l-. l>'t,l'.."''.l\'1'. YIDIIJ. YmeF:. )fle
ponder over h{tl\{ll\
He pondered over the problems. '.'f-1'1-'t l>l't
111'111

,. 'l"h'tY'l- )fllo
Poor food impaired his health. YA.,..,_II 'I"

ponderous
I. "'iM'. The ponderous elephant plodded
along. "'fl<f. 111f't l>H~""
2. f"''.YI'tfll-. The speaker talked in a ponderous way. .,.t;;>tlliJo fl"''.YI'Ifll- v-~:1' .,.,.
~(.

pontificate l>f.,.'l-11""1'1 .,.,.~t.

He likes to pontificate about the responsibilities
of a good citizen. llfl DPAIJ9" H.:> '111
ol.):f- M.,.'l-lloPI't OD<;~e f.ID'IA

pony (ponies) Fo'th .l.t.ll

He breeds ponies. F:'th .l.t.fll- yt,qA
pool (v.)
I. q'tF; l>'l'dtJ'.. Mrican nations must pool
their resources to develop faster. fl>'i'tliJ A
~C'l- fl'i''I')'J- flODflAl\"1 Vofl.foiJ':fliJo't

flAlt .ltoP'/" ""'1'6:l1Jo 9""1ofl l>'tf.'1

"'ofl to.'t ).,'t '1-'lfllo

5. 1.1!"7. He is very poor in arithmetic.
fl..h.ttofl fl"''l" 1.1!"7 )liJo
6. flo!: Y/Aif). A poor education can be
a hindrance to success. flo!: YAif) 'l-9"11
e'l- fl).C' oPtt\J'l- ~'t.,.of.'l- ll.lf't
J.'.l-IIA
7. 'l"llll.'t. The poor little dog has been
abandoned. 'l"lliJ.). 11-l-11 .,.'1'!\..A

8. Mil.,.'?. The attendance at the last three

meetings was very poor. q(lf.'J- 'I'll+ ll
oflllql"'{- IIY. f~'fliJo .lt11ofl fl"'9"
J>)ll_,.>;' )fle

f.,.,..,...,.,

External appearances are often

9.
a poor guide to character. hliJo"l' f"''.:l'l'
v-~:l'l"l- oflfi<IIJo't '1.11. llfl mq.e f
.,. ...... .,. "19"'1- J.'.I'IIIJII10. f.,.'\1-fl. Bus service here is very poor.
fl>IIJo.foR-ll l>~A"Iir''l- l>H.V fl11J9" f_,.
0\f.{l )fllo

*This is a poor representation of a village

scene. J.'.V P'~A foP'tf.e't v-~:1' fl"''.~

q'tF: "7'1'mF: J>flq:fliJo

q ' l>YDPflh'J-9"

2. 1>'1'"1. We pooled our money and rented

a cottage. ~'tHofl l>'l''l'.,.'t l>'tF: 1,1

be poor

.,.h&f't

pool (n.) It-t.

There are no fish in this pool. Ml.l- It-t. ,.

I. '1"1- l>J.'.,l'..fl9". The connections with that

town are very poor. hii.Y h.,.., :>e Yfl
....

oP~t;'?

'1"1- l>J.'.,l'..{l9"

2. l>J.'.If't'l". This is poor soil for wheat.

l>J.'.If't9"

11'1' '\"1 ffl'l"

,I'. II l>ol.e flll't F.

pool of cars

poor health
I. (f)tn.<; "7"1'1-. He was despondent over

*The company owns a pool of cars for its

poorly

950

popular

his wife's poor health. Ill\ "7.11-lo m.<; "7

"1'1- Ml'l" _,.hll )fiC
2. ftD.'t)-"1- OD;J-mh. His poor health incapacitated him for work. fm. 't)., "":l'mh
ll't'lf....&. ' hllbl\aJo

The castor beans popped open. f.,..ir'm-

L)-'1

(be In) poor health m.<; 1>"1

pop out

He has been in poor health for years. bofllt-

'\OD:J-."1- )';rl!" ' m.'i" ' h'I':I:A
(of) poor quality ""'i"'1
Goods of poor quality will not sell easily.
11.+9':-f n4>'111- ll.lfm- 1\f.:ft~-r
[See also 'creature, devil, fellow, memory,
sport']

I. 'i!'l"'' 1>11. His eyes almost popped out with

surprise. n.o.-"t;>m. ' 'tf.). 'i!'l''l' ' 1>11
2. L'l-1\h 1111- m"'. The rabbit popped out
of its hole. 'l''t~ h1-.o.-'i.C:. m-11'1' L'l-1\
h '11'1' aJ"':f
3. .,.'i! 1111- .,.)"1. He popped out of bed.
..A;>m- _,.'i! 1111- _,.)"1

""">:'

2. 1'1 1>.0..:1. He popped his head in at the

door. l>'t1...'t ' nno~- ' 1'1 ' 1>.0..:1
pop open L)-'1
'f:.~

pop up

poorly
I. II't.P. )1'1-. The whole thing was poorly
organized. ~Joll-r )1C f.,.H;>)';m- ll't.P.
)1'1- )fiC
2. ""'I'll:. The team played poorly. 11-.o.-). ""'~'
6:-t-lm.,.

*A desert is poorly supplied with water.

nr.o.-.: no~~ f"7.17m- m-;) n"'r 'l'ot-"1-
)fllo

*He did poorly on the test. f.t.,.<;m- m-m.

..,..

Olh'l't::

)0C

be poorly dressed hAlli\. A.oflil AO(I

She is poorly dressed though her family is

well-to-do. IL.,.I'IIl!l! Vofi;J-r 0.11')-r I>
AIJ/1. Aoflll '1-1111{)1\:f
be poorly lighted not ' oaofl&-'1- ' fllm-r
The streets are poorly lighted. ""'t1P.:f ' not '
""11&.'1- fI'Fm-r (or, f""'t1.o.- ooofl&-."1- .P.
.."7 )m-)
feel poorly m.'t)."l- 1\f.l'l"'im-r
She has been feeling poorly for several days.

h'l'ot'l- "'"'~- m.t~.o

m.'t)-"1- 1>!-1'1"7'1-r

pop (popped), vt. 11:t- 1>.0..:1

She popped her head through the doorway.
l>'t1:t't nno~- -a:t- 1>.0..:1:-f
pop (vi.)

I. 11m- 1111- L)-'1. The balloon popped. 1.'1

~

-om-

1lflo

L~-'1

2. LM. The cork popped. 11-11' LM

3. Lmm. His eyes were popping with curiosity. 'tf.'l",; 01-1-'1- Lmm- ) nc
pop In

I. 11:t> 1>11. Our neighbors popped in for

a while. .,...:IL-f!l':f"t 1\'l'ot-l- 1.11. 11:t>
1>11-

I. n.o.-<t1'1- _,.Lm.:. An urgent matter popped

up. l>ll'fl>.f. )1C n.o.-<t1'1- _,.Lm.:
2. n.o.-<t1'1- 11:t- 1>11. One fine day he popped
up again. 1\'l.o.- ' n ' ll"t.P.1'i" ' n.o.-"t1."1- ' 11
:,. ' 1>11
3. )LI'I. Idle rumors pop up every so often.
f"7f..:IJ OJ.!. Rf1.H.ID- f.)'i!ilA

pop (n.), with a ~ :t 1111The balloon burst with a pop. f'lllth 1.'1
m-:t1111-LM
popcorn fR.f>ll- .f>IIPopcorn is sold like candy. fR.f>ll- .f>ll- II
't.P. h.:"''.'l f.lf"'A
pope 11.4> i\i\ll
The pope blessed the people. 11.4> ' i\i\1'1- '
1111-'t ' IJ.:!J.

pop I ar [fq'i! 'tM-"1-]

populace .1.1111
The populace is in favor of the law. .loll II- '
1-'t ' f..P."I<f.A

popular
I. f.,.q.,...,.. It is a popular belief that black
cats bring bad luck. '1'4oC
""'I'
6: ~.o.-A Y"""'ll- f"''.A f_,.q,.,_,. II
r)."l- 1>11
2. .1.1111-'t f"''.WhA. Some countries have
popular governments. 1\'t.ll"t.o.- 1>11!":-f .loll
11-'t f"''.mhA oo"t"ll"'l- l>'l'fm3. f.lollofl. Popular discontent has grown lately.
n:t-cn- fm"H11 :t-.l.:J- IIY.P.1 't.ll..A
4. 11.,.&- l'lm- 11.1'1 f"''.:fA. He gives

.._.,..,.:y;

popular lectures on science. A+&.

fJ f"''.:fA filf.'tll +roc."~-

(l(l)o

il1

f.I'I"'A

popularity

951

S. oum)':'. These meals are at popular prices.

fH_II I ,...,ofi I "P;J I ODtn\oSj= I \odJo

6. +m-'1)!'. His good nature makes

him
popular. OD&\IJ!I" mQ\< +m-'1)!' fS'.C1'1'A
7. f+mAA. Singing is very popular in America. Q"''.61J"t h1C ' HL"t 0"1!1" f+ID
AA' )IJJo
8. HDD'i'f!, They play only popular songs.
HOD'i''l! HL<:':f ' 11!1' f.H'i''i'llpopular monthly Ot'm"" Aih1fofl f"tfDIIJ

-"""'writes for a popular monthly. OffD-1- A<h

He
1111 A"''.fDnJ ;>ILnJ l\"dt-'1' fH;>JfA
popularity +m'I)!'H
His confident manner gained him popularity.
AO Od-1\-)-f> +m'I)!')'J-"t hTl.LA'Ipopularize 0.01111- H"t.f: f;J-m.,. hl'.l.1
We need books to popularize sciences. {)f. "til
"t 0.01111- H"t.f: f;t-m.,. A_,.f:l."l ""
ll"mll::f fllLA't-'i'A
populate 011~'1- llLl.
Europeans populated America. hiJJoC';TIJJof"t
h"'1.61J IJJoil'l' 011~'1- ll'i'l.'I'A
be populated .01111 llLl.O'I+'The lowland areas are not densely populated.
fol''ll"'li"l h'i'A-:f .01111 011~'1- hAll
Ll.Q:ffJJo!l"
be thickly (densely) populated

I. .01111 '1'-1>'1'-1> hAO'I-. The industrial

area is thickly populated. fl\. "tJI.il'!-6fJJo .,.
0/1. .01111 '1'-1>'1'-1> 1111-0:J-A
2. b'i' 1 fA f<h1111 11~'1- hAIJJo. The
Gurage country is densely populated. f'l-6-1.
h'i'A h1C b'i' fA f<h1111 11~'1- hAfDo
population
I. .01111. The population of the city will be
increased by the construction of the new
highway. fb.,..,IJJo .01111 Q'l(lo OD"t1
.1': ' DDOP6-T ' f.<a.!I"&-A
2. f .01111 41'l'C. The population has almost
doubled in the last twenty years. QAI-'1- Of
'tOD;J-'J- ' f.011fl- ' 41'l'C ' 6'1''1' ' 1\.lrt ' !I"
"t!l" ' h&\.,.l.IIJo!l"
3. f<h1111 11~'1-. Addis Ababa exceeds Harar
in size and population. h'lil hOQ ml.C"t
0!14.'1-'i' 0.01111 11~'1- f.OAm'I'A
4. 0.01111 OD'I"'\'1-. The gold rush speeded
the population of California. Amc:,. f+l'.l.

porridge
111Jo ' 'li"''.f ' fiJII.G:ct.n ' 0.01111 ' """"
11'1- hol.m)IJJo
The government is encouraging the popula
tion of forest areas. .01111- "'&IJ., Oll''f.
il'i'&-l":f ' l."t'lll'i'C ' DD"t"IP''l- ' fOl.;t-;1-A
populous f+<a.'i').,.
It is unpleasant to live in a populous city.
o+<a.'i').,. b.,.., IJJoil'l' ou<rc hfit
l'.il'l-!1"
porcelain fifh'l
He poured his coffee into a porcelain cup.
11-'i'IJJo"t Oifh'l ll.t "'-'~
porch ;t-~ 1 Ol."t-'1
I like to sit on the porch in hot weather.
0'1":1''1- 1..1L b;t-~ (bOl."t-'1) .,..,._
'I' l\m'IAIIporcupine )fC'IA porcupine dug up the ground. JfC'I-
-l>"t ' ofi.Ll.:f

ODt,

pore (over)
I. hMflA. He pored over the strange events
of the preceding evening. QA.I.IJJo !1"'11'1-
ilAI'.l.(lo'J- h"t'l"t.f: l."t"l-'1 )1C':f 1 hM{lA
2. +1'.4-. He would rather pore over a book
than play. bOD"im'l- f.A-1> ""~~""'"' 'If.
OD)'.o(.'J- ' f.ID'IA
pore (n.) fol'-'1 "'-'~-'~
Perspiration goes through the pores. 1111 0
ol'-'1 ' "'-'~-'~ ' IIJoit'l' ' ""'"'"
*He was sweating from every pore. 1111 hit
!l"fll'l- )OC
pork f{)., P' :>
The Ethiopians do not eat pork. 1\.WkfiiJof
"t fll., P':> hf.OII-9"
porous ~ f"''.fflA'i'
There is a stratum of porous rock beneath the
soil. IJL-1- P'C ~ f"''.fll&\'1' f!l/'1'
'1 .f:C11C11 hi\
be porous '1':1'-l>"t .,.'1-'ll":f hAIJJo
Cloth and blotting paper are porous. <a.Col>'i'
.,!l"m"i mt..,.'l- '1':1'-l>"t <1''1-'ll":f h
!l.:ffJJo
porridge 1"tfl:
They prepared the porridge for the guests.
Ah"t"IP-:f 1"tG: hni-

952

port
portm~ofl

The ship was at anchor in the port.

ODA.ftofl't 'I'll-

CD~Il-

ooch....

il.f. .,..,_A

portable
1. fhJ!.'. I want to buy a portable radio.
fhJ!.' ~Y:f" A1~ hJ.A:>IW
2. 4'11.A I -l-'t11. A portable typewriter can
be moved from place to place. 4'ii.A (-l-'t11)
fK".ftJ.-1- ' ODIJ.<;" ' hP;I- ' (1;1- ' II.H'I'CDC '
f.~II.A

portal '1-A:,. oc
The portal in front of the palace is built of
stone. hiL-t- OD't"IP'-1> 4-'1- 114.-l- YlltiJo
'1-Aofl OC hY:'t:>f. f-1-"'&- ~"'"
portend
1. OD!I""'-l- 1\0DIIh-1-. Black clouds portend

a storm. f"'-l\oom-

F.,.ooc;

l}aJofr> :

~4-

OD!I""'-I>'t yoollh;I-A
2. f"'f.OD"' oolf't-'t 1\itf. The street disturb
(1

ances may portend a general uprising. floP'}~

Y: ll.f. f~t".llm- o-h-1- m:,.ll.ll. 1111C
f"'f.OD"' ' ODif't-'t ' YitYA
portent, be a - f"''.h-1-A oolf"t-'t 1\0DIIh-tThe black clouds were a portent of bad
weather. f"'-1\00CIJ'o F..ooc; oo..-G: YfC
o-~;1- ' f"''.h-1-A ' ODif't-'t ' YODIIh;I-A
porter
1. -t-iflt"''. ! h-11.. Shall I call a porter? 1-iflt
"'1. (h-11.) ' AT&- 1
2. Ot".'i'. When he arrived at the hotel, the
porter carried his baggage. lf-1:11- 0~<".11
'1.11. Ot".'i'tiJo h:J'tiJo't -t-ifhooll-1portfolio PC it
I got a leather portfolio for my birthday.
IIA~-1: f_,.ll PCit 1-lltn'f
without portfolio

*He was appointed minister without portfolio

in the reshuffle. IJ-'1.11- f"''.~li-1-C'~ ooii'J'CD
'I' tiJoil'l' f"''.~ll-1-c~-l- lf.oo-1- ltA-t-mM
p &- ;JC

+llmm-

portion (v.) 1\hof..J.II

The mother portioned the candy evenly

among the children. 7.<;"-t-1> ht"."'LII.tiJo't II
A}>:'ll 0-l-hhA 1\hof..J.II:f
portion out 1\hof..J./1
She portioned out the food. !1""111-'t 1\hof..LII:f

pose

portion (n.)
1. h"-A. He ceded a portion of his land to the
government. hoo ~"" hLI\o't IIOD't"IP'-l-
114'4'
2. Y:Clf. My portion is larger than his.
f~ Y:Clf hll- f.OA"'A

*Do they always serve such small portions?

HCD-l-C ' f"'f.Y4'Cil--l- ' !1""111 ' h't~H.tJ ' -l't1i ' ~"'" 1
tear off a portion

~{l

Tear off a portion of the bread and dip it in

the sauce! hh't;(&-m- .,_CIItJ mtn-'t 1\'1'

:,.(I

portly CD'i!&-!1"

The portly gentleman was out of breath from

climbing the steps. CD'i!&-""" lltiJo\L ~(Jfm
't {LCD"! '1-'tof..lf. ' ofiC'I' ofiC'I' ' 1\11
be portly IJII"IC"7 ' If~
A judge's bearing should be portly. fll'i' ofloo
<;" ' IJII"IC"7 ' ODif't ' 1\110-lportrait
1. P'6A. I have a portrait of my father.
YIJ-1: P'6A 1\11'1
2. film- P'6A. Who painted the portrait?
f.tJ't film- P'6A "7't "Ill 1
portray
I. 1/\K. This book portrays life in medieval
Europe . .eu ODJt'th'i: ~ f1'1.m-f!;rtiJw,f")'} foP
lthll'i' H""'t 1\~~c f.~ARA
2. "Ill. The artist portrayed the sunny field
in brilliant colors. fO.hl' ofiC?'t Yt".J-.0-l~ I ""VV I IPq.A,.dJo I Oorfl~tJ I +i\.DY-l- I Uf
lltiJo
3. h't~ -- - lf'l' "'&-. The actor portrays
a doctor. -t-'1'<;"1' h't~ doh.?" If<:' f."'&-A
portrayal "7itf-lShe is weak in the portrayal of tragic roles.
1\it~'f ' Y:C'I.-I'~'t ' 0"7itf-l- ' t".1Y: ' ~It
., ' <;-lgive a portrayal "llt:J:
The book gives an accurate portrayal of
eighteenth-century life. ooJtmf. 1 fOtp6-

liM-1-'i'tiJo't ""-l''i' ' h'i!ll ' HOD't '1-C'

0-l-hhA S'llt".IIA
pose (vt.)
1. l\(14'oum. The artist posed the children

around their mother.

avq.(LdJo

A~=f.~

7.<;;1-:fm- rh~Y l\il4'"""1'fm-

fl

ol.m~. The slums pose a problem for the

city. ffolfll'- -'1"61 0.-f:Y. 1\hT"'/tJJo
'tll".h'i" lf-lc Y.L.-rt:-11-

2.

pooe (vi.) .,..,..,..m

Who posed for the painting? 111"1>11- "'l't
.,..,..,..mll'l-1
pose .. q.o.qqy. -illl- ;f-f I DDilll-
;f-f I 1\f.fl"(lf;l. ll't.l'.--- IJ')
He poses as a war hero though he had never
been in battle. I"C "'L'l llf.tJJof;l. Q.l'.
QQf. ' "f.."l'i" ' DDil/1- ' f.;f-1(;1.
He posed as an expert on African affairs.
ill\ l'l'Nilt -,.'1\'":Y. 0'1'4: -illl- ;f-f
She poses as an invalid when really she is well
and strong. m'tltt:-'i" .1'.1'i" IJ''i" 111\:Y. II
f.fl"{lf;l. ll't.l'. l>ltll 1-.1'.11- '1-ll''i"ll:f

pose (n.)
I. .,..'l'lf'l-. His pose was discovered when
they gave him a test and be failed to pass it.
L..,.'i" (1-r.,.tJJo'l- OCD.I'.+ "l.U "'"l'lf-lo
;f-CD+O-l2. 1\Y.il-~. His kindness is a pose. f(l- .1'."1
)'1- 1\Y.il-~ )tJJo
3. ~~-~~. Her pose was aristocratic. 11-~
:f"'l' ' fliDD!l.T)T ' )0C
take the pose of

lt~fD(JA

r l\11.. - - - lf")

She takes the pose of being an invalid when

really she is well and strong. m'tltt:-'i" .1'.1'i"
IJ''i" 111\:Y. 1\f.fl"(l{;\. ll't.l'. l>ltll 1-.1'.11- '
'1-ll''i"ll:f

position
I. I"6-. He has a good position with a wholesale house. O~fl"~ h"tlfm-0'1- "".l'.ofiC
liJo{ltp I~ I ~to I

1\1\~

2. P;f- l .1'.~7f. He has a good position in the

government. floP"t"'P-h tD-il'l' .f...,"i f1
;f- 1>1\tJJo
He has attained a high position in the government. ODD't"'P'-io tJJoil-r !Jfi!.,.>;' .o.a
~,. ' .l'.t:!l..f;l.
3. v-~;t-. A man in your position has to be
careful of his appearance. Q't.,. v-~;f- ~f.
11\ (ltJJo 1\{ltJJo)-fo oum't+:,O 1>110'1This places me in a very difficult position.
f.U I>M';M lJ-~;f- ~f. f.'rl\>;'f;l.
4. I" f;\."l't. My uncle is a person of wealth and
position. 1>1--1: Uofl'l-'i" Ff;l."''t 11\tJJo
{JOJ-

positively

953

po"

)fD"'

He was my precursor in this position. flH.U r

f;l."''t l\{1- f~ .,_+'l"t )0C

5. 1>\>,:\'t. I had to sit in an uncomfortable

position on the bus. Ol>tJJo.fll-(1- . ~f. 11"'1
f.DD:f ' 1'.\>,:\'t DD+OD'r ' "If(: ' IJ')-IJ~
6. Y.P;f-l il'NI-. The enemy counterattacked our
position last night. m~+ '1-~'t'l- "'l:f"
f.p;f-:f't't ' 0114-tJJo't ODI\(1
He marked the enemy positions on a chart.
m~+ 1110'1-'t il'i!t:- ottc;f- I>DDI\h.,.
7. 1>!1/V". What is your position on this
problem? OH.U .,.'If. ~f. ,.,.,. l'o!IIV"
fl"'t J(:'t ) tiJo l
8. f"t1MO'I- mllofl. The director declared
his position in the controversy. Jl~h~ 0
't'I-Ch- "l.U f"t1MO'I-'t mllofl ~1111
*Put the baby in a comfortable position.
.hY).'t l'ooo!J':f.,.u l>il+fl"mtJJo
be in a position fFil
I am not in a position to pay right away.
l'olJ-).). f;l.h'i!f;l. l'of;l.':f-(;1.9"

positive
1. 7t.c-Jm~. I am positive it's not mine.
l\C"'m>;' t~ 1 n I>Y..I'.IIV"
2. okCT ~lt. "No, I will not do it" was his
positive refusal. fl\9" I I>~C~tJJofl" {Lf;l.
C'r 11\tD-'t llfl"fL;f-tJJo't ~1111
3. fll 'li:f". I expect a positive answer. fll 'li:f"
oof;l.(l l\mQO,!I>I\u4. ouAltr. Do you have positive things to
say about the painting? ill\ 1"1>11- ffl":f"
+COtJJo OD{;I.ltfl" ' l>il.,.ff'l- ' 1>11 l
5. m.4''"L. He gave us positive help. m.4'"t ll
C'l;f- ' l>.l'.~~f;l.'t
6. CD't,_, A positive charge should not come
in contact with a negative charge by accident.
tD't, ... (1.-J: ' fh.l\.h'l-6h '1f.f;l. Q;J
"''"L ll't'IJ'.'I'i"'r- 1il4.f;I.;J{;\.
*He never has any positive suggestions for
our problems. 1\:f"'t:-:f't "'1.4'111 f"t~-'l.
mlltt:f I>:,Octtf;l.'tV" 1>1tJJo:,OV"
be positive O'li;f-tD- l\'t'll\0'1- I>ODI\h.,.
The tUberCulOSiS teSt Wa5 pOSitive. ftarQ I ~
+CIItJJo f/"CODt:- O'li;f-tJJo l\'t'll\0'1-
l'oODI\h.,.

positive manner 0'1'4! ~~ q,.e.~-1:

Her positive manner annoys people. O'P-1:
~ QM;t fll":Y.'t 1llil""lf;l.

positively OliC"I-r
Do you know it positively? 07t.C..,If' :t",.,.+'P
1\U l

possess

954

possess
l. hll(fDo). +He possesses a house and a car.
IL'I-<; ""h.<; hllfDo

He possesses great wisdom. ;t-1\:,.

-rn-a

hl\fl>o

2. .rn. At one time, the Spanish possessed

Florida. Y:r: hll;r>f'";f 'i'/1-6-'11' J?.HfDo
)0C

3. ro.:.:. Fear suddenly possessed her. 'i'C?'I-

(lfDo);l:"l' m<:<:fDo

4. 14-4-. I don't know what possesses him to

act like that. h"l'J'.H.tJ h"l'JU'J'.C"I f"'t1<f.<f.
.... ' ,...,. h"l'J'.ll') hl\....~9"
5. hJ'.<:(O'I-). She thought that a spirit possessed her. qc J'J'.<:II'I- ""1111'1possessed f-1-llhL

He cried like one possessed. h"l'J'.-1-1\hL II

at-

~"fi

be possessed 1"-Pm

He is possessed by the idea that someone

is persecuting him. h."JY: 1 ()at- ~ i\Jm_.,.~ :
J!.Lt>.;J/A O"'tl>. mil-11 -1-fl>ot!).l>.

[See also 'spirit']

possession
1. 1'-flt:.T. They lost aU their possessions.
ODI\fDo 1'-fi<:;J-lf..,. m<f.
2. 07.]!' .,Y:<:"I. The soldiers fought hard
for the possession of the hilltop. ro;t-Y.r:'li f
lo<:ii;J-lffDo"l' ""'.'i' Oh!i'lffDo 1\.,Y:<:"I
O)J!.f>. ' -1-'1'13. "lq'f-. Great Britain has granted independence to most of her overseas possessions.
;J-1\* ilt:;f-"l'J' 11-flrt-9'";{- fll.ftC .,1'-
"lq-f-!1! )lU'I- IIT;J-1\";f
*Is the woman in full possession of her senses?
11.'1-1'-'1' m.<; fll'l-9" 1
be in one's possession fl(to t }..:'E- 1 111
How long has that been in your possession?
J' 111'-1- ' h]!' h111 ,..,. J'tJI>. ' 1.fl,fDo ' )fDo 1
come into possession
I. fli\0.-l- 1 tJ'). He came into possession of
a large estate. f'l-1>.~ Cll'l- 111\IL'I- II')
2. 7.)1: fDollT 111. When did this medal
come into your possession? ~u 1 "'A~ 1 }..:'Eu r m-ll-r f1fla:t- r oo;e 1 )at- ?
get possession of at(l,.e.
The pirate tried to get possession of the
treasure. at")flJ'om- V11-iz") 1 1\00at-()..(;- r tf"
h.:

possibility
take full possession

0~-r-rc 1

fPC

h...e.t:-1

The new cook took full possession of our

kitchen. h-'1.11- dlT IL'I- .,1\Y: IL;f-";f-1'
.,. O<f<TTC P'C hJ'.61fDo
take possession .,.t:.hfl

The new owner hasn't taken possession of the

house yet. h-'1.11- 111\IL'I- 1<; IL-1>1' h
A-!-<:h09"

possessive u-h. 1 fD7..4&11JmC

He has a very possessive mother and has to
consult with her before he goes anywhere or
does anything. o-1\. f9"'1-.,."'m<:fDo 1.<;'1-
111\ll";f..,. 1\.a>"' o\.111 7.!1.1' .,.,he h
110'1be possessive r..:.t\-' f"'Y:t:..., r OO")Lil I h.i\t&

A young child is so possessive that he will not

allow another to play with his toys . .nn h
:1'1' f&-11- f.,Y:<:"I """l'LII 111\1\fDo ""
""'.a>!l'fDo"l' 1\.1\ 7.1'-'I.)IJO'I- LK"'" hf.
L~Y:9"

possessive pronoun h.1'i"lffl.. 1 .,.~&1\m : il'r

"Mine" is a possessive pronoun. f). 1 roy_
/tl&

~/:\. I

h."J~Iffl.. t

.,.at-t\m

(lf"

)lD"

possessor 111\IL'I-

The possessor of movable property must pay

a certain tax. f-t-"l'+il:J>ii 1'-11<:'1- 111\IL'I-
h"l'Y: 'IJ!.)T "1-IIC ODhLf>. hi\0'1-

The house remained in the hands of the same

possessor for many years. R.rf: r 1\-flffo t noo'i"
'1- ll"l'Y: 111\IL'I- 1.]!' ol'f
possibility (possibilities)
I. ""1'1Y:. I see no other possibility. 1\.1\ .,.,.,.
1Y: hf.;J-f"'i9"

2. 9'"C-A. Outside of this, there's no other

possibility. hH.tJ 1\.1\ 9"1'9" 9"C""'. f
{19"

3. f"'t!I'A. Let's not confuse possibility with

probability! f"'t!I'A"l' hf.ll'<;t>. :>C h<;

.,_,..

4. 1\mU'I- fDom.'l-. I see great possibilities i11

h~Y: fDollT 1\a>U-1> h
'i' .I'll fDom.'l- J!.;J-V'1t>.

this plan. OH.tJ

*There is no possibility of his coming now.

t.o-1' 11""9""1'1- voot";f~>.o-r , ""1'1Y: ,
fl\9"

*Is there any possibility that you will go to

Ethiopia this year? OH.tJ 'lou'f- h.'l-1'-kJ'
f9"'1-'tY: J!.""fll>.?t>. 1

955

possible

+ negative imperfect +

be a possibility II

UC!I"

A whole week of rain is a possibility. ...,...,.,

1 0 ... 11- <'l,I'.H1il h,1'.4>Cf"

possible
I. IU'-CIIO+ f"'l."fA. Are you insured against
all possible accidents? IU'-CIIilll It"''."fA
h!.;J ' 11-11- ' '1'11'1-'i' ' hl\11 1
2. 11.11"7"7 f"'l."fA. He is the only possible
man for the position. llJP&-m- il.h...,..., J f
"'l."fA 1>fl- ii;F ~a>-

There are two possible routes to Harar.

mY. .h~C f"'l.mll.t:- 11-11.'1- ""111." hi\
be possible
I. II.IT1 ;Ftt. That's quite possible. Y II.
IT1 f"'l."fA ~a>2. gerundive
,I'.IT'i'A. It is possible that he
went. 'tP. ,I'.IT'i'A

posterior
post (n.)
I. hm'i' i !l"flfo. We need posts for our fence.
ll'l'&-"f1 hm'i' Yllt.A1'i'A
The post is fast in the ground. !l"(l(oa>- ao&,
'I- a>-11'1' tnil.f 1-1-h!lA
2. ';ft)A, The workers planted posts along the
road. w&--t-'P=r; aD11'1. 11,1'. "ft)A :fhll3: fof-ou!.OO'I- ll:t-. A good soldier never
deserts his post . .,...;.. m;J-S'..C a r''} 1..t1.
f" f-t-aof.OO'I-1 ll;t- h,l'.tt;r.r
4. ll'i!&-. He was given the post of school
director. f'l-f"IIC'I- n.+ .ll.&.h-1-C~+ II
't:&- a

..,.(lmm-

5. 7"11;1-. I shall send the package by post.

'l';r.ll-1 O;rll;t- 7>At}I\1Jo

[See also 'border']

postage (n.) -l:!l"iiC

+~'I'

make possible lt~l\

Postage due: twenty cents. f1:r"11C

, , ' <'11tf" ' ~ ....

Canning makes the preservation of food

possible. OIIJ<'l "''if"l f""lil1 O!."r'i'

postage (adj.) f?"ll;tPostage stamps are printed in every country.

,.~;r

f:rll:r oJ:f"iiC'"f on~ ,r.:r-t-"'111-

ttoumo;r. Yll"fiiA

possibly f"'i'Aq+

postal f?"ll;t-

Are you going to get a raise? Possibly. fl.

'1"'11 "f!""'& A;t-1~ ~a>- 1 f"'i'Aq'JCould you possibly call me? f"'i'Aq+ A+
!.a>-AA~ '1-"fiil\11 1

They cannot possibly arrive before midnight.

hl>h-tt tt.ll.+ o.c.+ 11.111- h,r."fll-r

*I can't possibly go. fM!." h,I'.DDIII\~!1"

*He works as fast as he possibly can. O"'l.;FI\
a>- 'i!'l'~'l- ,l'.w&-A

1. ouf.O (1-DD!.O). There were soldiers posted

at the bridge. .t:-A.t:-'1- hm1il fof-DDf.IJ-
~o~

2. M'"". The captain posted guards at the

door. lff"OII- ' 0~ ' 11,1'. ' Hil ' h.fOD
3. ttmt.. Post no bills! "711;1-m<I!Y h'l-tt'l''i!
4. 7"11;1- n.+ hll1q, I posted the letter
yesterday. !.ii'IO.a>-1 '1-'i"t'l- 7"11;1- n.
+ ' hll1q,.

keep one posted l\.1.(11.'1-)

Keep me posted on what happens while I am
gone. 01\.1\11-0'1- 'l.lL f"'l.IT~a>-1 ~1C
11-11-' l\'i!A~

*Informers keep him posted.

fflll.~~1(1)o

Y4>iiii-;1-A

; l}o/r

The postal service is very good in the country.

J'1&of, f?"ll;t- MA"III-'1- OIIJf" 'I'~ ~a>-

postbox f!.ii'IO. "'/m&-4>"'/.Y

The postboxes are painted red. f!.ii'IO.
m&-4>"'/.Yl":r; 4>,1'. -t-4>ii1-'PA

"'/

postcard t)c.<:Postcards showing the palace are sold here.

fll.-1- ' OD1"1P'-Io ' P'~A ' Yl\q:fa>- ' ltC
P.';f 7>H.II ,l'.ifiiJII-

post (v.)
m;ru';f

m.c. h4>qf"';f

lt,"}J;.fODAffiiD-

BJ~

poster

P'~ll'l!

"""Ill""

The Tourist Office has several posters showing

Ethiopia's antiquities. N:&ll+ .t:-c~+ f
I'..+Nrn 'l'1:t-'l!~+ f"7.1Al\. iln-
P'bll'l! ' aD"Ift"'il""f ' hll-'1-

posterior f:\1\,.
The posterior part of the building was damaged
by an earthquake. fih1Ka>- 1':\tt,. h'i!A
oao&.'J- ""14>'1'":,'1' f"h1Y+ 1-'1-.t:":f:A
be posterior 0:\1\

r )om-

The Time of the Judges is posterior to the

Solomonic restoration. foPfttt:,.."f- s nou,. 1 hil
ir1",. I JPC(D I OD,."'JP."f- I ~...-~ I OD)..,."f- I
0:\11 ' ~ ....

posterity

956

posterity wS'.4.:,. f"7.oMJfo :,.foA.I:"

His poetry will be admired by posterity.
fCo\- 1'1'9" wU:,.
.1:" f"7.S'.t~ f.ll''OA

R"7_oMJfo :,.foA

1. h'l"+ R:\'1. The book was published posthumously. oox-.h4- f;t--t-oofo ~{t.fo
h'l"+ R:\'1 tfo
2. l)q-f> .,.,. R:\'1. The child was born posthumously. .nt'i- l)q-f> .,.,. R:\'1 -1-WltS'.

postman ?"II:J- t.ool\'111 1 ?"11+.,.

Has the postman come yet? ;rii;P : }tDDI\It
~<; t.A"'"'I9" ?

postmark (n.) f?"II:J- n.:,. .,..,+,..

The postmark on this letter shows it was
mailed last week. Rll.ll S'.ofl-'10. 'If. 'ltfo
f?"II:J- R.-1> .,..,+9" qftd.fo liM:,.
~"tS'.-1-'Ih

,ii,A

(be) postmarked f?"II:J- n.:,. .,..,+!1"

Mn:,.

This letter is postmarked May 15. f.ll 1.11

'10. 1"t(l:,. OF&- ~!1"11:,. f"7.A f?"

ll:t- n.:,.

.,..,+,.. t.11n:,.

post office ?"II:J- n.:,.

The post office is closed on Sunday. ?"11;1- n.
-i: ' ,.,......1:" ' 111 ~

'""It

h;J-A

One postulate of geometry is that a straight

line may be drawn between any two points.
hl(l'""'""6 """'t..+ t~C':f t."tJI- noll,. ' t'l'll:f ' ODI)bA ' 4''1'-J-... OD/"ODC
~IPOD~/A I fOf..A. I ~CI)o

posture
1. fllfot:,. t.!!'9". Good posture is important
for health. -No fllfot:,. t.!!'9" ltm.n
:,. m.+"7. tfo
2. 11-k;J-. In the present posture of public
affairs, it is difficult to invest money safely.
qo-'). fa.11ofl 11-k;J- 1"tllofl"t ,lt'I'C
y:,. RF&- 'If. "7'1'A hq.l:" tfo

pot
I. lfh'l. I bought many different kinds of
pots while I was in Ethiopia. t,.:,.v-~;:, ntn
ch-n:,. 1.11. 1111- At< At< ~,.t,.

lfh'19':f ~~~~2. "7111!'. Put the pot on the fire! I need some
hot water. "7/IC'fo"t "'~fo l -~ fo;) ~
d.A:Jltll1'0 to pot
1. wS'.-t. The store went to pot. ODf.11~ w

.I:-!!'A

post office box

1. f ?"II:J- "''l'"t. He picks up his letters from

the post office box. 1.11-'III.J"'Ii"t h?"II;J-fo

"''l'"t ' f.tII'IA

2. f ?"II:J- "''l'"t .,.'I'C. My post office box
is 229. fk ?"II:J- "''l'"t _,.'I'C o-11:,. oo
.P. .,, lim~ tfo

2. hlfd.. Our plans went to pot. ~~'l:f"t

hlfd.

[See also 'coffeepot']

potable ll""m'l' f"7.11'"t

This water is potable. f.ll fo;) ftoum-r f
"7.11'"t tfo

potash r:t-11
Potash is obtained from deposits in the desert.

postpone t.ll-1-'lltd.
I can't postpone the appointment.
'111-J-1\Ad.fo t.A:fA9"
be postponed +1\hL

+mc-m-~

The game was postponed on account of the

rain. ""'"';J-fo 011'011- 9"h"t ,,. +'I ltd.

postscript hS'.ofl-'10. 1C1.

it can be done. t."t.l:" /lfo h"t.l:""t t~C

"t-'I.J'S'.C1 OD"J~C ltJ-(..1 oo!J'ft-"t

postulate (n.) """'t..+ t~C

posthumously

a:. (7"11-1-'i'fo)

potent

'It -1-""'"76

The postscript was written in pencil, but the

letter is typed. hS'.ofl'IR.fo 1C1. 'ltfo
+""'"76 f-1-l\d.fo R~Cilll (t.ll'"t 1.11

'IR.fo 1"t nooh.<; tfo

postulate (v.) t.oofth+

To tell someone to do a thing postulates that

?":J-1i hRt..'li fo/1'1' -J-h"7:f.P.

f.~ ...A

potato (potatoes) .1:-"t:f

He eats boiled potatoes. f-1-4'4'11 .1:-"t:f f.
R'IA

potent
1. ..,,_11.,.. The doctor prescribed a
medicine. .hh_oo- ..,f.lt'i' OD.I:";)~:,.
Only a potent ruler could restore
o-h:,."t ""A(l "7t..;>;>:,. f"7.:fA
;;: I

OD~ I

ofl;F

potent
hllll

order.
"1f.lt

)liJo

2. f"'-'11-J-"79""). Several potent arguments

were in his favor. f"7.,11+"79"'i- oflll- "711
l..'/f9':f S'.1d.fo;J-A

pouch ht.m.'I-

potentate 1'fr
A Middle Eastern potentate is going to visit
Washington. 1\'tK.- f""'>thl\>;'fDo ?"1"~:,.
1'fr 'l''ii't"'-1-'t't ll:,.n'S t..,.

f'ii..,"'ll.fDo {lfDo '\f-lo- ht.m.'l- .I'Oli"A

*The child shows great potential. ihf\o- 11.0

IlK-I f"'f.:.fA :.f&-:1" l\1\fDo

potential, adj. ( = adv.) mu'IThe potential sales of this book are great.
f.U oPJr.J.'i' m1.~'1- ofllf" 111.1' f.'l" (.
'I'A

He has the character of a potential leader.

mu'l- """' 1\oPIJ''t f"?Jil:.fA 'liht.

f. 1-:t"f.O:t"A
*There is a potential danger of being bitten
when playing with a dog. hfDolf :>e {L '"i
(JJ... . oPthil?" l\11

I. fD1.~'1- 1\..,A..,'I- f"'f.ii'AO'I- IJol!.:l".

The conference is discussing the potentialities of the Awash valley. .,.qt....,. fl\'l''ii't
111-1' fD1.~'1- 1\..,A..,'I- f"'f.ll'AOM
IJol!.:l" f.t:>1~A
2. 11.1-eil f"'f.:.fA t1e. Atomic destruction
is a grim potentiality. fl\of"''.h l\'1'4-t'l-
11.1-eil f"'f.:.fA l\{l:J>4: t1e tfDo
-~t.'I-

The sorcerer put a sleeping potion in the man's

drink. at''Ht" I 01\C&(C..(I)o I Oll'ffi"J' I aJoitT I
f"?Jlli">;' ""~t.'l- <R.oP/.0'1-

poultry

P..r:

The raising of poultry is being encouraged by

the government. OD'}""JP-f: I r p...f! I C(l") I
!Ol.:t":t"A

pounce K."'t1'1- '

meP.. '"

The hawk pounced on the pigeon. "ff"Aol-:1:

"1!1.'t

K."'t1'1- '

me"' '""'""

pound (vt.)
I. lhlh. The women pounded the grain to
remove the hulls. M:Y. 7.UII-'t 1\0DL.,..,

2. CD+m. The woman pounded wheat in a

mortar. 1!.'1-f"'l' il'tl..fDo't o-+""1 m+
m:.f
3. 1.01.0. He pounded the door with his
fists. O~'t Om-""1 1.01.0
4. "":'". He pounded nails into the wall.
'If. ?"il..,e "":'"

"'K.-"'"'fDo

pound (vi.)

I. i""":l". Wecouldheardrums pounding in the

distance. h~:,. hor: {L"":l" f.{l..,'t
toe

2. 0..,1-A "":'". His heat! was pounding with

excitement. All- OK.-"t:>m. 0..,1-A ,_.,..

:t-

potsherd flfhll ilofle'lt.

The archeologist made a collection of potsherds found at Axum. 1\Ch.l"ll-'l(ll., 1\h{l?" fi-11''1-'t flfh'l ilofle'lt.l":.f {10{10

toe

pound against

..,~L

Waves pounded against the seashore.

..,~011-

f'lih~'t "'ei" 1/.LfDo

pound on

potter (v.) mi!J m-'l.u l\11

He pottered around the house all day. Ml.'l-
ID/lJ fD-'l.U {LA ' 'I'll

potter (n.) lfh'l "'"'

The potter makes pots for the entire neighborhood. lfh'l 1 "''-"'" 1\l\>t'IO..fDo ""'ti.C
o-11- flfh'l 7.:1" ,_,~A

I. 1.01.0. We pounded on the door for five

minutes before they heard us. M{l- hoP{I..,:J"
"'"'" ' 0.1.'1- ' 1\?"il'l- 1.4::1" ' -~~- ' OD"JI'I..
.l'fDo't il'ti.OK.-ofl )Oe
2. 1.fl1.fl. They hardened the eatth by pounding on it. .,.o!..,'t 1-AK."tlfDo 1\m)h~'l-

pound (n.)

pottery (potteries)
I. lfh'l. In this village, women make pottery.

111- ' 1!.1'-:Y. lfh'l '

(or, '\f-lo- i"'t<l&e!f.A)

lfhl11-'1-

potentiality (potentialities)

OILU ' DD'ti.C '

The traveler carried his provisions in a large

pouch. oP't11.>;'fDo 1 P''t<lt"t 0'1-A:,O hl.tn.
'1- i"lfhou

The old man has pouches under his eyes.

potential (n.)

potion

pound

957

potentate

,.,~~~-

2. flfh'l I"~- Is this clay good for pottery?

f.U l\4-C lllfh'l I"~ 'N- ' tfDo!

I. t'l'e. She bought two pounds of sugar. IJotl

'1- ' t'l'e illo.C 1q:.f
2. ;rfDo'tK.-. This book cost five English pounds.
fiLU oPJr.h'i' 'I':> 1\?"il'l- fl.'t"ll\.11
;rfDo't1:." tfDo

pour

958

pour (vt.)
I. 4'.11. Please pour me a cup of coffee!
l\111: tu: Itt ......,.. :J>JIA't
2. hm"'. The plants drank up the water
I poured on them. Thii-'Jl ,l'm"!:\'fliJo't
IJJo~

I DDatato+

3. 111ftm. He poured the coffee from the

coffeepot into a jug. 11-<;liJo't h)';ft<;liJo "7't
"C"&,I'liJo liJoil'l' 111ftm
4. hd..(l(l. He poured a lot of money into this
business. 't"'-'1- i\J'. -1111" 1'tH-II hd..(l(l

John had a rude shock when the other boys

poured a pail of water on him. }l:'t A;ri:'ll h
't~

qAJI.. liJo;> qd..(l(l..fto}o '1..11. .!:)1m

S. OQ.ou,:. The fire flared up when I poured

some gasoline on it. a:tH.'l -fi"'-,..CO+ "1..

l\11-l- (l"' hll

6. htDl.l:. They poured scorn on their rivals.
ftTtDJIJI&l"!l''fliJo i\J'. fll~-11 ou'l-l- h
m,:-'1-q'f..,..
pour (vi.)
I. d..(l(l. Water pours from the broken pipe.
hT(lft<:liJo !1..'t!J.. liJo;> J'.d..IIA
2. P..fi: mt..K It's pouring outside. "-(Do?
P..tt: J'.IDCJIA
3. ID.:.I:. Wet salt will not pour from the shaker.
l\C'I'-11 OQ.liJo h-IIA,..m- liJoil'l' hJ'.
H.

tDC~'I"

power
poverty
I. ~lh-l-. He is living in great poverty.
fthq~ ~lh-l- ..,..ll"' Wl'&-A
2. (~adj.) 11'1" ,I'All"). The poverty of the soil
makes the crops small. 11'1" ,!'All") hd..C
l\IIA ,I'Ai""I.A
A dull person's talk shows a poverty of ideas.
M ' 0..11 ' ........ I f"t<;1ll1Jo I )1C I '1'-1- ,....
-II J'.'I-~II'I'A

[See also 'sordid']

powder (v.)
I. d..OQ.. The housewife powdered the sugar.
fiL:t 1 >,ou(Lo}o lll>.-1-'t d..OQ.";fliJo
2. )(l)(l. She powdered the cookies with
sugar. h.h- I i\J'. ' {1\>,C I ),U{I";f
be powdered ftU(O-l-)
+The ground was lightly powdered with snow.
"""'""

ftoum'i-

ft<:P..

ft'l'ft:J-A

powder (n.)
I. ~"7"t-l-. There is enough powder here to
blow up the whole town. l\11..11 1 h.,..,..,.., 1
ft ..... j\o 0 11"7liJoJ:'J" I ft-1: 0 ~"7"t-l- 0 hll

2. q-~o~. The powder is contained in a

capsule. q-~o-'1- 1 ftiJ'J"(l..C 1 liJoil'l' )tJJo
3. 1'-'1-C. She uses face powder. "-:t't 1'-'1-C
-l-4'qll:f

pour down

I. .,...,..._.:.,..:. The sweat was pouring down

his face. 'Ill- ft.L-1> 'IJ'. J'.'t'il.<:.,.c )ftC
2. ma. The rain poured down. P..'f< m

<:.1:

4. -'1-<1:-l-. A powder made of sugar is sprinkled

over the cake. fth.h- 1 'IJ'. 1 flll>.C 1 -'1-<1:-l-

T)ll't(l )ftC

crush to a fine powder

~tJr.(l

She crushed the pepper to a fine powder.

pour out

ftCfttlo......,

I. d..(l(l. The grain poured out of a hole in

the sack. l\1111- ft;r/:t,l'liJo 4'.11.11 d..(l(l
2. '1-t:d... The crowd was just then pouring out
of the theater. ,!'). .b"Hflo 1<; h-1:,1'-l--1-
J'.'I-Ctt: )ftC
3. f - - - ou'l-l- htD.:.I:(ft-l-). He poured out
his insults on him. f(l~ ou'l-l- htDt:.l:
ft-lpour over J\AG! .L(t{t

(be) reduced to powder IJ.'k-l- If~.

The chalk was reduced to powder. mou).liJo 1 -'1-

The water poured over the dam after the heavy

rain.
~11-'t

hq~

"H<;'I" h"'ll ft:\'1

hAG: d..(l(l

..,..;>..,.. "'

pout 11'1"1'....., "'ll

The child pouted because his mother would

not buy any candy for him. A:<!: >.<;-1> h
<:"'ii lli\A1~"lfll-l- 11'1"1'...., "'ll

<1:-l-

J:.,.(l";fliJo

II")

powdere d (adj.) .I:_,..:J>

The cook dusted the cake with powdered sugar.

ftD'I' ' IL-1:-1> fth.h- ' i\J'. ~

li\\C

)(l)(l:f

powdered milk -'1-<1:-l- tDT-lHe likes to put powdered milk in his coffee.

"t.flo<;liJo
tDJIA

liJo{I'J'

-'lo<J:o}o

tJJT-}o

""OQ.ODC

J'.

power
I. "lJ'.A. The power of his blow split the
wooden door. f'l"-1> 1 "lJ'.A 1 f6't<Q.-I>'t 1
OD"JI'I..,I' I Tt:Tt:,..

powered

practically

959

Running water can be used to produce electric

power. mt-)!' tJ>o;) fl>~"11: ~f.A 11"'1

powerful

I. ~f.ll':'. The powerful nation could not be

il1"f'l- .1'111"11\A

defeated.

Water power is needed to bring electricity to

houses in the country. 11q111C IL.f-:f 1>~"1

Fl'll9"

1: ll"''"'q'J- ftJ>o;) ~f.A fhi.A:>A

Is the press a great power in your country?
q1CU ;>H.tn:f ~f.A lo.'l'ftJ>o 1

2. 1>~"11:. The explosion knocked out the

power for several hours. I."ll[tJ>o 1111,. il'i
'1- ' 1>~"11:tJ>o"l t.ll:~mtJ>o
3. P'll'."'"l. The American Congress has the
power to declare war. fh"'l.<IIJ 9"1lC IL'I-
tnC)'J- ll"''dl)!' P'll'."'"l hlltJ>o
That's beyond my power. 1 hP'Ill"'~ 0'1
f. )dJo
How long were the Socialists in power? (ll(fll.
h-Hi OP'Il'."'"" 'If. llh"l'l- 1..11. .fl' 1
4. :fir'?-. He is a man of great intellectual
powers. h'i'-1-'1' f"''(l{lo;" rooooc~-ooc :f
fro?- flltJ>o (ldJo )dJo

The chameleon has the power to change its

color. t.hh'l- oPil'.\\"1 fooll1'dl'l' :fir'?-
M'l5. 11C-f>)'J-. The power of his argument won
many to his side. fhCh-1- 11C-f>)'J- 11,.l"~
"I f(l- dl1"1 hf.~;>'ffDo
power failure flbl\.h."f-6h ?-..(-i\."f-

Because of a power failure, the station went off

the air. O.h.l\oh'l-<lh 'l-1:11'1- f-1-)"f f<l-"1.

\'"dJo TC""'cl-9" -t-!11 ~m
come into power P"AIIJ'l "'-RmiP"AIIJ'l.f H

When did the Republicans come into power?

<1-.Tilii.IJ'l':f P'll'."'"l fo:Q.Om-'1- (ff,.
'1-) """' )dJo 1
Great Powers ..-,.f"-1 r OD')""IP".:t"+

The Great Powers are going to hold a disarmament conference. ~~~., oo'}..,P":f":t-
hll tnC oP"f<lf ~FI hiJ(lq ll.ff.C'l- )dJo

In one's power fO?..":fA I f"t.;.:IUD

I'll do everything in my power. fll":flltJ>o"l

(f'L!I'II''i"l) o-11- hf.C;>IIo(be) out of power hP'Il'."'"l m~
The Socialist Party is out of power. f(>itJ'II.h
-Hi .TC-1: hP'A"'"I mCJ;..A

[See also 'legislative, mandatory, reasoning,

will power')

(be) powered by f

--- ..,,.,.. hlltJ>o

The machine is powered by an engine. oPVf61
dJo f'I"-1-C ~f.A hlltJ>o

~f.ll':'tJ>o oP"I"'P''I- ll.iH'i' hill

They invented a powerful drug against malaria.

rmq. '1-"l"i llooh'lhf. ~f.ll':'' oPf:;)t'l-' l.m-1-

My father is a large, powerful man. t,q-f;o 0

"19" ..,,.<;:-; ~f.ll':' <;'ftJ>o
2. 1-AU. He has a powerful voice. 1-AU 1:9"
6 hlltJ>o

(be) powerless

'i~9"

h"'

He was powerless to resist the temptation.

.1.-l-o;"tJ>o"l lloPll/ll/9" ~~9" h"'

practicable P'cl- 'If. ll.tJ>oA f"''.:fA

He presented a practicable plan to combat
the disease. 0"11;1-tJ>o"l llooll/!119" P't- 'If.
fl.tJ>oA f"''.:fll'. t.~f: h~C!I.A

practical
1. -1-10.. It's not very practical to take one's
vacation in the rainy season. 01JIJI1-- 1 mt--1- 1
6~<;:'1- oPtJ>o(lf: -l-10. hf.S'.II9"

2. o-~;1-tJ>o'l t.f..f- f"''..,cl-. He is a practical

businessman and is therefore very successful.
' hf..f- ' f"''_tpcl- );>.<'. hlltr) '
0"19" -t-ilh.f-11;1-A
3. OP'cl- 'If. fl.tJ>oA f"'l.:fA. Theoreti-

o-~;1-tJ>o"l

cally the plan is fine, but it is not very practical.

0'1Ar- I "-o}oJJ. I ~ I )lD" I ..,,.
f. fl.tJ>oA f"''. :fA hf.S'.II9"

OF&-

4. ( ~ adv.) ooo.,~-1>. So many of our soldiers

were killed that our victory was a practical
defeat. 11,.l"~ m?-f.r:FI':f"l hll'l"-1> "''
lf)of.:f'l Ooowc::-J> f-lf)<;: IUA )tJ>o

be practical
I. M"IH11 hf.MI om.,.. Her husband insists

on handling the money because she is not

very practical. 11.'1-1'"1' f1"1H11 hf.MI h
11"'1;1-dJo~ q!l' 7.~ t-Il. IJA111h-'l- f.'IA

2. ( ~ trans.) P'cl- 'If. A'I'll. His grandiose

plan is too expensive to be practical. btt:T;:;:-
ftr)tJ>o t.~JI."I P'cl- 'If. 11"'11'A lfoo
m"l O'lf. "'"'- f.mf.:J>A

practically
1. 7."11."7.0)!' hf:C'I. You have to look
at things practically. "''"l':'tJ>o"l9" )1C t.
"l~"'l,O)!' hf:C1U ' ooouAh'J- hii11U

2. Oof-"'qc. He knows machinery both practically and theoretically. OO"l<IS'l":f"l OT"iq

C9" O~A\'"9" ftJ>o:l>A

practice

960

3. floPw:-11. It is practically useless to protest.

Oouw~-1: I OD:J>m'l" 'I';J fi\ID-'1"
4. AIIJi\T ~!FillA. Their provisions were prac~
tically gone. F't:J>'fm- hii\!!'A 11'"111'1- f.
ii'~A

*The movie is practically over. fl.t"Ym- mF..

'"11\<f:J'm- _,.-'IC!l.A
be practically out of rt'r ~UA.

hA+t:.

I am practically out of cigarettes. 'l"'t'l" J'tJA

{1.;1&- hA+~'t

be practically the same 7,~..,,..

h.f,lt~f..
Portuguese and Spanish are practically the
same. f;rc-t:;JA<; fil.T't !!"t!!'l":f 1.~
"1'1" hf.IIJ'f.

practice (v.)

1. .,.1\"'/0DJ'.. He is practicing the piano. -r;Y

'j

f-1\'"/0DJ'.A

2 . .1..1\0D. Do you practice what you preach?

1\(llD- I f'J"'I-ODb~lD-') I '1-ol..ll""'/1\tJ !
3. w&-. He has practiced medicine for twenty
years. OJ' -too-l- ,_1\o O.loh'I"'O we

;I:A

be practiced .,.w&-(0'1-)
Circumcision has been practiced in Ethiopia
since ancient times. "ICH'I- 1 Oh.'I-I'"A"Y h
'l''t'l- )';'1"1!' 1 Y.w&-O;t-A
[See also 'idolatry, law, moderation' ]

practice (n.)
1. A'"IY:. We'll have to put a stop to the
practice of working at night. '"I ;t- '"I ;t- fou
P'&-'1-'t A'"IY: '"IIJ.'I" h1111't
I have made it a practice to get to work on time.
liP'&- 01\'t-t: ""J':~il't A'"IY: hY:~
'1'1\o2. A'I"'I"Y:. They did better after a little practice.
h'l'4:'1- A'I"'I"Y: 0:\~ f_,.lfll hY:C'I

t1J- I IP~:,.O

3. 11l.C. Naval officers must understand both

the theory and the practice of navigation.
ffl.loC ouh-'t'l':f fooCh11 OD't-'1'1-'t P'&-
0"1AI'"'I" 01flC'I" .,.,.:,. 111\tl'fm4. '1""/fiC. Christian practices have occasionally been adopted by members of other
religions. 11't-'l'tY: fhCil1:J"t '1""/fll!':f
01\.11-:f 1.'1"~'1- _,.hff:f H'tY: _,..,.q
1-~'1- 11"/'t.,.'I'A
5. P'&-. The doctor wanted his son to take
over his practice when he got old. 1'-h-K- l'.
(1. Oayj~~O'I- 1.~ A)!: OP'&-ID- l'.'t
....,.It ' ol..l\1

praise
*The practice of closing stores on Sunday is a
good one. l'.m.Y: l'.m..r: (1.:,0 11"1 ool}'
). I

"~'"""

)aJ-

*The doctor has a large practice. mh.- 11

,_ 0'11.,.'1'1' ' hir'IThe lawyer has a large practice. mO:J>m- 1 11
,_ ~1~.,.'1'1' ' 111\o'lpractices F~

He is known for his loose business practices.

O't"IY: P'&-ID- ~f. 1.'1"~+ 11'1'-'lf.~-1> f
;t-m.,. ' ~,.
be in practice Op,&. I 1\f, I 1'A
The law is in practice now. ih"l- OP&- 1\f,
~A

put into practice OF&- 1\.e 1 h'FA

They decided to put the scheme into practice.
1,:,0,11.1 I 0/"11- I 1\f. I 1\'"/'fl\ I GJ(l).

practiced (adj.) FAm-'t

Years of study have made him a practiced
musician. f1Ut" 'loou;l-+ 1 T'I.'J. 1 FAm't ,_,_4''i' IIY:C1;f-A
prairie f"'C ~
There are large prairies in North America.
Oil"S't 11"S61t 1\4-.1. f"'C "'L-''l":f 111\o
praise (v.)
I. 11oul\n. Praise God for all His blessings!
l'."lllC't 1111 'l'c~-t: 11""11"/'t
The coach praised the team for its fine playing.
11wA"'"f. ' (1-J':). '1''1- ' 1111-1-illl.,. I 11DDI\1~
2. 111'.~.,.(11'1-). Everybody praises his work.
o-1\o'l" P'&-ID-'t J'J'.'t:,OI\;t-A
praise oneself ,&.(la"} h'f"1f\
I don't want to praise myself, but I can speak
Amharic better than anybody. &-11.'t '"1'1"1
II 11f.tJo't11't ll.'tl[ 11'"/C'i' h'"l't'l" Y.
OA'I' 1.'01&-lltJ-

praise (n.) '1"/l;J<;

Praise be to God! lll'."/11_1111m.c 'J"il;J<;
f."I timbe beyond all praise
His bravery is beyond all praise. II'Ml11'0m-
01\m- 11'1' f"'U1C '1"/l;J<; 111-0:l'm-'1"
speak In praise of 0'"1'1"111 .,...,~
The Emperor spoke in praise of the soldiers
who died for Ethiopia. 't.,.., )1P'-f: 1\h.
+r-A-.r
fll''t m;t-J'.I!':f
0.,'1"111 ' .,...,'1[See also 'sing']

.,..,...,.1>+

praiseworthy

961

praiseworthy 'l"il:><; f"'l.1q..,.

His intentions were praiseworthy, but unsuccessful. I>A.,.illtiiTI"" 1."l"l[ miltl- 'I"
il;><; f"'l.1qm- ~,.
prance.~..~ ....

Horses prance when they feel lively.

II.~ il-l>

.Lt:(l~

Y.ol.. ~..,.~~-

prance about Pi:+

The children pranced about in their new

costumes. .nt<;-Mi 1>-'1.11-"l A11il'fm-"l
1111ilm- flt:o!<
prank +AY:
He left a balloon full of water on the chair
as a prank. 114>AY: II.A l>"lY: .J.'"i m-;)
'I"Aof- : ID"lll'l- IIY. l>ii4>0Dm
prattle (v.) 11.1..11.1..
The child prattled all day long . .ftf). .,..,..,
,_11- il.lloi..A'i' 'I'll
prattle (n.) A'i'II"The child's prattle disturbed me. fA7!: A'i'
11"- l>il'f1t:"i
pray (vt.) II""~
I pray you to think again. 1."l~1<; 1-"lY:;J-il
1111T 1.11MVII11pray (vi.) Kllf
He got up at night and prayed. /I.II.T .,.~_...
of- Kllf
pray I 7,qhlll
Pray come with me! 7,qhll 1>11t:1i"i 'I.Y:
prayer
I. Kil-T. These prayers are written in Geez.
F-11 Kil-T f_,.K.Lm- 11"11!11 ~m2. ""KIIY.. Ablution must he performed by
Muslims before prayer. 1.M'I"1- hODKII.I''f
m- ll.f.T OD:f"m11 l>llq'fm*His entire speech was a prayer for justice.
"l"l"/'1- 11'1"11 .ft"l 1-"l-'1.'l"C f"'l.mY.~ ~IIC
(The) Lord's Prayer l>tl-~ Ullii"7.1'T
Recite the Lord's Prayer before you go to bed!
h,.._,.'"iTII ll.f.T l>tl-~ Ullii"7.1'T"l :1'1"
offer prayers J\ll-T h.1..t.'1
He offered prayers that the plane would not
crash. l>m-C'Tlt.). 1."lJIY.:>"l" llii"T I>
~.:1

say prayers

Did you say your prayers 1 Kil-T

l>~t:ilh

precede
preach (v.)
I. iiOh. The priest preaches every Sunday.
-1:11- llfilM-1> 1.m.Y: Y.i111ltA
2. l>ililll. He preaches the need for new fire
trucks. .1'-'l.il f1.iiT I>~:> ODh.<;l"":f"l
l>ilol..ii"UT .l'ilMA

preacher (lqh,
This preacher is new to our church.
11~11&.1-"l 1."l"IJI ~,.

~~~ (If) h.,

preamble OO"/II.J'
The preamble to the constitution states that all
men are created equal. f ih'1 _.,..,,..,~ OD"1
11..1' ,.,.,.. 11-11- O.,.oi..'I'C' 1.11-A ODIJ'
<;'fm-"l ' Y.<;1&.A
(be) prearranged II~Y:"'l..l' :J-4>~
Our meeting was prearranged. f~ 001~"1':,..
ll~Y:"'l..l' f:J-+~ ~oc

precarious
I. 1>1'.1'1. A soldier leads a precarious life.
fiD;f-J'.C ).C' I>J'.1'1 ~m2. f"7.1'il.,."7'1""l. A gambler leads a precarious life. <lr"7C.,.'"i f"7 .I'll.,..,.,.., ).C'
Y.'l"&.A

precaution
I. 'l'"l:J'-1:. His precaution is due to his bad
experiences in the past. 'l'"l :J>of:m- hll.ll II .f.
T q;>moom- 1-"lc 'l"h"l.I'T fOO"' ~..,.
2. "7ilm"l+<l:.l'. These precautions obviate
any chance of accident. Mll.ll "7ilm"l4>4!.1'9'
1- _,.,'"i'fm-"l'l" 'tMT I>J'.:> f.hilhiltr
*One of the precautions against fire is a good
supply of water. IlChT .I'll tD-;) "7114>""'
'I' h1.i1T I>J'.:> IIODhol\hA Y.t:llA
as a precaution A9'"'iAQ1J

Take an umbrella as a precaution! 11'/"<;Aqof>

)l""l'l'il .l'1f
take precautions +m)o++

Take precautions against fire! h1.iiT I>J'.:>

.,.m"l+<tr
precede
I. +~oo. General Eisenhower preceded Kennedy as President. IIT<l.II.JI"lT~T ~~&.A
l>f.U<;tDC h.Vl"l 4>~,_
2. llllm. A major precedes a captain in rank.
O~t:)l" lfII:J' hlf'I"OA Y.IIA"'A
3. ll.f.T 1>11. The calm that precedes the
storm often deceives many people. 11<;'1" h
61

t*ecede nce

962

precipi tate

"""Ill- , oo~.-r yltm- KT:f- .t.il~'l'm-"t

2. ooou&Y. "Look before you leap" is a well

known precept. hOD'IfflAtJ O.I.T ToPA

1.11. ' (lm-"t ' Y:f-l!t/IA

4. 4' X:'!" Tl'llt.l.. The officers precede the

soldiers. ooiJ-"t'l"'l' hm:f-~C''I' oj>J:--oom-
.MMII5. .I.T .I.T tO~. A guard of honor preceded
the Emperor. fhile Hi! h"t'I-IP )11"1:
,~..-,.

,~..-,.

toe

6. M4' X:'!" M. The chairman preceded his

statement with a welcome to the audience.

11.4' ' oo"tO'I- ' h"t"'"''l- hii4'X:'f" h.ll"''
t;a'!i"t ll"tl>."t ~1..- "'"'l'i'o- .t.ll

precede nce +X:"''.Y

The minister gave precedence to consideration
of our financial needs. "'1.~11# f1"tH11 'I'

"1&-'i'"t"t ll"''T<;:,. :j-X:"''.Y 1'1'1'1';1-A

in order of precedenc e 0"7/lt:.., :,OY.r +h

TA
Seating at the banquet table was done in
order of precedence. 0&-T "'ii'Jf'ID- 'l.f'. y

4'"'1oom- P'e~:,. 0"'16~"1 :j-~?" ThT

A tOe
take precedenc e 4'~?"T)T hltm- 1 4'~oo
This question takes precedence over all others.
.eu '1-"l.f'. hl\.11-'!i o-11- 4'~?"-rt:,. f"''.
li'~i&

).Q)o

Proprietary rights should not take precedence

over human rights. f"tii~T ooiJ.Y.'I' hl'lilh
'I! ooiJ.Y.'I' oo:j-~?" fll'l'l'm-9"

precede nt (n.) f"''.Y'I.f'. 9"'11\.

There are precedents for a common soldier be-coming a general. T&. m;J-~e :(~&.A lt

ODIJ""t ll"t~"''.'I'A f"''.Y'II'. 9"'11\.l"'l' hlt-

*Is there a precedent for this ruling? fii.IJ

Y.t-r m-'1~ hH.tJ 0.1.:,. _,.~e'IA 1

precedi ng
I. 4'.11"'1.. In the preceding paragraph, we
discussed economic problems. 04'.1l"''.m- h"t

4'11' m-IlT f?""'~ tJil-r 'I"''C''I'"t .,.

myn

2. Yll~. He pored over the strange events

of the preceding evening. '1/l.f.ID- 9"11-r II

~~~~..,_.-,. ll"t"'"l )11!''1' .t.MI'I/1

on the precedina: day n+.t!f'D I A-l-

There had been a heavy rain on the preceding

day. 04'~?" liT 1.f'.fl';' 'lf<;iJ "'"" toe

precept
I. ?"he.

Example is better than precept.

h?"he ' .eA+ ?"'II\. ODIT"t Y.OA"'A

hT f"''./IID- ' f;f-OJoj> ODOD&Y )ID-

precinc t 4'01\.
The precinct is patrolled by policemen.
Tll.fl'll 4'01\.m-"t .('.mil_,.llprecincts

I. +K"e "10.. Do not leave the school pre

cincts during school hours! OT?"tJe-r 1'1~1'
'I' h-rruc-r 11-r +K"e "10. .t.-rm-m-

2. hAA. The parade will be held within the

precincts of the town. I'IA4- OhT"''ID- h
AA m-IlT

Y.~~:>A

precious (adj.)
I.

fhO~.

Gold is precious, but lead is not.

me+ rho~ tm- l\e'lll "'"t h.f'.~lt?"

2. m:Jtot. Learning is very precious. DD"''C
0"1?" m_,."''. )m3. ile+. This girl is precious to her parents.
A~ ltm'l~!l! ile+ .,..-,.

4. f"''.m~. He is a precious friend, and I shall

miss him when he leaves. f"''.tDY.r; 1 :JY.~
IIlli!") 1'1.'/.X: f.<;'1'4'';'A

5. f'l4'. The faculty of eyesight is God's most

precious gift to us. f"''fT .t.IJA li"'H.hilm .

hftm.,

u.lr

OIIJ?'" r ft\+

x;~

6. ~-1:+. This author has a precious style

of writing. f.IJ ~&.1'1. ~-1:+ YKK'I' H
Jl.. ' hlltDprecious (adv.) OIIJ?"

He had precious little to say for himself.

&.((. 11.1AKm- fd.Mm- 0"1?" '1'-I:T

toe
my preCiOUS one f~ I if;J
My precious one, what happened to you?
n If:> M tiJ'Ii 1

precipic e 1~A
He felt dizzy when he stood on the edge of
the precipice. h1~11- hof.'l' '1.('. (l..f9"

'l."m- .t.11o-r

predpit ate (v.)

I. hllhTll. The border incident precipitated
a crisis in internatio nal relations. fJ.!"'lO?o '1
.,_..-,. 0~11?" h4''1' "'"t1't-r '1.('. m"t
:j- hllhTII
2. h"th'lltll. The workers precipitated a
rock down the cliff. 1P&.T'I',; lt'1'1'"t tD
~ 1~A h"th'I/111-T

precipitate

963

precipitate (adj.)

precisely

1. ( ~ adv.) q').l:" M:;J-. The cold wind caused a precipitate drop in temperature . .,.11:1-~m-
)<f.!l ....,..,'t q"t.~:- 1\'i':J- 1 1\.,.u.,.um2. ( ~ adv.) OT.I:"ol..l'. After a warning from
a neighbor, he made a precipitate flight. 'I-GO.
., l)!lm).,.+m- 1 0:\i\ OT.I:"ol..l' lflf

precipitately

O'i'T)'l-

At the sight of the hunters, the birds flew

away precipitately. 1\JI'I'<,;'t 1 ll..l''- IDC:'.f 1

precipitation
1. '.fb-i\. She made the decision with precipitation. ro-o'j).m-') I }'J'.G1'.fm- I O'.flioi\ I )m2, fll'i"-fl oom"}. There were four inches of
precipitation yesterday. '1-'l't'l- 1 f11'i'!l- oo
1\;l.'l-

1\.'t'.f

precipitous .,..,.

)0C

1\S'-1'1

)m-

*A precipitous flow of water prevents navigation. 01S'.A i\}'. 1 f"''..ol.il m-;) 1 O)';Aq
hOD.1:"

precis

.I'"'JIA

It is difficult to write an accurate precis.

'f:

hQ~

fiJ")
I

'1-hhtl>;')'l-

hhil'1)'1- I RIIJ,. I T:J"~'t I fll"l-'1-'t

'.f I 11-fl- o {100{11)'1- I }'!l'.fil'o"A

1\'11\'(!'-f-

Jl'm.'i'

~~-~~

)'fDo

)11!'

precision (adj). h'i'-1-'1 . 'l-hhil'1)'1-'t

"'1...1'111'1
Japan produces many precision instruments.
I h'i'-J-'1 0 '1-hh{l>;')'l-')
OD..,&}'fP'.f I '1-oP&-il'.f

1Jtfo

}'111'f

f"'l.

~'t.l:" + negative verb + I\S'.G1

The heavy thunderstorm precluded our going
to the beach. '1J'.ll'1m- ')m-11- )of.!l 1 IDS'.

preclude

q,n~ JICJI' ~'tJI't.1:" I\S'.G1't

precocious

1\'lli'C'-t- ll'm.'i'

'1-hh{l>;'

precision (n.)

)f;r')

.I'll
The precipitous hillside makes climbing very
dangerous . .,..,. 1 }'llm-'t 1 f-1-;l.;:. ID1't 1 oo
m-"J'l-

1. Ah. Precisely at two o'clock, it began to

rain. Ah 1 O!IM'l- 1 1'1')'1- 1 OD11)11 )';
ODG
2. 0'1-hhA. State the facts precisely! 'i'"- 1 )1~
't I 0'1-hhA I "'IIII'
3. 'io8Jo'i". Do you mean you cannot come ?
Precisely. OD,."J'l- 0 1\'l-'.fA,. I "Yil'l- I )
m-? )m-'o"t
The precision of this instrument allows us to
measure very small things. fli.U 1 ...,..,&.1' 1 'l-

O'i'T)'l- OG~

tn't

predate

h~.l:""'/.m- f.,.S'.ou

11AU

The child is very precocious and can read,

even though he has not yet been to school.
.bf). I 1'o" I '1-,.UC'l- I 0.'1- I }'A1q o 0.11"')
,. h~.I:""'Lm- I f.,.S'..... I 11AU I ODDIJ"). I
"Y'tR11

}'.'.fi\A

precise
1. m't:J":J-. She is precise in her manners.
OrJ-).:J-'1' m1:J":J" 1 )'.f
2. 'I'll~. She had precise orders to come home
by nine o'clock. Ah 1 0'11'1- 1 1'1')'1- IDS'.
0.'1;J-A

~') .i:-'1-0D"J

'1'1J~

'1-~~11

-f-I'IT-1''1'

3. 'l-hhil'1. He gave me precise directions

how to get to his house. ~0.-1> 1 ~'tS'.'l- ~
')J'.,.J'.CI'I I '1-hh{l>;' 0 fll") 0 OD,.&}' I (I

m'f
Please have the precise amount ready! '1-hhil'1
m-"t

mA-o l\11;~1f.

4. }'."Jim- 1 <l-1'1-. This is the precise dress that

she wanted. fol.il1'.fm- 1 A11!l }'."Jim- 1 ;:.
1'1- )mat the precise moment A.h

At the precise moment that the doorbell

sounded, the telephone rang. Ah 1 fll~ S'.IDA
li_S'.IDA o !lAb-,-

'""1i

preconceived

"""'G'l- ftl.ilm-

He has preconceived ideas about almost

everything. !Ill "Y't>;'m-,- 1 )1C }'lim- 1 1\!1
-f-}'f'l- I ODoPG'l- I f{l,{lro- I )ro-

precursor
1. .,.JI"'l.. He was my precursor in this
position. Oli.U 1 P'A"''t 1 ~1'1- f). 1 " ' "
"'l.

)OC

2. DD"'q'l- f"''....'OIIC. These flowers are a

precursor of spring. Mli.U 1\fJqfP'.f filS'.
}'.')

OD"'q'l-

f"''....'O!l~

'o"'fm-

predate
1. Rol.'l- 1 )OG. The Civil War predated World
War I. fi\"'L&I)'t ~ell 1 Oc!l 1 tnC)'l-
hoo)';ooo&}'m- 1 f')ll,. tnC)'l- Ool.'l- )OG
2. 1\11.,.Y:'l" 1 1\ol.. He predated the check by
three dayS, 'fib-') I h.,.). I '11'1- I f l I 1\11
.,..1:-'f"

1\ol.m-

predatory 11.11-'1'1 7.1/llt'l- 0.,.1'.1 f"''.

'fC

Predatory animals have caused serious damage

to faxmers who raise a lot of chickens. 11.11-'1'
1 ' 7.1/llt'l- ' 0.,.1'.1 ' f"''.'f~ ' 7.1/llt'l- '
oflH- Jl.l': O"''.J'GR-'1- ~Ot.S"'I' II,_ h'i!
Tit ' "J-Ji'l- N:"Cil'I'A

predecessor
I. 04.'1- O!l;l-tJ>o f)OG. His predecessor
was an iocompetent man. hil- 04.'1- Oll;l,.,. f)0GtJ>o /ltJ>o '1'11-:l- fll.lltJ>o )0C
2. rse,r:. The new teacher is a great improvement over his predecessor. l\JL(to oa,..uc
~r: .... ' 0"19" ' f-1-lfll ' )tJ>o
be the predecessor

predominate

964

predatory

+"-""

Taft was the predecessor of Wilson as President. 0Tt.tV11'1-)'I- h'Ail1 4'se,on,.,. f

)0~'1- ' ;l-'i!'l- ' ""'"'"

predestination ,J'C'I 4'1 6se,A
Many religions believe in predestination. oflrt-
'1,_"7'f.P.'I' ' 'IC'I 4'1 6se,A J',....lr
predestined
I. f;l-Q.l.. He seems predestined to achieve
high office. 1\h'i!-J-':' P'A"'1 f;l-Q.l. ,_
OD/liiA

2. hou)';DD<I,J'tJ>o f;l-.1'.11. He seems predestined

to be a poet. ~"1"'1. {lonll") hoo)';oo<lftJ>o
f;l-S'.II ,_onMA

predetermine hil4'se,'l" m(l)

It is difficult to predetermine our requirements
for next year. ii"''.DD"ltJ>o '\DD'I- f"''.fil
I..A.,.11 hil4'se,'l" oom(l1 hil'I';J<I )tJ>o

predicament hil'f;><l rH;JHe is in a predicament because he made two

different appointments for the same time.
'11se, "1..11. 11-11'1- 4'mr: 0""ilm1: 'I
il'f:><I ' ~~-~:r ' II,. ' )tJ>o

predicate (v.)
I. oflil- l;ou). Most religions predicate life
after death. oflrt- 'l,..,'f.P.'I' h'l"'l- 0:\
II a.,_m+ 1.11 ofllltJ>o ,J'9"..-tr

2. /;DDI\h-1-. His retraction predicates a change

in attitude. dtft!l-1 m,l'. :\11 .,111: f

predicate (n.) 1.14'11'

A sentence can be divided into subject and
predicate. OG'i!-1- )~C 0'1110.'1-..- 01.1
4'11' Mli-IIA
predict -1-)0f
It's difficult to predict the weather.
11-~;J- '

,J'f~1

OD-f-10,. ' /;/l'f.;J<I ' )tJ>o

prediction 'l-11l'IDo you believe the prediction that the world

will end in 1976? 'fill"' O!llfSS '\.9". ;J-Aof.
11'1' f"''.lltJ>o1 '1-111_'1- ;J-9"<;111! !
predilection ,.,.,.,.se,
His predilection for sweets is well known.
f"''."''i''l' )~C ODtJ>o,I'.JJ. f;l-m4' )tJ>o
have a predilection mu

He has a predilection for sweets. "'of.oi.> 9""1

11'1'1

,_mlloA

predispose 04'1111- "'ll

Being tired predisposes a person to illness.
se,tt9" iltJ>o1 O+'ltr a.ou9"

'I,_ MilA

*The evidence predisposes him to public

censure. .,ilG!I"tJ>o O<h11R- 4.'1- 7./lh
OD)+'i! ,J'S'.C(l'I'A
be predisposed n:,.OJ!"""L.f

aJ(t~

The director is predisposed to grant all his

requests. ~6- OD6tD- Aft. fmf+t.D-1"
11-1\- 11..1-l\'9" R:jo~ milS:A

predominant
I. R,_OA'I' f"''.:l",.. Green is the predominant color in the forest. R""llttJ>o f&/l'l' 0,_
OA'I' f"''.;l-ftJ>o 4'119" hG1'iJ'. )f&

2. fOIIm. The mayor had the predominant

voice in the discussion. 0..,.,_,_1: m:jo+
h11:'1f& fOIIm -1-.1'..,"1.'")'1- )0Gf&

predominantly(= adj.) hofl~':'S"'Il

In this region the inhabitants axe predominantly Christians. RILl! hlt'lll f"''.'f~
l;ofl~l;'l"'li (IS"'f' bCil-l:f'f'f' <;'fiiJo

predominate OY.RA'I' ;J-f

Yellow predominates in this picture. RJLIJ P'
6A ' tJ>oil'l' ll"'if& ' RY.RA'I' 1-:l-fA
predominate over

~~-~;l-IJ)o')

I. h --- 0~. Sunny days predominate over

rainy days in desert regions. lliiG'I., 4'RII.

The decisions of the court axe predicated upon

the constitution. f'i!Cse, 0.1: tJ>oi\~S"'I' a.
~ ' DD1"!P'1:1 f-J-ODGh-11- ' ""'"'"

,..,. '""'"' ' .,...,.. h1J<;o(l ' .,..,,.. ' ,.0~112. -J-""1). He predominated over his weaker
comrades. Mil-J-l;' fP'<I- =t.l'.'l"'n -1-"'i<;'ff&

' OD{IfD'J' ' fDDIIb;l-A

be predicated upon -f-ODGhoH

965

preeminence

preference II"C""l

preeminence A-tT

The world admired him for his preeminence

in medicine. Oihhll"..,. A-tT 'tllll" hY;')
.J:I'A

He is preeminent above all his rivals. h.,..,-'1.11

6JPIJ; rNr J'.A?A

preface (v.) h 0.1-T .,.(lm

A lecture prefaced the movie. hr\.t"7w- 0.1.
T ').,..,C _,.l'lm

He prefaced his speech with some cutting

remarks about the principal. 0')"1"1~ """10.
f ' 1\J'. -'l.t.b*') f"t)l}' h!l.,.ffT MHC::
preface (n.) ,.:,. J:.-11"

The author explains his intention in the preface.

QOD:,0,t:tJPa I

Q)o<{IIJ'

MA,_A
prefer (preferred)
I. ou.::m. I prefer to wait until the weather
is cooler. '1'1\ ' 06J:." ' 1\llh.A ' ov.JfT') '
1\0DCIIJI\tJo

2. mY.Y.. I should prefer that you not go there

alone. MU' 11iJ'U') IJT~J:." l\ID-'11\tJo
3 .1.111. I will come later, if you prefer.
hM"IU 0:\1\ 1\0DIIJI\tJo
4. .,.lfll(w-). +I prefer to go by train. OIJII-C
ov~s:_- J'.lfii"'A
prefer to someone h11A.to 1 tDAA
He prefers my sister to me. 11). 7.'1-1:') h.fl
A"' ,._mJIA

[See also 'charge']

(be) preferable .,.lfll

Which is preferable- to wait here till the rain

stops, or to run home as fast as you can?
11 .... 11- ' 1\llh.fiJ&- ' 1\H.U ' hOD.JfT.... o IDJ'. '
O.T O_,.il'lla>- 'i!'I')T OP"l oo~s:_- fT
,._lfi\A I
find preferable ool,m
I find sununer preferable to winter. hhC::II"T
,._A:,. O;>') 1\0DCIIJI\tJo

"'a>-

I would like this in preference to any other.

hi\.1\ID- tJoll- ,._U')') 1\ovCIIJI\tJo
give preference J\1..1\

preempt
I. hrNI -tJ:.-'1" m.V.. Our neighbor pre
empted the choicest cut of meat. '1-C::O.:J-:f'J
II"C'I' fl/')1&") fP':> .fiAT btJoll- -t
J:.-'1"' ID{IJ'.
2. hll-ts:.-'1" fH. The cat has preempted the
comfortable chair. s:_-ov;t: hil-tY:"'' f"'li
I&") ' ID')OC ' fH":f

'\~"''aJo1' I

My preference is for beef rather than lamb.

II"C""i\L hO"I P' :> ,._A:,. fO.i. P':> )a>Wbat are your preferences? II"') TODCIIJ
IIU l

(be) preeminent 1\-t

F.,t-{l,dJo' I

pregnant

He gives preference to his relatives when any

new jobs are open. h-'1.11 P'&- 0.,.11" oil
'I'C 1\HODP..IJ; fJ'.I\A
have preferences for ODl,tn

""'"'i

He has a preference for modern music.

' aa-n.:J> "'""CIIJA
have preference In :t-.t:"'Lf +(tmQ)o

Veterans have preference in getting government

jobs. O"'C)T 1111111- (IJP":f fov')"IP'T
P'&- 11"7"11"T :,OJ:.-"tf J'.{IIIJ'f1'A
preferential fJ:."I\')T

His preferential policies prevented him from

dealing with some companies. f~I\')T .,.
"IIJ~ ' I}')JI')J:." 11-IJ')fJP":f :>C hOD"IIJ
'IT h1J'.ID-

prefix 'IriS:: OD)lf

The future tense is expressed in Amharic

with prefixes and suffixes. IJ"7C"l m!t T
')0.;1-' 0 1.11. 0 IJriJ:."
.::lf hll-1'lfiD-

OD)lf ....
.

IJriJ:."

ODJ:."

pregnancy f)'l!(l rn-C)T 1.11.

She often got sick during her pregnancy.

m'i!l'l rn-t:)T 1.11.1' 1111- 1.11. f"7T
)OC
pregnant
I. )'i!(l

m-e. That woman is pregnant and

has to go to the hospital. f'f (l.T )'i!{l me 111\ll')":f ll'll"t:I'A ,.~s:_- hii'IT
2. hiJJ:.". The cow is pregnant and will calve
soon. '1".7. hiJJ:.- 11111/')":f o:,Oco- TID

AJIII":f
be pregnant with
I. hllh.,.ll. The political events are pregnant
with consequences. f?"lltlt 1-.llf"":f 1111-
)1C'":f') ' fllhT'III2. hHII. This is a book pregnant with ideas. ,._
u 1 oPK'dtfi: ...,. 1 mta-fl fHll 1 \'(Do
become pregnant

8~(1

She became pregnant while abroad. 7.11>"'11' h

1C 0)06":f0T 1.11. B)(l":f

prejudge

966

prejudge hll.,..(-'1" LGS'.

Do not prejudge the case, but wait until you
have heard all the evidence. "Yil~)fm-"t 11-11-
1.ilh'l-il"7 ' .(-~il ' 0"1-'11' ' ~, ' hil.,..(-oP
u ' h'l-'i'~.(-

prejudice (v.)
m- ~.(-A Q"t.(- 11'1>T'I' "7eh .,_.,....,
prejudice against IJ"I\;..: r lt~l.flT

He prejudiced his child against foreigners.

OA)I: ~f, fm-"1" h1e (lm- '1'1\il' httf.
~n-r

prejudice In one's favor ~1'/U',.I\(il."f-) 14-f.m-His honesty and sincerity prejudiced us in his
favor. ;t-"Y"i~of><; ,...,.~.,.,.~.,. 1."t.(-<;f.l\ll

1of..of.."t

prejudice (n.) h.,Qil fll.llm- '1'1\il'

Prejudice has caused much trouble in the world.
h.,Qil ' fl\,1\fDo ' '1'1\il' ' fl'll\9" ' 1\f, ' ill!- ' "4.,e hilh-lii.A

have preJudice against f - - - IJ"I\;J! hltOT

I have no prejudice against Indians.

fU'l~

~il' ' fllil"il>"

I have no prejudice against him. hooi'.T

~1"'1!

h/Am~m-9"

preliminary f""Y.."""-Y 1-a

Preliminary discussions on trade will be held
in the capital. floP<;1lfm- hT"Y ill\ "t
.,.(- f""Y..""&Y 1.~)1" m-Y,Y,'l- f,f.~;JA
be a preliminary to 0'1>.(-"t,l' ' Tf-~1

A physical examination is a preliminary to

joining the army. fltne l'l&-'1!'1-~'l- 1\oP.,.
me fhi)A 9"eoP&- fl'i'.(-"t,l' f,f.~;JA

prelude
1. .....,0..1'. The prelude to the Second World
War was the invasion of Ethiopia. fh.'l-l'"kY
""m~e 1111-IIT'I'm- 'll\9"

tneH .,...,

I1.Y ~ne
2. '1'1"7. The thunder was a prelude to the
storm. ODi!M f..,Y.II'I'm- 11<;9" '1'1"7
~ne

(be) premature 1.rtm- <'IY.f.eil

~,.

The suggestion is premature. dtltR-

tiJo

"Lf'LOJ"

two months prematurely. ;,.,). Yil +). rJ<o

II 'I- me .,..(-'!" Tmllf.
2. ,I'll 1.16Jo. His unhappy lot made him look
old prematurely. ou..-,:: /J~Ir Ylt 1.H.lD-
f~Y.. ' Yi1DD111\'I'A

(be) premeditated

*One low grade prejudiced his chances for a

scholarship. ~l\ 'l-9"ue'l- 0"7.,7-l- f~O~

-r '

preoccupation

fJ..e.,.clt

f+~R

ioaJo

prematurely
I. Yll .,..,. .,..(-'!". The child was born

The crime was premeditated. m"tY.,ll- fl'i'.("'L.t' ;t-11110'1- fTLI\OD ~..,.

Premier

m'I>~Y. "'Ltll'l-e

The French Premier will pay a visit to Ethiopia.

fL~"t<'lf, m'I>IIY. "'Ltil'l-e h.'l-l'"kY"t Y.
'1-fl'l'll-

premise

oow~."f-

The premise of his policy was that war

would soon come. fJ\oPt-..., s ODrPl.+ fllC)o
.,. n'l>en- "~"'"' f"'LA ~ne
premises "10..
Keep off the _premises! h.,O...,.

h'l-.(-~il

on the premise that ODt,A lill.,..i'tftofl

He did it on the premise that quick action is

better than delay. h.,..H.,f'l- OD'i'm"t Y.lf
1\A fl"'LA h11T<'ll'lil Ll\ODfDo

premium
1. -,..c'tf. The company offered a premium to
the man with the highest sales. IJ.Q"t ym- il
It' if+T 1\if'mm- (t(l)o ...c'l[' flm
2. h'i'T'I' .,9"-l-. She puts a premium on neat
ness. 1111''1'1- h'i'T'I' .,9"-l- h~'l3. h'i'Y. If I don't pay the premium, my
insurance policy will lapse. h'i'YIL"t I)AhL
A!J. '1'11-l-<;tL fO:I'A
at a premium

*Theater tickets are sold at a premium.

ft.t''l--1- th..flo R"'l>" 111\"'LLII?- Om.(- 'I';J Mf"'ilbe at a premium l\Tl.+ All ! h~"J'Sr

Housing in that area is at a premium. OHJ

hi)Qit
M"il>")

fOD'f &,I'

IJ.T

1.'J'~T

hi\ ' (h

premium (adj.) h'i'T'I'

Ethiopian coffee gets premium prices. fh.'l-1'"
kf tK' flh'i'T'I' 'I';J Y.lf"'A

premonition, have a

~ Tl'l"7(m-)
+J have a premonition of disaster. ODq.:,. l\
"tf."tOD"J 0 f,(l"Y'I'/A

preoccupation
I. ,l'<'l(Oflm-

~1e.

His greatest preoccupation

967

preoccupy

was how to find money for a holiday in Europe.

IJnlll" .J'IIIIR.... t1C M~'i''l- IDS'. h
..,.r:;r f"'l.II.!:-R'I- 1'tllil f"''"'T'I- HJ'. t
RC

2.

oPmoP~.

His preoccupation with his own

affairs prevented him from organizing the

meeting.

fl..,A.

.,...-;~

1>M.ell:>~

qm-")

oumoP.q. Oofl(l

hS'.~1..,.

His financial situation preoccupies him. f'l'lH

il ".f"'c R'1.eA. .f'/IIIR'I'A.
R~.l:""'l..f' -J-hLIIR'I-

We will not send any books unless they are

prepaid. "'11':'..,.111" oPl\"d>'i' R:f-.1:-"'l.f
llA.-J-hLIIR'I- h1A.hll"

I. 'H"l~'l-. I have made all the necessary

preparations for the trip. A"l-flaJo ltild.-\"L.tD-1'
'H"l~'l- rNt- h.!:"C1.fi\1Jo

2. ( = to prepare) "''ll:>)'; 'I-. How long did

the preparation of the dinner take you?

l\~

"" "'111,;>)';., 11"1 ' ftJA. 1.11. ID(IS'.

il'li1
~.e'l'.

I'm prepared for the worst. hH.ll 1\q(l..,.

-J-ll:>~il'llu-

The preponderant consideration seems to be

money. hu-11- fRIIm h/1/IR. fll'tOJo 1
1llil .eouMA.
preponderant majority h(lSJ'lo fllllr ofl,..
l":f

The preponderant majority is in favor of peace.

hlll"'li R"'ll" iiH-l"'li Mll"1 .er."l<f-11-

I. hu-11-11" R~. Italians preponderate in this

district. 011.11 4'011. "11\..f''l':f hrJoll-11"
.eR~II-

2. h.oon~. These are the reasons that preponderate over all others. hA.flo'Ji 1 lJo& 1
f"'L.f'OU'H).'J- ll"h1.J'1':f MH.ll .,..,...,.

preposition oo!I-J-'1'.1:-.1:English makes widespread use of verbs and

..,.11... .1:-'S?" .e1'SR:l'A.

prepositions. Rl\1"11\.'H':' "'ll., ou!I-J-'1'.1:.1:- , .. ,..... h1A."lll-'l- h'i' fl\ t ....

be In preparation floPif.?)!-l-

il.e ;

~m

Plans are in preparation. l\:f--'1. aoun,;>)';'l-

ll.e ' t ....

preparatory 4''1"'1.
He made preparatory plans for his trip to
Europe. IDS'. h..,.r::r llll"'l..J'S'.C1..,. .,.,.
4''1"'1. l\~.1:- hll:>l':

preparatory school [-J-"''&l":f1 lll'tiiCII.

., f"'Lfll:>~ f"'A. fll't ' 11-11-J-':' S'.
~If '1-II"IIC'I- ' fl. 'I-]

prepare (vt.)
I. hll:>l': ! hll.,'l. They prepared the expedition very carefully. .,.Jim-") 11'1'.,.:1-cf: = 1tn
:>)1:'1- ' (M.,..-'1-'1-)
w~.

~il 'H"l)l: n
be prepared -J-ll,;>)';

The preparation included sulphur.

a:t-.em-

2.

We are prepared to supply the goods you

asked for. fmf.4':f:\'f..,.1 l\.4'l":f 1\"'':f-

preponderate

preparation

3.

prepared (adj.) 'H"l)l:

preponderant hu-11- fRIIm

preoccupy (preoccupied) R'1.eA. h/IIIR

(be) prepaid

presbyter

Who is going to prepare the meal?

?""ltJ-1 I f"'l.W~(Do I "'11 I t(Do 1

3. "'"""" The pharmacist prepared the medicine. ou.~:-;>t'l- 4'"'1"'1.,. oo.~:";>t.,1 4'
ouoo
prepare (vi.) -J-ll:>l':

Did you prepare for tomorrow's exam?

11t1 L-J-" -J-H,;>~-J-YA. 1

preposterous

f"''.e~q

He has a preposterous notion about politics.

!Ill 7"11-l:ll fll,. hii-J-IIIIil f"''.e~q t..,.

prerequisite, be a

f!ILA.:>A.

A high school education is a prerequisite for

this job. 1\H.tJ I"~ fu-11-J-':' S'.~)f '1-11"
IIC'I- f!ILA.,;>A.

prerogative
I. l"ll\."11. Most governors have the prerogative of pardoning prisoners. 1t11tf~sP'Ii 1
1'1Cl":f l\ll~'l':f1 foo"''C l"ll\."11 ' hil'f(Do

2. oo-o."Jo. Choosing the children's school is

the parents' prerogative. fA.}('h '1-II"IIC'I-
11.'1- ou?"~'l' fiDil~:f ouiJ'I- t..,.

presage l\1S'."'l.OO"' J>oullh-JDark clouds presage a storm. ft;Q.Aoo

""" I

'l(Do/1-

)<f.il

l\1f."'l.OO"J

1 f..
.J'OUI\h

;l'A.

presbyter 4'11.11
In former days, the presbyter was the leader of

prescribe

968

the people. 0'1'1''1- """"" .,.{1.11 fih11il

oo& ~oc

prescribe liHH
The doctor prescribed these pills for me.
mh.ao- MII.U"t h.t'f:Y. liHHA~
Good citizens do what the laws prescribe.
OD/1\1!9" ' H.;>l":f' ih"l ' f"'f.J'HID-1' ' f-4..~11be prescribed

The definition of the mayor's

duties is prescribed by law. fh"tt'lm- FA
nn Oih"l -t-m11s;A
2. -t-oo~o. These textbooks are prescribed
for secondary schools. ll.~H.tl foP"'I&Y oo
"mC::Y. 1111'111-'i' ~t'.."/f 'I-9"UC'I- 11.'1-
fof'OD~It- ' <;'fOJI. -t-m11).

prescription foo.<:-~t'l- '"IH">f 1 fmh. 9"

'I-M11
I lost the prescription that the doctor gave me.
mh.ao- ' film~ ' fOD.<:';>t'l- ' '"IH">f ' m<f.il~
This drug is sold only by prescription. f.U ' ""
.<:-:>t'l- f"''.if mm- Omh.9" 'I-M11 iii"
)OJ-

presence ootrc
The presence of gas was revealed by a foul
smell. ;nl oo'j<;. ooo...-.:: "li:f'aJo :f'm+
*We were admitted to the king's presence.
-,..,..,.. H"t.<:' ll"t.<:'"t.,.Cil 1'4-.~P.A"t )OC
your presence is requested at the meeting.
OlliliiiJm- llf. ll1'"1.1"f. f.mf:l"/1in one's presence, In the presence (of)
I. '1110'1-. The document has to be signed
in your presence. M-'1. h"t-1' '1/IUO'I-
004..~9" li/10'1He signed his name in the presence of two
witnesses. {loo-') fL(.oPtJJo v-tt+ fDiltJ
r::Y. '111-0'1- )IJJ2. 0 - - - 4.'1-. He uses gross language in the
presence of women. O<l..Y.:Y. ' .t.'l- F.ft;: "I
"I"IC f-<;1&-A
*He is calm in the presence of danger. h.~;J
li;Jmoom- "1.11. oo"}L(t C'l- ~aJ:"

noble presence "'IC"7 "1"1ll

The young prince had a noble presence.

dJ"'of: oo11t;:1' "IC'"I .,.111 llii'I'ID[See also 'mind']
present (v.)
I. ,..,.~0. Why don't you present the evidence
as it really is? '"111~1fm-"! 119""1 l\"1-'!11
li;I-.,.COID-9" I

present

2. iflloo. The teacher presented a book to the

student. ooguu~ ll1"D?t;m- ' oog-mtt: if/toP
3. llllf. The company will present Hamlet
next week. f-1:1'1-~ 'l.<:' 0"'1..,.'1'/IID- ll9"
"1'1- 119"/1.'1-"1 fl)fA
4. JtooiiJ. Each separate case presents new
difficulties. l\f"l-'!"1.11. ""-'~'- ll-'!"1.11 :Y..,c

'"""'"

5. h11-l''l'm.,.. John presented his friend to me.

}("! h'l~>;'m- :>C hll-t-'l'm.,.~
6. llll(m-). The new post office presents a fine

appearance. ll"l.il- ?"11:1- n.'l- OD/1\h

}\/liD-

present Itself +11'"

A good opportunity has presented itself for
doing what you suggest. ,.,.~oflhm-"1 <hflil
OF&. llf. /l'"l'l'ol\ '!'<;. h?"'"''. 1'1~
;l:A
present oneself ODtiJ
He presented himself at my office. llt:\lo """'
present with liO~h-1'
He presented the school with a new blackboard. II'I-9"UC'I- fl.of: ll"l.11 'l'of!C il/1.-'!
liO~h-1'

be presented to +l.O

The new ambassador is going to be presented

to the Emperor tomorrow. h"l.il- M"IJflf.C
)1 ' "I"NP ' )1P'of: H"l.<:' ' f..,.CIJ/1be presented with +if floP
He. was presented with a gold watch. fmc:t>
il'\'1- of-if/100

present (n.)
!. 11tn;l-. Did you give him a present for his
birthday? IIAf.of: 11tn;l- llf.~"lll/1'1- I
2. 1F. O~h'l-. The ambassador brought
presents to the Emperor. h!rQlt~.;.. t\1''l-1P
)1/"of: 1R O~h'l- ll9"'1';l:A
3. Ytl-'l ttL. In grammar, the present isexpressed differently from the past. Oi1'1'1lt1Jo fll'"t 1.
H. h~~.r. 1.11. 01-/lf M;>1C f-1111\A
make a present of hO~h-1'(11'1-)
He made me a present of this sword. .eu"J
"1-M'. liO~h-t-A'f
at present h.ll-'l

At present, he is in Chicago. lll/o"l film- 'f

I)")

~(&

for the present 1'\lJo).

The food will be enough for the present. f/ldJ'

9""1il illl''i- f.O:I"A

present
In the present

969
II~).

HOD')

preserve

present-day

,l'o-).

'I.IL 1

fHou).

We live in the present, not in the past. fM'l" ~

10- I Qll-). I l.,"Jj( I IJ.l\L8Jo I HIID") I tD-i'IT I

Present-day styles in clothing are different from

those of ten years ago. ,I'IJo). 'I.IL ,1'1\qo

hf.Y..It'l"

II ' IJ-~;1- ' hOP'C ' 'tOD;J-'1- 011.'1- ' IJ)O~

tiJ- I f1"fl.r I~

present (adj.)
I. hiL-l-. When the teacher called the roll,
he answered "Present". 1i.lt.,...,6m- ilr' la.m
&. hiL-l- hit

Present-day students must know a lot of

Science. fHOD). I ~r-7&SJ'".f I ilfl. I IJ:.,e."}ill o(Jrt I
oywo}> hllq'f'w-

2. f~J-).. Are you content with your present

salary? qo-). Y..'1"11U TY..IlTYA 1
Old books are hard to get at the present time.
qo-). ' 'I.IL ht:1. > ODI\.h'i''l-'1 > "7"/'f'l- ' h

presentiment, have a - of

11'1'.:>& )OJo

presently

3. hv-'1 ,1'110'1-. The opportunist obtained

his present position through his activities.

h.I':C qf. qJ:-&."1.., o hll-'1 o ,1'110'1-'1 ' Y..~

ll''
'" present position, I can't do anything
*In my
else. htl-'} I fli\(lofl:'f- I lJo).;f- I 1\.1\ I !r"")fD I
"YY..-~"1 hA':fA'I"
be present

I.

)0~

(past), hll (present). All his friends

were present. ~Y..'I'~ v-tr )00:.
The whole class is present. fh'i'lr ' T"7&9'
':f

n-tr htr

2. ~fl..l'w- )fit:. He was present when the

building came down . .h'II\OJo (l.Y..t:ooll ~
fl..l'aJo ' )fit:

'I'C"'tl. '

M'-

t:R-1-

He has presentiments of disaster. ODTC:. 1

C f.OO"'&\

).1

o f"''.A 'I'C"'tl. hY..-1:0;1-A

I. hv-'1. The Secretary of State is presently

in Africa. faJo"i" ?J!f. "'1.~11'1--:. hv-'1 h'i'
&I} ' OJoll'l' ' .....'l'w1 will be with you presently. hv-'1 OD"JIJo
2. 0-l>CII-. He will be home presently. R-1-CII-
~IL'I- f.Y..CitA

present tense

,I'll-'!

'I.IL

In grammar. the present tense is expressed differently from the past. RO'I'Ilm- ,l'o-'1 'I.IL h~
1\11. ' 'I.IL RTI\f o M.:>1C f-11\l\A

preservation
l. oPmOol-. Doctors work for the preservation
of our health. mh.'l"':f mS':f'l'l 1\oomfi
"" ' f.'l'&.fr

presentable
*He rewrote his composition in a presentable
form. Y..-CO..,'I ~'IY.."''.Il"7"7 hY..-C"' ~'I
~1'1

~Lm-

be presentable (lm- 4/L:'f- A..+C1l !FA

Unlike yesterday, he is presentable today.
~'1'- 'l-1\'1'1-..,..w- itf.IJ''I ~<~. ow- "-'~-
II..,.Cofl f"''.':fA o )OJo

presentation
I. h.,.&.~ofl. His presentation of the plan was
favorably received. ~-l-'1. h.,.&.~ofl .,..,.
qy. h"''S;I:A

2. OD:,.Ot;ofl. His presentation at the court was

an important moment of his life. fl.+ OD')"'I
P''l- oo-l>.:o- R.hf.m.., OJoll'l' h'i'T'f
fl;l- ' f,I'H ' )OJo

presentation of award f"liADI/T Oto;f-

There will be a presentation of the award at

the end of the year. qoo.., """".:If l'1i
A"7'1- lltn;l- f.Y..t::>A

2. OY..W o-~;1- oomo-l>. Canning makes the

preservation of food possible. R"'it "711'1-
'l""lofl'l RY..W o-~;1- 1\""mfi-l- ,l'll':fi\A

3. TO.+. Preservation of forests is very

necessary for Ethiopia. fY..'I '1'0:1' lth.-'1-

r-tc.r '

0"1'1" ' hllll.l\'1. ' )OJo

preserve (v.)
I. ['l""lofl 'i'&.'i'tl. mY.'/" -l>mA ~'I.O:f.O
1\lf. o fio}>oo>'/" o Wf.'/" o 01\.1\ o HJ'. o OOhl\hA]
2. mfi<j>. He tried to preserve his dignity.
hofiO:.'I ftoomo-l> 'l"ht:
3. RY..'Iofl mO.,.. They preserved his grave
by surrounding it with a high wall. Rh'i'T'f
"l'lofl Roo>hRofl oo:l'ofiO:.'I RY..'Iofl mOoll
be preserved RP'C't'l- Tmfi<j>

Few early manuscripts have been preserved.

'1'4:'1- f'l''l'l- fofl&...,.. 1\"do.l::'fo OP'C't
'1-' Ttnii.,.'I'A

preserve (n.)

f'I.C h&-'1!'1- hAA

People are not allowed to hunt on the preserve.

preside

970

OJI.C 1\t:.'l!'l- hAA m-IlT "''-'t 1\f.

A..,.Y:'I"

preserves f.f'C""t:' fO"''ofi

Preserves are made from raspberries and

peaches. hl\'t,lt&" hl>h f"'Coi'C' '1""1
11 f.H;>lf A

preside (over)
1. OA.+ oo"Jnc~+ DD&.. The prime minister
presides over most cabinet meetings. moltt\,_.,
"Ull."f-1. l\11~o:'m-'t f"Ull'I-C':f 'l"h
C fL'I- .,.fJI\. 011..,. OO'tOCt'l- f.oot:.fl-

2. +tll.tiJm~. The manager presides over the

business of our store. JU&. hlll"lJ)t = fao
J'.11t:.:f't't Filo 1-.,_"'lllt:.A

presidency
1. Tt:.ll)l't'l-t'l-. There are several candidates
for the presidency. 1\Tt:.H.'I't'l-t'l- 1111- 1\

..,,.:y. '

1\fl2. fT.:.IVI't'l-~'1- HOD't. His presidency was

marked by important events. fT.:.IVI't'l-~-1>
uoo't :N\1\o Y:c1..,.:f v-r-A.K.... o'l- ' ~oc

president T.:.IVI't'IThe President gave another speech yesterday.

Tt:.H.-'I't-1> '1-..'t'l- 1\.1\ 't"I"IC t.s..,:.,.
He is the president of our company. fh-fJ't,l':f
't ' T t:.H.-'1'1- ' ""'"'"

presidential fTt:.H.'I'tH'lAmerican presidential campaigns last several

months. fl\'"/.&11 fTt:.H.-'I't'l-~'1- m-Y:Y:C
1111- IDilo'l- f.IDII'IA

press (vt.)
1. -r-b-(1. She pressed my trousers for me.
(1..&\L't ' -r-b-(l:fA'S
2. ""Om. He pressed my hand warmly.
1\l':'t 0;>1\ 11"'1.'1- ""Omm3. "'i't 1\1\. Press the button to ring the bell!
S'.IDfl-'t 1\0DJ'.IDA .,.A4-'t "'i't OA
4 . ..,,...,. 1\ID"'. They pressed the oil out of
the seeds. Hf.-l>'t h'Nl-9''1i ..,,...,.,. 1\IDm5. <'10. He pressed the trigger of the gun.
fmO'tlfm-'t 9"1\"l" <'10
6. 1\o'1'' 1\J'.t:~. The mother pressed the baby
to her. 1\"'1-1'"'1' .lo!l'-'t 1\o'1' 1\.l'..:~:f,.

7.

hll6Uo~+.

His creditors are pressing him.

l\0'1&9''1i .l'll""'t"':l"A
8. 1t'M14\ mf+. Because of the rain, we
pressed our guest to stay all night. 011"11- 9"
h't,l''l- 1\'t"l-'lm-'t (lm- 1\VI.,I'Y:~ 1\'1'
11.,.'t mfo.,:fm-

press
9. 14-. The crowd pressed him into a comer.
.lo111J- ' IDS'. '1'"1 ~o(..fDo
10. ~4-4-. They pressed me for an immediate
answer. ,l'~m-). 1\'JY:ooAll ~4..4-'S
She pressed the gift on her friend. lltJl;l"m-'t
1\'t-'1..,.011'1- ' ~4-o(..:fmpress (vi.)

1. +nrS'..L. Tom is pressing for an affirmative

answer. .,.,.. fl\9''t;l" ODAII lt..,"IT'l-
T"'Y:5:A
2. M-r- ;>4.. ~fl. Hundreds pressed into the
stadium. 01111- ,..,. f"'t.,.m~ (l9':f
IDS'. 1\ll:l"-'1.1'"'1" ' M-r-;>4- ' ~~~3. ~4-. They pressed forward through the
heavy rain and mud. OhfJY: 11"11" O"l'":J>
fDoil'l' < IDS'.4.'!- ' ~4-

4. .,.:>4-. The crowd pressed against the gate.

.lo1111- ' 1\0D"Ifl'l- ' 0~ ' 1\f. ' .,.;>4..
press down

IGJ."}

hi\

Press d<>wn before you open the lid! h-'11'-'t h

ODhA.'l-11 ' OA.'l- ""l't ' 0/lfDo
press for ~1-Jl'..t:""l t 1-T1-T

The newspapers are pressing for an investigation concerning the murder. ;JH.tn':f s ill\ ' ~'i!
ll ' "I'll' ' 'J"CODilo ' 1\'tJI.f.t:"l f..,..T"I':l"fl(be) pressed for 1\mt:(m-)
+J am pressed for time. 1.11. 1\'I'C'o:'A
press hard 4-:f" .h.IIIIJ

They pressed the enemy hard. ml\'1-'t 4-:"

1\<'lm-'1press heavily on hOf.(m-)

His responsibilities press heavily on him.

,1'110'1- -11\A.~'l- h11P..:l"A
press (the) juice Qoo+

Press all the juice from the oranges! 11C-I>Il'l''li

't ' OJ'.'t11 "l"OD:J>'fmpress on ..,.,..,. +ml\

Though it was getting dark, the travelers

pressed on. o..oo1ir oo't~J'.7f':f .,.Jf'P'f
aY)

4'mlt-

~f+..:J4- hilL
He pressed his way through the crowd.

press (one's) way through

O.lo1111- ootthA M-r-;><(.. 1\1\A.

be hard pressed 0"1'1" :f~t:(m-)

+He was hard pressed for an answer. ooA.fl ' 1\

oollm'l- 0"1!1" ' :f"IC''l- '

~oc

[See also 'heavily']

press (n.)
I. f..,.,...,_,l' ""hR. The newspaper bought a

pressing

new press. f ;Jtt,"'m- ~c)!' 'I- lVI.h f., of'

"'LJ' ' .... ~~... ' 1q
2. DD11"""4:1' ""h.'i'. The oil seeds are crushed in a large press. fllf.'l- ~"'"',; Q"J ~
'1-111~ ' oP"fl"oP4!J' ' oPh.'i' ' f.<D.OD:J>tt
3. ;>Ufii:Y.. The book was favorably received
by the press. ODK'do4- R;>Ufii:Y. of'ODh"l
'l' )0C
4. ;>Um'J':Y.. Will the press be admitted to the
conference? ;>H.m'J''Il m!'. hilt\Qm- ll
"J-'1.111- ' f.4.4>~'1'f'l'lll 1

*The little boy was lost in the press of the crowd.

'1-"JJF. A)!' RofohRt\Rm- .b11il ootthlll m'ifreedom Of the preSS f ;JJLll) I )~)...,..

Freedom of the press is necessary for democ

racy. 11-'1.'l"h&.t'l. f ;>11."1 )1\)'l- hht.'l
"L )liJo

bring pressure on 1l0'11J.

He brought considerable pressure on him to

change his mind. do/111-"J li"J.ti.IIID-'I' R"'
,. ' hii11'.1'.6Jo
bring pressure to bear
I. h.,'l)!' 'lh. He brought pressure to bear on
the police to get his son released. A"lt"J 11"7
ht.:J-'1- m!'. :rll.fo:Y. h"7'1)!' 'lh
2. 14-4-. John's parents brought pressure to
bear on him to return to college. fX'l 1 mit
Jc.f o l>/1.)!' of'ODIII{o o l\"J.t1."7C ' 14-4-'1put pressure on '14-4We'll have to put pressure on him to accept
our proposal. Y4>t:il)m-"J do/Iii li"J-'1.4>0
II"J llt\o"J ""14-4-'1- hllii"J
[See also 'blood']

prestige hilc

10 to press :J'"+OD

The manuscript is ready to go to press.

r;m.4- IIOD:J"ofof" ofoii;>)!':J:A
[See also 'ironing press')

A Ph.D. holder has more prestige than an

M.A. holder. f'i'lllh'i''i' 1'-hof'C Yllm- h.
9" h. .11."Ill ltllm- f.lll~ fRIIm hil
c ' l'ollm-

pressing
I. hh'f\o.f.. The matter is pressing and must
be settled now. "I-'ll' hh'f'l>.f. hlllf) l'o!Jo).
). .,II~ l'oiiR'I2. oflC-fl. I came to see you on a pressing
matter. lliiC-1> 1-Jif. 1\);>"ICIJ """'""
3. f"''.Yh'ftt-111. I have a pressing engagement.
f"''.Yh'ftt-111 4>mC' hii'S

pressure
I. .,..,.,.,.__ Now that all the exams are over,

the pressure is beginning to ease up. Ju,.'l

presumed

971

oJo<;m- tJoll- Mll4> l .,..,.,..-,. l\fofo :I'll

fl I )liJo
2. iJq'l-. Now that I have an assistant, the

prestigious hou

'I'C

He is one of the most prestigious authors of

our time. R'l.H.J'l-'l 1 tu\.. :J. {loo IJ'C s
1'.&-t'I.,..:Y. ' h"JJI. ' lit\- ' )ID-

presumable
*Unless they lose their way, noon is the
presumable time of their arrival. ou"}.,~:ftD-'l
ltlll/11: Rhofo4>C l\11-ll 4>"J 'If. f.J'.C
1111- ofoilll- f.mR:l'lll

presumably f"'i'AQ-lHe will presumably come at four o'clock.

f"'i'IIIQ'I- QP'C t\'\'1- ,_..."1111

pressure of work is beginning to ease up.

t:JI'I- R.,"l'f1: fP'&.dJo iJq'l- llfofo:l'
1111 oo'f.~ ~f"Z:III
3. YfC "14-'1-. The pressure in the plane has
to be the same as the pressure at sea leveL
Rl'om-C'T'I"J ID-h'l' Yllm- l'fC ' "14-'l-
hQ.bC milA l'fC "14-'1- ;>C h"JJ':
'lM+ hiiRr

4. oo'l4-4-+. The pressure for school reform is

continuing. '1-f"IIC'I- IL-I':Y."J 11"7lflfIll
f"'1.1'.t:16Jo ' 0014-4-'1- .,.~,.
5. "")4-'1-. See that the pressure in the tire is
right! 1.,.... R!'."Jil OD)'i-i>"J ' llf.
*He works well under pressure. (1..1#+ 1 ,g'\
'i' ' f.P'<I-111

presume oPt\ll(m-)
+I presume you are tired after your hike.
h1ic1i~ R:\'1 f!'.hf"h f.oohii>;'A

*May I presume to te11 you that you are wrong?

u.:'t h'I-RII't'i' ou/111'1-u"J A"J1c11
let us presume ll.'lOA
Let us presume that economic co11apse is
imminent. fh.l>'l'"''. .,.J:-4>'1- f"7 ,..,.C )

m- li"JRIII

presumed (adj.) f"''.QIII

The child's presumed father was waiting outside. fA"lt l'oQ'I- )m- f"''.QIIaJo l\aJo
"fl" fo'l" )RC

presumption
be presumed 1--nll-

r ~"JOO;J-A

He is missing in action and presumed dead.

lltnC)... ~f. llllmof. 'I";J:A _,.1111- f.~
oo;J-A
It is presumed f,QI\A
It is presumed that early Ethiopians emigrated
from Yemen. f'l'"t.,.,.; h.'t-1'-k.rm-Y"t f 4.11
~:,. bfOD"t )aJo y.q~A

presumption

'l.~

r -flfto i\"''Hlf r

being fined for breaking the law. .lt"/ lloo"'

~ >."t'lf.+"' F.."tll-"t f"7Ym--l> oo(lll
3. &-11-"tt.lloullll. The children pretended to be
grownups. A)('ll 1.&-<\'l'm-"t 't-A-l> hllOOilllpretend (to) f.~q>i'A hll
James Stuart pretended to the English throne.
J':!l"ll >.ll.,.'f'C't- l?."t"ll\.11 11-of."t f.
~q>;A 1111- )IIC

pretender (to the throne) Rmll't- 11-of.

ooJ':4.C

His presumption in ordering us to leave is

astonishing.

pretentious

972

oo~L~ ~

11"111" f"7.~C!I" )mthe presumption is +1lfto f.."JOO:J-1:\.

Because of the dark clouds, the presumption

is that it will rain. F..ooc;m- llllmotG <"lf.H
"t11 hf.+C!I" -1-1111- f.~"":J'A

presumptuous All -AHe is presumptuous; he demanded the minister

grant him an immediate interview. AO r oo11- lliiiT) "7.tll'K- aJJU'aJo). 4>11 ' 00
mf.-l> >M.Illll<'t- mf+
presumptuous behavior 1t."l-A r 0&-{t- s oo+

"70D"t
His presumptuous behavior annoys me. ffto
t,.,.A II&-~ oo.,.-,oo"t J!<;Y:F..>i'A
be presumptuous 'If/} ~ h.ID""'~-1- r )omIt is presumptuous to go to a party when one
has not been invited. mY. t.A.,.m&-ll't- "I
11..,. oo'f.Y: 'tf."t hfDo"')'t- )m-

presuppose
1. +F-11" ll.A oo'l"-1-"t t.oollh.,.. The
existence of a university presupposes a secondary school system. l'tiicll.t oo-ro~- +F.
II" ll.A 11-11_,.>1' F..G)f 't-!I"UC't- IL't-
ou'l"-1-"t ' J!oullb;J'A
2. II .,._..,G.,.. A healthy body presupposes a proper diet. mH' t.IJA 11.,.'7A II"
"'1-f'l I 1\f, I f+ODIPi:+ I )dJo
our plans presuppose our having the same
vacation time. fl>t.:,O~';f"t ' ODLKIJD 1\"t-': 1
'tf.)'t- fbG'i''t- "1.11. .l'll4.A~<;A

pretend
1. llmll't- hll. He pretended that he was a
doctor. llmll't- mh.!l" )~ hll
2. oollll. She pretends to like you, but talks
about you behind your back. f!l"'t-mY:u :,.
ooMII:f- >."t:( IIC ll't-A ;J'"''?II:fHe pretended ignorance in order to avoid

). y.~q>i'A f"7.A (1mIn the England of former days, a pretender to

the throne was often beheaded. Y:l: II>."t"/11.
11 t.~c m-ll'l' llmll't- It-of.). f.~fl>i'A
f"7.A (lm- h"t~..."t f.otGT )IIC

pretense
1. ll1111. He uses any pretense to avoid work.
P'&- lloo<;:;Jo't- ll1111 .l'llqA

2. llf.!l"llA. His anger was all pretense.

"tY.-1> 11-11- llf.rllA )RC
*He made no pretense to being rich. Qla.O oP
llll- lloo;Jof't- t.A'I"bG!I"
(be) free from pretense A:l"~ A:J~~ 1 hi\
11!1"
Her manner is modest and free from pretense.
't-m-'t-c; A:J'f. A:J'f. f"7't-A ):j"on the pretense ODfl~
He called on the pretense of asking my advice.
!l"b.:O"t f"7.4.A"I oo{lll- F..mll
under pretense OD(lfr>
Under pretense of picking up the handkerchief,
she took the money. ""mGR-"t J')"':f- oo!l
~ ~"tHII-"t mM:f-

pretension t.llo- t.llo- "711'tThe other girls were annoyed by her pretension.
liCit hllll- ' hllll- "711't- f+-1-'t- A)f
~GP.:f- _,.Rit"i'"_,..,. )IIC
have pretensions to f..1fl'1A. 'If..

iom-

The younger son has pretensions to the estate.

fOD"'-Glfm- A)!' .-,&,... ~fl>i'A qy. )aJo
make no pretensions

hfm~r

He makes no pretensions to being an expert

on the subject. )~-1-"t IIF.."t11 t.m-:J'IIo- 11
II- ' t..rmt-!1"

pretentious
1. ( = adv.) 11"1-&-. He makes a pretentious
display of his wealth. 11"1-&- U11.,."t J!{)J!A
2. f>.I'A~. Her dress is pretentious. hllflll!t
I?.I'A~ ' )aJo

pretext

973

pretext IIOil
He is just looking for a pretext. IIRil ilil'
t,. ' f"'l.I.A1 ....
under the pretext of

n - - - Attfl

She was bored, but left under the pretext of

being ill. R"'9" ' 11.1111!1''1- ' R.hOD9" ' Ailq '
'/.S'."'Ipretty (v.), - oneself -M.J'"U'm
The girl prettied herself for the party. 1>.71:-;1:
11.1:-"/11- -MJ'U'm'f
pretty up AiiOD<:
The maid prettied up the room. 1<:-'1.-fo h'i'
11-"t Ailou<:'f
pretty (adj.)
I. .f"t)(. She is a very pretty girl. R"'9" .f"t
)(AY:<;'l2. RCh'l- Yll. The lll'Cident will cost him a
pretty sum. AS'.:>..,. RCh'l- Yll 1"tHil
Yllm"''PA
This is a pretty mess. 0"19" f-1-RIIlf II"

S:A
pretty (adv.) 0"19"
I'm pretty tired. R"'9" S'.h'l"o:'A
pretty well RS'."til
I know the eastern part pretty well. 9"I"6-:l'
'l!..,."t h'i'A OS'."til Am-:1'1111We're pretty well finished with the job.
PAt-tJJa'} IDF. I lfiiiiAL~(\o I '11.."7 i'BJa pretty l'ood job

'1'"'-

}\.(-C")

He did a pretty good job of painting the house.

0.-fo"t '1''1- AJ':Co) 4'119" +q..,.
or pretty nearly so 11"711'1- J/.ii'IIA
The car is new or pretty nearly so. ODh.tJ'CD-
A-'l.ll t..,. 11"711'1- J!.ii'IIA
prevail
I. -1-ii!J. +with all our efforts, we did not prevail.
'l'<::f"'f"t o-11- AA-t-illt9"
2. -1-"J.II. Calm prevails in the country.
ne-~o 11'1':1" '"'""'"" t..,.
3. Ao-"t9" All. Superstition prevailed in the
countryside. q1c 0.'1- ..,.ll'l' A"I-A A
9"t'l- Ao-"t9" All
4. Afll. Westerly winds prevail in that region.
h9"b6-il f"'l.t'i'll tof.ll 011..1' +RIIo A
J/.~1>.

Quiet prevailed when the teacher entered the

room. ,.9"U'I- II.1q h'i'll- 1\'1' All

prevent
prevail aaainst hm..+

We must stand shoulder to shoulder, or else the

enemy will prevail against us. oo-t-flnc hi\
il"t AIIRIIH..I' mll'l- Ym:Jo<;t>.
prevail on h."'lllQ

We tried to prevail on him to come along.

ho:' :>C ' 1\"t-'l.OD"' A.,..,qq..,. 'l"he"t
prevail over h.ift4..
Truth will prevail over falsehood. 1\..,.t'l- .h
11'1-"t ' ;1-lf"tof.ll'f
prevailing
I. f"'l.Oq. Red is the prevailing color in her
house. RO.;l: ..,.ll'l' f"'l.Rq..,. +f. t1c
t ....

2. ( ~ adv.) il,. '1.11.. The islands have

prevailing winds from the west. .... ,.. 1.11.
f9"b6-il tof.ll RS'.(L.f'f 1\J/. J/.t'i'iiA
prevalence iJq'lThe prevalence of automobiles has created
many problems. fouh.<; o(lq')- il,. 'f-1
C L'I'~A

*The prevalence of new methods over the

old is noticeable. A-'1-'l.ll HS'.l"'f qn
.... ' 1\J/. ' 1\Yfll- ' OD'/..11'1'.... ' R"IAK" ' F-:1"
YA
prevalent yo(lqo;'..,. ..h11il
The prevalent opinion favors school reforms.
Yilq':'..,. ..h11il milil r'l-ruc'l- O..f
'f"t Y.fl:f" oulflfA f"'l.S'."I'i' t..,.
be prevalent

I. Rilq'l- -t-1T. Malaria is prevalent in

swampy areas. R<:"l<:"l (l:J"l"":f mq R
iJq'l- Mo:'A
2. Afll. Colds are prevalent in winter.
nh.:r+ ro&-'1- 1-"tof."t YYA

prevent All+<:
The pilot of the plane prevented a serious
accident. A..,.C'TII"t t:l(..,. 'I-AT AS'.
:> All+<:
prevent from
I. 1\"tS'.- +negative imperfect + hllhll. What

prevented you from coming? l\"t.ll'l-OD"J

M hllhiiiJ l
2. h - - - MS'.. The bulk of the elephant
does not prevent him from walking fast. 11ll""t
"t ' .,,.o;:t-fo ' R'i''l't'l- ' hDD'tJ': ' AY.,S'-....9"
3. h - - - All+<:. His bellyache prevented him
from going to school. f.,Cm'l- ..nour 'l-9"
uc'l- o.'l- hou'f.Y: All+<:..,.

prevention

974

4. ~"IJ:- + imperfect + 1\A~-t.f.(IIT?").

His commitment to his job prevents him from
taking leave. 111"6-Jo 111w- h'IIUT
fb<:'i!T "1.11. ~"1-'l.mii.J:- hY.~'I-.1:-IIT?"
5. ~1.1:- + negative imperfect + l\1.<:1. His
deformity prevented him from playing games.
h!JII 1-1.11-H iiTCr ~"III,I'.Mim:,.. h.f.l:1fJJo

prevention
I. hii-J>J:-'1" oPhl\hA. Prevention of sickness
is better than curing it. O"li;f-1 h.,ll"l f.
"'"' ' hil-l'J:-'1" ' oPhl\hll- ' f-1-lfll ' ~,.
2. oPh'\h1. Take this remedy as a prevention
against cold! 111-1'f.,1 ooh'lh1 f.tl"l"l
"".1:-:l-t:,.. w-I'IJ:-

preventive (n.) oPh'\hf

Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.
hTIJT' fL "1"1"1' OOhl\h1 ' ~wpreventlve (adj.)
*The city must take preventive measures
against crime. h-1-.,,. m1~A1 ll""h'l
hA ~C?")f oPfJJo/'oJ:- 1\IIOT
I. f 1.1-'i'. The judge overruled the previous

decision. o'l~m- s f.L..,.;;:m-"J "i=CJ!- 1/\flmm2. +~r Yll. I've made a previous engageM
ment. -t.f.?" 111 -I'm!!" hJ:-C"I.fiiiJo
3. hH.tl 01.:,.. f-1'<:0. This book is a polemic
against previous ideas. f.U ODK"dt"i= htLtJ =
o~o:,.. f-1'<:11-T"I m'lll:f f"'l.:l'<:"l ~w4. fJ:-1!". Married life changed many of his
previous habits. TIIC 111faJo"l fJ:-1!" A.,
JJ-"J Ammm-

5. ( ~ adv.) hH.II -I'.f.?". He had no previous

experience in that field. hH.II -I'll.?" 011.1
'lf.~T 1"6- A?"?"J:- hA~O<:fJJo?"
6. ( ~ adv.) fill~,. "1.11.. I met him on a previous visit to England. QALm- -...rL mY. l\'l
"111.11 h1C ~J:. O~OCh-OT "1.11. ~,.

,,.,.,..

previous to h

n.c.+

Previous to coming here, he was ambassador

to Russia. ~11.11 hOO?""'-1> 01.:,.. 0'1-11.
1 h?"flilf.C

~oc

previously hll.ll o~o:,..

Had you been to Africa previously? hH.II OL
:,.. h'i'61J ~1.11 ~oc 1
~

prey upon

I. O.,"l"OCOC <;<:. Swindlers prey upon

the ignorant. h;f-'11'-:f !f."I~C"IJJo"l <h1111
O.,"l"OCOC f.<; 6-112. ~!f.~ 0'1. Cats prey upon mice. J:"oP.f:f 1\f.'l' ' ~1!1.'1- Y.0'\11Worry about her debts preys upon her mind.
1111JT"I bll .,1'111- f"""ILI'I "1""1-l'T
1\'IJ:-C"IJ;f-A

prey (n.) f1!f.llaJo1

~"111'1

The tiger devoured its prey. ~11'1- f1!f.ilfJJo

1 ' ~"11'1'1 ' 0'1
or prey 1\J:-<; f"'l.O'I
The tiger is an animal of prey. ~11C h.J:-'1'
f"'l.O'I 1\fJJoll, ~,.
fall prey to 0~~ mY.+
The gazelle fell prey to the hunters. J:-11-'\fJJo
Ohll'l''fi ~~ mY.+

price (v.) 'I':> hf

I priced the radio in several stores. Ofoof.1J'I-
fll->1.1'-'1-1 ' '1':> ' hfiJo
be priced

previous

prey,

price

on m.:.:

The Vikings preyed on coastal settlements.

'i'Y.h.11:f fm<:'i! -J>OII.l":f1 m.:-1-

I. -t--t-ou~. The hat was priced at $10. fJClr."'

fJJo OI"C 11C 1-1-?"S:A
2. 'I':> 1-ll~. All the goods are plainly priced.
~:l'w- 'I':> 11-ll- 01-AII 1-li"~A

price (n.)
I. 'I':>. The price of food is very high here.
f?""111 '1':> Ml.ll 0"1?" aJoJ:- ~w2. ""l"'l'bT. We paid a heavy price for the
victory. J:-11-"1 ll.,"'"f'l- h'i!-t-'1 ""1"'1'6
:,.. h.I:"C1<;A

A price has been put on the bandit's head.

"li'i';f-IJJo"l llfH mf.?" 111M OO"I"'I"
:,.. 1"1H11 Y.h'i!'IA
price range 'P,;J
That's all I have in this price range. 011.11 'I'
:> f"'l.lf'l' 111"i f.ll 11!1' ~,.
at any price

fl,..,,..

'f,;J

There were no bananas to be had at any price.

...., OM?" 'I':> 11.1"i hA-1-!1'119"
for any price OM?" 'lf.~T
I wouldn't part with that book for any price.
n"~ ""ll"m'i! OM?" 'if.~:,.. h~J:. h
'\m"'fJJo9"

(at) high prices OfJJoJ:Buy at low prices and sell at high prices!
OCIJ"Ii 1111-11 OfJJoJ:- "liT
[See also 'low, retail, rock bottom']

priceless

975

p ri eel ess A)('"' m- F:

The monastery owns several priceless manuscripts. .,~,.,.. I ll~"'' I tJJaY: I flY). I oflH- ; T'l
:1''1! f)(' ~~""'"G:".f hil-T
be priceless 7l~"'l h'i= Yft 1 fJ';J 1 1\1\tDThis statue is priceless; it cannot be duplicated .
.eu dtt-AT A)('"' h<;: Yil 'I':> Mil
t- f"'/.DDIIllt- 0"1'&.11 h.f.1'S!I"

prick
I. m;>. She pricked her finger with a needle.
"1;1:1 ODDC.(. W;>".fm2. !l.mm. The cat pricked me with its claws.
F:ao;t O'l''i'C'!l! !J.mm".f'S
3. tiJ. Guilt pricked his conscience. "'"'"" ~
iiSt-1 tiJmprick up h..foo
The dog pricked up its ears. m-lfm- ~C't-1
hol'ou

He pricked up his ears at the mention of the

job. fl"&.t- milo {Lt.., ~C'm-1 h-I'DD

prickle (v.), -

one's skin

!!.""'~

The bush prickled her skin. "'"'"-'"' !!.""'

&.T

prickle (n.) '1'-"'M All"u

The bush is covered witb prickles.
'1'-"'M Aii"U 'I"A.Y.O;J-A
feel a prickle m~~(m-)

"'"'*"'

I feel a prickle when I use this lotion on my

face. .eu1 ~qT 114>Q 1.1;1 .em~>;'A

prickly Aii"U"7
Euphorbia is a prickly plant. .,.A!IIA Aii"U
., 66 tiDhave a prickly feeling

*I have a prickly feeling from the wool scarf.

f~4- h11T A1111 1'1.11-llltl't'S .f.i1"7>;'A

pride (v.),

oneself on h-&.

She prides herself on her good housekeeping.

0'1'-1- 11T hYYll Th-&.11 ".f

pride (n.)
I. IMT. Pride was considered a sin by
churchmen. OIJU'\'T H1FO h-&-T A1
1!.. "lm.hT .e'll.mc toe
2. h-'1-tT. His pride kept him from asking
for money. h-<1-t., 11H11 hoomf~ h11l..t3. h11C. Don't you have any pride? hilCU1
hTm11~!1"1

4. TV"h.bT. False pride in his abilities has

primary
caused him much harm. n".fll-;1-m- Yil
m- f-1-Vt-1- TV"h.bT illl- 1-'IT h
FOC{IO;I'A
5. oolt-&Y. The girl is her mother's pride. A
)(':t iiA'\';1: DPh-6Y t".f
take pride in h-&-(OT)
He takes great pride in his work. 01".:.m- a
"'V" .f.it-&-0;1-A

priest '1:11
The priest blessed the new church.

'1:~

h-'1.

~1

111- hclltn q~ltbecome a priest +{u't

The deacon became a priest after ten years.

-'l,Y-1':. IJI"C '!DPT 0:\11 4>il<'l

priesthood IJU'\'T
Priesthood plays an important role in Ethiopia.
Oh..Tl'-kY t-11'1' IJU'\'T h<;:-1->;' il'i'&-
M'l't-

priestly

f~ll'\'

He performs his priestly duties well. f~il'\'

-1-"'Q-1-1 0"'1.1Q Yh'\'t-'\'A
priestly class lltJ'i+

The priestly class is well represented at this

convention. Olltl r .,...qt.. lt.e : tlChT
Yll- IJU'\'T -1-1'1-1-'I'A

primacy 4>1l..lf"T)T
The primacy of the Patriarch of Alexandria is
recognized by the Ethiopian church. f'-llh1 F:
cym- :rT&fch +ll..V"TtT Dh..TI"kf
n.-1- hclltn ;~-m-!1/A

primarily
I. O.f.OA'I'. He is primarily interested in
tennis. O.f.OA'I' f"''.<Dil..t- -!;til tm2. flooiPt:-1:. The idea was primarily yours.
hltll- """"'~""

n-1- tn~

primary
I. """'~:"'~!. The primary meaning of the
word is the same in all tbe related languages.
f-"'11- """'~:"'!! TC'l-9" 0"'/.qOD)j. !111
!1/l":Y. IJo/1- t-11'1' h1FO )IDLiteracy is of primary importance. ou~lj:'i r
"71011 """'~:"'!! hllol.l\1. t1C tm2. '!''\'. Our primary concern is the transport
of troops. '1''\'t- '111"7".f1 m;l'll..C'".f1
"7'l'l11 tm3. h1Joll- .f.A~ hllol.l\1.. Good health and
character are primary. '1"1- m 1tT'\' ODAIJ

primary school

976

'I" mfl'- ho-1\- '-"':,. 11114.~1.l""f

<;'l'fD<

primary school ll'tS'.'1 S'.l:ll" -l-'I"IIC-1-' IL-lMy sister goes to primary school. II~-!: ll'tS'.
>;< Y.<:ll" '1-'l"llc~ IL'I- :,-,t-fl"f
prime (v.)
1. fl"'''t4'<"14'1l IIH;>)';. He primed the pump
by pouring a little water into the top of it.

:rr-r: , m-n-r , -ref:+ m-;) ooo"'ooc AD'J

't4'<"14'1l IIH;>)';fD<
2. llll4'J:-'I" IIH:>)';. The teacher primed the
students for the test. OD9""U"" .,.,.,~r'-li"t
floC.+<; 11114'J:-'1" IIH:>l!"'ffD<

prime (n.) ll'i!~

The athlete is in his prime. IITC+>;'tJJoo Oil
'i!llfD< ' 'If. ' ~IJ)<
prime of life fiiJ:""'t ' ll'i!~ l f.b,._,T' II<;:~
A man of forty is in the prime of life. fiiCfJ '
~oo'l- (lfD< OIIJ:-"'tfD< (O.b'-m-1>) ll'i!
~

'

~,.

'

~IJ)<

prime (adj.) 'I'<;

His prime motive is love of money. 'P'I
~"''fD< fnH11 'i!:tC ~fD<

'l

prime ministe r m:t~'- "'Uil'l-c

The prime minister went abroad. m:,OI\f. "7.
tll-K- mS'. llJ4f!" II~C ' 'tS'.'l'IA
primer OfD<S'. 'tfJ11
Primers have been given free to all schoolchildren. OfD<S'. 'tflll"f ' fl'i-'I"IJCT ' IL
'1- 0~1\ ;1-J:-fl'l'IA
primeva l foo)';oo&y
In its primeval state, the earth was a fiery
glowing ball. ODD)';oo&YfD< S'.<:7f oo,:.-1-
<;:'/" foa(lfl"f J:-11-AII-A lltlA ' ~O<:"f
primitiv e
!. f'l''t-1-. Primitive man did not know how
to cook food. f'l"t'l- (lfD< '1""111 ' "'111(1
"' , 1\Y~'I" ' ~oc

A primitive way of making fire was by rubbing

two sticks together. f'l''t'l- fll<"l'l- "'/fD<
""l HY. o-fl-l- ' ll't.....,."f' t ' O"''of.""'
:,. ~oc
2. mY. :\~ f4'l:. Conditions are very primitive in some parts of Brazil. 011t-U.A fD<il
'I' ' y')J!'t)j. ' 4'01\. ' ~~-~;J- ' 0"1'1" ' dJS'. '
:\~ f4'<: ~IJ)<
3. YA,.flm~. Some primitive peoples still

principl e
go naked. ll'tJI'tJ:" YIA,.flm) . .b111l"f
1111-'t'l" llt-ofi;J-'ffD<'t f.'t.JII\4. fJA,.flm~ II<Pt-C f+,.t-. They still wear
primitive straw hats in this village. 011.11 ' oo
"tS'.C llo-'t'l" fJA,.flm~ ll"'t-c f+"'
to f"'C fJC~"' ' YS'.C:>h-

primoge niture
I. 1l'tfoC"i". Esau traded his primogeniture for
a trifle . .lo.<"lfD< 111t-C<;tJJoo't 0"'1'-l:fl ~~c
f\tDtnliJoo

2. fOli-C IA]t: f.tJJoo<:il ' f"'l.flfD< ' S'.'t11.

Primogeniture assures that the eldest son will
inherit the estate. fOli-C IA"Jt: '-tJJool:il f"'l.
flfD< S'.'t11 ;J-~:t IA]t: 't11<:1>'t ll'tJI.mC
II YS'.C:>IA

prince Ao-A
An Ethiopian prince visited England. fll_ '1-I'"Ay Ao-A fll 't111.11't II~C 1-0T
Crown Prince 1\A;J mt-11
The Crown Prince will visit our office soon.
II/A;> ' mt-1i ' ODF&Y ' IL;J-"f't't ' o:tco- '
'-1-0'11\princely
!. f/Ao-A~-1-. His princely powers are described in the constitution. f/Ao-A~-1- FIA
"1). O.b~ OD't1F1> fD<il'l' +~All/A
2. h'i!+'1 ! h'i! Yfl. Last year he earned
a princely salary. fJflof.tJJoo ' ~--1- h'i!-J-'1 '
S'.'1"11 MT
He gave me a princely gift. h'i! Yfl iliP:J-
IIS'.<:~A'"'i

princess AIIA'IThe princess is in charge of the women's

association. AIIA1:1> fll..,."f ' "''~OC "l
~.~. ' <;'fillprincipa l (n.)
1. Ft. """I Jl.ll.h+c. The principal called the
teachers into his office. Ft. ""&Ill- ('LII.h
-K-) , ""'l"llt->' t IIILC'tJJ- mt-'fm2. 'I'<; nH11. Have you paid interest on the
principal? f'l'<;tJJ-'t ~'tH11 mfiJ:- h'i!fll'A !
principal (adj.) 'I'<;
Chicago is the principal city of lllinois.
'fl}~ fll_ll.'l''- ' "'" ' h+"'' ' ~.,.
principl e
1. """'<:;1-' S'.'t11. Do you know the principle
by which a machine works? DDh.<; f"'l."'t-.
0-l-'t ' .......<:;J-'1! ' S'.'t11 ;1-lll-.4"{11/'t !

977

print

2. """'<!'!-. It works in principle, but not in

practice. """"'<!"" f"'l.u-t f.t1DMA I Rl"
&- ' ~y. ' "l't ' il.tD-A ' "hY.l-A'I"
3. ,.,..,:.,. dt'lofl. Do you know the principles
of arithmetic? fdt.'lofl't """'i!T dt'llll-
:J'tD-.4'1\U I

4. ~111. I make it a principle to save some

money every month. flf'CD~ '1"4!+ a 1'lHofi r
"7m&-.,ll"'t 1.'tJI. Jl.'tofl hY:C'I. 1>11:1'1\v-

5. }..go~:,.. His actions are consonant with

his principles. hY:&-1., h1.!1")., :>C fT
11"7"7

)tiJo

6. P"C'l+. An eye for an eye is a crude principle

of justice. ~Y.'t .l'm4- ~Y.l- Y.T4- f"'l.ll
m- , IDS'.. :\1\
r~:r-,n P"C'JoT )om7. Y.ll-"i:J'. He will do anything for money
because he has no principles whatever. Y.ll-"i:J'

,.,.t!. .

11111\.1\tD- M'tHofl {l.A f"7.1'JI.C:ItD- )1C

filii"
8. f"'l..l'll"'tR'I- )1C. He shows great fidelity
to his principles. 11"'1..1'1/"'tR'I- )1C f.'I":J'A

9. ""'l"t..l'. The leaders tried to ground the

government on democratic principles. OD~':ri
OD't"ll"-l:'t R-'1. 'l"h&-{1. ""II"t..I'Y"i- ~-"'
11"'"'"1"<!'1- ' 'l"h'las a matter of principle Oih~ oow+

A judge should not take a bribe as a matter

of principle. Rih'l- """'<!'!- h'tY: '!>;' .,.
ll """'RA fiiR'I-11"

*I don't do such things as a matter of principle. h"711"'tR'I- )1C tD-"1!' 111111') 1.

'tJI.II.U .l'lltD-'t h~J/..C1tD-II"

man of principles

priority

2. oi.JI.tr>l-. The print in this book is very small.

fll.ll DPK'dt'i' 4-JI.~ 0"111"

.:1::,0 'i''fm-

3. :,Oi(. How many prints shall I make of each

picture? h.l''t'l:t-'1. G:-1'"1&-'i' ll't'l- :,Oi(
~tD-IIJAU

4. h 'if&-. The prints of his fingers could be

seen on the glass. ofiC"f!'fotJJ- ~y. f"'-Hi
"h'if&- Y.:J'Y. )RC
(of) colored print QA hflQ

She has a dress of colored print. Qll "hRQ .,

"'1.11 M'l-

fine print Rt:<t:,O fTl!.4-

Read the fine print before you sign any contract. "7't'l'tD-'tll" tD-A hooo~.&-t:II"U 04.
'I- Rt:of::,O fTl!.4-'l-'t tJoll- Ail hY:C11l
h'toflofl
in print ;1'.:,0'1"
He finally saw his story in print. """""'<!'if
fl!.ol.tJJ-'t :J't.h ,.,...,. hftD-

(be) In print f.1>;'A

This book is still in print. Y.U oPK'dt'i' h

fJo't!l" f.1>;'A

(be) out of print hll.,

The book is out of print. f:J'T""tll-

""~~'"'

<;: hA*A

printer h:J'"'l.

Who is the printer of this book? fii.U

""~

dt'i' "h:J'"'l. "7)tD- I

printing 1.'1-11"

The printing in this book is very clear. fii.U

oPI\'dt'i' 1.:r-- ofiA"J!' .I'll )tD-

He is a man of principles. 11'1- ~'1"7 .1'1\tD-

(IQJo

~(I)-

On principle QIIT'II'IR- 1.11")'1- ll"h't.I''I-

He refused on principle to cheat on his

income tax. Q11T'II'IR- 1.11")'1- ll"h't.l''l- f
10. .,<!ffio't "7"PRCRC 1.11"0. hi\
print (v.)

printing press "7T"'l...' ooh_'i'

The printing press broke down. "7T"'l...'tJJ-
ooh_'i' TI'IR<!
prior .,J/..11" .I'll

Due to a prior invitation, I couldn't come to

your party. .,J/..11" .I'll Tt. Mllofl"i "lofl
VU A""IIJ t.Aii'Ah-9"

I. hT"". The printing press printed many

books this year. RII.U ~oo'l- "7T"'l...' II.
ojz I oft,.. I OD~ih.l'j::T I J\1-0fJ
The magazine printed his story. ""~~'.h."" 1.
(to fl!.ol.tD-'t :J't.h hT""tll2. 01-AU l!.ol.. Please print your name! iiii"U

Prior to my departure, I consulted with the

minister. h,.,~..._ 04-'1- h"'l.tll'l-'l- :>C

't 01-AU l!.'i'

T"7bCh-

print (n.)
I. [01.;1!' hT"'II I"~A 'If. RoPIL'i' :J-'1'1" fTQ' P'~A)

*He has a prior claim to the land. """'"" Y.

1Q'I'A f"711'1- .,JI.!I"'I-)'1- hlltD-

prior to b - - - RA.-l-

priority .,J/..11"'1-H

The plan was given priority over all others.

1,:,0.11. hi\.~ v-11- .,J/.11"'1-)'1- .,. .......,.,.A

..

978

prison
have priority :tY:fl'/..1

..,.(lmm-

Fire engines have priority over other traffic.

fh/1-l- hf.:> ouh.<;JP:f b/1.11-'ll -l-.1:-"t
Y.<'t"''I''I'A

y'

prison hllC n.-l-

The prison is heavily guarded. lt.ilC

fL-1:

fl

Til-l> ,l'.m0.4'A

[See also confine, confinement']

2. A 1'-. They held their meeting in a private

room. lliJ<'tq'f.,.') OAI' b'i'A tJJoil'l'
hf.~'t-

.,.&-. A private citizen should take an

interest in what the government does. +&-m-
3.

0 fOD')"J.f"., 0 .f"tl- 0 -J-I)of.,l'. 0

h/10-l{my} private opinion is Jt.."t~ brrt

lf.;J

ODif')

My private opinion is that he should not go

abroad. h'Jf.~ blf) mf. IJJo"f." h1C

prisoner hll~'i'

A prisoner has just escaped.

prize

lt.ilt:.~ s

J\11-"t

Jtouhm
prisoner of war rctt~

The prisoners of war were badly treated.

II"CI\'l''ll 0"111" _,.1''111keep a prisoner J\ilt: ~ Jtil+oum

He kept his dog a prisoner in the garage.

tJJolftJJo't ouh.<; "'l.f"tY tl.-l- IJJ-11'1' h
II~ hilo!>ODmtJJo
take prisoner "7l:.h

OD'f..J:" ' fiiO-l-11"

in private
I. llil!l'. I'd like to talk to you in private.
llil!l'll II) ;>"ICIJ hLA;>IIIJo
2. 011"1. The session will be conducted in
private. lliJ<'tq,. 011"1 ,I'.IJ't.IIA
private secretary AI'- lldo.L

The Emperor's private secretary will attend

the meeting. ,,..,..,., 1 t1P'11 1 A. tt 1 Kdtd.
llofl<'tq.,. '1,1'. ,l'.1'i'A

We took three hundred prisoners. V'il+ ; ou

.,. <'IJP:f ., ~b')

privation
I. Oll""lil'i" OAilll l-"IC. Our family suffered
privation during the war. tJ..,.(lq:f') OI"CH

pristine
*The bodies of the first kings were found in
pristine condition. fo!>.J:-'I"JP'Il )1P';I--l- hil
bt.') h'J-'111 .,.,,.

1.11. Oll"""il'i" OAilll :f"JC _,..,..4',1'.1'

)OC
2. :f"JC. The troops faced severe privation.
m;t-f.~'ll bq.J:- :f"lc f.~<'tq'f.,.

privacy

1. hofl;r: outr"}. Hard study requires privacy.

Of.')ofl 11"'/'l''i"-l- llil!l' ODin YIILA:>A
2 . .f,I'.;J-. They discussed personal affairs in
privacy. \"''A 1-.IIY'!'tJJo') O.f,l'.;t- .,.IDYI'3. f"'IA ; ).t:. Reporters invaded his privacy
by asking personal questions. ;Jtt.m~l-- ilh s
"lA u-~;1- 'I'Y'Il hfmf_,. O"IA
"'A.4' 1ti-O-l-

'i-~,.

private (n.) .,.,:. m;t-f.C

He was a private in the First World War.

OOD;eOD&YtJJo f'lllll" I"C)-l-
f.C )0C

.,.&- ....,.

private (adj.)
I. I"''A. This is my private property. Y.ll f"l
A ' V1H: I }IJJHe attends private school. O"IA -l-ll"llC-l-
tl.-l- ' ,I'."'I&A

privilege AI' ODil-l-

He was denied all the privileges. A I' ODofl-1'

.,;-, 11-11- .,.)4..1
privileged f;l-1.11

The students are a privileged class in this

country. 011.11 ll1C fD-11'1' .,..,&JP:f b
;t-f.lltJJo mn f"t 'll.m~ 'i"'ftJJo
be privileged .,.L+f-(11-l-)

He is privileged to use the library whenever he

wishes. tl..,. ODl\.ft'i'.,.') 0.1.111 1.11.
h'J'I.mo!>II"O-l- .,.L-l>I'-11;1-A
privy, be ~ to fD-ilm-'J

om+

The minister was privy to the details of the

conspiracy. "ttll~ h.J:-"'IIJJo't fD-ilm-

') y,._,.:,. )OC

prize (v.) hiiAtn

mu

Private enterprise plays a small part in Ethi~

opia's development. Oh..-l-1'"1\"Y A"'l-l- tJJoil

He prizes the book that he received from his

teacher more than anything else. llll.,...,.,~aJo 1

'I' \"''A 'J"I.I:- f"tYO~b_,.,. .1:-Clf Mil

f.,.(lmtJJo't ODI\'dt'i' b.,'i"'fiiJoll" )1C

hiiAI" ,I'.IDf.'I'A

.,..,. )IJJo

prize (n.)
I. 'liA"'I'I-. Who won the first prize in poetry?
11"1'1'1"' l\'H'.'i'DJ-'t 'liA"'I'I- "'l't MT l
2. f"7.11A'I'. This puppy is the prize of the
litter. f.IJ 11-:fl\ h/1.1\-,; v-tr f"7.11A
T

problem

979

prize

~BJ-

*His friendship would be a great prize. ~.l'.'i't

-1> ' f.IJ ' )OJ- ' )\f.qAI"'
prize (adj.) 'I':> YiiDJThis is a prize house. .eo 'P;J ' film- R.T
)DJPrize Trust f'liA"'I'I- K"C~'IThe Haile Sellassie Prize Trust was created
to promote Ethiopian studies. f+JI"71! '1.e.l\
P'llll. f'liA"'I'I- K"C~ f-J-!11!1/ouDJ-
fl\..'1-1'-t;f't 'l''o""'l- ii"'III~:J-:J-'1- )DJ-

prized, highly ~ DJ-K"

Thoroughbred horses from Arabia are highly
prized. hO~ofl MC f"7.oum- H~ oPAIJ
I'" ' L~to:f ' DJ-K" ' 'o""'I'DJpro(s) 'l':f-1"'
He wants to consider the pros and cons before
he makes up his mind. dt'lll-'t hou.,...~m-
IIL'I- 'l':f-.,...'t'o"" "1-'!-l>'t il,fou~1f't f.
LA;> A

pro f"Y.S'-1~
He has a pro-British point ofview.l\'t111.11't
f"7..1'.1~ hili-Yf'l- l\iiDJ-

probability (probabilities)
I. f.IT'o""A. Let's not confuse possibility with
probability! f"''.if'A't hf.IT'o""A :>C l\'o"""'I:J2. l>K-A. The probability of his coming in this
rain is very small. 1111.11 1111'o""l"' {loPI"'"l
'1- YiiDJ- l>Y:A Mll-1-'i' )DJ*The probability of rain forced me to stay
home. 11'o""l"' f.oP"'A f"7.A ~&-!1' hiL'I-
l\'l'il't
*There is a probability that school will close a
week earlier than usual. '1-l"'tJC'I- IL'I- hiiloP.I'.DJ-~Ul\'tY:'II"''t'l-~.l'.l"'ilh-f.

H:> f.IT'o""A
in all probability
*In all probability, you will have to make a
down payment first l\'t.I'.I"'~I"'-1-DJ- fou"/_oP6
1' h~f oPhLA <'lf.'l"CofJIJ 1\f.~CI"'
probable
*Something he ate is the probable cause of
l"'h't1''1- fill\ OJ- t~c
his pain. f
<'lf.IT't ' l\f.~CI"'

.h.,....,.

*The probable result of any war is that everybody will lose and nobody will win. "'l't'i'DJ1"' tnCt'l- DJ-m.-1> IJoll-1"' -1-lf'tl::
"'l'tl"' l\il"'llft~'t f"Y.YIIh'I-A f.oPIII\A
be probable, seem probable l\ + negative
imperfect + l\A~~I"' (l\f.~CI"')
It is probable that he is the guilty one. '1'4--1o;o..,. l\Co\- {)f.IT't 1\f.~CI"'
It seems probable that the letter was lost.
.l'.ofi'!ILDJ- <'IY.m'i- l\A~~I"'
probably l"''o""Aq'IYou'll probably meet him on the train.
l"''o""Aq'l- qn-c 1\f. :J-~T'I'iiiJ
probation foo-h&- .!'.~Yf

The student has been placed on probation

until his grades improve. DJ-m.-f>'t l\11 hJ'lf
'liA -J-"'16DJ- lloo-h&- .I'.~Yf f."'I&-A
*The judge placed the young boy on probation
for two years. '!':'OJ- A1t ilv-11'1- -tou'l-
~u IIJ\ouhc- l\'t.ll..f.Y. l\.1'.~~..,.
probe (v.) -~-~

The committee is probing into his financial

activities . .I'.C"I- 1'tHII-'t hl"''t P'&- l\'t
'!'f'iiDJ- y.ou~I"'&-A
probe (n.) I"'COD&The mayor demanded a probe of gambling
in the city. h't-l:q..,. llh-1-"'IDJ- DJ-11'1' '"'
"'IC I"'CoP&- l\'t-'1..1'.~"1 l\H'I'A
probity dt~'tH
He is a man of unquestioned probity. J..C(}o r
"'IYm&-'l'C dt+'tt:r- YiiDJ- (IDJ- tDJproblem
!. "1-'!f.. The border problem will be discussed
by the U.N. fK-'tll-1- "1-'!f. 11-J-qllo~-'1-
oP't"'P':J-'1- K-C~'I- DJ-f.f.'l- 1>.1'.~"111
:J-A
That's your problem. y ' n-J- ' "1-'!f. ' )DJ2. :f"lc. Social problems must be studied by
experts. f~ofl~-1- 1111- :f"lc-:f 110'1'-l:l":f
oum'o""'l- J\ilq'f'..,.
3. "1"1. He has many domestic problems.
ofllt- ' fiL'I- "'"' ' l\1111'14. 'l'Y<fl. I couldn't solve the second problem.
IJoil-1-'i'DJ-'t 'l'Y<fl Au&-DJ- l\Aii'Ah-1"'
problem child

His son is a problem child.A1t l\11'1':>6 tDJ[See also 'deal, racial']

980

problematic
problematic hm&-"16

What the weather will be is problematic.

J'f"- tH:l' 9'"t l\'tf."''.ll''t hm&-"16

~..,.

procedure P'C't+

The procedures to follow in applying for a

visa are complicated. li.~ l\"7tJJo"'+ f9'"th.,.
1\fl>o P'C't+ fl>oll-1111-11 ~..,.
[See also 'legal']
proceed
1. ~-~. He proceeded to inform me about
conditions there. l\lf..l' J'l\tJJo't o-lr.;J- Y.
~..,~"' ' ~-c
2 .,_,. 4'mll. They proceeded to Harar on
foot after their car broke down. ooiJ.<;'ftJJo
h_,.OIIif 0:\1\ mi. dt~C Ol\"IC "I-ll
4'mll3. ,of.. The fallen tree across the road did
not let us proceed any further. OOO't,JI. 1\J'.
f.,.:>f."""'" ~"' mu+ l\'t'l't,of. hllhll't
4 . .,.&-ouf.. The path is slippery; you had
better proceed with caution. OO't,JI. 111\"''.J'
'IA'I" OT't:l'-t -11+&-ouf.." J'.lfi\A
proceed from hilhTA

+Famine and disease proceed from war.

IPC~+ ~-1-ll't O'li:l''t J'llh+IIA
proceed to, proceed with +mA
Let us proceed to business! P'&-"'f't't l\'t4''1"A
Please proceed with your story! :l'6hll't 4'TA

proceeding ~,c
It was a strange proceeding when the Senate
adjourned without any decision. ,n.., oo
m(l...tJJo ' J'l\ ' .......lr. ' (1.1\J'J'. ' J'A.,.iiOOf.
~,c ~oc
way of proceeding fhw.U:

H~

What's the best way of proceeding? f.,.lfl\fl>o

fhoP&-C HJ'.. f+"'"'" ~..,. l
proceedlncs fP'&- tJJom.+

proclaim

process (v.)
1. hH:>~. This plant processes 150 tons of
fish a day. J'.ll ' of.-1161} ' on ' 00-f ' ,.,,. ... '
-f't 't"' J'H:>)fA
2. Ofh'i'l\'ftJJo 1.111.11. They processed the
students on registration day. OooOD1f1fiJtD-
4''t _,..,6l'"ll't Ofh'i'l\'ffl>o 1.111.113. 1.111.11. They processed all the recruits in
one day. 9"A9"11-'ii"t o-11- Q'tf." 4''t f.
llf.!l.'ffl>o
process (n.)
1. "l-'IJ'.. That will be a long. drawn-out process. J' -on- "LH. f"''.l.)!: "l-'IJ'. J'.ll''i'A
2. HJ'... By what process is cloth made from
wool? (1.'1' A-fill f"''.ll'~..,. Ol\'tJ'..+
J'il HJ'.. ~..,. l

That process was worked out in our school

laboratory. HJ'..tJJo f.,.l.m~tJJo 0+9"llC+
o.;J-"'f't ' 0..,. ' -h&- ' tJJoll'l" ' ~ ....

*Training to become a doctor, is a lengthy

process. f.hh9"'i' +9"uc+ ~)!:9" "LH. f
"''.mY.:J>' ~..,.
have in process 0 - - -1\f. 1 ~mThe author has just finished one book and
has another in process.

1-&.tt...m-

h"JS:

oo~

"'"' o:J>co- ""c" 11o11 """"'"' 1\J'. ~"'"

in process of time 01.11. -fllf+
In process of time, racial harmony will be
achieved. O"LH. -1111+ OAI' AI' nr:"f-
ODI}hA ' 119"9"~+ ' J'.l.m&-A.

I\,_
""""'&-+ ,

(be) in the process of 0 - - -

~lD"

The building is still in the process of construction. .h'tl\fl>o ,., ,

1\J'. , ~..,.
(be a) slow process

Unloading the ship was a slow process.

oochll-'t ' .,,:.,., '

~.,,.

' "LH. '

~-~

procession

The proceedings of the meeting are printed

once a month. fllofl(tQm- fF~ m-m..'f-

1. llA'i'. The students walked in procession

through the streets . .,..,6,.'1i Ofoo't,JI. 1\

Ofm"- J'.:l'.,."7A

J'. OllA'i' 1\1\f.

The proceedings of the meeting were disorderly. ll-flllQfl>o f.,..,.,:.oo(l ~oc

2. "I-ll. The procession was accompanied by

start proceedings asainst hft(l

a hymn. "~-""'" 011"7"- J'.OD&- ~oc

funeral procession '-IJ:

He started proceedings against his neighbor.

The funeral procession passed by my house.

'1-~0.-Jo't

proceeds

' hllll

y,-.;..,. ,'tH-11

He invested the proceeds from the sale of his

farm. fl\Clf (l:J'fl>o't OODif'l" Y,"'ifl>o't
,'tH-11 OP'&- 1\J'. h1'1\fl>o

"-""'" 00.-t 1\m,-11 hill.

proclaim
1. om~. The governor proclaimed a state of
emergency. ,.,,~
fhll'f'>J'. "LH.
01')!: om)!:

,"IC..,.

proclamation

2. Aii;J-m+ 1 1AII. He proclaimed his ideas to

anyone who listened. "Vl,..m IJolr dtilfl--1
Ail;J-m+ (1AII)
3. Allf. His kind acts proclaim a generous
heart. f.l'."l~:,. 1""1<1-1- AO C'l'lo'l~_,"t
1/IJ'A

1. 0'1'~. The proclamation was written in

English and Amharic. 0'1')1: f1"ll4..tD- OA
"''C'i'<; Ol\"t"/11.11'1' ' ~m2. OD:f"tD")';. The proclamation of a holiday was
greeted with cheers. fO'tA"t OD:f"tD")'; O"i'"
ii<A<I ' 1-+0A-..,.

hAm-

procrastinate h.Jf l

~.:.

~1

hA

Don't procrastinate any longer! ltrJ-1

mv

' h;hflftD-

While John procrastinated, Mary prepared for

the exam. j('} I If~ I )1 I (LA I "1.;'.. I fld..
-t-<;m- ' 1-H.:>)>;".f

procure
1. h1T. Can you procure some specimens for
me? A't.M:,. h"t.ll"t.l'." A;I-1'SA'S :,.:f'IAtll
2. h.I'.G1. The secret service procured the
arrest of the criminal. fll"l':l" h'I'A tD"t
)>;A'I'm- l\"t.11.111 h.I'.G1

*He procured his rival's removal by stirring

up an intrigue against him. 1":l''l'"''..m-"t (I

m- hP'MD- ll.filA:J>:J> f!l'flm- T"t

It-A 4..'1'1!" )tD-

prod (prodded), v.
1. tD:> tD:> h.I'.G1. The farmer prodded the
ox to make it move on. o.:.m- l\"t.ll.'t.I'."A:,.
(JJ,;J

Have you read the story of The Prodigal Son?

f m<f.m-"t A")'; ;1-t;h h""ll"do'I' :J-.11-il
A"tiiOYA l

OJ,;J

I. f"7.1il.l'."t:J>. The Egyptian pyramids are

prodigious monuments. Mill\" T.~"'l.P.".f
f"7.1fl.l'."t.,. :J>cl'".f <;'l'm2. l\")';"1 0"111" ill!-. Prodigious sums of
money were spent on arms. 7.)1:"1 RtiJf'" 11
,.. I

He has a proclivity to gossip. ftD.:O 11"t<ll\.

;J-m<f. ~oc
Prodigal Son fmf.CD- A)f:

11'11-fl t\II'C

tiDUft.Y

dJtl)

prodigy (prodigies) 1"il'l'9' 1Am- A")';

proclivity 11"t<ll\.

1fl&,.dJ-

of its forests. h"'UIJ ""'IJ9'!f!"t 1'1"/<lil

prodigious

prod am ation

~1-1-"t

produce

981

h.J!~1tJJ-

2. 1'1-<f.. He prodded the students to do their

best. .,....,t;9'1J; ' f-Joil''l'ftD-") ' l\"t.ll.f.I'.C1- '
1'1-<f.'fm-

prod (n.) lf.A H"t"l

Prods are used to make recalcitrant cattle
move. lf.A H"t"l A"l""'i' hilofo".f"t AOD"t.ll
:,. f.G.IIA

(be) prodigal
I. h<IM. The son is prodigal with his father's
money. A)l: 1<l"'"t 1"tHil 1Qh<;A
2. 1'1"/<lil hm<f.. America has been prodigal

The violin prodigy will give a concert. flil'"ll.

"t 1"il'l'9' 1Am- A")'; f-11.:1> :,.c
l\f.:,. 1111A
prodigies of Tm.'l.f;t. fl\.4\mThe warriors performed prodigies of valor.
IPG'l'IJ; ' TID.II.II& ' fl\.{ltD- ' )>;il-'1- "'"'-

produce (v.)
I. "'~(1",..~). The cars are produced by a
factory near here. ODh.<;9'1J; 011.11 A:,O~n.
1 ' 0"7.1'S ' <f.ii&IJ ' ""'~""
2. hODG-Jo. We must produce more of our own
food and import less. f~ll".f"t"t ll"""il f.

OAm-"t hli"CT"t htD-"1'" Mil 1fl "''

11""1..,. ' hflil"t
3. "'C-1' htD"l. We have produced a hundred
tons of cement this week. 011.11 liM:,. milT ' h"t.l'." ' ODofo ' ofo") ' il."''.."t-1' ' "'C-I""t '
l\tDd)")
4. hO+A. Our fruit farm produces many
different kinds of fruit. f'i'~'i'.:O l\ClJ.f"t il
II- AI< AI< 'tf.~:,. 'i'~'i'.:09'".f 10:,04\A
S. tD"'(n:,.). A mining region produces gold
and silver. f"''~.l'."\oo +Oil. mc:J><; iiC
f.tD"'O:I"A
6. h+GO. Can you produce any written
proof? fll"dt-'1' ""Gil" A;J-+Cil :,.",f'l
All!
7. h.Lit+. A static mind produces no new
ideas. f'lif+ hl\9"1!" h"'.il dollll".f"t
h14.A:,09"
8. hllf. Please produce your tickets at the
gate! th.:l"".f11-"t l\OD-11U'tD- 'If. hili<
9. hil1"f. Hard work produces success. m"th
I!" , """'~"" , ODAIJII" m-m.n 1111'1'A
10. hilh-I"A. His booi< produced great controversy. ""ll"m4- :,.A:,. hchc hilh-l"fl

produce

982

produce (n.) f~Clf 1111-lThey sell their produce on the market. n..clf u
ii;Hfm-'1 ' 1fl.l' ' htD-'1'..,..,. ' f.if"'fl-

product
I. 1111-l-. The chief products of Ethiopia are
coffee and hides. fh.-1-f"k.l' .,..,. 1111;1:

II-""

.f-'1' )tD-

2. P"C-1-. The farm products are very good

in thiS pfOViflCC. flfllJ I mol>ft,r. ~ .,.,:,-. I tlJ-{J#f' I
!?.elf

rc:r- fl"'P"

'~'~- )ro-

3. ~?. At present, most factory products

are imported. IJflo). 1.11. hil~'l''li fof.
ii&IJ 1.?9''f- hlD"'l" f"toPm- .,.,.,.
4. 'i'tl.. This child is a product of an excellent
school. f.U A~ fP"C'I' -1-ruc-1- !1.
:,..

Cj:~ : ~DJ-

*His failure was a product of laziness. <'lf.<'IIJ

11-1- ' f+t:m- h11'1'i'" f..,.)., )tD-

production
I. fof.ii&IJ m-m.-1-. Production was reduced
by the strike. flu>&-..,.'l''li P'&- "'1-fP" 9"
h'l.l'-1- fof.ii&IJm- m-m.-1- ..,.+'l(l )flC

2. oop&o-T. Productionofautomo biteshasnot

yet begun in Ethiopia. ooh._fj r ODF&-+: 1'i
flh.-1-f"k.l' hA..,.J':DP<!P"
3. F&-. Japan overtook many countries in
steel production. flilt:-1- P'&- J(;r'! iln9''li'! ' h11:'f- ' oJ>S!.oP!J''fm-

productive
1. m:J-07.. We must encourage our students
to engage in productive activity. ..,."''&IP!F'f-'1
m?"t flf) ..,."IIJC 1\f. 1-.VI.o't"''o;..
"''flt::f":f"-1- hili!'!
2. -1-C'i' .l'llfl-1-. He has a very productive
business. iln- -1-co;: .l'llfl-1- '!"IJ': hlltD-

professional
2. f P'&- m-m.-1-. Improvement in health
services will increase productivity. fm.'i" h'1
A"lll--1- DPlflfA fP'&- m-m.-1-'1 J'<'lJ'::>A

profane (v.) h.:ho't

Vandais profaned the church by smashing the
altar. OD')(Jo;..') ' floP11flC Wtl-&9''f- > !1.-f>
hc11t.l').'! ht:h(l.-l-

profane (adj.)
1. 'lAD?'. Profane literature is now written
in Amharic. 'll\ottff! = g-m.tt: J Q"7C~ J oo~
'i' ' Ji:P"ii=A

2. filA"!.,. Don't use profane language

around me! hm1!1. filA "I" ?A h-l-.,1C
3. ( ~ adv.) flh'l-1>. To use God's name for
profane things is a sacrilege. fl.."lflh11da.C"t 1
119" ' flh'!-1> "'1'1"1-l- "'1&-h11 ' )dJo

profanity (profanities) K.l''i' )1C

He uttered a stream of profanities. 11rt- " '
'i' ' )11:'f- ' ..,..,.,,:

profess
1. "'hR. He professed a great interest in my
welfare. illl~ 1!.1'!)-l- fl"'P" f"t.ft:.fC
oPlf).'! ' 1111\

2. hoP). Christians profess the Christian

religion. hC11t.l''l':f flhC11-l-" .I'P""fl3. Ill- )ro-. He professed respect for the law.
..h"l J.'.hflC Ill- )ro4. hll. I don't profess to be an expert.ll.:r> )

'5

hAAP"

profession
1.
The profession of the dentist is a
good ODe. fTCil J ihh9""'i" I ODaf I T?- I )(Do
2. 'liiP". He is respected by the medical
profession. fl..hh9"" 'lll9" tD-11'1' f..,.hfl

ooa,.

3. 1\'r. This productive soil yields large crops.

t:; I lj(l)o

f.U 119" ' DPtl.-1- iln- 1-.UA .1'4..&-A

4. iln- ODl\..h'i'-1- f"tll"'i'. He is a very productive writer. ofllt'
fO?.K"tt: : F..
&-1'1. ' )dJo

profession of faith f"/f,ottlf+">

oo"mtt:.+

be productive "?IJD~T ~1\

The land is very productive because the soil

is rich. h4..o;.. 119" 1111lf) 11n- "'19"<!-l-
f. 'f-IlA

productivity
I. P"C-1- l o'tiiA. Modern methods have
increased agricultural productivity. fiOD'i'f! H
S!.IP'f- f~clf'! rc:r- (o"ti!A) ho;: h
J':C1dJo:f"A

aJ1"}):,0

oo

"IIIII'

Profession of faith should not be compulsory.

f?f."'''l'-1-'1 > W1'!)-l- > OD"!I\l\" > "l}!..:f" > oPif
'! fllfl-l-9"

professional (n.) ft;Q.'f':f" IJIIODoJ'

She took her tennis lessons from a professional.
f-f:t11 t;Q.'f':1" .1' m.,-;r..,. h"'-'1' _,..,.
fll\ODa, ;

)(Do

professional (adj.)
I. fODoJ'. The professional ethics of a lawyer
should be respected. fmfl? fODoJ' DPP"&J'
DPhflC hllfl-1-

983

professor

2. TC'<~.-1i.,A. He is a professional basketball

player. TC'<I.-1i .. A f:j>C'"''1- \\II .,_'"'
'I':Y. )fDo

3.

f~Vt\m'i'.

He is not a professional builder.

f"'l\m) 1"IIL hf.f.l\9"

professional duties ou-~

The professional duties of a lawyer are quite

heavy. f'l'ofl:,.., ,_y 0"19" bQ~ )mprofessor tm9"UC l TC'<I.f>C

He is a professor of Amharic. hi\- f"''C"'i

tm9"UC (TC'<I.f>C) )fDo

JtPofuse

3. TC'i' h1T. He profited by the sale of

his house. !1..,"1 ll.if'l' '1-C'i' MT
4. .,.., .:. A wise person profits by his mistakes. 0'1'4! (lm- hll:r..,.., f."''t-A
profit (n.)
I. '1-C'i'. Does the business show any profit?
"I"'JI. '1-C'i' fll1"'iA I
2. T:f-9'". There is no profit in arguing about
this. IIIII\- ooht-hC '1':,011" fl\m-9"

Having such an excellent teacher is to your

profit. h"lf.H.U fl\ b'i'.,_"'f 009"UC "''

.,,..,.u .

1\"1.,. '1':,011" )fDo

*What profit is there in worrying?

proffer 11111

They proffered friendship to their. new neighbor. 11.11.1\- '1-t:R.;I''I'm- a>JI~);J''fm-"1 1

11""1 f.m:,O"''A l
at a profit h'I-CG:

111\-

I sold it at a profit. t.'I-C<I. if'l'h-'1make a profit

proficiency :Y.II-:1'

oPQ;t.~;p

h~t..L

She was praised for her proficiency at teaching.

He made a large profit selling land. oo.:.+ 0

R"''II.,."''C :Y.II-:1''1' .,.OO(l1):Y.

ooif'l' oflll- h.,.t:.l.

proficient 04! :Y.II-;1' film-

It's not easy to find proficient translators.

04! :Y.II-;1' fl\'l'm- .,_C'I"''.l":Y."I 11"'1.,
T '1- <I'll A t.f.f.l\9"
be proficient in

1. IPiltn~. She was very proficient in music.

flOD-fl.4" ~ fltlJ?"' I IVA'f''i" I )flC
2. Of."lofl .,.~.:. He is proficient in three
languages. V'll'l- 111"111/l":Y. Of."lofl ,..,16-A
profile
I. '1-"1. He asked me to take his picture in
profile. h'l-"1 G:-1'.,6-'i' h"IJI)"'m- mf<l'~
2. :,Ocw. You can see from afar the profile of a
mountain range. f.,.t-t-m-"1 if"l.,.t:C :,Ocw
b-\.:,0 1\"''f'l- '1-:Y.III\U

*She has a very attractive profile. 0.,..1'

11'1-:l'f. 0"19" f"''."''Cb 111'" hl\'1write a profile Q~ 11\K

When you apply for a job, you have to write

a profile listing your abilities and experience.
P't- 1\00.,QT 11;1'001\h'l- ":fll-:f'U"I ..
fP't- A9"~U"I Q - 00.,1\1\'" f.'l"C
of! VA
profit (v.)
I. m<l'"". What can it profit him? 9""1 f.m
:,Ooo'I'A l
2. '1':,09" h1T. I didn't profit much by the
lecture. b"l.,.,<l- 9""19" fUA '1':,011" hi\
1111-0'I-9"

profitable
I. '1-C'i' f"'i.f/11~. Is it a profitable business?
'1-C'i' f"''.fll1~ "!.,~ )fDo l
2. f"''.f'l'"'. Salvage is a profitable business.
w-t-~"1 oo(lo{l(lofl f"''.f'l'"' "!.,~ )fDo

3. m:J-"7.. We spent a profitable afternoon in

the library. b(l't'l- 0:\1\ !1..,. ooR:r.'i'
'1- m-11'1' m:J-"'1. 1..11. hltl\'i'"l
profound
I. 'I'A:,O. He is a man of profound learning.
'I'A:,O ~m-<1>'1- fi\IIJo (lm- )m2. 'I'A:,. ~w-<1''1- fl\w-. He is a profound
scholar and is respected by all. 'I'A:,O ~m-+
'1- ' fi\IIJo ' (1.:,0 (11\lf) ' 11-11-11" fhoflt:'I'A
3. 'i'l\-9". Profound silence followed his insulting remark. hCI\- ll~ofl 0:\1\ 'i'll-9"
11'1':1' If)

4. bQ~. His profound grief was noticed by

all present. hQ~ .hH"I h"!Jif.t:O'I- hm1
11- ' fll-'1- ' 11-11- ' Oa>4t
profuse 0"111" ofiH-

There was a profuse display of flowers in her

room. Oht;:.!t. lD-ll'l' OIIJr" -on-- r .ffif) r
~c~c

)OC

*He showered me with profuse thanks.

9"(l;>.,m-"l t.'fr'l-1.'1-f.A~

*He was extremely weak from a profuse loss

of blood. oflll- 1.11" 111\.f.{l{lm- 0"111"
!.h'l" )OC

984

profusely
be profuse it;Jit.

lf~

progress (v.)

He was so profuse with his contributions that

he is now poor. oo4f'~ fl..l'IT flt1J9'" ll;Jil
lllllf~ h.,.'} .1'.1if

profusely houm'} 01\f.

He apologized profusely. r.:,.c;r ooumf:,O
hoom1' Olt.e

ta.oo~

*He spent his money profusely. 1'1Hfl-'1 ~Q;L.

(0-1-~)

profusion
*She spends money in great profusion.
1'}H11 '1-~"'lll:f (;J-qho;ll:f)
a profusion of -artThere was a profusion of flowers in their
garden. Q'J.hA'l- (l;J-'fw- w-IlT 1111-
MIQl":f ~0'1-

progenitor
I. :,..1:-ou h.f''l-. The progenitors of the Ethiopians came to this region thousands of years
ago. fh-'1-f-k.f'w-n :,0.~:-ou h.f'ofo:f m.P.ll
II +Oil. foum-'1- h11H- 1(11 -tou:J-'1-
0.1.'1- ~,.

2.

J\OD"}IIU..

Einstein is the progenitor of the

theory of relativity. hf.'}II:J'f.'}

6'}(1 "'"11 t,ou'}m ~w-

f~l\-tii:l:

progeny -t-mll.)t:f
He left a large estate to his progeny. 11-1-0JI\,)t
'll 1111- '}11~'1- hm~(l

prognosis "1?"'1-

progressive

! hll-1-.f'f'l-

According to the weather prognosis, there will

be rain tomorrow. ~,.,_ hf"" v-1.:'" ..,
9"'1- a f.H'}QA

According to the prognosis of the doctors, his

heart will always be weak. h'}.l'. mh..... .,,.
'1- (hll-t-.f'f'l-) All- nm."J.c .I'.IJ"7 r..ro;A

prognosticate f.ouarA hll

The fortune-teller prognosticated doom. lth11

the doctor's care. Rdtb,.ooo ~~"l"C 1 FC 1

M-t-lfiiOJo lt.I;..A
4. -t-lflfll. Science has helped man progress.
.-,.1.'.'}11 (ll":f h'}l!.lflfll- ' ~.1:-'):A
pro1ress slowly 1tH1'oP
They progressed slowly through the mud.
R"i".4"8Jo d)ol\~J> I hff'IOD<'

progress (n.)
1. oPififA. Ethiopia is making much progress
lately. k'l-f-l<.f' o:,Oco- 11ffo oulflfA h.I:C;>II:f
The students are making good progress.
-t-"1&9''1l 1111- oolflf A .f'.I'.C:>II2. ll.Cr":(. The progress of science is constantly increasing. f..,f.'}ll hC?")f hfQ;l.oo~
OOUlt.l:- 1\f. ' ~ .....
be in progress .,.)!ODt;
The meeting was already in progress when
I arrived. II.I'.CII ' i'I11(1Qm- -t-1.:?"~ ~oc
make no progress 9'"")9" YIJA 1tA'LF..tJO

We made no progress through the heavy

traffic. OouiJ..o;w- 11q'J. 9"'}?" .f'IJA hA
lt.l:-'}?"
make progress 14-

Are you making any progress with your book?

OODl\'dt'i!ll 1'i!of-?A 1

progressive

-e;ar&w- ' hi- +'} j.'.OU"'A ' hi\

prognostication, give a """' of OD9'"11JT

1. '14-. You've progressed a lot in the six

weeks l"ve been away. h~ +c'li O~OCh-0
"" 11.1:-11'1- "'"'}"" OJoll'l' 1111- ,.,
of-?A
2. -1-of.m~ ! -1-h...f'lt.l'.. The building of the new
library progressed quickly during the summer.
.f'J!.(Io IL-l- DDJ\do<j!'J. .ft'}l\ /"&- ' 00
;>w- m&-'1- -1-of.TS:A
The new building is progressing rapidly.
hl!.(lo .ft'}ll O'i!T~'l- M-1-h...f'lt.l'. ~w3. M-1-!fll(w-) lt.l'.. He has progressed under

Ji.

ODI\hofThe clouds in the sky give a prognostication

of rain. 0(1"7 f. 1\.1.'. f"'-:J-1!.'1- .o.ouo;l":f
f11o;11'} ' OD9""1'J. 0 .f'OUI\h:J-1\-

program Tl:"'&-?"
The city has a program for road construction.
hoJ-"YOJo fou'}1.1:" 1"&- Tl:"'&-11" hiiOJo
What's the program for tomorrow? f)o-Jm- T
~"1&-9" 9"'}.1:-'} ~,. 1

1. ::f"-'1'1.. A progressive country's revenue

will increase as the number of taxpayers
increases. f""I-RC h-4-tl -f=TC Af"'-oo~
h_lt.l:- :J--'1'1. flf~OJo h1C 10.0Jo h'i!
f.I\A
2. hC.Y. h.-,0.. The progressive municipality
built a new stadium. hC.f> h..,O.,. "7H:>
lf IL'l- hl!.ll hii:J-I!.f"?" w&3. -t-&-"1~. The progressive group wants rapid
changes in politics. +&-"71!: mn f?'llt
IJ h!l/9" ofoftto h'}J!.I\OJ'l' f.4.A:>A

985

prohibit

prolonged

4. ( = adv.) Of1.JI.C1Jo. We could observe the

progressive improvement of the patient. 011.,.1;'
.... I Of1.JI.C1Jo I llf.,.lflldJo I 00\t-'l."t I " ' " " I
".flit;A
progressive stage ( = adv.) Of~<()l"

project (n.)
I. 1-:t-.r:. The project for irrigating land will
soon be implemented. Oooll'l' oo&.'fo"t 1 f

He described in his book the progressive stages

in growing up. Of~<()l" 1 f"''.~<(?CIJo"t 1 7-.r:

2. f;l-4'!'. 1 P'&-. She began work on the project right away. f;I-4'!'.11Jo"t P'&- DDP'&-'fo

?'fo 1 o-~.~o4- 1 ..,.liT 1 ?A!I.A

progressive tax
A progressive tax is needed to improve the
development of land tenure. foP&.'fo 1 J'.Jf;l-"t 1
II"YlflfA 1 O?IL 1 oom"t 1 4'<('1' 1 "7/lh.I.A 1
Yll.I.IA;JIA

diJL.I'CIJo )';oo<(".f
3. IIJoT"t. A project is underway to build a dam.
h"t.l': I "'.r:1J 0 IIODP'&-'fo 0 h"l.l': 0 IIJo'J'"I 0 0
OOH;J)';'fo ' 1\J'. ' }IIJo

prohibit
I. hllhll. He prohibited the book from being
printed. ""~do4- 1 l."t'IJ'.;I-.,.!1" 1 hllhll
2. h/14'<(. The expenses of the new house
prohibit a vacation this year. lVI. I\- o.+ 1 11
flo

"711Jo"J;f-".f"t

11(\<(lj:'fo

hDD\t.l':

h/14'<("t

(be) prohibited .,.hllhll

Smoking is strictly prohibited. o'l.)f&- 1 .,..,
/1

0'1'11:t-

.,.h/Ah!~,/A

prohibition oohfAhA
Prohibition of the sale of narcotics is necessary.
f<;C!>th"t

11Y"l" ' OOh/Ah/A ' h/1.1.1\1.

}IIJo

prohibitive
Lately prices have been prohibitive. h:t>c11
1.11. ' WJI.U ' f?O.I'

CIJo.l':}'fo

t.J'.~.I.C!I"

"7m"J-I>

7.:to.r:

0:t-C11

1.fl.

P'&-

1\J'.

""'"""'

m"'

projection
1 .I'll 1 .,.'1' 1 }?C
He caught his coat on a projection on the wall
and tore it. lt-h'l h"'l.(:'t"'.';m- ~,e. toiiJ
.I'll ' .,.'1' ' }?C

,.,.

'

4'UO'fo

projector (fo'I.~"Y) "711.1'

He bought the movie projector in France.
ffi.~"711Jo"t

"7/IJ'

f?~CIJo

h.I.<("I/IJ'.

}IIJo

proliferate
l. <111'&-:ftD- boom') hi\L. Government agencies tend to proliferate unless strict control
is exercised. roo.,..,,....:,. ODP"~f O..Y.~

'1'11:r-

I 4!'1"l'C I IJ/A.,.J'.<(?Q:fiiJo ' 4!'1'&-:fiiJo '

hoom"l 1 .1'/A<f./A
2. 7-f.,.q~ It!'.. Cells proliferate in cancerous tissue. fiJ"IllC 1 011;1- 1 o'I.J'.11 ll.IA 7-f.,.
q~ I J'.\t-'1/A

"7Q

prolific ml\.r:
She is very prolific; she has 14 children.

I. .l.}m4'. The flashlight projected a beam

of light into the darkness. q:,.,:..,. 0..,11.,

0"1!1" I dll\.1': ' }",f i OP'&- I t.&-'fo I A;(".f

M.-lbe prolific 011~:,. .,.&-q
Rabbits are prolific. T"l:fll-".f 011~-l- J'.&-

*Thirty dollars for a shirt is prohibitive.

1\"t.l': I lf"'/.111 IPI\/111IC I OOmf:t> I ?1C"t
<(C I }CIJo

project (vt.)

IIJo

CIJo/l'J'

f11CY"t

(;A&-

.l.~ffi.,.

Q/1-

2. hil.l.}m<(. A cannon projects shells. oo.r:o;:

*He is a prolific writer. J\(to 1ltt-

o'l..,_h-/1 'I'J'.'fo .I'll .I. }T&-IA

3. t-.4'~. The municipality projects a new
school building. "YH;J)I" 0.-1> 1 t.JL/1 f
'fo!I"UC'fo o.:,. I .lo"tll I lloPF&-'fo t.:t>Y...IA

o;:

4. ?"".,.. They projected the building costs

for the next five years. 0"'1.4''1'11-'fo 1 t.!l"ll'fo 1
'toP;f-'fo I IIJo/l'J'

ll.lo"tl\

f"'/.di"JCIJo"t

?08-l>

project (vi.) HA-l' ' ?Q

The hill projects far into the sea. !><(11;1-IIJo
dJ~ 0 Q.lo~ I

IIJo/l'J'

H/A4'

?11;1:/A

be projected :1-r
The film was projected on the wall.
"1.1':"1-'IIIJo ' 1\J'. ' ;1-f

fl.~.,.,.

oux-m

"~"'"'

prologue oo:t-.r:!l"
The prologue explains the reasons for writing
the book. oo:t>.r:,... 1 ""~do4- f.,.li.I.O'fo"l
!l"h"l.l''fo

J'.?AKA

prolong t.&-noo
You are prolonging the agony. P'fl'f."t :1"&-11
DD1'11U

prolonged (adj.) f<(~!l" 1.11.

The child's lethargy is the result of prolonged
illness. fA)I: 1 -A.I.ll.l./1 1 h<(~!l" 1.11.
ifiODIJD I

r+~Uf

)(I)-

promenade

986

promenade (v.) T1lft-lf.:

The girls promenade in the streets every
evening. 11-A1.11. "7;1- "7:1" 1!\Jf~,:p..
'Jl ""'~""" ~.1'. .1'.1lft-lf t-IlThey built a promenade along the lake shore.
flm.l'.., H-<~Y f.:h11il ou"Jlft-lf&Y wc.,.'I'A

*The Easter promenade takes place every

year in New York. tfD-I'Ch fD-il'l' flf'tOD-f>
f'i.II.IJ M'l- ill!- .:h11il flfOD"J~-'1. fh'l-
A-fill 11-fl" .1'.1lft-lft-A

prominenee DD;f-m;r.
The school's prominence in science brings in
many students. f'I-!I"IIC'Io 11.1> flil.l'.1il
DD;f-m;r. ill!- T"7<19'"'f-1 ,l'.ilQA

prominent
"1'

C IICtil'l- ~,.

2. fd.mm. Some insects have prominent eyes.

111'11.1!" ~'i'il'l- f<l.mm 't.l'.1 11~'1',.
3. .,..~ ,J'II. The eamel has a prominent hump.
"'ODA .,..~ .J'II ' lf:;< ' 111\fD4. '!'~:;<. The editorial has a prominent place
in the newspaper. O;JtLIIJ CD-/l"l' C7ti'l h.
,.,.,. ' '!'~,.,., ' il'i't- ' .I'..I'.~A

prominent feature

The eucalyptus is a prominent feature of the

Addis Ababa landseape. Q.:hC ~'i' 1111'1.11
~,_

be prominent 'l.e.~ s taO

A single tree in a field is prominent. fl"'l.'l .,.

il'l' -fi!J'm-1 ,J'II ~'i' 't.l'.1 .l'.ilQA

promiseuous Ahilhil <l.'IShe is promiscuous, so don't form any attachment with her. Ahilhil <l.'l- illlll'~
";(- h!).. :>C 11"1!1" "'TM'!- h:f".1!-C"'
*There is a promiscuous heap of clothing on
the bed. QA;>m- ~.1'. ill!- 't.l'.~'l- Ail
"";(- Thii".:'I'A

promise (v.)
I. :J'A ~q I :J'A ~Q(II'I-). We promised
him a present. ill":f" A<;J'.C"lll'l- :J'A
~-fl.,.,

flilt-A ' (.J'ODI\h:f"A)

*It promises to be warm this afternoon.

promise (n.)
I. :J'A I f~qm- :J'A. You didn't keep your
promise. :J'AII1 IIAmfl:r-1111"
You must abide by your promise. f~Q1im-1
:J'A "7hfiC 1111-flll
2. ?A ""ilm'l-. There is always a lag between
promise and fulfillment. :J'A floollm'l-<;
fiOD.I.l\!1" oolJhA 11-A'I..II. DDt-t-:r- 1111
3. Til'i-. One eannot depend on a hypocrite's
promises. f"lil111 Til'i. II.,..,..,.,.,
II.!'.!I'A !I"

hold out the promise h.=J=J

He held out the promise that he will be

promoted soon. fl:r-ct~- f~.:lr >.~'1- :f~..-1111 ' fl"711'1- ' ll'l'ltD-

keep (one's) promise ..4"/to"J mfl+

He said that he would come tomorrow, and

he kept his promise. ~1 7t,ODIIJI\o- ~ 7t,-,.J.;A
:1'11-'1 mfl.,.

make a promise

~A

11J:

He absolved him from the promise he made.

OO{tt"'

llfiQ hT"7 ' fODI\\' .J'IIA

3. II fill.: I IIDDIIhT. Clear skies promise good

weather. fmt- (1"7,1'. DDAIJ!I" llfe"J Y

hil-t'!- fl:\~ 'l";r. ii.I'.A II.I'..,.C!I"

promenade (n.) f.:h11il ou"Jlft-lf&Y

I. floP TC. He is a prominent artist. lJ.oo

promontory

~fie

He promised that he would write to me every

week. flfll!l"11> ll.ll"'i'A'1 :J'A ~il-fA
:;<A
2. Til'i- lim. Many religions promise eternal
life. ill!- Y,...,'l'f-l- fHII'tl\"7'1! .:h.l'.m'l1 Til'i- .1'.11"111-

~-o-r-11'1- f~fl.:m-1 :I'A n.:n11+

show promise

*The young man showed promise that he

would become a great man some day. tD"I-iz
111.1!" .,., '1-A:r- 1\0DIJ'"J Til'i- ,J'IIm-
ilfD-' ~"'"
[See also 'sacred, solemn']

Promised Land 11".1!-G Til'iMoses led his people to the Promised Land.
.,..<\ .:h1111-'t

m~

!1".1!".:

T!l'i. oot-'fm-

promising Til'i- ,J'IIm- l Til'i- f"''."'Afi'IIndependent of monetary considerations, it

was a promising position. f1"}Hll- Mf.. +
C-f Til'i- ,J'IIm- Ft. ~fiC

The outlook for trade is very promising.

0"1-'1. fm~l.'l- o-~;1- Til<!- f"'l."'A
fl'l- ~m-

He is a promising poet. +ilf. YAm-

~"'"
promontory

'ltiJOif.

"1-'1'

The lighthouse is built on a high promontory.

fcf.,.fjaJ-

fl.+

h~j:. I

t)f\

..,..,.. I

~, I

)I&

987

promote

promote
1. hll<l-<1-. Most countries promote their
foreign trade. 1111- Mc"T ffD"'f.'" 1"1"1'1'
IIJo') ,J'II<I-<1.112. hR.:;t-;1-. The state is promoting collective
ownership of coffee-cleaning facilities. -~"'JP
., ro-o; "'"'"'"' 7.:J>l""T r:>cr-1i
7.'t.<l.w&-q'fm- .rn.:;t-;t-11\
3. h'IR.:. The tourist office is promoting
tours to Lalibela. f.,.&ll'l- .1:-C~'I- f~II.R
~'t .,.11"i'l- o.,.o;oc ~.1'. ~.,..
4. 11.,!11!11!1" .:.11. Several bankers promoted
the new company.11H- fQ'th P'&- hllh.
,r]t."T h.<l.ll-'t h-Q't,r 11.,!11!11!1" .:.c:.:r5. hS'...:)!. A kindly feeling toward other
countries will promote peace. lb~"f. = 1t1~".f'l
OoPII\1}!1" oPoPI!\h'l- M!l"'t ,J'S'...:)fA
6. ltilh+A. Lenience promotes disobedience.
11\11\~'l- hl\oP;J-HH't ,J'IIh'l-~11\
7. hllhn.:. Our school segregates the sexes
in order to promote discipline. P"C'tT'l ll"''
llhRC '1-!I"IIC'I- R.;t-"T't m'tP."T't<; (1.-f
"T't II filii' .1'."".1:-QA
be promoted fS'...:)f (f.,~.:"') 1.f:"lr h1T

He felt aggrieved when I was promoted.

1.~ fS'...:)f 7..1:"1'1- Q1Tv- 1.11. :,.c .,_<'l"f
In the course of the conversation, he learned
that he was to be promoted. ROU.'I';t-m- ~.1'.
f.,~.:"' 7..1:"1'1- f"''..l'"l"i 001/').'t 11.,
promotion

I.

~+.

His promotion was announced in

the newspapers. ~OD-h n;Jrt.liJ tDIIJ

2. 1..1:"1'1-. The boss dashed my hopes for
promotion. hii:J>tl- 111..1:"1'1- .J'II"i't .,.11<1-
hll.,.:m"i
3. fS'...:)f 1..1:"1'1- I fP'&- 1..1:"1'1-. When it comes
to giving promotions, he favors his relatives.
fS'...:)f 7..1:"1'1- R"''.ll"I'R'I- 1.11. 1\HoPJl.
'li ,J'.J:-~11\

Promotion should be made on the basis of

merit. fP'&- 1.1:"1'1- R"TII-;t- ouw.:'l-
OD(/'') hiiR'I4 . .,11<1-<1-'1-. The doctors were busy in the
promotion of a health campaign. mh.'l"'li '
fmS "I'R:J>'t nouif' ll.,llol.ol-'1- RP'&-
.,_m!I"S'..m- ~RC
prompt (v.)
1. 1<1-<1-. His good nature prompted him to
offer his help. :,.1~.,. f"''.TIIIIJo't 1.C'I;I-
1.'t.<l..J'S'..C"' 1<1-<1-m-

prone
2. h.r..l\4'. Gay music prompts happy thoughts.
S'..ll ' f"''..J'{l"i 0 ....lf.:J> 0 fS'..II;J- 0 DD').f..ll 0 .J'
LIA:J>IA
3. 'i"t"l" lim. Please prompt me if I forget my
lines in the play. 1:}''1--1-'t llw&-. rro;,.:m-
h.,..:lt"i 'i"t"l" llm"i

prompt (adj.)
1. ( = adv.) m.<~.}'m-).. Prompt payment is
requested upon receipt of the bill. m.ltil" II.S'..
Cll ' m.<~..rm-). 1.'t.<l.h.t.IA ,J'IILIA:>IA
2. ( = adv.) 01.11.m-. He's prompt in paying
his debts. Mm-'t R1.11.11Jo .l'.h'i'~IA
3. ( = adv.) Rhll'f\\.1'.. I expect a prompt
reply. OD/AII Rhll'f\\J.'. 1.mQR:J>IIvbe prompt Lm ~
Be prompt to obey! I\OD;f-H11 f.t.m'th o-'t
promptitude

*The promptitude with which the army acted

saved the country. {l&-'1!1: R'i'"l'~'l- 1.C!I"
"If 0 ODIIJo{l.IJ. 0 h16.,.') ' h'l<;T
promptly
I. IAh. We start promptly at five. IAh ROP'
&- h't.l:" 11-l'l- l.'t)!!l"&-1\'t
2. m.<l..J'm-).. He paid promptly. m.<l..J'ID"). h.r..ll
promulgate
1. om)!. The Emperor promulgated a pro
clamation abolishing capital punishment. "}-,.w =
~1P'1: f'l"'l- 'i'C.I:"'t f"''.,J'II4'C 0'1'~
om:(
2. hmflJ. He promulgated laws to ameliorate
living conditions. f).f!""} v-~:f" = fl6J?fif A
ih"' hm"'
3. hll<l-<1.. Schools try to promulgate knowledge and good habits. '1-!I"IIC'I- IL-f"T ~.,..
4''1-'t<; ouAI}!I" mQI'-"T't 11.,11<1-<1.'1-
.1'."1"16-11prone, be -

to 11'tQ/I. hii(ID")

We are prone to think evil of people we

dislike." 1\.,'tm>l'l'm- lll""T h4- f.,(l11
11'tQ/I. ", hll't

*He seems prone to serious accidents.

hll~

hS'..:> .l'.LA1'f'A
*He is prone to forget people's names. f(ltJJo
11!1" ' ODJ'11 ' h.l'.l/''ti\T!I"
lie prone .,.S'..'i'-f .,.,. i RS'...:., .,.,. 1 RII'.C:.

.,.,.

He lay prone on the floor. ml\1\-

~~

of .,_,. (RS'...:_,. .,_,. l RII'.C:. .,_,.)

+~'t!

proper

988

prong

prong "1'1This fork has three prongs . .f.ll lf.ll lPll'l-

"1'1- ' Al\mpronoun .,.m-1\m M"
The Amharic pronoun has a singular and a
plural. Y"lC>1 .,.m-1\m {19" ~ml\<; 1111-
4!'1'C AIIOJo

pronounce
I. Ah:l-t.,.. The doctors pronounced him
out of danger. doh.'!",.; >-"IY."lYfi:JOJo
All;l"m4!
He pronounced himself in favor of the plan.
>.:,0.11-.., f"''.Y.1'i' oull')."l All:l"m.,.
2. .,..,1.:. Pronounce the words clearly!
.!1'1\-1>"1 R1AK" .,_<;1&-:fm*The minister pronounced them man and
wife. 4:11- A:> !I.:fm[See also 'sentence')
pronounced (adj.)
I. ,.,...,Rm. She held pronounced opinions on
gambling. {Ill 4!"lc ,.,...,Rm All.,.Yf'l-
M'l2. ( ~ adv.) A'1'114>. She has very pronounced
likes and dislikes. A'1'11.!1' f9"'1-m.ll:fm-<;
f9"'1-ml\:fm- ~11!'-:f A~'l-

pronunciation
I. t,qqA. That's not the correct pronunciation. Y Y."IR>1m- t,qqA A.f.Y.I\9"
2. f.!l'l\'1- Mqn11. Amharic pronunciation
is difficult. Y"lC>1 f .!1'1\'l- Mqn11 Yll:f
1&-A

proof
I. "lllt:ll" I out;lf. Can you furnish any written
proof? fK"""<;: "lllt:li" (ou.:lf) ANC11
'1-:fl\1111 l
2. fOD4..,."'1 >.'1-9". The printer sent me the
proofs of my book today. A;l""'l.OJo fouR"
dol,."I fou,J..,_>; >.'l-9" ~~ 1\hA'S
burden of proof "l{l.:lfm-"1 "1:,0<:11
The burden of proof lies with you. "lllt:lfm-"1
.~...,:1" ~"'"
.,:,..:11

n.,.

put to the proof L+)

He tried to put my friendship to the proof.

1111' YII'S"I f'iY.'S~'I- <;::,Oc 11""4..,_"1
'I"h.:
prop (propped) Y-14.
They propped the roof with steel columns.
"1&-m-"1 R11t:'l- 9"(l(llP:f < Y-14-'f-

prop oneself against

..,.,.,.,L

He propped himself against a pillow. '1-&-11'"1

.,.Y-14.
prop up

I. Y-14.. He propped up the roof with logs.

"'&Ym-"1 Rl"'(lll Y-14.
2. M.!l'.!l'. We propped up his low spirits with
a bit of good news. 'l-1111. f1qm-"l OD"I4.
11-"1 R"''..YllY.ll'l- m"- M.!l'.!l'"lll'l-

propaganda
I. f do(l'l- m"-. He tried to indoctrinate
me with his propaganda. Rdo(l'l- m"-m-
IU''II"'~'S ' 'l"ht:
2. TC';r;>"I .II l ll11h'l-. I am fed up with the
enemy's propaganda. fml\'1- TC';r;>"l.ll
(ll11h'l-) ' {11\:f'S
propagate A(l,:...,
We need to propagate news favorable to us.
>.>1"1 f"'l.Y.1'i' m"- "l(l&-..,'1- Al\11"1
propagate the species 1'"6oQ

Animals and plants propagate their species.

).."1{1'1'1-<; ' b6'1''1- ' .e.:.qllpropagate themselves

..,.q,..

Trees propagate themselves by seeds. ~G::f

RHC A"l ...... ~'l- .eq~/1propel (propelled)
I. Aoum.,.. The motor propelled the rocket
into space. '1"-f"?. C"h..-JJ'l m~ mLC
Aoum.,.m2. Allh.Y.. We propel a boat by oars.)!Aq f
9"<;{1h,Y.OJo ' OOD:,0H4.Y ' ~"'"
be propelled ( ~ active) 14-4+He was propelled by good will to help the
orphan. ml\)(' fl\.1\m-"1 A)(' 1\0DC.II'I-
:,...,~,.'14-4-m-

propeller m-A11AIL'ITbe plane's propeller fell off. fAOJoC'TI\).

OJoA11AIL'I- mA4> mY._,.
propensity 1f"lql\.
He bas a propensity for saving things. A"l.ll"l
~ ~11:'-:f"l f"lm&-.,.9" 1f"lql\. 1\1\0Jo
proper
I. .,.,IL. Is this the proper tool for the job?
.f.ll 1\P'&-m- .,_1IL """I&Y ~,. l
This isn't the proper time to ask questions.
'I'Y4: 1\oumf:,O .f.ll .,_1IL 'LH. A.f.Y.I\1"'
It was only proper to wear a hat. qct.nJ "l ~
.:1 .,.1IL ~nc

2. '1-hhll':'. During his speech, he paused

each time he could not think of the proper
WOrd. ").,..,C I (IJf..r:-'1 I .'J-hhl\'fiD" I :J'
A

Rm'i-,.

"'"'c

4-'1"

f.A

)RC

3. f.,..,_~. A healthy body presupposes a

proper diet. IIL)'f 1 hilA 1 R-1-",t~ 1 9""1
ofl I "~ I f,..OIJIP~.,.. I i)oCIJ"
4. h"lqoftl YIIID", Please forward the request to
the proper authorities! 'l'Y411D""t 1 h"lqoft 1 ~
1\ID" I qiiFARJ") I hll~A'i!

5. '!'<;, Footnotes are clearly set off from the

text proper. MC1. 1 "7ll;J-1JJ'IflP"f- 1 h'I'<;ID" 1
J\"m.'i! I -J-1\f.-J-ID" I f.ft.of.l\6. 1.."1'i. Social intercourse is necessary for a
proper life. 1\S'.'l<; 1 ).1!' 1 fih11oft 1 .,"t'f.).'J-
h!l.fA'I. I )ID"

*Puerto Rico is not part of the United States

prOper. ?'C.,. I <\lo I f-J-qQ(;ID" I h"'161t I f
t-11- I h'i!A I hf.f.l\"f-'J"
be proper to R-J-1\f.

-1"1'f

This climate is proper to Ethiopia. f.tJ

fC IH?" I R-J-1\f. I Rl\..'I-1'-A'Y I f"''.1'ti)ID"

have proper manners ,_,l)t; Q;l.1' )dJoa
She has proper manners, and everyone likes her.
9""1q<; I .....,. I !11\lf)';f- I IJo/1-V" I f.IJJJI;l-A

[See also 'order, sequence')

I. RS'."toft. Do it properly! R.l'."toft 1 I" t-ID"
2. ( = adj.) -J-11"7"'1.. She was properly dressed
for the occasion. 1\R'lll- 1 -t-11"7"'1. 1 flY) 1 A
oftll I 1\oftftl\"f-

*The judge was properly indignant when he

was offered a bribe. 11':',. 1 .,.p 1 ID"llS': 1 1\11'1- 1 " " " " ' " " I -J-1(L I " ' " ' I )QC
properly speaking 7-"t.l'. 1 7.1D")1< 1 hlf)

Properly speaking, you were in the wrong.

7o")f. I 7.1D")1<

hlf)

'J'of.-J-'i'ID" I ,h")-J- I )0Ch

proper noun f-1-P.ID"P 1 !IV"

John is a proper noun. l'"dl"tll f-1-P.ID"P
I

II

)ID"

property (properties)
I. "toft<:'!-. I own some property in Harar.
Rdi<:C

ID"ll'l'

"toft<:'!-

hll't

There is a fence around our property. "toft<::J-"fII"<IYID""t I ;l-'l'a:A

2. Uoft'l-. All the furniture is my property.
fll.'l- 1 7.?,. 1 n-11- 1 uoft1: 1 ) , .
3. Cll'l-. They are litigating about the property now. RCll1< 1 0""?..'1'1- 1 ~ 1 <;'f,.
"t

4. oo"-+. Never set foot on our property again!

IJol\-t-:;' oP.:O;l-"f-"t"t 7-"tll'l-<:.,'1'
5. mQ,.e.. What are the properties of iron?
foft(;.'J- I mqf-';f- I V"") I V""t I <;'fiD" 1
property owner Qi\ "}11l.."f-

The mayor debated the property owners'

demands. h"ttq,. 1 fql\ 1 "toft<:-r-"f-"t 1 'I'y
4l

1 ODL,_OD~

prophecy (prophecies) '1-"tll'IThe prophecy that the world would come to

an end in 1965 was not fulfilled. 'li\V" 1 R!l!
f~~

'l. V". YAof.A ' f"''.I\ID"

A-J-.I.J'.oPV"

.'J-"t(L.'J- h

prophesy (prophesied) -J-)Rf

It is difficult to prophesy what will happen
twenty years from now. flf"- 'I~ '\DP:'t- IJD
7o"tf."''.lf"t I 1\oP-J-")Of. I h!l'f;J<I

")I

)ID"

prophet )llf.
Isaiah was a prophet in ancient Israel. l\.ltf.Ylll
R'J'"t;f-'1!'1- I 7-llt-h.A I f'i"<: I )llf. )ID"
prophetic
I. f)(Lf.).'J-. We admired his prophetic wisdom. f)(Lf.).'J- I 'I'Qfl-") I .t.f.):,O")I\.'J2. '1-"t IL?"'. His prophetic remark was proved
true when the war broke out. '1-"tll:f"'e 1 hll
-f"Yf1<

properly

V"

propitious

989

properly

lfiC)1<

1\)"f

-f"<:;J1ffi

1\oPh~hA

1 f"''.<:ll
prophylactic
This is a prophylactic measure against malaria.
I ffJJq") I R'ii?7-CV"!I' I )ID"

,.,

1\oPh~ho!\

f"''.<:ll

propinquity 'I'Coft'l-<;
The propinquity of the two tribes is the source
of constant friction. fo-111< 1 '1-ltlP"f- 1 'I'Coft
'I-<;

11"7Y!':C'I'

moft

"")'If )ID"

propitiate
1. -J-"7P.). They sacrificed an ox to propitiate
the rain god. f11<;M 1 h'l"~h 11"""7P."t 1 R
.:0

IPaJ.I\.'J-

2, hR<:.l'.. He tried to propitiate the boss by

offering to work on Saturday without pay.
:,OJI"'L 0)1!, I f"''.'-"t- I oPif)."t
hi\:J'ID"") I 1\"Yoft(;J': I . .h(;

OoP.,I\J\"

propitious
I. -t-11"7"'1.. The weather is propitious for our
outing. hf-1- 1 ll'iic'lit-"f-"t 1 -t-11"7"'1. 1 )ID"
2. 'fc. They believed that the gods were
propitious. h"7Ah'l- 1 'fc 1 <;'I'ID" 1 oftl\tJJo
,,.).

R<:

proponent

990

proponent, be a ~ 1.14.
The minister is a proponent of lower taxes.
"''.:til'K- +~'I' 1\"M.+)il J!-1."'14-ir
proportion (v.)
*The judge proportioned the punishment to
the crime. .tl:;'tJJo 1\a>")~fr 1-"""'"''S 'I>
"''t- mM
proportion (n.) h'i'&\
A large proportion of Nevada is desert. h
-a~:;o.,. rt<i.tl h'i'A n~"li ).,.
*The proportion of girls to boys in our class
is three to two. h'i'll':f") m-il'l' 11.0-'I")JI.. I"
il't- A'lf1~P.:f o-1\'t- m").J:: -t-"7&9':f htr
proportions

1. )\oo11Jm'). The proportions in that picture

are all wrong. fllll J"{)A h"""lm1 air ' il.l.-1-'t- )tJJo
2. oPm"J. It's a house of large proportions. oo
m'l- 't-A'I> flf) IL't- )tJJo
in proportion to

Each man's pay will be in

proportion to his work. r~~,.~
lim-
h'i'.l' ' 1.11-fi"MD ' )tJJo
2. h - - - :>C {L;f- f.. This desk is too
wide in proportion to its height. J.'.tJ m~A.
~
:>C (L;f-J!. 0"19" (14- )tJJo
I. 1\")!.f-.

h"'""""

large proportion of 1t11JI~BJo

A large proportion of the earth is covered

with water. hofl~:;'.,. fOD&.'t- h'i'A 0.,.
:0 ' f-t-if4.) ' )tJJo
(be) out of proportion ftf..oot1Jm"}9"

His expenses are entirely out of proportion

to his income. mQ;\.tJJo h1llaJo r ;JC 0(j:
K-9" l'.J!.OD"lm19"
(be) proportional to 1.11-f - ).,.
The number of Congressmen from a state is
proportional to its population. bf"'l~ofo f"''.
1111-'t- h"7lt69'':f ofi~'t- 1.11-M~-fo .1.
11-fi ' ofi~'t- ' )tJJo
(be) proportionate T"""'m)
The money obtained from the fair was really not
proportionate to the effort we put into it.
b't-C1.Y.ofo f1'1'ftJJo 111. b.l:"lt"7':f1 :>C
l\A-t-oo"Jm)f"
proportioned, well ~ f-1-!.111.11
Her figure is weD proportioned. f(ltJJo):f: 'I>
Cl\' f-1'1.111.11 )tJJo

propriety

proposal
I. dolt-fl. A proposal for increasing trade
between these two countries was refused.
0)1f.IJ o-1\'t- h1r:':f ooiJbA ")"'!.~:"")
11"7/1.1'."'1 r+~nm- .r.lt-o -1-+liJ!.)'t- h"l
2. 11:>-flil' .l'+~nm- 'I'.1'4:. His proposal
was accepted by the girl wilh alacrity. 11:>-flil'
.1'+~0 ....1 ' '1'.1'4: ' &\'1f1~'1.-fo ' .1'111-'l':f' "'""
"):f-'t- -1-+n11:ftJJo
propose
I. h(lfl. We propose to leave at noon.
07.11-11 .,., 1\0D)"f't- M'illll\1
2. doltofi h+~O. I propose Mr. Smith for
chairman. "'1.111-C 11"'1.11 {L+ OD1flC 1.1
'l.lf'l- doitofi h+Clll\flo
*I propose that we go to the movies. mJ?..
{Lt"7 ' 1.1V!'
*He proposed to her, and she accepted.
11:>-fiil' mMI't- 7.1( hillproposition m0\11
He made me an excellent proposition.

it-a

dt

~>+~OA'S

Let us examine the mayor's first proposition!

b11:ll.,. n-~-.-..r .r+~n.,., .r.lt-o
1.10DC9"~.,.

propound h+~O
He propounded a new theory. h.tl.il j1(l
doitofi h'I>C!l.A
proprietary
I. f1ofi~'t-. Proprietary rights should not
take precedence over human rights. n-o~:,.
0Dofi1'-':f ' h(loflh' ' ODofi1'-':f 0 OD'!>f.f" '
fllll'ftJJof"
.
2. lll\1-fi~'t-. The proprietary class had special privileges in the past. .1:"!: lll\1-fi~-fo m
. , ' AI' ' ODofi't- ' )fi~....

proprietor liiiiL'tThe proprietor of this store lives On the second

floor. fii.IJ ODf.ofiC lii\IL't- f"''.'l"~.,. flo
11-t-:;'tJJo ' G:'l> ' IIY. )tJJo
propriety (proprieties)
I. I") P"~'t-. Propriety requires that one
address lhe Emperor as "Your Majesty".
"719" (ltJJo 1"l-"' )11"1:1 "'IC"7'
)'t-9' 1.1'1.&\ I") I"C't't- .1'111.1:"'1&\
2. T1fl.)'t-. Her actions stayed within the
compass of propriety. flol!.:f-'1' floir b-1'111.
)'t- .I'Am"l toe

prorate

991

question the propriety T1ll a ODlth- 1\A.;trm-'1"

I question the propriety of granting his request.
rmr.,.m-"t 004.&'1" 1-11t oo1111- t.&~.;Jof"i'l"

prosperous

4. oob{lll. He was granted immunity from

prosecution so he would testify. i\ODODilhC
J'.:fA H"t.l:" boob{lll
[See also 'attorney')

prorate bLII
We will prorate the expense among the five of
ODIJb#\ ' 7,")
US. W"'-tD-") ' IJ'/"II:J":f") '
b'i'll'l'll"t

prosecutor .lt"l Allbfl<l

proscribe
I. t.m1n. In earlier days, the church proscribed
dancing and card playing. R.I:"C' 'I.IL IL-l" b
Clltrt -'l"tll"t'i' IJC;I" ""'l':l""t ;l"m"l
'II )RC
2. ll.lt'Hofl 7.")-'IJ'.If'l' M.J'.. The government
proscribed the author's works. OD"t"IP'1: f.J'.
t:ll'fm- .I:"CII-I':f ll.lt'Hofl 7."t-'IJ'.If m- MS'.
3. h"t-'IJ'.:I"J'. A1S'.. The government proscribed the new film. oo")"IP'-fo A-'1.1\- 1.#\'1"
7."t-'IJ'.:J"J'. A1S'.
be proscribed ( = active) bllbll
Candy is proscribed for children by most
dentists. #1.'/!.:f bt:"'LII 7."t-'IJ'.RII- ofiH-
f'I'CII mb.'l":f J'.bllbl\11-

proselyte 1-b:t"J'.

proscription M-'1

Proscription of books is common practice in

many countries. foP~tO'i:T lt.1.'; R11rt-
A1C':f ' f-I"IIDD.J'. ' A.l:"&-"1'1- ' )IDprose 11.1:" "tflofl
I prefer prose to poetry. b"l'l''l" 11.1:" "tfl
of!") 7,ooC"JIIrJprosecute
I. .lt"l 1-'1- t..,..:n: The government will
prosecute the swindlers. DD")"IP'-'1- A.,..RCIJ<I
l":f"t ' .lt"l 1-'1- .I'.,.CIJA
2 . .,.mil. He prosecuted his studies. 'l''i'1:"t
.,.mil
The detective prosecuted the investigation in
spite of the difficulties. ofiH- :f"IC IL'l'C'I"
7.")\>, ooaf {lofl{)llm- '/"COD&-ID-"t .,.mil
prosecution
I. A.l'.1"11. The prosecution of the war was
criticized. f,nC)1: t..I'.I"H 1-)~: )RC
2. "7b'i'm"t. In prosecution of his plan, he
stored away a supply of food. 7.~-'1-") 11"7b
'i'm"t 'l""lofl R-I"IIJ'. Ab"7'f
3. hll. The prosecution will be abandoned
if the stolen money is returned. foJ-{It:.,.m- 1
")Hofl boJ-DDII{I hi\- J'..,.&-&1.

)'!.

aJ"'

The prosecutor tried to have the accused man

banged. .lt"l Allbfl<~m- f-l"b{lllm-
"t-'1.{1.,.#\ t.oollb-1"

{1m-

7.

The proselytes of this religious sect are increasing in number. fH.tJ '/J'."7'l''l- 1-b:t"l':f .,.'I'C hf..._oo,: Y.J;.,A.
proselytize ARb

Protestant missionaries proselytize in various

parts of Africa. TC'1:11:t""t'l- "7.111'-'i'tD-J'")
RA.f- AI'- fA'i'<IIJ h'i'll-:f J'.{lofiiJIIprospect (v.) 4.111
The old man has been prospecting for gold
for forty years.1i"7"1/I.ID- me~ RDPLII"I
ACIJ ' 'tDD-fo ' )IDprospect (n.)
I. 1-114-. Is there no prospect of his recovering? IIOD-'1") 1-M film-'/" !
2. ~.<:"A. What are his prospects of getting a
job? P'&-tD-"t 11"7"11''1- 'l""t .I'll#\ ~.<:"
A AlltD-!
3. '1-~J'."t-'1-. The prospect from the mountains
is grand. b-1"&-&-l"'ll 'If. {1.;1" J'. '1-~J'."t
-fo S'.ll f"'LA )tD*The manager held out bright prospects to me
if I would take the job. P'&-tD-"t ofi.,.RA II
mu-'1- ...~ 1-ll<f. .l'll"i ""IT)."t t.ll-1"
-'1-'l<ltD- ' )1t:"i
prospective rmu-'1He is my prospective son-in-law. rmS'.L-'1- A
"'"' ' )tDwe discussed prospective changes. J'..J'.t::>ll-
R'l""t'l'ftD- lltD-,n:f 'If. T);J1C"t
prosper 011'1.1
The country prospered during peacetime.
M&;t RM'I" 'I.IL Rll&1:f
prosperity ofl#\lt'1'i'
The prosperity of the country is based on free
trade. fA1&:J: ofl#\ll""''i' f-l",..,..t:-l"tD- R)
'1. ' ")"!.!:" ' "" ' )tD-

prosperous
1. fRII'1.1. The wretched tyrant reduced the

prostitute

992

prosperous city to a poor village. "'-!f:"f:. .,

1C fOIIK1:ft~Vt h.,_"'/ mf. .1:-'!H-1- A

protest
The night watchman carried a gun for protection. f/1.1\,T HO'fm- 1\oPbl\b,l' moP't

m~JI-1-

)I" ,I'.Jf )0C

2. f"'/.,1'01\. This is a prosperous business. f"'l.

,1'01\ ' 1"6- ' )tD-

f"'l.milof>'t 7'1\,ll All't

prostitute il.-1-'i' AJI6 l lfC-"1

In our country, it is shameful to be a prostitute.
il.-1-'i' AJI6 (lfc-"1) oolf't '11&-:f't
~lD-C ~m-

prostitution il.-1-'i' AJI6)T

The lawmakers were asked to legislate against
prostitution. ih"' Am-~.l":f il.-1-'i' AJI6)
-1-'t f"'/.fl'<D'I" ih"' l\'tJI..I'<Dtn- .,.mfol

We have policemen for our protection.

under the protection 0 .... - "1'0.4> FC

They were under the protection of the police

while they were in town. Oh.,_..,,.,. tD-ll'l'
fl. 'l'-1- 07'1\,ll 'I'O:J> FC ) 0'1-

protective
1. foPbl\b,l'. The protective tariff helps the
country's sugar industry. foPbl\b,l' of>~'l'
,1'16-l>'t fll\>.C l\'tJI.ll-1-6 ,I'.~JIA

2. .,.bi\IJJ'.. We must put a protective coating

prostrate
1. 1)'11.11. The storm prostrated the trees.

over the drawing. 0/"t!ll- 1\,1'. .,.bl\1),1'.

"lf.ll'l' )of./1 ~G:'Il't 1Mf.lt:fm2. Af.h"". An attack of fever completely

prostrated me. -1-h-lt-1- LX"f" Af.hoo'S
prostrate oneself

protector f"'Lbl\bA
Your big brother is my protector. ;1-1\~ m't

1. 1111.. The pagan prostrated himself before

his god. A~oP~m- O"'J'-1> J.-1- 1111.
2. O"''tiJ-1- mf.of>. The captives prostrated
themselves before the conqueror. 'I"CI>'P'Il
h11CtD- J.-1- O"''tiJ&-:fm- mf..,.

prostrate (adj.), be - hllm-)-1- 1-"P If)

She is prostrate with her great grief. Of.~IIIJ-1-
.!tH't hllm-)o]- 1-"P .rc;ll'f
fall prostrate Tru:.t:.
He fell prostrate on the floor. Omll/1- 1\,1'. .,.
"~~
(be) laid prostrate +n~t:.

The boxer was laid prostrate by the blow.

fl-m. 'fm- Oflom. .,_H~~

protect
1. mOof>. The government protects industry
by taxing imports. OD't"'F-1> fii1C tD-ll'l'
l\'tJI.ll-1-6't lloomO~ IIA hm-"P 0"7.
11JtD- ' l\:J> ' 1\,1'. ' of>~'l' ' ,1'.'1'1\A
2. .,.hl\hll. The casing protects the wires
from the rain. 114-'i- 1illt~Vt h11<;il ,l'.bl\
bii1'A

Our forefathers came here to protect their

freedom. AIJ.f!l':f't )K);t-:ft~Vt 11oobl\b
A

ll.A-

l.tltl

ODQ'to

protection oobl\h,l'
There is no protection against old age. l\Cl'<;
ODbl\b,l'

fi\IJJo"

~IJ-1- "'1.1:-~"1 Allil't

.1:-9"11 hh4- )1C f"'Lhl\hAA'S )m-

protectorate O'I""'H.T)T I"C f9"-1-.,.Jif.

c Me
The protectorate achieved independence last

year. O'I""'H.-1-)-1- FC -1-.,.Jif.c

m- Me IJI\Lfll<

no~:f

'loP-1- )K):f;'t 1l1'f:f

protege
*He is the minister's protege and cannot be
dismissed. "'Ltll-1-'1- 0.-1- m~. 10. llll
If) ' hi"&- '

f"'L,,'ll<D"'tD- ' fl\9"

protest (v.)
1. .,.b&-h~. He protested that he was innocent. '1'4-.,.'l' Af.f.l\11-9" fl.A .,.h&-h~
2. .,.:J>moP. He was deluged with letters protesting his decision to close the school. -1-9"11CT
0.-l>'t ' I\OD11;JT ' ,l'f.~1fll<'t .,.C'I' ' .It/til
f"''.fl'm,_ f.il'lll.l"l- '1-~4-0-1-

protest (n.)
1. .,.:J>fll<'l". They ignored his protest and
continued hammering on the wall. fll-'t .,.
:J>tD-'1" ' :fA ' illltD- "1.1:-"!Jim-'t DD9";1;I-:ft-'t of>miiTbey returned to work only after protest.
.,.:J>.....,:ft~Vt h111lto 0:\1\ ' tDf,. 1"6- '
.,_.11112. f.,.:J>ID"P 1 ooAl\h-1-. The President sent a
protest to the Brazilian ambassador. 'l'tl.H,JI't
.,. llii&-H.A ' Ali"IJ/tf.C I
ODI!\l\
hT I 1\h-

,.,.?,.,..,. '

Protestant

*The accused man was judged guilty in spite

of his protest of innocence. ,..~,.. 7.."}\\ '1'
4-H' hf.M~'I" ll~ 1-blllf. -t-.r.D'-0'1under protest )..fT~-L~Q;a.

The farmer paid the tax under protest. ~0"-"'"

l'.f-f")"'i h<~. "111<1-") b<I.A
Protestant Tf!'-l:II:M+
There are many Protestants in America.
Oh"'UII fJJo/1"1' 11,. Tf!'-l:ll:f"").,_:f hllprotocol Tf!'.,.l>~
Protocol requires that dignitaries be addressed
by their titles. IJA P"~"''l"l- 0"7bC"I
ll"7'1'fJJo ~")'l.m-1- Tf!'.,.l>~ J.'MY:JI~
according to protocol 0"76c-7 f.,..aJ{lt
Seating at the banquet is according to protocol.
O:f"l\4< f&-'1- "111..,- 1\f. h.,."7oum-
0"7b<:"l ' f-l"tDII) ' )f!Jo

prototype
A modern ship has its prototype in the
hollowed logs used in olden days. HOD'i"'f! ouc
b11 ' "J'")'I- ' "I")Y: ' ~f-t-11<:11<: ' h"''."'&ID- I ~AI] I fODII) I ~d)<

protr.act h&-HOD
My uncle unexpectedly protracted his VISit.
h1-1: ~~ H")Y: f"''..f.S'-0'1-") 1..11. II
f.:f"ll11 ' h&-HODfiJo
protracted (adj.) <:'Y;'I"
After protracted debate,. the bill was passed.
f <h'l- <:-t:r- b<:'Y;'I" hChC 0:\1\ hl\<1.
protrude (vt.) htD"'
The naughty child protruded his tongne.
IJA'I.f!Jo ~'Y,: '1"1\11-") hto"l
protrude (vi.) 1mm

His teeth protrude too far. TCII-. 0"1'1"

mm )m-

provide

993

f~

protruding J.'<l.)~m
I caught my coat on a nail protruding from
the wall. h")Y: b"IY:"!Jif!Jo 1\f. J.'<l.)~m
'l"ll"7C 1>1:") J.'H11~
proud IKHe is a very proud man and will not accept
charity. 0"1'1"' lK- ' llf!Jo ' 111\11') ' l-1!':1" '
hUO~'I"

It was a proud moment for him when he

shook hands with the President. bT"-IVI")oJ>
,:JC {I.OQ.IJOT h-&-'1- 1"11'1"# )0C

be proud b-tl am proud to be an Ethiopian. h.'I-f-A-J.''l!

OODIJ'~ ' ~11-&-A~
be proud of b-&-(0'1-)
You are a gond student, and I am proud of you.
'1-011 1""76 IIAII'")h ~b-&-11VAJ.

prove
I.

h<:;J~m.

I can prove I didn't do it.

~")JII\.1'.<:

"1~'1- ' 1\"7<:,:1~"1' ' ~l-1\A~

The goldsmith proved the purity of the gold.

lDC:t

IP6tD-

fiDCok")

'1'&-...,.

J\{;;J1tn

2. hll<:JI. That doesn't prove much. J.' ~'1"11~

'I" ' hJ.'!l<:JI'f'
3. ODIIh<:. Your grades prove that you study.
"7T'i"'J-11") f!Jom.'l-11 f.oullh&-~
prove to be

I. ODIJ''t- :f"tD.,.. The rumor proved to be false.

mM,. mll'l- _.,..,. :I"m.,.
2. ll''l" 1-~'f. The new secretary proved to be
useless. h-'1.11- lldo.L f"7f.<:IJ ll''l" ~')'

proverb '1"111\.
I cannot understand Amharic proverbs. J.'"7C
>;' ' '1"111\. ' hf.~'l'f'l"
proverbial A'l"/11\.)'l- f"''.O?
His reputation for hard work is proverbial.
Om")II&- "'&-1-':')1> J.'~')'f!Jo 11'1" A'/"11
1\.)'1- f"''.O? )f!Jo
provide (vt.)
I. hHH. Our club's rules provide that dues
must be paid monthly. fhOIJ:f") .1'.")11"'f
OD'f'(;"Of!Jo ' OftD<I- ' ~")'l.h.C.~ ' J.'~il'
2. flm. The school provides free books.
'1-'I"IICT ' 0.1> ' ODl\.h'i'T ' 0)1\ ' f.ll"'~
3. hH;J)!. Who is going to provide the
entertainment? OQ.'f':f"f!Jo") f"''.J.'H;J)!f!Jo "7
)f!Jo?
4. II'). The land was bare and provided no
cover for the troops. oo"-'i: 1 11t11J 1llA\'O.l. 1 It
tD:f".l'.f!'~ ' ~., ' h~ll'tV*
5. hll1'f(A'I-). Sheep provide us with wool.
M~ fll-'i' l\'1-C J.'ll~'f.A<;~
provide (vi.) h").,.l\" hl\f!Jo
The constitution provides for such special
cases. ~")'1.11 1\11' ~I' '1-J!f'l- ;r.~ ,..,
hl\f!Jo
"IP'oJ> '

h.,.,.,.. '

provide (for)

I. hll-1"11.1'.<:. He had a large family to provide

for. f"''.J.'Il-t-IIY:<:m- 11,. 0.1-1111 )0<:"'"

provided

994

2. f"''..l'lld.A1a,..t rrfl- l'oY.t':1. A father

provides for his children. l'oQ-l- IIA}t'li f"''.
.l'lld.A11JJo"t IJotl- .I'Y.C~A

*Providing for one's wife is a marital

obliga~

tion. "'1.11-l- f"''...'lld.A~-l-1- rrfl- "l'o1-Y:;J1'S "7Y:t':"l fQA "l'ld.~-1- )IJJo

provide for oneself &.ft-1 ~1A..

Since his parents' death, he has had to provide

for himself. m'l;at'li b'l"., aJ'I.Il &.(1.1- oo
1'.1'1' "'Y.:J- 11')0-}be provided with

1. 1>17. I'm already provided with all I need.

f"''...'lld.A1'S1- rrfl- l'o"''S'Ii.I'IIIJo
2. +lim. We were provided with supplies
these last two weeks. '1114--l- rr/1-l- ltM-1'
::r- f"''.O.!l' .....,.~ -t-11'1'1'1- ~oc
without providing f'Ptf!D llf..,.tDHe died without providing for his family.
110.-1-llll- Mil" /1.1'.-1-IJJo '1"-1[See also 'ill')

provided h
perfect.
I will subscribe ten dollars provided that you
do too. l'o"t-1- IJaJ"'Il Mll" OP'C 11C
l'odl"'/IIJo
I'll go provided you come with me. hi> ~
c fii"-1-~Y: bll'~ 7-.~JI/IIJo
providence l>C.Y. l'oii-1-'I'J'.~-lBecause of .our father's providence, we were all
able to go to college. QQ;J-";f"t l'oC.Y. l'oll+
'I'J'.~-1- rr'l:f"tl"' l>/1.~ """7C ;J'A"t
Providence "l'o"'H.l'o11..h.C
May Providence watch over you! "l'o"'H.l'o11m.c
J'.m11~1l

provident l>C.Y. AltO.

Provident men lay aside money for their

families. l'oC.Y. l'oltR.I""'f 110.-1- ll!l;J':fiJJo
11-H11 .l'il4'9""lflproviding

*Providing he should come, we must have

some supplies ready. ll"'i"AQ-l- 0."""1 9""1
11 "7H~)>;-l- l'o/1111-

province
1. m~'IJ'. "lq-1-. Ethiopia is divided into
fourteen provinces. l'o.-l-f-#:.1' OOP'&. l'o&.
m~'IJ'. "!qofo";f -l-hd.'l/1";f
2. P'A"'"t. Granting jobs is outside my
province. ~&. I ODflmT I hi. I P'A.IIJ1 I

-r

IIJo6P

')- Q)o

provisional
3. -1-"/QC. Teaching spelling is not within the
province of a college. P'C'l-1- 11'11.1'-l-1- "711
-1-"YC fl>/1.~ -1-"/QC l>J'.Y./111"
Greek is outside my province. f"l&h :t"l-<1/
l'oA:fAII" (MIJJo~9")

provincial
1. fm~'IJ'. "/q-1-. The provincial government
does not have charge of building all the roads.
fm~'IJ'. ..,q., l'oii-1-'IY.c ""1-11'-"'f"t
IJotl- fDDP'&.-1- "l'loi.)T f/10-l-9"

2. ffJt\1C)oT, His provincial manners do not

make him many friends in the city. fQ'I1C)T
rrl>;J-IJJo Oh+"YIJJo IJJoll'l' 11H- 'iY.'l':f
7-.1--'l.l'd.&. l'oY.t':11JJo

provision
1. l'o1-4'l'i". The provisions of the law do not
take this matter into account. f .1.1- l'o1-4'P.
";f ' J'.IJ"t ' 1-JIJ'. ' J'oJ'.OD/ItJ.,!I"
2. Y."l-11. Our library has a provision that
hands must be clean before books are taken
out. IL-l- ""llm'I':J-:f"t ooll.l.'i'-l-1- bDD"tiJ
-l- 0.1.-l- 7-.;at:f"t "71i"JI-l- .l'ild.A~A
f"''.A Y."l-11 l'o/IIJJo
3. .!l'A. The provisions of the will tied his
hands. fl-qfLIJJo .!l'A 7-.lP Mlt':IJJo
4. aJY.ol.-1- 7-.~Y:. There is a provision for
making the building larger if necessary. mY.ol.
T .1.1-liiJJo 'IJ'. /loP....ODC ' f"''.;J'A0-1- '
7-.~Y: l'o/1
5. ( = to provide) "7~<':11. The provision of
hay for the cattle is his responsibility. llh111"1i
Y:C.Y.ii "7~<':11 f(l. -1'1.1.)-}- ~,.
6. f"tl..ll. His savings are a provision for his
old age. .1'114'oomiJJo 11-011 07-.C~'i" 1.
tLaJo fOf..l,~(l)o )'(Do
There is a large provision of hay for the cattle.
llh111''1i 9""/11 f~ll'"t 11H- Y:C.Y.ii l'o/1
*The boy was left the money with the provision
that it be for his education. All: 11-l-I"'IIC-l-
11;1' f"''...'IJJo/IIJJo ~1-H11 mt:ll
provisions P"'J."t
Our provisions are running low. 1"1-.!l'"'f"t 7-.
.1'114' ~Y.
make provision for ltrJol- l'ol'lO(O-l-)
Make provision for your old age now! /t.ODfll~Y
u IJrrl- 1>11110-lprovisionai1.1L.I''
This is only a provisional government.
ILJ" ' ,..,...,....
)IJJo

-r

~IJ a 1..

proviso

995

proviso
*Tom was admitted to the eighth grade with
the proviso that he was to he put back if he
failed any subject. MP" 'tf.)-r .rruc.r
O.ro.(-:,0 mY. :Jo:f- ll.hllll .foP" llP"'t.,.
';'' h'i'A '~~~
provocation "7)"1"1:,.
Deliberate provocation of a quarrel is a serious
matter. lf't 1111- mofl't "7)"1"1:,. hiJ.I:"
)~C' )tDThe border attacks are a provocation likely
to start war. f.l:-'t0-1- "1"1'":,. t"C).r II..,
{1:,0(1 ' .e:f-11/lt.
be a provocation to 1ViU

His noisy parties are a provocation to the

neighbors. "'i"'i:Jo fO'IO.r "'il"Of"aJo 1t:O.~'t ' f"7..f'O.I:".(- ' )IIJo
without any provocation hODi'c.T TtP'.Y.
He hit me without any provocation. hoo<~..r
.,.)F.fo oo:Jo'f
provoke
1. llllh.,.ll. The President's speech provoked
much controversy. fTMVI't-11 't"'"'C 11
,. hchc llllh.,.ll
2. .,(l.,{l. His insidious remark provoked a
quarrel. -1-'tb-A't fHII llll.,.ff-11 m11
.,{l.,{l
3. llll.,"'. The child's rudeness provoked the
old man. fA)!: 11/lt."'<; '11"7"1/I.IIJo't /Ill._
"''l'aJo
provoke to anger h"}Y-.,:,. h~~(l
An insult provokes a person to anger.
(1.(-11 {lOJo't h'tf.:,. fY.Cflllt.
be provoked

1. 110'1""'-r. He was provoked to the point of

losing his temper. -rl>"'F-I>'t llllh."'Cll .1:t:ll 1\0lu;,:,.
2. o-~::1"..,. 1\MY.J'.tD-. He was provoked to
answer rudely. o-,.ell ?A ll't'I.ODflt.(l

'

~~-~:1"....
1\ll~Y.Y. ....
be provoking IIOfiAJ.

His behavior is provoking. miJI' fOfl"'iA

prowiiiJ'.IJ
I hear someone prowling around my house
during the night. 00.-1: 11-<lf {lfDo 1\.11.
,. ' 11.11.-r ' ll.fY.IJ ' 111'1"71111Many wild animals prowl at night. 1111- 11&-'1!
,. ' 11.11.-r ' fY.IJir

pry

prowler lf.Ah 1111- f"7..~.1:" {lfDo

The police arrested the prowler .on suspicion
of theft. ?"'ll.(l'll lf.Ah 1111- f"7..~Y.fDo't
{ltD-\L 01\.11):,. 'I'C"'<!. fll-:,.
proximity :,Oco-r oolf't
The proximity of the airport makes us very
nervous. f/lfDoC'TII't "7t:4-f..,. :,Oco-r oo
If). O"'P" IIOfl"l'".f-'0/lt.
In close proximity to hol-~O..P
Our house is in close proximity to the church.
O.:Jo:f-'t 0._,. hCM;f). 11:,0&-D.f )fDo
proxy mh.A
The proxy voted to support the proposal.
IDh.ir ' f.,t:OfDo't ' "''~11 ' OODJ'.~'i' ' .(-P"
6 1 flm
prude
He is a prude in his way of dressing. QAQR
II- ll'th't ll't'I,ID"'II:,. /1.('.1./lt."'P"
prudence
1. oom'J.,:,.. Prudence can spare a person
much difficulty later on. oom't.,:,. fDo/1- II
.1:-C' ll't.l:"'t {1..,. h1111- :f-"'c f.I:"<;A
2. llll.,.'l'.e):,.. The child lacks prudence.
llll.,.'I'M-r f.?-.1:-11'1'/lt.

;r,,-,.

prudent /\Coli f"7..fll11

A prudent man saves part of his wages.
11co11 f"7..fll-R {I..,.
fll
.,P""'A
be prudent +m)'++
If you are not prudent, you will get into trouble.
IJA.,.m).,:,OU :f-"'C II.('. :,.ro.(-:J>IIU

h.<'..,.,. n"

prune h.:hoo l 10C:H

The gardener prunes the fruit trees very carefully. ll.rhA_,.o;o..,. y:,.hllt.-lo't 'll:::f- 0'1'
't:l'-1: f.ht:h"7A (f.~C'IA)
*The author pruned his novel. '-&-11...,. hilt.
11 ' IDII.(- ' ""K'"'4- ' tD-(1'1' ' /1(11.11"1. ' fllt.lf
.,.,.'t ' )~C':f- ' /ltD"!
pry (pried) "'A? ~~~
He tried to pry into my affairs. 01-'1\L fDo(l'l'
"'A? 11.111 'l"ht:
pry off M"l
Pry the lid off with a knife! h'l).'t 00.11'1'
ll't"liiJo
pry open {l11C' hi..,.
I had to pry open the box with a crowbar.
"l'l').'t 011.:-r ODI./lt..,4!f {111<(. oohl..r
"1.1:- ' 11)11'5

Psalms

996

pry out h'l'"'

We finally pried the secret out of him. 11""""
t:lf

!1"11m.~")

h'I'"J~ ....

Psalms f-'1'1!-l- 1

oo"lfou-C

Recite the Psalms to me! f-'1'1!-l-"t 1 oo1Jou-c 1

ll:l'ol\11

"'A'S

....

pseudonym f116C 1 11!1"

He wrote the book under a pseudonym. ODJtdt
f.") I fl116C I 11!1" I l\.1.

psychiatrist fhh!l"f: 1 dth.!l"

Do you see a psychiatrist? fhM"I: 1 dth.!l" 1
tn ~

T~f.l\11

I'm studying psychiatry. fhh9"1: 1 .lth!l"'i" 1

hm'i"l\11h.lt~

1 -1-.I.Tf: 1 ID"1!'

People used to think that an eclipse was due

to psychic forces. ill":Y. 1 fOdtJ.'. 1 "ICP.7i 1
f"7.ll"tm- I hi'tt'l TL"f'l! tDa6f!' I tm- I
1111m- 1 Y!l"'l- 1

~oc

psychology
1. f P'~ 1 AIK" 1 -l-9"11C-l-. Psychology is taught
in the third year of college. f P'~ 1 All-'i" 1 +
9"11CT I l"il-J-'f I 'tOOT I 1>1\.~ I 1\J.'. I J.'.
il"'A
2. hil-t-o"til11. He doesn't understand the
psychology of an American. fh"''.<IIJ'I! 1 hil-to'ti111 I hJ.'.~IJfDo9"

puberty
I. o'l-oo 1 h-'19". He has not yet attained puberty, 1'i" I 1\IJ'J-00 I h-'1!1" I hAf.t:(l!l"
2. .o'Jooo 1 dt.fi. She has not yet attained puberty. 1'i" I 1\IJ'J-OD I Jt.'l'") I hAf.t:il:f-9"

public (n.) .lt"1111

Is this park open to the public? !!-11 ""'i".l.lf 1
(l;f- I l\.lt"ll11 ' h'i'T I ~ .... l
In public IJf.qqy.

That's no way to behave in public. IJf.IJIJY. 1

h't-'1.11

hJ.'.!>")!I"

public (adj.)
I. f.lt1111. A public park for old people was
built by the city. h-1-.,tD- I fhlftD-'tT I f.lt
"lf11 I OD'i"J.lf I (l:f" I l.IP;l.

Public affairs are the concern of the government. f.ft"lfofl I "!-11\'":f I OD't"IP'T't I J.'.ODI\
h;f-11-

The public library bought many new books.

f .ft"lf11 I 1].-J- I ODl\.ft'i'T I 1111- I h-'1.11.11 o
ODl\"dtG::f"t I hflODT:J:A
2. ll.lt1111 1 f"'Lll"t. New public works are
being planned. h.ll.il 1 l\.lt1111 1 f"'LII"'I- 1 P'
.:.l":Y. ' ;f-'Jof.'I'A
become public Of.~ ;ND-t
The fact became public. ~1~ 1 OY.ol. 1 ;f-m4'
make public l\.lt1111

h11;J-OJ4'

He made his opinion public. dto'tll-"t 1 l\.lt1111 1

hil;f-OJ4'

[See also 'eye, opinion']

publication f;f--t-oo ll"dto'i'

psychiatry fhM"f: 1 .lth9"'i"

psychic

public school

Do you have any Amharic publications?

IJ"'/C'f

f:f"-J-00

l\"Jt.'j:

hl\11!

*Tbe publication of his book is scheduled for

next month. 0"7.0DdJtJJo me OOK"dlf. 1\.
;f--J-!1"

;f-'JoJ;...A

*He is in tbe publication business and makes

a lot of money. ODX"tftfi:. o..-,41"?"" F&- 11
"" 1 nn11 1 n'I'A
for publication fl,ft'lfofi

f"?:lf\K"

This report is not for publication. J.'.l11 <I?""C-l- 1

l\.ft1f11 I f"'L11\l\" I hJ.'.f.l\!1".

publicity
I. O.lt1111 1 H"tf. oo;t-m'l-. Actors always
like publicity. -t-fin 1 1111-tD-"t 1 1.11. 1 oa.
1111

H"t~

I OD;f-lDM I J.'.OJ-'111.,11;f-m4!Y. He hired an agent to

handle his publicity. f"t"l~ 1 "'111;f-m4!Y 1 f
"'LYH:>~II+ 1 mh.A 1 4'm.:

2.

f"t"l~

public life fOD"t"IP'T 1 P'tlHe entered public life at an early age. 1'i" 1

OJ"'T~-It 1 OOD't"IP'T 1 P'tl- 1 -t-4'm.:

publicly
I. IJf.IJIJY.. The rebel was hanged publicly.

oous'l'm-

1 IJf.IJIJJ.'. 1 -t-il4'11
2. O.lt"llil 1 H"t~. His disgrace became publicly
known. tD-Cf.-lt 1 O.lt"llil 1 H"t ~ 1 ;f-m4'

public opinion f.lt"lf{lo 1 hMYf-lThe public opinion is against. war. f.lt"lf{lo 1

hil-1-Yf-l-

I"C~-It"t

f"'L:l'OJ9"

public relations f.lt"llil

~ ....

"IT~~+

We must promote public relations. f.lt11ofll "l"t

1'tT't I .,flt:;f-;f-o}- I

hl\{1")

public school OD't"IP'T 1 -l-!l"uc+ 1 a.+

In America, most children go to public school.

h'"l.&lt1 h1C Ml~'I':Y. 1-"''i::Y. OD1"1P'

'I- 'I-9"11C'I- 0.'1- Y..,&-11-

public servant fOD1"1P''I- P'&-i-'i'

All public servants must buy government
bonds. fOD1"1P''I- P'&-i-'I':Y. 11<11- foP'}
"IP''I- fl1~ ,..,~'1- hiiQ'I'fDo

public speaker llih1111 1"1"1C f"''JS'.C"I

1\tJ>o
A thin voice is a handicap to a public speaker.
llih1111 1"1"1C f'"l.fS'.C"I 1\tJ>o +"11"1 '
~9"6 61-l>of.'l- )tJ>o

public view hS'.QQf.

She secluded herself from public view. 7.Cil

publish
1. h/1-J-OD. He hopes to publish his new book
very soon. 0-l>Ctt- h.ll.(l-1 ""~.h4-1 II.,
11-J-9" fMil\
2. h+.!O. It is the function of a newspaper to
publish the news. <D"- "7-1>.!11 f .:>IL"' .,.
"IQC ' )m3. 111>1(-J-11\K). His acquittal was published
n~~

oPt\+~ ~

O;JtLII)

4. h~OD-J-. Don't publish the faults of your

friends! f'lS'.'i'li'J 1-~11'1- h:J-~9"'1-

publisher hii:J-"7.
The publisher, not the author of the book,
becomes rich. f'"l.h11l:fDo fODX".h4- U
(1. llf-11''} hii:J-'"I.tJ>o )tJ>o

pucker h'l"m'l"m
He puckered his lips and tried to whistle.
h1ol.f:'fi'} h'l"'l'9"tn 1\.,~ ... '1- ' 'l"h.:

puddle fi-*ml: fDo;)

I stepped in a puddle and got wet. OD'J1"1- 'I
1> fi-*m.:m- m-;) m-i'l'l' 111'1i 01\0i'lh-

pudgy

~!l"ft"'l"

2. ftoll\-1> tt-11\-1> Ml:1. He was puffing on

his pipe when I came in. l'l1Q 1::rCD-'l R11\-l> 11-A-1> fS'.C"I ' )0C
*The engine puffed uphill. fl.'}of.ll-'1- ODlJ.
<; '11-f>'} (LID"! 7.'}<1.11-'f- f.i-of. )OC
puff out

1. )of.. He puffed out his chest when the

teacher praised his work. 11.ll.,..,l!.~ Ft:-ID1 ' {LfODI\"I'}II'f- ' 'I..IL ' S'.:-1>'} ' )of.
2. hmof.. The wiod puffed out the flame.
)of.(l. 1./1-f>'} hmof.
(be) puffed up i-<Dm<:
The film star was puffed up with conceit.
f 4.11\0'h ' l>h11 01.11&'1- ' i-<D'I'&-1\:y.

puff (n.) 'f-'}of.1i

I}J.'.qqy. ' <1-11.1 h11111:Y.

in the newspaper.
i-111>1

pull

997

public servant

fll

The baby has a pudgy face. ih7). ~9"ft"'l"

fll """ hllfDo
puerile fih7'J
He asks puerile questions. fih7'J 'l'f4: I'>
mY.:!' II\

puff (v.)
1. 4:<; 4:<; -J-)ol.l\. After running so hard,
he was puffing. 0'11-11\ hi:m 0:%'1 4:<;
4:<; f.i-)'i'i'l )0C

'If.,,.,;, '

He tried to blow out the candles with one puff.

q'}~ 'f-'}of.1i. II"'"'"'"". 'l"h.:

pugnacious mO'i'
The new student is very pugnacious. h.Jltt.,..,& 0"19" mo'i' )fDo

pull (vt.)
1. 1-i-i-. Don't pull so hard! 7.'}.11.11 0'1111\. h'l-7-'1-'12. 1-'1-.,. hm"'. They pulled a heavy rock
up the mountaioside. h1~ 'l-11\-1> *"''1
~++tJJc

..,..6-6-CJ)o ; /t~

hDJato

3. )+II. The dentist pulled his teeth yesterday.

f'I'Ci'l mh.""" '1-'11'1- 'I'C(l.'} )+1111'14. ODHH(O'I-). He pulled a gun on me. 111-'1'
ODHHofl'1
5. ( = passive) -J-ifOD++. +The football player
pulled a tendon. '>.i'l i-"'i'l''li P'?- -J-ifOD++
pull (vi.)

1. 11.1111 il'll. This wagon pulls easily. Y.ll

.:>& R+lltr 11.1111 Y.:Y.l\11\
2. 1Q. The car pulled into the garage.
ODlJ.<;'f' IDS/. o ;J<I-11' ' 1Q:f
pull ahead +1.0D
He was behind me, but he soon pulled ahead.
h:%'1\lo )0.! I "11 Q'}~ ' 'I..IL +J.'.OD'1
pull at1--J--JHe pulled at the rope. 1"""1-1 1-i--1-fDo
pull back

OD)~+

I tried to grab her by the hand, but she pulled

back. 1.{.1 II"" f11 i'l'l"hC oo)""+:Y.'1
pull down
1. hoi.U1. They're goiog to pull

down all
the old houses. h1:1.P''Ii'J O..,.:Y. 00'hfl-
1\.foi.C(l. )fDo

pull

998

2. t.uu.Jl.. Shall I pull down the shades? fif.:.

"";>t.J(m-'t '\m-CJ!.' 1
pull each other's hair K.,.C

1-)Ri"'-

The fighting boys pulled each other's hair.

pulse
2. h'i' hJl.t.1. Pull up your socks! 1'7."/C if.
<l-111!1- h'i' h!l.'C"/
Pull up a chair! m"tOC ltfl h..f:C1U

.,..,.""...

A](,; 11."111- l\.,.C .,_)""""'

pull up in front~:,. lld.:,. Jrt.fooo

pull in (vt.) <Jl. m-ilT hll1q

Pull in your stomach! li'J.!"U"} ~ mY. tD-ilT
hfl1q

He pulled up his car in front of the house.

pull In (vi.) 1q

When did the train pull in? qo-c oo'l! 1q 1

pull on hmll4'

He pulled on a sweater. lf..:-o-1- hmll4'

pull oneself tOgether &-(to"} T'kiiJm~ ! OC

:)- hll

Pull yourself together! People are watching you.

<l-llll't .,.<ll."lmt.m- (oc:f' ot.) 1 llm- 1.J'f
tJ

)fDo

pull out (vt.)

I. )4'11. The children pulled out all the weeds.
A](,; ht._,. o-11- )4'11-'i'
2. h<"l. He pulled a gem out of his pocket.
bh.{l- fDoilT fhOt. Jl.'t1.f h<"l
pull out (vi.)
I. .,.)..,. The train will pull out any minute.
q(H.. hll-'t f.)"#A
2. 11-1' <"1. The troops pulled out of the
occupied territory. m;f-Jl.l!",; ffit''i''t "'~'i'
A+tJJo mm-

pull out from behind h - - - :\'\ BJ'l'.f

Jl.-'1" hll.l.
A car pulled out from behind the truck.
h't!l.' o<>h.'i' h"l")'i' oPh.'i'fDo :\'1 <D'l'
:)- 4'J!.'"Y hll.l.'fpull over dJT.,. h..foo

Pull over to the side of the road! <Jl. 'IC m

....,.1) h-ll!l"

pull over one's head

I. .,.b'i')O. Don't pull the blanket over your
head! 11CJ!.' A11{1-'t 1t'i'b'i')11
2. hm114'. He pulled the sweater over his head.
lf..:-o-1- hmll4'

(not) pull through hf.Jl.''t!l"

We were afraid she might not pull through,

she was so sick. 0"1!1" fl'loo"Y'i' h'i'Jl.''t!l"
11111- {1"/.,.,. ) oc
pull up
I. ),Jo4'11. Someone pulled up all my flowers.
t.'ts:- 11,.. t.oq,,;,. o-11- ),Jo4'1111'S

ODh..,.,.,. l\0.., """' II.L'i' hoi'ODfDo

pull (sumethlng) up to
I. hilm"l.,. hol'ou. The driver pulled the

car up to the curve. i"'.t.o;.. ooh.'itD-"}

oo

m!I"II'Jfm- 'If. hilm"l.,. hol'ou

2. m:> hJl.t.1. Pull your chair up to the table!
m"}OCU"} m1!.. m~A.IflD- m;t JtY:C1tD-

[See also 'leg, string, wire']

pull (n.)
*His pull got him the job. P'<l-m-'t 11"ffDo '
OHoPJ!"

)lD"

give a pull ltfl hY..t.1

He gave my sleeve a pull. l\~1.\L't f(11 hJ!.t.1

pulley ""II""C
The rope passed through a pulley. 1""'1- q
't!l.' oolfm-C 'If. hll.l.

pulmonary ff(!l"q
He has a pulmonary infection. ff(!l"q o1i;f-
f.fl;f-A

pulp 1":>
The pulp of the orange is full of juice. f11C.,IJ
). I",? ' <? 'I"A.,.;f-A
beat to a pulp
*He beat him to a pulp. h.I.C hil:>m""
(or, 1.1-'lf.'l"'i' 7.'t'IY.11C hJ!.t.1fDo)
wood pulp f.,..~.....
Paper is made from wood pulp. <t.4''1- f"'L
1P&ot1Jo I h1-J..Q;t I b"J~:r- I ~(Do

. n ....,..

pulpit ooflOll.f ll1)'i'

The preacher stood in the pulpit to give a
sermon. of:{t- 1\00l\Oh tJPfaOhJm- ll'l~

+' "" ...._

pulsate :r-c +c hll

I could feel his heart pulsate. An- 'i'C '1-C
II. A Y.ll"Y'S ) OC

pulse (v.) ;f-!1"(1-C oo;fHis heart pulsed with excitement. bJ!.Il:f' 11

~'I- A(Jo ;f-!1"(1-C o<>;f-

pulse (n.) fA11 '1-C:f'

The patient has a weak pulse. f01i.,...,,.. f
A(Jo 'i'C;f- .l'.h':'LA

pulverize
pulverize

hY.++.

The boulder pulverized all the

stones it fell on. '1-A41 *'1''1 fmS'.+Qlf
I.

tJJo"t .1:-"t:>I'":Y. rNt- 1\S'.+:J-:ftJJo

2. hmS'.oo. The air raid pulverized the enemy"s

fortifications. YfC mt;&-m- fmi\M r

1i"' 1\aJS',.oPtJJo

pump (v.) 11?"9""1" hm"'

tJJo"'l
pump for Information 'I'J'.,l":Y. 1\11~11'1-

He pumped me for information about my

plans. l\:,0.1',."t 1\DDt:-'1'1- 'I'J'.,l":Y. 1\11~11'1
be pumped out IITII"T T4'-'l

The water was pumped out of the hole.

tJJo;)tJJo h.,.S'."i.l:' tJJoil'l' IITII"T T4'-'l
be pumped up 07"9"'T ODIIJ

Our water is pumped up from the spring.

f'i' tJJo;> hll""t"" IITII"T f.oP"JA

pump (n.) Tll";r

The pump in our house broke down. fR.;:I'~1
Tll";r Tr"l11<::A

punctual r"l't'l- hhQ&

He is so punctual you could set your watch
by him. 11"111" r"l't'l- hhQ& hoPIJ'). f
T~"l r"l't'I-U"t 11(1. A:l'ilTIJhA '1-"'f'\IIU

I. ~'1'11 I\S'.t:1. Punctuate the end of the

sentence, so it will be easier to read. A"710ofl
l\"t'1.4'AU IIOt:'i'T ~1-1- """"l:lf 'If.
~'1'11 1\.I:'C"'

2. ~>*t:m. Cheers punctuated the speaker's

words. fT<; :>&tJJo"t "t"'"'C ~..,q<;
""li'l- J'*Cm-'1- ~IIC
3. h1U. He punctuated his remarks with
gestures. f"t"'"'-1-"t 'i'o!. ~1C":Y. 11)1: 1.
"t:,Oll:J-rl. h1U

punctuation I"C'tT

Pumpkin is the poor man's food . .o;.q f.l:''li

~tJJo

~'1'11

Ethiopian punctuation is not like that of English. fh.'l-l'"kJ' I"C'tT ~'1'11 l\"tS'. l\"t"'
ll.ll'i' hf.S'.I\9"
punctuation mark

pumpkin .o;.q

~T11

Please put punctuation marks in your sentences! Ol:'i'T ~1C":f-U"t ~'1'11 ' 1\.I:'C"'Q:ftJJo

puncture (v.) lilt

pun f"l11C M:>1C

I don't enjoy making puns. f"l11C

1\~;>1

C 1\Am.l:-9"

A nail punctured my tire.

.,.,\L"t 9"il"7C II

lt11'1
puncture (one's) skin tD,;J

punch (v.)

A needle punctured his skin.

I. lilt. Did the conductor punch your ticket?

-1:11.'1- ott."" -1:11.'1-U"t IIMAVA l
2. 1111-tn. oP;f'. He punched him in the nose.
Oftom. h'i:.,.1t1Jo

1\,.e.. oo:J-m-

punch (n.)
I. [AI' AI' f'i'&.'i'o!. .,_"7-f!fP";f<; fhA
!>A oomrn:Y. TS'.QA4'tJJo f'"L11'11'1- OD
m'l']
2. ll'm.. The punch broke his jaw. li'tn.tJJo "7
"t1.,.'1tJJo"t 1\mll+tJJo
He knocked him down with a punch. llli'm. h
,. ~ 00.,. I

1111"'1-.I.K"II"II'I- ro:,O:,. 11"111" 'l'"t41:,0 ""II'

"t ' 1\IIQ'f-

punctuate

Shall I pump some water? tJJo;> IITII"T It

9""111

punishable

999

The puncture in the tire was caused by a nail.

li'!>tJJo fS'.t:r"ltJJo 119"il"7C 9"h"tJ''I- ~tJJo

pungent
I. f'"LM'i''l'. This fruit has a pungent odor.
f.U 'i'o!. f'"LM'i''l' 1i;l' 1\lltJJo
2. (ltJJo f'"L~IJ. He likes to make pungent
remarks. r"ltJJo f'"L~IJ hilTJ'f'l- oollm'l-
f.tD-'IA

+"'

He punished his child for breaking the window.

007

I gave him a punch on the jaw.

,. llli'm. .....,...,.,.

ro;>tJJo

puncture (n.) 11-1>

punish

IIJAtD-

give a punch fi{l-m. '

oor;o~,.

oo'),;J;JtD- 1\

punctilious 11"111" 'l'"t41:,0

A nurse should be punctilious in obeying the
doctor's orders. ~Cll fmh..oo-") -l-~'111 '

-lll>_,"t illlr"lllt: A)l:"t 4'"ltJJo

punishable f'"L.I'h+"'
In wartime, treason is punishable by death.
lime~:,. 1.11. 1>1C"t ooh-'1'1- 11'1"'1- f'"L
J'r"l+"'

~tJJo

1000

punishment
punishment :,0"1-l-

The punishment was too severe. ol-tlJ-1: fl"'

II" hiJJ:- )OC
receive punishment

The boy received punishment for coming late

to school. A")l: '1-II"IIC-l- IL-l- H.,Y..Y.
0""11""1-1:' -1'4'"1

1. 1'K.ih. Make sure that the water is pure

before you drink it! OJ-~(1)<"} 1 hoPmiiJTU 1
0,1.-}-

'Jl\..ft

ODIJ").'J

hl:;J.,'J'

The necktie is pure silk. h&-.'ii'-1: 1 "}~ih.

[See 'exemplary, remit']

me 1

)(J)o

punitive
I. f"''.J'il4'"1. Punitive laws helped put an end
to the slave trade. f"''.J'il4'"1(J)o .n., fiJC
)-}-'J ' .,.,J:- ' h-1'""
2. floP+tiJ-L s f'"l..tr~. A punitive raid was
made by the rebels. "li<i:.Y.'Jl 110d4'"l"'L f
"'/.IY't Wl:&- o l'oS'.l:7pupil
I. -1'"7&. The pupils came late to class today.
~<lo o -1'"7&l"'fl H.,Y,.-J'(J)o WS'. o h'i'A ' """'"
2. (f'\Y.'t) 111\.'t ! (f'\Y.'t) 11<:-l-. The pupils
of the eat's eyes dilate in the dark. f J:"Od-l-
f'\Y.'t 111\.'J (11<:-l-) 0""11"7 Y.I'I"'-A
puppet l'o!f't-..11.-l-

Have you read the story of Finocchio who was

a little wooden puppet? l'o'i''t'"" f"'l.IJII(J)o'J

f-l-'tll''J ' f6't ... -l- ' l'olf't7-ll.-l- ' ;J-&h ' h
'J110?A !

*The king was the puppet of his ministers.

't7-oP< 0"'/.~il-l-C''fl l\~ (J)o{l'J' )OC
puppet government fl\.1\ r ODVf~f r ftr~

....,.,,.,+

During Second World War, various puppet

governments were set up. no-A+~w- f',.A,..
tnC)-l- "1.11. fl\.ir'":f """I&Yl"":f flY). 11
II- ' .,.-,.,P';f-'1-' -l"oii.,..._.,.(J)o )OC
puppy (puppies) n-":f~

2. fm&-. He speaks pure Amharic. fm&- l'o"7

c"'

.e-<;1&-A

3. fi:Jt-9"". That's pure nonsense. y t;!g.9"" ;

'P;J

(l{l

)'"JC

)'(I)<

1 flm-:>S
He won the race by pure luck.

by pure luck 0}\fl

hll ' l'lm-'"i ' l'olf)ol.

(one's) heart Is pure .:,0"}

(I)<,J.!-J.!".;."}

Afi"'i

h.i\.lf&

Everybody likes him because his heart is pure.

M All-<; MII(J)o (I(J)o o-Il Y,.mS'.'I'A

purely
1. O'l"t\. This is purely an administrative job.
Y.ll 0'1"~ Yil-I'JIS'.C P'&- )(J)o
2. YIIA. I am doing this work purely to
please you. Y.ll't't P'&- fll"o>&-(J)o l'o't
-l''t 11"7ilS'.I'I-l- YIIA )(J)o
3. l\'JJI..I'll)o. He came purely by accident.
l\'JJI..I'll)o R.l:"'t1-l- """'
purgative f"'l.fil4'11"'1' oo.J:-;>~'1-

The doctor gave the child a purgative. mh..oo- 1

1\A")I: f"'l.Yil4'11"'1' ""J:":>~-l- l'ltn(J)o
be a purgative Yi1+9""11JA

This plant is supposed to be a purgative. .eu

:,OmA Yil4'11""1A Y,.IJ~A

purgatory f'Jil.l, 11;1-

A soul must spend some time in purgatory.

O":f~

1~11-11-l-

purchase (v.) 1~

I purchased the shoes in the market. h10Y ""L

., I

3. lf4''1'. There is a tax on all purchases.

0"7'J,.(J)oll" lf4''1' ~_e. 4'<:'1' Y."'~A

pure

++"'

I bought a puppy for my boy. IIAJ':.

purge

1tfflo

purchase (n.)
I. f1~(J)o 1.:1>. He filled his car with his
purchases. oPh}lm-1' r 01tflD- 1,.,.4" '1"1\GJI have purchases to make. f11"1~(J)o l'>>" l'oll'"i

2. OD11f+. The prime minister announced the

purchase of defensive weapons. mol-1\.e 07.1
il'k- . f""MhY """I&Yl"":f ""1~;1-'f(J)o
'J ' hil;f-W4!

)'i'il 11'1'<1:-l- "1.11. R'Jil.l, 11;1- ""-l'f-l-

l'oiiiJ-lpurge

1. hll+oum. Did this medicine purge you?

Y.ll "".!:":>~+ l'oil4'""tnll ?
2. 0..,.11- ' l'oilW1S'.. The mayor purged the city
of slums. h't-tiJm- S'.VIl"'ll'J IL.Y.'f n..,.
II- ' hilW1S'.
He purged his cabinet of dissidents. hiJfi.~(J)o
-f'>"'f'"'l.l"'Jl'J ' 11-1\- ' hilW1S'.
be purged )-~
I feel purged of sin. h:>tJLl'o-l- f)l\11- Y.""

ilii"'A

pursuant

1001

purge

purge (n.) f"''.J'il4'9"'1' ou.<:-:>t+

He took a purge to loosen his bowels. l\."J'I.,I'il
4'9"mtJ>o f"7..,1'il4'9"'1' ou.(-:>t+ mit,<'.

for the purpose of ll.A

I won't go to London just for the purpose of

buying clothes. A-lilt 1\0D"Iq'l- itA 1111'
II"J,l'."J ' l\.A't.(-9"

purification "7"1t-'IPurification of water is expensive. m-;)'t II'J

"'t-'1- 1111- "'"'- f.mf.:l'A

on purpose
1. tr1' 11A-. I left my coat home on purpose.
"1:"1 l\.IL-1: f-1-tJ>olt-'1- ti'"J 1111. )tJ>o

purified (adj.) f-1-"'tWe drink purified water. f-1-"'t- tJ>o;> l\.

,I'"J"J ' f,l'.t."l'litJ>o ' OtJ>o4'U )tJ>o 1

"Jm"'II"J

purify (purified) l\.mtWe need something to purify the air.

J\f~"t

1\

"7'1't-'l- l\."J.(- )1C ,l'itd.A1<;A

purist flli"Jll/ 'l't-'1- ,<'.;JA.

Purists reject foreign words.

'*'*

J '1"6-+ ~
:>4-f''i- fiiJ"'I.> l\.1C :1'11'1-"J l\.f.4'RII-9"

purity
I. "JR-.lt DDti'"J. The purity of this water
is doubtful. f.U tJ>o;> "JR-.lt ODtJ'). ,l'mt'l't-A
2. "JK".lt<;, The dove is the symbol of purity.
C"'-11 ' f1K".lt<; ' 9"AI1'1- ' <;'!-

purple f<Df."J m~
My sister likes purple sweaters. h'\,.. rm~"}

m~ ~t-11 '1-m-'lll'f-

purport (v.) -1-QI\

This book purports to be written by an
Ethiopian. f.U ""K"m'i' Rl\..'1-I'"A-.1'' f-11\d. )tJ>o f.QIIA

This is a book that purports to give the true

facts. l\.tJ>o)-J-:;'tJ>o"J '1-'lf. f.!I.A f"""..QI\tJ>o
ODX'".h'f: I

~~~

I )otl)o

purport (n.) 'i't. )1C

The purport of her letter was that she could
not come. f~oflJHLtD- tt:t. ~1C ltltoofD
"1;1:"1 f"7..1AK" )RC

2.

OtJ>o~.

Did you do that on

purpose?

3. A + (imperfect). He came here on purpose

to borrow money from you. fDDIIJaJo 1'lH11
lt"J-1- 1\.R,<'.C )tJ>o
serve the purpose ll.,..~"- 1 +llU?OI/
The solution was not according to the book,
but it served the purpose. f'i-"1'1- ""'i''l-do.
,<'."111-"J Qf.hi'A9" 111--'11' i'il"79";1:A
to no purpose l\'}JlJ'(D<
It is to no purpose to hold class the day before

Christmas. IIA,<'.'I- 'PIL"7 11"7il-J-"7C

""'l"hC l\."JJI.,I'tJ>o )tJ>o
[See also 'intent, sole']

purposely ti'"J 1111He purposely opened the door.

R'I-"J hd.i'

If')

-fli\<>

purr l\."Jl>.t-4The cat purred contentedly on my lap . .(-OD

;1: i-,<'.il;t- R'l."l'. llf. i-"S;t- ;t-"Jl>.t4- )RC

purse (v.) l\.'l"m'l"m

I pursed my lips to whistle.
t.1 l\. 'l"m'l"'l'h-

11"7!1:""'~-

h"Jd.

purse (n.) !lC'I

She lost her purse. !lC'I'P m4-Q'Ipurser [fouCh11 <Df.V" ,l'tJ>oC'TII"J 1"JH11
,l''l'r]

pursuance, in

purpose
I. 1--'lf.. This machine can he used for

various purposes . .e.u ,.,...,~,y llAtt. A" s .,._

'll'"'i- ,1'11\"IIIA
2. 'i'll1'1-. Will this answer your purpose?
f.U 'i'II1'1-U"J ,l't.ltAVA 1
3. ,1'1\RtJ>o! '\11"7. He has achieved his purpose.
,1'1\RtJ>o"J ' ('l11"7tJ>o"J) ' h"lll- ' l\.,<'.(.1\
*What's the purpose of all these plans?
f.U 11-11- l\,:,0.(- 1\II""J.(-"J ' )tJ>o 1

*In pursuance of my goal, I intend to go to

school. ltl\1111-'1- IIOD.(-t.it li."J.<:-'f-A +rue
"" ' 11.'1- ' 11.....,1]'1-' l\.ilQIIII-'

pUrSUant tO R " "" ODoP(.'!He will leave now, pursuant to our plans.
Rl\.:,0-'l'f-"J '

ODoP(.T '

l\.11- ' l\.11-"J ' f.)"'A

Pursuant to his studies, he took a job in our

office. R'I-9"UC-t> """'t.+ 'l\,oup>t.f
n..+'f-"J ' -1-+mt.

1002

pursue

pursue
I. .,.h:l-1'11. The police pursued the robber.
?'ll.f>'ll .,..,!f.,.'t 1-h:l-1'11-..,.

I don't want to pursue the subject any further.

~1~'t h't1.0:.11 mJiS Ah:l-1'11.,. l'oA
LA1'1"

His reputation as a thief pursued him wherever

he went. Rl\.il~:,. S'1'f'.,. 11'1" Rl"t.l'.n:,.
i'h:l-.,.11 ....
2. 1'.11.1'..1'.. The hunters pursued their quarry
to no avail. h'l'l''ll f"'L.I'.I'.")-:,.'1 l.'tllll Rh
't.,. ' 1'.11.1'..11.
3. hll'f1t:. The boy pursued his father with
questions. A:<t l'oq.,.'J R'I'S'oJI hll'f1t:.,.
4. 'l"ht:. She pursues pleasure, but does not
seem to be happy. 1\0D.I'.{t:,. il:,.'l"hC'I" f
'1":,..1'.(1:,. l'o:,.oullA'I"
pursuer l'oqt..:

His pursuers closed rapidly. l'oqt.&l"'ll R'i!

TH ' 1-:l't:tt+

5. 1'1.'1.. He pushed the men to work harder.

(ll"'ll'J R'1f.A 1.'t,ll.oP~ 1'1.'1.'1'.,.

push (vi.) 1-0Q.<;tol' 1q

The crowd pushed into the elevator. fi'(IR(IR
.... ' .hllil ' l'oll't(l~ ' .... 11'1' ' i'OQ.<;"'J-1' ' 1q

push around l.'t'l(l'f'(.,.) l'o.l'.t:1

His wife pushes him around. "'l.ll.,. h't'l(l'f
:,. :I-.I'.C1'1'11"f

push for h"'.I'.L

He pushed me for payment. 1-'t.l'."h'i!A 1'."1.1'.
.~.~

push off

*It's time we pushed off. fou~JI'"f't 1.11.

.I'.C!}.A
push on 1tl1(1

It's getting dark, but we must push on to our

destination. J\rm.Aoo illlJ:. mf..c.T oo
111111 ' l'ollil't
push oneself forward

He never pushes himself forward. ~m4<~ qy.

hf..l'.l\'1"

pursuit ouh:J-1-A

Pursuit of study requires money.

put

Truc+"t

ouh:J-1-A 1'tHil f.mf.:I'A

The pursuit of the robbers was exhausting.

.,..,'l''ll't ouh:J-1-A 1'..1'.-lt"'l. ~nc
(be) purulent OD1A !1/mt:
The boil is purulent. ll''l<'t:<t ou1A !1/mt:
purvey l'o.,.t:n

This canning factory purveys meat for the

army. S'-11 f P';J 'f.il&lt lltnC (1.:.'1!
..,. P':> ,.,.cqA
pus ou1A

The wound has pus. 4<1111- OD1A f.!I.A

discharge pus DD1A

The wound discharges pus. 4<1111- J'.OD11\A

squeeze the pus from Jr..Ll.m
Squeeze the pus from this pimp1e! f.-111 ofi"}C l'o'i!Cm.,.

push out ~:,Otr> 11Jil

The blast pushed out the window. fL'tl(.,.

'1f.A ' ODIII>.,.'t ' ~~~~- ' "'ll ....
push over 1'j:-f tl)l\
Don't push me over! 1'i!i'll l.'t'l.-,.'1'11~
pu,sh through 0 - - - 14-

We must push the matter through. R'J<'II' oo

""'..,. ' l'ollil't
push (one's) way through 7t.f+;J4- ' 'tF..

He pushed his way through the crowd. Ri'(IR

nn.,. .n11i1 ouohA l.f-1':>'f. ~...
push, n. ( ~ verbal noun) ou.,'f,:,.
A hard push is needed to open the door.
R~'t ' 1\0DhL..,. ' R"''l" ' OD"''f...,. ' S'IILA,;JA
have push

*He hasn't enough push to succeed. :,.,;1:,. II

ll"'l.1-.l'."ll.... ' ltf.:l'<;l\..,.'1"
make a push 14-

push (vt.)
I. 1'1.. Push the table over by the window!
mt:A.~.,., m.l'. oulll>.,. """""
2. 1'f.(n:,.), He pushed his plans strongly.
.hllll"t nc:,..p. 1'f.n:,.
3 . .,."'i~. Did you push the button? 4<A4-'t
i"'P~1i'I'A l
4. (1.1'..1'.: Trees push their roots down into
the ground. ~G:':f JP.:.'f.,.'t m.l'. ou,:.:,.
.... 11'1' ' f-(1'111-

The enemy made a push on the western front.

R'l"6t.ll' ftnC 1'tqc RIJ.A mil:,. 1'i!:I:A
pusillanimous 4..6

He is so pusillanimous that he wilJ not react to

any insult. R"''l" L& houll'> f-1'~"1
(1,(1.1'."11':,. 11'1" f.'IA
put (put)
I. l'oll.,.oom. Where shall I put the trunks?
"''J''l''ll't ' f..,. ' ~ll ... 'l""''f .... !

Put the bottle on the shelf! mCDD</1-1' ooo

S'.Cf.t.Yt- 'If. All.,.?"mt2. Af.t:1. Put the table over there! m.-;A.qt-1'
MU' ' ;J ' Af:C1t3. Allf.1.&.. They put the log against the wall.
"11'-'1-.,. l\"11:"1-'IID- 'If. Allf.14-'l4. All1q. He put a new handle on the knife.
110.'1'1'111- A-'1.11 l\)!;1- All1qi\'IAfter the fanner put the cattle in the pen,
he bolted the gate. 10t.t- b11.,.,.;1' Ot:'l-
t-11'1' IIII1q'f't- 0:\11 0-1-1' .,.t;.,.t:t5. """"i:. Did you put milk in my coffee?
flo<;\1. t-11'1' m.,.'l- ..,,.Ch l
6. b.,.-1-. Put the dagger in its sheath! ll"tlft1' AC:., m-11'1' h-t-.,.ID7. A.,.t:O. You have put the case very clearly.
1-'11'1' , "I<C\11" Oil') , ,..,.11: A'l-cO"li'l'.c>
8. Allt:-'1. The teacher puts things clearly.
All.,...,t.t- v-11-1' )1C O"I<C\11" Yllt:'I<C\
9. All. How would you put this in Amharic?
Y.ll"t q..,c.,. ,...,.,_,.. '1-11'1'1111 1
*Let me put it to you this way : either you
work harder or you will be fired. l\1'"1'1.11 .C.
1'1CII I Of.1'11 1-"6- j 11101\llY '1-qt;&-1111
put across hhl.-4

I don't know how to put it across to him,

that .... 9"1' 11\1. l\"tf."711t:'lm- Allt-'l-9"
put against.....,

h.F.~1

Put the chair against the wall! m"t0-1-1' "I!:"I

.4;aJo

put

1003

put

'1'""1

JtY.:'C11JJo

put around

She put her arms around him. .,.moamoa:fo'lput around the waist ;:hn+
He put the cartridge belt around his waist.
11<;-1-1' ;J-m.,.
put aside

I. All.,.oam. Can you put the tie aside for me

until tomorrow? h&-11.,.,. l\IIM1 f:t:ll
.c>;J-11.,.9"'l'<C\'S '1-:f'IIIIJ !
She has been putting aside a little money each
month. Ofm-1- '1-1''11 11'Hofl ;1-11.,.9"'1' )OC
2. mJI.Y All.,.oom. Put the book aside!
ODJI"mi-1' ' WJI.Y ' All.,.9"miDput at

*I would put her age at not more than sixty.

bf:"'/.'1' bii<C\11 f"tOA'I' Af.DDIII\'S9"

hh+oum
Put my Sunday clothes away in a large box!
fh'l- <C\11 ... '111' '1-.c>'l- ..,'1'1' t-11'1' All
.,.,......,111-

put away

(be) put away .,..,..,..m

The money was put away for his education.

11'Hflo f.,..,.ODmtD- ' 1111- ' OD"'/(.f ' l\1''1.
11'1' )OC
put back

I. ODI\11. Put the book back where you got it !

""ll"mi-1' M"'IIO'I- 11;1- OD<C\IIt2. mf.:\1\ ODI\11. She put back the clock one
hour. 11'\.,.,. A"tf: 11'\'1- mr.:\'1 ""1111
:ft3. .,.)11. The strike at the factory put back
production. f.,.&o.,.'l''ll "''f.9" 4-11&1It- f
"'LYm"'t-1' ' 1.:1" ' 11q'l- ' .,.)II
put down

I. Amt:r.. Do you want to put the box down

here? "''l'lo-1' l\llll .c>;J-mcr.t- ' '1-.&..c>
;JI\11 l
2. ~L. Put down your name and address!
119"111' h)Af:&-11"11 l\'i'
3. ODH10. Put me down for five dollars!
'19"11'1- 11C OD1f"IO'S
4. r.oollll. They put down the rebellion by
force. 0""1Jo1' O'~f.A '-""'1111-'1(be) put down to

*His disease was put down to drinking.

fO'Ii;J-m- ' 9"h"tf'l- ' ODm'J' ' )ID- ' .,.ql\
put (an) end to A.f.oo
I will have to put an end to that nonsense.
Allofl'S
,..,,..-;q )1C ,
*He put an end to his life. <hf.W-1:1' 01q
l\)1: ' Am<lput forth JtmiiJ
The plants put forth new shoots. iJO'I''I- 1.9"
f't4' Jtmmput forth new leaves htll.m41.m
The trees put forth new leaves. q,;:'Jl A<fl.m'l<m-

n .

.,.,.r

put forward
1. A.,.t:O. He put forward a new theory .
A-'1.11 61'11 mll11 A.,.t:o
2. All"''-"" Put the clock forward one hour!
11'\1:1' ' A"tf: ' 11'\'1- ' All.,.f:ODIDput in
1. A111q. They put in a new windowpane
today. qt, 1\0DII!>i: A-'1.11 OD!l;J-ro'l- All
1floll'l2. All.,.oom(O'I-). I need a huge box to put
the dishes in. il<h'l':f"t f"711.,.9"TO'I- '1-A
:,. "1'1'1' YII.&.A1>o'A
3. 1q Af.t.1. He put his head in at the
window. 6-11-1' ooolll>i: 1q Af.t:?

put

put

1004

4. hm4-. They put in a lot of time on that job.

put out

OHJ' 1"6- 'If. 1111- "1.11. h'1''1'1"1'A

5. "''""Ah!l' h4'~0. I'm putting in for a
transfer. 1111m-m-e "'/ODAh!l' h:J-ell.,l'llll6. mf4'. He put in a claim for damages.
11.1'.~(10'1- "1-'1'1- ..... mf4'

1. AmtfJ. They put out a series of new

books. h'IJI.il -1-h:J":J"f.. ODll.n'i''t-"t fm

put in mind of hll:f"m(l

This place puts me in mind of Addis Ababa.

f.tJ (l:J" hJI.(l hOIJ"t f{l:J"m-{l';'A
put into one's hand fiDD-fl-

1\{to

+m(A.-,.)

I put my affairs into his hands. "1-'IIL"t 0..,.11-

"'ll-

The rude girl put her tongue out at a friend.

'111"1.1' A;E' 0~.1'."11' llf. '1"'1!)."t hm"'':f-

2. hil<"'. Don't make noise, or they'll put

you out. h't-Q;~otJ I fiiHJ' filmm-?A
3. H~. The hungry man put out his hand
begging for money. f-1"6-0,. ,..,. 1'1Hil
Aoot; 7.7!:'1

H~:>

11(1- -tm-h-11'1-

4. hm4-. Put out the light before you leave!

put off

Put your cigarette out! (1.)1'&-tJ"t h'l'of.

hoo~.r.-u 0.1.'1- ODiJ6-1:"t

1. h(l-tllll.t.. I can't put the matter off any

longer. )1-;."t hh"t"'JI.tJ <JI.f '1(1-t'IA
.t.m- hA':f-A'I"

2. hH1f. He hoped to gain time by putting

off signing the papers for a few days more.
m~4'.f-'j;"t """-~..,."t 11'1'+.'1- 4''i''l- O"''H

"'f'l- "1.11. 11"'/"''f'l- 1-ilof.. h.I'.L:1

3. mnL. Putting things off is her weakness.
ff}.' 1....11'1-' 1"6-' OD<DH;!,' )ro-

*When I ask her for payment, she puts me off

with promises. h"t.r.-'1-h'l'll"i ilmf..+'l- h

it )1 0"'111'1- 11!1' :J"AJ."'II':fput off (for) 1")"1

The Mayflower put off for America from

England in 1620. "'Lf.'i''l<e f-I"IJII':f-m- ""e
hi! O!ifiK q,'J". m.r. h"'Lt: .. IIOD'/""1'1-
hh"t"'ll,11 h1e 1-)"'':fput on

1. hil.l'.'t- """"~ I have put on three kilos.

l"il'l- h.ll- hil.l'.'t- .....,..~.,1111-

2. 110(1, Which dress shall I put on? f'l-"'m-"t

Ailil AAOil l
3. hiiO(l, Put on a clean tablecloth! "tl\..1.
fm~A.Jf Ailil hAilil
4. h.1'.~1. He put on his glasses. "")K'o:-"t h.1'.~1
Put your hat on! IJe~"'tJ"t h.r.-C"'
Put your shoes on! "'i"''tJ"t h.r.-C"'
Put on another record! /1.11 ifhll h.r.-C"'
5. hm114'. The mother asked the child to put
on his trousers. h'i't-1> A7!:"t (1-t:tJ"t h
'I'A:J- hll':f-m6. h<\f. The students put on a play. 1-"''t:J"=J;
t.r'l-e hit!<
7. "1.1'.. Put the kettle on! lO'i'm-"t ,.,.._..,.
(be) put on llf.'J"{IA )mThe girl's crying is put on. Al[-1: f'I":J"II:J-o'l

m-

ll.~fD(IA I

~(Do

h'l'4-,.

put (one) out hil'f1~

Will it put you out to give me a lift home?

OoPh.<; hiL-l: il:l'f.C{l"i !il,...,C?A l
(be) put out
1. mof.. The fire was put out quickly. h<\1: 1'

tr- miif..
2. :Joe -t(l'f. He was put out to find that no
one was listening to him.
:Joe .,.,..,

~"t~

il'\I'V;oomtD-

put over the top ~ ~

Put something over the top of the jar to keep

out the flies! "'/{If!',. m-il'l' 11'1P':f- h'l'lf.
1tl- 'l"'i''l"'l h.l'.)mput through h"'&It took him six weeks to put his application
through. "'/oPAh!l'm-"t 11"'1"16-'1- il.r.-il't-
<\'1"'1'1- ' .t.lO't(be) put to 1'11

The money will be put to good use. 1'1HR-

I\.I'.'W )1e f.,.'IA

(be hard) put to J.K-'1" hA!I'II'I"

I'm hard put to pay my bills. MIL"t ooh.t.
A J.K-'1" hA':f-Ar
put together
1. M"'m"". Can you put the pieces together?
41e'J'&-Q;lr'} A:l-1"1'1'" '1-':f-111111 l
2. '1-"t 11'1-'1 h.1'.~1. Put them together and
see which is larger! '1-'1 11'1-"t h.l':e:>:fm'i' f-1: h'I.I'."'LOA'I' 1-0DAh'tput up

I. h<"'. I'll supply the material if you put up

ten thousand dollars. OFe it ile

"m

"'ll h~ h:l'm-'} h4'e'lllll2. M"':Putupyourhands! h;E'tJ'I h"t"'

3. llm.t.. They put up a notice that the house

putrefy

1005

was sold. fl.1o ""ifm-'t f"''.U\K" .,it;t-w

python

(be) putrid

1.,

4:.1' llmf.

This meat is putrid, so don't eat it!

*We can put you up for a week. ll't.J:- llll"'t

:> (IM_, 1'.'1-oflllw-

'I- "'"' :> A;t-Ct;: '1-:Y.IIIIIl

(be) put up
I. T~C-1' 1'.11+. The building was put up in six
months. .ft'tl\<D- ftit.J:-it'l- we ToPC.P.
I'.II+
2. TThll. New telephone poles are being put
up. h'Lit fitAb f"(l(o?f ftoPThA llf.
'i''f<D-

3. +~n. The oxen will be put up for sale

this week. n.:.9''1l nu.u llf"'t'l- Mft.l' f.+c
Qllput (one) up to M"'"'

His friends put him up to asking the boss for

a raise. hll:l"<D-'t f.<'.'1"11 .,_..,(. l'.'t'L
mf.~ 'i.<'.'l''ll

M.,,..,.

put up with

r can't put up with his impudence any longer.

bl'.'t"'ll.ll WJI.Il ' (l.J:-{1-'t lff- 1\oP'l'C l;

A':fAr

,..tJ ~

puzzle (v.)
1. h~'i"'U.. The speaker's ambiguous words
puzzled the audience. fT'i';>(.CD- hlf"''. :1"
11'1- ' h'l.,~'t ' h.<'.'i'1Z:'fw-

2. hll1~"" The speaker's ironical smile

puzzled the audience. fT'i';>t.<D- fHR'I- d.
1"1;1- ' h'l.,"""'ll't ' hit1~.,'fw-

3. "1&- h:>Q. The technicality of the book

puzzled me. foPK"dlf. f~++ 1'.1111\K" "'
&- ' h:>Q'S
be puzzled "1&- 1Q(w-)

He was puzzled as to what to do next. +Til-

ll"'t l'.'t.<'."''..I'.<'.C"' "1&- 1-11-1''1- )ftC

puzzle (n.) l'.'t.,.-l-A1i

Thai is a puzzle for me. f.ll Ill!. l'.'t.,.~
A1i ' )CD-

*It's a puzzle to me how he got there so quickly.

7.11..1' l'.'t.e.'l- .P.II- l'.'tAA~(l 1C'I",.A

[See also numerous nouns combined with 'put']

putrefy (putrefied) If.,..,.

Meat will putrefy if not put into the icebox.
n~P.. "''l"t <D-it'l' ltAT+""m I":> f. If
;1-A

putrescent f1.,
It is not wise to eat putrescent meat. f1., JP
:> ' oP-flll'l- ' '1'1- ' l;f..<'.llf"

pyjamas, see pajamas

pyramid "1:&-"''..J:The pyramids of Egypt are ancient. f"'-IIK"
"1;&-"''.P..lf ' fT't'l- ' 'i''f<D-

python H'tP..
Are there pythons in. Ethiopia? h..'l-f"k.l' witT H'tP.. ' 1'.11 !

quack

1006

quality

quack (v.) Mltlt

The ducks quacked loudly. "'htr-l":f '""h 11
{ltD- Milt 11quack (n.) 1\'i"Ocq;:
That doctor is not a real one but a quack.
l>'i"ncq;: l\"tl( l\C"Im"' .hh.!l" 1\f.F.
il!l"

quadrangle 1\&..'J- "7l\H"t

The breakfast table has the form of a
quadrangle. f4!Cil m~A.~:f-1' :,Ocl\. l\6.'J- ' "7l\H"t ' ~m-

*The room is in the form of a quadrangle.

IL-l> il+'l

~m-

quadrant fh011 -1-11

quadrilateral [1\&..'J-

m~"t film- :,Ocl\"]

bODtl.ofo 0 OD"t+'f'+'f' ' 0:\'\

F.~<; "'"''~-

h-fo"7fDo"t

l\1'

qualification
I. 'l-J:-ii.'J-. His pleasure had one qualification:
his friends could not enjoy it. F.ll;J-fDo l\1'
J:- 'l-S'."ii.'J- l\110'1- l f.lifDo!l" ~F.'l''Jl ' f"7
f.ltl.fl-0'1- ~ ....

2. ~F-11. You can accept his statement

without qualification. l\(1. f"''.ilfDo"t 1'11'
ll:f ~F-11 A.'J-+OilfDo '1-:f-'lilll
qualifications
I. 114!~'1-. He has the qualifications to become
a doctor. .hh.!l" {IODIJ'"t 114!t.'J- l\ilfDo
2. :fflo;J-. Do you think she has the neoessary
qualifications for the job? iiP'&.fDo f"''.flll.
A~tD- ' :fflo;J- IJofl- f'l'i' f.ODllA7A 1

quadruped 1>&-.'J- l\"IC flit- l\"tilla

Quadrupeds can move faster than animals
having only two feet. l\6-.'J- l\"IC f'l:fm-

qualified (adj.)
I. 114!. He is not !qualified for this job.

l\"tilla.'J- IJoil'l- l\"IC lt'l:ft- l\"tilta.'J-

f-1.'1'<;11-

2. ~F-11 filfDo. His qualified answer was "l

will go, but only if you will come with me". ~F.
11 filfDo fiDA{lo I l\~illJo l "11' l\1'-1'

quadruple (v.) 01\&..'J- cl'l''i' h'i' l\il

The population of the city has quadrupled.
fh-1'"7tD- )'f'&l":f 11~'1- 01\&..'J- cl'l''i' h
'i' 11(\.A

quadruple (adj.) qill\&.r

A quadruple wire enables us to have four
telephones. qill\&..'J- 1111 oopooc 1\&..'J-
ilAh il"7"1q.'J- fil:f-ii<;A

quadruplet [q"tJ:- '1.11. h-t-miiJI. 1\&..'J-

.ftY<;.'J- oolthA 1\"tJI.]

quaint
Americans like to visit quaint English villages.
1\"'Uit'l':f- '1'1';1-'f!).'J- ' filq:ftD-"t S'.il '
J'.il ' f"''.,f(l'f. ' fl\1'"1{1.11 ' OD"t.l:t:':f-1' ' oP
1-fl"f.'J- ' f.ID/lfl-

quake (v.) +"t+m+m

The ground quaked. """-1< +"t+m+m
quake (n.) fODtl.r ' oP"t+'l'+'l'
They reconstructed the town after the quake.

1111.11 P'&. 114! 1\f.S'.il!l"

l\11~li'S f!I".'J-oP"' fll'~ l\"tS'.ll't 1111'

t.,.

f"''.A

toe

qualify (qualified)
I. l\0:1'. His work qualifies him for promotion. P'&.t- iiF.~ll" l\J:-~'1- IR:I''f'A
2. I.+F.(ii.'J-). His lioense qualifies him to drive
a car. fOD"t)f I.:I'JI. ooh.<; l\"tJI.M
f.I.:,OJ:-ii;I-A
3. ~F-11 1\0~(ii.'J-). He qualified his statement

that boys are lazy by saying that some of

them are not. m"tP.:f A]f.':f- MG::f <;:f
.... filfDo"t l\1'-'l"tP.IJl l\f.S'.fl-!1" 0"711
.'J- ~F-11 1\0~ii.'Jqualify oneself &-&'l J\0:1"

He qualified himself to become a teacher by

going to night school. "7;1- "7;1- M-1'"7~
;1.(1.1' ilfiD!I"IIC~.'J- P'<l- l\0:1'

quality (qualities)
I. 'tf.t.'J-. Don't you have any better quality?
hll.ll f-t-ll"il "tf.).'J- filll!l" 1

1007

qualm

2. 'fll-:1'. He has the quality of inspiring

confidence. l'll"'f M"t-1- h'M.'I'II-0-l- f
...,~~., 'fll-:1' hlltJJo
3. '1''1-t-1- I 1-""t-'l"t-1-. We guarantee the
quality of our product. IIMwt-:fOJo h:J'l"
.,. '1"1-t-1- (1-0Dt-'l"t-1-) ..,'\,!. t1
4. t1C. She has many good qualities.
ill!- f"''.mY.~ t1C h'I-1-

[See also 'mean, poor']

qualm llli-1-

The thief had no qualms about taking the

ffiODCy. i\.QaJ- I "J")ffiYJ I 00D6Jo{t~ I

ht:\1'1'1"'/IJJo'/"
with some qualms

~'11..-

gg:,.O

ofJA-

1 took the test with some qualms. 4.1'<;'0Jo1

ilwt- Y-11'1' il\lo toe
quandary, be in a ~ hm'lmll
I was in a quandary whether to marry her or
to finish my education first. hjl1 h.,"lq-1-<;
T?"UC-1:1 h""~il fT'fOJo1 1.1Y.?"OD
C'l' t.m'IOJoA toe
quantity (quantities)
1. il~-1-. It's not the quantity, but the quality
that counts. f"''.;l'fOJo il~-to <'l~lf1 'l~t-to
tOJo
2. oPm"). Evaporation reduces the quantity of
water available to the farm. 1'1 1.Clf f
"'1..1'11'0Jo1 fOJo~ DPm1 M1<'1A
quantities of ofilt'

She owns quantities of books. -Rrt- ODX"dt.ct:

Molequal quantities of 71.b-A.

Use equal quantities of nuts and raisins in the

cake! ililh--to OJoil'l' MI-A IIOJo11<; H!l
il ""?"CO-lin large quantities 0-RtfT

Radios are now produced in large quantities.

c!-'1.1"1 hv-1 Oil~-1- ~wt-1:\
(a) small quantity '1'4!-1-

There is only a small quantity left. '1'4!-1- +c

quarter

A quarantine was imposed on the passen~

gers of the ship. f""Chfl- oo11Y."l''f 111-m
M 1.11. h""Chil 1.1-'l~mc.ol. :l'"IY.
,..

The thieves quarreled about how to divide the

loot. lloii=J; fl'lMt-1-1 1.11.-1- 1.1Y."''.h'i-4.
II-. 1'"111quarrel (n.)
I. 'I'A l mil. The quarrel ended in bloodshed.
'I'll- (mfl-) bY.?" oo'l-(lil hY.~(l

I have no quarrel with you. lt"JT ;JC mil

nations settled their quarrels in an amicable

way. v-11-to h1t:'f Ooottb'l:fOJo lllltO~OJo
hiiOD"Jqqol- boo'l'.:>-1- ~1:\:t- OM?" oo
hil?"ll"t-1- Y,~(lo

11~

pick a quarrel m11

olliJ,~

.:>C mil ~'l"&-1:\ l

quarrelsome
I. mO'f. Is it human nature to be quarrelsome and suspicious? mn;;t61" -Tmt-IIJt; 1 oo
lf't f(lOJo 1'4-'l't: tOJo l
2. t'l"<;'"'i. She squelched the quarrelsome
child. t'l"<;'""iOJo't 1:\'f: mJ!.Ym-'1- 11ll" h

...

,..,.,.

quarry (v.) 4-llm

They quarry marble for monuments. lldtOJot:\

.,. ODJ"6Y hilt

0~~

~Lt:\"111-

quarry (quarries), n.
I. (f~1.:>M OD~II"'i 11:1'. The stone quarry
is five miles from here. fY:'t;J,_, 1 OD'j:I\.".6J-
11:1' hH.U hll"il-1- .,~A ~C:J'A
2. f"''.Y~tOJo 1.111<'1. The hunters pursued
their quarry to no avail. hJI"l'=J; f"''.Y~'I-T
1 1.111<'1 Oh11o l'l.Y<'I~JI. '1'11quart
[h1~

ll..l']

quarantine (n.) f-1'11111 11:1'

With whom does he pick a quarrel? h"'/1

what quantity ll"1 YUA

4-A.:>IIU l

fll'tll"
2. hll.,...,qq-1-. Instead of fighting, the two

;I: A

What quantity do you want 1 ?"1 YUA T

~RC

quarrel (v.) 1'"1'1

11.-1-C YUA

f"'/.~11

fL<'I1i OD/1

quarter (v.) llht--1- h<l.ll

Mother quartered the apple. 1.<;-l-1"'1' "'"-""

1 llht--1- hLII'fOJo
be quartered -TOD&-

The cows were kept in quarantine for three

months. '1'1"'6 01-11111 11:1' lll"il-1- me

The troops are quartered in the town. m;l'Y.t:

1.1'1."'1' 1'~1

,; h1'"70Jo OJoil'l' 1'00'1-

quarter

1008

quarter (n.)
I. O:.il. He traveled a mile and a quarter
before sun-up. O.hf. hDD<D-"1;1: ftd.'l- t-.1
S'.; "'I f.IA hO:.il .,.'lH

The store is a quarter of a mile from here.

,..._,. hH.tJ O:.il "'lf.IA f.C:J>IA

Each partner received a quarter of the profits.

~1'1-'11.11. 11ciJ h'l-c4- -:.11-1 will!.

2. f+Af (tLC. San Francisco has a Chinese

quarter. tn 'i'&-1(1.(11 f.,.llf f!J'J?.<;';f
lloi.C t-.1\m-

3. /lou-t. I need four quarters. t.&-'1- 11-t

1.4./A;JI\IJ4. c-.&-"\. They showed the enemy no quarter.

llm'l-l- P""tf" c-.&-"\ t-.'1 ...1'9"
quarters
I. lloi.C. All soldiers are to return to quarters
at once. w;t-J!.C"f 11-11- t.o-H- WJ!.fllol.
6-'f<D- 0 1.1Jl.ODI\{l2. "'lt'.d.Y. Our quarters are in a small hotel.
"'lt'.d.Y"f1 t.1S'.: 'I-"J11 IT-I:IA m-ilT )<D-

3. R.-l-. He showed me the servants' quarters.

Y1ihc 11.1>1 h ... f'1

quarter after three lfm~ ~

.,...-;,.

The train leaves at a quarter to three.

q~

1\Hm't O:.il Mf. f.)"'/A

from all quarters of the world hODI\fDo "'llfD

When President Kennedy died, men carne from

all quarters of the world to attend his funeral.
-r&.H.-'11'1- ll.l<'l. (1.'1"-1> n+-tlc P') ,.,

C'l;t-:fm-

1\.e

fl001J..,.

hODI\tJJo

'lll9"'

lll""f ' - ....

[See also 'close quarters']

I. J!.ou(l(l. The troops quashed the revolt.

f.,.J!.t'.1<D-1 00D6 W;I'J!.I!''Il J!.oo{l(l-'12. llt'.H. The judge quashed the charges
against the prisoner. .o;:;<m- ' n~llt'.':'<D- ' 'If. '
f4't'.Um-1 hll IIGH

quasi- flm.
He has a quasi-ministerial position. f"7.tllTC~
'1- 1!.<'.7( flm. hllmquaver .,.C1ft1ft
The old man's voice quavered when he spoke.
11"'1"11\.<D- (1. <;'1C S'.:f"flo .,.C1ft10

queen 1"1P'-lThe queen died recently. 1"1P'-I::t n;r.cil

1.11. ' '1"-1>

[See also 'bee']

queenly f1"1P'T
She has a queenly carriage. f1"1P'-l- ~~~ h'l-lqueer

-1> ' f"'l.1Cf" )<D-

2. 1.1"1-'1. His queer behavior occasioned a

good deal of talk. f(l- 1.1"1-'1 mflf. ilrt-

....'1':1"' hll)"'

3. mfll' f"'IJ?.;t-w;r.. He is a queer person.

mfJI' f"'lf.;t-w;r. (lm- )<D-

feel queer .,."'i..U(m-)

I sat down for a moment because I felt queer.
111\.,."'i"'i) '{ ' T-1:'1- ' Ot'.'i' ' hiAIJ.

quell 1!.00 1111

The government of Argentina quelled the riot.

f hC)!;1-1;<; ""1"1P'T ii"Pilm-1 J!.OD{I(I

quarterly (n.) ff!Pil'l- we ""K".h.-'10ur university publishes a quarterly. l'tliC(I.

-1:~ ftf!Pil'l- we ooK"m.-'1- Yw"'IA
quarterly (adv.) ftf!Pil'l- ' we
I pay my insurance quarterly. f.lof.W-'1- '1'11-l<;f-1 ftf!Pil'l- we "loh<t:'llltJ-

quarterm aster ou;Jfl

He is a quartermas ter sergeant.

quash

I. f"'l.1Cf". It's queer that he did not come

to class today. ~.~. wJ!. h<t:A hl\oof""'

It's a quarter after three already. Hm'1 -1"-:.

il IT~IA
quarter to three 1\Utn~ ~-o

query

OD;J(l f~r

... ' hi\:J> ' )<D-

quartet [h&-'1- oonf"&-1 Wf.f" -1-1'1'

"f ' f"'l.11'ft-l- ' fou-H.:J> ' 'IS'.;]

quartz [ft"Jf" m11J&- fiT) Ail) 0"-S'.:

f"'l.OD/1/A ' ii/A'i'A'i' r S'.;"};Jf.j

quench
L hGIJ. I .simply couldn't quench my thirst.
oi.K"'I" '1'11 'lt'.IJ hAiJ'IAIJ.f "

2. hmof.. Water will quench the fire. m-;>

'I- Ymof.A

~ ...

querulou s )11<;~
He is a querulous old man. )1J<;If 11"'1"11\.
)<D-

query (queried), v.
I. mf4'. He queried my reasons for leaving.

liM ~1J!.f"l'S'.: mf4''1

2. '1-hhll':' ourr't-1 .,.m&-mt'.. I query the
date that he gives in his article. ftK"dt-4- 'If.

ftn4'ilm- '100-f-
').') htn&-tn.!-1111-

9"ih~'l-

'1-hhll'l' 0011'

query (queries), n. 'l'J.'<I:

The minister received a query regarding

expenditures. "'UII'k- 1111 1'JHR- "'"'-

"''"' .,.~01\:fm-

quest <t:l\:1
He read many books in quest of knowledge.
'1'011') <t:ll;> 1111" OOl\ih<t:-'1- MOO

1-"'/tll"'ll All1""'/tl....., tnf41'11-tn&-m~.

OOif'').')

I question his sincerity.

l\m-~-J-'1'

come into question 0)1""

l\tn&-tn&-1111-

question (n.)
I. 'I'J.'<l:. They asked a lot of questions.
1111" ' "''"' tnf41
Who raised the question about school finances?
1111 -l-9"UC'I- IL-l- 1'JH11 'I'J.'<l: J."4'~0m-
.,., ~ .... !
2. .,...~;f... The border question is not yet
settled. f~'J0-1- 1-'IJ.'. Av-'J9" m-1)).
M1'f9"
It's a question of money, not of time. f11Hofl
h'J"l[ f'l..ll. 1-'IJ.'. AJ.'.S'.II9"
3. TCIIJ~. There was no question of my
being made chairman. M 11.4' OD')OC
h'JS'.9"""~'1' '!'C"'<!. All\~0~9"
4. hchc. A question arose about the ownership of the property. 1111 'J11~-I> Qll IJ11-l-~
'1- hchc +~..,
beg the question l!.T;J{l J'tf,F.AIJD

Your answer begs the question I asked about

the government's policy. llA OD"J..,ril t.:
oo&-e llmf:,Ov-'1- 'l'J.'<I: filtn1i~ ooA

II A'l':>ll AJ.'.S'.II9"
beside the question hACl\11-1> fDo6f."
That's beside the question. We are discussing
economics, not politics. 1-U hJ\Cltllil m"f/' ~ .... l 1.'1' f9"'JfDJ."fdJo 1111 9""1).. IJ11
'1- h'J"l[ 1111 ?"11-I:IJ AJ.'.S'.I\9"
(be} beyond question 1\Ytnt-'TC,..
His honesty is beyond question. ;1-.,~H A
J.'tn&-'l'C9"

(be) called In question ( ~ active) -1-tn&-tn~

+His ability was called in question during the
debate. Ohch<~o '1..11. :Y.II-:1"....., -t-m&-m-1-

t\,.e. 0.\o..,

If my being sent to Australia o;omes into

question, I shall protest. f). mS'. Am-11'1-&-11.
J.' 001\h 0~1'1- 1\f. ll~"' h?fD"71111In question f+m+tlmThe gentleman in question was not there.
f-l'tn4'/ldJo ......... hiiJ All\~0~9"
(be} out of the question

That's certainly out of the question. J.'.U 09"

.,,..

question (v.)
I. ""~""~. The police questioned him all night
long. ?"11.11- 11.11.-I>'J -11- ll.oo~9"~m- AS'.~
2. mf+. The students questioned the teacher.
3.

questionnaire

1009

query

'IJ.'.~-'1-

f., J.'.ll") ~ ....

(be clearly} out of the question f"'7.e.;.J-(111

)ID"

It is clearly out of the question to stop teaching.

.,111-"'/C'J "'-'9" f"7J.'.;J-1111 ~ ....
(be} ready for the question

*The chairman asked if the members were

ready for the question. Aqfto'Jl 01-'lf. 1\J.'.
~6 IIOOIItn'l- "'"-"~"'" h'JS'.II"~ 11.4' '
00')0-1- tnf+
without question .f'ATCTC

He is without question the best student we

have. IJir'J 1-.,tll"":f u-tr '1-011" J."II'I'C
'I'C l'.C/1- ~..,.

[See also 'ply, propriety']

questionable Am&-"'tl I f"'L..'m&-'I'C
The utility of this machine is questionable.
fii.U ooh_<; m?'U-l- Atn&-"'tl ~..,.
His actions are highly questionable. !P&-tD-
11-ir f"'L..'tn&-'I'C ~..,.
be questionable

I. II004'0A J."'l"l;l-11\. His assertion is questionable. f-J-<;1~..,.., lloo+OA J."'l.,;l-11\

2. AA-J-~;>1m9". It is questionable whether the
child in the womb has a soul. O.,ihiYJ m-

11'1' J."ll ' IYtll ~'i'll J."llm- tDJ-'.9" fl\.11

ootr). Jr.A...,.4?"Jmr

OJ-

questioning
I. 'l'J.'<I:. The police detained him for question.
ing. ?"ll.fl'll ll'l'J.'<I: A-'f.-l2. AmJ."f:,O. We admired the lawyer's adroit
questioning of the witness. mO..+fDa l\9""llh
<1- J."4'~0m-'J HS'..'I' AtnJ."f:,O AS'.~:,.-,

question mark f'I'J."<I: 9"11\h-lWrite a question mark at the end of the sentence! OO~<t:-1- ~1-1- .,....._~If f'I'J."<I:

9"11\h-l-

A~C"'

questionnaire oomf.:,O
I received a questionnaire to fill out. f"''-'"11
oomf.:,O S'.~il~

..

queue

1010

queue l'tA'i'
The queue was too long, and I couldn't get
into the theater. l'tA4- ll110~11'S -~:.r+
C <'IA~Q +t:vform a queue +(tilL

The people formed a queue in front of the

theater. IW':f- ' o-~:.r+~ ' 11.'1- ' 4-'1- ' 114.

+.,.l'tl\4-

quibble .,.h.&.h.:
They quibbled over the price. 0'1':>tJJo .,.h.&.
h~

quick
1. f.,.o(.m) 1 0'1''1')'1- f.,.l'.<':~. This situation
confronts me with the need to make a quick
decision. }'.II v-~:1" f.,.o(.m) tJJo<'l~ 'I.e ll
"t.J:'I'.Cll ' .rll~J:-1'.'11!\
That was a quick decision. 0'1''1')-'1- f.,.l'.<':
~ tJJo<'l~ )OC
2. 4.111"t. The boss rewarded the quick
workers. l\1\:l"tJJo 1\.l."''i''Ji ,...,:..,.'l':f- lltn

:1" '

l\1'.<':~'\'ftJJo

3. "HI. His quick mind enables him to solve

almost any problem. "t.,. l\M"I!'tJJo 11"7"t
.,,.,. :f-Ie ""'~''~-"'- 11"7"17'1- .e.:-'l'I'A
4. cftm-. His quick temper causes many argu.
ments .
mQI'- 1111- hchC }'il)"'A
5. ( ~ adv.) -fir". He's quick to understand.
-fir"' ,r.~Q'I'A
to the quick llllh P':>tJJo J:'t:ll
He cut his nail to the quick. 'I'~"t llllh P'

.,.m-

,;J,.

J:'l:il

.il,tnfDo

quicken (vt.)
1. 1\o(.m). He quickened his steps. liC'I")ftJJo"t
l\o(.m)
2. l\11"7. The spring rains quickened the earth.
fOA"' 'l!<;'l" """-ofo"t hi\"71D"
quicken (vi.) .,..,.,...,.,..

When I realized that they were talking about

my sister, my interest quickened. f"7Jm""+
1111 ' l\"1-l- ' ODIJ")."t ' 0.,.~)H11h- ' '1..11.' "J"'
"'~"J 0 1\"7-'IOD'J' 0 'i''\1-i' 0 .,..,.,...,. ...
our pace quickened. Lm1' Lm1' -RA'l
.,.,&.ODJ:'")
quicken into flames 1t4"11JmA

He quickened the hot ashes into flames.

f.,.-'14.)tJ>o"t l\<'1'1- h+"'ml\
quickly -fir- I -fir" 11ir" I Q"t.l'. I O'i''I')T
The wind will dry it quickly. )o(.(t. -fir" .r
I'.C.,.'I'A

quiet

They quickly made a barricade to keep back

the enemy. m'I'I-"J 1\0Dh'\hA -fir" 111\ID"
(O'i''I')'J-) ' ODh:J" ' l\87!:
The mole quickly burrowed out of sight.
'i'A4.!1. Q"J.I'. """-ofo"t '1"<'1 ~q:fquicksand f"7..M hir'l'
Watch out for quicksand when you are in
the desert! 'I"J:'t: 0-'l"J ll:I":!'C'I' h"7..h
.II hlf'l' .,.m"t+'J>
quicksilver QH.:l"
Quicksilver is a heavy metal. Qlf.:J" hQJ:'
f11t:'l- ' 't}'.)'J- ' )IJ>o
quick-tempered .,.m'1
His quick-tempered wife is always shouting
at him. .,.m'1 "7..11-t. 11-A 1..11. 'l-&""11
0:1"1\:fquiescent fO<':I'.
The quiescent volcano shows no signs of
resuming activity. ffU.~m- lt.il+ .,...,.,~
li"JI'.~<; f"7..+1't+ll 1\DDIT). M'l" 'I"Ah'l-

,,...,.,.

be quiescent fJJ/!J fJJ-'1.11 h}'."J+<'I+ll'l"

The bear is quiescent during his winter hibernation. J:-11 fht:'l"'l- m6-l<:f-"J 0"7..-"<'IA'i'O'I-
'1..11. ' mu ' fJJ-'1.11 ' h.r."J+<'I+ll'l"

quiet (vt.) 'H'I" M"f

See if you can quiet that talkative woman.
.r:f-"J 11'1''11. 1!.'1- '119" "71't"f'l- '1-:f-A ll
"ti'.IT"J 'l"hC
quiet down

1. o~,g. Let's wait till the excitement quiets

down! "'C"'~ llllh.OCJ:' li"Jm11'J>
2. 1\'1' l\11. The wind quieted down. )o(.(t.
1\'1' ' hi\
3. 'H'I" l\11. Quiet down and go to sleep!
'H'I" ' 111111 ' .,..,
be quieted ( ~ act.) 1\'1' hi'.<':~
The noisy children were quieted by the
teacher. f"7.."J"'im'I-"J .,..,&l":f- hll.,..,&
IJ)o ' 1\'1' ' hl'.<'::>:ftJ>o
quiet (n.) 11'1':1"
I demand absolute quiet. 'i'l\.'1" 1\'1':1" l\4.
A.:>l\11qulet (adj.)
I. 1\'1' }'1\. I live in a quiet neighborhood.
1\'1' ' Ql\ ' l\ltQO. ' ll'i'.&-1111-

2. 1!.'1'-1".,.. The quiet audience pleased the

speaker. 11'1'-1""'"'" hl!"'l"'/" -1-'>;>&IJJo't
h!l}'.{l-f"fD3. "'C"'C ,I'AflqfiT. He leads a quiet life.
"'C"'C ,I'AflqfiT ).{!' Wf&-A
4. 1.11H11 ,I'll. His tie has quiet colors. h&-n
., 1.11n11 .I'll +llr hil"'"

*He spent a quiet evening at home. AO.i:

hCC: ht1Dlf
be quiet
I. 11r hll. Be quiet! The teacher is coming.
11r fiA I ""'""~ fl""rtiJT ll.f. )IJJo
2. "l'"C hll. The town is quiet at midday
because of the heat. h.....,.., f-1")"1 h-1""'1
fDo fi.J>TC 'I.IL "l'"C f.II.A
3. 1!.'1' hll. The sea was quiet, with hardly
any waves. llr11qr 1"11:" MA)flt! IJih~
1!.'1' 1111- )fiC
4. 1:-rlfor hA-1-il"'l. The baby was quiet
last night. IJllol.fD- l\.II.T ihY). 1:-rlfor
hA-1-il"'l
keep quiet
I. 11r hll. Can't you keep quiet? 11r A

Til- hT"'fll-r?
2. hA-1"'>1t:r. They kept quiet about what
they were up to. ,..., ll'ti."''..I'I.C'I- hA-l"

quip (quipped), v. +Ill.

He quipped about his difficulties. illl l-"1~

ll'tl>. n..J>A.J!:" )fiC

quip (n.) +A.J!:"

His quip was misunderstood. +A-4.~ OA.I\
-t-1!1-.,..fiT

quit (quit), v.
I. II++. He quit his job yesterday. P'&-IJJo't
Til'tT'> ' li.J>.J>
If he does not pay his rent, he will receive
notice to quit the apartment. h.&-1'-'t liAhol.
II ll't'Lll;r. "'lil;l-m+.,l' f.iltn1'A
2. fDIIJ. He quit the army. hiPC il&-'T
fD'J';J:A
3. h.f"". The child quit crying. A:( "'IA.J>il't I 1\.foP
4. -t-m. He quit old beliefs. f'J"JT A"'I.J!:"'t

-t-m

quit (adj.), be -

of
I. -t-il++. He gave him money to be quit of
him. il""il+:r- n.A 1'tH11 (lm,.
2. -1-111.111. I am quit of that debt. h)flt!11~
M -1"111.1Ah-

quite
I. 'i!~r. The two things look alike, but
they are not quite the same. 11-ll-1> )1C'"'f

.,~,..

quietly 11r 1111-

,__..,...,.11- .,.,

1 flll'l':f-

1 do my work quietly. F&-'-'t 11r 11'-

l\P'&-1111-

The strike meeting passed off quietly. F&- II

"'~"'" f-t-1..:1"'" ll11il'l fll!.'l':f- -t-h'>m)

quill f"":J' 11bC

They used to write with quills in the old days.
flfiT

quiver

lOll

quietly

'I.IL fi"":J'

11~C f.~f. )fiC

h'tl:"

hf.l.t~-r

11- ' l\il"'l"'lllll-

4. R"'r. He is quite polite, but not ready to

help me. RIIJr TdJ.T ilfD- )fD- i "''t
n..:l!~ ' 'i!il.i'l- fll,.,.

5. fll\fD-)T. The remark is quite appropriate.

hil-1-,l'f-1> fll\IJJo)T -1-111. )fD-

quilt 1:-&ofIt is good to cover oneself with a quilt at night.

l\.II.T 1:-&of- IIDAflil

)fDo

quintal 11-'t:f-A
quintessence

.,~,..

2. fl'i!~r. What he said is quite another

story. llil- f-1"'>1t!fD- fl'i!~r 1\.11. )1C )fD3. ~~D-/t:' flOG-A-. I quite agree. oo-tr Ooo-

*That's quite possible. n.ll''t f."'fii.A

for quite some time Aillt' 1.tL

He has been courting her for quite some time.

1111,.

hCh,l'

He is the quintessence of politeness. llil- IITih

,_., ~ hCh.l' )fD-

quintet [hrilT ""Hr&-'t mf.r -t-&1':JCf

,1'11-fiT f-11.:1' ' l\1:"]

quintuplet [IJ'tl:" 'I.IL h"''.fDIVJ.T hhr

liT IID'JTI'"'f h'tJI.]

'I.IL (IJ'1il>t:r"'IT .ff.;J:A

[See also 'bit, few, lot, occasion, order,

ordinarily, right']

(be) quits -1-!1'!1'11

Pay me a dollar and we will be quits. h't.J!:" 11
c

iltn~.. ' ll't!l'!l'illl't

quiver (vi.)
I. -1-'t+m+m. He quivered with fear. fl'i!C7T
-1-'t.J>m+m

2. ( ~ active) /;IDqiDH. +The leaves quivered

in the breeze. :,Omll-'ll1 ~'I-ll /;IDqiDq'J',.

quiver (n.) [h.,.-'1 f"7.P'<!-

l\1~

.1:-C<fl Y

II f.,.ll'l- ouy"Jf"]

She quizzed him on his activities.

1"'" ~1C mYf_,.":f,.

111\"?.Y~C

quiz (quizzes), n. I>"'."C d.-t<;

I have a quiz tomorrow.
l>llofl'S

has been reduced. II10Y f"7..,.C01JJo fit-<;

oum1 .,..,.~ ...

quotation
I. '1':,011. This quotation is taken from the
Bible. .eu '1':,.11 h""K"m'i' :,0.1\.11 f-tiD
~.

quiz (quizzed), v. mYf.,.

quorum rAI>-t

quote

1012

quiver

~1

h..,_..C L+CJ

1-Qll.

The parliament needs a quorum to pass the

bill. f.h"J-1 ot:.f::,O II"Yftll'i' O;J"CI\"YIJJo
ID-11'1' rAI>-t 1-Qll. Ylld.A:JA

quota
I. ( ~ adj.) f-tiDM. He met the daily quota
of work. liM., f-tiDI'l~IJJo1 P'<!- l>h<;ID~
2. 1110Y f"7..,.Cofl oum1. The coffee quota

....

2. f-tmf.,. '1':>. The quotation for building

the garage is too high. :>4!-"11'1 II""P'<!-'1-
f-tmf.,...,. 'I';J OIIJr h'i'-t'i' ~,.

quotation marks '1-llrc-t '1':,.11

Put quotation marks after your sentence!
hOot:'i'-t ~1CU 0:\1\ '1-llrC-t '1':,011
1>.1:-C"'

quote
1. m+tl. Can you quote a recent instance?
o:,Oco- fll'~ ~1c A'l-m:,Oil '1-":flllltl !
He likes to quote from the Bible. hODJ\"m'i'
:,OJI.Il ' OD'J'.,.Il ' f.ID'IA
2. 1>11. What price did he quote you 1 'P;JIJJo1
111'1- I>IIU 1

racket

1013

rabbit

rabbit 'l''t'f'A

My son bought a rabbit instead of a monkey.

A:( 011't)';C' L't;J- 'l"t'f'A ~~

rabble .,..:. .ft11il

In ancient Rome, the rabblescre amedforbr ead.

O'!''t;J-''1- C''F' .,.tl-,. .ft11il "UA ll"''
"J"f'l- MJ.'I- f.A tOt:

rabid

I. "ill:. The rabid dog was shot by a

policeman. "iiJI.') ID-If ?'II. !I 0'1' f.'l- ~F.
(IID-

2. ( = adv.) bAh Mf.. He is a rabid lover of

antiquities. f'l''t'l- ":l'l""f't bAh 01\f. f.
m-'IA

I. O~"'i .,.fD-'IF.t:. I'll race you to the fence.

Mlb h~ l:t:!l O~"'i "m-'IF.CYllll2. ll"11:j>I:'F'1:9" h+t:O. Three penple raced their horses. 1"11'1- II!P"f Lt:(liJ''f'ID., ' ll"1i:j>I:'F'1:9" ' h+.:nrace (vi.)
I. :>110. This horse can race much faster
than any other. f.U h/1.11-"f Lt:(l"f- 11-11-
fOllm f.:>AqA
2. btL. The car raced through the streets. oo
h...'l' Ofoo')~JI. btL"f
+7i+.4~oo.

f(IID- A)f: O'lllll" 1\f. .,.11<1-"P:J;A

[See also 'relay1

race course f""-dJ. DDtDiiUI "Y.Jf

There is a big race course in this city. OtUJ

b.,.,., ' "'"""' ' '1-A:j. ' f~"'l ' ODfD-'IUY '
"'L-'1 ' hll

race problem f+llll" Al't'l-

"1-J!f.

The race problem is a touchy subject in

America. Oh"'L&IJ ID-!1'1' f+llll" Al't'l-
.,.,~~,.

0"19" f"'LJ'IIol'"' tiD-

race track, see track

racial fHC

rabies [fiD-If 01i;J-]

race (vt.)

3.

human race f(UI)o IA"f:

The human race has spread all over the world.

The children said, "Let's race"!

There is racial discrimination in several parts

of the world. 01111" f'lllll"; h'l'll-"f fHC A
l't'l- hll
racial problem rue

Af.io-l-

.,..-;,.

The racial problem is rending the nation.

fHC Al't'l- -,.,llf. MM't Ooobof.LA II

,.

)'lJ)o

[See also 'superiority']

racing "11:j-1:1:9"

The Romans used chariots for fighting and

racing. C'"''ID-,1") liiPCt'l-., ll"1i:j-1:1:'F'
on.:111

rack (v.),

Y.m+ ...
~

toe

with pain 0"19" hoP:J'f

The disease racked the man with pain. o1i;J-

A;l:'ll ,.,11+-'IF-9" hll-

4. C"m. I saw the boys racing home from

mY. IJ.T
school. A;('ll b'I-'F'UCT

,. IIID-\LID-') 0"19" hoP:l'fiDrack (one's) brains ..,.mOO

II.C'm- ' hfll-

He racked his brains for an answer. ODA!I ll

n.+;

5. !l.l.+. The lion cubs were racing across the

steppe. ,l"tO'Il"'ll "IA~flo';f q,.I\1\ID- "'L
.<1 f.!I.C"' toe

race (n.)

1. HC. There is no such thing as a pure race. '1'

~a,

HC 1111-

t~C

filii"

2. fLt:!l "11:j-1:9"1:9". When does the race

start? fLUr "1i:j-1:9"1:'F' 9"') 'I.IL f.
)';ODtl-Al

3. lf"C. He was eliminated in the third race.

OV'.,.(II;'ID- H-C fD"'

"7"11"'1- .,.mOO

rack (n.) "''!l"'i

Put these wet clothes on a rack to dry! Ail (I-

"')JIJ'.C:j> "''!I'"1D- 1\f. HCt:ID-

racket

I. 11-IJ;J-. The racket gave him a headache.

11-l!:l",. ftl-!1 'F':J-'1- h'IF.t:O'l2. "7"1'-0COC. This whole business is nothing
but a racket. m:j-1\1\ID-') t~~ "7"1'-0COC
YliO'I- t,.

radiance

1014

3. &-11.-l-. He broke his tennis racket. f-1:~11

&.11.-to'J ilRC:
make a racket +'lftl<Ai
The children are making an awful racket.
,:..}1:'6 ' h4->;' ' ,.'J"'i"'l/1-

radiance l'.il:JHer face was full of radiance. d.:J: Rl'.il;f-

rage

radical (adj.)
I. llaJo'l" Ll\'1. l .,.&-"7~. He is a member
of a radical party. fiiOJo'l" Ll\'1. (f.,.&-"7
~)

:ret 1\QA

),.

2. ouwl.;t-1!. He wants to make some radical

changes. oooPC::f-'1! IIOJo'l' 11"7~.:"1 f.LA:>A

radio toll.\"

1 &.ll.l"

You can hear world news over the radio.

f'tllf" mto9':fo Rtoll.l" (R&.Il.l") f.il"711-

,1'0&- )RC

radiant
I. 1'."7:,0. He likes to paint in radiant colors.
01'."7:,0 +llf" oo"'A f.mllbo.

2. -o....u. Her radiant smile won her many

friends. -R-1-11 L ~"1;1-'1' -Rtf- mll}l::fo /\.,.
.:.r.ll+
3. -ncn f"'l.il'l". The sun is a radiant body.
Mof. -RC?'J ff"-l-11'1' 1\11A 'i'olradiant sun ffJdtf. 1 ~.A-~

radio station toll.\" "10..1'

Have you seen the new radio station? 1\P,.{)o'J
toll.\" ' "10.,1' ' 1\f..,.'li'l'll\ 1

radish +f. P'C

I like radishes in my salad. ill\ "'f- aJoil'l" +
f. P'C R.OR.oocn+ l\mllllu-

radius hooYA l\ilh Il-l- ,l'llaJo c++

The radiant sun made the world seem new.

The radius of this circle is five inches. ftLU

f9dtf.'f'

h-R hooYA l\ilh Il-l- ,I'll,. c++

1\f"il-l- 1\.'J:fo f.ll''i'A
within a radius n --- c+:P.

'"".!- ' 'tllf"'J

1\/l.il

1\ilOD/111

radiate (vt.) ilm

The stove radiates warmth.

f"~Yr,. oo-++

'J f.il"'A

The sun radiates light and heat. 8dof. -RC?'J'i'

-++ ' -l-il"'ll:fo

*She radiates happiness. fl'.il;f- f"'J"l" 'i'-l*He radiates confidence. 11-~;f-,. ,I'R.:;f-;1-A
radiate (vi.)
I. R,I':,O"'"'iOJo .,.M.r.ll. The streets radiate
from a central square. ou"J1P..=ti 1 111'~ "77l
h'I'E 1\F.QQf. .,.),....,.,. n,r:,."'"""'" ,.

hof.LI\11-

2. .,.L)m+. Light radiates from the sun.

-ncn hodof. f.L)m:J'A

The bomb damaged every house within a

radius of two miles. llf"IJo Ru-11+ "7f.A
c++ Qll-

n.+:f 'If.

'1-ll-l- 1\F..:il

raft tn''Jfl.r.L,I' 1 ;f-'Jl>.

They crossed the river on a raft. m'ltt"'l

nou

'JilLd.,l' (R:f-'Jl>.) .,.lf~-1-

rafter

m&.~

The covering of the roof must be firmly fastened to the rafters. f"16,1'aJo hll'J hm&.:q: :>
C 1\'1"-R<I' oo;f-IIC 1\IIR-l-

rag OR.C:,O

radiation &.ll.f-'ii'J
Radiation presents a danger to all life. &.ll.f-11
'J llm:,OI\1\0Jo ihf.m+ m'J:,O )OJo

radiator

Do you have a rag to dust the table?

~ oumAmY "'-Col- 1 h/\U ?

llm.:A.~

rags 11--l-ofo

The starving beggar wore nothing but rags.

f.,..!-ROJo 11"7'S 11--l-ofo -Ril' 11-R!l.A

I. fll.-l- "7'1"4!.1'. The house was warmed

.,..,.,.

by radiators. fR.+ "7'1"4!,1'0Jo 11.-to'J 1\

2. f'I".,.C "74>114>'1f'. He lifted the hood and
put water into the radiator. hll)o'J h'i'ofo
'I"T-1- .,.,.,.,...,. ..,.il.,.

"'"=' Q;Loo.:n+

radical (n.) d.I'.A

rage (v.)
I. Qil(R+). A storm is raging. '1f.ll>;'aJo )4-il
l\fQIIR-l- '/.S'.
2. R"'f" .,.'i'l'.l'. l tfiL. He raged against the
injustices inflicted on him. R.,.F..:~n+ RI'.A
R"'f" .,.'i'l'.l'. (tfiL)

*He raged like a bull. )oflC

II')

In this verb, the last two radicals are repeated.

rage on

011.11 "'ll OJoil'l" fooQ;L.:lf9''6 11-11-l-

d.l'.tr>:fo ' .,.I'.:>"'OD'I'A

The storm raged on unabated. '1f.ll,...,. )of.

~L(I

il it,I'1:C'1" )Lil

rail against J\8J1U

rage (n.)
I. 'J.<'.'I-. His face turned red with rage.
~ofl I II'J.<'.T I f.'/" I 0"(11\
2. -l.P-1\;;'t'l-. The rage of the storm frightened
the children. fHII- 1 "l.P-1\;;'t'l- 1 AJ('Ih 1
hii.L&-'fm3. TID-'I;E-. Short skirts are the rage this year.
flll.ll I 'tOOT I h"PC I 4'"'1.11 I TID-'I;E- I "

S:A

.,..,."!

I tn.L
fly Into a rage 11"19" I
My father flew into a rage when I told him what
I did last night. hll-1: 1 '1-.....,'1-'i" 1 1\.11.'1- ' y
.I'.O::"'v-'1-'J I M"'&-'fm- I 11"19" I "'""""'" I (tnf.)
work oneself Into a rage 01'1..-l- hi:~
He worked himself into a rage by thinking
about the bad treatment he received. fi.O::I\11'1., I fi.J'.A I fl"7{lofl I fl') .<'.T I l\0::0::

ragged 11-'H'

rain

1015

rage

fl\11{1
The ragged little boy was begging in the street.
11-'1-.f 1 rAn(lm- 1 -rni 1 A:E- 1 noo'J1>~. 1 .e11,.
., 1 tllc
1

ragged clothes R-."f-.,.

We wore ragged clothes. 11-'1-.f ' 1\ofl{l'J

tnc

be ragged )1"0

The sleeve of his coat was ragged. fl>o!J

1. I t'l-fl. tiiC

t.:E-

raid (v.)
1. ml.l.. We raided the enemy's camp and
got much loot. fmii'I-'J (l.LC IDO::'J ilff"
'I"CI> h1"f"'J
2. HO::.L(THO::.L). The armory was raided by
the rebels. ftnC OO"'t.Ym- "1'1"7f 11.'1-
flh:>"''.P..I":f THO::.L
3. fii."'J1'1- YH. The police raided the gambling
den. ?"11.11 < f4>"7C ' OO""I.ID;J'OJ-') ' fl;l- <
fii."'J1'1- YHm-

raid (n.)
1. mt..&o. Our raid is in reprisal for an
enemy attack. r~ mt..&- mlt."f- lt.P.t..1tJJo
"7'1':J"T 0 01\4-m-"J 0 1\0DOOI\11 0 tiD"
2. I."'J1T;;: '1':1"'1-. The enemy's raid was
beaten off. fmii'I-'J I."'J1T;;' '1':1"'1- ooj\
11-'1make a raid on OHOH

The hungry boys made a raid on the icebox.

fTtl-11-'1- AJ(:f ..,4'114''>fiD-'J f!Hfltl-'1-

rail (v.) 11"19" .,...,.::.::

He railed at his fate. llbl."/1- 11"1'1" .,...,.::.::

The old man railed against newfangled ideas.

11"7"11\.ID- (liD" Hll'i".r. I hiiTI\11111 h1D1H

rail (n.)
I. .h-'1.1.". The rebels took the rails from the
railway track. oooo'l''ll f'lfH.'J 1 m-'1.1."
t+ll-'12. 001.1~Y. He leaned on the ship's rail and
looked out on the ocean. lloochfl- 001.1~
y 111- TI."'G: I ID.I'. m-:,OY'l'll- I hlf"'
I!" ToollhT

railhead f.h-'1.1." oopooc """".::If

The railhead is now ten miles outside the
capital. f.h-'1..11. oopooc ooQ;I,.::If hhT
"71D- hii.U OP'C ...,,_A Col' tiD-

railing OD1.1d.Y
Hold on to the railing! 001.1d.YID"'J Y1l

railroad
I. 'Ill-C. I prefer to go by railroad. 11'111-C
OD'tl." 1-lfi\;;'A

2. f'III-C m-'1.1.". They built a new railroad.

h-'1.11 f'lfi-C m-'1.1." ' H0::1-

railroad station '111-C "'fU'

I II;>C
I am going to the railroad station. IDI. '111-C
"'fU' ao'f..<'. 1 ~mThe Addis Ababa railroad station was built
many years ago. Y-'1.11 hfl<t II;>C fTIPt.m- hilff" otoo'l- nA-'1- tnc

railroad tracks f'lfi-C m-'1.1."

The railroad tracks were blown up by the
rebels. f'lfH.'J m-'1.1." oooo'l':f fi.L.,
'l[. h.L&-.::11-'1-

railway f'lfi-C m-'1.1."

The railway is government controlled. fQfK.
th-'1.1." IIDD'J"'P'T 4>'l''l'C P'C ~m
railway track

oP~oPC

The rebels took the rails from the railway

track. 00D9'J''IJ 0 m-'1..11-'J 0 bOD/"OD'Io 0 ~:,01\
fDo I

tu(t"'-

rain (vt.) t..,.,.::.L(I\'1-)

Friends rained presents on them. ID.IIJ(;F'fm-
lltn;l- h.,.,.::f.ll'fmraln (vi.) 11'i"11 "'ll l HtR I H~""
It rained all morning. 11'i"11 (I.'I' A t..::.LI.
It rains every afternoon in the rainy season.
llh0::'/"'1- IJ-A1.11. h(l'!'l- fl:\11 1-H'J'IA

rain
-~:,.

*Bullets rained about them. f'l' J'.'l-

ID.:.t'.Q'fm-

We stayed home because of the rain. 011'i"ll-

?"h't.l''l- l\11.-l- 'I'A't
rains ht:?"'IThe rains begin in June. ht:?"'l- 01'1~ f.1QA
heavy rain Jlctt:
We can't leave in that heavy rain. Otf F-tt: 1
m-il'l' A't'U: h't":fA?"

rainbow +it+ ' ~OD'i

We saw a rainbow in the sky.

lt"'7~

It~

+it

raincoat f11'i"11 A111l

f11'i"11 A111lU't

rainfall 11'i"11
As a result of the heavy rainfall, the roads
became impassable. O~J'.II'i'm- 11'i"11 ?"h
.1''1- ou't1P.'Ii v-11- hllllA'i' hitThe rainfall averages 30 inches a year. 1f'if'to 1
qou:,. wl\lt h.'t":f J'UA tm-

rain gauge f11'i"11

OD/IhJ'

The rain gauge was broken by a storm.

f11'i"ll-'t OD/IhJ' ~J'.II'i' ~.... ~~- t'l.ll
no.:mf"''.O~O'I-

July is a rainy month. thrt\. 11'iofl

o~o:,. me tmrainy day hf.

6. h'i' hY.t:1. They raised him from a corporal

to a sergeant. bOP'C h/1:,0)'1- mY. ~?"ll h
11:,0)'1- b'i' hY.t:-r-'11. M"f. He raised his hand in the air to
show how high the water would reach. rm-~m
't h'i':f" 11"7llf'l- ll)l:'t mY. 1\J'. M"f
Who raised the question about school financeS?
!Ill '1-?"UC-l- 11.'1- f1'tH11 rr~;f- J')"f
tiJo

.,.. I Y..OD'i I 1\f'l

Lend me your raincoat!

t.m-n'S

The truck raised a cloud of dust as it sped

along. f"i'"t'l- oulJ.<;m- O'i''l't'l- {l.'/.1: 11
II" h!l.<l- hM"f

rain (n.) 11'i"11 ! 11'i"?"

rainy 11'i"11

raise

1016

,.,.,_

+")

Save your money for a rainy day! 11'Hoflll")

llh+- +'t hil4'?"'l'
rainy season h~?""+

The rainy season has started. ht:?"'l- 111;tA

rainy weather 1f'iofl

I like rainy weather. 11'i"11 llm-'lllrr

raise (v.)
l. I\.foP. They raised a monument to the
martyrs. 111'1"7<1:1"., dtm-A'I- M>.,...
2. IDA-'1 hl1Y.1":f. She has raised nine children.
Hm'S A]F.":f mA-'1 hltf::>ll":f
3. 1\t:.Q. Many fanners in America raise pigs.
h"'UlJ m-!l'l'. 1111" 10~l"":f hlt"7 J't:Qfto
4. hout:+. They raise a lot of wheat here.
liH.U 1lll" il't.l'.. J'ODC:f"fto
5. hilt"!. Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead.
h.f(l.ll hAh~C't h'l"'l- hM"fOJo

"7)tiJo 1

8. hiDIIJ. All in favor, raise your hands! f.;Jd.

l"":f fll''i"":frr v-11- llll"":frr't hm-m9. h+'i". The snake raised its head and hissed.
l\QII- t-(l.'t h:,O't-1' h~, ....
Raise the overturned lamp! f+f.<!.m-'t o ou11
"""" t.:,O<;m!0. hilm:>. He raised his glass to his lips, but
did not drink. 11C"i'".JIOJo't mY. h+- hil
m:> ll'tl( hAmtiJ?"

11. Q;a.aot:,, I raised my servant's salary because

he was so reliable. h1ib~ OIIJ?" ;1-"?'S !Ill
IJ') ' J'.'l"11 ' ....ODCb-11'112. h+t:O. The members raised objections
to the proposal. t.QII-'Ii Ol\:,0.11. 1\J'.
+:J'.....,. h+t:ll13. II++. The boys raised a shout. A]F.'Ii
=li:f"'fm-'t ' 11+41
14. nono. They are raising money for a new
school. h'lll '1-?"UC-l- 11.'1- 11"7wt-'l-
1'tH11 J'.I'IO!lQ/1The leader raised an army. oo6m- 1 m;J-Y..C 1
1'10110
raise {one's) head +'i ' 1\A

He raised his head and looked at me. +<; 11

II- +ODIIb+'S
raise (ones) hopes ofiJto

1-itof. hi'\Y.t:.OT

Don't raise his hopes! He may not be chosen.

11H- +il'l. h;f-ltf:CO'I- i 1\J'.ODt:'J' .('.":filA
raise oneself 1\0..4"

The boy raised himself by hard study to be a

great lawyer. A)!: .,..,.,_ Ooo"7o;. t-(l.'t
11'1-A:,O mO:J't'l- hO:J'
raise the roof +<;P. .I'H-'S A+4t'S hll
He raised the roof when he heard the news.
m~m-'t (1.11"7 +<;P. J'lt"'S A+4t'S hll
raise (ones) voice ~h hi\

He raised his voice to make himself heard.

ll't-'1.1'1"7 ""'h hll

raise

1017

raised

be

1. 1\S'.."'. He was raised from a sergeant to

first lieutenant. h"ll"'il t./I:,Ot-'1- mS'. ao
.Y. t.II:,Ot-'1- t.S'.~
2. """""~. The rent will be raised on October
!st. '1':,01"''1- t-1.1': '
fO.., ' 11..:-.e ' .e
"'"I"'<loA
[See also 'furor, hell, objection, outcry']

n .

raise (n.)
I. fS'.'I"'H .,_...,.._, Civil servants got a raise.
fOD1"1P''I- ' "'<l-1->f"f- ' fS'.'I"11 ' .,..., ... ' t.~'f2. f~ou'l- 1.~'1-. The private refused to
lick the lieutenant's boots to get a raise. m~
S'.~' llil'ou'l- ' 1..1':~'1- ' 1\.A ' OD.Y. ' hll:l'OJ1 0 OD/1"7aD'J' 0 t.lf.t.~'5 ' t./1
grant a raise S'..'l"1t 1 QJ.oo~
At long last they granted us a raise. hofltt- 1..
t1

0'-t\

f,'f'llf I Q;t.ODo;,.t\")

raisin Hll.il
They make a kind of wine from raisins. hllll.
oflOJ~")m~oo~AODmT~~~~

rake (v.)
I. ""1~. He raked the ashes looking for live
coals. ,.:.,.- 1 'f:l\,.? 1\0DJ:..") ftl~
2. ~OliO. He rakes the leaves every morning.
11-A'I.tl. IJI.'I- IJI.'I- :,Omll-"f-1 _e{lfllllJA
3. fl~fl~. They raked the apartment looking
for the missing jewels. fm<f..m--1 1.1lJ'I.T 1 ftoo
Lll"l O._,"t fl~fl~
rake through OHOH
He raked through the old papers looking for
a letter. S'.il-'10. II""Lil"l hC"'I.I"'Ii"t
m~+.Y."f- o-ft- flllflll
rake (n.) :,OmA ""'1'~'1.}'
We need a new rake for the garden. 11'1-hA'I-
P;J-"1-"t t.-'l.ll :,OmA ""'1'~'1.}' fllL
A~<;A

rally (rallied), vt. ODA{k {lfl{lfl

The commander was able to rally the fleeing
troops. t.q1f' f"''.lflf.'l-1 m;J-S'.r:"f- ODA
(' 0 /IOD{lofl{lofl ' iJ'/1
rally (vi.)
I. 1-{lfl{lfl. The troops rallied around the
general. m;J-S'.r:'ll fl:(~<l-lt- 11-&S' 1-l'lfl{lfl2. h~~"". He rallied from his illness. hfl'li;J,.

J\,"J10D

rally to
I. S'.~L. Men from all walks of life rallied to

ramp
the cause. 1.~/1. hM/1. il.e'IA 11-11-1"' 'll\"7
S'.."'Lm2. S'.~il(ll'l-). They rallied to the side of their
friend in trouble. fl"f-"!C 'I.e llmS'.4'm-
'IS'. ...:fm- ' S'.~ll-11'1aJ-"JI

rally (rallies), n. llillllJ

Come with me to the rally! llillllJm-
1 ' 1.1'(.1':

t-il~

ram (rammed), v. 1fiQ.

+J rammed my head against the door in the
dark. fl.,_../1.,.,. fl~ <loll.1 fl"l.eA ~.,.'5
ram through
I. flm~4'. He rammed his fist through the
thin boards. lll'l-1 111:1' flfl-m. flm~-1'.,.
2. flao~of.ol-'1- fl'l' .I':.C.)' hiiiiL. The government rammed the bill through the Parliament.
.,..1.,,..,., f.h'l-1 ~-~::,. ;rcl\"71 flao~
of.ol-'1- fl'l'.l':.l.)' t.iliiLIDram (n.)
l. 0"1. Keep the ram in the enclosure! fl.,."}
1.'1-~'l'fDo ' hll~l]fDo
2. OD!lfl&.l'. They used a log as a ram to
smash down the door. O<-'J l'\OD{lflC 1 0"'1")
.1': OD!lfl&.l' 1-m-l'ooramble
I. HlJ~4' I 4-lJ~~- The speaker rambled, and
everybody was bored. -1-<;;>&fDo fiODHlJ~
(flaooj>Q~~) 11-11-1"' {lfDo 1-l'lll:f
2. ~~ IUJ-'1..1' m-'l.IJ t-11. He loves to ramble
through the countryside. flf~m~ oo~c _em
-'lA

They rambled through the shop until closing

time. fODH'I..I'fDo '1.11. 7.lllJ.S'.Cll .1':~{1 f1
(to-ft I aJ-{lT I OJU I OJJlt) I

h~

ramifications h --- :>C f-1-.1'.1'11- t~r:"f

He understands all the ramifications of this
problem. h'l-.111'- :>C f-1-.1'.1'11-'1-1 t~r:"f-
v-Ir )'fDo:l'A
ramify (ramified) HC'i' hm"'
This system has ramified over the years .
.eu .I':C~'I- lJ/14-'1- <Jao;J-'1- fDoil'l' u
C'i' hfDo'I';I:A
ramp f-1-;>S'.ao oom"'""l
A ramp enables cars to be driven from the
road onto the railroad car. f+ ;JS'..ODOJo 1 OD(lJ
oolJ.<;1""1-1 mS'. 4-C1 fDoil'l' 11"711
~lJ'I- .l'll"f-1\A

"'"'i

rancor h'i' ,I'll '1'11!1'

rampage (v.) -J-t-mm

A bull elephant rampages tbrougb the jungle.
h"tl: m"tl: 11tr"t R"'iiJIIJo flloll'l' 11-tdl"'A

rampage (n.), go on a

l. !I"II:J>A:tll-"t 1\dl"'. The children went on

a rampage when the teacher was out of the

room. OO!I"II~ hh'i'A h"tf..dl"' A](,;
h'i'll-"t 9"11:J>A:J>II-"t 1\mm2. RHRH l .h111t"t L"f.. When the enemy went
on a rampage in the city, no one was spared.
mll'l- h-!-"7<JJo"t RRHRHR'I- 1.11. "7"t"t9"
Mll+<:!l"

On February 12, the enemy went on a

rampage in Addis Ababa. fiJof;'l- ~P't- IJo
11'1- .,., q-'1.11 1\oq flloll'l' mll'l- .n11
lt"t L"f.
3. -1-'k"'. The elephant went on a rampage and
killed its keeper. 11tr't- -1-'IL'I'-1' mq4!<JJo"t ,
1f..II<JJo

(be) rampant

range

1018

rampage

-~"~""-~"

Disease is rampant in the South. Rf..R-11 h'i'

A R1i;J- j1.qoo;t-A
grow rampant in ltAO(l

The weeds grew rampant in the garden.

1\0:oo- ,1''1-hA_,"t 11'1'.!- 1\IIRI't<JJo
run rampant TtfOD.,.

Economic difficulties run rampant in this

region. 011.11 +RII. fl>.l>'l'"'l. ?f"IC -1qoa-J-

rampart "19"11- "'i'i' ,I'll oo-J-\o.lt-lf

The soldiers manned the ramparts to ward off
attacks. m;f-1..1!,; m<:t-<JJo"t lloohllhA
"19"11- "'i'i' IJII<JJo ' OD-1-\o.lt-lf llf. dlffio

ranch
l. h11'1- "7CIU' oo.:.'J-. We have ten
thousand head of cattle on our ranch. h11'1-
"7CIU' oo,:.;t-?f"t 1111- OP'C It h
11-l'?f ' 1\11-"t
2. hC!f. Our fruit ranch produces many
different kinds of fruit. f'i't-'i'tl. hC!f?f"t 11
II- AI' AI' ~11-~'1- '1'.!-'i'tl.S"":f- ,I'R:J>IIA

rancid f(liJ
Certain tribes put rancid butter in their hair.
1\"t-'l"tl: 1-IIS"":f- fPIJ :J>n. ht-II'I'<JJo
, ' f.+qllbe rancid (II]

The butter is rancid. :J>R.fllo Ph:J:A

His soul was filled with rancor. h~ Ill If'

11!1' 1\l:t!R;f-A

random Rl\4- foo"'

He was not listening, and made a random
answer to the teacher's question. m"t:J>ol' M
11-'IODm hll-l-"7611Jo II+O:R<JJo '1'.1'4: 01\
f. I fOOtl) I OD~fl I flm
at random A1'Jifi1T

The soldiers fired their guns at random.

m;f-1..1!,; moa"t)l"fllo"t h"t-'111' -J-lt-(1.

rang, see ring

range (vt.) .r..a..:

The librarian ranged the books by size. 0:1'11.
""ll.h'i'., OOl\.h'i'.,"t RfOOm'i"'I'<JJo 1...:1...:
range (vi.)
l. f..O:Il. The temperature ranges from 50 to
80 degrees. ,..,.,.., oam"t IJ!I"II hllh
ll"7"t ,1' -'1."16 11-f..CIIA
2. -1-H'I'm.:. Bears ranged in the forests. I:P?f
"'iiJIIJo <JJoll'l' -1-H'I'm~
3. -1"1"f. Rocky cliffs range along the seashore. ot'J''S ' fnqq'f..,. ' 11..11-?f nq.n~ '
-'IC -'IC 11-1~11range oneself with h - - - 1-1 T(lftL
Loyal citizens ranged themselves with the
king. ;J-"7'S H.i?f h"t'Jo"" 1-"t -J-{1114range over h.m..+illl
Our talk ranged over all that had happened
on our vacation. "t"l"lt-":l'"t RbO:'i''l- 1.11.
.r?f"t .l'f..O:"I~fllo"t IJoll- ,l'm:I'AA ~nc

range (n.)
1. oum"t. The annual range of temperature
is from 70 to 100. '\OD;t-'J!ID" 1 YfC oo-+
'1- oom"t h(tq -'1."16 hllh 00-1' 11-f..CIIA
2. ~11-~'1-. These shirts come in a wide range
of colors. Mll.ll lr"'l.lf?f RAY. AI' ~11~'1- ' +119" ' 11-1~113. 9"1:)1". Gas and electric ranges have replaced
the coal range. f:>11'i" fl>.ll.h'l-6h 9"1:)1"
sP?f fhllA !I"I:)I"<JJo"t -1-h-1-'I'A
*This store has a range of prices from $70 to
$!00. f.ll OOf..11C h(tq hilh oo-1' 11C
f"'l.f..Cll ' fh:l' ' '1':> ' 1\llfllo
*Try to stay within range of my voice! llm&-U
A'l-ll"7'S 09"'1-?fAR'I- c+'l- IJo"t
at close range ~C1l 1 IT'f'
He fired at close range. :J>c11 ll''l' -1-lt-ll

rapacious

1019

rank

cattle range hil-l- "lfl"''t-1

Our land is used for a cattle range. ODol.;l-:f"!
llhil'l- "7fl"''t.1 ID-!lA
mountain range i('-,Tt:C

Can you see the mountain ranges from here?

if"ITGG''fi"l hll.ll A:l"J'. '1-:fllllll ?
[See also 'price')

2. :>lfO. Vegetation is rank in the tropics.

0'1":1''1- li.1G':f IJJo(l'l' +hll- J'.:>'lifJA

rank and file ll.fJII-:f

The rank and file of the party approved the
decision of the leaders. f;TC1;1JJo ll.fJII-:f
fODt.9':f"!

IJJo{)~ ' l\.~.,.

rankle (vt.) 11'-'1-'t Ol\IJJo

rank (vt.)

This slight rankled her. :fll ODfJ!I. II' J!..'t 0

I. mG. Would you rank him among the

world's great men? 111111" ;1-lll\:J. (l9':f 1o
't.'I"IJI. '1-...'I'G'I'IIll ?
2. ""~0. He ranked the soldiers according
to height. m;l-~G''fi"! OOD'l- OD~fJ'I'IJJo
rank (vi.)
*New York State ranks first in wealth. ftiJJol'"
Ch 1~'1- OOil'l- ll."l~'i' ~IJJo
*A captain ranks below a major. O"lc!G"' '1f
?"OA h'lfll.+ o;r:f ~"'"
John ranks low in the test. fl'".h"lll 4.+
" ' IJJoat.'l- ' ,:,..,.:;: ' ~ ....
rank above 0"76l.""J Ol\tn ! 01\m

A captain in the navy ranks above a captain

in the army. 0"7c!G"' ffJ.hC "'J'.A 'lfii"O
A htnc w<~-1!'1- 'lf?"OA Y.OA"'A
A major ranks above a captain. '1f11:1' h'lf?"
OA J'.OA"'A
rank among

ml.

'1'1-

ransack
I. HG.l. Bandits ransacked the town. 'li'i'.,.:f
h+"71JJo"l HG4-'l2. ?"II:J.A:J-11-'t l\.fD"', Thieves ransacked our
apartment. II.P:f li.;TCT"7:f"l't II"II:J.A:J-11"1 ' ll.mm-'1-

ransom (v.) "711114'4:1

0.~

h.lll

He refused to ransom his son. AA:( O'flll\+

4:1 0.~ li.Ah'i'A?" ' l\.11

ransom (n.)
I. 0.~. The captive was released after the
delivery of his ransom. II"C!>'i'IJJo O.lfiJJo h
Th.lllll'l- 0:\l\ +114>4>
2. "711114'4:1 1"1Hil. They kidnapped the
girl, and held her for ransom. A~:t"l mAo!.
1JJo "711114'4:1 1"1Hil ltATflm't l\."!OD
A(lll" ' l\.11-

I would rank this school among the best.

J'.U"I '1-ll"liC'l- 0.'1- 0"19" 'No h"'l.fJII'1- ' li."IJI"IJI. ' li. ...'I'G'I'IIIl'

rank (n.)

rap (rapped)

~0~0

He rapped the table to get my attention.

fD~(l-

.hflO."I o
01!.0

IIODODII(l o

mGA.~IJJo"l

!!.

I. "7M"'. What's that officer's rank? 1 ""

h-"1"1 "7c!G't- ll""l.f!"'t ~"'" l
2. '1-A:J. "7c!G"'. A duke is a man of rank.
OD{l'i") ' '1-A:J. ' "7c!G"' 1111JJo (liJJo ' ~ ....

rap on oo;l"
He called the meeting to order by rapping on
the table. mGA.~IJJo"l 0""9";1-'l- llil(lfJIJJo

*People from all ranks of life voted for him.

rap out

ll.111. hll.111. flJ'.fJII- 11(1- .f!"?"YiJ'IJJo

., I

{JIJlo

rank of f+(lii4-

fD;l-~G':f '

~0<1-

rise from the ranks hQfu\lt "76l.""J Tl)oPf

He rose from the ranks to become general.

hflllll.l\ "7c!G"' T~P'.,_ :(t.t..A II'~

(be) rank
1. OD'J'G: '11?- l\.IIIJJo, This meat is rank. f.
I

p ;J

li."!JI.OD;l.. mf<f>

*The captain rapped out an order. 'lf?"OII- I?

h ill\" '1-1.~11 flm

There was a rank of soldiers in front of the

station. h"'IU'IJJo d.'l- 11.!.'1- f+flll4-

IJ

OP'C~'l-

Olll'f'6: I

7i;J-

1\1\fD"

rap (n.)
*I heard a rap at the door. 0<1- O"',I'.A I\"!'>.
.... ' (1"711'

rapacious
I. ll..f!"'l' f"'l.'l'C. Hawks are rapacious birds.
"1/'AM:f li.Y:~"'" f"'l.'l'-1- mc::f <;'I'IJJo

2. ~')9/<;, A rapacious landlord will raise the

rent, but refuse to make any repairs. .,.-,.,r:'i IJ
110.'1- ' h.<l-J'. ' bODOQ.ODC ' O<f>C ' 0.1>"1 ' h
1fl.f!"ll9"

3. O_,..'h f"'/Ym-:,.. The people fled in fear

of the rapacious invader. O:J>'S"t a f"7 Fm-4-ID"
"t H&-.1- OOD'i'<l-T ih1111- lflf

rapacity

rash

1020

rapacity

l\"t?-'IJ'. hfl-

H&-.C.~'I-

Some landlords are notorious for their rapacity.

h"M1.<:- IL'I- hh&-l'"l- OH&-.C.~;J-'fm- f;lm-1! ' <;'fm-

rapid(s), n. Lo'..il'l' m-;>

Rapids are found where the river is shallow.
m111- "I'A:,. YAII'~O'I- fl;l- Lo'..il'l' mJ'.1'1'A

:>

rapid (adj.) L"'"t

Our progress was rapid.

3. AI!-. She chanced on a rare kind of mushroom on her walk through the woods. O"'iiJ
m- m-ilT 11'1-~.<:- O.<:""t1'1- AI!- ~J'.~'I-
Edison had rare powers as an inventor.
1.-'l.il"t fLA{).c.~'l- AI!- :f-11-;l- ~Oo'..m4. l\"tY.Ail f"''J'.i1. That's a rare flower.
l\"tY.Ail f"''J'.1'1 hoq ~,.
5. OY."til YAOilll. He likes rare meat. OY."t
it YAOilll P' :J J'.m'IA

*The rare air of high mountains causes him

difficulties in breathing. Oh<i:.,.'l' -1-&-&-!Pl-
Yl\m- YfC "''~il 1\08-f-"tLil Yil'f"I&-A

l\CII"li"

be rare
I. hJ'.1'111". Old manuscripts are now quite

we walked atarapidpace. 0'1'"1'~'1--1-&-"".<:-1

rare. f"l'"t'l- fhl' x-m.r::l- qo-). 1.11.

L"l"t

YY."1~,.

~oc

rapidity oP'i'm"t
The rapidity of her speech amazes everyone.
ll'I-<;1C oP'i'm!o: .,"t"tll" YilY."t_,..A

l- Oil~'!- fll-11"

rapidly
I. -I'll- -I'll-. He works rapidly. -I'll- -I'll-

J'.w&-A
2. 0'1'"1'~'1-. He drove as rapidly as he could.
f"''..l-1\m-"t YIJA 0'1'"1'~'1- ~'I

(not) be rare hJ'.mol-11"

Friendship between people of different religions is not rare. m'll'~'l- Oo-11'1- OVJ'."'''l'
'1- 0-1-1\Y\!- il!Pl- oo"lj A hJ'.mol-11"

rarely

rapport .....,qq'IThere is rapport between the various offices.

OA\!- AI!- oPF&Y IL-I':f t1DIJhA ou"l

qq.r' hll

(be) rapt -J-ooilm

Rapt in his work, he did not hear his wife
coming in. flP"t:-m- bouoo(lm-
"'Lil-lo ' il'l-1q hAil"'''l-11"

hMl-11"
2. Oil~'!- filii". Houses are rare on that part
of the coast. 011..1' m'1' hiJqll IL-l'

f+~""f

rapture fY.il;l- ou")Lil

The music filled him with rapture. oo-fl.?tJJo

I. hAr:: hAr:: iii". The child rarely goes to

A)~: '1-II"UC'I- IL'I- f"''..~Y.m-
hAll: hAll: ilil' ~m-

school.

2. l\ll"il~ll" + (negative verb). He is rarely late

for appointments. 1\.,.mC' l\ll"il~ll" H"IJ'.
_,.' hJ'.oP"J'}"
rarity
I. -oc:,. DDII'"t. The rarity of diamonds
makes them valuable. fhA"''~l- -oc:,. ""
ll'"t ' m-.<:- YY.C:J'f'I'A

2. -oc:,.. This old coin is a rarity. J'.IJ f"l'"t

fY.il;l- OD"tLil hllY.0'1-

'1- nu-o -oc:,. ~m-

with rapture 01"001\fl'

3. "''~il. The rarity of the air on high mountains is bad for some people. Oh<i:-1-'1' .,.&&-!Pl- ' 1\J'.' Yl\m- YfC "''~il 1\"t~"t.<:-
il!Pl- oo-rr:: ~,.

He gazed with rapture at the face of the girl

he adored. fmY-.11'1-"t Al' .c.'l- o.,.ouil"'
h-J-If"f!' ' -J-t1DI\h.,.

rare
I. -oc:,.. Rain is rare in the desert. 011".<:" o

(.,."'.C.) ill\11'~ 1\.:J-DD"t hJ'.:fAII"

.11 m-ilT 11<;-o -oc:,. ~,.

The gem of his collection was a rare Ethiopian

stamp. llilOilOm- rNr 0"111" m-.<:-

fll'~m-

-oc:,. fh.'l-l'"t;Y -J:II"ilC ~oc

2. 7l.-,...,.~;, This is a rare disease, and there is

no cure for it. J'.IJ l\1"1'1 01i;l- ill\11'~
OD.(-;>kT

ftt.ID-11"

rascal mM;J- 1 .,."'.C.

He is a rascal and cannot he trusted. mill\;l-
rash (n.) 1i<i:;J- 1 :Y...,;r
The first sign of measles is a rash. fh-'1''1 f
OD"J!.oP&Y ' II"Ah'l- ' 1i<i:;J- ' ("-"f'i';r) ' ~IJJo

rash (adj.)
I. l-It-A. He is too rash to be given any

rashness

rather

1021
at a fast rate fl~T'Ft

responsibility. :f!J.A 111111') 1111- "l'lt.H

(10/lm'l- h,MQf"
2. hJ'.~'\'. It is rasb to cross the street without
looking both ways. "1.!-'i' "'" OVI'- (10
"t~J'." ' .,11<:'1' ' hJ'.~'\' ' )CD-

He works at a fast rate. R'i''l')'l- f.w.!-A

at a very fast rate "1-tr- +AShe can make dresses at a very fast rate.
.,.,_II ' .fit- ' .fit- ' (10/14-'1- ' '1-:f'lll:f

rashness :f!J.A)'IHis rashness militates against him. :f!J.A).,

M'l- 'If. f.'I'II'I'A

At any rate, I'd like to see you. .l'f" tJ') f.

II 'I);J"ICII 1.LA?II1Jo

rasp (vt.) 'l"<:l'.

The blacksmith rasped the horse's hoof.
Qll ' 1.11: ' f o!-<:11-"t ' l>-1: ' .,. <:J'.m-

*He walked at the rate of three miles an hour.

0111'1- V'll'l- .,,_A .b.ll11 T.!-(IOJ'.
at this rate RH.II h.l'.1'11
At this rate, we will never get done. flllll J\
.1'.1'11 ' (IO:r;,. ' h"t""'CII
birth rate f"'LtDIIJI.'I- .llf'i''l- 41'1'C
The birth rate is on the increase. f"'"l.aJil~T
.llf'i''l- 41'1'C ii""""'""C 'If. ' )CD[See also 'exchange']

rasp (vi.) "'"'""'

The file rasped as he worked. 1.Cil- ll.w.!-
'l"<:JI. ' """""'
rasp (one's) nerves hll+mm
The squeaky door rasps my nerves. 1\.m."1" s f
"'l.IICD- RC .l'il.,'l'm'\'A

rasp (n.) 'l"l:J'."

He smoothed the wood with a rasp. R'l"<:J'."
c)") ......") ' hllilllil
rasping '1-C'i''i'
He speaks in a rasping voice. I:IJD,.. 1-C'i'i
)CDrat hf.'l'
Rats invaded the house. hf.'l' ll..,"t tD<:<:mrate (v.)
I. J'.<:)f ilm. How do you rate this hotel?
IIH.II 11'-f:A f""t J'.<:)f '1-ilm'l'llll l
2. ~(10.,., He rated him low in reading ability.
R.,"tR11 :flt-:1" 11:J>T'\' hJ'."C") 1(10_,...,.
Many people rate basketball as dull to watch.
11ft' ill":f f:J>C"'i'l- \>.11 ""''l':l""t liT
""Ali:f f"'l...'illl:f hl'."C1m- f.1f":l"llrate (n.) 'I'?
What are the rates for airmail? .l'fC IIDAh
h'l-' 'I';JCD-' il"t'l-' )CD-!
*What are the rates for single rooms? h"tl'."
ilm- (10'1:1" h'i'A f"'l.h'i'IICD- il"t'l- )CD- l
*This salary is figured on an hourly rate.
f.tl J'.'l"11 f"'l.::"iiRm- R/11'1- 'If. )mrate of Interest tDill:

The rate of interest is 6 oents on the dollar.

tDIIJI. ' ROD.f ' IIJ'.-11'1- ' )CDrate of speed 'i''I')'IIn America, the rate of speed is measured in
miles per hour. Rh"'Uli '1''1')'1- f"'l.llli
m- R/11'1-'i' R.,f.A )CD-

at any rate

Y'r

tr~

,..U

at the rate of

rather
1. }..").tlfiD"fO. We won't go; rather, we will
stay. h"t'tl'."f" i '1."t/Vm-f" 1-"t.f..l'll"t
2. (expressed by composite verbs). The play
was rather long. -1:.1'-'K- <:Hf" .I'll )RC
Fifty dollars is rather a lot to pay for a dress.
'l"tl'." .,.,_11 "lf"il 11C oPh.t.A tDJ'.
1'."' f.'IA
3. ouilf.. He is a rather crude person. QII"L 1
ODI\,e. I fl:aJ- I ~aJrather not

*Will you come with us? I'd rather not h'\' ?

C '1-'t.>lllll! QA'tl'." f.'lfii'\'A
rather than

*This book is based on conjecture rather than

research. ODX"dt4- I f.,..ODIPt:.,..aJ- I fl.e.lJ"'fA I
'1."tl[ Rf"Cf"C 'If. hf.J'.IIf"
*This is for your father to decide rather than
for you. f.ll"t f"'LtDII'i- hQ'I-11 1."tl[
h"tT hf.J'.IIIIf"
rather-than

*I'd rather wait than leave now. h.&'l ' hr

'tl'." f.A:J> 11.f.f. f.'/f'IA
*I'd rather die than give in. hf"TIDCD- 11'l"
'1- 1 f.'lfii'\'A
r would rather go today than tomorrow.
b)1 f.A:J> '14. 11'tl'." 1.tD.>IIIrJo
or rather

~"JJI,J'm-r

He arrived late last night, or rather, very early

this morning. '1-'i'"t'l- 1 R"'f" hf"'ll.f ~q I
1-"t!V..,.,- ' II.);J;J ' ii.A ' )CD-

1022

ratify

ratify (ratified) hilS'.+

The Senate has to ratify the treaty before it
can go into force. ~&1\- UP"~ t\f.. bootf&
n.c.-r roumil'l'm- rhc ~t.r "'~~"'-:,.
Mn-r
be ratified U+
The treaty was ratified today. M"II"H ~"-
liS'.+

rating
f1.~1f

~A~A.

The rating of the year's

best books was published today. J.'00-1> II"C
I.

'I' ODJI'dtC:';f fU1f ~A~A ~""

c:

2.

.,.II'

BJIIJ

1.~1(.

The rating of this hotel has declined.

fll.ll lf-l-A 1.~1(

11:,. il'-A

ratio .,.ou~~h.r
The ratios of I to 5 and 20 to I 00 are !he same.
h't~ llll"iiT'i' Y.l' ll""ofo .,.-~~'1

t;J-'fm-

h't~

tiD-

ration (v.) 1-foumt hh'i-.1.11 ! 1-fofLmfl

01.11

Because there were so many, they had to ration

food to the refugees. IIS'..,.'I''Il ill!- flODif'i''f
m- ,..,In 1.foum). "7h'i-.1.A (1-f.,.m

n- "71.A)

tn~q'fmbe rationed Oof:mQ ~1..il

For the duration of the war, gasoline was

rationed. tnCt-1> 7.ilh4'fflT ~~~~ IL't
H.'t nmiJ 1-:I'S'.A tnc
ration (n.)
1. &-1i1'. Rations of sugar were given to the
prisoners. 117.11~'/'';f fii'>.C .:.'li't .,.il'l'
;t'I'1'A
2. f.,.milt. The daily ration of meat and
bread was absolutely insufficient. llof>'t f.,.m
(ltm- P' ;>'i' 'Ill .1.1\"l" f"71-fl:l' tflC

Rations of coal were allotted to people who

were suffering from the cold. flilC~ f"'L"'
:1'1'-T (ll"';f hilA ;1-1.11ratlons +llofl
Our rations were bread and soup. of>IIIJ';f't 11'
CIJ'i' 'Ill tflC

rational
I. h7.11"~ .l'llm-. Man is a rational being.
ilm- hAll"~ J.'lltD- '1'111-C tm-

2. hii.,.'I'J!.. As children grow older, !hey

become more rational . .ihf'i'T 1..1'1..,. ll.'t-'1.
1-flA'I' hii.,.'I'J!. 1-lf'i'll-

rattle
3. flii"CII"C f.,.S'.~ilflT. There is a rational
explanation for thunder and lightning. t1-'-"'l~
'i' ou-n~:,. flii"C9"C f_,.S'.~ilflT ll"h't.l'
,. hll'l'tDact In a rational way }'t.ODifHij

When very angry, people seldom act in a

rational way. ill"';(- fl"'ll" ll.'i'S'.-4. All"il~
9" ' hJ.'OD~1f).f"

rationalize
I. hllflfl. We rationalized the team's defeat
by blaming it on the wealher. ffl-~). oulft
'I' ltfC hiiODii"7"7T )ID- illl't hllflil't

2. fl.,..l.'l'~ h"'<l-C hil~-'1. The teacher

likes to rationalize miracles. hil.,..,tltD- .,.
h9".:-.r't n.,..~-'1'~ h .....:.c "711~'1-r
f.tD'IA

rattle (vt.)
I. h't1"'l1..,. The wind rattled the windows.
)'i-(1- ' DDil!>ofo'll't ' h't1"'l1"'l'fm2. h'th-lf!t-lf. The child rattles his toy. A
)1: OD"'ltDif'm-'t .l''tlt-lfttlfA

3. hS'.'i'1~. A sudden noise rattled !he

speaker. m1.,.'1' ~11"6 .,..,;>tltD-'t hi.
'i'1~1D-

rattle (vi.)
I . .,.'t1"'l1..,. The window rattled during the
storm. fl~f.ll'l'm- 1t'i'il 'I.IL ODill>-1> -l"'t1
"'11 ....

2. ( ~ vt.) h't'>.'>.. Hail rattled on !he roof.

fl~Y. "'tl.I'ID-'t h't\1,\l,mrattle down M.,.'t1"'l1..,

~1.

The bus rattled down !he rocky road. hm-ofoll(1- fl!t-~!t-'t'll DD't1~ Af.,.'t1"'l1.., ~1.
rattle off fl:l'll- h'tflllflll

The boy rattled off !he poem he had learned.

A)l: .l'm'i'm-'t "1'1'11" fl:l'll- h'tflllflllmrattle on '"laJo~-l- 1t.Rtl

Mary rattles on about her new clolhes.

"'U 11111~il''fm- Aoflll';f "7m-.:.:,. :J'fl~ll';f

rattle (n.)
I. f"'L:,...,II..,A OD"'ltDil'. Let the baby
have his rattle! IIA)I: f"'L :,.~..,llm-'t ""
"'ltD if' llm-12. DD'tof>"'l.,..,.. We heard !he rattle of !he milk
bottles in !he early morning. fm.,.:,. mc-ll'll
') DD')of>"'lof>"i" ' "711'1 ' (1"7')

3. ~~- The rattle in !he car is caused by a

defective motor. DDh.'i'IIJo f"'L..'il"7tD- ~
11"6 h1"# DD(JIIIf-r

'"'"IJ

tm-

razor

1023

raucous
raucous 1-C'O'O
The man has a raucous voice. llaJ-'"(Doo a

1-C~

ravishing f"'1."7Cll
We have a ravishing view of the mountains.
f"''."7ClJdJo'J ' f.,.~~(l)o'J
M:f'III'J

.. J':'r6 l\lldJo

T~f.T

1\"''f

,. I

ravage (v.)
I. l'.IDS'."". The locusts ravaged the fields.
l\'JOIIJdJo "7o\dJo'J l\IDS'.ODdJo
2. l'.mof.. The forest fire ravaged the country.
""111m- m-11'1' f.,.~..,..,. ~liT l'.~C l'.mof.

ravage (n.) '1'4-T

The ravages of the wars are indescribable.
YS'.U1m- '1'4-+ ,P.U ~..,. l'.,P.fJA'r

fllC~_,

rave

I. -"'11". The mental patient raved about his

imaginary business. fl'.~'rl!' ih""'r.,.>;'m- II
II"''J'Aoam- 'J"'J': _,,.

2. l'.J':'J ...~~ I lll'.:'0+ .,.~~.Every.

one raves about his new book. nA l't"Lll- 1
OOl\"do4- ' 11-1\-'r 0 l\J':'J.,.dJo 0 ,P.<;~~/\-

<;+ ...~~":f
make rave 1t.:l"1r

The fever made him rave. +11-lt., l>-"'1f"'"

ravel ~.,.II
The shirt began to ravel at the sleeves. fif"''.rt-
~~1. ~T!I.A

The raven feeds on worms . .,.~ +li+A ,P.O'IA

ravenous 11-"''h f"7ym-:,. l ll"'ofl"'ofl
The ravenous boy has eaten everything in the
house. 11-"''h f"7Y"'""'"'" (ll"'ofl"'ll-) A
f.,.~IIIIT'J rrll- ...~II
*He has a ravenous appetite -Rft'

"'"A

"JQ

.e~c

~nc

*His sister is a raving beauty.

:r:

~'l.,

nm-11

IDS'.C f'IT'r

(be) ravished .,.oa(lm

He was ravished by the music.
OD{Im

l\IIJ'OjP'fl'J

flm'i'C

l\'JJ':

l\,P.

l\ll~lffD"

J;oflq>;'jP'fl I l\.TI'"WY I IDS'. I ID""fl'

AII'I'ID" I '1'.:0 ~,!P":f I . , , , .

f'rT

ray
I.

r.-~.

.,.~

Ordinary glass keeps out the rays.

OOII;f-IDT

"'"~

l>Yil1fl'r

oa:>~li"ID"'J 11;JID"
3. "fl''I'J"fl'A. There is still a ray of hope.
l'.rr'J'r f.,.llof. 1 "f!'li'J"fl'A ' l\11

.,.:,. 1

~S'.A

raving, adj. ( = adv.) ~f-"'1f

Because of his high fever, he made a raving
speech. h'lf.ll'1m- +11-lt., f.,.~.., 1 M
,,.

rawhide strap m'i'C

He tied the poles together with rawhide straps.

2. ...~C. Close the blinds because the sunrays

are too hot. fOdo,P.'I' ~C 1 IIIIJ'r 1 1111"'1.

,.eoi\A

The truck fell into the ravine. 11"'1.1'").

I

~.!.(1

*His manners are raw. QA1. 1 ~

be raw.,.M"'m.,.
My throat is raw. '1-1!'1!'\1. 1 .,.(I~IIJ'I'!IIA
[See also 'hide, rub']

raw materials '1'.:0 1 ~

Most of Ethiopia's exports are raw materials.

raven 41&-

aJoi):T

'Jil\Tofl'lm2. YA.,..!.l\. Avoid drinking raw milk! YA.,..!.

'I ID.,.,. l>+m"'
3. YAM.,.II. He eats raw vegetables. YA.,..,.
.,.II I l'.;f-llA+ ,P.II'IA
4. YA,..IIm~. He sent the raw recruits to the
front. YA,..IIm>T'J 1 ID;f-1.1!'-:f 1 IDS'. 1 fllC 1
"''JfJC I l\II'I'm5. f.,.'lm. The raw wound was very painful.
f.,.'lmm- 1 .,.IIA 1 IIIIJ'r Y'r 1 ~IIC
6. .,.1J,.q<; 1 ~C'I'DT 1 Yllm-. A raw wind blew
yesterday. "'11-"'q" 1 ~C'I'II+ 1 YIIID" 1 ~4-11
,....,,. I

She raved about the food she had in France.

.~.~.,...,_ 1 Me 111111'\:fm- 'r"'ofl Ill>:

ravine

raw
1. T~. The meat is raw. P :Jt.,. 1 .,.~ ~
Don't eat those potatoes raw! ~1'=Ji1' 1 T~m

raze J':'r'l''rm-'J 1 l'.mof.

The Romans razed Carthage. 1!'"71D"Y'J IIC
;f-~'J J':'r'l''rl!l.'J l'.m~+

be razed OII.CII 1 .,.f.OD{I(I

The city was razed by the earthquake. h.,..,
8J- I

o..-vm- +
1

floP~-j:

I tiPlj(I)IJ' I

"'-f:{ll I

rfo~OD{I{I

razor 'r'l"fl'
I have to buy a new razor. l\>1.11 'r'l"fl'
.....,q,. l'.llofi'S

reach

1024

react

razor blade r4\11"

reach out lt.)l:") 'Ht!..?

Please buy me a dozen razor blades! 1\")J': F..

He reached outto grab the knife. ll.'l'l'm-"t II

CH"t 9"'1"i" "'~A OS

to a razor edge ~i\.'T' r 1-.ll:h..tr")
He ground his knife to a razor edge. ft'Jm.m"t 9"'1"i" Mlll.ll'"t /111m-

reach (vt.)
I. .l'..Ul. We reached the city at daybreak.
..,.... o\.4'.l'." hh1""71D- .l'.<:!l"t

The news reached me this morning.

m~m-

If

~ l!l-'1- .l'.Ul'S

2. .l'.<:II(R'I-). The child cannot reach the

things that are on the shelf. a.n Roo.l'.C.l'.

6Ym- 'I.P- Yll-'1-"t )11!'"f 1\.J'.Cilq'f'm-

h..P-:fA9"

3. h.4'RII. Please reach me the salt! - " ) ofl

;1-4'-flll~

4. t.1'f. You can reach me at this address.

RII.IJ h..l'."&.'lf :l-1'f'i'IIIJ
5. )IJ. I cannot reach the top of the wall.
f"'.._..,.<;m-"t , "'l'i! oo")IJ."J- h.A"fA9"
The speaker reached the hearts of his hearers.
1-<;;>6m- Y.l'.""7il""'fi"t il"''1- ' )IJ
*It took him years to reach my height. OoftoP
'I- l\~") 11"7hA -fill- 'tOO."J- ' .&.)!R."J-

*The radio reaches millions.

~l"').'l

fHl,.

"'I.II.M f"'L'tm-1- M'"f Y.l'.ll""'/1reach (vi.) .l'.<:ll

The damages reached into thousands of dollars.

f.l'.<:llm- Tof.'l- l\ilh -fill- i(IJ oflC .l'.
<:II

*The United States reaches from ocean to

ocean. h."'61! h..,..PY'i'il l\ilh m-~Y'l'
{I fof-H<::> h1C )IDreach for
1. ll.tD!l.l'." .1.111. The little fellow reaches for
everything he sees. '1-"tlf. A~ ' Yfm-") )1
C o-11- fl.tD!I.l'." .P-.&.A:>A
2. l\1j:") H<:;>. Though he has given up

smoking, he still reaches for a cigarette from

force of habit. (IJf&. "7""!1 IU'.r-9"9" h
A"''.l'." fof-)"1 hll-"t9" (IJf&. IU'.P- l\
1j:"t .P-H<::>A
3. 1\0D..,.{I.l'." l\'l:"t ll.l'..l'.. The man reached
for his gun. IIID-\1...,. "li.,.m-"t 1\oPID-{1
.... ' l\1j:") ' ll.l'..l'.
reach Into

oom-ll.l'." l\1j:") H<::>

He reached out to greet us.

lt.~oflm'1

1j:"t ' H<::>

reach up ~'lm&o&.

He reached up, and shook the branch. 1-"tm&.

C.,_ ~C"t"'l4-"t htD~tDHIDas far as the eye can reach 'tf."} 7..llh..:l'h
..,. .l'."<:!l
There was nothing but sand as far as the eye
could reach. 't.P-"t l\!lh.:l'h'l- .l'."<:ll IJ
if'l' Rii1"4'C Mil" h.ll\)0<:9"
[See also 'heyday, limit, maturity, under-

standing']
reach (n.)
Philosophy is beyond a child's reach. 'i!ll\il'i!
<; f.ht"t h.l\9"1!' f"''J'..l'.CiiO'I- )1C

)ID-

The ball was out of his reach. lo.!l."t 1\..e~'l-

t..Afl'l\9" ' )0C
within easy reach :,.Oc1l

The hotel is within easy reach of the station.

11'-1:11- II"'IU'..,. ~Cofl )IDwlthin (one's) reach

*I like to have the dictionary within my reach.

""1110 :1''1'1- 1Jm10. l\")JI.'l'C l\.&.A;>IIIl(be) within (one's) reach
I. II"Y"''f'1- b.l'."A t.llm-. The office of
premier is within his reach. fm~'l.e "'Ltll'IC)."J-"t P'A"'"t II"Y"''f'l- b.l'."ll\ h.llm2. 1\.J'.C!IR'I- f"t"fA. The city is within reach
of the enemy's airforce. h1""7J'.1: fm'l'l- h
fC '1_P.A ll..l'.CiiO'I- h"'L"fA !l'i!&.

.,..,.

react
1. 1-:l'moo. The people reacted against the
system. .h11tl- P'C't-vt 1-:l'moo
2. Ollof.m-"t 11111. Do children react to kind
treatment by becoming friendly? AJ("f OT
'1- h,lo,:\") IU'H- Ollof.m-"t O'i!~C .P-1Allll-?

3. h.ll. How did the audience react to his

remarks? fll-"t hli-I"Yf'l- a.n.- h.-'1"7
~Mh.ll-1

He reacted against penicillin by getting a high

fever. llm-)1: Tto\.11."t h.A4'1lA -fill- h

He reached into the bag, and took out a book.

'i! ' Yll ' '1-h-11'1- ' hOO"'O'I-

hfiC/IID- ID-{IT '

The patient reacts favorably to the treatment.

fD"'

h"t.l'." ODl\'do'i! ' h

O"li.,.'l'm- .hh9"<;m- f1-!l"7"71D- ,e.>Dll'IA

reaction

readiness

1025

*Do wages and prices react on each other in

rising and falling? hOA'i' fl-C' fDo.I:'H b

2. hi\. The text reads different from what

you told us. ll'dt-4- f"''.llfJJo h')-1- h)1

~'i' 11:J. 0"'11\T f"'1.1'i'1'0T )1C hill

Ch') f-1-llf )1C )fJJo

read like DD(IA

react upon F.il

hliT

Applause reacts upon the speaker. '?oflQ;l.l)

This does not read like a child's composition.

-1-'i':>611Jo') F.il Yil1'1'A

f.ll fA'J!: .I:'CilT hf.OO(lA,.

read (one's) mind f tj:I\"):J- I OaJ+

not react to 119'" hA

He is so pusil1animous that he will not react to

any insult. OlfJ9'" 1 /..6 1 hoPtr). f.,..).., 1 fl.{l
.1:'11-T 1111" f.~A

reaction hil-1-YfT
What was his reaction to your suggestion?
M4'GilhfJJo h<"lil hil-I-Yf1> h')J'.T )OC 1
*What was the patient's reaction to the new
medicine? hJI.{lo ooJ:?kT 011-J-'i'fDo') h
')J'.T M'.G111Jo 1

+?,.,..,

reaction against

There was a strong reaction against the new

ideas. ill\ hJI.{lo hil-fo<"l{lil ilC1> .,.:l'fJJo
'I" )OC
forces of reaction AiD""I" ' fiPJ~LIA"t- m1ij";f

The forces of reaction in South America made

reform difficult. OF.floil h"''.61J fJJoil'l' II
fJJo'l' f"''f.t.A"t-T ID1'l""'f 1\oP!flfA ~')
:J-4-T If).

reactionary (reactionaries) llfJJo'l' f"''f.t.A"'

In many countries, reactionary classes oppose
any reform. Oilrt- MC'"'f fJJoil'l' 1\fJJo'l'
f"''f.t.A"t- ID1'l""'f "7H'I"""t'" oolflfA
f.:J'ID"''flo

read (read), vt.

I. MOO. You should read this book.

.r.tn

oPl\'.h~ "''')Oil I hllilll

Can you read music? 'l":l' "'1')0-fl T"f-~11111
2. M(IIT). He read her future in the pebbles.
~~') OtntnC hf~T
3. h<"lf. The thermometer reads thirty-five
degrees. foo-4'1> oPI\b.,.l' "'~" hll"ilT
11."16 Y<"IYA
4. OID4'. God reads man's heart. h"'ILhil.h.
C f(lfJJo') Ail YfJJo:l'A
5. -1-G'I. I read the answer in his face. ODA{lo
') hof,of: -1-G'III6. 11.-1-G"I-11" -1-il'll. This rule reads two different
ways. f.ll ih"' 011-IIT AI'- AI< OD')1P.
"'f 11.-1-G"I-,- f.ii'~A

read (vi.)

1. MOO. Half the population cannot read.

hih11flo

1"'1.(lo

"7')0-fl

hf."f-AII"

A good servant can read his master's mind.

""AIJII" MA:>f. 1'"1.;1-IJJo') ~~1T Y~~Jo:l'A
read out P'"1i oflll- h)OO
He read out the law to us. ih-t-') 11"'1i il
1r' h)00A')

[See also 'follow, line']

(be) readable MOqA
This book is easily readable by beginners.
J'.ll ""ll'.h~ IIT.."76~"'f 04'~11- f.)OqA
His writing is readable. fh'J!: ll'iht.1> J'.
)OqA

reader
1. h'lllO... Our newspaper has more than a
million readers. :>IJ."l";f') h"''.II.M O'IJ'.
h')qo_~";f hil-T
2. nq-n ""ll'.h~. We need third-grade readers. f?'il-1-'i' h~A nq-o ODl\ih~T Yil

t.A-t-'i'A

readership h')qo_~";f
This periodical has a small readership. f.ll ""

ll'.h.T Yil-T h')qo_~";f '1'4:T 'i''l'fJJo

readily
1. IDJI.YfDo l O~'I')T. He admitted his guilt
readily. 'J'of.-1:') tJJJI.YfDo 1 h""~
Tom aoclimated himself readily to the new
town . .,.,. hJI.{lo h.,.., fJJoil'l' 0~'1')

1\oPF.

2. 1-/Aof. Beneath the veneer of Western

civilization, the spirit of Islam is readily
apparent. hii"Mq'l! P'A"l') 1iof.') P'C
fhMII" oo')t.il 1-A.fo f.:l'YA

readiness 11"1~ 1 oPif')

His readiness to help made him many friends.
1\0DC'IT 11"1~ ODif). ilrt- ID'I}("'f h-1Gt..I\T

in readiness +H.?~

Wait in readiness for the announcement of the

plane departure! hfJJoC'T'Il- ilii"''.)"'OT
1.11. ' f"''.{ltnfJJo') ' OD"/1\"'i
il:J.

-J-H;>'Jf:-J-11 ' tn

"

real

1026

reading

be ready

reading
2. Mqfiil. I like his poetry reading. f"l'l'!l"

I. .,.H:>)!. Are you ready? The bus is going

to leave. .,.H:>~:J-:f:\Al hfD"-I'fioo"l- /1.)"1 )fD"
2. J'.t.o"l. Dinner is ready. &-'1- J'.C!l.A

Mqaa- .1'.11 f.ii'1A

be ready to A

I. 'tqil. He got seventy in reading. O'tqil ' 1l

q' Jodf

3. f"'Ufiil. There is little reading in this

picture magazine. fllltl P'tVt'l! oox-m.:,.
fD"11'1' f"'Ufiil '1'4:'1- )fD"
4. ( ~ to read) "7'tfiil. This novel is good
reading. f.ll't Ail wilY: DDl\".h'i' "7't
Oil .1'1l.l'.11:t"A

*I have written down the readings of my

thermometer. foo-4''1- oollh.J',. fif'l..H.
, . f"''.J'ltffD"'t foo-4>'1- All 0011"1IJ.,I'iltJ.

give a reading l\tlt11-fl h.ll"7

Our class gave a reading of Dickens' story.

lJ<j:l\:f't I Jl.lJ't11 I fl\l..fD"'t I :f"6lJ I {lil\11
il J\{1"7

make good reading (lJHt-+ ~n

~ItA

The story of his life makes good reading.

fa.J'.tD'l- a ;t-611- a /U')!l-'1- .1'.11 f.IIA

reading room nqil ll'i'A

This library has a large reading room .
.,. , ""Rih'i''l-

fl~

qil

.e.u fl.

ll'i'A Ail,.

readjust A11.,.1Jllil
The jeweler readjusted my watch. fl''l- w&
, . o"l'-l:'t l\11.,.1Jlli1A'S

ready (v.) AH:>)!

Did you ready the house for company?
il"h't"IP.:f IL_,'t M:>)!1i l

ready oneself f"7..1'111..A 1fD"'t 11"1~'1- ' l\.1'.

~1

ilt.~!l"

He readied himself for a long trip.

1-JI

f"7.J'111..A1fD"'t

11"1~'1-

J\.1'.(.1

ready (adj.)
I. 11"1)1:. The soldiers are ready to die for
their country. w;t-Y.C"'Il 111MffD" 1 {lou
'1"'1- ' 11"1)1: .,,,.

+ imperfect +

9"'1-9"

hA

.,.~,.

She is so upset, she is ready to cry. OliJ9" ..,.

Rlt.,.:t-il:f i A;t-11:,011 !l"'t!l" hA4'&-'l-

get ready (vt.)

I. hH:>)!. Since I am going to Harar tomorrow, get my clothes ready. )-1 OJF.. mt=
C 11ii!I"~Y: Ail11 hH:>"l[A'S
2. w&o. I have to get breakfast ready. 4lC11
UD/"6-'l- I J\ilii'S
get ready (vi.) .,.H:>)!
How long will it take you to get ready?
{IDDH;>)!'1- !l"'t ,I'll A '1..11. ' ,l'.l..~iiYA ?

keep ready hH:>~ .,.mqfi+

Keep pen and pencil ready for the exam!

~.,.,..,

11il.l'.t.o"o ilbC.. "hClt11 1\H:>~_,.

11 .,.mqa:,.
make ready J\H;J)!

The municipality made the stadium ready for

the Olympic Games. "7H:>lf IL., "1..11:1".0:.1'"
oo-'t ilt.il!l"1:ll "'-'l':t"!l':f hH:>)!

ready-made
I. .,.H:>~-1' il.b11il f"''.if'l'. Ready-made
meals are popular in the United States. Oh"'Lt:
I] fD"11'1' _,.H:>~.,.tJJo ilih11il f"''.lf tflo 'I"
"lll:f OIIJ!I" .,.m..;;p.::f ""'"'"
2. "h't.I'..,.M. Do you buy your clothes readymade? Ail11ll't f!l"'l-1~,. "h't.I'..,.M
)fD"!

reaffirm .1'."1'1" ht.:>1m

He reaffirmed his intention to leave. floP'tY:

.filtJJo't .hltil .1'."1'1" At.:>1m

real
I. "hfD").,.'{. That's what I call a real friend.

I am always ready to help. !l"'t'l..H.!I" ii""C

"hfD").,.'{ ' =i.l'.'1 ' f!l"ilfD" ' "h't.l'.ll.ll ' J'ilfD"

.11'1- ' 11"1)1: ' )'S

2. ( ~ adv.) 0'1''1').,..

") I ~
Was the thing you saw last night real or
imaginary? '1-.,'t'l- "7:1" J'f1ifD" )1C "hfD"

ready answers.

The students gave

fi'i''l')'l- ""A

.,..,,~,.,,..

flm-

He always has a ready answer. 9"'l

)_,.'{ )fiC mf.11 R.hllil foPIIJ l

1

-J.rt.fP

DDA11 1\J'IIJ!I"
ready mOney 1'lH-fl

I have no ready money. !l"'t!l" 1'tHil hA

.1'1111-

2 f"htJJo)'l-. He is not a real doctor; he is a fake.

"ho"o- ' f"hfD")'l- ' lt,l'.ll"t ' J\q,e. ' .hh.!l" ' )IJJo
3. :t-tlbA. This word is not a real word; it is

only a misprint. ,1'.11 :J>A '1-lllJA h,I'.J'.il

II" I f"h'l-11" 11ih_,.'l- )fD"

realm

1027

real estate

4. 1''0. What was the real reason for his

leaving the country? M<r'J +-r- I''M'.O."f-

*Full realization of what had happened came

years later. ?"'J ll''l' h'J.<.~O~ .1\"'/m~

1''01D- ?"h'J .1'+ ?"'J.1:-'J ~"'" I

5. .<.'JO':'. Is this real silk? .eu .<.'JO':'

have a realization of -tl.Jl

fojoiJ'I\fDo

~"'"I

6. ( ~ adv.) 0"1?". It was a real pleasure to

listen to him deliver his speech. 'J"'"'<r'J II.
.1'-"-C"' "'-'~"""' O"'?" .l'il.<.il+ ~nc
in real life fl(l)o")
That never happens in real life. "-"JlU YlltD-
~1C OID-'J h.I'..<.Cil?"

[See also 'thing')

real estate I'"'I.I'.'J4'114'il 'J11~+
They have imposed a new tax on all real
estate. O"'I.I'.'J4'114'il 'J11~+ 11.1'. IJ-11- h
"'.il

4'~'1'

'1'111'A

realistic '1-hhll::'
She gave a realistic description of the town.
ill\ h-1""'/ID- ."f-hhii':'ID-'J """111""1 ilmll'
*He is a realistic man, not a dreamer. fl+Q;~.fi
m ~1c I'"''..I'?"'J ""'" h'J:( Oml\11
11!1' l'"''.'l'C h.l'..e.l\?"

*He is very realistic about his chances of

getting that job. I\OD4'mC'O illl""4'mC .I'll
ID-'J

~.1:-A o

b,ODqlJ'l' o of-ODAhof;f-A

reality (realities)
!. hiD-~."f-. He confuses dreams with reality.
ihA?"'J'O hiD-~."f-'J h.l'.l\.1'.?"
2. P':>'ll. He believes in the reality of Christ.
OhCilofil P':>'ll .I'?"'OA

*Slaughter and destruction are the realities

of war. """1-"-A'O 'J11~."f- "'1'1'<1-."f- n,..
c~+ 1.n oo.J:-~11'1'"'" 1'"'1.1'.4'c ~"'"
in reality flhlD-)'11
In reality, he is only a poor student. OhiD-H
0"1?" ' 11"'1~::' ' of-"'ltl ' ~"'"

realization
!. h"111 "".1:"~11. The realization of her hope
to become a singer made her happy. H"'ltl II
.,.,.,.., ' .I'll+ of-ilol- ' h"111 ' OD.i:"Ul ' hil.<.il

:t:f-A
2. "'lh'Om'J. His lofty aims proved impossible
of realization. h'i'of->;' 'til"'ll"lfi 1\"'lh'Om'J
1'"'1.1'.!1'11- ' ~"'"
*He spent ten years in the realization of his
hope for a new hospital. h"'.il ll'il"!;;f-A II
""P'&-+ no~"'" mllll- OOP'C 't""-fo

of-.IJI""II."f-

h11fl<

'tOD."f-

0:\il

~<JJo

The travelers had a full realization of the

dangers they would face. OD'J1.<.'l'lfi 1'"'1.1'1'
"J.'I'ID-'J h.<.:>l"ll' n,....11- of-~.1:"-i"ID- ~nc

realize
I. h'i'II"'L h.<.~l'l. Her uncle's present made
it possible for her to realize her dream of
going to college. n:t ' il...;f- ' ltl\.;1(' '
1\.,.,.,q.-,. 1'~0&-."f-'J ml\11 h'i'II"'L h.<.~l'l
il."f2 . .IJ\OD(of-LII""). His high arobitions were
never realized. h'i'-1"::' ?"'l'-Jo II.I'.LI\?"1\."f- 4'~
3. hOD~. I simply can't realize he is dead.
.,.,.,._,_, "'/OD'J hAli'A?"

4. of-1~HO. When he realized what he had

done, he hung his head. 1'"'&-ID-'J Oof-nHO

'1." '

h4'~4'~

5. -1"~-'I(ID-). He doesn't realize how much

work is involved. ?"'J .I'UA h'J.<."'L..'.<.h
'I" hA-1"~-'IID-?"

6. om4'. Does he realize how sick he is ?

?"') '

.I'UA ' h'J.<.;f-ODOD .I'ID-4'1'A I

7. M"f. He realized quite a profit on that

business. 011..1' 'J"'.I:" m4''1" .I'll ."f-C'i' h
11"
8. if m. Before going to Englaod, he realized
all his American property. m.e. h'J"'II.ll h1
C bOD~JI. o O.C.."f- Oh"'LtiiJ I')O~ID-'J ')
11~+ 11-11- lfm

really
!.

OhiD-~-fo.

OhiD-~-fo

Really, you shouldn't do that.

.I'.U'J

"'1.1:"~"1

' h.1'.1QU?"

He is really the best teacher we have.

Ohm-~

., IJII-'J hilof-"'l&l"ll' 11-11- 1'01\m he

(to

)(l)o

2. RhC"''I'. The alleged theft never really

happened. 1'-i"QI\ID- ilCol'."f- OhC"''I' hA
...~ ...?"
3. 0"1'1". The pinch really hurts. ofi'J'!"'"liD-
0"1?" .I'"'IA
*He is really older than he looks. h'JU-fo
II.I'.II''J 0~.1:""'/.ID- m'O .I'll ~"'"
*Do you really meao it? I''I"CU'J ~"'" I

realm "'q."fThe realm of Ethiopia stretches from the

Red Sea to the Sudan. l'h.."f-f-k.l' "'q."f- h
.,.,.. q;,.,c hilh MI'J .e.e.ciiA

*The realm of poetry is closed to some people.

l>'tJI't.<:" ' lll":Y. ' 1'1'?" ' l>f.lf'tl'fm-?"

realty f.,f.'t+<'l+ll 't11<:'1Realty is expensive in Los Angeles. 11-ll l>'t

)>:1111 ' lD-11'1' ' f., ....'t+<'l+ll ' 't11<:'1- ' "'"
.<:- ' ~"'"

reanimate l>-'1.11 "lf.A lim

The cheers of the crowd reanimate the losing
team. f-f-ouAit<J; .,0<::1':1-'1- 11-f-lf<;.t.m-
11-.<:"'t ' l>-'1.11 "lf.A f.llm'I'A

reap
1. l't,ou~1-. He is reaping ten times as much as
he sowed. fH&m-'t OP'C 6'1"i' youc;J-A
2. 1>~1. He reaped his just reward. f"'L~CJm
't ' '1':> ' ....,,.

reappear
I. "l>'tJ'.~<; 11:,. 1>11. He reappeared after
an absence of twenty years. "IY q.oo-l- .,.,..
11- m'i'-1'- "l>'tf.~'i 11:,. 1111
2. ).."J"-1'i mtJJ. The river reappears on the
other side of the mountain. m"}n- h"H'..1'i
0-1-&.&.m- 011-1-)>:CCJ f.aJ"'A

reappraisal

*Our relations require reappraisal. ""l'l~~;t-l

't "l>'tJ'.~'i "l>'t-'1.:1'11110'1- Ylli.A;>A

rear (vt.)
I. 11<\f.~. She reared her family on milk and
bread. A;t:!J!') Om-1-'1-'i 0.111' 11<\f.~:Y.
2. h~ll. His main income is from rearing
horses. 'I'<; ~n.m- 1.<:11 o.,cCJ-1- ~m3. .,.., llf.<:~. The snake reared his head.
7.1111- ' "i'"'t:,O'I-t>'t ' .,.., ' llf.<:~
4. l>.f.ou. The men of old reared altars to
their gods. f'l''tT lll":Y. 1\"'J'.ffl"fm-
ODrP'fYl":Y. ' .... .,....
rear (vi.) 0:\'1 "l>1C:<J; +T ' 1111- .f.OD
The horse reared, and threw his rider. l.<:l'l-
0:\'1 ' "l>1C:<J; ' +'I' ' 11/1- ' 00D.f.f" o ,;J'IIJ.lD"} I

IIJIUD-

rear (n.)
I. """'""""' I gave him a kick in the rear.

ou+ou&&m- 'If.

reason

1028

realty

<:~'1'11-T

2. )>:CCI. We attacked the enemy in the rear.

m'IT't h)>:CCJ m;>~m3. :\'1. He was attacked from the rear.
h:\'llD- 0 -f-DD;f4. ( = adv.) h:\'1 011-A. The rear of the bus

was full of passengers.

A 'I"A.f ~oc
in the rear of h

~~-~~- ....

' h:\'1 ' 0 II-

- - Oll+1:Cfl

The kitchen is in the rear of the hotel. aJ'I' n.

-1> hlf-1:11- 011-1-)>:CCJ ~mrear (adj.) :\11"'
The rear wheels are stuck in the mud. :\11"'"'"
't ' _,., ' "i'":l' f.fi:I'A
Leave by the rear door of the bus! 0:\11"'"'"
fl>-11-l'l- oc m-m-

rear guard ff.)>:'t ' H11

An attack on the rear guard demoralized the
army. ff.)>:). H11 oum:J>-1- ftn-1-'t 'I"&A
IIO<:m"l>'tJ'.~'i OtnC oou.y &l'l-'t l>
f.<:"/.
Our country needs to rearm now. J\1&-l-'1
"l>'tr.~" otnc ouu.y &!l.'t .,r.c;,:-r
liM'I-

rearm

rearmost h --- :\'1 no<:

The rearmost man slipped away from the
parade and hid. hiiA4- :\'1 nO<:m- llm1'- lf.Ah 1111- aJ'I'.f -1-f.O+

reason (vt.)
I. ~-.,.. He reasoned that if we started at
dawn, we could arrive home by noon. 1-ih
11.+.<:- 11't~"f +'1-c 'If. n.;J-:Y.'t "l>'tf.M
f.Cll ~ou-f2. l\OD~ll'f f.<:II0-1-. The detective reasoned
that_ the murderer was a man. ~tt:.ll "l-'1. =
aJ'}~

~11'1"

I ODIJ".,.'} I aJ'}~&\_ I

oPCtJOI6t&

1\0D

1'.<:110'1-

reason (vi.)

I. -f-ou;:.oo.:. A child cannot reason. ihf't II.

oo;:.ouc l>f.:Y.A?"
2. 1111<:.11. The teacher reasoned so clearly
that anyone could follow him. l\11-!-.,;:m- .,
't?" ll.h-1-1\m- O"'L:Y.A oo')~.<:' 01A~
Yll<:-'1 ~oc
3. O"'L~CJ l>ll<:JI. He reasoned with her and
made her change her mind. O"'L~CJ 1>11<:.<:.f m<'l!l.'t "l>'t.<:-'1-lllD-'1' ' M<:.:>-1reason with J'\""Jf}f}
It is hard to reason with a stubborn child.
.<:-c:,O f"'LA't ihf't .,11111'1- Yll'f1&A

reason (n.)
I. ?"h'tY-1-. Is that the reason you didn't go?
YA~.<:-h0-1- ?"h'tY'I- f.tJ ~m- l

reasonable

I have reasons for believing that he is still

in Ethiopia. ).ill!ll-'1 h.'l-'f"kf CJJoil'l" ""
If').'! f"''.f<'lll"'l-'S l'"h'lf.Y.'f- toll-'S
2. t.).I'"C:. The poor fellow lost his reason
when his wife died. l'"illl.'l- "'Lil-t> 0'1"-t'f-0'1- "1..11. t.).I'"C:CJJo'l o\-t3. f"7(111 "l.eA. Only man has reason. f"7fl
11 "l.eA fiiiiJ- (IIIJ- 11!1' )CJJo
4. I'"CI'"C. Should sentiment he controlled by
reason? il'"i.'l- OI'"CI'"C .e1:1" l
*He gave me no reason for complaint. -\"7CC
o:r- f"''.fil'f-II'S ,..,,. t.'l.".~,,.
bring (someone) to reason h."'lfl.Q

The mother tried to bring her stubborn

daughter to reason. M't-1> ).A1i'f A:(_'I
11"7"1QQ'I- 'l"h~'fby reason of ( = conj.) illl
He was consulted regarding such problems
by reason of his long experience. f~)!-'? 1.
H. Al'"f: il'\IIIIJ- MH.U'I illlt1Do\{l/l- '1'lf-'f- !'"he .emf:I'A
listen to reason (lm- fotAm-'l (1"7 ! fflm-
mo\11 -t-4>011

Please listen to reason, and don't go out at

night! (lfDo f"''.AU'I 11"7'> "71'"if'l- _e
:,Oc11u
I tried to remonstrate with her, but she

wouldn't listen to reason. noo ~tofU r Ah&-h&'1- '!"bell- )1C .,., ffl..,. mo\11 t.:r+OAI'"
with reason not '"lil,l:q' noottm+

He complains, with reason, that he has been

unfairly punished. 0-1: "7il~ll' Ot1Dilm'l-
fil t."IQ11 t1D4>"1-I>'I t."7~~
within reason
Her demands are within reason.
11lfD' fDo1/' t.M'.III'"

h+

reasonable

OOhLA

reasoning t.il-t-o\{111
I can't understand your reasoning. t.il-t-o\{111
u t._e,q'Sr
*He solved the problem after long reasoning.
1111- o \)CD"''> ' \)CD.u'. ' 0:\'\ o 11'1-.11\< o tiD<j:
'1-m.M"f
*There is no reasoning with that woman.
hll.f'f- 1\.'1-f- ;>C t1Dh&-bC llt1Df:~'l> )IIJpowers of reasoning ..,.006-'"16~+

He surpasses us in powers of reasoning.

o-t-""il-"'16)'1- .eoAm'>A
[See also 'logical']

reassemble (vt.) 1"1m""

The watchmaker took my watch apart, _and
reassembled it. fl'l'l- oP6fD' fl'l-1;'1 L:l"

-riiJmoom-

reassemble (vi.) ).'IS:1'> ' -t-(10(10

The class reassembled after recess. -t-"'16ll''ll
-t-l'loflnhl>~'i>'l- o:\'1

,..,s:,.,

reassure
1. h;J1m. He reassured her that he was no
bandit. 11<;::1" hllt1Dlf').'l t.~;>1m'l'l2. t.Yo'>'>. The captain's confidence during the
storm reassured the passengers . ..YbOl\- 1 0..,.~
., "LH. f""chn- t.'l'fr fo\f..,. o&-il
ft1D-I""'t1D'I tiD'!Lil t1D'I'JS:'l''f-'l t.Yo'i'i'ffD'

She felt reassured when she saw there were

policemen nearby. ot.:,O&-{lffD' 7'/l.fo'f- oP
'I'&-'ffD''I Qf'f- ' "1..11. """""""

rebate '1>'>11

I. t.il-t-'l'.e. I like to work with him since he

is a very reasonable person. fliiJf'" ltil..,.'Pf. r
(IIIJ- OODif). bC(l.. ;>C. tiDP'&-'1-. M>-'111112. oom~~. Ninety dollars is a reasonable
amount to pay for a coat. t\1'~ 1 11-l- 1 Hm'i" 1
I

5. S:'r'> ODilil- f:l"f. I am open to any

reasonable offer. f"7.4>CofiA'S )1C .._..,.,
t1Dilll- b;l"f'S ).4>011'1'1111be reasonable hh 1 11.1\
Chicken is reasonable this week. flH.U 1 lM
'I- P..C: ~hil 11!\,A

feel reassured ..,.1i'i"'i

~,fof:'P r

[See also 'own, rhyme, sentimental, stand']

-flC

rebel

1029

OOffi~~ I

'f';J

~(Do

3. -1'11l. He is a reasonable choice for chairman. 1111.4> t1D'I0C)'I- ll""~'l" -t-11l )IIJ4. .e.'l'i". He gave me reasonable terms for
paying back the debt. i>'IIIJ-'1 fl'"h'i>AO'I-
S:'r'> IIJ-e\ t.S:~1A'S

You can get a rebate on goods produced in

this country. Q1C IIJ-il'l" h-1-oP~ ),:f'll''f-
'I.e :,0<;11 ;l-1'i'IIU

rebel (rebelled), v.
I. 0"":J>wl'" 0""8. The workers rehelled
against the tax. oP&--t-'l''ll "111~'1 Ot1D:f'CD
'r

OOOflo-

2. t.ACDS:S:I'". We rebelled at having to stay in

on so fine a day. O).'IS:H.U fll MtY.o\'1-
4>'1 MJ.'I- tiD'f'/1-'1 1\ACDS:f:)fD'!I"

rebel

recant

1030

rebel (n.) oooo'i' 1 h"l-'1"7.

The rebel was hanged publicly. oooo'i'<D- (h"l
'I"''.<D-)

q~qq_e.

-1-11.,.11

:,..

rebellion ooo
The rebellion was put down with bloodshed.

oooo-

11~9"

rebuilt (adj.) f:f-~11 l 7.)!' P'&- f1qfl:,.

I bought a rebuilt typewriter. f:J-~11 fll'ihL

ooof.llll ' -1-~""1111

The slaves rose in rebellion against their

masters. qcJ'l"'ll 111.1'-il''f<D- ~.e. nooo

ouh,.~

1tflJo

I bought a rebuilt gun. 7.)!' P'&- : f1qn:,.

moP")!!" 1q1Jo

rebuke (v.) 1"'11

She rebuked him for his rudeness. Ill\ 11/l\"lo;
ID-

11VAT

-f-)P'"

rebellious
1. ~ODfJ. The rebellious colonies achieved
independence. J'ooo-:,. -l-'1 "lqof:f )l\
):f"'f<D-") h1"f.

2. oooo>;'. The child has become rebellious

since her father's death. A)!';l: hq:t: h'l"
-1: CD-'1.11

oooo>;' wo;II:Y.

11 "7">11&-&-T 11.1'1 fil'll"'" fl"'II.J''l'

:r- )OJ-

") ll..e11 f'I'">T C"7<D-J'") """>"IP'T

7.")~1 .. ' OOCDI\.11,") ' 11\11

rebound (v.) )'I'C -f-ool\11

The ball rebounded off the wall.

)'l'l: -f-oPI\11

1;>,{1- "1~"1.11

rebound (n.), on the ~ )'l'f: {l,ool\11

I caught the ball on the rebound. 1;>,{1-") )'!'

{l,ool\11 .,.1111tt-:,.

rebuff (v.) fl").,.,.. <lf..,.flii<D- .,.<': l hll\.,.11

ll\9" hi\

He rebuffed our friendship. f'i'">

fl").,.,.. <lf..,.fli\<D- '

.,.t';

~~'{):,..

She rebuffed all his efforts to make peace.

1\oo:J-t:-l- J'~t':1<D-"> 'l't':T 11-11- hll\.,.11
ll\9" hill-

rebuff (n.), meet with a ~ 7.9"11. -f-qll

I met with a rebuff when I asked for the car.

ooh.o; 11119"")

hell~")

~LC

rebuttal llCll~"> "7'i't':ll

I need time to figure out a rebuttal.

llClJ~")

11"7'i't':ll f"7H:>)!'IIT 1.11. J'IILA1'i'A

recalcitrant

(be) reborn 7."1~1., -1-CDI\~

Mussolini claimed that the Roman Empire was
reborn when he took power. ou-MI.t P'll\"1

~.e.

rebut (rebutted) hLt':ll(n:,.)

I tried to rebut his argument.
hilT 'l"hCh-

rebirth "7">11&-&-T
The rebirth of learning in the West was
brought about by Italians. 119"b&-11 f'l'fl

.....

rebuke (n.) ).,.1,.:1" l "1"11\.

The rebuke abashed him. ).,.1.:1-<D- h'ILt':<DHe listened to the rebuke in silence. ..,...,A.m1" I lff'" I -fll\- I J\.IJIODtn

7.9"11. -f-qll\h-

rebuild (rebuilt) 7."1~1., h"'&The government rebuilt the bridge which had
been destroyed in the flood. fl'I-C4- f-1-11~
lfCD-") ~A~f. oo")"IP'T 7.">~1o; h"'&-<D-

I. 7.9"11.-1-'i'. The teacher punished the recalcitrant student. hll-1-"7&<D- 7.9"11.-1-'i'<D-")

T"7& ' .,...,.,.

2. A""IDD~. Prods are used to make recalcitrant

cattle move. lf-A H">"l ll\"IDP'i'") h111':Y.
1\DP")-'1:,.. f.t:'IA

recall
I. hll:f"CDII. Do you recall whether he was
there? MU' ou-r~") :J-Il:f"<D-'11111 !
2. )m.,.. The municipality recalled his driver's
license. "7H:>ll" IL-l: fou")lf L:I'JI.") )m

.,..,.

be recalled
1. OJJ!.. J\1?- +m&.. The ambassador has
been recalled. h9"q<l~~ CD~ h1~ -1-m&2. 7.")-'l.DPI\11 -1-~<':1. The retired captain
was recalled to duty. m-t'::f" fCD"'CD- '1"9"
flll\ ' CD~ ' /"&-OJ- ' 7.")-'l.ODI\!l ' -f-~<':1
3. -f-ODI\11. The order has been given, and cannot be recalled. :,.,_q,. 1111-1-~1\L 1\,DPI\11
hf.":foll\9"

recant
1. OmL. The witness recanted his testimony
during the trial. 9"1111~ ll'i'C~ 11.,.<':1111

T 1.11.

:I'll-") OmL

2. IU'.. He
f.,.~.,.

publicly

recanted his

' hll-1-J'f-f:") flf.of. ' ..~

views.

make recant dtltofl hlll\aJtn

The police could not make the man recant.

?'ll.fl,; film-\lom-1' mil11 I\..I'M.m-m'1- h.l:\!1'11-?"

He recapitulated the argument briefly for the

benefit of the newcomers. 1'i l\DPm:r- (t
l":f (}.1:\ f_,.Y.t:1.....,. hChC l\1'Y.1<; q
11\~

oPA,(taJ-

4. 110. Our radio receives poorly. t.-'1.\'"<;:f

.,. nY-1'11 h..eil11?"

The audience received the speech with wild

applause. l\-'1"1""',; 111'"1"1'1- ;J-'I:t> "1"11
<UoQ ' 1\Y.t:"I-

The soldiers recaptured the city. m;J-Y.i:.,; II

., I

?"QIIJ'.C _,.<1'111\m- M:>1'1-

3. Y.t:O(m-). +Did you receive my telegram?

The hotel is now open to receive guests.

recapture ODI:\{l J.'H

.,...,

2. .,..,.1111- l\).;>1<:. The President received

the new ambassador. Tt.H.-'11'1: h.-'l.il-1' h.
-1:11."1&-"'L J'.t:{ltJ l

recapitulate l\1'Y.1<; 11\K

"'f}'.;..

receptacle

1031

recapitulate

.fft'

)IIJo

We were cordially received. 111:\11 flY) l\<1'

recede ifif l mY.:\'1 ifif

When the water receded, it left the streets
covered with mud. m-;)m- hifif r 0;\~
OD"J1-"- I o-tr I ~ItA I ofl;J! I HlC
The waves recede from the rocks. 'fP1~
hl\11-1> .eiflfl:\
Due to the action of the waves, the shoreline
is gradually receding. h'1"1.C:. f.,.)., fQih
'1- -'IC!F a>Y.:\'1 ifli;l:l:\
*The airplane receded in the distance. J\aJot!"'T'It
). hf&-<1' ' 'tY.

receding

QOI:\ _,.Y.t:11:\1'
be wen received ..,..,.,..,..~.-,.
II _,.<I'Q,I'.)'l- l\17

Jrt'JT ! bfi:

His commentary on Ethiopia was well received.

ill\ h..'l-\'"kf f{lmm- ,..,.,. .,..,.Q,I'.)'l-
(11'1' fl\ .,.<I'QM'l-) h11
[See also 'education, state, weight']

receiver
I. .,..,.Q,I'.. John was the receiver of the football award. ;<!1' fh."IC \\il- 111:\"1'1- .,.
<I'Q,I'. )0C

He has a receding chin.

Q I .fl\ I ~(I)<
be receding ~Ill+

IY-1:11- h.tJ-1' llih1111 h'i''l-

be received l\<I'Qnl:\ .,.J'.t:1(11'1-)

h1~JJJ

mf.. ~ aJoll'i' 1

~m-

His hair is receding. K-K- h.fl\<1' )m-

receipt
I. Y.t:l'l~. Please give me a receipt for my
payment! flld.l:\11-n'l-1' Y.t:il~ lim~
2. oo~t:il. Please acknowledge receipt! oo~;:(l
.,. ' "11\K"I:\~
*I am in receipt of your letter of 10 May.
"11'(1'1- OP'C ' <1'1' ' f_,.l\d.IIJo Y.11-'IIJ.tJ Y.
C{l?/1:\
receipts 111..
The receipts were low today. tf&. 10.m- 11:,.
.,."1' )nc
on (upon) the receipt of

I. (l.il"1. On the receipt of the news, she fell in

a faint. wt.m-1' il'l-il"1 ih,l'.a>;f:1' ii;J-
a>J'.<I':f
2. (l.Y.Cilm-. Upon the receipt of the telegram,
she fainted. -1:11."1&-..,. (l.Y.Cil'l- )'1'9.1' ' il.,.:f

receive
1. ++OA. He received us at the door when
we arrived. ii1'Y.Cil hnc .,..,.0111'

2. fill:\h oo).;>1t.J.'. Take the receiver off

the hook! fill:\h-1' oo).;>1&f hooil<l'fm-
'1,1'. ' l\1'"1

recent
I. f:t>C11. Telephones with dials are a recent
invention. n<I!'I'C f"t.J'.a>/1- 111:\l>:f f:t-C
11 ' '1'1:\il'l- .,.,.,.

2. nol-c-o I faJll). Don't you have any recent newspapers? nol-c-o 1 fmm- ..7tLtn"f 1
fil-II?" l

3. o:t-cn- flY). Can you quote a recent

instance? O:t-CII- ' flY) ' )1C 1:\'l-m:t-il
'1-:f'llltJ l

4. ( ~ adv.) o:t>c11. Radio is a recent invention. <1--'I.M n:t-c11 f.,.d.llild. )1C )m*What is the recent news? M 1 f..m&--A. 1

recently o:t-c11 1.11. 1 n:t-cnThe eucalyptus tree was recently introduced

to Ethiopia. QihC q<j: mY. h..'l-l'"kf f
ODliJlD" I

(lo}-Cofl

'J..fL

~ll)o

I heard it only recently. fil"1t1-'1- o:t-cn-

)IIJo

receptacle
I. $lflf "111"1!1'. Throw all the rags in the

reception

1032

receptacle! 11-'1--fw-"t IJotr 4'lflfw- "7h"7

fF

aJo/)'1'

liJ/UIJo

reception
1. 1t+flOA. He gave us a warm reception.
f:>il h.,.QIIA hJ'.~1A"t

2. oo+n.r. The rooms were prepared for the

reception of guests. h'l'll-'li il"h"t"'P.'f ""
.,.11.1' -1-H:>~-J-w- ~IIC
3. oo+OA. Everything is ready for the reception
of the shipment. 1.:1-a>-"t /loP.,.flf>. "7"t"'
'fa>-1"' ~1C -1-H;>~:J:A

"'ii..,..

4.
He held a reception for the American
ambassador. ilh"'1.6lt"t hi"'Q'IJ'.C

"'ii..,.

hJ'.~1

5. (6--'1.1'") 11.,11-1-'\il'l'. The mountains make

radio reception difficult. -l-6-6-l",; 6--'1.1'"
11.,11.,.'111'1' ' T"'C ' Y.L'l'o!-ir
reception desk f'lt~..,JI..l'- r oP+Of 11:1' ! h
"t"'JI ' """'11.1' ' m~A.~

The reception desk at the hotel has a phone.

frT-l:tr ' f"h"t"'P.'f ' """'"' ' fl;f- ' (1."t"l
Jl """'11.1' m~A.~) IIAh hila>receptionist h/1-J-o;;>~

The receptionist is a very friendly person.

hii-J-o;;>_( ' 11"11"' ' /Ia>- OJJIJ'." ' .,,.
(be) receptive .,..,.1111

dtllofl

Mill\ A

aJll).

' -J-11;1--J-).

The ministers recessed for lunch.

"'1.~11'1-C',; 119"/t OJ'I'-1-'I'A

be recessed

*The table was recessed into the wall.

m,l,A.Ifm- O"'l~J.Sm- m-ilT 111 ' 11h- 0
I ilfi!t- I .,.~t:,1

i"IP&-

recess (n.)

1. ~~'1''1-. We have a short recess at ten in the

morning. IJl.T Qo!-'1- ll'l'l- h.,_.C ~~'I'

+'

Pt.

000'1'4-1:

11,.

(UPl'-

.JP&-.

L+

tr').

recipe

1. fw~c 1 oolJD~I. Do you have a simple recipe

for a cake? ilh.h- .,.ill>. .I'll .l'wo!-C oP'/"6
.1' hiiU 1
2. f,..,ofl '

oolJD~I.

new recipe. aJ'I'

The cook concocted a

fl.:t h.-'til 1 r,-,11 1 oogo~

.1'' hn:>)!'f
3. ohilil. He offered a recipe for world peace.
f'lilll" Mil" 11.1'tll'l- f"''.'ft>. h"tJ'."
milil h.,.~n
recipient .,..,.qy.

The recipient of the award gave a speech.

fiiA"7-I> _,..,.qy. "t"I"'C hJ'.~1

reciprocal
1. f;J6-. The reciprocal agreement was signed
yesterday. f :>6-m- 119"9"~'1- 'foo;"t+ -1-L~ao
2. (expressed by the reciprocal stem). Their
affection is reciprocal. l}ol\12fD -= ,t.'P~l\

reciprocate
1. ORof.. 1 oof\fl. I reciprocate your good wishes.
{loot>.lt'l" 9"'1''1-u Ol\4. 1.oPA/tii1Jo
2. a>-11;1-w-"t ou{l(l. She reciprocated with a
gift. a>-11;1'\L"t lllltll;f- oPI\II'f
reciprocity 11:>6- 'l':f-9" 111"'9"~'1O'l..,~

Ott-

A 11:>6- 'l':f-9" 111"'1"'~'1- .I'IILA;>A

recital

1. 11.,~.., -1-11;1--1-~. Congress recessed until

January. fl"'hC 11.'1- hQII-'f 1./lh 'I'C

2.

~&- DDTtf.T

Reciprocity in trade is necessary.

h.~Jlil

recess (v.)

11"7~'1'

recession

The recession caused a lot of unemployment.

2. f"''.h'l-11'1- 1.:1". I need a receptacle to put

these things in. MH.U"t ~1C''f fl"'h'l-11
'I- 1.:1" 1.LI>.;>ii1Jo

He is receptive to new ideas.

recite

hil"t
2. "'J'.""'JI 1Q .1'1111'1- 11'1'6-. The bench will
fit nicely in that recess. h."'IJ.SD'I.,(I)o m1'0C 0
H..l' "'J'.""/Jiw- 1Q Qilll'l- 11'1'6- ILIT"t
IIJ'."til S'-1'1'"71>.

*They were interested in the recital of the

events of the day. IlM-I> f-J-J'.~"I-'1-"t "t"l

"'C'T

m~

{lao/1"7'1- '1'111'1-

~116-'fw

*During the recital, the audience applauded

the violinist several times. 1if""-.."} 1"'-L'P=ri

- v q(l., v1. hJ>.-"7= J.1fil J'.:>

..,.,. ' h ...ll ...llil'louring the recital, the audience applauded
the poet several times . ..,.,.,..,.. 1 fl.~flofl h.I:IPI
Q;lz I flt1ffl
.... 1111'1-

1\"J"J"Y..aJo

fllf-

1..1

J\"'-fl

recite
1. J'.1"" I hJ'.~II. He recited the prayer by
heart. l\11--l>"t ' 11:1-tr ' J'.1oPID-

He recites the prayers earJy in the morning.

l\11--l>"t IJl.T 11"711'1 .I'J'.CilA

2. m&--. Recite the names of all the provinces!

f m:f-1\Y. 1~-Hl"t 119" IJoir '1'6-

reckless

recognize

1033

3. hll.,. He recited his poetry to a large

audience. f~<:ilfDo"t "1'1'9" 111111- h~

fl"'"'f hll.,
4. 0.+11- m"l. Mary recited the lesson with
great ease. "'1.& 'I-9"11C1:"t Yll ":f"IC 0
.+t~.m"'":ffDo

reckless
1. "IK-fll'li. Reckless drivers imperil our lives.
"IK-fll'li H[l"":f II.O,.m;l-":f"t h~1"'1'":f <;

,....

2. ( ~ adv.) 0"1.<'.11'11~+. He was sent to

prison for reckless driviog. 0"1.<'.111it+ 1111
t'l ;h'l<:

reckon
I. h/10. Reckon the cost before you decide!
..,.,..~ hDDilm'l-11 0.1.'1- f"t..'ilh'l-11..,.
"t m"'. hili!
The cashier reckoned my bill. 1"tH11
d>.illl."t hiiOIJJo
2. hK-C1 .,.m<:. I reckon him a real friend.
hfJJot_,.'i' 'l~'i'\1- hK-C1. h.._'l'l:'l'llll3. +DifDD\'. Can we reckon on your help?
OC'I;I-11 ll.\"t.,..,DD"t h"t":fl\ll"t !
4. DD/III(fDo). +J reckon that it will raio. f"7.H"t
11 ,_,..illl'i'A

.,..,.QI' .

reckon on 100,.

He didn't reckon on our strength . ..,,.1\":f"t"t h

/A1DD.,.9"
reckon with h(lO

The U.N. will have to reckon with China.

f_,.QO.;..l- DD"t"IF;I-'1- K-C~'I- 0"7."'&..,. F&- fJI',_'i"t 1'1,_ .,1111 hiiO'Ibe reckoned
I. ;1-110. Interest is reckoned from the date
of deposit. mll'l- f"7.:1'/1011Jo 1"tHII- h.,.
4>DDm0'1- ' '1,11. ' h"tFf. ' tfJJo
2, .,..,.,..<:. The epoch is reckoned in cycles
of fifty-two years. Ofh!l"il 11-11'1- '\DD-1:
OfJJoK- ,__,.,..&-lA

reckoning "19"'1By my reckoning, we are five miles from home.

0~ ' "19"T ' IJ.;f-":f-1 ' IIDDK-l;/l ' h9"/l'l- ' .,
""' ,..,.<:'itA
day of reckoning fODa;t.~~~.JJ +1'
The day of reckoning will come, and you'll be
sorry. fDDQ;I,l:lf,.-1: 4>"t 11'1-DD"' ;1-11
'ill11

reclaim
I. fmof.fDo"t m,..,. M'f. He reclaimed his pen

at the office. fmof.fDo"t 116"-"t hfl.l!'

M'f
2. 1\.1\tiPI. The government is trying to reclaim
swamp land. DD"t"IF'I- <:"1<:1-"t DDtl.'l- II
"'"'"''~- 0""'1"hC 1\,_ tfJJo
3. 111\.,'1! 11.:> h~l:111Jo. Society reclaims
criminals by teaching them skills. "111<:.,. II
o- m"t)';ll>i'":f"t fh~ F&- hil.,.9"1!'
111\.,'1! ' 11.1-:f Y~C:>'I"''IA
4. ll~.lf hJD"l. The company reclaims tin from
old tin cans. 11-Q"tym- tol!'1. "'ill"":f f
4'C4'1!' .,6~ IIU Ym"liA

m,..,.

:>~9" hll
She reclined on the sofa. (ltf.m- 1\f. ,;~~r
hll":f

recline

recluse il'f'i'

h,.

He is a recluse, and rarely is seen in town.

il'f'i' 111111'~ h.,.., m-il'l' h9"il~9"
,.,.9"

reclusion fil'f'h+ ).1!'

His reclusion continued until his death.
fil'f'h+ ).l!'m- hilh '1.11. '1"1: 4>mll

recognition

DD;J-m:,O

Recognition of Israel angered the Arab

countries. f'hll&-h.A. OD;t-m:,. ro~-fl h.
11!'-:f"t hil.,."l
*He passed me without a sign of recognition.
h~ ' DDIJ'~"t ' itym-:,0 ' 119" ' iJI\"'1 ' hill.
beyond recognition 1\'Jo.e,"} = "-llbJllllT X"t!.ll
The town has changed beyond recognition
since I saw it last. 111\Lm- 'l.H. ltfu.T
m>1,11 h.,..,..,. 11'\,."t hilh,J'itil'l- K<:11 _,.llm-t~~.A
in recognition {of) il--- OO;J-tD4!Y

He received a prize in recognition of his

services. 1\1/A"III-1: "":l'm4!Y 'lilA.,+ .,.
4>011
find recognition (ltJDo

+m&.

A living author does not often fiod recognition.

1111-m-"t 1.11. ~.:.11. o.n,_m., illl 11.,...
Mm&-9"
win recognition H-1:

II")

The actor won recognition from the public.

_,.'l''il' 0.01111 H"t K- ;1-'1'4! ll't

recognize
l. 1\f. I recognize him by his voice. RJ:"fPff..
hllf'l'llll-

recoil

recompense

1034

2. om+. You have grown so much, I wouldn't

recognize you. 0"19" h"71."11J f.,.)"f

CD-~IJ hAil' A h-9"

hHH

Ethiopia recognized Kenya recently. 1>.'1-l'"k

Y h:t_n Yw4'"'f-CD- O~Cofl )CD3. ow4'(11'1-). He recognized my right to

argue against his point of view.

2. hHH. The doctor recommended that she

stay in bed. dth.oo- .,.'S;J- h1Y:'I-Mofl'l-

Ah&-h~m-

Yll'h ' DDofl'l- ' OID4'A'S

4. hM...,C L4'1.(11'1-). The chair recognized
Mr. Parker. 11.4' oo1o~ ~MC ;rchc
h1-'l...,..~~ L4'1.~:fw-

*Everyone recognizes him to be an authority

on Ethiopia. 1111 h.'l-l'"kY 01.1ofl f~Y
,.~ oolf'l-1 "719" YI"'..,..A
recognize each other

*When we met in the street, we recognized

each other right away. oo"t~Y: ~f. 111~..,..'S
ID-'l.YCD-'1- hfl-9" OID4''S h~?" OID~II-T

recoil (v.)
1. h.L1L1. The woman recoiled in horror
from the snake. o!.'l-1'"'1' OY:1:>m. hhQtl-

3. Jtltflfl. The teachers' council recommended

a raise. Yll.,."7t:l",; 1.C"I f1.'1"11
"1.""76 h1-'1.1.~"1 hllllO
4. dtllofl h4'~0. As far as granting scholarships is concerned, I am helpless; I can only
f)~ '1-l"'tJC'I- Oooilm'l- ~1
Y: h~ P'A"'1 fii'S?" I dtllofl "7~~ofl
oflil' )CD- fi"'"{-IICD5. ~1~. Can you recommend a good mechanic? "1'1- "'LI}th "71 h11.1f) A'l-)"1~
'S ' '1-"'f~IIIJ 1
6. 1-11"7~ h1.~1CD-. The location of the camp

recommend.

recommends it as a summer home. ffi.Lo;.. h

4'"7""'1' IIO;>m- ID&-'1- "7~.f.Y _,.11"7"'1.
Y1.C1'1'A
7. 1.1L. The delegates recommended the

constitution of a peace commission.

'1',; fMI"' '

ooA~tJ+

1>~111'"11 ' OD!I/!1/?" ' 1.14-

hL~L~";f

8. h"'-(:f-..,.). He has been recommended to a

high position. llh'i'.,.>;' 1.~11" ;f-"'.":J:A

m~ :\t\ +&-1m. The rifle recoils in firing.

moo1)fm- h.,..,.h-11 0:\~ ID1. :\~ f.&-1

He recommended his son to my care. A)l:1

2.

"'A
recoil (n.)

hC"I""i

The gun's recoil bruised his shoulder. rmoo1)f

.... ' hC"I"" ' '1-h!fCD-1 ' 1-'ICD-

recollect hll;f-mfl
I dont recollect having heard that before.
hH.IJ 0.1.'1- f.IJ11 ' )1C ooll"7-1:1 h~
ll;f-CD-119"

recollection
I. '1-11;1-. I have a dreary recollection of my
childhood. fA~)'I- '1-11;1-IL f"7Yil1.1l'l-
f~YmllCD-

)1C. His recollection of past

events is not very reliable. Mll4-'l- Y:Ct:f
"'f ' f~ID{)CD- ' )1C ' h~"ll"' ll.;f-DD1
hf."'f-AI"'

2.

recommend to one's care l'tF.&.

h1.&-

f1111

nm

i\.

recommendation
I. hil-l-Yf'l-. He was hired on the strength
of your recommendation. OilmtJII'I- hll.,.Yf
'1- 1..:>4.)'1- .,..,.m~
2. f~ouhc. My recommendation is that you
return. h~ ' f?"DDhCIJ h1Y:TDDIIil )tJJ-

*1 did it on your recommendation. 1\1+

r 0~

~eli'S """'~'~- h1.~"1o-'I-

*It was the doctor's recommendation that

I should stay in the hospital. lfll-r;;f-A h1Y:
-t->;' ' dt IJ.oo- hHH'S
letter of recommendation
~All" 1.ofi'IO.

-n'* OOlf)-1

fot

You will need letters of recommendation when

you apply for that job. n"t ' P'&- 11'1-mf.~ '
ofl.,. ODif"ttJ1

r~~All"

1.ofi'IO. YIILA"IYA

*To the best of my recollection, he was born

in 1896. h11."7il;f-CD-(ICD- f_,.IDII1.CD- Oj~f-jj-;;j

't. 9". )0C

recommend
I. ofl.,. ODif'l-1 oo(lh~(ll'l-). The teacher
recommended his student for the job. DDI"'IJ
""" I .,..,.,..,. I /tJP6-aJ- I 1Jot: I ODlf).") I 00{1
hGII'I-

recompense (v.)
I. mt:;f-CD-1 hLII. She recompensed him for
his work. llw&-~'1- P'&- Wt:;f-w-1 hLII"'f
2. .,..,. We will recompense your loss.
fmof.ofi1J1 h1.,.1}AYII1

recompense (n.)

I}{)

He received $1,000 in recompense for the

record

!035

reconcile

damages to his car. Roull.<;tJ>o 'If. ll/IJ'.<'.

lltJ>o ' .,.liT I( iiC lt/1 T4>RII

reconcile

reconstitute aoA(' M:!flao

He was asked to reconstitute the political

party. f?"lltlt ' .,..,R-1-'t ' OD/.\{' ' l\'tii.J'!I/
.,...P" Tmf4>

I. All:J-<'.4>. He reconciled the angry couple.

fT"lii-T't qA<; "'LilT All:J-<'.4>
2. All"7"7. It is hard to reconcile the two

accounts. IJo/l.,'t :J-&l>'f "71l"7"7T All

'1':>& ' ~IJ)o
It is difficult to reconcile his promises with
what he actually did. f"''.w&-tJ>o't<; f"''.lltJ>o
't ' 11"71l"7"7T ' J'll'f"l&-/.\
reconcile oneself

*It is hard to reconcile oneself to being sick

a long time. 111t' s 'l.H. oP:J-'oP'r'l 1 ~,.~

reconstruct
I. ll'tS'.1'> w&-. They reconstructed the town
after the quake. hDD&.-1> 0 ao'J4>'1'4>'1' 0 R:\
II hT"7tJ>o't o ll'tS'.1'> oP-1-T

2. ll't .<'.T ll't J'.TLII"" om4>. The detc:ctive

tried to reconstruct the crime from the information he had obtained. m't)';A DDC"7&
lJ)o 0 lt1'ftJ>o 0 OD<'.'/f 0 OJ'J)';/Io ' l\'J.<',.T
'tJ'.TLI\OD o /1"70J:J> 'l"h<'.

l\

record (v.)

"7f.4>C o bf!:/.\ AJ!:C.., /IDD4>R/.\ o All'f:>

I. AIlL<'.. We record history in books. :J-&h't

~ I

fiODJr..h'i' ' l\<;"ll'i'&-/I'J

2. ~L. Listen to the speaker, and record
what he says! T'>:>&tJ>o f"''./ltJ>o't l\J'Jiou
'l'h ' 1\'i'
3. ltiJ. A thermometer records temperatures.
f - T ' OD/IIl.J' ' .....,.T't ' Y.llltA
4. 4>11. He recorded the song on tape.
HL.,_'t R-1:'1' 4>JitJ>o

~QJo

reconcile to

~1'-'l.+flA.

h~l.1tD-

Time has reconciled him to his fate. f1.rt. il

~T bf!:il-'t ll'tii.4>RA AS'.<'.1tJ>o
be reconciled :t'l.<t:

,.....,

The couple was reconciled. Q&Vi"

""til~

be reconciled to

*We were reconciled to the loss of our money.

Rm'(.tJ>o 1'tHij'f'J &-ll'f't't AK:<;'>'t

record (n.)
I. fliP" ""'I'&J'. The record of school at-

tendance was given to the principal. fl'a9"

reconciliation bc:J>

1 uP

'I'&J'tD- o iiTP"UCT IL-f, ...1\4. o Tll'l';tA

Reconciliation was achieved by getting both

sides to make concessions. ~c:,. f-t-1Tm-
IJ-1\.,P" o an<:''f A'tll'tf!: o
RDDil"7"7:f"'ftJ>o ' )tJ>o

~1C o

2. ""11111. All the records were destroyed.

OD1f1(l'fi

l}o/lo

OJJ!:OD'f'/.\

/IDDTtJ>o o

3. UA. There was no birth certificate on

record to reveal her age. bf!:"'/.'l''t f"'1.1/.\lr
fAJ'.T fll"llhc m<'.4>T 4-Y./.\ tJ>oll'l'

He couldn't find a publisher for his recondite

studies on mathematics. J'H;>)';tJ>o't <'.4::J> f

4. "711:1-m'lf. I can't find any record of that

bill. hltJ' ' .h.ilil ' P"'tll"' "711:1-0J'/f'

recondite <'.4::J>

.h.ilil 'I''>T f"''.J'iiTP"iiT All1'fP"

AA'f/.\P"

reconnaissance OD..4>T+
Reconnaissance of enemy movements was
hampered by bad weather. fm'IT't 't:J-'>41
OD:J''f., ' fiOD'J'G: ' J'fC' ll-~:1" ' P"h'tJ'T '
Tll'>hll
reconnoiter :J''f l ll/111

The patrol will reconnoiter the area tomorrow.

:J'"(tJ>o 'If!: ~1 AltqR.tJ>o't Y.:Jo'i/.\
(f. liMA)

reconsider

~1'~1'i

OJJl.ODl.

They reconsidered their decision.

l\1J'.'t<;"

o OD<'.DD-1-T

tJ>o/I~J''ftJ>o't

AMO<'.P"

.,.,,T '

5. :J-&h. He has an honorable record of

serving his country. 01.;..1" fl-71A.1A. 1 f
"''.J'l>&- :J-&h AlltD6. f.lof.OJT :J-&h. In view of his record, I
don't think he should be hired. f.lof.OJT :J&h- ll.:J-1> ou4>mC f"'1.1ijtJ>o Af.oull/1

'SP"
7. ~tac..e-. The student has an excellent record.
T"7&tJ>o l\~"1 R"'P" '1"1- &l>CJ!: A/ltDThey discovered that the suspect had a record.
TmC"l&tJ>o o &l>CJ!: ll'tii/IRT om4t
8. f.,..Jt:J' lfhll. The store has a good selc:ction
of records. oo~-fl"i- 1 9""CT fll"). 1 roo-n...+
lfhlll"'f Ali-T

9. hilt: roil"t. The runner broke the old

record. a:"" fJI.C"ID-"t h11.: roil"t ilflt:
so on record

*I don't want to go on record as saying war

is inevitable. I"CH hf.+C9" ,1'&\!J.'I- 1.
"t'Lm+ll ho!\Lo!\"19"
keep a record of ODH10
Keep a careful record of all expenses! a:Jt.lOl..tl.,.
11-fl- 0 fl'l''t:J'ol: 0 OD11"111
make a record of ODH10

The secretary made a record of everything.

A,di,l.liJo I ftr~fDo,.

~1C

11-& I OD1f""IQ.A

(be) off the record ou:J-.,.9" fllfl'l-9" l "l-L

il..fo!\ hf.1.119"
The President's remarks are off the record.
T&.IVI"t-1: f.,..,,"",. OD:J-.,.9" fllfl'l-9"
("l-Lil..fo!\ hf-1.119")
(be) put on the record iL:J-+9'" r +!J!A
His statement regarding the future of the
country can now be put on the record. ill\ 1t
I faJ.F.,l.:,O I (JF;/A I f(lmaJo
hv-"t il..:J-.,.9" f.!l''lo!\

16-iJ

I OD""II\-1 I

record (adj.) h9""t 1.11.9" fflllm

We have a record wheat crop this year. OtLU
'\OD'I- h9""t 1.11.9" ffllltn ' fll"tf.. ' 9"C
,. hll"t
[See also 'time']
recording f.,.+JI ou-IJ..+
This is a recording of Ethiopian folk music.
J'.IJ f.,_+JIID- OD>fl.:l' fh.'l-f"k,l' f1J1C
QIJ&\ HL"t )IDrecord pi ayer flfh'l "7"'t.aJ!I'
I bnught a new record player yesterday.
,.~,. h'l.ll flfh'l "7"'t.aJ!I' ,,.,.

recount
I. HC11C" haJ&-. He recounted the story of his
adventures in Africa. fih~j:.6lt 1';Jmoom-")
rJwlr

HC111!

hiD&.

2. 1."t1.1" 4Lm.: (.,.4Lmt:). The votes must be

recounted. f.,.ilmiD- Y:9"6 1."t1.1" ou4L
me hllfl'l-

recoup (vt.) oullil

He recouped his losses by investing in stocks.
1"tHin flhhil..M 'If. l1"7'Po!\ h.lt&CD-'l

recovery

1036

record

ODl\(1

recoup (vi.) h111&-<lHow will he recoup after such a disaster?

h1."t1.11.1J ,I'll hf.;J fl:\1\ 1."t1.'1- ,l'"t

il&-&-o!\ 1

recourse hCJI:f" f"''.mf.+IDOur recourse in illness is to a doctor. O;t-oo9"1'

1.11. 1-CJI:f" f9""tmJ'.+ID- h.bh.9" )ID"
*Bankruptcy is my only recourse. outt:+m.
f"7"1 ... Hf..IL ooh(l&."t "7ou&>h'l- 11!1' )IDas a last recourse f"YJI..C1t& 1 tlfiiJ
As a last recourse, he called the police. f"''.,,'f.
C11D- IL,I'IIJ ?"11.11 m&-

recover (vt.)
1. OD&\{0 IIODmfl:J> !I'll. He recovered his
balance immediately. "''.lf)-1 fl'i''l')'l- ou
o!\{0 lloumfl:J> !I'll
2. hiiODIII'I. Did you finally recover your
watch? il'\'1-IJ"t 1':\1\ :\1\ hiiODIII'Ih 1
3. IJII h1'f. He filed a claim in order to
recover damages to his car. ODD h..'im- r "-f. A
f.t:iliD- 1-.11'1- IJII 11"7"1'f'l- hll h+t:fl
4. h'l.ll o!\1111 hllflil. We recovered our
couch recently. n:J>cn- (oof.:f"t"t h'l.ll
o!\1111 hllflll)t&
*He recovered his health. m.n-1: .,.,..111'111'1recover (vi.)

1. h"tl'l&-<1-. The country has recovered from

the effects of the war. IJ1tl-l: I"C)-1: hf.
t:M'I- 'l"f.'l- h"til<l-C:f"ll:f
2. ~'>.He recovered quickly from his illness.
hl1'1i:f"ID- +ttt- Jl)
3. II++(ID-). +The thief escaped before they
recovered from their surprise. ~1';Jm.m- tt.e.
ll:l''I'ID- 1\.QID- houllm
recover oneself

.-a

He started to fall, but recovered himself.

1\.aJY::J> )flC Jl)
recover (one's) sight '\f.). fl<l-(11'1-)
He recovered his sight after twenty years
of blindness. V,l' '\OD'I- -11- :J-dl-1!" '\f.
). fl<l-11'1be recovered

I. Jl). At all events, she will take care of you

until you are completely recovered. ftr~m- fl.
1M L~'l" 1-llh'I-Y:"t Y:t:ll :f"ll:f"'I"'I"VII:f
2. .,.,I'H. A lot of pillage was recovered from
the outlaws. 1111" f.,.Ht:L "t11t:'l- fl'li'i'
+:f 1.~ 'If. .,.,"

recovery
1.

"711~.

fD1.

He is on the road to recovery.

DIJ11CJDo

taJ-

recreate

1037

2. ooJ;'}. Her recovery was miraculous. ooJ;s; 1

+.h?"C' ~m3. ""11-l-. The recovery of the lost coat made
him happy. m'i'.f ' no.:m- to-r ' ""11-1> '
hi'IUt+m*l wish you a speedy recovery . .fflo '1\tY:-l-Y:
"t l\OD'{A?IIll-

*The criminal recreated the crime.

0

l\"JJI.T

m"t~ll'i'

l\"J,I'.Ll\ODd)o

l\flf

recreation f"7.11'i''i'm'

.f:ti'l

'

OOD"'iOJT ' 11!1' '

~ ....

recrimination, engage in ,...., O:J\'llJ

Ill\

"t-1:,1' ' +.1'.1'11'I" m1<r'f Ol\"JIJ M"t-1:.1' +.1'.1'11-

recruit (v.)

II'~.

Leap year recurs every four years.

IIJ.f'f"J ' f.ODII'J"III\2, l\i'I1Q. Our club recruited six new members.
hOQ'f"t i'IY:i'l-l- l\JI.i'l l\Qll-'f l\i'I1Q

The battalion is made up of new recruits.

flfll.+m- tnC 'I"A'I"A w;J-S'.r:'f f.OII0;1-A

rectangle h&--l- "7l\H"t

It is not difficult to trace a rectangle. h&--l- "7
l\H"t ' OD"IA hQJ:- ' hf.S'.II'I"

rectangular l\&--l- "7l\H"t

~ h&--l-

~..,.

rectify (rectified) hi'I+IJhll

We will have to rectify our error. i'lih+:J-'f"t"t
"7i'I+IJhA l\1111"t
:J-"7'1~-l-

His rectitude made him worthy to be a judge.

:J-"7'1~... ' 11-'1'1~-l- ' 11<k ' l\S'.t:1dJo

recuperate l\11""
He went to a mineral spring to recuperate.
11"711'1" WS'. mOA ItS'.

recuperation ( = verbal noun) "711'1"

His recuperation lasted several years. 1t...Y11
'J" ' 1111- ' 'JOD:J-T ' .1.~0T

recurrence
*More care in the future will prevent recurrence
of the mistake. (lof. ,I'll 'l'"t:l'<k llm+., l\

recurrent
He suffers from recurrent chills and fever.

red .,,.
She put on a red dress . .,,. .,"7.(1 1111/'lll'f
be in the red l\fhl'lt: ItS'.

The business is in the red. "t"l-'1. l\fhl'l.: It .I;..A

be red J'..IJD ooflft

recruit (n.) 'I"A'I"A W;l-S'.C

This field is rectangular. f.IJ

recur to J'.."JOD

The speaker recurred to his first point.

+'i':>&m- ' OD~OD&,I' o f+'i'1t:m-"J ' ~1C '

11CJ:-'i' -l-h-1'1-l- l\,1'1t:lf .l'i'l'f"lt:'I'A

1. ooftoolt They are recruiting young men for

military training. IIW:J-S'.C~-l- -l-'I"IJC-l- w

rectitude

OJQ'I' ' -}o.,(l.,(IO:J-II'f

2.

"t-'lf.S'.1'1" (-'1"/0D:;' l\"t-'lf.S'.Ci'l) f.t:-'IA

Both parties engaged in recrimination. 11-A-iz

"7l\H"t '

I. .,..,.(l.,l'l(O-l-). Malaria may recur if one

fails to continue taking medicine. mQ .fAR
T 1 (U& oo.e-;)tT oo"f'm-'l 1 lJA+mA 1

.1'.100

His only recreation is playing tennis. f"7.11'i''i'

....

recur (recurred)

Q&--}o ' 'JODT ' l\"JJI. ' ~"""" ' (IJ:-(1-}o ' Til'
'i'll'f

recreate
dJo ' OJ"J~/1-"J

reddish

He was so mad that his face was red. OnJIJD

tnt:: '

(Ill~ o.:

see red

' .,.., ' .I'.'I" ' 00{111

T'i'S'J~

When the workers went on strike, the boss

saw red. P'&-+>:''li 1"&- II.J'4'oo- l\11:,0\1..,. '+'i'S'.S'.
turn red
1. 1.-1> l'l'I"Q OD{lll. She turned red with
embarrassment. Ol\'i't:-l- 1.;1: l'l'I"Q OD{lll
2. .1'.'1" DDI'lll. His face turned red with rage.
.,.., ' O"JJI.T ' .1'.'1" ' OD{lll

[See also 'glow, hot']

red carpet treatment :J-11:,0 l\.,QOA

They gave the ambassador the red carpet
treatment. lll\'I"QI'IS'.~ :J-11:,0 l\.,QOA h
.1'.&1-lllfm-

Red Cross .,,. ""i'I"'A

The Red Cross helps the wounded and sick.
.,,. OD(l.,A ' <ki'lll>:''f"t'i' '
f.t:-'IA

01i+>:''f"t '

reddish .,II ,I'll

Her new reddish coat is attractive.
m- l\JI.(l ' WC;I: S'.i'l f.IIA

+1\

.fit

redeem

1038

redeem

redouble b'l''i'

I. IVa. Jesus redeemed the world. h.fll-11 'i

lll''"t lVI)

2. h{lool\11. I will redeem my watch from the

moneylender. h1'tH11 h!VIt:m- ll'i-1-"t h
{IOOA{)II.,.
3. IIGH(II+). His brave act redeemed his
faults. fd.J\oom- ~11-'1. 'l'of.-l>"t IIGHII'I4. ht.ll. He redeemed the debt. Mm-"t ht.ll
5. 1\<Dm. She redeemed the coupon for a free
box of soap. h-?"S:"t lJ"t.<:' ;rt> ..........,. II
mm:f

6.

,LgoP.

He redeemed his promise.

r1lJtD-")

:I'A 4.11""
7. 1'tH11 h'i'll- )II h<D"'. He redeemed his
friend from captivity. ~tH11 h'i'll- '1~.,...,.
"t hi"'CI> )l\ hm"'m-

redeemer oo.<:-;>t+
Jesus is the redeemer of the world. h.fll-11 f
'illl"' oo.<:-;>t+ )fDo

*His only redeeming feature is his friendliness.

""'I'll: mlJf."t f"'L..'IIG{)II'I- -1-"'-'l':f)
., ' 11!1' ' )fDo

*Redemption ofthe world was achieved through

Jesus' death. 'illl"' h--.m.h;J: f)l\:fm- at..
fil-II '1"'1- )m-

Redemption of articles is done through cash

payments. "t.:J'l":f ' f"tOOIIII-'1- ' "t.~ ' a~ ' fl
ooht.A )m-

redoubt l"'ii..,
The redoubt was captured by our soldiers.

9"'11'1-

fl<D;I-~C'l/':f"t -1-J'H

redress t.Goo
You should confess and redress your errors.
'l'of.'I-U"t ...,.,..")..,. ..,Gil"

J'.~lJ?A

red tape
*This application requires a lot of red tape.
J'.U ..,.,..Ahl/' 111!- 11C11C foPP't:J'
IL'I- P') P'C'i1'-:f hll-fl'l-

reduce (vt.)
l. +)ott We have to reduce our expenses.
<D"'!'J':f"t"t oooj>){l hll'fl"t

We have reduced the prices ten percent.

He reduced his speed while passing through
the town. flh~m- m-11'1' ol.J'A'i' '1''1')-f>
") ' oj>)(l

2. 11;r. ~G~. They reduced the major to the

rank of captain. lfll:l'm-"t m~ lfl"'flA)'I-

"t.~ h'i'"t~

~ ' h'i'"t~ ' -1-J'H

(be) red-hot ;>II

.<:'A h.<:-"C-t J'H

4. h~GII. Misfortune reduced that poor woman to begging. J':f"t .<:-"li 1\'1- :f"'C h

A.,...,. h~Gl)'l-

The doctor advised him to reduce. .h h.oo- h

"t."t'l.of>"tll oohGm[See also 'chaos, powder, silence']

11~-l>"t

reduction ooof>)ll

The griddle is red-hot, so don't touch it.

9""1-'1. ' 1111:>11 ' h'l-"tltmfl/1.~ t,;r."'""A h~G~

fU'tl-)fDo 'U. MAIIm 'I'G;I-:f"t"t

~ t,;r,"'""l ...,.<:'G.., hll11"t

The reductions in price were announced in

the paper. f'l';>m- ooof>tll fl;>K"' ~Ill\

redundant

We must redirect our efforts, as nothing we

have yet done has succeeded. "t.llh h.,."t

"t."t~~..,.

3. .<:'A h.<:-"C1 J'H. The army reduced the

enemy fort. tJlC lltl-'1!-1> fm~+"t l"'ii..,

reduce (vi.) h11~+ of>)ll

The thief was caught red-handed. 1\.Qm- "t.

redo (redid)

fl<-""Am- ll..,lHor. 'I'G-I>"t b'l''i' h~G~

ll;r, h~G'I-'1-

redemption

red-handed

h~G~

He redoubled his efforts to win the race.

'I';>fDo"t floo1'- OP'C ' of>") II....A

redeeming, ""' feature

redirect

reduplicate

all.

,.,.:.

We have .to redo his work, as it was incorrect.

P'tl-fDo Ah MAll') "t."t~~ .... ""P'tl-'1-
h1111"t

*If you use two negatives in English, one is

often redundant. fl"t.."t"'l\.11"' fl.,.ll+ hll-;1-
oomof>l"' h11~"'m-"t 'I.K f"'IJ'Ilt.A"' oo
' J'.II'..,.A

Y-:>~9"

reduplicate

hlJ~

They tried to reduplicate the manuscript,

but were unable to do so. f"t.~ 1\",.f."t "t.
"t-'111 1\..,ll~'l- 'l"hGm- {)J'.IJ'1'1lfdJo 4'G

reed tiD:J'
The reeds grow by the lake shore. tiD:J' R.h
J'.:j>

reference

1039

reed

ltf.ltltl\'l'm- (L<j>C R""'I'G: F&-'l'm- ltf.

-'IC f.R:j>I\A

reef 111\:J-'1! IJ.ht: mt:'i'

A reef keeps ships from entering the harbor.
fiDCh!l:f mY. mY.n- 7.1-'IS'-111" IIII:J-'1!
IJ.ht: mt:'i' .1"'1-'l'I''I'A

reek (v.), -

of (repeated noun)+ if.,..,.

This sauce reeks of garlic. .e.u m~ )-.,. s 'li

11H:'l- ).,_.. "ihiH:'l- f.if;J-A

reek (n.) Y.il f"7f.A "ii;JWe noticed the reek of cabbage as we entered the hall. bOO.,.I\1\.C..I'<D- 7.1Y.11J1 Y.il f
"7f.A f1oo"J "ii;J- if_,._,.-,

reel (v.)
I. ~.:. The room seemed to reel before his
eyes. h'i'll- f"''.~C fiD(II\m2. .,..,.,.,:.,.,:. The boxer reeled and fell.

!1-m."'"'"

.,..,.,.C'l-1!' mY.<j>
reel In moumoo

He reeled in the string, and brought thekite

down."JOD,IJ.")

flODtn9"'tnr

tJJI\'lP,.~

1\

m,:Y.m-

r"eel out hoom~AY

r 1\f. r

i"l.+il

The firemen reeled out the hose. f'-lt'l- 1\Y.

:> P'&-.,.'l''ll -J>(tm-1 hoom:j>I\J' 'If.
,&.{to

fll.

His mind reeled when he heard the news.

<D<l.OJo1 ' (1.(1"7

,:.(1. '

11"1 RtiJ:-1\'I'm- .I'"YC&-11refer to

I. .,.oul\h.,.. What he said refers to all of you.

.1'1\<D- rJoll:frJo1'1" f-""1\h;J-A
The speaker often referred to his notes.
.,.<;;>t.m- 1111- 1.11. "711;1-mlfm-1 f-ool\
h'l- )RC
2. m<j>(l_ She referred to it in her book.
noo~.h:f, m-11'1' m:j>lt'l'l\:f
3. hii;J-mil. We refer to your letter of the
fifth of June. (Ill. h'l"il'l- fl\'i'h<D-1 Y-11.11
11. ' 7,<;{1;1-m-ltl\1
4. ) lt. When I said some people are stupid,
I was not referring to you. 1'.1.111.1:" il,.:f
AA!l:f <;'I'OJo "71\-1: 1'.1_,.1 001ltof: hA
)0<:'1"
5. M"'. He seldom refers to his brother.
<1.1:"....1 ' 1111-'1" ' hJ')"'
7.(1.

(be} referred to
I. 7.1'LJ'):>"IC fiD'P'l-. I was referred to the
manager. F&- 111111..1')1:1 7.1-'l):>"IC oo-;.'S
2. 7.1'1.<j>C11 .,.Y.t:1. The dispute was re-

ferred to the U.N. hCh'P 1\_,.IJR'P'l- ""1

"IF:J-'1- ' .1:-C~'l- 7.1'1.<j>C11 _,.Y-<:1

referee
I. h""l'l':f. The game carne to an end when the
referee blew the whistle. ll""l'l''ll .C."iilt<D-1

.,.,:.,.-;.."}-

his mind reeled

3. 1'."7<:<:. Many people refer their failures to

bad luck instead of to poor work. 1111- il,.:f

~<:

reel (n.) 'I':,.A

I bought a reel of twine. 111.1:" 'I':,. A (LIJ
")I 1'f~

I have one reel of film taken in Ethiopia.

11..'1-f"k.l' <D-11'1' J')"'IJo'l- 111.1:" 'J':j>A
oi.A'I" 1111'S

reeling, send one - II'I"H"I111 "11\<DThe blow sent him reeling into the street.
'1"-1> II'I"H"1111 0011.11. 'If. "11\<D-

refectory [R1-'l'l" m-11'1' f"7.1'S '1""111 11.'1-]

refer (referred)
I. 1\<j><:R. We referred our argument to the
teacher. hch&-l-11 1\00'J"ti'P l\<j><:111
2. 7.1'l.OOI\h'l- oo&-. Our teacher is referring
us to many good books. ooru&-':f"t .... ,.,.. m

:J'"''. o 001\.ft'i''l- o 7.1J:-1oPI\h'l- o f.oo&-<;A

(L)'i- ' , .......;r.... ' '1'1\"'L ' II")

2. -'~"' My father was the referee in this affair.
Rll.ll 1--'lf. -'~"' f)R<:tJJo hili: )m-

reference (n.)
I. OO"II\"'i. You will find that reference on
page twenty. OO"II\"'itJJo1 R1~ V.l' 1\f,
;l-11"'1'1111

2. f'l"ilhC m<:<j>'l-. The boy had excellent

references from men for whom he had worked.

A)l: hll.ll R.I.'!- hoP&-1\'I'm- (l,."'f H1J:o

h~"l R"''l" 'I"P f'l"ilhc m<:<j>'l- )R<:m3. +m1of::. You may give me as a reference if
you need one in your application . ..,,.Ah!J=m-

'If. .,.m.l'of: R..l'ii4.A"I fk1 11'1" 'l'<j>il

*The book is full of references to Ethiopia.

OD~.h4- ' ill\ ' 11..'1-f"k.l' ' 1111- ' f.m:j>ltlo\

reference (adj.) f?ll'l-1 'i':f f"''...'""llh'lA dictionary is a reference book. ""111R ?II
."}-' f:J>I\."}-"J ' 'i':f ' f"''.J'ODI\h'l- o OD~.h'i' o
)<D-

referendum

1040

reflex

refinery, oil -

In reference to

*In reference to your ad in the paper ....

fl;>ll."'fDo r lt.Y. r .I'<Da..T't r "''lt;fot-1!.1' r orr
....::,. ' fi"''J:-.:"1
make reference h.~..,

Do not make any reference to his blindness!

1111 c)fDoC)-1> ,..,,. 1\;1-'t"'
without reference to il,em(t")

The test has to be taken by all students without

reference to age or grade. 6~01/. m.er f
h'i'A 1..:)1" <'lf.<D{l't T"''&l".,; rNr 4..
T'i"fDo't ' ODfDo{lJ:- r 1\IIIJ'ffDo

f)'l~ "'1"1&.1' 4--fl.:lt

There is an oil refinery in Assab. fll\(lofl f)'l

~

"'1"1&.1' ' 4--fl&lt 1\11

reflect (vt.)
1. 11\K. The literature of a nation reflects its
1\~c P') 1\'dto'i' .1'1~'t
IJIJA Y.~AliA
2. 1\<'lf. The mirror reflects my face. oP{l;J-ID
-1> '.1.-l:'t .l'<'l.I'A
3. 1\'tll'l.:-t. This glass reflects light. f.IJ
OD{t;l-IDT iiC?'t .l"tli'IC:l'A
reflect (vi.) 1\{lfl

culture. .l''t.l!"

He reflected a moment before replying.

referendum

h""""

A referendum is being held to find out which

country they prefer. fT'i'fDo't 1\~C 1\'t.J'."''.

1\{lo fl.~.o.r IIT-I!T 1.11. 1\{10

be reflected ;I-f

orrca.. 1\"''m'l- m'l-it.it.fDo .1>11-tl J:-9"

11 flODflmT 1\Y. )aJo

The trees are reflected in the lake. flf:.,; 'I'

it. fl<hf..,. r fDoltT r Y.:J-.I'A
reflect on

refill (v.)
I. 1\m"'. I need to refill my pen with ink.
-tiel<~.'t -t/19" "'1m"'T 1\11-ti'S
2. (It'tH.'t) 'l"lt.. Make sure you refill the tank
when you bring my car. orrlt.<;ll.'t ltToPA{t
f)., H., _ _,. ,.,, 1\ .::>"1'1'

refill (n.)

DD/IID~

[See also 'credit']

oi'/19"

I will buy a refill for my pen. 11-tlcl<l. DD/IID

~

oj>/19"

1\~lf/I!Jo

refined fm&He used very refined language. 11"19" fm

't"I"IC ' T'i"~.:
be refined T"'<l-

&- '

Sugar is refined here in Ethiopia. 11\\C h.T

f"k .1' fDoltT

Y."'&-A

refinement
I. f;J-.:orr m'IY.. His lack of refinement is due
to poor upbringing. f;J-.:orr m'IY. 1\11"'1
<'lf-1> r ltltT'I.J'.-.. r -..J:-IIT r )fDo
2. orrlflfA. My invention needs a few refinements before we market it. 1\'1.11 frP<l-IJoT
)~C r Mfl.l' h""'l-.:tl- r fi.I.T 1\'t'l'tJ:- r
ODlflfA .1'114-A~'I'A
*Gasoline is produced by the refinement of
petroleum. It'tH.'t hTTC"A T"'C-1' r f
"''.~'S )'I~ )fDo
lady of refinement ~'P

I. 1\Mfl. The child's bad behavior reflects

on his home training. fA)t: oo..-~ mQ,.e
1\<'l'l'l.fDo't .f{IJ:-IJA
2. hltoPM). The child's good behavior reflects
on his home training. fA)!: ~ m'IY. 1\
<'l'l'l.fDo't r .f{loP(l"I<;A

4.+

reflection
*After much reflection, he began to write.
-till- ltiD"' ltiD~ r fl:\lt. DDl\'i' r y_orr.:
*The reflection of the trees in the water makes
a pleasant scene. flfS:=ti ~J>It Om-~m- mItT 11.;1-Y. r 1.11 r Y.lt.A
I intended no reflection on your character.
fiT'i"~Ch-T tJJo{l'J' h'tT't f"''.)lt )~C
M(lofllt-9"
on reflection ~At. a ofltL lJrmOn reflection, I'd rather not do it. DD/I{t il
11. <'If,. 1\11"'1.<:-.:n 1\00C"JIIrJo
without reflection lJft.ofl
He did it without reflection. <'l.l'/1-tl 111..:~,.

reflex, be a - h<'lf
A law should be a reflex of the will of the
people. a,., r.n11fl-'t 'i'lt.~:,. f"''...'<'IY.
ooll'"t

1\llfiT

reflex action {)f.;l-(lofl f"''.ll"t J!"C'l.:,.

Blinking your eye when someone threatens to

A lady of refinement does not use coarse

language. ""'I' r rl.T r .I'A:J-.:orr r :l'A r 1\Y.m

hit you in the face is a reflex action. (lfDo 1\.1.

TIJ lt.Y. II."";1-IJ 11.:1'"1 'tf.'t't "''C~il

"'T9"

~il

<'lf.:J-(1-tl f"''.ll"t J!"C'l.T )fDo

reforest

1041
refrain (v.) ofo._mo

In reflex /IJ'llil

He blinked his eye in reflex. IIJ'llil '\1-).1

hC~O~O

reforest >.1f.~<; f.1

hf.t:~

The government has decided to reforest the

region. 001"1P'1> hltQtLm-1 >.1f.~<; f.
1 il"''!l:t:"' CDIIS:A

reform (vt.) h'lf'lfil

He tries to reform the working
the factory. Oof.ofl&ltm- m-11'1'
hlt't!l: il"'''lf'lfA M"h~A
reform (vi.) mQ\<1 h'lf'lfil
She spoke without sincerity of
reform. mQF-'1"} il"'''lf'lfA
hA!I. hA)Ot:!l"

PJease refrain from spitting in the street!

ooo1~!!: 11.1- h""To~..r ofo._mofl

refrain (n.) Ml"''lThe teacher sang the song, and the pupils sang
the refrain. ooru~ Olf"H~"J +"7691:ri
f."''l" A11"'1'j;1 ' HOD~

refresh
conditions in
fP'MD-1

her desire to
fofo~t:l-m-

reform the line )..'1'"-1'1 ..,.,..."J~

The soldiers reformed their lines, and attacked

again. CD;I'f,.f!''j; >.1f.~<; ofoH;>)!'ofom- hm41

reform (n.)
1. AfD4". He introduced many reforms. ofllt'
11"'"'1'

refuge

hf.t:~

2. oo'l(''lfA. The reform in the school system

was long overdue. N!I"IIC-1> P'C'\T hofiH-
1.11. O.I.T oo'l(''l('A )0t:OT
reformation
*The ministry is urging the reformation of
the school administration. fT!I"IICT ''7.1111:
C fTII"IICT IIA'l- hllofo'lf.C >.1-'l.'lf'lf
A ' 1-~of.of.A
Reformation f'IM'l'T "'''lf'lfA 1:f-<;"'
The Reformation in Europe began a new
period in history. Ohm-C";r fofof.t:~m- f7
1-"'''l'T "'''lf'lfA 1:f-<;"' R:J'&h m-11'1'
J''l.ll HDD1 oohi.JI' II')

refract
*Glass refracts ligbt. DD!l;J-m.r fofiC'I11
"'-t:C h:f-"'"'im-1 J'llilm-m ..A

refractory
I. "'TC. This child is as refractory as a mule.
1-11 A)!' >.1t. O:f-11- "'TC )m2. A "Joo>;', The refractory ox could not be
made to move. A"'oo>;'m-1 Rt. >.1-'l.'t!l:
il"''!l:t:"' hAofo!l'illl"
3. f"''F-!1:1. After repeated stays in the hospital, he found that the refractory disease still
bothered him. f.:>.,. ll'll"C:J'A IL ~Q!I"
f"''F-!1:1 R1i;J-m- ho-111" J'll'f-lt:"A

I. M :J>:J>. His bath refreshed him. ~ll.m-1 oo

;l'mll- M:J>:J>m2. ht:mO. The rain refreshed the scorched
ground. 11<;!1" ff.t:<l'm-1 out,:,. At:mOmrefresh {one's) memory

He refreshed my memory with photographs.

OC:M~'i' h"''lt1-)T >.1'11l;l'm-ll t:'l~
refresh oneself +~ :f>:1"
He refreshed himself with a cup of tea. A1!l:
~~ 'IfF- ooom"JT ofo):J>:J>

(be) refreshing
I. A>.!l"f!'1 AUt It is refreshing to meet a
person with new ideas. A-'1.11 dao'tofl ltilm-
:>C "''m-~:,. A>.!l"f!'1 J'!l:IIA
2. oo1.1.111 M:J>:J>. This cool breeze is r ...
freshing. 1-11 <1'11<1'11 J'il 'lim-:1' oo
1<1.111 J'):J>:J>A

refreshments <1'1J:J>q _m.,.o; AI< <I'll

A ' ll""'l'lRefreshments were served during the intermission. Obt:'i'T '1..11. <1'11:J>q oom'J'<;
AI< AI< <l'ii.A ll""'l'l- <1'<:11-

refrigerate "'1<1'11<1'...- m-11'1' All<I'O"m

In hot countries, they refrigerate meat. 0'1":J>.r
A~f!'l- ' m-11'1" P':> ' "'1<1'11<1'..,. ' m-11'1" ' ,
11<1'11""111-

refrigerator "'1<1'11<1'...These vegetables are perishable, so keep them

in the refrigerator. MILII AThAofl- f"''..
Oil~ 111111'\oo "'1<1'11<1'...-m- m-11'1' All<!'
ll""'ilfm-

refuge
I. '1-t.. He claimed that the forest has
become a refuge for bandits. "'iltm- f'li'i'of
l- '1-t. II'!<A Ail
2. ~~):,., The defector sought refuge in an
embassy. h'lofol;'m- Q1-'l- I>.!I"Q~ m-11
'I' ~~):,. mf<l'

..

refugee

1042

regard

3. oom'IJ. Wild land affords refuge for game.

ll ,fo!\lld.GO'I- oot.'f- llt.l":f """'

1J ' ,f.lf"<;A
Music was his refuge from his many cares.
Mill- 1n+_, f"'l.ll++ O...IL:I' ~,.
seek refuge +mAA
He sought refuge from the storm under a
large rock. h1.1'.: '1-A:,. !1/'I''S FC 1il-l'
h_,Y.II'i' 11<;!1" -1-tnllll
take refu1e -t-Y.il-1' ol'f
Take refuge in the cave! 'l'lf 11'1' -1-Y.
il+tJ ' ol',f.
refugee
1. llY.-1-'1. Many refugees poured over the
border. illl- IIY.-t-'1'1- mll'l-1 -1-lf"'G,.

"""'"

2. '1'1'1. The refugee has a laissez passer.

'1'1'1 f,f.llt;: m<:+'l- hll
refund (v.)
I. -~"" I'll refund your expenses. ,rmnJ1i1
h-1-..o!\VIIo-

2. ooll(l. Please refund my payment on the

books! oox-m.::'ll1 f1'1o-OT'J ooAIIA'S

refund (n.) -t-ooll'li 11Hil

I received a refund in the mail. -t-oolllf. 11H
ofl 0?"11;1- Y.Gll'S
*No refunds. f-1-lf tn h.f.oollll!l"
refusal
1. h!l"tl.;l-. Nodding the head from side to
side is a gesture of refusal. &-111 "!&-<; +
OS -~:,.~:,. fh!I"O.;t- !I"Ah'l- ~,.
2. h!I"O. "'111'1-. Our hopes were demolished
by his refusal. h!I"O. 0"'111., -t-llof.:f1 m

-"-""
give a refusal J\9'"fl 1tll

With no hesitation, he gave a point-blank

refusal. <'l.f:,-"'1"? 0+'1';1- h!I"O. hll
meet with refusal T+Q,e. Jl.IIJ

His plans met with refusal. h:,-.11. -t-+q,r.

h"l

refuse (v.)
I. h!I"O. hll. She refused him when he begged
her to marry him. h1.1U'1q'f- 0.11!1"<;'1- h
!1"0. ' hll:f
2. (negative verb)
hll. She refused to
help me. -hAG"'Il!l" hll:f'S
He refuses to accept my resignation. f P' &-
ODII\+of:J' ' Y.il"'ILIL1 ' hA+OA!I" ' All'S

3. (negative verb). I refuse to sign the contract.

11-1 ho!\d.C'I"'I"

refuse (n.) 4llflf

Place refuse in a container! 4l'if'ifm-'l oonJY
CD-ll"l'

IIJAlD-

refute
I. h/1-t-qoll. I can refute what he said.
,fll,., 11111qof1A b.:fllllo2. hd.Gll I tried to refute his argument. hCh
~1 lld.CIIO'I- 'l"hCII-

regain
I. hllODI\{1. Many African countries have regained their independence lately. illl- fht;:&"
h1t::f ~~~~,_,,., .fll""llll-'1- o:,.co-
~

....

2. h1"f. You regain the main road by turning

right. m.J'. ' +'S ' ;1-'J'd.IJ 0 '1'<;1 0 OP11.1'.: 0
h'i'lltJ
He regained his freedom by jumping over the
fence. q~ ll.f. Hll- 0"?11"11'1' ~o.,
1 ' h1"f
3. -t-oollll(ll'l-). +He regained his health slowly.
+II 0+11 ' IJL<;,. -f-ODII(III'f(See also 'consciousness']
regal
I. 1'1-"1'1!. The regal power descends from
father to son. 1'1-"1'1! Fo!\"11 "q'f-
mY. AY: .f.-1-11114-o!\
His regal bearing impressed everybody. 1'1-"1'1!
"'C"'' .... ' ll1 ' 11-11- ' hllY.~+
2. fhilC. The regal robes are worn on
occasions of state. fhilc Aill''ll f"'LIIO
ll-'1- 011\\!. AI!. fO'lo!\ +<;'I- ~,.
regale hli.J'.ll-1He regaled me with stories of his adventures.
,f:>moo-'1-1 ~1t::f O"V'"'im'l- hllY.ll-1-'S
regale oneself with Oot.fl"--l- +~fl+
The children regaled themselves with candy.
<ltt<;of-'ll hG""II Oooilll'l- -1-Y.ll_,
regalia fhilC Ailll
The royal regalia is made of velvet and gold
brocade. f11-"' ~1P'., fhilC Ailll
hhd..f.<; h<:++ fmc:,. 1-11-1 f-1-"'&-
~

....

regard (v.)
I. -f-DDIIh-1-. I regard his activities with
suspicion. f"7JY.c.1ot flo& OIJ'CIIJ~
hDDIIh;I-IIIJ-

regard

1043

This does not regard me at all. f.IJ R'i'l\.9"

l\f.ODIIbof-'S9"
2. .._m~ of-.._m4 I regard him as a friend.
l\")1. ' ~,..,.,. ' 7....'1'~'1'1111He is regarded as an authority on American
history. fii"''.&IJ"J :1-&h Rotoollb'l- "1-'1
f. l\")1. 11.:t f..._m.tl-A
3. mR4'. He never regards the feelings of
others. f/1.11-:Y."J ll"'/.'1- ~~'I" llf.mofl:t9"
4. '1"'1. She always regards her parents'
wishes. ftDII)t.!f!") 4.:1' ~ 11-A'I.IL 'l-'1"'1
II:Y.
5. llbR~. I regard him highly. R"'9" llbofl~
'1'11116. of-4'RII. He seldom regards my advice.
9"h.!.") l'.9"ofl~9" llf.4'RA9"
*My decision regards your happiness. fllmu'1- tJJo/'o~ II"Jof- f9"'1-1-II'I-R'I- ~,.

regard (n.) 'tf.")

The boy's regard seemed fixed upon some
distant object. fA'It 'tf."J q-,~ >1-:t q
II ~1C 'If. f-lof-bll f.OD(IA ~RC
resards /1'19":1Give my regards to your wife! llqiiiL'I-1" II
'19";1-\1.") .l':tCR-A'S
as regards fl "" - - 011-A
As regards money, I have enough. R1"JHofl
Rb-A R-1: 1111'S
As regards his education, it does not seem to
have been adequate. f/1- 'I-9"1JC'I- l'."J\\
fof-':r,'l 0 l\f.ODlli\'f9"
have regard lt{tfl
He has no regard at all for others. L~ II
lltJJo ' ll.l'llofl9"
hold In hlsh resard R"'9" llbR~
He holds his father in high regard. 1\qof>") R
"19" .l'boflotl-'I''I'A
In regard to Ill\
John spoke in regard to the meeting. 1(")
llll ' llofillq,. ' of-'i'1~

In that resard l'./1- 'If.

In that regard, I agree with you. 7.11- 'If.

regime
January first .... 'I'C II"J~ .,..,
") .l'.ofi'IIL R"7ll;l-m(l

f~'i'btJJo

without regard to

you'll get in trouble if you act without

regard to good behavior. mqf.l}") IJ'Iilooc
h "1"1 .1'1'SYA
(be) regardful of-m~4'4'
He is regardful of the feelings of others.
1111.11-:Y. III":Y. ll"'/.'1- Y.mH:l'A
regarding
I. llll. A letter regarding the boy's conduct
was sent to his father. llll A )I: mqf. II
1\q'J-\I.tJJo 1-ofi'IIL of-'lb
2. R"7ll;l-mll. Regarding your inquiry of
January lOth .... 'I'C OP'C 4'"J fmf:t'li
,.-, R"7ll:J-mll - - 3. f"toollb'l-. The church canon regarding
marriage is often violated. ;>ofi!F"J f"toollb
of-tJJo fiL-l- hCM:n ih"' oflffo "J.IL
f."! IIA
regardless
*We objected, but he went regardless. l'."'
of!"):J'tD9"9" ' 7.11- ' '/.1.
resardlen of 9"")9" .I'IJA lltl'")
Regardless of the cost, I will buy it. 'I';>tJJo 9"
")9" .I'IJA R.ll'"t 7.1~'1'1111*I will do it regardless of what you told me.
.I'AbtJJo"J RA l'."J)[ II.I'.C1'1'111Jo
regency l'."JUM'IThe regency will terminate when the king
comes of age.
AftlJ.A oom"} tt.,gcfto
l'.'tUMof> ,I'R:I'A
[See also 'council']

.,.,..rP-

regenerate
I. l'.'J1-1'i' IIR4'11. A tadpole can regenerate
a leg which has been cut off. M'I-"J'I'C '1-A
l'."'C R..._~'l' l'."J1-1'i' ll'l.ll ;1-R:t'III:Y.
2. b4.of-. His discovery regenerated a whole
field of study. l'.C/1- ,1'1"itJJo ~1C oflffo
f'f-9"1JC'I- oo(lh h~-1-

IJ"Jof- ;>C 7.11"7"71111-

regentl'."JUil.

wlth reaard to
I. llll. The students were split into two camps
with regard to their school's rules. of-"761"'11
llll 'I-9"1JC'I- IL;I-lftJJo ih"' 11-~:1- Rll-11
'I- tD1") of-b'i'II'I'A
2. R"7ll:J-mll. With regard to your letter of

regime
I. OD'J"'F'I-. South Africa has a very authoritarian regime. 1.11-ofl ll'i'6lt R"'9" 4.'1
.... ' U"P OD"J"'P''I- ' lllltJJo

The king's uncle is now regent. M"NP' 11.

1-'1- llu-'t l'."JUil. 'i''l'tJJo

regiment

2. HOD'J. During the regime of the Judges,

there was much strife. ODDI\'i''tT 1 HOD') 1 ill!- 1
ii'MIT 1 toe
The baby's regime includes two naps a day.
.lot). I O~')ill l\')-'I.J'.<:-'11 0.,.') I IJ-1\T I '1..11.'
l\'t:r-A'i' I
hiiOT
[See also 'austerity']

..,.,T,. '

regiment (v.)
A

m:J-~tl-'1!

Fe<t+

1 l\'t'l.h.,.

~G~

The dictator regimented even the children.

)',9"q~t\o- I $f ..T I l\')\>, I 1\J'..,.-1- I ID:J"~
tl-'1! I Fe<t+ I l\'t'l.h.,.ll- I ~G~

regiment (n.) t.1["'1.'tT

The regiment is made up of new recruits.
t-1["'/.'t-1> 1 f9"A9"A 1 m:J-t.t:l- 1 tm-

regimentation P'C'tT
The regimentation of military life is well
described in his book. fm:J-~e 1 Fe<t+ 1
0""ll'do4- I ID"ll'l' I O~')ofl I ~A!\.A

How many degrees does the thermometer

register? -t:e'I""''.T-1- M 1 TIIA 1 _.,.,.
f-ODH.,qA!
2. hU.. He is not registered at this hotel.
l\fLII I 11'1:A I hTe'i'9"
*His face registered surprise. WI: r "'" foo
~til> 1 11"'1.+ 1 .etoil 1 toe
register (vi.)
I. :J-f. A broad smile registered on his face.
h'i' I Til I "-~.,:I" I 0.1.-1> I " " I :J-f
2. TODif1fl. A person must register before he
can vote. 1\'1.1: (tBJo F:IJDIJ hDPilm-t:
O.I.T I ODOD1f~il I hiiOT
resister letters

Where do you register letters? T~tl- 1 ~ii.IIO.

""'lhJID" I fT I tiD"!

register (n.)

OD1f~il

Did you sign the register? 00111& "'" Ll.

9"h l

registered letter t.lt"'i't.<'.

I got a registered letter today.

region
1. +RA.. A mountainous region separates
the desert from the highlands. .,.tl-tl-"'1 1 fll't 1
.,.olio 1 o.:'lim-'t 1 ~,. 1 Y-IITA
A mining region produces gold and silver.
f"'i6~\o- 1 .,.01\. 1 meif>.,.. 1 ile 1 Y-miiJO:J-A
2. htiUl V'IC. There is much rain in the
region in which we live. ,1'1\'tOT 1 h'i'lll 11~e 1
,.,..,.. I

regression

1044

1'-0~'I'A

3. )',l)qo.. The people of this region live in

abysmal poverty. fiLII hl)qo. 1 (19'"{- 1 h'i! 1
qll ' .,..,e I ID"ll'l' I Wl"tl-114. h'i'A. They began the investigation of the
upper region of the atmosphere. fii'I'ID"'t 1 h'i'
.,..,. I h'i'A I ODoveODe I )';OD-1(in) the region of )',l)qO.
He has pains in the region of the liver. "1-0-1> 1
)',l)qO. I $OV9" I f-{1.,'1'.1\

regional
I. f.,.OI\.. This is a regional meeting of the
Boy Scouts. 1-11 1 f.,.OI\. 1 l\111),..,."{- 1 llil(lq 1
tm2. 0.,.01\. 1 ,.,.,...:.. Regional products are favored by our customers. ~'tO'I';Fl-'t 1 0.,.01\.
~ I ,.,.IP'I-T't I ~9'l- I y_oveiiJII-

register (vt.)
I. ""H~O. He registered twenty students
today. ~.:. 1 ?T 1 .,..,&l"l- 1 -no

~t.

1 t.lt"'i't.<'.

~G(l~

registrar t.1[ll+t-e
The registrar registered many students today.
t.1(11Ttl-'l- I ~t. I ill!- I .,."'i&9'l-'J I ODH~O

registration
1. ODOD'1f1flJ. The registration period ends
today. fODOD1f~R.T,. 1 '1..11. 1ft. 1 TA:I'A
2. fqiiO.+t+ OD:f"m4!)'. Show me your
automobile registration! fODh..,.. 1 fqllo.+t+ 1
OD:J"ID</!TII't I hl\f~
*Tills year registration for school is higher
than last year. H't~f!' 1 ,.,..,..H~II-+ 1 .,..,&9'
"{- I ii~T I 1)1\.f..... I 'tODT I f011m 0 tiD"
registration day ,,..,.,q 1 fl
There was an inordinate amount of confusion
on registration day. Or-tf'1Q f l oum,. f
1\.1\m- 1 +e9"!19"ll 1 toe
OD1f~il 1 o.+
The registry is out of application forms.
-~'" I 11.-1> I , . . ,....Ah!J' I G:e9" I hAoi'O:J-A

registry (registries)

regress 11:r- 1 hll

The project regressed to the level of six
months ago. I'Tf!')';h-1> 1 P' tl- 1 hll~ll+ 1 me 1
Ooi.T I "'~ I tOGO+ I ~l)l' I ,;r. I hll

regression hl\9"f!'m- 1 11:r- 1 VII 1 ""~

The child's regression worries the parents.

regret

f.ft'jo. ' ll>o!l"f: ' 11~ ' ~~~ ' OD~-'1. OJ'I
,W:'Ii"t 1\llil!lA

regret (regretted), v.
I don't regret having said it.

1. TIIIIT.
ROD<;"~&,

1\111111'1-!1"

2. ..,...,(,.). +rve always regretted not having

traveled much. ofltl- 1\~e l\i1"7f1: 11-A"l..
H.f. ......_';'A

(be) regretted 1\Hlo+He died regretted by all who knew him. f"''J'
"'""'"" 11-il- ROD'I"-1: 1\Hlo-

regret (n.)
1. 1111'1-. He expressed his regret by asking
pardon. f.~e;J- Roumf~ 1111-l:"t ~ill\
2. J'.~e;J- oumf~. He invited me to the
party, but I had to send my regrets. :ret,.
;.>ofl~'{ ' )Re "l"t J'.~e;J- Roumf~ ou
Al\h'l- ' OD'\h )Re-o'{
iiOD.,.IIA r){lou!J'{I, ,
1\11<;'1111-

r decline with regret.

have regrets

hH~

I'd rather study than have regrets later.

11:>.'1 h"7rn 1>11-"t "7'1'<;'1- , f."lfli';'A

much to my recret 11"1!1" ~e Yll'i';'A

Much to my regret, I am unable to a<;cept
their invitation. T~,.f:faJo"t r flou+nA 1\Aou

!I'll.

regurgitate

1045

11"111" ~e Yll'i';'A

regrettable f"''J'I\11"t
This is a regrettable mistake. J'.U f"''J'I\11"t
ilihT'I-

)IIJo

regular (n.) .l'."tll';'

He is one of the regulars here. h.l'."tll'l'il':f"t
1\"t-'1. )IIJo

regular (adj.)
1. .l'."tll';'. The regular prioe is five dollars.
.l'."tR';',. .,.., 1\ll"il'l- -oe ),.

2. fTa>M. He is a man with regular habits.

fTa>il) A!I"Y: Yil,. i111Jo )IIJo
3. fTiiOD.I'.. He sat in his regular plaoe.
IITiiOD.I'. il'i't-,_ .,..,.,..m

4. oP.I'.Rl;'. Her regular school fees are 500

dollars a semester. OD.I'.II';'w- f'l-!l"ue+ dt.
1\ofl 111\0DilTe 1\ll"il'l- oo.y. -oe )fDo
5. fHa>'l-e. Regular care of the teeth is
important. il'l'eil fHm+e 'l'"t.4'41 "7Y:~"I
1\ilL'I"l.. ),.
6. .,..,"'l. I !1/"'l.. He has no regular work . .,..,
"'l. ' l"t- ' fiiOJoll"

This country has no regular army. f.U"lf M

e lt"'l. fii'C '1f.A f'l'l-11"

7. fTilTIJhil. Her features are regular. fL

:1: ~ell" fTilTIJhil )IIJo
8. 'i'l\.!1". The game was a regular battle.
"I'I'"''J',. 'i'l\.9" tne)'J- )Re

regularity
*Regularity of attendanoe in school is neoessary
for good grades. '1''1- ,.m.-'1- il"7"1"f-'i- nw
+e +rue+ n.+ ""~"f+ 1\ilL'I"l.. , ),.

regularly
1. IIYite'l' l Yi1"7!1/~'l'. He pays regularly. 1\Y
lte'l' J'.h'i''IA
She goes to confession regularly. Yi1"7lt~'l'
"til.to '1-~<lil"lf
2. llf"LII.fDo. She regularly confides her troubles to her friend. "lf"l~"t llf"l..ll.fDo 11'\.l'.l;'
., ;J-IJ'i''lil"lf

regulate
1. a>il). The law regulates the speed at which
vehicles may be driven. T1ihe!J&l""lf f"'l.)
'1.11'1-"t 'i''I')'J- ih.,.. f.a>il<;"A

2. .,...,"'m~. The two countries sigued a pact

to regulate trade between them. 11-111: u~r:
"lf '

IIODIJh'\'f,_ "t"IY:"t {IOD'IL"Jme o

,.A

TLt-~-

There is a special devioe to regulate the heat.

_.,.i>"t f"'l. ..."'me AI' DP"'&Y 1\il

3. mfl+. The government is an institution

which regulates the welfare of the country.

DD"t"ll"'l- fll~&:J:"t .l'."f"t)-'1- f"'l.mofi:J.
Y:e~+

' ),.
be regulated R - - - 4l'l''l'e I"C ),.
The prioe of coffee is regulated by the government. fR-<; 'P;.> IIDP"t"ll"'l- 4l'l''l'e I"

c.

ioCDo

regulation (n.)
1. .l'.l"'ofl I .l'."tofl 1/"e'l'l-. That's against polioe
regulations. Y h711.il .l'."tofl (Fe'l'l-) , .
~I

)aJo

2. oo'IL"Jme. The regulation of trade is the job

of the Ministry of Commeroe. "t"IY:"t ou4L
"'me fi"IY: "'l.t.il-l:e T"J<Ie ),.
reculatlon (adj.) f.l'."tofl
Soldiers wear a regulation uniform. a>;J-.1'.1:
"lf f.l'."tofl Aoflil J'.ilofll\11-

regurgitate

"'"'~1f(11Jo)

+The baby regurgitated food from his stomach.

ih'lo- "'"'~If

..

rehabilitate

1046

rehabilitate
*Society must rehabilitate criminals. ~ill.,. ll
of1 ID"I)!A'l':f") IDY. "7~0<1-'1! ).(!' 1."1
-'I.ODAI\- ' ODC-'1'1- ' l'oAO'Irehabllltate oneself &-1\--1' h.t':.OD
The former criminal rehabilitated himself and
was respected by all. f.,. .I':'!",. ID"I)';M' <l11-"1 l'oC'I" Oo-11-9" H"l Y.- f.,.bOl lf~A
be rehabilitated l."IY-1<; ODAitll" Ill"' l'o1"f
He has been rehabilitated in public esteem.
Oih1111- ' Oil-A ' J."IY-1<; ' ODAitll" ' 119" ' l'o"'
'S;tA

(be) rehashed
The question had been rehashed again and

again. -Nil' .,.Y-:>"1'1" aJof.f-'1- f.,.Y.l1

0'1- '

~,.

rehearsal f-I:J''I-C AI"'I"'Y.The rehearsal was interrupted by fights among

the actors. f-I:J''H- AII"II"Y.- O.,.""i'P".1-
Y.-ofiY.-ofl ' !l"b"l}''l- ' .,.!tltn

rehearse

.,.A.,""'-

I.
We are rehearsing this play. f.ll
"I -1:}''1-C 0aPA"70DY.- o 'If. ~"I
2. ouA(o. l'o""iiD.,. l OY.-:>"'l. l'o""iiD.,.. He
rehearsed all his troubles to me. :f-11!',;"1 flo
II- ' ODA(o. ' (OY.-;>"'l.) ' l'o""iiD.,.'S

reign (v.)
I. ~1"'. King Theodore reigned from 1855
to 1868. M. i:l"Y.-1!'11 f~1.,..'1- h!~f~
i J.llh X$f~ 'l. II". Y.-lll ~oc
2. ll.l. ~. On a still night, silence reigns.
"1/'C QA 11.11.'1- 11'1';1' f.{lt;:<;A

reign(n.)
I. Hou~ """I"'P''I-. His reign was marked by
prosperity. H""~ ,....,..,,...., fofiAI\'"1<;
HOD") ~oc
2. M~11. The reign of a wise man benefits
the country. f11AII llaJo l'o1~11 l'o1C"I
f.tn~"7A

3. f"'~'l- HOD"), The apex of Mussolini's

reign was the conquest of Ethiopia. f-(o.A.t
f"'q')- ' HDD"I ' bt;:.,. ... ' Y.l'lf ' fY.lllaJo ' h.
'1-l"kn omtt 1.n ~oc

reimburse .,.lt(A'I-) 1 J'ID"'aJo"l ouM(II'I-)

The company reimbursed him for his expenses
on the trip. IJ.Q"I}'aJo A.,.,.,. YY.l1aJo"l
ID"'- .,.ltA'I-

reissue
We must have a voucher before we will reimburse you. }'m"'1iaJo"l J."IY.-"IoPAIIAII Y.l
ll'S l'o~Cofl

rein (v.) All...., l'o'1'114' J'H

He reined the horse to keep it from bolting.
.l.lll- ' l."l'lf.ifou'l''l' All..,"l l'o'l'114' }'H

rein (n.)
1. Allll". He pulled at the reins to make the
horse stop. .l.lll-"1 A"74'9" All_., '10
2. P'A"'"I. When the President was ill, the
Vice-President took the reins of government.
T <1.11)1"1_, O;J-ODoP o 1.1i l"'b'I-A o T <1.
11)1"1_, fao"I"'P'.,"I P'A"'"I J'H
give free rein lt.e.1;t- +t.
He gave his imagination free rein.
,.., ' '11-1;1' '
hold the reins

.,.l

'11--~ r

'lA.Ci

*He holds the reins of government. """I"'P'

., ' 07.)1: ' ~,.
keep tight rein on flT1J.o}t 1-fJr.IIJml.

She keeps tight rein on her son. Ai._"I 0'1'

11~ ' '1-.,."'tn<l-ll':f

(be) reincarnated J."IY-1<; .,..l.tnl

According to the legend, the man was reincarnated as a crow. OJruC. ;t-&bo r oowt::+
llaJo!LIJJo ' <It<!- ' lf'l' ' 1."1Y-1<; ' .,..l.tnl

reincarnation
]. [b'l"'l- ' 0:\11 ' f~t;:lt I 011.11 ' ODAh ' IDY. '
ou.:.'l- ' ODODAII ' n-'I"IY.-' '/f."7'l''l- '7.11"~'1-]
2. '1-"l"#h.. The reincarnation of Christ is celebrated asachurchholiday. fbCII-1'11 1 '1-"l"#h.
J."IY.Il..,. bCII-I:J'"I O'lA f.bO<l-A

reinforce

hm~hl

Fresh troops are to reinforce the front lines. l'o

-'1.11' ID;I'Y.I!'':f' f"'"IQ~"I ' ... C' A.J'tn~b~' ~IJJo

reinforcements ..,.Q;t.""lt,

,nc

Reinforcements are being flown to the front.

f"'"IQ~"I 1PC 11"7m"lbC .,...._.,,~ "'C
Ol'oiJJoi!'TII"I ' OOD'Ib ' 'If. ' ~,.

reinstate mY. - - - ""llll

They reinstated him as chairman. mY. A.
.,. ' aP"IOC~., ' ODAI\-'1-

reissue J."IY.1<; l'o'l-'1" l'om"'

They removed the offensive passages, and
reissued the statement. l'ollbol. flf~,.., l'o
"1.,.11' ltll* 0:\11 "1"1"1~"1 J."IY-1<; l'o
."f-oPm- hmm-

1047

reiterate
reiterate F.;nou

The boy did not move though the teacher

reiterated his command. 009"11'1- '1-l'.~!Yt
0.~"19"9"

_,..,&,. 1\A"t.,<'l.,ll

1\11

reject
I. 1\A#OI\9". The judge rejected his plea
for a stay. .,me" l\"t~<:"' .I'"'<:OOJo
"t '1'.1'4: .II'?OJo 1\A.,..,OII-'I-9"
2. <'lf..,OA .,<:. He rejected the advice I gave
him. 9"h<l."J <'lf-.,011" .,<:
3. I\A.,OA9" 1\11. He hardened his heart,
and rejected her request. ""'h'l' Aoo<;.,..,.
I\A.,OA9" 1\11
4. "'ll. He rejected the rotten apples. fO(lOII-'1"t 1>4-ll':f "11\'I'OJo
be rejected

I. 1\A.,OAIII"' .,.IJII. He tried to join the

army, but was rejected. w;J-~C)'I- 1\00"/IJ'I-
'l"hC" )0C l )1C "'"J h"t.,OAII9" _,.IJI\
2. .,..,fJf-)'1-"J I\"'. The bill was rejected in its
entirety. f.lt"l- <:<1::,0 ODD<I\- .,..,fJf-)'1-"J 1\"1

related

rejuvenate
I. w~ A"1';)'1- ool\(1. This potion is supposed
to rejuvenate old men. f.ll -~~+ 11...,"1
1\.l":f"J fD~ A"1';)'1- f.OOA/tA f.IJ'IA
2. (liD-)-fo"J 1\~tl(ll+). The rest rejuvenated us.
~<:'i'-lo ' (lOJo);f':f"t"J ' 1\~(lA"t

rei apse (v.)

I. .,.ool\{1. The tribe relapsed into paganism.
)1-'1- "1.1''1- "'~ ' "19"1\h .,._1\(l
2. h1<:lf(O+). After a few weeks of recovery, he
relapsed. 11'1'<1:'1- /tl"'"t;J-'1- h.,.lfiiOJo 0:\
11 h1<:lfo+

[See also 'unconsciousness']

rei apse (n.)

*His relapse worried his family. 011;1-0Jo

(I

111<:lfo+ o..,.tlo- .,...,).,

suffer a relapse ;r.oo... h1<:lf(O+)

He suffered a relapse after leaving the hospital.

h.hh.9" o.+ hw"' 0:\'1 ;r,oo... 1\1<:
lfo+

rejection .,..,fJf-)'1- "1"1+

The rejection of his proposal chagrined him
deeply. .I'"'<:OOJo .h<'lil .,..,fJf-)'1- "1"1-lo

relate (vt.)
I. 1\w&-. He related his adventures to the
eager children . .1':>moo,.-, )1C 1\'l"l-+

rejoice (vt.) 1\llUI.,.

The sight of her gifts rejoiced Mary greatly.

2. 1\~oo~. It is difficult to relate this result

to any specific cause. f-1-17 ,.-, OJom.+ to

:,.c' 1\{l'fOJo

A}!:f 1\fD&-1\'t'OJo

f.,.{ltJl.'l-"t lltn;J-9':f "1f-lo "'1.6"J 1\(1

"JJ:- A\!. 9"h"J.I''I- :>C "1~0DJ:" 1\(l'f'

~(l;J-'1-

,:16

rejoice (vi.)

)dJ<o

relate (vi.) )to

.,.~....,.

He rejoiced when he was told he had a son.

w"JJ:- A"1'; l\"J~ _,.fDI\~11'1- 0(1"1 "Lit.
+~(I+

""'"':f'

She notices only that which related to herself.

Ail f9"'l-IIOJo O"'A l\!1."J f"''..)to'I-"J )
1Cii;J')OJo

rejoicing..,:,..,
The sounds of rejoicing could be heard all
night long. 1\.11.-to"J ' o-11- ..,:,.., .......

related (adj.) f"''..~ouJ:Mathematics and astronomy are related disciplines. .h.<'lil'i" 1\ll'I-C"'l'"''.. f"''..~""-'1-

rejoin
I. l\"J~1'i" h - .,..,'1.,11. The members of
our family will rejoin us next month. O..,.(lfl;J'
:f"J 0"'1...,'1'1\0Jo we l\"J~1'i" h'? :>C f.

+I"'IIC-I':f 'i"'f'OJo
The primary meaning of the word is the
same in all the related languages. fft-11- ""
"'<:;f-'1! '1-C"I-9" 0"'1..~""-'1- 9/"t!lll":f OJo
ll'l' 1\"tJ:- )ID-

;I' f-(1"1 ) oc

.,'1.,'1112. h --- :>C l\"t~1'i"

.,.~IJII.,.

He rejoined

his unit after a short absence. 11'1'<1:'1- "Lit.

h_,.llf 0:\'1 htn<l- :>C l\"t~1'i" _,.~IJI\.,
3. + ;JmOD. The side road rejoins the main road
five miles further on . .,.1"t"'\!. OD"J1J:- to9"1l
'1- "11-A 0:\'1 h'l''i"OJo oP"J1J:- :>C
f.:>m...,A

be related
1. TtfouF.. We're related on my mother's side.
O'i"-1: O!J.A l\"J~ODJII\"t
2. f.,..1'.I'H. Is the rise of living costs related
to the closing of the Suez Canal? f'f.C" ooOJo
~J:- hll'll11 flf. ODH:>'I- ~:>C f.,..1'.I'H
<
)OJo 1

[See also 'remotely']

relation
n1~"'"

)1C. We were interested by the

soldier's relation of his adventures. m;t-.1'.~ il
1\u><l-tJJo )!ofl-'1- f)1~'t )1C hil.l'.iiT't
I.

relax

1048

relation

*Before ordering our dinner, we considered

the relative merits of chicken and veal. 7.<1-:Jl-'t't h.,Hif"f-'t fii.T h/l.f!<; hT'lf F
:> f'l-';'fDo 7.'t.l'."''.lf&l. hoPifH't

2. rfDDF:, I have a lot of relations there.

relative (to)

7.H.J' ofllf- HoP/l."fo hil-"i

She is no relation of mine. HoP.1'. hJ'..I'.I\l--'1"
3. "''t1'H. His remark has no relation to
the discussion. hii.,..J'f-1> htJJof.J'.-1> :>C
"''t1'H flltJJo'l"

1. 1..'}1... Value is relative to demand. tf' ;JfD"

7.'t.l'. 7.:J'fDo .,...,_111.)'1- )fDo
2. ( ~ adv.) fl.DPifH't. He is strong relative to
his size. h11fDo)-J> :>C fl.DPifH't m'tiJ

Keep in mind the relation of poverty to crime!

3. "J't'):)-}- J'llfDo. Give me the papers relative

to our discussion. hfDoJ'.J'.:J-l-'t :>C "''t1')

fY.-1iH't<; fm't)!A't "''t1'H hii:J'tJJo11

The relations between our two countries are

good. flll-11-1> h1t!ii'"'M ouiJhA J'l\tJJo "'
't1'H '~"~- )tJJo
bear relation to +oaiiJm)

h.,...1'.~1tJJo dJ"l ;>C hJ'.DDnJm't'l"

In relation to C.A

The foreman will ask questions in relation to

your education and experience. fh~hc h.A
:1' 1111 -l-'I"UC'I-U<; 1111 F<l- &1.'1".1'.-U
J'4'Cofl&\V&\

We must plan with relation to the future.

faJ.I'.I.-I>'t fl.,ilofl .,.,..!'." hllofl't

*With relation to the preceding, I would like

to add a few remarks. 111.'1- fl.,..qll,. II
f. h't'l't.l'." )1C IIOD ....ODC 7.l..A:>II11-

[See also 'near']

+ J'll'ftJJo't li".J.G:"fo ilm"i

(be) relative (to) .,..JfoP.J'. l .,..J'J'H

Is your question relative to the subject?

relatively
1. floPm\<-. In spite of her dull husband, she
is relatively happy. q!l. 1\Jf fl11 flli"J'I"
floum). .1'.11.,..'1' <;-l-

2. h/1.11-l- :>C {l.m'l.I'.C. In this town,

Mr. Parker is considered relatively rich. hA.
11-"f- :>C {l.m'I.I'.C fllf.U h.,..., "'1.111-C

relative pronoun

hlf.,~

.,..tJJollm 11'1"

Amharic uses a special relative pronoun for

the past tense. h.,C'I' 11"1'11. 1..11. f.,..ll
f

relax

hlf.,~

.,...,.lim 11'1" hl\tJJo

(vt.)

I. 4')1'1. The enemy may win yet if we relax

our efforts. hll-'t'l" flll"t T"lll"fo't't h4')

rei ationshi p "''t1')-lThe relationship between the two people is

friendly. flll-11-1> .h11P"f- ouiJhA fm'l~)'l-
"J't'):)-}- hi\

il't mil-l- .!'."A ll.J'.I'.C1't Y."f-11&1.

2. DP'tol.n-'t h~IJ 1 oP'tl..n-'t h.l'.il. Playing

folk songs relaxes me. J'1C fl.+ Hl..'t
OD11,J.'t oP'),J.fl.'t J'~IJ'I'A. (J'Y.-ii'I'A)

family relationship 11f"J':'i

What is the family relationship between those

two girls? nlf.J' fll-1'1'1- A7f1~1'-"f- 11'1".1'."
<; 7.'t.l'.'l- ' )fDo l

They are close relatives of ours. f:,.c11

~fD"

;rchc uofl;t-'1" )fDo

with relation to 011'7(1.11

relative (n.) H"".l'."

TJ'of:U h"Jo)lf. :>C f.,..Jfou.J'. (f.,..J'J'H) )fDo!

The results of the project bear no relation

to the expenses involved. fTC""H:tD- BJom.T

'I'J'of:!P"fo

&-

3. hllll. They relaxed the requirements for

a driver's license. 1\DD't'lf l.:I'Y.- f"''.mf.!l/'1'
fDo't )1t!"f- hllll-

relax (vi.)

noo

l'oil"{o't <;'ffDo

relative (adj.)
1. f.,..J'J'If-. We studied gravitation and
relative phenomena. 1111 1111-l-<; f.,..J'J'If-
11-~;t-!P"f- hm<;'t

2. ( ~ adv.) hllollfDo :>C fl.)KKC. They are

Jiving in relative comfort. hi\.1\GJ- ;JC fl. i'H
c Mn- f"''.'l"~+ 11'1"'1- )tJJo

I. b~'i'-l- h1T. I can't relax until it's finished.

7.ilh..I'A:J> .1'.-~il b~'i'+ M1"i'l"
2. .,..11<;<;. He relaxes by taking a walk in his
garden. q'l-hA'I- 11'1'<1-fDo fDo11T floP')
1f<~o1fc f.11<;<;A
3. ( ~ active) b~'i''l- flm. +The body relaxes
in sleep. oo"i;t- ll(lfDo)T b~'i'T J'.ilnJA
be relaxed "\1\ 1\h
Discipline in our school has been relaxed
since the new principal took over. h.Jlt'\o Jt.l.h

relaxation
-H- h""tn- dl-'1.11 f-1-f"IIC'I- 11.;1-:Y.'t F
) FC~'I- '1'1 ii!I.A

relaxation
What do you do for relaxation? fll"'l-11'i''i'm-
,..,,_,. )dJo 1

relay (v.) hll.,.'ll\1.

Messengers will relay your message. .,.'1'111.,.

:y.

ODA1.h'l-ll't Yll1"'1A4-A?A

be relayed .,.'1111.

The news was relayed to headquarters by

radio and by messengers. H.'iaJo ll.tf'im- oo
F6Y 11.'1- f_,.'II\LdJo 0"-'1.1'-'i' 0_,.'1'111.,.
:Y. h.,IJ,M'I- )dJo

rei ay (n.) ODL&-<'.:,0

They finished the job by working in relays.
F&-dJo't OODL&-<'.:,0 ,.,....~ ........11-,.

relay race f.ll.'l :,OiJiJA ).'li:,O.I:-.1:-ll"

They ran a relay race. f.ll.'l :,OiJiJA ).'li:,O
.1:-.1:-'1" h.J'.<'.'l-

release (v.)
1. 1\4'4'. The police released him right away.
?'11.11- m'I.Y"")o 114'4'.,.
2. L:f". The archbishop released the priest
from his vows. 11.4' j\j\ftof: -tll-'t h:l'll
"""''~""

reliance

1049

..,..,,.

They acted in complete accord with him in

releasing the prisoner. ).ll<'.'i'dJo't 1\Lof:
bll- :>C 0-11- ......,qq:,. )OC
3. 1111 'til<'.'l-)'1- hlfm<'.. Mr. Parker
released his house to the hank. "lll.,.C ;r
chc fll.of:'t IJII'til<'.'l-)'1- I\IJ'th Mm<'.
4. "'" She released him from the promise.
MIJ'I'I-'t :I'A IVI't .,...:y..,.
5. ).'JJI."'A 1\4'4'. This trigger releases the
bombs. ~~~ 'l"'l'l" fl'l"fl' ).'JJI."'A ~II
4''1'A
6. 1.'t'l.;f-~ 1.4'1.. The censor released the
film for distribution. /t't~ LA- :llih11il
).'JJI.;f-~ ' L4'f..
release from "''t.
He released me from the debt. 6JidJo't .,<'.'S

relegate
1. hll.,.'IIIL. He relegated
assistant. F &-dJo't 1\<'.Jiof:
2. hll4'""m. We relegated
to the garage. hl:'l.dJo't
1P

aJoillf'

the task to the

hll.,.'II\L

the old furniture

fll.'l- '-:1' :>&-

1\(l+oPif'"}

*He relegated his wife to the position of a slave.

"tllof:'t ).'tf.. IJ6Y .,.....1\h:f"'l-

relent '1'1 hi\

The judge relented, and gave him twenty years
instead of life. Jl'i'dJo 'I 'I 0.,11'1- M.I!""'L
~'i';f-11 mf,. ?Y ~oo:,. 1.11&-'1- h'l'1
11-11'1-

relentless
1. ll"ih<'.'l- ,.,,.,.:,.. His relentless foe captured him after a pursuit lasting twenty years.
ll"ih<'.'l- ,.,,.,..,..,. m'lof: ' ?Y ' ~.,..,. '
-~~- b.,.b;f-.,.1\dJo 0:\'1 '"""

2. ( = adv.) 1111.,!1/<'.'1'. The relentless pounding of the waves on the beach did not let me
sleep. .,6011- IJI\.,!1/<'.'1' f"7..Yf..~.,. .U.1i
,. h'lll.,.'i' hii'S

(be) relevant h"'IJil hi\.,.

Is your argument relevant to what I have been
saying? ,.,.,. hchc '-~ IJAh-'1- :>C h"'IJ
il' hl\dJo 1

reliable
1. f:f"""). I got it from a reliable source.
Y~'fu-'1-

b;f-ou) 'l"'t"l' )dJo

2. ;t-.,'S. I raised my servant's salary because

he was so reliable. h 'lih&. 0"1'1" :f".,'S II
1111') 1..'1"11 Al.DPCb-11'13. 1\,..,..,0D)-0'1- f"l:Y.A. He is a very reliable
person. 0"1'1" II..,..,.... ).0'1- f"Y. :Y.A
(ltD-

~lJ)o

4. llll"~'l- f"t"'AO'I-. That is a reliable firm.

llll")'l- f"t"'AO'I- h-IJ'tY )dJo
be reliable 1\,.;f-OD't !1'11

His recollection of past events is not very

reliable. MilL"" '1.11. f"tYmltm- 1\.:f"OD
't hY.:Y.A'I"

reliance

release (n.) ODI\4':,0

The release of the prisoners was announced
over the radio. f1.ll<'.'l''ll ODI\4':,0 0&.-'1.1'-
.,.)~<'.

*The release from pain was due to the medicine.

.....1:-~tof: .,.,.._., hll;t-~ ....

1. ).9")'1-. Airplane travelers put complete

reliance in the pilot. YfC OD't~f..'l':Y. oo11- ' ).ll");f-:fdJo't ' O)'l[dJo ' 'I~ ' ~'1''111-

2. """"IJ'I-. As she grew older, she had less

reliance on her family. liJ'f..~:Y. n:,.y;.~:- 0
II..,. '

{I fiJI!

'I~

ODODI):J:

M.,..,.M . y;f,.

relic

3. ODODll.J, The widow's son was her chief

reliance. 11!1. 11'1"-1-11'1- 11.'1-f- '!'<; ODODIJ.

Y'l' A~

religious

1050

~nc

relic :J>ch
This ruined bridge is a relic of the Roman
period. Y.ll f.l.<:ll ~"'~" rr:"''m-n u
ou"J :J>ch ~"'"

reiief
I. l.CJI;f-. Ethiopia sent relief to the flood
victims. h.'l-1'-kY f.,..Ct;: hf.::> 111.<:1111
'I'm- hCJI;f- 'lb:f2. ( ~ to relieve) oPCJI-1-. Our soldiers are
hurrying to the relief of the troops surrounded
by the enemy. Rm'l-1- f-1-bRRm-'J I"C
1\0DCJI'I- a>;f-t.r:i!':f-'J {IOD1(11(1 'If, <;

"'3."'"

4-:f". Did the medicine give you any relief?

ou.<:-;)t-1> '1-'J'Ii 4-;f- llmlll
4. "lA"lA. It's a relief to get out of this stuffy
hall. bll.ll b;f-.1.~ hJI&.'II ODm-nJ-1- "lA
..,A I iotDo
5. ~<:'i!-1-. Workers get a ten-minute relief
every morning. 11-A"I.II. bll'l'l- RoL-l- oP&.
-1->:':f- YP'C f.4::J' ~<:t;:-1- ,._ll"''f'I'A
6. ~+Y&. The nurse's relief arrives at seven.
f~C!\. -1-+Y& II'J~ 11'1'1- Y.111A
The tall building was in relief against the sky.
f<:l'?" ,;::,. :Joel\" RII"''Y. ,.A+ ;f-f
be on relief bOD'J"IP'-1- 1\CJI;f- h1'f
The unemployed are on relief. P'&. .I..P.:f-
bOD'J"IP''I- ' 1\CJI;f- ' Y,~ir
feel relief h;r.ou..-. 7..:,.e. AA
He felt instant relief when the medicine was
put on. OD~;)t-1> ~<:"111'1- m-'l.,l'm-). b.n
ODIID- I 7..:.,e I hi\
to (one's) 1reat relief

The difficulties have been removed to my

great relief. :foK. {lODa>1-'J. jh~ -fiYIIII-

relief map fODt-'1- :J>-r itC;fThere is a relief map in our classroom. foP&.
'I- :J>-r itC;f- 1\llt;:'l:f-'J m-(1-r hll

relieve
I. hli'III hh;f-1oP. This will relieve your
headache. Y.ll f&.h ?";f-'1-II'J Y'liA'IA
This medicine relieves all aches. Y.ll "".<:-;)t
'1- 11-11-'J?" .hOD?" Yh:f""I"'A
2. -1-b'lbll. Soldiers were sent to relieve the fort.
?"'111-'J h'J-'I.h'lbtr m;t-t.r::f- -1-Allm- ~nc

3.

~.II.

His beneficence relieved the poor.

:f-r:;J-m- ' :f-"l<:'l':f-'J <:'l'ftD4. h:J'IIII. The Red Cross did everything to
relieve the distress. +Y. OD{l4>A R-1-!l'llm-
""m'J f111tD-'J :f-"lc 11"'/:J'IIA 'l"b<:
5. hha>1f.. An impersonal discussion of

student problems may help to relieve their

distress. "'i'J'J?" f"''Y.m:J-(1 f-1-"'i&l":f- :f-"1
c "'""""" :J>t-;J-'fm-'J ll"''ha>1~ 11.<:.11 '
Y.:f-A Y,IJ'<;A
6. +f<:. They relieve the guard promptly at
noon. HII-'J All Rh~h'l- 11'1'1- Y.+Y.&.tr
relieve of
I. h1H. Let me relieve you of that heavy
suitcase! bll-'1-'J li''J"'II'J '1"11111
2. h.-'1 i'. Your coming relieved me of writing
a long letter. OD?""''I-11 <:l'?" f.-fi'IIL b
ODl\t;: 0 hJI~'S
relieve one another T&o OT,t.

++..t'fl.

The nurses relieve one another during the

night. ~C<''Il 11.11.'1- of-&. R-1-&. Y.+Yf&.tr
be relieved
I. dtft-fl +IIA hll(ll-1-). We were relieved

tO hear that YOU arrived safely. (lf."r<; ' OD~l:

hii'J {l'JII"'i dtft-fl 4>11/Jt. hiiA'J
2. 7.~ hll. We were relieved when the
danger passed. ht.;:>m- 1\.YA'i! 1\G:Y. hA'J
be relieved of -1-1'1111
I am glad I have been relieved of that responsibility. bii.Y. 'l'll-~'1- """1'111\. f.(l -fill~A

I am glad I have been relieved of that worry.

dtl\11- (ltlm<:t.A'S .1'-h -fiii-~A

religion 'lf,"'/'f-1There are several religions in America. Rh"'L&

it tD-(1'1' AI'- AI'- 'IY."'''f.P.:f- htr

religious
I. 'lf,'''l'f-1-~. He is very religious, and observes the fasts. 1\"). 'IY."'''f-1-~ hllll'~
hl\"'1'"7'1-'J Yb-ti&.A
2. f'lf,"'/'f-1-. Religious differences have caused
many wars. f'IY."'i'f-1- Al'-~'1- -fill- I"C~
'I- hh~P';I;A
There are various religious orders in the
Catholic Church. flt.P.II.ll 'IY."'''f-1- AI'-
AI'- f'lf,"'''f-1- m1'f:f- htr'l3. 'lf,"'/'f-1- ~11. The missionaries hand out
religious tracts to passers-by. "?..ilf"~m-n -\
'll. h"IJI"'LtD- 'I-'J'Ii ' '11-"'''f'l- ~11 ' II"
dtoG::f- Y~'ltr

rell giously

remainder

1051

4. h'i' 111. He manifests a religious attention

to Y'Ork. liP'&- ' h'i' ' 111 ' 'l'"t:l'-t ' 11-C:>A
religious se!"vlces fKII--l-

P')o

P'C~+

Religious services will be held on Sunday for

Christmas. >.m.S': fAA'I- fl\11-'1- P't
P'C~'I- 1-!l.<'.:>A

relocation

/1.~

1':1' "7ht.C

There are no plans for the relocation of the

people whose homes were destroyed by the
flood. O.:l''I'ID- 0'1-C'i' ft..:f'lq'f,.,."t 1'1
fP':f 11.'1 (l:f' /1"7ilt.C f:l'4'1. t1C f/19"

reluctance f"''f.t.A"I

religiously

""~~"'~

His reluctance to speak is known by everybody.

*He follows the doctor's orders religiously.

fdtll. ...... '1->.~11 >."t!l. >."IH.l\11dtoC
:I'A 1h11&-A

/IOO'i'1C f"7f.t.A"I ODtJ')o"t "7"t9" 11D4''1'A

with reluctance

.:Joe

'h.YitiD"

She took part in the game with reluctance.

relinquish
I. 114'4'. Because of poor health, he relinquished his position. Om'i' oo:Noh 9"h"t1'1-
P' &-ID-"t 114'4'

He relinquished his grasp and fell. f1HID-"t II

4'4''i' ' 1Dfl.4'
2.
The small dog relinquished his bone
to the big dog. '1-"t~ ID-lf 1\'l'"tof:"t li'IA4< ID-lf .,.ID
3. """-'" She has relinquished all hope of
going to Europe this year. OH.ll ~""'~-
1\0J-C;r ' fOD~Jl." 0 .,.!lof.'f'"t 0 IJofr 0 .,.<'.tn':f

.,.m,

o..,.,,.,.,. f.,.IJt.il:f,.,. '1-c l\.1'~'1- t,.,.

(be) reluctant 4.:1'1.'1' l\At0<'.9"

I was reluctant to spend more money.

+~"7

& 1"tH11 /1"71D-"''I- 4.:1'1.'1' 1\AtOCh-9"

rely (relied),

on

I don't relish the idea of camping in the desert.

I. 1\oo~. Youcanrelyonitthathewill belate.

>."t!l."''.H1f. >.OD"t
2. T"''oot(O'I-). You can't rely on him. A'l-.,.
"70D"t0'1- 11'1-':fA9"
3.1\9"t'l- "111(0'1-). He has become senile, and
you can't rely on him. !IIIli')'; 1\9"~'1- A'I-'I'A
0'1- 11'1-':fA9"

OO<'.'tiiD- ID-!1'1' foo!l.l..~"t 1\<'111 1\AID

!l.!l."IJ.'I-9"

4. 0 - - - JPC ~m-. Grandmother relies on our

care. (1.'1- l\1:1'':f"t 0'1' '1'1"it'l- P'C t':f

relish (v.)

m!l.!l.

relish (n.)

remain

I. [!I'>.C'i' "'"""' 'looo!l" f.,...,.,...:o'l-

f.,_h.,_t. II:> Jl.q),
2. "'bll". Salt adds relish to a stew. ..,,.,.
IIID'l' "'bll" 1-""'II"Cll:l'A
1ive relish .,.m,o;~ 1\1.<'.1

Hunger gives relish to simple food.

~'111

OJJ

'i''l' 9""111"t .,.IDJI~ ' 11.C1'1'A

have relish for ( = act.) 1\111.(1.,.

+The teacher has no relish for John's jokes.

t1D9"ll~ ' fP,:"t ' 4'Af'.':f 1\1!11.!11:'1-9"

with great relish ~n

11&>-l-

The hungry boy ate with great relish. f.,.&-0

,.,. A~ 1.11 1111-'1- 0~

relocate >."t1.1'i' 1\l'lt..:

The commander relocated the army camp in a
better position. 1\~'IP tnC 1'1&-'l!of:"t 0.,.
lfll ' 11'1'&- >."t1.1'i' 1\l'lt..:
be relocated +tfm,l

The factory was relocated to the south of the

country. of.11&1JID- m!l. 111&1: 1.11-11 h'i'
A

.,.~IDl

I. 4'.:. Only five students remained. 1\11"11'1- .,.

"7&fP':f ' 11!1' ' .,.~
2. ol'f. We shall remain in the country until
August. >.!lh tdt(J. '11&1: ID-!1'1' >."to!'
1/l"t
Let things remain as they have been in the
past! IJoll-9" t1C S':t: >."t!l.tO<'.ID- f.ol'f.
3. >.!lh Hil<f::l'ID- II'~. He remained loyal to
his friends. 11~1.'1''1l >.!lh Hll<f::l'ID- :1'"7

"t ' II'~

*There remains nothing else for us to do but
to wait. h""tnO'Io H4'C /1.~ f9"'i'!l.C11D-
~1C

fill"'

*That remains to be seen. m!l.t.'l- f.:l'1A

remain away l't.'t~n..,..

' ""'

How many weeks will you remain away?

>.~S'.'hO'I- !l"t'l- <'IM'I- '1--1'111111

remainder
I. f4'l. Twenty people came in, and the
remainder stayed outside. 7$ s (1.9~ 1of1-tiJ)o s

f4'>~,'1-'

tJJo"f!"' "'"

remaining

1052

2. +&. When 3 is subtracted from 10, the

remainder is 7. hOP'C ~f. >"liT 11.~"1
+&fDo {lq:,.

~,.

remaining f-1-t!d.
What did you do with the remaining books?
fof-.!4-T"t ODl\.ft'i'T fT l>f.t!llltlffDo 1

remains
I. 'i'&-11. They found the remains of a large
dwelling in Axum. fll>h(l.ll" :,.A:,. foo'l'&
J' 'i'&-11 l>1"f.

2. f+~L. Give the remains of our supper to

the poor! h&-T f-1-t!d."t"t llt.-"li ilmfDo
3. l>llh.:O"t l Ol\'11". His remains are buried
in the church. l>llh.:O'i- f-1-+flt!fDo filL-!-
hclltn ,.11'1'

~,.

The remains of the general still rest where they

were buried. f:i':k&-11- Ol\'11" +t.-'1" h-1-+fl
t!flT P:l' 7."t-'lt!d. ~,.

remark (vt.)
I. 1-'i"'lt!. He remarked that he would be
absent the next day. ODY.+-rilm- 1 +"} 1 1-."}.e.
"t+C of-'i'1t!
2. l>f. Did you remark the similarity between them? flooltMiffDo J'llfDo"t OOOO/I{IA
MilA~

3. of-t!-'1. We remarked his

worried look.

- .... ~.,.") fld.-1> 1-t!-'l"t

remind
defects in his pronunciation.

J'~;>1<;-"t .,.,_.11
:,. l\"tt.,:,. l\"tf.'F''i':J>'i',. t.<;m-:,0?"
2. l>lflfll. The government is trying to remedy

the deficiencies in the collection of taxes.

fl"lofiC )>{lq{lof) flh-A J'llt-"t .,.,_.11.-,.

OD")"IP'T 11"7lflfA flOD'I"hC

~.e.

'

~,.

remedy (remedies), n.
I. oot.-:>tT. That's a good remedy for colds.
f.ll ll.,."tof."t

ODf.';)tT

~,.

2. OD'i'T.h.. The government needs to find a

remedy for the teacher shortage. foo?"tl&-"t"t
1.'l't!T :f"IC 11"71lm1t.- oo"t"IP'T
00'i'T.h. "7"11:,. Jl.'l'Cfl:I'A

3. f"tJ''I'"'ll. Your only remedy is to go to

court. f"'L.."''"'ll 'i'Cf.' ILT oo'f.t.- 11!1'
~,.

remember (vt.)
I. l>ll;l'm{l. He remembered with pleasure
his days as a student in Paris. n;r&II J'lllld.
fDo"t

fof-"7&~-l>"t

1..11. flf.ll:l' hil;l'm{l

2. l>At!/111" l l>AH~:>II". Remember to tum out

the light! ooofl&--f>"t "7'1''1-T l>TCII
Remember to look both ways before crossing!
00")11.' h"7?/t!'l'll fld.T "1&-'i' +~ OD
ooAhT"t l>TH"t:>
3. l>"tf.' ~1C ~h(IIT). He always remembers
me at Christmas. /\.,'i" 1 rJ-.A'l.H. f 1\"}.t: ~1C 1
Jl.AhA'fA

remark (vi.) l>ll-1-J'fT flm

It would be rude to remark on her appearance.
1111 ooA\>, hii-1-J'fT oollmT ofiA"I'i'
f.ll''i'A

Dogs remember. fDoll":f f"71l;l'mll ::fll-:1'

remark (n.) l>ll-1-J'fT

His remarks met with general disapproval.

Remember me to your mother! ll'i'Tll M

l>ll-1-J'f-l>"t P.ll-'1" ~+LilT

[See also 'derogatory']

remember (vi.) f"71l;l'mll ::fll-;1' l>llfDo

MlffDo

remember someone to ltt\IJD;f-tu-"}

h.+~Ril.-,.

'F';I'\1-"t ' )>:,0Cof1A~

remembrance

remarkable f"tJ'Ilt."t:,O ~1C 1 f"tf.~:,O

What is so remarkable about a man landing on
the moon? (UD "'-~ "-~ 0"7~4- r

1. oyll:;t-mi'f. He gave her a ring in remembrance of his affection for her. ll'i':,O&-IffDo "7
il;l'mlf 7."tJI.II'"t +IIDT fl"'T
2. oo;l'flfl.J'. They held a service in remembrance of those killed in the war. fli"C~-1> II

The austere life of the first pioneers was

remarkable. f+t.ll".,.,; fl'i-tll":f 11":,. J'

'1"1>:,. P./1- foo:l'flfl.J' liii-T ht.t!-,.

"' >e f"tt.~:,.

3. T11:1'. The remembrances of the old days

were written down in a book. f'l'"t-1> T11;1'

"t f"tJ'ilt."t:,O ~1C 1>11 1

~nc

remarry (remarried) 7."tf.1'i' )>1q

His brother remarried yesterday. m"tf.'ODo :,.

<;")..,..... l\"tf.1'i' l>1q

remedy (remedied), v.
I. l>:J>'i'. We don't know how to remedy the

~.,,.

P./1- fl""ll'oh'i' fl'i'C' .ll-1'1A

remind
I. l>ll;l'm{l. Please remind me to return the
book tomorrow! OUX"dtf."} )1 ]\'),.e-ouA.
II hil;l'm-{1~

remote

1053

reminder

2. (IU'ftD-) -l-11 ~lim-. +He reminded me of

his brother. 0\fm- 11.1':... -l-11 ~ll't

reminder .,ll;J-mlf
Send him a reminder about the letter! !Ill ~it
JIILm- .,!1;1-IDlf 1\hR-l-

reminisce R.,ll;I-1Dll

.,.,i..U.

The old warrior reminisced about his campaigns with Menelik. 11.,"1/l.tD- (Pt.>;' ill
ll"tol\h :>C lll\~t.'l-or HoPif' R.,ll;I'"ID
II ' _,..,'1-

reminiscence -l-11:1"His reminiscences of the war are being written

down. f(DC)-1<1 -l-11;1- RoPl\'i' 'If. )tD-

(be) remiss "11.1111 IT)

You have been remiss in your duties. OFtoll

"11.1111 IT)7ol\

remission f"iht.-1Remission of taxes will be granted all those

who lost property in the flood. O.,..C4- 1ilt.
;J-'fm-1 1\m- IJoll- f"'ilC f"iht.-1- Y.
~t."'ll'f'l'ol\

be granted remission

I . .,..,t.. Remission of debts was granted those

who had lost everything in the lire. R'-0\1< ~
~ 1ilt.;J-'ftD-1 ,1'm--1- IJoll- hM'fm-
.,..,'12. ( ~ act.) Y.:,Oc ~II. Remission of sins
may be granted by God. ~m.~-l-1 Y.:,Oc
f"''.ol\ ' '-"111.~iloh.C ' )tD-

remit (remitted), vt.

I. llh. He remits half his pay to his family
back home. "1.,11 ~'1"11-1 IIIL.,.(IR- Y.ol\
IJol\
2. hol.ll. Please remit the money you owe!
,l'llil111 11Hil hol.ol\
3. h - )l\ ~~t.1. Christ gave His disciples
power to remit sins. hcll-1'-ll 11~4' ""11...
'1- ' ;)m.~.,."'l'l-1 ' h;)m.~+ ' )l\ ' '-1.<1..1'~ '
P'ol\"11 (lmm4. 4'.m0. He kept working without remitting
his efforts. 'l't.-1<1 O\Y.4'.'1'il ""'P'il-1<1 4'mll
remit (vi.)
Her fever remitted. -l-h-0\:t .,..,.1i).ol\
remit the punishment ll"iht.-1- ~(.1(11-l-)

.,..,.)(1

The governor is remitting the prisoners'

punishment. 1-u;m- 11'-llt.'l"'i 9"iht.-1-
'-.l'~t.... ' <;'I'm-

be remitted
I. .,.1\llol.. The matter was remitted to a higher
court. 1-'1\1- ID/l. h'i'_,.>;' 'i'C.I': IL-l-
_,.IIIIo!.
2. f f"iht.-1- .,.ll.t.1. Taxes have been
remitted. f"'ilC f"iht.-1- .,.ll.C'iol\

remittance f.,.llh 11Hil

I received a remittance from my parents in
the mail. hml\}('11 f.,.llh 11Hil R;rll;J-
~(.(I'{

remnant

I. -1-il-ol... The remnants of the banquet were

given to the poor. f.l':"'(l- -l-il-<1. llfl:f'
.,.(1m
2. f4't.. The remnants of the British Empire
are scattered around the globe. h'-1"111.11 "'q
-1- f4''1--l- R'Mf" R,l'l\0-l- F-1'1113. '1'<1:-1'-:f-. This town has only a remnant of
its former population. Y.ll:f' h.,.., 4' .1':'1"
h"''.'l'-1-q-l- ...,.:r- '1'<1:-1'-:f- iii" M"f.q;J-ol\
4. :,Ocll. These ruins are remnants of former
greatness. Mll.ll 'i'Cllil-~ f'1'1-l- 'I.IL
;J-1\:,0)-l- ' :,.c":r- ' o;'fm-

remodel
I. :,..1': IIIDm. The tailor remodeled the suit.
ol\illl (l<~.m- fol\il(l-1 :,0.1': IIIDm
2. ~<;:C(o qJI.ll :,Ocll oPil-. They remodeled
the house from top to bottom. IL-1<1 hiiY.
'-llh ;~-:r- ~o;:c(lm- qJI.ll :,.en "''~-+

remonstrate RoP:J'IDf" .,.hil-ht. 1 )1'1- '1.11.1qm- ' .,.hil-ht.

I tried to remonstrate with her, but she

wouldn't listen to reason. RoP:l'IDf" ol\hil-h
.:.+ ()1'1- '-1.11.1q+ Ah.:.h.:.-1-) 'l"hc
IJ. I )1C "11 f(lm- mO\il ~-l-4'Rol\9"

remorseu+
I felt remorse at having run over the dog.
m-lfm-'t '

llM'I'h--1- ' lUl-l-

.,.(!.,'{

remote
I. o~-:,0. The village is so remote that they
never heard about the President. oP1 ll.-1- R"'
9" I -1-:,0 ' boPIT). < f.,.)"' I ill\ ' 'I"4.11..111-Jo '
,.,,. '~ol\(1_,.
2. f-1-:,0. You can't expect help from a remote
relative. f-1-:,0 1 """.1': 7.CJI;J- ,l'~ol\ >;'
ol\ 0 illlll I ODmfi:,O 0 ~Y.if'ol\f"
be remote fltiJr to+
This question is remote from the subject.

F-11

'1',1'41

h"NI\1-

fi"J9"

fol-4'

)tD-

1054

remotely
remote district (f)'IC h1C

He has been sent to a remote district as

punishment. R.:J>"'+ mS'. 'IC h1C -1-llh

rend
8. l\ilaJ1S'.. This should remove all doubt.
f.U "'11 ...dJo11"' 'l'C"lt. "''llaJ1S'." 1\IIR+
9. M"'. Remove everything from the desks!

in the remote past T1'+

hml:A.q..,. 1\f. ,.11-11"' )1C 1\1"1

The Habashat entered Ethiopia in the remote

past. 1\Rif f"'l.tll\dJo )1S'." mS'. t..+l'-k
f ' f1q..,. ' '1'1,. )dJo

be removed

remotely, be ~ related f-1-.:J.I nouP.:f.

.,.,.,..,.

1\~'i'

Smith and I are remotely related.

11 f-1-.:J. H""P."f n

il"'l.

9"1 "'11\... I\1S'.II") LX:'l" l\ll\1q'SI"'

I. "'11"1+. Rubbish removal is necessary for
sanitation. .flflf1 "'11"1+ I\1X:ih'i' 1\il
)dJo

2. ODi'Uf-l-. His removal from the office was

announced over the radio. fC(to fvu ~ OD
)"1:,. R&JI.I'- -f-)1l:

3. ODIJWC. The store announced its removal to

other quarters. oo,R-fl"" mF..

i\.~

(1;.1- ,

1\il:J"m.,.

remove
I. hill\.,..,., Will this remove ink stains from
cloth? f.U )1C f.,.l\1"' m11:1"1 .hA
11il 1\f. flli\.:J>:J>A l
2. 1\m"'. The doctors removed a bullet from
his lung. dth.'l"~ hftl"'q..,. dJoil'l' 'l'f.+
1\m,..ll+
3. 1\ilaJ"'. The father removed his child from
school because of ill health. A')f. m.1 ).,. il
1\:J"mh 1\q.,. h+l"'uc+ IL+ 1\ilm"'..,.

They removed him from office for taking

bribes. 1-11 R"".,.RII- liFo!- 1\ilm,..:,.
4. ).,.1\, The dentist removed the boy's tooth.
f'I'Cll dth.... fll\')1:1 'I'Cil ).,.1111+

Some intrigue is afoot to remove him from

the post. 1\11-1 liFo!- I\DD1.,.11\ I\1S'."
1\.o!- RODS'.l:1 1\f. ' )dJo
5. 1\ml\.,., Please remove your hat! qc~"'U1
1\dJoii\.:J.
6. '*'l:m'i' "'ll. Remove the fins of the fish
before you cook it! 'l"'1 hou-rRllU RL+
h1G:~ .,...l:'l''i' "'ll\

7. .,.HI. You can concentrate orange juice by

removing water. ID?dJo1 R,...,.)ll f11C.,.It).
1

'

hl\1

2. .,.2f~- The priest's anathema was removed

when the governor promised to obey. l\1l:
""" -1-lfl:
be far removed fliiJr" ~+

Their house was far removed from the village.

IL:I"'I' hOD1S'.'I- R"'l"' fo!-.,. )RC

removal

,..qmo~-1

:,. ' h~COD1>;' ' f"'l.l\fdJo1 ' fUll\

111.11'11"' f.llfA

11CdJo I\OD:f"H11 :J>A llll1q f-1:11- ..,._,

remotest (=adv.) LX:'l"

I haven't the remotest idea what he means.

Ll\"1. '

I. -1-llf. This dialect is equally removed

from German and English. f.U f*1* ill!\

"P"fot 11\;l"dJ'il<:dJo

+"fiiiiU

[See also 'hull']

remunerate '1':> hLI\

They remunerated him for his trouble. 1\S'."It...
'l';>dJo1 hLII-+

remuneration

'P."J

He received thirty dollars in remuneration for

his services. 1\"JA.,l\--J: I 'f,"J I IPI\/1. I oflC I
-1-hLI\dJo

remunerative +eli! f"'l.fil1'S

This is a remunerative job. f.tl -l-ett: f"?..
fM'S P' o!- )dJo

renaissance
*There is a renaissance of interest in old-time
dramas. fS'."f: "1.11. -tf+C R"''1{1o!-o!-+
1\f. ' )dJo

(be) renamed
Bishoftu was renamed Debre Zeit. fR.II"'i'.,.
ill'" ' of-1\IJ)otp ' S'.1ll: """" ' of-qj\

renascence "'11{1o!-o!-:,.
The renascence in literature, that took place
after the war, is well described in this book.
htDC)_,. R:\11 fof-S'.l:1dJo fP') X:Jt.'i' "''
1{1o!-o!-,. RH.U ODX:dt'i' R"'1.1q -l-111\!1.11\

renascent
There is a renascent interest in Shakespeare.
flthil"!;C X:Jt.G:"f Rf.RII\'1' 1\fof-m.l'JI.
V.'l.

rend (rent, or rended)

I. .,.S'.S'.. The boy rent the curtain. A ')f. oo:>

tlr1 .,.S'.S'.

render

rent

1055

2. h4-LII. The racial problem is rending the

nation. fHC A~)..-,. M,.e. h.,t'.~1' ooo
h4-L~ '1,1'. )<JJo

(be) renewable "":1-S'.Il !1'11

rend to pieces

renounce

I. 11""1."'-4'. The dogs rent the poor rabbit to

pieces. <JJo!l",.; 9"/lh't T't'l'~ 11""1."'-!1/'12. f'lqo~. The storm rent the ship to pieces.
"'16011- ooch!).'t /lqo&-'1-

render
I. IIP'bA 111~. The painter knows how to
render life in Ethiopia. "'~11..,. fh.'I-I'"A-.I"t
f).C" tH.:I- OP'bA .....,IlK" Y<JJo:I"A
2. ool\{1. A good man must render good for
evil. '1'-1- (I<JJo h4-'t 01."1 '"""'II/I hi\
0'13. h4'~0. The treasurer rendered an account
of all the money spent. 1'tHil 1C"'" II
1\fD"'I<JJo ' 1'tHofl ' fdl.llil ' OD"II\""1. ' h4'~0
4. .,.~.,_.,.._We rendered the French poem into
Amharic. fL~'tll.l'."''t "1'1'9" mi. h"'IC

....

.,.~.,..,..)

....

5. "'<1-. The actor rendered the part of

Hamlet well . .,.1'<;"\< 119"1\.'l-'t 11""1" 0"7.1
f1

IPt-

6. hS'.~1. An accident has rendered him

helpless. fS'.~(lO'I- 1\J'.:J h'11-A ~1.,.
[See also 'help, service']

rendezvous 001'1~
Their rendezvous was discovered by the
police. ""1.,.,.'1'.,. O?"ll.(lo .,.S'.~(IO'Ihave a rendezvous +1'if

Let's have a rendezvous at the municipality!

"'IH:>)I' 0.'1- l\'t1<;'f

renegade hll.,.,.
The renegade was captured and shot. hll.,.,.
.,. .,.....,. 0'1',1'.-l- _,.S'.OS'.O

renege

f L:J-$:

I. IJI.. The father renounced his wicked son.

hq-J, ' l\C'J.DD-'t ' A'lt't ' IJ.l',<JJo
He renounced his faith. ?M"f1fl IJS'.
2. OL:I"JI.
The Duke of Windsor reRounced his right to the throne. f'l!'t .(-(oC DD/1'1:
't ' 1111-4-). ftO&-'I'<JJo't ' DDofl'l- OL:J-11'1'

.,.m.

,.

~m.

He renounced the world. ~119" 0:1-'f hi\

renovate hiiS'.I'I
We must renovate the building; it is beginning
to fall apart. ih't~<JJo't "'1111.11 hllil't I oo
L&-~11 )';9"'/:.A
renown 11'i"
His renowti as a warrior spread through the
land. YCO'f)1o 11<; q1-1- '1,1'. o-11- _,.{)&-"'-

renowned f:t-m4'
He is renowned as a Hebrew scholar. f ~m
.,. fc)ofl&-,l'./1'1' ' 11.:,0 )<JJo

rent, see rend

rent (vt.)
I. hh&-f. She rents three rooms, and thus
supplements her income. !P/1'1- h<i:A V
h&-flo 11l1''t :1-".7.'11\l2. .,.h&-f. I rented a room for three months.
h't.(- h'i'A 1\V"Il'l- me .,.h&-forent (vi.) .,.h&-f
This house rents for $200 a month. ,eu lLT r
omc o-11'1- ...,.,. -oc .eh<~-YA
be rented .,.h&-f
All rooms are rented. fl-11-9" h'i'A .,.h&-

M;A

hL~(l

He reneged on his promise to help me.

o- 1\<JJo't :1-A h.ll't hL~(l

This license is not renewable. Y..ll

m~4''1- OD:J-1./1 ' h,I'.'{-A9"

l\~11?11

renew
I. h/11.1'1. I have to renew my lease. <JJoll-'t
"'1111.11 hllil'f
2. 1\1.{1. The Embassy renewed my passport.
11.9"q{l..,. f,l'.l\'1' m~4'-l:'t hi.I'IA'f
3. l\'tS'.1<; ,;oo~. The enemy renewed his
attack on our fortress. m'l'l- R9"'1i:>':f't 'I
..... .,.lt(lo't l\'tS'.1<;" ,;....~
4. 4'mll. They renewed their friendship.
f4'R:'I" 'll.'f):t-'f'<JJo't 4'mll-

rent (n.)
I. h.&-,1'. ! fO.'I- h.&-.1'.. How much rent do
you pay for your apartment? 1\h:rC.,."'IIJ 9"
't YUA h.&-.1'. '1-h<i:'II\IJ 1
Rents have shot up in the last few months.
ql\4--l- T-1:'1- m&-'1- <JJo/1'1' fO.'I- h.&,1'. {l"'/,1'. I.Cji.A
2. 4'11.11. The gas escaped through a rent in
the balloon. ,.,..,. 4'1111 /11\tO~O-l- .,.tL(l
be for rent Tht.f

That vacant house is for rent. qp..mh&-YA

lLT

f,

rental

1056

rental fll.'l- h.&-Y.

She gets her income from rentals.

~IL 'I'

hll.

,. 11.&-Y. ),.

rentor 1-h&-Y.
The rentor of the property has no liability
for the owner's debt. f"HI<:1> 1-b&-Y. 11'1
II "toft<:_, 11'1 ..,'I,M'I- fl\0'1-?"

reo pen >."tf.~., b.l.i'

We will reopen the shop after the holiday.
.... .,..,. bqou:,. oql\o 0:\'1
b'i';l-1\"t

)..'tf.~ ...

).."t

reorganize >."tf.~., hf.&-"1:

The director reorganized the work in the office.
P'&- oo.:,. fiLl!',..,.
... hf.&-"1:

hlJ~f,.-

).."tf,.~

repair (vt.)
I. mn. They will repair the road tomorrow.
oo"t~-'1."t

)~

Y,m"l.,l\o

He repaired my typewriter. fll"ih.l.'l- ooh..,IL

"t m~U\.'5
2. IJI'I. How can I repair the harm done? 'lm
"'"""" "'"'"" ,..,. ~lJil l
3. h".7.'1. The father repaired the wrong done
by his son. h'I'I-\LtJJo ~:( ,l'mof.,."t h".7.'1
repair (vi.) ~f.

repeat

reparation
*They sent a check in reparation for the
damage they caused. 'lf.<:(l.'l- "1-'1'1- h'i'.t'
f"tlf"t 'lih libreparations f'tnC l)l)

Italy paid Ethiopia reparations. "'l'l..t'"t 1\h.

'1-f-k.t' fiPC l]ij b.l.ll'f-

repast
I. ?""loft. The guest partook of a pleasant
repast in the palace. >."t"l'ltJJo 011.1' oP't"IP'
., tJJoil'l' hilf.il'f- ?""loft '~'""~0
2. "loftC. The Emperor provided a sumptuous
repast. .,..,..,. )11"'1> ;J-'1:,0 "loftC h~n-

repatriate wf.oonrO'I- >."tJI.ool\11 hf.<:~

The government wants to repatriate all the
refugees. OO't"'P'., ilf..,.'l''li"t U.l\o Wf.
oPm-0'1- ).."tJI.oPI\(1. 11"7f."<:"l Y..I.~:>IA

repay (repaid)
I. b.l.ll. If you lend me five dollars, I will
repay you next week. h?"il'l- oftC oft;f-Of."
t:'f

0"tOD"'tJJo

ODODI\il ' hl\oft'f

?" '1':> Mi

bb'i'~

repay for ODffii'

repair (n.)
I. "'~". The car needs only minor repairs.

ODh....... 0 f"''..t'il.l.~~,. ' ~ .. 0 'l-'t11 ),.

2. oo;J-f.il. The shop will be closed for repair.
.... .,. 1\oP;f-J'.il Y.H:>~
3. f"l~....,.,o'l- 11;1-. This cafe is a favorite
repair for students.
11-., 11.'1- 1'"7&
,..,_ V"lw-'1.'1- f"l~....,.,o:,. 11;1- ),.

.eu

be In bad repair +fll\if

My car is in bad repair. ooh."" 1'0'111:1:~

be In good repair fl.f-.1-fl :f".f..~
The typewriter is in good repair. fll"ih.l.'l- ""
h..,,. Of."toft ;1-f."~~
keep In repair nrl) I h.1.1\
The handyman keeps the machines in repair.
'111_.1',. ,..h..,l"'f-"t Y,m"l.,~
The lessee must keep the house in repair.
1-b&-Y. 11..,..,. &-(1. "71.11 hl\0'1make repairs M{J.

He made repairs recently on his house. o:,Ocn-

11.1l"t hf.(l

fl?"'t'l- ' )..b<;:~fi\IJ.

*The boy's success repaid the teacher for his

efforts. ~:( 11111-illJII'I- fOD?"U-1- J',.-1]

After class, they repaired to the library.

(l.dlm- dlf,. 11.1' oPI\ih'i''l-

2. oPI\1'1. I must repay him a favor. tJJol\;1-tJJo"t

This niggardly gift of a pair of socks does not

repay me for the work I have done. f>."IC If.
&-11- Mlli-'i' il"';l- ili\IY) f"'&-u.'l-"t
1"'&- hY,oo'J'"t!"'

repeal If<:
Parliament repealed the laws on the sale of
cigarettes. ;rcl\"7 ffUI'&- 11.1'1.>" ih1'f"t If<:

repeat
I. f.1oP. Repeat what I just said! hu."t .1'~11,_.,. f.-1oPtJJo
2. hi\. Repeat these words after me! MILU"t
.!1''1'1- ld; 0:\'1 o~
3. oo~(l '~'"~<:. The parrot repeats what any
body says. o+n ...,. f"l.,1<:,..,. oo~fl
,..,1&-ll'f4. OJ'.":>"'L 11111. I repeat that I cannot come
out now. hll-"t 1\oo,...,:,. hllooJI'/I."t
Of.":>"'L MMI\115. hm&-. They like to repeat everything they
hear. fl'l_,..,. 11-11- "7tJJo&-'l- Y.W-'11\o

1057

repeated

6. t.miiJ. He promised not to repeat the secret.

9"/lm.C ' ),"JJI,I'ID"' :I'll\ ~Q
repeat ones~lf t1C 1.;J'1oP

Don't repeat yourself!

~~C

h'JoJl.;J"I9"

repeated (adj.) Jl."l'l" Jl.;J"I'I" ,I'Jl.t.~

His repeated efforts at last won success.
Jl."l'l" ' Jl,;J"I'I" ' ,I'Jl.(.~fDo ' 'l't.+ ' ROD ...
(.lj""fDo OD/1\1}9" fDom,'Jo h-1-l.II.I\'Jo

be repeated -t-1.;nou

In this verb, the last two radicals are repeated.

RH.Il ' "Ill ' fDo/l'l' ' fOD ...(.lj""l"~ ' ~~ol\+ ' ,1.
Jl./1-":f- 0 TJl.;J"IOD'f'/1\

repeatedly Jl.;J"I'I"
He struck her repeatedly. Jl.;J"I'I" OD:J"+
repel (repelled)
I. ODI\o'l. We repelled the enemy troops.
fm~+"J

tpC

ODI\/l~fDo

2. hllh'l-. Her bad breath repelled

him.

replacement

(be) repentant -1-KK-1She was repentant for her rudeness. 011A"'I'i"qa

-1-AA-1-":f-

repercussion "711-1-;JQ'Jo
The repercussion of gunfire could be heard
for miles. fmOD"J)fiD- "711-1-;JIJ'Jo 1111- "7
f./1\ ' C4' ' 11.{1"7 ' ,l'.";f-~/1\
have repercussions
I. oon11 hllh-1-1\. The discovery of a foreign
agent had serious repercussions in the government. ft~J-1!" I h.1C I {ll\,. I OD1"f:,. I 000"}'"1
P"'i> ' ~,1'. ' bQ.I': ' ODH11 ' hllh-1-1\
2. Aat-T; hllh+A. Kennedy's assassination had
repercussions in the United States. fh." oo1F..
A Rh"7.&'I1 fDo/l'l' OTM:'I t.~.l': 1\
,.... ' hllh-1-1\

repertoire f"'LJ'ID-of>fDo
She sang all the songs in her repertoire. rr:r,..
of>fDo"J H4.1 IJolr H.l.~":f-

OD'J'I:: ' 'Jo"J'i-j( ' h/lb'i-fDo

3. )."JJI.lf1i hJl.t.~. Her vanity repels all

those who know her. MJ&;I: f"'LJ'fDo:f>'Jo"J
IJolr

h!l. 7."J'I.lf1i ,I'Jl.C~'I'/1\

4. ht\il?Qr". This

raincoat

repels

water.

f.ll ' f11 ..11 ' /1\1111 ' ID-;) ' h,l'll~Q9"
5. h/1\of>R/1\9" hi\. He repelled the offer of a
bribe. '1-11 llo'lmfDo h/1\of>R/1\9" hi\
repel each other Jl.Ai"+l\+fto,..
Water and oil repel each other. ID-;)o; Hf.+
h,l'.of>~of>lt-9"

*He has many folk songs in his repertory.

1111- fll~C QUA H4.'l"":f- ,l'fDo:I>A

repetition
I. ""~"'" .,....,:,.. One learns a language by
{liD- !1/"Jll/ f"'1."7t.ID-
""~"'" ' R., ... .,,. ' ~,.
2. ~;Jot. This lesson is a repetition of one
we did earlier. f.ll 'Jo9"uc+ R.I.+ f-1-

repetition. h"J.I':

"""C~m-

~;JtPI. : ~

A repetition of the offense will be punished.

repellent (n.) ODMb,l'

Give me some mosquito repellent! ftoQ
"i DDMh,l' llm"i
repellent (adj.) OD'J'I::

repertory (repertories)

-l-"}

A repellent smell drove us from the room.

h"J.I': ' OD'J'i:: ' 1i:J" ' bh'i'/r ' fDo/l'J' ' hQ(.(."J

be water repellent aJo~ ltf.HA+r

This fabric is water repellent. f.U g;a.co}o m;) h,I'.H/I\of>fDo9"

repent
I. -1-KK-1-. She repented her rudeness. R11/l\"lo;
'I' -1-KK-1-":f-

2. .,_...(,.). +Don't you repent having wasted

your money? 1"JH111l"J "71Jh"Jil h,l'.oJr."Jl"ll9" !
*I repented of my sins. "Jllda ~QIJo
repentance KK+
He showed no repentance for the crime.
1\oP<lofDo ID"J~/1\ 9"")9" AA'Jo hli\-l-{1"7fDo9"

'1'4-i> ' II.Jl.;J~9" ' ,1'/lof>"'A

repetitious ( ~ adv.) Jl.;J"I'I"

The repetitious account of their trip bores me.
Jl,;J"I'I" ill\ '1-!l'l'fDo f"7..1'1D<I-'Jo ,I'll<\~ A

replace
I. aoA(o hllof>oom. He replaced the dictionary

on the shelf.

001J~R

?~i>"J ""~~'""'~' ""

Jl.CJl.(.,I'ID- ~f. aoA(o hllof>aomfDo

2. Rll- II:J' -1--1-'I. We haven't been able to

get anyone to replace her. R!l. (I:J' f"''.-11} {liD- 1\"7"11+ hA:J'A"J9"
be replaced +11"

These glasses can't be replaced.

li~H.Il

11C

"fl"4'l"":f- ' h,l'.~l-9"

replacement 9"'Joh
His replacement is a young college man.
f(l- ' 9"'Joh ' hl>i\.~ ' f-1-aD(.of> o ID"''Jo ' ~fDo

"

replenish 7-"tf.~'i" '1"'1

We replenished our supplies at a small country
store. J.'fl<l't-"t P'"t:J>:f"t"t Q"tf.' '1-"t"li f
~me 1\-'l> 7."tf.~'i" 'l"'l"t
(be) replete
*The book was replete with errors.

oo~dtf.

ll<M'l- -o;F ~oc

replica '1>:{
This is a replica of Theodore's crown; the
real one is still in Axum. J.'.tJ f.t.t -I:!"f.'
~ll Ht-J:'

o\-11"'

repose

1058

replenish

'!>:{ ~t-! f."tO>;'tD- J.'flt- .t.ll

He forfeited the good will of his fellow students

by reporting their activities. f'l-!l"tJC'l- ~f.
'l'lfi ' f"?.P'-1-'1-"t ' 0..,110'1> ' '1''1>&-'l't-"t '
.t."'

7. Jtoollh+. The overseer reported the theft to

me. .,.ot."'"'&t- f.,.f.t:~t-"t llC.f.'l- Ilk
.t,on{I)J.,.

report (vi.) M;J~t:

When I arrive at the university, to whom do
I report? h\1-~liCII.tt- llf.Cll f..,~;J"'t:
, . ' ..,"t"t '

~,.

report for duty

llJP&- s oolf)
~'i" '1-'1
"t'l- ' P'&- ' ~q ' (liP'&- ' oPflJ)
pJ6-

s 1'1

He reported for duty just yesterday.

~,.

reply (replied). v.
1. ouMl. He didn't reply to my question.
TJ.'-1<1'-"t .t.Aoufl(lA'{!I"
2. ouAll ~fill. He replied that they would
be glad to come. flou!l"flJ'l- 0"111" f.ll
f"7.'1'1't- ' ODIJ''i"'l't-"t ' Olltnt- ' DPAll ' ~{ll\
3. ouA(I Tb-ll(O'l-). The enemy replied
quickly to our fire. m'l'l- 'lf.t:"'"tO'l- .,.It
ll J.'kt-1'- ouA(I .,.b-llofl"t

reply (replies), n. ooo=..ll

I never received a reply to my letter. flf.ofl-'1(1.
1'- ' ODAll ' f.C(I'{!I" ' .t.J.'tD-'1>

report (vt.)
I. .t..,..,., The newspaper reported news about
the depraved criminal. ;JII."'t- llfl ~,.
t:>;'t- ' a>"t)>;{l>;' ' .t..,..,.

2. ~fll\(.,.~flll). Our treasurer reports that

all dues are paid up. ~"tH-fl (I.;J-":f"t """'
,;o>t- rNr oulJL/1-"t J.'.~ARA

report (n.)
I. oP"Jfl""i. Newspaper reports indicate fighting
is still going on. f ;JH."' oP"Jfl""l.l":f tnC~
of> ' .t.o-"t!l" ' 7-"tf.<l'tnfl ' oPIJ'\'-"t ' J.'oP{I
ll;J-112. a>&.. Don't listen to false reports! ft-lf'l-
a>&. ' .t.'l-ll..,
3. &-?'C. When will you make your report?
6-?'Ctl"t oo'li :J'<I'CQfltJ I

report card f.,...,& ..,.,.Ah;F

She always brought home good report cards.
h'l-ll"tJC'l- (1.'1- 11-A'I.H. T-1- f.,...,&
..,onAh;F ;J-DP"'fl:f

reporter ;JH.m'1 l H.'i" .t.<I'QJ.'. l H.'i" .t.m

'i":l'&
The reporter was jailed for revealing state
secrets. ;JH.tn'1t- (H.'i" .t.<I'Qf. l H.'i" .t.m
'i":l'6tD-) fOD"t"'P''l- !l"lltn.C ' Ma>flJ ' ;J-llt:

The names of the deceased have not yet been

reported. f.,_,.; ll!l" 7-ll'lo-"t .t.A.,.~fl

repose (vt.) "'fi(O'l-)

He reposed great trust in his son. OA)I: 'IJ.'.

l\11"
3. oP..,i\.-1 (tm. We will report on our trip
today. llfl .,.!l.":f"t q&. DP"'fl""i 7."tll
"'fl"t.
4 . .t.llt:-'1. The student misquoted the teacher

"'""' ' 7.!1"~'1- ' "'fiO'lrepose (vi.)

I. ;Jf.!l" .t.fl. She reposed on a soft mattress.
OfiMil '1'&-11 'IJ.'. ;Jf.!l" .t.fl:f
2. .,..,.hfl. The statue reposes on a pedestal.
dtt-A-1> oP.f."7.J.' 'IJ.'. .,_.,_ll!).A

in reporting the accident.

+DY~m- ~ h.~;:Jm

"t ' O"?.J.'llt:-'10'1- ' '1.11. ' OD!I"tJ-1- ' J.''l{ltD"t ' .t.fl
5 .t.ll;J-a><l'. Our planes reported that the

repose (n.)
I. 6t:'i''l-. Don't disturb the minister's repose!

enemy forces were on the move. htv-C"''\'f;.=

"7.~ll'l--1-"t ' 6t:'i''l- ' .t.'l-"t"l

:f"t ftn'l'l- tnC Oon"tof>llof>ll 'IJ.'. oo

11'\'-"t ' .t.ll;J-a>ofo
6. ~~t:(O'l-) ! .t.IIO<I'. Somebody must have
reported him to the police. .t."tJI. fl?'ll.ll
~"1~0'1- ' J.'.ll''i"A.

2. M!l"'i" liT:". The repose of the countryside

is beneficial for health. f~mc M!l"'i" l\T
:" flm. "t~'l- m:l'"7. ~,.

*Her manner was one of repose.

-" ~oc

..,.~:l"'P

fl.

repository
repository "'lil4'ou""A

The box was the repository for old magazines.

"1'1'~ ' f .. !' 0 DDK'do.-l':f 0 "''ii4'DD""l ' ~OC

reprehend a>4'il
I must reprehend your hastiness. O:fb-AHll
Aa>:J-1111 f.1qol\

reprehensible l>ilh.C.
The enemy's treatment of war prisoners was
reprehensible. mil-l- 1\tnC ?"cto'l':f Yf.t'.
1,.,. l>YS'11 l>ilh.C. ~oc

represent
I. 11111. This painting represents the story
of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. f,ll F
lJA filll-'l"''o; fllq1 1"11"-l- :J-6h f,
1AIIA

2. hlJf. The statue represents Lincoln as a

youog man.. mdJoA-1> II.11oA11 Oa>"l-l-~-1>
1.tL YIIYA

3. l\oPI\h1-. Each mark on the map represents

ten thousand people. OIJC:f"dJo 'If, f"''.
11"dJo l'.Y1'!1JI. ~'1'11 OFC 1( ildJo
yool\h:f"A

The letters of the alphabet represent souods.

f.C.f.A ll''t.Y-l- Y:9"61 f"''.Y""IIh-1> o;'f',.,.
4. a>hll. He delegated his son to represent
him at the conference. Oi111(lq,.,. 'If. !'.1
Jl.a>hl\dJo A)l:1 1\h

5. mO.+ 1 ~iD". Who is representing the

defendant? f1-hlllf. mo.+ .,~ .... 1
6. 1-oo(lll- oPt-. Each child will represent an
animal at tbe party. 0"111"1fdJo 1\f, l'.Y")J!
1.11- A"f: 0!'.11111 1-0Dilll- f,oPt-A
7. 9"111\. ~,.,.. He represents the youth of
America. !'.(1- fl>"'l.61J a>"l-l':f 9"111\. ~,.,.
represent oneself as
*He represents himself as an authority on
Ethiopian education. ill\ h.-l-Nry -l-?"IIC-l-
0'1'4: ~'S qy. ~ ....
be represented }.."}~&-(a. hAmPeople in all stations of life are represented in
the parliament. -l-111 -l-A4l O;rCII"'l dJo
il'l' !'.11'-t-ll. l\1\IJ)o

representatio n oP"'II""A
His representation of her part in the accident
was uotrue. l'.!J. qf.:J,.,. 1-IJ-1-f. 1\oPIJ'
S: filmw- OD"II\""1 l'.dJo~-l- l>A~Ot'.?"
*The students demanded representation on
the committee. 1-"'16l"'li OI'-C1- w-il'l'
!'.1-'l.a>hll- mf4l

repressive

1059

be a representation of h.OOI\h+
The statue is a representation of a sleeping
lion. dodJoA-1> ,.,.., 1>10111 f"''.YODI\h

.r )fDo

representativ e (n.)
I. ouAl'.h1-.,. Who is the Ethiopian permanent representative to the United Nations?
01-q0~-l- ' OD1"1F:J--l- ' ~C"f:-l- fl\.-l-1'-k
y !11"'1. ODA!'.h.,.., .,~,. 1
2. a>h.A. He is the European representative
of a big company. Ol\dJol!';r Y1Y: -l-A
IJ.q1y ' a>h.A ' ~,_
representative (adj.)
l ')f-)1-.,. That was a representative
I. (')f.~
example of his wit. f4'Af..,~-l> .,..,) 9"1111. f.ll ~oc
2. f"''.YIIf.. These stories are representative
of the Ethiopian way of life. MH.ll :f"61o:f
r~>..rv-t.n r>l!' 1H.:t- f"''.YIII' ""'"'"
:j> '

3. fih111l. Is representative government more

effective than government by party? fih1111
oP1"1F-l- O;TC-1! h"''.oot- OD1"1F-l-
f1-lfll fDom.-l- l\1\dJo 1

Images representative of animals were made

out of clay by the children. A)l:'li fl'.1illl-l1

9"1111-:f hll"hll ' "'~

repress
I. f.oo(l(l. The ship's captain swiftly repressed
the mutiny. foocho- l>q'fr oocho- II
f. f1-~"'fDo1 OoP6 0'1''1'~-l- f.ou(l(ldJo
2. 1:1". He tried to repress his laughter,
because he was in church. 0.1- hCil-tn
ID-il'l' ' liMO<'. "14l') 1\0D"I:f"-l- 'l"ht'.

3. +~. He might have been a good actor,

but his family repressed his talent. 0.1-iiP'Ii

.r 'l'C'

:fii-:J"fDo1 qy.., ...

f-11'1 ~oc
be repressed .,.Al.4t, \'

'I'~ .,..,..,,.

The nationalist movement was repressed by

the colonial government. 11.h.t-'l!dJo 1.:J-o;<J:
o:J>'S 111:,. ""1"1F-l-

.,...,4>"l" ~oc

repression .,....,...,
Repression often causes rebellion later on.
.,....,..., 1111- 1.tL _.,._,. OoP61 Yilh-l-11.1\

repressive ,.,....,...,
The South African government passed repressive laws againsttheindige nouspeople. ff.D-11

l\'i'&lt ""'t"IP''I- nMt.l":Y. 11.e f"f!'

.... ' ih"l ' l\OJ")

reprieve (v.)
*The court reprieved the condemned prisoner.
'i'c.<:- n.-1> f-t-.l.~.l'.n'l-'t 1.11~':' :,."'-~>
o'IY,I.l\11"0'1- ' l.'t'l..f.Y. ' l\.1'.~1

reprieve (n.)
*He was granted a reprieve minutes before his
execution was to take place. f\.1~A 1 lf"-1:-l- 1
.1'.-I!:J'l":Y. ' fl."'"-"" ' :,0")-t: ' 111\.11 ' "1.11. ' h
't'l.-l'llll'i' ' 1'.1'.~1

reprimand 1oPl\ l "'"'~'~ l Hll.l.

The teacher reprimanded the lazy student.
l\ll.,...,&w- 1'1~4-'t .,...,,: 1oPl\OJo (m.,.fl
OJo l HII.I.IP-)

reprint (v.) 1.'t.l'.1'i' l\-f'OD

The university reprinted Shakespeare's works.
flfhii"I:C't ll"m.C::f- l'~liCfl.tOJo l.'t
.1'.1'i' o l\-f'OD

reprint (n.) .1:';>"7. 1.'1-11"

This book is a reprint of an earlier edition.
,..., I ODK"tft'f: I btJ.tJ I 0.C.-l- I faJ"J(I)o I OOK"
"'"' ' .(-:>"''. ' 1.'1-11" ' ~,.

reprisal, in _, OK4-m-1'

1\00ool\ll

Our raid is in reprisal for an enemy attack.

1.>;' f.l'.~"l~"'" w~&- mll'l- 11.1'.~1,. "''
'I':J''I- o Oll<f.OJo't o IIODODIIII o ~IJJo

reproach (v.) "'"'~'~

He reproached his wife for her carelessness.
"1.1'.1111 ' UODIJ'S: ' "7.11-t:'t ' "'"' ... ""

reproach (n.)
I. m.,.o"t. I didn't mean that as a reproach.
Y.U't "''M: llm.,.q l\Y,.I'.IIII"
2. l\o't<f.&. Slums are a reproach to a city.
.l'.o'to't ooo<;&fl":Y. lib.,..., l\o't<f.&l":f- 'i''I'OJo

reproachful f:,Ot.;JHe gave me a reproachful look. n:,Ot.:J" '\Y.

') o -f'ODIIb-f'~

reprobate w-'14!
He is an old reprobate. 1,(1- m--'!4! 11"'1"1
/t-

repugnance

1060

reprieve

)aJo

"'"'q

reprobation
He is afraid of his father's reprobation.
fq-l>'t ' "'"'q ' Y,.I.&-IA

reproduce (vt.)
I. "'"~ Tape recorders reproduce

sound.

-I:T &l>C.I'.C .1:'11"6 Y..,.'IIA

2. "11\. The artist has reproduced your face

well in this portrait. mw P'61A ' IIY. ' oP'\
fi.OJo ' ODfAhU't ' '1''1- ' l\.(-C1 ' P'll-:l"IA
3. l\o'tf. This photo reproduces her expression exactly . .eu C:-1'"1&-'i' .t.:t't n'l-hh
lA. fo'lfiA
reproduce (vi.) 1'&-q
Plants reproduce just like animals. 6P'I''I-9"
l.'t.l'. ' l.'tllo't'l- ' IJ-11- ' .e&-q/1reproduce oneself +t-Q
Animals reproduce themselves in various ways.

l.'tllo't'l- ' Uilrt- ' 'tY.~'I- ' OD't1P-:t'- ' Y,&-q/1-

reproduction
1. :,Ol(. This is a reproduction of an ancient
statue. .eu f.,.Y:'I" dtOJoiA'I- :,Oj( ~,.
2. ooo&-q't-. The book describes the reproduction of animals. ODII"dtl- fh'tllo't'l-'t ooo&q't- !M'IIA

reproof m.,.q
She deserves reproof for her rudeness. lliiiA"I
...... ' "'"' ... ' Y,1q:J-fA

reprove

1~~-'K

Fathers reprove their sons for their misconduct.

J\q-!':f- AJ('f't UiiiA"I'i''l'w- f-1'~"1 Y,1
,.,,._'f'I'IA

reptile [hqil't'i' A't1111fl.'l-'t fouo"tflll- n

Ail f"''.o't!l- l.'tM'I-]

republic t.1'illl.h
Some countries are monarchies, others are
republics. l\'t'l't.l:' l\1r::Y. U't"I-P' f"''.
1''1.1'.'1-' {l.IJ'').' l\'t'l'tP-'Il .....,.... ' t.1'illl.h '
'i''fOJo

repudiate
I. lt.l'.. He repudiated the statement he had
made earlier. .,..._11" ill\" f-l''i'1~0Jo't lt.l'.
2. 4.:1". He repudiated his wife, and married
another woman. "7.11-l>'t 4.1' 1\.11 l\1q
3. "'ll. He repudiated his family. ll.-t-I'IP'Il't
"'ll
4. l\Ah'i'IAII" l\11. He repudiated the debt.
Mm-'t l\Ah'i'IAII" l\11

repugnance OD'J'II'IHis repugnance for my proposal shows in

his face. ,.,.~ilh-'1-'t dto'til ""'I'II-I>
U.t.-1> IIY, Y.:l"fiA

_r_e~p_u~g~n_a_n_t________________________~I_06_1~--------------------------r~equire
repugnant
1. "'1?". The repugnant odor of rotting fish
kept us from swimming in the pool. ffli'IO(t
t1Ja

~..., I ..,,.. I

1i:J'"

flb-~8Jo I

tiJa{l'J'

7.'t.ll't'I''S hllhll't
2. 1\ilhd.. Killing is repugnant to a true
believer. ,,_.,'l'.,.>;' 1111'~ (I"'" ~'I'll .,
'l'<f..T hilhd. ~"'"
be repugnant (to) 1\f-il.,.,?"

This conduct is repugnant to his character.

.,.,,..

r-u ,,_~T

repulse
1. ootu"t.

mQf- hv-~:1'"'" .?C 1\f-il

We repulsed the enemy troops.

fm'IT't ' /PC ' ODI\ii~(Do

2.

&-+.

He repulsed his

former

of good repute

ooA.ttr tt.r

~it,.

He is a man of good repute. ooAl],.. llr

f/ttJJ- I (taJo
[See also 'ill']

)tiJo

reputed f"''.QA
The reputed owner of the house sold his
property. f(L-j, QI\ILT ~"'" f"''.QI\(Do 't
11~1>'t lfm

be reputed .,.q{l

He is reputed to be wealthy. Uofl;l-9"

~"'"

f-QIIA

request (v.) mf+

I must request you to leave this place. ,.tl'l-,.
11:1' II+U 7-'tJ':T~J': 7.m!-'1>7111Jo

friends.

f+ J':'l" 'l.l'.'l''ti't &-:J''f(Do

be repulsed f\.oPI\ll !J!I\

The assault was repulsed with heavy losses.

request (n.)
1. fmf+. In accordance with your request,
we are sending you three books. flmf'l-1i"'"
"""'~T

?'liT ODI\"dt'i' Ah'tA?A

'J':J'-j, ' 1\.0DI\il ' flJ'I\(Do ofllt' ' .,.'IT '

h.l'.~(l ' fl:\11 ' ~"'"

2. f.,.mf+. Request granted. f.,.mf+"'" .,.

repulsion, feel ~ for ( = active) +.t..t.("'")

+I feel repulsion for slimy creatures. 11A.""IA

3. 1\fiDo;. He treated my request with indifference. """""'t 7-'t.l'..,'tl"' .,..,.,1\h.,."'"

"'' 7.'til'IT 1-+f.>;'A

fill with repulsion hllmlt

The idea filled her with repulsion. dt'lll- 1\

ilm'IT
repulsive +<f...t.
The girl is repulsive. A~ +<f..d. o;T
Snakes are repulsive to some people. t\"J~")
J': M':f 7.Q11 +<f..d. ~"'"

reputable
1. /loP TC. He is a reputable businessman.
it.OD I

IJ"C

);JJ!..

)aJo

2......,., II?" Yll"'". It pays to buy from a

reputable firm ......,., II?" IJI\(Do J':C~T
""111fT 1-m'I-.,A

reputation
1. 11o;. He has a reputation for being a good
worker. fl'N- ..,&-.,.>;'~-j, 11o; y.,.~.t. (I
aJo

)aJo

2. II?". The newspaper besmirched his reputation. ;Jrt.IIJaJo {lou-1 h'1-1..Lt1Ja

He has a poor reputation as a lawyer. o..--n.:r., 11'1- Yll ill"' 1\1\(Do
repute 11o;
I know him by repute only. f"'"'"+"'" 011o;

11ll'

~"'"

.t.'I>J;..A

at the request of

ll~ltilnm-

I am writing to you at the request of a friend.

f?"ll''i'AU m>;~ M'l(tfl'S ~"'"
be in request
1. .,.,;JOH. He's very much in request as a
speaker. fl't"'"''C 0'1'4:~1> 1llt' 1.11. !-.?
fl~A

2. mYof:S":f hil-T. Is this hook much in

request? f-U ""ll"dt'i' ofllt' mYof:S":f 1\
11-Tl
by request 1"m,._,

He sang by request. .,.mf-4' H.t.~

make a request for mr+
He made a request for more money. 1""'0?
& 1'tH11 mf+
on request ll.m,.."t

I will give it to you on request. iiTm!-+'S 7.

{I'J'?I\v-

require
1. mf+. That will require some time. flChT
Yl\ '1.11. 1-mf-:I'A
How much money does that require? M Y
UA 1'tH11 1-mf-:I'A l

2. .t.Y.. How much time will that require?

M

YUA 1.11. 1-.t."ifA l

requirement

3. l\HH. I have done everything that the law

requires. ,n.,. 1 f"''.J'HtJJo't 1 "7't0:tJJo'tV" 1 ~1

1 <~..14:"7.1

fl rr

4. <l..fl1(1-<1..ll1). Ethical behavior is required

of lawyers. hmn4':Y. 1 f.h<f>'h-1- V""'IJC 1
f.<l..fi;JA
5. l\il,<l..fl1(tJJo). +r require seven hours' sleep a
night. fl,fi.'J- I f(lfJ'J- I (l~'J- I 7.'t:,.&\'i' I f
II<I..A10:A

A thing like that requires careful study.

7.'t.I'.II.IJ I ffltJJo I ~1C I ft'J''t:l'ofl ' QDtn<;"T I J\
fin 'Irequire of

*What do you require of me? 9""1

.,

~"}.4J!.C

'1-.I..A;Jflll 1

l. f1-.1'.~11 .l'.'t11. We must modify our

requirements to meet the new situation. h.,tt(to
't I p.~;f- I {IQD!I/!f/9" I f1-.1'.~110Jo't I ,1'.'t11 I
"7lflfA I hfl11't
2. 11"' 1 f"''.f.I'.C1tJJo ~1C. He couldn't fulfill
the requirements for the job. ltiP~tJJ<o 1 oflck
f"''.J'.I'.C'I-T't I ~1C'?f I 1\.f.,/1 I l\A!J'fiV"
3. l\11<1..'11.. f"''.IJA 1 )1C. They plan to do
away with most of the requirements. l\114..'11.. 1 h
"'/.flfi-T I ~1C'":f I 11fJ-lP'fh I fi"7IIOJ1 .... I f
:,.-'111-

)1C I .,.., ' l\11<1..'11..

~1C.

Patience is a requirement in teaching. A'"lll

1-"7C

Ti>"'P'T

J\114..'\1..

~1C

~OJo

Vitamins are a requirement of the diet. 09"..,

11
":f

tJJoii'J' I Ji;f-"'/. 'f:Y.

<;'J'tJJo
I

'f'<;" ' J\114..'\1..

)11!'

requisite (n.) l\114..'11.. )1C

Food and air are requisites for life. 9"..,11'1
J\fC

fl.ftf.IDT

J\11<1..1\1..

~1C'":f

<;'J'tJJo

requisite (adj.) l\11<1..'11..

We lack the requisite capital for setting up a

business. 't"'.._. 1 f1"7!1/!IIV" 1 l\II<I..I\1..0Jo 1
'tH11

ffl'tV"

requisition (v.) mf-4' 1 m(l.l'.

The army requisitioned all the vehicles to
transport troops. fti'C 1 <'lil'l!'l- 1 ID;I-.I'.C''Jl't 1
fl"7'1'111

QDh,<;"9''f?t

p.fl-

tnf-4'

OJ(l,l'.

requisition (n.) ""tnf-l:f

The -officer signed the requisition for the
vehicles. ""bo't> f""h. <;9''1l't 1 ""mf-l:f 1
.~..~-

requite
1. OD/t(l. He requites kindness with ingratitude. .I'."'~'J-'t I fttJJo{l;f- I ll,II~T I f.""AIIA
2. 11.1'.-1-'t h<l..fl. How can I requite him for his
help? llfl 7.C'I;I-tJJo 1 1.'t .I'..'I- 11.1'.-1-'t 1 Ah
'i'A

7.:Y.Itflrr 1

rerout Ofl.l\

1 oo"}1Y: ~ 1\h
The general rerouted the troops. :(MII- m

;1-.I'.C''fl't

flfl,l\

QD't1 ....

'\IJ'J'tJJo

rescind lf~
The parliament rescinded the tax law last year.
;J'C'\"70Jo

f"1110:.'t

.ft"'

~9"<;"

lf~tJJo

rescue (v.) l\'1~ l l\1-~<1..

I rescued the child from drowning. .RY).'t h

requirement

4. l\114..'11.. '

researcher

1062

QDIItnV"

J\JI'th-T

The courageous boy rushed into the burning

building to rescue the child. .1'.<!.0:. AY, .RY
).'t I fi"7T~'i'
f!"tfl I "JC}

f1-<f>"JtnfltJJo

(J.'Jo

OJoii'J'

rescue (n.) f"7'1't 1-"'IJC

The rescue was hampered by the storm.
f"7'1).

1-"'IJC ' 0-lf.fl>;'w- ' 11<;"11 ' V"h

'tf-1- ' 1-<'l<;"hfl

come to the rescue 1\'"IJ.l"}

oPtiJ

The cavalry came to the rescue of the besieged

settlers. <~..~(l>;'w- f1-hftll''l-'t 1 <'lof.&l":Y. fl"7
,4"} I ODtl)

*He came to her rescue just in time.

...

O~tt:!'l

~ ...

research (v.) -~-~

He researches genealogies for a living.

roc t ..,

'tP..:Y.' """""C""C I 1'-1-'1.1'.&-A

research (n.)
1. rcoo~. He is doing research on the causes
of cancer. lllt; l]"}(IC 1 oP~;f rcoo~ 0'"1
.... ~., I '\f. I )IJJo
2. '!'<;"'!-. Research on language problems is
necessary. f!ll't!ll ?f"'C':Y. '!'<;"'!- l\11<1..'11..

~OJo

He is doing research for his report.

lt~rc

io f"''.fii<I..A1tJJo't '!'<;"'!- f.I'.C;JA

researcher +oo~'"l~
Pasteur blazed a trail which other researchers
followed. :rii1-C f1-fiOOtJJo't f'l'ft11 <f.
<;"

fl,fro":f

1-QD&-"769"":f

1-h1-fi-T

resemblance oooo{)l'le\
There is very little resemblance between father
and son. IJIJ't-<; Oe\~ oo!Jhe\ Yilt-
oPoP{)I'Ie\ 't-'111

resemble

~ID-

uo(lfl

Don't yo..; think he resembles his mother?

~<;-j,')

' h_f.UD{le\'J" !

resent
l. :tc hl'l'f. He resents any favor being

shown to his brother. iiiD'I.I!"- f"'l.~~"lil't-

oPe\IJ'I" ~1C u-11- :tc Yl'l'f'l'e\
2. 1-<f>foo. The card players resented his
advice as an intrusion. liC;t- : +-11'~ fD
h<-'1 ~'!~ "'e\:J' 111~'t- .,_,..~m- 1+f3. m'l. He resents all restrictions . .,'!,.'l't-'1
'I" qr.~:,. <i<'l''l'C f.m'le\

(be) resentful :tc 1-l'l'f

He is resentful of the insults he received.
ilii~~I'IO't- il.l!-11

:tc -t-l'l"t:te\

resentment :t&.;l'
He bears no resentment for the bad treatment
he received in schooL O't-'I"IIC't- O.'t- illl
-~-~~10't-

oP'J'G: ~1C :t&.;l' he\11Jt-9"

reservation

I. (verbal noun ~) (1;1' uon1. I couldn't get

a reservation on that train. lltt.J' ' qo-c 1 It
,. (l;J' floP .1'11 he\il'e\h-9"
2. ffH~ J (l;f", Our reservations are in the fifth
row. f Y11<;'l'm- P;l'l":f h'l"il-1-"'t- ~
.("lj:

reserved

1063

resemblance

ilf. ' )ID-

3. 1~11. The United States accepted the plan

with reservations. h"''.&IJ il'/"9"~-1>'1 IJ'I'I
'1.1!- 1~P:f :>C 1-4'011:f
4. f+ro(lt 1 hAA. Indians live on reservations
in the United States. II'IP..:f Oh"'L&IJ t-il
'I' 01-IDM he\e\ t-il'l' Wl'&-flo
without reservations 7,'}.';/t

3. h --- -~'"'"mO. Mother reserved her complaint about my messy room until my friend left.

'l~"''"
h~ht-

~ilh.Y..I!"
0~

h'i!llo
1-.,.mo:f

.1!-~il ~....., ilil-1-11~

'If. m4'{) hoPI'I'!IIC

4. nn+oom. Reserve enough money for your

fare home! ro~ 1 fl..:t-11 1 /toPODit ~ 1 04: 1 '1
'11111 hil4'9"'1'
S. oP~O. He reserves his Saturday evenings

for entertaining friends. :t'I"'L :t'I"'L .,:1'

'I 'l~'l''ll'l il.,il-1-<;1!1' "".1!-!).e\
6. 1111.'1 'LU hii-1-'IIIL. The judge reserved
his decision. ~;;;:lD" 1 aJoft~aJo"} ltl\.1\ '1.
U hii-1-'IIIL

7. f&-11. )t- f.'le\. He reserves all rights to

his invention. OLilliL~ 1 t"'f!"':f t 1\f. 1 &lr 1
UDiJ-j, ' f&-11. ' ~ID- ' f.'\e\
reserve the right oo11:,. hit~

I reserve the right to refuse.

UDiJT

~9"0. 11.,11:,.

hfl"t

reserve (n.)

I. -1-4'.,"1.". I'm afraid we'll have to dig into

our reserves. h-1-+.,'"A:f'! .,t-"''t- Yilil
'! f.UD{lfl"'e\
2. uomfJOo!:Y. He has little food in reserve.
't-'111 UDffifJOo!:Y '1""111 f.!le\
Banks must keep a reserve of money. Q"}fi':f
f""mfJOo!:Y 1'11111 .,{l<f>UD'J' hilfJ:ft3. he\e\. Do you have permission to hunt
on the game reserve? Oltl."} hAir 1 aJo{l
'I' 11.,~'1 L:J'.I!" hilll l
4. 1ile\-t-,.~'t-. His reserve makes people
think that he is standoffish. 1ile\1-,.H 1'1
tD- f.,f.ID.(- Yiluo{lfl'l'e\
reserves +mQQof: m;t-l.r:':f
Reserves will be sent to help the men fighting
at the front. h<P<- "I'IIJC f"'l. '1'"1-'t-'1

m;l' J'.r::f fluoc'l't- -t-mfJIJ-1: m;l'J'.r:

:f f.'IIJIIwithout reserve 0000/r I A11 I fD"}!I" ft1
il+C

You can't accept everything he says without

reservations. t'O?..ft~"} 1 &lr 1 ll"J-'IIt 1 ttoo+

We accept your statement without reserve.

Oe\ h't-:fe\'1"

He told us the plain facts without reserve.

reserve (v.)
I. Yll. I reserved two seats at the theater.
tY't-C 0.-1> t-il'l' 11-il't- """'""""'.l":f Y
11112. oJI.mO. Reserve your strength for the race!
"1-e\O't-11'1 ilt-.1!-~ .,_'1'11

YAht-'1 0-11- Ail

1-4'1lii~'I'A

~t-~-1-,t-'1 ~1C '1"'1'1" ll)'il+C ~1~'1

reserved (adj.) "'."'l"'tHe is a very reserved person. OllJEJD lif!>'r

:,.

(I~ I taJo

be reserved +fH

Is this seat reserved? f.ll uo<f>OD""'. 1-f.!lA l

reservo ir

1064

reservo ir
I. "7m&..,."''...l' l fw-;) "7m&..,."''...l'. The volume of water which the reservoir holds is more
than 3 million gallons. "7m&..,."''...fa>- f"''..
.f.Ha>- ID-;) hY'II'l- "''..II.M :>11-'t .1'-0A"'A
The reservoir is nearly dry. fm-~m- 1 117m~

+UJJ
2.

on~v.

tiJF.,.

I 0D .f:l..4f. I

~tiJo

A fountain pen has an ink reservoir.

-fMC f.,.M. ouy..,- AIIID3. r-JIIIP. His mind is a reservoir of wisdom.

hll?"t:ID- f'1'011 ?"'t"'l' )ID-

reset (reset)
1. OD&\f' +hl'\. Reset the stakes that were
knocked down! fa>~4!-l-'t 'flill-'f ouA(I

'1-h'l'l'w-

2. m1)(1-m1 )). John's broken arm had to

be reset. f,l!'t f-1-1'10<: h't-'1- oum1't
~0<:0-l-

resettl e Al'l.l.<:
The government resettled the refugees near
the border. ou'J"'P'1> 11~1-'lf'li't m<:'i'
hm111 Al'l.l.<:

'I'm'!' (II'?" 1ic) ll't~"''..~<:"' Af.m<:mC ?"

reside
l. tr t:. He resides in a town near here. :,Oc111 0
"'1..1'S h-1-"7 m-11'1' Wf&.A
2. )tiJo. Her charm resides in her happy smile.
ODt\\>, ' of.1"1:J-'f' ' '\J'. ' )IDreside with 0 ~ ~ ~ >t;Eo ~tiJo
Supreme authority resides in the Emperor. h~
PA"J"t

~/ttiJo

O"t"NP

~1P-It

)w-

residenc e
I. tiD'f6.1'. The palace is the residence of the
Emperor. lL+ ou'}""IPT 1 M'l-w ~1P'-I:

aD'f6.1' )w2. ou+oPT. Her two years' residence in Italy

was profitable. v-11'1- ~-'1- h."'A.I''t
h"IC 1 ou+outp. m:J-"7. ~ ~oc
3. A.l':&."lf. Any change of residence must be

brought to the attention of the police. A.l':&.

If 01-lla>m 1.11. 11?"11.11 "711;l-w:fo .1'
ll.l.A:>A

.,..,..,..._):!:

liii.G:Ct.f )wresident (adj.) ITIIT;l-A ID-11'1' f"''.. 'fC

Dr. Parker is a resident physician at the hospital. F-h1'C ;rchc ITIIT:l-A ID-11'1' f
"''..'fC .hh_?" ' )IDbe resident tf 1..

These birds are resident here the year round.

MH.II mt::'f h~ou'l- ~ool-o liH.II .f.':'&oil-

resident ial fOD'f6.1'

This is a residential area.
LC

..e.u

1 fOD'f 6~ 1 (l

~tiJo

residual. ,.&
Any residual funds revert to the government.
"7't:;'m-?"
IT<;A

.,.6 1'tH11 llt1D't"'P''l- 11l .f.

residue
I. f-1-<:.l.. Mr. Smith's will directed that
after payment of all debts, the residue of
his property should go to his son. f"''..II-1-C

2.

reshuffl e (n.) ""II'I'ID'I' 1 II'?" 1ic

One of these days, there will undoubtedly be a
cabinet reshuffle. l'l'l").'t f"''..tll'l-t :'f ooll

~.

resident (n.)
She is a resident of California .

11"'1..11 ).~H. Mw- v-11- h-1-h.l.ll 0:\'1

f-1-<:.t.m- 1'tH11 IIA)I: ll't-'1.1'1'1' .I'~A

reshuffl e (v.) OIDH

He reshuffled the cards. l!C:l-m-'t OmHm-

... ~. I

resignat ion

11:1"~.

mea-,...

There is an oily residue in the bottle.

coi'tT 1 fn,.e.T 1 11:1"~ 1 h.ll

resign
I. P'&.w-'t O.l.:J>-'1- 11.,..,._ There was a
spate of reports that he will resign. P'~tiJw"t
O.l.:J>-'1- f.II:J>A f"''..A ID.i. .f.)'i'll )OC

2. ID"'. I have resigned from the club. llhOII-

ID'I'!J'IIv-

*He resigned as chairman. iL+ 1

11.,..,.

resign oneself to ""l.f:

oo,.

OC~-t:"t

tr~OT

He had to resign himself to a week in bed

when he hurt his back. tD1fVt 1 ll:l\ooODtiJo 1
'l't.l': <'IM'l- ""1-:;''l- "1.1': 11")0-lHe resigned himself to his fate. 1-114-m-'t
II- 0~.1':11- 'If. 'I'll- 4!"11' All
be resigned to ""l.f: ; trtOT

v-

He is resigned to doing without servants.

.I'll A1ihC t1D'f~ "1.1': 11")0'1-

resignat ion
1. hP'&. llt1DI'I<;O'l- .l'.,.<:om- '1'.1'4!. His
resignation was not accepted. hP'6- 1 Aouft'i"
0-l- .I'.,.<:OID-'t 'I'.1'41 AA1-.,.IIII-'l-?"
2. fP'&. ouA.,.<I:.I' ~11'10.. He refused to accept my resignation. fP'&. ooA.,.<I:.I' ~11
'10.11-'t AA.,.OA? " All'S

resilience

1065

3. '1--~"'P''I-. She bore the pain with resignation. .nou...'t 0'1-~"'P''t- !l'il.'f
we demand~ his resignation. JP6-ID-~ l,.~Jl.
11.:,0 h'tm,l'.:l'il.'t

resi Iience

.,.Ao oo.';~

His resilience enabled him to leave the hospital

in a week. -I'll- ODD'!\'- hiYll"l::hl\ IJ't

W"'

Y: ' /19"'t't-
*Rubber has resilience. t\ltth f\/1-fl m~
'1'"11- :,Ocl\. fouoall.ll m'l,l'. hil.aJo

res i n cn-llij.
Stop up the hole in the jar with resin! fh'tll<l-aJo
~ I +.11.11 I OOOo- I S:L.,ID-

resist
1. Nt,t:oo. Our troops resisted the enemy's
attack. w;J-Y.C:!I''f't fmll't-'t tnC 1-!1/!1/...
I couldn't resist the temptation . .t.1-'i'aJo't A
!1/!1/ouaJo hA!f'Ah-9"

2.

~;1-.

I could not resist laughing. "14:"1 II

resolve
break the back of one's resistance

+llr (lOt:

Bombing broke the back of the enemy's resistance. f!l9"!1- Y:-oY.IJ fmll't-"1 :,0(19" (tOt:
not put up resistance fit
l'tm

"71l:f1C

"-)I:~

The robber didn't put up any resistance when

the police caught him. /I.IJaJo ?'ll.fl'f 11.,1'.
It-T fl.ODtflo fil. "7ll'f~C ' h)l:'t ' (tm
offer resistance +,t:,t:oP

The enemy offered no resistance to our troops.

mll't- w;J-Y.C:!I"f"l"l hA1-!II!I/ou9" toe

[See also 'passive')

resistant fh9"1l1-'i't'tHe has a resistant nature.

IJ,I'.. 1\ii.IJJo
be water resistant ,.,.,

r~rn.+~.,:,.
ftlf/~lfA<taJo 1

ls this cloth water resistant?

;> f"7,1'.HA.,.,.

~,.

~~~ =

.,m-

A-flit ,.,.

resolute .,.<1-'1'

OD"';J-'t- hA!I'Ah-9"
3. !I'll.. This glass resists heat. ,l'.tJ 11C"'I"4'
.,...,.,.. ,e'fiiA

He is very resolute, and does not waver in a

difficult situation. 0"19" "'<~-"' llii.IY~

*The window resisted his efforts to open it.

A soldier must be resolute in battle.

ou(lto-J> 1\Ah.t.'t- hil.

*He was fired at and wounded while resisting

arrest. l\Af119" 1111- ll.;I-~A 1-1-ltflO

,.. . ......

~~.

resistance
I. fou!l/!1/9" "l,I'.A. Fatigne lowered his resistance, and he caught a cold. Y:lt9" foP!I/!1/9"
"l,l'./1-'t llil..,.~l'tO't- "1-'tof.'t fHIJJo
2. :,0(19". Bombing broke the enemy's resistance. f!l9"11- Y:11Y.IJ fmll't-'t :,0(19"
(t0t:IJJo
3. ODhl\hf. We need more troops to stiffen
our resistance. oubl\bf'f't't il."7m'thC .,.
..,.,,~ w;I-Y.C:'f fll.t.A"I-'i'A
4. oPbl\bA. Their sturdy resistance blocked
the enemy's advance. 0.,.<1-'l'~'t- oubllhll'f
1JJo mll't-"1 WU't- boP"'of.'t- h~J'.IJJo

5.

+;J s:r. Gandhi preached passive resistance.

;J't-'1. M"7' 1-:>:11-"1 hll1-"7t:

6. 1-:I'IJJo'l". His resistance spoiled our plans.
.,.,..,.,.,. 7.:,0-'l'f't"l ' h011lf11't

*The fabric's resistance to wear is tested in the

laboratory. f""'C 'J'"IItt. f-1>"1 ftJA
h'tY.rrt 00.1- ...b<~oaJo 1-m't:I:A
*She took the line of least resistance. f"''..f'P"'
't-"1 .,.1111-'t ou')~Y: out:m'f

O'f"'C "1..11. hfOD):J-9"

m~~c

OtnCt't- "1..11. .,.<1-'1' ODIY"I hii.O't-

resolution
1. IJJo/1~. The club passed a resolution thanking the president. bOll- -rt.HA't-1>"1 0"7
OD{l1') '

IJJo/1~ 0

1\(11-1\il..t.

2. _.CT m.-.-o. He kept his resolution to get up

early. "7/:\1'- ' ii.OD)"f't- ' fJ'.t'.~IJJo"l < C'I'
.b/111 hbOt:

3. ~'1'.,-l-. Lincoln's resolution overcame

his poverty. fll.'tl:oA't .,.<1-'l'~'t- Y:'liH't
h't>l.flf't'i' t:'IIJJo

4. """'"""" The resolution of the problem

presents many difficulties. rl-..,?- 1 oP'f:-l-da.
11H- 'f"'C:'f 1\11-0'tmake a resolution tft.t:m

He made a resolution to get up early. .,lt.q

ll.oat"''t- .,.t:m

resolve (v.)
I. 4\t:m. He resolved to JOID the army.
W;I-J'.Ct't- ' il.oP"'tl't- .,_t:m

2. lDtU. Parliament has resolved that a new

tax should be imposed on business. O~""IS:
P'<I-Y''f 1\,1'. h'l.ll "'"-"' h't'I."'A
;rCI\"71JJo W(lt
3. w-11~ hll1-l\il..t.. The club resolved that a
letter of thanks be sent to the chairman. bO

resolve

1066

respect

IJ- ' 1\1\.4 ' DD"J0-1- ' f9"il;><; ' ~of!J!IJ. ' 1.
"t.ll.'lh ' ..,.... ~ ' hil-1'~1\.t.
4. "'"i:'l-m. hi11"f. The United Nations resolv-

2. G'l'l-. Your best resort in this case is a

lawyer. OH.II "1-'lY. 'I'<; G.<l'l-11 mO-"'

ed the conflict between the two nations.

3. 9"C"'i. Selling his watch was his last resort.

11'1-lo"t ' oolf'J' ' fODQ;l,G'f ' 9"C""l.tD- ' ~OC

fi'Q0-1-'1- ' OO"t"'P':f'T ' 011-11-lo ' h11!"';f '

DDI]hoC\ ~11m- m11 oo<;:'l-m. hil1"f

5.

hilm1~.

His letter resolved all our doubts.

~11.1111.m- 'I'C"'<l.,l'';f"t"t 11-11- hllm1~A"t

6. hl.fl. He resolved the main subject into

four topics . .,..,,_., hC1.il'l- Oh&.~ h.t.llmresolve itself .,.flOJcn

The conversation resolved itself into an argument. ro~mo 1 ro~ 1 hchc .,.Arocn
be resolved
1. m-ilk 1 .,.1\tlL. It was resolved that our
school have a lunchroom. 'l-9"11C'l- 11.;1-';f"t ' f9"lt ' OD11,1' ' h'i'A ' 1."t'l'l"Gm- ' ..,. ...
~ ' 1-~ll.t.

~..,.

resound
I. hili';>Q. The room resounded with the
children's shouts. h'i'll- OA;r!'ll '"'li'l- h
ili';>Q

Her shout resounded throughout the cave.

m1i:J: O'P'I"m- m-ilT hili':>Q
2. f - -- .1:-9"6 1'fl"7. Radios resound from
every house. hfll.-lo f<l.'ll'- .1:-9"6 Y.II"7A

resource
I. f1ll !r'"J"ll'. His main resource during illness
was his savings. omoo,.. "LtL 1 tf''iiD" f1ll
9""tm ,l'm&..,.oom- 1"tH1I 11!1'

~oc

2. .,.tl.ff. Some chemical compounds can

be resolved by heat. h"t'l"t.l:- fh."'LIJA ..,.

2. oom"l.J'. God is our only resource in time of

distress. Ol-"'IC = "LtL 1 .ffl"} 1 oocn1...f 'A"'IH.

m.F-';f- oou-.,.'1- Y-11.1'.1'113. ooo;:'l-m. 1'1"f(ll'l-). The quarrel was

resolved by an arbitrator. Tk 1 llil;J--~4: oo
<;:'l-m. ' 1'1"fll'l-

is a eat's resource when chased by a dog.

resolve (n.) 'lr.&.'I'~T l .,.Cm':'~'l-

Tbe circumstances of her childhood called

forth her courage and resolve. foC\~~'1- 11-~
:1''1' -Hl11<;"J<; 'lr.&.'l'~'l-"t ("'Cm':'~'l-"t)
fl"''lof great resolve lt.)!-"'1 1 "1&&-IJ'

George Washington was a man of great

resolve. ;r!C~ 'P"li"t"'-f-"t 1.~"1 'lr.&.'l' II
"'" I i'OC
The resonant walls make the music sound
better. f"'L..'il+:>II- "1.1:-"l.IIIPT 1\ou-H.:I'

ro&.+

1111- 119'';f MG'i''l- m~ 1-&.&. Y.'/.'lll-

.,.m+oo.

4. ~1C. Electric power is a necessary resource

for industry. Ill\."t-'1-il'l-6 fA.II.h'l-6h -1
,I'.A 'I'<; hilL~"!. ~1C ~..,.
resources
I. 1111'1- l 1111-f-T. Sudan is poor in oil resources. 11-'l"t OHY.~ 1111'1- .1:-"li ~';f

African nations must pool their resources to

develop faster. fh'i'61J h~<:';f O'i''l'~
'1- 1\0DOAK"' 1111-f-EI''I'm-"t Q"t.l:- "7'1'

2. f"'LEI'A OD"J1.1:-. I have exhausted all resources. f"'LEI'IIm-"t OD"J~.I:- 11-11- 'l"h.:.
,1'1111-

f+'fll .1:-9"6 Y.llm-;1-A

resort (v.)
I. 116<:<;:'1- '/.~. Many people resort to the

2.

III" if

1\.,I'QC&.'l- ' ~<;: ' ~,. ' OOOJo"'T ' 11.1:-00'l- ' foP
Q;l,G'f ' "79"1\"'i'P ' HY. ' ~..,.

"'~ ' hi\Q'I'm-

resonant f"'L,,'ii+:>Q

mountains in hot weather. O"J'P.++

h11m.c 11!1' ~..,.

3. foo..,.:'f "79"1\"'i HY.. Climbing a tree

I don't want to resort to force.

natural resources f.,.LTl!"

o-o+

We must exploit our natural resources. f.,.L

'1'1!" 1111;1-';f-"t"t 0'1'~9" ~y. "7'PA h
1111"t
resourceful HY.':'

0"1-AO'l- I\ODm.,.9" hALA"'9"

He is very resourceful in emergencies. Clf...?

3. mf.,.. Who will I resort to in my need?

1..U.I''l- 0"19" HY.':' ~m-

1\"'L,I'il.t.Ai"i ~1C "7"t"t AmY.~ l

resort (n.)
I. fDD11<;':' 11:1'. A new resort is being built
in the mountains. 0.,.&-&.m- 1 1\,.e. 1 li..tlll
f0D11<;':' ' 11:1' ' OOOP'&.T ' ~,. ' ~..,.

respect (v.)
1. hhOG. You must respect your elders.
:1'~-I'TII"t "7hoc hl\1111
2. +.,.011. I respect your opinion. hili'.l'f'l-11
"t ' 1..,.0~1111-

respective

1067

respect

h.1"f

3. mn4'. I respect your rights. oo11'f-U't l\m11

win the respect of 'i::t-C

:J-1\IJ-

He won the respect of the community. f..,ofl

4. J\s'.. ~4'. I dislike the painter personally, but

I respect his talent. 1\IP'\1\,m- f"'IA r "J"It
iF ' R..'l't:'SII" '"'fi\<';1-ID''t ' h.J'..'t:J-1\IJ5. -f'ool\b-1'. The matter respects our welfare.
.,..JII< .J'..-.'t~;l-"'f't't ,l'.ool\h;l-A

.: llfloo't 'i!~C h1T

with respect to 0 - - - 1\f. ! t\

With respect to this problem, may I suggest

further discussion. OtltJ ~ ?-.';f.. 1\f,. 0.,.."'"76 1\'tJ/:'ta>.I'J'.R'I- .&'111 h4'CqllrJ-

We must plan with respect to the future.

respect (n.)
I. IIID''t "7bRC. Respect is the foundation
of politeness. IIID''t "7bRC f'l-ih'l-'i" ou

wt:'l- ' ~""

2. hll111!''1-. Mutual respect is essential for
true friendship. 1\l\tJJo~-f'.,. ~.J'..'S~'I- f :>&-
hll111!''1- Yll.t.A:>A

3. h11C. He commands much respect for his

attitude. 1\IJ-~;1-w- 1111- ll11C ,l'.llm'I'A
respects Mll":l" l hll111!''1-

My father sends you his respects. 1\q-J: Mil"

:1" h~CfitJJoA?A
He paid his respects to the host. hll111!'.,'t
1\qlln..Y.'Ii ' 11\tn
command respect

+hO~

The general commands respect.

:(~&-/\'

f-1'

1\a>.J'..,I.., "71111 ' hl\11't

respectability oPAI111" 1111"

His respectability was most important to him.
Aft-

~~c ~

'

'PCi'~&

ooAl'Ji'"'

ttoo-

~nc

respectable
I. 1'-l'bfit:. These are respectable people.
Mll.ll f-l'bR.;.. lll""'f 'i"'I'ID'
2. ooAI111". Respectable citizens obey the law.
oPAI111" ' 11.1"'f ' ih"l't ' .l'h11&-il'
3. -1'11"7"'1.. Are these clothes respectable
enough for the dinner party? 11&-'1- "111'1f"
1JJoo ,I'.U A1111 -1'11"7"'1. ~"" l
4. h~ Yll. He earns a respectable amount
of money. h'i' .I'll 1'tH11 n"'A

not. His grades

are respectable. fL+'it-

hn.: ~""

5.

have respect for

6. F."l'i. This is a respectable score for an

amateur player. 111\"7-I'C -l'"''.'l'"'f ID'm.

She had respect for our feelings. 1\II"'L:l""'f't

'1-tnH-"'II"'f
hold (someone) In respect JthO~

The community held him in respect. ..,ofl,l

(Joo

'

(I

.,. .,........ '

~""

respected (adj.) f-l'hnt:

He is a respected statesman.

hhfit:tJJo

llJ"}

In every respect fl""l'}Oj=m-gu ~11:

He is my equal in every respect. fl"'''};;=m-r

t:1J/: l\11-Y\1- ~,.

f+hO~

llll.P"A

~(J)o

respectful '1-ih'l-'i" f-f'oPI\0'1He gave a respectful reply. '1-ih'l-'i" f-f'OOI\fl

in many respects Oofllt OD"J1.('"

In many respects, I agree with you. OiUt

ID'm.'l- ' R>l: ' ~ID'

:,. ooAlt
oo

't1J/: l1't-1' :>C l\11"7"71\IJIn some respects Q"}J.;'}J!" )1f!"':f

They resemble each other in some respects.

q'tJI'tJ/: ' ~11!'"'f ' J'.OOflil'\1\'
in this respect 'AHJ' It~
In this respect, he is wrong. l\11..1' 1\J'. -1"'1
II;!: A
show respect to
I. hhn.:. Children should show respect to
those who are older. IA]t.";f ;l-l\ii''I'ID"t
"7llRC hl\q'J'ID'
2. fi'l''t-"'41 .I'H. We should show respect to
school buildings and public libraries. f'I-II"UC
"" ' n.'l- ' ih'tlll""'f't'i" ' fih"1111 ' 11.-1' ' oP
llih'i!.Y."'f't R'l''t:J-41 oP.f"JI hll11't

flm

be respectful toward

}thO~

The child is not very respectful toward his

elders. A)!: ;l-l\'1i't l\11"11~11" h.l'b11CII"

respectfully Rhll111!''1you are respectfully requested to attend the

celebration. RP'~ P'C'I_, l\'tll.1"F Rh
ll111!''1- -1':>11H'I'A
respectfully yours

I remain respectfully yours. ll"'t"LII.II" hlJqt.l"

respecting 1111

I know little respecting this plan. 111\ll.U l\~

S;

f"'ftD-+aJo

'J'of:.'J-

~(Do

respective
I. l'.f. The party ended, and we went to our

respectively

1068

respective rooms. ;TC-I:fDo (IJIA:t mf.f

h'i'~:f"J

l!;.J:"")

The men were given work according to their

respective abilities. (ll"'Jl "1\"Jf.f:fli-:J-'ffDo
F&. of-(l'l;t'ffDo )fiC

2. ( = adv.) Uf-1-&.. I will discuss the respective

merits of each candidate. f"h.I'"J'IVI."t 1-m-'1
'I& :fll-:1" Uf-1-&. "h11AIIIIll-

respectively "h"tf. :tf.9"

1-h-1-~'fm

John, Mary, and Tom arerespectively7,9,and

10 years old. ;'J "'L&<; .f9" "h"tf. :tf.
9" ' 1-h-1-~'fm- ' (lfJ."}- ! Hm~<; ' OFC ' q
""'~- 6.J:-"'L h~'fm-

His respiration is irregular due to shock.

h.J:-"J;>m. f-f-)"1 '1-"Jof.lf. 41CT 41C'P
.MIA

respiratory foPof-"Jt.lf
The lungs are one of the respiratory organs.
<\9"'1 hoP-1-"Jt.lf hM'l- h"t-'1. )m-

respite of.;J-

bring a respite from oPl\ll

hF..t.1

A thick cloud brought a respite from the glare

of the sun. T:tT:t film- f.ao<; ' f8dtf.'l'
dt~C r ODl\{1 :

h.F..t.1

resplendent f"'tf"JIIIJC:t
The resplendent uniform dazzled the eyes of
the onlookers. f"'tnllfJC.,.m- ff."til Ail
il fof-OD/AlJ'1l"t 'lf."t h"l'"UGUG
be resplendent hlfnG.,.
The queen was resplendent with jewels. "t"IF-1:
_, U6"J41 hlfilC:J> )fiC

respond OD/1{1
When I greeted him, he responded with a nod.
MII";J- (l(lmm- h.,,.,., """"'11(1 ""

MIA~

A child responds to kind treatment by loving

his parents. AT: fm~;l'1l"J m-11;1- f"'t""
fA{lm- U'i':tC )fDo
respond to

He failed to respond to treatment . .hh9"<;m-

9"")9" qy.)."}- oPlflfA"t h~f.G111'l-9"

response

......, ...

meet with no response +fl"'t ~:,..

'I" 'i'.!. hfA{lm9"

h."' I r7

My appeal to her pity met with no response.

"h"J.J:-:1-li"JIA~ oumf4: of-(l"'t)'l- h"' (9"

"t9" <;:o~, hA(lm'l")

responsibility (responsibilities)

'1~.M'l-

Her education is my responsibility. f+9'"

IIC;t 1-'lf. fk ' '1~,1.)."}- )mbe a responsibility ...,1\d.~:,.-,.

~m~:J>A
1

ftofl

illl' ' '11\,(.)."}-"t f.mf.:J>IA

responsible
1. ...,1\d.. He is no longer responsible. because
he is so old. 0"19" illllfoo111 11"7.ff.C1fDo
)1C lJo-"J mJI.f '1~"- hf.f-119"

2. +mY+.. To a certain extent. he is responsible

for the disaster. 1\.I'.G(lm- 1-'1'1- ' fih,(./A
1-mf-1: )tJJo

He worked without respite until the job was

done. F&.tD-"J "1\(lh.Q;l,Cil 111 4-:J- w&.

in response to ilfl + verb

I came in response to your call. hi\.m~1i:S

A family is a great responsibHity. 0.+

respiration 'l-"tof.1i

1'

responsive

ODAil

My letter of application brought no response.

_,.,..Ah!FtL 9"")9" ""fAil h~1'f9"

3. ;J-~:t '1~,(.)."}- 1110'1-. Supervising an office is a responsible job. llC" 1 oP41."1mC 1 ~

~:j> ' '1~,(.)."}- ' 1110'1- F&. )m-

4. :1""'~ The class chose a responsible pupil

to take care of its money. +O?~sP:ri 1 11Hofl

f"'tf.ll~'ffDo ~~ ' IA'J!: ODGmbe responsible

1. 0'1~,(.)'1- 1-mf.,.. Insane people are not
responsible. h"hll"t!''l''ffDo f ;J-mh (ll":f
0'11\"-)'1- hf.mf41'1"
2. 9"h"tf'l- II'). His indolence is responsible
for his poverty. 1\.J:-'Ji)., 9"h"JJ''l- fll')
I&

{rJij:'laJoo

~ll)a

hold responsible 0'11\,.t.):,.

mf+

He holds me responsible for what my wife did.

"'til-l: ~f.G1:fm- )1C 0'11\1.)'1- f.m

,_.,.'1/A
(be) held responsible ...,1\d. 1 )I& 1 ..,.fit\
He was held responsible for the damage.

11'1'4-_, '1~"- )fDo 1-IJII

responsive h.J:-<;4: fll')

Actors appreciate a responsive audience.
1-'I'"Jn hf.'<;4: fll') T""AlJ:f Y.m-'111-

*He showed his support by a responsive wink.

f.;>,(.)_,") UT:tlf 11111

*He is responsive to kind treatment.

-~11

)tJJo

~'t\:f"

rest (vt.)
I. 1\'IU.. He stopped to rest his horse.
,C.t;{l-') ' ll.,'lt:'i' ' .,..,..
2. 1\itY..~.c.. He rested the ladder against the
wall. ouMII-'J "IY..--'1-'IfD- ll.f. 1\itY..~.C.,.
3. ( ~ passive) 1-S'..~.C.. She rested her elbows
on the table. ahCS: m<:A.~,. il.f. 1-Y..
~.c.":f-

4. .,<:. May God rest his soul! 7>"111.1\ildo.C

)'i'{l-'J ' ,..,<:,.
5. oow~.,... I rest my conclusion on three facts.
tD-'1~1'-'J aV'll'l out;)i'jP":f- ll.f. 7-0DoP
C:;J-1111rest (vi.)
I. 1\t:.C.. Rest awhile! 'I-'J1i 1-t:'i'

The remains of the general still rest where

they were buried. f)(".~<~- II- OK"9" .,.Y:'l"
h-1-.,.at:M P;J- 7-'J'It:.C. , )fD2. aM9" 1\t:.C.. The old man now rests
with his forefathers. 11.,"11\.fD- ittD- qq.y.
;F'I'tD- 'l-'J aM9" 1\C:.C.'I'A
3. ;JS'..9" l\11. He went upstairs to rest. ;JS'..9"
11.,11'1- ' <DS'.. ' ,;:~ ' "'"'
4. 7-G:f. l\11. The shepherd leaned on his
staff to rest. 1-t:>;'tD- H'J.,. ll.f. S'..~'i' il
ir' ' 7-G:f. ' l\11

5. .P.oP. The matter cannot rest here. .,..JI(t 7l.

H.ll il.f. ll..fo9" l\f.":f-A9"
6. +ooav~i. His theory rested on new facts.
6'Jit dt'lfl- Q,ll.it out;)i'jP":f- ll.f. f-1-"""'

l..,.. ~t&a-- ll.f. )tD-. The whole responsibility rests

7.

on him. '1il.ol.)1> u-11- Oil- 'If. )tD8. 1-S'..~.C.. The roof rests on steel beams.
"'t.Y,. f-1-Y..~.c.,. nil<:+ l\fD-.1-~ ),.
9. ( ~ tr.) "'ll. +His eyes rested on me for
a moment. 'tf.'l''ll'J 11'1"-1:'1- "l..ll. a~ 'If.
"'ll
*A smile rested on the girl's lips. A~ .c.~
.., ' 1\ll":frest against .,.~1L

The ladder was resting against the wall. oo(tl\

II- ' "IY..--'IJifD-') ' 1-S'.."IG: ' )aC:
rest with f --- L 'l;P

~lD"

It rests with you to decide.

.C.'J:f" ' )fDIet rest
I. 7-'J-'l..fof.

restful

1069

rest

2. 1\ht:ou. We shall let this field rest for a

year. J'.li'J'J out.+ II.'Js:" otou+ 7-<;hc
OD'f'll")
[See also 'assured')

rest (n.)
I.

I went to the mountains for a rest.

' <DS'.. ' 1-.1-.1- ' <D"lii-

~t:'i''l-.

ll~t:'i''l-

It's amazing what an hour's rest can do for

you. Y'Js:" il't'l- ~t:'i''l- f-I>'J YIIA
7-'JY..""'.m~ll" YitY..'J:J>A
2. f+l.. Eat some now and save the rest!
l\11-') 'I-'J1i ' -till.<; ' f.,.<:,.., ' 1\it.,.ll"'l"
Where are the rest of the boys? f.,.~+ A]f..
":f. ' f'l- ' <;'l'fD-l
be at rest ihou.,.. :f"~oP(II'l-)
The injured man is now at rest. f._(lflCD- llt.IJo
1'- ' hii-'J ' ifoou.,.. :f""IV'II;J-A
be laid to rest 1"4-0l:
He was laid to rest in the church yard. 0fl.1" ~
hc:llt.n ~...c: "Ill. ....,.at:

bring to rest h.cfoOD

The driver brought the car to rest. )j(tD- ""
h.<;....') o }\.foOD
come to rest
I. 1\~.c.. The falling rock came to rest near
my tent. f<DY...,.,. s:"'J;Jf. s:"'J\>.~ 1\m~
ofl ' hl:.C.
2 . .foao. After the deluge, Noah's ark came to
rest on Mt. Ararat. h'l"-1-'1- fD-:' 0:\11 f
or-. ouc:hil al\.:..1-'1- 1-.1-.1- 'If. .foou":fnot be at rest l:"'l.,. h.A.cfoODfD
If a thing is in motion, it is not at rest. h.'1: = )1
C ' O"t'J<f'<l.,.itfi'l- 1,1l. t:"'.Y. l\A.foOD9"
.,11'1- )fDset (someone's) mind at rest hdtil11 h.lJ:l:L
He set my mind at rest by telling me he would
pay my expenses. aJQ;J.li'J 7-h'i'AYIIu- ofl
ir' ' hdt'lil hilt:.C.'S
take a rest /lt:fj:.+ hU1
We worked a lot today; let's take a short rest!
~.:. ' ilrt- ' itlloP.I-') ' 'l-'J1i ' ~t:'i''l- ' h<;s:"C"l

restaurant ll"""ofl
oPaJ(I'). ,.,.,.

M<:~. Since some of the members got angry, they let the matter rest for the
time being. 1\'JJI'JP.'Il 1\Qtr>":f- itll-1-<;f.JI.
"I-'ll'' II"I..H.fD-' 7-'J-'l..fof. ' 1\Y..<:.,.

a.+

He ate lunch in the big restaurant. ?"'ltD-') h

'1-A., 11""1-tl IL'I- a11

(be) restful

I. ~~'i''l- ilm. Sleep is restful. 7-'J~A'i'

~t:'i''l- f.ii"'A
2. f'\11. <; ~t:'i''l- ilm. This music is very

restitutio n

1070

restful. Y.tJ .... "-"' f"f/IS ~<:'f!~ f"tll

'I'. )lD-

not be restful b~'j:.+ : )...,

Dreamy sleep is not restful. ihl!\'1"

11.11.-r

~,:..,.-,.

fi1~11T

J!.}"'l>.

restitutio n
1. ooooltll. The restitution of the statue was
reported in the press. rthlD-A.-f: I ODODI\{1 I fl
;>tl."' '

iiY- ' 1"111\!1.1>.

2. IJIJ:. As restitution, the aggressor govern~

ment gave 10 million dollars. h'1'4:11Jo ou1"1F
T OFC "t/1.1'"1 -tiC !Jl) h.l./1
3. 'l"Th. It is only fair that those who do the
damage should make restitution. 111>.11-r Y
~<:"" 'l"Th >-1'1..1'~.,. Yh.l.l!\;>1>.

(be) restive 1-.,..tmtm

He became restive during the long ceremony.
11<:~..,.

F} FC'iT 1.tl. 1-.,..}mtm

restless 4l1'1'1'1'
The restless child was kicking his feet against
the chair. 4l1'1'1m- 1>.~ m111-1-1 11>."1-1-
y.ou;r ti1C

restrict
~l:'i'T ' "'/.(-<:.,. ' m.1}-1>1 ' IDJI..YIJJo'l- '
OD/111/IT
3. ODA(o lim. The honest boy restored the
money to its owner. ;1-"''"f. II\~ 11Hflo1
II Q/111.-1> ouA(o (lm
4. >.1~tl1l h~<:1. He restored the original
text by careful comparison of all extant copies.
hiJ-1 ' Yii-T1 ' ODl\"doG::f ' 11'1'1?-1: ' 11"'/<D
J!~C o fou)';OD&YIJJo1 o ll""'"'i! o h1~)11<:

h~<:1

be restored

!. :1"!!.11. The building was restored to its

original condition. ih1lii1Jo ;1-.(-(o >.1~}
11<: rrt
2. m~ .(-or:,. v-l!.;l- of"OD/111. Law and order
have been restored in the riot-tom city of
Chicago. 1111'1'11'1' 111"i1"11<:11Jo 'f!J1 h
T"7 I ~&il"l' I if1..,1j" I P'Cq."f- I aJF.. I F:e
lJ)a

(J-l,;f"

+ODI\(t

3. ftl1<: -- - oj-OD/111. Discipline will not be

restored unless you put your foot down.

'J'Cl):fv-1 thl):fv- IJI>.wt-:fv- fti1<:11Jo

FC'iT hJ!.oullh'l"
[See also 'order']
F) '

*The sick child passed a restless night. r:t-oo

_,. ' II\~ ' /1.11.-1>1 ' >.1.!1..1Jo '

get restless 1-+"-)m)'m

h~<:

The audience was getting restless when the

actor failed to appear. 1"'1'<;1' 1):,0 Q/1"'1
/1-1> of"ou~>.IJ'Ii ih1111 of".,..}m}m

restorati on
!. 1\.(-l)T. The parliament building is closed

for restoration. f9'"hC 0.-t:

~ ;,."J~ dlt.X"
l)T ' 1-H"I;I:I>.
2. ouou/111. The restoration of independence
was a notable event. f)~)+ ouou{\{l rD?..
;1-<Dh ~liT }11C

restrain
!. 1:1". He restrained his anger with difficulty.
1.<'..-1>1 ' 0"1.(- ' 1;1-IJJo
2. YH. He restrained the dog when guests
came. h1"1P..'Ii ll..oum- IJJol\"IJJo1 YH

restraint '1'11:,. 4l'I''I'C

The child was kept under restraint as long as
he was in our house. A)f. AO..+l? m-li:T
11t11.:n-r 1.11. v-11- 11'1'11:,. 4l'l"''c ,..

c toe

with restraint T"'LTtl

Y.tJ f'1'1T <D111C '1'-1- IY'l" >.1~tl1

c ' ;1-.(-l).l>.

He was very angry, but he spoke with restraint.

11"1'1" 1-<;P.. ti1C I "11 1-'1&'1'11 }IJJo f-1"
<;1<:11Jo

*His restoration to health was followed by his

taking up his old habits again. m.<;IJJo h-1"""

He acts without restraint. Yll'f11Jo1

*This antique chair is a good restoration.

/Ill 11:\'1 f'1'1T A"''-'!.1 )';OD<:

*The restoration of stolen property is required

by law. f1"11<:4l tJ111':f >.1JI..oo/lfl. ih"l

Yh1.(-J!A
[See also 'anniversary"]

without restraint
Y~C;>A

restrict mil} (of-milt)

The law restricts our freedom to do as we
please. ~h Y/111 v-11- >.1J!<;~C"I ;,.,.
ftll};l-:f-11 Ah Y.mh<;l>.

This area is restricted to authorized personnel.

restore
1. DD/1/l. He restored the books to the shelf.

oux-mr:::'li1 "'~ -~uy,.

OD/111
2. ou/lf'I(IIT). A rest soon restored him to heaith.

Y.tJ (1;1- /11-.l.<l'~'l:fiJJo wt-1-'if':f 11!1'

1-<DhS:A
The trees restrict our view of the city. lff::=li h
1""'/IJ)o') ..,.II- 11-11- >.11!<;. ;>UIJJo<;A

restriction
I. 1.<'.11. The governor ordained that the
restrictions be lifted. 1\1~ 11(11Jo 1J'.Il~ l\

'M.).,.. hHH
2 . .,.,..rc. He resents all restrictions. "7"}'i':f..,.
.,,.. 'tJ'.H .,......c J'.m'l.c\

*The restriction on smoking applies to you.

.,.... 11 ' h.c\h.c\ ' )IIJo ' f"'/.1\IIJo ' .lt"l ' h"}
-f""}!l" 0 J'.ODI\h;f".c\
without restriction A1" ~11
We are permitted to use the library without
restriction. 11.1" ODI\.lt<;:of:"} l\"}J'..c\q:f"}
l\"}J'.""}11\1.c\O'I- 1-L:tP.A<;.c\
restroom 11"}'1- 11.'1Where is the men's restroom? ft"}P.:f 11"}'1-
11.'1-' f-1-' )IIJo!
result (v.)
I. !l"h"}J''f- tl't. The partition of India resulted in two countries. f'U"t Y: 1 oohof.tC.A 1 1\fJo
liT ' h-'1.11 ' h11::f ' ODJ.mC ' !l"h"}J''f- ' tl')
2. """' Floods may result from heavy rains. f11Jo
;) ODTI\:tl\:,0 h ...J'.II'i' 11'011 11."""1 J'.:f'IA
Any damage resulting from negligence will be
paid for by you. h:fA-i"'h-1- f"'i.OD"JIIJo"}
"7"}>;'11Jo"}!l" -r'l-'1- f!l"'l-h'i'A h"}-f" W
result In
I. hllh-1"11. Their inept diplomacy resulted
in war. f'l Tll-"''ol. HS'. hl\"7t:l':f..,. tD
C)'f-"} hllh-1"11
2. h - - hJ'.~{I. The chasm between England
and the American colonies resulted in the
Revolutionary War. Ol\"}"111.11'0 Ot-."7.&1)"}
:t't .,~_,.:f ool)hA no~..,. f mHI
Af.t-1- htDCH hJ'.~{):fiiJo
3. t-.1117. Your efforts will result in success.
T~'f-11 OD.c\1}!1" IIJom.-1- J'il1"iAYA
result (n.) IIJom.-1-

The results were very satisfactory. aJom.-1:

"1!1" t.-r:>o. toe

*The immediate result of the rain was a drop

in temperature. 11'011 tD'lJ'IIJo). .l'llh-1"11
.... ' .l'f~ ' .... .,.11.,.11 ' )0~
as a result of 0 - - - r'h1"1+
The dynasty carne to an end as a result of the
war./"CtD DP"}"IJ"-1: OtDCt-1: !l"h"}J''f- hO:l'
give good results aJom.-11 1

11."1~

Conscientious work gives good results. 0T1"

:1''1: f-f"oPt:- Ft:- 11Jom.1: .l'!l"t:-A
[See also 'negative1

retail

1071

restriction

resume (vt.)
I. +mil. They resumed their journey the next
day. 'l-!1.:fiiJo"} 0"7"11"-1: +milResume reading where we left off! II4'MO
'I- l!l"~ll -,qo--, +-rA
2. l\"}.<'.1'0 .I'H. After the lunch period, the
delegates resumed their places. h!l"ll 0:\'1
OOAl\h-i"'l'~ ' l\"}.<'.1'0 ll'i't:-' ll'i't:-:fiiJo"} '.I'll'
resume (vi.) l\"}.<'.1<; ' 1-l""~
Talks will resume next Wednesday. f'-t.ODIIJaJo
~11-b "}"1"1~ l\"}.<'.1<;' J'.laot:-A

resume, give a '""'

Q~

~1l,

Give me a resume of this book! flf.ll"} ""II'

m'i' :f"&h q"~~'~ .,1~"i

resumption
*The resumption of flights to Africa was
announced. -~"*Ctl' f) O~IIJo tJ'. h'i'&
II f"7.J'.~111Jo O~t:- l\"}.<'.1<; ""l""~ 1")1~
resurgence, be a ~

h"}{lt:-t:-

After the war. there was a resurgence of

business activity. htDC)1: 0:\'1 fi"IJ'."
l\"}:tll:l'fl. ' t-,"}{1,:_,:.

resurgent
*Resurgent nationalism is causing problems
in several countries. lt.llll f1lm.&-~ 1 llot.+ 1
l\"}:tll:l'fl. 01111' h11::f 'IJ'. :f"lc LT~A

resurrect

1. .t.a. The healer resurrects the dead, some

people say. h"}JI"}J'." (IJP:f ...,.._...,t-i"'i'IIJo
f'l"-1" .I'J'."'OA J'.'\112. l\"}.<'.1<; oPt:-(0'1-). They resurrected an old
plan in dealing with this problem. 1111.11 :f
"IC oo<;:-1-m. 11"7"17'1- f41f11Jo"} l\:,0
.... ' l\"}.<'.1<;' ' "'~0'1be resurrected,_~...,
Jesus was resurrected from the tomb. J\.fftoill
hOD:J'11C ' -f")"'

Resurrection f'f-"}"'h. O't.c\

We shall celebrate the Resurrection at home.

f'f-"}"'h."} 0'\A l\11.'1- l\'Oh11t:-ll"}
resuscitate 'f-"}4-11 ODI\11
He tried to resuscitate the drowned child.
11Jo;) IIJoiiT {IT'f" II) O~IIJo AY;: '1"}'(.1( ' 1\00""1\11 ' 'l"h~
retai I (vt.)

I. 'f~:f~. The woman retails coffee. fl.-1-1"'1'

o-c; '1-:f~:ft:-11:f

retail

1072

2. n'fc!J'C' Ifm. My father retails shoes.

t.fl-1: 65"7 n'fc!J'c- Y.lf"'A

IJ1X' iiC h"lll"/t f,lfiiJA

retail (n.) 'fc!J'cHe sells wholesale and retail. O;t'll"l\11" n'fc

ii'C"II" Y.lf"'A
retail dealer =FC;J!&

Retail dealers have to pay a tax. 'l'cil'&sP'f

4'~'1'

oPhLA 1\IIIJ'fmretail merchant :fc;J=&

Small retail merchants must buy a license.

Mil_,.:;: 'l'c!l'&sP'f f1"1X' L:J>X' "7mIIJT ' 1\IIIJ'fmretail price
*What's the retail price of this article? f,IJ >.
:J> (t.:J> 111'1- J'a>IIJA 1

retailer 'I'C!I'&
The retailer of such merchandise must have a
license. fii.IJ 'tf.)'l- lf4'11J lf4''1' 'fc
!J'& f1"1X' L:J>X' "h1'l'l'~m- J''ifA

retaliate
I. OM "hCII"lf m(l.I'.(O'I-). If we raise our
duties, the neighboring countries may retaliate
against US. IIJY,. I 1t"JC I (l)o{t~J> I fiot"Jfto I ~:J"
lP'f 1\f, 4'~'1' ii1"'9"C 1-~11.'1- 1\11!"
!J''f1 Oll'f. ).CII")f f,tDII'I.il1 f,II' .....A
2. Ol\'f.m-1 oPII(l. We will retaliate for any
attack made on us. 11"7..1'.~"1il1 'l':J>T u11- Oll'f.m-1 ).1oPA/tll1
3. 1l~'l oPt\(t She is vindictive, and will

retaliate if you offend her in any way.

-too~

(lllll')'f h)I)V'I- ii.J:-<::1 T""Ailll'f

retaliation Oll'f.
The raid was in retaliation for the bombing.
m~.:.m-

11.,..1'.~1..,.

ff19"il .J:-ii.I'.IJ OK

'f. )flC

retard
I. m.l'. :\1\ .,_.,..,.. Quarrels retarded the progress of the job. .,.:J>"'.":J> fF.:OID-1 hC9"
lf ' m.l'. ' :\1\ ' .,_.,..,...,.

retain

.rn. This pot won't retain

retaining t..:JL
The retaining wall collapsed. t.;>J.m- "'.J:-"1
'I ' _,.U,..(t

retail (vi.)

*This article retails at $1.50. f,IJ "h:J> (t.:J>

1.

reticent

water. .e.u -Y

(tC" m-;) hf.119"

2. 1~. He retained a good lawyer to defend

him. "h1'lh.:OhCII'I- '1''1- mO:J> 1~
3. h.,...,...J:- .,.hl\hll. We built a wall to retain
the earth behind our house. h!I.;J-'1'1 :\1\
J'llm-1 1\LC hoP ......J:" lloPhl\hA "11il
1)1)1

4. 1\ll;J-tD(l. She retained the tune but not the

words of the song. "1'1'...., 1\AJ'H'fm-9" l fll"
;1-11;1-m-(tm- ' ""'...., ' il!l'

)liJo

*Some stones retain heat for a long time.

I\1'11.J:- .J:-1;Jf"'f llilll- "'-" "h1f.;JII-
f,.fJ'II-

*The old lady has retained her interest in

reading. 1\C""I.:t 1\u-111" "710il '1-ro'lll'f
[See also 'memory']

retainer
I. 1\1<1\;Jf.. The king's faithful retainer has
been with him for 30 years. ,.,.,. ;1-"7'1
MA;Jf, II<PI\/t 'toP;J-'1- 1\iiC"'I- 'l'
<::A
2. f:J>.J:-"7.J' h'i'J'. Thelawyerreceivesaretainer before he begins work on a case. )1'1-1
h""l':""'~- no~.:,. mn:J> r:J>J:-"7.J' h'i'J'
f.4'01\A

2. 1tn1r. Heavy rain retarded our progress

in the trip. hfi.J:- ,..,..,.. f1-!f, '1'11 >.ell"
lf ' I\H1f
retard growth h11

Poor food retards growth. 1\1-A 9""1il ,f65

65A

retarded, be mentally ~
This child is mentally retarded. f,IJ A;t' 1\
"hii"C"m- MJ:-"''.m- ;JC J'Aflo'lll )m-

retch 1\{loPII(t(m-)
+The child drank soapy water and retched on
the floor. a.n. ........,. .film- m-;) llllm
II)

fiJIII\o 1\f, 1\IIODII{laJo

retell (retold) oP<I\(1 1\m.:o

He retells the same story every time we see
him. fl1"f)m- .,....c n> ;~-&h ODA{I

,rm.:.A

retentive, ~ memory f"71l;J-tDII 'fii-;JHe has a very retentive memory. f"71l;f-mll

'fii-;J-m- ' "1'1-11"

)Ill-

reticent ,,...,..,.
He is so teticent that you cannot find out
anything from him. ,,...,..,. 111111') m/tll1 ~~'I" 11"7m:J> 1\f,!J'AII"

retinue

1073

retinue fh11C -1-h:f'l'"':f

The ambassador's retinue will be housed in

our hotel. fhii"Qlt~~ fh11C -1-h:f'l'"':f
lf1:'1':f't "'"11'1' S'C<I-11retire (vt.)
I. m-~:f' hil1Q. The army retired all overage
officers. ftnC il6-'l!'l- Oc!J!""'L..'lf.,. f1
4-'i-") 0 ODb-")'f':f 0 flo/1- 0 111-~:f' 0 h{l1Q
2. hilm1~. The government retires torn bills
from use......,..,,..,.. f#JIU 11C l\'t
'1,1'."'6-0'1- fillll"'JIA
retire (vi.)
I. m-~:f' 1Q. Civil servants retire at sixty-five.
f""'t"IP''I- "'6--!-?f'':f OIIJ!"lt hll"il'l-
't"":f'"'"'" ' m-~:f' ' f.1QII2. P'6-.,., M>ou. He sold out his share and
retired. J:-Clf.,., hlfm 0:\'1 P'6-"'"'t

Mou
3. -1-'f. In winter, we retire early. Oh~ll"'l-
fll"")-1-'f.... ' 01-tL ' ~ ....
4. 1Q. He retired to the library after dinner.
l\6-., hO'I 0:\'1 m~ "'''tOfl..l' h'i!
II-' 1Q
She retired to a convent. 1'19" 1Q':f
5. -f"ODi\il. Our forces have retired to previously
prepared positions. m;f-Uil":f') hil<f'J:-ou
IJ)o ' fD~ ' hH:>lf.'l- ' ll"ii.;>lfm- ' -f"ODj\(1.
6. lt~. He has retired to the country for a
rest. M~'i!'l- m~ 1mc lt~

*These goods have been retired from the

market. MH.II l\:J'JP':f Ill~ 10.1' houm"1'1- <f'C-1-'I'A
retire for the night .,.~

He retired to his bedroom for the night.

-~:r ' h'i!ll- ' 11l.Y. ' -1-'f

retire from
I. 1-m. He has retired from government
office. fOD't"IP''I- P'6- '1-:J;A
2. 'i'ofo. She retired from the world to enter
a convent. 'tAM 't:J' 1'19" 1Q':f
retired (adj.)
1. m-!l;f- 1 fBJnJ. He is a retired civil servant.
m-~:f' ffD"' f""'"IP''I- "'6--1-'f ~,.,.
2. P'6-ID-'t f.fOD. He is a retired doctor.
P'6-.,., f.fOD P..h-1-C ~,.,.
retired life 11\A-1-~~'1-

He lives a retired life in a small village.

0'1-'tii .,.._,~ ID-il'l' 011\A-1-~~'1- f.
'1'6-A

retreat

retirement
I. m-~:f'. He reached the age of retirement. cl
~.... ' i\m-~:f' ' ~~il
2. 11111 fA il'i!6-. He lives in retirement.
11\A Qi\ il'i!6- ,1'.'1'6-A
*There have been several retirements in my
office. hODP'6f 0.1: h'tJI'tJ!" ilJP':f A
m-<l:f' -f"ouJ!"O'I'A
retiring 't,l'.'t h<f.C ! 1111"-1-'f

She is very retiring; it's hard to talk to her.

'tf.'t h<f.C (1111"-1-'f) ilillf~':f M.'t
hil'l':>6 ~,.,.

"7~:>1C

retold, see retell

retort
I. oPi\il. He retorts insult for insult. AilJ!"ofl
IIJ!"ofl ,('.ODAltA
2. O'tY.'I- ""ilil. She retorted that it was
entirely his fault. f't-1- '1'<1-'1- ~,.,. il'I-A
O'tY.'I- ouj\(l':fi\'1-

retrace
I. l\'t~1'i' ~f..!.. He carefully retraced the
map. l:tC:f'"'"' O'l''t:J'-11 l\'t~1'i' ~~1.
2. 4--m~. I was able to retrace my family line.
f0.-1-ilO. 't ' fHC' hw6-~J!" j\OD.,....tnC '!J'Ahretrace one's steps flODIIJfl..,. 1 tiD')-,~ 1 .,.
""ilil
He retraced his steps, but did not find his
wallet. OOD"JO'I- ""'t1J!" -f"oPA/1 O.I.A
"Ill" liCit"'"' h'11TII"
retract
I. ami.. He retracted the statement that he
made yesterday. '1-'i"t'l-'i' f-l"'i'1~1D-'t Otnl.
2. ilOilO. The plane retracted its wheels aOer
take-off. hm-~'1). ' h-1-~"1 ' 0:\'1 ' .,.,.,., '
ilOilO
retraction mltll-'t m~

:\'1 "711'1-

His retraction indicates a change in attitude.

mltll-'t m~ :\'1 "711-1> fll-l'.:f'm-'t ou
i\ID'I' f""ilh:f'A
retread

h~il

Is it worthwhile retreading the tire? .,.,.,.,

"7~il

,l'.m-l-"7A l

retreat (v.)
I. m~ :\'1 hl.11.1. The troops retreated.
W;f-U'Ii m~ :\'1 hl.11."12. Aol~'i!'l- lt~. He retreats to the country
every year. OfOD-1> i\ol~'i!'l- m~ h1C
0.'1- ' ,I'.'&JIA

..

retreat
retreat (n.)

1. fa>;f-S'.I!':f "7.1."1.1."1 1 "7.1."1.1."1. The retreat

was disorderly. fa>;f-S'.I!''Ii "7.1."1.1."1 '1-'1'

1"1'

return

1074

~IIC

The enemy's retreat turned into a rout.

fmll'l- "7.1."1.1."1 '1-'1' fl\.lltJ>o 1111'1- IT~
2. f"711"11"'i P;f-. The library was his re-

treat from the noise of the children. O.T ooM,

.h'i!-1: hA;J(:f "'i""l;f- f"711"11""l P;fm- ~IIC
be In retreat mi. :..4 h.L1L'1
The enemy was in retreat. ml\.:'f- mY.. = :\1\
1'..1.~.1.~

beat a hasty retreat TL.,.Ah

He beat a hasty retreat when he saw the police
coming. ?"fl..ll 1'1."""1 qf "1.11. 1-.1.1-llh
beat a retreat hL1L'1

The army beat a retreat after the battle.

htJ>o"l.ftJ>o 11:\11 tflC (1<1-'1!1: h.l.~.I.~
go Into retreat (t.q'\, 111

Pious people like to go into retreat for at least

a week once a year. 7f."7'l'1-,.,. fiT~ M'
:f ll..l'"tll IU'"tll ll'tOD'I- h"H': liM
'1- (l.qq, ~qll-

sound retreat

The trumpets sounded retreat. m+f"qm- m

S'. :\11 h.l."l'i!.,. f"''.A f:ll"b 1'.(1"7

retrench (vt.) m(IS'-(11'1-)

The government may retrench rights granted
to a company if it violates a contract.
IJ-q')ym- m-11-1 h"'ll OD')"IP"'I- f(lm
tJ>o') OD11o}- f.a>llf:ll;f-A

retrench (vi.) mm,. +~ll

We must retrench this year if we are to have
enough money for a vacation next year.
II"''.OD"JtJ>o 1 'tODT 1 f~l:'i!T 1 "l_fl. 1 llof: 1
1.1JI.'l't:1 h.l.ll"l') H1f:l!' m<r>.
f:Y...,') 011+~11 1'.1111')
~')H11

retribution
*Retribution for wrongs done to one is not
a good policy. hi-1 llh4- ""II+A ~
II. hf.S'-11'1"
in retribution o~of.m-1
He insulted her in retribution for her rudeness.
1111A"I<;'I' 01\<f.m-1 (IS'.qo}-

retrieve
1. .1./JI'I t.oo"J. A hunter can train a dog
to retrieve birds that he has killed. h1f: h

o'l'S f~S'.II'fm-1 h~'l''i! .I.A'I 11"711""1'1-

f"''.:Y..A m-lf "7"'Atn1 Y.:fiiA
2. 1'.~1". I retrieved the lost pocketbook.
fm<f-11'S1 fh.ll S'-111-&.1 M'fu-'13. h.t:.oo. A person can retrieve a mistake.
"71'1" (lm- ll.b-1-1:1 fl..fC'I" Y.:f'IA

(be) retroactive

a>S'. :\11 -J-ODA(l

.,.t-

The new law is not retroactive. h.Jl.(l. .ih"''

a>S'. :\11 -J-OOA(l ' hf..,.<l-'1"

*Your new salary will be retroactive to last

month. t.JI.(l. S'-'1"1111 to11.1.m- me )>;
11"1!' ' f.;f-{lqA

retrograde f:\11.1'11
The retrograde motion of certain planets con
vinced Galileo that the sun was the center of
our galaxy. f')o'l1f: h'Ph11'1- f:\fl..\'11
1.1'1-11:1'11. B.hf. fh'Ph11-I'JI':f1 7.!1"11C
'1- 0111T:<:1 :>fl..fl..\'1 t.lloo~m-

retrogress
I. 1-""llll. He retrogressed to infantilism.
ms-. .nn~-r 1-01111(1
2. 1.fq(l 'tS'.. His condition has retrogressed
these last three days. u-~;1-m- q114<'1- 1"11
'1- +'l":Y.. ' 1.fq(l 'tS'.
~ 0111111 1111- (l.fllllmIn retrospect, I realize I was wrong at that
time. 001111 11\lo llllllm- fk 00/1/11:1 -rt:f:JI'IIu-

retrospect, in

return (vt.)
I. 01111(1. Don't forget to return the book!
0111\".hio') 000111111 ' 7.1"1'1-<:11

''Nevermind'', he returned, ''I will do it myself".

"If: fll'l" lhk <1-ol. 7..,.<1-'I'IIIJ- (l.A 01111(1
He never returns a favor. d..YtlfP tD-1\:J"
t.f.ooAII'I"
2. Ol\4-m-1 ooll(l. They returned the enemy's
fire. llmll'l- 1-!i-11 01\<f.m-') 01111(1.
*I returned his call. 011Ait S'.mAh-11'1-

return (vi.) TODI\(1

When did you return? 011'fi -J-oollllh l

I have returned to my original idea. tD~

+Y:

'l"tJ>o .hiiiL -J-ooAlfllrJreturn a verdict LL.R.

The judges returned a verdict of guilty. "l'l':Y..

'1'41-.... ~d)o

1'1.11- .I.<:JI.

never return ll.'lF.aJIIJ

+t:.

On his trip in the desert, he met with misfortune and never returned. llllt:'lim- 1'1.,

11

r 'l;JmoPlD- = oP"'J't::

"J~OJ")

revelation

1075

return
=

iJ:A r r"h1J'T }..

' oJ>.:

reunite (vt.)

return (n.)
1. ooooltll. The Emperor's return was an~
nounced in the papers. r1.,..w )"l,...'iz oo
""1111 o:>nfll:f -J-11111
2. '1-C'i'. He gets a good return on the money
he invested in stocks. Ohhll.I'""J 11.1'- IJ'I'II
dJo 1"tH11 'I'~ '1-C'i' Y1'1A
returns m-m.+ j rrc-.. m.+
The election returns will be published tomorrow. fi"'C"'itJ>o m-m.'l- ~1 .1'-:t--J-"''A

Despite the unfavorable returns, the candidate

clung to the belief that he would be elected.
I"'"JI"' I'."J\>, f1qm- fi"'C"'i tJ>om.-1- f"''
.1'-~"l.t.aJo O.IMI"' -J-m-'1-'!&aJo !'.DDt:nJII!Jo
O"tA 1'.1"'~'1- 1\'i"
in return
I. A'l'"'l". In return for this book, I will give you
a camera. ltH.II OD&"tb'f: A'f''T' 1\1: 1 c:.

1'"1&-'i' "''"Jlf 1'.1\'I'VIIrJ.

2. 001\of.m-. I bowed my head to her, and she
bowed hers in return. !'.;e 11~"1'1- !'.!l.l"'
001\of.tJ>o ""llfl:fA'S
on his return {t.OD/til
I found many things changed on my return.
1\DDI\1\ ' 1111- ' ~1C ' -J-1\dJofll ' M"frJ.
the point of no return m~ 1 :\1\ ODDDI\il
f"''.l'-:fA0-1- (l;tThe plane has reached the point of no return.
hm-C"TII). m~ :\11 """"1111 f"''.l'-:fAO
,. ' (l;t- ' ~t:(l
return (adj.), - ticket fDDDDI\lf -l:h.'l1 did not use my return ticket. fDDDDI\lf -l:h.
-i:"J hA,.&-u-0'1-1"'
by return mail

Please answer by return mail!

, .... ' DDA(l."J ' 1\'i'A'S

q ' 11.1'- ' ....,. ' hl"'ll ' f"tll'). ' (lll':f ' -J-1'S
.,...,. ~oc

!'."J~t:flU

mil.

reunify (reunified) DDA(t. h'l'm~

The President reunified the country after the
civil war. h!'.CII O!'.CII filCH 0:\11 To!.
IVI"J-1> ' h1&-I>"J ' DDA(t. ' h'l'~

reunion
I. h"JJ': 11.1'- ""1"f'l-. The family reunion
was a happy occasion. fiL-J- I'll!- rJ./1-
h"Jf: 11.1'- ""1"f'l- f"tJ'MII'I- 1." ~oc
2. h"JJ': ' llf- ' f-J-DDt:4o ' .,..,&ll':f ' 1\ofl{lq.
The school reunion was attended by 150 people.
h"Jf: 11.1'- o-r-.....:4<'1- .,..,&ll':f lloflfl

I. h"JJ': h~t:1. The Nigerian government

reunited Nigeria and Biafra. f'i".l'-"t;.&J' ""
"J"IP'-1- 'i".l'-"t;.&f"J'i" Q.J''i'&-"J h"JJ': h~-:1
2. M'i""f. The wedding reunited all the
members of the family. flC'l- IL-J- HDDJI."J
v-11- ' M'i""f
be reunited
I. -J-'1'dtK Eritrea was reunited with Ethiopia
in 1952. M:-1-&- ' O!iif!'i?; '\DD-J- ' l"'<ht:-1- '
hh.-1-l'"kJ' :>C -J-'I'm~:f
2. "h"J~1'i" -J-'I'dtJI.. The former enemies were

reunited by a treaty. foJ>J':'I"ll''ll mll-l':f Oil

1"'1"'~'1- m-A !'."J~1'i" -J-'I'mJI.
3. "h"t~1'i" -J-1<n'. Mother and child were
reunited after years of separation. !'.'i"-1-'i" A7!:
(lofllf- ' '\DD:t'T ' h-J-1\J'\< ' 0:\11 ' )'."J~1'i" '
-l-1<n'
revalue h.ll.ll 'I':> flm
De Gaulle revalued the old French currency.
~1-A f.t.t:"J/1.1'-"J f'I'"J-1- 1"JH11 hll.h
'f',:J flmOJo

reveal
I. 'IIIII. He revealed that he is going to
write a book. DDI\"dt'i' !'."J~"tll"'i' 11111
2. haJnJ. The reporter was jailed for revealing
state secrets. fOD"J"IP'-1- 1"'1\m.C O"''dJo"'
.,. :>nm'1m- ;t-(lt:
3. hllf. She took off her hat revealing her
golden hair. qc~tiJ'I'"J h"J.F;t- mc:t"''
1\1-,ii:"J ' hllf:f
4. ( ~ passive) ;t-f. +The clouds parted revealing the sun. ~.,..,..,. 1t:: 9m.l'-'1' ;t-f:f
be revealed Mt:II0-1- -J-!1'11
A person~s inward nature is not easily revealed.
f(lm- tJ>ol\"1'1! qa.&.l'- 04>1111- Mt:ll
o-r h.l'-!l'AI"'

revel .t.~mH
The students reveled until dawn. -J-"''&ll''ll !'.
llh "t:>-1> J':t:h .t.~mrtrevel in tiJU
He revels in gossip of all kinds. OJ.!. {l.qA
f-OJ/4A

revelation
I. &-!'..~'-. Saint Paul received a revelation on
his way to Damascus. -l-.11-ll A.OJol\-"il 1 tiJ~
~"''ll.Jh ' ll.V.J': ' &-!'..~'- ' :t"fm-

revelry

1076

2. .I'A;NIO ~1C. It was a revelation to

John when Mary told him she had only
married him for his money.
f'.h"Jil"}

"'&

.1'1Q:fm- 111'tHII- ii:,.A ""IY).'t 11:,.~"1

~,. ,I'A;f-(10 ~1C 11"~0:,.
3. ( = to reveal) "7fDolll:,., His revelation of the
secret was quite a surprise. r'lltn."-'1 ..YfD"IIJ
., f"''.J'i11c,. ~oc

*The revelation of the thieves' hiding place

was due to the treachery of one of their
members. fll.ll'll ""~0-1:.1' f:J-m+m- h
't-'1. QM~Q'fm- ~~1m- 11-11+:,. ~,.
be a revelation AM~+

reverse

reverence, n. ( = to revere) "7hRC

Reverence for elders is an Ethiopian tradition. 11"7"1/l.l":f't "7hRC fh...,.f'lr,l'm-,l"t
QIIA

lhold

~,.

in reverence lthfil.

He holds the clergy in reverence. llu'i':,.'t .1'

hoft&-A
show reverence for Jr.hllt;

He shows no reverence for holy relics. :r-.11.

{)'t :r-c11:f't h.l'hoftc,.

reverend hQ
I will speak to the reverend about it. 1111(1. h

Her skill as a cook is a revelation to me.

hQ ;>C M;>1&-II11-

f,_.,oft F&- ""'.1''1' ,l'il~'t+>;'A

Reverend f.,.hR-1- <til

revelry l..'tm11.1'
The students~ revelry made so much noise
that no one could sleep. f.,."7tll"'ll I.'tm11
.1' oft,. "'i""i;J- illll..m~ "7't,. II..,.
>;' hAil'll,-

revenge (v.) .,.0+11

He revenged his friend's death.

f'l~>;'m-'t

'I"

:,. .,.o+11

revenge (n.) O+A

Revenge does not restore things to what they
were. O+A fll"~m-'t l\'t~~O~ t..r.ooA(I,.,take revenge on ,.fl+A

He took revenge on his sister's murderer.

fl\'"J ...'t 111,1'. .,.0+11

revengeful fO+A
His revengeful actions kept the quarrel alive
for years. fO+A .,..,q-1- mQ'fm-'t 11oft,.

0\DP:f-:,. h.JY.:tA
revenue 10..

The revenue from the cigarette tax is very high.

hll.ll'&- +~'I' f"'l.1im- 1IL OtiJ,- h'i'
.I'll ~,.

reverberate hii.,.;>Q
The roar of the cannon reverberated among
the hills. foPJ':4. ""11:,. Ob-~oft;J-l"'ll ""
llhA hii.,.;>Q

revere OtiJ,. hhO~

He reveres his parents. tD'I}('Il't RtiJ,. .l'h
oft&-A

reverence (v.) hhn~

He reverences his country's tradition. .1'1'1-'t
QIIA ,l'hoft&-A

The Reverend Thomas Johnson will visit us

today. f.,.hR>I- <til .,...,II }('tf'l't If"-
,1'.'1-R't''i'A

reverent (lm- hhQtl

He is very reverent and never fails to bow to
people. l\)!'"1 (lm- hhQtl 111111"~ "7
't't!l" l\)!' {),1'.~"1 h.I'A'i',-

reverie ..h./til
She was so lost in reverie that she did not hear
the bell. l\)!'"1 Rdt{)oft _,.,_tiJ 1 iiii~RC
~tll-'t hAil"7:f!l"

indulge in reveries 1\/I.OD

He loves to indulge in reveries about the

future. 1111 ,...,.,,. "711,. ,l'.tJIA
reverse (v.)
1. 0.,.:1'&-tm-llmm. The government has reversed its policy on immigration. ""'t"'F., II
11

M.,."l':f

&-~m-

no~m-"t

t.oo&-e

a.,..+

llmm

2. lf~. The Supreme Court reversed the

lower court's decision. ht;:T~CD- fi:CJ!" R.T
fR;f-'ll't 'i'CJ:- IL:,. m-{)~ lf~
3. tJl.llJ hJI~. Reverse that gun; don't point
it at me. ,l"t moP'tll' tD~II.J' hlf<~tJJo I
tD~

t,:,.~"''t

reverse (n.)
1. .,.,..&-~. He said "yes", but meant just the
reverse. hl"'t ILA!I" ,I'(IRm- .,.,..&-~,.
"t ~nc
2. )!CQ. On the reverse of the coin, the
denomination is stamped. 0'1'&-'t h- )!CQ
'1,1'. ' 'l';>m- ' ;r:,.".tA

3. .,..;:,., Our forces have suffered a slight

reverse. m;J-Y-C!J':f't '1'-t:,. .,..;:,. S'-~(lq'fm-

4. :f-Ie. Financial reverses ruined him. O~"JH

-II Oil-A fi..I:(IO'J- :f-Ie bll.lt<!- 'If.
"11\IIJo
reverse, - side ( ~ adv.) b)';CIJIIJo
Don't forget to fill in the reverse side of the
card! IJC.II."J b)';CIJIIJo oo-'1- .t.'l-Clt
*Play the reverse side of the record! lfh'IIIJo"J
~AilmU .t.""iiiJo'lln reverse IDF.. :\1\.
Drive the car in reverse until you are o-qt of
the garage. h;J<~o"lf' t.(lh'l-m"l ODll.';'IIJo
") aJI. :\11 "JJI
in reverse order h~~ m1.. 1\.,.e. (},.~
Write the alphabet in reverse order! 1.1.11-'tl"J
b:l":f aJI. 'If. 0_,.11- R'i'
meet with reverses ""'"~

revival

1077

reversible

h.l;aJo

He used to be rich, but he met with reverses

in his business. Uil:l"ll" ~nc l U''l'll" O"J
"1.11. ' .t..ll.'i' ' bJIIIJo

reversible OODAh-!1" n.r.c(l.?" f"'l.l\011

A reversible coat is useful in rainy and dry
weather. OODAh-!1" O.r.C(l.ll" f"'l.l\011
IJ?"C'I- 011';'11!1" 0'1":I''I-?" 'l.li f.m:'i-"'1 A
be reversible A.~C !J=A
The judgments of the lower courts are reversible. fD:J-:f '!'CR.- IL-l':f. 'i'CP.:f 11.1~

,r.:f-1\tr

revert
I. .,.....11(1. Many tamed animals revert to a
wild state when set free. 1111- 11"'1'1 .t."Jllltl"
:f O_,.M,_, 'Lii ro.O. l'tiiJoC:.~'I- ,r.oo
Mtr
2. ~IJ. If a man dies without heirs, his
property reverts to the state. (IIIJo Yll aJ<!11 b'l"_,. "J-11.1:., 1\00"J"/1"'1- f.~IJA

review (v.)
I. 1-0"f. The general reviewed his troops.
:(~tr ' aJ:I"I.C"'I?t ' 1-0"f

2. oot.ooo~:. The superior court reviewed the

decision of the lower court. b'i'.,.'i'IIJo '!'CR.'
IL'I- fO:f"~"J 'i'CR: IL'I- IIJolt~ oo,~;oo,~;
He reviewed the events that led to their
quarrel. f.,."'trO'l-"J ll"h"JY'I- oo,~;oo,~;
3. hl\{1. He reviewed the lesson given last
week. 111\.I.IIJo ltli""J'I- f.,.{lmiiJo") '1-li"U
C'l- hi\{IIIJo
4. .t.:l'4:C R.I.. He reviewed a book on Ethiopia
recently. n:'!-cn- 1111 t..+r-t;y f.,.R.r. oo
ll".h'i' .t.:l'4:C R.I.

review (n.)
I. (lA'!'. The army passed by in review.
ftDC (l<!-'1!., O(IA'!' .t.ll.r.
2. .t.:l'4:C. This magazine publishes reviews.
.r.u oow.h.'l- .t.:l'4:c Y'I-"'IA
3. ?"coo<~o. A review of the events shows
that the situation is serious. fR.-C'L., ?"COD
II- ' .,.~,..... ' t.ll'l. ' ODU''I-"J ' Y""llh:I"A
4. hAlt. The term's work ended with a com
prehensive review. f+cooo

~6-

ttm:Jtl\.f.

hAlt .,..r.Roo
review lesson hAll
The next lesson is a review lesson. f-t +TAm-
'1-?"UC'I- ' hAlt ~.,.
come under review ToP~OD~
Our finances come under review next month.
"JH11 f.fl:l":f"J 0"'1."""'"'" roc ,r.oo
,/;OO~A

have a review hA{l

Before the examinations, we bad a review of

everything we had studied. h.r._,..,.,. n.r.'l-
f_,..,C~IIJo"J 11-tr ' hllll"t
[See also 'pass']

revile ,_A.,. .t.R.-1:1 (11.0

He reviled me in the coarsest language.
IJA:J-.I:oo :1'11'1- ,_A'fl' .t.!:C1 MD'S

revise
1. Amm. He revised the estimate to include
the cost of paint. f+A,.,.,. tp;J 1\oPQ;a.oP
C fl._,.':'.,.-, .hAil 1\aJtniiJo
He revised his opinion of her after meeting
her. IJ~'i''l- 0:\'1 Ill\ .t.CII.. YI\IIJo")
t.ll.,.Yf+ 1\atm
2. .t.l111. She has revised the long story
she wrote to make it shorter. \'l\.l.:fiiJo") .1:
'frll" :1"6h O"'llflfA l>ltmG:fiiJo
be revised .t."JI.~';' .,.1111
The fiscal policy of the country needs to be
revised. fU~<I., M"JH-11 t.yY11 ""!I"<~Y
,..,...~., ' ..........A .t.l\0'1-

revision DDiflfA
Revision of the constitution can only be done
by parliament. a.~ ,...,.,,....,., 11"'111A
f"'l.~I\IIJo fll"hC IL., 11!1' ~.,.

revival

"'I"J(I~'J-

The revival of tribalism is being combatted

by the Nigerian government. f1-lt"J Al'~'l-
"'I"J(I<~o<~-'1- ' f';'f.'f;.<IY ' OO"J"/1"'1- ' nooM
bA 'If. ' ~.,.

revolutionary

1078

revive

The revival of Ethiopian literature in the

16th century opened a new chapter in the
spread of Amharic. O!i'~'"'" h'i'll nou

2. +~ur. The interdiction of selling arms was

revoked after two years. ODUJ~.f oooif-r 1

1 ft./1-f"kY P') 1\'.Jt.'i' "'11!1&-&-T II

.,ell' ou(lof..of..T t.JI.II '1"6&-'i' hoi.+
experience a revival J\"}(1~~

:\11 '

Ethiopia experienced a revival of literature in

the 16th century. k.Tf"kY OP') ll"dt-'i'
t.1Y: Y1!1&-&-"'fm- O!J;':'m- h'i'll HOD1
)OC

+)"'

revolt (vt.) H1))

The sight of blood revolted her. .<'.'/" ll:J-Y.
Y.H11 ..;J-A

revolt (vi.)
I. OODfl. The American

against England.

1. h.~ :J-:J>. Hot coffee revives a tired man.

Th-11 IK" ' f.<'.hOD1 ........ ' y):J':J'A
2. ( ~ intr.) )<;:!1 H<l-(OT). The rain revived
the wilting plants. 11.,11- fmWII'I-T1 68'1'

T ' )'i'!l ' u&-q:fm3. )<;:!1 ~1'1.H<l- t..<'.t.1m-. He was nearly

ll~'l"

A.'I"+

)OC I "11 )<;:!1 ~1'1.0&- t..<'.t."')m4. ihY.WT !lm. Recently they revived old
customs. o:r-co- 11-1'1' A"'IP.."'f ihY.WT
!11\l.:fm5. h.ll;f-mlt. He likes to revive memories of
childhood. f/A~)T 1.rt. T11:J-m-1 "'lll;Jw!l Y.wlltA

revive (vi.)
I. +) :1':1'. His spirits revived after having
heard the good news. '1''1- wo~. h!l"'/ 0:\
1\ I OD1.1.(1 I +):J':J'
2. :J-.<'.!1. Our hopes revived when we heard
the minister's speech. f'"lliiT-1-1 1"1"1C 0
(l"'/1 1.rt. +ilof."'f-1 ,.......
3. ~1.<'.1.,.. /IOD/Iou. The wilted flower revived
{U'1't
in water. fmwMm- t.oq
~1.<'.1 .. /IOD/IOD

w-:-

(be) revocable ll.lfc +ll'll

colonies revolted

0~1"111.11 P'C f)0-1-T

ft."'L&It :r-'t "'q-f";f

revive (vt.)

drowned, but we revived him.

1\Y. f+.<'.t.1w- "'11!1" hii-IIT 'i""T 0

OODfl-

2. t.A++OII'I". Human nature revolts at such

a crime. (lm- O+oi.'I'I!'OJo ' Y-111 'iY.)T
W1~A t.Y.+OIIa>-'1"
3. t.'f.l.t.'t toll. The girl revolted against her
family's discipline. A~-1: fiL+ !l!l1 41'1''1'
c ' t.'fol.t.'t ' t.ll"'f

revolting

(n.) 01"1C 1\Y. "")"'T

By revolting, the colonies asserted their right

to govern themselves. 01"JCjPlJ':fm- 1\Y. 0
"")"'T :r-=-t "'q-f"'f &-lt:fw-1 ll"'lil+ll

.<'.C Yl\:fm-1 DP11T t.t.:nmrevoltlng (adj.) ..,C(> ""Ttl:

His behavior is revolting. mQ~ 1 Q;a.C(l
r::_

oo-r

~tJ)o

revolution
I. 1i11C l """'l.:J-'1! IIOJ-'1'. The French Re
volution occurred in 1789. fol.t.lt1Y. 1i11C
(ouwt.;J-'1! ' lla>-'1') f+.<'.t.10J- ' OH;fitli 'i.
'1". )OJ2. h<i:+':' lla>-'1'. The automobile caused
a revolution in ways of traveling. 01-fl s L.6f1:
h<i:+':' IIOJ-'I' t.'l"'l':tA
3. ""1ihChC. The revolution of the earth

""h."

around the sun was proven by Gallileo.

foP.!.T1 OOdtY. tMY ""1ihchc :>11.11.

The privileges given to the nobility are revocable. /IOD\>,11T f+!lmw- AI' ou11

f" t.t.;>1m

T ll.'fC Y.l#'IIA

This wheel makes 350 revolutions a minute.

Y.ll DP1h-<l-h-C 0.<'.4:? ' I" liT .,...,. ' t.'l"lt '

revoke
1. ~m+. The government revoked his driver's
license. DD1"1P'-l: fOD1)f .1.?/l.1 )m+w2. !lt.H. The government revoked the com
pany's concessions. OD'1""JP1: 1 hb-Q'1.ftD- 1 ;J
c Y.<'.t.1...., ii'I"'I")T !lt.H
be revoked
I. +'ft.. His death penalty was revoked by
the Emperor. f'I"T 'i'C/l. 01'1-w )1P'
-1: ' +'I"(.

make revolutions (turns) +7ihL.hL.

1.rt. Y.1iht.h<l-A

revolutionary (n.) .._.,.. )ro-m"'

The revolutionaries were put to death. Y..OD

)OJom'l''ll +1.<'.11-

revolutionary (adj.)
I. '1"1.<'...... The revolutionary leaders were
executed. '1"1.<'.'1''1l DP&jP"'f +1.<'.11Radio and tele2. h<i:+':' IIOJ-'1'

Y"""'.

vision were two revolutionary inventions of the

20th century. ?..ll.f"'O 1:/l.li.'frt Oll.f'1m-

h<;:/1 11""1 h.,_LIIil4-'l- ~11!"-:f ht;:.,_o;<
1\tiJo'l' .foom- """M.I'P':f <;'l'm-

revolutionize ht;:.,.o;< 1 1\tJJo'l' 1 h/lh.,./1

Electricity revolutionized all kinds of industries. 11./l.h'l-6h Oo-11-9" q.('.~'l- h.1.C:.h

T6 '

rhythmic

1079

revolutionize

'If. ' h<;:.,..,.

1\tJJo'l'

h/lh.,./1

revolve (vt.) hofl'l'l

He wishes to revolve the problem before
giving an answer. ooAlt hoPltlfl.f:: 1 flllf...,.. 1
)1'1-1 11..1'11'1'\m- J'.LI:\;JI>.

revolve (vi.)
1. If~. The earth revolves around the sun.
oo&.'l- 09dof. 1 H-6.1' '1-Jf&-/l:f

2. +oorP~+. The discussion revolved around

two questions. tJJof.f.-1: 1 Oo-11'1- "J-IIf":f 'I
f. f.,.,..,.61 ~oc
3. .,.L&-64'. The seasons revolve. m&-'1- J'.L
&-6:1'11-

reword
1. /liD'!' 1 h.!:"C11 h.,.60. The speaker reword1 AmT 1
ed his statement. +'i;Jt;aJo

.,..,"'K-'l

h.I:"C1' ,..,.60tJJo
2. hl\'1'1!" IlL. If we reword the telegram,
we can save money. 1:1\..,~'l hilT~.,.
ofl111''i' I '1-111 11Hofl A1~'1'ofl h1
:f'l/11
3. h.,.&-6!1-11 1\IDm. He reworded his request
to make it more polite. '1'.1'-tm- f'l-.ft'l-<; oo1
Lh ' h111.f.11 h.,.&-611-1 ' 1\IDm

rewrite (rewrote) hlf1111- 1 h1S'-1'0 1 IlL

I rewrote the entire report. <l-?"'1-1 hlf111'-
h1J>..1t; ll'i'h-'1-

rewrote, see rewrite

rhetoric 1"1"1C1 "71\ooc
Rhetoric is popular with the Arabs. 006P":f 1 H
1.1:" 1"1"1C1 "71\oPC f.IDS'-1!1:\

revolver 111-'1'
My uncle bought a revolver, and gave it to me
as a present. h'l-1: 1 111-'1' 1 111.,.m- lfll..,.'t

rhetorical oot>./1 f"7J'.il'I'O'IHe asked his audience a rhetorical question.

l\1!"7""'1 ou~>.h f"7J'.il'I'O'I- '1'.1'4< mf.,.

revulsion 'l''li"
When I saw that, I could not hide my revulsion.

rheumatism 4<C'I'"7'1I suffer from rheumatism. -I<C'1'"7'1- hllofl't

J'11 qfiJ- 0 'Lif. I 'J''\iJ'\1-1 0 1:\.J'.ofl:,.' hl:\iJ'I:\h-9"

reward (v.)
I. IDI!":1- hL/1. She rewarded my loyalty. /I;J"7'tH I IDC";J- ' hLII":f't
2. 'I';>m- hLI\m-. The boss rewarded the
quick workers. hii:J'm- T1-ll'":f1 1 OP&-.,.'1'
'I';>'l'm-1 I hL'I'I'm-

:r- '

be rewarded ( ~ act.) 'I';J ' h/111"

Righteousness will be rewarded by God.

11.1:":,.):,. Oh"'H.hofldo.C 111.1:" 'I';J .1'/11>,'1:\
*I was richly rewarded. r-"'l11'11L"J 1 'P;J ~ 01
<;:' h1"fllbe well rewarded +1U. 1 'P,;J 1 +flmmHis diligence was well rewarded. '1-;J-1: 1 -1-10.
'I';J .,.il'l'-1':1-1>.

reward (n.)
I. 111>."7'1-. There is a $1,000 reward for the
capture of the bank robber. q111-1 fii6LtJJo

n:

I ofiC I 111>."7'1- ' J'.il"'A

1 I /l,q ' II.I'H '
2. 'I':>. He reaped his just reward. f"t1qm1' 'P;J ' h1T

rewarding
*He finds hls work very rewarding. P &-m<;:'11-1:1 .1'6li/I;J-A

rhinoceros Jtm-&-t;ll
I saw a rhinoceros in the field. h""lAm- 1\f.

htJJo&-61\ ' hfo-

rhyme (v.) 0.'1- oo;JThis poetry does not rhyme. .1'>11 "1'1'9" 11.'1- 1
hJ'.oP:J-9"

rhyme (n.) fii.T 1 oo9")1'

The rhyme of this poem is in every third line.
fH.II
t& I

"1'1'11" 0.'1- oor)J'm- Ofl>"/1.,_>,'

ODPoPC ' 1\f. I )ID"

without rhyme or reason ~it

oo&.'l-' .,.~.P'-1'

rh.,..f..,..

J h

He did it without rhyme or reason . .I'll 1 9"h1

.1''1- 1 hS'-61tJJo (or, hoo&.'l- .,.~..,..,_ 1 hS'-61tJJo)
rhythm tJJoli'Pit.
The rhythm of the dance was accentuated by
drumbeats. f.,_.L&-m-1 1 tJJoli'Prt. f"''..oo&"'" OhOC" 11"'1- )m-

rhythmic f.,.ll.,.tJh/1
Rhythmic clapping accompanied the dance.
.,.L&-m- ' 0.,./l.,.tJh/1
)0C

~Q;Lq

;1-~P

rib

1080

rib
1. 1-Jt-'l. He is so thin that you can see his ribs.
hDDhll-1: ' f.,.)"' ' "1-Y:'t- ' f.'ILm&-A
2. 1111. The wind broke one of the ribs of my
umbrella. )f.{l- ' h"'M'I''I\L ' 1111 ' h"tJI.."t ' n
O<:mribbon
1. &O"t. She tied her hair with a ribbon.
~"1-a:"t O&O"t hil&- )Oe
2. '1'11"111. She embellished her dress with
ribbons. 4"''1..(1.."t 0'1'11"111 hiiDDt::fm3. he. I need a new typewriter ribbon.
t.-'l..il fK"ihL.-,.. oolJ..<; he YllLA~>;'A
be In ribbons, be torn to ribbons +R. .Qil.+
Her dress was in ribbons. A11(1.. f.,.O"'i<Q.
+ )Oe

rice "-11
Rice grows in India . .;...11 flU"JJ!"

h.1C

f.O~'IA

rich
1. 1111;1-9" 1 IJII~;> 1 -t:!l"e. He is a rich man. IJ
11;1-9" (1111~;> I -t:!l"e) (lm- ' )fJJo
The United States is rich in oil and coal.
h"1.&1I OM)!'
OJ:'"t;>f. hilA

H,...,....

011;1-9" ' .,..,..

2. 119". It's rich soil. DDt:.-!: 119" )m3. m-Y:. He sells only rich fabrics. m-Y: flf
) OQ.e~ 1111' f.if"'A
4. ~. This singer has a rich voice. ,.e.u 1 H4'S ' - ' J:'9"{J ' hllfJJo
5. ooAII9". The rich harvest made the farmer
happy. ooAI}.... hll""<l- ~Ot:.m-"t hiiJ'..il.,.,.
6. 1.."7~. The color of her dress is a rich red.
fA11(1.. +119" 1.."7~ ' +f. ' )mrich family 1111;1-9"
He comes from a rich family. fll11;f-9" ' A
)!' ' )fJJo
be rich in ofirt- r ltlltDOranges are rich in vitamins. 11Ci:lt1 o(ltf- 1
li;f-"'l.."t ' hllfJJo
get rich hfll.

ride

rickets [fh'l'"t.-,.. ODIIilllll 1111;1-]

rickety II..Lell fS'..<:il
I wouldn't drive my car across that rickety old
bridge. ll~ 111f"t 1111...1' 1\..ol.ell ' IIS'..l:il '
t-.1:1. Y:AY:Y- 'If. oolJ..';'\L"t hAM9"

toe

ricochet .,.ol.';'mt:
The bullet ricocheted and hit the child. 'l'f.-1:
.,..1.';''1'1!' ' A:("t ' oo;t-mrid (rid) t.mof.
Theodore tried to rid the country of bandits.
M. -l:sPY:C'll 11~.:;1: 'If. 11~.,_:f"t 1\..Y

m4-

'l"h~

rid oneself of &oft.'}

~K

h.S'..t.1

He wants to rid himself of debt. hM &-(1-"t '

)II, 11"71:'<:"1 f.oi.A;>A
aet rid (of)

1. .,.~'1~11. I got rid of her at last. IIDDOQ.t:l

h(l.. ~'I~Ah2. t.mf.. I got rid of the rats by using poison.
hf.,..'ln II""C11 t.mf.:\'fm3. .,.'1++. Bad habits are easy to contract
and hard to get rid of. DD'J'I:: miJI":f"t ""A
ODJ:' ' +'lA ' ll..lf"t ' """~"'"' ' "l"t ' Yll'l'
"1&-A
4. t.MnS'... How can I get rid of these
hiccups? F-U"t lle~;J- ll"tS'....-,.. 'lilm"IS'..m-
ll:f'III!Jo ?
riddance, good - "IA"IA l ~<:~.-,..
Their departure is good riddance. 00"1'1',.
"IA"IA (M~.-,..) ' ),.
riddle (v.) 01111
Worms riddled our apples.
"t ' 1111(1.., , .

.-,..t.-:r-

-t:f.lPil':f

riddle (n.) ll"t-I'~A11

Some parents play riddles with their children
every evening. h"t"'"tJ:' ID'\X:f "7;1- "7
;1- hA.)(iJ''fm- :>e ll"toi'~A11 ,._"'iiD
;1-tr

He got rich by selling bread . .1111 if,.. ' hOt:

riches 1111.-,..
He lost all his riches in the war. 1111-l:"t rNt-
o...et.-,.. "1..11. t."l
richly
I was richly rewarded. f J:'II"'L"t 'I';>
h~l!Jo

0~~

ride (vt.)
1. ).tl. Do you know how to ride a motorcycle? 'l"_,.e 11llhl\..-,.. tn'"t"'.-,.. .-,..:f-'11111 l
2. ;>1111. Do you know how to ride a horse?
Ll:ll ' 00;>1111 ' ;1-m-:1'1111 ?
3. .,..,.oom. Do you know how to ride a mule?

O~k' """'"""' ;1-m-:1'1111 l

ride (vi.)
I. .,.'IH. He rode all the way in a bus. OD't1-'l.
't 11-11- 01\.....,.11-ll _,.'IH
2. U. The train rides on rails. IJR-C dt-'1..11:
~,.

,.~~

We rode in the car as John drove.

~'t

l'.f~

'I oooh... 't.l1:'t

He mounted his horse and rode away.

I.~R

't ' _,.4'?"tn ' O"I~R..I' ' \'.F.

ride before OL,l.ll lf't OD&o

~A

1\0Y.,

rldse of roof "7'1'4'6.1'

The ridge of the roof has an antenna fastened

to it. "7'1'4'6.1'tJ>o ~f. 1\'t-!:'i" 1\11
They ridiculed the old crippled man. 'lifltD-'t
'11"7"11\. ' 1\11"4-0'1-

ridicule (n.), expose to - """14!.1'

The officer rode before his troops. oob-'t).' 0

1.~11

tr'l" ' 11&-'-l>'t ' oo,:.

ride off ,;JAO
L~r"t-'l

_,.4'?"tn :>110
ride on (one's) shoulders(= active) l.."lifllt
1\11 I l'.'ttol> 1\11

+The little boy was riding on his father's

shoulders. 1\IJ'I-,.,. '1-'tlf.'t ~Y: 1.'111>
1> (l'.'tl>l>) 1111-'1- ~oc
ride smoothly 1\~~4'~4'9"
This car rides smoothly. J'.U ""h.'i" 1\J'.
~4''t:J-9"

ride (n.) .,.,.

He enjoyed his first airplane ride. fODY.,OD6.1'
fi\ID-I!'T'I't .,.,...,. 1\IIF.II.,...,.

f<f!A~'I- _,."IIJC (lfD-'t """14!.1' .I'F.C1'1'~

I. f"''JF:Jo. She wears a ridiculous hat.

f"''J F:Jo

IJC~"' I\.11:C;>II:f

2. f"7J'.:J'OD't. He wants a ridiculous price for

his property. ll't11~-l> fmf4'tD- 'I':> f"7
J'.:J'OD't ' ~ID-

3. '1"~. Don't be ridiculous; the moon will

not break in half. 'I"'S 1\'1-11-'t 1 .,.,~,.
1\'l-1""119"

(be) rife

oq .

Superstition is rife in certain parts of the

country. fl16-l> IJ't'l't.l1: h'i'II-:Y. tD-111'
1\.,.~ ' 1.?"~'1- ' r.oq~

rifle

(v.) OHOH

Soldiers rifled the city. m;J-F.C':f h.,...,J'.-I>'t

1\F.~II

~ Can you give me a ride to town? OODh.'i"U h

.,...., ~;J-F.CII'S '1-:f~IIU 1
go for a ride OODh.'i" .,.'tlf~lU

We went for a ride before breakfast. 41CII h

""11~;1-:f't 0.1.'1- OtJDh.'i" .,.'tlf~lfC't

OHO!I.'I-

rifle (n.) m0't1!'

:,. HoP't 1\J'.;J-m:Jo?"

rift ll't1':Jo

The committee added a rider to the bill.

There is a rift in the rock. filii>

F.C.,. O.lo.,. M::Jo ~J'. l\'t.l1: "7"J..I'

1\hiiO'I-

1':Jo ' 1\11

*1 cannot take riders with me in my car.

,. ' '1111~~
rig (rigged)

oooh.'i"tl- ' (ltD- ' ~"P't ' 1\~:f-~9"

rider of horses

*She is not a good rider of horses.

l..~il.

0~"}

11 ' oP;JI\11 1\'l-:f-~9"

The ridge was occupied by soldiers.

.,.~- Om:J-F.C':f .,.,.,. ~oc

2. '1-~9". The ridges in the ground were

by car wheels. fooh. 'i"tD- 1"7

'I-~?" ' I\11Y::f:~

*There is a rift in their friendship.

I.

1\"i"O~O~.

~J'.

ll't

m'IY:~:J-:f

They rigged the prices. 'I'_,,.,'ll't

1\"i"O~O'I-

2. 1\0Y.,. The sailor rigged a toy boat for the

little boy. tJDChO'i'tD- 11'1-'tlf. ~'Y: fY.,~

ridge
.,.~.,.C.

l moo't1f

It is not known when the rifle was introduced

to Ethiopia. mO'tll' IDS'. 1\.'1-f-k.l' MIJO

[See also 'shell']

rider "7":U

I.

I\F.~1tD

Foolish actions expose a person to ridicule.

ridiculous

He mounted his horse and rode off.

rr give a ride OODh.'i"

3. 4<~~- The wind made a ridge of sand beside

the road. ~4-R- OOO't1-'l. 'IC . .l'lf'l' 41

ridicule (v.) 1\11"1.(0'1-)

ride away 0"1~0..1' ' 'tF.

tJJo '

rig

1081

ride

o-~-1:

fJ 1\!f't.,.ll.'l- 1\0Y.,II'Ibe rigged OH1.. ' :1'4'1'.

made

The election was rigged in favor of the Socialist

~f.

Party. II"C"'ifD- f(olf..l'll.ll'l- ;ret l'.'t

-'l..l'lf't'i' on1.. f:J-4'1'. ~oc

right

1082

right

rig oneself up In ARfl

2. Ah ! '1-hhA. I guessed right. Ah ('1-hh

The children rigged themselves up in queer

clothes. AJ(<r; l\'t"'-'1 flft Ailll 1\llfl.

3. Ah. The house is right next to the church.

rig

fl.ofo Ah fl.+ hCII-I:.J''t- hm~il tm-

uprP~

The boys rigged up a tent with a rope and

blanket. AJ(<r; iiC~ Ailfl.'J II~""~
(Dtpl,lD"

..e-1'\\1

wo;,.

right (v.)
I. oPA(>. h"". The driver righted the overturned car. t:{"'" f-MIIIIm".f"'""J ""h."

ODA(>.h"7'12. oo>A(>. h+.,. The boys righted the boat.

AJ(<r; ~Aq<J)o') ' ODA{IIJ)o ' h+'t3. h+.,. They righted the flagpole. fll't~:J> 't
'1.,....., ' oPII+.J' h+'t-+
4. hll+lthll. It is difficult to right il\iustices
of long standing. fn II~A "711-1-lthA
hll'l':>& ' t ....

right (n.)
l. oo-o+. Women's rights were not recognized
until recently. f<l..f-".f ouofi'J- l\llh :,Ocil
1.11. ~~~~ hA:I"m+!l" tiiC
I have as much a right to it as you do. i\)"l~
h"t+ .J'IIIJ't ,J'IJA oo>ofi'J- l\~!1" hll't

2.

~"1.

~..,..

He can't tell right from wrong.

' h4- ' h.J'.tt.J'-!1"

3. +'t. Take the road on the right! m~ +'t

f"''.'t~.....,

A) ~!I"!J'IIo-

'

00')~~ '

.J'1I

The car on the right has the right of way.

""h."

+"t'"J f.J'H
:J>~"'i..J' hfi<J)o
4. +'t h'i'A. Parties of the right advocate free
trade. f+'t h'i'A :rctl"".f Mil 't"'
~ ' .J'.h&.hc!-11right (adj.)
I. +11"7"7.. She has the right dress for the
dance. 11-'I'J(l. +11"7"'1. flft Ailll h'l+
It is important to find the right calling. +11"7"'1.
IJ)o')
"7"1'f'l- .J'IILA:>A
2. '1-hhl\1;'. Are we going the right way?
'1-hhll'f<J)o') oP'J~~ .J'.H"A ?
3. Ah. Only part of what you say is right. h+.,
~Ch"'" "'"11'1' Ah flft"'" "1"7if. il!l' t"'"
4. f+'t l\~. I've lost my right glove. f+'t
l\J;.'t ' 'J't-1: ' nJAh-'1-

-.r

5. +~II.. To my mind, she is the right person

to do the job. l\'J~~ ttP'&.m- +~II. ll
.,. ' l\!). ""'
right (adv.)
I. m~ +'t. Turn right at the corner! ou:J"m
d.,J'm- 'I.J'. ; m~ +'t :l"m'i'

That's right. Ah tmHe stood right behind me. Ah h:\'111- "'""

4. 11'1-hhA. Do it right! 11'1-hhA P'&.m5. 11+'1':1". I'm coming right home from the
office. hDDP'&.J' fl.'!- 11+'1':1" m~ fl.'!-
oPf'"lfl4;

)(Do

Go right to the end of this road and turn left!

II+'I':J" ' l\llh ' OD')~JI. ' """"~If ' 'f.~.. ' ID
~ ' "'&. '

:I"m<;:

we're going right after dinner. l\&.'1- IIA+'I

l\')~.... ~11')

' l\'J't-'ltt't

right away
I. ho-'1-'t-. Let's go right away, or we'll be late.
IW't-'t- l\'t'l.~ i httllttiU' l\'JH1.J'tl'l

2.

IDII.J'"'"'~-

That's what I thought right away.

mll,.l'm-'t- .J'Ililh-'1- l\fl.'t- tile

(be in one's) right mind tiL)~

If)

If you were in your right mind, you wouldn't

think of doing that. m.t'f il'l-lf't 'l'r: l\'t
-'l.IJ

h:I"~C"'!I"

tiiC

right now 1\f.lo1'

I'm busy right now. ho-"t P'&. .J'."Ifttflright off

hoo>~oP&,J'm-

She made a bad impression right off.

&.J'tD- oP'J'f:: ' II"'L'J- ' h~~".f

hoo>~ou

right side {of coat, cloth} OUAh

This is the right side of the coat. 1>-fo oo>A

11-.J'.IJtm-

Which is the right side of the cloth? f""C41

oo>Ah f'l-'fm- tm- !
right

thing~"'

You didn't do the right thing.~"' hAw&.IJ!I"

all right

1.

~-....

Everything will turn out all right.

fl-11-!1" t~C ~..... .J'.If"A

He'll be all right again in a few days. h'l'-1:'1-

_,..,,.. 11:\'1

~-...

' .J'.If..A

2. l\lt. All right, I'll do it if you want me to.

l\1( l hLti"'IJ ' l\OP&.'I'tlflo
be In the right '1-hhA tm-

I am in the right this time. ho-"t M '1-hh

A t't
be right along

I will be right along. ODnJflo

righteousness

be right down ODIIJ

I'll be right down in a minute. R.l'.-1:? ..,.

il'l' ' 7."'"'11111be right over

OD"'

I'll be right over in a minute. tJ') I." 1.4:?

lJJoil'f'

7,0DIOJII11-

by right of nooovcb-11

The dictator ruled the country by right of force.

h9"'1 1H ~,1'.&1.') noooocb-11 M61>') 1~
by rights Rih'l oowt:'I-

The professors should by rights have been

given a voice in administering the university.
fi.h'l- ODIVt!'l- ff.tliCit1:lJJo hil1'.'11.C '
1'114-l":f 7.')'1.1f). II""II"IJ.l-). ou11'1-

oo(lm'l-

'I',;J ' ,1.'111'1&1.

2. :j.f."ll'i'. He followed the path of righteousness all his life. .n.em1>') R..,.ll- f:j.f.:ll'i'
') ' 00')1.1'." ' 1'h1'11

rightful
I. .h;J'I! l hm-~1''1. He is the rightful heir to the
property. f')11t!-l> .h;J'I! (7...,.~1''1) m

.:-11 ' l\(1- ' ~,.

2. R.h"' f"7.1'ltD-. His rightful property was
stolen by his mother-in-law. R.h"' f"7.1'ltD-
')11t!-l> Rh"7-l> 1'mh1.R'Irightfully

om..,.

Let's get the directions right before we start.

hOD~"':J':f') '
"1"'1 ' 1.')m:j.

R.l-'1- '

f9"')~f."R'I-') '

h:j.

She is a scholar in her own right. 7.!)..9" nn

~ ' 9"11-C ' 'i''ljust at the right time

You came just at the right time. .l'."''i' 1."1C

"'lltJ
put someone right

'I- R.h"' ,1'.1'1'1&1.

+'1

Make a right-hand turn! m1. .,.'1 1'tn9"H11

right-hand man +~ : ll.;EHe is the President's right-hand man. f'f'.r.H.'I
')-1> ' +'1 ' 1.)!' ' ~,.
in the right-hand fl.,.'{ nil-A

Write your name in the right-hand column!

h~oP

It is not your business to put me right. l.).1' ; "''

t!9" ' ,1.'')1' ' P'.:. ' h,l'..l'.llll"
put something right hliTlthd

A short note put the matter right.

R.h"'

This property is rightfully mine. ,l'.tJ ')11t!

right-hand ( ~ adv.) m1.

In {one's) own right Oflll--A-

~1'1-')

h"!."

c "7ll:J-mlf hil1'tohllmquite all right F....,'i

I think it's quite all right if you come at three.

RHtn'1 ' h't'l- ' 11'1-0DIOJ ' ~.~ .. ' ,I'.ODil11'1&1.
(it) serves him right ,.1Q4fA

It serves him right, so don't feel sorry for him.

M'l'l'&\. l h'I-H')II'Iset right h?llll

Will this payment set things right? ,l'.tJ h<i:J.'

,1.'?&1.11'1'&1.!

[See also 'bear, civil, divine, dot, hand, reserve,

sense']

righteous

I. ~1.:+~'1-. Righteousness will be rewarded

by God. Kf.":j-~'1- R7."1H.h11m.c H')f."

~nt:n'l-

get (something) right

~1'1-')

rightly

1083

righteous

oo&~.IJ9"

His righteous act of returning the stolen money

impressed everyone. fht:+m-') 1')H11 fi""
""llil ' J.'.l'.t!1tD- ' OD&\.IJ9" ' 9""''IC ' (ltD-') '
hill.~+

llll"tJ"t n.,.~ nh-o~~. , '111m- oil"!.: 11.e

1\d.tDon the right-hand side of h - - - OhT+~

The school is on the right-hand side of the

street. '1-ll"tJC'I- !1.-1> llOD')1.o;.. Ril1'+~
~,.

(be) right-handed
Johnny is right-handed. }!:') ' f"'f.IV.l-tD-

+'1 ' 7.)1: ' ~ ....

rightly
I. 0"7.1'1. He is rightly called our benefactor.'
t!.'I:J-:f') 1'1111- f1'tn<l-lJJo R"7.1'1 ~,.
2. ( ~ adj.) '1-hh&l.. Am I rightly informed?
fh"711-'l- ~1C '1-hh&\. ~..,. l

*If I remember rightly, he died last year.

'1-11 ' 7.')1."7.11~ ' f'l"1'tD- ' 'tll"'i' ' )tDrightly or wrongly Ah 1 ~lr1'r 1 h~rr1

Rightly or wrongly, I don't think he should

be punished. Ah J'.O')II" h,1'.11-') """'"'

'1-

J.'IIR'I- h,I'.ODilll'19"
and rightly so ( ~ adj.) f"7.1'1

*He has a reputation for being righteous.

He criticized her behavior and rightly so.

R.l'."' 1"<1-tD- 11'i' h'I-Cj,&l.

l\!)..') ' OD').,.f. ' f"'f.1tJ

~(J}>

right-of-way fOD1~J': :J>J':-IJ

The right-of-way rules are published in the
traffic guide. fOD1~J': :J>1:"'1..1 f'l-t-.l.h
.l'.1(1:f R'l-t-.l.h ODV"611D- ID-il'l' ,..
'1-".tA
*Does the car on the right have the right-ofway? R4>'1 Rll-A 111m- DDh.'i' 4>J':'I" II
"711'1' ODofl'l- hllm- l
*Fire engines have the right-of-way. 1'7.<'1'1- h
S'.;J 0 ODh_'i'l":f 0 ii.ODtJlo 0 OD")~J': 0 ODfi4>:J> 0
MR'Irigid
I. '1'11:J>. The rules of this organization are
very rigid. fH.II J':C~'I- .l'.1P:f fl"'9"
'1'11:J> 'i':fm2 .l'.<::J>. The stick was rigid and would not
bend. R'l--1- .l'.<::J> illltfl<: hA1-fl'l' hll
be rigid fi.e-'1 I fT'r I +~
He was rigid with fear. fl'i'CV'I- RJ':1 rr
<: 4><:

rigor
1. ooh6-. The rigors of war reduced him
to skin and bone. ftoC~ofJ oob&. QT'l-lt
hi14><:m2. 11C:I"'I-. The rigor of the heat exhausted us.
f-4>-1> 11C:I"'I- h.l'.hOD1
with rigor fl'l'-fl~

The traffic laws were enforced with rigor.

f'l-t-.l.h ihi:f fl'1'11:J> Ft. 4\f. '1'11rigorous
1. ....n:t-. The rigorous discipline of a prison
is supposed to improve the character of the
prisoners. flhiiC 11.'1- ID-il'l' 111m- 'I'
11:J> Ft P'C't'l- l?.il<:"'''lh mQf. 1
lf1i'IA f.Q'IA
2. fl"'9" '1-hhA. He uses rigorous methods in
his teaching. il.1ii.,.9"C fl"'9" '1-hhA fl
rrt H.l'.. f.m4>"7A
3. ODIJ"f::. I don't like the rigorous climate of this
country. fll.ll"t
f. hAm.l'.m-9"

ring

1084

right-of-way

Ji-.c

o..l"t:: YfC mQ

rim
I. h'i'. The rim of the glass is broken.
f11C"l".,.,. h'i' .,.lfc~A
2. h.l.'i'. The hom rims of his glasses are
broken. h4>1J': ,.,."'"-'~- fODtK"-1- h.l.
t:::f _,.(111<:'1' A
3. 'feb.. I took the tire off the rim. ~"7m-1
h:fch.m- 4\f. hmi\:J>v-'1-

(be) rimmed .,.h.l..l.

The glasses are rimmed with gold.

ootwo~-

II

mc:J> .,.h~

rind A"'"l."
The rind of the papaya is green. f;r:r1m-
A"'"l." h<:1'i.l'.. tmring (rang, rung), vt. .<'.mil
Have you rung the beU? .l'.mll-1 .l'.mAh l
*The beU rang the hour. il't-1> .<'.mil
ring (vi.)

.<'.mil. Did you ring? .l'.mAh l

.,..<'.mil. The doorbeU just rang. ffl-1- .l'.m
Ah hv-1 _,..<'.mil
"""1i. The phone rang. iiAll- """1i
.,_..,. hii(R'I-). My ears are ringing. ](e
\1. .,_..,. 1111-11'1A
5. hil.,.;>Q. The room rang with shouts and
laughter. h'i'll- fl""1i'l-'i' R"':J> hii.,.;>Q
6. oo(lfl. His excuse rings false. 9"h11-l> mlf'l- f.DDii'IA
*The noise is still ringing in my ears. Qill1i-ft
hv-1V" f.ii"7'1A
*Her voice rang with anger. cfclfJ1 flHi\ .e9"6 """1i:f
ring for flODT~.f Y.miA 1 m&She rang for the maid. ~<:-'l.;t1 flOD'l'61
.l'.mA mt-!1''1ring up .l'.ml\(11'1-)
I will ring you up tomorrow. t~ h.l'.m-t.AV
llv[See also 'bell, true']
I.
2.
A
3.
4.

ring (n.)
I. 4>1\R.'f-. She wears a ring on her right middle
finger. h4>~ h.{ oooA "'T 4\f. 4>11
:f".P.C:>II:f
2. HIIR'I-. I lost the key ring. f.,A4-1 Hllfl
'1- "'All-'13. J':9"6. That beU has a peculiar ring. 1 .<'.

n-r

tDIA

A'-

~~ I

t.Am-

I can still hear the ring of applause. f"l."11Q;LQ

ID-1 J':9"6 hv-1V" hil"711114. hR11. There was a ring of light around the
moon. flQ;Ll::l' H-61 f11CV1 hfl11 tflC
5. h11 oopooc. He dated the tree by counting the rings in its trunk. f'14-1 h11 ""P'
ooc flOD.,...mC f'14-1 bJ':"'L oro4>
6. h11 :J>cw. The wet glass left a ring on the
table. hC'I'fl- 11C"l.".,. m<:A.'Im- 4\f. h
11 :J>cw hfl)'.'

1085

ring finger

7. (ld.C. The tourists visited the circus ring.

U1C 1-ll"fl"'ll f11Chh-'l 11LC '1-01'
8. II-.1:"'1. The Ministry of Interior discovered
a spy ring. J.'1C "1~'1- "'UM:C fMJ.'. 1
11-.1:").'1 1.~110'1-

The general's voice had the ring of authority. f:(~<l-1\- .1:"'1"11 t.~'frH'I f"''.U\
X' IOC
*There was a ring at the door. fO"" ' '--tIA
IOC

.,_,_,.11'

rlns of truth ).IIJ<)'IThere was a ring of truth in his voice. 0-,.1""K-

IIJ<11'1' ).IIJ<)-1- J.'l\0'1- f.ooM.II.
give a ring Y.mlt.
Give me a ring tomorrow! )1 1.tD-IAIA~
[See also 'key']

ring finger f+IIO'I- "1'1He cut off his ringfingerbyaccident. IIJ.'11011J<

f+IIO'I- "11:'1 9.1:11' "11\IIJ<
ringing oot.ml\
The insistent ringing of the telephone disturbed
me in my work. fllll.h t.v-'1'1" t.v-'1'1"
OOJ'.(IJI\ P'<l- h'IP'<l- All'S

,.,..

ringleader f.J-'!b-11. oot. 1 f.,.'lb-11. +'I

The ringleaders escaped, and only the small
fry were caught. f.,.'lb-11. oot.l""if (+'lt.'l'
"if) t.'l"l\tnllJ<
t."'iof.t.l"i"lf,..
ofliJ'<;'I'IIJ<

,.,.,11-l- .

rinse
I. t.l\+11+. Rinse the teapot after using it.
lff. t.'i'II..,_U 11:1'0:1' ~O<;IIJ<'I t.IITII.+IIJ<
I rinse my wash twice. Aoflll.'I 1 hoom'I"Hif, 1
Oof.-1- v-11'1- I 'J.If, I t.II+A+ ..IIv2 . .,.,..oomoom. Rinse yourmouthwitha little
salt and water! h'i'U'11 0'1-'lii tJJ?<; tallJ<
,.?'ODTODT

riot (v.) OtnOtn

The students rioted against the school administration. f'I-'I"UC-1- 1 11.1:'1 1 t.11.,.JIJ'.C
ooo:J>m'l" .,...,~.,.... I OtnOmriot (n.) ~ofllf I iiofiC
Two people were killed in the Chicago riot.
O'fltillJ< I ~ofllf 'J.If, v-11'1- (tl""if .,..,.
Law and order have been restored in the riottom city. Oiioflc :f'IIJ<It 1 010~"/f,. h.,.
"'/ I 11J<1I'J' I $"/<; I P'C~T I (IJJ'. I ,II.(!IIJ< I
fJok:J' I .,.001\jl.l\

ripe
*The fields were a riot of color. "'JJBJ- OA -
11.11- I +11"'1'1- I t.ifofiC4' I IOC

rioter ~ofllf>;'
The rioters hurled rocks at the police. ~ofllf'l'
"' I O?'ll.l''ll I 'If. I .1:-'I:>J.'. "'~"'~
rioting (n.) li'I':J' 1 "'IJ'.'i'~11
He indicted them on a charge of rioting.
li'I':J' 1 O"'IJ'.'i'~ll 1 m'l~ll. 1 h11ii'I'IIJ<

riotous
I. f.,.<l-Olf. The police brought the riotous
crowd to order. ?'11.11 1 f.,.<l-Oli"IIJ<'I 1 $11
""

KT

IJ.~111J4

2. ~ofllf'i'. He was expelled from school for

riotous conduct. O~ofllf>;' 1 mq,l'. 1 h'I-'I"UC

IJ.T

.,.q~~

rip (ripped)
I. .,.~.,.~- I have to rip the seams and resew
them. 111..1:'1 I .J-CTtl. I ),'jJ'.1<; I OOilof.T I
Mil'S
2 . .,.,.,_, He ripped the cloth in two. laC.,.'! I h
lJoi\T I . , . , . , . , .
3. 11mll. Rip the cover off this box! fii.U'I
Uj'J"' I iiof.'j I 1'1'1'1\IIJ<
4. ( = passive) .,..,.,.,_, I ripped my pants
climbing the fence. A~'II IIHII. 1 {lot. \I. 1 .,..,.,_,_
rip off }\)..,

The wind ripped the cover off. lof.(lo 1 iiof.).'l 1

M"'""

rip open .,.p. h.l..,.

Herippedopentheletter.J'.ofiJIR.IIJ<'II

.,.,.
rip

+P. h.l.

out-IL~m

She ripped out the seams of the dress. fl\ofl{lo

'I I HC'i' I ofL~tn"/fllJ<
rip, n. (=adj.),.,..,.,.,_
Please sew up this rip in my sleeve! ,.,..,.,.,_,.
'j 0 ),.~" I 11of.I\'S
ripe f01111
Ripe fruit is good to eat. f01111 1 'i'tl. 1 1\00ofl
A I.,..;.. I~
My uncle bas ripe experience in these matters.
t.'l-.... I OH.U I 11C I fO{ll\ I 11.'1".1:" I t.I\IIJ<
*He lived to a ripe old age. {JJ':"'/. tn"/111 .,..,.
be ripe 0{11\
Is this fruit ripe? ,('.U I 'i'tl. I 011!),1\ !
be ripe for +H;JJ!
The infantry company was ripe for the assanlt.
),..,~,..,. 1 '\.!:" 1 11"7'1'"'"" .,.n:>a~~o

ripen
This land is ripe for development. ,eu't

oo

6.'1- 1\"''A"'''I- 'l..lLaJo ~..,.

The time is ripe for us to make our attempt.

..,.h&- 1\"''F:G"' 'l..lLIJJo hv-'t ~..,.
~F:"''.aJo IIlli\.~

*He was ripe for college.

s-.cfo

rise

1086

~oc

ripen (vt.) hOM

The sun ripens the fruit. fJdaf. cr:.&- cr:.t.'l

;J-OMII'i'
ripen (vi.) O(ll\

lieutenant. hQit A.lt .-,I')C""J mY.. oP-f It

1\:,.):,. hS'.1
8. ;1-f. A range of hills rose on our left.
Oilofo"'&-:f-'t lf't-1-GC ;1-f
9. -41+ IY). Over there the road rises again.
l\H.,I' ' ;J ' /LS'.Cil ' OD't1Jl. ' l\'tS'.1 .. ' -'1-1
'1- ' ,eiJ'"A
10. ( ~ active) .,(1.,(1. +His anger rose at that
remark. '1-":f-1> 'tF..-l>'t .,il.,(IO'f-

11. (~ active) M.+.+. +Our spirits rose at

the good news. '1'<1- m6. il't(l"'' oo't&.II:Y.

The grapes ripened in the sun.

mf.).

ODdt.e

't't h):J":J"aJo

At the edge of the desert, the hills begin to rise.

0{11\

h'I"F:G 0-'laJo """"Glf 'I.e fT<l-<1-l"

ripple (vt.) h't"'m"'m

A breeze rippled the quiet waters. f)of.(l-

'll h'i';l' l l f - G
rise to

,e~-'IA

~HoP

1iaJo;J- fG;>aJo't aJo;> h't.,m.,maJo

ripple (vi.) MT'tl(l( ' a>GS'.
The brook rippled over the stones. 9"1-"" 0

The building rises to a height of SO feet . .ft'tl\IJJo

F:'t:>f-'1' 11,e hfT'tl(l( a>GS'.

A huge column of smoke rose up over the town.

ripple (n.) 'l-'t1i '1"1F:

The wind makes ripples on the lake.

(l"'''tf "'i"''P'":f .eGli"''A

~1'1.. s 9'"(1(\ .f.OD

rise up

hhT"'/aJo O'l,e 111.il ll'tS'. 'J"{I{o f.'l"

~4-(1-

.,.,e.,. 'I.e 'l-'t't1i '1"11'-:f- _e.,&-A

~oc

cause to rise )if.

1 heard a ripple of laughter in the crowd.

The leaven causes the bread to rise.

fT(l0(10aJo .1.1111 11."1"1:,. {1"'/IJ-

-'lllaJo't ' ,e)of.'PA

~eli"

[See also 'foot, level, obscurity, point, rank']

rise (rose)
I. T~"'. He rises very early. 0"'111-'1 .e~"'A
The river rises from a spring. m11t' bM'T"

IL-l> f-1-.,&-aJo 'l-'t1i "Mt;J- 'I.e )IJJo

M"'A

In ancient Rome, slaves rose against their

masters. O'l''t ;J-'f!'l- 1:"'1 IJ!::Y. O"l.fil':f
..,. 'I.e

rise (n.)
1. "t-11:1". His house is built on a slight rise.

.,.~,..-1-..,.

~oc

Jesus rose from the dead. h.f(l-il h..,.;l''t

-t-ll.e-1' -f-)"1

All the students rose from their seats when the

teacher entered. oo9"1J<I- 11.111- -1-"''tiP''Il
v-ir h,...,,.."'i:fiJJo -f-) ....

Quarrels often rise from trifles. h-llq'fiJJo't 'I.

n. m-fl f"tlj'1'aJo

ODIJf.~Q

~"lC

)mo

2. mill. The sun rises early. Bdt.e'P 0"'111-'1

'1-a>IIJI\":f

3. """"G. The price of wheat is still rising. fil't

~ I tp;J I 1\rJ-"}r I flOD"'-ODC I /tf. I )(Do
4. -J-oo)m.,. The kite rises in the air. a>'l't-'laJo
a>S'. (1"'/,e _e,..)m:J"A
S. '1"'1. The river is rising fast. a>'tH- 0'1''1')
,. hf'l"'l ~S'.
6. IJ.'i' l\11. The dough won't rise. 11-llaJo IJ.
'I' ll.eA'I"

7. hS'-1. He rose from the ranks to a first

2. h'l'-1-'f 11;1'. The fort was built on a rise

for safety against attack. hh'1'4: 1\0Dh'lhf ll
'tJI.IJ"t '1"111- f-1-.,&-IJJo h'l'-1-'f (l;J-
'I.e )IJJo
3. 00....'1'1-. The river's rise thteatens the
people who live in the lowlands. fa>'tH- oo.11'1- OGIJ-'1 (l;J'P'":f f"''.'l'-1-'1-'t (lp>:f f
(I;> A

4. """"""C. A rise in prices

hurts the poor.

f'P:> """"""C S'.'1l ":f't WI--'IA

S. oo-llq'f-, The rise in crime perturbs many
people. fa>'t)!A oo-llq'f- 1111- (IP'":f't
.I'll IIlJA

give rise to
I. hil)"'. Undefined borders give rise to
quarrels. .I'A-1-hl\lr m(l'l'":f m-Il .fil)"'lr
2. hilhTII. The new law gave rise to discontent. hJI.{l-
:,.6.;1-'t hilh-1-1\
3. ol.mG. Such conduct might give rise to
misunderstanding. .eu 't.e)'f- ofo"'IJC h
1\"""'IJIJT't .e.I.'I'C ,eiJ' ..A

m"'

riSing (n.) .,..,...11+

One likely result of this heavy rain is the rising
of the river. Y.ll hQ.(- 11'i"ofl IIJ'Ilh+A
f"'l)fllm- h1-'1- ~1C faJ11!-1 .,.,...11'1- ~..,.

rising (adj.)
*The rising water submerged the town.
fm-;'m- ,...11'1- h-t-"''m-1 hlll11lm-

risk (v.)

11-1 rHr 11.,."'/C hQh)m-

*They risked defeat in fighting the larger army.

ofl1lH'i'l"' l\1lf~'i' ofll\m- h"lY.II'i' tn
C I ;JC I "Jm.,.,..
*They risked getting wet. ILH1ofll"' Qm"'
, ............ 111\m- 't-'1risk (one's) life

He risked his life to save her. ).jl.1 1\"'1'11

f1q 0 ihf,dl1:'t I hJ!.;J ' 1\f, 0 "11\

risk (n.)
*There is no risk of your catching cold if you
are warmly dressed. ,...-t+ f"''.(l'l' Aoflll
hl\111lh 1-14.1 hf.111ll"'
at the risk of his life {U~(to tJI,Ctn
We escaped at the risk of our lives. 11~'i'lt:f1

.,.Cm1 h""l\'1'1
h~
negative imperfect
run the risk of ll
-tell"
If you go out in this weather, you run the risk
of catching cold. 11H.Il oflC.(- 11'1-m"' .,.
14.1 ltf.111l hf.-l'CI"'

*He ran the risk of losing all his money.

1111nn- rrtr .,.c.,. 1QI1'1-

risky hll1.
This action looks risky. Y.ll h.(-&-1+ hll
1.f.DPMA
P'C't'I-

The burial rites were performed last Tuesday.

P') P'C't'l- f-t-<1-lloPrJJo Q/1<1.
..... "''hll'l' ~ ....
last rites of the church
He received the last rites of the church. II.'I"+
ll.A F.? tDY..t~D-~ +oo{l
f-tofl~

ritual (n.)
I. P'~ P'C't'l-. The ritual of the Coptic Church
is different from the ritual of the Roman
Catholic Church. f-t-'l'ihP.. IL-t- hCM:n
P'~ P'C't'l- hG'"'' IJ-I'II.h ILT hCM:f
1 P'~ P'C't'l- fof-1\f ~,_

2. filii-+ P'~ P'C't'l-. There is a certain

ritual to be performed on every holiday. 11f""
+ 11'ttr filii-+ P'~ P'C't'l- f,!l.~A

rival (v.)
I. 1-aJJI!l.G. No other Ethiopian city rivals
Addis Ababa in size. "'11'i'rJJo!l" fh..'l-f-kf
hT"'' 11114-'1- h>l.ll hi1Q1 hf,aJJI!l.CI"'

2. of'oPltllll. The sunset rivaled the sunrise in

Mh~

He risked his entire fortune gambling. 11H

rite P'~

riveted

1087

rising

beauty. 11rJJol1'1- fBdtf. ,...,q+ hBdtf.

""IIJo"''J- ;>C of'oPltllll
3. (J'..111'i' 1\oPltofl) 1-G:IJhG. The two stores

rivaled one another in selling at lower prices.

rrll-t> ooY.oflG':f 11:,0o;il 11""lf'l' !!.111
I;' ll""ltofl 1-G:IJh~

rival (n.)
I. -t-mJI-'16. They have always been rivals in
racing. rrA1.H. 11~"i -t-mJI-'169'-:f ~11~
2. 1'-t'i".+'1. It seems, by all accounts, that Ras
Ali was a rival of King Theodore. ).')Jl."''.QI\IIJo
&-II 'til. f11-P' -1:9'.(-G'Il 1'-t'i".+'S f
~11~ f.""MA

rivalry
I. 1-G:IJIJ&~+. Their rivalry is well known
to all. -t-G:IJIJ6~:Nf11Jo 11rrtrl"" H1.(- r:t-m
-t ~ ....
2. f.hhc. The eruption of violence was due
to religious rivalry. fofl'l'oflm- 11.(-11'1- ""
~.,:,. hVY."'''l''l- f.hhC f-t-~"1 ~11C

river aJ'11t
The river is full during the rainy season.
11hGI"':,. dl')lf" f,'I"I\A

river basin fm111 lfl\4'

The Awash river basin is going to be developed
for farming. fh'l'ii m111 lfl\4' 1\l\C
If A"'':,. ll.rJJoA ~"'"

riverbed fdl111 """'"Gil"

The riverbed is completely dry in summer.
1111:> faJ11!- ""IIJoG!f ~~~ Y.J'..C:I'A

rivet (n.) 6li:,.

A rivet is pounded fiat on one end when it is
hot. 6li'l- 11.'1":,. h1Y.'i'm- "i'i' m'i'
"!of. l\1>1.11'1 f,OO:J-1\

(be) riveted on 11 --- 1\Y. -t-1-hll

His attention was riveted on the speaker.
dtltll- 111-'i";>6m- 1\f, 1'1-hll- ~11C
be riveted together 116li:,. T f fH
The steel beams are riveted together. foflG-1>
m&-1({- 116li:,. 1-ff.H'PA

road

rob

1088

roar put "lim- oflf\- hAL

The car roared past in a cloud of dust. oolJ.'i"
w- Oh!J.&-w- w-h'l' "llw- 1111- hl\1.

He is on the road most of the time. h11~'1w-"t

They roared with laughter. 0"1~ -1-"th-1-h-1>

road

oP"t~~

Where does this road go to?

f"''.~~..... dlf,..'J- ~ .... l
be on the road mY..
'1.11.

m~

~11

~.R

roar with laughter

fDo"fl' ,1'.~-'!A

be on the road to

m~

---

)lD-

He is on the road to recovery. mi..

~

oo~.,.f:

....

roar (n.)

..,..,.,ao-

be the road to mi.. - - - oo~

Drinking is the road to ruin. oom'l' m1.. T
o(..'J- f.oP&-&\

[See also 'uphill']

roadblock oo{l'i"hA
Our progress has overcome all roadblocks.

"c9"li":f"t .,>t'l'w-"tf ooMnA

set up a roadblock

0011~")

hltl~c.

fi;J

The police set up a roadblock to catch the

criminal. ?"ll.(l":f m"t~l\'i'w-"t I\ODJ'11 oo
"t~/1.."t ' H'l-

roadway

ou"t~~

I found my glasses intact along the roadway.

OD~K"<l."t <\P.{IOC OD"t1~ 11,1'.. h~To-'1roam
I. ft4"1'1111. I found him roaming the streets
of the city. h-1-., tJJoh'l' Ofoo"t~/1.. II.
"t4''1'1\A hfll-'12. -1-H'I'mt:. The gazelles roam over the plains
of Ethiopia. h:>H'l'":f Oh..'I-I'A-,1' "'LJJI"":f
11.1'. .I'.H'I'dl&-11-

roar (v.)
I. ""'1i. The crowd roared its disapproval of
the umpire's decision . .l.1111- ,I'""A'I''Il"t .,.
...~ oou:J>mll" ""'1i
The train roared past us. q{K. M""'1i h
AG:"t ' ~~
2. h~"l. The lion roared. h"tOltw- h1"1
3. h'l- 1111- "14'. Everyone roared when
Henry acted out the episode with the teacher.
~"ttl hooli"U~ :>C ~1:"t ,I'll 1"1"1
C Oli"Ah'l- 11JI' 11.,1'<\P. 11-11-ll" b'l-
111\fDo .,.,.
roar away +L+Ah

He gunned the motor and roared away.

'1"#1 hh~P'-1' ' -1-1.-1-1\h

I. ~l/"6. We can hear the roar of the waterfall

from here. f~~-l:tJJo"t ~<r-6 hii.U A
"t{l., h"t":fl\1\"t
2. =1i'l-. The cannon's roar could be clearly
heard in the capital. foPJ?:4. =1i'l- hT'"/
IT'l' O"'AK" ,1'.{1., ~OC
3. "1"1'1-. The sound I heard sounded more
like the roar of a lion. fh.,o-'1- ~l/"6
m~ h"tOlt "1"1:,. ,I'~IIA

roast (vt.)
I. mOh. He didn't roast the meat long
enough. P':>tJJo"t "hh.O:I>tJJo hAmOhtJJoll"
2. 41.11. The servant roasted the coffee lightly.
A~ 11-'i"w-"t 04'1' 41.11":ftJJo
roast (vi.)
I. -1-mOh. The meat roasted in the oven.
P':>tJJo ll"~'ff tJJoh'l' -1-mOh
2. -1-:J>mll. We roasted in the summer heat.
00;> 8do.l'. -1-:l>mA"t

roast (n.) '1'11h P':>

The roast is tough today. '1'11(1. P':>
h"'l ITS:A

~"-

roast (a<lj.) '1'11h

Roast meat is better than boiled meat. h~~A

f.&\~ '1'11h P';> ,l'.li"IIA

roasted grain .JIIChildren like to eat roasted grain. 1\X'Il .J

I\- ' OD1111T ' ,l'.dJJI/1-

roasting pan ""'1'011"

They used the roasting pan to cook the chicken.
I'-C"''1 Oou'I'Oll" m0!}..-1-

rob (robbed)
I. Ht:l. I .,.,, The bandit robbed me of my
money. .,.,>;'tJJo 1"tHO."t Ht:l."i (.,...,"i)
They robbed and pillaged. Ht:4-ll" ~1.4-ll"
2. hh~m4'. Slander robbed him of his honor.
m"'&:l- l111~"t hh~m4'tJJo

roar out

be robbed of .,..,..,

*The officer roared out an order. ""ho't)o ""'

l1 1111- '~-"~11 hm

He was robbed of the rewards of his labor.

01111- 11Tw-"t ....,...,

robber

rod

1089

robber.,..,';'
The robber was caught and imprisoned.
.,..,';'tJJo ' .,.,., ' ;1-11~
robbery
I. Hcl-<1-H ! .,..,';'H. He was convicted of
robbery. IIH~.f.H .,..!.aliT
He was accused of robbery. 11<1'"7';')T .,.h
(o )IIC
2. H~of.. The witness told of an event antecedent to the robbery. !l"llh-1- hH<:of.tJJo II
.f.T 1111_,..<'.~1"'" t1C _,.'01<:
3. ""ll<::r-. The young man confessed to a
robbery. "'"'"" ' 11....\L ' ODII:.,.1 ' h ... )
4. IIC..T. He served six years for the robbery.
IIIIC_.T 11~11T 'iODT ;1-11<:
[See also 'victim']

robe (v.) hllllll

Fog robed the city in white. .,._ h.,..,tD-1
).,.. ' hllllll ....
be robed 111111
The priest was robed in white. 4:1\-- ~"P lA
1111 ' 1111!1,<1\

rock (n.)
I. !11-r'S. They dragged a heavy rock up the
mountainside. h1~ TA:r- 1 !11-r'S ~ 1-T.,.tJJo 1
.,.~~ .... I 1\f. I hfDtflo
2. ~1:>f.. He Was throwing rocks. m:>f. I
f.<D<:tJJoC I )IIC
3. hilT I !11-r'S. She spread her wet dress on a
fiat rock to dry. A11!1.1 1 11"7~<::r- 1 m'i'"'of. 1
hilT ' (!1/<J''S) I 1\f. I hii"J:f.,.

rock bottom, hit ~ '1'111-1 1 "'ll

Coffee prices hit rock bottom last year.
fJII.I.tlJo I 'i""T I IJ-'0 I '1'111-1 I "'ll
rock-bottom prices Cll:"li

Rather than selling at rock-bottom prices, we

should wait until the market improves. IICII11 1
h!/"1lf'l' I f111J' ...." ) I ""lflfA I 111m11:r- I f.
lf'IA
rocker f"'l.<D~<D11 1 <D111C I.,.<D~'I''fr 1 <D111C 1
f"'l.'I'Aol\ <D111C
The sick person sits in a rocker, and bathes in
the sun. 1111_,.';'.,. 1 ll"'l.<D~<D11 (II.,.<D~'I''fr 1
ll"'l.'PAA) ' <D111C ' "'" ' .,..,.!/"... I Dohf. '
f.'I":J>A

robe (n.)
I. ol\1111. The priestly robes were white.
f'l:(t. ol\1111 ).,.. )IIC
2. IIfl. The imperial robe is colored purple.
f11-"" IIfl mf.1 m~ t.,.
[See also 'clerical']

rocket ""111-~1>-C
The rocket traveled through space to the
moon. OD'tb-&.ft...tr mLCJ J\~Ctn tDF..
<R.~:J> ' _,.'\H

robust

rocky

I. m11I~. Only a robust man should undertake

to cross the desert on foot. ll~'lj.,.1 111."1
C I 11"7!1/~'1' I ""'l"hC I fiiiiT I m"JIJ.!. I ~~
CIJ"

ofl.!F

'io(l)o

2. .-11-. Her good color indicates robust health.

fJ'.!/" I "lfi:J: I ao-tr I m:Jt;t") I fflfA
rock (vt.)
I. h<D~IDH. She rocked the cradle until the
baby fell asleep . .:J.YI- 1 1.11h,.,.';' 1 ~<:11 1 h

A:>.,.,

h<D~IDH"ifiiT

She rocked the baby in her arms. .:J.YI-1 II

1,](~

h<D~IDH":f

2. h<;:> I M :J>t<l'. The explosion rocked the

town . .1.17[tJJo 1 h.,..,tD-11 h'0:>.,.1 (M:J>t<l'tD-)
rock (vi.)
I. .,.'1'1111. The boat is rocking in the sea.
~<1\f) .... I llfl.:h-1- I 'If. I f.'I'A'IA
2. .,."'~"'" He sat in his chair and rocked.
<D111-I- I 'If. ' M!I"ID I .,."'~"'"

rocking chair, see rocker

I. !11-r'S 1 fii~IIT. Rocky cliffs range along the
seashore. lilT'S fll~fl'f.,. 1.<'.11-":f 1 llfl.:h
-1- ' "'C I "'C I f.1';'tr
2. m:>.l'"7. The road is too rocky for anything but lorries. ""11JI. 1 ~1:>.1'"7 1 11111f) 1
hhfl~ ' ""!J.'Ol"":f I 1111.,.<1'C I 1\.il ' ""!J.
<; I 1\,~~IIT o hf.":fA!I"
3. l>-<:h-1":f. The mule ambled along the
rocky path. ll:r-tt-'1' 1 llh-~l>-1'1i ""11~ 1
il.f. o hH1DD":f
4. f"'l.t:J>t:r-. That table seems a bit rocky
to me. .1' 1 m<:A.~ T111 1 f"'l.t:J>t:r- f.OD
1111'1A

rod
I. H1"1. He hangs the clothes on an iron rod.
A11n-1 1 t.11~T 1 011 1 'If. 1 r.11:r-11'PA
2. "71mAm.l' 1 11~T. These curtain rods are
of variable length. flf..tJ 1 oo;>af 1 "71mAm
f I ofl:+:f I C1JOD;J-'f.... o 1\,II'I'ID'I' I f."lf-iiA

..

rode, see ride

rodent fl'.f.'l' 11C.I'
Rodents destroy grain. fl'.f.'l' 11C.fll'':f- l'.U
A f..U.C<\11rogue mM;tSome rogues broke the store window and stole
the goods. mlli\-fl- foP~1IO:."t ""1111'1-
{111~,. ' h:l'll''li"t ' ... ~.,
the little rosue T"tll-1\'i' a.n
The little rogue has his grandpa's glasses on.
T"tll-1\'i'ID- .lt!"t J'J'of,"t -~1\'C l'..I:"C'l/1\
role

I. ll'i'4-. The clergy plays an important role

in Spain. ltU'l"'l- OMI.T'S CD-11'1' h'i>T'f
11<;:4. ' l'.i\'I'CD2. 11;1- i h'i>A 1 ll'i>&-. He played the title role
in Hamlet. 0011"11.'1- CD-il'l' oo&CD-"t fl:J-
(ll'i>&- I h'i>A) f.~ T"'iiDT
[See also 'play, sinister']
roll (vt.)
I. mof>l\11. The movers rolled the rug. Tlflt
"''.ll'l- ' ll""t"14-"t ' m.,.l\11-'12. h"thq1111. He was rolling a marble in his
hand. l'."Ji: "" 11f. nMAA ~oc
Men rolled logs to the river. {lll'':f- 'Tt.l:"
ID~ ID"t11 ' l;")bqi\1\She rolled her eyes. ~f.'l'!!!"t l'."thqllll'f3. 1'..1:"11111111. She rolled the dough into little
balls. ll.m-"t 0'1-"t'li 0'1-"tlf. 1'..1:"11111111'1'-,.
4. 74-. The nurse rolls the baby carriage.
~Cjl f.ltY\>-"t ;J& h<f..ll':f5. l'."t7i\:J-. The giant waves rolled the ship.
'"lf.l\'fiD- ' '1"7.1:" ' ODChll-"t ' l'."t7i\;f-CDroll (vi.)
.,.,.~q1111. The donkey rolled in the dust.
l'.O.I'ID- 1'.!1.&-ID- 'If. T"t ~q1111
2. '1'1111. The ship was rolling heavily.
oochll- O'"lf.A f.'l'll\/1\ ~OC
3. l'.fTID~IDH HI\.,.. The ship rolled through
the waves. oPCh!l. 0"'/6011- CD-11'1' M
TID~IDH:f ' Hllof>:f
4. T"tMI\11. The ball rolled under the table.
\\11- ID~ m~A.'IID- I"C T"thql\11
He rolled down the hill. h-'17., 'If. T"thql\1\
S. 1'.1'~""~"". The thunder rolled through the
distance. ~'1-.l:"'l.IJ. h<l-~ 1'.1'~""~""
6 .,..,.,._The drums rolled. ;f-11"11-'1- .,..,..;J7. Tm.,.l\11. The cloth rolls easily. .U.C4< 0

I.

"'"II- '

roll

1090

rode

f.m.,.MA

roll alone T'lih~h~

The automobile rolls along. l'.ID"of'I"O.II- f.
11Mb&-A
roll by T'lih~h~
The wagon rolls by. {1~71\CD- f.'lih~h&-A
roll down
I. l'.H_,.H.,.. The hills roll down to the sea. 11~11;1-ll''li m~ qa.-:. .I'Hof>11:1'112. 111\A 1'.11. The tears rolled down her cheeks.
~;,.q.,. o.,.,.~ "" 111\A 1'.11
roll in 14The waves rolls in to the beach. '1"7,11. m
~ qa,-:. 'ICil' 74roll in money
He is rolling in money. 0011'1- T.U."'I/1\!I:A
roll Into a balll'..l:"fll\1111
He rolled the string into a ball. hO:."t 1'..1:"11111111
roll on <\f.;I-ID~ 1'.1\il.
The seasons roll on. m&-of'li <\f.;J-ID~ .1'

A<I-llroll oneself up lf'-l-AA hA

He rolled himself up in a blanket. 011C.I:" A

1111 '1'~/1\ll\ 1'.11
roll up

I. mof>l\11. We rolled up the rug.ll;JJI"CD-"t m

.,.11/1\~CD-

He rolled up his blanket, and used it as a headrest. 11C.I:" /1\1111-"t m~ll- '1-&-11 1'.~~7,.
2. Omil.. He rolled up his umbrella.)l'"t'l'i\ID""t
omil.
roll (n.)
I. 'I'~ A. He used up a whole roll of wrapping
paper. l'."t.IJ."t 'I'~ A foPm~l\.1' ,~.,.+
o-11- .,.m.,..,.,o+
2. .1:"11"6. You can still hear the roll of thunder.
l'.v-"tll" f)'I-.1:-"'.IJ."t .1:"11"6 A 'I-ll"'/ '1-:f
i\1\1)
3. .1:"11-AII-A 'Ill. He cutthe roll in half, and
spread butter on it . .1:"11-AII-11-"t 'Ill v-11'1-
'If.' ...c ... ' ~fl.' .,.q,.
rolls 01111111
His name was taken off the rolls. 11- h""11
711- 'If. TM
roll of fat
*He had a thick roll of fat under his chin.
l'."t7of, 11-Ah-A'I- l'.CD-'1';1;/1\
call the roll 1111" m&When the teacher called the roll, he answered
"present". l'.II.,...,&CD- 1111" ll.m&- 1'.0.'1- hi\

roll call

1091

roll call
*The roll call showed that six students were
absent. ll9" 1\.tn.!- llf.""ll-l- +"Y&P"l-
4'& o ODIJ'<;'f'tJJo o :J"ID4'

roost
houses. 1\"'&lt tJJoll'l' <l"t..,-l- f+Aoo
1. f"'&Y hn )tJJo

room (v.) 'fG

Mr. Parker rooms in the red house. "'l.ll+C

roller +"lillclt& )1C

Heavy objects can be moved on rollers.
hQf."" l\,..l":f"t O+"lihCit& )1C "7'\11
J'.ii'IIA

roller skate oo"tif.!-+!1' "'i"7

Buy me some roller skates! oo"Jif.!-+!1' "'i
"7 ' .,~A'{

Roman t:"7'1!
romance
I. "7"1ii>COD9". His romance with the President's
daughter is well known. 1"1"<!.IVI"t-!:"t A;t'
"7"1ii>COD... f:J-ID4' )tJJo
2. llA 'i'~C f+~d. Aofl IDAf."" ;J-&h.
She reads romances in French and German.
OlC"""J"'<; Od.G"t/IJ'."' llA 'i'~C f+~
f. Aofl IDAf."" ;J-&I>:f ;J-)QA:f
3. [f:t'ofiJI. :J-&h].

romantic
*She loves him because he is so romantic.
l\{1-"J f9"-l-m1.m- llA 'i'~G... )ol- ll"'
oj: I ~
*She likes romantic tales of love. llA 'i'~C
f"'LJ'ID~ 1\{lf.<;<f! ' +G.,.T ' TID-'I AT

romp,

~ all over IIG4'

The children romped all over the house.
A}>:,; l\IL-l- tJJoll'l' IIG...

roof "1.!- I "'&Y

The rain leaked through the thatched roof.
11<;11- f"'C h-'11-"t "'&Y HA4'tJJo
roof of the mouth 1\1.4"

The hot soup burned the roof of my mouth.

-l-11-,... arcq ll"t,..\1-"t 1\,..mA'f
have a roof over one's head

He doesn't have a roof over his head. .!-{1-"t "7

MIU' '1}>: fAtJJo9"
under the same roof 1\'"JJ!" fllt BJoilT
How can you live under the same roof with
that woman? hll..l'-f ll.-l- :>C l\"t.l'.-l-
1\"tf."" ' IL-l- tJJoll'l' ' ADD'fC ' -l-l-1\AU!
[See also 'raise, ridge']

roofing f"'&Y h-'l"t

In America, wood is a common roofing for

:rchc "'" IL-l- tJJoll'l' Y.'fo~-A

They roomed together while in college.
1>1\.;t' 0)11~ '1.11. +-'lofiAtJJo Y.'f~ )flC

room (n.)
I. h'i'A. Where can I get a furnished room?
-11- l\_,.. YAtJJo h'i'A f-l- M"'Au- l
2. ll:l". Is there any room left for my baggage?
A'itl. -l-C'i' 11:1" 1\A l
3. IL-l-. The whole room laughed. IL-l: II...
II- ...,.,.

room and board

,-,-oc; OD~;f-

How much do you pay for room and board?

A9".,11<; Aoo'f:J- 9""J YUA -l-h'i'IIAU l
room for doubt
*There is no room for doubt. 'l'C#f'C fAtD-r
room for improvement
*There is room for improvement in your work.
P'o!-U"t "7lflfA 1\AofiU
ladies' room fll..,.:f "li"J-l- IL-lWhere's the ladies' room? fll..,.:f "li"J-l-
IL-l- f-l- )tJJo!
men's room rm'lP.l- 1i'l+ O.T
Where is the men's room? fiD"tl'o:f "li"t-l-
IL-l-f-l-)tJJo!
[See also 'board, seating, suite, underground']

roomer +hol-Y.
The roomer told the landlady that his room was
cold. +h.!-1' h'i'll- 4'11,..~ oPIJ'\o-"t
MAIL;!: )1.!--l-

roomful
A roomful of people were at the doctor's
office when I arrived. l\~ llf.Cll .h h....
ll.t: tJJoll'l' lltJJo "''l'r 1111- ) IIC

roommate
We were roommates in college. 1>1\.;t' IJ')"J
1\"tf."" 1\J'. Q"Jf."" h'i'A tJJoll'l' l\"t'fC )IIC

roomyM YA
We have a roomy apartment. 114- YA 1\;r
C+"Y 1\A"t

roost (m&::f 1\.A..-l- f"'LJ'Cf.ll-l-

~C"t"'i'i']

f~'i'

rooster htJJo&o

P.r:

The rooster crows every morning. fttJ)o&o

r:

tp...,.

tp...,.

P..

J'.t.-"lill\

Fear rooted him to the spot. 'i'CY+

MO.!.O

hii4'.!.0Jo

root (vi.)
I. FC 1 (IJ'.S'... Some plants root more quickly
than others. h'J.'I"J.I:" 1 iiO'P+ 1 hl\.11-:f- 1 f.A
:r- I +II- I FC I f.iiJIII2. ML~L. Pigs root in the muddy ground for
their food. h<'l.,l":f 1 0.!."1.!.1- 1 tJJoil'l' 1 , . . ,
11 I 'I'll;.> I ,t')L")of.l\root

around-~..,,. 1

'I'll;.>

OD<!.oJo")

.fo

"'i.!.

root out
I. hiiiD"'. They rooted out all dissident elements in the party. of-:l"'P"7.J"'Il"J 1 0'1"'1 1 liT
llof:tttJJo I 1!-.(-") I hiiiDtp.'ftJJo
2. hmof.. We must root out illiteracy . .1:-"J.,.C'i'
") I .,'J'of.+ I h1111"J

She rooted through the closet looking for her

old shoes. hr:-l I "'i.,'f") I IIODLII"I I .,.11" I
I

root up

O.!.O.!.:f

~:J'4'11tJJo

(t1D~:J'4'11tJJo)

be rooted FC

liAA

t.+hA

ot...+I'"A-.1'

milL

I>C.,

tJ)o'} I fl"JOD r; I ml\LtJ)o

rope off fl10D r:

ftml.

The police roped off the street for the parade.

;rll,(l:f

OD"),JI.")

III'IA4-

O,OD.(-

htn~

rope (n.)

I.
He was leading the calf by a rope.
'1'1!"0Jo") I O,OD.(- I ,..,...,...,. I ~oc
2. .1:-t.. A rope of jewels hung around her
neck. ,1'<1\.,"H I .(-(. I h"J,;J: I 'If. I of-"Jtnll\'1'!\,ll\
be at the end of one's rope f"'/JF..C1tJ)o 1 m
<f.tJJo

With all savings gone and bills piling up, she

was at the end of her rope. ,l'tn&-4'ou:ftJJo 1 II
1 Mil" 1 Mo~q:,. 1 illl't'- 1 fll":f"'-C
m<f.+
know all the ropes
He knows all the ropes. ODOJo<Q,,' 1 OD"IIU'tJJo
")
I
flo/1- I ,l'tJJo:J>Il\

'1114''i'

rosary ""rmt.,l'
f~m.!.:f

tJJoil'l'

O"'ll"

FC

Good manners were rooted in him like

second nature. ouAttll" 1 mqf. 1 h11r:+ 1 foi-L

'i'+

rose, see rise

rose lM.lll
The rose smells good.

IM.~

1i:J- 1 h

lltJJo

roster oo"tJ,11

tn.!. I f.ODMA
be rooted to btJ)o

The cowboy roped the steer. l..!.':'tJJo

She is saying her rosary now. ourmt.,l'fi 1 7.

Christianity is deeply rooted in Ethiopia.

hcil+'i'
II~ A

rope (v.) 0,,.,.1:"

[See also 'lead')

~:1"4'11 I -~:1'4'11

The pigs rooted up the garden. h<'l.,

oJo")

;f-tJJo:J'IIIJ 1

").......,. I

,"'" 1

root through fll.fll.

"1'1'\o-,

liAA

How can you tell whether the tree has taken

root? ~4- 1 FC 1 ooil'-.1:- 1 t.llooiiFJ!."J 1 7.

,,...!:".

Qij,l,

The hog rooted around for waste. h<'l.,tJJo

lflf

4. "'iT. "Go" is the root of "going". 't"- ,, ~

f"tlltJJo I :I'll\ I f OD't.(- I J.'i'+ I ~tJJo
take root JPC

root (vt.) hil4'.!.

..,.

rosy

1092

rooster

oflir'

+l.

He was rooted to the spot by fear. O'i'cY+ 1 h

110+ I htJJo I 1111- I 4'.!.

root (n.)
I. FC. The roots of this tree are very deep.
fH.II I ~'i' I FC I 0"111" I 'I'A:r- I ~"'"
The root of the tooth is decayed. 'I'CA- 1 h
F~ I 0ii11!).A
2. 11"")-P. Money is the root of all evil. ,"JH
11 I 1'hof.+ I 11-11- I M"P I ~"'"
3. ,..~lf. Let's get at the root of the matter!
ID'- I ~,~ I OD~lf I J."J'L.(-

Is my name on the roster? 11"1

f.

OD"H,R-

'I

hll1

rostrum oo.(-th
The speaker descended from the rostrum.
of-'i';>(.tJJo I hOD.(-lho I 'If. I 1Dl'-

rosy
1.

IM.~ 1

f"t""iiA. Her rosy cheeks indicate

IM.~ 1 f"tODilll-+ 1 .,.
111.~:;' I ODifS:"J I ,I'ODIIh:f"/1-

that she is healthy.

")t.-!11

2. ~. His rosy future was cut short by

severe illness. ~ 1 il.l:-11- 1 O.lt.,..... 1 ll"h"J
,..,.

of-4'o;D.

~ro~t~------------------------~10~9~3--_______________________rough

rotund ID'i'&-9"

rot (rotted), vt. hOI'IRI'I

Don't let oil get on the tire because oil rots
rubber. 111>+ 1.,'t IIA"'t.I'OI'Ioflll h't"',.~
II..,. ' -1-m't+llrot (vi.) 01'101'1
The fruit is rotting on the tree. 'NI...,. qf.
"" 01'101'1

rot (n.)

rotary
*The rotary motion of the wheel throws off
drops of water. 1.,..,. fl.'liht:hC IIJo:) ,.
<!:"ill\

rotate (vt.) MII'I'IDm 11&Farmers rotate crops. ~0"-ll':f HC hfll'l'

IDtno ' ,H&-11rotate (vi.)
I. flo!:. The earth rotates around the sun.
"""'"" oom.r. H-6.1' '1-fl&-ll:f
2. -1-I\'I'IDm. The presidency of the club
rotates every year. fhOfl- T"-ll."''t'l-~'1- 0
f'\OD.f> ' ,II'I'ID"'Il\

rotation -1-&Chairmanship in the club is by rotation.

hll.tl h011 CJ)oll'l' II.+ OD'tOC~T 0-1)ID"

*What is the rotation time of the earth?

"""'"" t.'tJ': "1.11. ll""'lihcbc ll"'t .ru
A "1.11. ,,IIJ':q;I"A 1
*Crop rotation improves the soil. 1'11111\ 1'1.11
'I'ID'I' DP"-'1- ,1'<1-<f.A

rote, by

~ 0.4'11\
He learns poetry by rote. .,'l'll"'t 0.4'11\
m'i'A

rough (v.), rough it o:Y...,c 'l"l:

The travelers had to rough it when they got
into the jungle. DP't~~'l'~ h"il!..,. 0~<!:11-
"1.11. o:Y...,c ""'~"C .,..... 11.'1~q'f..,.
rough up ~0~0

*Rot has affected this part of the tree. fqf. ,.

'Iii;'..,. ID~'t Oli11P,.A

~ I

A large, rotund man came to see you. h'tJ': 'IAII- ID'i'&-9" (ICJ)o 1\.m,il-tl ODd)

.r

rotten
I. f0/101'1. These rotten eggs smell bad.
MII.IJ fOI'IOII- h't.,.lt.ll-:f ,~"7112. f-1-0it.lf. The rotten administration of the
school improved. f-1-0it.lf..,. f_.,.,.IJC'I- 0.
., hiiT"'U: -1-lflfll
be rotten 01'101'1
The beams of the bridge are rotten through
and through. fJ':AJ':P. h.,ll"'tli':Y.. ..,CI'I..,.
011111'1'1'11\

rotting f-1-lt.
The stink of rotting meat pervaded the air.
f-1"11...,. JP ;J '11;1" hf~'t Om~..,.

The gangsters roughed up their victim. IDC'OII~ r .rn-'1-'t .....,.,. ~o~o-'1-

rough (adj.)
I. lfll&-. The rough fur of a camel makes. it
unsuitable for clothing. MODI!\ .f"' lfll
&- OODifjo. 1111\1111 h,l1't9"
2. ,1'11\-J-It.~. The bench is made of rough
planks. """'"""'"'" f-1-w&-..,. IIA-1-It.~ <'I
't"' ~ ....
3. b-l:h-'t:Y.. l ID"' ~q ,I'll. Don't drive this
small car over rough roads! ,.:f't '1-'t'li
ODI:J.'i'' \t-t;b-'t:f 0 (ID"' ' ~q ' ,I'll) ' OD')~J': '
"" h'l-'tll'l4. ID'i'&-9". This fruit has a rough skin. ,.IJ
Iii:&.

dJ~,.. I

AIIJ~ I

hl\m-

5. hqJ':, She isn't used to such rough work.

h't~lf.IJ .I'll hqJ': JP&- hii""~:Y..II"
6. 1-C'i''i'. He has a rough voice. 1-C'i''i' J':9"
6 hll ....
7. 0"19" hll..,'i'4:. We had a rough time when
we took the exam. 4.-1-'i'"'"'t ll't.I.-1-'t ,1'<'111'1'~
..,. "1.11. 0"19" t.ll..,'i'4: ~oc
8. mil-lt.lt.. This will give you a rough idea.
,.IJ mll-it.it. mllofl ,.1'1'1'711\
9. q111. I f11A.,'i'. His kind act balances his

rough manner.

f~""l')o.-,. JP~m- ' Ql\"1.

qn ,.lf'i"tii;I"A

The student was punished for using rough

language. -1-"76"'" f11A.,'i' .4'11\ 0""~
-1-+"1
10. t:11lf fOqO'I-. Rough play resulted in
two players getting broken legs . ..,..._,...,. <!:11
lf fOqo'l- IIII~OC 11-11'1- T"i'l''1'
h.,&-'J'CI)o't -1-I'IR~
II. 11"'1- f"l-~11(..,.). The book describes the
f""~""
rough life of the pioneers.
6,1'9'~ ll<l-6li':Y.. \>oC' 9"'1- f"l-~11.....
h't~~OC ,~AKA
12. ( ~ adv.) h'l"lt. 1-~11\. This is a rough
sketch of his book. ,.II h'l"lt. 1-~11\ f
n- """'""'~' hii-1-'I'X"l\ ~ ....
~

"""'""*"

roughen

1094

rouch behavior ( ~ one of rough behavior)

t.,ODI\.

Olh'l'&:,

The child is not liked because of his rough

behavior. A)t: f"''f..tDUm- 1VIPI\. oo-rc:
IIIII/') ),..
rough life, rough times

'f-Ie

I fl-""IC 1.1

He leads a rough life. o"f-lc Wf&A

There are rough times ahead. tnY.. .c.+
"IC 1.11. 1\11

rl-

rough weather ~f~ DDOI\ifT

Rough weather kept the planes from leaving.

Tf'P ooMif-1- 1\,.f!'T~'l',.; 1>tJI.I'-).,..
M-'1'1',.
be rough

I. ( ~ active) 1\"ll"h<:. +Why are your hands

rough? 1.~U"t M 1\"lfh<:,. 1
2. 1"'i"1Dm. The water is pretty rough today.
qa,;;. ....~. ............tjl./A

have a rouch flight 0"111" ).,.).,.

The plane had a rough flight in the storm.
o~.e11'1',. )'f.ll ,.11... 1\,.C"T~I- ""'
II" .('.).,."t-lo )OC
roughen 1\"ll"h<:
The wiod roughened his skin. )'f.ll 4'-'l,."t
1\"ll"h<:,.
roughly
I. 0~.1'-11 :J'A. He spoke roughly to his wife.
"'1.11-l>"t 0~,1'.11 :J'A 1"'i"1&-l2. 0"111"-l-. Can you tell me roughly how much
it will be? ll"t-1- 1."t.l'."''.ll'"t 0"19"-l- A
H"l<:~ -1-:f.\IIU 1
treat roughly 1\.,.11-tll
He tr~ts his wife roughly. "'1.11-l>"t

,.,.II.,...

~;f-A

[See also 'handle']

round (v.)
I. hofl 1\.1'.<:1. The carpenter rounded the
corners of the table. 1\'i"m.,. fm<:A.'I,."t m
Cll hofl 1\.1'.<:1,.
!)e'lj
2. 1\'l"m'l"m. He rounded his lips and whistled.
1\f."t 1\'1"'1'....... 1\~....
3. 11<:. When the train rounded the curb,
it blew the whistle. QfK. oomii"H..,.,... II.
IIC 'J"PII"Q )'f.
4. 1\.1'."011011. Age rounded her figure. 7.C~'i"
"1-C!I."t 1\.1'."011011,.
round off l\111"1thll
Round off the edges a little! mCH-"t -1-"tii
l\111"1thll,.

round

round out h".7A(11-l-)

The new stamp rounded out his collection.
1\.11.1\- 1:9"of!C hii.U Ot.-1- fi'IOI'IO....-. 1\
".7.~11-1-

round up llfl(Ul

The leader rounded up the tourists, and

herded them back on the bus. 1\ll.,.ofl'f,. of>
611-Hi"t l'loflllfl IDS'. 1\,..,.11-1\- ,.II
... I\111Q'f,.
round (n.) H-C
He was knocked out in the first round.
ODD)';DD6T,. H-C IDS'..,.
a round of drinks

He paid for a round of drinks. lJofto"J" flm-

1\"t-'l"t.l'." ;>OH
make the rounds
I. M1"H'I'ID<: mO.,.. The watchman makes

his rounds of the building. HO'f,. .h"tl\....-.

M1"H'I'ID<: .1'-mofl:J'A
2. 1.flf<: Oii1"'l'~ .,.O'f. The doctor is
making the rounds. .bh.- Mil<: Oii1"'l',.;
"t ' QOD.,.ofl'fT 0 ~.('. 0 ) , . .
3. hAA :J''f. The police officer made his
rounds. f?'ll.l\- ODho"t"t hAII-"t :J''f
The book is making the rounds. ODJtdtf.'l ~ lJo
11-11" .1'-.,.QOII'I'A
round (adj.)
I. -11- .,.6-0.! -11- f1"m:>:>. Five hundred
is a round number for 498. ll!!fj~ -11,. .,.6-0. .,...c lif ),..
Leave out the fractions and give me the round
number. h'i'A<f.l',.;"t -l-1"U -11- f1"m:>:>

........ .,...c "t1<:~

2. oo-11-. A round dozen eggs were in the basket.

1\"t.l'." .I'.CH"t -11- 1."t.,~A "1-C"'i-l- ,..
11'1' )0C
3 . .1'."11-Ail-A. It was round like a ball. 1."t.l'.
'>.II .1'."11-Ail-A ) OC
4. hofl. They have a round table in the dining
room. ,-,of) 0.~ 1 m-(IT 1 tlofl m~A.IJ
M'f,.
5. h'i' Til. He paid around price for the house.
IIlLi> h'i' Til 'I':> ht.ll
*The polka is a round dance. ?"All 1 }..ffl~ ~
f"''...'."tl\--1- -'l"tll ),..
in good round terms fl.,AK"
The boy's father scolded him in good round
terms. fA)t 1\Q-l- O"IAll" ID.,.,....,.
in round figures n.,r:,. I ~ - - YIJA
In round figures, there were two hundred

people present. 0"19"'1- rJ-11'1- oo.r- lll":f

YIJA tOolround (adv.)

rove

1095

roundabout

o-Il-

He works the whole year round. 'J00..,1 0 ...

II- ' f.u>&-A

The tree measures 50 inches round. flff. It

&y h9"lt h..1:f f-IT<; A
come round 7lif. J\ll
He will come round if you keep pressing him.
h1of.of.1i1J>o '-If. f.IIA
fall round one QltQO.CIJo

h~L

Bullets fell round him, but he was not burt.

111!- 'l'f.'l- QIJQII.IJ>o II.YC'i'll" hA1"oo;f-9"
go round

I. 1'1!' Y.~. We went round by the store to

get to his house. 0.-1: I AOD.(;'~il I noo~ofl"" I
0 11-A 1'<:1 Y.R.-1
2. tl.ll. A report is going round that the
school will be closed. '1-ll"rJC'I- IL.., f.H;JA
f"'l.A m&. f.t'i'ltA

rouse
1. h t :1'. The noise failed to rouse him.
=1i... r'I.Yt :J'IJ>o hA!!'I\9"
2. il"'/.'1- 4'114'11. The speaker tried to rouse
the audienoe. i"<;;J&,. fh~~1 il"'/.
'1- 11.4'11:,0il 'l"h<:
~A

rout (v.)

h~1

O;f-1"t

Our troops routed the enemy. ,..&-:f-1 mll'l~A h~C1 O;f-1"tiJ>o

rout out of bed 4'114'11

The farmer routed his sons out of bed at five

o'clock. 10&-IJ>o A}('li1 h1;J ... OOP'&o
h1~

II'J'I- 4'114'<\'I'IJ>o

rout (n.) :,.'1' fll.ll,. 1111'1The enemy's retreat turned into a rout. fm-"\
'I- "74."11."1 :,0'1' fii.I\IJ>o 1111'1- ITt

route (v.)

+oP

I. h ilh.~. They bad to route the plane through

Dire Dawa because the Addis Ababa airport
was closed due to the fog. fh-'l.il hOQIJ>o h

He looked round and round, but could not

discover where the noise was coming from.

IJ>oi!'Til1 "'II.Y O"J-9" Ooolf1.\<o hiJ>oC'

"l"lll-1 O~.:JI'I' Oil-A "7ilh.~ tO<:Q'I'IJ>o
2. '-1-'I.Y.~ h~<:1. The travel bureau routed

look round and round fiC fiC oflA-

llh1"
I'C I'C 1111- 1"oollh1" l !T'l'9" ~9"11-
hf'l- '-1~"7.00"1 11"7<:,0 hA!!'I\9"
[See also 'year']

us by way of the Grand Canyon on our trip

West. m~ 9"~&-11 ii1Y.~ f"70DIII\lfiJ>o
ODP'6Y IL'I- ' 0"1&-1~ ' IJ1M Oil-A' '-1
~1Y.~

roundabout
I. H<C'I'&o. He tried to explain in a roundabout way why he was not able to come.

1\009""1'1- YA!!'IIO'I-1 9"h1Y'I- OHm

C'l'&o 0011~ lloP"JIIK" 'l"h<:
2. fii-&Y. They took a roundabout way to
get there. MU' 1\00~l:il 011-&Y oP11
~ Y.JI.
in a roundabout way ftac'7.. ll"Y.
I heard the news in a roundabout way. t1-l-1
fil"'l. il"'l. 11"7u-'l-

roundly 0"19"
He was roundly scolded. 0"19" 1"<4'11

-th.'l-

h~l:11

0011~

Which route did you take? Of'I-':'IJ>o 0011

~Y.~hl

[See also 'devious']

routine

IA"7~

Getting up and going to bed are parts of your

daily routine. ""1"':''1-<; oot"f'l- Of4'). h
9";f-~C;J'I'IJ>o lA"'' F-:f

ODIJhiA <;'I'IJ>o

*The routine of preparing breakfast bores her.

t;J mQ 41Cil "''H;J~'I- f.llll!!':f"IA
Year in, year out, the same routine. h't-ooT
'-flh I 'JOD'I- I YIJ>o ' f.~;J1"7/A

rove 1"H'I'mt:

round-trip ~C{I ooAil

He bought a round-trip ticket.

route (n.)

~C{I

ooAil

1~

[See also 'ticket']

roundup (n.)
*The roundup is watched by many people.
'-i:'l"'li h11-r-'li1 (l.ooA(I. 1111- lll":f
f.oollh.., toe

He loves to rove over the fields and through

the woods. Of'"I.'IIJ>o<; Of"'iiJIJ>o IJ>oil'l'
ODH'f'<DC !-<IliA
(ones) eyes roved 0'\of.). :f-T

Looking for a familiar face at the party, his

eyes roved over the many guests. f"t.f,_.,.m-
IIIJ>o '-11lll OODI.I\"1 ' O'J,.). 0"111"1f
,. "'" Yll-'1-1 '-1"11'-:f :1'':''1',.

row

1096

royalty

row (vt.) "'""-

Can you row a boat? )>;.:VI OD:,OH<;: +:f'l

1\U I
row across O)!AQ

rub

1\~~m

We rowed across the lake. .hS'-41't ll)>;AQ

l'\!1/<:'l''t
row one across 'Af+IIL }\;{1~

I will row you across the lake. .,_.,.'t

H'i'IJ. hlf"'C71111-

,.f.,.

row, n. (rhymes with 'low')

1. +c;t-. The children were sitting in a row.
A~,; ll.,.C:I" .,..,.,..m,. tile
2. oal.);. The row of houses near the factory
burned down last night. +'l"t+'i' "l:l" 'f.
-o.:II,. hm111 nno~-+ OD.I'JI IL.,.:f
.,.,..mll3. l..t:'tj!., There are three rows of seats in this
room. 7-IUJ h'f:.A m-nT V'll-l- l..t:'lf:
"""'""""ilP:f ' l'\11in a row hb;:t-+11\He won three times in a row. V'IH: lth;t--l-11\-
l'\lh4.

row, n. (rhymes with 'how')

I. fii""i:l". I can't study with all this row going
on outside my window. ooltta-1: h.m1ofl ~
U't .fUA ""1""1:1" ,._,II 'lm'i' l'\A:fA9"
2. l'\9"Q'IC'. He got into a row with the guard.
hHil'i'fD< ' ;JC l'\?"Q'IC' 1mOD
make a row +1'ftJ.-A
My neighbors made a terrible row last night.
1<:1L-Ai +'l't..,. "l:l" h4-'i' .,.'t""i""

rowdy f11A"''i'
Rowdy behavior will be punished. f11A"''i'
mQS'- .fii.,.IIJA

royal
I. 't'l-"1'1!. The English royal family lives in
seclusion. ~'t"'l\.11 't'l-"'fD<n IL.,.I'IIl:f
1111\A.,.~t'l- Wi" &-112. f'l"l-,..... The crown and the scepter are royal
insiguias. HfD<.I(;-'i' 11+<: oP't1P'+ f't'IP' ' l'\C"l ' 'i''fm3. "'C"l .film-. The lion is a royal beast.
l'\'tllll "'C"l .fllfD< 1'\fD<&. )fD<
4. h~j: Yll. He received a royal welcome.
h<;: .fll 1'\.,.QflA _,..1'..1:111'1-

I. 't'I-P't+. The crown is an attribute of

royalty. HfD<.I(;- f't'I-P't+ ODI\\'" )fD<
2. 't'I-"'OJ-n IL.,. 1'111. The play was performed in the presence of royalty. -J:.f'l--1- 't
1-"ffD<.f't IL_,. il11 11_,.11'11+ :l"f
3. f.l'.&-{1. '1':>. He gets aroyaltyofl0%for
his book. I\ODl\".h4- h.,...,. OP'C f.l'.&-{1.
'1':> .f1'i'A

rub (rubbed), vt.

I. hlf. Rub his back with alcohol! )>;CQfD<'t
111'\Al>A
2. hlflf. He rubbed his hands to keep warm.
11"1'1":,0 ' "it't hlflf
3. m11m11. Keep rubbing it until it shines.
"ilh.J'11<:.,.c:,> .1(;-<:il mA,_II,.
4. 'lm. These shoes rub my heel. S'-11 ""i"l
.,.<:hrt.'t S'-Am~A
How did you rub the skin off your knee?
1-Ail'I-U't M 'lmfD< I

,.if,.

rub (vi.)
I. :l"hh. The cat rubbed against my leg .

,..,&. . ""

.1(;-0D"):
:l"hh:f
2. .,.4.:>4.1. What is the tire rubbing against?
1"7fD< hM :>C S'-4.:>4-:>A I

rub it In

Jl..f~"JOD 1

Jtm&.

I know you're a better player than I, but you

needn't rub it in. h~ f.,.lf Ah .,.""i'l':f ""
ll''tU't hm-?1111- "''t M.l'.;>19"h "lfD<&'1- 1'\.flf?"
rub off d..1L'1

After rubbing off the dirt, he saw that it was an

old coin. 41lflffD<'t h4.14.1 11:\'1 l'\1!"1.
1'tH11 OUIJ').'t -f'1)Hfl
rub off on one

*French manners seem to have rubbed off on

him while he was in Paris. ;r.:il lltll<:ll+
'I..IL f4..1:'tllS'- QUA 1ifD< .fllll'l- S'-ODMA
rub out f'lL.H

You forgot to rub out the price. 'P ;u&'l

{1<:11 <:llll

oo

rub over m.l."f

The maid rubs a cloth over the mirror. 1.1:.11..,.

""il:l"m.,.'t n,;u.c:,> +mc;>ll:f
rub raw L~

His Royal Highness AD-A

The bridle rubbed the horse's cheek raw.

A'loo- f4.<:ll-'t l'\1"1" 4._,.1,.

His Royal Highness, Prince John, arrives

Tuesday. AtrA ';t>:'t "lhil'l' S'-1QII-

rub the wrong way

*He tries to be friendly, but somehow whatever

he says rubs me the wrong way. 1\""dl.tl)!'l- I'>

'l"h<~oA 11''1"'1" o 't"l"l~ (IIJJo't f>,_'t"'A

rubber
I. '111-t;h. The tire is made of rubber. ..,..,,.
f-1-rP<IoiJJo ' h'1111:h ' )IJJo

2. 'IA.II. I erased it with a rubber. fl'IA.II h

mof.v-'1-

be rude hflY: hll

Life is rude to farmers who have (ew tools.

flof: ' OO"f(..f' ' 1\1\.1\lfiJJo ' 1fl<l.J":f ' 't-C' '
hflY: f>'IA
have a rude shock ~~1m

John had a rude shock when the other boys

poured a prul of water on him. ;('t A;('ll h
'tY: qAJI.

rubbers
f'l"'' ""1"'1. It is best to wear rubbers in
rainy weather. flht:'F'or f'l"'' ""1"'1 "''Y:
~..,

ruffle

1097

rubber

rudely

,.:> ql.flfl-11'1-

fl-11'>11 :J>A

He was provoked to answer rudely. fl-1.('.11 :J>

A l\'t.ti.,.AII

)iD-

"1.11. J'.)1m

v-~;1-,.

hii1J'.J'.IJJo

rudeness ofiA"I<;

rubber band '111-l:h

The papers are held together by a rubber band.

His rudeness is inexcusable. 11A...,IJm- ,

mt:4>.f-'ll 11'111-l:h ;J-IIt:'I'A

:l"ll'i' )IJJo

rubber stamp

"'1~1-'F'

I have a rubber stamp with my name and

address on it. II"'L<; hY:<~o7f\L .1'1111'1- "''
~-~-,. ' hii'S

rubbish

frPJ~

rudiment
*This animal has the rudiment of a tail. Y.tJ
l\'tll ... II'F'Ahor .f'UA .,_..<lo hiiiJJo

rudiments

I. 'If> '1\!-'t. He knows only the rudiments of

Amharic grammar. .I'"''C'1 fi'I'IIIJJo't 'If>

'l'<lo"l.

The men didn't collect the rubbish today.

'1\!-'t

fll"'ll ' ~<l. ' 'l'<lo"l. ' l\'1),..,.

be rubbish hf,.:q'J"
This book is rubbish. f,U ""K'dt'i' hf>t:q'J"

2. DDIPt:;l-'1! J'.'tll:f. We are making efforts to

teach the local people the rudiments of sanitation. .1'1~'t fll":f fK'.tl'l- 'l'fl:l' ou,..:;J-

1\m~

fll

, . ''i'<l.

rubble

'i'CII<~o'il

The rubble of the damaged building blocked

the street. f.:h'ti\IJJo 'i'CII<~o'il ""'t1JI.'t H.:>IJJo
turn to rubble
I. t.ooY: hJ'.t:1. The bombs turned the building to rubble. 11'1"11- IL.,'t h""Y: hJ'.
t:111Jo
2. h.U.t:fl. The wreckers turned the building
to rubble. f.:h'tll "'''i't:7f ouh_<;l"'ll .:h't
1\IJJo't ' hl.<lot:fl-'1-

rudder

.f'IJJo:l'A

'1! J'.'t(l:f't 11"'1111-"''C flDD'I"hC 'If, '

lot of rubbish

*Gossip is often a lot of rubbish.

11!1'

ou~H.t..l'

They guided the boat by means of a rudder.

)!AqiJJo't flOD~H.C..f' ou~or

rude
I. q111.. The rude student was expelled from

school. q111.,. A'1': hor'F'uc-r IL'I- 1q.:,:

2. l\'tJ'.)1~ f-J-w<~o. He plows the field with
a rude wooden plow. "'1/ld>-'t f"'L.I'CfiiJJo l\
'tJ'.)1~ ' fl-1-P'<Io ' f~'t--r ' "''t:7f ' )IJ)o

rudimentary

)'t

oum)i1

I have only a rudimentary knowledge of

mechanics. 1111 outtth oom)'1 ~-or
1111'S

rue
I. hH). He rued his angry words. 1141"1 fl
ou<;1~

hH)

2. .:1oo. You'll rue the day you insulted me.

l\~'t ffiJ'.oflhflor't 4>'t '1-t:"I"''IIU

rueful

fiiii'I-

She gave me a rueful look when she found out

I was right Ah ouiJ'~'t 11;1-,.~ 111111
,.. ~f>'t -~"""llh-1-:f'S

*She was a rueful sight. ;J-...11't ) flC

ruffian

mC'fl'l

A gang of ruffians attacked a policeman.

aJC'flll":f h'tY: 7"11.11 J'.flJ'.flo

ruffle (v.)
I. h't4>il4>fl. The lake was placid; not a breeze
ruflled its surface. 'F''t'F' f"'L.f"t4>{)~(l,. )
of.ll MA)flt: dtl'>41 'i'l\.'1" 11'1' .I'll )
flC

2. 0:1".,.~. She ruffled his hair. ~'K-'} 0:1".,.~

:fo'l3. 11-'i' hf.<'.~. The hen ruffled her feathers
at the sight of the dog. 1'-r:'l' m-1'1"liJo'} h
:JoY. ' 1\q'l''} ' 11-'i' ' 1\f..<'.~:f
4. :r-c Mt'r. Our late arrival ruffled our
hostess. H"lf.-1-'} ou.<:-t:<'t:f'} :>Wr:f'J'J
:r-c h(l'?'l-

5. 1\<;w~. The insult failed to ruffle his com.

posure. h.l:-11- 7.C;>;J-m-'} 1\1\<;w~m-?"
The skirt has a row of ruffles near the hem.
+"'1.(1. men- 'If. HC'i' hl\m-

rug 11:>11'
The rug is wearing out. h:>ll'm- wf,. .,C)';
I

~tl)o

I. W"l
I

ao-

1-F.L

ruin (n.)
I. .,.'1'1-. The ruin of property caused by the
earthquake was enormous. ooot.-1- ou'J+'I'+
'I' ?"h'J f'l- O'Jil<'.'l- 1\f. ff.<'.(lm-
M'l- h-;:.,.1? ~oc
2. 'l'of.-l-. War breeds misery and ruin. IPC~-l-
:f"lco; 'l'of.'l-'J fhh'l-1\A

They discovered the ruins of an old temple.

f'}.l:" f'I''J-l- oo:r-f.h 'i'&-11 M'f.
be a ruin

L&o~(l

The bombed church was a ruin. O(l?"ofl f.,.

oo ;J-m- IL-l" hChtf'} .1.&-<'.h
be in ruins L~ll

The city is in ruins.

rugged
'Jffi""

careless act. q'}.<:- 1.11. 1f'J:>:f" '1'<1- h

ruins 'i:&o"li

ruffle (n.) HC'i'

..,

rule

1098

ruffle

The countryside is very rugged.

~q.

aJtlf

"Jfl

tiD"

h.,..,.

.1-C!l.A

be one's ruin 1tm4-

Garnbling was his ruin. .,..,C 1\mof.m-

2. m'Jit&-. Pioneers were rugged people.

fOD)';OO&flP'f,' (lof.&IP:f' m'Jit&-' (l!P:f' ~0<13. fooh&-. He leads a rugged life. W!'m- foe

The palace has fallen in ruins. IL.,. OO'}"IP'

h&- ' ~
4. hh:f;>&. Rugged weather allows only the
.hardiest people to survive. qfl:f;>& ffC
'Jil<'.-'1- m-h'l' 1\oo'fc f"''.:f-11- m'Jit&-
hlP:f ' il!l' ' <;:fm-

The house had gone to ruin from neglect.

O:flo\;J- ?"h'J fo}o IL-to .I.&.<'.(I

ruin (v.)
I. 1\mof.. The frost will ruin the crop. m-e...,
{lofll\-'} fmof.'l'lo\

Gambling ruined him . .,..,c hmof.m2. '1-'1. He is ruining his health. m.<;m-'} f,'l'11.\
The heavy taxes ruined the merchant. h'i'.,.
I;' ' :Johh ' ~;>... tJ>o'} ' '1-'1
3. 1\0IIlf. They ruined their clothes by playing
in the mud. "P:l' m-h'l' h.""iW-Io Ail<'t:f
tJ>o'} ' 1\01\lf.'lThe heavy trucks have ruined the road. hq.o:-
oohs ' OO'}~JI.'} ' 1\01\lfm4. 1\h{l<'.. The bad management of that business
nearly ruined it. fHJ .,..,J.!" ,.,.,.,;: 11.
oo&-c 11'1'4:'1- hhhr:+ ~oc
be ruined
I. :f"IC 'If. wf.+. They were ruined by the
war. OIPC~-Io ?"h'} f'l- :f"IC 1\f, a>f..,.
2. .,.01\lf. His new suit is completely ruined.
h-'1,(1. Aofi(J.. .1.~'1" _,.OII1i:tA
3. 1-F.L. His good name was ruined by one

fall In ruins L&.~ll

"' ' .1.&-<'.(J.

go to ruin L&-~{1:

lie in ruins

l't."JF.L&-~(1

_,f

The towns lay in ruins for years after the war.

hii'C~-to 0:\11 h_,..,IP'f, 1\i!H- ~ou:J-'1-
7.'}1..1.&-<'.(J.. ' "'"
[See also 'lapse']

ruinous

I. '1"1-+ f"''.ff.Ch. Ruinous floods occurred.

'l'of.-l- ' f"''.ff.Ch '1-C'i' '1-<'..1.
2. '1-1[. His expenditures proved ruinous. w
Q;l,tJ>o ' '1-1[ ' ll''f ' .,.~'r

be In a ruinous state

The house is in a ruinous state. fl.i: Oootj:

<'.(1 ' 1\f, ' ~

rule (vt.)
They wanted to rule the entire world.
o-11- 1\00"Jq-l- .1.11.,.
2. 1\h.,.'IS'.<'.. The patriarch of the family rules
with an iron hand. qi\IL-to IL.,.(J.IJ-'} 0'1'
I.

~q.

~liM

ofl:r- ' fh.,.'l!f:&-1.\

3. .l.<'.f.. The judge ruled that Parker must pay

the damages. '111m- ;rchc fmof.m-'} oo
h-1.1.\ ' 1\110'1- ' (1.11- ' .1-<'.JI.

4. l\"'""1:. He used a ruler to rule the paper.

<1:4'-l>'t O"''J"ODt.Y )\.,oo,.;
S. ~:1". You should learn how to rule your
temper. 't.L'.-'1-II't ,....,:J--'1- aot.ao~ l\11
illl
rule (vi.)
*He rules over a great empire . ..,.,-1:1 fl.l. iodJ"
rule against <l.t':f.0-'1The judge ruled against them. ""'fDo <~.aq
:ffDo
(be) ruled by

ruminate

1099

rule

-t-oo~

Don't be ruled by your dislike of him! 1\{1-

qj\11 ' 'I'~;F ' J\-'1-ao~
rule (on) l\fJ'.4'
The court ruled on the genuineness of the will.
'I'C~ IL-l> f).~lfDo't l\fDo~-!-... ~-'1- l\fJ'.4'
rule out

*This doesn't rule out other possibilities.

,J'.II't ' "711-'1- ' 1\.~ ' OO'J~~ ' fi\V" ' "71\-l- '
l\.J'.f-1\V"
rule out of order
*The chairman ruled the motion out of order.
11.4' ao'JO~ f4't':OfDo't mltil hi"C'l
fDom ~fDo 0"711-'1- I'MHfDo

:r-

rule (n.)
I. f.'til. You must stick to the rules. f.'tft't
ooh-f-1!\ l\1\illl
2. ih"'. Did you study the rules of grammar?
fl'l1'ilfDo't ih~:f -1-V"t':VI!\ l
3. f-1-11""'- Fair weather is the rule in May.
O"''tll-'1- IDC f.'l'i' 1fC mq,J'. f-f-1\00
,. ~fDo
4. lt:JII11. This country was never under
foreign rule. f.ll 1t1C flm-.sp h1'11f JP
C ID~.J 1\yfDo:,OV"
against the rule hA.hA.
It is against the rules to smoke in class.
h'l'l!\ fDoil'l' "7m.ll hl!\hl!\ ~fDo
as a rule
I. HID-'1-C. As a rule, I go to school by car.
-'1-V"IIC-'1- IL-l- H<-'1-C Oaoh.<; l\~11112. '1'1\.V". As a rule, I don't drink. '1'1\.V" l\1>.

'""''"

{be the) exception to the rule OD~O;;:OJo"t

ih"' f"''.J'.h-1-1>. ~fDo

In Amharic, the subject placed after the verb
is the exception to the rule. q.,c,. qi\IL-'1"'ll't ' -f-h-l-1\" 0 OOl\'j: ' OOf-0 ...fDo'J ' ih"' '
f"'' .J'.h-1-1>. ~fDo

no exception

to

the rule

*There will be no exception to the. rule that

college applicants must have high school
diplomas. foil.)!' 1\ao"'q-'1- f"t..'l""llh-1>
v-11- fv-11-t-,. f-t':'Jf fV"llhc <1:4''1-
l\'tJI.'l'~:ffDo YM.I>.;JI!\ f"''.l\fDo f.'til
f"''.J'.~C ~fDo
[See also 'breach, thumb']
ruler
~1. He has been an absolute ruler.
"-~""" "'"~""" ~1 ~oc
2. "''J"oot.Y. The ruler is too short. "''J"OOt.Y

I.

t1J-

fliiJfD

/1.6J!"C

~(Do

ruling (n.) fDo<'t~

The ruling of the court was published in the
paper. f'I'C~ IL-l> fDo<'t~ O;JI"1 -!~Ill\

ruling (adj.)
I. f~1sP:f. The ruling classes are few in
f~1sP'Il ID1't . , _ Mil Y

number.

A ' ~ID-

2. 01"1!\"''t ~f. fl\. The ruling party

occupies all the government positions. OP"AtiJ
"} I it~ I fAOJo I ;rCi; ~ fOO"}""Jp"~"} I P"/A
"''t 11-11- f.f.~l!\
3. 'P'i. Rest was the ruling factor in his
recovery from the illness. h01i:f"m- 1 AOD.Il"J 1
M'l'-'1- 1''i'fDo l\114.~'1. ~~c ~oc
The ruling sentiment of the town is in favor
of the new mayor. .J'.OI>.fllo fh-1-"''fDo ~1'(.
ih1fil )\JI.{l-'J h'Jtq f.;J4. ~fDo
rumble (v.) l\1't;ao,.;oo
I heard the thunder rumbling in the distance.
~1-.1:"'1~ h~:,O ' 1\.Y'I't':OOCV" ' 11"711rumble along 'Af+'l"JAl."J"'-

+:JH

The train rumbled along over the tracks.

q~ Om.vl- ~f. l\f-1-'t~""'~""' -1-'iH
rumble out 0"71'-1-V"-1-V" I'I~Ht':
He rumbled out a few remarks. '1'4:-'1- l\ii-1Yf'l-:f 0"71'-1-V"-1-V" II~Ht':
rumble (n.) ~,.6
We could hear the rumble of the thunder in
the distance. f~1-~'iJI.'t ~V"6 h~:,. l\'t
11"71\'t

ruminate
I. l\OD~'If"'li. The cows ruminate quietly in
their stalls. ~'l"'ll h0<':-'1- IJ'~fDo 011'1':1"
, .... ~'tr"Jill-

rummage

llOO

2. l>M(lll. He ruminated over the events

of the day. flbl\1: (liiN~-~'1-'1- ~1C':f l>
{Ill (Ill

rummage fl~fl~
He rummaged through his drawers looking
for a tie clasp. fh&.ii-1- oP/"tf 1 ltoPLil.., 1
""itfl..l'l":f"t n~n~
rumor (v.), it is rumored ),f-lqll Y.m
&-A
It is rumored that our office will be transferred
to a new site. oPF&I 1 fl.;t-~ 1 tDS'. 1 f'\.1\ 1
M:&- Y,qm&-A ),f.,.qll Y.m&-A

run
7. l'o;Jt;J;l.. He ran the car into a tree. DDh.'i"ID1'

~m&.A

Y.'l-0':'11- hf_,.qll f.ID&-A

l>+~.;.

:J-4-ID- ' ~y. '

_,._,.ti-!l.A

rumple ~>=.,u
He rumpled his suit by sleeping in it. A-fl(l.")
11-11(1'1- ' 1111.,.':' ' l>aJ..,S'.S'.ID-

rumpus v-IJ:JWhy the rumpus?Betterbe quiet! Y.U v-11- ,.

lJ:J- 9""} .1:-~ID- 111'1' Oil-

&-'!- C'm 1 .,.,

~S'..

l>ii.,.-'IS'.~.

Who runs his house now that

his wife is dead? "''.il-1: h'l".,.:f ID-'1.0 fl.
-f:"} .,-,

,l'ii.,.-'1.1:-CII:J-A 1

2. l>lJ~S'.. He has been running the business

for three years. ")1-'1-") 1\l"il'l- 'loP'!- ,1'
lJY.:.I:"

~nc

3. l>i11q. He is running his horse in the derby.

.C.~(l.")

' ),1f'f>.I:"J!"?" ID-il'l' ,l'il1qA

4. 11++(0'1-). Run some hot water into the tub!
n-'1..,.., '1'<1:'1- ...."' ..,.;) A+'f>n'l-

5. l>+~fl. How many candidates will your

party run? f?""ll-tlJ 11-.l:"<;:fv- ll")'l- ),.

.,.,,..:r- .r+cqA 1

6. ),.").<','!- ),.")S'."''."'&- oro+. Can you run

a washing machine? fAoflil "7mfiJ oPh.
<;

.nn- 1'i"

-'1-C' 'l":t:A

The train was running 60 m.p.h.

qn-.;. fl(l'l'l- iiAlt .,,_A y.~.~:- ~nc

.,.,..~11(1. The bus runs every hour. l>ID-4'11(l. ' flf(l'l1: f.oo~llltA

The thought kept running through my mind.

~1.;.

fl.hltfl. ID-il'l'

y.oo~llil

~nc

4. 111. This river runs into the Indian Ocean.

Y.U

ID")1f mS'.

")1.1:"

U").l:" ID-'f>,l''fil Y,1qA

This road runs to the river. Y.U ""

),.tD")It-

Y.S'.CltA

6. P'&-. The machine doesn't run properly.

ouh.<;ID- flS'.")-fl l>f.P'&-'F'

Does your watch run well? (l'l'I-U Ah '1,..&-ll:f 1

7. l>II.C.. The road runs right by my house.

ou")1-'l- Ah flfl.-1: flh-A ,I'Aof.A

8. .,.otm~. The casualties ran into the thousands. f.,.'I--'IID- (liD- nn: Y.'*-mc ~nc
9. .,.H~H~. Her stocking ran. fh1C lf-&-!1.
_,.HC11/:.:A

run (ran), vt.

I.

fl~'l'~

He ran for the doctor, but it was too late;

the child was already dead. .hh.OD<"} 1\oP'J'

5. U(l.

rump :J-of.
The horse was branded on the rump. Ll.lt- '

}\,;J,;g,aJo

run (vi.)
I. C'm. Don't run so fast! ),")S'.H.U
"" l>'K-'1'

3.

;JII.tn,; tJ-11- ID<'..ID-") l'oiDtn-T

10. l>+~~- My eyes ran tears. 'lf.'f'li ),")q

'1-'F'UC'!- fl.'!- ),")S'."''.H;J "f!''F'"f!''F':J-

rumor has it 1-.f+QA

;JC

H~'l-

2.

Rumor has it that the prime minister will

visit Somalia. m'f>~Y. "'Uii'K- {l"'fiJ")

hiJ'f:.

9. l'oiD"l. All the newspapers ran the story.

rumor (n.) ID<'.. 1 "f!''F'"f!''F':JHe spread the rumor that the President was
dead. T<'..IVI"t-1: 'I":I:A f"''.A ID<'.. ~q
The rumor is abroad that school will close.
M~ltA

8. H~;J. They ran the cable along the new

road. q-'1.(1. oP")1.1:" ~y. flo~")-!: 1111

),.").<','!- ),")S'."''.P'&- :l"ID-:1'1\U 1

10. II++. The color ran when the dress was

washed. +"'1.(1. (l.:J-m-11 +11.,.. II++
11. :J-f. How many weeks has this play been
running? Y.U -1:,1''1-C ou:J-f'l- h~ou~ il")
'1- ltll""}'!- 11'~..,. 1
12. .,.ID-'IS'.~. Who is running for mayor?
1\h"}-l:q~'!-

'

f"''.ID-'IS'.~ID- ' .,~..,.

13 . .,._,...__The car ran into a tree. DDh.'i"ID-

hq~

;JC _,._,..._

14. +lim. A whisper ran through the crowd.

fl.,.{lfl{lfliD- .1.11-11 oulJhA lf-hlf-h:l"ID- +lim
15. ~ID-. My lease runs two years. lo")'!-&--1:
lltJ-11'1- 'loP'!- ~..,.
16. fl'l'.l:-.1.,1' a..~(l. The student ran carelessly
through his homework.
),")S'.~1?-
0'1'.1:-.I.J' ffl.'l- I" <l-ID-") ' =~(I

.,..,&,.

17. All. That is how the story runs. ;f-&11- h

't'l.ll """'
*My contract has only six months to run.
l>'t:,.&.-1: IIJIA:,. !IJ:-!1:,. we of'eof;J-IA
A blood disease runs in their family. hUe f
"""' Oii;J- AIIQ'fw*The child's nose runs. IA)I". 't'i'"'ll" ~..,.
*The disease ran its course. Oii;J-w- h't'l.
1}-

run

HOI

run

+atlD-

run about ..,~~t::m I IDJIJ CD.ILIJ C"m

He ran about looking for an exit. ODtJJ-di ~ fi:f\
,;:~ '+ll+m

The child was running about aimlessly.

IA)I". J'il't.II:Y. ~11"'1 WJI.J' a>JI.II f.C:
"' ~oe
run across

1. M:&m. This road runs across the desert.

1'>11 OD't1J:- O&'liw-'t J'!l/e"'IA
2. A,;JmOD(w-). +Maybe I'll run across him
someday. ll"'i"IAQ:,. A'tJ:- of''t J',;J'f'OD"i
Y.tr'i"IA
run after 0-1-"'iL +h;f--1-11
I ran after him, but I couldn't catch him.
oo~-"'iL 11h;t-+ll..,.,. ~no:,. AAiliAil-r
run against

1. +:1'&~. His beliefs ran against mine.

h!I"H fl!.'t h!l"~:,. Y.:l'&'i"IA
2. 1""'. +He ran his head against the door in
the dark. 0""'11"7 0-1- &-ll-'t 1""'"'"
3. A,;~moo(w-). +He ran against strong opposition, but won the election. ~~-A~ +mJVI&
II.J',;J'f'ODOJo!l" O!l"e"'iLw- Aif)L
run (along)
I. '1.1... I have to run along now. Ao-'t OD'/.J:-

h/111"i
2. +h.-,.11- '1.1... The road runs along the river.
OD't1Jl. ' OJ'tlf-'t ' -J-h..,./1" ' J'.'t/lfA
3. 0 - - - 11-&J' -'"". Shelves run along
the walls. 01,_...,.11..,. 11-&J' OD1..CY..&J'l":Y.

"'""""'
1.

run around

11-&J'w-'t -1-1..&1..&. The shelves ran around

the room. OD1..CUJ'l"'ll h'i'll- OJoil'l' 11&J'w-'t +Y..e.<:-&w-

~oe

2. a>II.J''i" a>/1.11 All 1 -1-H'I'a>&. You shouldn't

run around in your bare feet. OQP. h1ell w
JI.J''i" a>JI.II "'111:,. (ooU'fa>C) A,MQIIII"
3. L ~""' The colt runs around in the fields.
f4-&9. w-c't"l"il "'1.11 OJoil'l' ..,.4-)"'iLII:Y.
4. -1-'th&-++. Why have you been ruuning
around again? fll".-,.'th&-++w- liM ~oe I

run away

1. 1f1f. When the thief saw us, he ran away.

/I.QOJo IIJf't 1f1f
2. h-01111. I ran away from home when I was
young. lAY: ~ ho.:,. h-011/Ahrun away with

~~~

mof..

The maid ran away with the lady's jewels.

1&11.:1; fhODO.of::t't '1."1 '1.'1' Y.~ m.f.:Y.
*His enthusiasm ran away with him. f;Jlt ll
"""' f"7il+'I'A :Y.t~-;t-w-'t Aof'Hof'uo:,.
run down (vt.)

1. AJ:-'f J'H. He ran down the criminal.

a>'t)!ll'>'w-'t AJ:-'f J'Hw2. )"'"- He maliciously ran down his best
friend. v:,.e11 a>.ll)l".'t 0-1-'tho/A ~.,.,_....
3. mJ'Y. Y..Ua(o:,.). I ran down the location
of his new house. AJI.Il-'t O..,'t mJ'Y.of:
1..&!111-0..,.
4. 1>11/A All. Tears ran down her face. h'tQ
.,.'t~ ill'> 1>11/A All
run down (vi.)
1. All.,.. The battery has run down and needs
a charge. q:,.,~..,. Mil.,. OD'I"il:,. Allo:,.
2 . .Joo. My watch ran down. {l~oJ: .J"''II:Y.
run (someone) down behind his back l\-7

He runs his friends down behind their backs.

~Y..'I''Il't ' J'"''IA
(be) run down ( = act.) Jim

+He was run down by a truck. ta"tM .llmwrun (one's) eyes over hl\f. ' ~llh

;t-l-

a T

ODIIh-JHe ran his eyes over the colunm of figures.

"''I'C:'Il't MY. Mh ;t-:Y. -llh:f"'l'wrun first ht~~ If\'

Our horse ran first in the race. 4-&lt:'f't Oh

ii:,..o:-r.o:-- A'tY..'>' tr)
run for It 1f1f
You had better run for it before anyone else
arrives. "?'til" hoPJ:-&1)- o.~-:,. 11.-,.ifii
Y.lfiiiA
run for your life !

oi}-T

Run for your life, a hyena is coming! -1-'1' I Y:

11 oP'f'-fiA?IA
run high

*Food prices are ruuning higb. 9"111 -1-W~IA

run In t;g,OD~
I ran in some footnotes in my essay. R~M
w-!1'1' A'tll't.<:- "?(lafl":Y. ""'""ell-

run

1102

run into

I. 111. He ran into debt trying to perfect

his invention. fol.lllloi.CD-") ~1C 11"'/lflfA
ofi.I:'C 111

His yearly income runs into five figures. yao+

11l.fDo OP'C I( IL't- 11l;J:A
2. .l:'"t1't- l\17. I just ran into Henry on
Ibe street, and he told me to tell you hello. 't'M
't ' aD't1.1:' ' .l:''t1't- ' h"''{'lifDo ' /IIIII" '
11AA'{ 1111-...A
3. 1"". Some jackass ran into my parked car.
1\'t.l:' ' .<:J'.ofl ' f-'ODlo ' ODIJ.'i'\lo't ' 1"'i'fo
4. l\llhof-11. That will run into a lot of expense.
f,U ' 11ft' ' IDQ.l. ' Yllh'NIA
run off (vt.) l\11~
Run off a hundred copies on Ibe mimeograph!
oo.f 'J>l(l"lo 11"7."'/.M&-f. 1\IJ'frA'{
run off (vi.)

I. C'm. The man ran off at the sight of Ibe

police. /lfDo\lofDo ?"11.11-'t IIJf. C'm
2. hfof"'t'k<:"'<: ID<:I'.. The roof is steep, so
the rain will run off easily. "1&-fDo Y:>1'.1\ ll
1\U'~ fll'i'ofl fDo;) hfof"'t"'<:"'<: f,IDC'IA
run off with ~If mtf..

He ran off with the club's funds. fhl111-'t 1

'tHofl f.fl mof.
run on for hours ~,r:C'I" hm~

He will run on for hours if you don't stop him.

ltll-'ll"hfDo ' "YltCT ' YID&-A
run out (vt.) 1\ID"'
They ran him out of town. hhof""'/fDo 1\IDm-'trun out (vi.)
I. C'tn ID"'. He ran out of Ibe house. hiL-l>
C"tfl I fDIIJ
2. l\1\.,., When does Ibe lease run out?
l>'t't-&--1> f"''.YA.,..,. ao'li ~.,. l
Time is running out. '1..H.6Jo /aJA.J- )mrun out of

I. ""l:il. I ran out of money. 1'tH11 ""l:

11112. l\11.,.(11'1-). +we ran out of gas halfway to
town. fhT"''CD-") OD't1.1:' ll'i';JII"ll IL'tll.
't ' l\1\.,.ofl't
run over (vt.)
I. 'lm. Ifelt remorse having run over the dog.
fDo!ffDo't llii'ITh-'Jo ' llll'fo ' 1"11"7'{
2. 1\'t.l:' 1.11. Ml111. He ran over his notes
before taking Ibe test. 4.1-'i'fDo't hoo,J.of")o 11
4.'1- flY..CD-") 1\'t.l:' 1.11. Ml111
3. h - - - 111\f. 1\ID"'. The department has

run

run over its budget again. h't1'.1'i' ""P'&Y

IL-l> ' hof"DOJ'.1111't- ' q;e+ ' 111\f. ' 1\ID"'
run over (vi.)
I. C'T hi\. Run over to Mrs. Smith's house
and borrow a cup of sugar! IDS'. "7.1111 !1"7.
11 ' IL't- C'T 11A'i' 1\'t.l:' ' ll.t ' 11\\C
1"11.1:'<:U 'i'
2. 'f"A.f 4.1111. Watch out that the bathtub
doesn~t run over! foP:f"mRJm- 1'l.tl IJPIA
.f h't'lf.ol.ll 1-m't.,.'J>
run (the) risk

*He ran the risk of losing all his money.

111'tHI1- 11-11- oi.CP. 11111'1run {through)

I. ""l:il. I ran Ibrougb Ibe money in one

day. null-'t IJ't.l:' n ....t:llh-+
2. h'IC h!lh 'IC 1"17. The idea of world
peace runs through Ibe whole novel. 11A11 ID
1\JI. ' :t'&h fDoilT f'tl\11" /IIIII" ' m.-,11 ' h
'IC h!lh 'IC f.1"' A
3. of"ODI\Ithof". He ran through the mail at
breakfast. .,.ell 11.1111 1'.11'11Ll"'ll't of"oo
1\lthof4. 11&-11- h'tJ'. Ml111. Run Ibrough the sentences before you dictate Ibem. 11:1'A h"''ll'i'
U 114.'1- Ot:'i'of" ~1C''Jl't 11&-!IU h't
J'. ' 1\'tofll]:ffDo
run to

~~(\

That will run to one hundred dollars. 'I';JfDo

oo.f ofiC f.I'.C.-,A
run up (vt.)
I. h't.ll.hoocl1+ l\1'.<:1. He ran up a high
bill at the hotel. fll'of:ll- mAofl h't.ll.hooc
11'1-' l\1'.<:1
2. ID"'. The cat ran up Ibe tree. X;oo;J: ~f.
't ' ID"'lo
run up (vi.) 1'.<:11
The price of coal runs up to $80 a ton. Y't .1:'
.f't hilA 'I';J h!lh 11"'/'tY ofiC f.J'.C.-,A
run up (against) lt;.moutJJo,+

+He ran up against resistance to acceptance of

our plan. h'J>'Il-'t't f"''f..,.I1A 11.,. h
;JffiOD(Do

.,.ID

run wild, let - A.Jio

She Jets the children run wild. A;l('ll't A'l>
'1-1-'l':f'l'llllet run free 11.,..,.
He took Ibe harness off, and let Ibe horse run
free in Ibe field. .l.t:/1-'t ol..f IDS'. "''!
11.,..,..,.

run

running

1103

[See also 'afoul, course, errand, fever, loose,

low, madly, past, rampant, short, snag, wild']
run (n.)
I, ""11K". How many hours run is Djibouti from
Addis Ababa by rail? hh-'1.!1 1\0Q 7.!1h
~IH: oqo-e f!l1'1- h't'l- OD"t1K." t<D- l
2. :>:>?-. After the President's speech, there
wasarunonthe banks to draw out money. hT
MVI1-1> 1"1"1e 0:\i\ 11H11 hQ1h A"7
"'""''~- :>:>:t- toe
be on the run mJLY mJJ..tJ 4-~m
I have been on the run since I got up. h-1-t"f
11- Y.'l"&. o IDIIJ IDJI.H 7.l!:llJoJAI1(be) given the run of
*The guests were given the run of the house.
1.1"11'-'li IL-l> <D-!1'1' 7.1J'. AQ'f<D-
7.1-'I.IT) ' -1-I...,.J'.i\'f<Dhave a run

I. -1-Ht'.Ht'.. +You bave a run in your stocking.

f7."1e ~&-R"Ii ' -I-HC11l!:A
2. ;t-f. The movie bad a long run of six
months. d.AUDo hK.-11'1 we -11- f.:t1- toe
have (someone) on the run hi'J.U

We have the enemy on the run now. mi\'1-1 0

"71\J'.K.- ' 'If. ' t1
in the long run

I. f:\'1 :\'1. In the long run, you'll get tired

of tbat. f:\'1 :\'1 MtA"lf'IA
2. AHA4:;t-<D-. It is an economy in the long run
to buy good quality cloth. 'No OR.e:t-1 oo
"Jq'l- AHA4:;t-<D- 11H111 1-<&'I'QA

runaway $OOAm
A runaway horse caused this damage.
f.U11 '1'4-T $J'.t'.h<D- $OOAm l.t'.h t<D*A shortage of supplies caused runaway prices.
fl.:l'l":f "7t!l 'I':><D-1 boom') 0'11-
h'i' 7.1-'I.A I\J'.t'.1<Drundown (n.)
*Give me a rundown of the news! dJ&.CJJo1 11
- ' 11t'.'S
run-down (a<lj.) f-1-"1-lt<&A
She looks terribly run-down. 0"1'1" f-1-"1-lt
<&A:f '1-ooMA:f
be run-down Ol'-111 I\A-I-$H'I"
The house is run-down. IL-l> Ol'-111 1\A
-I-$H'I"

feel run-down K-It'/" -J-h"7(11Jo)

I feel run-down because I work too hard.
1.~"1 1111- hA'I"wt- K-It'/" f.h"7'i'A
rung ODID"l"'i
The rung of the ladder is broken. foo{li\flo
OOID"l"'i ' -f-(111l!:A

run .. in
*I had a run-in with the boss last week. QAI.
,. lt'/"1'1- ltA:I'\L ;>e -l-"'-:1'"'-:t-11runner
I. 01:"11'. The runner arrived out of breath.
l!:Q;lo '1-14-1i 1\TC''I- J'.t'.h
2. .,."11'1 M"l'i'. The corridor is covered
by a runner. DD-J-i\Ad.$<D- .,."11'1 '/"1"1'1'
A11!l.A

runner-up [0'1-"'i tDf.'l" Or\.'1 <D-K."K.-C

11-A-1-'i' f"''..ll'1 (ltD- tDf.'l" R-K.-1]
running (n.)
1. ""'-. Running is good exercise. ""oAt. ~
f(l<D-t'l- "7m1h<l.l' t<D2. 1\!1-1-'IJ'.C. He has no say in running the
company. Olt-Q1$<D- 1\!1-J-'IJ'.C IJJoil'l' 'I"
1'1" P'A"l1 fA<D-'1"
be In the running

-t-m..IJ.II~

)t.Do

He is still in the running for President even

though he lost the first election. 000Y..OD<\$<D-'
'/"e"'i O.lft'i''/" 1\o-1'1" AT&.II.-'11'1-t
T ' -1-ID'I'I<I ' t<Drunning (adj.)
I. oo&.+ 'If. f"''..lt11. Running vines keep
the soil from being eroded. oo&.+ 'If. f"'L
lt11 dot'."' hl.'l- 7.1'11-lft'.lfe f.f.H'I'A
2. $fl"7!11t'.T. His running commentary helped
us to understand the game. 0"'-'l':t-<D- "LIL
$A"7!11t'.'l' fhm<D- do-1-;t- "'T"''....'<D-1 oo
t'.'l'l- hhli'A1
*The running time of the bus is two hours.
1\..,_,.INI hootlf<D- 7.!1h OOK."t'.lf<D- AOD
'111 o-A'I- h't'l- f.ID!IK."O;t-A
*The child's nose is running. A"JI: 1'1''1' f.tD
eF.'I'A
running, adv. ( = adj.) +h:t-:t-1He slept badly for three nights running.
fll"hT ' -1-h:t-;t-f. ' rloll.ofo:f ' OO'J'fl: ' 7.1
:t>A'i'' -1-'i'
1 lt;t-m
*You left the engine running.
""' -1-<D-h<D-

'"*

1104

running mate

running mate ?"h'l-A IIDDII"t f"''.m'IJ':C

The President's running mate is an obscure

country lawyer. fTML'I"t-1: ?"h'l-A II""
1M f"''.aJ'I~~..,. fA:J"m+ f~mc m

o.+

~..,.

running water
1. f!J.?"!I. m-;). Every room has running water.
1-Y"t'l"t-'1. h'i'A f!l.?"!l. m-;) hllm2. m&-:E--

dJo;).

The running water made

a pleasant sound. m&-:( tJJo;)

~lt

f"''.A

f:?"b Mt"'l

runoff[7.h-A fll'). -t-m'l'l6l":Y."t IIODIIf

f"'i.~~"' ' fOD.:U.~lf fD".(-.(-CJ
run-of-the-mill ~:> "'&-11
Run-of-the-mill paintings have very little value.
~:> ....&-11 P'iJI'I':Y. ' .,.:>'l'tJJo 0"1?" ....
4:'1- ~"'"
runway fhfD"C'TII"t OD"tJ':C~6f
The runway is made of concrete. fh.m-~1\).
OD")J':C~6f ' fTfP&-fD" ' 0(\"''."t1' ' ~IJJo
rupture (v.) 'll~m
He ruptured a blood vessel.

f~?"

P''l-"t ofl.

~m

rupture oneself &J\ mt.F..m- I (}-,.+ mt..Y..m--

He ruptured himself carrying that heavy load.

f"t"t hQ.I:" lfh?" ltll-t-lfhoo 11-h (II-.+)
m~~..,.

be ruptured L~-'1
The pipeline was ruptured by high pressure.
!J.?"!J.m- houm"t OilY. 011'~ "1,1.'1- ?"
h"tf'l- ' oU'I

rupture (n.)
*The rupture of the pipeline was caused by
high air pressure. !J.?"!I.tJJo f.I.Mm- hh'i'-1'
"l yrc ..,,_,._ r-t-~.., ~oc
rural hmC
They are filming rural life in Ethiopia. fh. 'I-f-Af~mc ).(!' ,I.A?" 1)"111rural areas "lmC
The rural areas need electricity. ~m'l- lt~"t1:

flt.I.A~'I'A

ruse BS'.
The enemy had to resort to a ruse to get the
troops to leave their camp. m:J"~t!''tl lt'i'<!lfm-"t l."t-'1.11_,. 11"'1.1:"~"1 mll'l- OBS'.
oom+?" "1.1:" ~0~0'1-

rush

rush (vt.)
1. h"'U. Don't rush me! I can't work fast.
h:J""'.I:"L'1l 1'-1'1' 1'-1'1' ODP'&-'1- hA:Y.A?"
2. 0'1''1'~'1- llh. We rushed more troops to
the front. mF. tn..;.. .,,.qc
m
:J"~C':Y. R'i''l'~'l- llh"t
3. f~m-). hm.+. The trnops rushed the fort.
m:J"~'fl ?""li.,."t f~tJJo). hm+
4. hil'll-11. He rushed the job. P'&-tJJo"t hi"
11-llfD"
5. 0'1''1'~'1- m(l~. Rush him to the hospital!
m~ .h h.?" 11.'1- 0'1''1'~'1- m-(l-'1.'1- I
rush (vi.)
I. lflt-11. Don't rush! We have plenty of time.
h'l-'l'li'A I 1111- "1..11. hll"t

.,.."".,t:

Don't rush to conclusions!

Aoufi:~

It-A
2. O:Y.ll-11 ~. They rushed to
m~ Q"th- o:Y.b-11 -'1.
3. C'ID ~Q. The courageous boy
the burning building to rescue
~of.'~- A"J!": oht)."t 11"'1'1-~<;:
Am- I o.:r- I m-tt.,. I (!'tfl I -,q

11.-l-T

the bank.
rushed into
the child.
f-t-4'"1m

rush at -t-"t~C.I:"C' ODIIJ(O'l-) I C'ID DDIIJ(R'l-)

He rushed at me. -t-"t~C' """111'1
The angry dog rushed at him, but he held his
ground. h4-m- m-lf C'ID ft.OD"'O'l-?"
hA-t-~.+~4'?"

rush into ~"t11 l\flt110'1- _loo~

They rushed into the new project. hJI.(l."t T
I!'X. ~"t11 1\fltll-0'1- _lDD<I-'1rush out +1":J..,+ mtr~
The children rushed out of school. A)l:'tl h
'1-?"UC'l- 11.'1- -t-"t:>"1-t-m- matrush past
The river rushed past. m"tlt- -t-'fr1-~1'P.
m~

rush throu1h O:Y.ll-11 + verb

They rushed the bill through. fa,.,.-,
~ o:Y.lt-11 hlU'..,.'l-

~<I:

rush (n.)

1.

~.

Rushes grow in swampy ground.

~ f"'LO~IIm- ~"1~"1 11:1" IIJ'. ~..,.

2. f"''.fltlfli'A ~~c I '1'.1:""-f. There's no
rush about it. ?""t'l" f"''.fltlfli'A ~~c

fll?"
What is the rush? Wait a minute! 'l'.l:"l.ftJJo ,
?""t.(-"t ~ .... l 'l-"t11 ""
3. "IC"IC. Let us wait till the rush is over.
"IC"I'I- 1-lth.fA<;: 1-"t.JJ'.

rye

1105

rush hour

4. 7i"7.f. There was a rush for raincoats.

1111'>11 A1111 7i"7.f ~oc
5. :>:>;!-. I don't like the rush of city life.
fh-I-"7'J ).C' :>:>:1- hAtDY:'I"
*The rush of the flood swept everything before
it. 1-Cf. r,.t.-J: n"rt-'J 11-11- m&-<:1t-

2. H<:.r.. The bandit rustled some cattle.

'li'i';J-tJ>o 1'<1:-1- f.,.'JY: h11.f.:f H<:.r.
3. 1\+oP. He went out to rustle some wood.
1."&-C' , /loPA.,.'I" , u.

be in a rush :fb-l\

<:~.., """-!t "'~ t-111' 1\1--1--1- J'.'Jj(

I am in a terrible rush. 0"1'1" 'l'tt-f/111rush (adj.) f"7.f11'1'tt-A

Can you do a rush job for me1 t.'JY: f"'i.fil

2. ( = tr.) tt'Jh-lfh.if. +Leaves rustled in the

breeze. IIH11 film- t'l-11 :,Omll-'li'J h

'l'tt-A P'&- A-1-IP&-A'S -1-:fll/111 l

rush hour ooh.'i f"''.Oq0-1- 1.11.
This narrow street is a bottleneck during rush
hour. on h.'i 0"7.0qo+ 1.11. J'.ll:f mQ
11 on'J1Y: "l"'M:,. -l-1.1'&-ll:f
*The rush hour starts at five o'clock. OOP'&-
t.'JY: il't-1- -1-&-l.h J'.OqA
Russi a

~1\f 1

""il1>11

Russian
I. oo{l!>11.,., Do you know Russian? oP111>11.,.
;J-m-.+1111 l
2. oo111>11. Are there many Russians in Ethiopia? II.-1-1'"*f t-i11' 1111- oo>{l!>(l:f ttl\- l

rust (vt.) M1
Damp weather rusts iron. liC1'11 hfC 11
<:-1-'J ' fll:>A
rust (vi.) '11
Oil the machine, or it will rust. ODh.'itD-'J H
J'.T ' .,.qm- I h/101111.,1' ' J'.li:>A
let rust ( = vi.) '11
+Don't let your mind rust during vacation;
read a lot! 06<:'1'-'1- 1.11. ttli'I"C'II li'JJI
J'.lf"l I 111!- 0 ODK"dt'i' I h'J1111
rust (n.) 111-1Before you paint the fence, scrape off the rust!
h~'J .,.119" hoo>.,.Q-l-11 Rl.-1- 1111o't

"'"'tV-

rustic

nc

IL-1-. He likes rustic furniture. f1C

I.
IL-l- II.+ J'.tJIA
2. fQ'I1C~-1-. His rustic manners were noticed by everybody. fQ'11C~T mQI< Rll11-9" H'JY: ;l-tD.,.
rustle (vt.)
I. tt'Jh-lfh.if. A mouse was rustling some old
papers. hJ'.1' t.t:1. m<:.,.+:f'J nh-'ll"tt'li toe

rustle (vi.)

I. .,.-,j(j(. Her long skirt rustles on the grass.

l(A

'Jh-7fb-'ll"'fmrusty f'11
He scratched his hand on a rusty nail. li'I:'J f
'11 9"il"7C !tmmm*l'm afraid my Amharic is a little rusty.
h.,C.,.\L 1'<1:-1- ilJ'.R'I'li hA.,.<:9"
rut (rutted), vt. -1-A'I" t.R)'.'
The wagons rutted the plains. 1'1<:1'1,.'11 O"'L
Jim- 'IJ'. -l-A9" t.R'I:
rut (vi.) illlf fH
The bulls are rutting; better stay away from
them! I>C..,,.'Il 11t.f J'.H'I'A'i htCil- 11-1-C
:,. ' J'.lf'IA
be rutted ( = act.) foPh.'i 1., ot.'l-.r.<:
The road was deeply rutted. ""'J1JI.'J fOD
h.'i .,.., I ot.'l-'i'C';J-A
rut (n.), get into a ~ f'J). oPS'.:J1...
l'lll'l'(fDo)
We've gotten into a rut; let's do something
new! f')). oPJ'-:>1.., 1'1/lfl l t.JI..11 t1C
li'JP'&get stuck in a rut
0 The
., I

wheel got stuck in a rut. fODh.'it- 1 1

ODh.'i,.:f ' O"RT ' (lJ'. ' fDoil1' ' 1Q

(be) ruthless ""ht

The dictator was ruthless in his treatment of
rebels. tt9"Q1t). ROoo>IJ'l':f 'IJ'. 0"19"

,...,h.,

~oc

ruthlessly 111 r.n<:-1- 1 O'f."lJt

All bandits were ruthlessly stamped out.
'/i'i'.f.'ll I 11-1\- I f/1 o 9"ih.lT I (O'f."lJk) ' -f-J'.
OD(I(l.

ruthlessness Q;l.lJ'St-1His ruthlessness made him feared by all .

......'S~.,.' 011-11- ' H'JY: I 1\'JJI...r.&- I hS'..l1tDrye ttll'
Rye is used for making bread. ttl!'

/IJI(l

J'.IT'illt.
70

Sabbath

sacrilege

1106

s
Sabbath ll'tO'I- 1

~.11"'1.

him. OC{lo H't~ ~JI.II f"'l.QA ~1C f

The Jews keep the Sabbath. hf.IJ.JifDoY't ll

'tO'I-'t (~JI"'L't) Yh-R&-11-

Sabbatical leave [RfM'I- ,...,.,. lll'tli

Cll.-1: onru&-'t f"'Lil'l' fc!G'i!'l- "1.11.]

sabotage (v.) OllfDoC h.I.Gil

The enemy tried to sabotage the bridge.
m'l'l- ~AY:I''t OllfDoC 11"'/'i!GII 'l"hG

is commemorated by this monument. f'fPTtJJo

hCO ... fh-RC on;J-(l(lY OII.U .hfDoA'I-
II.:J"mll 1-'f&-A
sacred promise ?lA h..tl.,.

Her sacred promise never to remarry was soon

broken. Jl"lou"' .I.K"'I" '1:1"1Q f1Q":fofDo
:I'A IVI't .foil- .I.G{l

saber 11"1"''1
The soldier girded on the saber. m:N'.~

II"

9"'1 ' :i"''!tA

sacerdotal fiL-l' hCII-J:Y"t

Sacerdotal garments are kept in a special
room. fiL-l' hcll-tn hAQil'l- AI'
h'i!A fDoll'l' f.of>OO"'i\-

sack (v.)
I. R,IMY h-t--1'. The farmers sacked the grain.
10.:09''fi l'tUII-'t O~'tY h-Jo.,_
2. OHOH. The enemy troops sacked the town.
fm'l'l- m:N.r:":fo h-1'"'/fDo't OHOH-'1-

sack (n.) ~'tY

I want a sack of potatoes. h't~ ~'tY ~
't"'f- l't.I.A;>IIu-

sacraments f41CQ't

11r
3. fh-RC. The sacred memory of a dead hero

P'~ P'C,'I-

The sacraments are administered by priests.

f41CQ't't P'~ P'C,'I- f"'L.I.K"... of>ilfDo
11'1- .,.,.,.

sacramental OO't.l.il'e
A sacramental obligation for a priest is keeping
secret the confessions told him. f<IJII on'J
.l.it'e 11'.;1"fDo f-t-~1GfDo't ).~H. or
llm.C onmO~ ~,.

sacramental wine Hflofl.

sacrifice (v.) ""P''I'c!'l- hof>GR 1 "'"'

They sacrificed an ox to propitiate the rain
god. 1'11'i"M h!l"'lh /IOO"'/l\'t o.:. on
P''l'c!'l- h+GR-11'1-

She sacrificed her leisure time to work for the

hospital. fc!G'i!'l- "I.H.'I"t 1111'111::1'11- h1
A"lll-'1- ' u>'l'":fsacrifice one's life

~ft.'} OM
She sacrificed her life for him. ll{lo -fill &-

!l.'t O~ll":fo
sacrifice oneself ~fl-.,

ootptp(J:,O

1\S!/..1

The fatherland requires each man to sacrifice

himself, if need be. hll.l.l\"1. ll''f 11.1~ h
1C ' l\.l''tJI'tJI. {lfDo &-{lo't OOP''I'c!'l- l\'tJI.
.l'f.C1 '1-mY.:I'II":f-

sacrifice (n.) ""P''I'c!'IThe ancient Hebrews killed animals as sacrifice

to God. fT't'l- hf-11-P.":f- l't'tllil'l-'t Ill\
"'ll.h-fl.h.C ""P''I'c!'l- Y+CR- ~OC
at a sacrifice 0 h.il&-

He will sell his house at a sacrifice because he

needs the money. 1'tH-fl llll"'l..I.A"l IL.,.
't Oh.il&- 1-if"'A
give in sacrifice IPtp

He gave his life in sacrifice for his country.

;r.y.m.,.'t liM~ "'"'

They use sacramental wine for the church service. Hllll-'t IIlL-I' hCII-I:Y't MA"lll-'1-

make a sacrifice (n.) 1lH- .(.boo

Y.m+... D:J"A

He made a sacrifice to send his son to school.

sacred
I. f#~ll. Prayer is a sacred duty. l\11-'1- f
#~ll ' -t-"'QC ' ~fDo
2. ~JI.II f"'l.QA ~1C. Nothing is sacred to

A7!:'t '1-I"'UC'I- IL'I- 11"'1111Q'I- -fill' ~bon

sacrilege
I. f Ghll -t-1QC. Wrecking an altar is a
sacrilege. :J-'11'1-'t "'IO'Iif'l- fGhll -t-"'QC ,,.

II07

sacrilegious

safe

2. 'Y~hlt To use God's name for profane

things is a sacrilege. l?."lii.Ail..h.C't M" 0
h'J-1> "Tt"''fo .,<1-hll two

saddler l>ciF oPt:

The saddler sells saddles every week. l>CiF

sacrilegious fof'.,.f.o\- t~C':f'J f"'L.fc(hll

A sacrilegious person used the chalice for
drinking beer. fof'.,.f.o\- ' t~C':f'J ' f"''J'c(h

sadness dtii'J
Sadness has overcome him since his mother's
death. l.'i'1: h'l"-1> 'J!,.C' dtii'J .,..,.'i':I'A

{l

(l(l)o

Jr'f'aJo"J

mf\

miiJO-l-

sad l.ltq'S
He cried when he heard the sad news. 1./tq',
'J ' H.'i' ' 011., ' '1.11. ' 1.11+(1
be sad hH)

He is sad since he lost his wallet. llCltWO

(I

You feel sad if your best friend goes away.

'No ~if.>;' (1.11,1'. dtH'J ,l'.(l.,A.
have a sad face
~,('.

dtH'J ,1'.;1',1'.

O:I'A
look sad

Why does he look so sad? 1\ll""t l.'Jf.ll.ll

.l'llt ' ,('.DDMilt. 1

sadden 1./tH)
His death saddens all who knew him. fCo\-
DD'I"T f"''J'WO"'T'J IHI- .1'lt11'i'A
saddle (v.)
I. "'it. Do you know how to saddle a horse?
1.<(11 ' OD"'i'J ' ;1'WO:J'II111

2. l.lfhOD, His wife saddled him with debts.

"7.11-f> ' bJI ' h lfhOD:fWO
be saddled with ofl/l'wo'J ,('.If -f'""')"'
He is saddled with a big house that he does
not need. l.'JY: '1-A:r- f.,.l'fli.A.~wo IL
,. ' ilii'W"'J ' ,.,. ' ,.... ):J'ilt.

saddle (n.) !>ell'

The saddle fell off the horse. l>cil'wo hl.c(o\-
~,('.

safe (n.) li11'i'

We keep our safe in the office. li11'i':f'J'J f
f"'i'll.,.,.mwo O.C' WOII'I' two

safe (adj.)

llm4-0'I- h'II~A
feel sad dtH'J -1-11.,

He has a sad face . .t.-1>

oPt:WO Oflt,-'J-1> l>C/1' J'.lf"'A

' IDf..,.

put the saddle on ftJ.i'

He put the saddle on the horse. 1.<(1\-'J l>CiF

"'i)
without a saddle A.tiJ

Can you ride a horse without a saddle?

11."1 1.<(11 A 'I-;>Ail '1-:Y.~I\11 1

saddlebag Ol>CiF ~,e. .I'll hc(m.'IHe carried his provisions in his saddlebag.
P"J.,.'J IJolr O!>C/I'wo ~,('. Ql\wo hc(m.T
WOII'I' .I'H

I. f.~'i'. Find a safe hiding place! f.~'i' oof.O

<I:J' ' 11:1' ' I.A."/
2. 11'1,., This neighborhood isn't quite safe.
,1'.11 fli.C 1.~"1,- M,- l.,l'.f..ll,3. 'I''J.,.:r-. A safe driver does not speed.
'I''J.,.;r. t7( 0'1!'1')'1- hJ'.)JI,4. f"'L..'IIT"711""t. He is a safe guide; you can
go with him anywhere. f"7..1'11T"711""t .,.
t: 111\ll't hCo\- ;>C f'l-,- A'l-'tY:
'1-:Y.~I\11

5. hf.;>'J f.,.l'llh'I-A. Is 60 m.p.h. a safe

speed on this road? 011.11 DD'J~Y: '1,1'. 0
ll't'l- IIA.lt .,,.A OD'J'I'I- l.f.;>'J f
.,.l'llh'I-A '1!'1')'1- two 1
6. ( = adv.) Of.~'i'. He came home safe after
the war. htnCt-1> Of.~'i' -foool\(1
7. (= adv.) .I'~'J'I:Y. hf.;>. He piloted the
aircraft to a safe landing. hWOC'"l"'lt-'J .l'ii'J
'I:Y. ' hf.;> ' hlt<(I.WO
be safe
I. f.~'i' two. Thank God she's safe! -fooolln
1.:1'\lo f.~'i' ' t:Y.
2. 1.}'(1;>,., A tight boat is absolutely safe.
WO;) ' f.,.l'll~q ' 'J!A.Q ' 0'1!1\.,. ' 1..1'(1;>,.
3. <1-o\-'J lif.;> mO.,., Use care to he safe in
crossing streets! &olun lt~;J ltoomn~ oo
'J~P.:f'J 11:1'!1/C'I' ~0. 'I''J:J'4: .,J':c("/
hllilll
4. '1"'1'1- l.~llh-1-11,., Are these toys safe for
small children? 1.)11.11 oo"'im/I'!P:f ll.ih
,.,.,. ' '1"'1'1- ' h.l'llh'l-lr,. 1
5. Of.'Jil -1-mO.,., The thief is safe in prison.
II.QIIJo l.IIC IL'I- IIJoll'l' Of.'Jil ,l'.mO:J'A
safe and sound Mf'" fl,.)l)m- 0..(."\'i
He is back safe and sound. ll""t,. ltJ'.tl!IIJo
Of.~'i' ' -1-DDA.fi.A.
feel safe 11;>'1- hilf.<(OT,.
We feel safe with the dog in the house. OIL'I-
IIJoll'l' 11Jolf ll.'i'C 11;>'1- h.I'Y:Cii'J,-

to be on the safe side

AOJ~;J1~ 1

YIJIA

To be on the safe side, let us ask him again.

11"7~.:>1'1'

.l'tJA 7'11.1" l'lm,l'..,.,.

safe conduct f,l'.ll'i' ID~.,.,.

He gave the soldier a safe conduct to get him
through our lines. fi.U.:f't IIOD.i:"~fl 7.
'M.":fA IIID:J"f,.~ f,l'.ll'i' ID~.,.,. flmm-

safeguard (v.) mfl.,.(ll'l-)

Food laws safeguard your health. ,..,it., f
"'l.OOIIh_, .<hi":f m."l~'I-IJ"l ,l'.mii41AYA

safeguard (n.) ooMhJ'

Keeping clean is a safeguard against disease.
<1-ll"l fl"lK"".<h., oomfl-l> ffl1i:J" ""h'l

h.l'

saint

1108

safe conduct

~,.

safely
I. flf.W. They arrived safely. flf.W f.~""
2. .I'll 'i'CY'I-. In the present posture of public
affairs, it is difficult to invest money safely.
Q!Jo). f.<h11il tJ-~:1" 1"lHil"l .I'll 'i'CY'I-
1"<!- '1,1'. ' ..,.,.~~. hQ.I:" ~,.

safety
I. f.'l"l~'l-. This is for your own safety.
,l'.IJ ".,.,.,. f.'l"l~'l- ~,.
2. l)f.;> f"'l..l:""lfl'l- ll'i'<!-. First, the children were brought to safety. ""Y..""6.1' A]l:'li
"} ' l)f,.,."J ' IDf."'l..l:").fl'fo ' ll'i'<!- ' IDfl.!:_lfiiJo

A bank assures safety for your money.

Q"lh 1"lHiltJ l'."lJI,l'.mof. ,l'.mil-l>AYA
to safety <!-"""} 11"711"} fi.A
He dashed to safety. <!-"""} II"'IJI"l fi.A .,.
.r..,.llh

safety belt l)f.;> fouMhJ' .,.fl.,_

A safety belt helps protect passengers in case
of a crash. l)f.;> fooh'lh.l' .,.fl.,_ .,.ltof-6
,..,. fl"'"P'I- "1..11. l'."}JI,l'..,....

,1'.~111\

safety pin ooco(. 4111.'1'

He held his tom shirt together with a safety pin.
f.,..,.f,.f,.IIJo"} lf"'l.H-"l flODCo(. ' 411\'i'
h,l',l'.fi:J"A

sag (sagged)
I. ~qJI ~,.. The road sags in the middle,
OD"}1JI. ' ODIJhl\- ' '\,!'.

~QJI

'

~IJ)o

2. """""The wall sags. "1.1:""/Jim- H".7.A

3. ~1fl; The bed sagged from much use. h"7
c.,_.,. f.,.~.., t.A:>m- ~1fl

Our courage sagged. m'I":J":f't .r.flfl

sagacious iiAIJ
A sagacious ruler is loved by his people.
iiAIJ nc fl.<h11fl- ,l'.IDMA

sagacity iiAIJ ,..,.,

He showed sagacity in the way he answered
your question. 11'1'.1'-I:IJ flflmm- ODI\{1
iii\IJ ODif). ,l'.:J"ID:I'I\

sage (n.) 0'1'4: {1mHe asked the sage a riddle about the sphinx.
O'l'of:m-"} {lm- fll.C."lhll"l ll"llm.C mf.,.,.
sage (adj.)
I. iiAIJ. He is a sage adviser, and you should
listen to his advice. iiAIJ ODI'J6 lllllf~
rh~., "711""'1' hlliltJ
2. fiiAIJ. This was a sage reply. ,l'.tJ filA
tJ ooA(I ~flC

said, see say

sail (v.)
I. -MH. The ship sailed when the storm abated.
"'l~flll-

11..,.~(1

oocho- _,.'lH

2. floochil .,.~"f. Weather permitting, we sail

on Monday. hf~ h.,.ll"7"7"l fl'if flooc
hit

l'."}~"fll"l

3. .,..,..,.flfl. A hawk sails in the sky. "l"A.I-'1-

fl{l"7,1'. '\,!'. :J""l'lf"iiQII":f

sail (n.) foochil lf<IThe wind tore the sail.

~of.""

fOOChfl-"l

lf<l- .,.f,.f,.,.

sail boat fl~of.ll ,.,_.,.,. ....,.(1 Y..AQ

Sailboats were crossing the lake. mof.ll f
..,_.,.,.....,."""" Y..AQ,.":f

m.e-lr"l ,r!tcm-

~flC

sailing, go

~ fl~of.ll fl"7..,.,.1t.,.ll Y..AQ

.,..,lf<~olf~

We go sailing every Sunday. 'luh-.1:- l'.m..l:"

fl~of.ll fl"7."l.,.ft.,.(l Y..AQ l'."llf<l-lf<!-ll"l

sailor ""Chfl,.
How many sailors are on the ship? ooch!l
'1,1'. (l"}'fo oochfl'f":f hll- 1
saint -l>JI.ll (fern. -l-.1:-ll'l-)
Saint Mary and Saint Peter each have their own
holiday. -l-.1:-ll'l- "'IC.I'R -l>JI.ll A.'I'C'll
ff<l-ttlfm- hit~ fl'tA h'llfmpatron saint
I. :1"11'1-. Who is your patron saint? :1"11'1-IJ
..,., ~,.!

2. 'i'lll") ~~11.'1-. Ethiopia's patron saint is

St. George. fh.'l-f-lrY 'i'tll") ~~11.'1- :,.
Jl.ll ' 1.1'"C1.11 ' )tJJo

saintly o:,.~ll<; f"''.'l"C

The saintly man is revered by all.
f"''.'r ~,. {ltJJo 011-11- H't ~

o:,.~ll<;

f-1-hO~

)tJJo

Alll-1111-

The soldier fights for !be sake of his country.

'11~

li.A

Y.'l' ;JA

I did it for the sake of peace. IIM!I" -11\1. h

1.~"111-'1-

I don't want you to go to any trouble for my

sake. II~ -111111 !l"'t!l" l'.'t~'l-'1'1C hAJ.A
"Ill"

[See also 'heaven, simplicity']

salaried !11"'1.
The salaried employees of !be company will
get pensions. fll-q'tytJJo !1/"'1. "'<1-1-"f':f
flll"~;l- hOA Y1'?11-

0The lowest salaried position pays $600.00 a

month. 1111:,0-J-'?tJJo fl;l- omc 11~11'1- ""
.,. -oc 1.'1"11 Y.li"'A
salary 1.'1"11
How can you manage on that salary? y':f f.
'1"111J l'.'tf..'l- '1-0.+YII':f l

sale
1. ""11"'1'. The sale of alcohol to minors is
prohibited. httll oPm't 'IAUII- hAl>
A ' ODif'l' ' hAhA ' )fDo

2. f"''"'llY 'liY"'l' 1.1i. I got it for half price

at a sale. 0"7"11lY 'liY"'l' 1.1i 0"1"771
'I',;J ' 1q1Jo'l-

'i'' IJ'S'.A
be for sale f.ii'IIJA
Our neighbor's house is for sale.

f.,..~O.;I-':f't

0.'1- Y.if"'A
haVe a sale fl:fo'iii I ifnt
This store is having a sale on suits these days.

[See also 'clearance']

)tJJo

salesman hlflf"fl' i lf"fl'

The salesman gave her a demonstration of
the sewing machine. hlflf.., (lf=) fll
I

l\'tf..'l-

l\'tf."'i."'<!-

h<'l.I''I-

Salient(n.)
*The enemy salient was cut off by our attack.
mf.4-'l- 1'1'-f f1qtJJo't fm'l'l- lflC 0"7
'1'.+'1- m;l-f.t:il":f't h'l'<;tJJo lflC 111''1salient (adj.) ,_'I -1111- f"''.;I-Y.

The salient feature of her face is her broad

nose. h4-:l: ~ -1111- f"''.;l-ftJJo {14. I>
'i''t"'l'l' ' )IJ)o
salient point 'i:&. )1C
I'T'I).'t ' 'i'<l. ' )1t:':f ' l\.1.

saliva llll"fl' l !1"&-:,0

Saliva was running down the baby's chin.
f..l.!). llll"fl' 01>1.., 'IY. Y.11~h~h )OC

He spoiled my book with his saliva. oPl\'dol..

't 0!1"&-:,0 hO'IIfm-

sally (sallied), v. 1Mll

We sallied forth at dawn toward the enemy's
lines. O't;J'I- mr. m'l'l- lflC "l'tqc 1
ll111't

sally (n.), make a - 1Mll

The troops made a sally toward the enemy's
lines. m;l-f.t:'ll mf. m'l'l- "l'tqc 1ll111salon fl'.'t"l'l """'OY h'i'A
The salon is covered with carpets. fl'.'t"l'l ""
4'0YtJJo h'i'A

saloon oomT

o:,...-71 Y.if"'A

II;Jlf 1-)'1'6:0'1- )0C

o.+

There were many men in the saloon. ooum

Ill" '

sales 'liY"fl'
Sales of cotton goods have doubled Ibis year.
fQ;I,C.+ Q;I,C:,O 'liY"'l' 011.11 'l""'l- 6'1'

our.-nc ll'f").'t A-1111 ,

'I~'

He wrote down !be salient points of the plan.

salad M"'
Do you like salad? M"' '1-m'lllll l

Y.ll

salesclerk hlflf"fl'
The salesclerk is friendly. l>lflf"" {ltJJo m

1..'1- I ODh.<,'tJJo

sake, for the """" of, for one's """" A ll.

m:J-J.~

salt

1109

saintly

0.'1- ' tJJoll'l' ' -1111- ' (ll"':f ' )0~

salt (v.) ..,,. Q;l,ou~

Did you salt the soup? trcqm- m-ilT ,;o.m-
Q;I,!I"~IJO;I-A

salt (n.) ..,,.

May I have the salt please? Q;l,tJJo't ;1-~II'S
salt (adj.) ..,,. YIIO'ICrabs are found only in salt water. lfC"''t
..,..,. q11o'l- q.nc tJJoll'l'
salt bar h.'fP/t. ~m-

-nil' Y.1'?A

In previous days, they used salt bars as

saltwater

IJIO

currency. 0+.1:''1" 1.11. Oh'l"/1. """'" .M

0,1'1< )0C
[See also 'grain']
saltwater (adj.) fQ.bC
This is a saltwater fish. J.'.IJ fQ.bC 't"'
)tJJo

salty..,.......,
Soap does not lather well in salty water.
ltoo-'i" I {)Q;l.aJe"7
hJ.'.ID"JfDo'/"

lD";)

tD-il'J'

1}1f-

I h~4- I

be salty ......... o~o+

This fish is salty. J.'.IJ 't"' """'" 0111'0;N\
have a salty taste Q;t.m- am- r h.ll.
This bread has a salty taste. .lllltJJo """'"
tD.fDo

~ItA

salubrious llm:a+ f"''../1"7"7

A salubrious climate will restore him to health.
llm:a+ f"''../1"7"7 hfc ,1'.1:')'1'/l\
be salubrious tJL'i" lim
The climate in the highland is salubrious.
ff.;JtJJo fhfC ,.~:1" m.<; J.'.il"'/1\
salutary
1. lim.<; '1''1-lllm.a+ f"''../1"7"7. The exercise was salutary. ~'J"<;ll-1:11- lim.<; '1''1-
)OC

Walking is a salutary exercise. 07-."'C oP'/..1:'

11m.a+ f"''../1"7"7 7-.'t;r>ll-"'ll. )tJJo

2. m-"'"'1... The teacher gave the boy salutary

advice. hll-J-"76tJJo 11/l\)1: tn-"'"'1.. 9"hC
ilm

salutation M'/":1"
He raised his hat in salutation. QCi.IIJm-1'

same

salute (n.)
1. M'l";t-. He gave the flag a salute. Mt'tf.;r>
't'l"''tJJo M'l";t- ilm
2. ff.ll;t- oP"'I\"'i oof."<i:. A

salute of
twenty-one guns was fired on the birth of the
prince. Ao-11- {l.IDI\.1:' ff.ll;t- oP"'II"'i
Y,l' h't.l:' 1.11. OD.(''j: -J--J-11-{l

salvage
1. oP/l\{1 htJJo'l'1'
'If. h'l'l\. He salvaged most of the merchandise that had fallen
into the river. m"tffo iD"ilT Vml.+m-'l h.

'"';r.,.

;r.,.

-o~'?tJJo't h-"' oP/l\{1 .~. ........,. ....

'I
,. h'l'l\
2. h.ll). The boat sank, but they salvaged the
cargo. ODCh!l {lmoolf f"'i)lftJJo't 1>-"'
"''t h-'1\o-

salvage (n.) tJJot-~'t ODil-flil-11

Salvage is a profitable business. tJJot- ~'t
oP{l-fl{l-11 f"''..,,''l'"' 't"'.l:' )tJJo

salvation
1. f.u+. Salvation can be obtained only
through Jesus Christ. f.U+ f"'1..11'tJJo 0
h,f(t./1 hCil1'1l O"''OD't

-lliJ' )tJJo

2. 1\.hJ.'.ID.,. oo'J-6'i' 'J"h't,l''l-. Her care was

my salvation when I was sick. fl;t-oofPb- '1..
H. ' 7-.C!l. ' 7-.~'t ' "7il:1"0D",7. ll..hf.ID-1:
oP'I-6'i' 'J"h't,l''l- )OC
find salvation JrJ!".:J-'l 7f

He mortified his body in order to find salvation.

W.l:''l>'t Ooolf+ {ltJJo)_,'t h'l-o't<tll

salve (n.)
1. ;r>q+, Put some salve on your burn! f-J--"'m

h'tP'1' M'l";t- ilm'S

1\tJJo {ltJJo)'J-IJ 'If. ;r>q+ h.I:'C"'O'I-

Give my salutations to your wife! 1\QI\IL'I-11

2. "''K"<;';', The kind words were salve to his

hurt feelings.,_.., M;n<~o 11-J-1-.IltJJo 11"'1..,

M'l";t- .t.:r-c-o/1\'S

salute (v.) M'/":1" ilm

The soldiers saluted the Emperor. m;f-f.C''Il
1\'t'l-IP )11"., M'l";t- ilm-

*Shouts of welcome saluted their ears. 7-.'t\>.'t

f.W oo"Jlf,. f"''../1\ .1:"1"6 {)salute the flag, salute the~colors ll'l~:,:O 1 q.
'1"7 O"''hOC il+ll
We salute the flag every day at school. '1-'I"IJC
+ IL'I- Of+\<- il"tf.;r> 't'l'"l O"''hOC
7-.'t{l;r>'lll't
Every morning the students salute the colors.
tp.'J- tp.'J- .,...,69''11 il"tf.;r> 't'l"7tJJo't
O"''hOC J,'.{l;r>'\11-

..,,...,..';'. tJ')tJJo

same, the ~ (pron., subject, object)

I. ,l'tJJo. That is all the same to me. II~ ,.11-'1"
,l'tJJo. )tJJo

2. ,l''t\o-. He said exactly the same. /1\h ,l''t\o-

-J-<;16

3. 7-.{lo\o-. John wants coffee, and I will have

the same. }('t o-o; J.'.4-ll\:>ll\ 7-.~9" 7-.
{1-\o- '

/1\m"'

4. h't.l:' 'tJ.'.)'J-. All people do not feel the

same about what's going on today. h,.'t Ill\
"''..f.G1tJJo )1C ill"lf ,.11- h't.l:' 'tJ.'.)

+'

11"'1.'1- ' '""'"'"""

sand

Ill!

sample

the same (adj.)

I. YID-. The same man called three times.
YID- {ltD-\1- '11-l- "1.11. S'.ID-ir' )RC
2. l>'t.r:. Boys and girls can swim in the same
pool together. m'tP..":f-<; 1\..P.":f- A;J!":f- q
't .1': ' fDD'I''I' ' it'i!"-" 0 h-fll:ID- 0 fl.. 'l''f. 0 J/.":f~1\-

We lived in the same house for fifty years.

l>'t.V: IL+ ID-11'1' />9"/) 'tDD-l- 'l'C't
3. .-....... He is the same man who spoke to me.
y);>1l:"i (ltD- ,...... .-....... )ID-

we came back the same way we went.

R~.V:'tR+ DD't1.V: TDDA(l't DD")'t
*We are the same age. Rb.r:o'/. Rlf.YtD- )'t
the same to you 1\'1..,.,.. 1\1-'1.11Have a nice holiday! The same to you! oPI.\lJr
R'tA 1/.11-'tAill ~'tT9" l\o't'l.llit comes to the same thing Yto- ' ~aJ<o
Pay by check or cash; it comes to the same
thing. R'lih IDJMI" R'I'C:. 1'tH-II -11-l-h'i!A
YID- )IDin the same hHJ'(Do
Put the book back in the same place you found
it! DDP:m4-'t hfi.YtD- to1"f11R+ ll:f" """'
(ltD-

on the same day

I can be back on the same day. tD-11- 1q

AODIIit ' 7.~1111the very same .f'l').

You made the very same mistake again.

Y't'l- itihT-l- l\o't1'.1<; S'.19"h1D-

[See also 'about, all, just, much, one, time']

.,.,.,(1

sample (v.)
We sampled the cake and found it very good.
11.11-'t _,.,..MID- I 'No )IDsample (n.)
I. """"" 1 ~""""Do you have a sample of the
material with you? fQ>.C"''t .,,_., 1/.H?A l
2. II"Ah+. Pushing people aside to get on a
bus is a sample of his bad manners. />tD-.P.IJ-it
1\oPitLC (tm-'} oo..,cf..T ftn~Tt:: mfl
I< 9"Ah+ )IDsample (adj.) f<;,_<;
Give me a sample page of the book. fDD!':.h4't l>'t.V: .,_., ' 11': ' ittn"i
sanatorium ra.-n<; f.V:h-"'i't "'ll:4.Y
IL-lHis brother stayed five months in a sanatorium.

m't .r:- ~9"it+ me na.....,'t<; a.r:h..,'t "'IUY IL-l- ol'f

sanctify (sanctified)
1. ql:h. The priest sanctified their marriage
in a beautiful ceremony. 4:(1- :>-llil''l'tD-'t
F.it R"''.J'{l"i I") I"C't-l- ql:h~'I'ID2. :,OJI.it I>F.l:1. A life of sacrifice had sanctified
him. ihi/.ID-J>'t """''1'-J> ' :,0Jj.(t ' I>S'.l:11Dbe sanctified ( = active) 1'.14.

+This practice is sanctified by custom .

.e.u1

h"'"-"C quA 1/.1'."14-'I'A

sanction (v.)
I. 4..,.1'.. The government does not sanction
the sale of opium. OD't"ll"+ f "'tl<ll"'t ""
lf'l' ' I>J!.4.:,0.V:9"
2. 1'.14.. Would you sanction flogging for
minor crimes? ~)itT'I' ID't)!:ll-":f- "IC4-+
't -l-1'."14-1111 l
sanction (n.) 4$'.1':
This book was translated without the sanction
of the author. 1/.11 oPI':m'i' Yll 1'.&.11.
tD- 4$'.r: ' .,..,.l:.,.._
sanctions fh..fil'f'D!. 1l"'i
We ought to impose sanctions on South Africa
RF..R--11 l>'i!&to ~1/. fl>.!o'l'"'l. "'<11.<; '
"'I.V:l:"l l/.1q<;A
sanctity
I. h-IIC. The sanctity of the church was
broken by shouts and screams. fiLT hCilt
Y't- h-IIC RQ;Jo"Ji-l-<; RA:,O(o TS'.4.l:
2. :,0-'l.it)-l-. The sanctity of marriage laws
means nothing to him. f :>-11!1' iM":f- 11(1-
:,OJI.(t)-1- ' f~'I'ID-9"
sanctuary (sanctuaries)
I. ,...:,.F. II. Because of the holiness of the
sanctuary, only priests may enter it. DD:,OJ'.Il f
#f.{l II<;:&. itiiiJ') i1..111- f"7.4._,.V:~'f
tD- <ll(o":f- ' -Ill" ' <;'I'ID2. '1'1"i)+. He sought sanctuary in a neighboring country. q') .r: f.,..l:IL+ 1>1C '1'1
"i)+ ' tnf.,.
sand (v.) l>lf'l' />4.(1(1
The Highway Authorities sanded the roads.
fl>tD-"-" ' .,...~~ .. ' qiii"A"''l'"'f DD't1JI. ~1/. '
l>lf'l' />,1.{1(1sand down L1L1
Sand the wood down with sandpaper! R-IIC"i'
ol' IDl:.,.-1- b't"'--l>'t 4."1'i!11D- I

1112

sand
sand (n.) llif'l'
Sand blew in my eyes. h If'I'
11J

satchel

teach the local people the rudiments of sanitation. J'1~1 lll"'l' fR".t!'l- '1'0-"' """';:
:f"'l! ' 1'.11l'l' ' 11.,111-.,C ' OOD'f"hC ' 'I

sandal f)m'l ""i"7

The strap on my sandal broke. f)m'l ""i.,
\'- "7ii&J' -t-Omll

2. 1R"ih.,. Rubbish removal is necessary for

sanitation . .,.lflf1 .,1"1'1- 111R"ih., hii.C.'I

sandbank fhlf'l' hii"C

There was a sandbank by the side of the road.
00D11-'l- .t!C fhlf'l' hii"C )OC

sanity h'-ll"t:
He lost his sanity when his family was killed
before his eyes. 11.1- o'tll'll '-"--I> o't.11'.
II- h'-11"CfDo1 <\1-

-t.e~

fDo/1'1'

sandpaper f11C"''".,. mt:+'ISand the wood dowo with sandpaper! 011C"''"

.,. wt:+'l- ~1..,-1>1 .C."I'i'1fDo
sandstorm hlf'l'., fDo1i1'i'C
They got lost in a sandstorm. hlf'l'., ..,.
n1'i'C fDo/1'1' m4sandwich <\1~'1'
I want a meat sandwich. f P':> <\1.1!''1!'1' '.C.A:>fliJo

sandy hlf'l'.,
The lake shores are sandy.
lfop., ' )fDo

fiJ.ft~

mt:'i' h

sane m.H'
A sane man does not take unnecessary risks.
m.)l;' /lfDo 0"'/.oPi'.-fDo )1C fDo/1'1' 'i.l'>1 ' ....'i''l" ' h.I'-11JII"
*He has a sane approach to the problem.
1-.'11'1 0.,111-'I'A -t-h;f-1-llfDo

sang, see sing

sanguine, - disposition -t-llof. J'll""""
t:'l' ' OD").C.il
His sanguine disposition prompted him to
accept the job. 1-llof. J'IIOD.,...t:'J' OD1.C.o\-
P'i'.-fDo1 '-1-'l.+OA 1of.of.fDo
*His sanguine complexion shows that he has
good health. f!'.""' '1'&.'1- ODI\1!11" m.1)
'1- '-1.1!11..,. J'<\J'A
sanitary
I. 11Wh. Food should be kept in a sanitary
place. 11""111 11\.ih 011') (l;f- """'""
'I' ' hiiO'I2. fm.., hmiJ0-1-. The government imposed
new sanitary laws. OD'l"'P"T h..tt.ll fm.'l"
hmiJ0-1- ih"l ha>"'

sanitation
I. fR".t!'l- '1'0-"'. We are making efforts to

.... '

'l.

)1

~Q)o

sank, see sink

sap (sapped) lft:lft:
The flood waters sapped the wall of the canal.
ffDo;>fDo ' OD'J'II-l-11-1- 0 f(l\!.1 0 "111J 0 Ift:lf lfDo
sap one's strength ( ener1y) hi.boP
The extreme heat sapped his strength. "'1.1'-11
>;'' ,_.,.T hJ'.hODfDo
A bad cold sapped his energy. "'1.1'-11"' 1-1of.
1 0 hJ'.hODfDo
sap (n.) m-t-'1Euphorbia produces sap.
OJ"''I'A

"'"'*"'

m-t-'1-

.e

sapper o'tc<\&
Enemy sappers undermined our fortificatlon.
fm'l'l- o'tC<\&l"'l' 11"11:>'1'11 llt:ll~'lsapphire ~1.,. <\1TC
The ring is decorated with a sapphire. +110-1>
0~1_,. <\1TC Y,.m )fDo
sarcasm h1i..,.c
His sarcasm lost him friends. h 11- '11'.:;'
h<\"'fDo
sash
1. Y:""l. He wore a sash around his waist.
I 0DJ1fl'o I 1\,.e I Om+

.(-f.')

2. h.C.'i'. The sash of the window is made of

wood. f""illti> h.C.'i' 0~1..,'1- f-1-"'
~

i'tD-

sat, see sit

Satan o't.l'-"11
Satan is trying to snare our souls. (t,r..trr"t
<\'1'11 W'l'oo.l!' fl.J'11J .1'-'l"h&.A

~~

satchel llC<\
He carries his books in an old satchel. ODJtdt
t::'ll1 IJC"t llC<\ .1'-.1'-~A

satisfy

1113

sate

sate Am~O
No amount offood will sate him. r'lf'" fUA
P""'ofl A,l'm"'O..,.II"

because the shopowner sold him cheap

merchandise. f.,.<;f..f..m- ~"IC Qllo'l-4: oo<;
>;' ~:1' illllfmll'l- ~"tJLh(l..,. mf+

satellite
I. .,.H'I''I'6 f(I"1J'. AliA. Each planet may
have one or two satellites. "J"}Jri'lJJ. ~1\r
A"tJ!" m,l'.ll" v-11'1- .,_H'I''I'6 ffi"1J'. Ali
A ,l'.'l"t:'I'A
2. (1..,. "'6-11 ou"tb-6-11-C. The satellite circles the earth every eighty minutes. (1..,. "'611 OD"tb-6-b-C Offl"1"t,l'..,. 1.<1::1' II"J!"C"t

satisfactorily O"'L,I'ilf..!l'l- M>.:\"t I OooA

'1-~6-ll?f

satellite states ~C'~ h1C'l-

The satellite states always vote with their

leader. "l"'i'f!''j; Me?f v-A"I..H. tn>6,1':fm"t A~C .,.b'l-llt- J!"11"6 ,1'.(1"111-

(be) satiable t:II

His appetite is easily satiable.
J'.t:IIA

b~r)flo

fl+t\h-

IIII" ' ""~"'

He answered the question satisfactorily.
'I',1'4<t-"t O"'L,,'!lf..!l'l- h\>,:\"t tn>ll(l '
(or, 11'1',1'4<m- A'I':>ll ouA!l flm)
His speech came off satisfactorily. 'l"'"'.;. ~ 0
oPAIIII" ' IH:I' ' .,.'1'"111'1-

satisfactory
1. ,g,'lli". His condition is satisfactory. v-~~m-
f..W' ~m2. Rot. We want satisfactory reasons why
you failed to help us. llll""t ~"t'IAt:'l1i"t 0
<1: ll"h"t,l''l- ~"tLA:>II"t
3. A'I':>ll. By and large, the results were
satisfactory. Om:to-\1\m- m-m.'il h:T..."JJO.. s )

oc

be satisfactory A!lf..(l.,.

satiate Am~O
The meal failed to satiate him. P""'!l- OV'm"'
o.... ' +t:

A compromise is never fully satisfactory to

both parties. b~ ,r.~c b~ ,r.:,.c f"'LA
!111"11"~'1- llv-11.,.11" mn A.l'ilf..il'l-11"

satiety '1':>11
Satiety induces heavy sleep. 'I':>11 bQJ!" ~"t
~A'i' ,l'!la>!l'IA

(be) satisfied
I. All"<:" .,.+011. The teacher was satisfied
that John's statement was true. hil..,....,t.m- 1 rdo"t!l ' f.,.<;~t:m- ' ~m-~'1- ' Odlf)."t ' All"'l' '
.,.+Oil
2. t:II. My needs are easily satisfied. '1''1~1:
0<1>'111- J'.t:IIA

reach satiety m1fl

I have eaten so much that I have reached

satiety. ofiH- !lllflllv- m~oflb-

satin A'l''lil
The Emperor's robe is made of satin. M?-tP ;
~~,...,. ' IIQ ' bA'I''Iil ' f.,. ...6- ' ~msatire 11"~:1''1! '1-?f'IHis satire of city life was appreciated by all.
fb.,_., l-1!" 11"~:1''1! '1--:fofo OIJ-11-11" .,_,_
~+

satirically 011"~'1I spoke satirically; I didn't mean what I said

to be taken literally. f.,.<;""Jcb-'1- Oil"~'I- II
lllf~ :J'A O:J'A ~"t'L.,_t:.,_ll" AALA"'II"
satisfaction 1.11:1'
It gives me great satisfaction to hear that.
,l'.ll"t"t tn>ll"1'1- 'I-A~ 1.11:1' ,l'.(lm>;'A
Give satisfaction, or you will lose your job.
1"6-ll"t O"'L~Q 1"6- i ,I'IIOIIH.,I' hP'6-
'1-m"'IIIJ
demand satisfaction J\'lJLh(lm-- mf+

The angry customer demanded satisfaction,

be satisfied with
I. f..!l All(m-). +I am not satisfied with my

new apartment. AJL{)- A;rc.,..,l'o 1.11 A'l

II'SII"
Otherwise, I am satisfied
2. 0 - - with his work. O.,.t:L O{)- 1"6- .,.f..ilil'llv-

.,.,_(!.,..

satisfy (satisfied)
I. A!lf..(l.,.. You can't satisfy everybody.
v-11-"t A;l-!lf..!l'l- A'l-?fAII"
2. hm"'O i hil-'S. Your answer didn't satisfy
me. tn>Ailll A'lm~O'SII"
We satisfied the police that we had nothing to
do with the accident. Qf..:>m- ll""t9" f"1 ,1'1
Q"t ' DDif)."t ' 117fl..{l?f ' A!lt:'l"t
3. A!lh,..(ll'l-) l At:II(II'I-). A sandwich satisfied his hunger. A"tJ!" <\"tJ!"'I!?f t:~ll-"t Ail
h"'ll'l- (ht:IIII'I-)
satisfy the claims ltlt h.C.Il
He satisfied all claims for the damage he had

saving

1114

saturate
caused by the accident. qf.,:>tJ>o 9"111.1'+

I.UttJ>o '141+ rHr >tlt hl.ll

2. "l">t~. The savagery of the bandits was very

shocking. f'ii<;:+'ll "l">t~ 0"19" f"'L,I'r"I:,O
:,. )0C

saturate
I. 1\0r"IOr"l. The rain saturated my clothing.

savannah [fl'l"tOI\.'1' 9"1.'C]

1f'i'il Ailll."t hOr"IOr"ltJ>o

save (vt.)

2. '1"'1. +They saturated the market with

leopards' hides. ~O,I'tJ>o"t n-oc "'" 'I"A.f

T )0C
be saturated +Ohfl

I. h.tl). He saved her life. .n.em:t"t h.tl)

Christ saved humanity. llcll+ll fr"llD'"t A
~' h.tl)

The woman saved her jewels from the fire.

The ground is saturated with oil. oo.{.of: OH.e

ll.-1-I"'P ' 1."1 ' 1.1\),1 ' hl\lt-1- ' h.tl):f

+ _,.Oh!I,A

2. hm&-+oo. Did you save any mOney?

Saturday :,O'I"'L
We don't work on Saturday. :,OJI"'L h1P'<l-9"

sauce

-1-"t'ii 11Hil l>m<~o:,OooYA!

3. hll.,.oom, Why do you save these old

papers? Mllll"t he& ;>H.tl':f 119"1 :1'11.,.
9""l'I''PIIlll

1. lt1. Put some sauce on your spaghetti!

:rr"l:ru 11.e M
2. "7"11.""1. Do you have chocolate sauce?
h:fh-~:1' ' f.,..,. _ _ ' "7"11.""1 ' hlllll

...,,.co-r

saucepan

[<:~9" l\)!:1' ,l'lllD' il<:-1- l.'r"l-1-]

saucer "7r"I.,.OD"'i
He put the cup on the saucer.
OOdj.d)o I 1\~ I

r"l,~lD'"t

"7r"l.,.

1\{l+ODtntJJ-

.,.,If

saunter
<~-if<:
People saunter through the park on a summer
evening. 00.:> "7:1' "7:1' r"ll":f Ooo<;l.'lftJ>o
tJ>oll'l'' .f."tlf<l-lf<l-11

sausage W/1,"7
He likes sausage for breakfast. 1141CII oil/I,"7
,em'! A

savage (n.) 1\<:0D~ ,I'AP'IItn) l'llD'

Savages attacked and killed him. h<:OD~l":f
(.I'AP'IItn't- r"ll":f) l.iii.'OtJ>o ~1.11-T

savage (adj.)
I. ~,ell';'. We couldn't withstand the savage
attack. ~.f.ll:;'tJ>o"t ""'L.I' II""WW9" I>A!I'A
19"

2. "'"" The savage lion killed the tourist.

41111'tJ>o h10lt h~C .,_O'flD'"t ~l.lllD'
3. ...,It'S l h<:oo~. Savage outlaws burned the
church and massacred the monks. ...,>t'l':f
(h<:oo~l":f) 'ii'i'.f:f IL_,. llCM:.I''t-1 h:l'
'J'/I(J)o ' OD)ltoltof>"J 0 11.!1,:ftJ>o

savagery
I. htJ>o.{.)T. The savagery of lions makes
them feared. ,1'101\:f 1\tJ>o.{.)T l\1'1.1.~
,I'I.C.:>'I''PA

4. .,.mR. Save your strength; we have a long

trip tomorrow. .,.A0-1-111 .,.'l'ili )1 <:~9"
.,.,. ' l>llil"t
Traveling by plane saves many hours. Oh.m-e
T~1 ' OD~1f ' illl' ' "1..11. ' ,..,.'l'qA
5. ,I'H. Please save a seat for me! 11:1' ,1'11A'S
6. hoof.'h9" h.tl), The large print saves my
eyes . .,.A,. d.I.A 'i.f.~"t hool.'h9" ,I'I.')'PA

save (vi.) 11Hil .,.mO

She tries to save in every way she can. R+;J=I\

T ' ,.,.. '

11Hil ' /IOD.,.tnil ' T'l"h<loll:f

save face hm-c~+ ~ J;)o

He saved face by telling everyone he really

wanted to do it. Ol\C"''I' /1,1'1.C1tJ>o l\11.1.11
1 0"711oo(lfr htJ>oCI.T Jl)
save the situation

~1~ 1

lt_").fl,.e.Qqll

h~~1

When an offensive remark was made, the

hostess saved the situation by diverting everyone's attention. f"'L,,'II.,..f.9" hll.,.,l'f-1- 0
.,.r"I)H<: "1..11. qiiiL:t m.{.tJ>o1 Ooollm'l'
)1~ "'",eqq11 h1.<:1:f

[See also 'skinj

save (prep.) h--- OII.,..,.C
All save him approved the plan. hr"lo 011.,..,.
c' ,.,..,.. 'l\:,OJI,"t' 1.11.

saving (n.)
1. "7-'1"), The saving of lives is a meritorious

action. fr"ltJ>o"t .n,em-1- "7'11 1f'i' f"'L.I'.,.

c-;: .,..,qc )tJ>o
2. -1-C'i'. A saving of $20 was obtained by
using wire instead of rope. 0100Y: 1 L "t;r 1 0
'iill 00Dtn.,.9" V,l' iiC -1-C'i' h1'f
3. ( ~ to save) oo.,.mil. It will mean a saving
of two hours to take this shortcut. Rllll holl<~o

scab

1115

saving

"P 08")1.1:: OD'f,.l:: o-M 1"1~."1- 1\0D-kmofl

YI"I~A
savlnp YmHoo l -J-+"7"P 1'tHofl

saw (n.) "":>11

He has used up all his savings. Ym&-+ODID -'t

say (said), v.

11-11- Al.Cf\;f"A

A large bill from the doctor made a hole in

my savings. 1\P.h-K- fhoU\h-."1- oflll" 1't

Where did you buy this saw? 1/.IJ't't oo;>11

hf."J-. 1~1ifDo!
hll

What did you say? f"'t hAh!

*What does this sign say? 1/.IJ f"Ah'l- f"'t
"711'1- )fDo!

Hofl -J-+"7"P 1'tHII.'t l'\OD~t1D~ofl'1

*What do you say to a walk? fll\"1&-".f't ofl't

saving (a<lj.)
He has a saving wife. """'11. "'l.ll."f-
I.
hl\fDo

*I'll meet you, say, in an hour. fl1'J!" f\'\-l-

.,."'ll..

2. ~. His only saving trait is a sense of

humor. hmQI' 11-11- '1'?-fDo )1C +A.I'.':'~-1>

oflil'.

'tlf&-lfCll?

*I won't say no to a glass of beer. h't.l:: 11.&-

ofl."f-11'1 hAm'l"

*She left the room without saying a word.

~,.

saving (prep.) h

flll-I"+C

I like them all, saving this one. hllll flll-1"+

c 11-11-'t"

l\dl'll\11-

savings account

-J-+"7"P 1'tHofl

:l'A" lt."f--f")'i'll hh'i'flo dl'l';f" Y..l'.".f

I'd say l\'t.l'."'l.ODlll\'1

He is, I'd say, forty. l\~ l\'t.l'."'l.ODlll\'1 hC

q ' ~-+ ' 1!.11'~'1'/:\
(he) is said to be f,fli\A

Interest will accrue on my savings account.

l\Q'th Yl\'1 -1"+"7"P 1'tHofl mi\JI. 1!.

He is said to be rich. IJofl;f"" )fDo f.QIIA

""'"&-/:\

that is to say

Savior oo.l::'lt;J-".f 't

The Savior will one day return to earth.

OD.I::'lt;f"".f't h't.l::. +'t di.I'.II.IJ. ~II". /!.tiD

MA

savor (v.)

fDoll'l' M'1YIIo-

+f"f\

mu.

He savored the soup. !I"CQfDo't +"(> aJS'.S'.fDo

savor of
I. f oot>.h :f"f(O."f-). The plot savors of
treason. h.I::"YfDo fh.b.l'.."f- DP/:\h f.;f"f.fl;f"A

2. (repeated noun) + hi\. That sauce savors

of lemon. Y "7"1L""i rr-1. rr-1. 1!.11/:\

savor (n.)

I. "lb". The savor of this soup makes me

think of Italy. fii.IJ !l"cq nrb" fh."IAY

't't h1C Yll;f"fDo{I>;'A

2. oo"},Lll. There is a savor of conceit in

everything he says. f"'l.l\fDo ~1C 11-11- fl\ofl
&."f- OD't.l.ll hllfl'l-

(be) savory

"'.l.m

The meat is savory. I" ;>fDo f."''i'"'A

saw, see see

saw (v.)

I. flOD;>11 .,.Gm. He sawed the branch off the

tree. ~C't'"i4-'t h~4- ill!. floo;>11 .,.GmfDo
2. DP1H. Can you saw straight? +'I' h.I::C11J
0000111 ' '1-".fiii\IJ!

"''hT

Three weeks from tomorrow, that is to say

May lOth, we will leave this town. n1 ,..ll'l-
ltf"'t."f- l "711'1- "''tP'I- OI"C l
-1""7 l\'tll:l'll't

1/.IJ".f't h

to say nothing of h,'IPI

It takes a lot of time, to say nothing of the

I hJ','JUf I ofllf- I "L.fL I
expense, flDt;L\aJo I
S!..I."JiA
[See also 'blessing, prayer, mean 1

.,,c

say (n.)

I"A"''t

He has no say in running the company.

flh-Q'tYfDo 1"&- fDoll'l' M9" I"A"''t f
l\fDo9"

saying 9"/tl\.

That's a very common saying. y

f"ltl\.

r+Aoo~

~,.

It goes without saying

*It goes without saying that the Chinese will

be displeased. ii'W;l"".f l\'t.l'."'l.h4- lt/!.;1"1\

9" ' f-1".1.;1" ' )fDo

there is no saying h.f.~m:,.r

There is no saying when this war will end.

1!.11 IPC)'I- oo'li l\'tf."'l..r-" hf.;f"aJ~9"

scab

~CI-'1-

Don't pick the scab off your wound! f.,llAIJ't

~cl-'1-

h."f-1\mfDo

scaffold """'"~""'
The scaffold has been built around the house
for the painters to work on. 11+1111" +R.l":f
.,.illl- ' ODID"'""' ' OIL-I> ' tM.I' ' .,.,C:I:A

scald
I. Od.ll tJJo;) 1>11+11+. Scald the dishes before
drying them! houmA.IDAII Od.'l- l).h'l''ll'J
04.11 ' tJJo;) ' 1\II:,OA.:J''ftJJo
2. 1\:l'mll. A pot of boiling water overturned
aod scalded the baby. fol.ll tJJo;) ol.{l <hU
'JI>:l'mlltJJo
3. 1\ol.ll. Scald the milk before drinking it!
h""m"''l-11 Od.'l- ,.,..,., 1\'i'l\tJJo

scale (vt.)
I. 4-+. Scale the fish before you cook it!
'i"ttJJo') ' hODT0il1i ' Od.'l- ' 4-<l:tJJo
2. ID"'. They are going to scale Mt. Everest.
fh.li~ilT'J ' .,.iloilo ' 1\.IDtn- ~IJJo
3. 1\il.,.lJhll. Try to scale your spending to
your income. CD"lU'1 b1U.tJ ;JC A..-,ll..,.tt
hA 'l"hC
scale (vi.) '1\f.,.+~ol. ' mY.+
The paint is scaling off the house. +11...,. hiL
-to 'If. hf.,.+~ol. ' S'-ID1::1'A
SCale dOWn lJ,;'ft I J\,F.~"J

He scaled down his request for funds. f1'JHofl

T .1'-l:tJJo') 11:,. I>F.~1tJJo
I. ""1111..1'. The ruler has one scale in centi
meters and another in inches. "7tpoot,~ma f{J.
')1:"'L'l-C'i' ' fh.'):f ' ""1111..1' '1\lltJJo
2. oooon~. This map is on the scale of 5 inches
to 1 mile. S'-11 lJC;J- ououu'i'tJJo 1\ll"il'l-
h.'):f ' 1\')1: ' "71-A ' ~"'"
F.~)l'.

He is high on the social scale.

0"7~0il-' '1-C" ' tJJoilT ' h'i' .I'll ' F.~)l' '

hlltJJo

4.

:,Oc.~o-r.

Remove the scales from the fish!

f'i"ttJJo') :,Oc.~o-r 1\mtJJo

scales Of.tf"}

Put the meat on the scales! P',"JtJJo')

liS'- ' I>1:C1tJJo

scalp (v.) 1\'i''l- 11fllm

The Indiaos scalped the settlers. II'J.f'.:f I>
'I,(I'Jl')

'

ll~l":f ' 1\'i';J-'ftJJo') ' S'-11fA.l\1.'1'

"'" ~oc

scalp (n.) 1\'i''lThe sun hit my scalp.

6mf.

1\'i''l- 1\'i'-I:'J

M'S
scalpel fl>'L'il-1\.1"')

"71:~1.J'

1111'1- I

fll

11'1- 0.11'1'

The doctor laid the burned flesh bare with his

scalpel . .f'.h-1--1- f.,.:l'mlltJJo') P'."J 01>1.'
il-1\.1"') ' "71:~1.J' ' 1111'1- ' (01111'1- ' 0.11
'1') ' 1ol.oi.ID'

away ol.'l-llh 1>11

The mice scampered away when the cat came.
f:OD:J: ' i1:,0 ' ilTA ' h,.IJ). ' oi.TIIh ' h
ll:f

scamper, -

scan (scanned)
I. O:flt-11 ODA.h'l- oPA.h'l- I>F.~1. Hescarmed
the newspapers for pictures of his children.

O:f

2. O'if.'l- :1'1. The general scaoned the battle:(.~il-11- fj1lC "'L-'IIJJo') O'if.'l- :1'1
scan one's face oTtfoC oflho" -f-DDAh+

field.

His mother scanned his face to see if he was

telling the truth. '1\tJJo~.'l- ""'i'1-l-') 11"7~."J1
T h'i''l-1"'1' '1-lf'C oflil _,..,..llh.,.:ftJJo

scandal
I. 1\1)4-& ~1C l 1\1)4-&. The newspapers gave
the scandal ao airing. ."JIL"'l":f f.,.F.~1tJJo
') 1\1)4-& ~1C ll.h11il ~tt-'1-

The slums in the cily are a scaodal. Oh.,."7tJJo

"'1.~'1-

on a large scale OliJ..m-

They are preparing for war on a large scale.

II"'C~'l- 01\d.tJJo OODH."J)!'l- liS'- 'i''l'tJJo
on a small scale 1t1'..e..~1.;.

They are only dealing with the problem on a

small scale. 1-'lf.') f.,.""llh-1>'1- 'I\')J'.~1-I-
)tJJo

wage scales fOPil-.,.'l':f f.,.., 1\0A.

Wage scales are lower here than in New York.
fOPil-.,.'l':f ' f+') ' 1\0111. ' httJJo ' I"Ch ' f.
c.:,O MLII Mil f.IIA

fA~'Jl') ~-f"lil-'i' 'i'II."J ."JIL"'tJJo'J

b-1) 0 oPil\hT 0 OOilt.hT ' I\J'.~11JJo

scale (n.)

3.

scandal

1116

scaffold

tJJoilT f"7.17tJJo .f'lj'lj' lloi.C 1\l)~ ~"'"

2. )m-C. Years ago, it was a scandal for a

womao to wear lipstick. hiltt- 'I.IL Od.'l-
fl.-f:f fh'Joi.C +1111" 11.+11- '1\')J'. ~"'"
c Y.otLmc ~oc
3. 1>11-qA:J-. She loves a bit of scaodal.
1>11-qA.;J- ' TID-'III:f
4. ""'~"~ 1:C'I.T. The mayor is mixed up in
the scandal. 0""'1"~ 1:C'I.T tJJoilT h'J-1:
q"'" f.1'SO:J-A

scandalize

scandalize hlloJ>foo
She scandalized her mother by smoking
cigarettes. (IJI"tlo l1"7""1l 7..,::1:., hlloJ>f

...~

scarce oflC:tCultivated land is scarce in the desert. f;l-l:/1

ou.:,'J- 9".1:-l: llJI ID"/1'1' oflC:t> )ID"
be scarce

scaadalous hllol-6
His scandalous behavior angered everyone.
hllol-6 Mq~ 11-11-"J hll-1'"1
scant
1. Mil Til. We have a scant supply of food.
F"J:l'~ Mil Til )ID"
2. oflC:t>. Rainfall is scant in the desert.
1111".<:-l: 11.11 ....ll.,. 11.,11" oflc:t- )ID"
scant hour IJ"J.<:- 1\'t'l- T)l\ "1..11.
You have a scant hour in which to pack.
7.:J'II"J iiODIJ ...'J- o IJ"J.(- o 1\'t'J- o T)l\ o "J..
II. hilt)
(be) scant of hml:(ID")

+She was scant of breath. 'I-"J4-'ii h'J'a:'J- )

nc
scanty
1. '1-"J'ii. Drought caused a scanty harvest.
11.1:-Cofl II"IJ"JT'J- f ... l\lll\lliD" 1\ofl.C. '1-"J
'ii )flC
2. 11"111" h"'I."C. The dancers wore scanty costumes. ~mr'll filfl(l-l- .C.illl 11"111" h
"'I."C )flC
3. ( ~ noun) "7)1l. The scanty rainfall is
causing a water shortage. fll.,ofl "7)1l f
~ 7.'1'l:'l- hf-l:l\
scapegoat
The director served as a scapegoat for the
employees' wrath. fw&o.,.'l''ll"J ll"'L'I- il"7
ill:.<:- 1\_q.C. <DoJ>IIID" 11-11- fl"lO:.IJ-K-
1\J'.

scare

1117

I)')

scar (scarred), vt. ( ~ vi) .,..,.c,_ oJ>l:

The tragedy had scarred his mind. ho't:J'<I!ID"
)1C h7.9"~.... 1\J'. .,..,.c,_ oJ>l:
several wounds scarred his face . .1.1: mqll
ill". )ID"
be scarred

1. mof.. During the war, sugar was scarce and

had to be rationed. n,nc)-t: "1..11. lli>.C

m'i'-1'- /lil)fll: 7.f.,.ODm) ou!J4-.I..C. )
fll:ll'lFood has become scarce. ,..,it .,.
2.

.,.m,_,_.

lD~.C.

3. filii". Roads are scarce in some parts of

Ethiopia. q"),oi"J.<:- fh.'l-f"kT IJ'i'll-~
ID"Il'J' '1-'1 ..9'~ ftr-9"
4. flit~'!- hJ'.1'S11". Good cooks are scarce.
~ lD'I' n.-r-~ flil~'l- hf.1"f.9"

scarcely
1. ll':f-IC. He spoke in a scarcely audible voice.
n':f-lc fl"'LI\"7 .<:-9"6 .,..,l:
2. 7.9"ofl~9" + (negative verb). I scarcely
knew him. 7.9"ofl~9" hi\ID"oJ>ID"II" )flC
3. 7."JI>. + (negative verb). It is scarcely two
days since he came. lloo"' 11-il'l- .,.., 7."JI>.
h.C.IJ')ID"!I"
*He can scarcely have said that. 7."J"lll ,..,.
.C. ofl\1. hi\MII"
scarcity 7.'1'l:'IThe scarcity of food was caused by drought.
fll""lil 7.'1'l:'l- ,,.,.., .... n..:-c:t- II"II"JT
'1- )ID"
scare (vt.) hll'-)1m
He scared the dog by shouting at it. '"'",;
ID"lffD<"J hllf-)1mlll"
scare (vi.) .,.,_.,1m
I scare easily. lloJ>I\11- 7.'-.,1"1illlscare away 11.{)~1-..,tn

hfl~~

The dog scared the thief away. ID"lfiD"

....., ' hll'-"J"Jjll hql:l:ID"

~~oq

be scared /..&-

He is scared to talk to the boss. hil:l'fD<"J "7

.,c ' J'.l-tlo.C.

1. .,. .."i.,l:. His face was scarred from many

fights. hill!- h!l"q:,~ ,.,.).., .1.1: ......"i
"'l."a:.C.
2. .,.m+m+. His face was scarred by smallpox.
.1.1: 11.1."J"'"' .,.m:t-'1'-1' )flC

scare (n.) 'i'CY'IBecause of her scare she put on all the lights.
ll'i'CY;I: f ... )"' ffl.-t:"J ooofl&-'1- flou-11- h

scar (n.) mqll

He has a scar on his right cheek. +'S .,_.,...,
1\J'. mqll hiiiD"

*The war scare sent prices of food up. ,ncB

II..)"' ' )ID" f"'L.C. ' ll;>'l- f!l"""ofl"J 'I';> '
....,,.. h'-l:I\ID"

fltlo~

scarecrow

give a scare h.ilF..)1tn

You gave me an awful scare. 011)9'" ; h.llF..)1'f'

h'{
scarecrow [hl!"'. A1111 1111(l OM:lf outoh
A 1.11. llfll< f.f.OD h~'l''i' 'hilA 1.1
-'1.1'.011- "''lll.~t..f ~1Q;~.'I-]

scarf n~-r 6:"1

Put that scarf around your neck!
-}- I

1::,11)

J\1'1-l-tJ

e\.e.

n1 n~

I tn9'"'f'ODQ)o

scarlet f."'':t +.I'.

The Chinese like the color of scarlet. iF,1'.';9':f
1."'/:t .,.,. +119" ,I'.OJ-'111-

scary

scenic

1118

f"'l.J'II~

I like scary movies.

f"''...flll.~

I.A'I" 't.OJ-'1

1111-

scatter (vt.)
1. 0;1-N. The police scattered the crowds.
.1.1111 0;1--t-l-'12. 0-t-~. He scattered ashes on the slippery
sidewalk. f"'l.J'-'IAmm- f'h"IC 001~1."
'1,1'. hOD1." 01-~
The farmer scattered com for the chickens.
~O~m- IIP.C''j; O.f.ll- 0-t-~
3. )(1~(1. They scattered straw on the floor.
OJIII\- '1,1'. ~Ill) )(1)(1.

7"1\.(l'j; f-t-IIO(lOm-1

scatter (vi.) -t-0;1--t-~

The crowd scattered when the police arrived.
7"1\.(l'j; {l.oum- .1.1111" -t-0;1--t-~

scatterbrain +An ILII

She is a scatterbrain, and cannot be relied on
for serious matters. +AO ILII llllll"~:f
.,.. ~~c f"''.."'AIJ'I- h.I'.Y.II:f'l"

scattered (adj.)
1. f-t-0;1--t-~. He must consolidate scattered
land holdings. f-t-0;1--t-~m-"t fou~:,. ,I'.Jf
;1- "''m?IIA hiiO'I2. hAG: hAG: fOJf.-lt. Scattered boulders
blocked the road. hAG: hAG: fOJf.olt
!1/"J''I':f OD1~.11.1 H"l-T
3. ( ~ adv.) -t-0;1-'1-'l". A scattered population
of hunters inhabits the south. 01.11"11 0 11-A
h-'l'l':f .1.1111 -t-0;1-'l-~m- ,l'.'l"~~~be scattered 1-0;1--t-~

The hooks were scattered all over the floor.

ODX"Jtf;;'j; OOJIIII- '1,1'. -t-0;1-'1-~ .... I )0C

scavenger "1'111 h1l(.

.,.Hyenas
..,,,.are scavengers. )!'ll:f "1'111

h11(.9'

scene
1. 11'1'~. Maqdala was the scene of battle in
1868. OD:tf.'l OI;!if(!: 't. 9". ftpC)T 11'1'~
)0C
2. 11;1-. Being seen at the scene of the crime
does not constitute guilt. OJ1.lll- h-t-1.1\0DO
'1- 11;1- ou;J-f'l- hOJ1.lA h.l'.'ir.mC'I"
3. u-~;1-. Distressing scenes occurred during
the earthquake. ou~-to n-t-1+m+m 1.n
ff.t:(lm- 11-~;1- h/1~'{ )0C
4. '1-~.1'.1'1-. That is in the third scene of the
second act .1'.11 f"''..~Tm- 01'"11-t-'i'.,. '1~.1'.1'1- 011-11-t-'i'.,. ~ILC ~.,.
5. fol;,f'I-C '1-C'h.l'.'l-. The scene represents a
city street. ft.f'k- '1-C'h.l'.'l- fh-t-"7 ou
1~1."1 .fDDIIh;I-A
*The scene of the novel is laid in Ethiopia
after the Italian invasion. ;1-t.h- f-1-DDo>t:
-t-.,. hh.."'An .,.:~ 0:\'1 o~o.:.,.
fh..'I-1"9.J' ~~-~;~- '1,1'. ~ ...
*He wanted to return the insult, but bit his
lip in order to avoid a scene. oofA(l 1 A.IJ.F..il
I.Ai ~oc "11 ffl(l m11 1.1-'1.1'.~"1 ""'
11'1- ,.~.,,..,. hf..:~
behind the scenes OilaJoC

Who knows what is going on behind the scenes

in the administration 1 IJII-1--'If.C fll<ll"l'
Ollm-C f"''..to1.fll<"l "'11 .f"'"?Al
make a scene ..,.)AJ,)Al.

He told his wife not to make a scene because

he was late. IIIIH~f 1.1-'1'1-)"")"P 11"'1..11
of<.)~~,.

*The child kicked and screamed and made

such a scene that his mother was ashamed of
him. .l.t'i 1.<;'1-1"'1' 'hllh;l-'i'CO'I- 1."<:11 II
f-t-.,~ .fll-l-11 ~nc

scenery
1. '1-C'h.l'.'l-. We did not have time to look at
the scenery. '1-C'h.l'.-1<1 ll"''f'l- 1.n h
A~Ot:19"

2. ft.f'I-C '1-C'h.I'.T. The scenery pictures a

garden in the moonlight. ft.f'k- ~
Q;~..:? fl.)m+:fn'l- Y'l-hA'I- 11;1- .fll.fA

scenic aJo1l
The view from this mountaintop is very scenic.
hll.ll -~-~~ f"''..;;-f .... '1-C'h,!'.'l- 0"19"
aJo1l ~ ...

scent (v.)
I. f--- m~'t hifTT. The dog scented the fox.
m-lfm- f<I'OC"m-'t m~'t hifTT
2. Tll"'l(m-). +J scent a trick in his offer. Q-1'~0
m- mo\-R aJ-11'1' T'tb-A l\'t-'1110'1-
f.II"'I>;'A
*The roses scent the air. fx-&. l..tl h.OQ 1
OD'\q ' hf-1-'t ' Ym-!f..'I'A
scent about h.i'Li'L

The dog scented about until he found the trail.

m-lfm- .11-ltm-'t l\ilh..l'1'5 Ml-~1-

scent (n.)
I. f"'l'liT'I- "'fA-:I'. Our dog has a keen scent.
m-lf"'f't h'i'T>;' f"'l'liT'I- "'f-11-:1' hllm2. 'li.P.. She uses too much scent. 0"19" -RII"
'li.P.' '1-<I'QII"'f
3. OD'\q. Roses have a delightful scent.
.t.llmrn ~.~~ .t.oq f"''J'IIS'.!I'I-

"""q

4.

m~'t.

The dogs followed the fox by scent.

m-'P'Il <I'OC"m-'t Om~'t ThTII-'1-

scepter o'l-~ OD't"IP''IThe king holds a scepter in his right hand.

't.,.,.. o-1''5 l\ll''l'm- o'l-~ ""'t"IP''I- ,
f.H'I'A

sceptic

Tm&-"16

Only a sceptic would doubt his sincerity.

:,O>tH't f"'IY!I"'t Tm&-"16 -Ril' ~..,.

sceptical

Tm&-"16

Too much reasoning makes you sceptical. ofllf"' 1

ouoo&-oue Tm&-"16 YS'.e;JA
be sceptical Tmt-ml.

I was sceptical when he said he earned $1,000

a week. Oo\M'I- h't!f: n:u -ne M
>;'llu- (LA Tm&-me!J.'I-

schedule (v.) mil)

He scheduled the meeting for today. !1-R!IQm't M.!. mMmbe scheduled

I. T<i'm~. The meeting is scheduled for

tomorrow. !1-R!IQm- 11)1 T<i''I'~A
2. :1-<I'S'.. The publication of this book is
scheduled for next month. 0""-"""'"'" me
""ll"m4- fi..:I'TII" H.t;..A

schedule (n.)
1. 11CHe. A schedule of prices is posted on the
wall. f'l' ;JaJo 11CHe "l!f:"l'lm- 1\f. T
II'I'~A

scholarly

1119

scent

2. ll'tm~'fr. A schedule of duties was posted

in the customs house. f-1'~'1' ll'tm~'fr .,.
9"-1-h ODP'6Y IL'I- a>-11'1' TII'I'~A
3. "f'C""I&-9". Did you make out a work schedule? f P'&- "f'C""I&-9" t.m"lu l
4. fTmll) 11'\'1-. The train arrived on schedule. QIK- OTmll)m- 11'\'l- 1Q
5. OD)lf'i' o OD!f:~lf f"7.1Al\" "f'C""I&-9".
Give me a plane schedule! fhf.C"-rll't oo~lf
'i' oo!f:~lf f"7.1Al\" "f'C""I&-9" !lm'5

schematic,

drawing 'tlf:'i'

A schematic drawing shows the arrangement

of the rooms and corridors. 't!f:'i' fh'i'A-'Il
't'i' ' fODTI\11"-YI"'Il't h<I'"'IOD'J' ' Yo\YA

scheme (v.)
1. P.IIT. They schemed to oust their boss.
hll.+'l'm-'t ' ll"'l!lm"''l- P.ll-1>

2. Hlf. 1-m~. He is always scheming to get

out of working. 1"&- l\'t'lf.,.&- IJ-A'l..H.
Hlf.Y.I-'1'&-A

scheme (n.)
I. ool\. He thought up a scheme to cheat the
government. ""'t"IP"-I>'t ll"'l"l"Oeoe oo
II 1-m~
2. f<ho\-R ~-t:,O. The scheme was rejected by
the minister. f<ho\R-'t ~4::,. "'l.til'l--1- hA
T-1'011-'l-9"
3. Hlf.Jl\:,011:. The boys devised a scheme for
earning money during vacation. Ocl~'i''l- '1..
H.Y'I'm- A]'6 1'tH-R f"''J'11'0'1-'t H
1o 1 Lm..;.

He has chimerical schemes for getting rich.

Vofl:J-9" ll""ln f"7Y,S'.l!IO'I- l\:,O!f: hllm-

4. !f:A!f:A. The color scheme of the room is

blue and gold. fh'i'll- f-1'119" !f:A!f:A
II"'IY'I!'i' me.+"'! )m-

schism ODhof.I-A
The schism in the church caused a series of

wars. fiLT he!ltY\' ODhof.I-A Th:J-:1-Y.

lfle~.P."'f't h!l)"f

scholar 11.,:,0
He is a scholar of Amharic. Y"'!e>;' 11/'t!l/
11.,:,0 )aJo

scholarly
1. f!l"u-e. He presented a very scholarly
lecture. h'i'T>;' f!l"u-e 't.,.,e hS'.~1
2. mA-l' fT"'I~. He is a scholarly newspaperman. mA-l' f-1-"7~ ;JH.m>;' )m-

scoop

1120

scholarship

school year f-l-rue+ -tou-r

scholarship
1. 11.:,0~+. He is famous for his scholarship.
1111.:,0~-i> ' f;J-tJJ.,. ' ~ ....
2. f~K +rue+ ~Y:A 1 f~l\ +rue+ 1 ll
11l>lle1iT. I got a scholarship to Harvard. ueli
eY: I'~Jiell.t iJJo1l'l' 11oo.,e f~K
.rrue.r ~Y:A I\1TvHis elation is due to having received a scholarship. 'i''t.P.:J>tJJo nK +rue+ (ll11l>lle1iT)
M1"f ~..,.

scholastic
1. f-l-rue+. His scholastic record is bad.
f-l-rUe-1> iJJotn.T ""'1'1:: o ~..,.
2. (~ adv.) 11-l-rue-l- flit-A. Our school has a
high scholastic standing. +rue+ O.;J-:Y.'t
a.rrue-r ntt-A 11"" -N- ~..,.

The school year has nine months. f-l-rue+

'too-l- Hm'S roco:Y. A/1--l-

science I"~

'i''l'<:-lHe is more interested in science than in art.

l\(1. hi"~ 'i''l'l:-l- f.A.:,O IIIU '1'1111
f.flA'I' 11'tQII. AlliJJo

scientific
1. o\f-111 ~~~ fll'~ 1 fo'tf.'t11. This store
sells scientific books. liii.U oo.o.11e tJJo11'1' It
f-111 ~~~ fll'l- (fltf.'t11)
lftiJII2. HOD'ill. He uses scientific methods in farming. flHDD'o"'f fllelf H.l'. f.m.,."7A

.,.,...,,;::y. ,.

scientist fo'tf.111 11.:,0

school
1. +rue+ O.-l-11".,6 o.+. He goes to school
every day. af.,.l- tJJ.P. +rue+ 0.-l-
(1""76 0.-l-) f.~'IA
2. +rue+. We start school in September.
nou11h<:r +rue+ ll't~r.!-111
3. f-l-rue+ o.+ A](.:Y.. The entire school
will go to the football game. r.rrue.r ' 0.-1> '
A;r;.:f noo-11- fll"'e \>,11 ""'i';J-tJJo't II
.,f-l- ' f.~-'111leave school -l-9'"tJC+ h..f.OD
When did your brother leave school? tJJ't Y:r
oulf ~..,. 1
u +rue+
put In school +rue+ 0.-l- All1Q
He put his oldest boy in school. -l-A"''t A;.j:
1 +rue+ o.-r A111QtJJo
send to school hh+"''~
The law obliges parents to send their children
to school. $1- tJJl\;r;.:f A](.!l''f'tJJo't ll't
.11..1'111-r<~o Y111Y:'IA

y,..,....,.

(be) schooled 1-"7<:

He was schooled in the old methods. f-l".,l:tJJo
fl'l"t-l- 11.1'. ~ ....

schooling
1. +rue+. His schooling is not adequate.
TI"'Ueof> A'l'.:>ll Af.Mr
2. "711-J-"7e. Backward children need a special
kind of schooling. flAM"C' f.P.hoo- A](.
:Y. f-J-IIf f.,11-J-"7e 11.1'. YliAA:>'f''I'A

schoolmate f-l-rue+ o.+ '1.0.'1"

My schoolmates have all grown up. f-l-rue+
o..r """"' lJ-1\- AY:11'A.

There is a gathering of scientists in the next

room. ll"''..,.'l'lltJJo h'i'A tJJo11'1' fo'tf.'t11
1\..+tJJo't-l- 11111'1Q All

scintillate A'tM<:.,.
The diamonds scintillaled in the light. AA"7
II- fl11eY't iJJo1l'l' A'tKQ<:_,.
*His speech scintillates with humor. 0'1..,.,~
'If. _,.AY: tiJA "'A. Y.P.C:>A

scissors .,..,.11
The scissors are not sharp. ,.eu OD+ll F.
't!I.A.

scoff All".l.(fl-l-)
He scoffs at her foolish fears. hDDt.-l-

-I"~ I"

:J- 1111r+u Yll"'i'Q;J-A

scold 111'1\ I tJJ.,.I'I

He scolded his child for being lazy. A;.j: M
fi:

ll:f'UI")

1tPXtDo

He scolded me a bit, and that was the end of it.

T't1i tJJ_,.I'I'S<; flii.YiJJo All_,.

scolding "'"'

The child lislened to the scolding in passive

silenoe. A.;.j: 1\'1' 1111- "'"'tJJo't 1".,.1111

scoop., ...
The children scoop holes in the sand. A.](.'li
Alf'l'tJJo tJJo11'1' 1-Y:'IY: f.ro\11coop out ~ hiDifl
You have 1o scoop out a gourd before you can
dry it. ll.,Y:<::,Ou flof.-l- f~ll-'t '~"'-

.,tJJotiJ-l- All1111

scoop up

lf+

He scooped up sand and put it in a bucket.

hlf'Pa>-"} 114' qo=Vl.<D- <D-1'1'1' -~.,.

scoop, n. [h-l>.e l 11-4:'1- 1 m H .,.. A"1Lh

f"''J'1A"IA '1-1'11 t.ltof. ILm.]
Very hard words are not within the scope of
a child's understanding. 0"1!1" tJq~ :I'll
'I- O.;r.,<;."J- hi'ITIII'Iit hAA <D-1'1'1' h/.''-11-9"

*The scope of his travels includes Europe and

America. l\l'lb l\<D-t:;r<; l\l'lb t."'A.:It

'&.I!...A
*This work gives me little scope for my abilities.
J.'.U P'.:O ':fii-;J-\L1 OJ".:O A"1'1'A f"'l.
l'lm"i {)~A 0"19" ; '1-1'11 t<D*Football gives scope for quick thinking.
fl\"Je \>,1'1 t.TI-A1 -r-11- l\1JI..I'I'Iit
Y'-C1'1'A
be outside the scope of h.ATouAhTr"
Your problem is outside tbe scope of this
committee. nT 1-JIJ.'. ' J.'.U1 '-C"I h/.'ooAh'l-!1"

scorch
I. l\:l'mA. The hot iron scorched his shirt.
f;>A<D- lt<D-Y if"'l.H-1 l\:l'mA<D2. ~+. The hot sunshine scorched tbe
grass. fB.hl< m"-l: "1'1-1 to'-~+.,.
be scorched

3. "1eh l'lm. The teacher asked me to score

tbe test. hhT"16<D- ALT<;<D- "1eh l\
1~1'1'1' mf+'S
be scored !I"Ah'l- .,..,_~10'1Mistakes are scored in red ink. l'l.ihT-r-':f 0
+J.'. +All" 9"Ab'l- T'-C,qlf'f'A
score a point iJY:IA h.1T

scope hAA

h~t;

The food was scorched in the pan. !I"""R- 0

OD'I'O'If<D- o l\J.'. h~~
taste scorched

Y~~ 1 ~t:;

hA

The cake tastes scorched. iti'IIM>

~~ ' J.'.l\A

Y~~

use a corched earth policy f"'tm~ODID""}

v-Ir t.:l'mA

The Russians used a scorched earth policy

against tbe Germans in tbe Second World
War. ool'ltoll':f ov-A.,_.,...,. f"A!I" tnet'l-
'I..H. A)>;eoo'l":f f"'l.m.:t-"1lf<D-1 v-Ir t.
:l'mlr

score (v.)

scorn

1121

scoop

I. h1q. Who scored !bat goal? n1 ' "lit '

"11 Mq l
2. m~. The teacher appointed me to score
for botb sides. l\1'1.,_..,.:.,. Av-M m1'l'
':f l\1~-&'l'e -~m"i

He scored a point when he brought up the

company's deficit. tJ.q1Y<D- ODbl'l-1-1 Om
+1'1 'I..H. {)~A h11
score a success ( = passive) +ftlt
+He scored a success with his plan. l\.:J.JI. .,..
lilt

score (n.)
I. "lit. You can eqnal my score easily.
f~1 "lit 0-l'l\lr A'I-'-CI'IO'I- '1--:fl\AU
2. <D-m.'l-. This was a respectable score for an
amateur player. Ah"1Te T""&'l''f <D-m.
of:

~'1'i"'

)(Do

3. )-MJ:. The score is 9 to 3 in favor of our

school. t'I'R- fl Af {1.11'1 YlftL<D- f
'i' '1-f"Ue."J- IL'I- t<D4. mqll. The tbief's back shows scores made
by the whip. fl\.q.,. )>;eq Meof..-1>1 mq
II YltYA
5. I'IA'I-. She was studying the score of the
pieoe she was learning to play. AOD""&W'J- '!.,~.,. fto~..,.., I'IA'I- ;J-m<; toe
6. ?Y. A score or more were present at the
party. O"lit"Jf<D- l\J.'. h?y f"'l.OAm-
1'11"-:f T1"i.,...,. toe
scores of -Rrt-

There were scores of people in the street.

OD11JI. ' l\J.'. ' itll' ' 1'11"-:f ' tfl~
keep score

'ILm~

Keep score for us while we play. ,.,,.. 1'11""&

m."J- .,....meA1
on that score lllt(to

You need not worry on that score. llAll-

oo.u.t.:J. fAitU9"

scorn (v.)
I. l\11/lflf(O'I-). He scorned my abilities. ':fii:I'\L1 ' l\11/lflfit'S

2. l\1'- m,&..<~ .,...,qe m~. He scorns to

use intrigue to get what he wants. f LA1aJo
1 ' A"1"11'1- ' 0T1b-A ' ODJ".:O'I-1 ' l\
1'- m.&-'1 .,...,qe ,_.,....~'I'A
The judge scorned to take a bribe. 'l'i'<D- 1(l J.'.ml\A
71

scorn

1122

scorn (n.) 1+'1-

The monks' scorn for wealth is well known.

fODtlfo(l.9':f ' 1\llil'l- ' 1-1''1- ' f:J'IDT ' t~e '
tfDo
feel scorn 'icf'
Most students feel scorn for those who cheat.
hil'l'l''ll _,."7t:9':f f"'LJ'"i'"O<:il~'l-1
1-1!1/'I''I'A
pour scorn fil.("il OD'I-1- hiD<:Y-(0'1-)
They poured scorn on their rivals. O.,.m.<;.<;(.9'

"'"'"'" ' "" fll.l:"il ' """"' ' hiD<:.<;.q'ffDo

scornful n++
His scornful face showed that my plan will
not be accepted. n++ hll.,..l'f-lo dolt
(L 0 .,..,.qf.t'l-1 0 f"ff1"j 0 ODIJ'\-1 0 fODI\
h;J-A
scornfully
*He laughed scornfully. f14''1-

..,.,.

h"'"':,.

scorpion 'I.1T
scoundrelml!'O"He acts like a scoundrel. h.l:"&.")ofo rNr
7.1Y. IDL!'O"- tfDo

scour
1. .t.4'.f.4'. She scoured the pot to remove the
soot. T"-if-lo1 h"71ll!'fDo 11"7111\4':,0 "7(1
l!'fDo1 '
2. 4-4'. Moving the furniture across the floor
scours the paint. mtltr 1 1\f, 1 A:J>m-'} 1 oo
.,__,._... 4'11....., Y.<;::J>A
3. h(t(t. Men scoured the town for the lost
child. (t9':f fm'f.IJ1o1 A~ 11"7"ff'l-

.,_.,..,_.,.;r.....

h-1""71J1o1 ' h(t(to

4. hiD"'. The stream had scoured a channel.

ID1H- ' (lf. ' hiD"'
scourge (v.) OD:J'
A plague scourged the country. m<:e"li"i h
1""'")

oo;t-m-

scourge (n.) .,.:,.._....,_...

War is the scourge of mankind. tnet+ 1\{t
fDo A~ .,..:,.._....,_... tfDo
scout (v.) :J>T
Our squad scouted the area. II-.1:-'i"l-1 4'01\.
fDo1 ' :J>T
scout out llllA

We are going to scout out their position.

.1'11-0'1-1 fl:l' A1(tAA -~:f-1

tfDo

scrap

scout (n.)
1. 7olll)fDo'l-. The scout got lost in the woods.
7olll)fDoofo """"'" fDoilT m'f.
2. hlt"li. We sent scouts into the enemy terri
tory. IDY. m"-'1- "1'1'1- hltll":f "-h1
scowl f"11qe ""*me
A scowl showed he was displeased.
""*me hi\ODY.{tofo1 hltf

f"l1q~

scramble (v.) .,.!fay

The boys scrambled to pick up the money.
~1HII-1 I\ODA4''1" ' A)('ll ' _,.lfooscramble through 7t.'lJ?.9'"'}?"' 1 ....,.. 1 hilL
The boys scrambled through the underbrush.
A;i':'ll <I!T!I/tnfDo1 7.1Y.'I"1'1" T(tfDo hl\4'1scramble up M.,.1Y.~ 'M'.
The rat scrambled up the side of the road.
hf.tp. ""1~.11. "-1- M-1"1Y.'f.Y.of.:f ~Y.:f
scramble (n.)
1. "li"'Lf. There was a scramble for power after
the President died. T t-11)11-lo h'l".,. 0:\"-
fi"A"'1 "li"'LL' toe

2.

ODtD-~.:f

oo~Uf+.

It was a long scramble

through bushes to the top of the hill. h~<:ii:J

m- 1 "'~fi: 1 Aoo:l.lt n-t:TsttntD- 1 tiJohT 1
.,.....y_:,. ""t"''l- lliiH- 1.11. toe
scrambled eggs f.,..f.<:of.<: 7.1<11"-A
I like scrambled eggs for breakfast. 1\<l!ell
f_,.of.<:of.<: 7.1<11"-A 7.1D"ll\11scrap (scrapped), vt .
1. "'ll. They scrapped their old machinery
and imported the latest equipment. f <:"f..IJ1o1
... ..,..., Til"'" o:,.en- f.,.'-"&."'"1 .,..., ...
f hfDo"i'" Me .t.ll""rn2. "'""' He scrapped his bad habits. ""Til:
A"7.11.1 "'""'
scrap (vi.) .,..,...,..~11
Those two dogs are always scrapping. MH.U
11-11'1- fDol!":f 11-A'l.ll. ,__,...,..~"-11scrap (n.)
1. il"'i4:. That's only a scrap of paper.
il"'iof: ' 1Dl:4''1- ' tfDo
2. <1!&-"i'". The famished dogs were fighting
over a scrap of meat. f.,.&-11-'1- fDol!":f n
h1JL'I- <11&-"i'" I";I ' " " ' .,...,..h ....
3. <l!eT&."i'" ii<::J- il<:'l- J <l!eT&."i'". A
man comes around collecting scrap. -t:CT&-'11"'
ii<::J- ' il<:-1- ' f"'L(tfillil ........ I """"'A

1123

scrapbook

The roof was made from scraps of old metal

drums. "'t.f"'" 1 f-1-oPt.-fiJo 1 liC''I. 1 OC"''.
A

.,C'I't.-"1"

)fiJo

*She read aloud scraps from the letter. hS'-11.11

(J.fiJo I hAof. I hAof.
scraps 'i'Cof.t.

'""h

11'1

MOO:J'

Give the scraps to the dog! 'i'Cof.t.fiJo1 1 llfiJo!f

CD- ilmfDscrapbook [6:-l'"lt.-G::f- 1 f:>ll."' 1 "'t.-'""l-

c; 1 fOD/11'111-'1- 1 f"tllmf-0'1- 1 A,...'l' 1

oj>'J-

fii0T

"'~

0D1J11J]

scrape (v.)
1. of.-1'. The fence scraped the side of my car.
h'No I foP h. <;fiJo1 I .,.1 I of.oJ>1J'S
2. of.-1' I hi!". Don't scrape your feet on the floor!
l\"lf!':f-111

01DIII\-

'If.

h'J-of.:t

(h'J-1f)

3. 'lm. He scraped his Adam's apple on his

collar. "71.,C-J:1 1 Ol:ol\.;1-fiJo 1 'lm
-,crape against h -- ;JC +"7:1'
The branches scrape against the window when
the wind blows. )of.n, 1 fl.)<;:(l 1 fqf- 1 :tC1
""ill::J' I hDPill:o-f: I ;JC I f."7:J-I\scrape along, just - 7t.~1.9"'"J9'" b~oo

That family just scrapes alongs and never asks

for charily. MHJ 1 0.1-l'lll:f- 1 li1S'.MV" 1

,r..,,.

Y.hC"711- 1 ll1l[ 1

L~'l"

scrape by li1S'.MV" 1

1 l\C'l;J- 1 hY.m

h~oo

get into a scrape fl11f l\)1:. 6Jii "Jtl

The boys got into a scrape by stealing a car.

A~~

ODII.<; 1 (ICoj>fDol 01q 1ll)l'lftJJo1 6.111 1(1-

scraper
1. ODL:tLof:f. I need a scraper to remove the
paint. <I'IIV" 1 11"71'111-l':t 1 ODL:tL4:1 1 1
I'ILA1'i'A

2. "71'11-lihf 1 ooh.c;. The road scraper

OVerturned. fOD11'1. I "711-f"lihf I ODII.<; I -f"
1110m

scratch (vt.)
1. of.-1'. Who scratched the paint? <1'11,...1 1 .,
1

of.oj>fiJof

2. !).mm. The catlscratched him. Y:oo;J: 1 !l

mm:J'fiJo
3. hhh. Stop scratching yourself! l'lfDo)'J-111 1
"7hh I -f"fiJo

4.

He scratched a match on the wall.

"'i~.

"!Y;"!JitJJo I i\Y, I h1J(.T I ~

5. !l....~. Thoms scratched his legs. l\11'11 1 ll
"lol-1 I !).....~....
6. ')ot;U.. Scratching one's face at a funeral is
an extinct custom. (l(l)o fl.'1"-T .t.M oo1"
f-1'~

...."" I

A"7Y:

fl.~<j: I

116-1-

.r."Pt.-A

Tlt~H

be scratched

scratch out ltl.fl

f-f"~LfiJo1

<j:C<(.{.

II:J':t'l"

0'1

barely scrape through 7t.11.9"'"J9'" 1lflo hAL

He barely scraped through the examination.

L-!-<;fiJo1

li1S'.MV"

Two horses were scratched from the race.

11-11'1-

1111-

hiiLfiJo

scrape (n.) fl.m.'l' 1 "7Y:~"l

The scrape of her fingernail on the glass
irritates me. '1'~1 1 ODil-f-'1''1- 1 11.r. 1 fl.
m.-r 1 "7Y:~" 1 Y.l'l<l''l'm'i'A

L~(I:J'

hfiJoY;Y;ol-

1-1'1~11-

Scratch out the last sentence!

fOD..,~!fm-1 1

)1C I (ICHfDo
merely scratch (11!1') 1 )lih-1' 1 hilL

0~'1'1- I

The lecturer merely scratched the surface of

the subject. 1-<;;>t.fDo 1 hChil-1- )1-1-1 1 'I
Y,

The hungry boy scraped up the last crumbs

from his plate. f-1-t.-OfiJo 1 A'J': 1 ll.ft'l- 1 'IY, 1

)fDo

2. hhh. That dog is always scratching.

f I tJJol(' I 11-A'I..If. I l\1Jihh I )fDo

O..,m1J)fiJo 1 11011 1 l\1S'.V"1V" 1 ll1hC"7111

scrape off <f.-1'
Scrape the paint off first! oo"f.oot.y 1 <1'1\0..
1 I <f.:t
scrape together bHJfD hllUfP h.m~+oo

IJV" 1 hmt.-:t"''.flloscrape up II:J':t'l" 1 0'1

scratch (vi.)
1. Q;j.~. The pen scratches when he writes.

We'll scrape by on the money we saved up.

I have scraped a few dollars together for the

holiday. 110'!1\- I 'J'of:T I 1JC I hHJV" I h!L

scratch

---

--~---------------------------------------------

i\f-1

1J!J'

)i!h-1'

hilL

scratch (n.) D-"PC

There was a long scratch on her hand. ll.i(

1 'I
Y, I ~'J':V" I (1-"PC I ) OC
start from scratch V 1 ofllt- 1 )!DDt;,
After the fire, he had to start from scratch.
hl\/1-J: I hS'.;J I 0:\i\ I I) I 1JI\- I OD"f.DPC I

)0~0'1-

scratch paper "7ii;J-ID'If 1 ID~-1''1Please give me scratch paper! l\1111. 1 "7!1;1-ID

'If

ID~oj>'J-

lim'S

scratchy

1124

scratchy
I. f"'l."l"C. Don't write with that scratchy pen!
RH..I' R"'l."l"C -fMC h'NI'i!
2. f"'l.li-I'IINI. The scratchy sweater irritated
my skin. f"'l.b-l'lltl'ldJo ~~ -1'.1111-1 hll
ol'"'dJo
scrawl ""i"'iC:
He scrawled a few words on a card to his wife.
RltCJI. ~f. '1-1'11 "'11-"f- 11"'1.11-1> ""i""iC:
scream (v.) "'"1i
The child screamed with fright. A31: .t.Cof-
"'"1i
scream for

*In ancient Rome, the rabble screamed for

bread. R'l'1:-'"'f!'l- r:'l" .hllll- MIA II
"1"11'1- hiLT f.A )RC
scream (n.) ...1i'lI thought I heard a scream....1i'l- f{I"11Jo
ouM'f
screech l'l..m.'l' hll
The wheels screeched when the car stopped.
ODil.'i'dJo ' (l..ji'J" J i"111Jo 0 l'l..m.'l' ' hi\
screen (v.)
I. hill\ I :>.:J'.. The trees screen their house
from public view. ~t::'ll R.;l-'f11Jo1 ;t..1.11f.
;1-f. f.hAII-;1-A (f.:>CJI.:f'A)
2. RQII m11.'1- lfp :>.:F.. We have screened
our porch to keep off flies. 1111'"f-1 llouMh
A RC:1.1111Jo1 RQII OJ11.'l- 'liP :>M!:)dJo
3. ou.:m. We screened the candidates for the
job very carefully. 111"&-dJo f4>C:II-'l-1 {I
jP"f- 0 R'I'1"'<JI 0 ODC:'I''i'lfdJo
be screened off flOD;J~JI' 1 +hLil
One corner of the house was screened off.
fiL-l> h1JI. m~1 nou:>.:ll" .,.h'i!'-A
screen (n.)
I. f'lip m11.'1-. Put a screen in the window
to keep the insects out. 'l-1~"f- 7.1-'lf.~ll-
ODIII>-1> ' ~,. ' f'lil' ' OJ11.'l- ' hJ:"C"IRT
2. I.A'I". He looks older on the screen.
I.A.,... ~ YC:~ f.ouMA
A screen of trees hides our house from the
road. ~t::'ll ' IL:f'"f-11 hou")~JI. ' f.:>CJI.:l'A
screening "1"1&-'lTbe screening of the candidates took two
hours. fh...ll''li "1"1&-'1- 11-11'1- l'l't'l-

4-X

scrub

screw (v.) R:,OC14-J:" '1"11"1C hYYH

The carpenter screwed the bookshelves to the

wall. h'i'm...,. fODX'dt'i! ooJ'.CUYdJo1
h"IJ:""!.IIdJo :>C R:,OC14-J:- '1"11"1C hYYH
screw (n.) f:,Oc14-J:- '1"11"1C 1 11-11-1
Can you loosen this screw? f:,OC14-JI.1 '1"11
"1C (11-11-11) A;f-~~..,. '1-~1111 1
screwdriver (f)mou1ll" ont;:JI'
He unscrewed the lock with a screwdriver.
41A4-1 Rmou1!1" o out;:JI' h<DI\4>11Jo
scribble, ~ on 'l")""i""C:
The baby scribbled on the wall with a pencil.
.hU "IJ:-"1.1111Jo1 Rl.Co\11 'l")""i""C:
be scribbled up .,.'l")""i..,C:
The wall is all scribbled up. "IJ:-"1.11..,. .,..,.)
""i"l"<::A
scribe 41'1" l\"'1.

The scribe wrote down the royal decrees.

.,.,. ' l\...1..... ' ".,.,..., ' J:-1:>1.9'"fo ' ll.t.
scrimp 'I'C{I-1 )hi\ ~1H11 4&mR
Many parents have to scrimp to keep their
children in school. A]t.il'lf11Jo1 11"111.,.-,c
1111- m~]t."fo 'I'Cltlf11Jo1 )h{l..,. nn11
ou4Lm11 hiiQlfdJo
script I.S'.A
Amharic script is different from Arabic. Y"1
c'i' I.S'.A hOC:11'i' I.S'.A f.IIYA
Scriptures ODX'dt'i! :,0.11.11

The Scriptures were written originally in

Hebrew. ODX'dt'i! :,0.11.11 ou~ODIJY f.,.ll
.t.dJo R~11.&-f.ll'l' oln!t )RC
[See also 'divine']
scrofula n~'l- )4>Clt
He has a bad case of scrofula. hf.
)4>Clt f.l':l'A

11~+

scroll f.,.lfRIIII 11.&-'i'

The names of those soldiers who were killed
in war were written on a scroll. fifDC)4J 1\
f. f'l"-1>'1- fm;f-F.r:"fo 11'1" 11C11C R
_,.lfRIIII 11&-'i' ~f. _,.X'~
scrotum 4&11'1'
The scrotum was cut and the testicles removed.
4&111Jlo ' ... ~... ' 'i!.:Oll''li ... ....
scrub (scrubbed), v.
1. hlf. The maid scrnbbed the clothes to

scrub

make them clean. 1l:J;.. Ailll- 7-'M.lVI

hlf:f....
2. ml:1. Scrub the soot off the pot! '1"1-l>'t h
.V:h-1> ' llf. ' 'l'l:1""
3 .i.of'1. Scrubbing pans is a chore for her.
""'1'01f9 ':f't oa<~._,.., II!\. f"''.l'lll:f P'6-
~

....

4. 4.14.1. She scrubbed the pots with sand

to make them clean. .,{ll!'""'t II.,K'-'1'1-
Ohlf'l' 4.14.1:ftJJo

scrub (n.) '1'1'

Only scrub grows on the ground where

Theodore's palace stood. fof:9'.V:I!'ll ILof' oa't
.,P''l- of'wC.P. MOl:O'l- 11:1" llf. '1'1'
0'1>11-0;J-A

scrubby "'""'""'

The scrubby trees on the hot lowlands show

that rainfall is lacking. 0'1"-"'"' l:ll-'1 lot;:
6- ' f"7.11''1- ' +""1""1 ' ~c::r- 'll'i'il ' 7-'t-'1
ol\"111 ,I'ODIIh;l-11f"''.OD~"l" 'l'C"'t.
No scruples ever hold him back from prompt
action. 4."1't """~ hoahm'l- h-.ll.'i'""
f"''.OD~"l" 'l'C"'t. hf"J'.ID' f"

scruple s h..,ll.'i'tJJo

have scruples
I. hltt.l:. Have you no scruples about borrowing money from a girl friend? hll.'l- m-'1~
1'tHil ' ODOJ'.C ' h,l'lt'i'CIIf" !

2. 'Joe hl'o't'. He has no scruples about

taking bribes. 'l-11 oailll'l- 'Joe h.l'l'l't', .,.

scrupul ous
1. '1'1.,.'1>. He is very scrupulous in all his

business dealings. 01"-" P'6-"" O"'f" 'I'

't"'"' ' ~ ....
2. h<;: ,I'll. A soldier must pay scrupulous
attention to orders. m;l"F.C f"7.{1mtJJo1 '17.~'11 h<;: 1111 '1'1.!1>-t .,hoc hiiO'l-

scrutin ize 0'1'1.!1>41 ool:ODl:

He scrutinized the list to see if his name was

on it. looo- 7-'t-'111 ll.,f'l- 'IIC'II-1-'t 0'1'
't.!l>oJ: ' ""l:""l:

scrutin y

*Will your work bear close scrutiny? P'6-ll 0.

1
ODl;ODC ' 7.'th1 ' f.,f.1'10' Jo ' f.ODlooi\?A

scuff ( ~ passive) of'llm

He scuffed his new shoes. h-'1.11- ""'"'"" of'
lim

scurry

1125
scuffle (v.) :1"111

The two boys fell as they scuffied. ll-11-1> A

~ ' 11.:1"111- ' .,,..,

scuffle (n.) .,il.,il

There was a scuffie between the police and a

group of drunks. O?'ll.ll'i' 01'1116-'l":f oott
hA .,il.,il ~oc

scull oo'J>Ht-.1'

He rows the boat with a scull. h3':AIJ,. oo

.... l:lf ' 1\f. ' ,..,. ' ~oi\IJtJ)o1 ' ooo'J>Ht-,1' '
f.+'II-1-A
sculpto r 'JocK" h"""'- ! "'""A'l- w& 1
f+l:K
Sculptors are creative artists. :,OcK"" 1t.m-"'..
9':f f4.m6- :f-11-:l" ,1'1\:fOJo hC-1:11+

:r- ' .,.,.,.

The sculptor was awarded the first prize.

dtOJooi\'Jo ' W61D' ' ,l"tF.'i'~'J-1 ' 'liA.,'Jo ' h1'f
The sculptor of this statue is now dead.
f.ll1 dttJJool\'1- f+l:KOJo 'I"='=A

sculptu re 'JocK"

There are many pieces of sculpture in the park.

O""''i't-lfOJo 11:1" OJolo'l' illl' 'JocK 'Joe
l<:fM" lll-

scum
1. llol\1111'1-. Scum always forms on heated
milk. mof''Jo {1.4.11 li-A'Lil llol\1111'1-

f.

A
2. "'IfIf. Remove the scum from the water!
h ....;>... ' llf. ' IfIfOJo't ' .,u,....
f.~

3. Ahhhh 1'19':f. The saloon was filled with

the scum of the town. 11-'i OA> OAh(l
hh fh.,.., 1'19':f of''I"A.P. ~oc
green scum

l'l~"t~l..

Green scum floated on the pond. hl:'t'\F.OJo

01....:.... ' llf. ' of''tltt-4.

scurrilo us filA.,<;

Her scurrilous language shocked me. filA.,

'i' M:na: hl'l++'1

about of'/:;:l:;:m
We could hear the mice scurrying about in
the walls. hf.tn'll 0"-"""" '" ,.11'1' {1.1:;:
a:m- 7-"tl'l., ~oc

scurry (scurried), -

sent scurrying h.lU!'m

The rain sent everyone scurrying for shelter.

1Jtj(lo

(lm-')

hhl!'m, .

I'

f]ofto

(fJ~ I

ODcnflf

(l:f"

scuttle off ...L ...IIh

The dog scuttled off into the woods. m-lf..,.
mY. "'itt ...L ...I\h

scythe

seamstress

1126

scuttle

[l~ll" m"7"7 1111-ro; ~;(;I

111

.... ' "7"11".1:']

sea
I. q;,.c. How far are we from the sea?
hq;,.~ ll"'t YIJA C<!><;A 1
2. '1"1.1:'. A high sea swept over the ship's
deck. h<;:...:;' ' '1"1.1:' ' fODChll-'t ' mi\A ' h
'1'11<1>1\<l>dJo

seafaring aq;,.c

~y. f"7.'111
Sailors are seafaring men. oPCha"''l- a q;,.
c ' ~" ' f"''..'ill- ' lll":f ' ""'"'"

seal (v.)

The honey is sealed in tins and shipped abroad.

"7C allJII ~f;l-if1 mY. dJo"l/" MC Y.
~>tA

2. "71 ... 11" h'l' l. The judge sealed the deed.

Jl'i'm- II"" Cll1> m<:<!>-r ~y. "71-111"
h'l'l

3. a"II".+ S'.L). They sealed the chinks

between the logs. h"l't P.'li OD>thA Yl\m't h'i''l- fl;l- a"ll".+ Y.L).:,.
4. mil). The judge's words sealed the prisoner's fate. f.ll'i'm- .+A fMl<:l;'m-'t b
Y.-A mM
5. YH. Her promise sealed her lips. n1q:fm-
.+A """'l:,. h~'t YHlbe sealed "71 ...11" hY.l1(a+)
+The treaty was signed aod sealed by both
1

seal (the) bargain

They sealed the bargain. a1aym- ... II.,..,.

seal (n.)
I. (fqa.c ~'tM 'lM-r].
2. "71 ...11". The papers bear the official seal.
m<:<!>-Hl fOD't"IP':,. "71... 11" hllq'f'm3. -l:ll"ofiC. These are Christmas seals. Mll.ll

f1<; -l:P"ofll!":f ' ""'"'"

seal of secrecy f'"llm.C

They kept their correspondence under the seal

of secrecy. f ...KK4--r't aP"!lm.C 111-'1-

sea level fqa.c milA

It is impossible to lower the sea level. fqa.c't
mi\A ' 11~ 11"7.1:'<:"1 ' hY.ii'AII"
above sea level hiJiftC fll\,..

The mountain is 15,000 feet above sea level.

...&-&-m- hqa.c a~y. oP'&- hP"ll-r
I( ' ""i"7 h'i';l- hl\mbelow sea level hqa.c 0;1-:f
This place is 300 feet below sea level. Y.ll fl
,. h'i';J-m- hqa.c a;~-:f ?'II+ .,...,.
-J."7

I. hlf1 (;l-lf1). The police sealed all the drawers

pending an investigation. ?"1\.1\- rcoot.-
~llh"'LY.l"l ' Y.'t'.ll ' OD/Ifl..l'l"'Jl't ' IJ-1\o ' hlf
;>'l'mHave you sealed the letter yet? S'.11J!O.m-'t 1
<; .Mif"llim-11" 1

governments . ..,..1\of:f'" ou'l-JP";f-T m-tt-'l

LCODdJo ' "71...11" ' hS'.l'l-a-r

4. II"Ah'l-. Their haodshake was a seal of

friendship. hlf'fm-'t .,....,qnllJ'f'm- f'IS'.
'h-r II"Ah'l- )aC

)d)-

seam (v.)
I.

~'~"""7S'.S'..

the old
"lll.m-'t
2. 114-.
Aoflll

Wind and weather had seamed

seaman's face. ofiCY.-<; )'i-ll f11"7
ODChal;' L'l- h"""7Y.m-;I-A
The seamstress seamed the dress.
II.L'I' <1>"'1..11-'t 114-:f

be seamed with wrinkles

+"'-"7~

The old woman's face was seamed with wrinkles. fhl!"'l.:l: .L:,. ... ..,.,,_ )aC

seam (n.)
I. 111..-rl HC'i'. The seam on my coat is coming
loose. fl>-1: 111..'1- Ml\<1><1> )mShe ripped out the seams of the dress. fAoflll't HC'i' '11.lm:fm2. "":>m"''..Y. The welder left a crooked seam
when he welded these plates together. ant. '
~)II.IJ't fofll'l- ll.lt'l':f ll.aY.Y.- oo:>
m"''..Ym-'t h~'t:;1-A

The seams of the boat must be filled in if they

leak. f)!Aqm- "":>m"'LY >tLIIII ""'-L't

Ma+

3. mq/1, The sword cut had left a seam in his

face. 1-~ ftfl.t::mm-

mfli'J .t1: I\

" ' hi\

seaman oocha'i'
The seamen meet here between voyages.
oochn"'''li fi.J'C4- ~11.11 Y.1<;'i' II-

seamstress Aoflll II.L

The seamstress will make you a dress. Aoflil
II.L'I' <1>"'1..11 -rii4-Aifll:f

seamy f.il f"?Yil'S

A policeman sees much of the seamy side of
life. ?'fl.ll f.ll f"?Yil'S \o-1!' YYA

sear
I. mOil.
f;JII<&
2. hf.l.,..

season able

1127

seamy

searchi ng

*The policeman gave him a searching look.

?'fl.(t- ' hh"IC ' hilh .1-(t- -l"in>llh-f"t&

searchl ight Q<&'l

The hot iron seared his flesh.
ttm-y <l'"'m-'t mfl{t<&
A hot summer has seared the crops
RtLU '~""'~-
fR;J<&

this year.
hUII-1 hf.l.,.

,....,.'!-

search (v.)

I. 4.-l"ll". The customs officials searched us.

f'l-,.<1-h ' ....~--l"'l':Y. ' .r.-1"~1
2. n.:n.:. I've searched the whole house for
the lost papers. fmof.m-1 ro.:.,.'l- ll"?"l"f
'1- IL-1>1 h1 K',- ltJ'._,.l'S RCilt.Y
llrJo

The searchlight spotted a plane flying in the

clouds. Q<&Of<& flf.OD'i"<& <&Cl'l' f"'l.Rl
tJJo't ' h<JJoi!'Tl\1 ' hllf

search warran t f'i'CJ:' IL'I- f'i'-l"lf "?H'If"

The police must have a search warrant to
enter the house. ?'fl.{t- hiL'I- <JJoll'l' fiDD"I
Q'J- f'i'CJ:' IL'I- f'i'-l"lf "?H'If" h1JI.'l'l
<& Yil<I.IA;JIA

seasho re fQ."hC .osc

The shells were piled on the seashore. '1'1-A

).Qo'b<l- .OSC -l"h,-;,:A

*I've searched everywhere for a good apartment. '1"1- IL'I- ll"?"l"f'l- YAf.lllh -R'I-
(1;1- ' fll,.

seasick , get ,...,

search for Lt\1

seaside fQo'bC .o!Cll'

We searched for him everywhere. ).(t-1

RYIIR'I- 4.11"1)<&
search (one's) memory fl.lll1l 0Jil1l

I searched my memory, but could not remember his name. Qllofl Qllofl [1l....,li "11l;l-ro1l'
h.+-I"'S
search out d../A ") h1"f
He searched out an old friend in the crowd.
h-f"(tR(tfl<& ' o'b11il ' ODithA ' f'l-1!' ' ~f.
o:'m-1 ' """'" ' h1"f

The baby got seasick. o'l.Y\o- nqa,.;. '1-JI

,-h1Y'I- hClODII{tCJ>
The seaside is the best location for our factory.
fQo'b<l- .OSCJI' of.ofl&lt:f11 11"1!1/!1/,-
hrJ-11- f-l"lf II Cl'i'.!o )<&

season (v.) h"'.r.m

What did you season the meat with? F;Jm-'t

RM h"'4.'1'h t& 1
The speaker seasoned his speech with humor.
-l"'i";J6l& ' "'"'J:' ' noua..ou c ' 1"1"1<1-1 ' h
11JLmm-

season (n.)

search (n.)

I. 'i'-l"lf. The police made a thorough search.

;rfl.(o,; ' 'MJ:t> ' 'i'-l"lf ' hf.l'l-

*An intensive search turned up the missing key.

-1"1"f
0'1'1.4''1: ' Clll-1"4.111 '

"'"'4- '

in search of lLLA..., ! noun + tt:l\;J

In search of knowledge, one comes across
many strange things. llm-.,.'1-1 fl..r.A'l- ofl
rt- h1"1"1 )11!':Y. Y:J'I"'111-

The dog nosed the grass in search of a trail.

<JJolf<& ' OD11J:' ' 'i'II;J ' "1<1-1 ' M4.)4.
make a search Ll\"1

They made a search for the missing plane.

f mof.m-1 h<&I!'Tl\1 4.11'1search (adj.) f.r.'l'l.l":Y.

A search party set out to find the missing boy.

fmof.<JJo1 A~ IIDD4.11"1 f4.'11..1":f ~
J:' ' -f"{t"?.!o

I. ID&-'1-. What season comes after spring?

hllf.J'. ' f"'l..,.'l'lll& ' f'J-0::<& ' ID.!-'1- ' )<& 1
When does the hunting season start? Yf.1 ID
.1-'J- ' f"'l.~ODlt& ' DD'Ji o )<& 1
2. YDD'I- ID.!-'1-. The cycle of the seasons
cannot be changed. YOD-1> ro.~o'l- 'i<&J:-
fi.IIID'I' hf.:fA,be In season 1.~.-.
Com is in season in late summer. mY. O;J
m- ' "111-tY R<l'll- f.f.CIIA
be out of season ,_tLID- 1\~Y..AIJD

Fresh fruit is out of season in the winter.

'1-11-il ' ~'i't.l":f ' hl,.'l- ' "LHJ"'I'<& '

hf.f.ll,.
[See 'dead, rainy']

(be) season able 1..11.<& )<&

In Ethiopia, rainy weather is seasonable in

seasonal

1128

August. Oh..TI'"A-,1' 0)ddl. h-:9":,. "1..11.

tiJ-

)tiJ-

be seated r

Please be seated! 01."/H.l>-flm.c .,..,_....

seasonal
I. mc~'l!. The seasonal rains of Ethiopia
are divided into a big rainy season and a small
one. fh..TI'"A-,1' mC~'I! 1J<;"II:f 'I'<;" fh

.:?',. '

seclude

"J..H.<;" ' ODIIIIT:;' ' T-fllltJJo ' ,l'.h.l.llll-

2. f"J..H.. The factory geared its production

to seasonal demands. 4416lJtJJo f"''..,l'm"''ftJJo
'J )1C':f h"J..H.fDo rH;J- ;>C 1>11"'1"'1
be seasonal +T"'Y.. 1 h.~~ll,..

seat (n.)
1. m,..OC 1 oo+OD-.. This seat is taken. ~ll
ID?"OC T,I'.!J.I\

Bring me a seat! oo+OD-1. 1 1t,.."JA:OS

2. P:l'. I have four seats for "Hamlet".
IJ?"/I.T'J ll"''fT .t..:..r II:J- f."lt:,l'llv-

3. ll'i'?. He took his habitual seat at the

table. 10:t"tJJo lt,l'. 1.TIIODY.tJJo il'i'? T
4'onm

Fruit picking is a seasonal occupation. #f:&-#f:

*Addis Ababa is the seat of government.

fl. ' 114'"'1 ' 4''1'"'1.. ' 1"6- ' l>,I'.F./19"

.,.., ' .,..,,.,; ' fOO'J"/P'T ' OD/"6,1' ' n.-r:f f"'l.11'-T l>-'1.11 l>O'I tJJoil'l' )tJJo
have a seat, take a seat T+oom
Please have a seat!
1.'Jl[
take a back seat h~lo.of.)T 1ll"1i 1>11

seasoned 1:\?"J': ,l'lltJJo

Seasoned troops are manning the hill posts.
1:\?"J': ' ,l'lo.'l'tJJo ' m.+.I'.C":f ' 1>.:-n:t-l"'ll '
'1,1'. o OD1i1'1'A
seasoned traveler OD"}'fJ.": 1 f{tooF.,. 1 {ltD-

A seasoned traveler does not mind discomfort.

OD'J1J': ' fiiODY. ' {ltJJo' 119"T ' "IJ': ' fl\tJJo9"
be seasoned

I. .,..,__ . This is a highly seasoned dish.

,I'.IJ 9""/-11 0"19" T4'9""J.A

2.

htD-

ofllt-

~~+.

.,..,.,.,'!'

He took a back seat in the conduct of the

business. 0'1"1~ 1 P &- 1 hoo&-c 1 "\.e 1 h'l
lt.I.)T 1ll"1i All

seat belt ,I'Y.:> 4'0-1'

Put on your seat belt, please! ,I'Y.;>tJJo'J 4'0
-1' h'JJ'::J-11'1- -rllon<;'l:fv-

The wood was seasoned.

<l'J..,_-1> htJJo -1111- Y.t:*A

seating 1>4'"'1""'1'

3. F..~+. After wood is seasoned it serves for

building. <l'J..._:,. hY.-:4' 0:\lo. llll.T ""

Seating at the banquet was done in order of

precedence. 01.6-T "1-fl'lf"tJJo lt,l'. 1>4'"'/oo

1"6,1' ,1'111"/lo.A

'I' 0"'1<1.:"1 )0C

seatlna room oo+oo-L

seasoning :,.oo,..
Pepper and salt are common seasonings.
ocot.<; ..,.,. 0"19" ,.,.11.,.,-'l- :,.,...,.
:f ' .,,,.

"'1.0.4' ' .,.,.,.,.,..,. ' l>I\'J

seaweed [O'IihC m-11'1' f"''..0:,./1- <l8'1'T]

seat (v.)
I. .t.ll4'""m. He seated the children in the
front row. A)l;'li'J oon~OD6,1'tJJo .:J':'i'
l>114'0D"''ftJJo
2. ,I'H. The theater seats five hundred people.
-I:.I'TC n.-1> t.?"IIT .,.,.,_ r"ltJJo ,1'.,1'.~1:\

+How many people can you seat in your living

room? fh'J"l-'1 h'i'AIJ II'JT ' r"ltJJo ' ,1'.,1'.
~"' l

We have seating room for thirty in our classroom. Oh'i'lo.:f'J tJJoll'l' llwltlt A)l;:f f

"""'""""l

3. ( ~ take a seat)
,I'H. +r second
the motion to seat the delegate. onA1.hT:;'
m- oo+oo-L(J)o"} ~"})l,e1f r f+Ot&"J

secede Tnmll
Katanga tried to secede from the Congo. lJ;J'J;>' hi>'J1 ' IIOD1'JmA ' 'l"h.::f

secession OD1"JmA
The secession of Katanga was announced in
the paper. flJ:J-'J;> 001'JmA 0;>11."1 .,.
11:\lt )OC

seclude ;>.:Y.
The dense forest secluded the cabin. '1':,.'1':,.

mlt-11 hY-."14-IIvseat oneself T+oum

,l'llm- ' ""llJ ' 1)1;tJJo'J ' ;>~.fl.....

seclude oneself &-(to"} 1 h.11tlt

He seated himself in a comfortable chair.

She secluded herself from public view. 6-!l.'J

O?"'ll m?"OC '1,1'. .,..,.,.,m

lJY-.'1'1,1'. Mllll:f

secondary

1129

secluded

secluded (adj.)
I. f11'1''h.r. He leads a secluded life. f11'f'l
~,. I \-C' I f.'f &-A
2. .r."tmc 1 Yll. A secluded cottage is furnished
to each newlywed couple. l\.l'"l'l"tJI. 1 .IVI.h 1
.-11&- 1 .r."tmC 1 Yll 1 1~ 1 .,.llmiD"
3. Ill"! 1 Yll. He lives in a secluded spot. "'"' 1
1}{1 I h'i'&- I J'.'f&-A
4. 111A.,.'i'. He lives in a secluded mountain
retreat. 0.,.<'...&- 1 flY. 1 Q"t.J:- 1 111A.,.'i' h'i'
&- wr &-A
seclusion 111A.,.'i'~:,.
He sought seclusion in his study. R'l''i'.r 1 ho;:
fl- I ID"/I'J' I 0111A.,.,.~,. I ... f
The English royal family lives in seclusion.
I IL.,.IIII:f I 0111A.,.,.~
l?."t"ll\.11 I ..

The second person singnlar has a mascnline

and a feminine. RII'I'IIID" 1 11-ll.,.'i' ""f-11
.,.Q~;I-Y.'i' I

Mh:I'Y.

hiiiD"

2. fll-ll.,.'i'~.r. He got second prize for the

high jump. Rh'i':l' 1 1111Y. 1 ID".I:-.1:-C 1 fll-11
.,.,.~,.

"liA.,,. MT

3. '1"1"7'1!. George the Second was once king of

England . .1:-C' '1"1"7'1! ~c~ fh"t"ll\.11
"t"I-P' ' ~R-1He thinks he is a second Shakespeare. '1"1"7'1!
lthh'I:C I ~'S qy. ~ ....
4. (= adv.) .,.'I'll-. He was the second to
arrive. +Tf\o

f'ODIIJiD" I 7t,(to I

~OC

second best v-lt+~

*HiS seclusion lasted more than forty years.

OilY. hll..,. 1 .,.11,...,. 1 1111
hJ<.cq 1

He came out second best in the fight. 0"1'1'"'/.Y

dJo I IJ-{1.,.... 0 IJ"~
second In command f'"b-l-A 1v1'rr
In our company, he was second in command.
Rlfii"Ril:f"t ID"/1'1' 9"h-rA .1\~'fr ~RC

il'tiJo

second nature

.,...,..,.y-.

,. I

J'.'f&-fi-

'l,..,.

'f~

In seclusion bih1Hl 1 ..,.1AAShe has lived in seclusion since her husband

died. Q!l. I b'l".,. I ~9"(!' I b.ft1111 ' -1"1Afl '
'f&-ll:f

second (v.) 1.14.

I second the motion to seat the delegate.
ODAhh.,.'i'dJo I OD.,.OD"'idJo"t I h"tJI..Il.11 0 f.,.
~OID""t I dto\11 I hf.'1of.I\1Jo
He seconded his son's desire to become an
actor. A)!: 1 .,.'l''i'Y. 1 il""IM 1 YIIID""t 1 'l""if'
,. '1.14.
second (n.) IU"t.J:He ran a hundred yards in ten seconds.
ROP'C 1 IU"t.l:- 1 ..,..,. 1 YC.I:- 1 C'm
seconds h"th"t 1 YIIR-r
Those stockings are seconds. MH.ll 1 MC 1
~&-ll:f ' h"th"t I YIIQ'f'ID" I " " ' " ' "
a second h"t.flfi::f'
Wait a second! .1\"t'l'i';l-

f.,.dJ{IJ'.

'P~

h-fl

~dJo

be second to none f'flll..m.tl~C flt'J"'

This hotel is second to none. f.t.J"J tf.J:A

f"''.ID'If.C filii"
every second

oru.il+

I have my hair cut every second week. oru.il

h/l.,.l}bfl{IIJ, . I 1\ll""t,. I 1\"1-.l."t I
get (one's) second wind 11.~1. T)L(l
He got his second wind and kept on running.
1\"tf.. I .,."t<j:(l I 'lo"'idJo"t 0 .,.ffi(l
in the second place 11-il+~

".,,..

In the first place, I have no time; and in the

second place, I don't want to go anyway.
OD~OD&Y I ~1C I "1..11. fll'S9" l 11-11.,.,. F.
"1'1" , R.ll""tll" o {IOD'f..J:' .1\A.I.A"III"
play second fiddle to +11C

~lD"

He plays second fiddle to his wife. f"''.h-1>

.,.1"JC I ~ ....
[See also 'hand, thought']

,_,..

In just a second hll-'>o.,.

I'll be finished in just a second. .1\11-\o-\o- 1 """C

o\1111only a second M r "LH. + negative verb.
It takes only a second to phone. -1:/I.S::"t II""
f.IDA ' ll""tll" I 1.11. I .1\J'.dl/I.J:'
[See also 'split']
second (adj.)
I. 11-ll.,.'i'. This hotel is second-rate. Y.ll
A ' J'.~ll'.... I 11-11.,.,. I ~ ....

*Swimming is second nature to him.

(!',.

11'1:

secondarily
*He is first a nationalist, and only secondarily
a Christian. hhch.r'i' 1 ,_,.~.., Y.A:J> 11
dt.&-'1! 11"'1.-i>"t Ym~h&-A
secondary 'l''i' ll""t"P 1 YAII"~
He uses secondary sources for his research
paper. llii"CII"C .1:-C(l-J> 'l''i' ll""t"P QA
11"\o- 1\"'dt.G::f Y.m.,."7A

be secondary ~hhrt.ll .,..,_,.1. hM'.II'I"

These matters are secondary. MH.II "1-'1\":f
~hhrt.ll ' .,..,...1.9':f ' hf.S'.lr'l"

be secondary to

*Reading fast is secondary to reading well.

.f.'l''l" .,'JRil RS'.'Jofl f.,'JRofi'J filA

hh.l.'11. hf.S'.II'I"
of secondary Interest ltHtTOj=
-'If. Mh_,.'f j)w-

secondary school
I. 11-ll.,.'f S'.i'."/f -l-9"11C-l- 11.-l-. There
are several secondary schools in Addis Ababa.
h-'l.h hnq w-h"' '""' fll-11.,.:;: s>.
i'."/f T'I"IICT n.-r-:f hlr

2. f!Joll.,.'f S'.i'."/f -l-'I"IIC-l-. Secondary school

is harder than primary. f!Joll.,.'f S'.i'."/f -r
9"11C-l- IJ'JS'.'f S'.i'."/f J'.hii-'IA

second-class ODilh.,.'f
He stays in a second-class hotel. ODilh.,.'f If
-!;A tJ>oh'l' fC<I-A

second-hand (adj., adv.)

I. he?.. He bought the book second-hand.
h1!'1. ' ODjtdt'i! ' 1~

2. 1111111. I bought a second-hand car.

f11111l:f ' .... ~~.... 1~11-

3. hhw-. I only know ithat story secondhand. ;J-&h-'J f{l.,!Jo-l- h(lw- )tJ>o
secondly 11-ll.,.'f S'."''l"
In the first place, I have no time; and secondly,
I don't want to go anyway. ODY.OD~Y i'1C
1.11. fll'f'l" I 11-ll_,.'f S'."''l" lllf'J'I" ""
'i.J': hA.f.A"''I"

second-rate ""ilh.,.'f S'.i'."/f flltJ>o

There are many second-rate hotels in this city.
~11.11 ' h.,.., ' tJ>o{l'J' ' OD(I(l.,.'f ' S'.l"/f ' f'l

fir"i'l!m.C

)Jl.:f'J oolfm)RC

3.

oo~i\".

llh-'l.,.'f)o}- 04: 'l"ft/1.

What is the secret of his success?

M.J:-lr oo:J>';'-l- OD)JI"w- 9"') J'.lf'J l

I would die first rather than give away a

secret. 'l"hm.C h.,miiJ hh4'.J:-"''. il'l"
-l- J'.'ifll'fA
make no secret of

hA~O+r

He makes no secret of his hatred for them.

liM flltJJo'J 'l''lil' hf.Y.ii:,O'I"

secret (adj.)
I. f.,.(lmt:. They have a secret plan. f.,.(lmt:
~:,O.J:-' M'l'w-

2. hw-c. The children have a secret hiding

place. A;,; ' htJ>oC ' fODS'.R4:f ' (l;f- ' h'l

"'3.S'-11"'"

f'l"hm.C. This coat has two secret pockets.

1>-l- 11-11-l- f'l"hm.C h.h hllw-

4. 'l"hm.&-'1!. He was able to decipher the

secret message. 9"llm.&.1! 1 ooA,._h-1::1' 1 ftoo
'i!;f--l- ' il'll

secret agent MJ'.

The secret agent was expelled from the country.
Ml' IJ1C ~'J-'I.IDIIJ _,.S'.i'.1

secretariat ltih.f.-l- 11.-lThe United Nations secretariat will inform you.

,.,.qn<--l- .,.,.,..,,..,..-r .J:-c)('-r ~tih.f.-l-
11.-l- "1-'11'-'J S'-1AltAYA

secretary (secretaries) 1\duf.

She is my secretary. 1\dtof.l'- ';'-}*Who was elected secretary? lllldt.f.)o}- .,.,
.,."""-'" l
private secretary A\t

1 ~dt.f.

Who is the private secretary of the Emperor?

r't-,.rP 1 ~.,,..41 1 A \t 1 ~dt.t. 1 ..,,. ~ m- 1

"'"'" ' '""' ' lf-f;ll-:f ' hlr

secrecy 'l"hm.C
He does his work in secrecy. F

Let me in on the secret. 'l"hm.<-'J hiJ'i!ll'S

2. 'l"hm.&-'1! (l).J:'. His sale of secrets was a
clear-cut example of treachery. 'l"hm.&-'1! (I

give away a secret 9'"llm.C h.IDifJ

This is a matter of secondary interest. f.tJ .,...

~tiJ- I

secrete

1130

secondary

,t.m-"} s

fOif..w

)lD-

J am relying on your secrecy in this matter.

f.II'J 1--'lf. II.,'J'I" h-l-';'1C9" ill'- ~'I"
)-}- '1'1'-ofl'iii!Jo

[See also 'seal, veil']

secret
I. 'l"hm.C. The secret is out. 'l"hm.<- qhS:A
Can you keep a secret? 'l"hm.C -l-*'1'&-1111 l

Secretary-General 'I'';' Kdtof.

The Secretary-General does not want to be
re--elected. 'I'';' 1\dt.f.tJ>o ~'JS'.1';' """""-"'
hf..l.A"''I"

secrete
I. miiJ(w-). +The cow's udder secretes milk.
f'I"'L:t: m-ol- ' m_,.-l- J'.IDIIJ'I'A
2. hmiiJ. Flowers secrete nectar. hRII:f fR
q ' .,c ' fiDIIJlr

3. ~R+. He secreted a book in his coat.

lt-IJ I .... j'l'J' I h")f: I Ol'l\"da'i' I ~fl+
secretive !l"hm.c!-'1!
Their actions are rather secretive, so they may
be up to something . .,..,qc~-:f..,. 1 R"'!l" 1 !l"h
tn.c!-'1! I ) .... j hlllf.ll I h"tf: I f"tiP-1-T I .,.")

It-/.\

hll

secretly n~:,.
They met secretly. n~:,.

(fR'I':l' ' h'i'/.\)

h~1'i'

flft ' M'......,

M"f.
sect

I. mn. The Protestant church has various

sects. \'TC'-I:h:l'"tT 1 Y,_...,'l'T 1 /.\1' , /.\1' ,
ID1'l'l- I hil-T
2. 7.!/"tT. This sect adheres to the eternal
principles of the church. f.ll 7.!/"tT 1 fiL.,.
hch-trn """'t::l-'1! 't'l"'l 1 r.h.,.'l/.\

sectarian
Sectarian disputes keep Le
banon from being fully united. fYf."'l'l'T "1'"
I. fYf."'l'l'T.
0

111\.Q<;'j'l

)',")f:)T

~"):,.'f..T I

If

!<:/.\

Sectarian

2. faJ1"t.

country. fm1"t

divided

disputes

mil

the

l'o1t1.,"t h'i-L'IT

section (v.) h'i-.1.11

He skillfully sectioned the orange. ilC-Io"l"t n:,./.\'1''1'" h'i-LII..,.

section (n.)
I. h'i'/.\. You'll find it in chapter one, section
three. l'o"t~'i'..,. 1 !l"~c!-'i' 1 "'"~'~'~' RV'h.,.'i'
.... I

tJ'i'/.\

:J-11"1'1111

The medial section is 15 em. wide. fODIIhll'i'

I tJ'i'/.\ 0 h<I-T I IJJ"c!- I h!/"hT 0 /1")1;

....

"'LTC t..,.
2. (lLC. He lives in one of the nicest sections
of the town. Rh.,...,..,. '1'-1- hlfl-T (lLC'
:f I h"),<J.. I .... j'l'J' I f.'l'c!-/.\
3. '1'/.\:1'<1:. The sections of an orange were
spread out to dry. filC.,.,"t ~;'i'/.\.4'-l:l":f 1 7.
"
"tJI.~C... I .,.(1'1'.,.1'/.\

*His section of the family estate was larger

than his brother's. hm"tf:oo- 1 f./.\:,. 11{1-
hiL.,.{l(ltnc

f~<!(l .... I

fChT

Ch

I ....

sector fii'C 1 f.~:l'

Our sector is under heavy attack. fll'c!-:f"t
f.l':l' 1 R"'!l" 1 n""m.!I>T 1 'If. 1 ~ ....
*The private sector is expected to create new
business. M/.\ 1 "t.,l: 1 Y'l:f..,. 1 m1'l':f
hJI.h I M.,l: ' l"c!- ' Yoli.,......,,.. ' Tilll-' f.
mR.!I>/.\

secular
1. flolt"7'1!. Secular organizations run many
schools. 'tll"'l'l! "'I"'RC':f ilH- T!I"IICT

.,.1<;"f.

secret service t"l'" 1 IIQ!fl- l fR'I':l' h'i'/.\

In Greece, the secret service uncovered a
dangerous plot. R.,&h MC 1 t"l'" 1 IIQ!fl-

:,."1'":,.

secure

1131

secretive

f.R/.\'1' '

IL.,..:f"t

Y"'t-'111-

Priests prefer religious music to secular music.

41{>:f I h'tll"'l'l! ' D1'1I .....C I f./.\:,. I Yf."'l'l'
:l-'1! ' ""11-C I f.aJ-'1112. f ih11il. Secular courts had no jurisdiction

over priests at that time. OH..f'") '1..tL f ih1t

il I 'i'CI: ' IL.,..:f ' R41{>:f ' 'If. I 1"/.\"'"t I h
MRc!-:fa>-!1"

3. P';J'J!, Secular education is now more

common than religious education. QrJo). 1.tL
hoa"tLII'I! !-/.\:,. I" :>'1! T!I"IICT R"'
!/"

.,.j'l'f..Oj::f:/.\

4. Rih11il """h/.\ f"t 'l'C 1 1:1'1. The secular

clergy minister to the needs of the town folks.
Rih11il ' """h/.\ ' f"t'l'-1-T I +ll.... hT ' fh
.,...,

)1'tll":f")

Y,I\.,'\1\-

SeCUI arize ( ~ pass.) ROD"t.,I"T I"C .,.-'!~<!

+The President decided to secularize education.
T!I"IICT
.11..,..11~-1-

IL.,..:f

-r<~.H..'I"t-lo

fiOD"t.,I"T ' I"C ' 1\"t

m(lt

secure (v.)
I. R~"til H:>. Secure all doors and windows
before you leave! bOD't/:11 1 Roi.T 1 ""~'~"
.,..,.;>t<; 1 RC''Ji"t 1 u-11- n~"til 1 11:>
2. .,.h'lhll. Secure your house against burglars! ILTII"t

hi\.P:f

.,.Mh/.\

They secured the villages from floods by building a dam. .,.1:-il RODI"c!-T oo"t~C''Ii
"t

h1-C'i' ' -~h'lhll-

3. l'o'l'il4' l'o(l<!. Secure the boats to the dock!

;1':/.\QI"'Ji"t

nm~n- 'If. l'o'l'il+ll 7.(lc

4. YH. Can you secure me two seats to the

concert? 1\DD-11...4'"'" TCl.f.T 1 11-1\T 1 " " " '
""""1-l":f /.\Tf-11/.\'S T:f-'11111 !
5. l'ol'lhR<!. The Constitution secures freedom
of religion. ih1 OD"t.,l"., fYf."'l'l'T tilt
T"t Yl'lhilc!-/.\
6. h11". We secured the reading list from
the librarian. f"ttRR-T"t 1 oPl\ih'i'T 1 11C11
c ' hO.!I>IL I oPl\ih'i'., ' MTI

1132

secure

7. 0'1'11'1-<; mo.,.(.,.mo.,.). Every loan was

secured by bonds. .,'t'i':fV" ofl.I:"C Oll't
Y: '1'11'1-<; f.,.mo.,. ~oc

sedentary
2. '1'11'1-<;. Insurance is a security against loss.
l'l.'tlf.&-'tll ll"''.m'i- v-o'l- '1'11'1-<; )w3. ouhilhJ'. Is there any security from bombs?

*He gave a mortgage to secure the loan.

f(IV"ofl ' ODhilhJ' ' hi\ !

ofl.I:"<I-'J f"''.""AII ODif~'t 11.,.1:;>1"'!

4. li'I':J-. The police must maintain public

security. Tll.ll f<h11ofl'J l\'I';J- .,llhOC

rtf'

00

fltn

secure (adj.)
l. lll\"71!. Everyone lives a secure life now.
ho-'J ' .,'t'i'V" ' {lll)o ' llll.,'l! ' ~C' ' Y.'l" II-A
2. 11:>'1- f/1.110'1-. He hoped for a secure old
age. 11:>'1- f/1.110'1- n.c~o; 1.1t .,.
OD"'[

3. f.,J'II;>. This is a secure hiding place.

Y.tJ '"'J'Il;>

""~0-I:J'

(l;J- )ll)o

4. K"~. A secure foundation kept the earthquake from destroying the building. K"~ flf
~ll)o ' ODIP.I:'l- ' J.'Jl\ll)o'J ' OOD,!.'l- ' OD')
.,.'1'.,.'1' l'.'JJIY.wY::,O h~<:1 ~
5. m'JIJ&-. The boards of this bridge do not
look secure. fli.IJ Y:AY: Y. it't :l'l":f m
'JIJII- ' hf.ODIIfrV"
6. h.it&- f.,J'~CII. Land in a growing city
is a secure investment. nooll4-4-.-,. 1 1\f, 1 fll\ 1
h.,.., ' ll)oii'J' ' ODil.."l- ' OD"'~'l- h.itli- ' f.,
J'~CII "'"IC ~ll)o

be secure

1. mn+. Are the prisoners' fetters secure?

1'7.11<:~,.; ll'tllM':f mofl.,.'I'A l
2. 07.7!: ~. Our victory is secure. Y:flo o

7.1(-f'J )ll)o

feel secure
I. l'.'t~Afl-

If~.

She felt secure because her

parents were home. Wil;ll:!l! 7.11.'1- 111\lf

~ l'.'t~A!I. lf):f
2. J'l\ 11:>'1- 'I"<:. In

time of war. nobody

feels secure. Ofi'C)'l- 1.1i J'l\ 11:>'1- f

"''.'l"C fi\V"

Keep the prisoner secure within the camp!

l'.ll<:'i'll)o'J Rlll.'l- 11'1' mofl.,.wremaln secure &1-.P. 1 .,.,
He remained secure in his faith despite persecution. fU'ilY:-'1-'l- l'.'t'>. Ol'.V"H ll't.f .f.f

~:nm 1

V" ~'\'J)'l- J'II~II;J-;J-A

"'The insurance policy gave the widow security.

l'l.'tlf.&-'tll- q!l. ,.,..,.q'l-'J ll.'l-1'" h1
'tH11 :f"'c hJI<;'lcollectlve security r ;J&- 1 &IJ';J-

Collective security will assure world peace.

f ;>II- l\'I';J- 0'\1\V" IIY. MV" l'.'JJI.'I"
C J'~C;>A
in security YA 1 ii:J.-,.

You may cross the street in security when a

policeman holds up his hand. Tll.ll l'.:lj:'t
"'~ IIY. ll.J')"I J'l\ 11:>'1- ' OD'J1-'J.., '
11.,111<:'1' Y.JI'IIA
[See also 'pledge, tenure']

Security Council fii'I';J- V"hC 11.'1The Security Council refused to vote on it.
fll'l';f-lD- ' V"hC 11.'1- 0)1'1- IIY. Y:V"6
hAil'J'O'l-V" hi\

security forces 1\'I';J- hllhqc~l":f

The security forces maintained law and order.
1\'I';J- hllhqc~l",.; <h"''t hllhO'I-

sedate <:;> J'l\

She is very sedate for a child and would
rather read than play. A~ ofl'l-lf'JV" <:;>
J'l\:f <;'I- i hOD"'itD'l- f.A:,O .,'JOofl
."1-0DCIIJI\:f

keep secure mn+

secured (adj.) f.,.<::>1m

His future is secured. rwU'l-

MO'l-

5. '1'0:1'. The watchman was hired for security. HO'i'w- 11'1'0:1' .,_.,.m<:
6. ~'\'J)'l-. She enjoys the cozy security of
her room. Oh'i'!\. tD-11'1' f"''.ll.,'l- 'i!l\.

~C'tD- f.,.

1oaJo

security (securities)
I. ODJ'"Ir. I had to leave my watch as a security.
ll'\of:'J tiDJ'"lf" o<>llm'l- ~O<:ofl~

sedative f"''.J'II.,.'i' h.t't

He took a sedative, so that he could sleep.
7.'t:,0A'i! l'.'JJI.tDMw- f"''.J'II.,_'i' h.t't 'I'm

sedentary
I. ll'i!C' f"''. 'I"C. The sedentary tribes are
being attacked by nomads. ll'i!l:ll)o f"''. '1"<1-'1't )11'-:f Hil'l",.; hmll/:f..,. r~h~

"""'""'!'

f"''.J'R~. Sedentary people get

2.
f"''.J'OH- ll
little physical exercise.

.,...,....,'!'

l":f f"''.J'~C.,_'l- fll..,.~'l- 7.'J:,OII:J>Il. 'I'

<1:'1- ' ) .....

*Bookkeeping is a sedentary job. f .h./111 1\

1111 P'&- -~""''""' f"'i.U'&- ~ ....

sedim ent !l.tiA

The ground was covered with sediment after

the flood. """-"" 11m-~m- ""'l'll'l>tl'l> 0
:\'1 MA t11li\ ~oc

seditio n .ih1111'1 (0""'1. ,1"'1- 'If. "7~"1"1'1

Sedition is punishable by death. .ih1111'1 ooo
'1.,1"'1- 'If. "7~"1"1'1- 0'1"'1- fllof'"'A

seditio us .R1111'1 f"'Lf~"'"'

He was imprisoned because of his seditious

speech. .R1111'1 f"'Lf~"'"' 'I.,"'C 0"7
f:G't-

see

1133

sedim ent

;1-I'IG

seduce
!. 1\qotl. They seduced him with a bribe to

lose the game. O<LJ.'I';I-m- l\'1-'l.lh<;: 0

1\qOtl-'12. hllll-t. He seduced her with promises of

marriage. h~qlftlo- 1111- :I'A Ooo"Jq'f-
Mll:l''l ~'IH11

=fA. A'1Jl.A. l't1..~11D"

An agent seduced him from his duty. I\'If: f
fD-11' MY. P'&-m-'1 'I'A l\'1-'l.A 1\

seduce from

!l.t..~m-

see (saw), vt.

!. I\f. I would like to see the town. 111-"'/m-'1
t1"7f'l- UA:Jti! Jo
I looked back, but saw nothing. I'C 11\lo -too
t111'1-h- 1'1 M!l" l'.'lfo-!1"
Hedidu 'tseeth e question my way. 'l'f'l:m-' 1
0~ I OD'I1f: I 1\1\fliJ-?"

2. -tG-'1. You will see that it is not true by and

l\m-~'1- I fl\0011''1-'1 l\f!l.l.. '1-G.III\11
3. tnfof'. I went to see a friend. 'l!l.'i' Am

by.

""' ~f:hSee what he wants. M

,........

l'.'l!l."''..c.A"' m

4. '1"11G. See what you can do for him.

8. oo(ltl(m-). +J don't see any use in learning

Persian. f<f.Cll 111'11\' 1 OD"7C !1"'1!1" 'I'
'J>!I"

fl\liJ-

1\f.ODlll\'t!l"
l\~

+J don't see it that way at all.

4-X:'I" l\

'l!l.ILU 1\f.OOlltl't!l"

+The way I see it, the President must have made

a mistake. l\~ l\'IJ'.."'i.ODlll\'t "~""-11.11'1.,.
111-1111'1- hAof'l..!l"

9. I\"711G. Why don't you see a lawyer? tiP"

'I tnO:I' I\;1-"711C!I" l
10. oolll\" ;1-fm-. He sees no advantage
M!l"
in buying the land. DD"--1>'1
ff!l" I fl\liJ- 1 OOlll\" ' hA;I-fliJ-!1"
'1-1!' 1\f.:I:A
*He has seen better days. -

....,q.,.

see (vi.) 1\f

H you don't believe me, go and see for yourself.
I)I\OD'II1't 1\'1-tm- &-llU 'f.J'..U l\fliJWill you do it? I will see. ;1-!l.C~'I'tiU ! l'.M:
1\fi\!Jo

see about 'l"h,l

He said he would see about getting the license

plates. fooll.<;m-'1 ;1-C;> tl"7"1'f' l- 1 l\'1"11
&-ti!Jo 1\11

see after mfl+

Would you please see after my plants while

I'm away? M l'.llhOOI\ll -thll-'li 't A
'l-tn11'1-A't '1-:f-'ltiU l
see (one) home l\0.'1- 1\f..G{I

After the dance, may I see you home? 'I'll\- II.

1A'I> l\0.'1-"li 'lf:Cll"l i !
see off lf'f

I went to the airport to see them off. M 1'1-'1

{loolf'f 'l- 1\liJ-I!'T'I'I "11\J' ~f:hsee oneself

*I can't see myself allowing penple to cheat me.

....... ' 11.1;1-AII't

see things :1'11"

"''""

hA4.A" '!I"

He must be seeing things the way he talks.

l\'1.11~;>~~ hll'~ f.:l'"tf"A

A:l'!l.C"II\'1- f!l"'l-:f-1\m- 1 ~~c 1 l\'1.1111 '1"11c

5. lf'f. I'll see you to the door. 0~ f:Gll
Aif'tll
6. 1\1'10. I can't see him as chairman of the
conunittee. 1\!l.C't- ll.of' OD'IOC~'I- y.~q
A I 11\lo l\'lll11!1"
7. ~q(m-). +Do you see the point? f!l"tlm- ~

see through
I. 11.,11 1\!l.GI'I. We must see the difficult
situation through. 1\ll:f;><IIJio'l o-~;1- 11"111
"7f:Gll I ht111'1
2. !l.GI'I(O'I-). He saw through the trick. -1-"tlltl-'1 !l.GI'IO'I-

qu!

U'&-of"'/''Ji I f./1/l:f'{l- I 111\"

l'.llll.1A'I> I f:Gll .ff

+oo you see now what I mean? M

l'.'l!l.ll'~

~qu

D?h.J:

*He was afraid the workers might make a

mistake, so he stayed to see the job through.
I

il{l(l;>

1"&-liJ-

seed

1134

see (one) through

*You'll have a hard time, but perseverance

will see you through. 0"1!1" 1111< :f-Ie
Y:>'I'll"?lA l hO~IJ "'"t ;1-A.I.'I'IIIJ
see through one .fiA.mil'l om+a+
Anyone can see through him. "7"t!l" (tm-
11/Am-l>"t II.J'm-:1>0+ Y."i-~IA
see to it
I. M'..t:1. He saw to it that every guest had
plenty to eat and drink. ;>."t"'P..,; tNr 1111<

!1""111<; oum'l' 7."t.ll..llt1J'fm- h.J'..t:1

2. ht:;>1m. I will see to it that everything is

ready. o-tr!l" )1C '-"t.ll..H:>)'!- ht:;J"'tiJ
{lo3. h"t.l:'

+ (imperfect). See to it that you are

on time! OII'H h"t.l:'-l-1'S
Please see to it that this letter is mailed today.
J'.IJ ' .J'..11.1l0. ' ""'"'"). ' h"t.ll..~h
see {one's) way clear :l"f(tD-)
I can't see my way clear to lending you $100.
~"t-t- ,....,.. 11c "70.J'..o~- hY.:t-f'S!I"

as far as I can see 7.~ ;\"t.J'.."''.:t-f'S

As far as I can see, the situation isn't that bad.
7.~ ' 7."J.J'.."''.;J-f'S ' 11-~;1-tD- ' ;\/lbii,.IJ ' OD'J't.': '
hJ'.J'..(l!l"
let me see 4-~ )..ll-t
Let me see, where does he live 1 Y. ;\/1-f:
r+ )OC f"''.'l"t:m- 1

refuse to see

She refused to see us. h/A.,.O~'f-o-11" hfl'f[See also 'action, eye, fit, light, red, star, there']

seemingly

seedling R-:l'Y
The seedlings must be protected from frost.
R-:J>YS""i- hm-c"ll"

-mo:,.

httlJ'fm-

seedy
A pomegranate is a seedy fruit. C"..,'l tD-il
tl)o I .flfto I lj:~ I Jru\lDseeing (n.) 'tl'>"t
His seeing is poor due to a bad diet. f-1-".7..~
11""111 ' lill"7"1'f-l> ' f-f-)"1 'tl'>l'- ' J'..h".7..1A
seek (sought)
I. ol.fl1. We sought shelter from the rain.
h11<;R- f!l""tmfl/AO-l- II~&- .1.1\"'"t
They sought to kill him. 11.1.1:'tr+ 4.11'12. fl"7"1'f-l- .1.111. He sought wealth by engaging in smuggling. Ol>"t-l-C"lJ"t.l:' F&- 1111
..,.. 11"7"/'f..,.. ' ol.fl1
3. mf.,.. He sought aid for his injured friend.
11-1-'1-.ll,. 1\.J'..'i'm- ;>.c..;;r mf.,.
4. 'l"ht:. He sought to explain it by means of
an allegory. 0!1"111\. h.I:'C1 1100"/IIK" 'l"ht:
[See also 'refuge, vengeance']

seem
I. ODIIII. He seems bored. fllll'fm- J'.ODM/A
It would seem that he overstayed his leave.
7.CII- f-1-llmDJo"t fol.:l'.l:' 1..11. Yllllol.
J'.ODM/A
2. ooo'tii(DJo). I shall act as it seems best. '1"1- f
oP(ti\'S"t ' 7. ...&-11111 seem to be interrupting your conversation.
"J"'"'&-'f-11-"J ' hlf/t:TtJ. ' OO(ti\'S
That seems peculiar to me. II~ ;\"t"'.ll )1

seed (v.)
I. H&-. When did you seed the lawn? f"'O.tJJo"t
oollh fH&-1im- oo'f )tJJo 1
2. <U. hOJtiJ. She seeded the raisins. hHO.R-
tJJ-/1'1' ' ~.:.m-"t hOJtiJ':f

C J'.ODill\'i'IA
I can't seem to stop smoking.(I.;Jt:-. r~+m-
)',J'.OD/11\'S!I"
3. ;1-f. Things are not always as they seem.
"7"t'i''fm-!1" )~C 7."t.J'.."'1.;1-fm- hi'>J'..I\11"

seed (n.)
I. HC. Put the seeds in the ground! HC"'Il"t 11
&-'fmThe Jews are the seed of Abraham. )',J'.o-P..':f
f h11C?!I" HC"'f- <;'fm2. ~.:.. The oil seeds are crushed by a large
press. fHJ'.+ ~.:.l"'f- lJ"t.l:' -1-IA:,. oo

seeming
*In spite of his seeming friendship, he offered
me no help. OJ.Il)': O.ODil/A!I" !l""t!l" 7.C.Il
;t- h~J'..t:~IA'S!I"
*His being born abroad was a seeming advantage when he entered the diplomatic
service. ~ h"IC ODCDi\JI. f.\ Td-C'71:b
hlJIA' ll.tr"t. f"''.t:.llm- OOill\" ;t-M )OC

"1/"00<I:Y J'.IAOD :J>tr

1eed grain HC

The farmers have very little seed grain this

year. H"t.I:'C" 10.:.9'':f Y~'fm- HC OtiJ
11"'1'4:-l-)m-

seemingly
!. J'.ODM/A. Seemingly, he has his servants
do all the work. P'&-m-1 o-tr h 1ihr:,;
"t f"'i.YIP&-'ftD- J'.D'il'\IA

2. 1\~f."I - - - f.OdMA . This hill is, seemingly,

the highest. 1\~f."l .eu 11<\11;1- h'i'-1",.
..,. f.OdMA
seemly- MIL
It is seemly to wear black at a funeral. 'i'11C
'If. 'l"kC A1111 OdAflll 1"1IL )tiJo
be seemly T1Q
It isn't seemly to praise oneself. &-11"1 ..,
Odll1"1 ' hf.1Q,.

seep 1<1
The water seeped through his shoe.
fD"llT

seize

1135

seemly

())<-;)

"'l..,..,.

1q

seepag e fHII-1' tiJo;)

Seepage from the sewer has polluted the river.
Mlflf ' OdtJJo<\)ftJJo ' fHI\'i'tiJo ' tiJo;) ' ID"III""t '
Rhii-;1-A
seer 'niL-1",.
The seer foretold a long war. '1-"IIL-1",...,. <\
)'":,- fPC)'!- l\"1.1'."'1.)"1 1-)flf
seesaw (v.)
I. "'1.'1"1 1""'lm1". Children love to seesaw
in the playgrou nd. A')(.l- fl""'l':l'tJJo "'1.
-'1 'If. "'1.'1"1 -m'l- f.ID-'1112. hfD'IfDII. He seesawed between the two
alternatives. hCt"t- O&A-l- a }'t'''l&-ti1' oou
A hm'IIDI\
seesaw (n.) "'1.'1"1
The children played on the seesaw. A')(.'ti "'1.
'1"1' -l""'im-1>
seethe
I. ........ Outward ly he was calm, but inwardly
he was seething with rage. 'If. '11'"1 fl::>
)tiJo l tiJoll'l' ' tJJollm-"1 ' "1"1 ' 0"1.<'.'1- ' ....... '
)flC
2. 1"4-of."". Many countries seethe with discontent. -tin- MC"l- R.lt11'1'1! :tt.:l'
1-of.'i'""'I'A
3. hl:of. hm"'. Water seethed under the falls.
tJJo;)tJJo R!f,!f,-l:tJJo P'C hl:of. hm"'
seethin g hl:of. f'I"'IR'IThe seething waters overturn ed the light boat.
hl:of. f'I"'IR'I- tJJo;) '1-"IJ("I 1:A<t W
1'1Rtn f.!l.'l- 'tf.
segmen t
I. hof.f.. He ate a segment of an orange.
l\cll- 1"'1Y: 11C-I>IJ"I hof.f. R'l

2. fhiJA h'i!A. The segments of an earthworm are very tiny. f.:t,.R-cl l fhiJA h'i'll"
l- ' 'I'.+:t'l'T ' <;:ftiJo
be divided Into segment s ..,.h4-LA
Bamboo is divided into segments by the joints.
'i'C'i'"ll Q"l'\ '1"1'\ f-l"h<f..l.ll )tJJo

(be) segmen ted 1-hof.ol..ll

The body of the caterpilla r is segmente d .
.1''1 ""'\t. hiJA f-l"hof.ol..l\ )tJJo
segreg ate
I. 1111ll' hF.<\1. The prison segregated the
hardened criminals. l\IIC 0.-1> f4'1"1-"l m
"11:11'F-1- ' 1111ll' ' hf.l:;>:ftJJo
2. 11\A-1",. (1;1- hll-1",.. The doctor segregated the sick child. .1111.- f;J-OdOdm-"1
A)': 11\A-1",. (1;1- hll-1",...,.
3. llf11ll' ODI.fl. Our school segregates the
sexes in order to promote discipline. P'C'l'l-"1
1\..,llhnc '1-,-uc'l- R.:l'l-"1 m"IP.l-"1
<; (1.-l'l-"1 llf11ll' f."" Y:<IA
be segregat ed TAf

The women were segregated from the men

during the prayers. RKII"-I> -r.u (l.+'fi
hm"IJ'.=ti 1"1\f.-I"ID- )flC
segreg ation 11\A ..,Y:<\"1
Segregat ion of those having infectious diseases
is necessary. n,;c,- f"'l.f.11 n"li:l' J''l'f
m-"1 11\A ..,Y:<\"1 hllol..l\1. )tJJo

seize

I. J'H (1-.I'H). She seized his arm. h"IJI."I J'H

lotJJo
He seized her around the middle. fD1!1."I t.:t

,.. ''""'

His goods were seized for payment of his debt.

l\:l'tJJo 1\b-'ltJJo ""hoi..J' 1-f.~fl'l- )flC
2. ""11"' J"H. He seized the rope with both
his hands. 10DJI."I ' fliJol\-1>,. ' l\)1: ' ....11... '
.I'H
3. -l"l:-'1. He was quick to seize the suggestion.
f-1'<\fltJJo"l ' .h<\11 ' ol..'l''f ' 1"<\-'1
*She will seize upon any excuse ..,"l,.:ftJJ o,.
,-h"IJ"'I- ' f.r/'<;;1-A
seize by the collar h.-,.1-1:1' l\1'.f .fUmThe policema n seized the thief by the collar.
?'11..11- ' "'""'""' ' h"11-l>"l ' h"14' ' -"""'"
seize on .fH
The drowning man seized on the rope. 11..11,.
'I' f)fll:tJJo lltJJoY. 10DJI."I J'H

self-evident

1136

seizure

seize the opportunity h.;JifJ"t .,..m+oon+

If I don't seize this opportunity, it may be too
late. f.ll"t h;>"'"'l. IJA.,.m+ll"h-11'1- Y""
Am'S f.II'<;A

his whole self

*His whole self revolted at the idea. .h{)fl-"t

YA-1-+IIIIm- ' IIOO'\(I)o ' OD't.l.ll- '

~ ....

The seizure of two robbers was reported in

the paper. fll-11'1- +"'17/'".f ""J'll II:>H."'

self-assurance 11&-ll- 'If. Yl\m- ""-l""'i""'t

The ease of his manner sbows his self.
assuranoe. l:;> Yl\m- h\>,:\1>- 11&-ll- 'If.
Yllm-"t .,...,...,.,.."t Y{)YA

m- .,.11\K
seizure of coughing

self-centered &.fl-"t <D-'1.1:"

He is too self-centered to be good company.

seizure OD,11f

*He had a sudden seizure of coughing.

m.,.-,..

Y{tl\m- )';DPC

seldom
1. l\!1"-flq!l" + (negative verb). This plant
seldom grows in the desert. f. II M 1111".1:"
l: ' 11.11 ' m-{t'J" ' l\9"-flq9" ' hf.11:,0A9"
(negative verb). I've seldom
2. illf< 'I.H.
seen such large oranges. l\"tS'-11.11 Ytr '1-A
A:,0 ilC-t>IJ'l'".f illf< 'I.H. h'lfll-9"

select (v.) ""l:m

Have you selected any book yet? l\(tiJII-"t f
""l:Thm- ""K"m'i' hi\ 1

select (adj.)
1. f.,.""l:m. The film was sbown to a select
audience. .1-Aoo- f;l-fm- 1\-f-oPl:tn- .,..,..
All"-f ~..,.
2. 9"C'I". They read select passages from his
book. hell- ""K'm'i' 9"CT !l""tQP".f"t h
~~~~~-

*This is a select club. f.ll hili! 1\.,.<DI\\>-

(IJP".f' il!l' '

)(l)o

selection II"C"'i
Selection of candidates requires careful screening. fl\<,l"".f 9"C"'i IIT"t :I' 'II "'1"1&.'1-
hi\11'1-

*He read some selections of early English

poetry. f'l""t'l- l\"t"lll."ll'i' 1T'I"".f"t ODC
1P Mllll

bla selection of fl,.f'f.t-h 1lffo

We have a big selection of sbirts. IIYf.)-1> il

If< ' ll""'l.I':.Y. ' hll-"t
[See also 'wide']

11"19" ' &.fl-"t ' <D-'1.1:" ' {tl\11') ' -

' 'IS'.':' '

hf.ll'"t9"

self-confidence 11&-fl- 'If. Yllm- l\9"~'1His self-confidenoe was shaken by his failure
to get a scholarship. fU, 'I-II"IIC'I- 1 {)F1'S
oP:,Ol:-t> ' 11&-fl- ' 'If. ' ftlll:m-"t ' l\9"~'1- ' .,.
~{Ill 'I-

self-confident
He is very self-confident. 11&-ll- 11"19" f"'l.
+61/0D"J I (laJ- I )d)o

(be) self-conscious h.I.C hi\

She was self-conscious at her first dance.
lloo)';ou&y .ll'tjl. 'If. h.I.C il'l )IIC

self-control &.ll-"t foP-t."JmC "lf.A

He shows a lot of self-control. &.fl-"t 11"19"
foP-t."'mC "lf.A hl\m-

self-defense
*He killed him in self-defense. QA'I"'I- Qf.
of-:>Jif.)'l- 1S'.IIm-

self-determination f&.ll-"t

~J:"A

11&-ll-

oPtD{I"t

The country demanded the right of selfdetermination. h1&1: f&.jl.'t ~J:"A 11&.11. f
DP<DI\"t DP-fl'l- mf+".f

self-educated
He is a self-educated man. &.fl-"t 11&-ll- yn

.,.....,L,

(ld)o

)dJo

self-employed 111A F&. f"'l.-1--'IS'.C

He is self-<m~ployed and can take a vacation
whenever he likes. II"lA F &. f"'l..,..IIS'.C

selective DP&."P
He is a selective reader. OD&-fiP h."JQR. 1 tm-

MIT) II.I.+S'.m- 'I.H. M'i''l- 1\.<D{t.l:"

f.".f'IA

self &.(t
It is a good thing to think more of others and
less of self. {tl\ 1\.tt-:.Y. 1111'1" {II\ &on h
' )1C I ~ ....
~(t ' h.f:."C1 ' "'ifl-11 ' -

self-evident &.flo 114! "''(tl:Jr

It is self-evident that this was an accident.
f.ll llll."h-1-'1- f_,.U1 1\0DIT\>- &.flo II
4! ' "7(14 ' )m-

self-explanatory t-11- "'AX"

The matter is self-explanatory.
AR- I )lD-

)-1~

t:-flc ..,

selfish t-11-"t rollS'."! ll~ 11!1' f~A

That selfish girl looks out for herself exclusively. t-Il."t milS'." A"]f~l.S': llt-11. 11!1'
:f"Mll:f
I hate people who are selfish. ll~ 11!1' f~
A lieu- ltAmF:r

selfishness t-11-"t ODIIJoS'.S'."

Selfishness is an incitement to crime.
OOIIJoS'-.1:" o OJ't)!:A't o OJS'. o ODI.KII"

,&..(\-~

o f-~'1-

'i-A
self-made
*He is a self-made man. Ot-11- 'l'l.-'1- fbO
I

{ld)o

)CIJo-

self-possessed, remain

t-11-"t (looofi."J

me !I'll
She remained self-possessed despite the misfortune that befell her. oobt- flS'.Cllq'l-11"
6-ll."t il"'"k"'mC !I'll:f.
self-preservation t-ll"t ll"7-'l"t
If it comes to self-preservation, murder may
easily be committed. t-ll"t ll"7-'l"t ll)'m-4:
f"'S'."Y OJ't)!:A 0+~11- (IJ3.11" f.~A
self-reliance Ot-11- .nll11 1 fooooiJ'I- 1 :f~;J
His self-relianoe enabled him to survive when
he was lost in the desert. Ot-11- .hll11 foooo
lj'l- :f~;J-IIJo OII"S':l. 0-'1 Om'!- '1.
H. ' ~"t.II.S'.""t ' l.IIIIJo
self-respect, have ~ t-11-"t t.bOl.
He has too much self-respect to tell a lie.
t-11-"t b'i' t.S'."C1 llll~b11C 11Jolf'l-
ooc;~c

self-service
*There is only self-service in this cafeteria.
'lt,fLU

self-interest f"'A '1'~11"

His motive is self-interest, not love of humanity. 'f'<;IIJo 't~"711Jo f"'A '1'~- ~"t:o(
<HIM! tnt-.... t.f.S'.llll"

l,

seller

1137

self-explanatory

t.f.lnll'l-11"

self-restraint t-ll"t ou"Jq'ISelf-restraint is neoessary for priests. M:<':f

t-ll"t OD"''I'I- t.ll.l..~'l. ' )IIJo
self-sacrificing
*His wife is too self-sacrificing for her own
good. ~~~.,. llll.~:f '1'~11" 11'1-A t-Il."t
'1-'1-llll:f

9"1-()

0.+

tiJoltT

,....,fto'l I

ODQJol\~

YliO'I- -f-OD;>(liiJo t-11- )IIJo

self-sufficient
He's quite self-sufficient. t-11-"t f!l'll l111Jo
)IIJo
self-supporting
Are you self-supporting? 6-llb"t f!I'Ah ll
tJJo

)II

self-willed
She is very self-willed. Ot-11. .nll11 fll"'l-oo
..:. ' ):f
sell (sold), vt.
1. if m. This store sells radios. ~~~ ou~1}
C <1.-'1.1'" f.if"'A
2. ~"t'l.lf'l' l.-'1. Television sells many products. 1:/l.ii.'fn 1111" ~:l'll':f ~"t'l.lfm-
f.l.IIA

3. M"'(ll-'1-). It's not the price, but the quality

that sells our goods. ~O.I':f"t"t f"7.J')"'A"t
f'f';JIIJo ' ODCbll ' ilf-11'") ' f~IIJo ' -f-OD.tl-1/'
)'1- )IIJo
*He couldn't sell his idea to the administration. t.ll-1-IIS'.'I- .nllll-"t ~"t.II.+Oli11Jo "7liOD
"t -1-ii)IIJo
sell (vi.) -1-lfm
This suit sells for thirty dollars. f.IJ A11
II 01P4\ll 11C f.if"'A
sell out

I. Ifm. He sold out his share and retired.

S'."CifI1Jo't blfm 0:\~ P' t-IIJo't t..f""
2. h.l:"-f- t.S'.l.. During the Second World War,
some Frenchmen sold out to the Germans. fl
v-ll-1-'l'IIJo f'tllll" fllC)'I- '1.11. t."t-'l"tS':
4-.:"tlll'":f hS'."-1-IIJo li)!:COD't t.S'."l.IIJo )OC
be sold on .hllll-"t t.oo~0-'1Are Ethiopian farmers sold on forming cooperatives? h..'l-l'"k.I'IIJof"t 10&-ll':f foo{.ll
7f "7'\0C":f"t 0"7ltltll" mll11 t.II")IIJoO
:f"A!
be sold out Iffll -{.{I I If+m- t.li+0-'1Sorry, we're all sold out. t.11<;t1v- i Ifm"t
-cll<;A (lf+m- t.A.f11<;A)

seller lf"fl'
The seller must not defraud the buyer. lf"fl'
11C"t "71/'0COC fliO'I-11"

"

sellout

send

1138

best seller 11111.1' 'I'<; .,..1.'1'1.

This book is a best seller. f.U """"'"' 111
11.1' 'I'<; _,..1.'11. tliJo
[See also 'ticket')
sellout
*The play was a sellout. fQ;I,'f' ;f-11Jo -1:11.-f.
';f -t-lftllliJo hA4''1'A
*Czechoslovakia considered the Munich Pact
a sellout of her interests. fODoth"t !19"9"t'l-
'1111!111-lih..l' f&-!l."t '1':,09" f"'LJ'!Io!'C
hY:C:> ._m~"fliJo

semblance
0
The party lost all semblance of order. "111V
liJo :,0'1' f/l.llliJo tiiC
His story had the semblance of truth, but was
really false. ;f-<111- 'IJ'. 'lf."t l\liJot+ Jl.oo
II'IA l\"tl[ 11Jo1f'l- tliJo
semester m:,O'I- 1 f'I-I"'UC'I- H""'t h:>"71i
The school year has two semesters. f:J.I"'UC-1:
'lou'!- 11-11'1- m:,O'!- (f'I-9"UC'I- HOD"t
h:>"71i) hllliJo
semiannual ( ~ adv.) llf"""tt."'
He pays me a semiannual visit. llfOD"tt."'
l\fOD"' f.mf.4''1A
semicircle fhll11 h:>"71i
He drew a semicircle in the sand. llhlf'l'm- 'I
f. fhll11 h:>"71i u>&semicolon tm'l 1'1~11
Put a semico}OO before neVertheleSS'. flf~ I lf
<; h"'LIIliJo :I'A 11.1.'1- tm'l 1'1~11 h
Y:C"III'Isemifinals f"7"1<1.1' "I'I'"''..J'P'"f
The semifinals will be held next week. f"7"1<1
.1' "I'I""LJ'P''Il 11"7.4''l'lll1Jo liM'!- f.
1-VIr

seminar '1-I"'UC:f-'1! 1-QII.

He attended a seminar in economics. 0011.+
l"'"'lr. '1-I"'UC;f-'1! '1-QII. 'If. .,.It~

Semitel\."7'1!
The Semites inhabited Arabia. I\."711Jo.f"t
11 h1C f.<;~ tile

'l~

Semitic fl\.9"
Geez is a Semitic language. "lb11 fl\.9" !t
"t!t tliJo
semitropical oolth11'1 '1":1''1Fiorida has a semitropical climate. '1'11-<1-'1
oolth11'1 '1":1''1- J'fC mQf. h'l'lsemiweekly (n.)
*They publish a semiweekly paper. 11/IM'I-
11-ll'f- I 'l.JI. I l\f:f'-f"OD I f"7.DJtfJ I ODI\'do.'fo I
MlfliJo
senate f.h"l ODDJ!I'1 9"hC IL'IThe senate passed the bill. f.h"l oum(l'1
liJo l"'hC IL:J. f.h'I-'J ~<t:,O I hlU'.o!'liJo
senator f.h"l ""m!l'1 9"hC IL'I- hQA
An American senator visited Ethiopia. h"tY:
fh"7.<1lt"t f.h"l oom(l'{ l"'hC IL'I- hQ
A h.'I-Nr.l'"t '1-ll'f
send (sent)
I. 'lh, Where can I sendatelegram?-1:11."1&-9"
hf'f- I OD'\h I l\"f'\111}- 1
2. h4'~11. He sends his regards. M9":f' .1'4'
CQA
3. l\"t'I.Y.Y: hHH. The President sent troops
to Mrica. Tt.fl)l"t-1: m;f-1.1!"f m1. h
'i'<llt l\'J'I.Y.-'1. hHH
4. -t-4-. The volcano sent clouds of smoke
into the air. l\111" i'l"&-m- m.!l 1111~'1-
m1. 11"7 f. 1 -t-4send around

Please send these papers around! MH.U'J m

~4'-f."f llfh'i'tr l\"t'l.lf~ hY:C"I
send away for J\llOOIIJ

When we lived in the country, we had to send

away for many things we needed. 1mC lltiiC
"tll'l- 1.11. 1111" f"'LJ'!It.A'I-'J'J t1.:"f
"7iiODtfJ'f- I tll~11"t
send (him) away I 'LY: llllliJo
Send him away! I don't need anything. 'LY:
llllliJo I Mil" f"'LJ'ilt.A1'S t1C fill"'

seminary DD'tt./1'1! 'I-9"UC'I- IL'IPrlests get their education in a seminary.

4:(l';f IIOD"tt./1'1! '1-I"'UC'I- IL'I- f.u>II'J'<;Ir

send back OO/A(I l\h

semiofficial llh.LA J,.LI\.'1'1!

The report is semiofficial. &-?"~ llh.LA -"
.LI\.'1'1!. tliJo

send for

Don't forget to send the book back! ODI\'ml-"t

ODA./IU I OD'\h I l\'JJI'f-~/1

I. m&-. Have you sent for the doctor? mh.l"'

mC-I"VA 1

sense

1139

senile

2. hlla>ll~. Please keep my books until

I send for them. 7,.qhu1 ODl\'doG:'In 7.11"
lla>ll.ll:fm- .1:"<:11 h1-1- ' ;J h.fY.A."i
send forth llh
Jesus sent his disciples forth into the world.
1\.fll-11 ~.,. oo1fau-l!''fl1 m~ ~119" 1\":fmsend forth leaves flODitlll'l
The tree sent forth its leaves. ~4- 11oo11oo
send in
!. h+<:O. The public sent in many complaints
about the program. ih11R- 1111 "1"1!"'1~
ofiH- ll'f":f'l"~ h+<:O
2. hll~q, Send him in! The boss can see him.
hll~qm- l hii:J'ID- IIJ~;J"/l:ID- ,1'.~1\A.
send off

I. 1\h. When did he send the package off? 'I'

:,0/1-1 oo'fi 1\htD- !
2. lf'f. A large crowd went to the airport to
send him off. ofiH- ih1fofl htD-1!'"1"1\1 "'OJ
-1-TI.f lf'fmsend out
!. llh. We sent our son out into the field
to look for the lost cow. fmof.~ID-1 119"
7.1-'l..t.A."/ All'~11 m~ ""llh llh1
2. llh"'IL llm. We send our laundry out.
A.ofl/1~1 llh"'IL 7.111"1111

3. .t.~m+. The sun sends out light and heat.

9do,l'. ofiCfi'i' au-+'1- '1-.t.~'I':J'II~
send out for li.HH

We sent out for some coffee. R-'i' hH'i'A.

[See also 'bed, school, scurry, temper, word']

(be) senile

li')~

He has become quite senile, and you can't rely

on him. 111111'~ Ml"~+ A.MA.O'I- h'I-~A-9"
f~-1-'1' ;~""'~- oJ-"''il
He is a seuior in college. Oltl\.)!' f~-1-'1'
~ID~""""

senior (n.)

. .,..,il .

be (one's) senior Ollm

Jim is his brother's senior by ten years.

:o[ll" a>1.(-DD-1 OOP'C ~oo'l- ,I'.OA.m'I'A.
senior (adj.) fOllY.~+ flltDWho is the senior partner in the business?
01"/,11. P'~ ID-11'1' fOllY.~+ flltD-
'lie" f'l-'i',. ~,. 1

seniority
1. f1A."'~'I- HDP1. Promotion of officers
is by seniority. foPbD1'l'~ f.,/J<:"/ ~
+ q~,.,..,~,.. HoP1 1\,1'. f-f-oPIP.I:-1- tiD-

2. oooflll'l'. John felt that two years' seuiority

gave him the right to advise his brother.
](1 ha>1.(-DD- 011-11'1- ~,..,._ oooflllm- m
1.(-DD-1 IIOD!I"hC f"''JII~IItD- ODif)-1

~"""'"

sensation
!. II"''.'I-. A sensation of hearing is caused in
deaf persons by this drug. OILU ""~t+
~1.fl!' Ill"~ f.,-'1 ....'1' 11"'1.'1- 7.1-'1.'l' ~:f
tD- 11.,.1:"<:"/ Y.ii'IIA.
2. f ih1fofl II"''.'I-. His speech created a sen
sation. 1"/"K- fih11R-1 11"'1.'1- +ll+ll
3. A.\l 11"'1.'1-. President Johnson's announcement that he would not run for reelection
created a sensation. f"I"4.!L"'1'1- ](1111 7.1
~~'i' lltD-.1:".<:-c hA.~q!l" ofl~ .,11;-m
:,. A.\l 11"'1.'1- .t.m<:
have a dizzy sensation fl11J9'" h.fll.ID-

I had a dizzy sensation when I got up this

morning. ~"' 1\l.'l- ll~"f 0"19" hP<:"i
lose sensation In

~i'HH

+I lost all sensation in my leg. 7."14.

II"

O'i'~

~11f!lA.

sensational
1. II"''. 'I- f"''..4'11:,011, His sensational novel
about the nobility was soon banned. 1111 oo\1,
11'1- f-1-1\.t.tD- 11"'1.'1- f"'1..4'1l:,OII ooll'
do4- fi,tD-). -1-hllhll
2. fa>IIJII'I-. He is a sensational football
player. fa>IIJII'I- fh"/C \1,11 1-1'1'~
~ID-

sense (v.)
I. -1-ll.,(tD-), +He sensed that there was someone
standing behind him. h:\1\m- lltD- oo'l'~
-1-ll.,m2. -1-<:.ll(tD-). +He quickly sensed the gravity
of the situation. fll-i.:f'tD-1 hiiU+ a>JI.
, , . -1-.l:"'tD-

sense (n.)
I. 11"'1.'1-. Dogs have an acute sense of smeU.
m-il'~ ~,1'.11'1' f.,'ii-t-'1- 11"'1.'1- hl\:ftD-

2. ih'l'll (pl. ih'l'/1'1-). Does man have five or

six senses? flltD- ih'l'll'l- hll"ll'l- 'i':ftD-
11.<:-11'1-!
3. ~~;-. He has an uncanny sense of hearing.
0"19" <:<t:,O flY~ foPII.,'I- ~~;-
hlltD-

4. '1-CI-9". The sense of the word is not clear.

f:J'/1- '1-CI-9" "/All' hY.~II!I"

:r-c..,..,..

That doesn't make sense. Y M9'"

l\.('.{1'1'9"
5. m-l-1111 oo'!ol.ll. The sense of the assembly
was clear even before the vote. Y:9" hoo(lm
.,. 0.1.'1- l\'1\>. f.,.llh.tJJo m-l-1111 OD'Id.11
"lAW )0C
*Duty well done brings a sense of pleasure.
0"7..~11 f-1-h'i'CD) MIIC ~~~ Yii'1A
*The snake frightened her out of her senses.
l\1111- of!Ch 1'.11.1'~'1come to your senses I h+O..(;'
Come to your senses! You can't go to America
on only $50. A'I-OY: l ~9"11 of!C il!l' Y.H
tl A"'/.t:II'I A~C (loo'tY: A'l-"'fAII"
common sense f+LTC" 1 68Jo++
Common sense wonld have prevented the
accident. f-1-d.'l'l!" bm-+'1- A~;>tJJ-'1 ll"''
11+<:'1- Y."'fA )OC
(have the) good sense .,-..;,.. 1 1\1..~1
He had the good sense not to mix in their
business. P'~:f,. tJJ-11'1' AliOD"JII.,. 'No
AY:C'lA
have sense enoush 1\llO
I hope he has sense enough to take a taxi.
1'.1111 0;1-hlt. "1.'1~"7..'/.Y: -J-114- A~C;J
(ll}o
In a sense Q")..(;' Ob-A
That's true, in a sense. 11'1..(:'
:,. )tJJo

sensitive

1140

senseless

Oh-A

In every sense of the word Of:t~m-9"

7l8Jo~

1t1'

1\C

He is a gentleman in every sense of the word.

Of'l-'ftD-9" A'IIIC l\ll- ..,_'1' (ltD- )tJJo
(a) lot of sense of!,. .,.,.. )~C
There's a lot of sense in what he says. 0"7..~<:
t- )~C tD-11'1' of!,. _,.,.. )~C AliO'I-

make sense of ~ll(tD-)

Can you make sense of what this author says 1
~/LtD- f"7..lltJJo )~C ~IIYA l
(not) make sense f"''~ODilA 1 ~"lC 1 ~tJJo
That doesn't make sense- a boy of two stealing money. frJoll'l- qoo:,. A"l": ~'IHofl
.('.{IC:t'A "''ll'l- f"''.('.OOilA )~C )tJJo
no sense in
There's no sense in doing that. .('.tl'l'l ooP' ~
.,. 'I'?9" f(ltJJo
(be) oUt of one's senses J\7lf"'C"8Jo1' 1 1\+
I must have been out of my senses. Al\9"1!"\L'I
il'li )OC "''ll'l- )'I'

(a man In his) right senses m.~~ 1 limA mao in his right senses wouldn't do that.
m.)'f ......... .('.11'1 l'..('.oP~9"
talk sense
Now you're talking sense! ltv-'1 1'i" 1 f1.0D
11A )~C ~Ch
[See also 'honor, humor']
senseless (adj.) f"''f.t:ll
Your senseless argument does not convince
me. f"'' f.t:ll hChCtl .hiiO.'I t.YillltDm'S?"
senseless (adv.) )'i'fr'l 11+
She lay senseless on the floor. )'i'!l'l 11;1-
Will\- II.('. ' -1-Ht:t:"'f
be senseless 'P~):,. 1 ~mIt would be senseless to go out in this rain.
OJLtl 011'i'ofl oo'tY: 'J"'S)'fo )tJJo
knock one sensele11 )l):flc") ltlt..,.
A hard blow on the head knocked him senseless. ~a- llf. foo;J-tJJo .11-11 )'i'll-'1 All-l-tDsensibility
I. 11"'1.'1-. She has an unusual sensibility for
colors. ll+ll"'''l- YA-1-tloo~ 11"'1.'1- 1'.11'12. fil"''.'l- ~.eA. Some drugs lessen a person's
sensibilities. A'IJI'IY: ooY;;)~.fo";f f{ltJJ-'1 f
11"'1.'1- ~.('.A .('.+'11111*That remark wounded her sensibilities. ,_.,_.,.
ol-e 1'.11'1'1sensible
I. 1'.11-1-'l'f.. She's a very sensible woman.
0"19" 1'.11-1-'l'f. 11.'1- )";(2. f"7..11"'1"'1. Try to wear more sensible
clothing in this heat. lllLtl .....,.,. f"7..11"'1"'1
Aofl11 AOil
3. m:t'"7... My friend gave me very sensible
advice. 'l~'1\L m:t'"7.. ll"hC 11m'S
4. 'No ""'1111- f;l-f. The only sensible course
for me was to go home. or.;.. DPilA- 1 f:t"f
'S HJ'. OJ~ 0.'1- OD'/.Y: of!JI' )0C
*That was sensible of you. 'No AY:~YA
be sen1ible of -J-11"'1(tD-)
+I am sensible of your kindness. ~"l)'fotl .('.{1
"'1'1A

sensitive "'lmShe has a sensitive skin. 4'-'1'1' "'"'" )tJJo

be sensitive JiH~
He was very sensitive about his failure in life.
\oo!:tJJo 111\A-1-IIIIll'l- 0"19" A11S:A

be sensitive to
I . .,.{1"7(,..). A dog's ears are sensitive to high
tones we cannot hear. '1.'1 oi\'J{t"7fDo f"7
'l:fl\fDo'l. b'i'.,.'1 Y:'/"6 ffDoll' }f.r: f.{l"7'1'ol\
2. -fil" .,.,.,.,(,..). +rm sensitive to cold.
iiCY: -fil" f.{t"7'1ol\

+He's very sensitive to criticism.

~+4:t"

"" f.{t"7'f'ol\

sensual

separately

1141

sensual

fF:>

He is given to sensual but not intellectual

pleasures. fh'l.'l"r:fDo'l /af.ll"' f P':> 'i'
1\1...'1 I\"7Cl!'l- f"''.LIA"I {tfDo )fDo

sensuous .0'1'/a'l-'1 f"'LJ')"'"'

This sensuous music appeals to women.
f.U .0'1'/a'l-'1 f"'LJ')"'"' -11.:1' ll.of
:f'l ' f."7Cl!ol\

sent, see send

sentence (v.) LGI-(0'1-)

3. Y.II-'S:J-. There is no place for sentiment in

business. O'I"IY: P'.!- 1\f. Y.II-'S:J- fl\'1"

sentimental
I. 11"7.'1- f"''.)l), He reads sentimental
poetry. 11"7.'1- f"''.)l) "1'1''1" nqol\
2. n-a-. He is so sentimental that sad stories
bring tears to his eyes. 0"1'1" o-o- 111\lf)
htaq'S ;1-tllt:f 'l.'lq Youm-O:J-ol\
for sentimental reasons ll.,IA 1 ll"'L1t

I'll save this picture for sentimental reasons.

f.U'I'I Fbol\ 1\"lol\ 11"7.-1: hll+9"m'l'l\v-

sentinel
I. Hil. A sentinel stands outside the militarY
camp. 0"'-1- {ILC oP"III.J' 1\f. h'IY: H
iiIJ.":Lol\

2. bile H0'1. A sentinel stands outside the

palace gates. li.'IY: bile no'1 biL.,. oo'!
"'~""' oc 1\f. ll-".7..1\

sentry (sentries) Hil

The judge sentenced him to five years imprisonment. >1'1fD" Y'/"{1'1- 1oP't- '1.11.!-

The sentry wouldn't let me pass. no- ll.l\ll1q

:,. LG~O't-

stand sentry

sentence (n.)
I. 1G'i'.,. )~C. The verb comes at the end
of the Amharic sentence. q.,c.,. 1G'i'.,.

M'S

mn+

We stood sentry over the sleeper. f.,.'1,..'1 {I

tJJo\1. mO:J>)fDo

separate (vt.)
I could hardly separate those two.

~"JC I lD<i'l'J" I .,(to I fD7.,0Dtl)lD< I ODQ;I.~t.l)o I ~

I.

,. )fDo
2. 'i'CY:. The sentence of the court was three
years' imprisonment. f'i'CY: IL.,. 'i'CY: fl"
11'1- 1DP't- '1.11.!-'1- )OC
3. :J-"1'1-. She got off with a light sentence.
04'1\ol\ :J-"1'1- ~~~~~~:f

MII.U'I 11-1\1:'1 oP~I\~ol\ 0"1'1" l\.'1"1-f'S

)0C
2. bLI\, Separate the group into five sections!
'1.11.'I h'/"11'1- (l;J- bLI\tJJo
separate (vi.) .,.1\Yf

death sentence f'f":,. a 'f:CJ!"

~~~~1\.

We talked until midnight and then separated.

'l.llb '1.11-1\ 11.11.'1- ll'l"'i81't- .,.,..,.'!

The Emperor commuted his death sentence

to life imprisonment. '1'1-"' )~/".,. f'l"'l-

.,.1\Yf'l

'i'CJI.'I 81~ b.I:""'L f.'i';I-U hll'll'll-1\'lpronounce sentence L~ i tt:CJ!" lam

My parents are separated. 811\}f.'li .,.1\Y,..,.

The judge has already pronounced sentence.

'1 ...81 ~ .. Jl.r: LCI!,.,ol\ ('i'CY: (I'J';tol\)
serve (one's} sentence :f'"la

He served his sentence at the state prison.

f;f-{tGtJJo 81Ut IL'I- )OC

sentiment
I. 11"7.'1-. Should sentiment be controlled by
reason? 11"'1.'1- qll.,.ta{til f.~:J- 1
2. hii.,.Yf'l-. We must find out the sentiment
of the people. f<h1111-'l hii.,.Yf't- "781:,0
hl\il'l

be separated +llYf
'Pol\

separate (adj.) f.,.l\f

The garage is separate from the house. .?t-1fl
biL.... f.,.llf )tJJo

The President has powers separate from those

of Congress. T &.11.'1'1.,. b'l"hC IL-l: f.,.
1\f P'ol\"1'1 l\.1\fDo

*Could we have separate rooms? 1\f.!-la:f'l

h'l'l'IY: h'i'ol\

,1\..~-s

'l.'l:fl\1\'11

separately 1\filil' 1 1\fili/'tJJo

Let's question each child separately! 'I.Y'I'l'IJI.
'I A~ 1\filil' 'l.'lmf.4'tJJo

separation

serial

1142

Can you buy each volume separately? l..n-'11

-'1.1 ~~ llf11if'm- OU"/~'1- f.if''IA l

sequestered (adj.)
I. fThl\11. Madmen have to live in a
sequestered place. .1'0-'1. fll":f 0Thllll ll

separation oullf+ 1 OUI\Yf'ISeparation from his friends makes him sad.

;J- OD'l'C ' t,j\q'J'm2. ( = adv.) hflm- Tllf.-1'-. He leads a sequestered life. hflm- Tllf.-1'- f.'l' <1-A

h'\~'I''Jl ' OUI\f'l- ' .l'lt11)'PA

After a separation of twenty years, he scarcely
recognized his family. h?.l' "tou+ OUI\.I'f'l-
0:\'1 O.Nlll-1 "71D~ h:J'Tm-

September ou{lh<:9"
sepulcher ou:J'11C
He is buried in a white marble sepulcher.
fT+O<:m- ' )"1.'" ' l\11) ' 0<:~ ' OU:J'11C ' ....
ll'l' ' )m-

sequel Th;J-;J-f.
He wants to read the sequel to this story.
fii.U1 ;1-<lh Th;l-;1-f. 11"71011 f.d.A;JA

hllh+A
+Famine has often been the sequel of war.
be the sequel of

h11~'1m-1 "1.11. fi'C)'I- <::'111 .l'llh'I-'IA

come as a sequel hllh+A

+Floods come as a sequel to heavy rains.

hq~ ' 11..9" ' fm-;} ' OU'J'I\~1\M ' .l'llh'I-'IA

sequence
I. Th:J-;1-f.)'l-. The sequence of events shows
that war was definitely planned. f ~C"I.-1'-:f .,.
h;J-;1-f.)'l- fi'C)'I- Ol\C"/'1' f:l"+~ l\1
~)0<: .l'lt.I'A
2. T<l-. Arrange the names in alphabetical
sequence! ll.,.'ln O.C.~A T<l- hll+9""l'l'm*Put these items in their proper sequence!
Mrun )~c-:f l\1~ ~~9" .,.h.,.il'l'm-
h{l~q

touch off a sequence of Jtilh.,..A

The fight touched off a sequence of events

which ended in bloodshed. .1'9"q'}c-m- """
11 'I-A~ f~'/" ouof.(lll hllhTI\

sequester
1. m~ll. The government sequestered enemy

property. ""1"/P''I- fmil'l-1 111<:'1- ID

<:(I
2. H<:d.. The soldiers sequestered food from
the people they conquered. ID;I-~C"'Jl iJlf)I'P'I'm- fll":f 9""111 H<:lsequester oneself ~Air' ++oom

He sequestered himself in a lonely cabin.

11il'm-1 O.foDP 'I]( m-ll'l' .,.~All- .,..,....,m

sequestration
*Sequestration of enemy goods took place
when the war broke out. fi'C)-1> OT)"f "1.
H.

fmil'l- l\:J'I":f TID<:flo

serene
1. fmC:.. The serene sky had not a cloud in it.
fm.:.m- fl"7f. h1~9" ~""" hA)O<:O'I-'1"
2. R'l' .I'll. The serene sea gave no hint of
the approaching storm. 2\T r YAtD- q,nc f
"""'m-1 "7~0A f"'l..l'll;l-m-~ 9"Ah'l- toil
ltf9"
*Pictures of Our Lady Mary show her with
a serene look on her face. fl\DPO.;J-":f1 f~
~ll'l- "7C.I'9" P'~ll-":f .C.;I: Ol\C;J;I-
"'~.,..,." ' .1'<'1.1'11-

serenity fOU1d.ll l\C;J;JThe noise did not disturb her serenity.

~9"8--

fou1d.jl.1 l\C;J;I- hilmhm-9"

serf ~qc
The serfs were freed by order of the king.
~qc-=Jl

011-._... 'I-M11 )l\ IDtno

sergeant f-1'/"lt hii:J'

The sergeant is in command of our platoon.
f-19"<'1 hi\:J'm- f'11 "1.'"'1'<1- .I'~A

serial (n.) Th:J'";J-f. ;1-.:h

The serial on the adventures of Tom Sawyer
was very popular. f-1'-'1" Me fl':11.11. P'
<1-l"":f Th;I-;J-f. ;1-<lh 0"19" fTIDAA
)OC

serial (adj.), ~ number fOUI\.1' "''I'C

We have to copy the serial numbers of the
money. f~1HR-1 fODI\.1' "''I'C ou~AO
'I' ' hl\111
In serial form fl+h:'":'"f..
The newspaper is printing the story in serial
form. ;Jrt."'m- ;J-.:h-1 0Th:1'":1'"f. 0"7......,

+ ' "" '

)m-

In serial order n:,.~,.. I +h+A

List the numbers in serial order! .,.'I'C"ll-1 n
~ ~9" ThTA l\of.'l'm-

serve

1143

series
series -tt-

He wrote down the names of the students

in an alphabetical series. f-t'"l<ll"'ll't M" R
.J.S'./1\ l -tt- ' ""series of
1. -tb;l-;1-f.. Pliny the Younger wrote a series
Tll.t -tb;t-;1-f.
of biographies.
filaf.m:,O ;1-t:l>':f ll'j,A
2. ( ~ adv.) R-tb;f-;1-f.. He's going to give a
series of five lectures. R-tb;l-;1-f. h!l"ii:,O 't
"I"IC a II.J'f.C"I a ~.,.

,..,..if.

4. hAofl. I'm seriously considering getting

married. ll.,.,q:,. bAofl R.,{lofl 1\f. ~><;
take seriously
1. l\'tf. "'~~" ~1c -t.m<~:. I am indisposed
to take his request seriously. 'I'J'oflm-'t 'h'tf.
.,.!1" a ~1C a IIOD.....ffiC a 'JI'tQ{I, a fll"i!l"
2. h'l'oflofo J'H. She took)he duties of motherhood seriously. f..,..:,.~.,'t ....,qc h'l'ofl.+

J'H':f

seriousnes s

serious

1. 1'.<'1<\IL~:,.. We mustn't misjudge the seriousness of the situation. fo-~;1-0J-'t h<'I<'IIL~

....

2. Mf."H. He will be punished aocording

I. hoil;l-t-. He is a serious boy. boil;l-t- A'f:

~

2. !l"t-ol!'t f1'm {lm-. He is evidently serious

as he has studied the subject several years. :,0!1"
UC-I>'t Milt- ,oo;t-:,0 J'm..,..m- iiiiU'~
J'll 'I'C'I'C a !l"t-ol!'t f1'm {IOJ- ~m3. -1-'l'll. This student is not serious; he just

fools around. r.u .,...,6 hu hf-1.11!1" 1

'h't'U'm- f.'t+1'MA

4. 1'.<'1<\IL. The international situation is

serious. "11!1" 11-~;1- h<'I<'IIL ~.,.
5. t.M... The badly injured man was in
serious condition. b4oo':' f-t,..tlm- {lm- R
hil'l.. o-~;1- llf. ~RC
6. bQf.". That's a serious mistake. J' bQf."
ilih-t:,O l ~ ....
7. b'i' J'll. Serious difficulties may arise from
the application of this law. r.un ih"l RP'
t- 1\f. .,1'A b'i' , J'll ':f"lc II.J'ilh:,.A
f. ':filA
He has a serious interest in literature. flP") 1
1\'.b-'i' l h'i' l J'll l <;:1\1:,0 l hllm8. mii:,O J'll. I read only serious books.
mii:,O J'll" ODI\ila'i':,O oflil' MQIIIIbe SeriOUS abOUt f'f'".;. ") I )liJIS he serious about wanting to help? AC.tl .,
11-1> l f!l"'lo't l ~ .... 1
have a serious manner t...ll::f"&. 1 )tiJo
That young man has a serious manner for his
age. J' mnt:,O {lm- RH..U /Jf.""''.OJ- boil
;1-t-

~ ....

seriously
1. Rm..,.., She is seriously ill. Rm..,.. ,..,lll2. R"'!l". My belief in him was seriously
shaken. R{lo llf. J'll"i l\!1"~:,. R"'!l" -t
+'I!}.A
3. f!I"C, Don't take it so seriously! f!I"C h;lf."C10J-

:,. a 'JI:,O a hf."C1't OD10D:,0 a fllofl't!l"

to the seriousness of the crime. 'h'tf. ' m't)!

II" a bQf."~:,O f.+"'A

sermon

I. iloflb:,O. Our minister gave a good sermon

on Sunday. 'h.b-1." 11:,. f':' oflil '1''1- il
oflb:,O

hf.<i:'l-

2. !l"bC. After the guests left, the boy got

a sermon on good manners from his father.
l\'t"ll'-'6 a b~-'1. a R:\11 a hQ:,O\Iom- a IIA'i: a
illl ODI\It!l" P'C,:,. !l"bC o'lmmserpent l\Qofl

The serpent bit the boy. A'l:'t l\Qofl

....

~1.4.

serum oof.?t:,O

The serum for this disease is being sent to all

the hospitals. fii..U R1i;l- oof.":Ot:,. Rf
dah.!l"

11.-1>

l\f-tllb

~ ....

servant

1. h1ihc. He engaged servants for three

months. 111"11:,0 me h'libc +m<~:
2. MA.:>f.. The judge should not forget
that he is the servant of the people. .tl':'m- fila
'Jiofl

h1A.:>f.

ODIJ'').'t

ODH't.;>:,O

fiiR:,O!I"

I am your humble servant. :,O't h1A.:>f.l" ~"i

civil servant f'DP'l..,P"-1- 1 P'&.+;;:

Civil servants got a raise. fOD't"IP':,. lPt--t
'l'':f ff.'l"''l "f!""'6 M'f'.

serve (vt.)
I. 1'.111111. He served his country well. h
1'1-'t Rf.'tofl a h1A"I~A
He served God as a humble priest. -tt- oflil
ll''l" l l\"IH..hoflda.C't l 1'.111111

The old car served me all summer. he'l.m- ""

h..,.. R,;>OJ-'t , Roo-fl" Mll?ll'f

serve

service

1144

He served the cause of peace. llM!I" 1>1Mil

2. l>+<:n. Shall I serve the drinks now?
oomm-"t l>rJo"t 'l:r-c-n 1
The waiter served us quickly. 1>4'\.C.m- .Y.flo
I>+<:RA"t
3. lim. He served him a summons to appear
in court. 'i'C.J:" IL'l- l>"t-'IAc-n OD'f'&Y
{lmm-

4. R:l'. One cake serves six persons. l>"t.J:" 11.

h llii.J:-11'1- {ltD- Y.R:l'A
serve (vi.)
I. 1>1Mil.

He served on the President's

committee for a while. OTt'..tv;"t1: 1 ~c-1 1
tD-11'1' ll'l-"t1i 1." 1>1A"'!I.A

The soldier served three years in the army.

m:f-S.-;. Rfi'C w&-'1!'1- tD-11'1' lllPII'l-
~-+ 1>1Mil

My brother served two terms in the senate.

m"t s:-<"1. IJ-1\'J- 1." .h"' oom{l>;' !l"hC

IL'l- tD-11'1' 1>1Mil

This serves as a bed and as a chair. Y.ll I>A:>

II" ' oo+oo"'i!l" ' tl''l' ' Y11l"''IA

2. 0/t. Come early! We are serving at six.

2. oocrc- f'I-S!.Ilm-"t 1>".7.'1. The mechanic

serviced our automobile. "'LIJ~h- l>m-.Y.'I"II.
'l:f"t"t ' t1DC!I"C' ' f'I-S!.IltD-1- ' 1>".7.'1
be serviced

J\ilOD~ODl.

He took his car to be serviced. ooh,<;m-"t II.

Ylloo<:rc roM

service (n.)
I. 1>1A"'flo'l-. His services to the state have
been immense. I'I.DD"t..,P'+ 1 rflmm- 1 h..,A-Jit-

'1- h'i'-t->;' )RC

Bus service here is very poor. "-H.ll

rhm-.,.n-

11 h1A"'flo'l- R"'!l" f-1-'if.ll )m2. 'l':r-!1". It's for a good service. ll'l'-r '!';roll"
)tD3. ;r..o;d,. Catholics often genuflect during the
service. IJ.Y.II.I>:f 1>-nq>;'m-"t 1." n:r-.o;d.
'IY. ' J'.{l"'-'lll4. 1>:1' l l>:l'lP:f. She has a silver tea service.
hi!C f-t-w&- flfJ'. 1>:1' 1>'1'1-

The table was set with a beautiful silver

service. ml.A.Ifm- 1 It~ 1 m--o = rflc 1 7t.?sPl- 1
-1-f.C.J:-<:m- )RC

*The service is bad in this restaurant. "-H.ll

ROP'&- !Joll'l- 111\!1"1-R'I +S!.!I" illlll <;

3. ;f'l'l<:. He served six years for the robbery.
RIIC.fi'J- II.J:-11'1- ~-+ ;1-{1<:

services 'hC-'Ii:f"

*He's serving a four-year term in prison.

Do you need the services of a doctor? fmh.

1>&-'1- ~oo'J- !'.I.CP..R'l- ;f'II~A

*That serves you right! Y.1qVA
be served
I. +<:n. Dinner is served. 1>&-'1- +C!I.A

II" ' I>C'I;f' ' Ylld.A"'VA 1

(be) at one's service

Roast meat is often served with potatoes.

be in service ++ml.

fP':> 'l'illl '""' 1." f"'L+cnm- hs:"t:f ' :>C ' )m2. +<:R(Il'l-). +You'll be served in a moment.
I>!Jo"t Y.+Ci!AVA
3. ;f'f.ll. Coffee will be served at the end of
the meeting. lli!{lqm- {IJA:r- !1-<; Y.:f'
f. 'lA

She is in service with Mr. Parker. 1\"7.11-t-C

[See also 'inspiration, notice, purpose, right,

sentence']

m"t.J:-"'L Rfi'CH 1." Rfi'C {1&-'1!'1-

serve (n.) l>ll:>"'

His serve is so weak that the ball hardly clears
the net. 1\I'I.:J,.. 1 OIIJr' 1 ~I'J..Y 1 hootr). 1 r+
)"' oo<:!l-"t l>"tl>."t I>YA'i'!l"

service (v.)

"'ii IL'l- '1'-r I>YII-t-<0"1-'1-!1"

*My car is at your service. ooh,<;tl-"t Rd.ll"'h

n+ 1." A'J-m+rn+ '1-:f'lllll

;rchc -t-+'1'&-A:f
be In the service Rm;f'f.C)'J- h1Mil I R

fi'C {1&-'1!'1- tD-{I'f' )RC

How long have you been in the service?

Rm;f'f.C)'J- ll"t'l-

~oo'J-

h1MAh 1

My brother was in the service during the war.

tD-11'1' )RC
be of service l.-'11

Can I be of service to you? A<:-'111 l>:f'lll!Jo !

church service -1--'llfl.

People go home after the church service.

:r-'11!. {l,mm- .h1111- RfiL-1> J'.lt'IA

I. 1>1A"'ii-T l'lm. One electric company services the whole region. l>"t.J:" fll.lloh'l-&h
IJ.q"ty ll+RIIom- R'l"'l 1>1A"'flo'l- J'.{l

*The civil service requires a high school

education. Oou"t..,P'+ 1 DDP'6Y a.+ 1 l'l.ou

"'A

+me fiJ-11-t->;' 1.<:'/f '1-!l"llC'l- flld.A:>A

civil service

set

1145

serviceable

diplomatic service f.II.TII"'r-l:h MA"'I\"'1Many young men want to enter the diplomatic
service. ofllt" llliiJ.f":f 0.11.Tll-"'1-l:h MA
"111-'1- CD-il'l' ,.,.,.me f-1./A:Jll"
give 1ood service ~'1'1 s h"lll1A

My old coat still gives me good service.

h.I:"C Qj'.)-f> OI'ICD- H't.l:" hilmA.f

;J-A

servitude QC)'IHis servitude lasted forty years. hCQ 'i""'l-

OQC)'I-

Ml\~11

hf:"I.ID" !>of: hiJ-'t9" f,~o; 1111"11\>/A

sesame [m<;:"'of. 'i'"- 11\CD- f9"P'<l-T

marriage service P"C'i-+ Thi\.A

The marriage service was happily short.

session

1."1)-f> P'C'i1" 1-hll.flo .Y.I\" hi\.,.

memorial service fOO:f'"{tfiJ &fro+

They are holding a memorial service for my

father. IIQof: fOP;J-1'111..1' l\11-'l- 1f.C:>ll"
render service 1t1A''If\

He rendered faithful service to his master.

1\1.:1"".... o:t"n'l- h~l\~1\
take service

I. 1-.,.mt:. She took service as a maid with an

elderly couple. O~R:"'l. ~of. .,flo QAo; "'1.
11'1- ' 0.'1- ' ....,.'l'&-1\":f
2. hf.t:. He took service with the governor
general. t\1~ 1-n;m- hF..~
[See also 'included, religion']

serviceable
He is a serviceable fellow. m,!l>"''. MA"'II-'1-
f"''.l'l'l'' ....... ')ID"
be serviceable IP&-

This motor is still serviceable after years of

use. j'.IJ '1"1-C j'.IJ't 11JA h~A"'I\" h
IJ-'t9" ' j'.U'tl-A

serviceman

wt-+~

A serviceman will come to repair the phone.

"'<l-1-'1 !IAh-'t 11.,0)';'1- j'.oP"'A

service station fO.'tll.'t "'1.1

There is a new service station in our village.
OI'IL&o":f't h.ll.ll fO.'til.'t "'1.1 hi\

servile OQC)'I- llj'. ffll"'

The servile laws of ancient Rome were strict.
O'l''t:l"''1- 1:9" ID"il'l' OQC)'I- llj'.
fwm-'1- a.1":f 0"19" 'l'ofi:J> )0~
*He flattered me in a servile manner. "Af1-:J>

111'1111'1' hfllf.l'l~
be servile Too&-

An honest judge cannot be servile to public

opinion. rJ-)>/ -'1'1 Oa.11ofl hil1"1f'l-
hj'.ODtl-9"

servility h.I:"C QM'IHis servility fails to make people like him.

IJ't .1:- '

~6]

I. ilofii'IQ. The opening session of the General

Assembly was attended by the Emperor.

Om:J>IIIICD- "1-QI\. fOPhol.il' !lofii'IQ IIJ'.

't"l-"' )~P'-1> 1-~~ .....,. )0C
2. ":fll-'1-. The session of the court ends tomorrow. f'i'C.I:- 0.-1> ":fll-'1- )~ j'.ol.l\.,A
3. )lij:fl 1.11.. One session overlapped into the
next one. J\1--'J.. h~A ,_r&. 1 b-L.,.'I"AlD- 1 ~
C 1-f.&-t:O
have a session +)~1~

I had a long session with the boss about it.

ill\11.1 )~C ..1\:I'IL :>C llt:"P:9" "I.U
1-):>"1"-11\rJ-

[See also 'plenary']

set (set), vt.
I. h!l.,.oom. Set it on the desk!

mt:A.~CD-

II

j'. hll.,.9"miD"
IDI't). Why don't you set the time? "I,UID"'t
AM h'I-1Dil't9" l
3. "'<l- (1-.,&-). Set the table for five persons!
119"!1'1- ' ........ ~0;1- ' P'&o
The diamonds were set in a circle on the ring.
hA.,H- .,.1\0-1> llj'. Ohofl TCK' 1-"'&4. h.f.OO. He set a guard at the store. n- II
j'. ' h't.!:" ' HO>/ h.f.OD
5. M.m. He set the crown with jewels.
H~'t O~'t_,. M.m

2.

6.

hf.t:~.

He set the price at five dollars.

1':>CD-'t h9"il'l- oflC hf.t:~CD7. mn. The doctor set the broken arm.
f1"1'10t:CD-'t "A"lt't mh..ou- mnll'l8. "A't.ll.f.CD-A 'I"IICD-. Set the clock for three!
l'l'i-1> OHm~ "A't.ll.f.CD-A DD-IICD9. hl\1-.,hll. He is so punctual that you could
set your watch by him. 0"19" l'l'i'l- hhQ
& hODtr\oo , f1")"1 , on- , 1\'i'l-tJ't .:~.;~-n
1-..hA '1-":fi\IIIJ

I 0. hil.,.,. He set the poem to an old tune.

"1-r-'t ' h.J:-1!' ' ""' ' hi\.,., ....
II. hii)';ODt:. He set the men to work. M''li
't ' P'tl- ' hil)';OD&o:fCD-

*Don't set a bad example! OD"f"f:. 9'"41\. h

'1-rn
*The government set a price on the criminal's
head. ID'J)'."I\'fiiJo") 1\)I:"J ,ll.~ 'l!lGhfl OD
"J"'P''I- ' 1';J ' 1\"JJ'."'th'i't. ' h!l;f-ID.,.
set (vi.)
I. mil.,.. The sun has already set. B.to,ll.1' 1
<; !l:l': mt.>l'l\";f
2. J'.G.,.. The cement set overnight. ll."'t"J-I'IIJo
q-, !l: 11.11.'I- ' J'.G_,.
3. )'."oo.:. He set to work immediately. P'MD
"J ID/ifiiJo )'."ooG
set about )!oo~
I don't know how to set about this job. ,ll.U"J"J
P'&- 1."J.I'..'I- 1."JJ'.II")'."II"C M,..:r.ll"
set against

set

1146

set

h~DD

The monitor set the children against the newcomer. fh'i't. hl\>l>IIJo o~.~,;-, hli!l fl
OOU'!IIJo ' t."Jf: ' 'l,ll. ' hltJ'.OO
(be) set against .,.~AAG
The advantages must be set against the disadvantages. 'l'"l-9"<; 'HI-I> oo~AAC hi\
fl'lset ahead h!l.,.!l:1" 'I" 'I
I set my watch five minutes ahead. r'l'H:"J h
9"!1'1- 1.</::J' h!l.,. ~ ~.... f'l"'l:\'1set apart
I. hll.,.,..m. They set apart $500 as reserve.
1\oomqfl-tf h9"!l'l- oo-r- 11C h!l.,.oom2. 1\f. Their dress sets them apart from other
people. hl\flfllt'I'IIJo hll.ll-"'f r'llP"'f Y.l\f
'1'1't. '
3. fi-J-1\,Il. oof.fl. Each year I set one week
apart to go to the seashore. IDJ'. qa.c 'IC
iJ' ' 1\0D'/.Jl: 0 flfOD-f> ' h"JJl: ' ltii""J'I- 0 fl.,.l\
,. ODJl:ILfi\IJo

set aside
I. h!l.,.oom. He set aside part of his salary for
his vacation. 1\bG'i''l- "Lit.IIJo m.u. hf.'l"
11- .,..,,.. h!l.,.oom
2. ODJ'.fl. The traveler set aside $5.00 a day
for contingent expenses. OO"J1f.'f11Jo l\!l:"J1.,.
If IDQ;l, fi.,."J h9"!l'l- 11C oof.fl
3. liM h!l.,.oom. Set this aside for me!
,ll.U"J 1\,ll._,.U h!l.,.9"'l't.Of
set back tJJS'.. :\1\ ooA(l

Set back the hands of the clock one hour!

{1~-f>"J . h"J!l: r'l~'l- IDJ'. :\'1 oot.{liiJo
(be) set back
1. oo(l'lbA 1moom-. All our efforts at reform

have been set back. 1\.,lflft. fi.G"'~,. 'I'G

-l- I &flo I oo(llj)lA I 1mDD8Jo
2. 'I-"J1i 1q hi\. The house is set back
from the street. IL-l> hoo"J1-'I- 'I-"J1i 1q
fl\ ' ~ ....

set down
I. hmGJ'.. He set down his load and rested.

ifh....., h11JoC.I'- hG'i' hi\

2. h!l.,.oom. Set the box down gently! "''J')."J
_,.II 111\U h!l.,.9"m11Jo
.3. otm.:. I'll set that down to ignorance.
,ll.U"J h!l:"J4lC<; 1l'k'I'G1'111Jo
4. hM.:. He set down his thoughts on paper.
hltll-"J ' IDG.,.'I- ' 'l,ll. ' hr'l.I.GIIJo
set forth

I. 111~. He set forth his views in an article.

.toltii-"J q-,Jl: K'm.'l' 'IY. 11111
2. )'."oo.:. He set forth on a long trip to Gondar
on foot. 111."1~ 1-"JJ'.C 1\0D'/.Jl: G"Jf:-"J
'1-~ )'."ODG
set forward

*When your plane lands in New York, set your

watch forward two hours. fi\Ufl'l- h~'l
"J tiiJo I'"Ch (tf.C!l r'l~'I-U"J !Joll'l-
r'l~'l- fl.,!l.,.J'.II" h!l.,.lJhi\IIJo

set in )'."oo.:
Infection bad set in. 4l!lll- oooo.:11 )'."9"7:-t.
set (one's) mind dtltR-"J 41.~m
If he sets his mind to it, he will do it. .toltii-"J
hot.:m ff.C11't.
set off (vt.)
I. hM"'. The bomb set off a number of fires.
119"11- 1111- :J'mll- hM"'
2. ( ~ pass.) 1-t.-1' ;J-f. +The dark suit sets off
his bright tie. f..,., h&-li'l- fl'1'4l~ t-1111
'l,ll. 1-t.-1' Y.:f"ft.
set off (vi.) )'."oo.: l 1\0D'/.Jl: .,.~.,
They set off on their trip with plenty of money.
11,. 1"JH11 ,ll.HIIJo '1-~ )'."oo~
We packed the mules and then set off for the
lake. fl"l-11-lP,;"J ?)") mf. mf.4l 1\0D
'/.!l: '

.,.~.,.,

set on 11.,..,.(11'1-)

He set his dogs on me.

,.11',;-, 1\.,..,.il'f

set out (vt.)

I. .,.hll. He set out a row of cabbage.
_,.c;J-,.-, 1-oo"J _,.hi\
2. ron~. They set out the boundary of the
town. fh_,..,,.., ht.t. UJ{l).

3.

ot;~m.

IVI..Il

He set out to break a new record.

hi!~

CDII"t 1\"7"11'1- ot;Cqt.A

set out (vi.) '/.1.

He set out for home on Monday. 11'1' II
'1-mJl.M-1-'1.1.
set out on

)!OD~

He set out on a long journey.

~

settle

1147

set

....~

set (oneself) to 'ILCtn

~-,.,.

.,.~

,..,'1

set (n.)
I. 1>'/"TII.'I-. We have a whole set of dishes.
1>'/"TII.'I- ll.la"t l>ll"t
2. -11-. I bought a set of tools so I can build
whatever I need. 1111.-l- f"''.YII4.A1'S"t oIl- 1\""1"6-'1- A"tf::fA -11- fl>t;k
l\:1' ' 10frJThere's only one stamp missing in that set.
fiiRIIilh-'1- -l-'l"i!C -11- ll.ll'"t l>"tf:
il!l' WI-1:1\'I'A

I have set myself to finish the job by May.

*He sold his old radio and bought a new set.

1"6-Cil-"t R"'"tP'I- 11"""""~11 .,_C...,.

NI"!I'IIo-

set (adj.)

set up

I. l><l'ou. They set up a statue in his honor.

1\DD;I-IIIU''I'CD- doCD-A'I- 1><1'-1\'I'CD2. ofohll(-1--1-hll). The new machines have just
been set up. l>'l..f\lj; fof.il<ll!CD- """I<IYIP
:f ' l>rJ-"t ' 1t; ' -1--1-hiiThe surveyor set up his instruments and began

to make a survey of the land . .,.Yi. """MY

jPij;") ' -1-hll- ' oPtl..,."t ' ... .,.fll ' ~""~
3. l>!fl!floo. We lack the requisite capital for
setting up a business. "t"'f: 11"7!11!1/'1" 1>114.
1\1. 1"tHil fll"t'l"

4. 1>1.~1. We set him up as leader of the

committee. fi'.C'l- llilllll. l>Jl.~"'tCDset (one) up in h.l.of-(11'1-)
His father set him up in business. h.ll~ f1"1
Y: ' 1"6- ' h.l.-1-11'1-

be all set -1-H:>~

Everything is all set. rJ-11-'1" t1C -1-H:>-,
;I:A
be set for

*I was set for an argument when I came home.

CDJ'. 11.'1- 111q "t'l-ch A"tl'."''.mil.,.'S
oCD-41 tnc
be set In one's ways

He is set in his ways. AA1i>;' )CDbe set (on) 'lr.~m

The boy seems set on becoming a pilot.
A)l: />CD-I!'TI\"t t7[ 1\00II'"t f.,.~m
_&ooMA
*I'm not set on getting my way. A~ YAh-'1-
.&o-"t ' "711-1: ' 1>.&1.11'1"
get set I -1-H:>-,
On your mark! Get set! Go! RoP/"ODCUI -1H:>-,1 'tf:l

[See also 'clock, eye, fire, foot, free, heart, pace,

right')

l>t:'l. ' 6-f:\'"1-"t ' lf... ' 1>'1..11 ' 1'1

I. f-Jomllt. The guard is changed at a set
time. HI!- Rof-CD/1) ' ll't'Jo .&1\'I'ID"'A
2. 11"1)1:. They were all set. rJ-11-'1" 11"1)1:
tR-1-

setback ""llt;hA
We met with many setbacks in our business.
R"t"'f: 1"6-:f"t CD-11'1' illl- oo(lt;hA
l>;>moo"t

setting fODtlf (l;IThe setting of the story is in a little village.

f;l-<111- ootlf (l;l- fii')CD- l>"tf: 'l-"t11
OD1U I
*The diamond came out of the setting of the
ring. l>ol\"711- h_,IIR_,. II.& CDI\_,
place setting f1R;I- Aft'
Do we have enough place settings for everybody? 1\rJ-11-'1" f"''.Rft' f1R:I" Aft' l>ll"t !

.,m-

settle (vt.)
I. l><I'DD I ..._~(1. Can you settle their argument? hcht-'I'CD-"t A;l-<1'.,...,. '1-:fiiiiU !
We settled the argument by dividing the
property. "til~.,"t -1-l!'i'll"t hcht-:f"t"t
....~ll"t
2. hll'l"'l"t'l-

:?il"'i'"''iil':fk~

Instead!of fighting, the

two nations settled their quarrels in an amicable
way. rJ-11.,. l>1C':f RODl!hi\'I'CD- YIICD-"t
Jl.~{l.

l>ll"""'qq'Jo hoP'!':>'1- .&A:to RM'I"

oP't1f: ' hlll'"'l"t'l- ' Jl.~(lo
3. l>mt;.,..,._ I must settle all my affairs before
v.ir s
going away. boo%.. r o.t.+
"7m<;.,.:,. l>lli!'S
4. ""Jl.'I"Jl."''.Y l>R~. What you said settles
the argument. l>"tofo fofot;1ChCD- 1\"l.":t-"i".,.
ODJ'.'/"Jl."''.Y ' YR-,11;1-A
5. l>IICD11.. Both sides made reciprocal

.,...4,..,

concessions in order to settle the border

settle

problem. fm111 :f-!MftJJo1 ll"''11dl1.1': ,.

ll1o9" dl1'l'~. h1'11Y: )11!'~
Til"''6. LY.oo. Let's settle this business right away!
F-1111 1-'IY. ,,..,..,. ll1 .I.K-9"
7. h.l.ll. He settled all his bills before leaving
town. hT"'' ' hooA4'4! ' 04.'1- do.lltl-1 '
11-11- h4.ll
8. h - - - 1'.114'4'. This payment settles your
debt. F-11 h'i'.l' hMII .I'll~~? A
9. 11.11.?. We must settle our accounts today.
do.liQ~11 lf<l. "''H:>'I- hll111
10. T);J1<!. I have an account to settle
with him. h(lo :>C f9");>1t!tJJo 1-'IY.

{100.,..,.

M'S
11. h114'oum. Mr. Parker settled his family
in the country. "'l.IITC ;rchc II.T11fl-1
QII1C h114'oum
12. hm&11. He settled part of his estate on his
nephew. hCII-to h.C.ll-1 llm1.r:- A"/":
hm&11
13. hii;J-1u>. This medicine will settle your
stomach. F-11 ou.f:~~:,. fiJ'Y: ihOD9"111
.1'11:t-/P'A7A
The rain settled the dust. 11'i'11 h!).&-tJJo1
h(I;J-1w
14. h4''i'. Who settled Canada? IJ'i'-'11 .1'4''i'
"'')tJJo!
settle (vi.)
1. T4'oum I 114.<!. Our uncle settled in
fornia. 1'.1-:J-~1 IJII.G:CU' .,..,.....m
Many Germans settled in Missouri. 1111""~ "'l.ll-& 114.~
2. h&4.. The bird settled on a branch
head. m!f: hOII\L IJll.,. ~C1"'i'i'

Cali

~C

overIIY.

Mol.~

3. T11"'1"'1. He settled with his creditors.

IJfl'l&l"lfl :>C Tll"''"''
They settled on me as the new chairman.
h'l_(lo 11.4' OD1flC ~~~ l\1.1':11'1 Tll"''4. 11h). Wait until the coffee has settled!
fl-'i'IJ)o llllh.11111 .1':<!11 -'J'.
5. hll4.. Wait until the dust settles! h!l.&-"'"
llllh..I'A<;: -'Y.
6. mS'. oo.:.'f- 1Q. Our house has settled
several inches since it was built. fL~~ h+
IP6-

settlement

1148

OJ-'l,U

o(}fto

1\,."}:pf-

ID1..

OD~-1-

11:1:A
*The pain settled in his heart. Atl- fl'liT'I' IJ')
*I have an account to settle with him. h{ao 1
:>C li1T.I'.I'll11

settle down
1. 4l"L' hll. We settled down to wait until
llllh.mll-'1-1
they came to get us.
.1':&11 "'"" 11ll1 mfl~'i''l'.,.
2. TS'.IIS'.ll. Hasn't he settled down yet? 1'i' h
ATS'.IIS'.llll"l
3. fTS'.IIS'.ll '1-1!' ~oo&. He kicked about
a good deal before settling down. fTS'.IIS'.ll
'1-1!' h""~""~ n.c.-r 1111- .,.H'I'm&
4. Tt!:>:>. Wait till the excitement settles
down. "IC"K- llllh.t!:>:> .1':&11 -'J'.
settle for the night hooil'"'f.p. hiiT'I'

""'1'.,..,.

The nurse settled her patient for the night.

)C!}_ fl'liT'I'tJJo1 hoo!J'~;J- : hiiT'I'~.,.
settle (on}

1. hllfl11. The dust raised by the strong wind

settled on the furniture. fl"'IJ'.ll '~'"'" )<f. II f
fl))IJ)o h!).&- ' l\:l'tJJo') hllfl11.,.
2. 'll.t!m. Have you settled on a time for
leaving? f9"'1-'t.f:fl'f-1 1.11. 'll&'J'h l
settle oneself

,...,.ODtn

The nurse settled herself in an arm chair.

)C!}_ Y::>'i' Qll.,. aJ10C 11.1'- T4'oum~
be settled

1. ( ~ settle) 114.<!. The wide open spaces of

the West are now settled. fl9"b&-11 flh-A f
)flt!tJJo 114. qp.. (l:J" hll-1 11.,. 11<;:
l!'fl;J-A
2. 111.P. TS'.IIS'.ll. Come and visit us in our
new house when we are settled. h-'1.(1. 11.;1-~
1 111.,.1 111S'.IIS'.A OD'J'TII m.l'-4'1
3. -'"" The strike was settled by a compromise. h.f:"''.,. flhii;J-&-4! -'""
4. hi\+. The matter is pressing and must be
settled now. 1-'11!. hll'l'l>.J'. IIlii!') ,,..,..,.
"''ll~ hllfl'l-

settlement
1. ~'1 "111'1-. England had many settlements
along the Atlantic coast. l\1"111.11 flh'l-1111:
11 QihC hiJQil 1111- ~'1 "llf.P.~ )fla:'l2. ""114.&.1' (l;J-. The pioneers opened up the
West to settlement. h1C h~'19'lfl fii"M
tl- h<;:ll IJ1C oult4.&.1' (l;J- l\1'1.11'1
00')1.1': h4.1o
3. OD1S'.CT'I'~. The enemy fell upon the sleeping settlement . .,.'1.,..,. f)O~'I-1 ou1S'.C
T'l'~ mll'l- 0.1':11'1- hm:l'
4. oo'f&.I'. The only settlement in the wilderness
is a penal colony. flflt!"li.,. "'"ll'l' f"'l.11"
.,. oP'l'&.l' fdl1~ll'l'~ 11!1' )fD-

5. ""11"7"7'1-. They couldn't reach a settlement.

OD!I"7"7'1- o h:J':Jo'I'ID"
*This village is an old settlement. J.'.ll ou"t f.
c ' fol'f' )ID"
*There is a new settlement on the banks of the

river. RCD"tH- "'C<; "'C OD!I<I.C 1-l'.:II"~A

*Settlement of all the accounts the company
owes will be made shortly. b-Q"t.l'tJJo .1'110'1-"t
M R~CR- J.'.b'i'IIA
settler
I. (l<f.<:. The settlers came into Kenya early
in this century. (14-69',.; 0 IDf. ' !J."t.f ' fOD
m-'1- ' RH.II ' ht;:l\ ' """' ' OD)';OD6.1' ' II
J.'. ' )ID"
2. t.JI.il f(l<l.~ (ltJJo. The government parceled
out land to settlers. OD"t"IP'-1> t.-'1.11 1\{1<1.'1+ ' (ll":Y. ' """""' ' lf"t1i'l' ' hbof.<l.ll
3. ODIJL. The Indians became very militant as

settlers began to move west. oomJP1- m1..

II"~VII (1.14- U"tP..:f 1\0D'f'.:>'l- ._~Ill-

setup

I. 7.~1.". The investigation spoiled the swindlers' setup. 9"COD6-ID" .I'.,_..RCQ6l"'ll"t 7.

~f." t.(l<;bM'ftJJo

2. u-~:J-. He explained the setup to us before

we attacked. b"7'1':J':J-:f"t 0.1.'1- 11-~:J-ID"
"t ' 11\&A"t
seven (IQ'Iseven o'clock h~Y: (lq,:,O

We eat dinner at seven o'clock. 7.6-'1- Q"t

f." (I~+ l'."tRIIII"t
seventeen OP'&- (lq+
seventh {lqof-:;=
seventy (lq
sever (vt.)
I. ..,~m. The knife severed his arm. R.ll'l'tJJo 7.
1f,"t ' ._~miD"
The sailor severed the rope with a knife.
""Cbn:;:,. 1"""1-"t R(l"tm_ ..,~m,.
2. h~~m. Japan severed diplomatic relations
with China before attacking her. lf;r"t !J'J.'.<;
1 b"7T:I':t no~.+ f-'1.-rh-"7-th .,,,

)'!-

severe

1149

settler

h~~m:Y.

sever (vi.) 1-Rm(l

The rope severed, and the swing fell down.
10DJI. ' of-0'1'11 ' f~ID"~ID" ' OD""AID!J'ID" 0
1Df.4'

several (pron.) t."t"'"tP..,.;

Several have given their consent. t."t"'"tJ'..'Il
OD!I"7"7:J-'ftJJo"t ' 1Al\'I'A
several (adj.)
I. Reb+ .I'll-. Several people have told me
I sing well. ncb+ .I'll- (ll":f '1''1- '1-H'i'
<;1111 111\tJJo )"I~ID"o;=A
I'd like to stay here for several days. ncb+ II
II- o 4''i"+ o 7.11.11 ODol'f+ l'.LA:>I\112. 1111". Several words in this letter have been
blotted out. 7.11.11 1.11"10. IIJ.'. 1111" :1'
11'1- m'i'of"'I'A
3. Rf-. The boys went their several ways.
A.'(,.; Rfo!.'i"'I'ID" Y.JI.
several of
I. Reb+ .I'll-. Several of us decided to walk

home. Reb+ .I'A)ID" O.:J-:f"t 07."16-:Y.

"t ' 1\0DY,.(- ' ID(l't"t
2. 111!-l",.;. In that village, several of the houses
are white. 011..1' OD"tf.C ID"il'l' 1111-l",.;
n..r-:Y. ' ).,... ' ""'"'"
severally R11C11C
Consider these points- first severally and then
collectively. MH.II"t 'Jo"'f-:Y. ""l':""6.1'
011C11C R:\11 1."1.,. 0~9"11 of"ODAb
:J-'ftJJo

severe

I. "1J.'.II:;=. The judge is very severe. "1:;:,.. R

"'r ' "1J.'.IIo;= ' )tJJo
He made a severe criticism of the new play.
MJI.(l- -t.l'+c "1J.'.II:;= +:Y.+ (lm
It is a very severe winter. OIIJ9'" '\,..1\;::- t1
~II"+ ' )ID"
2. bQY.-!11C-I>. The battle was severe but indecisive. II'C)-1> bqf." O.ll""tll" ,..,..., hA(I fr
The punishment was too severe. :t-tiJ.J:

0111

r MY.- (11C-1>) )04

3. '1'11~. Students don't like a severe teacher.

of-"769',.; ' '1'11.,..,. ' ODII"UC' hJ.'.ID"'-+9"
4. t.(l:J'-1:. She complains of severe pains.
q(l:J'-1: ' a.-r ' 'I-"7~6-II:Y.
5. Jr).. The judge imposed a severe sentence
on the criminal. "1:;:,.. RID"t)';ll:;:,. IIJ.'.
~.,. ~~~~+ L~n+
6.

OD~f:.

He had a severe case of pneumonia.

OD'J'G: ' fltA ' R1i:J- ' J.'.I':J-A

7. bt;: .1'(1. The competition for the job is
severe. P'ii-ID""t 11"7"/"f+ b'i' .I'll ,..
1."1.-C hi\

8. '1."1 '1.'1' f(I,IIR+. She wore a severe

severed

shade

1150

black dress. 1."1 1.'1' fii.IIOT 'l'of!C A

1111 ' llno'l:Y.

sewing machine fill..+ ouh_'i'

I bought her a sewing machine. fill..+ ooh_
'i' ' ~qu-11+

severed (adj.) f1''1L~m

They found his severed head on a pole. f1''1L~
m,."t c!-il-"t o)"t<Q.+ 1\f. 1-l'lh-1'- h~"f'+

sex

severity
I. hQX""~+. The severity of the pain is unbearable. fm"",.... hQ.J:-~+ f"''f.lf'A ~,.
2. "lf.ll'i'~+. His pallid face shows the severity of the fever. f1~"1,. ,~.., f+h-lt.,"t
"lf.ll'i'~T J'OUIIh;I-A
*The children fear their father because of his
severity. hQ:J-'1',. '1'11"1- 1'1,. 111111'~
A)l:'ll f.d.~;I-A
*I like the severity of modem architecture.

sexual, ,_ relations ti:TmT

UOD'i'aJo I ftlt1~ I h1P&-C I 1.liJ I 1.1J'

llll"''f.Oqn:,.. l.OJS'.'I'IIIJ-

sew (vt.) 1'14She sews her own dresses. Ail!)."t t.!). +

1'14-II:Y.
sew (vi.) Ailll 1'14My mother sews beautifully. M'-1: Ailll h
lt9"t. ' +1'14-II:Y.
sew on 1-hll(ll+)
Please sew on the buttons of my coat! 7.111:
t>-1; llf. of!A'i' ThAA'S
sew up

I. 1'14-- The doctor sewed up the wound. 1'-h1'

' 4!1111-"t ' 1'142. ffODffOD. Please sew up the torn buttonhole!
f1'.,.S'.S'.,."t fof!A'i' .,.1111 o H9"119"
(be) sewn up
I. 1'1'14-. The sack was sewn up with thread.
)l:"t.l',. OhC 1-l'l'i':J:A
2. hll9"9"~+ 1-S'.~I'I. The deal is sewed up.
0'1-111' hll9"9"~T -1-S'.C!).A

sewage 4'lflf 1 'l'cl-'1.. 1 fol'lflf 7-"'fl

The sewage empties into the river. 4'lflf,. ('1'
c!-'1.."'") Ollf. ,.11'1' hAll: 7.0J"t11
f.~QA

Sewage has polluted our drinking water. fol'lf

If,. 7-"'fl ' fOUffi'J' ' ,.:.:f."t"t ' Ohii-;1-A
sewer 4-li
The sewers are choked with rubbish. 4-IUJ''Il"t
4'lflf S'.'i'~'I''I'A
sewing Ill..+
The sewing is not too good. Ill...,
- ' hf.S'.I\9"

~9"

I. ~;1-. Put down your sex on this application!

7-H.U "''OUAhlf' 1\f. ' ~;1-U"t ' ll'i'
2. 'i'TOJ1' I";J. A monk is expected to remain continent im regard to sex. oo)-tt-1\ t;:T
OJ1' ' I":J"'""t 7-"tll.~;1- f.mR:l'A
1

.F;J oo~:Ar

Sexual relations with a minor is a criminal

offense. 11"1-oo m.'l'"t l!AS'.~I'I:Y. n.+ ;JC
'i'TOJ1' ' I";I ' ODd.l\9" ' O.h"' ' .l'll.,."'A
shabby
I. n-+;~:9". A shabby beggar is at the door.
h't.J:"" 11-+:J:,. 11"7'S hOC 4'".7.A
2. hC'i-4-. You look shabby in those clothes.
.eu Ailll hc'l-4- hll""llii-'IA
3. .I'll.,., His suit looks shabby. Ailil- 111.,.
f."" IIIlA
4. ~,.c. It is shabby not to speak to an old
friend because he is poor. X""'li ~,. 1111- f
x-.: 'lS'.'i"t hii"''~:J1C ~,.c ~,.

shack '1)1:
The refugees live in shacks made of tin cans.
llS'.1-'l''ll h;l-tli 01'"'~ 'J)I:l":Y. ,.II
'I' ' f.'fc!-11shackle (v.) Ol'l"tl'lll+ hM
The policeman shackled the prisoner to a
telephone pole. ;rll.il- 7-ll~'i'~ hllAh
o)'t<Q.T ;JC Ol'l"ti'IIIT hl'l~,.
be shackled Oli-l:'i' 1-'ILc!-'f
The prisoner was shackled to the gnard.
7-ll~'i',. hnn'i',. ;~c nli-r:'i' -t-'ILc~-'S
.,. ~nc
shackle (n.) l."lC 11~+
He sawed through the shackles and escaped.
l."'C o(J~_,"t fiOD;J1f ' 'ILCIR ' }\oollm
shade (vt.)
I. hllll. He shaded his eyes with his hand.
'tf.).'t ' 07.71: ' hllll
2. hmll. The trees shade the house. qfl::f.
IL.,"t .l'ml\11ahade (vi) 7..1'S'.C ' 1'1\G>m
The drapes shade from brown to black.
OD;J~i{l"'Ji 0 7.J'f.C 0 hlt-'i'1~T 0 OJf. 0 'J'of!
C~+ f.IICD"'/1-

shade (n.)
I. 'I'll. Let's stay in the shade! h'l'lla>- ht:
<;: 7.10A
2. flf&. oo.;>t:'lf. Pull down the shades of the
window! foollll-lo1 If&. oo.;>t:'if ha>-Cf:
shade of

*This word has many shades of meaning.

,1'.11 ?A ofltl- llf+f'l Ytr
M+
a shade +111

+C"I-'I"'f-

Your dress is a shade longer than your coat.

Aoflll1i h1J;rc+1i +111 <!111"ofl7 A

*This red is a shade too dark. -1'1' -I'll?" S'.

oo:J> fll

~..,.

*We noticed a shade of anger in his voice.

Of:?"flo oomH' 11.+ 7.1.'liiO+ -M~

Hofl1
In all shades of Of,l'.~-lo
I would like to see silks in all shades of blue.
OfJ'.~-to {l.,f' -I'll?" fll"'" f"'C ""'
eli- AooC'l' 1.4.1!\:>llrr
put In the shade hll<;o)>

His brilliance put his teacher in the shade.

OofiAII~-Io

00?"11<1-1 hll<;-1'

[See also 'lampshade'l

I. 'I'll "111(0+). Hills shadowed the valley.

llt:ofl;l"l":f 1f11~..,.1 'I'll '1'11..,.0;1-A

2. 11,1'.~?0+ 1-h:I"-I"IICD-. The detectives shadowed the spy. oo.:7f {lofl/10.1"~ Ml'-1
IIM?fl'f..,. 1-h;l-1-11-+
be shadowed by 'I'll hU.(O+)

+The grass is shadowed by a huge eucalyptus.

"1<1- 'If. f+A41 fl.hC q<;: 'I'll hCt.":O;I"A

shadow (n.) 'I'll

The trees cast long shadows.

He fell down a mine shaft . .,bf:'l-

....11'1' OJS'.-1'
3. ofiA"P;I". A shaft of light cut through the
darkness. 0...,11.,..,. ..,.11'1' fofiCY1 ofiA
"1':1" ;1-f
2.

"1-.1':~.1':.

.,.,..~....,

shaggy f-I"OD{l:J'-1'11
The dog has a shaggy coat. f..,.7..,. 11"1-C
f-I"ODii:J'oJ'II ' ~ ....

shake (shook), vt.

I. 1\1-l'm-l'm. The earthquake shook everything within the radius of ten miles. f?".l':<l-
oo1-l''l'-l''l' hOP'C .,J'.A OJ.II.ll 111-+1
~1C':f rrll- 1\1-l'm+m

2. 1\mqmn. The wind shook the leaves of the

tree. H-11- fqf-1 :J>mll-:f 1\mqmq:f..,.

3. M?~-1'. The wind shook the windowpanes. ~4-11- oollllo!o1 M:J'~-1'..,.

4. li&-14.. The maid shakes the rug every
morning. 1<!.1;.. ?"1"1~1 Ill.+ tP.+
;I"&.14-11:f

5.

~-1'~-1'.

He shook his head in disapproval.

0~1<1- f!IIODII.,.,+ &.11-1 ' ~o)>~o)>

He stirred up the dregs by shaking the bottle

of mead. fmlt1 mc-11 Ooo~:J-~11- 1\
?"R-'1 ....1 -l'lloJ>(la>-

shadow (v.)

qt.":~

<!"!:?" 'I'

'I .J'.'l''III-

*He's only the shadow of his fonner self.

a>-?0. C~;I"A
[See also 'doubt']

shady 'I'll.,
It's shady over here. MLII :> '1''1., ~..,.
*He's a man of shady character. MO. ~..,.
*The transaction seems rather shady. 11.11.
P'&. ..,.11'1' 1\1.1': 'tf.~+ .,"POCOC
1110+ ,l'.ooMA

shaft

shake

1151

shade

I. H11. The shaft of the spear is made of

wood. f,n-1- H11 hb1...,+ f-I"IP&. ~..,.

6. ...,Om.

He shook my hand cordially.

7.:(1 om.'l"f:~+ ...,Om't

7. h<;OJK. Nothing can shake his confidence
in himself. 0&.11- 'I.J'. 111...., 1.?"~+ ?"
1?" f"''J<;..,.Ka>- ~1C fll?"

shake (vi.)
I. 1-1-l'm-l'm. He shook with fear. O'i'CY+ 11-l'm+m
2. 41C'l' 41C'l' 1\11. Her voice shook with
emotion. h'l'A:J> 11"'1.+ f-1"~"1 .!':?"!\. 41
C'l' 41C'l' .J'.A ~oc
be shaken
S'.~1m. We were badly shaken by the news of
his death. ""1"..,1 Oil.,,. 1.11. hDDm1

I.

0'1,1'..

S'-~1'1'1

2. ( = act.) 1\<;.;>. The faith of the believers

was shaken by the capture of the holy city.
f:J-.1':11+. h-1""'. 00f11 fli.,'l'~ OD14.

II 1\<;:>..,.
shake at
1. OJHOJH(O+). He shook his fist at me. 7.lt1
OJHOJHofl't
2. ?"1(0+). He shook a stick at the thief.
11.11..,.1 oo+c ?"'n+

shake

1152

shamble

f~<:llO-l-

2. f"'',l'.:11. His shaky excuse for being late

was not accepted. /IODH"If., .I'+<:Om- f"''

The farmer shakes down the sack of grain

until it is firmly packed. l\UII- O~'J-tl l\11

,1'.<:11 ' 9"h'J,1'-l- -t-+11,1'. hll1'f9"

be shaky of-IDifiDH
The table was too shaky to use. m<:A.If,. II
ll"'l.IDiffD11 l\,1'1/I"IAII"

h.;Nu.;r. 10t.m- ]('},I'm-'} ,l'.m+'l"I"PA

*We were still shaky from the explosion.

shake hands

OL'J'l(,. ' 9"h'J,1'-l- f~(t-fl'} ' Y:'J;>m.

l\lliJo-'J t.II++'J9"

shake badly t.ifO<:

The experience shook him badly.

~1c t.ifo<:m-

shake down m+m+

I.

of-Q;~,II0m-.

They shook hands when they

met. ll.1'i"f. of-Q;~,IIOm2. l\~ Ill\~ -!-""'110m-. We shook hands

as a pledge of friendship. ll'i~'h;.l'l-'J "7<:
,?1"'1 0 l\~ 0 /ll\~ I of-Q;~,II0'J''J
3. fl\~ Mil":-" -1-/I'I'IDm-. The contestants
shake hands before the fight begins. of-ID-'1'1.0:
l"'ll hoo;>m"'':fm- Oof,-l- fl\~ {11\9";.1'
,1'./I'I'IDIIJI\shake off (vt).

I. hllm-~., 11,1'. l\:14.. The dog shook off

the water. m-.-raJo b{ltJJo)~ ~,.e. a co-~c
'J h:14.
2. -l-11++. I can't seem to shake off this cold.
,I'.U'J 'l-'Jof.'J All++m- t.AiJ'Ah-9"
*The thief shook the police off his trail.
/l.llm- 0 ;r/1,(1. 0 OO'J1Y." 0 l\'JJI.ilT 0 h~:1m
shake off (vi.) ll.&-1'i' ' !I'll

Sand shakes off easily from the shoes. t.if'l'

h"'i"'' 11,1'. 0+1111- ll.&-1'i' ,l'.l-IIA
shake out lt&-1L
The maid shook out the dusty rug. 1:'1..,
l\!J.&- f'I"IIO-l-'J M"''i' h&-1LT
shake up t.ifO<:

The threat of attack has shaken up the entire

country. ffll"'l" l\'1'4: 'i'c?-l- h1.0:.,'J
o""11 t.ifo<:
shake with laughter

She shook with laughter. O"':r- T'Jh-1-h-t-:Y.

[See also 'loose']
shake (n.), no great shakes
*He's no great shakes as an administrator.
1111-1-'1'1.0:~-l- h4o'l'C f"'l.111 l\,1'.~/19"

shake-up, make a ~ t.lt9" /I'I'IDm

The new boss made a shake-up in our office.
l\'1.(1. h/1>1' foP I" .0:,1' ' !L;.I'l-'J'J ' t.ltll"
/I'I'IDmm-

shaky
I. f"'l.,,':1C"I. Trucks couldn't use the shaky
bridge. f"l"~-l- ""h.<;l"l- O"'l.,,'<:1C1m-
Y:AY:,I'. "" I II.~ t.Ail'll-9"

shall
I. (imperfect). I shall come with you. l\-tlt.U
l\~/ll}o

2. (jussive). Shall I come with you? t.-tlt.U A

'I.Y:?

shallow
I. "IA-tl ! 'I'A:r- ,I'All'~. The lake is very shallow at this point. l\ILU :> oh,l'.4o 0"19"
"IA-tl '

~,.

The ship grounded in shallow water. oochll..,

'J'A:r- IIAII'~,. ,.;> (1A-tl I 011'~,.
llohC) ' ,.11'1' oPt,-}-

.I'HT

2. :r-c-n. They deepened the shallow pool.

:r-cn-'J 'l-Y:'iY: t.C+,. Uo~--l3. 11C"I. This shallow dish is not good for
soup. ,I'.U 11C"I ltoh'J llii'CII 1 l\,1'.11''}9"
4. 1AQ. His writings are, on the whole,
shallow. om:r-1111,. ' K"""G:'Il 11111 ""'"'"

sham (shammed), v.
I. l\011. That boy is not crying; he is only
shamming. Ait f"'l.,,'/l;r-(1,. ll..l'-tiA ~,.
2. ll"h'J,1'-l- Lm<:. He shammed sickness
so he wouldn't have to work. l\'J-'1,1'."'&- 1
;.1'9""7.,1'/lv- l\,1'11 I 9"h'J,1'-l- ,1'.4.'1'&-A
3. 'I' if. He is not asleep; he is only shanuning.
li.'J:r-A'i' hAIDM,.,. i ll.'1'11 I ~ ....

sham (n.) f,1'.9"1lA

His anger was a sham. 4o11Jm- f,1'.9"1lA

oc
sham

(adj.)

I. (!,. 1 "'&-11. She wears a string of sham

pearlS. (!,. 0 ....:-11 I f6'}4o I Y.".0: 0 hY."C;>
lll2. f,.if-l-. The soldiers fought a sham hattie
for practice. m;.l't.t:'ll 1 /IA9"9"Y: f,.if-l-
ID-1J -1-'l"l-

shamble (v.), ~ along l\f-1-'J+m+m l\H1""

The tired old man shambles along. .1!-IJ"''m-
11.,1/1. l\fof-'J+m+m YH1.,A

shambles, be a - """"11.4'<1'11
The place was a shambles after the fight.
h~ofl'lfOJo 0:\'1 IL_,. 0"111" of"oPII?'I-11-
)RC
leave a shambles !I"II'J>~'I-11-1 l\ID"'
The children left tbe room a shambles. AJ('Ii
ht;:ll-1 11"11'1-~'J>II-1 llmm-'1shame (v.) 11114.~
My mistake shamed me. llihof"-1: 11/lo!.~'t
shame (n.)
I. 7.t;:~+. She blushed witb shame. Rht;:~+
4.:1: t;:!l" ""1111
2. "''oi.C I OD'I'l.F:. His shame was soon known
to all. "'14.-1- (""'1'~-'1-) Rll-11-11" H11:
J').IJJo'l- ;1-0Jo+ )RC
*Shame on you! ofl+1"'1- f.'lf~Y~
*To my shame, I must confess I begged for
that money. J")1 ~1Hofl III""S ..,.,'f-1:1
Wo!.eh- ' ~<;H11
be a shame to hMO
He's a shame to his family. ILof" 1111-1 J'
111:0~

brin1 shame to

11'1'~

11114.~

The young man's arrest brought shame to his

family. fm"'_,. IIOJo\1. "".1'11 IL... IIR-1 II
'I'~' (Mol.~)
have shame 1tLt.

Haven't you any shame? 11;1-t;:C!I" l

It's a ohame

shape

1153

shambles

J'/1~

It's a shame tbe way he treats us. 1.11.'1- 1.

11:"'L..'u:-J1 ofl;f-f. J'/1~
put to shame
I. 'I',;J 1111"1. His success put my efforts to
shame. f(l. 'K- OJom.+ ..,.,,.+ n1 ....
~+. 'I',;J 11/I"'IJJo
2. 1111<;+. His careful work put all tbe rest
of us to shame. '1'1:t'-t fof".,..'IR'l- P'~
,. v-'l:f-1111" 1111<;+1

was discovered. "''"PRCR-1- 01").4'0'1- '1.11.

Rh'i'~'l- ' ...~'1-C' ' +~
shameful .t./lof-6
His conduct is shameful.
)IJJo
shamefully, behave -

1>1:~'1.,.

1>114-.:

.t.llof-6 !""!Oc

LA""

The enemy behaved shamefully when tbey

occupied tbe country. m'l+ 1>~.:.,.., am
~~ '1.11. .t.llof-6 I""!'IC oi.P.IID
shameless 7.t;:~"" ILII
His shameless behavior shocked everyone.
7.t;:~... ILII P'~IJJo IIIJJo1 11-11- 7.t;:
~+ ' 'If. ' "'IIIJJo
shank '1-~'1'11"
His shanks are thin.

'1-~T'I"'Ii

+"P1 <;lfOJo

shanty .1:1111 'I~

The beggar lives in a shanty. 11"'1..,. .l:ltlt ")
~ ' IJJoii'J'' f.'l'~~
shape (v.)
1. '1-c,... l>R)';(II+). He shaped tbe clay with
his fingers. 'iOJ'IOJo1 R"'.f'li '1-c,... .t.R)';II+
2. l;qDD,I:, Many people shape their ideas to
tbe times. ofllt' lll":Y. l>llof"ltMlfiJJo1 h'l.
II.IJJo ' ,;JC ' ,J'q!I"P,II3. -~. The war has shaped tbe events of tbe
future in many ways. tnC)'J- Rofllt' DD')~
1:

rmu+ v-l!.;t-1

-c:t~

*He shaped his child's character by his own

example. ~7!: 1.(1.1 ODIIII- 7.1-'l.dJ"'
hi:C'I ' l>lt.I:11JJo
shape up -~h J'H
His plan is shaping up well. 7.'1--'1- 'K- ""
~h ' f.!l.~
be shaped

What a shame you can't comet ""11""1'1- II

IIOD!f'~IJ J'/111<;~

1. '1-c,... l>IIOJo. That cloud is shaped like a

ship. J' ,I:OD<; foPCbofl 'J>C,... ' l>IIIJJo
2. 7.1.11.11"7"7 IJ''I' """'~ This hat is shaped
to your head. f.IJ OCl!."' 11~1111 1.1.11.11
"7"7 IJ''I' of"oPC:t~

shamefaced (adj.) R).t;:~+ fof"'l'm

The shamefaced boy asked the teacher's
pardon for having insulted him. R).t;:~+ f
of"'l'mOJo ~-, 11111""7<11JJo1 RoP1fllf. f.'J>
C;t- mf.,.
shamefaeed (adv.) R7.U'l- ~+.:
He stood there shamefaoed when his deception

shape (n.)
1. '1-c,..., This pot has tbe same shape as a
pot I saw in Gondar. f.ll "7111!' R'J>C,...
1-1.1:C J'fv-'1-1 "7111!' f.oPII'I~
There were clouds of different shapes in tbe
sky. 11"71' ltf. ~" ~" '1-c,... J''llf,.
,I:OD<;l":f 0 )0-1-

what a shame I .ffl'llqA.

,.

2. .,.'*'hit". The devil appearedinhumanshape.

llf.nl). 0/IIIJo -toulltto :J"f
3. 11-~;t- I DPA.h. The university's finances are
in good shape. fl'-~liCII.-1:"'" f11H11 f.I':J"
0-K- 11-~:J- (ouAh) ~..,.
(be) In bad shape

1. of-""i""i~(..,.). +rm in bad shape because I

didn't sleep well. 0.<'.111 MA-t.,.,. -1-i'l"
'f...A
2. of-fl'llf. The exterior of the house is in bad
shape. IL.., IIJo'I."IIJo of-fl'l1i:t:A
(be) In good shape
His affairs are in good shape. 1"1.11. .l'."t'i'

f.ttU:li:J"A
(not be) In good shape

m.1H

t.A)fl<:IIJoP"

He was not in good shape, and he soon collapsed. m.1H MA~n.:..,. mP,J..,. -MI

m.l'.+

li'I!Aio':

k - oneself In shape11"'"~""1 fl"''..~q m

0-f>,,
The athlete exercised to keep himself in good
shape. li?'C-1".,...,. 11..,.~..,1 fl"''..~q {lou

mn+

sharp

1154

sh..,..less

Af"P"~ A.<'..:~

of shape
(be) 1. -tMif. The hat is all out of shape. qc~"'
..,. 00j:JI.f" of-fl'l1i:t:A
2. /111Jo)..,1 fl"''..~q t.Amfl+P". He is

out of shape; he can't possibly run that far.

fl"''..~q MAmfl+ 11 YIJA
{IODI!'T I;F.":fA f.IT'i'A
take shape ODAh YH l ouAh M'f
11..,.~ ...1

The incident gradually took shape in his mind

so that he was able to explain it clearly.
f!T)IIJo )~C t.'t.P"I!'IIJo IIJo/lT. W.l'.C. ODA
h IIIIYH 0.<'.111 II.~A~IIJo !I'll
His plao is taking shape. 7.!1>.11. ouAh

't.n'f ' 't.I!,A

[See also 'tiptop']

shapeless !J>T fll.liiiJo

She wore a shapeless dress. !J>T fll.iiiiJo A
1111 ll11<'1ll":f

shapely f"''..YMII'l- !J>CK' YliiiJo

The shapely girl was crowned beauty queen.
f"'/..YMII+ !J>CII' Y'l'l- A'[f~.:~ f11Jofl'l-
,.,,....,.. of-q{l":f

share (vt.)
1. -ttt.r.ll l -thof..l.ll. The owners shared the
profits with their employees. M"l.ll. q{I(J.of":f

+c4-1 h1P&--t'l'i1''1'..,. :>C -ttt.LII- ( -th

of..LII-)
2. t.li(11Jo). The Tigreans aod the Amharas share
a common tradition. 'l-"l&.ll'"'f'i' t."71!'":f f
:>&- quA t.'l'l'..,.

*They shared a room while they were in

college. l>ll.)\' n~n~ 1.11. t.1~ h'i'A ..,.
liT f.'f~ ~OC
share (vi.)
1. ~Clf11Jo1 "'"' Everybody shared in making the picnic. 1ic11~1 ll'i'H:>)\' 11-11-9"
~Clf11Jo1 IPC:f:A
2. t.1'"1. We all shared in the gift for Almaz.
llt.A.,11 lltn:J" u-'llf-1f" t.1'"11

*Please let me share in paying the expenses.

aJQ;I,IIJo1 'l"lq"'fushare among themselves Tbof.d..A-

They shared a

cake among themselves.

11.11-1 of-bUll-+
share (a) common border +'P1U

Ethiopia aod Sudao share a common border.

t..+f'kY'i' II-JI1 f.1'11'i'llshare out hh4-LA

Share out this money among the men!

~1H11

t.tJ~~

llllll''ll t.hof.'i''I'I'IIJo

[See also 'blame']

share (n.)
I. ~elf. Everybody has to pay his share.
't.Y1.111.11. ~Clf11Jo1 ODboi.A t.llfl+
2. t.hll.f-1. He owns five hundred shares in
the compaoy. nll-q1YIIJo IIJo/IT t.f"ll+
,..,_ t.hii.M All..,.
3. ,.,.,...._0(11+). Do your share of the work!
fof-OD.l'.flAIJ1 I P'&- oi.K'f"
take share, take a share ..,.IJ:LA

You're not taking much share in the conversation. fl""'l' :J-"f-1 1111-f" t.+tt.LA
He takes a share of the compaoy's profit.
fll-q1YIIJo1 'l-C'i' f.lt.L'IA

sharecropper '1."11"'
He is a sharecropper; he doesn't own his farm.
'1"11.... )IIJo ! """"" f&-11- t.f..l'.llf"

shark [ll.tto"f-1 '\"'ll'":f f"''..fl'l +A!!> f

..,.:,.Y'fll '\"!]

sharp
I. ~A. The pencil point is sharp. f't.C<'III- ""i
'i'' ~A'~..,.
2. fll'II. This box has a sharp comer. "'T).
fll' ll tnC11 t.liiiJo

3. ill\ I llli:J-P". Do you have a sharp knife?

liA (llli:J-P") ll'\'1' hllll 1
4. R"'P" +"i"'t. I d.on't like her sharp voice.
.I!"P"!\. RIIJP" +"i"'t llllll'~ f.ll hf.ll'1!1"
5 . ..,,.ll.... I felt a sharp pain in my side.
:>-l- -t-1'1"'1'1
1-l!. llf.
6. .l!"'t11".,.. There is a sharp curve in the road.
00D't1-'l. llf. .l!"'t11"... oumrn..,- hll
7. 1-1\11. There is a sharp contrast between
ODIIhA 1-A
night and day. 011.-l-<;
II fll'~ A\<)o}o hll
8. iiAII. He is a sharp lawyer. iiAII mR.4'
)fJJo
9. 1.11-l-. This child is sharp in arithmetic.
f.ll A"f: R_,'I'C 1.11-l- )fJJo
10. ( = adv.) tl't.l',. There was a sharp drop
in the price of com. fl. IIA 'I':> f!'t f.,

..,,_fl.,. ,.

on

au..r.

*The sentry kept a sharp watch for the enemy.

HR.,.,_ )~.f- mll-l-'t f.mil~ )0C

*His eyesight is very sharp. 'tf.). 'No TTA

*He spoke sharp words to her. R<IIIJ -J-<;1tl-T
sharp (adv.) Ah
We have to be there at five o'clock sharp.
Ah ROP'tl- h't.l!" l'l't-l- 1.11..1' OD1J
-l- hllil't
look sharp ) .4' hll
Look sharp when crossing streets! OD't1P..l-'t
li:J-!1/C'I' ).4' RA

[See also 'appetite, tongoe']

sharpen
I. /Ill. You have to sharpen the knife before
cutting the meat. P';>fJJo't hOD.,...t:'J'II R
"'"" ILII'I'fJJo't OD/IA hllilll

This puzzle should sharpen your wits. f.ll

.4'11-l- "'-'1':1-

2.

+a.

shaving

1155

sharpen

h1.!1"1!"11't

OD/IA

1 f
hliR-l-

Sharpen the pencil for me, please!

1.11-1: 1.CII(l.'t ~t:K"A'1

The walk has sharpened my appetite. OD't1-'l. 1

Mt:-0'1

2. 1-K"'f". His actions contrasted sharply with

his words. f"''.Tf.C1<D<<; f"''. <;1t;fJJo l-IM"
f-1-ATf

)1C )fJJo

speak sharply T'ktfJ

Speak sharply to him about his tardiness!

llll

ODH'1fofo -t-<t.IIJfJJo

sharpshooter MIIJIIJ6

1-\\ii

The sharpshooter brought down a mountain

goat. MIIJIIJ6<D< 1 1-\\ii 'I'ATfJJo't "'ll,.

shatter
I. l'lf!Rt:. The bullet shattered the glass.
'l'f.ofo I IID/I:J-a>ofo') I (lf!Ot;fJJo
2. iJ-}o'to}o).'t 1 ha>IIJ. The impetus of the falling
rock shattered the concrete. f-J-<;f,.fJJo 1 lt'1''1 1
.-,f.A 1\."'l.'t.f-fJJo't il-l-'t-l-).'t ha>IIJ<D<
3. RmRm. The great mental stress shattered
his mind. hfl.l!" 1 fh1.!1"1!" 1 "i"'t+-l- DP'tl-(1.
"J OmOmmbe shattered IDF..OD

Our hopes were shattered when the boss

refused. hfi,J>'f't I J.!r"fl I 1\.A I -J-/1-f.:f') I
a>f,.oP

shave (vt.)
I. II"'-. Who shaved your beard? m.P"II't 1 "'I
I 11"'-IJ 1
2. RIIJ!r' 1-m:>. The car shaved the comer.
DPIJ.<;,. mt. 1 ""mP"H..,.,. RIIJP" 1-m:>

')

shave (vi.) 1-11""

Do you shave every morning? o-A.'L.r&.

T tll.T

tp.

Tll'"{111 1
shave off +t\tD.
I

He shaved off his beard. m......, 1"11"'-

shave (n.), give a

~ 11"'-

II"" Rf.'til f.IIAA

*That was a close shave! ll'l'-1:-l-

shaver m.r"

sharpener
I. ou~t:"". The pencil sharpener is broken.
1.CIIll I -~t:'"fJJo I 1-l'til;!:l\
2. OD/IT. The knife sharpener does not work.
hf.IPtl-!1"
ILII'I'

OD/1,,.

sharpening DP/IA
This knife needs sharpening. f.ll

I. 1-A.f-. The tree is sharply defined in outline.

fq4- I ~CK" 1-A.f- f"''.:J-f. I ~,.

A sharp razor gives a good shave. llli:J-!1" !1"

sharpen the appetite Allt-0

OD/IA. hliR-l-

sharply

ILII'I'

1-t:~h-

ODt\-J.

Do you have an electric shaver? fh.ll.h-l-6h

ffi.!r'

ODij'"

shaving(s)

hfiiJ 1

~~<f.-1:

The metal shavings are collected and melted.

filt:-l- ~~<f.-1: l'lii/IRfJJo T+A"'tr

wood shavings ~~<f.-1:

The wood shavings caught fire.
1.11-l- 1-,' "

~~<f.-1:,.

shaving brush

1156

shaving brush fm.!l" -f1""11

The shaving brush is gone. fm.!l" -fi""U:
m'i';tA
shawl .rt1'1- A-fill
The girl bought a shawl in the market. A)!'ofz
10.1' 't'l .rt1'1- A-fill 1~lshe
I. l\ft I l\Cft. She is upstairs. l\ft

.:::to

'I

J'.' )":f2. I\'I-. The dog is a she. ,.If'I' I\'I- "'~

Is the baby a he or a she? .bY). ID1--': )
..... 1\'l- l
[See also 'donkey']
sheaf (sheaves)
I. )/'.. The farmer stacked the sheaves of
grain. 10.!.,. fl\IIA )/'. bou.:
2. h!I"C. I handed her a sheaf of bills. A1--':
h!I"C f .h./1-fl .I'..: II'S ilm:\'1shear (v.) lfii-1They shear wool from the sheep once a year.
O"'l'l?t O'tou'l- A1--': 1.1t J'.lfA:t'f''I'A

sheet
4. AIDII4>. He began to shed his clothes as
l\fO.:;r O't.l'.
the air got hotter. -...-~z
41'1'C A-fl(lo1- .,,.11:,0 ;p:oa.:
5. ( = intr.) 0:11.. The trees shed their leaves.
~.::'li :t>m'l:f,. ,1'.0:14-A
*She shed bitter tears. A!I"C&- All+ill[See also 'light']

shed (n.) oamll,l'

Put the car in a shed! ODIJ..,'I'1- oumll,l'
P'C A41.,'1sheen ID11
The sheen of the horses' coats show that they
are well cared for. fi.O:II'Ii ID11 0.1'.1--fl
f-1-.1'11< """""'....,. ,1'/I,I'A
have a sheen A-f1<:4><:+
That girl's hair has a sheen like gold. .l''f All"
1~ l\1-.1'. mc:t- f"7...1'-f1<:4>c:t- &...c A'l'lsheep 01
The sheep graze in the field. O"'l'li "'L'' 'I
..... ,1'.1"111-

The blade of the machine can shear off large

pieces of steel. fOD"f&,l',. 1111'1- '1-'IA:t-
ro.:-o -a.:+ 11.'*-6-C'I' .r.T'IA

sheepish fl\'1'0:'1Her sheepish smile showed she knew that

what she said was stupid. fl\'1'.:'1- 1.11:1"1'
f-I-.,10:T,. M.r..:q oull')-1- l\1-'lm+l-
Ail.:'!

shears '1-A:t- ""4>11

Give me shears to cut this thick paper! ,1'.111-
ID'U--!1" m.:4>'1- f!l"'tC'I'O'l- '1-A:t- ""
4>11 lim'S

have a sheepish look 1uf.C Ju\

He had a sheepish look when she caught him
in a lie. ""'l'lfofz1- qm+l-o'l- 1..n AI.C
All

shear off

~l.m

sheath
I. Al::'l-. Put the dagger in its sheath! 111-11",.
1- Al::ofz ,.11'1' h-1--1-,.
2. 114-1-. The caterpillar wound a silken sheath
about itself. Aq ~"-"'" fmC 114-).1- 0
&of\- 4\..e

m-m

sheathe il1q ,.11'1' h-1--1He sheathed his sword. 1-6-S'.,.,. (11q,. ,.

il'l' h-1--1sheaves, see sheaf
shed (shed), vt.
I. 1.1.1.. The snake shed its skin. l\qa- "'-"~"'"
,. 1.1.1.
2. "'ll. One kind of deer sheds its horns.
4>1-1'-'l?t f"7..'1'A A1--': 'tJ'.)'l- A:>H1- All
3. A.LI"u'l. He shed his blood for his country.
..._,. '11"" .h.Lilil

sheepskin h01 "'-'~ f-1-w&He wore a sheepskin coat. h01

6- 1>'1- 11-flfl.A

"'-"~

f-1-P'

sheer
I. ilil. The stockings are made of sheer silk.
fl\1C U:&-fl'li hilil mC f-1-"""' """""
2. '1'&.11". That would be sheer madness.
,1'.11 '1'&.11" l\-fl.l'.'l- ) ....
it's a sheer drop of 2,000 feet. v-11'1- lf. "'l
., c+'l- .I'll,. on:t-'1- ),.
by sheer chance l\1-'1:>"1"7..
By sheer chance, I discovered the fraud.
l\1-.11:>"1"7.. .,"l"OC0""1- Uilh-0'1[See also 'default']
sheet A1-l't'l
Shall I change the sheets, too? A1-l't'l....,.!l"
All"'"m"'"!

*Throw a sheet over the bed! hA:>ID""t h"t'l'

,LtD-

sheets of metal

m~f.

ofl~:t-

The sides of a ship are made of sheets of metal.

fODeb-tJ ' "1-'t .. I "1-'t ' bm<;:ll)o(. o -tlt:'l- '
[See also 'paper, water')

(be) sheeted .J-1\0m

The statue is sheeted with lead. .t.m-A., Oll
ellll -1-11-tll\l.A

shelf (shelves)
I. oof.C'-&Y. The books are on a shelf. ODK.ft
<;:., OODS'.eUY ~,. ...,.
2. l\eb"t. The house is built on a shelf of rock.
IL_, f-1-u>&-ID- 0!1/fi l\eb"t ~f. ~,..

shell (v.)
I. ,1.1\,LI\. She shelled the besns before she
cooked them. IJ'il~m-"t b...,.,..,.!l. 0.1.'1-
d.l\,1.1\'lfmDo you want to shell the nuts? i\.CD-rf"1' ooJ..
A,LA 'I-,LA:JI\11 l
2. ~m. I have to shell the eggs. ll"t'il~ll-"t oo
~ ... ' }\11-t!'S
3. ooaS'.''i' S'.OS'.O. The enemy attacked after
shelling the town. b.J-"'11'"t OooS'.''i' bS'.OS'.
0 0:\~ m~+ hm:l'

shell (n.)
I. :r-eo~.+. The shell of the nut was very soft.
rAm-H- :r-eo~.+ O"'?" AMII ~oe
2. q"I-A. We found many shells on the beach.
OIJ.h-1- 'le;J' -till- q"!-A MTI
3. A-till. The tortoise has a hard shell. fl\.11.
A-till S'.'"t:>f. ~m4. fooS'.'<;: 'l'f.'l-. A shell exploded near
our house. IL:I''lf"t hm1-tl h"JS'.' foaS'.'
<;: ' 'l'f.'l- ' d.M
5. 'i'C"'C"'. Only the shell of the house was
left after the fire. b:l'mll-m- 0:\~ fiL-l:
'i'C"'C"' >(l;J' .,..:
rifle shell .,.1111

We found some rifle shells on the ground.

~f. '1"1:'1- .,.1\11 h1'f'"t

oo.:,+

shelter (vt.)
I. bAll. These trees shelter the house from
wind. MH.II q,;:'lf IL_,"t b~4-ll f.bA
II-;I'A
2. DDm'l.)' llm.

shield

1157

sheeted

They sheltered and fed

us. ?""1-11., oam'l.)' llm-"t

3. hllm:>. The bushy land shelters small

animals. S'."t fi\O{lm- -.:.+ '1-~'11
li"JM'I-"t Yllm:>A
4. S'.O.,.. He sheltered the prisoner from the
police. llllt:'i'ID""t b?'ll.ll S'.O.,.m5. h<r.:. Marshy land shelters many small
animals. t:"lt:"l OD&.'I- >{lff- '1-"t"t'li ll"tllll
'1-"tY'r&-A
shelter (vi.) .J-ml\11
The sheep sheltered from the hot sun in the
shade of the haystack. O=i b"'L..':1''1'1\ID-
8.hf. OS'.'C.f'li h?"e 'I'~ -1-mllll'lf

shelter (n.)
I. ""mAY. A shelter was built at the bus stop.
htD-.fiJ-{lo OD.f'''U ~f. anmi\Y .J-u>e
.,. ~oe
Trees are a shelter from the sun. q,;:'lf h8
.hf. oomi\Y .,.,.

2. f"''.mi\AO'I- ll'i'&-. We sought shelter from

the rain. h11"11- fMmi\AO'I- ll'i'&- d.
1\"l"t
3. +n. The people were told to seek shelter
when there was an air raid. ~fC ID& (Loo
11J .h1111- T1"t ll'tii.J'.11 T~1t:IDtake shelter +mAA

We took shelter from the rain. h11"11- +m

1\A"t

sheltered (adj.)
*He leads a sheltered life. Yll ll:>'l- f.<;' &-A

shelve mS'. "1-"t hi\

They shelved the problem instead of solving it.
1\~1'1- I OD'i''l-.h. ' l\'JS'. I "'l"l'f''l-' tDS'. I "1-"J I
hll-'1-

shelves, see shelf

shepherd (v.) mO.,.
He will shepherd his flock. OD"J ;>ID""t f.m-ti:I'A

shepherd (n.) ll.:'i'

The shepherd hums while guarding cattle.
llt:'i' b-t!'l- fl.m-tJ:r- 1 n"I-&-7'&-A

shield (v.)
I. :>.:S'.. He shielded his eyes with his hand.
'tf.'r'fi"t ' Ol\)1: ' :>t:S'.
2. Th~hl\. He shielded his child from the
dog. A)l:"t hm-11" -1-Mhll

shield (n.)
I. :>If. He bought an old shield. hl!"l. :>If
1q

shift

1158

2. DDh'lh.l'. Vaccination is a shield against

smallpox. h'loq'lo f.l.'t"'"' DDh'lh.l' tfl>o
shift (vt.)
1. 1\d>m. He shifted the gears, .,eif.'t IIIDm
2. 1\1\11.1.. We have to shift the meeting to
Tuesday. i'loft(tqfl)o'J ' ID!l. ' .,h(t'l' ' .,1\M:

ship
ohlne (vi.)
I. 1\0.!-. Her eyes were shining with joy.
<t.e'f!l! O!l.i'I:Jo $0'1- toe
2. ID"'. The sun isn't shining today. lfll. 8d1
WI'I\A.ID"'~!I"
3. ofle\l't (tm. The sun shines. sm.e ofle
\l't '1-fl"'l\~
*He shines in arithmetic. Odt.l\ofl '1-011

1\llofl't
3. 1\'lhh. He tried to shift the blame to me.
'1''1-_,'t Rl!. 'I.e ll.,'lhh 'l"h~

*He doesn't shine in conversation.

shift (vi.) 1\:r>"'"'ifl>o't IIIDm

l\$fl>o:r>!l"

The wind shifted and is now blowing from the

north. tof.(l. 1\:r>"'"'ifl>o't llfl>olfl 1\IJo't

shine into the eyes 1\'tl\11~4'(0'1-)

R(t"''t Rll'A. ""'t.l.i'l ' l?"Z:A.

shift for oneself .!o(l.'t ' ~fro 1\Jl.~

When their father died, the children had to

shift for themselves. 1\q;Nffl>o {1,'1"'1- A.

Qil.tp~

Wear dark glasses so the sun won't shine

in your eyes. 8dl,e h't'IMlllle:r-oflu f8d1
.e ODtl\'e 1\J':C"I
shine the light 1\0&-

"IJ': ll't

Shine the light on the door while I try to find

the keyhole. fofiA.4- 4''1'1 h't'I.:Jof'{ 0
"" 'I.e 1\ofi.!-A.'{

shift (n.)
1. ""IIID"'i. Where is the.gear shift? f.,eif.

shine (n.) .,ofl~:r>~:r>

The shine of his shoes reflects one's face.
'"""'"" .,ofl~:r>~:r- d.'l- $'~$A.

]l:'fi ' .!-1\'l'fl>o't ~~~"" '

q:ffl>o

.,!l.e

[See also 'ground']

DDIIID"'i

f-lo

,;J

tfl>o !

2. ( ~ to shift) ODIIID'I'. This will mean a shift

in my plans. ,eu 1\:r>Y..'t ODIIID'I' ,ell'
'tofl'i'A.

3. .,.~'l'~. The night shift reported. fll.l\.'1-

.,.~,~

.........

our workers work in three shifts.

JP.!-.,.'l'il'~

't R?'ll'l- :r>$1:. hf.,..I..!-Mc ,ew&-tr

make shift

we will have to make shift with oil since we

have no butter. :r>IL i'lllll.ll't R:r>IL .1.'t
:1' nn.e+ ' oum4'!1" 1\llofl't
shimmer 1\'tllq~.,.
The lake shimmered in the morning light.
m.eofl Oljl.'lo ofiC'I't 1\'tllq~.,.

*The postman comes in rain or shine. rtt.+~

fl>o ILH'tofl!l" !L$0.!-!1" ,eootJJA.

have a shine 1\ofli\~ltQ.l.
Silk has a shine . .he $ofiii"'-A."'iA.

shingle
1. f.,.ot.&-~m 1\'t:1'. The house is roofed
with shingles. f"'t.$fl>o h'l't h.,.ot.&-~m-
<'l't:l'l"~ ' ,.,.....!- tfl>o

2. fi'l!l" (111.'1. The doctor hung out his shingle

and sat down to wait for patients. d1 h...,. f
i'l..,.'t ftll.'l 1\'tmA.'I'ir' O'li.,.'l'~'t .,.
mqo.,.

shining
*The children looked on with shining eyes.
.hf'i'ofo ' 't,e'i''ffl>o'J
toe

shin :r>A.'J'!I"
He hurt his shin. :r>A.'J'OD"t .,..,..'1

1.$.,....11"'-11""' I _eDDI\b...

shiny
shinbone :r>A.'I'!I"
My shinbone is broken. :r>A.'I'"'

.,.(10~

shine (shone), vt.

1. m~~. I have to shine my shoes. "'i.,\lo't
""'1'~"1 1\llofl'f

2. IDIIIDII. The maid shines the silverware.

~~'l.ofo hofle f.,.IP'{.'I-'t f!l"""ofl h:l'l"~

'1-IDIIfl>o'll\~

I. f"'U'ofl~4'e:r>. Here is a shiny new penny!

h'l.ll f"'U'off~4'e:r> <'l'tof:!l" ,e'Jifl>oA.IJ

2. 8d1$.,. The shiny day made everyone

happy. 8d1$"'"" 4''t IJofl-'t!l" 1\i'IJ!.(t.,.
ship (shipped), v.
I. 'lh. He boxed the books before he shipped
them. ""ll'diS:'Ii't hou'lh Od.'l- O"''l''t
fl>oi'l'l'. 1\i'l~q:ffl>o

2. "'i) (-J-""1)). The goods must be shipped by

boat; tbey are too heavy to be shipped by plane.
h:J"tJJo OJ;I\11 OD"'i"t 1\110-l- I 01\m-~
"l'"'l"t 1\oP"'l"t O"'f" bqs:- )tJJo
ship off 'lh

He shipped his children off to camp. A}(,;"t

tJJf. o OD11o;"... (l<!.C ' 'IIJ'ftJJo

ship (n.) ouch11

When does tbe ship arrive? oPChll-
fDa I OD:f J )Q)o l

f"''..~q

shipment 1.:1"
This shipment is designated for Ethiopia.
.1'-11 h? mt. 1\.-1-f"kY f"''..V..I:'" ).,...
*We've just received a new shipment of shoes.
1\'1'1.11 '"i"'l 1\11-"t ~o; f.G(I"t
A thousand boxes of oranges were ready for
shipment. 1\"t.l:'" If. "'"l'"t 11C-J>IJ"t mt.
......,_. 11.'\h -1-H:>;E-;I:A

shipping

shock treatment

1159

ship

.,.~

Make tbese books up into bundles for shipping!

1\"l-~ 1.")-'I.OD'Il MILII"t ODl\ih'i'-1- ' 1\"t
.1:'" ' 'If. ' "Ff.G"'I1 ' 1.(1.!-:ftJJo

shipwreck (v.) MOG

A storm shipwrecked the vessel. 'ttJJ-11- )of.
II ODCh!l"t MOA--1-

shipwreck (n.)
I. fouCh11 oo!lm9" l foPCh11 1\f.:>. The
news of the shipwreck grieved everyone. fDPCh
!l oP!Imf" tiS 1Joll-"t9" 1\1111)
Only two people were saved from the shipwreck. houcho- 1\f.:> f-J-G4- IJoi\T fll"
";f. 11;F )0~
2. """'"~"'- The shipwreck of his plan discouraged him. fh:t>JI. oPIAo;"~'i' ~11-1-
1\II~GmtJJo

shipshape

-No

Our office is in shipshape condition. ooJPt.f ~

O.;t-:f"t 0"1'~ /") P'C't-1- f-1-f.A-J;
)tJJo

shirk lflf
He shirks work all tbe time. P' A- .elflfA
(FA- 1.coo- )tJJo)

shirt lf"'1..11
He tore his shirt on a nail. lf"''..H-"t f"II"'IC
+uo+

shiver (v.)
I. OCP..-1- -1-"t+m+m. He shivers under
his blanket. 11C.I:'" A1111 ILI\11119" 0
CP..-1- f."t+m+"'A
2. ( ~ trans.) h"t+m+m. +The child shivered
with cold. ihflo"t 11C.I:'" h"t+m+m.,..
make shiver II~U(tJJo)

His touch makes me shiver. (l.)IJ'S f.ll~"t)

...A
shiver (n.), give the shivers fl+mm
The sight of snakes gives me the shivers.
1oq11 11.1'- .1'-fl+"l'm.,.A

shock (v.)
I. hfl++. Her behavior shocks me. f""'q~
.l'fl:t>+'1A
2. hll.r.G l 1o'i'G-l- 'If. "'ll. The child's
bad language shocks everyone. fAit f11
A"'o;" M:>~C !Joll-"t .l'll'i'A-A (h'i'G
-1- ' 'If. ' f."I''IA)
3. hlfOG. Hitler's many atrocities shocked
the world. f'l-1-1\C "''i'o;" "l"IJ~ 'ti\M 1\
lfOGtJJo
be shocked OtiJr" .f.)1m

We were shocked by the news. m&.tJJo"t ll"t(l

.., 0"19" f.)~"l'"t

shock (n.)
I. s:-"t:>m. His respiration is irregular due to
shock. hs:-"t:>m f-f-)"1 -1-"tof.if. 41C"I' 41
C"l' f.'IA
2. "1.1'-11l;')-1-. The shock of the explosion was
felt for miles around. f41."ti(tJJo "1.1'-11.,.)-1-
111111- "'If. A -J-{If"-f ) OC
*The shock of the fall made him lose con
sciousness. tt.m~:,. oo&,.rJ: = fOD:rm- )~
(1.") 1111-f-tJJo
be a shock to "'-ltY..'t1m

His deatb was a great shock to us all. f(l. 'I"

+ 1Jo'l:f"t"t9" O"'f" hllf.)~m"t
earthquake shock

fOD&,..:'f- I

OD14'T+T

Earthquake shocks occur often in Japan.

foP&.+ OD")_,..,..,..,. 1111- "1.11. O)i";r"t
'If. .1'-f.CIIA
get a shock I>G"t-1: /IOtJJo
If you touch tbat wire, you'll get a shock.
.l'"t"t 'lifl h.1'1111 I>G"t-1: f.II11YA
[See also 'rude']

shock treatment fi>G"t-1: ihl19"o;

He needs shock treatment to cure his insan

shoot

1160

shock troops

ity. hMIJ'.-1> 1\ou"'"t fl>t:"t-1: .lth!l"'i'

YMM'I'A
shock troops OD'f "l.('.IA
Shock troops swarmed over our defenses.
oo:r; "l.('.IA 9"1i;.J:f"t"t m,:,:w-

shoddy oo'i'>;'
The shoes he bought were so shoddy that they
fell apart when he got them wet. f11ftD- "'i
. , o OD'i'>;' o 111111"~ l\C'I'-11 ' {l.~l1tD-

.,.0

"ltnll

shoestring f"'i"7 "71'16$

His shoestring broke when he tied his shoes.
"'i"7w-"t {l.YIIC f"'i"7 "71'16ftD- _,.Otnl'l
on a shoestring
*I went to Ethiopia on a shoestring. mY. to. '1f"lrY 11~.1:' ff1111-.'f- 1"tH-Il .'f-"t'li ~OC

shone, see shine

shoo 7.11 hi\
John shooed the chickens. ]t:"t 1'-l!''lh l\1i hi\
shook, see shake

shoe (v.) "'i"7 hll1ll

I need someone to shoe my horse.

AL~f\

shoot (shot), vt.

I. OD:J". He shot the robber with a pistol.

"7 f"''.$11111/A~ (ltD- l\~IA;.JI\11-

shoe (n.) "'i"7

I need a pair of shoes. ""1."7 YII~A1'1A
The horse lost one shoe. f~t:(l. h"tJ!. "'i
_, tn'i':I:IA
be In someone's shoes

*I wouldn't be in his shoes for anything.

l\"t'>."t l\(l."t MJ'.t:1~
fill someone's shoes +it

She felt that no stepmother could ever fill her

late mother's shoes. f'l".,.:fw-"t l'.'i':l:"t f
"'1..,.11 ' 9""t9" ' t'l\"t)';&. ' l\'i''l- ' l\"tJ'.I\.11 '

.,.....,..,.

1\.QtD-"t ' O'li'M' ' OD:J"tD2. 1J'.II. The hunter shot a lion. to"'")' h"tO
... '1J'.I\
3. 0'1'.('.'1- 1J'.II(.,.1J'.II). The collaborator was
shot by the patriots. "'-Ilt: hO'I- QCR'I''Ii '
l\)t' 0'1'.('.'1- _,.1J'.II

4. t:lh. Shooting cattle without any good

reason is an injustice. f4'"t .<:- hofl.f-:f"t f'l
"t"':f 9"h"tf'l- out:lf'l "''i' ~,.
5. {lfJ..! mt::mt::. He shot an arrow into the air.
mY. 1'1"7.('. to'l.l:' 4'11'1- (IJ'.J'. (mt:mt:)

6. M"'. I intend to shoot piCtures at the

parade. OI'IA4- '\.('. l::.f-"1&-'i' 11"7'1"1'1- l\
~IA;.JIIo-

shoehorn f""i"7 "7"th..l'

I need a shoehorn to put these tight shoes on.
Mtlll"t tnll-11 ""i"7ll':f f"7111QO.'f- f""i
., ' .,"t 11..1' ' l\~/A;.JI\11-

shoe! ace f"'i"7 "71'16$

My shoelaoe broke. f""i"7\lo "71'16$ .,.0.,.

!LA
shoemaker ""i., 1'1~
I am taking my shoes to the shoemaker.
"'i"711o"t ' I\"71P&.'I- ' (IJJ'. ' ""'"' ' ....~.,. ' ....
1C I ODII.. I ~ID'

shoe polish f"'i"7 4'119"

Buy more shoe polish for me! +"'-"76 f-J.
., ' 4'119" ' "'lfiA~

shoeshine
*How much is a shoeshine?

7. hll1Q. He shot six baskets in the basket

game. O~C"'i'l- '>.II """' :J-w- 1.11.
11.<:-11'1- ' '>.II ' hll111
*He shot question after question at us. f'l'fofl
oe't.'f- tomt:Y.ofl'l

shoot (vi.)
I. .,.b-1'1. Don't shoot! h.'f-.,.tt-11
2. Tmt:.ml.. The meteor shot across the sky .
.,.mC'I'6tD- l>hofl 01'1"7f. 'If. .,.mt:mt:
3. ODtn4'. The rocket shot upwards. C'll.:l:
(IJJ'. ' ....,.... ' 0Dtn4':f
be shot 0'1'.('.'1- _,.J'.OJ'.O
The renegade was captured and shot. h"1.,.'1w-
_,._..., 0'1'.('.'1- _,.J'.OJ'.O
shoot ahead

1im-

hl\

The car shot ahead and was soon out of sight

OD!J.'i'tD}\')~ = . ....,

It

'litD-

ofl/1- ' '\.('.'j ' tnof.

shoot angry glances

They shot angry glances at us. "JI\ODm-1'

_,lltnt:"' ll"t.'f- .('.h~'IA l

shoeshlne boy 11.11'1-1!'

shoot away

The shoeshine boys were quarreling. 11.11'1-1!'

ll':f .e"lll- ~OC

He shot away all his ammunition. Tf.'i11' oIl- +tt-fo ""GI'I

..,.tt-f\

1 t;U.~{J

shoot away at each other J.CA

i-;1-b-(1-

shop

1161

shoot
I

aci\Tm-

They shot away at each other, but didn't hit

a thing. 1\Cil fiCil:fiiJo i-;1-b-(1- I "n "7't

3. i-tJDHH I i-OD)J'.1. He shot up after the

age of ten. hOI"C 'loP:,. bS'.""'/.IIJo fl:\'1 -1"""" '

(-1-0DtS'.~)

[See also 'sight']

'I" h/lli-OD;I-'1"

(be) shot away fl'l'f.:,. i-""fo mA+

The lower part of his face was shot away.

fl'l'f.:,. ........,. h~- mA+
shoot down
I. -1-tN "'A I i-tt(> hmt.J'.. The enemy
shot down three planes. tn'l:,. 1"11:,. h11Jol!'
T'l't Ttt(o "'A (hmt.J'.)
2. i-tt(> ~S'.A. They shot him down in cold
blood. fi.,..IJ~ -1-tt(l,. ~S'./1-l(be) shot down fl'l'f.'l- i-""fo mY.+

Four of the enemy's planes were shot down.

h&o..,. ftn'l..,. h11Jol!'"l"'l'l':f ' fl'l'f...,. ' ... ,......
CD- mF-41
shoot forth hflfl

Buds shoot forth in the spring. fiRS'.f. flo:J-1'"

:r- J'11qll-

shoot out (vt.)

I. hm"l. The snake shot out its tongue.

7.qn- '1"'1(1-'t hm"l
2. fl'l'f.:,. hmof.. The bandit shot out the
lights . .,..,,.,,. ""11&-i>'t fl'l'f.:,. hmof.,.

shoot out (vi.) -1-L.-,.Ait 6J"l

The horses shot out of the barn. Lt.Ml h;>

m- -1-L.-,.AhiiJo mmshoot (it) out i-;1-b-(1-

The two gunmen shot it out in the middle of

the street. v-A-t> 11-..'1' fJ'H- (lll':f ""
't~.tl. ""UA i-;1-b-(1shoot out new leaves h4ltn4&m
The plant shoots out new leaves. bfl- M&'l'
.,._tp.A
shoot past one

The car shot past us. ou!J.'i"IIJo qtn~q:f"J

11,. 1111- hAL

shoot up (vt.) 7."t-'11'f -1-b-(l

The drunken soldier shot up the town. (liJ&o..,.

m;I-S'.C hi-"711Jo IIJo!l'l' 1\'t-'l~'f -1-lt-(l
shoot up (vi.)
I. i-mt.mt.. Flames shoot up from a burning
house. h-1-:l"tnAIIJo n.:,. tfiAqA Y.mt.m
&-A
2. (l"7f. S'.t.(l. Rents have shot up in the last
few months. qA4-'f- '1'4::,. mo~o:,. IIJo!l'l'
ff).:,. ' h.&-1- (l"7j'. S'.C!lA

shoot (n.), new - A:> -l>C"t"'i'i'

See the new shoots on that bush! fiii.J' "''~'*
tn ' 'If. ' .1'11-:,.'t A;> ol>C't"'iG::f i-ODA

h..,.

bamboo shoot lt;J i'F9'"0.,.

Bamboo shoots are eaten by the Chinese. !I' f.<;

:f A;> lf'I"O.f f.fl'lllsend out shoots h._m<km

The rosebushes send out shoots after being

pruned. fX"1. ; ~J.;QJo I clf:'f"!l.'tfl I b+"l~H I
fl:\'1 J'""tn"""'A

shooting
*The shooting took place in the center of
town. fi-;1-b-(1-:,. hi-"711Jo ou"JiA )IIJo
be executed

by

shooting

n-r.r.+

a +~01.0

The murderer was executed by shooting.

~t;:.

(l ' ~'II' ' fl'l'f...,. ' -1-S'.fiS'.fl

shooting star i-mC'I'6 lth11

Did you see the shooting star? NDCIIf6m-1'

lth11 ' hf1i11Jo 1

shop (shopped), v. ~~ l 1flf

We shop at the market. h~fl.l' 7."t1~A't
We went to the market and shopped. 1fl.l'
~Y.'t

~on

shop around fiffto:,.

1 lfc- hf
I want to shop around before I buy the present.
lltn;I-IIJo't ' h,..,~-1: ' """"" ' flf(l-.,. ' lftlo '

"7f:,. 1\LA;>Av-

shop (n.)
I. (1-.]o. There are many shops on this street.
fllf.U ' OD')~K;" ' 'If. ' 1111- ' (1-.f:f- ' hll2. n.'l-. He works in a carpenter's shop. h'i"tn.
n.:,. ' f.w&-A

closed shop [A"7'"Jf1Ci-'l':f 11!1' f-1-m{l)

fl"&o !1;1-J
set up shop -S'.11C hL-1-

He set up shop as a dealer in books. h'tK:" f

ODl\'oh'i' ' ODJ'.11C ' hL-1talk shop !lA 1"&-:fiiJo -1-m.l'l'

Teachers like to meet to talk shop. ouru~"l 1

i-1'i"'Si-11Jo !lA F&o:f,. -myr:,. Y.m-'111[See also 'repair']

shopkeeper till (1-l!>

The shopkeepers had to pay a speeial tax.
till ' (1-.,.'fl &\\< ' "'ile' DDhLol\' )0~tllf1D-

shoplifter f{l-li> 11.11

Shoplifters are sent to jail. f(l-l!> ll.ll:f f.
;J-11&-11-

shopper ~0.1'.,.'1'
The shoppers don't come till nine.
hiPll'l- ll't'l- O.L'I- hf.oum-!1"

~OJ'.,.'l''ll

~ 1.:1" II.~~~ ID"' 1 ~OJ'

ID"'
Last night I went shopping. '1-ll"t'l-'i' "'1;1-
1.:1" &\~~~ m'l"'i toe (~OJ' m'l''li t
OC)
She has her mind set on going shopping today. ~.:. ~OJ' OouiD-IOJ'I- of&C"' .,.)P':JII:f

shopping, go

shopping bag H!"'llol\

She put it in a shopping bag. H!"'llol\ ID-ll'l'
:f.,.

h.,..,.

h&--'1 (1-l!>

Let's go to the shopping center!

(1-l!> ' ill!> 1."t0ol\

m~

h,,&...q

(be) shopworn
This shirt is shopworn. f.IJ If"''.11 (1-l!> ..,.
ll'l' .,..,~11:1:&\
~

shore (v.),

up

I.~L

They shored up the wall with wooden beams.

"11..""1-'IID-"t on ....+ !""II(> ~-.~4-'1-

shore (n.) 'lei"

The shore of the lake is muddy. f mf.41 'ICil'
....ll>f.:l:ol\

shoreline fiJ.bC 'lei"

Due to the action of the waves, the shoreline
is gradually receding. h'l"~-'1- f.,.).., fiJ.b
~ 'lei" IDI. :\11 lf"li:tol\

short (adj.)
I. h'll'e. Give me a short stick! ll"t.l': 11'1/'C
-'1-llllm'S

He did his work in a short time. JP ~tD-~ r q

I

2. .I'm~. She wears her dresses too short.

1111 ll-'1' .I'm~ Ailll '1-llil<'lll:f
3. '1'4:'1-. He worked here for a short period.
11'1'4:'1- '1.11. Mt.u f.u>&- toe
4. ( ~ adv.) 11'1'4:'1- '1.11.. He paid me a short
visit. 11'1'4:'1- '1.11. '1-01'1
*We have a short supply of food. '1'4:'1- !1""1
il llll"t
short of h - - - O.,.C

They commit every crime short of murder.

H:ll h"'''l'of.'l- O.,.C IJoll-"t!"' 'tf.t'l- m
"t~ol\

'

f.L~"'' II-

(with) short quick steps +11 +11

~ll

She walked with short quick steps . .,.il .,.il

1-.l'll:f .,.&-....l.:f
(a) short time ago h'l'4:'1- '1.11. O.L'I1 was there a short time ago. h'1'4:'1- '1.11. 0
.L'I- 1.11..1' tOChbe In short supply Oil~'!- llf.OOIOJ!"'
These coats are in short supply. fii.IJ 'if.)
'1- 1>'1- Oil~'!- llf.OD"'?"
be short 1-f.il

shopping center

-PC

short

1162

shopkeeper

-t.tL

lD-il"J'

1\h'ilD~

She is very short for fourteen. liP'&- II&-'I-

'tDD'I- &\)!' o 0"1!1" 11'1/'e 'i''J-

+His accounts are short five dollars. hdt..'\fi-

ll?"ll'l- ile '1-.1':!1.&\
be short In '1-1.11(0'1-)
"The cashier is short in his accounts.
'IP 1"tHil '1-.1':11-0;1-ol\

~"tHil

.1'

be short of
l.llm~(ID-). +This month, I am short of money.
OH.IJ me 1"tHil 11'1'1!''1'&\

The newspaper is short of contributions.

:>II."'ID- ' ~m.G::f ' II'I'~ID-;1-ol\
2. II:J".,.(ID-). +I am short of breath after that
climb. :>&-ID-"t hiD"'IJo 0:\11 .....,..,.,_
ll II:J-.,.'S
3. MII(ID-). +The factory is shortofmaupower.
of.ofit:IJID- ' u>&-.,.'l':f ' J'"t{l-;1-ol\
be {very) short with Oll"l"C : .,....,

He was very short with me when I tried to

borrow money. 1"Hf11 fooR~C oo-ht-tt- : n
ll"l"C .,......,.
cut short
I. ll<'lm~. You cut my hair too short. 11'1-t:."t

0"19" ll<'lmChil'S
2. lllt~m. The chairmau cut the speaker short.
II..,. o DD"t0~ .,.'i';>tiiD-"t lllt~mfDThey had to cut their trip short. 1-!I.'I'ID-"t
"''lt~'l' ' "1.1': U')IJlffD-

shorthanded

1163

short

shortage

(be) cut short -f".,.OQ.

The President's life was cut short by an

assassin's bullet. I'Tt.ll.'l"t-1> """"'"" 0'1',1'.

""'"'""'....

fall short
I. 1\11.,.. Her funds fell short, and she had
to wire home for help. 1"tH!I. Mil.,. 1."t'l.
~.1!..."" MI.'!- 1:11.1<1-?" OO'Ih ~O~IJ'I2. O;J-:f ~..,. I M'l. Your work falls short
of my expectations. I" <loll h1oo'!-h-'l- O;J:f ~..,. (J'Ht ~..,.)
for short 11"1<'lmC

Robert was called Rob for short. C'OC'I-"t II

"1<'lmC 1!'11 1111..,.

f.m~;J-A

In a short time fl.rpc "Lii aJoailT

He will depart in a short time. IJ"l'"C 1.11.

"'"il'l'

f.~"'A

in short

In short, I can't. I J - IIA:fA?"

(be) little short of h --- 1>1"'11q?" h.Mil

Your actions are little short of treason.

fwt-1i..,. I" <I- hhihf.'l- 1>?"11ql"' h.Mil

*Our escape was little short of miraculous .

0;1-?"C

-1""7&1"-:f h-'1-?"IIC'I- 11.-'l- .,.,_1"' 1111..,.

f.aJ"'I\2. "111~. The war was lost due to a shortage
of munitions. o...c~-1> f-1-if~'i!~..,. '1-'1'~
.. l""t~ 0"11141 ~ ....
3. .,.S':II-'1-. The bookkeeper found a shortage
when he checked the accounts. .h.<'l11 .1'1C
..... .h.<'lll""t -1-oJI."''I'C' ' .,.S':/1'1- 1111"0-'1-

short-change 00<!\11-"t

h<'l~ii(0-1-)

He short-changed me when I gave him a tendollar bill. OI"C 11C il'l''li"'" ooA(I-"t
MM11'S

q~

.1'001\'J'~..,.

I. 1>'1'~-1-. There is a terrible wa~ shortage

now. 1\o-"t 0"11"' f"''..l'il:> f..,.:' 1>'1'~-'1-
Ill\
Owing to a shortage of teachers, school will
be let out early. OOO?"II<!-"t 1.'1'~'1- f-1-~"l

~..,.

AA OOI"'IIC f-1"".7." '1-I"'IIC-'1- ' llf.il'l'?"

short circuit l>"t;J-h-1There is a short circuit in the radio.

,&.J!"f-~

.... 11'1' l>"t;J-h-1- 1111

shortcoming .,.S':II-'1-

make (It) short ll<'lm~

Speak if you must, but make it short. lJA-1-'i""J
Ch- lJAh -l"'i"1C I 1"t 11<'1'1'~"'"
make short work of .fir>

*A lax teacher may short-change his students.

~A.

"~l..1

The apartment has many shortcomings. 0.-h

111~

.,.S':/1-'I- h/10-'1-

short cut Mlt-"1'" oo"t1S':

He knows a short cut to the city. mJ'. h-1""1..,.
f"7..1'11J M/t-"1'" ' OD"t1S': , ....,.A

He made short work of the enemy. m'l'l-"t

.P.II- S':A 1\1'.~1

take a short cut

nothing short of

You can take a short cut here. 011.11 A;J-!1/C

*Nothing short of your best work will satisfy

me. hOO<!\lJI"' ' 1"<!-11 ' 11~ ' .fl\ 1\f.'I'OO

l.m

'I' ' -1-:f'II\U

shorten (vt.)

h<'lm~

Shorten the pants for me, please! lt.QhU"}

'SI"'
run short tD~ "71\41 a .,..:J>l..O
Our supplies ran short at the end of the first
week. l""t?:f"t ooo)!oo.:.r..,. <'IM-1- oo
OQ.~lf

"*

......... aJJ'. "11141 -1"?~0

run short of hit+

+I ran short of patience. '1-611"1: hi\.,.

[See also 'long, order, span, spell, stature, stOp,
trousers, while']

short (n.)
*A short caused the fuse to blow. 'lifl..,. IIII-I"
~"" IJAfl'l"'""t h?ml\..,.
*There is a short in the radio. O,t.JL\"'m- aJo(l
'I' o-1\oJ< 'lifll":f illl-1-~lJh- <1-'l.f-..... "'"
O'lif

11-&..,."t h<'l'l'CA'S

(be) shorter

hm~

The distance between the towns is shorter

because of the new road. 11'1.11- ov"t1S': II
/1-1-W<!- Oh-1-"11",; oolJhA .I'll .....
h'!'<::A

During Christmas,

c.,..r

the days get shorter.

01'i" 1.11. "'"-'~- "..'m~ f.'/Jlll-

shorthand

h"l'"C K"ih.I.-'1-

Do you know shorthand? h"l'"C K" ih.l.'l-

:f'IIIU 1

(be) shorthanded wt.-1-'t:f Mil+we are shorthanded at the office. Oool"&.l'

0.;1-:f"t w<~o-f"'t:f h"tii'I'A

short-lived

shoulder

1164

(be) short-lived Q"'I'C ""'"'""'

The plan was short-lived. l\:,OJI. Q"'I'C ""'"'""'

shortly
I. 1111-'t. He will be here shortly.llrJo't f."'""
A

2. o:,>co-. He is to leave for Mexico shortly.

o:,>co- mS'. "''.hll.l> f.'/.llA
shortly after
I. a>'l.f'rJJo'l- l\')S'. + (perfect). Shortly after
I left, I discovered that I had no money.
m'l.f',..,. l\'tS'.'/.S'."h- nn11 l\'tS'.II.II't
i"1)H11h2. 0 + (perfect) + Q"'I'C '1.11. rJJoll'l'. He
became her friend shortly after they met. Oi"1'i'
1' Q"'I'C 1.11. rJJoll'l' mil~ II')
shortly before h "''-!1" IIS'."C1
Shortly before noon, I left the office. hl\h-11
.,.') ' .,.S'.!l" 1\S'."C'I. hti.C' maw.
to put it shortly q~ IIOD'i'1C
To put it shortly, I can't come with you. q"'l'
~ IIOD'i'1C ! IJ'ti" :>C 1111.1. A'/.S'." II
A "fAll"
[See also 'afterwards']

shorts !1""1
He ordered six pairs of shorts. llS'."ll'l- II"
"' IIHH

(be) short-sighted
I. ~,_.,. oc.,.'l- OS'.'t11 ,Mf!l". I need
glasses because I'm short-sighted. ~~-~' oc.,.'l-'
0S'.')11 ' ll11"7Yf. ' OD)l\'C ' YllLA1'l'A
2. f~'t f"''.Yll11 1\f.S'.II!I". The manager's
policy is short-sighted. fF&- lllllt.nr. oooo
&Y f~'t f"''.Yll11 llf.S'.fl!l"

short-sleeved l\;1!'1. 1-CS'."

In the summer, I wear shortsleeved shirts.
00:> l\)(''1. 1-CS'." 1f"'l.11 l\1111ltflll-

short story 11"1/'C :l'&h

This short story describes the war. f.ll 11"1/'C
;1-&h tnC)ofo') f.1Al\A

short-tempered 1A'i'i"'l'
He is short-tempered and therefore always
shouts. 1A'i'i"'l' llllll') rJoA'LH. f."""'liA

short-term
I. Y"'I'C '1.11.. I can undertake only short-term
projects. Y"'I'C '1.11. l\:,Op.'lf') 11;1' ALII'
!I" ' l\'/f~flll-

2. Q"'I'C '1.11. rJJoll'l' f"'l.hLA. I need a

short-term loan. q"'l'c 1.11. ,..ll'l' f"''.h
LA 11S'."C l\LA:>IIrJo

short-wave radio Y"'I'C '1"1S'." &-S'."f'

I can get Addis Ababa on my short-wave radio.
Q"'I'C '1"1S'." &-ll.f' Yll.ll IIOQ't oopoo
c ' ~1't ' l\'lf~llll-

shot, see shoot

shot
I. i"lfoll. Did you hear a shot? i"lfoll (1"711!
2. i"\\11. He is a good shot. i"\\11 )rJJo
3. OD(;d,.. Are yOU getting ShOtS? OD(;d,. ' l\fi"
aJ:>ll )II !
4. t.':-1'1&-'i'. Here are some shots of my
children. fA]('f: t.':.,..,&-6:'/f l\n:.,...,..
big shot '1-A:,O (lrJJo
He thinks he is a big shot. &-M l\'JS'. '1A:,O ' (lrJJo ' f.ot.'l'&-1!\
have (take) a shot at 'l"ht:
Let me have a shot at it! l\ll-1: A'l"ht:rJJo
one--shot Q"J Y: "LtL f"7..11'1'

This is a one-shot affair. loll lt"JY: 'LH.

f"''.IJ") ' 1-llf. ' )tJ>o
[See also 'volley']

shotgun .:11
He bought a shotgun. I\') f." .:11 1q

should
I. f.1Q'I'A. He should telephone his parents.
llAh ' ODS'.a>A ' f.1Q'I'A
2. ll + negative imperfect + llf..,.C!I". The
plane should be leaving at noon. llm-C"T~ '1-
OllS'."ll'l- (l~'J- ltM"' IIMC!I"
3. Uussive). Should I take the money now or
later? 1'tHII-'t llrJo't A,..(l,_. mf.ll
llaJ~](,; '

0:\~!

if It should h
perfect
If it should rain close the windows. hH)O
OD{l!>ofo') ' 1f;J

shoulder (v.)
I. M1i". He shouldered the gun. mOD')ll'tJ>o't
M1i"
2. i-.,.011. He shouldered the responsibilities
of supporting his brothers. m't S'."'l"~ IIODC
ll'l- ' ~~.1. )'J- ' """"Oil
shoulder (one's) way through 7t.f+;J4- 1\1\.t.
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
Oih1111- ' ODIJbA ' l\fi":>of. ' llfiL

shoulder (n.)
I. '1-hlf. The fall broke his shoulder. IDY:.f
'1-b'lf..... .,.1\R~
2. ID"P. Don't drive on the shoulder of the
road! h.....,~JI. ID"P h'l-"t.tl
cry on someone's shoulder h.A+I\(fl+)
Don't cry on my shoulder! This mess is your
own fault. h;I-A.:t-llil"i Y.tJ o-11- ,l'"t.,.
'1'4-'1- ~ ....
give (someone) the cold shoulder ,t.+ tart
She gave me the cold shoulder when I tried
to talk to her. '1~:>"1<1-'1- il'l"hC d.'l- ~"'':f"i
put one's shoulders to the wheel m'lbl!" IP6If we put our shoulders to the wheel, we'll be
able to finish the job soon. m"th~"t h"'<l"t P'~ "'"" ADD...~il t."t':f'IA"t
stand shoulder to shoulder
.f.,... During the parade,
I.
they stood shoulder to shoulder. O(IA.f. 1..
.,.,.,_
I 1'"tn;J..,.,.OJ- I
"
2. .,.flO~. We must stand shoulder to shoulder,

.,.m:>"l.,...,.

or else the enemy will prevail against us.

...,_,.flOC .t.Mn I .t.AOAH..I' m'l'l- ,I'm?<;A.
[See also 'carry, chip, head, ride, sling']

shoulder blade OD;Jd.,l'

He is so thin that his shoulder blades stick out.
0"111" .,...,., IIAII'~ OD,;Jd.,l'..... ID"' 11!1-A.
You don't have to shout. .t.'l-""11

P'>ll

1ff'" Jt(t"f

The crowd shouted the speaker down. f.,.I'IR(I

o ..... .b1111 0*:><~ ..... "" '""11 1111"
h(l"f....
shout for help Y:~(I-A."i ili'f' '""'li
The drowning boy shouted for help. A.{I!I"'J'
no~..,. A~ Y:~(I-A."i ili'f' '""'li
shout (oneself) hoarse

He shouted himself hoarse. Y:II"B- t.llh.H:>

'""'li

shout (n.) Q'!i'J-

.,,

We heard shouts of joy. fS'.ll;l- Q'li'J- (I

shouts for help h-.t.-;1We heard shouts for help. h-.t.-;1- (l.,"t

shove (vt.)

shove (vi.) .,..;>4Don't shove; wait your tum!

"t mil:t>

li+;Jof..

I ..,.t-u

shove around

Don't try to shove me around! mJJ.J m.4.u

h'I-OA"i

shove (n.) "ld.,l'

The shove knocked him down. "ld.,l'..,. "'
A..,.

give a shove 1LTI!.

He gave me such a shove I nearly fell. h"t.l'. IL

~.~.'1-~"i AIDN ~oc

shovel (v.)
I. Ohlt4- ~.,.. The men shoveled the sand into
a hole. (ll"':f hll''P..,., Ohlt4- t.f~.,. .,.
Y:"Y: ....11'1' """"""+
2. 't.'i'C' hiD"'. We had to shovel a path
through the snow. O~J'.ID-"t 't.'i'~"t DD"t~Y:
.,..,."1+ ~O~il"t
3. '1-(1'1-(1. The huogry man shoveled the food
into his mouth. N<!-0..,. (1..,. 11""111-") h
f. ....11'1' '1-(1'1-(1....

shovel (n.) hlt4You'll need a pickax and a shovel. P...,<; hlt

4- ,l'ii.&.A."I?A.

show (vt.)
I. h'lf. Can you show me the way to town?

shout (v.) '""'li

shout down

show

1165

shoulder

~4-

He shoved the bookcase back into place. fODK'

do'i' ODf.Cf..<~.l'..,., IDS'. ~o~o+ ~~

IDS'. ' b1""7 f"'l.IDilf....,., ' OD"t~Y: ' A.;l-<'1

f"i '1-':f'IAtJ l
The teacher showed the students how to do the
problem. ODII"tJ'I- 'l',l'"'"'"' t."t.l'.'l- t.
"tf.."'l."''~- A_,."''&l"l- h<'lf
2. ~AI!. I h<'lf. The investigation didn't show
a thing. !I"COD<I-"'" ' ll""tll" hA.~ARII" (h
'l<'lfll")
3. hODAh.,., A thermometer shows the temperature. .,.C'I""''.+c f .....,.+-, A.h ,I'DDA
h;I-A.
4. hil~fl. He showed the visitors into the
room. t."t"ll'-'il"t IDS'. IL'I- hil~fl'f..,.
5. hll~.tl. I shall show that he is wrong.
OD/1<'1-J>"t hii~.IIAIJ6. (pass.) ;1-f. +They pulled him from the river
but he showed no signs of life. hm"tll- ..,.II
'I' 1-+.,...,. hiDm-+ ~~c -n f a.y.
ID+ !I"A.h+ .t.A.;I-fO'I-11"
What are they showing at the theater this
evening? ~"" "'"' o-t.r'l-c IL-l> ll""t Y.;J,I'A.l

1166

show

show (vi.) :l'f

Only his head showed above the water.
<loll- iliF hiD-;)ID- o~.e f.:I'.e )
oc

The food stain won't show. Ailll- ~f. Yll

..,. fl""''il mil :I' t.f.:l' f.'l"
Anger showed in his face. <11"1 0.1.-1> ~f.
f.:l'f. )0C
show around hl'l.,..flT i 1\rt-f.~ hil1-flT
Shall! show you around the house? 0.-l>'t
~111-0'tll l

The manager showed me around the plant.

h!IT-'1-'It:tJ>o 4-ilt:IJtJ>o't t.ft-1!' h!l1-0'f't

show home

He showed her home. mt. 0.:1: lf'l'-r

show itself :I'm+
His anger showed itself in his face. <I!"'ID- 0
.~.-~> ~f. :J-m+o-r
show off (vt.)
I. IJO. Some mothers like to show off their
daughters. t.'t.ll'tf." l\<;".f:f li..Y.:f A]!.
!F'I'ID-'t ' f.Mll2. Altf. The parade was designed to show
off all the latest weapons of war. (lAf. """"
'I! ftnC """lt:YY''f't ll.,'tf.r fTf.~7

shower

(it) goes to show foollh:I'A

This goes to show that you must work harder.
f.ll ll"tY..r m'th~ll oop.:.:,. ll't.llllilll
YODllh:I'A
[See also the numerous nouns combined with
'show']
show (n.)
I. r-rCll.e-r ll:l'. Come with me to the
flower show! mt. t.O<I .rcll.e-r ll:l'
t.il~11't ' 'f.f."
2. -rellf.-r. When does the first show start?
fODJ'..DD&YtJ>o ' .rcl\,e:,. ' f"''.J'..DD~ID- o oo'f
)ID-!
The Air Force will give a show soon. YfC '1
f.A O~Cil- .rCll,e:,. YltYA
The jewels made a fine show. 1."11.tn:f
-rcllf.-r )0<3. OD:J'f-r. The goods are on show now. lf+"'
If+tn'll ' t.o-"t ' OOD:J-f-r ' ~,. ' .,,..,.

(only) for show llf.il-~

His kindness is only for show. f."l)-1> llf.ll
CJDof\

~OJ-

put up a sood show +n!IIJ~

He put up a good show, but lost anyway.

T"''l'l!' )0C "l't t.A+<;"ID-9"

)OC

*Most girls like to show off fine clothes.

t.il~'l''li /AJf7~P.:f llllf.A't

-ro:.

'1'0:.

A-1111 f.llilltll-

show off (vi.) '1-il- )~

The boy was showing off in front of his girl
friend. A)l: h'tLC m-'1)1: .~-:,. '1-<l-ID-'t f.
)~

showcase ""il:l'm-r

Put the jewels in the showcase! 6't<I!Y''Ii't ""

ll:J-m-r ID-!1'1' f.Cf."<l-'!'IDshowdown

*The two persons reached a showdown.

rJoll-1> (IY':f f.""'A't T<l<lll-

)OC

show oneself

*He doesn't dare show himself around here.

l\11.11 (ILC (loof."~ll ' t.f.f.'i'C'I"
show (to) A!IYH l ""ilHis job was to show the people to their seats.
F<l-ID- !lY''Ii't """'"""'i .,11.1'11 )OC
The usher will show you to your seats. Ail.,...
<tt:tJ>o mt. """'"""'i:fo- f.oPil-:f:\A

show up (vt.) 7lllt

He undercut his superior's position by showing
up many of his fanlts. illf< ll.l.~ 0
"""Iiiii" Yli?ID-'t h-ac t.'l-F.A.
show up (vi.)
I. """' Nobody showed up. .,'t'l" t.A"""l'l"
2. :l'f. Yellow shows up well against black.
il"'i O'l'ofcC ~f. f.'l".f f.:l'fA

shower (vt.)

*They showered the winner with praise.

t.lf<;".,_...."t hAh O~f. M"711-:,.

*He showered me with profuse thanks.

'l"!l.;><;"ID-"t ' t.'fn-1.1-f.A't

shower (vi.) 1'1(1D-'t) :l'mO

He showers at night. .,:1' .,:1' 7~1D-'t f.
:I'm <lA
shower upon hH)O(ll-r)
His rich uncle showered gifts upon him.
llil:l''l" t.'l--1> lltn:l' t.U)Otl.r
shower (n.)

l. IU.Y. A shower settled the dust. IJ.LYID- All.

<l-ID-'t ' t.il:I'1P'
2. '11<;"9". We were caught in a heavy shower.
'-"'t1T'i' ,...,. fH't

3. ""'i'~'i'. A shower of tears softened the

judge's heart. fli'JQ'I' DD1'~<;: f.ll'fm-'J
oMI l'ulol-m4. 'i'-'1. A shower of abuse followed his
refusal to buy the paper. ;JIL"lm-'J hA1~
'I" "711-1> flls:-11 'i'.ll h41D'.O-l5. f.,.'l" DD;f'mfU'. Does your new apartment have a shower? h-'l.ll h:rc.,....,ll f
.,.,. "";I'm OJ' hl\m- 1

take a shower 1'\(m-'t) ;f'mO

I just have to take a shower and get dressed.
1'111-'J ;1''1'0. DDol\011 hMI~

showing DD;f'f-1A showing of the new models took three hours.

,1'-'l.ll.flo 'f"S'.A OD;f'fT

II'IIT (l't.]- ' ~

*He made a poor showing in the race.

n~~

"' """ m-m.-1- h'lilff"

show-off 'l-~'f
He is a big show-off. 'l''i'

'l-~'f )m-

llililllll'

shred il"'i4:
The shred of cloth was hanging on the thorn
'1,1'.
bush. fAilll il"'i4: 0!1"11-

"'"'*"'

*There is not a shred of evidence that he

took the money. 1'JHII-'J 1\0Dm-(lJI. h'J.II.-1-
I

shriek (n.) .1':'1"6

We heard the shriek of the whistle. fl. 'lilt .1':

,.......,.,

.,."l"'t

shrill 0"1'1"
She has a shrill voice. 0"1'1"

.,."l"'J .l':f"

6. h'l-1-

shrine :J>JI.II ll'i'olWe will visit the shrine of Our Lady on Sunday.
fl\OOII.;f'li"J'J
.,1\'J

:J>JI.II

11<;:6-

l\.Jo..l':

l\'Jill\

shrink (shrunk, or shrank), vt. hb-"7-J-~

Will this soap shrink woolen clothes? ,1'.11 il
.,....,.. flo<;: Ailll ,1'11-"7-l-ol-A 1

shrank, see shrink

-1-'JmA'I'II- )OC

The children shrieked with joy while sliding

down the hillside. A]!:,; hb-~il;f'm- .,.A
.,.11-1- (1,'tlfol--1-i> 0~11;1' ""''li-

shrink (vi.) hm~

showy ilA"l"A"l"
She wore a showy dress. ilA"l"A"l" Ail II

OD~'fi

shroud

1167

showing

l\'J\>, ' fl\'/"

That shirt will shrink in the wash. ,1' lf"''.

11 (l,:f'mil .1''1'6-A
shrink from
I. lflf. He shrinks from a hard task. hQ.I':
1"6- ,l'.lf!fA
2. h4.14.1. She shrank from the dog in fear.
m-!fm-'J 4-C;I' h4.14.1:f
3. hA41AAf". A shy person shrinks from
making new acquaintances.

~f."J

h4-C

(I

..... l\'J"'-'1 (ll":f'J DD-J-'1'41:J> h,1'.41.1':'1"

shrivel (vt.) hm41111

The hot sun shrivels the leaves. 'I"?-1> B.h,l'.
:J>mA ,l'm41A;JA

claw to shreds !1."'"' HhHh

The kitten clawed my sweater to shreds.

shrivel (vi.) m41111

The plant shriveled in the hot sun. bll- hB

.I':ODof:-1> 1 1-ol-O.'J !1.'1"'1 HhHh:fmtear to shreds flAJ.Q;Lcf"

The dog tore the pants to shreds. m-!fm- flo
&m-'J o.............

.hi' _.,.-1- f-1-)"1 m411\1

shrew
I. [h,l'.'l' f"''.DDIIA -1-'J'ii l.'JM).
2. )11'i'~. He married a shrew and has
suffered ever since. h'J.II.-1- )11'i'~ A)(' h
"Iii.,. hlf..l' 41.11.,1' ,l'.u>:/i',I'A
shrewd ilA'I'
He is a shrewd businessman. ilA'I' );JS'. )mshriek (v.) ""''li
The woman shrieked when the mouse ran out.
h,l'.op. C"' 11-l-41"1 11.-1-1"'1' ""''!ill'

shriveled (adj.) f-1-...,"'/AA

Tears ran down the old woman's shriveled
cheeks. OQA-J::t O-J-...,"7AAm- 'l-'J""':f
'1,1'. 1.'J q 1>1\A hi\
shroud (v.) If4.)
Fog shrouded the airport. fhm-t=T'I'J "'IU'
,.., 'l-f" lf<;:'l';f'A

shroud (n.) h4.'J

A white cloth is used for making shrouds.
)"1" ""'C:J> llh4.'J ,I'.IJ''i'A
wrap In a shroud "11'11

They wrapped the corpse in a shroud. o:.ilm'J 1)11--1-

.,'l'l'l,..

shrub
The shrub has small red berries.

.,'l'l'l,....,.

'J-')')11 .J>ff. "i't.9':f- f.!I.A

shrub bery "'T!IItn

This hill is covered with shrubbery. f.ll 11~ofl;t-

shutt er

1168

shrub

_,'1"!1/tn llofl!l.A

shrug (shrugged), v. ):,0.,4' 11!1" 1>11

He merely shrugged his shoulders in answer
to our request for help. 7.')-'I..~JI') ofl')mf..J>

light hurt them. "lf.llo:'CD- ofiC'/') iliiOJ;>CD-

'tf.)o') "'-.I.)
shut down, be shut down

~~

1\.,.0D i 1-H;J

The factory shut down due to lack of raw

material. h'l"t. 7.:1' J.tn'l- f+t"' 4-IM
I}CD-

P' <!- 1\4'00

Why was the factory shut down? -1--tMilCD-

f-1-H;>CD- 11!1"') t OC l

..,. '1-hlfCD-') ):,0')4' oflll' 11!1" 1>11

shut In H;>(O'l-)
When they left on a trip, they shut the dog in .
-0'1-
OJI. OD')1~ II.~ CD-lfCD-') H.,-1-CD

shrug (n.)
*He dismissed the matter with a shrug of the
shoulders. 'I"Jif.') ')4' -I-OJ

(remai n) shut In IL'l- 'I'll

Because of his rheumatism, he remained shut
in for several days. oc'!""1-Jz !l"h')f'l- II

shrun k, see shrin k

oflll- .J>'i"'l- IL'l- 'I'll

shut off
I. H;>. Shut off the water! fll?CD-') 11;>CDShut off the radio! <1-.ll..l'"t-') 11;JCD-

shrun ken f-1-"'-"'AA

I can't put on this shrunken shirt. f.ll') f-1-

"""'U lf"7.11

Allofi{ICD- 1\A:f-A!I"

shudd er (v.) -J-').J>m.J>m

He shuddered in the chill wind.

OofiC~

-J-').J>

m.J>m
make shudder

H"l~)

The bloody corpses made me shudder. 01.!1"

f-J-Ohll-'1-') t.ll9':f- .,f'l- H1U't

shuffl e
I. 1>1'10m. He just shuJI!es those documents;
he doesn't really read them. (l)p.:J" ) 7.

').ll.fCD- f1'1ofi"'A J.'):( 1\ftfl'I'CD-!1"

0
2. OOJH. He shuflied the cards. llC;t-CD-')
OJH
shuffle (alons) J..,l!''li'l J.f'l--1--1- -1-'iH
The old man shuflied along the street. 11.,.,/1.

..,. 00D')1JI. 'If. ,..,(!'~') J.f'l-+ +

-1-'\H

shun (shunned) h <1-.J>

He shunned their company. ht{l- '\f.'tt'l -
<1-.J>

shunt
1. I>H'I'OJ~. Heshu ntedm efromo fliceto office.
hill!' Ill!' I>H'I'm~'t

2. I\OJ"'. They shunted the train from the

main track. fliK-') h'l''i"CD- dt~ I> OJ

m-'1shut (shut)

I. H;>. Please shut the door! 0'1-') 11;>CD2. "'-.1.). He shut his eyes becaus e the strong

2. 4r.~m(O'l-). The electric company shut off

our lights. fh./l.h'l-&h "lf.A 11-fl')f ""
ofl<~o;t-:f-')') <a;~mofl')

3. h/111. These trees shut off the view. MH.II

~.:::r- '1-Cl.f.-Jz') f.h/Jt.'l/1shut out
I. l>'lll1fl!l". Shut out the dog! We don't
want him to bring in any fleas. CD-lfCD-') l>;tll1fJCD- .,.,"'.., .., 7,')-'l.f<~o.,"i'ofl') 1\')
.1./lt..,!l"
curtains shut out the light. "";>~"jf9'~

The

ofiCY"t />fll111-!l"
2. J.')Jif.1fl hllh/ICD-. They shut all newsmen out of the meeting. ;>ll.m'l':f-') 11-11- h
lloflllfJCD- J.')Jif-111- hll~"'"'"
shut out the view of hAlt

A dense fog shut out the view of the mountain.

...:t...:t fileD-

"'I"_,., ....

~.,

hii/ICD-

shut up (vt.) 4r.ll.t.(O'l-)

They shut the boy up in the cellar. A)!".') !I"

~c IL'l- CD-il'l" <a;MO'l-

shut up (vi.) 11!1" 1>11

When she finally shut up, the whole house
was quiet. 0"""'-~lf..,. l.!l. 11!1" 11'1/lt. IL-11 R'l" 1>11

[See also 'snap, swell, swing']

shutt er fii'):J' DDhllf
This room has shutters instead of windows.
f. II h"i'A Ooollt>'l- .I.')

1>/ICD-

;r fll') :1'

ODh/1

1169

shuttle

shuttle (vt.) hH'I'OJG

They shuttled John from job to job. 1'-di'Jh'J
hP'~ OJS'. P' ~ t.H'I'OJ-1-'1shuttle (vi.)

.,._~1\{l

The bus shuttles between the college and the

main part of town. t......,.IM nl>ll.:('i" nO A. h.,...,..... IIDI}hA. ,._~IIIlA.
shuttle (n.) o<>OJCOJ6f
The weaver broke his shuttle.
OJ6fOJ-'J (lnt:w-

if"''~,.,.

OD4JC

shy (shied), v. f.)nt:

The horse shied at a piece of paper lying in the
street. <~..:(1- -nnril wt:4''1- ""'t1.11: ~J'.
t.U f.)nt:
shy (adj.)
1. 'tJ'.'i"of.C. Don't be so shy! l\'JS'.If.tl 'tJ'.'i"
of.C t.'l-u-'J
2. .t:'t.,.'l'. The antelope is a shy animal.
S'."tt-~ .V:'t'M' l\'JI\11 )OJbe shy t..I.G
He was shy because it was his first day at
school. n'l-9"11C'l- IL'l- f11D"f.11D6f 4'l-
1\1\IT) t..I.G
be shy of t.m.:(w-)
I am a little shy of money today. ~fl. 1'tH-Il +
'til t.'I'I!'"'A.
shyness 'tJ'.'t t.of.C)'JDue to her shyness, she does not make many
friends. h'tJ'.'J l\of.C):I: f.,.).., -1111' 'If.
.,.~ t.:J-~9"
siblings OJ1J:""/"7o\(:f'i" M-l-"7"7o\(:f
There was rivalry between the siblings.
nw"J.11:"7"7'1l'i" nt.-.."1-.,.,'l''ll IID!)hA.
4-hhC )nt:
sick (n.) nil.,.,.
The sick are given the best of care. nii.,.V'~
h'i' fl\ '1'1.4'4: J'.S'.G"l~'I"PA.
sick (adj.)
1. .bo<>9".,.,.. The sick child is better today.
.bo<>9".,......... A.~ ~fl. .,.iiii-;J-1.1.
2. f:J---. The sick man had to stay in bed.
f:J'IIDIIDOJ- I {lOJ-\1. I l\1.\.;J I ~J'. I IID'P/.1. I )n
.:n'l*He has a sick mind. l\11-11- ;t-w-\>,1.1.
(pt) sick and tired of 'fh(n-l-)

+I am getting sick and tired of it. J'.tl )1C

'fil-II'S

sickly
be sick ;roooo

He is sick in bed. ;J-'1" .,.'f:I:A.

be sick at lt.H~

I am sick at having failed the exam. .~,.,..,...,.

'J n-w-1.4: Ml ...l\11be sick of t.nllo:u.(w-)
+I am sick of this weather. .e.u YfC m
fJJ'. t.nii"P.Y."'A.
be sick with

He is sick with the flu. 1\..1'1'11-'ln~ J'.fi:J-1.1.

feel sick l\IIDIID(w-)
Let her lie down; she feels sick.
I t.?.:J-1.1.

'!-.,.,.

make (one} sick

1. t.'I'OJI\OJI\. Bus

rides make him sick.

nt......,.n-11 ll.'t.t: f'I'OJAw-A'I'A.
2. ii:J--11 ii:,..O t.(t'f. The motion of the
car made him sick. f""h.'i"OJ- o<>):,0):,0 11
:,.-n 11:Jo-n t.(t'fw3. )f.f.. It makes me sick to think of what he
has done. ff.G1CD- '1-11 li.II'S J'.)f."'A.
take sick ;JwODOD

When did he take sick?

-:r: :J'IIDIID!

(be) taken sick ;t-ooo<>

He was suddenly taken sick. n.t:'t1'1- ;t-oooo

sicken (vt.)
1. t.hm~. The odor sickened her. 11:)-w- t.h
m~'l-

2. H1H. The sight of the murdered woman

sickened him. f.,.1S'.II!f!') (l.'J-f- .,f-lo
H1HOJsicken (vi.) ;t-oooo
The bird sickened when kept in the cage.
OJ~ 11POJ- ' 1]( OJ-1\'1' l\1"111~ ' :J-o<>-~

sickening f"7J':Joiiii'A.11
A sickening odor of burned flesh pervaded the
room. f"7J':Joiiii'A.11 y.:.: P' :> 11;t- h
'i'II-'J ....~ ....
sick leave f.b""9" .1..+.11:
He applied for sick leave. f .b""9"
l\'JJI.(lmw- l\DDI\h.,.
sickle "'""'.11:
The farmer mows grass with a sickle.
"'C n"7"P.I1: ' f"PS'.A.

<~..+ .11:

10~m-

sickly
1. (Inn,.. A sickly child is likely to get ill
easily. (lnn'1 A.~ n4''111- J'.:J-,...,1.1.
2. n11;t- f"7J'o<>"J. He does not like this city
74

l\f~ 011;1- il
li"''JOD"' f.IIT) b ...., ' l\f.IIJ!l.ID-9"
*His face had a sickly color. .Lofl 1CT;tol\
(bilol\ 0 OD/l!\.ol\)

because of its sickly climate.

*I smell the sickly odor of burning animal flesh.

YU.t-

side line

1170

sickness

F:> 11;1- Y:J>lllfol\lfol\

side by side.,_") ' ll,_"t

They walked along silently side by side. 119"
oft(lt-

0 .,..") '

(1.,..") ' ...&.ODJI.

be on (someone's) side
He is on our side. f>;' !l.:>.L ~m

<hODf" ' f"h"tY'I- ' ~m-

by (one's) side .,_.,.

Come and sit by my side! 'i' .,_~ ....,.OD'J'
by (the) side of 0 - 'IC
I saw footprints in the mud by the side of the

Sickness can be eradicated by drugs. 011;1- 0

lOad. {lOD"J"JJI.

sickness <hoo>f" I o11;J-

He is absent because of sickness. f4'<:t- 0

OD~;)~'I- ' ll.m4- ' f.~ol\

side (v.), ~ with !'.11.

You always side with him. 11-c\. l\il-"t l\"t

AA1'1'h ~m-

side asainst h ....'I'IIJDD-'1- ' IIJ1"t ' ~mMy friend sided against me on that matter.
01-'lf. ' 'If. ' 1\!l.>;'l'- ' l\~"t ' h ...-"'"' ...,. '

"'n

~oc

side (n.)
I. ,_"t. He felt a pain in his side. .,_.,. 'If.
fDo:>'I-

~C

; QI\8Jo

.,m-are two sides to the argument.

' ......

He was on the left side of the street. l\il- hO"

"t1.11. O"l&. Oh-ol\ ~oc

His house is on the right side of the road.

IL-Il bOD')1JI. Oil...4''S ~mon the other side of tt .. - - h. 7f1C

The enemy was strongly entrenched on the

other side of the barrier. m'l'l- 01!'.11- l\lf
1C O!l."toft oo>1l1 ~oc

on the side hfUJ i\.1\

3. IIJ1"t. Both sides are ready for the contests.

11-lloflf" IIJ1'l":f (It-~~ ...H:>~...'I'ol\
The judges voted for our side in the debate.
Oheh~ '1.11. ll>l 11J1"t UJI.

4. 1K'. Write only on one side of the paper!

011Jl:4'-ll ' Q")JI. ' 1K' ' 'If. ' oft!l' ' l\'i'
S. h'i'ol\. The east side of the city is densely
f"F&-:1''1'. h'i'ol\ <h11
popnlated. fh ...

.,m-

oft f.O~O;J-ol\
6. II-~. Our side won the football game.
IJ-~o;:f"j fl\"IC \\il ""''1';1-t-"t l\lf
~~-

*She's a cousin on my father's side. YQi:

..,.

*He never left my side. M '1.11.9" h~ ...

flU 1\Ym-:J>f"
*He studies all sides of a question before he
makes a decision. m-lt~ h.,~l:"Joo O.L'I- ~
1~"t

CD-il'J'

Yll-'1- ' o.+:f ' T-1:'1- ' 'i''l'm-

hCh~ ' 11-li'J- ' ODol\b ' )\(IID-

IIJ"t~ ol\~

l5p:J" I

on sideof 0--- 011-ol\ I b---Oil...

On this side of the street, there are only a few
houses. l\ILII OD't1~ 'If. OILII 011-ol\

2. oo>ol\h. There

'17f'll

.11.11 ' l\fll-

He does something else on the side. hllll c\.

II o f"'l.oP&.to o ........,& F&. )\(ltD= W1'l 1-"'.L

take sides J\"}.4.1'

It's difficult to take sides on this question.

OILII ~1C llf. l\"tJI."t 11J1"t OD!/.1'1'
Y'I"I:J-ol\

[See also 'far, near, opposite, other, right, safe']

side issue, be a ~ l\"t!l. c\.'1 1-'lf. ... .,.
m<:
Tuition is only a side issue in the debate on
education. 0'1-f"IIC'I- "Joo'lf. hChC llf.
f'l-f"IIC'I- do.ltoft l\"t!l. c\.11 1-'lf. f
"'1.-&mc ~msidelight 'l-"t11 'i'"t"'l"

What you said threw a sidelight on the matter.

f ...'i'1Cht- illl ~1~ 'l-"t11 'i'"t"'l" (lm

O!l."toft f.OD<:f"l:'l'ol\

oide (adj.)
I. ~'). My side pocket is torn.

side line
~"t

11.4.

....,..O:..ol\

Please use the side door! O,_"t OC "IQ

2. O'IC Olt-ol\ Yll. The side aisle of the
theater shonld be empty. MC 011-ol\ Yilt-
N:Y* ' .....llliU ' qp., ' ODIM ' l\liO'I-

*He sells ties as a side line; hardware is his

main business. hol\t:: hol\t:: h&.li'l- f.lf"'

ol\. l\"t"l[ 'l''i' "t"IJI. 11<:;1- oft<:'!- ~m

*The artist does carpentry work as a side line.
oP'M.m- 1\'i'm.~-ll"t l\"t!l. '1-C'i' F&.
l\~1 f.oP&.ol\

sieve

sidelong adj. ( ~ adv.) 01-"J

He gave her a sidelong glance. 01-"J .,.,.,llh
:J-'1-

side road -M"J"',I'.

sight

1171

sidelong

om"J<~.'I-

sift (vt.)

,.,.,~t:

The side road comes into the main road at

a tangent. .,..,..,.tiJ~ I OD")1.f: I h'f'iaJo I 00")
~t: 0(1.1''1' ,1'.~<;>/A
He sidestepped all unpleasant issues. f"'IJ'{If.(l
_,.,.-, )~C o-11- :fll 1111,.

sidetrack, - from h"Jt:+ negative verb

11f.t:~

The incident sidetracked him from pursuing

the main matter. 11:>"1"'1.,. )~C 'I''OIJJo"J
)~C 7."J'I,I'.h;f-_,.A hf.t:~IJJo
,..,~t: 1

I. )of.. Sift the flour before you use it!

......-to., ' h"'lltiJ'I-11 ' 0.1.'1- ' .,.,.,.

They sifted the sand in order to find the lost
key. fmof.IJJo"J ODh.Lil' 11"'1"/T'I- hlf'I'IJJo

., ' )f-"J-

sidestep (sidestepped) :fll 1111

sidewalk fh"'t:>/ OD'tl!"

m"J<~.'I-

Flour is sifted with a sieve. "'""'""

Mof.A

fh"'C

OD"J~t:

They found a coin on the sidewalk. 07."/t:>/

OD'tl!" o. OD")~t_- ' (07."/C ' OP"J~t_-) o 11,1'. 0 'i'
11-"Jh ' 11~1'

sideways 01-"J
He looked sideways at his wife. "'1.11-lo"J 01., ' .,.,..llh:J-'1He turned his head sideways. 11"J~-Io"J I'C
11f.t:~

siege ODhO'il 1 oohR'il

The siege of the fortress weakened the enemy.
fll"li"l- ' ODhO'il o mii'I-"J ' 1\f.hODIJJo
The long siege turned into a war of attrition.
llt:"Y:II" ' 1.1 ' f.,.f.t:~IJJo 0 ODb011 ' 7."Jf. '
ODJihll" ' tDC)'I- ' If)
A siege of illoess left him broke. f t:Y:II" 1.
1 o <loODII" ' IJI'- 0 7.)1:"J ' 11114't:IJJo
After his long siege, she agreed to marry him.
1111" 1.1 1."1": IJ11m'O:fiJJo ' R:\11 A~IJ
,. ' .,.11..,..,-:f
lay siege to hRO
The Greeks laid siege to Troy. "'<lto:f '1-r:.e
"J hOlt
[See also 'raise']

siesta
*A siesta is always taken in the afternoon in
tropical countries. 0'1":J''I- 11~r::f f"''. 'l'~
M':f ' '""" ' 1.1 ' hll"<'l ' 0:\11 ' '1"1:'1- ' ....
.,.>/11-

2. ){1){1. The cook sifted a little flour over

the meat. fW'I" 0.-lo '1-"Jii ff.C'l' "'""'""
P' _,,. ' 11,1'. ' ){1){1
3. ODt:oot:. The judge will sift the evidence and
decide the case. '1>/IJJo ""lll",.-, ODCII"r:
'i'C-'1-"J ,I'.{I"JA
sift (vi.) hfOH ~~~
During the sandstorm, sand sifted through the
cracks. O'tiJJoll- )of. (I. 1.1 11 lf'l' 04'
'I'IIJJo ' IJJo11'1" ' 7.f0)) ' ~~~

sifter m"J<~.'IMy aunt bought 50 kilos of flour together

with a sifter. 11hM: 1111"<'1 h.ll- "'""'"""
11"Jt: ' W"J.I.'I- ~~:f

sigh (v.)
I. .,.hH. He sighed when he realized he was
no longer young. f1-A"'I<'i)-lo 1.1 h"J-'111
4. ll..l'IIJJo _,.hH
2. ( ~ make sigh) 1111:1'(1.,.. What are you
sighing about? M .1'11:1'11'1-YA l
3. 11~""' The wind sighed in the treetops.
)of.{l- ' 0'16:,; ' 0001\ ' 11~....
sigh for '04.4'(1JJo)
She sighed for home and friends. 0.:1;'0 '\f.

.,., ' "4.11'1sigh (n.), let out a - "'" "'" .,.)4.{1

He let out a sigh when I began to talk. 7.1<

-~c 11~11"c "'" "'" .,.)4.{1
utter a sigh "'" "'" .,.)4.{1
She uttered a sigh when she heard the news.
Wtl,IJJo") ' 11'1-(1"'1 ' "'" ' "'" ' .,.)4.{1-:f
[See also 'heave']

sight (v.)
I. 11f. After months at sea, Columbus
sighted land. loll-11"011 111111" w<~o'l- Q
<hC 11,1'. h_,.l\H R:\11 f'il11 11f
2. Oil"". The hunter sighted carefully before
firing the gun. 11'11' ' '1",1'.-lo"J o hOD.,.b-{1-
0.1.'1- R'J""J :J'"' 011""

sight (n.)

on sight

1. 'iWt. He nearly lost his sight in the accident. q~,. 'if..). 1\.m'l- toe
His sight is very poor. 'if.). 0"19" ~1}"7
tiD2. ""Ah. I knowhimonlybysight. ,..,,..,.,.,
'
fiODAh I -fl:r: I )dJo
3. 'l-C7.f..'l-. A great fire is an awesome sight.
:l'mll- hill.& '1-e~'l- t,.
4. fu.t:,O '1-el>.f.'l-. Niagara Falls is one of
the sights of the world. f<;Mt:- ~~of: 0
'il\9" ~f.. b"'LJ'.H'l- '1-CI>.f..f."lf' , 1>.1--'1. ,
tiD*The dead bodies were a terrible sight. <~o{)l"
'1!1- "7f'l- Ml:l'-t toe
*She is a sight in that ugly dress . .rn hllll
14. ' A111l ll'l-111111 ' "71lof>f".7.
*The rainbow is a glorious sight. of>ll.,. ~""
<; ll'if-1- ~~~ f.~A
sights

1. AI' AI' ll:l"l":f. Have you seen the sights

of the town? Oh_,...,,. f"7.~1''l-1- AI' A
I' ' ll:J-l":f 1-0'fll 1
sight unseen ilYft-

I'll buy the house sight unseen. IL.,.,. {)'If

,. M'I'I'IIIJo
at fint sight '1'i (tJftD1 recognized you at first sight. ~<; {)f.ll o
m:,Ov-u
at sl1ht 1\.ffiD- dii!JIDHe recognized his old friend at sight. f !l:~ 'i
~'11D-"t 1\.ffiD- dii!JID- omof>IDat the sight of (Lff.
The man ran off at the sight of the police
officer. lliD-\LID- f?'ll.ll oPb-1-1- 1\.ff..
1>."1<1. ' 1\ID-....'f ' 1>.11
catch slaht of Af
As soon as he caught sight of you, he vanished.

dii!JID- 1>.1-.tlfll I>.A9" 1>.11

(be) In sight :l'f

Land is in sight. f111l f.:l'1A

(not be) In sight

The end is not yet in sight. DDCU.~'(tD- '1'1

tiDIn sight of

sign

1172

sight

hm~11

We live in sight of the school. 'l-9"lle'l- IL

'1- hm~11 1>.1-'l't:-111keep out of sight

.,.~Rof>

Keep out of sight so they won't see you.

~>.1-"111'-ll .,.~n:,.

*They have orders to shoot on sight. 11.11'-'l-

dii!JID- 1>.1-.11.1!1:11-'l- 'l-1>.'111 _,.{l'J':f:'f'I'A
(be) out of sight ~f-1- m'IThe car shot ahead and was soon out of sight.
ODb.<;ID- iiiD- 1111- l\f-1- m'I*He spends his day in the garden so as to be
out of sight of his neighbors. 1-~IL.fo'll 1>.1"111'-'l- ' of>)-1- ' q'l-hA'l- (l:J'ID- ID-ll
'I' f{)A'(.A
take sight M"'m~

The hunter took sight and pulled the trigger.

1>."11' M"''l'~ 9"~..,,_ {)R
(be) within sight

*The mountains are within sight of the town.

bb_,...,,. ll''l' .,.&-&-l"'ll"t "7f'l- f.!;f'~A
[See also tburrow, lose, recover']

sightseeing Me "7f'lLet's go sightseeing! h1e 11"7f'l- 1>.1-'L!l:

sign (vt.)
1. I.~"" He forgot to sign the letter.
,.,. 11"1..~9" ' ~ ...

~11.tiiL

2. of>m~. The soccer club signed five new

players. fh"'e '>.11- bOil 1>.9"(1'1- 1>..11.
-J-'1'-l':f ' of>m~

(I '

3. .,.1..&-~"" Sweden and Ethiopia signed a

bilateral agreement. ll'l!!/:1-<; ~>..:r-f'A-:.1 f;J
&-

lD"/A

.... L&-~ao-

Sign (vi.)

1.

I.~""

IIJtl-

He signed on the dotted line. Rtm11

ODPODC

1\f.

Ll.otJ

He signed with another team for the next

season. 0"7.of>'I'IIID- m:,O'l- 111\.l\ II-!1:1- II
OOIIIij,lD..,. I

Ll.OD

2. f"Ah'l- l>.{)f. The policeman signed for him

to stop. 1>.1-.11.4'9" ?'11.11- 9"Ah'l- h{)fiDslgn In ll_,. oPH1R
All delegates should sign in on the second floor.
ODAl\oh.,.'l''ll ' v-11- ' IJ-1\.,.o;'ID- ' ,;::,. ' 'If. ' 1l
"7'fiD-"t 0 ODOD11111 ' />.1\q'fiD*Don't forget to sign in! ll'l-"""1 Mqun.r
,. ' {1'\,. ' ""~'i' ' 1>.'1-c{)

sign off f"fC'"'J&-,.,..1' ODLf..IJD .,.'i1l..

The radio announcer signed off. f &-.ll.f' .,.
<;;J&ID- o fT~t:-_,. o ODI..'f,'/" 0 .,...1~
slgn out

*When you leave, do not forget to sign out.

ll'l-~!l: ' fdi"'IIR'l-1- ' ll'i'l- ' OD~<j: ' 1>.'1-efl

sign

signpost

1173

sign over to n - - ll,.. }'tffOJ~

He signed over the business to his son. ,..,..._")
OA:(. M" t.~mG
slcn up
I. 1-<l'mG. He signed up to work with the
sugar company. (1\\C 4-11&11 m-ll'l' (loo
P'&-'1- 1-<l'mG
2. 1-""'010. I signed up for three courses.
?'ll'l- '1-!I"IIC'I- (loom-(IY: 1-0D1l"'ll..l'iiii[See also 'pledge')

sign (n.)
I. !I"Ah'l-. He gave us a sign to follow him.
l\"IY:1h-t-ilm- !I"Ah'l- h{)f"t
The deaf and dumb talk by signs. f..1.fr:lP":fo;
Y:'llP:f O!I"Ah'l- f."'QQIIAre dark clouds a sign of rain? fhOf..m- f.
ooo; f11o;1! !I"Ah'l- tm- 1
2. OD"'fl""l.. His gift was a sign of his love.
llfll;J-m- f'l':r-~ """111""1. toe

3. '1'1"1'. John's face showed no sign of his

anger. f;r>:1 t.'l- (IODo;f../1. ?"'Ill" 'I'
1'? t.Aitm!l"
4. it/1.'1. The name of the store is on a large
sign above it. fll-., ll!l" :o+A:r- itl\.'1
1-K"G: hOIII' f.1'1A

5. /1.11. The hunters found signs of deer.

h-'1'1',; fh;>H"t /1.11 ' h1"1'
sign of life

*There are no signs of life about the house.

OIL-I> hi1QO. (lCD- ' fil t\f.OD{lol\!1"
[See also 'caution, cross, external']

signal (v.)
1. t.ooflh-1-. A bell signals the end of a school
period. f..mll- f'I-!I"IIC'I- 1.11.1 oo,u,r
fODflh;I-A
2. !I"Ah'l- h{)f. He signaled the car to stop
by raising his hand. l\:(.1 0"11"1'1- ooiJ.
o;m- l\1-'l..f!l" !I"Ah'l- h{)f

3. h{)m-1'. He blinked his flashlight to signal

he was ready. ouH;>)'.;-1>1 fl"7{)w;r. Q'l-&m1 1!A'? Y:C"'!I" hf..G1
4. mol-. Will you signal the waiter, please?
h{)llt.m-1 '!'&-A'S

signal (n.)
I. !I"Ah'l-. We agreed on a signal. Q1Y: II"
Ah'l- (loom+!l" -t-(1"7"71

Birds flying south are a signal of comiug winter.

fWG:":f Wf.. f..IHI 001!GC fhG!I"'I- ""
11""1'1- !I"Ah'l- tm-

2. oo1!&-'l-. The traffic signal turned green.

f'l-6-t.h- oo-o&-'1- hG1'\.<'. hO&-

*The arrival of the Emperor was the signal

for an outburst of cheering. "J'1-P ~"lP"-11
fl.f..CII- l'.AA;I-o; If;1- <I' lim
signal (adj.) f"'l.fllf..1:rThe airplane is a signal invention. hdJotf!"1"1t'l
f"'l.fM1:r- 'i'AM tm-

signatory (signatories)
I. .1..&-"'1.. The signatories of the contract are
all Ethiopians. fm-11- .1..&-"'l.lP":f 0...,11-
t..+v-t:ym-n ""'"'"
2. f<~..Goo MC. All signatories of the treaty
are members of the United Nations. aJof\o,.
f.I..G ..... h1r::f 11-11- f-1-QO~'I- OD1"1P'
,.,... hQII-":f ""'"'"

signature .r.e"7
Your signature is not legible. t.C"711 hf.t01!!1"

significance
I. "'~~" t1C. I did not then realize the significance of his words. RHJ "LIL n.,..,<1 "'~~" t1e hA-1-GJIII-'1-11"
2. ;1-ll:r-t'l-. The significance of the victory
was not immediately realized. f:11- ;1-ll:r-t
'1- w'l.fm- t.A:I'm-1'!1" toe

significant
I. ;1-ll:r-. Adowa was a significant victory.
ft.Y:'P Y:A ;1-11:r- Y:A toe
2. '1-C'l-!1" fHil. A significant wink showed
me that he did not believe the speaker. '1-e'J!1" QH(I f'tf-1 'l':r-lf -t-o;;>&m-1 l'.1f..
"7111"1 MGY:.P.'1A
be significant off - - - OD""Il\1, I )d)Smiles are significant of pleasure . .1..1"1:1' ff..
(1;1- o 00"1(1""1, ' teD-

signify (signified)
I. t.ouflh-1-. His retreat signifies defeat. "''L"'.I..
1- oolfH1 fDPilh;I-A

2. 111R. He signified his consent with a nod.

&-11-1 Ooot:r-t:r- oo(l"7"7-1>1 111R

*What does it signify how we dress on a picnic?

R11C1ic 1.11. l'.1f..M!I" 1!1111lll M
MO'I-?

signpost !I"Ah'IThe signpost shows that the town is not far

away. !I"Ah-1> h-t-"7m- l'.~;r. t.floolf)-1
foo(lh;I-A

silence

1174

silence (v.)

silky
silent. SAAJ.:f"8Jo _,oo'i lJolriJD t1C x

1. 11?" hl'l1. Please silence the dog! aJol\"aJo"t

'I' ' hi\

11?" h(liaJo

2. ?""t?" hol\.,..,.1~?". The stranger was silent

about his youth. 'h"t"l.llaJo ill\ A'/!:)-1> ?""t

2.

.1'.""(1(1.

They silenced the dissent. .,.:J'aJo

'f"aJo"t ' .J'.OD{l{l-."1-

3. Y:?"6 hm<f.. A drop of oil will silence that

squeaking. h"tY: m11;J- HJ.'.'I- 11..1'.~"10'1-
ll.m.'l- f"'LI\aJo"t Y:?"6 .l'm'i-'PA

4. h.l.). He silenced his conscience and did

not speak out against the i~ustice. ~II..,...,."t
h'i!'l' b.lt"l .....,.. iii\"'LP't-aJo P't-
IIJ.'....1C +~

1. ~'1':1'. There was profound silence in the

room. Ob'i!ll- aJoil'l' 'I'll-?" ~'1';1- )OC
They listened in silence. 0~'1':1' h.IIODm2. 11?";1-. His silence meant he agreed. 11?";1..,. ' OUil"''"''-f:") ' hODI\h.,.
3. 11r Dfi\:,.. His silence worries me. 11r
"'11\1: .l'lliiO'i'A

In silence 11?" 11fr>

He passed over the subject in silence. .,.Jif."t

11?" ' 1111- ' hl\.l.aJo
~6f!'

hi\.

After a brief talk, he lapsed into silence.

IJ"i"C "t"I"IC 0:\'1 "1.""1." hi\

maintain silence

~T

AI\

The congregation maintained silence during

the sermon. Oil11h-l> 'I.IL .lt111!- ~'I' hi\
reduce to silence

~T

1t1..~1

The monitor reduced the class to silence.

fh'i!ll- ' hi\:J' ' h'i!ll-"t ~'I' h.l'-~1 ....

keep silent

*Don't you know when to keep silent? 1fr"

remain silent 1fr" hi\

When he was asked to explain what he did

with the money, he remained silent. 1~Hfl-'1
?""t 'h"t.ll.l'-~10'1- 'h"t'1.1AK" O.,.mf+
'I.IL 11?" hi\

silently ~'I' 1111They walked along silently side by side.

2\T I ofll\tDo I .,..., I 1\1-1 I +&-oo"-

silent movie Y:?"6 f/1.1\aJo

~A?"

I saw Charlie Chaplin in a silent movie.

!I'CII. !I'TII."t"t Y:?"6 ' 'h/1.110'1- ~A?"
aJoil'l' hfrr+

silent partner
*He's a silent partner. 'lii.,.JI.I'.-1- fDoil'l'
f"'' J.'.1'1 11CIJ )aJo

silhouette 'I'll
I could see the silhouette of a man reading a
book. ODK"m'i! f"'L.f)11 (laJo 'I'll J.'.:J'f'i'A

silk me

silent
1. ~'I' .I'll. I am looking for a silent place
to study. 11"'1'1'.,.'1- ~'I' .I'll P:J' 'h.I.A;JIIrr
2. "l"C .I'll. We walked along the silent streets
of the city at night. 11.11.'1- "l"C '111-'l- f
b.,."''..,. OU"t1P.":f 'If. .,.H'PdJC"t
3. f~'I':J'. The cat walks with silent footsteps.

S':"":J:

hoi\.,...,~,.

11'1-J.'.ilf

silence (n.)

lapse into silence

,. .

3. ?""t?" )1C h'la>t-?". The newspapers

were silent about the accident. ;JIL"'ll',; ill\
ht.;JaJo ?""t?" )1C h'lmo~-r
4. (~active) 11?" hl'l1. Why are you so silent?
?""t 'h"t.I'.H.II 11?" hl'l1111

0~'1';1- 'hC?")f '1-<1-"".llll":f

4. 11?".,.'i'. He is a silent, thoughtful boy.

11?".,_>;'.,. hii.,.'I'J.'. A'/!: )aJo
S. O:J'A .l'ol\.,.111~. This was a silent command. O:J'A .l'ol\.,.111~ 'l-lW11 )OC

6. t'""lf.~)JI. There are silent volcanos in this

region. OH.II +Oil. f"''J.'..I.)JI. 7.11.,.
1'1".1-ll'":f hll-

be silent
1. ~'I' hi\. The shouting stopped, and all was

The dress was made of silk. f me +"''.il )fDo

silken
1. ltd.c f.,..,.~-. The king wore silken robes.
"t.,..,. hmc f.,.P'-1- IJ'Ill'":f 1\0ll
2. mC. f"'LODilol\. She has silken hair. mC f
"'LODilol\ ' ~-,.G ' h'\T
3. fmC. The caterpillar wound a silken sheath
about itself. h'l Q;l.lJ<1.aJo fmC 114-)."t
Ot-(1- 1\.e. 1 moumoo

silkworm fmC +A
It is difficult to raise silkworms. f dtC :'f-A
"''C'I'I- h'IY: P't- )aJo

silky me f"'LODilol\
A kitten has silky fur. fJ':ou:J: "lol\11\
-,.~

' mC '

f"''.OUilol\ )aJo

sill S'.'i'
He stumbled over the door sill. ffl-1- S'.'i' h
Y.<;-t,l.tD-

wlndow sill oo!ll>'I-

She put a flower vase on the window sill.

OD!l!>-J: o ~f. o .l'flfJ o "7!1-tOD"'i ' l\<:'o'.":f

silliness ~M'lMen don't like to talk to her because of her

silliness. h~A~:t f.l~"f 11111'-"f- 11..1'
~;>"'l!:'l- ' hf.4.A't-V"

silly
I. -tA. Don't be silly! The moon will not fall.
-I!A h'l-ll-1 I Q;l,o'.:J' l\'1-IIINV"
2. f~A~'l-. Her silly behavior offended her
husband's friends. f~A~'l- tJ-~;J-'1' ffl'1 'lY.'I'":f ~c l\!11'
3. f"7f.o'.fJ. Reading silly stories perverts our
taste for good books. f"7f.o'.ll' ;J-<:l>":f-1 "71
fl1J 0 'J'-1- 0 ODl\'ohlj: 0 /1"71fl1J 0 f/111 ' !1"'/.

'I-

.l'fl~1i11<;A

silt S'.IIA
The flooded fields were covered with silt.
'1-C'i' .I'TIIof>II:J''I'tD- "''.Jll"":f S'.IIA 1111
.....,. ~nc

silver (v.) 11C"7 of>IIV" of>fJ

Silver the mirror to make it reflect light!
-ncn 7>1-'1..1'11\fJC~ 11"7Y:o'."' ""il:J'
1111:1 11C"7 of>IIV" of>fJtD-

This spoon is made of silver. f.tJ

.,..IP&-ID-

hoflC r

"'l"tbJ f

~Q)o

silver (adj.) f11C l h11C fToP<l-

Mother bought three silver spoons. l\<;-1: 'I'

11'1- f11C "71h..l'l"":f 1~":f

The woman wore a silver anklet. lL+r-,- h

11C fT"'<l- l\V"fJC hY:C:>tl":f
sliver-plated f11C ~11
This spoon is silver-plated. f.U "7111..1' f11

~'"

'

silverware f1fl:J' 1>.4' 1 h11C fT"'"'-

fV""'11 ' li:J'l"":f
His silverware has his initials on it. f"JO:f'"
l\:J'tD- ' fil .... ' OD"J'.OD<O.I' ' 1-S'.II-":f ' Tof>Cll
tD-fl;J-A
The maid shines the silverware. 1<'.-'1.1: h11
C fToP-1-'1-1 fV""'11 ll:f'l"":f 'l-11111111~ll":f-

silvery

I. -nc f"Y.DD!IA. The silvery moon seemed

to float through the sky. 11C fV"'l-DDilll
Ill- """-.4' flil"7f. ~f. fV"'l-'I'AA '~-""
!lA ~nc
2. fm<l-. I can see my reflection in the silvery
water. Rm&-c- fD-;) m-h-r ooAb.'l
"7f'l- ' ll":f~llflo

similar

.,.,..,..,..!>.

My wife and I have similar tastes.

I.
"7.!1-t:<; 1>~ fl11H- ~1C V"C"'i":f-1 T""
{){)f. ' ~~~~2. f.U1 f"too!IA. I know of a similar case.
f.U"t'i f"t""ilA ~1C l\111-:J'IItJbe similar Tootallt\
A river and a brook are similar. 111111<; ~
o'.'l- f.OD{)M/1-

similarity (similarities) """"fl(IA

There is a cultural similarity between Japan
and China. fllr;r1<; ' fliJ'f.<; ' ODYhA ' ffJ
UA ' ODOD{)(IA ' l\11

*There is no similarity between the two.

silver (n.) -nc

c'

simple

1175

sill

~..,.

table silver hofiC f+w&- f"Jfi;t- ~?

A thief stole all our table silver. h11C fT"'
.:. ' f1fl:J' ' l>:J'":f-11 ' fl .... /1- ' tl.fJ ' ilo'.of>ID-

silversmith l\1'1'<'..,. I -nc ll'i'fl1i

The silversmith made me a nice cross. h."J-rt:.
.,...,. ' '1'-1- ' OD!lof>A ' oP.l-A~

The silversmith is a good artisan. 11C hfi:il

II' ' To!- ' fill h~ ' ~Ill-

tJ-11-J: ' l\f.OD{)(l/1-V"

simile T~lll\&
He uses similes such as 'He sang like a bird'
in his poetry. 7l."t~ mfj: HOD~ Ocilt
A 'tf.~'l- T~l\l\6 fl"'T,... f.mof>"7A

similitude .,.ooflflM'IThere is a degree of similitude between Japan

and China. n)l';r1<; ' fliJ'f.<; ' ODIJhA ' n

""m'i-

.,.,..,..,..f-~'1-

l\11

simmer (vt.)
[h""'i'~'l- S'.o'.)l' {)f.S'.Cil M"of>)
simmer (vi.) 1~Llt

He simmered with rage when the policeman

gave him a ticket. 'l-<l-1-h- ltCt o't..(lmlll-
fl1.<'.'1- ' 1~4.11

simple
I.

+~A.

It may sound simple to you, but

simple-hearted

I don't understand it. ~"1-1- .,.~A f.ooiiA

II f.IJ'<;A )1C "1"1 ).~ hA1q'S!I"
2. -!-&.. She wears very simple clothes. -!-&. A
oflll ' +lliiiiii:Y.
Hunger gives relish to simple food. t:')ofl -1&. ?""Iii"! -1-ID'I~ J'S'.C1'1'A
3 . .,.~A hiJA J'llt-. The amoeba is a simple animal. h"'Lq .,.~A hiJA J'lltD- ).
"IIIII )t4. f.,.llll. The anatomy of the earthworm is
simple. f~!I"IJ-CII f(lt-)+ hP'&.C f.,.
fll\_

')o(Do-

5. J'A-1-ID/IIlfl. This building has a simple

design. f.ll ih"lll ~Cll- J'A-1-IDI'IIlfl )t6. ~"1. She has a simple pleasant manner.
~"!<; hllS'.II:Y. fiJ') mqf. to~+
7. of!A. Are you simple enough to believe
everything your neighbors tell you? '1-lll..f.
:Y.u f)1~11"1 u-11- II"''OD"I f.ll"l yu
A of!A )Ill
{a) simple citizen "719"' 1 H.;J ftr~ 1 (taJo
Even a simple citizen has the right to criticize
the President. "'1"111" H.;J fiJ') (ltD- -r.:.
11.'1"1-1>"1 1\00"I.,.'i' ooofl+ hlltsimple people .e-1\:f
His parents are simple people. IDI\~=J; F.-",;
:y. ' <;:ftslmple truth ).~...,
My answer is the simple truth. ooA(l. ).~
Q;lr

)fDo

simple-hearted 1C
A simple-hearted man will never refuse a
request for help. 1C (It- ).CJI;Jo ll.mf
~ fl'i'll-11" MI"IL hf.A?"

simple-minded of!A
He must be simple-minded to have bought
that old car. J'"l ht!'1. oohs f1Jft- 4!
A ILIJ'"I )ID-

simpleton

~A

Only a simpleton would believe that story.

J'"l"l f"'LJ'!I""" ~A ofi!J' )t-

simplicity
1. f'l'll)+. His simplicity allows him to be
easily fooled. f'f'll)., fl.,.l\11- )."1'1,'I"'S
J'S'.C1'1'A
2 . .,.<;)+.The simplicity of your plan intrignes
me, bll:t I wonder if it would work. f1l.:,. ..('"U
.,.<;)+ ll!l':'A "1"1 f"'LP'&. ool}')."l
).m&.m&-1111-

simultaneous

1176

3. .,.'lA HY.. Simplicity of style makes his

books easy to read. .,.'lA J'l\1\'i' HY.
.... ' 001\ih'i'-1>"1 ' fl.,.l\11- ' f"'L)flofl ' hS'.'
C:l:f'I'A
A room in a hospital should be furnished with
simplicity. fiiJ'II"I;;f-A t-11'1' fflii-1-'l':Y.
oo'S;Jo h'i'A 11q11"1h. )."IJ!J'.fiJftD- J'
II .I.A." A
for the sake of simplicity )"l.;..') lliPJ:t-AA
J'IIA
For the sake of simplicity, let's say that ....
)1~"1 II"''~IIA J'IIA )."1'1,11 )."lfiA

simplify (simplified) .,.1\A hS'.l1

You have to simplify your text for the first
grade students. OOK'm'i'll"l ~"IS'.':' h'i'A
-1-"''&IP:Y. .,.1\A A;f-S'.C1t- f.1qA

simply
1. fl'i'll-11". That's simply impossible! f.ll fl'i'
ll-11" ' hf.IJ'"I?"
2. il!l'. The baby did not simply cry; he
yelled. ihY\>o "''A.,.II il!l' IIJ'.IJ'"I '""1i
3. ~A IJ''f. If you behave simply toward him,
you are bound to be rejected. fill- H"IS'.' ~
A IJ')II hT1"fll oomll+ll )t-

*The room is simply furnished. htt:h- 'llfJ

1.'1' hAfllffl+ll"
*I simply couldn't fall asleep. 11""111" A-1-':'
hA!J'Ah-11"
very simply .,.~A fliT) hl>.:\"1
The speaker presented his talk very simply.
-1-'0:J&ID- .,.,.,~"! ... ~A flfl') hl>.:\"1
h.,.lfl
*Monks live very simply. oo')ott-lt+ +itA
).I!' ' f.'l" &oil-

simulate
1. ou(lll.

The butterfly simulates a

IL&.ILI!''I' ~mA +ooMII:Y.

twig.

The boss simulated anger when I was a minute

late. h"IS'.' F-4!,., H"IJ'.'f iiS'.CII hll,.,
\L ' f-1-4'."1 ' 00{111
2. ODII/P ;1-f. Mary simulated interest in the
story to please her friend. "'L& 'IS'.':''I'"I S'.
II ll.,ll"f+ :Jo&h-"1 fiDS'.S'.:Y.t- ooM
;Jof:f

(be) simultaneous h"IS'.' IJ') l h"IS'.' II

f. )fiC

The car crash and the bomb explosion were

simultaneous. ouh.<;I"=J; ll..'J...,. !111"11-
ll..I.M h"IS'.' IJ')

sin

Their responses were simultaneous. foPt\1\-sin (sinned), v.

I. '1m.ll+ u>.!o. He sinned by abusing God's
name. fii"'H.Mido.C't ill"' 11DDil~flo '1m.
II+' u>.!o
2. 11~11. Adam and Eve sinned. IIJI!"'<; do.'I'
't 11~11-

sin (n.) :>m.ll+

God punished them for their sin. II"'H.IIofldo.
c 1\wo~-+ :>m.ll+ of>"':f,.

It's a sin to stay indoors on such a nice day.

f,U1' I 00Dflfl I 'r?- I .,.,. I llfl.-l- I ODff&\_ I
:>m.ll+ )IJJo
[See also 'absolve']

h+ruc+ IL+ hm"' m.11.u ()';re)

m'thC' f.w.!oA

(perfect). He has written home only

once since he left us. bY.~ ll'tJ:- "1..11.
ofl;F ~C:A<;A
3. ill\. Since I didn't have the money,
couldn't go. ~'tHofl MA)I1tl'S ooY,J:-
IIA;J'All-1"'

*How long has it been since you have been in

Addis Ababa? ll.ll.il 1111Q l""t fUA "I.
rt. 'f<:VA l

since (prep.)
I. h --- OJ.II.Il. We have not seen him
since Saturday. h:,.J1"7. 1 OJ.II,U 1 Mf)OJol"'
2. h - - - )';I"'I!'. The package has been ready
since noon. '1'-1>11- 1 hiiJ:-il+ 1 l't't-l- 1 )';I"'C' 1
1-H;>~A

+ (perfect) + )';1"'1!'. She

hasn't been home since her marriage. I11Q
3. ( ~ conj.) h
1

IL-l-

sincere
1. ~1'. He is a sincere person. M llaJo 1 ~tD2. ( ~ adv.) hAflo. Are they sincere in their
wish to disarm? ftnC ; DD"U.f ll'tof>'til f
"'LA-+ bAQ:ffD< )fD< l

sincerely bAflo
Do you sincerely believe it? f+'I1ChaJo1' hA.
oflU :f'MI1;f'I\U l

since (conj.)
I. h + (perfect) + m.II,U l h + (perfect) +
)';1"'1!'. He has worked hard since he left school.

'f )';I"'C'

OJ~ 11.-l-f-kf n
lliiiJrJo't IIH.ffD< f.'f.!oA
2. hH.f't "1..11. )';1"'1!'. I haven't talked to him
ever since. hH.f't "I. II. )';I"'I!' II~) .:>~Cll--l-1"'
3. hH.f OJ.II,Il. He married a shrew and has
suffered ever since. ll't.ll.-l- )11<;~ A~ II
"'ofl1' hH.f OJ.II,U ,_.,,_fA
[See also 'long, when']

has lived there ever since.

Iilf!n 't.l"'. Y.P..

+ ll't.f: ~f. )11C

2. h

sinful

1177

l'tll,;t

IIAmfof>'fl"'

since (adv.) hH.f 1 OJ.II,U

The town was destroyed ten years ago but

has since been completely rebuilt. hT"'/OJo h
OP'C 'too-l- fl.l.-l- mJ:.-'1" )flC l hH.f
OJ.II,U "''t ll't~~<; 11~'tofl -J-wC;t:A
since then hH.f't "1..11. )';I"'C'
Since then, he's been a monk. hH.f't "1..11. )';
I"'C' ' OD'tli'!l.A
ever since
I. lliiiJrJo't. He went to Ethiopia in 1954 and

*I sincerely hope you'll be able to come.

1\oPI"'"'-l- II't~1"'-l-'fA ao-11- 1-il<f. II~
C;>I\!Jo
yours sincerely n+

He signed the letter, "yours sincerely". ~oflJIIL

aJo 1 f\f, << n+aJo 1 11A- 1 L~ooo+
sincerity
I. bAofl oPIJ''t. He seems concerned about
the matter, but I question his sincerity. M'-1' 1
fl'lflfl-l- f.ooMA i hAflo ooiJ''f.'t "''t II
m.!om.!ollrJo
2. ol>'t)T. Only a skeptic would doubt his
sincerity. :,.'t)of>'t f"7fl""t 1-m.!o"'tl ofl
;F )IJJ<
without sincerity

*She spoke without sincerity of her desire to

reform. mQIL't IIC"71\II- 11\'ffD< hA!I.
IIA)fltll"'

sinew
I. ~"7+. The bowstring is made from the
sinews of an ox. f+ll1t oomm61 f.,.P~
,. bfl<lo

~.,+

)IJJ<

2. ODP~+. Schools are the sinews of democracy. +rue+ IL1''f fJI,'I"h.!oll. """'
<:+ ""'""

3. ,..,.'?. Money, men, and materials are the

sinews of war. 1'tHofl l'tll''f<; J:-c~+ ftn
C)-l- Mil""'f <;:ffD<

sinful
I. '1m.II-J-l;'. The sinful man repented of his
deeds. '1m.II-J-l;'IJJ< l'tfD< flP'.!ofD< 1-l'.l'.-12. (~noun) '1m.ll+. To kill is sinful. """'~
A :>m.ll-l- )fD<

sing

II78

sinful act ~m.h'l-

Killing is a sinful act. llliJo"t """1'-A

~m.h

'1-' )liJo
~m.h.,.'i'fDo "tll.lt

1fl

sing (sang), vt. nuo.-;

He sang a song celebrating the Annunciation.
oflll&..,_, 111C.t..A"t fl"''ll;J-mll' ""li..,.C nuot:
sing (vi.)
I. H4.). She sings well. 'I'~ '1-H<i:'i'fi:Y..

2. nuo.-;. The birds are singing in the trees.

m,;:';f 'f'i' 'IJ'. lf)fDo J'.H?"~ )flC
3. :!.11~~ hfl. Mother sang the baby to sleep.
:!.'i''l-1'"'1' .ltYI- :!.'M.,.'i' :!.11~~ hfl:fliJo
4. h~""' The teakettle sings. flff. l':ll'i' Y
~A

sing of ll"/'1'!1" hiD'-Il

The poet sang of heroes. 1"J"'l.l1Jo )';"''l'"f"t

ll"/'1'!1" hm'-ll

sing (someone's) praise

1. }1.',..1(1. He sings the governor's praise.
h1t: 11Cl1Jo"t Y'l""'liA

He sings his son's praises.

ilfl A)!: 1-&. J'.)'IA

[See also 'hymn, lull']

I asked her if she was single or married.

I asked him if he was single or married.

h"'-ti.,.VA OJJ'.il h'111Jt1!1" -til'- mf:,Oo'1- (or, '1--'IC J'.HVA aJJ'.il hAY11h?"
-til'- mf:,Oo-'1-)
every single 71.11'-'1'1-'J..
I looked through every single drawer, but
couldn't find it. :!.Y"t-'l"t-'1- ""1111..1' liJoil

'I' 4-fl"'rJ- "'"t '111'l1Jo hA!J'Ah-?"

+ negative verb

He didn't make a single mistake. h"t.l':?" il.lt

I. flllflll. The flames singed my hair. :!.IIi> II

1-&."t ' flll{lflliJo
The maid singed the chicken. 11:'1.;1: P.l':liJo
"t ' flllflll"f
2. h'l-'-4.. Scandal singed the mayor's reputation. hliU m&. fh"t-f:IJliJo"t ooAt,?"
il?" ' h1-'-4.l1Jo

singer H<l-'1
The American singer is well known to all.
h"'1.6t,'f!l1Jo H<l-'1 llrJ-fl-?" H"t.l': f;J-m
I

m-"}roPIIJ

be single ht\1119'"

not a single h'lS:'r

singe

m"t'-'lm. -tlflfDo mf<l!'l4. fm"t'-'lm.. I prefer a single bed to a double

bed. h<l-"'l.ll. hA;J J'.A:,O fiD"t'-'lm. h
A;J ).UDC"JfiiJ5. f"''YID'IfDoA. She showed single devotion
to her religion. fiVJ'."'''l';l: f"''YID'IliJoA <;:
:,.c ' hllf"f
single (adv.) -tl!l'liJo"t
He came to the party single. fl"'-tl'lf'liJo ' -till'

:>;'!- (or, flfl'l--'lc )11 IDJ'.il

The priest sings Mass. 411\- J'.4'.1':liA

illl---.,.~)lf.

They asked him, "Are you

married or single?''. flfl'l--'IC )II OJJ'.il

h"'-tl.,.lfA OJJ'.il h'11fl11!1" -til'- mf:,O

hJ'.'-fl11!1"
-til'- mf:,-:>;'1-)

sing Mass +~(I

2.

2. h"t.l': -till'. The spider hung by a single

thread. lft:.:;t IJ"t .r: he 'IJ'. -nil' .,.
"ttnA'I''Ifl"f
3. m"t'-'lm..

sinful man ~m.h.,.'i'

The sinful man repented.

single-track

)aJo

Singers were present at the wedding. fl(ICJ-

'IJ'. H<l-'l'"f )fl~

single (v.), - out

*The teacher singled Tom out for praise.
hil.,."'/6l1Jo ll.,.fi.J'. 1'-?""t ' hooM)

single (adj.)
I. h"t.l':. The soldiers walked in single file.
m;J-'-1':~ IJ"t.l': uopuoc .,.'ill-

.,_'!- hAP'&.?"
single combat fQ,I,fl"J l1Jo1.J'
The soldiers engaged in single combat. m:J-'-1':
~ ' fQ,I,fl"J '

tD-1.J' '

h'-1:1-

single-handedly -tl!l'liJo"t rr'l'

The policeman made an arrest single-handedly.
Tfl.ll- -tl!l'liJo"t IY'l' m"t)';fl'i'fDo"t YHfDo

(be) single-minded r.,.mll) 't'l"'' hflliJo

He is very single-minded and impossible to
distract. f.,.m{l) 't'l"'' MflliJo .hll!l"t fi"'''IIJ'l- Yil'f"l&.A

single-track, -

mind .hllll mfl-tl flfDo

A single-track mind is incapable of devising

a solution. mlto mQofl (u oo4J:+A

fi.4.'1'C hJ'."fA?"

single-track railroad h"Jr:

fQfl-C '

th~

ODJPODC

A single-track railroad connects Addis Ababa

1179

singly

--~------------------------------------------------

with Djibouti. h'tY: ffiR-C m'I.Y: OOJ"

ODC h'l.ll hOfJ't 111[11-1: ;>C f1<;'iiA
singly
I. h'tY: fJ'tY:. He attacked the soldiers singly
as they came through the forest. m;I-.I'.C"'Ii
11"iltfD< {).rom- h'tY: fJ'tY: 114'"7'1'..,.
2. 11il'fD<'t. Misfortunes never come singly.
hi- ~1C 11iJ'fD<'t hf.DD"lf"
.
singular (n.) ~m~
The Amharic noun has a singular and a plural.
fiVO I q..-,c~ I \'tnl\'i I .... ,.,.. I J1.1\t1Jo
singular (adj.)
I. ll.'t"l'l fll'~. A very singular accident
happened to me. O"'f" ll.'t"l'l fll'~ hi.
;> .l'.~l'l11'S
2 A. f.. fll"t. This singular specimen was
caught by a fisherman in the Blue Nile. J.'.IJ
"'" fll'~ 't"' o....,c 'tflf. ~" h't
Y: 't"' h'l'"7~ f,I'HfD< ~..,.
*He is a man of singular habits. 111'1..,. f"7 Y.
'1'1"9"' I A-7~ Yilt- I ()tiJo I )tiJo
*He is a man of singular courage. niiJ9" F-.4-

)aJo

sink

4. hl.l'll'l. He sank a fortune into that business.

011..1' 't"IY: ~f. 1111' 1'tH11 hl.l'll'l
5. M'll. He sank all his savings in stocks.
J'm<!-oJ>DDfD<'t 1'tH11 11-1\o (l'tY: ~f.
h'l'l\

*She sank her voice to a whisper. h'tll"ltll"l1:f.

sink (vi.)
1. (I moo ! (loom. The ship sank in ten minutes.
oucbflo = IIP'C S'-4:~ m-ilT (tmou
(l'loom)
His foot sank in the mud. ll."l~ "l":J- ..,.
01' {loom
2. mil+. The sun sinks in the west. Dmf. 0
f"bt-11 '1-m/A:J-II"'f3. 1-1..1\. Due to lack of rain, the reservoirs
sank. 011<;11 oo;J-"1'1- f"h't.l''l- ffD<;)
"7h"7if'fD< 1-.1'.11
4. HoJ>m. The house has sunk two feet.
fO._, OO>P~'I- 11-11'1- "i"7 H;r,l\l.IA
5. h't'lf'(l dl~.l'.. The balloon sank to the earth.
~~(Da I l\1''1f(l I tDF,. I oPt.T I tD~F,.
6. 11;r. hi\. The price of eggs sank during the
sununer. OO;>fD< fll.'t.,~/A '1':> 11;r. hi\

7. m-;) 1 ll"~. When he saw his wrecked car,

his heart sank. f1'1'10~fD<'t ooh.t;fD<'t fJ
f

'1..1

Aft-

DJo;)

ll"~

singularity
I. 11c;r.H. The singularity of the dwarf's
appearance attracted many people. fY:'thtl-fD<
11c;r.~.-.. 1111' M'"'f- 110
2. ool\f'. One of the giraffe's singularities is
the length of its neck. 11+"1"~ OOI\f'l""'f- h
't-'1- ,l"t1'1- li.C11"7~ ~ ....

He sank down on the bench and waited for the

next bus. h"""J;Oil.aJo tn1'0C 1 1\f, .,...,.9'"(11
haJo.f-11-(l.'t mO+

sinister hiWhen I inadvertently disclosed his secret, he

gave me a sinister look. 1'/lll'li f"llm.~'t
fJaJ"' Ohio 'tf.'t 1'00I\111''S

t-'1-

*This is a sinister beginning for starting a new

f.ll fOO"'r:
business. l\.tllt
~Y:IA f"/Ah'l- ~..,.
sinister role +"Ut-A

.,..,..'!-

He played a sinister role in the minister's fall

from power. "''..tll'l-~ ll.'t'l.lfC 1''tb-/A
>Pt-0'1sink (sunk, or sank), vt.
I. hl'lm"". The submarine sank two ships.
I'IC'\.( DDCh11 11-11'1- ""CI11l"'f-'t hl'loom":f2. .,..,.~. The men are sinking a well. l'll"'li 1Y.-'\Y: ,..,.'i!t-113. l'llt. He sank the spade into the ground.
hltol-fD<'t ' oo.:-'1- ~" l'lltfD<

sink down .,..+oom

sink in

*The teacher said it to the students four times

before the words really sank in. 1'"7&l"'li
h
:J-11-'t boP~'I;I'lffD< ' 01.'1- ....,.1)~

1.1 hl\fD<

(be) sunk in thought Om/Ill- 1'1'm

He was sunk in thought, and nothing distracted him. Om/111 1'fD<Ifl 1'11\~0C f"'t
f" ~1C hiA1'1'1"7fD<f"
sink Into one's mind "lQ(m-)
This lesson does not sink into my mind.
J.'.IJ '1-f"IJC'I- hf.1fi'Sf"
sink to the ground .,..111\.fi:AC:

m!..+

The soldier sank to the ground, badly wounded. m;J-1.~ O~J.'./A lll\.,.1'111 1'111\'i!IAC:
mi.+
[See also 'heart, zero']
sink (n.) li.:J' "7mll..l'
The dishes are still in the sink. lla.'l''li ll.lllt
tJ1'

),.4"

"''m(lfdJo ; dJo/tlf"

fi':fdJo

sinner

1180

sinner ;>Tll (pi. :'Tl\'J)

sit (sat), vt. l\(l.,.oom

According to some religions, sinners are

punished in hell. l\"J-'1").1:' '/Y."'''f.f'/f :>1'
l\") ' 1'/~P" ' Y.1QII- ' Y.'lfl-

sinuous m0D11DI/If
The course of the river is sinuous. CD'lff"
oPlf.Yif

ioaJ--

sip (sipped) 4-T M

He likes to sip his tea. lfi<"J 4-T "''ilT
Y.m-'111\

sip (n.), have a

~ 4-T l\11
I only had a sip of it. l\").1:' 1..11. 11il' 4:,. ' l\11\h-T

siphon (v.) R-t"''

"'-"~

"'' ' .,..!:'.,. ' l'lm'S

siphon (n.) [ll"J-'1- ao.fV mt. "'""'"

oo yy ol.o'l"li f"'LYll-1-'111\'i' -I>P)
sir
I. "1.-f'/f. Dinner is ready, sir. "1.-f'/f l 11.:.:,.

"'C!J.A
2. "1.;1"\1-. Sir, I came to complain. "I.:I"ILI l\0.
T ' 11\11\ ' oo>TiJ'IIIl-

sire (v.) m111.

He sired a son much unlike himself. r")."J,..
f"''Y.oo(lll\ A~ ml\1.

sire (n.) l\QT

The sire of this colt was a winning racer.
f.l:-")1-'1,. .t.q:,. nllfi+s:-P"s:-P" l\lro;
~nc

siren YI.:J 4-<u.:,.

I heard a lire siren. fllo'JT hi.:J 4-<u.T 1'1

"''ll-

5. T.vroo. While the court is sitting, visitors

may not enter the building. .ll'l''/f h-1-.,.foo-
R:\'1 tJJo"f." Ytt- l'll"'if """'Q:,. fll
q:f,.P"
6. ll111'1Q YH. Parliament was still sitting at
3 a.m. f;rC'I"'' oo>"'/hCT llllh 11.11.-1> H
m'S l'l'tT .1:-<:ll ll111'1Q '-""'" ~nc
sit around 11r 111\- +1-A+

You won't get anywhere sitting around the

house. liP" 1111U liO.T noo.,..ll:,. M
P" ' l\:I"-1-C'i'
sit back ,....,.;: oflA- 1'-+DDm
Sit back in your chair! CD1'0?o 1

t\~

,...,tt:

1111U -~'"'""1'
sit down (vt.) l\ll.,.oo>m
He sat the boy down and gave him a lecture.
A:II:"J l\ll.,.P"I" P"hC l'lm,.
sit down (vi.) -~'"'""m
Sit down, please! -~'"'""1' liM:
sit In on -J-I}of,.y. ~n<:
I sat in on all conferences. fll111'1Q,. 11-fl-
-J-I}of..Y- ~nell-

sirloin steak :l"ilolo P':>

He likes sirloin steak. :l"ilolo P':> Y.a>-'111\
sisal :l'"'i
The rope is made of sisal. 1""-'1- h:l'"'i f-1.v&-

Our table sits only six people. m<:A.If'if"J

11.1:-llT l'll"'if 11il' Yll.,.P""'A
The woman sat the little boy down hard.
I'I.TM' 11\:II:"J R"l-11\ hll.,.oom'lf,.
sit (vi.)
I. -~'"'""m. We sat in the front row. """:l':""tl
,,_ ' <:.~:"~' ' -~'"'""T'J
2. -~'"'""m(IIT). Who sat for the portrait that
you just finished? IIILU l\u-"J II<U.<:llhtJJo
P'bll\ "''"J -~'"'""mii\U 1
3. l\<:ol.. A bird sat on the fence. l\1'-1- 'IY.
ID'i' ' l\Cof..ll'lf
4. l\QII\ ~,.. My brother sits in the senate.
m"J1.""'L f.h"l oom(l:;' P"hC O.T l\QII\
~,.

He siphoned some gas out of his tank and

gave it to me. T'J"Ii 0.'Jil"J hoo>ll.o;,. 01

o1.

sit

ioaJ--

sister li'\T
My sister is sick. ll'\1: :'""''ll'if

sister-in-law P"tl-T
My sister-in-law always argues with my
mother. P"tl-1: 11-11\1..11. hl\';'1: :>C :,.
................11.,.

sit on the eggs ~cf'L

The mother hen hatches her eggs by sitting on

them. "'i....,.'/f f"'Ld.lld.fi-T l\';'-1:-1> P..
C' llT:I".,.'i' ~,.
sit loosely l'lof..(RT)
The coat sits loosely. 1>-1> 1'1'1'-fR:I"A
sit out 41'i" 1111- l\o'JIId.
They sat out the storm in their little car.
li';'!Yt T'J'I( ooll.o;:f,. IJ)o(IT 41'i"
1111"'" ho'JII4-T
sit tight <:;> 1111- -~'"'""ffl I hii.U "J'Jo")
"" ' l\'IIIP"

Sit tight! Your turn will come. t.:> oflllu ..,.

'i'DD'J' I 1-&-IJ J'.I'.CIIA
Sit tight till I come back. hllhDDIIII hll.ll "I
)o}> h"IJ!-tA
alt up
I. -l''i" -1111- 1-'i'""m. The patient tried to sit
up in bed. 0111-'0'tJJo IJA;>tJJo ~J'. -l''i"
-1111- lloP'i'oP'J' 'l"ht.
2. 1-ol'oom. We sat up all night waiting for him.
7.(1."1 ll"lmoflo}> 1--l'll"m"l ht.C"I
sit up straight +'i

1lf\<"

,.+oom

Sit up straight; it's bad for you to slouch in

your chair. -l''i" oflllll 1-'i'""'l' 1 1-"1:>1'-
"""'""'!' ~"/.... '1'"- hJ'.1'.119"
sit well 1-11"'1"'1
Your coat sits well. 1>-tu J'.II"'I"'I?A
[See also 'lunch')

sit-down strike
*The company is having a sit-down strike.
fii-Q"/,I'IJJo oP&-1-71''{- IJoll- 11-Q"/,I'IJJo ,.
11'1' 1--l'll"mtJJo h"lt"'ll" 0"'111-t t.t..ao-

site
I. (l;f-. A new hotel will be constructed on
this site. hli.IJ (l;f- ~J'. hll.ll 11'-I:A ""'
&-A
2. ll'i!&-. The site of the dam is fifty miles
from here. "1.1:"11- 1\.oP&- f;f--1'1'.0-t ll'i'
&- hli.IJ "19"11 .,,_A J'.C:l'A

sitting (n.)

we ate with the first sitting. ""'/.""1..1' h"''.O

,_,(Do

'}~ I

size

1181

sit-down

;JC

Rt\~

-v-

oflttHe finished the book in one sitting. h"/.1:" '1..

IJ, I 4<"1" I ofl/1- I ODK'.bf."/ I h"/ofl(l I Q;L(.iltJJo

In one sitting J\1~ 1.11

sitting room h"I"'J! IL-t

I waited for her in the sitting room. h"I"'J! IL
:,. 4<"1" -lltL mOo}>h:>.-t

situate hlt!l/oP
Where will you situate the new factory?
hJI.(l."l oklt.IJ f-t A:HI.,_,..,. ttJJo l
be situated ...-,}

The village is situated in a valley. ou"lf."- f"''.

Olfll4'tJJo tJJoll'l' I ttJJo

~,.,.

situation
I. h.,...,OD'J'. Our house has a beautiful
situation on a hili. Oh-t.ofl;f-tJJo 1 ~J'. ,I'll
IJJo I (L;J-'{-') I '!"'- I fiJ't I ~;.,...,....... I l;lltJJo

2. oPIJ'"I. The situation of Addis Ababa in the

mountains gives it a mild climate. hll.ll hO
q 01-&-&-l"'{- ODIJhA OODIJ'lo: '!"'- h
fC h~-t
3. IJo~:f". What is the situation in the Middle
East now? h1Jo"l oouiJhll,.,. 'I"P'&oo}> ,1'
lltJJo IJo~;f- 7."1.1'.-t ttJJo l
4. tJJo'l'"lo}>'l'. You got yourself out of that
situation skillfully. hll..l' IJJo'l'"lo}>'l' &ollu
"I OH.I'. h<D"'IJ
5. "l..tL. Act reasonably in all situations!
0"'1"1,.,.9" '1..11. f"''.~q t~C h.I:"C"'
6. P' &-. Is the situation stili vacant? P' &otJJo
hiJo"/9" h'i'-t ttJJo l
[See also 'save')

six 11.1:-11'1slx o'clock 0~6- ~ tN\:,. ll'l+

We will have dinner today at six o'clock.
~tl. h&-'1- OOP'tl- IJoll'l- ll't'l- h"l
0~11"1

sixteen OP'tl- 11.1:"11-t

sixth 11.1:"111-"'
sixty IIAII
sizable m-1'9" .I'll

He has a sizable income. m+r' Ylt. '1tl

hlltJJo
~ up "19"'1- lim
She sized him up carefully. 1'."1'i" "19"'1-
m'{-tJJo

size (v.),

{l

*How do you size up the situation? hit. o-J:.;J-,. ,1'111) hll1-,l'f-t 9""1.1:-ttJJo!

size (n.)
I. Ah. What size do you wear? Abu ll"l'l-
ttJJo l
2. oPm"l. Everything is arranged according to
size. IJoll-9" t~C OfDDm). 1-I'.C.I:"~A
3. 4<'1'C. What size shoe do you wear? f""i"'IIJ
4<'1'C I 11"/-t I ttJJo !
4. "'"""" The boys are about the same size.
A)('ll 041.,.'1- 7.9"-11~9" hJ'.1-'i"t(l.9"
5. 114-'1-. What is the size of this room?
fli.IJ h'i'A 114-'1- I M I ,I'IJA I ttJJo l
6. '1-Ao}>t'l-. I was astonished at the size of
the city. Oh1-"'ltJJo -tAo}>)'J- 1-1'."1<1: )OC
7. f"''.,,'hlltJJo. Notice the size of that spider!
,~"{- 1ft.t.'l- f9";f-hlltJJo"l 1-0DAh'I0What is the size of your herd? M ,I'll A
h-11-t hill) l

sizzle

1182

*This paper is too small; I need a larger size.

Y.ll ,,._.,._,. -1-'t"li ~,. i hlf..l' Til:,. Y
II Yll4.1>d"ifA
[See also 'gigantic']

sizzle T'tiFiF
The steak sizzled in the pan. 'l'flll- o-...olf
,. IIY. T'tiF;F

skate (v.) O"'L"Iiht'.hC A"7 '1" T'tlf&-

.,..,.

He skated on the sidewalk. 01\"lt'.'l''ll -~

II' IIY. O"'L"Iiht'.hC A"7 '1" T'tlf&-

.,..,.

skein

~P..

''Hair like a skein of silk'' is a trite expression.

fdtC I .,F- I f""l.oPiiA I K.,..C)) I f"tl\lD- I f.,L
1111-1- M:nc ~,.

skeleton (n.)
I. 061". A man's skeleton was found in the
cave. "Pifm- I m-Il:..- I n~ I {1m- I Olt9'" I .,.
17
2. !1/"'L. The steel skeleton of the new skyscraper rises above the town. 1Jl(lo 1 (lfPJ~ 1
m.,.ll ,;::,. f11t'.-l- !1/"'L h/1.11,. .b'tll
11-11- fA Y.:l"YfA
A long illness made a skeleton out of him.
f t'.'fr1" '1..11 .boP1" O.t.T't-1> .t.ll.,.t'.,.
skeleton (adj.) '1'-1:-lOnly a skeleton crew was needed while the
ship was tied up at the dock. ""Ch!l. m~11
llf. qlllf0-1- 1..11 T-1:-1- ovcho'l'lf
11!1' Yll4.fA"l:l"fA

skeptic, see sceptic

sketch (v.) O't.l:"'i' M"'
He sketched the cat sleeping on the floor.
.(-OD-I>'t IDIIII- IIY. h't~T'l' O't.(-'1' '
/>~., ....

sketch (n.)

I. 't.(-'~'. I have a sketch of Addis Ababa

made in 1888. O!;!;fii" 't. 1". ,.,.,.&- Yll.ll
.t.oq 't.l:"'i' .t.ll~
2. l>llT'I'II'.t.. This is a rough sketch of his
book. Y.IJ h'l"ll ?-~fA fll- ODJI'.b
'i' .t.llT'I'I\'1> ~ ....

sketchy '1'&-11

~m:,.

He bas a rather Sketchy knowledge of history.

f:l"<lh 11,..,.., '1'4-11 ~mfo ),.

skillful
*In his hurry, he had only a sketchy meal.
T"'.I:"C: llii~OC fOil"'" II:,Ooo!f YllfA
11!1' ~oc

skid (skidded), vi. ( ~ vt.) .t.'tif&-TT

+The car skidded on the wet pavement. l\C'I'II-
OD')1.(- 0 ODIJ.'i''J'') 0 />'tlfoii-T:J".}-

Skid (n.)
*Skids are common in rainy weather. 011'i'll-
m&--1- ""h.'i'l"lf Y.'tif.:.T:l"ll-

skill
I. '1'011. Diplomacy requires many skills .
11.'1"11-"'/ll. 1111- '1'011't f.mf.:l'fA
Making pottery requires skill. flfhll P'&-
'1'011 Y.mY.:I'fA
2. lfll-:1". Learning a language is a question of
learning new skills. .t.ll.ll !1/'t!'l .,..,C .t.
ll.ll lfll-:1" ......,c ~ ....
3. 'I'~ lfll-:1". The actor interpreted the part
of the soldier with skill. T'l''i'\!. m;Jo~~'t
oP/lll- 0'1'~ lfll-:1" ....c~4. """Y. Typing is a skill that requires practice.
o-h.'i'. oPI\'i'. fA1"1".(-. f"'LmY.:,O. ,_y. ~ ....
5. fh~ P'&-. Society reclaims criminals
by teaching them skills. 'Hit'.T 1111- m't)';
ll'l'lf't fh~ P'&- l>llT1"1!' M"7'
11ilf Y~:>'f<FfA
6. HS'.. The trained teacher managed the
children with skill. f,.llm ~,. ""1"1JC .,..,
<ll"'ll't OHS'. YH

skilled
I.

Oh~P'&- f,.llm~.Heisask:illedlaborer.

Oh~ P'&- f,.llm~ "'c!-T'l' ~,.

2. A\!. """Y f"'LmY.:,O.Repairingwatches is

sk:illed work. ll't-1- "7~ll A\!. """Y f"'L
mY.:,O ' P'&- ' ~,.
3. O'l'-1:. A sk:illed surgeon can perform any
operation. O'l'-1: .bh.1" "7't'1"'"'t1" .,.
p. ...... IU'h'i'"'"'t Y.lfilfA

skillet -...olf
He fried eggs in a skillet. 1\'t.,.IIA 0""'1'0lf
mllll

skillful
I. qii...Y. It is difficnlt to find a skillful cook
in this village. 011.11 ""'t~ ,.ll'l' q11...
Y IDTIL-1- "7"17.}- hq.(- ' ~ ....
2. 'I'R11 YIIR-1-. That is a skillful piece of
bricklaying. Y.IJ 'I'R1l ,I'IIR-1- "l't11 .t.,.
4-C. ~ ....

skillfully

skip

Il83

skillful performance .,.AIIJ4-~+

Everyone admired her skillful performance on

the piano. T.f'l' ll'l-"'im'l- IJlt\':ffDo
4'A"'of.)'J- ' o-11-'1" ' l\.S'.):J''Jbe skillful OS'.'Hl ;F/1
He is very skillful in riding a bike. O.llh/1.'1-
""1.11'1- OS'.'Hl Y."'f-iiA
skillfully
I. OHS'.. You got yourself out of that situation skillfully. hll..l' fDo'l''t:J-'1' &-llll't 0
HS'. ' l\.ID"'Il
2. O:J>A'I''i''i'. He skillfully sectioned the orange.
11C-l:lt).'} O:J>A'I''i''i' hof.ol./lfDo
skim (skimmed), vt.
I. 1"-"- He skimmed the cream from the
milk. hm.,.-1: ilf. llAIJ{l.,'} 1ol.ol.
2. 1<:<;: 1l:'i' li.S'.<:1. It took me ao hour to
skim the book. ODK"doio'} 1<:<;: 1l:'i' 11"7
J':<:"l ' )\.'}J'; ' ll't'l- ' 1DllS'.11~
3. ""'l:'i' li.J':C1 ll.llol.. The pebble I threw
skimmed the water. fm<:mch-'1- mmc ,.
~fDo'} ""'l:'i' li.J':C1'1- ll.llol.
skim (vi.) 11:Jo 1111- 0<:<:
The bird skimmed over the water. mj, OfDo~
, . ilf. 11:Jo 11il O<:<::Y.
skim through +ooAl)h.,.

He skimmed through the newspaper. ;>H."'fl)o'}

.......lllth ...
skimp (vt.) M)ll
Don't skimp the butter in baking a cake!
h.h-'t ll;t-H;>:JI: :J>IL ll.;t-lt"tll
skimp (vi.) l\.'}J':1:'} ll.lll!' 1'tH11 ll.m&-4'
"" 1 'I'Cll-'t )h(l nH11 ll.m&-4'oa
She had to skimp to send her son to college.
Ai('} 1>/I.:J!: 11"7ll.,."7C ll."tJ'::J:'} ll.ll&-
('I'C!t'} )hit) 1'tH11 "7m&-4''1" )0<:11'1skimpy /Ill""" filA
I had a skimpy meal of parched com and
water. /Ill.,.. filA O.foll-'i' ,.~ .,.OD11I1Jo
skin (skinned), v.
I. .fo.llfDo'} 1ol.ol.. The farmer killed a cow and
skinned it. 10&.fDo ll."t-'1.'1- il'l" li.CP..
.fo"''l"t '1"-"They punished robbers in ancient times by
skinning them alive. 0'1"}'1- 1.H. 'li'i'-I':Y.'t
OihY.m'l- 1l't.llll- .fo.lllffDo'} Ooo"/L'i'
UIJl.lffDo )0C

2. 11 lim. I skinned the kouckles of my hand.

f"J-1:'} ' )\.'}'} ' 11/l'l'h-'13. ( = pass.) .,.ilm. +He fell and skinned his
koeecap. mJ':.fo 1-AO., .,.ilm
skin (n.)
I. .fo.ll. She has a sensitive skin . .fo"''P
)fDo
Cows have thick skins. f'l'l" .fo"' m'tlt&- )fDo
2. :Joco~.'l-. These apples have a very thick skin.
MH.Il "'"-"':Y. m<;:&-'1" :Joc.c.'l- ll.illf,.
The snake cast its skin. 1l1Jll- :J-C.I.-1:'} "'ll

m- '

by the skin of one's teeth ltfOOA'I'

We made the last train by the skin of our teeth.

fODQ;I,l:lffl)o'} ' IJ(K.'} 0 ilfODA'J' ' S'.l:ll'}fl'Jget under one's skin h'iiJ..

His laugh really gets under my skin . ..,., f'i'

J':S'.~A

have a thick skin "'IF..l\ii ~(Do

He has a thick skin; nothing offends him.
"lS'.II'Ii ll/111') M'l" )1C :Joe l\.fllTfDo'l"
save one's own skin ~fto"J -a,= h.'fii'

He saved his own skin, and let everyone else

perish. &-ll-'t 11;1' li.J':'l' /1.11-'Jl't 1l'tJI.f

A., ' .,..,.,,.

[See also 'irritation, soak, tooth 1

skin-deep ilf. ill<'}
Her generosity is only skin-deep. S'."l):J: 'I
,. ' ill<'} )fDo
*Beauty is only skin-deep . .,'tYI:'i' 11;1' ll.
f.fl:J''I"
skinny hll.;t- l l>ltlt
The skinny girl does not eat much. hll.;t-'P
(l>ltlt'P) A:J!: 1111"'1" ll.'l-011
skip (skipped), vt.
I. H/111. I skipped second grade. o-/1.,.~'} h
<;:A HIIAIJ.
The children skip rope. A}('ll 1""J': Y.HilliSkip the hard words! hiJJ': fiJ').'J-'} :J''I'I-
11/l'llffDo
2. ll.ol.'i'm<:. He likes to skip flat stones across
the pond. flh-&.fDo ilf. m'i'"14- J':'};>f:y. "7ol.'i'mC Y.m.IIA
3. h - - - h-fl/111. He skipped town without
paying the rent. h_&-l<'t ltf.h<;:A hh.,.
.., ' h-fl/111
skip (vi.)
I. H/111. He skipped over the difficult portions
of the test. flol..,.'i'tJJo fDoll'l' ll.lllf;>& fll'

)fDo'} h'i'A H/1/lfDo

Answer the questions in order without skipping! '1'1of:l"'fi"t 0~1.9" ThTA 11'1-HA
oo>Alt
2. !'<:+. Lambs skip in the field. 'l'!'+'fi n"'L
JlaJo ' 'If, ' f.I'C.4'11sk1p out m'j:-f '1,.1.
He skipped out leaving his rent unpaid. 1110'1.,. h.&-f. ilf.h'i!A m<;:-1' '/.1.

[See also 'town']

skipper foo>Chil hq'fr

The skipper of the ship is a Norwegian.

foo>Chll- hq'fr 'l"C'E;E-1' )aJo
skirmish +'lA "1.,.'1-

The skirmish was not reported in the papers.

ill\ +'Ill- "1.,..'1- ;.>IL"' 'If. M9" hA
Tl\.1.9"

skirt (v.)
I. JIC Jl-1-"t '/.1.. The travelers skirted
the forest instead of going through it. T'lY'fi
O~ltaJo BJoilT h,t:'cmm- OouY,.(- L 't

:J" ' JIC ' Jl-1-"t ' '/.JI.

2. n - - - JIC )aJo. That community skirts
the town. 1 +nil. RhT"'/aJo JIC )aJo
3. m+lt h~T hi\L. The mayor skirted
the issue. h"t-f:QaJo )~-1-"t m+ll hf.'C1
'I- hilL
skirt (n.) "1-Cf.' +"'Lit
Her skirt was tom. "1-Cf.' +"'L!l.
)RC
skirts, at the ...... of 0 - - - Jf!C

.,..,.1'-

The cattle fed at the skirts of the field. ,.,..,. f.'

h-n-r-:f n"'LJJ..,. 'lc f."'m- ) nc
skull ftl-lt ~A

His skull is broken. ftl-(1- ~A Tltii~A

skullcap -1'-fl

He wears a skullcap. -1'-fl 11-C;.>A

skunk ,...,.,..,

Skunks make a terrible smell when frightened

9"'J'"'IID:f Rf.)~m- "Lit hlll\1.1. 11:1" f,
11.4'11sky (skies)

slack

1184

skipper

~f.

How does the sky look today? qt. lt"'/f.

9""t ' J',OOlti\A l
out of the clear sky ilf.:J"ltil

The news came out of the clear sky. "'"'"'" II

f.:J"lt-11 ' IIJ<:f.

to the skies bAh

Ot\f.

He praised her to the skies. hAh Ri\f, h'l"

~11'1-

sky-high h<;: hf.'Ci l hAh Ri\f,

He praised her sky-high. h<;: hf.'Ci (hA
h Rilf.) h'l"~il'lbe sky-high lt"'/f, )I)
Prices are sky-high these days. lt'l")."t fNI'
'I';.t lt"'/f, )h:I:A
skylight

The room was illuminated by a skylight.

h'i!ll- "161..,. 'If. Ql\aJo ""ill>'l- -nc
'l't 11"'1A
skyline fih"tlll":f ~Cll'

You can see the skyline of Addis Ababa best

at night. 1-'l.ll hRQ"t ih"tl\l":f ~Cl\'
{l.oo11 Rf."til "'lf'l- f,!J'i\A
skyscrape r (f)lt"'lf. m+ll ih"tll

The skyscraper is fourteen stories high.

(f)lt"'lf. m+(lo ih"tll OP'tl- h&-'1- 1::4'
:f hll-'1-

slab_,&-.,.

The hungry boy ate a slab of cheese as big

as his hand. f &-RaJo A;E- l\lt"t f"'LLLI
A ~ S::C"'/)1: Ri\
slab of stone m~IIJtf.. F:*t,;Jf.

A slab of stone covers the grave.

oo?11"-

mtj:.

"1'1- ,_..,.;.tf, Thf.'!O:A

slack (v.), ~ off :f'l

hi\

Don't slack off in your studies! 'l''i''I-LI"t :f'l

h'I-RIIaJo

slack (adj.) 'I'AT"'i

She is a slack housekeeper. 'I'AT"'i lt.'l

mQ-1: 'i''lbe slack
I. i\'1. The rope is slack. ~""'~- 'IA:I:A
2. -MI-MI hi\. Business isTslack. ~R1aJo +

11+"11 ii!).A
become slack

I. .,..,..,..,.. His work has become slack. P'6-

..,. ' _,..,_'1-:l:A

2. "'f.' fl\11 rn. He has become very slack
in his work. RP'tl-aJo 0"19" "'f.' fl\11 rr

!':A
at a slack pace 01117

The horse was moving at a slack pace. L<:(lo

011"1:1" f,'/.1.' )UC

slacken

__:_11:.:8:.=5_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slash

slacken (vt.)
I. 1\'1'1. Slacken the rope! 1"".11.1 1\'1'1..,.
2. :f<\ 1\~. Don't slacken your efforts till the
work is done. P'~..,. llllh,h';'tD1 ~<:II
'l'<:-l-IJ1 :f'l 1\-l-OA

slacken (vi.)
I. '1'1. The wire slackened. 111'..,. '1'1
2. .,..,...,..,., Work slackens on a hot day.
0'1":1'-1- 4'1 P'~..,. J.'.'l-1-;l-A

3. h.HI. His business always slackens in the

winter.,.,,~~.

ll-A1.11. Oh<:l"'-1- f) (I J,'.II'<;A

4. ;.>11 1\11. The rain slackened. 11<;11- :>
il 1\11

slang fl"'llm.C !111!11

Students have a special slang . .,..,t:l"'ll A.I'
fl"'llm.C !111!11 1\'l:f..,.

slant (vt.) 1\.11'1 1 t.qq

This magazine slants news. .eu

tm&-m.+ tD

&. l'l..I'4'Cil Y.ll'IA. (yqqA.)

slant (vi.) 1\H~OII

His handwriting slants from right to left.
ltil-ul..1>

ID~

.,~

.I'H~OII

~..,.

slant (n.)
I. 1\tD~<:~. The slant of the roof is not steep
enough. f"'t:Y..,. 1\tD~<:~ 0~"til I\ All'

slacken off +HI

)!I"

The demand for tobacco slackened off. f-1-l"'q

2. 1\111-Yf-1-. I need a new slant on this

problem. Oli.IJ 1-JIJ,'. 'IJ.'. 1\.'1 1\11-t-Yf+

II' ' 1-.l.'\1.~-1- ' 4'1!1.A

ll.t.A.:>IIrr

slacks {lot:
She wears slacks. {lot: -1-llilllll:f

slanted (adj.) H10A Yll

The roof is slightly slanted.

slain, see slay

"1~..,. -l-111

H10A. .I'll )..,.

slake 1\<:li
He slaked his thirst with a bottle of cold water.
...-1 q1~ mC... Il 4'1f:l'q ..,.~ 1\<:li

slap (slapped), v.
I. O'l'of. "":l". I'll slap your hand if you touch it.

slam (slammed), vt.

I. ~0~0. He slammed his fist on the table.

:l"VIIu2. "'A 1\~<:1(0-l-). She slapped some butter

into the pan. ODP'l'Olf..,. 'IJ.'. ~IL "'

m<:A.q....,. 011-m.

~~0

2. O.,J.'.A H:>. He has been told onoe and

again not to slam the door. 0"-1 O.,J,'.A l\1
JIJ,'.H,;J _,.~.,.,. _,.~.,l!'-1- )0C
3. w<:w<:. He slammed the book down on
the desk. DPltdtf.1 m<:A.q..,. 'IJ,'. w<:
w<;..,.

slam (vi.) .,.mC..,.l!' .,.H:>

The door slammed. 0"- 1-tDC..,.l!' 1-H:>
slam (n.)
I heard the slam of a door. DP1f1J..,.

'l'C~

I'" illl- l'l.H:> l'l"'lll-

slander (v.) 1\"'1 I 11.,...1 l\m4He slanders his friends. qA1)';l!''ll1 Y"'IA
It has come to our knowledge that you are
slandering us. ll"'l:f11 li1~!1";J-m4- o..,..,.
<;A.

slander (n.) m"'l-1Don't believe that slander! n1 m"'l-1- 1\

TDP1

slanderous Ill'" f"'L..'m4He uses slanderous talk. Ill'" f"'L..'m4- w

&.

yw~A

J,'.IJ1 l\:1' nli'li..,. l\1~11'~ O'l'of. l\DP

A l\~<:1:f0-l-

3. w<:w<:. He slapped the book down on the

table. DPltmf-1 m<:A.q..,. 'IJ.'. w<:w<:..,.
slap down ~&The monitor needs to slap down new students.
fh'i'A 1\11:1' 1\'1,11 1il _,...,t:l":f-1 ""
"1~-1- J.'.1q'I'A.

slap (n.) 'l'.l.

Everyone heard the slap, it was so loud.

.,.'!'"...""'.,"

_,J.'.II'i' llii~OC l'l.""''li lltJ-/rl"'

afve a Slap fl'f'd.

1\fl'l-1\.

His brother gave him a slap when he insulted

him. fl{l~O..,. ID1 ~ O'l'of. I\""'II"'"
slash
I. 1lfllm. He slashed the bark off the tree
with his knife. fqf.1 ~Cof.-1- o=IL..,.
11f11m..,.
2. 4L<:m. The knife slipped, and he slashed his
finger. 0.'1'1'..,. 1\"::.A""'-1- "11>1 <IL<:m..,.

3. '1-oo~(o+). The council slashed the mayor's

budget. l"'hC IL1> h1-bq..,. Y4'<:0..,.1 q
)';-1-. '1-0D~0-175

be slashed
1. 4'~11. Prices have been slashed. f10,f,. 'I'
:> ' 4''tj).A

2. ( = slash) 1-111-11. +The thief's back was

slashed with a whip. ~tl-4- f/l.q,.'t lCq
1-A't-~;1-A

slate (v.) m{l~

The government slated the election for November. OD't"'P'-1: 9"C"'i, . O'"r'IC 7-.'t
Jl.ll"'t ' mil~
be slated h-J-ODH1il"'t- ' ,.11'1' ' h'tJI.' ~OC
He was slated to speak at the assembly.
011-fl{lq,. lt.,f. ' /IOD'i"1C h1-0DH111-'t-

"'"II"' h'tJI.

sleep

1186

slate

~nc

slate (n.) "'"'c 1:'1:>1Blackbo ards used to be made of slate. 'I'.JIC

1:'1:>1- II'I'...C' 11/1.'1 'ODP'(., f ' ,f111"1A '~OC
with a clean slate IJ .flil'"

Let's start with a cleao slate!

slaver q(.,f L't:>.f.

Slavers used to castrate boys. q(.,f L't:>f-l-
m't P..l- qcl-'t 1 .f.l'lA!l"'"'" 1 ~ nc
slavery qc~'tSlavery has gone out of existence. qc~'t- 4'
C;J:A
He was sold into slavery. oqc~'t- -t-lfm
deliver from slavery he~.-,.

htD"'

Lincolo delivered the slaves from slavery.

II.'ti<A't ql!"l-'t 1\C~'t- hiD"'

slave trade fqt.,f 1 't"'1:

The slave trade has been suppressed. fqt.,f

't

"11: 4'C;J:A

slave trader q(.,f L't:>.f.

The slave traders used to make a lot of money.
qt.1 L 't :>f-l- iiH- 1'tHil n'"f! ~oc
slavish

illl't

7-.'t

l9"C
slaugh ter (v.) tta.
We always slaughter asheepf orEaster .llof.ll.i i 1
11-A"I.U. 0"1 7-.'i"C'III't
slaugh ter (n.) 7-.A-t'tThe Italians carried out a gruesome slaughter
on Februar y 12. h."'W'l 'l- 1 fiJ-t't- OP'tl-
v-11'1-- hii:J'-t 7-.A-t't- ,u,...
A slaughter of livestock takes place before
Easter. 114-II.II hil't- ,f.;I-G'IA
slaugh terhou se 41<1He took his cattle to the slaughterhouse.
hil-l"fl't ' IDS'. 41<1-"'" ' fD{lS'.
slave (v.)
*I've slaved enough today. Molo 7-.llh.O:J'"'
P'C!J'IIvslave (n.) q(.,f
He treats them like slaves. 7-.'tS'. qt.111 'f'I'A
A drunkar d is a slave of drink. 1\IJ<I-9" 1\,.
fODtn'J' ' q(.,f ' ~,.
slave dealer qt.,f L't:>.f.
The slave dealers made large profits. q(.,f L
't;>f-l- ill!- h-t-.:4slave driver al.iJ"' "'"'"
He is such a slave driver that his employees hate
him. al.iJ"' hU't. 111111'~ P'tl-1-'l''li v-11-
,f.mii-;1-A

1. h1:1I"'L. Weeding the field is slavish work.

"70:9" ' 1\f:IJ"'/. ' P'tl- I ~ ....

2. ( = adv.)'t.f..,.'t al.'i''l'. His slavish imitation
of others was noticed by everybody. 't.f..,.'t ""
'i''l' h/l.~l- ou:,0-'1-t: 011-11-9" H't1:
;J-m4'
slay (slew, slain) 1S'.II
The thief slew the man. /l,q 1\,.\L~ 1S'.
II,.
A hunter slays wild animals. h-'1"1 fJI.C h
"'""-lPl-'t .f.11:1t.A
sledge [ROGP.. lt..f. f"''.'tlf tl-1-'1-- :>t.]
sledge hamm er ODtl-7{
He broke the rock with a sledgehammer.
!ll'l''"f''t ooot~-7{ no.:
sleek lllllt.ll
The leopard has a sleek coat.
.,.c hll,.

~il~

liM<\ &

sleep (slept), vt. hll-1-'i'.

1
This hotel sleeps three hundred guests . .f.ll II'
1111-'i'A

1\,.

ou+

-1
1:A 11'11'
sleep (vi.)
1. -t-'i'. Babies should sleep a lot .Rt'i"'t- 1 ill!-

""-~'"'"" hllq'f, .
Did you sleep well? S'.'"r'i" 1-'i'lll
2. 7-.'t:,OA'i' m(lS'.,.. Did you sleep well last
7-.'t:,OA'i' mi\S'.lll
night? '1--lt.'t't-'i" "'1;1-
*The seeds sleep in the ground all winter.
'i'o!olP'Ii oh.:r't- h"""'"" h.f.mm-9"

sleep

1187

slice

sleep In IVI-1- 1 hiL.'Jo 1 ~..,.

be sleepy l.'t:,.<l\'1' 1 l.'t:,.<l\'1' 1 hll(m-)

Our maid sleeps in. ~.:.ll:f't 1 h.lla: 1hiL.'Jo 1 ~..,.

sleep off Rl.'l:,.<l\'1' 1 hiii.(II."Jo)

I'm still sleepy. ho-'t9" 1 l.'t:,.<l\'1' 1 7-'t:,.<l\'1' 1

He drank a lot, and then went to bed to sleep

it off. ilrt- m'l'-1' 1 Rl.'t:,.<l\'1' 1 7.'t"l.J'A'I'II
.'Jol -!-...
sleep out ltlo;?o haJoliP )to-

The servant eats with us, but sleeps out.

.l'iih&o:f't
~I

4'11iJ

h(L.'Jo

hJI-1-

"J')

)tiJo

go to sleep

i";;:
{l't

f.of-...<1\

not let sleep ~'l:t-At;: )..,

His agitation wouldn't let him sleep. foP")I.

flo I oPG11'1i I 7,'):,.<1\'j: I ~"'m(be) put to sleep f"'l..l'll-1-,. 1 ODCI.. dJ'!-.'Jo

He was put to sleep for the operation . .,.,_

~lj I h"7J:"G;J'fm- I I1.!..'Jo I f"'/J'llT ... I ODC
I.. I dJ'I-.'Jo
[See also 'pillow')

sleep (n.) l.'t:,.<l\'1'

I didn't get enough sleep last night . .'Jo'l't.'Jo'i 1
"7:1"

114:

7,'):,.<1\'j:

hl\~"flJ-f"

deep sleep 7.<1\9" 1 Yll 1 l.'t:,.<l\'1'

It was like awaking from a deep sleep. 7.<1\9" It

11 1 7-'t:,.A'I' 1 7-'tf. , oo't:J>.'Jo 1 Yll 1

~~c

~11C

[See also 'heavy']

The sorcerer put a sleeping potion in the man's
drink. ffi')*j!. I fi{lm-(Lm- I Ol'ffi'J' I m-lt'J' I
f"''J'ltof-... I ODJ:"~~.'Jo I ""'""GI1.'Jo

sleeping sickness fl.'t:,.A'i' 1 11'11:1"

Is Ethiopia afilicted by sleeping sickness?
I

sleeve 7.)t'"l
The sleeves are too short for me. 7.)t'"ll"'ll
11"19"

h'I'Gm-ii ...A

117.'t:,.<l\'l' 11'11:1"

1\f.

f"'l,'tlf&oof-.'Jo

;M)

slender
I. lf't:l'"'. She used to be very fat but she has
gotten slender. 11"19" 1 m't'&-9" 1 ~11-::f 1 ho-

't "l't lf't:l'"' ll''iil:f

2. 4'"l'"'t. All girls want to be slender.
<1\"Jf~GP..:f I " " " ' 4'"l'"'t oPIJ''t l-1..<1\;>flo
The legs of the chair are slender. fm9"11'1- 1 7.
..,c.,.~)aJo

3. Mll-1-,.. He has a slender income and

cannot afford to buy an expensive coat.
Mll-1-,. ~n. 11'111..,. m-s:- 1 we+ 1 11.
~q hf.:f<l\9"
*There is slender hope that the burned child
will live. 7./I.'Jo 1Y:l'mllm- 1 A)t' 1DP.'Joot:i-'t 1l.'t7f
, long slender J\ODA"7ll-

. , 'Her long, slender fingers are very beautiful.

l,oP<I\"7ir' I "1;1: I 11"19" I YII"&-A

slept, see sleep

sleeping f"''...'ll-1-,.

h...'Jof"kY

The streets were covered with sleet. OD'l1P.=ti

117-C'I'il I 11<:/'. I -1-lf'l'~ .... I ~11C

sleigh [1111<:/'.

He goes to sleep at nine. 7.n- 1 lll"ll.'Jo

..,. I

hm-

f-11 ...<1\

sleet 7.C'I'il 11GP..

of-ODCqll:f!

sleepless
*I spent a sleepless night. 7-'t:,.<l\'1' 1 h'I"Ji
hf.Ch-

sleepy
I. l.'t:,.A'I-9". A sleepy child will not learn
much in school. 7-'t:,.A'I-9" 1 A)t' 1 11+;>.'Jo 1
hf."7C9"

2. "l'"C 1 Yil. This is a sleepy, little mountain

town. f.IJ I T<!-<1- I 1\f. I f"'l,~~ I "i'"C I Y
II I h-1-"7 I ~ ....
*He had a sleepy look in his eyes. IU't<.'Jo 1 7.'t
:,.<1\'1' I fYHm- I f.oPlll\<1\

slew, see slay

slice (v.)
I. oo-1-.:. The cook sliced the meat before it
was served. h"":,..:ll' 1 11.1.+ fdJ'I' 1 IL;J:
P';>m-'t

I oPof-G:f
2. 'k<:m. They sliced the bread too thin.
Jl(lm-') I 0"Jf" I l,/l'){lm- I okt:fll'.'Jo

The cook sliced the onions and put them in

the stew. fdJ'I' 1 IL;J: 1 'li'th-C-I>'t 1 'k<:m:f
Ill"~ I CIJato I GJoil~J> I Q,l,OPl_lotJJo

slice off
I. ?-oof.. He sliced the man's arm off with

his sword. f{lm-\1-m-'t 1 h't J:" 1 01-.W.. 1 .,_,.

,...,.
2. 'k<:m. The butcher sliced off a piece of
Steak. P';J I If"" I DD>JI I P';J I 'k<:m

slice (n.)

.,.&-"1'"

The slice of meat fell on the ground . .,.&-"1'" 1 P'

;J

tiD,&.:,.

1\,..

iDF.,+

slight

1188

slick

*Will you have another slice of cake? 11.'1 h.

h A'i"~IIAII!
*The slice of cake that you gave me is too
small. fflm'li'S h.h 0"1!1" '1-111 ~..,.

slide In and out easily ).."J"-A.11 1-htj:;..,. -T

H;> I 7.1.1'-Aofl 1\.ID"l .. ll.~q !I'll

~ down hll-1-lf
He slicked down his hair with oil. 1\'K-1 0
:tq-l- hll-1-lfa>-

slide into
I. lf.Ah oflll- ~q. The thief slid into the

slick (v.),

I. AM/I., f"'/..1'11\qc:t. The booklet com-

memorating the coronation is printed on slick

paper. fHa>- .I:" O'tll-1 !l"h1.1''1- 0"'1.1:"~
., f:J"-f-ODCD- ..... ,........... AM/I... f"'/..1'1
11qc:t "'~+'1- hila>2. ""'"' He is a slick salesman and does a lot
of business. ""'"' h'lf'lf"l'" 111\.r~ 1'<1- ~
0.1'. hila>be slick h-'lilm
The roads are slick with wet mud. OD't~-'1- ""
:tU lli\)OC .1'-'IA"'A

slid, see slide

slide (slid), vt.

I. hll"ilh. Slide the note under the door!

"'/II:J"OJ'/fa>-1 OoP"JI'I..I'a>- FC hli"Aha>2. lf.Ah h.I:"C'I h.l'.~~(i\'1-). He slid some
money into my hand. '1'<1:-l- 11Hofl lf.Ah
h.I:"C'I l\'( a>-11'1' h.I'.~~A"i
3. .I'H. He slid a pistol into his pocket.
h.{lo a>-11'1' 11'1-'1' .I'H
slide (vi.)

I. T'tlf<~o-t--1- Children slide on the ice.

A"/('f 00~1'- 'IY. Y.1lf<~o-t-:J"A2. lf.Ah oflll- -1-.1'.0+. The thief quickly
slid behind the curtains. ~~oq,.,. O'i''l')-l-
"";>~"f{tD- tD-11'1' lf.Ah oflll- : -t-.1'.0+
3. h!I"Atn OJ.I'.+. The wet glass slid from
his hands. l\C'I'Il- oflC"l'".f hl'.'jf. h!I"A
(P ,,..,.

slide by IIY.:J"OJ:t hilt.

The days slid by during vacation.

IIY.;J-OJ:t hili"1.11.

.,..,-!>

~~oqa>-rQ

room.
'f"

slick (adj.)

slide down
I. T'tm'l'l'll-

The drawer of my desk slides in and out easily.

fm~A.q!L OD/Ifl..l' 7.1.1'-Aofl -1-h'i'+
.('.H;>A (l\1.1'-Aofl li.OJ"'" {l.~q Y.:f'IA)

lf.Ah oflll- h'i'A- tD-11

2. +II 0+11 .I'H. He had slid into bad habits.

.,.II 0+11 OD'J'G: A"'/ .I:" .I'H
slide off -t-1lf<1--fo fJJ.I'..,.
The book slid off my knee."""" ''" h1-AO-J:
'1.('. -t-1lf<l-fo OJ.I'.+
let slide
*Let things slide for now! 7.1111.. 11"1.11."'" )
~~

7.1.1'.)0~

Y.u-1

slide (n.)

I. lfC-1-1:. The children were playing on the

slide. A)':'ll lfC-1--J:a>- 'I.e. J'."'iOJ-1> )0C
2. "'~ The roads were obstructed by slides
of rock. OD1~1'-'Il 0.1::"1;>.('. "-'~ -1-H"I-1m- I HlC
3. f"''Y.1+11+11 .I.A!I". He gave a lecture with
slides. 1"1"1C .1'.1'.~~..,. f"''Y.1+11+{lo .1.
A'l":f l\.l'llf )tD-

slide rule -t-1lf<~o;t-:f "'/FoPt.J'

Engineers use slide rules. ODII1'L":f 01'1lf

<1-;J-:f "'/FOD(.J' .('.m.,."'/11-

slight (v.)

I. :tc hfl'f. They slighted John by not

inviting him. )':11 ' /IJ'.:>ofllf-l- OOD:t~:J-'1'
..,. :roc hfl'f'-l2. "'~~" )~C h'li\tD-!1". This maid slights
her work. Y.ll:f ~~.I:" F<l-'1'1 "'~~" ~~
c. h'l-iltD-!1"

slight (n.) :f'l ,..qA

Oc)~t;:-1:

He slid down the rope

-t-1m'l'l'll- OJCI'- h

OJ~.I'..

to safety. 0~""-'~""ilm
2. -t-1lf<l-fo .,A.,A OJ~. The children
like to slide down the grassy slope. A)':'Jl 0
..,~. '1.('.. -t-1lf<lo-t-tD-. "'A"'A ..... ,.~ .e.
OJ-'Ill-

This slight rankled her. :f'l ,..qil- .rJ;..1 0'1-l-

slight (adj.)

I. -l-111. There's a slight difference. '1-111 A

\!-)'I- hi\
2. +"1'"1. She is a slight girl. +"1'"1 A'J!: .,_...

3 .,.'lA. I have a slight headache. .,.'lA f<l-11

!l";t-'1- hilofl"i
4. Mll-1-lf. One slice of bread is a very slight
lunch. "'<~-11 -'Ill 0"1!1" Mll-t-lf !1"11
)tD-

f'N'l- ""l'lll(m-)
slighted (adj.), feel
She felt slighted because no one spoke to her.
"7't9" ' ....... ' /li\i\);>~&-'1- ' f<;l\''1- ' ""~'~'~""
slightest (thing) 'l-'t11 )~C
She gets mad at the slightest thing. 'l-'t11 )~C
Y<t;Y:Pt;N:
not In the slightest M9'"

not the slightest

I haven't the slightest doubt. 9"'t9" hbun&-m
C9"

slightly
I. 'l-'t11. The patient is slightly better today.
0111-...m- ~to 'l-'t11 1-11h';J-A
The roof is slightly slanted. nu.ym- '1-'t11
ll'tOA Yll )m2. 'l-'t11 'l-'t11. I know him slightly. 'l-'t11 'l't11 ' t.m-.,.'1'1111llghtly built hmc .,.m't Yll
My friend is a slightly built man. 'il.,.\1- hm
C I +m"J I /A

slin1 over the shoulder h~'J.,..

The soldier slung the gun over his shoulder.
m;J-1.~

moP't)fm-'t h't"':J:A

sling (n.) m't"f!"i'

He threw a stone with a sling. Y:'t:>f. Om't"f!'
lj: m~mt;

+ negative verb

You didn't embarrass me in the slightest.

9"'t9" li-e Ml'l'f1i'S9"

\'Q)o

slim (slimmed), v. _,"1/"'t hi.G~

Her new dress slims her waist. hilt. fl. A11 !1.
m~!J.'t _,"1/"'t hY:Ci ;I-A
slim down

slip

1189

slighted

+m~

She is too fat; she ought to slim down. 0"19"

m<;:&-9" 111111")'1' oPlJ>m't hiiQ'Jslim (adj.)
I. 'l-'t11. We have slim hopes of success.
)~~ ,P.i\ltA<;A 1lll't 'l-'t11 1-114- hll't
2. '1'4:'1-. We had a slim crowd at the
football game. '>.II ""'1';1-m-'t 11"7f'l- foP
"'""" ' I'll"'!' ' '1'4:'1- ' )0~
3. .,.m't Yll. She has a slim figure . .,.m't Yll
(lm-)'J- l hi\'1slime 11A"'A"' Yll )~C
A slime has formed on the bottom of the pool.
Olt-t.m- m-ilT 11A"'A"' Ill )~C HlJ>tp.A
slimy 11A"'A"' l 9"11A"'A"' I f"t1'7.A"'I"
I feel repulsion for slimy creatures. 11A"'A"'
(9"11A"'A"') 7.'tM'l- 1iiPJ.4-'1A
Some people think snakes are slimy like fish.
h'tllt'tY: ' I'll"'!' ' 7,q-o ' 7.'t1. ' 't"' ' f"tt?.
A"f!' f.ODM'f'I'A
sling (slung) Om't"f!'<;: m.:m.:
He was slinging stones at the birds. oms:'Ii
'If. om't"f!''i' Y:'t :>.e .em.:m-c ) oc

*He wore his ann in a sling. aw::P. -ll'l'J

-1> hi\AS: f1-I'IOGm-'t 7.")f.'t 1.'16::J-A

slink (slunk), - away lf.Ah 11h' m"l

After stealing the meat, the dog slunk away.
m-!fm- P':> f.fl lf.Ah 11h' m"l
slip (slipped), vt.
I. If'I' hi.G~. She slipped a note into his
pocket. 7.11.1'1- m-ilT m.:.,.'l- !I'T hi.G~":fll'l2. mill~' hi.G~. She slipped the ring from her
finger. _,IIO:J:'t h"':l: mill~' t.f.G~":fm3. .L;J-. The dog has slipped his collar.
m-lfm- "7/lt.Ym-'t .L:J4. h1-1-. He slipped the key into the lock.
ouh<~..ll'm-'t 7.-IIAf. m-!1'1' h1-15. hil"llh. Slip the letter under the door!
1.1llltfl.tD-'t 0""111..1' P'C hii"Ahmslip (vi.)
I. h?.ll"". Theknifeslippedandcuthim . 0.'1'1'
..,. h?.Af;A>'J- 4r.t:mm2. ii"Ato h""llm. The fish slipped through
the hole in the net. 't"ffDo OoPGIJ- "'-'~"'
ii"A!o hODIIm
3. hlltllm(m-). +He slipped on the ice and fell
down. O.:P.m- h!IAIP'l- mi..,.
4. 1-'t if&-1-1-. The car slipped on the icy road.
OGP. ' QIIO'l- ' OD't~Y: 'If. ' ODIJ....... ' """
'tlf&-1-15. lf.Ah 11h' ~Q. He slipped into the room
while nobody was looking. .,'t,. i\ffm- h
'i'll- m-!1'1' lf.Ah 11h' ~q
*His memory is slipping. )~C ""Ci\'1- i ~9"
~A

slip away ~A.h oflh- aJIIJ

The party is too noisy; let's slip away! ;re-t:,..
0"19" :>:>:J- 011-1'0;1-A l lf.Ah 1lll't

7.'tfDo"'
slip by i\,P.;J-mll> hii.L
The years slip by. "1.11."'" i\,e;J-mll> IA<I.A
*Don't let this opportunity slip by! f.ll h:>"l
"''. ' {)Y:A ' 7.'tlltfODA'I'II
slip down
I. 1-'tll'&--!' mt:l..

He slipped down the

slope. hllt~-1> 'If. 1-'t 11'&--!' m.:1.

slip

slit

1190

2. rot!S'.. She kept pulling her skirt up, but it

kept slipping down. OFt. h'i' 11;1-.<'.C1tiJo
'1" 7..'t'>. 1-CK:' "'"'L!l. Mro.:.<'. 1>11'1'-1<1-'1sllp in and out t\,dJliJ'i d..1Q ;II\

The drawers slip in and out easily. oPIJ:(lJm-

0.,.1\11- /l.tD"'<; /1.1Q Y.'lfi\A
slip into
I. llfi(l. Wait until I slip into a coat. l>i:'t 7..11
h111111 m11.,.~
2 . .,.II fi.,.ll I>Ufi'l-. +He slipped into the
habit of smoking . .,.II fi.,.ll 11"'"'-11 A'J"
K:' ' l>.<'..:fi'lslip into (someone's) hand if'l-'1'' 1>.<'..:1(11'1-)
I slipped a bill into the waiter's hand.l\lll\ol.tiJo
1-Clf if'l-'1' I>.<'.C:"Io-11'1-

slip (one's) mind TC:ll(t1Jo)

The name of the new boy has slipped my mind.
Ylf.(lo A~ 11'1" TC:IIofo'i'A
slip off (vt.) />tDII.,.
Slip off your shoes! "'i.,IJ't />tiJoA.:j>
slip off (vi.) T'tlf6-ofo ' tDC:.<'.
The blanket slipped off the bed. 11CK:' A11(1o
IJA;>tiJo 1\f. T't If6-ofo m.:.<'.
slip on
I. mll:j> 1>.<'..:1. Slip on your coat and come
with us! 1>'1-l!'t mll:j> I>K:C"I<; 1>11C:'Ii't <;
2. "1-1> 1\f. l>mll.,., She slipped on a ring.
.,.llfi'l- "1;1: 1\f. l>mll.,.'lf
slip out
I. if.Ah 1111- tD"'. He slipped out of the

room while the teacher was not looking.

OD'}"IJ-1- ' liYftiJo ' hh'i'll- if.Ah ' 1111- ' tD"'
2. 1>4-'t l>'lllmtiJo. I really didn't want to tell
him, but it just slipped out. filll"H A~"IC:tiJo
I>Aoi.A"Iv-'1" ~nc "l't 1>1..'t l>'lllm~
3. I>'J"AIP m,l'..,., It slipped out of my hand.
h7..:( I>'J"AIP tD,l'..,.
4. T'tif<I-TT. The chair slipped out from under
him. m'tfi-1- hl"-1- T'tif<I-TT
slip past one llfftiJo if.Ah 1>11
He is very watchful, so it's hard to slip past him.
't<lt 111111'~ liYY.I! if.Ah 11.,11'1- .1'11'1'
"Ifl. A
slip up (on) TllliT
I slipped up badly on the second question.
IJ-IIT'i'tiJo't 'I'Y4: hf.'i' Tllli'I-!J.
slip {n.)
I. <lt&o"P. He wrote it on a slip of paper.
fi<lt&o"P m.:.,.'l- 1\f. K'G::I'A

2. tiJoll'l' A1111. She had nothing on but a

slip when I came in. 7..~ 111Q htiJoll'l' A

1111 fi.,.C M'J" I>AIIfi(l'/f'}" ~fiC

3. llihT'I-. He makes slips in grammar.
fM'II"'" llihT'I- Y.<'.C:>A
slip of the tongue ft'f: 1\.f.IC~\!r
A slip of the tongue may reveal the truth.
l>'i' {l.J''IA'I' 7..t1Jo~of> K:"t1'1- f-111'1' f.
II'<; A
give the slip h:l'Al'l- ' }l,ODI\m
The thief gave the policeman the slip. /I.QtiJo ;r
ll.(lo't 1>;1-AII- J>oullm
slipcover A1111
The sofa is covered with slipcovers. (l'f,.m1111 ' hlltiJo
slipper ~ml\ "'i.,
I wear slippers around the house.
~ml\ "'i., I>.<'.C:>IIo-

n.+ An.+

slippery
I. oo-A."PA"P Yll. Fish are very slippery.
~Uf I 011Jg"' I 000/A.tif!>Aiif!- I fit I \'BJo
2. f"''.Y'IA'I'. He scattered ashes on the
slippery sidewalk. t'Oil,J'~Amm- flt."""C oo
't1K:' 1\f. />ODK;' fiT~
be slippery l>'lllm
The roads are very slippery. oo"t1P.:ri OliJf'"
Y'IA"'IIslipshod fi"l.<'./111~'1- fTu>fl.
I won't pay for this slipshod piece of work.
IIH.IJ fi"l.<'.ll11~'1- IITu>fl. I" <I- I>Ah'i'A'J"
slip-up llihT'IThere must have been a slip-up, or you wouldn't
have been paid so much. llihT'I- ll'l"C ~
..,. ' 7..'t'j( Y.l!'t FilA 1>'1-boi.A'J" ~fie
slit (slit), v. h'l-'t 1\f. :j>K;- l>m"'(ll'l-)
The tailor slit the jacket to make a pocket.
A1111 (lol.tiJo 11.11 11.,..,."1'1- 1>-l>'t b
'1-'t I\ f. :j>K: l>tD"'II'Islit open
I. .,......_, They slit open the animal's stomach
and removed the intestines. f'h~llt\m-~ II"~
.,........ l>'t~of>'t htDtno
2. .,.,.. ho!.T. He slit the envelope open with
a knife. Tll;l-tiJo't fil'l'ttn. .,.,.. hoi.TtiJo
slit (n.) "'-'~-'~
The gun sticks out of a slit in the side of the
tank. fmoo'tl!'tiJo hoi. ..,.11 0;1-'t!J. .,.
'1'1 tiJoll'l' tD"' 1111- f.:I'.I'A

1191

sliver
sliver (n.) 4rt..,...
Only a sliver of cheese was left. ll.'t.ll.
}( I 4ri!-.,... I -J>C;J-1\":flliVer of wood ll1'1'C
I have a sliver of wood in my finger.
it-r I it"l-rC I 111-Mil;'A

"'~

G:C"7

,.

slog 'lh<: 1 MmJ'.-t M.,.)., 'tJ'.

The soldiers slogged through the thick mud.
m;rJ'.r:,; 0"7m- m-it-r -'lh-1- 1 (MmJ'.4r 1
),f.,.)....

'f-JI.)

slogan II.C"7

We have to invent a slogan to impress these

students. f)H.II"I 1 .,..,t.!Pl- it"'L'I- 1 /lao
+it-tit 1 11."11: 1 II.C"7 oo<;:mC ll.ll11"1
slop (slopped), vt. <:""
He slopped water on me. m-;)

<:""1i~

slop (vi.)
1. .,.<:..... The tea slopped onto the saucer.
lf\l I n..~ I "7it-J>Od"'iliJ- 0 '\,('. 0
2. .,."lll"'i<:-1'. We slopped through the rain.

.,.<;....

o11';o- m-it-r nP"''.<:n

slop (n.) ""~~"""' 1 !1""111
I won't eat that slop.
II.A0'\!1"

n .

""~~"""'

!1""111

slope (v.)
I. 1\.:>J'.Il. The garden slopes down to the
river.NhA., 1 11:1" mJ'. 1 m"lll' 1 y :>J'.Il
)lD-

Does your handwriting slope forward or

backward? rll.~ lt.ftL'I-11

I mJ'. d.'l- y :>J'.

l
2. ll.of&llof&ll. The hill slopes gently down to
the lake. 1><:11:J"m- +it 1 O-tit mJ'. 1 m.l'.4r
Yof&llof"'IA
3. H"IOA 1111-
The roof slopes so that
the rain will run off. 11'i"ll- 1 11."1-'l.mCf: 1 "lt.
ym- I H"IOA I 1111- I .,....C;l;A
4. H~H~ 1 ll.ll. Since the field slopes, the water
drains from it. "'L'ItD- H~H~ Yll itllll') 1
m-;) 1\..l'.h'I-C!I"

/l

~ll)o I tiJ~iJ. I (JJ~ I ~1\

.,...,to.

slope (n.)
I. 4rA4rll'l-. Is the slopeverysteep?4rA4rll.,
0"1!1" I +-r Yll I )lD- l
2 . .111'1-. We tried to drive up the slope, but
it was too steep. 0-'11., 1 '1.1'. )f:.,."l 1 ll"711
<;: 'l"hC"I "1"1 I 0"1!1" +-r ' Yll )OC

sloping
*She has sloping shoulders. h'l-hlf'F '1-01'
'1-'llll-

sloppy
I. 11ChCh. She's very sloppy; her house is
never clean. R"l!l" 1 11Chch it IIII') l- 1 IL;l; 1

1\X'.,.

II.YlD-~!1"

2. f.,...,.,ll-1'. His work is sloppy. P't.m- R

.,,..oj> I )liJ"J!I" I
3. f"7YitJ'.it'l-. The officer dressed the men
down for their sloppy appearance. ODbo"!Jo. 1 it
, , ; I tH:l"'fm- ' itll"7YltJ'.it'l- I 11VI\'flD4. r..,+f. You cannot walk on this sloppy
sidewalk. 0 ....-J>flD- I fi\."'C I Od"J1f: I '\,1'. '
A'l-'tf: 11.'1-:f-A!I"
5. 11'i"IJ!I". The sloppy weather prevented us
from going on a picnic. 1f'illr ~rc m
11.1'. 1ic1ic 11."1-'l"l'tf: hllhll"l

f.,. ....

slosh
We sloshed through the mud . .,...,....,."!
4&-r"l I Ol-"'C .,.~11"1

II.Y'I

slot -t-'1.11
The mailman pushed the mail through the slot
in the door. ?'it:l" 1 1\.00'\'\If. 1 .<'.11-'IILY":f-"1
"I 0'1- '1.1'. IJiltD- I -l'-'1.11 "lilA"!
sloth it"l<;:'i"
His sloth keeps him from taking part in sports.
it"l<;:'i"m- Oit?'C'I- 11."1-'l.l'.ltLA YJ'.C1'FA
slouch
1. .,."I:>P. 1 .,.+oom l .,."IL'\(1 1 .,.+oom. Sit up
straight; it's bad for you to slouch in your chair.
-J>'i" I 111111 ' .,.oj>Od"J' j .,."J;JJ'. I (.,."Jd,'\(1) I
Od.,.Od"J' I '\"J.,. I 1''1- I 1\.,I'.J'./l!l"
2. .,."l.,.'l'llll. He slouches around street
comers all day . .,.lo-"1 1 rHI' 1 00"111: '1.1'.
"I.,.'I'IIA ,l'.tD-'IA
.

n..

slouch along 7t.f'+1-++ r 't~

The weary man slouched along. fJ'.hoom- it

m-tL ' M_,..,__,._,. ' 'tJ'.
slough off mJ'..,.
A scab sloughs off when new skin takes its
place. 1\.JI.it I oi'JI I h/"C I n..m"J I ~Cd.., '
,l'.mf:?A
slovenly 11ChCh

He has a slovenly appearance.

11ChCh )lD-

rJo).,:t-liJo

o-tr

slow (v.), - down (vt.)

I. .,..,..,., Conver sation tends to slow down
the work. mt. F&-"} f.'I-'1-;J-ilt.
2. R11"1;J- ~-'1. He slowed down the car when
he came to a crossing. ""*~Q;).m- ~,e ll.U:
II ODh.'i',..., R11"1;J- )'I

slow down (vi.)

I. 11"1 hll. Slow down when you come to an
intersection! ODII.,.II>;' OD"}1Y: lt.f. 11'1-.1'-C
II 11"1 Rill.

He put on the brake, and the car slowed down

toastop. tf:.&.')o" t OfH 1..f ooh,.r;m-- ,....,

1111- """
2. '1-1-'t- hiiR't-. +He's slowing down in his
work. F &-,.. '1-1-'1- 1111-R:J-ilt.
slow up +ll hi\
Slow up when you drive through a town!
Rh.,_.., ,.11'1" 11'1-M "'II Rill.

slow (adj.)
I. '1-:J-;J-. He is a slow worker. '1-:J-;J- P'&-

1-'i' ' ~ .....

2. 11"1 111. The film was shown in slow

motion. 4-llt.,... f;J-f,. 11"1 'Ill )'."}:j-11

.... ~~.

' ~ .....

3. '1-11- f"'f.1'1 ,.. Slow children need special

instruction. '1-11- f"'f.1' l:f,. A.-,.'1- IJ
111"..,61'1',.. AI' hC-'I;J- 111Lilt.;J:f'l'ilt.
*Cook the soup over a slow fire! i\"Cttl&1' Jt
il't- ii;J-R"IC h1111f. ,.
He is slow to catch on. '1-11- hf.1'1,. !1"
He is a slow learner. '1-!I"IIC't- '1-11- hf.
1'1*He is a slow runner. lt.!"'1'

~lf'')o."f-

fit

,..!/"

slow (adv.) R11"1;J-

Drive slow past a school! '1-!I"IIC't- 0.'1- h

tn111 11'1-.1'-CII 011"1:1" "}-'!
be slow

1. roF. ~"- ~ +<l. Your watch is slow. lt~+u

<f.. ':.\it.' ,..,.&-A.
2. "'""'" The market was slow. 101,. .,.11:jo
I'

slump

1192

slow

~RC

go slow +it 111\- "tF.

Go slow on a bumpy road! h.QIIJ
oo"}1Y: lt.f. .,.II 111111 Y.Y:
[See also 'process, step']

slowe r, go - 11"1 hll

Tell the driver to go slower.
Vl.ilt. ' "}1<!:,..

~'J[,.

1-CfliiJ

slowly R_,.II;J- 1 _,.II R_,.ll

He was workin g slowly but surely. t'"t.cPt-m-
R_,.II;J- (_,.II R.,.ll) lllf"}!l" R.l'-"}11 ~RC
[See alo 'move, progress1
slug (slugged), v. h<ll.,.
He slugged him in the jaw with his fist. RR-tn.
h1......, htll.,., ..
slug (n.)
I. !I" 'I-. The slug broke his jaw. !I"-I> ,.,......,
flOG,.
2. h11 41&-"" 11<!:'1-. He put a slug in
the telephone instead of a coin. Rllilt.tJ. ,.II

'I' Oil"}t!l" L"};l- h11 41&-"" 11<!:'1-

""".,.

sluggi sh, feel - llm-~-1> 'i'llll hll

I feel sluggish after I eat a heavy meal. h'IY:
!1""111 hOit.ll- R:.\lt. 11,..~-1: 'i'llll f.lt.ilt.
sluice gate f,.;l> 00111.J'
When they irrigate the fields, they open the
sluice gate and let the water out. "7/t Offi/Jm
lll'O'I- 'I..IL f~,...-, 0011'1..1 ' h'i'1"11Jo '
IJJo;l>IJJo"} ' f.ll41;1-llt.
slum 411flf IILC ! till .1'-ilil 1-,..l":t- II
LC I .1'-ilil ' OD't61
The refugees live in slums now. 11.1'..1-'l'~ hu.., f"'l.'t-1-'t- 0411flf IILC ~.,.
He has an ambitious program for eliminating
IILC 11"7llm
the slums. 'Ill .1'..1111
1Y:' ""'"""'.)'.:joy;- ' hll,.
Slums are a reproac h to a city . .1'-llil oo'f61
,..,. ' llh1""7 ' hil<l-61"'1- ' 'i':f,.

1.,_,..,_..,

slumb er (v.)
I. 1->;'. The baby slumbered peacefully.
.h!). ' 1\'1' ' 1111- ' .,.,.
2. '1"1-. The volcano has slumbered for years.
hil1" 1'1"&-,.. 111111- <too;J-'1- .,..,. ~nc
slumb er (n.) oo1">;''tHer slumber gave her badly needed rest.
0"1!1" fLII1'f-m-"} M'i''t- h
il1"flt.'t-

,..,_,.:1:

slump (v.)

I. "'""'". Business slumped at the end of

the war. ,nC~-1> 11..1'0_... fi"IJI. F&- "'"

"'"
11"1 h

2. 1-.1'-4-. He slumped to the floor with a

bullet in his heart. llt.fl-"} O'l'f.'t- .,..,...,. '
tDIIfr ' ""' ' 1-.1'..4-

~lump

small

1193

3. H~ ltll. He slumped in his chair and cried

bitterly. ID"tR-1- llf. H~ ofl/1- h9"Ct: It
lll'fl

slump (n.) f"t"I.J:- 4'114'11 "711'1The slump has reduced taxes. "t"I.J:- 4'114'
11 0"711_,. "lof!C _,.-I'Ht
slung, see sling

smack of +oafl

~m-

The speech of the elderly Englishman smacks

of the old country. h7."t"lll.11 Me fOD"'
11Jo 11"7"111. M:J1C f'l'"t_,."t 1t~;J1C 4'
Olfil I iofD-

smack (n.)

""''li+. I beard the smack of a whip. f~t-~

....'li+ !I"71Jo

1.

slur (slurred), v.
I. qm, Dont slur your words when you talk.
!1'1-o;"-tC ,!l>/1-"t lt'l-'l'mfD2. lt'I'.:J'.. His cowardly behavior slurs the
family name. f l..t. 9""1Q-I- IL_,. !111-"t Y'l'
C"'A
slur (over) lt.J:-RMI(l'l- hill.
He slurred over this point in his talk. 0,..,.,~
ll.f. ~&. ~1-1-"t lt.J:-R!Iofl(l'l- hill.

slur (n.), be a ~ on h'I-S'.I..

His remark was a slur on my family name.
fll- It !I.,..l'f'l- f(L.,. !IlL") 119" f"7J''I~~RC

slush nou:,.ll'l' ll.f. .I'll R~l"..

It is difficult to drive through the slush.
nou:,OII'I' "" Qll R~l".. OD"t"''l- hQ.J:- ~ ....
sly
I. .,."th-11>;'. He is a sly person, so be careful
what you tell him . .,."th-11>;' !lillY~ f9"'1-~
"I~IIJo"t ~1C o-11- .,.m"t-t:,O
2. i!A"' i!A'I'. The sly fox eluded the
dog. i!A"' i!A'I' -I'Rf! hfD-lffDo RH
.I'. ltDDIIm:f
3. II.Q. The sly cat stole the meat while the
cook's back was turned. II.Q'I' .J:"OD'I- 1~
II._,. I'C !1'1-A P';JfDo"t {t~-t:f
4. I'C .I'll. She asked sly questions. I'C .I'll
'1'.1'41 mf-t:f
on the sly R.J:-ii:,O
The story goes that the two meet each other
on the sly. 7."tS'."''..ID.!-fDo o-11.,. f"''..1'i'
1''1- ' R.J:-ii:,O ' ~ ....

smack (vt.)
1. lt""'ll. The father smacked his son for
talking back. A)l: IIQ.,. ouA!I !lll!lmfDo
It""'II"'"
2. oumm. He smacked his lipsatthethoughtof
cake. fb.h ~1C IU"' h"tl..-1-"t oumm
smack (vi.) .,.;JQ;l.

He smacked against the pole with his bike.

Ollilh/1.'1- M"JQ;l.-J: ;JC _,. ;JQ;l.

2. OD"tl..!l. The old sailor still had a smack of

the sea about him. f.J:'f!fDo ouchR>;' ltiJo"t
,. fQihC OD"JI..!I f.;f-f.R;f-A

(repeated noun) + hll.

This soup has a smack of lemon. ,_II itCf'l
11-"'1..' 11-"'1..' f.IIA

have a smack of

small
1. 'l-"t11. The difference is very small. A\!.~.,.
R"'9" ' '1-"t'li ' ~"'"
I put the pennies in a small envelope. IJ,.'t,..
"t lt"t.J:- '1-"t'li lt"t(IAh fD-!1'1' loll
oj>OD'J'It-'l2. ~cf:-1-. It's a strain to read this small print.
f.U"t ~4::,. ll".h-~ ' "7"tRil 'lf."t ' f.'I-"'A
3 . .,..!-. People both great and small mourned
the President's death. :f"IIII:,O'i' .,..!- {t,..:f
R-r&.IL"'"t_,. '1"'1- It H).
4. f"7f.~Q. Don't bother the teacher with
that small matter now! RIL.I' R"7f.~Q ~1
C t1D9"U-I-") ltiJo"t lt;f-!l:f"IC

5. .I'AS'.~Y.. Small farmers and small businessmen were hurt by the new tax . .I'AS'.~)I: 10
&.,..:f'i' ~;J.I'.,..:f QJI.fl- ;f-h!l _,.,_.J:-.,.'I'A
6. -tii.A. Only a small man would behave so
badly. f.U"t f"''...I'S'.C"I -I'IIA {tfDo ofl!J' ~,.,.
7. ( ~ n.) '1'~. It started as something small,
but grew into a big difficulty. ~1-1- 7."tS'.'I'~
Y.9"t: R"'9" lt!l:f;Jt. IT~
be small M{t

These shoes are too small for me. .e.u -.,.,

R"'9" .l'"t!I>;'A
be (rather) small Mil ltll
The room is rather small. h~ll- Mil .I'll
~

....

make feel small

h..,a

She made him feel small. lt1'.:J'.:f11Jo

make (someone) look small11:,..,.~ hOOD(tfl

He made me look small by donating twice as

much money as I did. 7.~ h~"'o-'1- 1"tHil
1Joll'l- ' 7.~ ' 00DC,II'I- ' 11:,0.,.>;' ' lt!IOD{tll~
[See also 'bill, quantity, sale']

small change 11C11C

I haven't any small change. M!l" 11C11C
fl\'1!1"
smaller 1111.1.1 Mil Yll

This suit is too large. Do you have anything

smaller? ~u Aoflil fl"'!l" -rA~ ~..,. l h
H.U Mil Yll hiiU l

small fry h"'%4-6

The ringleaders escaped and only the small
fry were caught. ol'"t.J'.'l'lj; (l,yoaAm- h""&
4-<11"!1''1'..,. 11!1' -f"YHsmall-minded
That was small-minded of him. ~U't Y.I'.G
1t& h"-9"C"m- mflfl nootr). ~tDo
smallpox L't"'"'

Smallpox is a serious disease. .r..1'tiJIIJ

R"li:J- ' ~..,.

h4-

smart (v.)
1. h,!l>mll. The alcohol smarts. hAI>/1- Y-"''l'
i\A
2. <l<m'lr.m. A bee sting smarts. 'tofl (1.~~
~ol<mofo'aJA

The cut smarts . .,.il/1- ~ol<m"""'A

~-

They used a log as a ram to smash down the

door. fl~'t 1\0DilflC fl"''t.l'." ODilfl&Y
-f"m.J>.,..
smash flat JIODtn

A boulder fell on the car and smashed it flat.

!1/'J''{ o ODit...'f' 0 ~~~ 0 ID.J'."J# ' JIODaJT
smash Into h - - ..."JC a,-,f,A +;JQ;L
The car smashed into a wall. oalt..,'l' h"'.l'.""'
'I ,;JC fl"l~A -1";J""':f
smash open (vt.) (lofll!" fiG~.!'.
He smashed open the door with an ax. ""11'l..Y
liJo't flOD'J'G(IJ' ilofll!" flG~,I'.liJo
smash open (vi.) -f"(lofll!" -l"hL-1"
The box fell on the ground and smashed open.
"f'l'). oat,:,. ~~~ t,l'.-1# -f"(lofll!" -l"hL-1"
smash to bits h.l'.<l><l>

In his rage, he smashed everything to bits.

fl'tf.T Y1'fl1Jo't )1C 1.1-11- h.l'.<l><l>liJo
smash (n.) "'"'."T
Both drivers were hurt in the smash. 0"11r-12
1.1-1\-1>!1" ~i(l":f -1"1-JI.
*The smash of glass startled me. ODil:f"m>fl
{1.~\o,lt-l- hll.l'.~1m'1
The teapot made an awful smash when it fell.
f'lf~ ~fl...,. ID.I'."I# (l,(lflC h'i'-l"'i' .1'."!1"
6. h(l"1

)(Do

2. 1lA."1". He is a smart businessman and makes

a lot of money. ofiA'l' );Jf. illlll'~ of!
H- ~'tHofl Y-f"C<f.A

3.

smash down (tRt;.

make a smash h'i!-t;;: ~ ~'riJ ; h(l"""

smart (adj.)
1. 1-fl11. He is a smart student. 1-fl11 .,..,
&

smear

1194

small change

That's a smart dress . .,...., A1lll

)m-

4. 't41. He looks smart in his uniform.

f.l'.'tofl Aoflll-'t {1.1\oflil 't41 ~oaMA
*That was very smart of you. '1'<- )1C aV,&.U
at a smart pace .f.tr- -firThey walked at a smart pace. +tr- +tr- -1"
~.II.

smash (vt.)
I. (IQflG. The boys smashed the window.
A]!;lj; ODil!>-f>'t (IQfl~,.
2. m,!l>. He smashed his stick against the
ground. ~1\m-1' boo"-+ m:tom3. ~T"1m-'thm'i-.Theysmashedtheenemy
in a furious attack. Q.I'.G'I-T bQ.J'." "1'1',!1>
:,. mi\M .l'."!l"'l'"1m-'t hm4--r
omuh (vi.) )\o,lt-1The dishes smashed as they hit the ground.
ltih'flj; """"" ~~~ t.l'."<l>liJo ~\o,lto.j,

smashing
*We heard a smashing noise. h"JY: ~1C 1 fl.
nne n"1't
be a smashing success fltfJr -till]
Our play was a smashing success. tY-r&.:f't
fl"'!l" -!"llh+ )ftC
smashup"'"'."T
We saw a bad smashup on the road. fl0d'l1JJ.
~~~ h(l,!l><f: "1"1.":,. hf't
smattering, have a - of 'l"lthG I h't'l
")Y: I ~1C ; cJ-IPOd
He has a smattering of Amharic. hO'Jc;;: 1 ~
'l"lth&.A
He has a smattering of physics. ill\ of.H.hil '
h't'l't.l'." ~~c .J>F.,_A
smear (v.)
I. -f".J>Q. He smeared his hair with butter.
&.11-'t ~tl. -!"<l>ofi;J:A
2 . .J>Q. The baby smeared the wall with mud.
ihf). "'.l'.""''lliJo't "1.":.1' .,.q..,.

1195

smear

3. .t.m'l-. The newspaper smeared the President's reputation. ;.>11."1"'" fT t.H."''t-l>'t il

,. .t.m'lbe smeared
-~'""'"'114'. The child's face was smeared
with milk. f&l.7t .L'I- RID-1-'1- -~'""'"'&\
4' )fiC
2. -1-IIIDI'I. His face was smeared with mud.
.L-1> R"i":l' -1-ll,..(l )fiC

I.

smear (n.)
1. m1l:f". There are smears of paint on the
wall. fi"'J:-1"1,.. 'If. fof'll,. mofl:l'l"
:f .t.ll2. il,. f"'l.,l'm'l- "'"' The newspaper published a smear against the opposing candidate.
;.>11."1"'" f-1-of''l'"'l.,..'t l\Q;JJ il,. f"'l.,l'm
4-m~KL

smear of dirt 4'1flf

There was a smear of dirt on the cloth. t;U.C-If:
'If. 4'1flf )fiC
smell (smelled, or smelt), vt.
I. Mf-1--1-. He smelled the meat to see if it
was fresh. F:.>"'" '1-h-il ODIJ'\>-'t 11.,,
,. .t.lr-1--t-....
2. lr-t--1-(,..). +Do you smell gas? tl.'tH.'t f.lr
'1-Y&I. 1
3. -1-1'1.,(,..). +we smelled trouble. :f"'C ll
'tl'."'l.ODIIJ ' of-(l.,'t
smell (vi.)
I. .t.lr-1--1-. We smell with our noses. q<;:'t"l:f
't l\'i"lr:l'll't
2. MoUol... The dog was smelling at the gate.
,..,..,.. ll,...., nc "" no~.'t'i' )fie
3. OD'Iq till,... The roses smell beautiful.
1M. ' <:Jil".,; ' '1''1- ' OD'\q ' .tl'l'f....
4. lr-t--1-. The garbage can smells. f4'1flf .,
m&-of'"'l.,,' 4'C4'1!" f.lr :I'&\

smith

seates me. n,.,..,. ,..il'l' ,I'll,.. f'l"' he

4-'1- &1.0.'t .ti'I'IDIIIDII'f
3. f.,'li-t-'1- ')f.&\. Smell is more acute in
dogs than in men. ,..!l":f hl'l,.. ffillm f
.,'li-t-'1- ')f.&\ .t.'l'f....
4 . .,'li-t-'1-. Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
....!l":f ')f.ll'l' f.,'li-t-'1- .h'l'il ' .t.'l'f....
have an objectionable smell h~4-

Wet dogs have an objectionable smell. 11<;ofl

foP:J''f.........!l":f ' f.h<:'l-11smelly f"'l.h<:'IChase away that smelly dog! f.ll't f"'l.h<:'l-
,..,.. "'li.Y .t.qc
smelt, see smell
smelt .t.of'llm
They abstract iron from ore by smelting it.
.tloi..C ' fi.,:J-11'1' ' ofl<:'f- ' ,I'IDIIJ/1smile (v.) 4..1"1 till ! ..,:,. till
She smiled at you. 4..1"1 .t.ll:f&\11
She smiled at me in a friendly way.
'f- ' OD't1J': 0 "f:J- 0 .tlll:f&\'f

RID"!~)

smile (n.) 4..1"1:1'

She has a charming smile. l'.il f"'l.&l. 4..1"1
:1'' M'I[See also 'force')
smirch
I. .t.4'1rlr. He smirched his clean shirt.
't~ ' lr"'l.H-'t ' .t.4'1rlr ....
2. hm4-. The newspaper smirched his reputation. ;JtJ.tfJ(I)o = l\OOo"} : hm4.m-

smirk L1'1 11.1\

He smirked when I told him he was the
smartest man I had ever known. h.,,..:l''f,..
IJo/1- 1-fi11 )II ofl{l. fi)1Ch-'l- 1.11. 4..
1"1 till

smell of oP(ll\

The plan smells of trickery. l\:J-.11. f"'l.,,';l-&1.

&\ f.DPM&\
smell up

h+~'J

The burning rubber smelled up the room.

f-1-:l'mll,.. 'lil1:h h'i'll-'t .t.of'<:<;,..
smell (n.)
I. 'li:l'. Where does that unpleasant smell
come from? "-11 oPTS: 1i;t- f"7..0DtJICJJo 1
hf'l- ) .... !
2. hC'I-'1-. The fishy smell of the store nau-

smite (smote) oo;JShe smote him on the back with a broom.

"""'1'<:1..1' )':cq,.. "" """':f"'"
be smitten ..,.~~L

He was smitten with love. n.,::,.Oc

)fiC

+~.e-s:

smith ofl<:'l- "'6

The smith makes iron tools for the village.
ofl<:'f- ' P'6 .... < IIDP'tl'.-1- ' )'1'6l":f ' fofl<:'f- '
OD"f6,1'l":f ' f.P'&,&\

smooth
1196
smithy
~~------------------~~----------------smithy f"''."'otl-R'I- ~]I:
The smith keeps his equipment in a smithy.
-11~'1- "'"-"'" ,....,&fiD"'t l\"''."'otl-R'I-
1]1: ' ID-11'1' ' 1114'9""111\

smock [t\.+lf aJ'I' "-"''~- l\"t'lf.ol.'i'm:tq

'I'm- ' a>f.f" ' "''\A. ' l"b/1\ ' "-"'ot!- ' 4'
il'l" l\"t'lf."tmqmn"'" R/1\-llll 'If. f"''.
.t'.l:R-'1- l\"t.l'. IJ;rc'l- 111 fl".tl- A-fill]
smoke (vt.)
I. h""r'l. I smoke a pipe. -r;;r h""ftllll2. Rm.ll om). People smoke fish to preserve
them. {ljP:f '\.., l\"t'lf.RII1i Rm.ll f'l''i;l-11\
3. Om). I shall smoke my beehive tonight.
~.!. "7;1- 4-G:IL"t h'l''i'llllsmoke (vi.)

smooth (v.)
I. hllr'lllr'l. He smoothed the wood with a
rasp. b"t.....,"t R'l" <:.1'." hll(lll(l
2. hllTIJhll. He smoothed the mortar with
a trowel. 1\."''."t.f-ID"'t nooll(l>;' hllTIJh
lltJ>o
3. hllTIJhll- Mmol.. The maid smoothed the
sheets on the bed. 1<:t... h"t/11\jP'Il"J hll
T!Jhll Mm.t.lf
4. hoLT. His pleasantness smoothed the way
for an agreement. OD/1\IJf" mqt< 11119"9"
)_, OD"t1.1'." hoLT
smooth away J\ll1D11..

He smoothed away all objections to the plan.

Rh:t.OS. 1\f. fT(l)H<:ID"'t Tft'tJ>o'l" 11-11-
hllm1.1'.
smooth down hfl<:.l'.
He smoothed down his father's temper.
yq_,-, "t.l'.'l- hR<:.I'.

I. h""r'l. The students were not allowed to

smoke in class. T"''&jP'Il h'i!il- m-11'1'
l\"t'L.f""{l- ' h/1\Tol.-l'.l'.ll:fm-9"

smooth out hllTIJhll

2. al.fl. The stove is smoking again. f"S:'if"""

)';oo<:
l\"t.l'.1'i'

Smooth out the tablecloth!

-fill hllTIJhlltJ>o

""""II

smoke (n.) "1.'11 l m.ll

Where is that smoke coming from? y ~it
(m,ll) ' f"''.OD"J(Jio 0 hfT 0 )fl>o l
smoker {t;Jotl- f"''.f""ll 1 (lJfotl- h""11i
Smokers may harm their lungs. {t;Jotl- ' f"''.f
........ ' (1\.Jfotl-' h""l!l"'ll)' ftf"q:ftJ>o"t' 1\.1-'1- '
f.lf-1111smokestack f"Pll "''ID-""1
There are many smokestacks in this city.
OIUJ I h.,.,., I lD-iiT I ........ I f"l.il: I 111/tD-ftj.
jP:f ' hilsmoking "7""11 ! '1-f"qll' oom"''INo smoking. "7""11 ('1-f"qiJ' oomnJ'I-)
h/1\h/1\ '

)fl>o

smoky -1111- "1.'11 flltJ>o

They made a smoky fire to keep off the bugs.
)'i!ft+'ll"t ll"''q<:c -1111- "1.'11 fll"'" l\ft
:,. 'M.I'..OS.
be smoky ..._.ll i\0{1

The air is smoky because of the many fires.

R-1111- ?mil- f"h"tf'l- r'l"''l< "1.'11 11-ll!l./1\
smolder ..,(l
The fire is still smoldering. l\ft., hll-"tf"
,..... ft/1\

fm<:A.~tJ>o"t

II\

smooth (adj.)
I. 11\ll/1\ll. The stone is very smooth . .l'.""t :>I<
""''" ' 11\ll/1\ll ' )fllo
2. IIMft. The wall is smooth. .,.......,""'" 1111
lift ' )fl>o
This child has a smooth disposition. 111.)1: 1111
lift mqf. hlltJ>o
3. 11-""1. His hair is smooth. 1\'K- 11-"'i )aJo
4. f <::>. He put in his hand and disrupted the
smooth surface of the water. r ;Jm-'1 aJo~
Rl\)1: hf"ll""l<:-l'aJo
5. ( = adv.) -I'll -1111-. The airplane made a
smooth landing. haJoi!'TII 'i- 4'11 -1111- h

<:.L
*The ride in this car is smooth. 1-U DDtL'i
hM4'"t:tf"
smooth talker 1\L

~A,

That salesman is a smooth talker. f hlflf"P

J\L I ~ft, I 'iolDbe smooth
I. 1\'1' hll. The sea was very smooth. qa,o~-
1\'1' -1111- )flC
2. h/1\'11-119". Make sure the sauce is smooth!
mm- l\"t'lf.'l,../1\ Tm"toJ>:t
~'r fii.ID-'r
This young man has a smooth face. 1-U CDIIJ
,. ' (lm- ' 1\..9" ' fiiOJof"

have a smooth face

smoothly

snap

1197

have smooth manners 111119'" T,Jt,..:,.O 1 \omThe salesman has smooth manners. 1\ lflf...,
0"1,. ' ,.,.,. ' ~ ....

In a smooth manner OilH-fl;f'"

He spoke in a smooth manner. 01\Hofl?- -!'<;

~~

smoothly <I'll oflll- 1 11"1 ofiiiThe plane landed smoothly. 1\dJoCTI\). <I'll
oflll- ' (11"1 ' oflll-) ' 1\4.1.
eo smoothly 1-<'IIJ
Everylhing went smoothly. rNr?" ~~C 1-<'IIJ
[See also 'ride']

smote, see smite

smother (vt.)
1. 1\'i''l' ~~II. The thief smothered the man
with a pillow. /I.IJdJo 1\dJo\1-dJo't 0'1-&-ll 1\'i'
'l'~M..,.

2. 1\1101\. The man smothered the fire with

sand. 1\dJo\1-dJo 1.<'1-lo't 1\lf'l' 1\1101\dJo
3. 1\111101\. He smothered his resentment.
:,..:,;~-....,. ' 1\111101\
smother (vi.) ?"4.~
We nearly smothered in the heavy smoke.
T:t-T:t- 111\dJo "1"11 A't;l-4-'t M?"
1\A<I'~'t ~oc
smother with ashes lt.IJL~

The maid smothered the fire with ashes.

~~"-"" ' 1.11-J:'t ' 1\'14-~:f....
be smothered -!'If4.~
In the fall, the grass is smothered with leaves.
OOA"I m&-'1- "'~ 0~~4. fq'i! :t>mA
Y.if4.<;A
smoulder, see smolder

2. O~:t> lib. He smuggled a letter out of

the country. OJ:-ofl:t> ~ofl-'10. m~ dJo"1"
Me ltb
smuggled (adj.) <1'~'1'
The government officers
gled goods. fOO't"IP''I'I' .I'A-I'b4.111l'f....,.

.t'A-I'b4.110'1confiscated the smug

Ill\ P'AliJ'l':f <I'~
~ll'":f- ID~I\-

smuggler fl>'t'I-C'IJ't.l:' ~.:>.1'.

The smugglers were caught with contraband
on them. fl>'t'I-C'IJ't.l:' ~.:>.l'.ll'":f- ,.t'A-1'<1'~
mO'I- ~ l.'t~ll' 1-..t'll'
snack """'.I'
She gave him a light snack just after coming
home. 0.-J: r'l.~~~ '1-1-11 """'' 1\m":f-dJo
snag (snagged), v.
1. 1\ll'f.:>& II'~. +A workers'strikeha ssnagged
our plans. 0"'&-1-'l''li 1\.1:'"7 f-1'~"1 1.
:t-J!:f't ' 1\ll'f.:>& ' II'~
2. ~"'-(0'1-). +He snagged his sweater on a nail.
if.&-11-'t ?"ll"7C ~r:Q.O'Isnag, (n.) [OID'tll mY.'!" OmY.:t> dJo!IT 1"
'fhll- ' f4'0D ' q'i! ' IDf-'1" ' :t-C't"'i'i! ' ID
f.?" 1\11'1-I
hit a snag +{l'ihil

Our vacation plans hit a snag when I became

sick. fb~'i!'l- '1.11. 7.:t-'l":f-'t M. J:''t~
,. ' lli\;1-0D?"It- ' oJ-1\<;bl\
run into a snag .1'4\1\0dJo :f"IC 1\.:>m""(dJo)
While working on Ethiopian literature, I ran
into a snag on the poetry portion. fl\.'1-l'"k.l"t
P'~ K',_'i' !lou~!I"C 1.:,0~..,. 4\f. MC
II .1'4\1\oflh-'1- :f"lc 1\;>moo'S

smudge (v.) 1\"'-"711<1'

He smudged the writing with his dirty hand.
K',.,.,. 04'lflf ' 1.)1: ' 1\"'-"71\<l'dJo

snail <l''t.l:' 1\m-at

There are many snails around lakes. <l''t .1:' 1\
dJoliJ Odlf-:,0 1\IJIJIL f.OqA

smudge (n.) '1-.l:"i'

You've got a smudge on your cheek. .,.,..,...11
"" ' 1-.l:"i' 1\11

snake l.llofl
The snake was killed. l\QII-

smug DDCIJ-Io't f"''J'<'If.

He has a smug smile. ""CIJ-Io't f"''J'IIf. 4.~
"I?" ' 1\1\dJo
smuggle (into, out)
1. o~:,. 1\11~11. They smuggle cigarettes
into the country. 1\J!&- OJ:-ofl:t> m~ 1\~
c ' dJoll'l' ' .t'll~IJII-

1"~~11

snap (snapped), vt.

1. Oml\. He snapped the string. ~"".11-'t 0
ml\dJo
2. 1\'""'Ji. He snapped his finger.IIJ-Io't 1\'""'Ji
snap (vi.)
1. 1-0ml\. The rope snapped. ~"".11- 1-0ml\
2. 1-'tliJliJ. This wood snaps as it burns.
f-11 ' b'tr:Q.'I- ' 1\.~.1:' ' f.'tiiJliJA

snap

snatch

1198

snap at
I. 11.,.9" IIS'.G1. The dog snapped at the child's

hand. m-l'fm- fol\)l:'t II)!' 11.,.9" IIS'.G

1t1Jo

2. 04!"1 :9"6 >1-o;1.:. I don't know why

he snapped at me that way. llll"'t ll'tS'.If..l'
04!"1 ' :9"6 ' ll'tS'.>f-..1<:'1 ' 1\1\tD-~9"
3. fl't.l'. >!-.,.fill. She snapped at the chance to
go to Ethiopia. tJJS'. ll.'t-f"kY IIOD~Y: f>f<'l"''t-'t ' iJY:ol\ ' fl't .I'. ' >!-.,.fill:y.

2. tJJTOD~ h1Q, Satan is trying to snare our

souls. <'lf."''t t'i'II:Y.'t't tJJ'J'DDY: 11.,
"ltl't- .

M"h~ol\

snare (n.) tJJ'J'ODY:

The bird was caught in a snare. m~ m-rou
Y: ' tD-ll'J' ' 1fi:Y.

snarl (vt.) 1\oo(I:J>.,.II

The kitten snarled the ball of wool. f Y:oo;t:

snap out

"lol\1ol\ f<'l-4-'t 'J'~ol\ }loo(I:J>.,.II:Y.m*He snarled commands. .fiiJ ofiA- +Aif1f {tm

The officer snapped out orders. ooho't). :,.

snarl (vi.)

11~11

Y:'t1't- Rht;:.,.>;' Y:'/"6 <'lm

I.

snap shut ~c-l'r 1lil"" s +H;J

The door snapped shut. no;. Y:C"/9" 1111-

>1-H;J
snap to attention

The soldiers snapped to attention. tJJ;I-S'.I!':r;

R>f-m't.,.~

.f..,.

snap up
I. '1''1' IIS'.G1. The dog snapped up the meat.
QJo~(Do I ~;JOJ-') I fJ'If' I ftS'..1fD-

2. fl't.l'. >1-.,.RII. We snapped up his offer

at once. Y.,.GRol\'t't d,/111 fl't.l'. >1-.,.Rol\tm(be) snapped up >1-ifm
The cheapest articles were soon snapped up.
'I':>'I'm- f Gh<'lm- II:J'l":Y. tJJ/lJtD- >~-if fllo

snap (n.)
I. :'1"6. I heard a snap when I opened the
door. R'l-'t llh'i''t- :9"6
2. 4!ol\t;:, One of the snaps of your dress is
unfastened. f.,."''.ll'ii ll't'l. 4!ol\t;: llol\>f-.,11

..,.,v-

4.9"

>f-~OD(I,

The traffic snarls in a big town.

't-ol\~ ' h>f-., ' tD-ll'l' ' ODh.o; ' f.>f-~OD/Iol\

2. 'I'C<'I-'t 111mm(n't-). The dog snarled when

I got too close. m-l'fm- R"'ll" ll.,.cnm-
'I'C<'I-'t A1mm11'1
3. UoflllJ +'i"lt;.. "Go away!" he snarled.
'I.Y: ' tJJ/lJ ' 1111- ' 04!"1 ' >J-o;1.:
snarl at '""1i(n't-)
Mr. Jones snarled at the noisy children.
"''.ll_,.C ;t:'tll f"''.'t"'i..,'t-'t a,yo;:,.
'""1ifl'fm-

snarl (n.) f>f-.,"'mG

Her hair is full of snarls. l\'1-;:: f>f-4L
"'mG f.R~'I'ol\
*Traffic here is in a continuous snarl. ~11.11
IJ-ol\1.11, ' fODh.o; ' ......... t~ ' All

snatch (v.) OD't"l".f tJJ<'IS'. l tm.,.

He snatched the letter from me. S'.ofi'IIJ.m-'t
DD't"i".f ' tJJ(IS'-11'1

The thief snatched my purse and left me

penniless. ll.flm- IIC/111-'t t'l'.f tiP.

3. ( = adj.) 0"19" .,.1\ol\. The exam was a snap.

ll:('t All.,.G'1

4.>~-o;m-

*He snatched a bit of sleep sitting in his chair.

R"'ll"

"'"~ol\

t nc

*We heard the snap of the string. f>f-tJJmGm-

tJJ'tfi'l- 'If. ll'tS'.>f-.,.""m '1'4:'t- h't.,.'lof.

1"": <11. 1111- {l.Rmll (l.,'t

snatch at

snap (adj.)
*Don't make snap judgments!

1\oPfi:~

h.

't-'fltol\

""'~-'t

snappy
*He's a snappy dresser. 1Jooi\1.1L
*Make it snappy! 4.m't fill-

snapshot

f.'ii_,.G.,.~ol\

l.':.,..,~t;:

Take a snapshot of me!

1.':-l'"l~'i' ll't"1'1

snare (v.)

ll.f.11 f.'i"""G""'C tnc

.,..,.nil.

2. Y~m-).
He snatched at the chance
to travel. ll""'l11 f ;JmODtD-'t iJY:ol\ y
t.m-). .,..,.n11

anatch off -fA-

-R~

1\F..l."l

He snatched off his hat and bowed. fiC~"'tD

't -I'll- 11:"1 hY:C-t II)!' t"'

snatch (n.), a - of '1'4:-l>'t

I. 1\moPS'., One day we snared a rabbit.

ll'tY:

l.ll.f.11T'i'""'G""'G. Thedrowningmansnatched at the rope. 11..<'1'1'9" ft n.:m- (I m-Ilo 1

'l''t'fol\ 1\m-Y:'t

I remember a snatch of the tune. hiL.,tJJo 'I'

4:-J>'t

hll;l-tD-/IIIIJ-

sneak
I. hl'.q, The man sneaked about the house
watching for a chance to steal the box. "''J')o')
/IODIIt::J> ' h;Jifl"7, ' 1,fl, ' fiODtllfi:J> ' IIID'I'o
ID' OILof: ll'6J.' M~.q
2 hM04'(1D'), +Why do you sneak instead of
acting openly? .C.'Jo II.C.'I- 'h')fl.ODP't-'1-
M J.'M11:J>Y~ l
l\f'l\~-1- h.r
He sneaked a glance at the pretty girl. ol''))1:'1'')
~'Jf~t:X: Milt:+ J.'J.''I- )OC

sneak a glance at

sneak in, sneak into if.Ab oflflo 1fl

He must have sneaked in while I wasn't

looking. lti\fiD' lf.~h 1111- ~11+ J.'-11'<;~
He must have sneaked into the house. lf.~h
1111-

~111'

J.'-11'<;~

sneak out if.Ah oflf\0

aJII)

He sneaked out while I wasn't looking. lti\fiD'

11'-~h 1111- "'"'
sneaking J.'~.,.~IIR
I have a sneaking ambition to become a
reporter. 11.<; h:J>Ml /IODIJ'') J.'~.,.~ll
R ~'I- hll~
have a sneaking suspicion
.,"l"OCO'Io')

~IL

J.'.mt:'l't-~

sneaky .,..,11-ll'f
He is a sneaky fellow. nll-11':' iiiD' )ID'
sneer (v.),

at

I. 0')4''1- """"IIh.,.. The rich girl sneered at

the poor girl's clothes. 1111;1-..,_ ~)": fX:'Ii

~'Jf1t:K.' ~1111 "'"'"' """"llh.,.lf

2. h')l>,ilil. He sneered at my efforts to learn

Amharic .

.,..,co;:

II"""'C f.,fl.C~..,..,

'l't:-1- h')l>,(l(l11~

sneer (n.)
*His lip curled in a sneer. h4-')

...,.,

story. ;,y<;of: ;f-611-') Oil..,. 1.11. O"Yii

"""''~'

snide
*He made a snide remark about her. ODIJ'f:: h
J(:1l ;

(lfl,q'Jo

sniff
I. ML)L. The dog was sniffing along the
ground. ID'lfiD' 'hJ.'~L~L WtX: ~OC
I sniffed, but couldn't smell a thing. h~L~'i'
II- .,., ,...,,.. h~lf .,..,.~
2. ltn. He sniffed the morning air. fllJ.'I- hf

ltn

3. mt:mt:. The police sniffed a plot and broke

up the meeting. ?'ll.(to hx:"Y OD'l''lo')
mC'I'I!' 1111(lqiD'')

0_,.~..,.

sniffle ')'I'm-') .,~

The child is sniffling. ;,y)o

')'I'm-')

J.'-9" :>~

snip (snipped), v.
I. Omil. She snipped the thread. h'lo') Omil

.,...,.

2. +P. hm"'. She snipped the picture out

of the paper. Fbflo') h;>H."'tJJo i\J.'. 4'"1
hiD"'':fiD'

I have a sneaking suspicion that he cheated.

'I'')

snoop

1199

sneak

hlfiODOD11~

sneeze Mmil
He has been sneezing all morning. /U')'I'II h
U.J'.
not to be sneezed at 'A") 1. +I\ A )1C h
J.'.:f'M"

snip (n.) 41C'I't-"1"

There are snips of paper on the floor. nmi\A-
i\J.'. fmt:+'Jo 41C'I't4""':f hflo

snipe hx.-'i'fll .,.11-il

The soldier sniped at the enemy. OJ;f-Jl.'lo hX:
'i'fll mi\'1- i\J.'. .,.11-il

sniper ffl.L"' hfl.:> "'f.

We shot a sniper who had infiltrated our lines.

fllt-lf') tJJoll'l' _,.lfii-t f~qiD'') ffl.L"'

hJl.:> "'" ~fl.~) ....

snippy 41C'I' 41C'I' J.'ll

I don't like snippy answers. 41C'I' 41C'I' .I'll
""~II

h~OJX,-9"

snob 'l-9"h;,.,.o;o
He is a snob, and won't talk to us common folk.
'J-9"h;,_,.o;o 111111'~ 'h')Jl.'f IJIIID'
tJJo ;>C hf.~;>~C9"

_,.to il

11C 11~.,'1- 'h')Jl. 4'11~ )~C hf.:f'

snobbish '1-bO..,.'f
Snobbish people are unpopular. '1-iJO..,.'l'lf

snicker n.,ii..,m'l' "14'

The children snickered when they heard the

snoop
I. OJt. .,...,...,. The detective snooped around

A prize of $50 is not to be sneezed at. f..,9"lt

,.,..

OiltJJo H') X: hf.mfl.ll.9"

so

1200

snooze

the neighborhood. ]!:t: mn.m- ht"lt.C m

fl. Y.otl"'l" )OC
2. -rA:r> 1111. The old woman snooped into
everybody's business. ltf!""l.:J: Ollm- 1 JP6- 1
-rA:r> 1111snooze (v.) ...'i'
The dog snoozed on the porch in the sun.
m-"lfm- OC:"J-'Im- ~f. ...~.,_ Bmf. f.'l":l'A
snooze (n.), take a - :,.-,11 ...'i'
I took a snooze after lunch. 'l"il OA'ti :,.
"J11

...:;o.,..

snore (v.) llh-.:.1.

He snores loudly. O"lf.A .l'h-Cof.A
snore (n.) 11-Col..l'
His snore shakes the rafters. 11-Col..l'"'" ;J&o
1ft: ' f.(l"'/A

snort
1. 11111111. When he tried to put the saddle
on the horse, it snorted. 1\."l")m- 1\.'l"hC
oi.C:(lo ' 11111111
2. f. )'I... He snorted with rage. O"JF..T f.)'!..

snout M:"J"'i
He slapped the pig over the snout. 1111"'/m-"J
ll'i'"J"'iaJo ~f. oo;J-msnow (v.) n.:P.. "'ll
In the Alps, it snows sometimes in the summer.
li"J-'I"Jf.' 1..11. OIIATll ...&.&. ~f. OO;J
n.:P.. Y.-r~A
snow (n.) O.:P..
Snow is white.

O~P..

~~

)om-

snub (snubbed)
I. :f~ 1111. She snubbed me when I greeted her.
M'l":J' M"'T :f~ llll:f~
2. not:,. li"'&T llilf. Mary snubbed some
of the girls by not inviting them to her party.
"'1.& 1\"J-'I"J.I:" A"lf~C:P..:f"J ' IDf. ' ;rC-f:aJo '
IJI\00"1'&-T not:,. ll"''.:,. llilfif':f..,.
snuff (v.) 1\mof..
Snuff the candle when you go to bed. liTfo'i'
"lf"'laJo") ' ll-rof..msnuff at l\,1')4.)4. ... h ...ll
The dog snuffed at the tracks of the fox.
m-"lf..,. fotOc>aJo") -'1-11 l\,1')4.)4. ...h ...ll
snuff up IJ'i'"J"'iaJo itO
He snuffs up salt and water to cure a cold.

111-"Jof..") OOf.';lotT A"J-'l.ll')aJo ' ........ ' II

.,__.,_ IJ'i'"J- Y.liiJA

snuff (n.) (to,::,.

Do you take snuff? (to,::,. TliiJIIU l
snug r.,;
The cabins on the boat are snug. fOOChlt- h
'1'11-:f 'l"'ll ' .,,,..
The cat has found a snug comer behind the
stove. f.'oo;t h'1".1:"7ffDo Oli...)';CIJ li"Jf.'
"1'"1 ' "~ ' ...,.~,...~ ' ...~;J-1\:f
be snug

1. mOofl 111\(0T). That coat is a little too

snug. Mo M11 mo-o oflll-ofiVA
2. ....,..:f.r. 'l'.:. We are snug in our little
cabin. OM"!( II.:J':f"J fDoll"l' ... .,..:f-1'")
1."J'l'&.1\"J

snuggle,- in (someone's) arms A"!"i' 1111

The child snuggled in his mother's arms.
A~ 1.'0_, ~f. A"l''i' oflll- )OC
so
1. - r. If I can do it, so canyon. 1\). 1 Aav,e.m-
hiJ'Ah- )\") ...'/" :,.,.&-'1'1\U
2. A"Jf.H..U. Why are you so late? M A"J
f.H..U IIH~fU l
3. AllhH..U. Don't be so yellow! The dog won't
bite you. 1.llhH..U IIT'i'&o I fDo"/fm- 1\J'.)h
liU'l"
4. 0"1'1". My head aches so! &oil."J 0"1'1"
li'I">:'A
He was so ill that we had to call a doctor. 0"1
.,. :1''1" liii)OC mh..'l" oo-r&o:,. )OC:ofi"J
5. -a. So you're back again! .,..,.,Aflll 1 OD

"'":1'-'1..1'.

So they say. 1'>~11- ' (1'>~!1..)

So you think it's a good idea.
6.
<K- milofl ),.. IIAh :ru
7. ( ~ because) llll. The shops were closed
so I couldn't get any paper. IW'.,; ...H.,...,.
(11\)0C M'l" o m.:ot:,. ~~~ IIAiJ'Ah-'1"
He failed to come on time so I hired somebody
else. O(l<t_, 1\.00"l II~AiJ'II ~~ (lfDo
otmchI told you so! li~Ah-U'/"1 (ofllloVIIIJo I ! )"'ll.
71111-1)
He is not so tall as I am. f~"J ,I'UA IIY..:
"11'1"'1"
0 I said I would go, and so I shall. 1.-'11111- of!
,1'1111- I 1.-'11\11-l
0
Isn 't it so 7 llf.f.l\'1"1

so

1201

+ verb -a
So! I caught you. l'.IJ (:f"JU'II) .1'1111-'1

sol l'.IJ l :f"JU'II

soak
so much
I. f.IJ't YIJA.

Tom speaks Amharic, and so does John.

There must have been a slip-up,

or you wouldn't have paid so much. ita..,.:,.
OD'fC ' l-.110'1- ' l'.'t'l( ' f.IJ't ' YIJA ' h
'1-h'i'AII"
2. f.IJ"7. He can't come to the picnic? So
much the better for us. ll"lic"lic 1\.0D"' h
f.l-AII" l f.IJ"7 ll'f -No )aJo
so much as h"t\\1 + negative verb
He didn't so much as give me a glass of water.
h't.l:" ofi!:"P4' CD-;) l'.'tl>.'t h~m"''59"
so much for f.IJ f.O:I''I'A I Yofl:l'<;

.f-9" h"7C'f /.'0111-A l ]l:'t9" l'.'t.tu-

So much for the first day of our journey.

so as not to ~1J.!"

+ negative imperfect

I'll have everything ready so as not to keep

you waiting. l'.'t-'l~llm11:J>IJ "7't'fCD-'t9"
)1C hH:>~A'IIIuso as to h1 S: + imperfect

I did some of the work so as to make things

easier for you. l'.'t-'l.of>AIJ 11\1- 1"11-CD-'t
'1'<1:'1- w&-u-AIJ
(and) so does, (and) so is-?"' 7...,./l&

Wheat is a cereal, and so are barley and millet.

/IOD'f.ODt.YaJo oj>'t o 1-~'l':f't f.IJ f.O:I'<;A

ll'tF.. l'.IJA )CD- i 1oflll<; m.'i'9" l'.'t-'I.IJso far

I. l'.llhii..IJ. Now that we have come so far,
we might as well go to the end. l'.llhii..IJ hOD
"''t H't.l:" l'.llh ,..,.,t:'/fCD- ofl't.1:"11?
2. l'.IIIJu-'t. So far you've been pretty lucky.
l'.IIIJu-'t of>'t.f-'IA
10 far as ),.11.. + relative imperfect
So far as I know he is still in Australia. !'.~ !'.
,,..,_..,_ hu-'tr l-.CD-11'1-&-AY )CD-

So much for that. Now let's turn to the inter-

so far, so good hil:IJ.lJo"J

Mr

1\~A

How are things? So far, so good. 'i-C' l'.'t.<'..

'I- )CD-? l'.IIIJu-'t 9"'t9" hf.A
(and) so It did II")

He told me it would happen, and so it did.

f.li"<;A ' l'.'t-'111'5 '
so it was

II")

,.e.1im- h'l"'.llll

So it was I became a sailor. f. 'lieD- l'.'t"l-'1.

' oocho'f ' ll"'th-

I)

50

long .eu1

~tJA

! f,t.J1 'tJA "l.fL

We didn't expect him to stay so long. f.IJ't Y

IJA (f.IJ't YIJA '1..1) UYA oflll't
)OC
so lonl'l ,_~'i" IJ?)
So long! See you tomorrow. f.~<; u-'t 1 )
1 ' l'.'t1'0'fll't
so long as (conj., prep.)
I. h + (perfect.). You may borrow the book
so long as you keep it clean. ODI\"daf.'t Of.
't11 h.l'1fhCD- A'I-'I'I'ICD- '1-:f~IIIJ
2. l'.llh + verb + .1:-t:ll. He will stay here so
long as the company needs him. lt-q'tYCD- !'.
llhLII1aJo .1:-t:ll !'.11..11 UYA
so (one) may l'.'t.l:" + imperfect
Talk louder so I may hear you. l'.'t.l:-1'1"711 '""
h ofiiiiJ +'01C
h~llofl't9"

national situation! ilAH.U Mf.

't/19" ' l.of>'i' ' 1-Jif. ' )'.')ODI\b'fSO

lt.CJ'ofi:I"CJ

much so

*He's rich, so much so that he doesn't know

how much money he has. 0"19" Uofl:f"9" it
1\11") 1'tHIJ-'t 41-N-'tll" M~9"
so that l'.'t.l:" + imperfect
I'm telling you so that you'll know. f9")"1CIJ
l'.'tf.":f"-CD- ' 11\lo ' )CDSO what? :f"JU' 9"'t f.rJ-'t
I will not go to Harar. So what? dat:C hAY.
.1:"9" l :f"JU' ' ,., ' ,.,., 1
Is that so 1 )'.CD-)'f- I Xt:
She is sick. Is that so? :f""711:Y.il'.CD-)'f- 1 (ht:l)
just so Ah l'.'tf.lf..IJ
Hold your pencil just so. l'.Cf(l'l-'t Ah l'.'t
f.II..IJ h.I:"C11J .1'11
not so much ofiH- l Y't YIJA
negative verb
Not so much sugar, please. .,.,. 1 (n YU
A) III>.C l-.Am.l:-9"
[See also 'and, even, ever, forth, soon']

soak (vt.)
1. CD-;) CD-11'1' HLHL. We soak the laundry
overnight. A111'l-'t m-;) CD-11'1' H'i'11L't
hf(J:-t:)'f'A

2. HLHL. Soak your finger in a solution of

Epsom salts! l?t.'t"ll\.11 .,.,.,. l\".t-+11
"1'1-IJ't H'i'l!LCD3. !'.01'101'1. The rain soaked my clothes.
11'011- Aoflll.'t l-.OI'IOI'ICD4. h&-1'1. The rain soaked the ground. 11'011-
ODt,ofl"t 0 l-.1!-(lCDsoak (vi.) +HLHL
The clothes soaked for two hours. Aofll'l- II
rJ-11'1- l'l't'l- +HLHL

"

soak through

1. HAol' ID"'. The blood soaked through the

bandage. S'..,.. 4-"lffDo"t HAol' ID"'
2. Hil-t. The rain has soaked through the
roof. 11.,(1- "'tl.I'OJo"t Hl\-tOJo

soak up DDmm

The sponge will soak up the water.

11'1'~"1

OJo;)

"t J'.""tn'I'A

soaked (adv.) Cf\

We came home soaked. Cll"t MJ.'l- 11J"t
be soaked through ( ~ act.) ll~"IC ~{Ill till- hOIIOIIOJo

I was soaked through by the rain. 11.,(1- ll~"l

C Mill &-II. l.OIIOII'S
get soaked to the skin

I got soaked to the skin. 11!11111 11\L

~OC

11C-J> ,..,.11 H"t(l ODt.-f>"t Mtn101D"

11111111- 0~;1-A

so-and-s o M/1.

So-and-so told so-and-so, and the secret was

all over town. ~11\. IlM/I. II..~"IC 9"llm.
~ ll+"''OJo"t h-'lt:{IOJo

soap .........,.
I am going to get soap from the store. taou-'i

A1'1 IDS'. 11-:t- OD'{.I., ~ ....

h.A- IJ,..'i
The girl bought a bar of soap. A~ h"t!:
11.11- ........... 1'1:f
cake of soap /JOD-'i I Ml\. /tCJD-'i
I want a large cake of soap. h"t!: '1-A:t- <\
bar of soap

~ILI>.:JI\11-

Can I have a towel and a cake of soap?

f111 ........... 6:"1 J'.1'"l A l

soapy .........,. .I'IIOJo

The child drank soapy water and retched on
the floor. a.n- .........,. .I'IIOJo OJo;) llllm"'
IDI\1\- ' 1\J'. ' l,!IODI\1\IIJo

soar

1. 11"'/J'. ID"'. Prices soared when the

war broke out. II'CH 1\..)';0DC f7.:l> 'I',;J
{I"''J'. ID"'
2. h"t"JfOO. The hawk soars over our heads.
"l'"A4-;t llOII.I':f"t :l'"t"Jf111JII:f

sob (sobbed), v. +~4-<:-t

The child sobs because his mother has gone
to the market. ~""" 10.1' 111\ID"':f A)l:
M'I-<:.4'A
sob bitterly

The child sobbed bitterly. a.n- ll:t-:t- 11

II- hll+ll

sob (n.) II..:to 1 OD"ti\:J-II:tHis flow of words was interrupted by a sob.

"t"l"l~"t

II..J'IDCS'.ID" 1\..:t- 01:"t1'l- Ml<:

'""'"

The unhappy boy gulped down a sob. fll4-0Jo

A)f: OD"t{I:J-II<I!"t '1''1' l.S'-<:1

sober (v.) h-tH+H

The news of the accident sobered the party.

soaking
A soaking downpour has helped the crops.

.,....,.

sociable

!202

soaked

3. ll'i' hll. His ambition soared to the presidency. 9"'l'-t> IDS'. Tt.ll.-'l"t'l-~'1- ll'i' hll

J'S'.,;JOJo H... ;rC-t;OJo"t h+H-tHOJo

sober up lilt~ 0<:1: hl\(11'1-)

Drink some coffee to sober up! illtCU 0<:

1: ~"t'U\AU

R-.. tn"'

sober (adj.)
1. S'.11H11 .I'll. She likes sober colors. S'.11H
11 ' .I'll -tl\9" ' 'l-ID-'11\:f
2. t.;J fit. The judge's sober opinion was
not influenced by dislike. f-'l'"lOJo V .I'll
hll+.l'f'l- O'l'llll' f+~lt hA~0<:9"
3. +11L. Make a sober estimate of this car!
1\0DlJ....... ' +1fl "19"'1- h!:C"I

*From his sober expression, I feared bad news .

.r.-1> flm.-.c ""'1'6: ~1c J'.~"I<:'S J'.IT

"A 11\L 4.<1-11He leads a sober, hard-working life. "'"9"'1-..,.
m"tlttl- w&-+'"1 ~"'"
be sober

He is never quite sober. 11-1\.

~"tS'.illl<: ~"'"

so-called +1111- f"'LmtlThis so-called butter is really margarine.

J'.U :J-0. +1111- f"'Ltntl-ID" O~ID"~-1>

f~"t""'l- :too. ~ ....

soccer ~"IC l>.ll Q;~.'f':f'

Soccer is popular in Ethiopia. h.'l-f-k.l' OJoil
'I' ~"IC

l>.ll

Q;~.'f';l-

f+mAA

~,_

sociable +o;g.'f':f
He is a very sociable person, and so people
always invite him to their parties. 0"19" +

o;g.'f':f 111\IT~ ill":f 1111" '1.11. IDS'.

;rC-t;J''l't- J'.tn~;I-A
*We plan for a sociable evening. h"t!: 11"71
'1- +il11110"t A"t"iiD'l- h:t-S'."A

soft

1203

social

society (societies), n.

social
I. "710t-'E. Social conditions have changed
tremendously. f"710t-'E 'i-C' 11-~;t- 0"1
'I"' 1"1\m-lji.A

I. "710C. The society was found~ ten years

ago. "710-1- f-f"ODIP"-1-m- hOP'C 'loP

Scholars investigate the social environments of

different people. 1\.:J>m-"t'l- fAI' AI' II

2. 1il"-1" llil. American society has undergone many changes. fh"'UIJ"t 1il"-1" llil

l""f-"t "710&' l>IJIJIL f.oP"-'I"t-~

2. f1il"-1" llil. Lying and cheating are social
maladies. ou<plf '!-<; "7"1'-0COC f1il"-1"
llil Oii;t-l""f- <;'fm3. 01il"-'1- f"7.'l'C. Man is a social being.
lim- 01il"-'1- f"''. 'l'C 'i'....C )m4. foP-fo'I'IIJ<f:J' l foo~o;:;:. We organized a

il,. 1"1\m-lji.A

'I- ' O.L'I- '

)t-

War is a danger to society. IRC)'J- l\1il"-1"

llil m"t~

)t-

3. hCII- :>C oo'f'A. I eqjoy their society.

h)/1- :>C OO'I'A 1.11 f.II':'A
in society fi(tm- oo"JjA.

He doesn't feel at ease in society. O(tw-- ov

social gathering for foreign students. 1\m-"l'-

"liA l\"ti.AII- hf.IT"t'l"

MC T"?&l""f- fOD-fo'I'IIJ<f:J' (fDD~o;l;')

llilllfJ hH.:>)tt
A hermit is not a social person. IJ.lt:J-'E hll
..... 1-+11~11- DD'l'C hf.IIJY:'/"

society (adj.) f'I-A~ 11.1" llil

of high social position +A.)o FA.trl'l Ylt

ID- (ttJJo

She wants her daughter to marry a man of high

social position. A;r_"t '1-A~ P'A"'"t Ill\
t- lim- 1\0DJIC '1-J.A.:>II"f-

socialize foP"t"'P''I- Oil'!-

hi..-.~

The government socialized the railroads.

OD")"'P'T ffJ(H."t ODP'ODC fOD"t"'P'T
Oil'!- M.-.~
socialize with +tn;J
He does not socialize with strangers. f"7.1'.....,.
..,..,. lim- hf.m:>'l"

socialism f\1(.1'11.11'1"
Socialism is a form of government. fllt.l'l\.11'1"
fl\1~11 'IM'I- )m-

social security fm-"-:J- l\OA

We need social security for the workers.
1\u>t-1-'l''ll fm-"-:J- l\OA .I'IIJ.A~o;A

social studies 1il"- '1-'I"UC'IAll his courses are in the social studies.
'1-'l"uc-r-'ll .,.~ 01il"- .r,-uc'l- ..,.
11'1' <;'I'm-

socia! welfare f.lt11il M l\Y:t-1'1The government should promote social welfare

organizations. .,..,...,,...,. f.lt11il 01 hY:
t-1'1- Y:C~'T"t "70"-:J-:J-'1- MIJ'I'A

social work agency f"710t-'E P't- Y:C~

The government organized a social work
agency. oP"t"'P''I- f"710t-'E P't- Y:C)!'
'1- hltltou

The society wedding was in all the papers.

f'I-A41 11.1" llil IIC"' Of.:>H."'m- II-~
IIJ'I'.fo )ftC

sociology fll\.1'"11-1(
I am taking sociology this semester. Olf..U 1\
OOII-f"C ' {l(l.f"ll-1( ' l\"7 t-1\IJo

sock (n.) fl\"'C lf.t--o

I want three pairs of socks. 1"11'1- 'l'"tY: fl\"'C
lf.t-ill\J.A.:>I\11-

socket oPIIh.J'
Plug the lamp into the socket! ooilt-.,..,. oull

h.J'm- m-11'1' II!Jmsod, n. (1"1-Y:-1' f"''.OD"' l\J.C]

(be) sodden
I. 011011. My clothes were sodden with rain.
Ail!\ 011<;11- Ollil{l )OC
2. :1' l\1111'1". This bread is sodden, and I will
not eat it. Jlllm- :1' 11111111 l\AOI\m-'1"

sofa {14Lie down on the sofa! fl4-m- 1\f. .:>1.'1"

OA

soft
I. AA. Is the ground soft? out..,. AA
)m-!
2. 11111111. This cushion is very soft. f.U '1-t11 0"1'1" 11111111 )(Do
A soft answer turns away wrath. 1\111111 '1"11
II 41"1"t ;t-OCJIII"f3. 11111111 .I'll. She sang in a soft voice. IIIII\
II IJII Y:'/"6 """"-"f4. +11+11 .I'll. A soft breeze was blowing.
+11+11 .I'll )4-11 f.)'i'll )0C

5. f"7J'f..h1". He has a soft job. f"7J'f..h1"

P'&- AIIDJo

6.

1..11~~-

The lamp shed a soft light. f'i-'l'cr

11Cfi 1..11~~ ~DJo

7. f..11H11 J'll. The coat is a soft gray. l>-Jo f..
11H11 1 J'll 1 "1&-""i 1 ~.,..
be soft .,.114'11 All

The air is soft today.

Af~

~<1.

4'11~

soften (the) heart A&-&-

Her tears softened his heart. :l.'tQ'f' A&-&-DJo

soften (one's) tone AllAh

soft-hearted

*He is soft in dealing with workers. 11"'&--t-'1

J'.ou!J'A

I. ""'"~"' ..,C~ (AA) ~"'" He is too

soft from lack of exercise. ~V"'i"M:h 1\11"7
J'."'&- 1\DJo~_, ""C~ (AA) ~DJo

2. 7tt.. -~liT All. The butter got too

soft. ~ILDJo :l.'tf.. -~liT 11~A
have a SOft heart c.-,.;....,

(IDJo 11;1-J'. :l.'tQ J'.oi>!l:"l;I-A

make soft 11.-,. ' hY-.~1

Our radio has ao adjustment so that we cao

make the tone loud or soft. f&-o'l.l'"'i"".f't't Y:
1"6 h'i!'i" 11~ fV"'i"f..C"'O:,. "711-t-IJhJ'
AIIDJo
J'A~QDJo ~~A
J'A~QDJo ~

He likes soft-boiled eggs. :r.tt:,.

~A :l.'t ...'IA J'.m'IA

soft drinks liM<\ oumT

He likes soft drinks, but I like hard liquor.
oumT J'.m'IA 1 M "''t A

:r.c.r liM<\

AI>A J'IIDJo ODffiT :l.di'IIIIJo

I. Alll\111\. The rain softened

11'i"ll- ' ODt.oJo't AIIIIA{>:f""A

.,..,...,~

c-.~-.

qf".f .,...c :1""11~<\ll".f

softly +II 1111-

1 04>11:1""

She speaks softly. +II 11'1 .-,..,~&-IllShe walks softly so as not to waken the child.
Alt' :l.'t'IJ'.)"' ' +II ' 111\ ' ..,.&-OD-'IIIl-

The crowd chaoted softly. ib1111- 0+11:1"" H

OD;!;

If~

She has a soft heart aod cries when she sees

a hungry mao. m~-. 111111"~ 'f f &-ODJo

soften

She is so soft-hearted that she cries at almost

aoything. 0"11" c-\M 111111"~ ".f f"'LJ'<\
11't ~c

be (set) too soft

1t~C1

When she realized how upset the child was,

she softened her tone. Alt V"'t J'llA
:l.'tf..-t-0<\... ' 01-t:-'l'f 1.11. ' 11111111 AY:
C:> ' 1-~t:".f

11~A

soft-boiled :r.tt:,.

soil

1204

soft-boiled

(be) soft-spoken
*He may be soft-spoken, but he is toughminded. (1, ~C AIIAII ' J'.ODIII\A ' "''t ' '1"11
:,. I

(laJo

)DJ-

(be) soggy

I. 0(10(1. The paper was soggy because someone had spilled water on it. ():tJ)o lD?

A'i!II(>O:,. 1111~0<!: m;:_,._, Oll11!tA

2. &-(I. My clothes were soggy from the rain.
A11(>'1i 011'i"11 C(l'f'A
3. ""-i'f. The ground is soggy after such a
heavy rain. ...,J'-11'1 11'i"11 1111"111 out..,
""~J.'.:tA

soil (vt.)
I. Aol'lflf. You soiled your suit. A11111l't
Aol''ii1f1i'f'A

the

soiL

He softened the hide by soaking it in water.

oi''IDJo't DJo;) DJoiiT H'i!11S: AIII\II(IDJo
2. 11111111 AS'.<:~. He softened his criticism
of his rival's character. 1111 -t-m'I'I&DJo mQ
J'. J'IIDJo't ~4'4:1"" 11111111 l\f...:1DJo
3. Alii\. The judge softened the punishment.
"""'"'" ~tiJ.,'t ' AI\1\DJo
4. A&-&-. A shower of tears softened the judge's
heart. f:r.'JQ'f' ' OD"I';!;'i! ' f'I'1DJo'J 0 A11 '
A&-&-dJo
5. 4>~1\. The shutters softened the light.
- :>af!P'Ii ' 11C'Il''t .,.~ ......,.

2. A1-f..L. His actions have soiled the family

name. AY:&-"')., fiL-l' (111-'t 111" A1-f..L
soli (vi.)

*This cloth soils easily. J'.ll

~~

:I.Y:'i!

AJ'.l-A'l"

soil (n.)

I. ALC. The soil bere is very fertile. Ml.ll

A.r.~ 0"11" ' 11'1" ' ~ ....
2. OD<l.:,.. A farmer tills the soil. 10<1. OD<l.:,.
J'C<\A
3. Me. This is my native soil. J'.ll f:,.DJoAY:
Mt. ' ~.,..

[See also 'virgin']

sojourn (v.) .,..,..,..m

He sojourned in Ethiopia for a time. h.'1-f"kf
CD-11'1' 11'1'-1:'1- "1.11. .,..,..... m
sojourn (n.) """'f'IA brief sojourn in Ethiopia is not long enough
to learn Amharic. "tt..'l-f"kf CD-11'1' A"PC
"1.11. .,...,.f,. A"''cr;: IIOD"''C A.en.+,.
A sojourn in the desert made him quite
sunburned. O~'li 111111~0.,. lA: nom.e
.,_.+'1'!\.A
solace (v.) ~-'1
The organization solaced the distress of the
flood victims . .1:-C;E-I: ft,_C#- '1--'1'1- fS'.
~IIQ'J'CD-"t lll":f- ~-'1
solace oneself

solicitor

1205

sojourn

,&.(to'}

1\1\''i'i

He solaced himself with reading the Bible.

""ll"m'i! :,.'1-ll"t n..,.,n-n ,:.(l."t All""<;
solace (n.), find - .,.li"'O'O
The invalid finds solace in music. Atoll ll"t
11-11- n.... noo-n..+ "~~"""A
give solace 11.1\'IJ'i

Music gives solace to the invalid. Atoll ll"t

h-A"t f"''..fli"'O'O oo-lf..+ ' ~..,.
solar fDm.e
The solar system consists of the sun and nine
planets. RD.h.e hftil CD-11'1' f"7..1"F Dm
_e<; Hm"F q11"'1'1- <;'I'CDsolar year fOCD-S'. om.e qoo:,.
The solar year is 365 days. fOCD-S'. Bm.e
qoo:,. ' ff~li 4>"t ' ~..,.
sold, see sell
solder RfS'.
He will solder the broken iron post tomorrow.
n..,.,...,. f.,.nn~..,., f-n~:r- 9"/lfo ~1 '
.eRMA
soldier m;rs>.c
The soldier was killed in action.
"'L''' ms>.+

m;l-S'.~

,.,C

sole (v.) f>A A1Q

The shoemaker soled my shoes. ""l"7 /1.1-CD-
ll""l"7'- f>A A1QA't
sole (n.)
I. CD-11'1' l\"IC. I have a blister on my sole.
CD-11'1' l\"lt. m? 9/'I'~A
2 f>A. There is a hole in the sole of my shoe.
f""l"''\1. f>A .,_RII;tA

sole, adj. ( ~ adv.) -nil'

He was the sole survivor of the accident.
toS'.;>CD- f.,.U..CD- l\(1. ilil' ~..,.
*The sole cause of the accident was liquor.
fS'.:>CD- 9"h"tf'l- ODm'J' l\"tl[ 11.11
~1C AA~R~9"
for the sole purpose

*He came here for the sole purpose of meeting

you.l\11.11 fODtiJCD- A"t.,_"t 11"7"1T'I- f\.A
-Ril' ' ~ ....

solely -nil'
We drive solely for pleasure. ftDDh.<; f,...,
'tS'.CD- ' IIOD1f<;<;'l- ' -Ril' ~..,.
He is solely responsible for it. tur~m- )"IC
"111.1-CD- l\C(l. ilil' ~..,.
solemn
1. bOX" YA. The minister spoke in a solemn

voice. "''..tll# hR.!:" Qll .1:"9"6 .,...,~

2. ~:> 111. The judge has a solemn aspect.
-'!>;'CD- ' ~:> ' fll ' DDAh ' AIICD3. '1"111 fiiCD-. The solemn festivals of the
church were gratifying. fll..,. hCII-I:n '1"111
fiiCD-' P'CO.,.' ::,0-'111.' OO"t.t.ll"t ' f"''....'~to' ~
nc
have a solemn face
I. .1.-1> m'lr.~. The mourners had solemn
faces. mH"t.,.'l''ll .1.?-'I'CD- m..,..c ~nc
2. .1.-i> I>II.,.C All. The judge had a solemn
face. f-'l>;'m- .1.'1- I>II.,.C -RII- ~nc
give a solemn promise '"IA(A!f-)

He gave me his solemn promise that he would

come. l\DDtiJIIIJ- illl- "''IIA't
solemnity (solemnities)
I. 1\'1' fll .,..,,. . The solemnity of the
funeral march was felt even by the children.
f4>-R~ ' .,.,. ' 1\'1' ' fll ' ftODif). ' A]('ll"t
l\"t\>. ltf,4>C .,.II"'''I'CD2. ?-II~ P'~ ycq:r-. Epiphany is observed
with solemnities. '1'11"4>'1- R?-11~ P'~ P'
cq+ .ehnt:-A
solicit
I. mf+. He is soliciting funds for a new
building. 11-'1.11 ih"tl\ "''oP6f """''""
ftODmf::,O llf, ~..,.
2. AQRII. To solicit a judge means to offer
him bribes. -'l>;'"t "7QRA "711'1- 'I-ll
oullm'l- "711'1- ~..,.
solicitor mft:l'
I must speak to my solicitor about that.

hi\ "'"~" bmO:J'\1. :>C oo);>~C hi\

-~~~

(be) solicitous -!-..,).,.

Mother is solicitous about your safety. "h'i"-1:
hll"t-1-

s-.nH '1-..,_):J'II:f-

o f.OO~'F'<I-A

solid (adj.)
1. 'l''l'C. Chemistry teaches us about solid
and liquid bodies. h."'7..h'l-6 hi\ 'I''I'C'i" 4.

1111 hliii-:f

Yh-1-'F'~'i"A

Don't feed babies solid food! ihY'i"'l-"t '1''1'

c ' ,....,"' ' h;J--0:>.,,.

2. m"Jtt&o. This chair doesn't seem very solid

to me. f.U ' OJ"tOC O"''F' m"tli<I- h!!.oo
hii~'F'

He is a man of solid character. OD"Jd.{l m"ttt

t-

(laJ-

~Q)o

The ground is not solid enough to build on.

"""--io O"''F' m"tli<I- MAif) 0.'1- II

""P'6Y ' hf.lf"t'F'
3. S'."'i'"t. The statue is made of solid gold.
dtliJoA_-fJ I h~ I WC~ I f.,.IP&o I ~d)o
A bar of iron is solid. f-11~-lo 4<6-"11' .1:-<;:"t

)fDo

The cloth is solid blue. A-111\- .1:-<;:"t h.,

Y'l! ),.
4. ,_II-. He talked to me for a solid hour.
h"t.l:" h'l'l- .-11- hm<~o~

The President has the solid support of the

Congress. "f'Mt..ll"t-1: fh.,II6l":f oo-tr .~:"
;><;: ' hllfDo
5. f"'7..;J-oo"tO'I-. He is a solid citizen. f"'7..;J-oP
1'0'1- 11.:> ' )tJJo
solid state 0~1'-)'1-

Water passes to a solid state when it freezes.

tJJo;) h.~ OJS'. 0~1'-)."1- f.IIOJ"'A
be frozen solid fll.P.. tr)o

The lake is frozen solid. dof.ofo

0~1'-

lf:<;A

be solid K"). h"t.l:-)."1- hlltJJo

The country was solid for peace.

....,. ' K"). '

h~6ofo

llh

h"t.l:-)."1- ' hil-l-

solidarity ""-i"QOC 1 h"t.I:-)."1African solidarity is necessary in present

circumstances. flo-). "l.tL 1~1tn oo
-1-QOC O"''F' hh4.11"1. )tJJo

The conference called for solidarity between

the two nations . .,.q~;.,. 011-11-lo ...,.,..,P':I"
."1- aol)bA h"t.l:-)'1- 1.1'.11."""'~-l- mf.,.

solidify (solidified), vt.

1. ms-.

0~1'-

tlmm. Cold solidifies water.

mS'. 0~1'- f.lltJJo"'A

:n.:J'n. tJJo;)"t

solid (n.) 'I"I'C

Chemistry studies the action of solids and
liquids. h."'7..h'l-6 f'I''I'C':f"t'i" f.t.llif:f"t
mQf.

solitude

1206

solicitous

2. hm)b~. The agglutination of asphalt and

gravel solidifies the highway. f&."t'fr'i" fm
me ao'l'do.l:" 1-.ll'i"tJJo"t Ym)h~'I'A
solidify (vi.)
I. ~:>. Butter solidifies as it cools.
H'l-11 f.~:>A

2.

S'.~~-

:to. h..,.

Their friendship solidifies yearly.

~S'.~);J-'ftJJo OYooofo f.S'.~YI;A

adj.) fmO.,.
The solidity of their friendship suffered a blow.

solidity(~

fmO.,. OJ.II)(');J-'1',.

.t.~(l

soliloquy 116-1\- f"'l'i"~~,.

Do you know Hamlet's soliloquy "To be or
DOt tO be?" OD'f'C I dJ~,.. I 1\1\oP'fC I 1tfl- I
119"A.-l- 116-1\- f"'l'i"~~fDo"t ;1-tJJo:J'IIU l

solitary
1. f-11~)'1-. A monk leads a solitary life.
ao)lf"ll. f-ll'f~)-l- ).C' f.'l' 6-A

2. -ll'f'i' flf). I spent last summer in a

solitary village. Yll.t.tJJo"t 0:> -ll'f'i' orr
):f 0 OD"tS'.C 0 h/t/1<;:!13. -ll'f'i'. He was a solitary, uoworldly man.
"'"""" ' 'l/19" ' f'i".,. ' (ltJJo ' ) oc

4. 'V"C Ill. The house is in a solitary spot

miles from a town. 11..., ~ hh+-7 1 i\.oflrf" r -7
C~

~&\. I

~C

i)i\.

(l;f"

~lD"

5. ( ~ adv.) -lli"tJJo"t. A solitary rider was seen

in the distance. M:t h"t.l:" .t.~(ll;' -IIi"
tJJo"t f.;J-f. )0C

A solitary tree grows on the mountaintop.

ft')J:'

lflfi;

-fl~liJ"').

+&-&-liJ"

AOifi;

"\~

O:t:>.A
[See also 'confinement']

solitude
I. "II'C .,11'1-. The solitude of this place got
on his nerves. ffl;t"lD" -PC r "71\-l- 1 h.llQ;a.

).,.,.

2. -ll'f'i' ,...,.,. . He likes compaoy and hates

solitude. -ll'f'i' ....,.,. hf.a>.l:-9" biltJJo
;JC ' 1.1'1(

3. ( ~ adj.) "II'C Yll. In the solitude of the

desert, one feels very much alone. ~C llll
O~">i ""h'l' h.~ -ll'f~)-l- f.(l.,A

[h't~ (1..,. ii;FIIJo't

.,..,_, h'i'A]
solo, adj. ( ~ adv.) ilii'IIJo't

solo, n.

f"tH'i'~"'"

flU

soluble ooAh IU'1'SII'I- f"t"f-A

The soluble problems are marked with a star.

ODAh ' I\J1'SI\'f11Jo ' f"t"f-11-T ' 'l',l'<l:?'"f- '
fltbil !I"Ab-1- -t-~1Q'f'I'A
be soluble ?.?.
Sugar is soluble in water. lt\t.C m-~ a aJol\'1'
1-?.?.A

solution

I. oo?.?.'1-. The solution of salt in water

produces ions. fQ;Lc- OlD-;) m-ll'l' ,....,_.,_
'I- hM ,l'h1'iA
2. oo~+th.. There is no solution to the educa
tion problem. 11'1-I"'UC'I- :f-'lc OO'i''l-..to.
hM'SII'I-1"'
3. ODJ"&-'1-. The solution of the problem took
him many hours. .h.o\11-'t OOJ"&-'1- iiH-
(I'l-l- a>(l.O.fl-1-

solve

I. 4-fr. I can't solve the riddle. 7.'t4':'J>Aif.'t

Al.;l'IIJo hA"f-AI""
2. JPt-. A mathematician is needed to solve
this problem. f.U't't "I'C'il/1.!1" 1\0DI" &-'1-
.h.ltil 0'1'4! ,l'hi.A:>A
3. OO'i'-1-..to. h1"f. They shelved the problem instead of solving it. 1\)1.;. oolj:ol-db
7.'t.l'."7"1"f'l- a>.l'. 1-'t hll-'1-

4. -t-~'1. The footprints were a lead in solving

the crime. f1."1C -'I-IJ9':f- fa>'t)>:ll-'t o-~;r
'i''t"i"

IJ'jo.

solvent (n.) ..,..,_.,..,1'

A solvent is needed to remove these grease
spots. MILU't f:'J>Q-1- ~mil"'!l"f- 11"7hll..,
:'J> ' "7?..,...1' ,l'hi.A:>A
solvent (adj.), be ~ ci'IIIJo't /Lb'i'A il'll
A bankrupt firm is not solvent. fb(l~ ~c~
'1- ci'IIIJo't /Lb'i'A hY."f-AI"'

somber "i"AI"'A!I" ,I'll

make (one) somber TltH.

a\,. IIJA

His losses made him somber. b.o\6-IIJo '1-IIH.

1\f. "11\IIJo

He made a solo flight today. ~"' ilii'IIJo't

1100~'1'1-

some

1207

solo

..,!-

A cloudy winter day is somber. flh~l"'-1-

.1'.00<;"7'0 "i"AI"'AI"' ,I'll ~"'"
be somber hOI.
It is a somber room with dark furniture.
fiL-l- 1.:1'11Jo m'II.C...C ,I'll hl\lf) h'i'
II- Y.hii'IA

wear a somber expression tah+C AA

The judge wore a somber expression when he
condemned the criminal. .;>;..,. fla>'t)>:ll'f
..,. 1\f. {LI.C~ lth-1-C illl- )flC

sombre, see somber

h't'l't~ )1C
I agree with some of what you say. h't-1- n
!1"'1-11..,. Q't'l't-'1- )1C 7.h"7"711o-

some (pr.)

some (adj.)
I. h't~. Some man is at the door asking
to see you. IU'):>"'CU f"ti.A"' h't~ (l
..,. no~- "" <~'?.A
2. h't'l't~. Some people can't stand noise.
(l?':f- "'i""l;l' ' hf.a>-'1-1"'
3. '1'4!'1-. His Beatitude, Abuna Kerellos, died
some years ago. ill\-~ hll-) <I:CII-h b'l'<l!
'1- 'lou:J'-1- R.I.'!- hU4. '1-'til. He lent me some money. '!-'til 1't
Hil hfl.I'.~'S
Drink some milk! '!-'til m-t-'1- m"'
5. ncb'!- ,I'll. That will require some time.
ncb'!- .I'll 1..11. Y.mf.:I'A
6. ( ~ pron.) h't'l't-'1-. All work is not dull,
some work is pleasant. v-tt-r JP ~ tt,e.(l
ll"f-1"' I h't'l't-'1- .l'.h S'-1\A
7. (~ adv.) ,I'UA. We stayed some two or
three hours. o-11'1- l"h-1- (1~'1- ,I'UA
<l'f't
8. (zero). Give me some matches. hil<l'l- hm't
h't'l't~ '

some of
1. "1"71i'f + (suffix pronouns). Some of us
are going by train and some by boat. "1"7il'il':f't fliJil-C "1"7il'if'"f-'t .1'."1'1" fl)>:AQ
h't~'lll't

2. h't'l'tl'-,;, Some of them dropped from

exhaustion. h't'l'tl'-,; .O.hoo.,. a>.l'..,.
I saw some of the children. h't'l'ti'-'Jh A]F.
hfiJ(be) some distance '!-'til &-:'J> hi\
The railway station is some distance froril the
village. 1111-C "'ll,I'IIJo bOD't.l'.-1- '!-'til
&-:'J> ' S'-1\A

:r-'

some more

*Give me some more. '!-'til "'-I"'CA'S

some - - or other

is in some book or other on that shelf.

sometime

!208

somebody

MU' t1DS'.CUf 'If. IJII-'l- ""lr.hll:

someplace

some time aao

I. h'l'of:'l- '1.11. ll.C.'l-. He was here some

somersault

:r- h"l-'1.

fDoi'l'l' ~ ....
some sort of h.'l.e' ct-,.e.\':,0
The girl wore some sort of decoration on her
dress. All"1~'1.-l> llof"''l..!t 'If. h"l.l': '\
f.~+ "1'1' h.I':C.;>ll:f

time ago, but never came back.

IL I O.t.+ I AH.U
{ohAt1D"'?"

)0C

)1C

h~J>4:T
..,.,

1..

i"ODA.

2. h + perfect + ol'f. He came here some

time ago. hoP"' -1'f.;t:A

for some time

ftJA

1\~iPC

"Ltl. I A-flit' "l.fL

I shall be away for some time. t\411l"C "l.fL

fDf. 0 fDo"l" I h~{IIJThe theft was not discovered for some time.
i'IC-1'-1> Milt- 1.11. ftJA hA;l'fD<I'?"
~IIC

[See also 'such']

somebody h"l.l': ...,.

Somebody asked for you. h"l.l': (lfDo LA
1tJ ~IIC
*He acts as if he were somebody since he won
the prize. 11A'"Iof>"l 1J1'f fD'i.tJ 11-.!-'l-
_,.(l?"_,.:J'A

I. h"l.l': 11:1'. I've seen you someplace before.

hH.tJ IIL'l- h"l.l': 11:1' _,.,<;'S-f-<;A
2. h.'l.lJ. ;J. He's living someplace in Los
Angeles. 11-11 h"l~lli'l fDoi'l'l' h"l-'1. :>
Y.'I'.!-A
[""<~-+

I. h"l.l': ~1C. I am sure I have forgotten

something. hC"'m'1 ~'1 h"l.l': ~1C ~~~

!I' All~1C r llcnm2. ~1C. Give me something for my cold!

"'"'"-~"~ f'"l.f1iAA'1 ~~c i'lm'1
3. fD'ifD1. Do you want something to drink
with your meals? h?""HHtJ :>C ?"<;?""!
il""m"''l- '1-oi.A:>lltJ l
4. h"l.l': '\f.~+. There is something strange
about that house. f.tJ IL'l- h"l.l': '\f.~+
>.."1"1'1 ~1C hllll'l5. 11.11: J fi:&. )"JC. There is something in what
he says. 11.,..,~,. ~1C fDoi'l'l' h"l.l': 'i't.
~1C hllll'l-

Give him something! h'tl:

6. noum).. He knows something about medicine. llA :t.h~ noom). ft&ft-IA

7. 'l-"111 'l-"111. He looks something like me.
'l-"111 'l-"111 h~"l f.""i'I'IA
something like fiJIA

somehow
I. h"l"-?""1?". The cattle got out of the pen
somehow. hofl~ hll~;l''ffDo h"l!.?"""?"

something of fiODm).

The letter got lost

somehow. flA:f"m+ OD"}"JJ!" ~11.40.m-
mof.
3. liM h"l"-lf~ h"l!l". I somehow don't
like the candidate. 11?""1 h"l!.lf~ h"lll"
"""11.1':.

_,.fD'I'I&fDo"l hAfD"-fDo?"
[See also 'other']

someone
l. J;,-,._e- tuo I h."}J!". Someone came to see
you. h"l.l': (lfDo (h"l.l':) ll.ff.U """'"'
~IIC

2. flm-. Call someone! {lm- '1",&.

3. (zero). Is there someone here who can play
the piano? T.f'l' """"ifD'l- f'"l. :f-A hll l
[See also 'else, other']

""111'111'1']

something

someday h"l.l': 4'"1

You'll regret that someday. h"l.l': 4'"1 1111.
f ~1C 11'1-llll'l- h'l-<I>C?"

"'""
2. fJA:J'fD<I'

/If.~ II-

He left something like $10,000. OP'C it of!

C ftJA 'l-_,. .,._,.

He is something of an expert in that field.

flHJ F6- (loom). O'P-t )(Do
something or other
I. h"l'l"l.l': ~11!':f. Something or other reminded me of him. h"l'l"l.l': ~11!':f l\{1-"1
M:J'tD{l-'1
2. 'r'iv-f. Give him something or other!
?"<;M!ImfDo
it's something 'l-"111 hf."-11?"
It's something to own property. Ill\ ou&,:,O OD

""' 'l-"111 hf.!.ll?"

or something like that

*He's a professor or something like that.

fl'tiiCI\t oP?"tJC llf.lf"l hf.<I'C?"

sometime (adv.)
l. h."J 1: "1.11.. I saw him sometime in May.
h"l.l': 1.1L 11"1"111'1- fDoi'l'l' hf.'l:fDo ~IIC

1209

sometimes

Why don't you come to my office sometime?

A~A~~~Rm~~~~~~A+Ar1

n. She'll be here sometime this

week. OH.U il~+ ""11'1' A~./1.. ~ .,.
~' +"""'A:Y.
*The trains stopped running sometime last
year. Qi\Lm- 1 floo+ m-ll'l' 1 QfK. 1 00~11
A41""
*It happened sometime last March. ~1<1- fll"
2.

A~.ll-~

~Q)o

I Qi\LDJo

OD:Jfl.+ I liJo/IT 1

~Q)o

sometime, adj. ( ~ adv.) ~~

He is a sometime pupil of our school. J\ll~ f+rue+ IL;t-:Y.~
~oe

.,...,&

Y:

A~'!~~ ~R l A~'!~.<'.
Sometimes it gets very hot here. h~J;"JY: 1 1.H. 1
7-.H.U O"'r f.'f":J>A
Sometimes I wake up in the middle of the night.
A~'!~.<'. 7.11-A 11.11.+ 'If. M:J>Au-

sometimes

sometlmes ... sometimes h"JF.. ~ ~- h"JF. 1 F...,IJP

She likes sometimes the one and sometimes

the other. A~.<'. A~./1.. ~ A~.<'. ~.,.,.. 1\.
'~""~ +m>~A:Y.

somewhat
I. +~11. My hat is somewhat like yours.
tte~"'~ +~11 rt_,.~ f.ODII'IA
2. (reduplicative). I feel somewhat tired.
_,."'i"l'"'l'"'A
*We arrived somewhat late, I'm afraid.
H"lf._,.~ {)~~ell . AA.,.t.~r
*I was somewhat surprised to hear that.
J'~~ Ooull.,-1: ilA1t.r AA.,.t.u-r

somewhat of

*It was somewhat of a surprise to see him.

.,.,,.+ f"Y.J'II1er ~1e ~ne

7.11-~

somewhere
1. h~-4. ;J. He lost it somewhere between here
and the post office. OH.Uo;" 0?"11;1- IL.,
""lthA A~.ll- :> ~"" f"'A""
2. h"JJ': 1 P;t-. I saw it somewhere, but I don't
remember where. A~~ fl;l- t.J'.'Ji'I'AIJ- l
f+ 7.~~11"~ "'~ +11 Af.A"ir
*It happened somewhere in the last century.
IJAI....,. H""~ ""11'1' _,.~t.1
somewhere about 'IF-."7
My teacher is somewhere about forty. ooru~ 1
Aett 't""+ 1~., 'i'l'""
somewhere else /1." ;!J

Let's meet somewhere else! 1\.11 :> 7.~1'>"1

[See also 'along, around, thereabouts1

soon

somnolent
*He has a somnolent expression. f"7J"J+"4- 1
f."" IIIlA
feel somnolent 7-.~~A'i' 7-.~~A'i' AA("")
Heavy meals make me feel somnolent. hQY: 1
r"'~ 11011 7-.~~A'i' 7-.~~A'i' f.A"'A
m~~

son

A"1':

How many sons does he have?

:Y. A}c-f All-+ 1

II~+

w~P..

song
I. R.,. He knows the songs of the church.
fiL_,. hell1:rt R.,l":Y. J'"":J>A
2. HL"). He sings only American songs.
f"''..H'i'~"" fA'Uit~~ Hof.. ~ ~!J' ~""
3.
In the evening, you can hear the
crickets' song. "7:1" 1 ay;t- 1 fl..")tq Q;b1i+ 1
A+o'l., +:Y.IIIIU
for a song f"JT-I:.f 1 ltJIA
He bought the chair for a song. w~O'I-~ f1
~"" n'l'<I:J' J'UA ~""

"'''li+.

fr+n'l'~ UJ'i'
He keeps a songbird in a cage.

songbird

r,..+H~"J

'I' J'il~;>A

son-in-law A.,:Y.
My son-in-law left for America last month.
A.,'fi flllof.."" we w~ A"'1t:lt 't~

Song of Songs ""'lAf ""'lA.rt

He translated the Song of Songs into Amharic.
ou;A f "";AJ'~~ UJ~ A.,e,. _,.t."I-OD

sonorous
1. mLC 1 .fi\. The speaker has a sonorous voice.
_,.'i:>i:"" wot..e J'll ~r6 All""
2. f"''..C""1i. A sonorous church bell sounds the
hours. f"''..C'"1i"" fiL.,. hell1:rt ~mA
(Jot.,~ J'ODIIh;I-A

soon

I. -r-11-. If you don't do it soon, it will be too

late. .,..11- ltA,.t-1i"" ~u"" J'Aof..A
2. n~en-. We shall soon be having rain.
n~en- 11'>~ 7.'>1,.11~
3. +Y:'fP. Why have you come so soon?
11~ 7.~ ~H.u .,.~-u """'u 1
come again soon! 11~ 1 J\J'Ah 1 mf.+"J

soon after
I. w.II.J'..,.).. He came here in March, but left

for Ethiopia soon after. ROD:>~+ 7-.fi..U

"'"""" ~oc 1 "1"1 m"'.ftD-'J. ms>. 1\.~1'-A

Y 'tS'.

2. ltiiL. He came soon after three. Hm'S II'

~ ltllol..
soon be

soothsayer

1210

sooner

OD"'

I. 1-:1'<:0. It will soon be time to leave.

fOD'tlf 1.11. 1-:I'C!LA.
2. 11.'1"'1,. ~,.. It will soon be five years since
we came to Addis Ababa. IVI.il hOIJ h.,.
"1"1 h,.ll~ , .... ~ 11.'1"11"1 ~ ....

all too soon IJ.t.:l"m:Jt

Vacation ended all too soon. f~<:'i'-1> 1.11.
llf..;J-m:f> hilL
as soon as h"l.l'. + perfect + a>JU'IJ)o
Let me know as soon as you get here. 7tH.u r
h"IS'.S'.<:llh a>JU'ID- hil;f-ID-4''S

as soon as

*The brave soldier would as soon die as

yield to the enemy. .r.oS.c m;f-S'.C h)l:"l
llm'l~ h""ilm~ f..A.:f> ""'1"'1-"1 f..""C"'A.
*I would as soon go as stay. hoo,ff:,. ooY.,
Y: f..'lfii>;'A.
as soon as possible 'A'1~..,.oo:faJCome to see me as soon as possible! ,_,.~.,.oo
'I'll """'"'"" h"l~o;'S
how soon 1 M ~UIA "LH.
How soon can you be ready? II""H:>)'.'~ ,.
"I YIIA. 1.11. f..L~VA. l
so soon
*Must you leave so soon? f'"~aJ- lfh..AtJ 1
too soon
I. hll-"1. It's too soon to tell what's the
matter with him. '""' h"IS'.~lttJ>o hll-"1 II
OD~C Yll'f"l<l-A.
2. 'flt-11". He came too soon. 'flt-11" """'
very soon hrJo1
He'll be here very soon. hll-"1 f.."""'A.
[See also 'iust1

sooner .,.,_,. 1111"

He'd better be here sooner than you are.
lt"l-1- .,.,.,. 1111" 0.00"1 .e.'If111'&1.
sooner or later
I. f:\'1 :\'1. Sooner or later, this practice
must disappear. f:\'1 :\'1 f..ll A..,Y: ""
:f><:~ hiiO~
2. "l<l-,. ~Lll .,.'S. Sooner or later, we'll
have to make up our minds . ...,~,.. )ol.{l 1
.,.'S miiiJ:f"l"l ,..,...<:"' hll11"1

3. 011""1,. ,,..~~. It was bound to happen

sooner or later. 011""111" ,,..~~ ODIJ''J. h

uc,.

4. ,.h" hY:r:. The situation in the country

is bad, but it will come to a head sooner or

later. IJ~tl:t Yll':fO~ 11-l!.;f- """'~ ~..,. 1
,.h" hY:r: YOmm- ooL"I-'l-l> hUe,.
sooner . than
*He'd sooner die than give in. h"''.lf~'i' m'l.

,,..,. o..,.~

_e.oac~r~A.

no sooner than tDUaJ- 7t1"~ + perfect

No sooner did we arrive than the telephone
rang. a>JI.Ym- h"IS'.S'.<:/1"1 IIA.h- 1-S'.mll
*He had no sooner arrived home than he was
asked to start on another trip. MI.-I> hOO"IIJ
-1> m.r. 1\.'1 ll'i'<l- h"IJI.'tY: 1-mf.,.
*No sooner said than done. lt4- "'"'"" IIY
A.:f> ~h~rt-"1 LKOOII~
the sooner
1 -o..:'fooo
The sooner you come, the better .
"' f-1-'lfll ~..,.

.,.ir"

.,.ir"

soot

I. '1'4'C'If. The soot has blackened the ceiling.

"'"'c'lfm- ~r~.:ym-"1 h'l'~:f"A.
2. 'I'll if~ l 'I'll~. She scoured the potto remove
the soot. 'I'll if-1>"1 11.,/lll.,.:f> .,1\r:tJ>o"l
L.,.L.,."f-mScrub the soot off the pot! '1''1-1>"1 hY:ll-1>
'If.. '1'<:~ ....

soothe

I. hll;f-~"' (11~). The ointment soothed the

itching. :f>IJ-1> f"''.YIIhhm-"1 hii;J-~.,11~
2. h<::>:>. She soothed the frightened children
by hugging them close to her. f.l'.~~ltl>M
A,"jt.';f- I h:f-4. Ooo.J"H hl:;>;>jF'fiJ)o
3. hlfOo;'o;', John's sympathy soothed Mary in
her grief. "'tl Mto; o~o.::r-o~ 1.11. f
]1."1 1-ltoi.M~ hYoo;o;~

soothing Y<:lt
The babble of the stream was very soothing.
fm"IH- '1-C,.C,.:f" ""''" Y<:lt ~oc
*She has a soothing voice . .e-9'"3. 1 AC1 )omsoothing lotion .,.11.,.11 f"''.Y.I'.C"I ' oo;J-'If
She rubbed her skin with a soothing lotion.
~'11'"1 <1>11<1'11 O"''.YS'.C"I oo;J-'If hlf"f-m-

soothsayer

~"10.-J->;'

The soothsayer foretold Caesar's death. '1-"10.1>;'m- f4<11C"I 'I"~ 1-~0f

(be) sooty '1''1-l- ofi!F If)

Her hands were sooty. 7..( '1''1-l- ofi!F
)OC

sop (sopped) 1\'J'~{' R'l

The child sopped bread in milk. 11\:<j: 'lllm-"t
Rm-1'-l- l\'1'~(' R'l
sop up
I. ll.l'm.,.(l R'l. He used bread to sop up the
sauce. Jl{laJo') OJ'l' ltfm+ll Olt
2. 1\ovmm. Please sop up that water with a
cloth! Mlh. f")"t .,.:> R"'Wi~ M"'l'
miJJo

sophisticate

f-1'"7~

The young sophisticates banded together to

form a club. f-1'"7~+ mnJ.f-"'f hRil fl
"'**~~"

. -f'(IR(IR-

sophomore [RI>II.;t!' IJJoll'l' mY.II" Rll-fl-1'

If f..~)i -l-II"IJC-l- 11.-l- fll-fl-l''f
'iOD-}o o 1'"76]

soporific f"''.""l'''fl
I can't stand this soporific climate. f"''."'i""l )IJJo
't ffC 11-~:J- l\11\mf..IJJoll"

sopping, be -

wet

He was sopping wet from the rain. 11.,11- 1\RI'l

R(liJJo

sorcerer l\11"7T'f
The sorcerer cast a spell on the young girl.
l\11"71-'fiJJo 11\;l!':t't OOD-f'o}o l\{1&--l-

sorcery l\{1"7-lThe merchant has been changed into a lion

by sorcery. );>.<',.IJJo Rl\11"7-l- mr.. 1\'tRI!
~+

+Amm

sordid
I. f..llll. The poor family lives in a sordid hut.
r..-"Ji,; 11.-f'(lll"'f Rf..l!ll 'I]! IJJoll'l' Y.'l'&-tr
2. l\11)'1'6. The sordid quarrel of the two
families was finally settled. fll-111> 11.-l'l'lll"'f
l\M'I'6 mil oov..,~"lf.,. 1'.1.11""

3.

sore

1211

sooty

m~.c;.

Prostitution is a sordid business.

(1.-f''f l\'16 fD&-'1 F &- )IJJo

sordid poverty

They live in sordid poverty. R"'f"IC 1'41.6ll"f..IJJo Y.'l'&-tr

sore (n.) 411111\

The sore is pretty well healed. 4111fl- m1
., il!l.ll\

be covered with sores -lt(lA. -o;r: ) RC

The body was covered with sores. -.1\m- IJolr
411111\ -R!F )OC
have a sore t&lJ:A

+f have a sore on my palate. 'l't:I'\L "'11!1.11\

sore (adj.)
I. ( = noun) 411111\. A sore knee keeps me
from kneeling. f"J-11\01: 411111\ l.'t-'111\'tR
~btl 1\f.."C'I':'A

2. fR(lR(l. The wound looked sore and ugly.

4111fl- fR(lR{l... f"''.f{l;> ODIIflo Y.:J-Y.
)OC
3. hlUt". Your going away is a sore grief to us.
OD~f.."IJ bllf.." ' .hH't 1\llf..~il't
*He has a sore throat. 1-t:t:m-"t l\'I":J-11\

*Their defeat is a sore subject with the members of the team. fll-f.."l>- ovlf)'i! 1-"'i'l'
,;'t. ~.,...l!:'l''l'll\
be sore

1.

1\000D.

Don't touch my arm! Ifs still sore.

tJ't.<',.'t ' 1\-l-'tlJ l l\!1-'tll" ' foP';' .I\

2. (liJJo)1> '11-fl. He is sore because of all that
exercise. b(liJJo)ol- "7m'th6fiJJo 11\ll"ll"f.."
f-1')"1 (liJJo)1> '11'!\.11\

3. ~Cl\fl(fDo). +He was sore thathehadn'tbee n

invited. llf-.:>011 ooo~~1> ~c ilflo-l- )0C
4. O.hH't of')IJ. Her heart was sore after the
loss of her son. bll\.( '1"-l- m.ll.IJ 11\!1.
O.hH't l.'tf..of')IJ )IJJo
be sore all over
He is sore all over. ODl\ = (UD')o-IJ ::t"f'lo!l,A
be sore with
Are you sore with me because I inadvertently
told your secret? l!'IIJJo~ 9"llm.Cil't Mm
#fll"b'S l
get sore ..,Afi: ItA
You needn't get sore right away. -fit- ..,A~ 1
l\Y.O.I\11
(be) in sore need of 0"111" l\llol.fi1(1JJo)
He was in sore need of help. ~C'I:J- 0"111"
l\lloi.A1-l- )0C
make sore h(lA
Diarrhea made his anus sore. N"7'1' 'i!'t
m.nJIJJo't 1\.,.(l{IIJ)o

..,..,.foP

"'ll- .

make one's heart sore OIIJ9'" 1 h/JH)

The suffering of the poor makes her heart sore.
ff..""Ji"'f ODoP:f'fo}o 0"19" fl!11 ..:J-A
touch a sore spot
*When you mention the battle of Adowa to
an Italian. you touch a sore spot. fh,.(!-cp") t11

CH 11"111..1'") _,.m~~ ll;f-)"10'1- -lrll

11-"> R~">""'l- ).").<'.)IJUR'l- YUA )m-

so rei y R"'ll"
The remark sorely hurt him. f.,.II)H~m-
hii.,.Yf'l- R"'ll" h<l1f'l';f-A
I was sorely tempted to buy it. A~qm- R"'ll"
'11"11 )RC
[See also 'tempt, try')

sorghum

sort

1212

sorely

"7ii~

They grow sorghum in Ethiopia. h.'1-f'kY

dJ-11'1' "7ii~ .J'.R.7i>~A

be sorry fi"'ll" l>H) I hH)

I was sorry to part company with such a

pleasant fellow. hrtU .<'.II h"'l.A (lm- II
11,1'. R"'?" h1f"'i )fiC
I'm sorry to say that can't be so. Y >.">.<'.rtU
ll.lf"> h,l'.l'AII" IIA >..~H">h- )m*If you'll say you are sorry, we'll forget the
incident. h'l''i'!l'l\11- IJAh )~'~<"> >.">~
'1'1'11")
be sorry for hH)(II'l-)
I am sorry for her because her husband is a
very cruel person. 11!1. ..,.,'1, (lm- 111\lf)
l>1f")~;f-llll-

sorority [fll.-l':f hR11

m,l'.ll" "71RC]

sorrow (v.) hH)

She sorrowed over the lost money. illlmof.m-
1">H11 hft)":f

sorrow (n.)
1. dtH'l. She can't get over her sorrow.
.hHS:"> A'l-~<lm- h'l-l-AII"
2. hi\IJ~. Bob's laziness was a sorrow to his
parents. f(l-tl ll">'i''i" 1\dJ~~'tl l;<lq'1 )RC
express sorrow +MT
She expressed sorrow at her mistake. flllih-t-:1:
.,.Kll.,.:f
pang of sorrow lhH1

He felt a pang of sorrow on leaving his old

home. f J':f: IL..,., noaA.,.,. .t.H"> .,.(l

.,..,.

to my great sorrow l'l.'"IH.ft-flth.C {L't.IIJ~

To my great sorrow, all my cattle were dead.

>."7rth11.h.C (l.<fr."''1 h11-Mi 11-11- hi\_,

sorrowful
I. h<lq'1. Her sorrowful tale touched my heart.
t.<lq'1 ;f-&1>. AIL"> )t,mA funeral is a sorrowful occasion. f+oflc ~
) P'C't'l- h<lq'1 "Lii )dJ2. YH). Sorrowful relatives followed the
coffin. YH't-'1- IL.,. nouP.":f <1.'1..,.., .,.h
.,.11-'1-

sorry (adj.) f"'U'<l11">

The blind beggar in his ragged clothes was a
sorry sight. 11-M fiiRI'lm- 't,l'.) II~
11"7'1 l'l.YI'-'1- f"'U'<l1f") )fiC
It was a sorry day when our team lost. 11-.t:'i"l., f.,.lno~.n+ .,., f"'L..'<l11"> .,., )fie
Sorry I ,1'..7!-C;fSorry! Did I hurt you? .1'-.7!-C;f- 1--'111-U ?

in a sorry state Tflt\7i..,.

He found his garden in a sorry state. Y-l-hA

_,.R~ii-1' h~'fm-

..,-, ll:f-

sort (v.)
I. 1\Yf. They sorted the fruit according to size.
>.">.O.foum't- IIYI<-l2. h.l.ll. They sorted the class into three groups.
h'i'll-"> 011'11-l- 11-J':"> h.l.ll-'13. Rf't,I'.);J-'I'm- 1\f. The boy sorted the
stamps. A';il: -1:?"-tlf:'tl"> Rf't.J'.);J-'I'm- 1\f
o;:o~,m-")

sort out

I. Rf't.J'.);f-'l'm- 1\Yf. Sort out the oranges!

11C.,.IJ'l''Jl"> Rf'tM;J-'I'm- 1\Y.J'.
2. nfouAh- hll4'oum. The books were all
mixed up, and it took some time to sort them
out. oull'.t.G:'tl .,.,...l'l.4'.7!-llm- IIMRC Rf
ODAh- 11"7114'""'1' "Lii BJ(l.<'.11'1

sort (n.)
I. 't,I'.)'J-. I can't get along with that sort of
person. hrtU 't.J'.)'J- lim- :>C All"7"7
hAl-A?"
What sort of work does he do? ,..., 'tY,)'J-
JP&. ,l'.oP&.A l
2. (lm-. He is a good sort. .<'.1'i" (lm- )m3. 't,l'.)-l- (lm-. John is the sort who is always
late. ~"> 11-A"I.Ii f"'l.H~,I'. 't,l'.)-l- (l
(go

~(go

*He promised me all sorts of things. h.<'.C"7AV

1111- Y~ll'1 )~C hA)fi~ll"
sort of

I. noum't-. I'm sort of glad. Room). .<'.II

1111-...A
2. relative + 't.J'.)'J-. She's sort of interesting .
f?";f-11.<'.11'1- 'tM-l- 'i"-lHis conversation was sort of boring. ~"P;ND 1
f"'U'I'lll':f 'tM-l- )fiC

sound

1213

sortie

(1) sort of thought mC'I't. ~DC

I sort of thought this would happen. f.ll ~1C
li'I.P."''.ll''l mC'l't. ~DC
a sort of out\f.
They drink a sort of coffee. IK" oal)f.
f.m"'llof sorts ftm.
He is a football player of sorts. fli'1C l>.ll
-t-i'P:Y.. ll.m.. ~ ....

of the sort lt1'JI.U lA ~-.c

I said nothing of the sort. l\'1-'1.11 fil
C l\AIDIIJ"1?"

~1

sortie
1. .,'1'.4''1-. The enemy's sortie did not damage
our lines. fmll'l- .,'1'.4''1- fiPC '1'1Q<~o:Y.
'I 'I ' l\A'1-.llliJo?"

2. fllilll n.:<~o. Our planes made several

sorties over enemy territory. haJ-C"'T'I\"f:r=l-1'
Omll'l- ""'I.P.C 'If. 11,. fllilll OG<!- l\
.P.G't-

4. 'I'A+'I- II... He sounded the lake. f.bf.<lt

'I 'I'A+'I- II ..
5. 1""1"". He sounded public opinion to find
out how people felt about his plan. lll":Y. ll
II li:Jo-'1. M li'I.P."''.fllll- 1\.,lll:Jo fih11
11-'1 1\ll...ff'l- 1""1""
*He sounded the retreat. m;t.P.~,; lll.P. :\11
ll'l-'l.f.t.1'i'7- f.,llm'l+-1:1 .1':?"6 l\11.,
sound (vi.)
1. .,.11.,. Running feet sound through the
hall. f"''.~'l' llliJo 1>1: llou.,.l\llol.fliJo , .
ll'l' f.II.,A
2 . .,.t'l-. The trumpets sounded for battle.
ODI\Il.,.,; IIIPCt'l- .... t43 . .1':?"6 l\11.,. The trumpets sounded as the
troops advanced. m;t-.P.;;. lll.P..t.'l- 1 11.111'1ll
001\h.,.,; .1':?"6 l\11.....
4. .,..._IIlii. At the precise moment that the
doorbeU sounded, the telephone rang. All 1
rn;;. .P.mA 1 1\..P.IDA llA 11-r .,..._mil

5. OD{tA. That sounds good to me.

.eoo

lli1'1A

5050 ?"'!?" l\f.A

How do you feel today? So-so. q,:.n li'I.P.?"

'I ~II l ?"'!?" l\AA

His story sounds credible. :t"t.!J. 1 f"''.:t"OO'I

f.ooMA
6. ,.~ liJoll'l' mil+. The whale sounded.
,.~ 1 liJoll'l' mil+
~q,.,.
~"'

sought, see seek

soul
1. ~'i'll. When a man dies, his soul leaves his
'1-ilf
body. llliJo 11.'1"'1- t'i'(l.

liP'....,,.

ii:Y.
2. .b/)11. She puts her whole soul into her
work. thlt!L IJefto = F&.'P 4\f. ~m3. ?"1)1\.. He is the soul of kindness. f.P.'1t'l-
?"1){1, tliJo
4. ~f.'I. The leader was the soul of the
expedition. .,..,.,. fHoa!J',. ~f.'l toe

have no soul hcrt.+ h.ei"'Tf"'

His painting has no soul. P'Mt- ll"'L'I- 1\f.
11'1'?"
not a soul l\'1.1':?" llliJo l .,.,?"
There wasn't a soul to be seen. 'it'tF:r (tat-
l\MOG?"
Don't teD a soul! ii"Y'!?" l\-l-'11C

[See also 'body, heart']

sound (vt.)
1. t'l-. He sounded the trumpet. 'N-'IQIIJo'l t'l2. l\11.,. The trumpets sounded the caU to
arms. oa{lll.,.,; fiPCt'l- O'P~ l\11..,..
3. l"t+.:n. Everyone sounded his praises.
rrll-?" ?"ll:>t;liJo'l 1\+.:n

sound alike QtQ011 1\'I.V: t;'fliJo

Th...., two words sound alike. MH.ll rril'l-
"'" l- QtQ011 1\'I.V: ,.,,.
sound hoarse 1-C'i'i )dJoo
His voice sounds hoarse. Y:rffo. 1-C'i'i" \'(Do

sound out hlJ:fl-") A"7m:,. mt'+

He sounded them out regarding their willingness to come along. 1\DD?"IIJ'I- 1 f.LA't-
li'I.P.ll'~ l\<"IQ'fliJo'l il.,m:t-

mf+

we sounded out the teacher on the subject of

a picnic. ooru;;. llil 1ic11;;. M l\'1
.P."''.fll11 ' 1\.,lll:t- ' t1;;.'1 I M"''l
[See also 'alarm, funny, kneU')

sound (o.)
1. .1':?"6. Light travels faster than sound.
11CY'I 11.1':?"6

f..t.'l't;A

I recognized her by the sound of her voice.

U.V:?"~ Olll:Joh:\'1-

2. .4'A. She didn't utter a sound l\'1.1':?" .4'

A 1\A... t.t.II:Y.
3. .b/)11. I heard

the President's speech

yesterday, but I did not like the sound of it.

M"t.H.-'1'1-1>'1 '1'1'1C _...,.,_...., ll.,rr 1

.b<"lll-'1 '1'1 1\AIIl.P..r:!J.'I-?"

sound

1214

4. II'~. Phonetics teaches how sounds are

pronounced. f MA !1:'1"6 T'i'-'1- II'~Y
-'1-"J ~"J~'I""J ~"J~'I"..-HI Yh.,.'I"G..-A
5. [(lol\-'1- IJ.bC f"'U'<t.t.'S G"J!:'I" f.,.

;) Mm.]
within sound of one's voice

r want the children to remain within sound

of my voice. A]t.'fl hmt.'f.,. h"'Lh...'S
ll;f- ~"J.II.P.C41
sound (adj.)
I. TA:r-. He gave me sound advice. TA:r- 'I"

he hm'S
2. 'No I tn.)'i'. One must have a sound mind
in a sound body. 1\"J!/: h"'" 'No 1\~'1"
t: htn.)'i' 1\IJA :>C II.'i"G.,. .P.~IJA
3. 11C-I>. He has a sound constitution.11C-I> h
IJ)o).r 1\1\IJ)o
4. ~W. The carpenter uses only sound
timber. l'l..-m..,. o~w c!"J"".r 11ll'
_ewt.A
5. m"JIJt.. If the foundation is not sound, the
house will collapse. oourt;-IJ m"JIJ&o IJA.
IJ') 11.-1> .P.o!.C<'IA
6. !/:11"J Yll. His sleep is sound, and nothing
will wake him up. !/:11"J Yl\ ~"J:r-Ao;:
hi\"'LID~.,. 'I""J'I" 1\Y):I-IJ)o'/"
7. f"'U'h_,..,,..,. He kept his money in a
sound bank. nno-"J O"'LYh.,..,'I""J IJ"Jh
"'"hT 1\h+""m
8. 0~.,.)-'i- 'I.P. f.,.oawG.,.. That's a sound
argument. Y 0~.,.)-'1- 'I.P. f.,....,,G.,.
1\h.,.Yf-'1- ).,.
9. ( = adv.) ,_A"f!' 1\!!:C-t. The father gave
the hoy a sound whipping. 1\IJ-'I-\1..,. A)I:"J
-A"f!' ' 1\!/:c-t ' ~Go!..,.
be sound asleep

He's sound asleep. !!:11"J Yll ~"J:r-Ao;: ID

hi'-;f-A
[See also 'safe']

sounding fTA+-'1- ""1111..1'

Soundings show Lake Tana is quite deep.
fTA+-'1- ODI\hJ'IJ)o f"' ... mM TA:r-
...,.,,_-, Y<'IYA

(be) soundless !1:'1"6 fl\.,.'1"

A small electric motor is soundless. -'1-"J'li fll.
11.h"'-6h
!1:'1"6 fi\IJ)o'/"

.,..,.c .

soundly
I. ...A"f!' 1\!/:c-t. The monitor scolded us
soundly. 1\ll.+lf't ...A"f!' 1\!/:C-t ~O"J

source
2. 1\hll. My brother decided soundly, and
so kept out of trouble. ID'J .1:""1. 1\hll .,.,..~
M~G~ h:fo'IC .II)
3. ~"r'i' 1\!/:c-t. The thieves thrashed him
soundly. ll.ll'fl ~"'" 1\!l:C~.,. ~o~o-.r
He sleeps soundly. ll..,.'i' "J!:-11 lliD~.,. 1\
.P.h.,'l"

soundness -'1-hhll'i')-'1The soundness of his idea is obvious. fdt<'lll-

-'1-hhl\'i')-'i- "IAI'i" )IJ)o
soundness of judgment 1\h.,.'f'.P.)-'iPeople respect his soundness of judgment.
hl":Y. IJh.,.'I'M-1> Yh11~;f-A

(be) soundproof
Is this room soundproof? .P.ll h<;:A !1:'1"6
1\YilTIIA'i''l"l

soup ii'CIJ
Do you like soup? ii'CIJ -'1-ID.III\111

sour (vt.) 1\ho...,mm

Hot weather will sour milk. '1".+-'1- 1\fC ID
T-'1- YhoODT"'A
sour (vi.)
I. hoDDmm. The milk soured overnight. ..,.,.
-1> , IJ"J!l: 11.11.-'1- hoODmm
2. 11{1..., IJ'). She has soured in the last
months. IJI\4--'1- mt.+ ID-'1.11 11h""
ll''i'll:f
sour (one's) temper ..,Afi;.,.~
Ml"l
Hardships have soured his temper. ODht. "lA
<;:_,.>;' 1\!!:C-t;f-A

(be) sour
I. .,....,HH. This wine is too sour. .P.II ID.P."J
m"J!: 0"1'1" .,.'I""H!I.A
2. ODGG. Most green fruit is sour. l\111f'i'.,.
YAO{II\ ' 'i'<lo ' _P.ODt.A
sour face

*Despite his sour face, he is a nice person.

'I""J'I"' ~")\>,") 1.-I>"J llltTC '~"I h.,. )IJ)o
turn sour

I. hoODmm. The milk turned sour in the hot

weather. h-+-'1- f.,.).., IDT-1> hoODmm
2. lfhG. Their friendship turned sour. ~~'S);f
'f.,. lfha:A

source
I. 'I""J"f!'. The source of the Blue Nile is in
northern Ethiopia. fT41C OIJ.P. 'I""J"f!'
{l"'j,"J h.-'1-f'lrY I IJ)o{IT I )IJ)o

~so~u~t~h___________________________l~2~1~5___________________________

This book is the source of my information.

f.tJ 0 ODl\".b'j: ' fODl;'f\lo 0 9"1"1" 0

~ ....

2 ou~JI" l OD~lf. Have you found the source

of the trouble? ftJ-bof>'t ou~JI" (OD~lf)
.l:<:illlR+ l
3. ilm-. I have it from a good source. b;f"OD~
....... ' fil"7u-+ ' ~ ....

south

')4-(to

southerly
I. bm~ ~!1-11 f"'l.OD"J. A southerly breeze
blows today. ~.:. bm~ ~!1-11 f"'l.OD"'
~4-il

M'i'llA

The southerly direction of the plane

is indicated on this chart. fhm-C'T'I). ~n
Q'J! h;"f>"l"'i flii.U MJI '1.1'. of-ODAb;tA
~!1-Q'I!.

~!1-11 '1"1"&-;"f>
southeast is inhabited by Somalis.

southeast
The

n~n-11 'I"F&-;"f> f"'l.'l'~+ """'"'"":f

<;:fm-

southern

~!1-Q'I! I f~!l-11

This plant is found only in southern regions.

.eu ~6 f"'l.~"fm- n~n-q'l! h'i'll-:f
1111' ' ~ ....

This house has a southern aspect. .I'.U n.+

f~!l-ofl ' IJ.ofo?f''t o f.ODii'\A

South Pole

Qil-1-'1~~ ' m-il'l' ' btJ-11- ' b'i' ' J.'il ' FA
"''t ' hl\m-

sovereignty
I. ~~~~+. Foreign bases are harmful to a
country's sovereignty. Q'lJ!" h1C dJ'<OT

~!1-Q'I!

'I'A:f"
~!1-Q'I!

'I'A:f" ' flfl<:P. ' -1-lf'i'J.:A

southwest .1:!1-11

'1"~&-11

The southwest is inhabited by Gallas. fl~!l-11

'1"~&-11 ' f"'l.'l'~+ ' ;JII-:f ' <;'I'm-

souvenir "7il:f"mlf
I want to buy some souvenirs here. bii.U h't'l
't.l': "7il:f"mlf 1\0D"'~+

sovereign (n.) 't"l-1" (pl.

"hi.A;JI\tJ-

~~I":I"+)

The sovereigns of Ethiopia used to be crowned

in Axum. fh..'l-f"kJ.' ~~1":1"+ Hm-.1': f"'l.

hhil-'1"

~~~~+ ' m't;"f> ' t;:fm2. &-(1-'t ' fiJ'il ' ~~~ '

OD't"JI"'l- o ODII").

The sovereignty of Ethiopia is recognized by

all. h..'l-f"kJ.' &-jl.'t fil'll:f ~~~ OD't"ll"
'1- o ODIJ'l('t tJ-11-?" -1--MIII-:f"A
3. 'P~ P'AIIl'l. In a monarchy, sovereignty rests
with the king. fl"7't,.m-?" ""~-"' ~~I"
m-il'l' ' 'l''i"~ ' I"A"''t ' f"'l.
+ ' "'~+

'

t;Q.ofl"l'

')"l-IP-

toft.

')tJJo

sow (v.) H&As ye sow, so shaD ye reap. fH&-lim-'t :f"ODC

;f"IIU

*She sowed hatred with her bitter words.

hi- ' ?"'Iii. ' "'""' ' h-1-<:1.'1'1-

sow (n.) hll"7

The sow suckles her offspring. hll"7'1'
11-,;t :f"mQil:f

"'A~

spa mflA
There is a spa in Ambo. h'/"1' m-il'l' mfl
A hi\

The South Pole is covered with ice.

~4-+

1'11. The President holds the

sovereign power in the government. T II'..M~.tz 1

3. btJ-11- b'i'

,1.'11- f"'""l" MC fjllC I'II.C':f '\~&of>

~n-11

The wind is coming from the south.

f"'O'i'l'lm- ~!1-11 ~..,.

2.

space

~nc

1overeign (adj.)
I. &-1'1-'t fl&-1'1- f"'l.J.'ii-1-'I.I':C. The sovereign
state of Kenya signed the treaty. &-jl.'t fl&-jl.
f?":f"il-f-'lf:<:m- 0 IJ.'tJ.' ' m-1\-'t 0 I.<'.OD?f'
2. b'i' ,1.'11. Character is of sovereign importance. ""Ait?" mQ.I'. b'i' J.'l\ 'I';J hl\m-

space (v.)
*Space your words evenly when you write.
11'1-ll"'i' fl:l''l+ ool}bA f'l"'l--1-mm-'t
11:1" fof-oD"'tn~ h.I':C~mspace far apart h&-C.J + verb

She spaced the letters far apart. I.S'-11-'lh h

&-C:I' lll.il''fmHe spaced the posts far apart. 'l"l'l(ol"'ll't
h&-e.f. -1-M:fmbe spaced apart 7-.f.,.~oft .ftJDo

The soldiers are spaced a foot apart. m;f"~C''Il

h'tf: ' h'tf: ' "'i"7 ' l\fof-&-&-4t

.f.OD'f'A

space (n.)
I. 11:1". You'D have to leave more space
between the tables. flm<:A.Ifl"'ll ""ltbA 1'14-
J.'l\ 11:1" ""-i"ID- hi111U
Is there still space for my bag? illf't"'f. 1':1"
.1'.1"'A l

2. qp. 11:1". Fill in the spaces as directed!

q~ 1':1" ll't~:f"H11bm- ,._'\

spacious

1216

3. mLC. The rocket traveled through space

to the moon. C'h.-i: md.C"J 1 h.*Cfll 1 mY.
""G.4' ~H
*The trees covered acres of space. 11,. :J'1f'
":f 0'1'1' -1-ll"'i'~'I'A
for a space of A .. - - 'tJA
The road is bad for a space of ten miles.
AO,..,C

,.., ~A I

,IJA

OD"}'JJI. I OD"J"f: I taJo

for the space of tJO<>fr

He hasn't seen his brother for the space of

ten years. m'l J!"oo-") o,..,c 'too+ 1 tJD<o/r 1
MfCDoll"
in the space of 0 - - - 8Joit1"

He did the work in the space of two weeks.

011-A-r ..,,...,,. .... 11.... ,..&-..,.1 ....a,
spacious 1'1"The room is spacious. 'hfi:lr lid.

Spain M;r'i'
span (spanned), vt. ( = vi.) -1-HG;>
The bridge spans the river. m"JH- 1 "\f. I:A
Y:f. -1-HC"I;l:A
*His memory spans many decades. -o,. '"4- '\OD;J-T"t .,11;1-tDII f.'f-iiA
*His life spanned almost all of the 19th century.
HOD"}

OtJD<of\o

'f~aJo

be spanned ( = trans.) '1"1\

+This post can be spanned by one's two hands.
f.tn ll"l'l(o h1Y: I'ICDo 011-iiT l\7!: 11.
'1"1\CDo ' f.'f-iiA
span (n.)
I. 11111C. Length used to be measured in

cubits and spans. C1fODT f"'Li\ltCDo 0111

Y:<o n11111c

(be) spangled hli"OG.,.

Her costume was spangled with jewels. Aofl!l.
OAf. AI' 1.'1" hil"ofiC<I' ~OC
spank (v.) .,.,,.
Spank your child if he misbehaves. A)('l1 II. 'I

A"' ,..,.....

spank (n.), give a ~ .,.,,.

He gave me a spank on the bottom. h<l:m.
1\f. I OD;J-'S

,..,.,.

spade (n.) hlt<f.

Use a spade for leveling the ground! ODtl.-1:1
Ohlt<f. hll-1-lti1A

in a short span of time '11.J-C 'LtL aJoitT

It was done in a short span oftime. f+w&-aJo

fl ....C I 1.11 I il'J' I ) . . .
[See also 'spick']

spanking, give a ~ """'

I gave him a good spanking. l\llh.0.4'CDo oo

taJo

spade (v.) -t;LG

He spaded the garden before planting the
flowers. h0'19''1i"t hoo.rhll- O,!.T 1:,.
11A1:1 ll;f- <t;LGCDo

fO,..,&- 1 Hmt~aJo"J
1\.,i\:,. MFI\A

spare

~oc

2. ""m1. The span of human life is about

seventy years. fllCDo A)(' f<IJ!:"''. ""m1
1'1'1 qoo:,. 111A ~..,.
3. 114-T. The arch has a span of thirty feet.
f:,.ll-1: 114-T IPI\It """' ~ ....
*The bridge crossed the river in a single span.
Y:AY:'I- ' 111 ll"(l(o f-f-IP<l- ~CIJo

spare (v.)
I. hol'f. Can you spare one of these shirts
for me until I can come by to get it? h1'1.1
lf"'L11 -f-ODAit l\lll1tDMCDo Y:GII A;f-4'
f.A'S T'f-ili\11 I
2. II"ihGT M'.G~. The victors spared the
prisoners. Y:A hY:&-"1.9''1l 1\!I"Cit'l'!l''l'tD-
ll"ihGT hS'..G.,.
3. h-1-GL. The mother made a fervent plea to
the judge to spare her son. M"-1:1: 'l'i'CDo A
J!.1 l\1-'1.1-1-C'i'I\T Aofl O"'L~lt oH;f-
j\OD~";f

4. h h-'1~. He did the work himself to spare

you the trouble. hA<f.T 11.1Y:111 P'&-tD-1
&-1'1- hh.....lD~
5. hY:ltll" h-'1~. We walked uphill to spare
the horse. LGI'I-1 hY:ltll" i\.,-'11 -'1~1:1

01\"IC lD"'1
6. -t;mO. Spare no effort to save the sinking
ship! f"'LI'IT"""'"1 oochofl i\.,-'11 'l"GT
111 ~;:,.-t;'l"ofl

Do you have a minute to spare? h1Y: S'..

<1:.4' f"'Lin "1.11 hi\11 I
*Can you spare a pencil? l\Citlltn ACDo(IY:
ofll1 I

We can't spare the time for a holiday now.

hll-1 <IG'i'T 1\0DCDo(IY: h1l-AII"
*How can we spare his feelings? :,.c l\1-'lf.i\
..,. (l\1-'lf..,.fll") II"") .,Y:G"' f.7fii .....A I
spare oneself h - - &-1'1-1 h-'1~
You can spare yourself the trouble. &-11111
hA<f.T 1\;1-Y:"t .r'f-il1111

spare

spasmodic

1217

be spared

When they pulled him out of the water, there

,,.L.~

His life was spared.

)'f'{l- .,.~l.":fo

no one was spared J\~$:fU (UD

was not a spark of life in him.

.-..e.+c

haJo~

aJoll1'

.,..,..,...,. n.ym...,:,. ,.1,. f .n.em.r "1"11

No one was spared; all had to pay the tax.

1"1"111. hllt.)fi~ ....,.

a spark of OODm).

h11:" (lm- l)f.4'C IJoflo,- "111C ooh

l.llt. ' )0~0,.

..,., 11\l\

When the epidemic broke out, no one was

spared. m~c111' 0111 1.1L h1!!:,. (I

The broken electric wire was making sparks .

h11:" '

....

(UD '

hllt..,.U.

hllt..,.~l.

spare (adj.)
1.

+c~.

What do you do in your spare time?

OTC'i' 1.1LtJ M :,..,.41-1\tJ l

2. ODmiJO-t.f. We never travel without a
spare tire. oomiJO-t.t' 1"7 l)1f.11 h-f
h1'111,.

3. Mil.,.'>'. The explorers had to live on

spare rations. hl)JI"=J; IJHI.,.'i' ,..,11 ""
'l"C ) O~IJ:fm-

*Fat people should live on a spare diet.

m'i'&o,. (ljP":fo ' ooom). ' """"111 ' hiiiJ'I'mspare parts ooA.-OJAi 7l:J"
Can you get spare parts for your radio?
1141-'I.MtJ ' ODI\'I'dl"'i ' 1.-"' ' :1'1'i'lltJ l

sparing
*l'he sparing use of sugar will save you money
on dentist's bills. 11\Y: Ollt.h- 11T""111
II'I'Cll mh.,. r,-;l'm"'m-1 .h.l)111 .e
4'11111t.VIIt.
be sparing with h"-Rifr
She is very sparing with praise. ,.11:><; h;l'
0~,.

sparingly 041mll
Use it sparingly! 041mll .fHCDo

spark (vt.) hll)"f

The dictator's tyranny sparked a revolt.
,,.1]1)\- f"l" ..<; h1~11 0006 hll)"l
spark (vi.) 1111t."l" 1111t."l" hi\
This old cigarette lighter only sparks. f.tJ
f~"f.m- fll.:>&o "'14'"1mf 11A"l" 11A"l"
11ll' f.illlt.

spark (n.)

He showed a spark of interest. Room). .1'.11;1'

make sparks

11A.,_. l\ll

f_,.Om(l..,. fh.l\.hTclh 1111 1111t."l" 11111.

"1" f.llt. )fiC
not a spark h1'1.T 'I-1"1T l\1\>,
He hasn't a spark of generosity in him. h1'1.T
'1-1"1:,. l\1\\ .1'."1):,. fllm-,throw off sparks -fiA.,_. oflA.,_. 1\ll
The broken wire throws off sparks. f.,.Rm(l
.... fl>~11: 1111 1111t."l" 1111t."l" f.illlt.

sparkle
I. h1ll'1~4'. The water sparkles in the sun.
m-;>m- R9mf. m-11'1' .t'1liiJC:l"llt.

His conversation sparkles.

Q.l.tp:J"ID-

f"J~

IJC:l"llt.
2 . .,.1111""'11""'. His eyes sparkled with excitement. o.e'f~ 0.1'.11;1' .,.1111""'11""
3. hlf0~4'. The tree was sparkling with
decorations. ~f. 01."11.'1' hlf11C.fo )OC

spark plug lt1.<'.11

The motor needs spark plugs. '1"-K- lt1.<'.11
.t'lll.llt.1'1'11t.

sparrow !!:111.'1'
Sparrows are common all over the world.
!!:11l.tn":fo OODiiCDo 'til,. f.1'1ll-

sparse
I. '1'-i:T. A sparse crowd participated in the
demonstration. Rl'lil"'''l! l'lllt.'i' f.,.ltl.li-T
'1'-t-r (l!P:f )fi~
2. HC~&o. He has a sparse beard. HC~&o "'-'"
hi\CDo

(be) oparoe Rfll;f'm- """"'"")

The nomad population is sparse. HI\). ,01111 '
Offl;f'CDo f_,.R;f'_,.) )m-

1. 'i'1"1clll?.l):,. 'i'1"1cl. The fire was started

by a spark. lll)-1> f.,.).,..,. R'i"t"'cl )CDo
A spark set the house afire. 1?.1):,. 'i'1"1cl

spasm

ll.-lo1 h4'"1ml\m2. "1"111"1"11t.. We saw a spark of light through

the trees. O~f::'j; 0 ODlthllt. 0 f11CV'J ' "1"111

spasmodic

"l"AhM

11A.~

A muscle spasm causes pain. fllo1ll' ll.b-"'1.,.

Cf"''llt.

1. ( ~ adv.) O"lf.llt. llf.1'.:>1-. A spasmodic

cough is a sign of a disease. O"lf.llt. llf.l'.
:>1"" ll..t'llllt. f011:1' ,-llt.hT )m-

"

spat

1218

2. ),!1"111f!l". He took only spasmodic interest

in his stamp collection. -1:!1"11e 11"7mtl-4'
II" YIIID- '1''1"'1-"" ).!1"11Jf!l" tm-

spat, see spit

spat (n.) "1?-""
He had a spat with his wife. h"''.il-1> :>e
"1"1':,. l\.1:-C'IA

speaking
tO-"" ' t1e ' ll.li''J ' OD'i"1e ' hf..l.tl-11" '
toe
speak to J\):nl.
May I speak to you? h'JJ'. 'lt:>"'ell!
speak up -I-'i"1l: I O~"J11 -l''i"1l: l """h l\11

The children all spoke up in favor of the picnic.

A}I:'Jl IJol\o 1ic1ie ou~.I:"'J ),'J~"''.ooem-
-l''i"1~

spate

There were a spate of reports that he would

resign. P'tl-OV't 0.1.:1'-'1. f.II:I'A f"''.A

When your turn comes, speak up. +&-II f'l.

~~~

0~"J11

-l''i"1e

Speak up! We can't hear you. """li OA

A'JI\"711 l\Aii'A'JP"

m&. f.t'i'il toe

+h&-hl.
He spoke up in defense of his friend. ll'l~'i'm-

speak up In defense of l\ - - -

spatial fm.l.e
Spatial distance is limitless. fm.l.e M-""
tDI\'t ' flltD-11"

spatter
I. OVt. Bullets spattered the wall. "1.1:-"''ltD-'J
'l'f.:,. Oltil.f:I"A
2. l:Q.l.. As the bus went by, it spattered us
with mud. hm-.fll-ll- II..I'A'i' ?:I' l:Q.l.
11'J
3. oo;J-. Rain spattered the window. 11'i"11
ODil!>-J;'J o OO;f"ID-

spatula ool\:,0114:.1'
She used a spatula to turn the eggs. ),'J.,.'III-'J
Ooul\:,0114:.1' h1'10m:f

-1-htl-hl:
speak well for

*It spoke well for the boy that he apologized.

fA)I: r.:,Oe;J- oomf:J> Q.l.'f't-l>'t 11111
(he) can speak -l''i"1l:

Can you speak English? ),'J"'II.11'i' -""'i"1tl-lllll

nothing to speak of f"''.t1e11:,. hf-~1111"

Did he accomplish anything? Nothing to

speak of. .l'h'i"mtm- t1e l\11 l f"''.t1e
11-"" ' hf-~1111"
so to speak 1\"71\-l- ~~ItA

He did it partially, so to speak. Ohd.A oPt!,. 11"711-"" f.ii''IA

speak (spoke) -I-'i"1l:

to speak of

f~

)CJ)o f"t.AlD-

Do I speak clearly enough? fP"'i"1l:tD-

He hasn't any money to speak of.

Mt"7A l

f"''.IIID- 1'JH11 flltJJo!l"

[See also 'favor, ill, low, praise, sharply']

(It) speaks for itself

*His work speaks for itself. F

~~" r &-(to.

f.ooilheii;I"A
speak {one's) mind
I. f"''.II"71D-'t IJol\o "!All' l\.1:-e"'l -1-'i"

1<:. He spoke his mind to the boss. f"''.ll"7m-"J

IJol\o ' '1/I:J>ID- ' "!All' ' l\.1:-C"'l ' -l''i"1l:
2. ,l'llm-"J doo\11 -I-'i"1l:. He spoke his mind
about the plan. 1111 ),:,0-'1. .l'llovt doo\11
-l''i"1l:

f'~

)m-

speaker -1-'i":>t.
In today's debate, the speakers came from
various schools. flq&.m- tJJof.,_,. -l-'i":>69'
'Jl hAl' AI' :,.r11e:,. n.:,. fODIJlo
'i"'ftDHe's an excellent speaker. 'I'~ f.'i"1tl-A
[See also 'fluent']

speaking oo'i"1e

speak of

I prefer speaking to writing. hOOl\'1' f.A:,O

I. m4'11. At the time you are speaking of,

he was in Spain. l\1Jo'J h"J-1- Om4'ilhm-
"1.11. ).ll- ).ll;r~ m-il'l' toe
2. l\OOIIh-1-. Her eyes speak of suffering.
"'-'~'!1! 1111' P':l'f. "7f:l:'t youllh;l-11speak eut 1-'hl.
He was not afraid to speak out when it was
something he believed in strongly. 0"111" ,l'oo

OD'i"1C'J ),ooe"'IIIJo

*May I speak to Mr. Jones? Speaking. "''.il-1-e

;'Jil1 'l):>"'e l ;'til t'S
speaking of h-I-'i"1e'J H'J.I:"

Speaking of weather, what is the lowest temperature in Canada? 1111 hfe mQf. h-1-'i"
1C't H'J.I:" ft,'i"'l 11:J>-t-'i' _.,._,. P"'J
.I'llA f.ll''i" A l

spear

1219

generally speaking m:,.Otl.ttmo"J ! om:,.l\1\

);nc

Generally speaking, the villagers are friendly.

m:foi\1\CD-'t ' OD')~Cof-'l''Jl ' (lCD- ' aJJIJ'..":fo '
<;'feDGenerally speaking, our coldest weather comes
in January. Rm:fol\1\ M:nc R"lll" 11CII
IJD

~fC I fi-):,;J- I fOf.oPtJ)tJ)o I fl~J>C I

not be on speaking terms

bot.<( f.

aJC I )tiJo

hA..,..i':n~r

! T

They are not on speaking terms since they

quarreled. hof-"111- m-'I.U hf.);>1~9"
Due to an old quarrel, they are not on speaking
terms. f4'f m11 lll\1\'fw- of-bot-C.!.'I'A
spear (v.) RtnC 1~11
They spear fish for a living. ""' RtnC ).f1
~~~- ' J'.'l"<!-11spear (n.) tnC
My spear broke. tn.!. of-(IR<(
spearhead (v.) +~II" II")
The Third Division will spearhead the invasion.
l"llof->;' h'i'll tnC fa><(<!-CD- "''tttC
4'~9"' f.IJ"<;A
spearhead (n.) ftnC "'i'i'
The spearhead is made of iron.
fof-oP<!-CD- ' h11<('J- ' )CD-

ftn~

"'i'i'

special
I. fof-llf. I am saving it for a special purpose.
,1'/l</'DP'J'h-'J- 0 llof-llf 0 """J'. 0 )CDToday's topic is of special interest. fiJ&m-
Chll fof-llf m.4"'U'I- .t.llw2. AI'. Surgery requires special skill. 4'1'- 'I'
1<; AI' -1 .l'll.!.A1'1'A
Send this letter by a special messenger! J'.U't
~11111L RAI' IIDA).h'J- 1\hCD3. f:f>C11. John is my special friend. l'"do'tll
f:f>C11 'J~>;'tL )CDspecial delivery AI' ouA).h'JMail this letter special delivery! J'.U't ~11111L
RAI' IIDA).h'J- 1\hCDspecialist AI' 0'1'4:
They are calling in various specialists to
discuss the economic problems. Rh.l>'l""tCD-
":fo"'c 1\J'. IIDPm.l'f'l- 1111- AI' o'l'-tl"l-
mCof-'I'A
He is a specialist in eye diseases. fO~"J
doh.ll" ' )CD-

specify

specialize (in)
I. AI' ":f-11-:N )CD-. +He specializes in treating
eye diseases. AI' l-11-;Jow- f"J'.'t ihh
9"<; )CD2. AI' '1-II"UC-1> )CD-. +He specializes in
African history. AI' '1-II"UC-1> fh'i'<IIJ :1"<1
h )QJo
specially Rof-IIJ'.
I carne here specially to see you. ).lf.U fiiD"l
.,.:,. R-t-llf. .t.'t-1-'t 11n+ )fl>o
specialty
I. A I' '1-II"UC'I-. His specialty is linguistics.
A I' '1-II"UC-1> !In !II )fl>o
2. ( = adv.) Rof-IIJ'.. The specialty of the shop
is rare books. ~41 Rof-IIJ'. f"tifmw- h't
~A11 ' f.., J'.1"f. I IIDJ\ih<j:'J-') J )fl>o
*Children's diseases are his specialty. f.lot<;'l-
mh.ll" )wspecies HC
Wheat is a species of grass. ll't.<'. f"'C H
C I \'8Jo
specific
I. fof-a>IU. The money is to be used for a
specific purpose. 1'tHR- 1\'t.J:- 11-t-mM
"1-llf. f"tCD-A )CD2. A 1'. He bad specific orders to wait.
).'t-'1.4'f. AI' 'J-).~11 of-1'1'1'-r-:J-A
3. 'i'i>'t. This drug is a specific remedy for
tuberculosis. J'.U ou.J:-~~'1- ll<'lll"tt )</'
C<'l ' 'i'i>'t ' )CDbe specific I A,.e.,_u ,.'i1C
Be specific! Do you want to study linguistics

or literature? IIJ'.of-U of-<;1C I 11..,'1'<;'1- fll"

'I-.!.A1fl>o 9/'t!l/ )CD- a>f.ll P') K'.Jo.'i' 1
specifications 11C111!'":f ~'t(l":fo
The specifications were not fulfilled, so the
contract was voided. 11C111!''1i ~'t(l":fo ill\
Aof-hR~ CD-/1- .!.<(1'1
*Mary made careful specifications as to the
kinds of cake for her party. "'L<I ll;rCtfl>o
f"t..'ll.!.A;>'I-'t fh.h "M'I- R'l"t.+'lr
HC11<!- hDPIIhof-":fo
specify (specified)
I. m(l). Mercantile law specifies how contracts must be drawn up. fi"'J:- ih"' w-A 't
).'t.<','l- IID'I''f'A ).'t~"t1tl f.a>ll<;A
2. Rof-1\f a> (I). He did not specify the amount
needed. f.,..!.I\1CD-'t Ah Rof-IIJ'. .t.Aml'l)ll"

sp4>cimen

speechless

1220

3. liM 1 l'.ODilh-1-. The contract specifies that

only men may be hired. ll.+mi- 1 rY)fll-'1- 1
. tD')P.":f- I oflif' I ODIJ''i"'f,.') I ,.{1- I l\M I
yoo{lh:NA
4. h'tS'."''Jll,l./.\"1 1 11111. The recipe specifies
. honey. f,....,ofl I ODJ"&Y I OD'J"&Y,. I .,C I
h'tJ'."''Jl\,1./.\"J I ~1/.\l\/.\

specter
I. 11.:>+. The specter of war haunts every
sensible person. ftnC~+ 1 11.:>+ 1 .,.,':',..,9"
t.ll-1-'1' ~ I ........ I Ylfoflt-/.\
2. 00') ol.ll. The specter of the murdered man
still haunts the house. fT1J'.ll,. ..,,..,. 1 oo
'tol.ll I hll-'tf" I ~~....., I Uofllf /.\

specimen
1. '\.....,. l o;.-o;. The specimens have been
tagged ...-.'i"l"'fi I 'J"/.\h'J- I -f-J',.(;11j'f,. I ~0C
2. 9"<"111.. Give me a specimen of Amharic
poetry! '\.,Cl;' I "J'J''J" I )',') J.': I 'J"fl/1. I l\m'S

speculate
I. t.ll+J.':'I" 1 1""-l-. He refused to speculate
about the possible winner. t.lf'i"l.,. 1 . , . , 1
h'tJ'."''.IJ'') I J'.l\+J.':'I" I {loP100'J- I h/.\ol.l\1'J"
speculating about
2. hiD"l I t.mt:f.. We
the reason for his dismissal. hP'to 1 fm
"10'1-'t 1 f"h'tY'l- 1 M 1 h't.<'.ll'~ 1 tl.,m:,. 1
0.,,."J'J- I ft.,,.l;J.': I ~~~ I ~')
3. 1'.1'10. The philosopher speculates about
the past and future. ,1.'\il'f..,. 1 Mlll..,.o; 1 II
11"'1."""1,.. I YIIIJ/.\
*He is speculating in cottons. OTT
h-f-Cof.llu- I ofl{lo I ft1')Hit- I oflfl- I 'J"'' I 111
.,.. I Yll+l"'"'/.\

specious f.,~&q
The teacher saw through John's specious
exeuse. l'l(l-1-.,&'1' 1 l"dt'tll 1 fl'lm,.., 1 f.,
~.:q 1 f"h'fY+ 1 om+:f-o+
speck mofi;JCan you clean the specks off the blanket?
MH.II't 1 mofi;J-l"":f- 1 bofiCJ.': 1 /.\ofll'l- 1 A;Jllll:t>:Jo'f,. ; '1-:f'lllll !
*There is a speck of dirt in my cup. 11.);\L ,..
ii'J' I 1-J.':t;: I hl\
speckle (n.) m:l'mol'
Her face is covered with speckles. d.-;1: ltf.
m:l'mol' 1 l'lliiJ'l(be) speckled with ol.'tm:tom:t> hli(O'l-)
+The sky was speckled with stars. l'l.,f. h'l'h
.fi+ 1 lf.'tm:t>m:t> ofllli-O;J-/.\
spectacle

I. "'M. Travelers are awed by the spectacle

of this .mountain. OD')1J'.'I''Ii 1 OH.II 1 -1-t-t- "'
0"1 I ~J',.~:J'{I2. ( ~ adj.) fJ'.oP+. The Emperor's coronation was quite a spectacle. f"}.,.w ~'1P"4z
fH,.J.': 0 R'\/.\ I O"J'J" ' fJ'.oP+ I ~OC

are

.,..,X"

speculation "19"'1His ideas of the cost wete based on speculation.

"':>,..., 1 f"'1J,..,.,. 1 O"'f"'l- 1 oflil' 1 ~nc
Idle speculation fll'~ 1 Y/.\11'~,..., I .,(lofl
Don't waste. your time in idle speculation!
fll'~ I Y/.\11'~,..., I ""'(lofl I 'l.tLIJ') I t.;J-'1'4sped, see speed
speech
I. 't"'"'C. The chairman delivered a long
speech. II.+ 0 00')0'1- I l;'J!:f" I ')"J"JC I h
f.l:1
2. 11/'tlll. The native speech of most Americans
is English. Yofllf'l''li l'l"'UlJ'l":f f'i"'l- 1
lf/')lf/ I h't"Jl\.11.':' 0 ~ .....
3. M :>1C. His speech showed that he is

spectacular 0"19" 1 l'.M'i"4:

The view from the plane was spectacular.
bJ'.,.(!'T'\). I ~~~ 0 f"''.;f-f,. I 'J-Ch~'J- I
0"19" t.M'i"4: 1 ~oc

SOUthern. fl);J1~ I hl.(loil. I fODtiJ I ODif). I

Yll;l-,.:1'/.\
4. OD'i"~C. Man alone possesses the power of
speech. foo'01c 1 ':f-11-;J- 1 Yll,. . . , , . I oflil' 1 ~,..
*He lost his speech after the aecident; t,J',.;>,.
0:\1\ )',')J',.O... I -1-H:>
[See also 'articulate, cadence, figure of speech,
free, poetic']

spectator -1-oo/.\t,:Y.
The 11pectators were not happy about the
. football garne,.-f-oP/.\lJ'1i Oh"'C 1 1>.11 1 ""'
.....,.,.. J 1'./.\-t.O:.(I...,. --

(be) speechless
I. 01''01C I l'l:J'-1-(,.) I OD'01C -1-fl~(,.)
I was speechless with terror. hJ.':'):>m. f-1-~
"f I OO'i"1C I )',:J'.J-'S I (-Jofi~'S)

spectacles ""~K'C
He broke his spectacles.""'~K''I-'t 1'10&,.

2. DD<;'IC t.f.l-A,.. Animals are speechless.

),'J/1(\"'f """"C t.f."f-tr'l"

speed (sped), vt. Mm)
Let's all speed the work! v-ll"f-1'1" 1"&-a>1 ),';'o(.or)a>-

Peed (vi.) O'i''I'H 1-'iU

The boat sped over the water. ~Aqm- Om-~
m- 11.1'. O'i''I'H of"'JU
speed (along) MO~~ '/.F. I O'i''J'H 'tJ'.
A car sped along the highway. h1~ oah,'i'
qm-&- 1-}i'i'a>- Ill/. MO~~ 'tJ'.
The truck raised a cloud of dust as it sped along.
f"l"H DDh.'i'<D- O'i''J'H (l.'t~ 1111'
h!l&- h{l)"'
speed (down) 0'11/.A ),f)}! hilL
He sped down the street. 0oP11-'I. Ill/. 0'1
1/.A MM hilL
speed up (vt.) t.of.m)
Can you speed things up a little? )1~1 '11'11 A;l-o(.or)a>- '1-"f-111111 l
*They have speeded up the bus service.
ft.a>--l'lt{>'Ji1 <lt'I'C ..._,..~ .
speed up (vi.)

spelt

1221

speed

0~~

The car sped up and passed me. ouh.'i''l' ),

roa"'f +J".ou:Y..'f
speed (n.) 'i''I')T
The train was going at full speed.
1"'1 'i''I')T f.'t~ )OC

q~

Oh'i'

*He drove through the town at full speed.

)}I

[See also 'rate']

speeder Oh'i'of""' 'i''I')T f"'l.M limTraffic police arrest speeders. f'l-~h 7'11.{>
:Y.. Oh'i'1'... 'i''l')'l- f"'l.)-'1.'1-1
:y.. f.f.qfr

f"''..O~<D-1- ' fovh,'i' IIIIJI 1\.,111~ .f"''...l'

ll"f-A fhM"C' >.C:>;I- )0&-'1-

speed limit fof"lllll) 'i''l')'iAround hospitals, the speed limit is 20 miles

per hour. OII'M;;J-A t.1Jqll fof"iDII)a>-
'i''l')'l- Oll't'l- ?}' .,1/.A )a>-

speedy L"'1
Yonas is a speedy runner. f-'iil .tart ,t{:.,_.
)a>-

*I wishyouaspeedyrecovery.-1'11- ).1~'1-~1
),ou'fA?IIv-

spell (spelled, or spell), vt.

1. IlL. He spelled this

word

correctly.

.
1/.111 :I'A 0'1-hhA 1\La>2. 4-J'.A uC11.; 1"i'1~. Please spell your
name! fill'"ll') 4-J'.A UC11~11 1'<;-IC
3. t.ilhof"ll. Laziness always spells failure.
ll1'i''i' v-A'I.II. oPa>-J'.IJ-1 ,l'!lh'I-IIA
4. hllf. This sigi,a) spells danger. 1/.11 ,.Ah'l-
hJ'.:> oP'l'~1 }'ii}'A

*You spelled my naine wrong. ll~'t !I~

4-J'.A t.l\llof'?A
spell (vi.) 0'1-hhA IlL

Some words are hard to spell.

t.1}11~

:I'll

'1-1 0'1-hhA 081\'i' .1'!1'1"'1&-A

spell each other 7t.r+.c.&ol.41 IP'"'-

They spelled each other doing that hard task.

hq-'1.1 1"&- Mof"L&-~<Jo "'~

at full speed
Ohof".,a>- <D-il'l' ).fh)L

the license plate of the speeding car. O'i''J')T

Ill"

speedily, come - hof"'i' toll

He came speedily in answer to my call. llm&-m-
hof"'i' hll
speeding (n.) h.....,ll)a>- 'i''I')T 0111/. ou
1}1'1- 1 h'i''J')T 0111/. oP1}1'1-

A policeman stopped me for speeding. hof"lllll)

a>- 'i''I')T 0111/. Oou1}11: 7'(1.!1 h.foDD'f

He was arrested for speeding. h'i''l')'l- 0111/.

0oP1}1'1- of',I'U
speeding (adj.) ll'i''I')T f"'l.OC

She had enough presence of mind to remember

spell (n.)
I. h!l.,'l-. The spell transformed the young
man into a frog. t.ll.,'l- 111"1-1>1 A)!:'

IIIJ'. >.1<Jt&-&'l- 11111mm-

2. ""1"'1-. She is under his spell. OODof"-1> 1/.lf.
;1-A

*The child has spells of coughing, A'Jf. t.At::

hAt:: ,I'Ctii'I'A
*There was a hot spell last week. q11Lm- I\,.
1'1- II'J"'i'l- oK'I- f1~~ , -++ )OC

*The sailor's spell at the wheel was four -hOUrs.

f""Chofl ,....,.&-'1- of"&- (I.J'.CIIa>- oachO
>;'a>- foo>Chll-1 ""'& 11<!-'1- ll't'l- ,I'U
cast a spell (on) Ooo>of''l- toll~ l J'.10D(O'I-)
The sorcerer cast a spell on the young girl.
t.Ct"7of'...a>- 111"1:1:1 All'1~~ 0""#
t.ll&-'1- (J'.1ouq'l-)
(have a} fainting spell
She had a fainting spell. h1~ 1.11. )'i'!).1
Ct;l- 111~:1' )0C

spellbound

1222

for a short spell 1\"PC 1..R ofl;f=

He worked for a short spell. 'l"l"C 1.11. ilil'

...

spend (the) day 'I'll

He spent the day working in the office. ll.C'
(1)</lT

take spells T~ liT~ + verb

The men took spells at watching the trap.
(l,.lfi fD'I'ODJI.'J T~ liT~ ' ,.mil <II ' )flC
[See also 'dry']
(be) spellbound T""flm
The children were spellbound by the play.
A]('li 111:,1'-l-1- o ToahmtJJo )IIC
hold spellbound .,l:b
The speaker held the audience spellbound.
T'i':>6m- hJ':"''p>'li'J "7l:IJ'fmspelling
I. f.4''1-l- hl\l\'i'. Nothing came of his attempt to simplify English spelling. I?.'J"'II.lll;'
f.4''1+ t.llll'i''t :f"'c 11"7.4'1\A .I'S'.
l:~tJJo ' -h~ ' m-m.+ ' h'l~,.,.
2. P'C'tT 11'11,1'-l-. Teaching spelling is not
within the province of a college. P'CqT 11'11,1'
-l-'J "7iiT"7C flo/1.~ T"'IJC hf.S'.I\9"
spelling error f~~IA

sphere

ilih+T

I underlined all your spelling errors. f.LS'.A

hm#:fll't o-tr hP'c t.P'r.:.fl'f'f'ilospelt, see spell
spend (spent), vt.
I. hfD"'. The government spent a million
dollars on building roads. oa'J"'P'-l- oa'J~S'.'
i1"7P'~T .1\'JS'.' "'1.11.\'"'J iiC hiD"!
2. h<'IIIL. I'd like to spend my vacation here.
fbl:'i'-l- 1.U.tL'J l'.ILII i1"7<'1il'i' 'I.LA;>IIIJHe spent a year learning French. Ll:'J<'If.l;'
lloa"7C h'JS'.' qoa-}- h<'IIIL
3. L~. I spent two years collecting material
forthebook.il""ll"d..l,. t.iiL'I1.tJJo't l\".ft.'i'
lloaflilflil o-il+ qoo+ ~IJ4. .ff. HespentafewdaysinParis. ;r6il '1'4:
+ <t<r:f .ff
5. hm'i-. She spends a lot of time on menial
tasks such as washing dishes. <'lm<r:f't "7mil
floa<"t(ttr lJ:j.TI;' ,..~,.";(- ill!- 1.11.
:J-m'i-il:f
spend (vi.) nnil t.m'iHe loves to spend. ~'JHil "7'1'4-+ f.fDI'oA
spend all
*He spent all his energies exercising. .,..Aflofl1"

(ltJJo)of>'J ' 11"7'i':J-:J-+ ' ilil' Alol:l'ltJJo

(LIP,&.

'FA

spend (one's) days

He spent his days in Italy.

111\."'A,I' h<'IIIL

f'I.C~'i'

1.U.tJJo'J

spend (the) evening ,hODif

We spent the evening talking. il'i'fD;> t.oalf'J

spend (its) force

flt;~

The storm has spent its force. qm-11- )4-ft.

IIC.I;.A
spend (the) nlsht t.S'.l:
She spent the night at a friend's house. 'lS'.I;''f'
IL-l- hS'.l:":f
[See also 'time']
spender, extravagant - ~'JHil hfJIJ"t
He is an extravagant spender and makes many
debts. ~'JHil hfJIJ"t iliiiJ') ill!- bflo m-il
'I' ' f.~fJA
spending, extravagant - ~'JHil "71Jh'J
You have to put a curb on extravagant
spending. ~'JHil "71Jb'JII'J oa'll"!mC hililll
spendthrift hfiiJ'1 ,..,.
The spendthrift wasted his inheritance in a
short time. hfJIJ1' ..,,. ffDl:fltJJo'J llil+
fJ'JS'.'' 1.11.' hfJb)tJJo
spent, see spend
spent (adj.), - bullet '),_A f/1.'1'1- Tf.-1A spent bullet fell at his feet. h'JS'.' ')f.A
f/1.'1-l- Tf.-1- 'I."H- P'C hl:L:f
spew Tfl~Al.
Oil spewed all over the ground. Hf.+ 11"'1
"'"'" ' 'If. TI'I<I-Alo
sphere
I. hil t.IJA. The sphere rolled into the
comer. hll- t.IJA IDS'. h'JJI. '1'"1 T'Jh
flilil
2. ao-,1'. Father's sphere is business. fhfJ1:
11D"f

"}"7.(!-

~(1)-

*Peop}e used to say that woman's sphere was

the home. ,..,..,. ll.+ ""P'~+ ,l'ilfl'l- 'I.IL
+ tJJoil'l' ilil' )tJJo f.tr )IIC
*He moves in a different sphere now that he is
rich. llii:J-9" hiiiJ') ~.~. IJJoil-tJJo h/1.'1
,;JC

I \'dJo
outside {one's) sphere

*This is outside my sphere. f..tJ

OGI\b-l-9"

~~")

h~

spherical hofl

'The earth is spherical in shape."""-'~- hofl 'i"'l-

splce (v.) :,. .... ,.. ......,~

He spiced th~ soup. nJI"eq..,. CD-11'1' l!>ou

,..,

-~

spice (n.) :,.....,..

Pepper is a spice used on food. Dent. ,....,.,.
""P'6Y :,.....,.. tiDHis wit added spice to the conversation. +~
1\Alo'l':f'ID- :,.....,.. Al.OD~O'fsplce (adj.) fl!-"""7 :,....,,..
The spice trade brought wealth to Arabia.
r:,. ....., :,.ou,.. "t"'f: Ao~-o Me .,.,.
o-o+

h"""'

spiced (adj.), be highly

spill (vi.)
1. '1"11\of J.{l{l. Thewaterspilled overthedam.
m-;>ID- 'I"Aof 0"11:11- ~f. ,1,{1{1
2. Lhh. Water spilled from the pail. hQAo'I.ID-
tJJolt'l' CD-;> L{l{l
be spilled ,1,{1{1
Blood was spilled in the riot. O~ofl\fCD- 'IJI.
.,.,. ' S'.,.. ' ,1,{1{1

spilt, see spill

spin (spun), vt.
1. L-1-1\. She spun the cotton. Tm-'t ,1,-J-1\'fCD2. h 11h~h~. The boy spun the top. A)l: ;Eo
AlltJJo't h 11h~h~

3.
~

:,....,,..

n~n+

The meat is highly spiced. P';JCD- :,. ....,..

0"11-I'O:N\

(be) spick and span ""'"' lVI

The house was spick and span. n.-t: OIIJ,..
flVI toe
spicy :,.,..,.. fD~D+
He likes spicy food. l!>ou,.. fD~n+ ,....,.,.
f,OJ-'111\
*He tells spicy stories. ID~ Jt.f+ouoo fmt-IA

spider If ~6+

The spider caught a fly. lf~6:1: h'tf: "ll'tofl

YH'f
flf~6+

f:e
The room is full of spiderwebs. IL.., flf ~6+
f:e oft;!' tiD-

spiderweb

spindle

1223

sp,_.lcal

spike (v.)
1. O,..lt.,e hYYH(-1-YYH). The heavy boards
were spiked to the beams. 'l-11\11\.r-'ll ll'tft'sP'f
hCD-t.)';o h"'o'l"7.m- ;Je O,..ll.,e 1-Yf.H'I'II\
2. hhlf.I.(O+). The guard spiked the spy's
attempt to escape. HO'i'CD- Ml' 11"7,..11'1'
YU1m-"t .,..ht. hhlf.r.n+

spike (n.) 'l-11\ll- ,..ll.,e

The boards are fastened together by spikes.
ll'tft'l"'ll O'l-11\11\l!- ,..11"7e 1-Yf,H'I'II\

spill (spilled, or spilt), vt.

1. hJ.{I{I. The waiter spilled soup on my dress.
hll~.r...,. 1\"eq Aofl{l. ~.e h.l.hhofl'S
Try not to spill any sugar! ,...,,.. /l'>.e l\'t
-'1:1'.1.11 -t-m"t4'l!>
2. S'.of.. Who spilled the milk? m-t-..,., fS'.of.tJJo
"7ttJJo!

ou;m~.

Spin a coin to see who goes.

'i't.'th meCD-e'i" b"' fOJ"'O'I- f,'f.f:

4. tom.:.. The old man likes to spin stories of
his youth. 11"7"11\.CD- {lCD- fm"'+t..,., :1'
6h ' .,..,..:.+ ' f,OJ-'111\
spin (vi.) -t-11h~h~
The top is spinoing. ;E-11\IltJJo .e11h~ht.A
*His head spun from too much drink. oflrt-
111\m"l 'l"f:C h"71' ~~~n+
spin around 7ihChC hi\
He spun around and faced me. 11hehe oft
ft- I ~") I 8J~~ I 1\JN! I 1/oOD
spin round O'i'Tt+ -t-11h~h~
The wheel spun round. 1"7tJJo O'i'Tt+
-t-11h~h~

spin yarns

*The old sailor loves to spin yarns about his

life at sea. 11.,"11\.CD- ouehn,. nq.ne ~f,

Y/111,1,..,.., ' '1.11. ' ""'ll:I'Wll ' "'"' ' .,~:,. '
f,OJ-'111\
be spun evenly {l~~ 'I"~~ fAD+,.
The thread is spun evenly. ,i,'l-11- M~ 'I"~
~' f/1.110'1-' ttJJo
send (someone) spinning to h - - - ;>e h;>Alo
The blow sent him spinning to the wall. ,....,
h"'f:"'-'1 ;Je h:>Al.CD-

spinach [-J-4'll-11-

f"7.0~ h~'t".<'. 4'11,..

YAID- ll>mll\]

spinal column hhelJ6

His spinal column is broken. hhelJ6CD- -1-{1
-o;,:ll\'

spindle l\"t11e+
The spindle pierced his thumb.l\"t"lle.., hCD-t.
..,..,., ' OJ;JIJJo

1224

spine

spine
I. .t.hCto&. He broke his spine in the fall.
ll.ID~ .t.hcto&"'" .,.,..o.:
2. l\oll"h. The cactus is covered with spines.
4>A*II- li.JI"h ilil' )fDo

spinster .1''11q:f 1'1.-lThe spinster supports herself by sewing.

.1''11q!l! 1'1.-l-1'" Ailll Ooollol-'1- '1-_,.'IF-<1-II:f
spiral (v.) .,.fDoiiOIIO
The leaf spiraled to the ground. ~tn!l. l\of.,.
fDoll0110:f ' IDS'. ' oPt.."J- ' IDC:S'.:f
spiral (n.) '1'9"111"'11 ""P'""C
He drew a spiral on the blackboard. '1'1"'119"11
ODJPODC I O(tMm- I lt.J'. I ..,It
spiral (adj.) tnl"'qq
A spiral staircase leads to the top of the tower.
tnl"'qq S'.C:7( IDS'. "1")11- ""l'i' ' .fiD"'A
spire [l\o.I'S'.C l\ofi1111 f"''.'t.Y: f'I-A~
.ft")l\ ' "1<1.1' ' ""l'i']
spirit (v.), ~ off "7")1"' ll.l'ffDo IDI'IS'.
The fox spirited off two chickens. +OC"'I' "Y
")I"' 11.1'.1''1- ,.11'1- P.C":f mi'IS'.:f
be spirited away O.C"1}::,.

1-Wft"-

She was spirited away in the dark of night.

1\.ll.'l- o~~ .,.IDliF-:f
spirit (n.)
I. oP").I.il. The spirit is willing, but the flesh
iS Weak. OD")4.,{l

ffi')l),&.

(l.tr'} I tfP ~ I

"I") ' S'.to"Y ' )fDo

The spirit of a law is more important than its

words. h:l'll- /!.A~ fih"l- oP").I.il 0"1
I"' ' .t.ll.l.l\1. ' )fDo
A spirit of reform marked the nineteenth
century. OFt:- Hm)o~aJo 9"2\+ 'toP+
foPlflfA ' OD").I.il ' fli.I.)O."J- ' )fDo
2. +:>+. Put a little spirit into your work!
P"<~-tJ") ."J-")il 'I-:>+ ...,reo+
3. f ;>II 11"'1'1-. He answered with spirit. 0;>11'
11"'1'1- '-111'1
*They consider him a noble spirit because he
is willing to help people in distress. f.,.'f1ol-
ll,.:f") II""C-'1'1- .I.:I'S'."t !IIIli') lfC ""
").C.il ' .I'IIID- ' (ltD- ' )fDo ' illlfDo ' .I'-11"'"":J'A
*That's the spirit! )."}JltJ )m- !
spirits I>AI>A
A ten percent tax will be paid on spirits.
ll.t.AI>A hoo+ OP'C !'.:'!' /.'.h.I.'IA

spite
(be) in good spirits S'.ll hll(m-)
I hope you're in good spirits. S'.ll l\o")'llltJ
_,.114- ' .t.II'S
leadtna spirit -~
He was one of the leading spirits of the reform.
""lflfA") toil11''1- ""<l":f 1>")'1. l\oll- )0C
(be) possessed by a spirit 'IC fHIIJa
Since the woman was possessed by a spirit, they
called in a sorcerer. fl.+f"'P tfC ~ ll/\.flf+ m
")*.!'- ' tnoi-11'1[See also 'evil, low, moving']

spirited 'I"~ .I'll

Her conversation was spirited. Q'P:I"'P 'I"
~ .I'll )OC
spiritual
1. -").1.11'1!. Some people prefer a spiritual
existence. 1>")'1")~ ll,.:f """).1.11'1! ).(!"")
/.'.""C"'II2. C:-1!~. The physical world is perceived by
the five senses; the spiritual world is not .
"'H-'i' .t.toA-:f") qrll"" ih'l'll'l- II"YID~
il"):fA C:-1!4>") "I") .t."):fAI"'

.,.4.

spit (spat, or spit), vt .

The children were spitting pumpkin seeds
over the fence. A]>:,; fJI.qm-") <;:t. q'l'
'1- '1/.'. /!._,.f. )0C
The guns were spitting fire. '"""")7(,.,; l\.11
'1- /!..,.f. )OC
spit (vi.)
I. I"' <I-~ .,.4-. Don't spit on the floor! m1111-
'1/.'. ' 1"'<1-~tJ") ' "'""""""
2. .,.4-(0'1-). He spit in my face, and I became
very angry. d.-1: ' '1/.'. 1111.,.4-ii'S 0"11"'
.,...~~~-

pit out .,.4The baby spit out the food it was chewing.
,ny). .1''11"''1' noc:m-") l"'""il .,."-"'"
*Spit it out! .t.tD-"1'1spit up J\l'loP/\{t

The baby spit up its dinner. ihf). fO'ItD-")

l\o<l-'1- ' .t.ll-lllltDspit (n.)
I. 1111"1.". Wipe the spit off your chin! lltJ"f."tJ")
hl>1"1."tJ ' '1/.'. ' 'J'C:111Jo
2. [P':> Ol\.11'1- '1/.'. ll.tnOll f"''.lltoO'l-
lf.A fiiC:'l- H")"l]
spite (v.) .t.<;U
He built a fence between his property and

1225

spite
mine just to spite me. lll!."t tl"l<;FJ:

~A

Ol!.<; 011- """--1- ool)bA h'l'C hm~

spite (n.)
I. hof.-1-. He did it just for spite.

fS'.~1m- tl
bof.-1-' tm2. l\AU. He built the fence out of spite.
1\'1'~1' f.,.btlm- tll\AU tmln spite of
I. il + (imperfect) + 'I". I went in spite of
the rain. llH"til'l" boo~S'." hA+~v-'1"
2. il + (imperfect) + 'I" l\1'\>.. In spite of his
age, he still climbs mountains. llf~)!''l" l\1'
\>, ' 1\ll-1''1" ' .,_,:.,:. ' f.a>"'A

spiteful liA1il;'
The spiteful little girl tore up her older sister's
papers. liA1il;''l' A)f1~S'." f;NI~ ll"r
:J:"t m~+.,.l- +AAl-

spittle tiiJ"f!' 1 1\h:f'

He wiped the spittle from the floor. fill..,.,.
(1\b;f'm-"t) boot..]- 1\f. m~1

splash (vt.)
1. m-;) ~""(0-1-). The car splashed her dress.
ooh.<;m- Ail!). 1\f. IIJ-;) ~o:Q,q.]2. ( ~ pass.) .,.ofSm+. +Mud splashed our car.
ouh.<;l-"t "1!':1' .,..ISm+n-1splash (vi.)
I. .,.~"" The water splashes in all directions.
m-;)m- Oftlfi-1- f.~""I.A
2. .,..,.(ltl-o:Q,+. The baby likes to splash in his
tub . .hf). ' fiOD:f'mllfllJ- ' ID-/1'1' ' OD")(l,:O
""~ Y.m.CCA

3. oi.M. The paint splashed over the floor.

+fl .... '

aJ(Ifl- ' 1\f. ' .C.(I(I

splash (n.) f"'U"f!' m-;)

The splash of the cars on a rainy day is a
nuisance to the pedestrians. fl1f'i11 +"J oo
h.<; f"7.~""m- m-;) flll"'~'l'l- m"t~ tm*There is a splash of mud on your face. .C.-l-11
1\f. "1!':1' .,_~"f!'~VA
*He jumped into the swimming pool with a
Splash. ODCf';;:(Do I aJoil...- I fftr- I {l."ll) I CD<;)aJo
.,. '1\")(l,:OQ;l,+IIJmake a big splash :f'f(n-1-)

He made a big splash with his money and his

new car. 011'H!I-<; q.c;.f\o ooh.<;m- :f'fn-1splatter .,.~..,
Water splattered everywhere. m-;)m- fiftlfi-1-
.,.~""

split
be splattered .,.ol.<;m+

+His apparel was splattered with mud. A.oflit-

111- "P:t' .,..C.<;'l'-l'fi-1- tnc
spleen "'.l.f
His spleen was removed in an operation.
"1.1-fm- n+P. '1'1<; mnrtl-1-

splendid "1~'1" 1 fS'.uo+

Today's ball game was splendid.
..,.,.,..

..,~,.

f~t.m-

\\II

tnc

The coronation of the king was a splendid

pageant. n.,.,.. fHmS'." 01A 1\bqnc ,..
t FC't-1- fY.oo+ tnc

splendor m-O-lThe splendor of the palace has to be seen to

be believed. fiL.,. ,..,...,,...,.,. m-n-1- tl"l
S'."t~ "lf-1- fllof.A:>A

of splendor 6K..ofl ~,.:,.

The palace is a thing of splendor. fl.T ou")

..,,..., ' ~K-il ' ,..,.~ ' flft ' .h"tl\ ' tm-

splke, - together h+"'mfl

He spliced two cables together to make a single
very long one. v-tli>"t ~oop."f- h+"''l'll-
,...,.,.. '

~)!''I"

'

~-,..

' w,:.

~tine f.,.tln~
m-"t h'l'"t-1- ll"tJI.m.,.,. f"tm+.,...n-1-
b~"t..,-1- f.,.,..,:. oum1'i']
put In splints fi~")o:Q,.]- m1t
He put his broken arm in splints. f.,.tln~m-1'
b"t.c;..,. n~.,...,-1- m1)m-

splint ['li"'C mf.'l" ll)!'

splinter (vt.) Mm+

Lightning splintered the tree.

~4-1' ouiJ~~

tltm+msplinter (vi.) .,.M"'m+

The glass splintered in the earthquake. ooll:f'

m1> bout.-1- uo"t+'l'+'l' f.,.t"' .,.(lt"'m+

splinter (n.) ll"t'l'C

I have a splinter under my nail.

(l)or.

.,q
splinter group f.,.t"'l'"l- .,,_.

"J'

il"JTC

A splinter group separated from the party.

f.,.)nrf"j; .,,_. h:rctm- .,.tl f

split (split), vt.

1. of.tlm. He split wood for the fire. "l1J'..
.l.tlm
2. (l)m+. The lightning split the tree from
top to bottom. oooflc41 ~4-1' hl\f. llllh
:f'l- tltm+m-

sponsor

1226

split

3. .,.~.,.~. The power of his blow split the

wooden door. fr-1: '1.e.A fl')"}t;U.wfz"} , .
11'1.1 ' .,.~.,.~<D4. 11.1.1\. The enemy's conquest split the
country in two. fml\'1- J.':A "'11:~'1 M&

spoil (vt.)
She has spoiled

I. 1\Mif.

all

my

fun.

~il;J-tlo'J v-11- 1101\if:f.fi'S

2. 11'1"11++. Her husband spoils her. q!l. J.''l"

1\~:I':J-A

.,., ' llv-11'1- ' 11.1.1\'l5. Tlt.C.II. They split the profit. 'I-C4-'J Tlt.C.II-

The mother is spoiling her child. M''l-1'"'1' A

split (vi.)
I. Tl\tm+. The wood split in the dry air.
b'J....., I1J.':C+'I- fTt"l Tl'ltm+
2. Tl1.1.11. The party has split into three
groups. :rctm- O?'il'l- Th.C.II

spoil (vi.)
I. TOll if. The meat will spoil. P' ;J<D- f.OI\lf A
2. 01\01\. The apples are beginning to spoil.
-l>of.l",; ouoilOil 'f.9"~'1'A

split asunder

~'J ' ;J-'1"11~+'1'1\:f

spoil (one's) appetite mllof..+ H;J

Don't spoil your appetite by eating sweets!

(l~ll)m+

Lightning split the tree asunder.

ouofl~~ q4-

"'of."l" t~C Oouofll\'1- tDilof.'I-U'J ll'l-11.."

'J M"'m+mspllt hairs

spoil for a fight

*Don't split hairs; go on to the main point!

f..."OqA

He is spoiling for a fight. 1\ll"q'\f!' 1\"'I'J"I '1-

1\4!')05 ' ODI\1\05 ' "'I<D-"1-I>'J ' TTII ~ '

t~-1-'J

T<;-iC
split up l'\f

Split up a compound into its elements!

m- AY;
BJotft.,)J.

'J Of'I''JT 'J'!'>I- 1\f<D-

split (n.)

split (adj.), a - second hOD~R'O'IIt took a split second to do it. 11ou~R'O'I- liM

splitting f"'l..C.A'I'
I have a splitting headache. f"'l..C.A'I' f&-il
9";1-'l- ' f.~'i'A
splurge
I. li.C.I\1\. He splurged lots of money on her
wedding. 1\1\C'\ ill!- i!C li.C.I\1\
2. 11"'l.~qm- 01\f. nHil 1\tD"'. He splurged
and bought three suits. 11"'1.~qm- 01\f.
~'JHII-'J 1\<D-'I'.f ?'il'l- tzDol\- Ailil ~q

splutter
I. T'J!I'!I'. The fat was spluttering in the frying
pan. ~q., OD'J'Olfm- 1\f. f.'J!I'!I' toe
2. li'J'I-'i' li'J'I-'i' Ill\. He fell into the pool
1\ootp~m-

h-e'.. ""'

il'l' ~il.f li'J'I-'i' li'J'I-'i' 1\.A tD"'

splutter out +Qml.
He spluttered out an excuse. ll"h'JJ.''I- 1\0Dil
m'l- +qm~

+t-'J ,_11- 1111+1'1

spoils fl'l~+m- l\:1'

The thieves divided the spoils among them.
11.11,;

I. il'J'I'~. There is a split in this rock. OH.U II

11'1- ' 1\f. il'J'I'~ Ill\
2. ool1of..C.A. The minister tried to heal the
split in his party. "'l.til'f->1- ' o:rctm- m-il
'I' ftO~<D-'J oul1of..C.A 1\"'liltD~J.': '1"11~

and came out spluttering.

spoiled (adj.) 'I"A:I':I'

The spoiled child cried all day long. 'I"A:I':I'

fi\~.,.'1-'J

l\:1' Tl1of..C.II-

spoke 'liP
Several spokes of the bicycle wheel were
broken. fll.l\.111\.-1> 'liPl":f ilrt-l",; Tl'lil
~'I' A

spoke, see speak

spokesman :I'A ll+qy.
The spokesman made the announcement.
:I'A ll+ql' "'lil:J-tD-I!J.'<D-'J 111\"'1

sponge (v.) Ol\'i't'1 tDI\tDI\

He sponged the car. ODlJ.o;'m-'J 01\'i't"' tD
1\0JI\

sponge (n.) 1\'i't"'

Where did you buy that sponge? 1\'i't.,.., hf
,. '

~q'jjm-?

sponsor (v.)
I. 11.1.11(11'1-). A rich man is sponsoring me
so that I can go to college. li'JJ.': llofi;J-9"
1>1\.Y; li'JJ.':~q 11.11'i'AA'S tm-

2.

llltt~.

Tbe school is sponsoring the show.

-I:J.''f->1-'J f"'l.J.'It'LJ.'.<D- 'I-9"UC'I- IL-l> tm-

3. h+l.O. The two senators are sponsoring a

bill to ban cigarette smoking. v-11-1> f.lt"l
ODtDI\'i' ' 9"11C ' IL'I- ' 1\QII-:f ' 1\.ll'&- .,
Q;l,{l'J f"'l.I11111A f.lt"' ~-1!~ li~CO'I'A

sponsor

1227

sponsor (n.)
1. S'.:J~. We have to find a sponsor for the
project. lllt.U l'.;r>J:- S'.:J~ "7"11"'1- hll11't
2. .1'+<:0. The sponsor of the bill is the
chairman of the committee. f.h1-'t M:;r> ,1'
+<:OfDo f~C1- 11.+ OD"JOe tfDo

spontaneous
1. o.r.,..~'h'l- f+~<:~. The demonstration
was not spontaneous, but staged. flt\DOJ1!aJo (lA.
'i' OL....~'h'l- f+~<:~ hAtO<:!I" 0'1-l'.~
11 l'.'tl[
2. ( ~ adv.) OJ:"'t~'l-. The fireman said that
the fire was spontaneous. fl'.ll'l- hS'.:J +
Mltf. 1.111: f+t"'m- OJ:"'t~'l- tm-
hll
3. ( ~ adv.) q'tl,.. There was a spontaneous
burst of applause when the speaker finished his
speech. +<;:>&m- 't"'"''l-'t l'.'J~Q;l.l:fl "'M1
..,q,. q"t I. +lim

spool
1. 'l':r-A.Givemeaspoo lofthread!h't.l:" 'I'
:r-A he flm~
2. Obt-. Wind the thread on a spool! h'l-'t
Oht- ~f. hm't'J'ttDspoon (v.) Q;~.Afl: Lflfl M<:~
She spooned the gravy on to the bread. mm-"t
Q;~.A'f. '111m- ~f. Lilli h~<:~";fmspoon (n.) "7'th.,l' ! "7'tlt
The handle of the spoon is made of wood.
f"7'th.,l'fDo l'.~:J' hb'JQ;l.'l- f+P't- tmspoonful "7'th..l'
A spoonful of sugar will sweeten the tea.
h't.l:" "7'th.,l' ili>.C !ff."t ,l'"''i'm'I'A
spoor <f.<;
He followed the spoor of the leopard for
several miles. ft11'1-1 <f.<; 111111- "7f.A
+b+ll
sporadic(~

adv.) hAl.": hAl.":

There were sporadic outbreaks of malaria in
the south. 0~11-11 0 II-A hAG: hAG: m
q ~11.,. toe

sport il?"e'l- l l'.il?"C'lFootball is his favorite sport. f"''.m~fDo il:r

e'l- f"'e \<oil tmln sport II+AJ:" ,I'UA
The man teased the child in sport. (ltD-\Iom- II
+AJ:" ,I'UA A'Jt't hi>"LO'l-

spot
be a good sport

*Jim was a good sport about giying up his

turn. l[ll" +t-m-"t ,1'111\LtD- Oll?"e'l-
oP"JLfl

ToPC.f

)om-

Be a good sport and don't sulk! ~'1-u L:J'

f.OA I h:J'Ii-e'i'
be a poor sport '1''1- ll?"e+'1 hf.~l\9"
He is a poor sport. If he doesn't win, he gets
mad and walks off. '1"1- ilre+'1 hf.~l\9" !It
~~tL +<;~ f.~-'IA
sportsman ilre+'1ll'.il?"e+'1
The wealthy sportsman bought fishing and
hunting equipment. 1111:1'... il?"e+'1 f't"'
"7'J'OOl!'<; ' fh~'J 0 00"1&,1' 0 ~~
spot (spotted)
1. 1\f..,. om+. I spotted him in the crowd.
h.h111Jo ooVbA llf.'f om;r>IJ<'l2. 1\f..,. ~<:fl(O'l-). The teacher spotted every
mistake. OO!I"U'I- il.h+-l:"t IJ<tr 1\f..,. ~
<:flO'l3. hOOI\h+. The searchlight spotted a plane
flying in the clouds. f}dJotfm- 1 o~oo'i"m- ID"
il'l' f"''.O<:m-"t hm-I!'T~'t hoollb+
4. h'Jmqmo. She spotted her dress with sauce.
A111l. ~f.
h'tmq'l'qn:rii:Y..
5. hO~~- He spotted his reputation by lying.
000'1'~.,. il ...'t hO~~
be spotted +"tmqmo
The table is spotted with ink. m<:A.~m- +11
II" +"tmq'J'(IO:J'A

m"'

spot (n.)
1. m,..m-1'. The white cloth has red spots.
ttJJt ..,e;r. +Y. m,..m.,. hiiO'l2. lflf. You have a spot on your tie. ht-li'l11 ~,!'. ' .,!flf hi\

3. 'i''t"'-t. There are spots of mud on your

stocking. l'."'e n:t-11"11 f"f!',.. 'i''t"'-t
l\110'14. m11:J'. The cleaner said he couldn't get the
spot off my coat. A11il h"'fltD- 1>-t: ~
f. ,1'1\tD-'t m11:J' 11"7111\+;r> hA!I'Ah9" hi\
5. ii'i':J'. Red spots are an external sign of
measles. + ,1',1'. ii'I':J'l":Y.. fh-'1'~ II"Ah.,.
:y.. ' <;lfm6. !I"Ah'l-. That spot on his cheek is a sore.
01-'t<Uo ~,!'. ,1'1\m- !I"Ah'l- _,ilA tm7. 11:1'. I stood on the same spot for a solid
hour. lt't.l:" 11:1' IIAt,..t:r- h't.l:" fl't'l-
...,.. ' 4'9"11-

spray

1228

spotless

8. ll.'!h'l. His character is without a spot.

mfl\l ll.'lh'l fiiR'I-11"
hit the spot
*This drink hits the spot. ~u Ah fii"I.A
.,(Do I f\of.\'+ I Olltn'J" I \oCIJo

spout (vt.) 6""

The broken pipe was spouting water. f+{lfi
611Jo !1.11"!1. ID-;>
spout (vi.) +'lflllflll

~6"1."

)fiC

Water spouted from a break in the pipe.

In spots l\.11\C: l\.11\C:

!J.II"!J.ID- ' +(1-fiC" ' fDo;>fDo ' +'lflllflll

My coat is threadbare in spots. 1>-1: l\.11\C:

spout up

l\.11\C: llil:tA
on the spot
I. aiJU'fDo).. They fired him on the spot. mJtfiiJo
). hP'&- ll.ilmm-'12. l\.H.fiiJo. I was on the spot when the plane
crashed. l\.ID-C"T'I). m:.f 1\.ilfiRC l\.H.fiiJo
)flCfl.

The fountain spouted up high. 11"'1"" IDS'.

put on the spot fl'f"'IC "'" ll)l\

The students put the teacher on the spot by

publishing his letter against the director.
tp~ I

OJJ~(Do')

1 flOD:J"lD9'" I f~Lm-"J I ~1)

-'111. ' li.Ti" ' "..,"'""''~- ' ..,...,6fl''ll ' l\.11+..,6

"'"'~ n:f-lc "~ nJII-'1-

[See also 'freeze, sore')

spotless 'IK-.<h
The kitchen is spotless . ..,: 11.-1> 'IK-.<h
)fDo

+6""

spout (n.)
I. m-'1-. The spout of the coffeepot is broken.
f)!H'i'fDo m-'1- +{1-fi~A

2. ltif'l}l. Rain runs down a spout from our

roof to the ground. f11'i'-tl fDo;> hnJ6J''f'l ' 'I~ ' flif'!'lfDo ' fDoil'l' IDS'.

-t.T ' Y.

l.llll\

A spout of water shot up from the hole in

the pipe. tJJo;>fDo h!I.II"!J.ID- tJJoil'l' IDS'.
'I~ '

+6""

sprain IDI\11" l\.1\(fDo)

+She sprained her ankle. .,.C"'."II""'""''.:t'l
IDI\11" ' l\.'l'f-

sprang, see spring

be spotless
His reputation is spotless. 11'11& )..")b") 1l
~IDnJI\'f-11"

spotlight q..,.q
The border guards have a large spotlight.
m6'i! mfl-l!fl''ll l\.'1: '1-A:J> qm-q l\.'1

"'"'"

be In the spotlight
The President is always in the spotlight.
TMJ.-'1'1-1> !Joll\'1.11. f.<h11-tl 't~'l fC'i!fi;l-11\

spotted R-&-R-t.
Young deer have spotted coats. J';>H'I "111\111'f- ' .f-'l'ffDo ' n-&-n-t. ' )fDo

spotty +11'1'""~"
His work is spotty.

'I~ '

.,..~Q;J.

~&.m- TA'P.,~

\o(l)o

be spotty m:l'm.f ll.llfi'I-

His complexion is spotty. ,t.-IJ m:J"m-4\ 1t

IIR'I*His attendance in class is spotty. h'i!A f"''.
1flfDo ' l\.'1-'I'IS'.. ' )fDo

spouse flllll.'IMy spouse cannot come with me. fiAtL-1: lr.ofl

&-'f ' A'l--"1 ' ll.'l-'f-11\11"

sprawl
I. +H6:>. He sprawled on the sofa and went
to sleep. C:-l:tJJo 'I~ +HC"I.,. li.'I:J>A'i!
m(IS'.m-

2. -'11i. The baby sprawled across the floor.

ih'). ' IDI\11- 'I~ ' '11i
3. +'l")""l<Q,6. His handwriting sprawled
across the page. X".ltL-h O'lJt. 11-lt" fT
'f")""&<Q,6 )IJJo

spray
I. tJJo;> ll.mnJ. He's spraying the garden with
a hose. .1''1-hA.J>'I fl;l- H.J>fl m-;> n
..,mnJ'I- 'I~ )fDo
2. fDo;> 6"". The firemen sprayed the fire with
a hose. fll.l)'f- l\.1!.;> w&-+'l''f- :l'mll..,. 'I~ H!J.II"!I. fDo;> 6""
3. )of..(R'I-). He sprayed the room with insecticide. h'i!ll-'1 f.,.'l""l -::>~'!- )of..fl'l4. 61.61.. He sprayed the advancing troops
with a machine gun. l\f14- fOD"fm--J toe
n-'l-6fil 6L61...,.

spray (n.) f"''.6"1" .,.~

The spray from the waterfall soaked me.
h~~"'"'" ' f"''.6"""'" ' fDo;> ' ll.&-(l'f

spread

spring

1229

A spray of bullets hit tbe tree behind which

he was hiding. -J-lf11111T f)II~CJJo't ~<;: f
'l'f.T II~J'.. mGF.IIT
spread (spread), vt.
I. H.::>. The eagle spread its wings. 'tlla: h
. 't~ ' H~:>':f

2. Jrtlltf.. This hole is too narrow; we need

something to spread it. <1'.11-'ICJJo 11"111" m'l

11 ' 111111') ' fll"'i'llof.IIT )1C 111LA1'i'A

3. <1''1. He cut tbe bread in half and spread

butter on it . .III'CJJo't IIIIIIT ot.Cfll :,.n.

<i'fJCJJo
Spread some honey on the bread! .III'CJJo't
"''C<I'fi.CJJo
4. MtnL. He spread a rug on tbe floor.
1\'t.l:" ' 11:>11 mlltr 1\f. MtnL
5. 1\;>'1 i 1\&-'1. Flies spread disease. 11'tll':f
1111;1" 1:>'1tr ()'&-'Ill-)
6. )~. He spread tbe rumor tbat the President
was dead. T"-11.-'l't-lo 'I";I:A f"''.A "'"- )~
7. 1\~DD-f". He spread tbe news of my divorce.
fooof.;f".J:'t "'"- 1\~DD-f"CJJo
8. 0!'.11. We spread the paDiphets throughout tbetown.K"dto4 -'t h-1""7 CJJo/1'1' O~)CJJo
9. Mo&-..... A model farm was set up to spread
new farming methods. 1\.'l.ll !'7.t:lf H-"-l"'ll'
't ' 11"71l&-..._T ' 11"1111. f"''.ll"t 1\'t.l:" 1\C
lf -J-!11!1/oo

spread (vi.)
I. -f")~. The news spread quickly. "'"-"'" 'l't
""". -f")~
2. -1"~ 00 -1". The fire is spreading rapidly.
.+mii-CJJo ll'i''I')T -r-~oo-rThe sickness spread rapidly. 1111;1-CJJo .fill-

-~-~"""'"

3. -J-Il&-..... Humanity has spread all over tbe

world. fllaJo A)!' fl'tllll" llf. -1-ll&-"l";I:A
4. -1"+'1. The paint did not spread evenly.
+11- -1"11-l"llhll- 1\A-J-<1''111"

spread abroad +li~"'The news of his coming spread abroad.

fDDII""JoJo ' "'"- ' -J-{1&-....
spread Oj!art 111f
He spread tbe tables apart. m~A.~l"'ll't 111
1'1'CJJo

spread cloth over hi\flll:

Spread tbe clotb over the table! m~A.~CJJo't 1\
Ai!llCJJo
spread out (vt.)
I. H.::>. He spread out his arms .to show how

long the fish was. f't"'CIJo't TA~)T 11"'1

lifT 1\"lf.'t H.:;>
2. 1\ll"'. He spread out the cloth to dry .
1\'t-'IJ.C:,. 1\ll"'CIJo

....c.,. .

spread out (vi.)

I. m(IS:.. Our trip spread out over two weeks .
1-!l.'ll''t tJ-IIT illl"'tT 11JA mM
2. i"'t"'llll. We saw the whole town spread
hll;f"ll":f't "'"
out below us. hi""7CJJo.
't"'ll- 1\f)CJJo

o-tr

spread (over) mM(IIT)

His course of studies spreads over three years.
TII"IJC-Io >"liT 'tDDT f.dJ/1.1:"11;1-A
spread (n.) oo&-'IT 1 oo~ooT
They tried to check the spread of the disease.
fll11;f"CJJo't oo&-fiT (""~""T) 11"'11.1:" 'l"h-1spree, go an a
IIIIL

"J.naJo't IIL'tm111 1\

The soldiers went on a spree when they were

paid. m;J-s:.r:'ll S:.'I"~'I'CJJo't '11")'
'l.nf'I'CJJo't IlL'tm111 1\11114-

'l.n

go out on a buying spree 11'Hflo'l H&-

He goes out on a buying spree every payday.

S:.'l"11 ' 11-l"hLII ' <II'I'C ' 1'tHIJ-'t f.H&-A
sprig ~mA
He tore a sprig off the bush and chewed on it.
h<ll'l'ltfllCJJo llf. :,.mA 11'1'1' 1\"fh
sprightly f"''.!J.C~
The sprightly kitten was leaping in the air
trying to catch a fly. fii"T!I.C.,..,. f.I:"DDT
"IA1A 1111"ofl 11""111 'lfC llf. Hllll':f
spring (sprang, sprung), v.
I. -1")"1. All the rumors spring from one and
the same source. m&m- u-tr f"'t~'1m- I}
't.V: ' M"l"' )CJJo
2. Hill- -1")"1. He sprang from his seat. hoo+
I HA- I +\'ut
OD-J,m- I
3. "'"~ Sparks sprang from the fire. 'i''t"'tlaJo
hl\11-to dJ"'
sprlns (at) Hill- -J-hoo~(IIT)
The dog sprang at tbe thief. CJJolfCJJo Hill- 11.
fJCJJo ' 1\f. ' -f"hDD~IIT
sprlns back -1-L'i''I'C: -~"""llll
A bent branch will spring back into its place.
f~4-'t :,.c-,"'1<;: IIIICJJo ll.II<IIT -1-L'i'
'1'1: ms:, l';f"CJJo ,.....IIllA

-\.e.

spring
spring (a) leak "7'i'ilil

1230
)!ou~

spry
with holy water. ., .... ft1i.,.'I'OJo"t mftA h

I need a new bucket; the old one has sprung

a leak. IIC'"I.OJo QAJI. "7'i'ilil ilA)!ou~
IIJI.il OD"Iq:,. Yil~A1'1'A
spring out -o:,.O J\A
Flowers sprang out of the earth. llftQl":r; h
ou.:,:,. ' ofl:r- ' 1111-

mou41'12. ft.,.). She sprinkled the floor with sand.

mAll- 1\J'. llif'l' ft_,.):f-

sprinkle (n.) ~y
The sprinkle laid the dust. IJ.!..I'OJo 11!).&-0Jo"t
llil:f"10PIJJo

spring to (ones) feet Hft- ofl.e1 h.A

When the officer entered the room, the soldiers

sprang to their feet. ouh-"t'l- h'i'll- OJoil'J'
ft1Q 'l.tl. m:t-Y.C':r; HAOJo ofiY..-"1 1111spring up
I. 1iOJo IIA. A cool breeze sprang up. 4>11:1'

q )-1-il 1iOJo IIA

2. .,....&-. A town sprang up at that site.
ftlf..l' tt:r 1\J'. h.,.., .,.,;~.ft:,.
A doubt sprang up in her mind. Q"t S'." 'l.tl.
'l'C"l&. 1QT

spring (n.)
I. I'.S'.J'.. Flowers bloom in spring. fti'.S'.J'. II
fttt:f- YiiQII2. ?""t.,.... There is a spring behind our house.
hiL:t":f-"t )!CQ ?""t.,_. IIA
3. QA.ilT&-. The spring of the truck is broken.
fouh. 'i"OJo QA.ilT&- _,.ilofi;,:A
4. '1"1\. The spring of my watch is broken.
fil't-1: '1"1\ _,.(lofi;,:A
make a spring HAA

The dog made a spring toward us.

mY.'I' HAA

fD"ifiD"

mineral spring mOA

He went to a mineral spring to recuperate.

A"711?" mY. mftA ~S'.
springy
*He walks with a springy step. f'l.&-ou S'." II
~~~ ll~il ,1'.1\A
sprinkle (vt.)
I. OJo;) IICh~h~(ftT). The gardener sprinkled
the lawn. IIThA_,.'I',. .I'ThA-I>"t fl:t"
,.;) llch~h~ft,.
2. IICh~h~. The girl sprinkled water on the
floor. Al'-1: mAll- 1\J'. OJo;) IICh~h~:f3. )(l)il(.,.M)il). A powder made of sugar
was sprinkled over the cake. fth.h- 1\J'. fil
'>.C Jl..,T _,.)il"t(o )ftC
sprinkle (vi.) IIIJ-1It sprinkled this morning. q.:, tll.T IIIJ-1sprlnkle with

I. lim""+. The priest sprinkled the sick man

sprinkling of ( ~ adv.) IIAfl: IIAfl:

There was a sprinkling of young people in the
congregation. ftll"l\OD<;'). ouiJhA IIAfl:
IIAfl: A~ l\"IC':f- J'.:t"V. )ftC
sprint ifoumm
The runner sprinted for the goal. ;,:..., "-""
,. l\"''.YA:,Oft:,. tt:t- AouJ'."~il ifoumm
sprout (vt.) M+A
The rain has sprouted the beans. 11'i"ll-
1\0Jo"t ' llft4>AOJo
sprout (vi.)
I. ft4>A. The beans sprouted in the rain.
11'i"ofl ' il.Y1'S ' 'l.li '
ft4>A
2. ofi:,O ofi:,O IIA. Gas stations sprouted
along the new highway. QJI.il- IIOJo&- .,..
Jl'i" ' "1&-'i" ' +'S ' fiL"til."t ' "7S'.Y ' "'IU'l"
:r- ' ofl:r- ' ofi:,O ' 1111sprout up M1
How your children have sprouted up! A]<":fu
l\"tS'..'I- IIS'."1'1'A I

q.,

q"'""'" '

sprout (n.) ft.,.A,.

Bean sprouts cooked in oil are good to eat.
ftHJ'.'I- f_,.4>4>A fQ.,I\ ft.,.AT A""iiA
T"'-

)dJ-

sprouting grain 11-:I'Y

The frost killed the sprouting grain. OJoC""
II-:1'YOJo"t llm-1-0Jo
spruce (v.), ~ up .,.'>.'>.A
She spruced up while her boyfriend waited.
l\ilhT'>.'>.A S'."~il fh"t~C m.ll.{ .,..,_..
oflll- mft:i'T
spruce (adj.), look ~ ( ~ tr.) if:> IIS'.~1
+He looked very spruce in his new suit.
11'1.1'1- Aoflil- if;> l'oS'."Ci :t"A
sprung, see spring
spry "t41
The spry old lady traveled everywhere. "t.,'l'
IIC"l.T m,I'.HC' ofiH- il'i'&- .,_R'r":f

spurts of flame i'OAQA

be spry

*He's spry as a goat though he's nearly eighty.

{1"71J' ' """"" ' 0.ll')tJ>ol1" ' {1.6-0DJ': ' f"''.
~{IO'fo filii"

spume

l\~1-

Large pieces of spume were blown through

the air. illt' l\~1- tDS'. {1"7f. R'f )fiC

1i,..,.,.

'-1-'1.....6- ' 1'1-'i-tJ>o

2. 11-~11-~. He spurred his horse. L~{l-1 Ito
~~~-~,.,.

spur (n.) [La1'l':f R""i"7:ftJ>o 1-~h11

~f. ' f"'i.J'f.C1-'fo ' hofl~'fo ' f-J-....6- ' OD\to
Clt-&J')
dig one's spurs Into bo-~ba~

He dug his spurs into the horse's flank.

11-~\to~tJ>o

sputter (I..C.<;m'J> 1"1""~ ...~

The fat sputters over the fire. '1>11'1- '-il't-
~f. (I.L<;m'J> f-1 ...~...6-A
(I.{I'J'

<I'IJm~

spy (spied), v.
I. {Ifill. He was sent by the enemy to spy on
our camp. fiP&-:f-11 {ILC II_{IAA hm~
,. ' 1-Aio ' OD")
2. 1-h:J"-J-ll. I think he is spying on me.
'-~1 ' f"''.h:J"-J-1\'S ' f.on{I(I>;'A
3. tlf. She spied a friend in the crowd. 'lS'.':'
'1'1 R.ih1111- onlJhA tlf:f
spy out S'.~n(n't-)

She spied out our plans. !l"ilm.&-:f11

U{l

:fn't-

1 /afl'Hl
He did it on the spur of the moment . .1\{I<I'J':'I"

on the spur of the moment hl1+1:1"

{)J'{Iofl ' l\S'.~1tJ>o

spy (spies), n. Mf.

Tbe spy was caught and hanged. Ml' 1-J'.I'
-J-{1<1'11

spurious f.h{l'fo
A spurious report stated that the boy had been
killed by his mother. "':it1 f1S'.tl:ftJ>o '-"
.,. .,,. ' f"''."' ' fdl{l'fo ' "'~ 1-tD&-

spurn RHII'i- on(l{l

The judge spurned the bribe. -'l':'tJ>o 1-lltJ>o
1 RHII'i- on(l{ltJ>o

spurt (v.)
1. m.1 htl. Blood spurted from the cut in
his arm. h-1-.,.~mtJJo h1.0:. S'.ll" m.1 f.
"' )fiC
2. 1-tD~tD~. A jet of water spurted from the
fountain. tJJo;) hM"" tJJo{I'J' 1-tD~tD~
3. """"~ Sales spurted greatly before Christmas. h1<; n.c.'fo 1RJ' 0"111" """"~
spurt ahead fi:Ti'-h~ 0'1,._A s Q;l.oot:

When the runner behind him came close,

he spurted ahead. h:\~tJJo J'lltJ>o a:"l" n
f.~{IO'fo '1..11. 'i''l')-1:1

)fiAIJA :J"f

He sputtered out an excuse. !l"h1J''I-

spur (spurred), v.
1. 1'1-'i-. The prize spurred everyone to work
v-11-11" {ltJ>o m1hl!'
his hardest.

Spnrts of flame appeared here and there on

the building. .ih1RtJJo lt.J'- "'"',;: "'"',;:

sputter out 4'llm~

spun, see spin

L~{l-1

squalid

1231

spume

R'1f."' """"~

spurt (n.) """'S'.'i'

There was a spurt of activity when the minister
came into the office. "''.kM-~ OOJ"&J' n.
,. ' OS'.~ {I- ' '1..11. ' f I"6- ' OD"'S'.'i' '
J'. )fiC

r.:r

squabble (v.) 1-):J"~h

Tom squabbles with his sister every day.
.foP" Rf<l'). h'-'1-1: :>C f.):J"~IJA

squabble (n.)
I. 1'1-ch. Their squabble ruined the quiet of
the house. 1'1-Ch- 11.-1:1 l\'1':1" )"ftJJo
2. on) :J"~h. I hate squabbles about unimportant things. fill') IJAII')tJJo oo~:J-~
h hAtDJ':!I"
3. '1."'1>"1"'1>. Can't you put an end to these
squabbles? f-1111 "1"'1>"1"'1> A:J"11" h'fo
:fAll"?

squad 1-)"'J'. 'lJ':

A squad was sent to reconnoiter the enemy
lines. fmlt.'t-1 l\<1'"7""'1' '-1-'I.{IAA l\1
J': ' -J-)"'f. ' 'lJ': ' 1-lt.h

[See also 'firing"]

squadron '-il\\J':1!'1
A squadron of planes flew overhead. l\1J': 'il\\J':1!'1 .t.tJJoi!'T~1 Rlt.J':f-1 "" n
t: hliL

squalid
I. S'.ilil. I saw a squalid hut made of old tin

squalor

1232

cans in the village. oP"}S'."" aJol\T IIC"1.

:f"tlt f.,.wt:-'.f J'.ltlt '1}1:. 1\fu2. 411111 Yll. The refugees live in squalid surroundings. i'IJ'..,.'l''ll 4!1111 qj\ 1\ltq(l tDo
i'l'l" Y.'ftl-11squalor ""4'lf11
The squalor of the town was frightening.
fh.,..,ID" ""4'if11 Mt.+-t ~oc
squander 1\qh~
He squandered his money on worthless things.
0"7Y.Gq ~1C 1"tHIVI 1\qh)
square (vt.)
I. "77-H"t 1\tD"'. He squared the ends of the
board. 1\lt"t.+ID" mC~'.f "77.H"t 1\tD"'
2. 1\ll.,.lthll. This squares our account.
Y.U oh.ftq:fn 1i'l.,.lthii'I'A
square (vi.) .,..,..ltllll
His account does not square with mine. f'ftm
.,'JC I h
"), I hftmlJ-+ I
llJa I oP"'Ii\fiJ. I
Y.ll"7"7'1"
square (n.)
I. 1\f.qqy., Our windows look out on a large
square. OoPi'll>;.l":f"t '1-Y.f. 1\"tY: '1-t.'l>
1\J'.qqy. 1\11
2. l\t:-'I-"77.H"t.Arrangethechairs in a square!
ID"tOC''Il"t q,:.'f- "7M"t J'.CY:C
Draw a square on this paper! OH.U m~.,..,..
1\Y. ' 1\tl-'1- ' "77-H"t ' "'t.

square (adj.)
I. 1\tl--ll'l" '1-"t 1.!1-t. flf~.I'dlikeasquare
box. 1\t:--t.'l" '1-"t 1.11-t. flf~ "''l""t 1.
~A;II\IJo

2. Itt.. Our backyard is twenty square meters.

"C''I':f"t YY Itt. "'&'1-C ~ID"
3. mot 'I'. He will get a square deal at this
shop. 7-H.U 11-'1> ID"i'l'l" 7..+ Om4''1' 1'
;J Y.if"'t.
4. f.:q, I haven't had a square meal in days.
f.:q 'I""Jofl 1\oflrt- 4''0'1- OA'Ii 1\1\ID"'I-'1"
5. ( ~ noun) :J-I'h'l-. He is known for his
square dealings. O"'',P'tl-ID" )1C u-11- :I"
"7'h-ll f ,...... .,. ~(Do
squash (vt.)
I. at.~l\4'. She squashed the bug with her
fingers. 'f-:\)."t 0"1;1: at.~ll-t'.ftDo
2. '-""1111. The police squashed the uprising
in Ireland. ?"ll.(l'.f 1\Y.CI\"tY: ID"i'l'l" .,.~
P'+ f~OGID""t Goflll" 1.""1111-1-

squeeze
squash (vi.) .,.oD.oP-t
Grapes squash easily. IDY."t O-tl\11- """""
.+A

squash (n.) .11-q

I don't like to eat squash . .11-q oPofll\'1- 1\t.
IDY."'I"
squat (squatted) 41m.'l" 1\11
He squatted on the ground and waited.
"""""' 1\Y. 4!m.'l" oflll- ol'f
squat, adj. ( ~ adv.) 4!'1" oflll-,
I have a squat statue of Buddha. 11-Y:II 41"1"
oflll- f.,_4'GIIO'I- mlD"A'I- /\II'S
squawk '""'li
The parrot fell off the perch and squawked.
04'4'). hoPllUYID" 1\Y. IDY."ol' '""'li
squeak (v.) ll.m.'I" 1\11
The rat squeaked when it got caught in the trap.
1\Y.tl). o"''~"""-'~- o.,.yn'.f 1.n ll.m.'~" 1\11'.f
squeak (n.)
*I heard a squeak when the door opened.
0'1- ll.h~'l- ll.m.'l" II.A 11"7u-'lsqueaking (n.) ll.m.'l" f"'LA Y:'/"6
A drop of oil will silence that squeaking.
1\"tY: mofl:f" HY.'I- ILJ'.G"IO'I- ll.m.'l"
f"'LIIID""t Y:'/"6 Ymof.'I'A
squeaky ll.m.T f"'LA
The squeaky door rasps my nerves. t\.tn..T f
"'LI\ID" oc Yi'l4'Tm'I'A
squeal
I. .,."t""i""".. The children squealed with delight.
A}l:'ll OJ'.i'l;.l" .,_"t""i...
2. '""'li. A pig squeals when it is slaughtered.
l\lt"7 ll.:f"GY: "'""'tiA
squeal (n.)
*I heard the squeal of brakes. 'i't."t ll.m.'I"
II.A 11"7u(be) squeamish I\H1U(tDo)
+she is very squeamish and cannot stand the
sight of bloody or slimy things. 1','1"'0 -A
'i"A"l" ~c ll:f"Y. O"''l" YH1"t'O:f"A
squeeze (vt.)
I. """""'. I'll squeeze the oranges. of!C-t.lt'f'll
"t 1\oD.'}".+llu2. at.Om. Don't squeeze my hand so hard!
7-J:,"t R'1Y.A 1\'l-at.ofl'l"

1233

squelch

3. 1""'U. Don't squeeze the kitten! fY;o<>:f:

"t "IA1A l>'l-~......
4. ~OD~. I can't squeeze another thing into
my trunk. 11.11 l>:J- l>"''l'l!. IJioil'l' /loP
- c l>A"'f-A'I"
5. l>-t-'i' l>f.t':1. She squeezed her child. At_
") ' l>-t-'i' ' l>f.t':1"'f-11Jo
6. l>oPoJ'. They squeezed the people into the
hall. ih11fl-") ' 1>'1&-lf. ' IJioil'l' ' )>oP41'1squeeze (vi.)
Sponges squeeze easily. ll'i't"l 0<1''111- ,...._
o<>:J"A

.,....,<!'

squeeze from

J\11,.4-

He squeezed money from the poor people.

Y;~'l?t ' 1"tHil l>ll-H.'f'IJio
squeeze in
*Can you squeeze in? If so, sit beside me.
1""1011 A'l-<1'""'1' '1-"'f-'11111! l>"t"l-'1..1'11 l>
m11L 41"1" OA
squeeze out fl""JJ.!" 1 hllhLt\

The tax is intended to squeeze more money

out of the public. "lil'l- f;J-<I'f.IJio ih1111-"t
1"tHil ll"'lllhoi.A tfDo
O"IY:
squeeze through T"l(l hilL
The fat man squeezed through the narrow
door. "'"'~ ' {lfDo\1. ' 0'1-"tlf. ' oc ' -1-"1
.. ' l>llol.
[See also 'pus']

.,...,_..,<1

squelch ID'IJfDo'i- 11'1" J>(l"f

She squelched the quarrelsome child. t"P.,~
IJio") o A'Y: ID'IJfDo). 11'1" ' l>(l"f";f-IJio
squint (v.) 'Jf.'i-"t ""ol."t l>f.t':1
He squints in order to see in the bright sunlight. Om~ 8dtf. IJioil'l' ll"'lf'l- l>
"t'l."'f-A "JY.'i-"t ""ol."t Yf.C:>A
make squint l't,Q.l.~fi(l

The bright sunlight made him squint. "'iY.II'i'IJio

.,.,. ' l>..,.,oll
squint (n.)
*He has a squint in one eye. if'm-~ ioCDo
squirm -i"C""(lo<>(l
I saw a worm squirming on the ground.
'I-A o ""tl-'1- 'If. {LCOD{IOD{I ' l>fiJo
squirm Impatiently -1-4"-tmtm
The boy squirmed impatiently. A',q: +4"-tm
tm
squirrel"iiltlt

stable

"'"='

<':""(0'1-)
squirt (vt.)
He squirted me with a hose. O'IM:h. fDo;) t':
""ii'S
squirt (vi.) 1".1..,'1'4' ' 1q
The lemon juice squirted in my eye. ff\-C"l..aJo
fDo;) ' -l-ol...'l'4' ' "JY.l!. ' IJioil'l' ' ,q
squirt (n.) 'i'"t"'-t
A squirt of water wet my shirt. ffDo;> 'i'"t"'
-t if"tU."t l>t':mOIJio
stab (stabbed), v.
I. 111.:>. He stabbed the man in the chest.
{lfDo\l.fDo") o l>f.t':-J> o 'If. o ID;.lfDo
2. Ill]. He stabbed the knife into the man's
chest. ll"tm."t lldJo\I.IJio f.t':'l- 'If. (li]IJio
stab to the heart 111-lt'l 1 "1-JlaJo
The children's jeers stabbed Tom to the heart.
fA]I:'Ii fl.11 ..,:,. f-r-M 11"'1'1- "1-'IIDstab (n.)
*He was bleeding from a stab in the chest.
.r..:-J>"t 11111"111.:> t.'l" y.,r.(l..,. toe
stab of pain
*Ifelt a stab of pain in my side. 1-l!."t ID;>'S
make a stab at ,..h~

Make a stab at an answer before giving up.

-1-114- ho<>f"t':'l'll 0.1.'1- ""Ail 11""11
m'l- '!"he
stability
I. ,...,_.... A concrete wall has more stability
than a wooden fence. f{L"t"t-r- "11.""1'1 b
cl"t""'l- l>'I'C fOIIm ,...,.... l>IIIJio
2. m"t!J&-t'l-. In particular, the book mentions
the stability of Washington's character. """""'
4- 01"/IY. f'l'"ii"t"l-1-"t"t OD"t.f.(l m"t!J&-t
'1- Y.m-t-IIA
3. l'i"'i- l>!l/9". The Greek government lacks
stability and is expected to fall. M<lh OD"t"l
F'l- Jli"). l>!t9" 11'1"1 f.IDY;:J-A ' -Iiiii- Y.mO:I'A
stabilize
1. ID(l). The government stabilized prices.
OD"t"'F'I- ' fl>:J-") ' 'I'.:> ' ID(l)
2. -1-~mt':. A small parachute stabilizes the
fall of the paratrooper. '1-"t"ii )l'"t'l''l ' YfC '
11111'1-") l'.ID&-t':Y: Y.~m&-A
stable (n.) :>'I'
I left my horse in the stable. ol.t':(l."t '
IJioil'l' ' -1-0J-b-'1-

:>'I' '

78

fooF&Y IL-J: w,!.-J-'l':f o-11- .t..-1-

stable (adj.)

1. f.,J'.II'I'm-r. A stable currency is necessary

for a balanced economy. II-J-1AS'.II .t.l>'l'"'l.
f.,J'.II'I'dl'l' 1'JH'fl Y11L,.:>IA
2. ft.:>. Many countries haven't had a stable
government for years . .,.,.. h.'J{!"l- A1llt'
'\OD;J-."1- ' f(.;J ' OD'}"JP''l- ' h"')O,!.'fCD-9"
3. K">. The stable foundation of this house
was not affected by the earthquake. K"> fiT)
CD- fH.U IL-l- oowt.'l- 0006.-J: OD'J<I'
-r<l'-r h"'-f-)1}9"
He has a stable personality, and you can rely
on him. K"'l- .t.ll/9" YIICD- 11m- 11111f) "'
'1--f-.,OU'JO'l- '1-:f'IIIU

stack (v.) hoot.

He stacked the dishes in the sink. lta.'l''fl'J
.,mll.fm- m-11-r hOD,!.'fm-

stack (n.)

stagger

1234

stable

h!I"C

I had to look through a stack of newspapers

for this article. J'.U'J K"dJ.'i' ll.,"li'l- .h'J
Y: h!I"C ;JIIl'l .,1'10-r )Ot.ii'S

stacks ooK.n<;:'l-

f-1-S'.t.S'.<~-oo'l- h'i'"'

stag .h:>H'J

t.7f~9"
<I''JP..:f .hil--lstag party [m'JP..:f illl' -J-114-.J'. f"'l.IT
>O'l- "lil"'f"]

The stag has long horns . .h:>H>

stage (v.) .hllf

They staged a play in the Haile Sellassie Theater.
0<1'"1.,'1! ...,,_11 P''lll. -I!Y'l-C m-11-r
.h'JY: -I!Y'l-C .hlll'

stage a demonstration (llt...,fl! s (IAt;: 1\J!.t."'

They staged a demonstration in front of the
embassy. O.t.!I"'I(LCD- .&.'1- 11.&.'1- M.,'l!

11"'<;: .t.S'.t."lbe staged

*The demonstration was not spontaneous, but
staged. M.,'l! {1"'4- Ooi.:I'S'.'S)'l- f-1-S'.t.
1 h/A)Ot.!l" 0'1-l'-.~11 l'.'J:(
*The play was good, but poorly staged. -I!Y'l--1-
'!'<~- )OC .h<l',!.t.ll- "I'J '1'<1- .h"')Ot. !I"

stage (n.)

Students are allowed to go to the stacks.

-l-"76lP:f ODK.n<;:'l- l'.-J-S'.t.S'.-1-0'1- h'i'

"' 11.111- J'.L<I'Y:'I'f'l'"'

stadium 7-.11;1-JI.I'"!I"
The game was held in the stadium. ""'I';1-m-
f-J-S'.t.1CD-

v-t;ym-y'J ' ""'"'"

7-.11;1-JI.f"ou- m-11-r )OC

staff (n.)

1. H'J"I. The shepherd leaned on his staff to

rest. 7-.t.'i'm- H'J"I- 'IJ'. S'.1'i' ill\" 7-.1::

,. hll
2 .h'lll-:f. They captured a general and his
entire staff. .h'JY: )';.~,!."' hoP'Im- .h'll\"'ll
;JC ' .,(.h-

1. ODJ':t.h. The stage was empty of actors.

oPJ':t.h- 'IJ'. -1-'I''JY'J .t.IA)0-1-!1"
2. S'.t.7f. The decision depends on what stage
the matter is in. m-It~ 1\oPilm+ ~1~ b
!I"'J S'.t.7f 1-.'JS'.S'.t.h .,m:f> Y11LIA:>IA
3. f-I!Y'l-C oo-y. She left the stage to marry.
11.,"1'1'1- il'l f-r!Y'l-C oo-y'I''J -J-m:f
4. -I!Y'l-C. Shakespeare wrote for the stage.
lth111:c 11-I!Y'l-C f"'l.II''J Y:Ch'l- KL
5. P;l-. France has been the stage of many
wars. Lt.'Jlt,J'. ill!- IPC)'l- f-I-S'.t.1'1'1-
(1;1- ):f
by easy stages hl.t;: ~ll
They traveled by easy stages. .ht.'i' 7-.YII- -1-

3. "'~'l':f. The museum's staff is made of

the director and his assistant. fiL-l- oPHh-1-

'\H-

W,!.-J-7p:f o Jl.6.h-J-'1-'i" ' (.,ll.f'll ' 'i"'fCD*Our school has a staff of fifteen teachers.
'1-!I"UC'l- IL;I-:f'J OP',!. .h9"11'l- OD!I"U
,!.'} .hil--lgeneral staff fh'i'-1-'i' IPC ODh-'J'l':f

They completed the house by building it in

stages. IL-J:'J h'J"''JY: l'.YII- wc-J-m-

OD9"6Y

The general staff does all the planning. fh'i'-1'i'. IPC. OOb-'J'l':f. OD9"6Y. 7-.:f>-'l.'J

~~~-.

YmariA

(be) staffed

*The department is staffed with Ethiopians.

In stages .h'J"''JY: 7-.YII

... t.ll-'1-

stagger (vt.)

I. .h'J1"11S'.. The blow staggered him. ,IJ.'ICD-

.h'J1"11S'.IJJo
2. "1,!. h:>'l. The loss of his fortune staggered
him. Uii-J:'J 0.,"1_,. "1,!. .h;J'IIJJo
3. ( = pass.) -J-S'.'i"1t.. The difficulty of the
examination staggered him. L-1-'i"IJJo 1111hOS'.
,. ' 1-S'.'i"1t.

4. 11.1.&-<':.,., All companies should stagger

their office hours so that everyone won't get

out of work at the same time. w~.,..,~ noo11- Q"t~ "LH. h"t'IY.wm- 11-Q"t.l',..:f rr
II- fFt~ h't;l-lfwo"t .,.1.&-t'::J> 111\Q'I'wstagger (vi.) .,."t1'11f..
I saw him stagger out of the bar. hODm'l' 0.
., woll'l' 1.f.,."t1'11f.. h.W"' llfrr'lbe staggered fitiJ9'" .r.)"Jm
I was staggered to hear he was dead. OD'I"-I>"t
llh.,rr "1.11. 11"19" f..)1'1'h-

staggering
1. f"'t.n1'1"1~. He received a staggering
blow. f"'t.n1'1"1~ 9"'1- .,.ou;J2. f"'l...'llf..)"''l'. They heard staggering news
about the battle. 1111 IPC)-1> f"tJ'llf..)"'
'J'

IIJt;_ I ......

be staggering

stake

1235

staggering

~ll

ltfll.

Prices are simply staggering. fNJ> 'I';J

II .1'~&-A

&-

stagnant
1. ,.,.,.., The stagnant water was covered
with green moss. f.,.'i'w-"t wo;) ll<':"t'l
1. lf'i''l';l-A
2. f;l-.1.1. The stagnant air makes me sick.
f:J-.1.1 llfC m.'i' f.)"''i'A
be sta1nant +H+H

During the summer, business is often stagnant.

-1111" "1.11. IIII;J "t"'~ f._,.H:J>qA
stagnate
1.
The water of the pond will stagnate
if no fresh water flows into it. fh-.1. w-;)
hL/111 IJJo;) ltA.,..,.II.,.I\ liM'"" Y.lf;J-A
2. /If."t.,./1.,.11 'l'<':. He stagnated in some
remote post in the provinces. llm:J>IIY. "'q'l-
W<ll'l' ll"t~ &-:J>ItiiP;J-IIY."t_,.ll.,.ll'l'<':

If.,..,.,

stain (v.)
1. l\4'1flf. You bave stained your vest.
llf..C.I'U"t ll.,._iilf1i'I'A
2. 1\,.f..L. His crimes stained the family's
honor. fw&-'l'w- W"t~ll-:f fO..,. hll-"t II
'I" ' 1\,.f..f.'lbe stained .,.llhll
The tablecloth is all stained. fm;:A.qw- A-ll
II h'IC 11llh'IC _,.llh~A
stain (n.)
1. m-11;1- i 4'1flf I 11~. The laundry could
not get the food stains out of the shirt. fA-1111

"tK'.ft'i' ' ODII""1D" ' lllf"lll- ' IIY. ' f)fl;':W<

"t f'l""'-11 m-11;1- 11.,1'111\:J>.,.,. 11A'J'II'I"
I can't get the stain out of my dress . .,lflfw"t hA-IIIl. llf. .,111\_,.:J> 11:f'_,.'S
The stain won't come out. ~f. 11Y.II:J>'I"
2. 'i'"t"14:. His shirt was covered with stains
which the sauce had left. lf"lll" fW'I' 'i'"t
"14: -1111' )flC
3. 11"th"t. His character is without stain.
mQI' h"th"t fl\11'1-'1"
*There were bloodstains on his handkerchief.
floPdt<':ll- IIY. ff..<':_,. f..'l" f.;J-f. )IJC
be a stain h"l-.r..L
The holocaust of the Jews is a stain in German
history. f11Y.rrP..:f 1111.4:'1- f~cou"t"t ;J-&
h ' f"t..',.~ ' )IJJo

stained (adj.) IIAI' AI' .,.11'1" .l''l.m

There is a large stained glass window in Africa
Hall. QUit 11'1&-11 woll'l' 11"t~ '1-A:J>
IIAI' AI' .,.11'1" .l"'.m fODII;J-w'l- ooll
to'l- ' 1111
stair f..<':)f
She tripped on the top stair. ff..<':)fw- ll<f.'i'
11f..'i'.,.<f.'lstaircase f..;':lf,..:f
The staircase is covered with a rug. f..<':)f,..'li
'l""t"''i' ' _,.)'I'G:Q'I''I'A
stairway f..<':)f
A circular stairway leads up to the balcony.
h"tf.. dt<':"' fW"'W< f..<':)f wr.. h1)'1-

.l'aJ"'IA
stake (v.)
1. oPaJIIJ~ TbA. Tomorrow we will stake the
tomato plants. )"I A-1:"71:...,.. oom11J1
11"t.,.hllll"t
2. hill\. The farmer staked a plot of ground.
11lt.m- ' .,/IIJJo"t ' hllll
stake a claim

He staked a claim to the land. """"' IIY. f

QIIO.'l-)'1- oP;l-W4:.1' :fit/A _,.hllll'lstake (n.)
1. c!"t..,'l-. The stakes for the fence were
tipped with iron. .1'-N- c!"t..,.,_:f II""
<f.'l'w- llf. -11<':'1- _,.hh.Y.Q'I''I'IA
2. ltll.,. Drive the stakes into the ground so
that we can pitch the tent. ~"tl>.'l-"t 1\0D'l-h
A 11"t~"t:f/A ltll.,,..'li"t 'l'hll'l'w-

3. .<:-elf. He has a stake in the business.

O'J"I"'- P' ~ .<:-elf hl\tJJo
4. 1'JHofi. They were gambling for high stakes.
toe
h'i' q11 ~'JHofi .,..,e

.1'-""i"'""

be at stake

1. h.'\~ ttJJo. Too much is at stake for us

to give up now. hrJo'J t~-1-'J ofi').,.cutJJo h.
~~~. ttJJo
2. hll.:>. His life is at stake in this trial.
hrJo'J f4'~nn-r hll II.R.J'.cu-1: f"''J{l.:>
fDa I \'OJ1. Y..~4'. The bread is stale. Jl(ltJJo Y..C1/IA
2. :1-L~. The air is stale. hf-1- ;1-'i'~A
*Their Jove affair is stale gossip. fOD-1-4'~'1'
tJJo CD/I. t'i'llfi;I-A
grow stale .,.Ht.:>(tJJo)
I haven't played the piano for years and have
grown stale. 1\ofirt- '\oo;t-'1- T.J''l' MA
..."'iCD't-11- ...H'J"I-!'-11 A

stalemate , reach a - f"7.J'."Iqn-n-r

ll" I).J'. ,..~ ....

F.~

The two countries reached a stalemate.

rJoll-l:r h~c::r- f.,,..,qn-n- r .r..a
I).J'. ,..~ ....

stalk (v.)

The cat stalked the rat.

mY. h.J'.l\1. 4'~n:f
2. tm:,O tm:,O 7..1'11 OJRJ. The angry man
stalked from the room. f....,Y..Y..tJJo {ltJJo tm
:,. ~m:t> 7..1'11 hh'i'll- CD"'
3. L:r. Terror stalked the city. 'i'eY't- h....,
tJJo'J .1.;1-tJJo
1. A.fJ'..q

4'~0.

..:-oo:r: A.f.r..q:f

stalk (n.) 1>1.11

A stalk of millet was bung over the door.

f"71iil 1>1.11 1.0-1- il.J'. .,..,mATII- ~ne
He cut a stalk of sugar cane into six pieces.
if'Jh-~tJJo h~JitJJo'J 11.<:-11'1- P;l- ~mOJo

stall (vt.)

stall (n.)

1. 0~'1-. The cow is in her stall. I).,_ 0~'1-

OJoll'l' ~:r2. .:>"1. He kept two mares in the stall.
""""'"'" tJJoll'l' IJol\'1- q,~ h{l~
3. ooJ'..ofie. I found this book in a little bookstall . .1'-li'J ooK"m'i' il'JJI.'I- 't-'J1i f
OOK"m'i' ""J'..ofie OJoii'J' ' h1'f"IJo't-

stallion

L~ll

The stallion galloped in the field.

.IIOJo'J O"IAIU' l'~fDo

L~(l- ~

stalwart

(be) stale

~~~.

~~

7..1'11

h~f

He kept stalling his creditors because be had

little cash. ftO~OJo 1'JHofi :,..,11 111\~0e
hO.IIcll"'li'J ~II. t~ A.\'11 h~J''I'OJo
stall (vi.)
1. ~II. ~~ hi\. Stop stalling; do it right now!
~~~. t~ "711-I:'J ,..,.11 hrJo'l-'1- P'~fDo
2. mol.. The motor bas stalled again. 'I"# ),
.,,._~.,.

stamp

1236

stale

mol.

1. 1."1<; {ltJJot't- J'l\fDo. The stalwart athletes leaped over the wall with little effort. I."'<;
{lOJo~'l- J'il'I'OJo ll7"e...>i':f h'l"'-'J J'
II .1:"1)9" Hllll-'12. 4&&-'1'. He is a stalwart fighter for liberty.
1\~IU't- f"''.;JI.A ~ lfl~'1 ~,.

stamina ofie;I-'1-

He lacks the stamina needed to be a soldier.

m;t-l.e 1\ooli"J f"'l.J'IILA1fDo ofie;l'1- ' .1'-1-.1:"1\'i'A

stammer (v.) .,..,.,.q.,.n

He stammered, so I couldn't understand him.
,_.,_,.q_,.ofi Ill\ tOe f_,.~~,. 11.~q'f
hA!J'Ah-r

stammeri ng ,..,.,.q-1-ofi
His greatest disability is his constant stammering. fe(l- 't-Ali> "1-.1:"111> Of"LnOJo oo
., ... q ... n- ~ ....

stamp (vt.)

h.,..,.._

I stamped all the documents.

1.
{ltf..'(;') l]oj\o h ...,....."',.
2. oo{lh~(ll't-). His speech stamps him as an
educated man. M.:>~-1- f....,~ {lOJo ""tr
).') .J'.oo{liJei\;1-A
3. 4'~1\(.,.4'<:1\). His words were stamped on
my mind. 'J"I"I-1- Oh1.9"c.'(l. OJoll'l' .,..,.<:1\
stamp (vi.)

1. 01."1-1- <:1'1' <:~'1' l>Y..<:~. He stamped on

the floor to see if it was sound. OJI\11- m'Jil
~ ""tr'I-'J 11"7f't- 01."1'1- ~~'I' ~~
'I' 1>.<:-C"l 'l"h<:OJo
2. ~oo(n't-). She stamped on a spider. if<:&;1:
I).J'. ~oo";fq:,.
stamp (one's) foot oo&..JJ'l t:'lm
He stamped his foot in rage. fi'Jf.'l- 00/1.1>
., t:1m

stamp out
I. Rl>"l-1- 1 Am'f.. He stamped out the fire.
l>{)-Jo') I fll>.,-1- I Affi'i-CJ)o
2. f.ODI'II'I(-f'I.ODI'II'I). In Greece, all opposition

was ruthlessly stamped out. "l&h

T :l''l'"'l.l"'li

11-tr

I fl"PIJ~ I

""11'1'

-f'I.OD(I{I-

3. '-""C 1 '-""C 1 'I.Yll 1 mnr. The angry boy

stamped out of the room. f-1-'01.1...,. 1 A"!: 1
l>ODC

l>DDC

'1.$(1

bh'i:fr

itf.

y.~n11 1 ~nc

stamp (n.)
I. "7"1-1-11". I lost my stamp for putting my
name on things. il"'l.'t 1 RAY. 1 AI' 1 ~11!'"'f 1
I

f"7-l-!l"fl-l-

"7"f-f'!l"

ffi'f-11"i

2. -1:!1"11C. Did you put stamps on the letters?

1.11-'IILl"'li 1 itf. 1 -1:!1"11C 1 llm'i'hfl'f"" l
3. !I"Ah-1-. Her face bears the stamp of suffering. .I.:J: I fDDb.:O I !I"Ah-1- I f.:J'f.fl:J'A

stampede [fof>'t~
C1"l'O

h11-I':Y.

nm1-1-

oun

""LCm'l']

stand (stood), vt.

I. M'"". Stand it in the comer! h'l'"l 1 A-I>""""
1 .,
2. il'll. Who will stand the cost?
' ) I f."fiiA !
This suitcase will stand years of hard use.
1 ooh.:. 1 Y."''itA
I can't stand the pain any longer. h't.,-'1.11 1

'I'_,..,..,

lf"t"'""
I

/":J'f.')

OD-!'

!1"/lhC~-1-

'\OD.]-

filA

-1'

I '\00.]- I f..fJ'A

8.

~.....

dt..{)fl-

itf.

f-f'ODP't'.T

~CJ)o

.ff.:J;A

fDf.L-l-!1"

I 00

The amount now stands at $600.

I

AIJ-')

}\m"J1J.

11C

{1~/1-l- I .....,. I

~CJ)o
1

fD't

~(JJ-

*Where do you stand in your class? Oh'i=AU

/1')-f'>;' I ~~~~
Tears stood in her eyes. 'IY.'l'!l! ~;~>'tfl 1 A+t'.-1stand about .foP
PeopJe were standing about ln small groups.
(IJI'';f I /111/111 I /111/111 I 11(1fD< I .fODfD< I ~flC
stand against

+Hoo

One man stood alone against the enemy.

A')~

{tfD<

1111'

mit-1-')

-f'lf/lf/OD

stand apart
I. L 'tmC 1 1111-

house stands
1 T1'f. This
apart from the others. Y.ll 1 IL-l- 1 htl.ll-

:y.

M:Y.

2. -1-.:.c+.,.
apart. ?'il-l-

stanch, see staunch

IDIIJ'

fl(l-

7. off. The house has stood two hundred years

and will stand a ceotury more. IL-Io 1 11-ll-1- 1

,. I

+His face was stamped with fear. 0.1.-lo

'i:C?-1-

6. "'"""'"--~'The case stands on his testimony.

"1-Jif.

The house stands close by the river. IL-Io

:1.

ID'I'-1' I

be stamped with ..,.)00

itf.

stand

1237

stamp

L'tmC 1 1111- 1 Y.1'i'A

.f.... They stood three steps
I l>C?")f I -f'.:OCof>IJJo I .foo1

stand aside fiC

All(ll-1-)

Stand aside and let him pass! fiC

RAll-1-<;

Y.ll'i'

(not) stand aside fDI.

:\it

Aitll!l"

He is a man who never stands aside when

something needs to be done. .,..,..,:_.]- 1 f"'l.1
IJCI)o

~1C

l'l.'l'C

fDf.

:\it

Af.A!I"

stand back

AA"f(ICJ)o!l"

3. AliL. It has stood the test well. L-1-<;..,.-,

flf."t<; I AA~A
4. ;J-11P. I can't stand that fresh kid.
. , I A"""' I A"!: I A;J-1oPCJ)o I AA"''A!I"

rn

Of.

stand (vi.)
I. -'"". They stood in line to get into the
theater. fDI. 1 tf-1-'1- 1 (lou.,q.]- 1 R{tA'i: 1 .f...

2. -1-~"1. He stood wheo she eotered the

room. l>!l. 1 il-l-11J 1 -1-~"1
3. ..,."'1L. The broom stood in a comer.
OD'J't'.'IJCI)o I l>'J'"l I -f'f..,~A
4. l>'tl.l\'0 1 off I IW. My orders stand until I
cancel them. l>~ 1 Mlh'li.:-'1'"" 1 ~t'.l'l 1 -11>~~'11 I l>')f.l\). I Y..fffr
I stand by my decision. IJA!J.-1- 1 l>II'Ollll5. -1-h.:Oht'.. I stand on my rights. (IOD11-I: 1
l>h.:Oh.:Ollll-

I. 11J 1 All. The house stands back from the

road. IL-Io 1 bOD')1.11. 1 11J 1 1111- 1 ~,.
2. fDI. 1 :\it 1 -f'oo>ll/1. The policemen ordered
us to stand back. ?"ll.ll- 1 fDI. 1 :\it 1 l>'tmoo
till I AHH')
stand by
I. 1111" 1 All. How can you stand by and watch

when some cruelty like that is being done?

l>')JI.IJ I J'{l I f"l'\Jir. I /".:0 I fl.oP.:0 I I>') f.,.]- I
11!1" I 11(111 I :J'f(IIJf
2. -1-mflflof>. Please stand by while I fix the
radio! .:.-'1.1"1-'t 1 1>/lhoP.:O 1 -1-miJR:r>
stand by for the latest news bulletin! n:r>cn- 1
ff.t'./1....., I If,<; I l'o<;{t"7:f:\(l')
stand by one
I. 1.1L. She stood by him when he was in
trouble. :f"lc 1 IJ:>m"""" 1 '1.11. 1 1.1L:Y.....

stand

1238

2. .<'.<:11(11'1-). You know that I'll stand by you

in case of trouble. o:f-lc "1..11. >.'J.t'.?".t'.C
hAll ;J-m-.4'1111
stand by (one's) word :J-ft.-') ' h.l\mLf"'
You can count on him to stand by his word .
.4'11-'J >.'J.t'."7.1''1''i' A;J-?"'J '1-":fllllll
stand (a} chance IJF:A 1\i\aJo

I am afraid you don't stand a chance of

getting the job. P'&.OJo'} 11"7"1'f'l- ?"'}?"
~~A .1'1111 hJ'.DDhii'SII"
stand corrected

I stand corrected. ha.T-1:'} h?"<;llrr

stand for
I. .t'.1A.. He stands for equality. >.lJ.A~'I-'}
J'..t'."'of.A
2. 1\DPIIhT. U.S.A. stands for "United States
of America". I< .t..h II. 1 f"Y.IIOJo t<<;f.'l~ I {1-J:'I-{l I />'i' ' 1\"'Ltl.. ' f"Y.I\IJJo'} ' J'DP
llh:J-A
3. 1\Am.t'..t'.ll". The teacher said he would not
stand for talking during class. OD!/"11-1- 0'1II"IIC'I- "1..11. T"7&l":f (L.I'm-1- hJ'.m~?"
*We admire democracy, and all it stands for.
Jl.'l"h&,lt'}<; I 'ti\"70Jo'} 0 trl\- 0 ).<;.<'.'}.4'1\'}
stand (one's) ground 7t9")o-fl1' a h.llmmf"'

We stood our ground despite the criticism

leveled against us. M?" ).'}\>,'} '1-:f'l- IL
MHCiJ'} >.?"~;J-:f'}'} hl\tD'J''}?"
stand off ll.A01C

hll

Our troops stood off the attack for several

hours. m;J-.t'.r:!J'"'f'} 11.1'11. 11-t-r-:f .I'll
A I h'J'of!l",;'} ' l\'}01C ' htr
stand on end cfoo

His hair stood on end with anger. O'J.I\.'1.,.......

l\

cf.OD

stand out

1. ,.,.,.. Afm-. +she stands out in a crowd.

0a.1111- """hA "7'}?" J'.ll.l':l"A
2. f"Y..t'.ChO'I- fll?" l "7'}?" 1 h.l'hllm-. He
stands out in physics. O.I.H.hh f"Y..t'.ChO'I-
fllf" ' ("7'}9" ' h.l'hllm-)
stand over Ji.'l'-fl.f. +t&."'m~

If I don't stand over him, he will make all

kinds of foolish mistakes. h'l'il<l: "ATofLni
mCh-'1- f"7f.GQ ha.T-r-:f .l'.t'.C;JA
stand still

hAT~.+~+?"

Stand still while I take your picture. t::-r-"1&-'i' 1

~~~"'ll

l\'1-~.+~:J>

(It) stands to reason "7hG)fm-

stand
when the bank was robbed. Q'} lJ. II.HG'i' 1
>.11..1' ).'}.t'.~OG "7hG)fm- .I'II?"<;A
stand trial i\tj:C.<" -tl.fl
He must stand trial for his crime. hiiA.l\DPOJo
m'J)!A 1 ll'i'C~ DP:J>Gil l\110'1stand up

I. T~"'. You have to stand up when you are

introduced. hllm- ;JC h'l-..,..,.m:J> -~"1
, . I l\1\iJII
2. OGhT. Wool stands up better than silk.
hdoC f.A:J> 11-'i' J'.OGh:J-A
3. T4'Qf.~'l- h1'f. The case will never stand
up in court. .,..Ill< O'i'C.I:" IL-l- .,.+qy.~
,. ' l\.1'1'19"
(not) stand up Hl\4!~., hm&.mG
His theory won't stand up under examination.
6'}11 dollll- ' II.DPGDPC ' Hl\4!~., ' .l'tn&'1'&-A
*Don't bother standing up! Oh"'H.C .,.+DP'I'
stand up for S!'1L

If we don't stand up for him, nobody will.

1.'0' ..AA1'i'~m- "7'J?"

hf..t'."'.I.OJo?"
stand up to
I. >.I( hill\?". Why don't you stand up to your

boss once in a while? l\'}.11'}.1'.?" l\11.4'11 f"Y.

.1'1111'} rrtr >.I( h'I-OIIm- 1
2. Tllili/DP. It takes backbone to stand up to
such a big man. ).'}.t'.JI.II .l'llm-'} '1-A:J> (I
OJo 1\DPll/ll/!1" .,.&.'1'~'1- ' f.mf.:J>A
stand well T"'Qil-r- 'fG

He stands well with his employers. "114',; .,.

"'Qil-r- f.'f &.A
stand with one thlltl-"J : S!?.L
I stand with you in this matter. flllU ~f.
doililll'} >..<'."14-llrr
*I want to know where I stand with you.
..'}_,. ;JC .I'll'S'} "''}"f'~'l- ' ).'}.1',.-l- ' ),'}
.<'.11'~ 11"7m:J> >.A.A;.IIrr
as it stands hrr'} QIIO'I- rr~:JYou can have it as it stands for fifty dollars.
hrr'J 1 QIIO'I- rH:J- O"l!l"ll iiC A'l-1
q ' '1-":fllllll
as things stand IJ.flo').

flo~;.t-

As things stand, your prospects aren't very

good. Qrr). rr).:J- .1'1111 l>.<:"A '1'-1- h
f..t'.ll?"
can stand ++RA

.l'iiii"<;A
It stands to reason that he was already here
1

The minister can stand criticism. "ttll-"K- ~+

d..:l" J'.+OIItr

stand
let stand /l.fOD

Don't let him stand outside! IIID"'l" II;J-4!0DID[See also 'alone, aloof, close, fast, foot, guard,
hair, idle, innocent, leg, reason, respectful,
shoulder, united')

stand (n.)
I. "".1'.11. They have a stand on the market.
Mfl,I'ID- ' ID-il'J' ' OD.I'.11 ' II'I'I'ID-

2.

"'fl..l'. Is there a cab stand near here?

IIH.ll IIIJIJfl. f:J-hll. "'fl..l' 1111 I

3. tnt.J!"l.h. The general sat in the reviewing

stand during the parade. :(~t-11- fli'IA4- 1..
fL I flODoPA_hJ,FQJ- I

00.(-l,)l

1\~

I .f.OO

4. dtll11l 11?1?". He has changed his stand

on this matter several times. nrt.u .,..q.,e It

,1'. ' ,I'IIID-"1 ' dtll11 ' 111f< ' 1..11. ' II'I'ID-tp.A.
He clarified his stand with a definite statement.
1\?/0D<"I fl"IAK" llill:-'1
make a stand against

+5t*OD

They made a stand against the enemy.

,.., ' +**....

mi\;J-o~

Take your stand at the door! flOD111...1'1D- II

m111 4!?"

take (the) stand 'i'C.I'.' n.+ ' 4'l:fl

He took the stand and testified against me.
II.+ '

standard (adj.)
I. f-1-mM. We need standard weights and

measures.

fTdJ(t)

ODODH~'i"

I ODt\hJ' I

,l'ilLA1 .....A
2. '1'..,... His book is a standard reference
work on modem history. ODftdt4- AHOD'i"'f!
;J-&h ' ODl;)i" ' ........ ' ?""I? ' ~,_

*Headlights are standard equipment on all

cars. ft.+ ""11t-.f";f n ... ll-?" ,..h...,..l":Y.
'1,1'. OD'l"C IIIIIJ'I'ID-

standardize
I. m.U (.,.m.U). Weights and measures have
been standardized to facilitate trade. .,.,.... n
.1'."111 11"1-'I.IJ\'..1'.' foPODH>;' ..... o fODIIh_f
~,1'.~-f::Y. -1-tM'I'A
2. 11"1.1'.' ~,r.~:,. ODAh lim. Radio and
television have begun to standardize American
speech. Ml.f"..,.. 1:1\.0:'rr"l 11/I"'L.:IJ'l"";f "I
"I"IC ' /1"1.1'.' ' ~,1'.~:,. ' ODol\h ODiltn+ '
?"l:'I'A

:e

standard of living f>C' .l'.l:)i"

take (one's) stand .f.oo

'i'C.I'.' '

standing

1239

4>Cfl ' OD(Ihl:11'"i

standard
I. P'~ P'C~+. He didn't live up to the standard expected of a priest. .,II 11.'l"l:ID- f"'l.
111,.., P'~ P'C~+ 11Amfl4>?"
2. 11"1.1'.' ~,r.~:,. fll'~ ou.P.fl'i' .1'."111. The
government sets the standards for pure food
and drugs. ,..-,.,p:,. 11"11\.m ?""111..,.. ou.l'.'
:l>t+ ' /1"1.1'.' ' ~J'.~+ ' ftJ'~ ' OD.I'.fl'i' ' .1'."1
11 ,l't"'A
3. .l'.l:)i". Our school has high standards of
teaching. f+?"uc+ 11.;1-:'f"l f+?"uc+
.l'.l:)i" h'i!-1-'i' ~,.
4. f-1-.1.111 .l'.l:)i". Your work is not up to
standard. P't-ll h-!-LII11D- .l'.l:)i" IIA.I'.l:l'l?"
5. l'l"l.l'.:f> ~'1"7. The royal standard is flying
above the palace. "1'1-"''I!ID- l'l"l.l'.:f> ~'1"7
fl(l.-1- OD"I"IP'-1: '1,1'. ,I'.ID-IIfliiiJA
*You can't judge him by ordinary standards.
h"7"1?" :>C A;l-t.ll.l'.'l:ID- ll+"'fA?"
living standards f).(!" F..l."Jf
Longevity is increasing because living standards
are improving. f).C' .l'.l:)i" llf-1-lflfll flou
\'.,11. o ~.I'.'"'L l\f.U.ODl; ,1'.\'.-'IA

Their standard of living is lower than ours.

f).C' ' .l'.l:)i"'I'ID- h'i' ll:f> ,I'll

~,.

standard time
Does Ethiopia have standard time? ll..+f"~,l'
f"l&"l'l!"'f ' n~:,. ll.,."'mC 11'1+ l

stand-in
I. ll"l.l'.t-11.. The President uses a stand-in
for important ceremonies. T~tl-'fl"t-1: 111'-'1
"1.1'.' +AA:f> P'~ P'C~.f";f '1,1'. 11"1.1'.
t-o!. ' J'.AIJII-

2. rTh. For dangerous scenes, actors use

stand-ins. 1111'1':>& Oil'> 11"1-'11.1'.' +CIIM

:r- ,.11'1'

.,.....,n

n?"+h ,1'.1111'111-

standing (n.) .l'.l:)i"

He has a high standing in the community.
n~11l:+ nn- ID-ilT h'i' .I'll .P.l:li" 1111,.
of standing {lou

..-c

He is a merchant of standing in the community.

fl~11l:-f- (lfl- ID-il'l' ' ilOD ' 'J'C' ~:>.<'. ' ~ID
of long standing
I. f.ff. It is difficult to right injustices of

long standing. f.ff"l fl.I'.A 11"711-1-IJhA

1111'1':>& ' ~,.
2. f l:~?" 1..11.. They are friends of long
standing. f l:~?" 1..11. 'l.l'.'l'";f ..,..,,.

standing (adj.)
I.
The housewife has a standing order
for a dozen eggs each day. rn.+ IIODII.:J:

*"'1..

flf.,). h")X:' S'.CH") h")4<'1A h")JI.o'"'l'l

"" ' !11"'1. ' 'l-h~11 ' fi'I':J-fl';f

I need a standing lamp for this room. IULII
h'i'A ' !11"'1. ' OD-flt-'1- ' hLA;>flfJo
2. f l.:J. Standing water is not clean. f' ~ ID~

star (n.)
I. foh-fl. The sky is full of stars. fl.,l' foh-fl
'""' ' )fDo

2. """ .,.'l''i'J!.. What is the name of the star

of that film? fllf I.A'I" """ .,..,...,. 11
iiJDo I .,)(Do

") 1\.ih hJ!.M'I"

standoffish (lfDo f.,J!..,C-fl 1 flfDo f.,J!.

tDX;'

He is hard to get to know because he is so

standoffish. (lfDo (lfi.,J!..,C-fl mQI'") fl

.,m:t>

starry

1240

standoffish

fh'f"'lt-A

His natural reserve makes people think that

he is standoffish. ~fiA.,.':')-t. (lm- f.,J!.tDX:'
J'{IOD(I{I'f'A

standpoint h!l/'1"

It was not in our stars to win today. f\""lif)lf:

~.1. bX:-1\';f") hAtfl~ll"
falling star .,.me~~ lth11
Look, a falling star! .,.tDC'I'Il foh-fl .,.,.A
h'l-1
see stars r~c I {IDII(!. I fi~O+

He saw stars when he bumped his head.

flt-11- fl.,.;>.., "1.11. 'I"X:'C (1.,1' fl~fi'I
[See also 'shooting star']

What is your standpoint on the women's vote?

starch (v.) h"''.F-

(lfl ol..f-';f X:-'1"6 OD(Im'J- J'").,. h!l:

'I" ' 'I"")X;')fDo l

F- ' hS'.~"'llfl'l- l

standstill, come to a -

starch (n.) h"''.F-

.,.!1/~m

Work came to a standstill when the workers

went on strike. w&.,..'r=ti J-U& ((.,._.
1..tl.

F&IIJ4

+!f:~tn

roll to a standstill +T h.ll

The car rolled to a standstill. ""h.'i''l' "'"'

M"f

Don't put starch in my shirt! lf"''.H. 'If. h

"'1.1'- h:J-X:'C"Ifl'l-

stare (v.)
*He just stares into space. ,,.. ofiA- L
fl' ffA

Death stared him in the face. h'l"'l- M-'i'

~fl~

stank, see stink

stare at h,fj:'l'tfl h.f I lf!1"1' a oflt\- J;.f

staple (v.) hffH

Staple these papers together! hUlU")

tD~.,

.,..,. ' hJ'J!.~'fm-

staple (n.)
I. 'l''i' fl-f!A. Cotton is the staple in many
southern states . .,.... OfUt f~lrfl h~ll
ll~t:';f fDo{l'f' 'l''i' fl-f!A )fDo

2. 'l''i' '1""1-fl. Bread is a staple of the Ethiopian diet. h"))!t- fh.'l-f-l>;fm-n 'l''i' 'I"
"''" ' )fDo

3. ftD~"''~- "'ff"lf". I need some staples for

these papers. fl)llU tD~.,.,.';f '1'4:'1- ftD
~.,'1-

hS'.~~(n+)

Did you starch the shirts? lf"''.fl'li 'If. h"'L

.,ff"lf"

stapler

J'llLA~':'A

m~"''~-

OD{II.f'- .,.

(1-fi~A

star (v.) ffoh-fl 'I"Ah'l-

'i''l'tn .,f'l- ('i''l''l' -fill- .,f'l-) -f!A"'

Ci I ~OJ-

stare (n.), with a vacant - 'i'1111 -fillHe sat there with a vacant stare on his face.
'i'1111 -fill- _,..,'l"tn )fiC

stark, adj. ( = adv.)

..,.fl- fl..,.fi-

That boy is talking stark nonsense. A,.: f07..

'J'J/.,.

tlfJ'&/r

o--1\o

l'j:~ I

He was stark naked. hC:J-)

0.,{1

)(l)o

JP :>f~Jo") tfiC

*He was stark raving mad. aJ.C4t"J 'l'!l.A

The rat lay stark in death. hJ!.l!l- '1":1" S'.

c.+fl"f

tD~"''~- oo(ll.f

My stapler is broken.

It's bad manners to stare at people. itm-"} h

starry
*Her starry eyes express her happiness.

hS'.~~(fl'l-)

The teacher starred all the foreign words.

OD'/"U-1- ' fQbX:' ' :J-'I'i- ' flf).'J-") '
foh-fl 'I"Ah'l- hS'.~~Q'ffDo

!Jofl- '

fJ!.<:"!F. -fl-1-11 oolf") ooS'.fl;t") J!.~AliA

be starry foh-fl -fill' ) fiC
Last night was a starry night. 'J-'i'")'J- ., :1"
fl.,l' foh-fl -fill' )fiC

start

1241

start (vt.)
I. ~-~. The boys started fighting. A~~ oo
~11.1:-fl ' ~(ID-~2. l'tDD).:U.. Who started this rumor? f.U')")
tiJ~

"J')

}loP)Q;I.dJo

3. Ml/!1/oo. He decided to start a business.

h"t~ "t'"l~ 11"'1!1/!119" ml\)

4. hM"'.

He couldn't start

the motor.

'1"-K-"t "'lll)"''l- "'-"'"'""'"

5. .,.1\.,.1\. The dog started a rabbit from its
burrow. "'"'~'"'" 'l"t~"t h'l-"-1' .,.1\.,.lt'l6. .,.1\.,.1\(0'1-). The smoke started her coughing. "i"l\- lt!l."t .,.1\.,.{1<1'1-

start (vi.)
I. of'~oo~. The concert has just started.

3.

'/.~.

~OD~

He started for Ethiopia last week.

<11\.I.OJo ltll""t'l- m~

get off to a start i")Uf

I have to get off to an early start. Ofll.'l- ou)
"1'1- hll-fl'f
give (one) a start hl'lR.'t1m

The noise of the car gave me a start. fODh.'i

...'li'l- hll~)1m'f

head start h>i"tll

Give me a head start! h 'li"tll llm'f

starting, - today h---

~ll"r:

Starting today, the bus will stop here. hq"-

ll"r: htJJo.,.ll-1\- hii.U f..J"'IA

starting point ou)lf ll'i'<lWe haven't reached the starting point yet.

v-11.

?tiJo. I ~cp~ I ?,lj" I OD)!'ODo;. I )Q)o

2. oo'/.~ ~""~ The train started slowly. <111-1- ' 011"1;1- ' OD'/.~

starve

1\.'1-f'kf '/.~

ou)lfOJo ll'i'<l- 1<; hA~~ll"tll"

startle (vt.)
I. hll~)1m.
hll~)1m'f

The noise startled me. ...'li.,.

2. 1t"'i1l... The discord in modem music

startles many people. frfOD'i"'f! DD-fl:J> hi\

4. of')"'. How did the fire start? ,!l>m/I"OJo h

OD.,.)<IOC ' of!,. ' (19'":f"t ' ~~<;"loll-A

"t.<'.'l- ' of')"' l

3. 1til1t':.OD. He made a discovery that startled

the world. ~llll""t YM~oo <;:AM hf.~1
startle (vi.) f.)1m
He startled at the sound of my voice. J!"rt.1

The car didn't start this morning. fooh.t;dJo

'1"-I'C q"- f!I.T hA.,.)"'II"
5. ~"t"l'l' hll. She started when he came up
behind and touched her on the shoulder.
h:\'11' ' ~"t1'1- ' '1-hlf'l"t ' 1\..)lt'l- ' ~.,... '
M":f
start out
I. ~""~ He started out to write a novel.
h"t~ Aofl ml\~ ;1-t:h ODl\'i' ~""~
2. 1\0D'/.~ 1')"1. He started out on a long
journey. ~'J!;II" OD"t1~ 1\0D'/.~ 1')"1

start up

.,.,_m~

Lots of difficulties have started up. of!,. ":f"l

C 1'4-'I'~A

to start with

hll0~1:>'1-

aoJI..OD61 )?.C

To start with, we haven't enough cups. ou)!ou&

1 )1C 04! 1\..~ fll"tll"

[See also 'fire, scratch']

start (n.)

me unexpectedly while I was sitting sleeping

instead of working. 111 P'<l- 1'.,.9"_ It
'"'""' ' hl\,!1>\1-' ~""" ' {11\0DIOJ-fl'f '~)1'1'11-

2. ~)0~. The mule was startled when she

heard the hyena. 0~11"1' f'J!;II-"t ""''li'l-
O(l"'l":f 'Lit. ~)O~":f

startling hM<l-"'1.
He made a startling discovery. hll1<1-"'l. )1C

make (one) start hllOt:."l"l

The noise made her start....'li.,.

1\..1\"'1 f.)1m
be startled
I. f.)1m. I was startled when my boss caught

He made a startling discovery : his wallet was

gone. fiCflW'" I ODTof..111 I flat+ I 'l.f'L I ~'io"lm

starvation

~...

-o

Starvation afflicts India from time to time.

U"t~"t

ao~oo,:y

He saw the race from start to finish.

.1.111\.1.

h'ii~~

9"~-"t boo~ou,:y hllh oo.:U.~lf

of'ODI\bof'
from start to finish hJIIC 7..llh ~C

Of'LH.OJo

~...of!

fm,!l>;I-A

starvation diet

He lives on a starvation diet. f"'I.O'IOJo A"t'lf.

'1"'1- ' fUA ' )OJo

starve (vt.) 11""1-fl A"t'IY,'f

l't~~1

I read the book from start to finish in one day.

They starved the enemy into surrendering.

ODl\'dt4-"t ' <l"t~ ' .,., ' h'IC ' hllh ' 'IC '
MO-flh-'1-

m'l'l-"t 9""1-fl h"t'lf1'f 0"'1~~., h:("t

h"t"l{I'J' ' "'~~.,.""

1242

starving

stately

3. DD't"/1"'1-. The railroads are owned by the

state. fQ!l--1- 11-Q't.l' fOD't"IP''l- )m4. tD"I'i "76<:"1. Kings lived in great state.

starve (vi.)
I. 1"&-0. Thousands of people starved. oflrt- '
I( ' ... ,.,":~' ' 1"&-112. &-O(m-). +J ate little for Iuoch today, and
now I'm starving. 1111"/1 -flit- MAO'III-
l'tll-'t 7.Cil'I'A
3. =\=\. During the war, I starved for news.
OiPC)-f, '1.11. tDt. IIODil"7'1- 0"19" 'J
"Mi ' )0C
starve out
*They wanted to starve us out. 9""1-fl 7.'t'l<;
1'S h"lf.m- IJII'tO'l- 1\..filtm-'t .&.111starve to death o~~il J ,.,..,.

Anything is hetter than the present state of

affairs. l'tll-"t IJIIm- 11-~:1' 1\.'1 "7't'l'm-

He is his parents' mainstay; without him, they

would starve to death. f<'l~,; 'l''i J'.;Jd.

(of) humble state

1.(1- )fDo ! 7.(1- Qf.'l'C ' R<::>ofl ' f.'l"-1> )

He is a man of humble state. h.l':"li !1.1"(1-fl

oc

starving
I. R<::>ofl f"''.rP:J'f. l <:"1-fl1"'1'. The agency is

trying to alleviate the condition of starving

farmers. f."C]!.'-1> R<::>ofl f"''..rP:J'f.'l-'t
(f<:-1-fl1"'1',;'t) 10t."'-:f 11-~:1' 11"7:1'11
A

OoPtrJIIfC

1\~

~(l)o

2. f1"&-R. The starving children are a piteous

sight. f1"MI-'l- A~ ' ll"''...l'.f'l'm- .I'll
11'ill-

)11":1''1- ' h'i' ' Qll ' tD"I'i ' "71><:"1 ' .&'l'-1- '
)RC

5. .&~:1'. What is the state of Ethiopian

agriculture? fh.'l-f"k.l' "1-flC'i .&~:1' 1."tJ'.
'1-' )fDo!

*She is in such a state today! OD'lL!t.

tf&.

1-'tJ'..'l- 1"lf-a.,:A I

state of affairs

Ow~;t-

9" )1C .&lf'IA

f1"tllf. ' ..., . ' )fDo

lie in state [;:t-1\:,- llw- fl. qo:,.. &.ltw- r
OhoflC (l;J- ll''l' ll(lm- 1."'1..;1-.&R'l-]
occasions of state A f. I A f. : roq.A I .,.,...,.

The regal robes are worn on occasions of

state. fhoflC Aofll'":f ' f"''..IIR(I-'1- RAf.
Af. ' fRqA .,..,.'!- )IIJo
persons in every state of life
II.&.,.C

-T'l'li

+A<tt r

be starving for affection 'i"4.+(m-)

Persons in every state of life attended the

funeral. '1-'t'li '1-A., II.&.,.C R.,.-fl-1- P'

The children were starving for their mother's

affection. A~,; f7.<;;J-'I'm- 'i':,Oc 'i'i'!I.''I''PA

(be) received in state

) P'Cq'l- 'If. 1"1'S.f )RC

The Emperor was received in state. '}-,..w

state (v.)
I. 1"'i1<:. You just stated that you were not
there. 1.11..1' l\A)RCII-9" ofliiiJ .&1im- l't
11-'t '1"'i1Ch
2. m.,.(l (1"m.,.il). The truth is as stated above.
7.m-)1"'1'm- )1C h'l.& 1.'tf.1"m.,.(lm- )m3. tD(I). Let's state a time and place for the
meeting! 11-fl(IQ f9"'if.C"IR'l-'t 'l.l!.'i 11:1'
1.'tt(l't
4. l't.,.<:R. The lawyer stated the case briefly.
mR:J'm- hCh-1-'t Q"'."-1- l't.,.<:R
5. 1lll\. State the facts precisely! 'i't. )1-1-'t
R'l-hhA "IIIli"
state (n.)

1. 111C. Ethiopia is the dominant state in

the Hom of Africa. h.'l-f"k.l' Rl't'i't:IJ .,.,
f." ' fDoilT h'i' ' .1'11-:f ' l't1C <;'l2. "IQ'l-. Texas is the largest state in the U.S.A.
i:h/1(1 Rl't"'&t:IJ fDoilT IJII-'1- "IQ.f":f
11-11-' '1-A_,' )a>-

11"-1> h'i' .I'll ' fhoflC<; f<-'1]!.')'1- l't

.,.QOA 1"f.<:1'1'1'm-

[See also 'natural, satellite, wild']

stated (adj.)
I. f1"til). Registration sheets will be distributed at stated times. fODOD1f111...1' <<:.,.
.f":f ' 01"tD(I)fDo ' '1.11. ' .&;1-f.'lll-

2. t'llmm-. His stated motives are not in

accord with his actions. f(l"''fm- 9"h't.l'.f
":f h"''.rP&-fDo 1"&. ;>C l'tJ.l.il"7tn>-9"
stateless 11."1)'1- fl\.llm-

Stateless persons may he granted passes, but

not passports. 11."1)'1- fl\.'l'l'm- (1,.,-:f
1..11..1''1! f.&ll'i! <<:.,.'!- 7.'tl( :rll7c'l-
h.&il"l'I'11Jo9"
stately "IC"7 .film-

The Emperor lives in a stately palace.

)1P'1J I ..,C"7
liT ' f.'l'&-11-

I Qi\(l)o I

fl..,.

,..,.tv '

I 00'}"1P"+ I

(J)o

statement
1. f"''.l\liJo. His statements are not to be
trusted. 7.1\- f"''.l\liJo't "7ou't hf.if'/:\9"
2. 11'/:\. We have to check on his statements.
11'11-'t "7"1tl-'l- hMI't

3. OO""Jfl~. He made a clear statement on

the accident. llt\.1:~{1,. hf.;J "1/:\1\' fir
) ,....,11"'1 llm

4. M:nc.
f.l:-'1'~'1-

statuary

1243

statement

That

was

M:nc

a bold statement.

)OC

5. hfJIJ.C.. Such statements are hard to prove.

7.'t.ll,ll .ftlliJo't hfJIJA 11"7~1'1' h
ll'f;J& )liJo
6. fdt.llofl OD"'I\""'l. My bank sends me a
statement every month. IJ:'lb- orm.;.. a f
m..'IIL't """11\""'l Y.AhA:;'A
7. MliJo't f"''.1oC\II' fdt.l\11 11C11C. This

Troops have been stationed at the border

crossing. Oa>{l)o ,...,.~M.y ~f. a>;J-f.C'
:f _,.ou.I:"OliJo )OC

station (n.)
1. "'IU'. I met him at the bus station. Oh,_,.
11-ll ' "'IU' h11"u--lWhat stations can you get on your radio?
t..II.Mil ?"'t ?"'t "'iLY "711.,.~11'1'
f.~oC\ l
2. f.,.ODf.OII-1- ll'i'tJ.. The policeman took
his station at the gate. ?"fl..l\o Otl-4- 'If.
f.,.oof.OII-1-'t ' ll'i'tJ. YH
A judge is a man of high station. '!:;' O~ofiL:
llflo m-ItT I htt: I Ylt I {l;t- I f/\ID" I (tm- I '>IDpeople in al! stations of life -l-11i TA.rk

store sends its customers monthly statements.

People in all stations of life are represented

in parliament. '1-'t"li -l-A4< O;rC~"7 , .

f.ll ODf.ofiC ' Ofa>~ tlf.'tO'l',.; M'fliJo

't f"'1.1AII' fdt.l\11 11C11C Y..C.IJA

[See also 'service']

(be) stationary

stateroom Af. h'i'A

Reserve a stateroom for me on the train!
IJR-1- ~f. h't.i:" AI!. h'i'A

Y11.C."i

1. f?"II-I;IJ llliJo. Abraham Lincoln was

a famous American statesman. hoflCY9'" A.
'thoC\'t f;J-a>4> h"'t&IJ'I! f?"II-I:IJ (lliJo )OC
2. OD6. There is a wide gap between the
views of the two statesmen. flr.N\-1: oo~VJ";f
ooiJhA 11ft" Yll1Yf'l- Af.)'f- hi\
flJ1C 006,
r~m+ s rv1c

He is a veritable statesman.
=

oo& }m-

f~\'")o I OD'J""'l"'IT ' f"''.-l~tlol.liJo't TC'

"'tl-9" flODll"7-l- Yll'f"'tJ.oC\
f~ If+

h7.f"C' h.ll.ll ..hl\11-:f't hY.I.oC\:,09"

*The country remained in a static condition

for years. h1M tlofllt" 'lOD;J--1- IJII:f

o-r <'1-l-'t+l\+ll

~f:f

C 'tDD;J'T ~f.;!: A

3. 7.'t'lll ~f. Prices were kept stationary

during the war. OtnC)-1> 1.11. fA? 'f':>9'
:f ' 7.'t'lll- ' ~1!.
remain stationary

+If' 111\'"

: 1/>0D

They stationed a guard at the gate. Otl-4-

7.fC'm ll"""'n-1- A:lt .,.,.. 1111- ~-

stationery
I. 11'.1..1.-l- """MY oof.ofiC. Go to the stationery and buy me five pencils. a>f. 11'.1..1.'1-
OD"16.fl1Jo ODf.ofiC ' '{J:<; h9"llT 7.CI\ll '

"'lfA"i
2. fl\'.1..1.-l- """16Y. I need some new sta
tionery. h.ll.ll fl\'.1..1.-l- """16Y Aoi.A:>tlll-

statistics ll:J'-tll-thll

h~,..
~

f. HO:;' h~,...

be stationed

~f. The population of

the town has been stationary for ten years.
fh_,._,,. .1.1111 ' 4<'1'~ 1\f.Q;Lf"C 1\0F

,.lf,.

Static makes radio broadcasts hard to hear.

station (v.)

.,..,.c

Though the dog rushed at him, the child

remained stationary. ?"'tf" 7.'tl>.

static (n.) ft..ll.l'"'t DD't""'l""'A-1-

static (adj.) f~ll"+

A static mind produces no new ideas.

1. IJtlO'I- 1\.)JI'):,O hf.:fAf". This machine

IJI\0-l- fl..)JI')
is stationary. Y.ll
:,. hf.:f/:\9"
2. 4<~ 1\f.Q;Lf"C

statesman

3.

ll'l' A't f.tJ.ol. htllJJo

The Ministry of Education issues statistics on

the students every year. 'I-9"UC'I- "'Ltll-I:C
O.foo-1> f_,."769':f ll:J'-tll-thll .fa>"'A

..,.oo~O

The Ethiopian fleet is stationed in Massawa.

fh..-1-l'"kY ftDC ODChll:f 9"6'f' .,.,..
.1:-0'f'/:\

statuary ..hliJoA-I':f
The statuary in the garden is lovely. Y-1-hA
-1- (l;j-liJo d>liJoA-I':f f"''.YllS'.ll-1> <;'fliJo

1244

statue

statue .foiiJoA'IThe statue is made of bronze. mm-A.-tr f+UJ

&-"'" ll~mll ~ ....
stature
1. ofr:oo:,... He is a man of average stature.
cJ:OD~ I ODffi~~ I

ftr)

I {ltD" I )d)o

2. lloflc. George Washingto n was a man of

great stature among his countrymen. )(C;t' 'I'
ii"J"'_,."J o Oih1111" H"JJ.': '1-A:J> hofiC
111..,. ll.,. ~oc
short of stature ft'?C
He is short of stature. h"i'"C ~.,.

status
I. 11-~;t-. Diplomats are interested in the
status of world affairs. II.'Tit-"''.f-":f fiiV"'J
~~-~:r ' J'.ll;f".,.l\112. P"Atl)"}. He has no official status in the
governmen t OOD"J"/P'-1> IIJoll'l' 0.1'.4- f ;r
t<j> P'A"'"J fi\'I'11Jo9"
3. P:f". A doctor has high status in our
society. mll.9" 01ofl<: (lq";f") IIJoll'l' II
'i' ' fll ' (l;f" ' h/IIIJo
4. hofiC. Some people feel that a big car gives
them status. h"J"l"JJ.': lll"":f '1-A:J> oooll.
<; hofiC f"7.ll"''I'11Jo J'.oooM'f'I'A
status quo f/IIIJo u-~;r
This political party prefers the status quo.
.1'.11 o f?""ll-1:11 o (J-J.':") o fllllJo"J o u-t;f" o J'.ODC"JA
statute f."Jofl
All government statutes are published in the
Official Gazette. .,"J'I''I'11Jo9" fOD"J"'P''I-
f."J(I":f ' 0~;>6'1- ' ;>H."' ' .l'.tD"'/1staunch (adj.)
I. fAofl. He is a staunch friend. fAofl '\f. 'I'
\L ' ~ ....

2. ( ~ adv.) 0-t.&-'1'~'1-. Our forces put up a

staunch defense. tn&-"lfo"J O'IL&-'1'~'1- .,.111\hll
3. ( ~ adv.) h'l'oflol'. He is a staunch supporter
of reform. ou"lf2f A"J h'l'oflol' f"7.f."''i' {I
dJ"

)(Do

stave (staved, or stove), - a hole Oil

The heavy waves stove a hole in the side of
the ship. ..,.1'./I'I'IIJo '1"11." oooch!J-"J '1-'1-
11.1'. ' 0/IIIJo
stave off J\ll4'l.

He wasn't able tu stave off the accident, but

he slowed down in time to avoid much damage.
hf.;>IIJo"J 11.,11.,.<:+ q.e":fA9" hqJ.':

stay
'1-"1'1- h"J"l.l'.f.CII hf.:>IIJo") 11.1'.4..P:9" _,
II ' hll
*The lost travelers ate birds' eggs to stave off
starvation. fm4-'l- OU"J1f."''"lf- h"J"'J'.cq'f
11Jo ftD'i' h"J.,.IIA o 011-

stave (n.)
I. [IIOC"'&A ""P'6f f"7.f111"1A 'I'Cofl '
b"J ....+)
2. o+c. The old man carried a stave in his
hand. ii.,"/1\.IIJo {liiJo o:,.c .I'.II'I'A
stay (vt.)
I. hll:f"1oP. He ate some bread and butter
to stay his hunger. <:;)!~-") ll.,ll;f"1P' .c;p
O:J>IL 01\
2. lfll<j>. This horse won't stay the distance
in a long race. J'.ll 4..<:11 1 <:;t'9" he.,.:,.
f/IIIJo") I hii:J>J.':f"J.':9" ' hJ'.HA:J-9"
3. hH1f. The teacher stayed judgment till
he could hear both sides. OD9"11~ 11-11-1>9"
tD1") ' f"7./111Jo") ' hllll.{l., ' J.':<:ll ' IIJo/1~....
") hH1fiiJo
stay (vi.)
I. ol'f. I stayed there for a long time. hii.J' oft
If" I 1.,f'L I "frto
2. h<:4... Will you be staying with friends when
you go to Addis Ababa? hl!..ll t.oq 11'1'tJ.': f9";f"C4..11Jo t,ll}("lf-11 ' H"JJ.': ~.,. l
3. .,..,.oum. She is staying with her aunt while
her mother is ill. h<;'l-\'"'1' 1 ;f"., O~O<:":f
"LH. I hhll;l: ' H")J.': ' #9""1/l":f
4. tf.:\1\ <j><:. He stayed after the others left.
1\.~ ' {l.'t)l. ' ,..... ' tDf.:\1\ ' .,.<:
5. ol'ou. Stay where you are! h/1110'1- .,.9"
6. 'I'll. Because of his age, he stays at home.
hbJ.':"7,J''I'IIJo 'OU"/4-'I- I ,.,.~.., ' hiL'I- ' IIJo/I'I'A
stay after school l1:,.9"11C-I> "LH. I 0:\11 'I9"11C:,. IL:,. ol'f

Because he insulted the guard, the child had

to stay after school HO'I'IIJo"J 11/lllf.O A:(
h'I-9"11C'I- I "LH. ' 0:\11 ' 'I-9"11C'I- ' IL'I- '
ou.Jf'l- ' ~o.:o:,.
stay around 1\IAt.+r
Stay around in case we need you! 9"<;Aq'J- h
"J4..A"'U .I'.II'<;A<; h'I-.J.:J>
stay away
I. &-:J> hll. Stay away from the fire! hhll-1>
&-:J> OA
2. ol'.l'..f- """1. You have stayed away a long
time. 11,. "LtL _...e.+u ou"fll

stay

steady

1245

stay behind :\'1 4'<:

He stayed behind to watch television. -f;o\.lf.'l'r
, ' 11"7f.'J- ' :\'1 ' 4'.:
stay In
I. hR.+ tolit.W"'9". iThe doctor told me to
stay in for a few days. dth.- IIT<I:+ 4'
'0.'1- bll.-1; l\'tJIIit.OJ"' toHH"i
2. li.R.+ 'I'll. We rebelled at having to stay
in on so fine a day. Oll.'tf.H.II Yll to!IJ'.II:f
4"t o l\IJ..'J- o OD'f'l\-'t o tolit.Wf.Y:~tD-9"
stay (all) night tot..:

Because of the rain, we pressed our guest to stay

all night. 011'011- 9"h'tY+ l\'t"IJitD-'t (ltD-
l\'tJI..I'~ to'l'"fl4''t mf:t-'O:fwstay out
I. ~ tot..:. The cat stayed out all night.
F:OD;f: 0 o\.1\..,'J 0 IJoj\oo 0 ~ 0 tof.t::f
2. tD-"1/' toDD if. Children must not stay out
after dark. llt.J('f- h"'-11"" 0:\'1 ~
"79"lf+ ' fllf\:ftD-9"
stay (over) 'I'll
Can you stay over Sunday?l\dt.F:'t IIDD'I'Iit.
+:f'\1111?
stay overnight 1\'11: +'1 nF.~
He stayed overnight at my house. to'tF: 4'
, ' (J.-1; ' tot..:
stay put ..,...,..,..m
Stay put; I'll get it for you. M toODRJiit.?llll' I
.,..,.....'!'

stay up

I. toDDlr, Our children stay up until nine

o'clock. lit.;r(ll':f't l\llh l"ll+ ll'l+ Y

""~~""'

2. 4<"11' 1111- m04'. My wife stayed up until

I got home. l\11..'1- l\llh~f\ F:t:ll "''..ll-1;
4<"11' 11'1 m04':f"i
[See also 'awake, background, bed, night,
true')

stay (n.) Yllll~tD- 1.11.

Our stay in the mountains was very pleasant.
0-l't-.:.w- '1.1'. Yllll'i'~w- 1.11. 0"19"
to!IJ'.II:f ~oc
*The judge rejected his plea for a stay. 4'ml!'
l\'tJIJ.t:"l ' Y4'<:0tD-'t ' TY4: ' Jl'l'w- ' tolit.-1'
4'011-'l-9"
stay of execution

*The governor granted a stay of execution.

M<: ~1Cw- f'I".'J- :t-"1_, f"''...l.l\9"0.'1-
1.11. l\'t"L-1"\II'i' toHH

make a stay

{1~0+

He made a short stay in Germany. O~C""'t

to~C ' T<i:.'J- (1~01'
[See also 'bed, overnight']

stead, in one's ,.... n ---

L"t~

I won't go in his stead. nell- ~'t:J' tolit.'/.F:9"

lt&nd (One) in 10od Stead ofl,.. I ffi.,.ODdJThiS knowledge has stood him in good stead.
.1'.11 ~-+

1111-

m4'DDw-

steadfast K'lTheir steadfast friendship was proof against

slander and suspicion. K'l- 'If."i~ ;t-:fw- dt
"'1.-l:'t'O TC"'~w-'t 1"!t!tOD
remain steadfast t;:'1h1-- 1\A.IA ll.A
He remained steadfast, despite all the pleading
and pressure put on him. 1111- llmf:t-'0 ll
IIDD't9" ' 'i''th:f ' tolit.lit. ' toll
steadily
I. Yll 4-:J'. He worked steadily all day long.
+')."J I OD-fto I YA I 4-;J- I IP&2. 1\Y!tCT. The rain was falling steadily.
IIY!tCT .I'.H't11 ~ nc
steady (steadied), v.
I. 4'T toF:C') YH(II.'J-). Steady the ladder
while I climb to the roof. mt. "lt:Yw- 09"0J"'
O.'J- ' 1.11. ' OD{l'\1\-'t ' 4'T ' ~~~ t Y1Jiit."'i
2 toK-'0'0. His calm confidence steadied the
nervous passengers. f.:.:> l\9"~., f-1'1.~
m-.'J-'t I OD'J~f.'l':f I toK"'O'O:ftDSteady (adj.)
I. !t"''... I am looking for steady work.
!t"''.. Ftlo l\~lit.;lllll'
2. rnw+c. He is one of our steady cus~om
ers. hnw+c f.'tR'I'il':f't to'tJI. ~w3. T-fl:t-. The ladder isn't steady. DD{l'\1\- T-Il
:to ' to,l'.f.ll9"
4. f..,.l'.'t4'm4'T. Assembling a watch reqnires a steady hand. ll'l+ IIOD~"'m9" f
"7,1'.'t4'm4'T l\;1!' Yll~lit.;llit.
5. 1'll4- f"''.."'lit.R+. He is a steady young
man. -I'M- f"''.."'lit.R+ waJ+ ~w6. n+:>+ f"''..wt-. A steady worker accomplishes a lot. n+:>+ ' f"''..JPtlo tPtlo-l''l' ' 11
H- Yh'OtD-'0111.
7. ( ~ adv.) li.Yf.C. He has made steady
progress. 1\Yf.C 1'1f1i!llit.
make steady toll-l'lthll- to.f.OD
Make the table steady! m<:A.~w-'t toll1'lthll

u I AoltODCD-

steep

1246

steak

.,.ifL)

not be steady +'1+m+m

steam up 0+'1 r

His hand is not steady because he drinks so

much. ilfl< illl"'l.m"' ll)l: Wtof>mof>"'<l\

The window panes of the warm room steamed

up. f'l"of>.,. ' b'i'A ' fOD{l;l-fDT OD{lf>.f
T ' 111-'t ' 1-lf.l..'i-

steak 'l'il!l
The steak sizzled in the pan. TiJ(l. OOD'J'O
lf.... ' "" ' 1-'tii'!J'
steal (stole) !l<:of>
They stole all my money. ~'tHO.'t 0 ...11-
II<: 41'S
steal away i'F-Ah ofltr>

'tY..

The nomads stole away in the dark. Hil'i'':fo 0

O:U./1.,.,. ' ....!1'1' ' lf.<l\h ' ill\ .... ' ~..,.
steal (a) glance

He stole a glance at her. 11<::,0 1\I:C'I IIJ''I-

steam (n.)
I. ll'tof.ll-'1-. Steam condenses when it touches
a cold object. ll'tof.ll-'1- of>lJ:J'q /\ItA 1\.
~It ' J>.m.qA
2. fll'tof.ll-'1- 'lf.A. Who first conceived the
idea of using steam to drive vehicles? ODh,<;?'
':fo't ' Oll't'i-11-'l- ' 'lf.A ' OD't.tl'l-'t ' OD)';OD<I
J' ' J'llll ' .,'t ' ~ ..... l
3. '1-AO't-. That old man still has a lot of
steam left in him. J' 11.,"111. ' n.... ' 1<; '
ilfl< '1-Ail'l- 1111.,.
let off steam

steal (one's) heart

The baby stole our hearts . .bY:;: oo;::,Oc ou

llm':fo't

*Don't mind him; he's just letting off steam.

1-fD.,. I J'll.,.'t J'.OA

steal into if.Ah r 1lir" r 1tl

work off steam "'l.e.A-'1 h.Oi:f.

He stole into the room. lf.Ab ill\" h'i'll-

aJo{lT

1tJ.

steal out if.Ab r 1111\- dJliJ

He stole out of the room when no one was

looking. "'''t?" ' n.... ' iiJ'f.... ' hh'i'll- ' .....
il'l' lf.Ah ill\"

ID"'

stealth, by - O!l.,.C ""'t~l:

He obtained the letter by stealth.
O!l ....C ' OD't~l: ' 1117

~il.tlll..,.'t

stealthily Oof>!l:l'
The burglar opened the window stealthily.
11.'1- ' IICil<l.... ' OD{l!>-l>'t ' Oof>!l;l- ' hL-t ....
stealthy, - approach "'1/:Q'fThe eat's stealthy approach alarmed the birds.
f/:OD:f: "'II:Q'f- mt::lf?t 1\ilO<:~;>:f.,.
creep in a stealthy way

~q

The cat crept in a stealthy way to catch the

bird. /:OD:f: ' fD~'t ' 1\0DJ'lJ o 1\~Q':fsteam (vt.)
I. Oll'tof.ll-'1- 1101111. The Chinese steam certain foods. iJ'J'.<;?'':fo ll't.tl'tl: l"'"'il Ill\
'tof.ll-'1- J'OMII2. of>of>ll. The nurse steamed the instruments
to kiU the germs. llil;l-"?"7.'1' ~'i'il'l-'t /loP
"'~A ' f.bbl"'<; ' OD"f<IJ'?'If?t ' of>of>II!J':f....
steam (vi.) .1..'1

+'The kettle is steaming. "'IIIC' .,.11'1' J'll.,.

.,.;) flOD'i'il't- 'If. ~.,.

He worked off steam by hitting a punching bag.

f(lb!l OD/I.,OD)f~ ' b<:m.'t- ' OODI"';l-'1-
'lf.ll-'t ' 110~
steamboat llll'tof.ll-'1- f"'l.'tof>ilof>il }';AQ
A steamboat travels up and down the river.
Oll'tof.ll-'1- f"'l.'tof>ilof>!l }';AQ llfD'tfl<
'If. J'.OD'IIIiiA
steam engine llhiiA f"'l.~l: Qfl-C
An electric engine is faster than a steam engine.
Ol><:'t-1: f"'l.~l: Qfl-C ObiiA h"'l.~~
.,. J'.LT<;A
steamroller .tll"'m.,.
A steamroller crushed the gravel on the road.
'll"'m.,. OD't1-'J. 1\J'. J'll.,.'t b-<:'1-

~~~"'"'"'"

steel (v.), - oneself ;l-mof> I 1-llt-;lThe soldiers steeled themselves to withstand

the attack. m;l-~C''fi .,..,_,..,.'t /IODbilb
A ;l-m<k
The captive steeled himself to endure torture.
?"CI>....... ' F:J'f.'t ' /IOD!I/!1/9" 1-0t-;lSteel (n.) i!<:'t- I o<:il il<:'IIs this pot made of steel? J'.ll }';O<; f-t-"'
t-.,. hil<:'l- (ho<:il il<:'l-) ~.,. 1
nerves of steel

He has nerves of steel. OD't.l..ll m'tltt-

~.,.

steep (v.)
I. HLHL. They steeped the flax in a bowl.
1-AQ.,.'t il.b't .,.!1'1' HLHf.'l-

step

1247

steep

"iff. :,Om/1-'1 f.l.'l IJJo;) IJJo(l'l' )h<:IJJo

be steeped in m1:J-4\ omcf>

stela doiJJoAT
The Italians moved a stela from Axum to
Rome. l\."'A.I''l':f l\'1.1:- doiJJoAT hl\

This writer is steeped in the traditions of the

church. f.ll 1\dt.L fiL-l- hcM:.I''I'!
P'C'\T m'!:,O<I' .I'IJJo:l'A

stem (stemmed), vt.

I. l\~f.. They stemmed the flood with dikes.

2. )h<:. He steeped the tea in hot water.

steep (adj.) "'"' .I'll

Be careful; the stairs are steep. -1-m'l.,.:,. l
f.<:)l"l",.; .,.... ' .I'll- ' 'O'I'IJJo

The hill is too steep for the car to drive up.

;>&-IJJo "'"' .I'll (lillY) 1\oPh.'O .l'll"':'"A
be steep h;JI..A

The roof is steep, so the rain will run off easily.

"1&-IJJo ' .1':>1'.11 (l{llf) ' fli'Oofl ' IJJo;) ' l\
fT'I<I'<:<I'<: f.mCilA
be too steep Rlf

The price is too steep for me. "P;JlD"

t.Rif-fl

...A
[See also 'grade, pitch']
steeple ff.mA ILT "16.1' l "1-A~:,.
The steeple of the church is covered with
bronze sheets. fiL-l- hCM:.I''l- ff.OJA IL
:,. "16.1' ("1-A~:,.) 0)doll f-1-if ol.) )IJJo

steer (vt.)
I. oo&-. He steered the ship toward shore.
oPCh~~ ; tDf.. I tnt:tt: I 0062. .,.Hoi.. Steer the boat to shore! lAqiJJo'!
Wf. q;,~

' llC ' :,OHoi.IJJo

3. )/l. He has difficulty steering the car

because he is so short. l\"i.'C lli\IY) ""h.
'OIJJo'! oo'!llT f.'I'"'<:'I'A
4. l\0:1'. The coach steers his team to victory.
l\P'A"'")' 11-.1:-'l-'1 11.1:-A l\0:1-IJJo
steer (vi.)

*This car doesn't steer easily. .eo ooh.c;

61JJo '1'11:,0 '
steer clear of

OD

)IJ)o

&-+

She steered clear of trouble. h:f"'c &-.,.:f

steer (n.)
I. 11'1:>. I will kill two steers for the wedding.
llliC"I- v-11:,. ll'!:> l\'l'~ilv2. o.:.. Our steer is fierce. O.:O.I':f'! "11-11.,.
)IJJo

steering wheel oP6 1 fooh.'O ""6

The hom is in the center of the steering wheel.
*?"qiJJo aD61JJo oo"liA ~f. )IJJo
The steering wheel has to he fixed. fooh.'OIJJo
""6 oom1'! l\110:,.

hll-?" '

Wf. '

r:., OJ(lf.'I'A

'1-Cf.'! 0"1.1:"11 l\1"1-T

2. ~:1". The President stemmed the opposition. T.:OtLil'l1o -1-:I''I'"'LIJJo'! h'i'A ~;1"1JJo
stem (vi.)

oo~,;u.

The troubles stem from injustices of long

standing. :f-1~ 11ft" 1.11. h<l'f M'i'
JP 6-

foP~Q;I. I

t(l)o.

stem (n.)
I. "''! .1:-. The stem of the flower is thorny.
fK"'I.<:Il ' "1'!.1:- l\ll">i., )IJJo
2. l\'1~. A leaf stem is caught in my teeth .

f:,OmA l\'1~ '!'Cil. IJJo{l'J' -1-lll!ofl~

3. ooQ;l,fi"i. The stem of a goblet can easily
he broken. fK"'I'IJJo oPQ;l,fi"i 0.,.~11-
f.IIO&-A

stench hco~-:,.
The stench of the slaughterhouse was unpleasant. f"'&-IJJo hC4-T R"'?" ""'1'1:: )RC
stenography l\"f.>c K"ihLT
The secretary I hired knows stenography.

f.,.mCI<.T 1\.lt.L l\"l"C K"ihoi.T :,.:Y,.~II:f

step (stepped), vi.

I. <:~m. Don't step in the paint! :,0{1-'1 hT
2. 111. I saw him step into the store. Aftocll 1 mIl'!' ll.~q hfiJ.T
3. 1/ooo. Perhaps if you step on a chair, you
might be able to reach it. OJ'!RC ~f. ofiT
-'?" :,.f.CilOT f.IY'O A
step aside I fiC 1 flA

Step aside while we are moving the table!

m<:A.~IJJo'! A'O)"'IJJo )IJJo'O ~C RA
step back OJI'. :\~ L.,.:,. l\11
Step back a bit! T'l"li WI'. :\~ ol..,.:,. RA

step down
I. OJ:1'.. He stepped down from the platform.
hoo.l:-<:11- ~f. w:1'.
2. hi"A"''l- m<:f.. Mter twenty years in office,

he finally stepped down. '1.1' '\""T P"A

"1'1 ~f. <l'f..f- Roo"'-<:"if hi"A"''l- w<:F.
step forward -fl.)o hA

He asked for volunteers, but no one stepped

forward. 4-:J'I'.'l'

~'t-'111 R.m!!-'1- "7'19"

11'1- Mil
step In RM\l 'J'l
0-HI\t Tt.IVI'I"' t.lt:ftJJo !!-1R-O-l-
)!.IJ''OA
They just stepped in for a moment. 'It- 1111
CIJo

tD,IJJIIJ"

")J_

He stepped into my place while I was gone.

111111- 0(\:f"f. -1--t-lt

step off
He just stepped off the train. hqo-c
I.

wa.
l

1\flo')

tD{J.

2. 0~"1~ lilt. John stepped off 100 feet.

l'"do'lll 0~"1~ .,...,. """' lilt
step (on)

I.

~1m.

He stepped on the mud. "?:J'tJJo'l

1ffil1Jo

The child stepped on a worm. A)!: -l-11-'1

~'lmm-

2. fH. Step on the brakes! 'l't.).'l J'"lf

step out tDIIJ hll

The children cut loose the minute the teacher

steps out of the room. hllof-"7&tJJo hh'i'A 1

<; W"l (LA A]l:'ll oo~O'li !!-'f.!l"t-11My wife and I are stepping out tonight. M<;
qiiO.oJ: tft. "7:1" W"l ~'11111'1

step this way I Wl'.ll.lll (011.11 OI,.AI)

step up (vt.)
I. h4.m~. We have to step up the pace a bit.
~C9"1i":f'l'l 1'-1:-l- "7'i'm'l hll11'1
2. hqq(l, The Japanese move stepped up the
arms race. I'JI';r'l ~c9"11" fii'C """lllf
~11'1-.<:-,.._., hqq(llJJo
3. +ll O+ll ""'""~. The factory has stepped
up production. of.ofl&lttJJo ,..c.p. f"''.J'W"'tJJo
'I +ll O+ll ""'""~
step up (vi.)
I. """' A strange man stepped up to me in the
street. ~00'11.1:" 11!!- h'l.i:" f"711tJJo+IJ>o
fl:m- r m~ H1..(; oPifJ
2. W"'. The curb was so high that the child
could not step up. foP'I1"1- mCII h'i' f
II 111111'~ A)!: ODlJJo"'T h:J'of-tJJo

[See also 'pedal, toe']

step (n.)

""""'~
1f:>1c11 o.~o.r h'll'."i'tJJo'l
llll'l hQ"I1'
2. ~C9"11". He took one step forward. h'l.l:"
~C9"1i" WI'. 4-T 'tl'.
They stood three steps apart. ,.Il-l- ~C9"11"

-1-t-C+tJJo' ,fao-

The police took steps to enforce discipline.

step Into (one's) place O(l:f"CD- T+lt

't~

Make sure you finish step one before you go

on to step two. WI'. 11-11-l-'l'tJJo 1'.~11" hoo

,.a .

The President himself may have to step in.

"Jij'

stepbrothe r

1248

step

I. l'.a. The steps are carpeted. l'.~ll"l"'ll 9"

'1"1'1' ' of-~1'G:q:f'i'A

?'ll.ll P'~ P'C'\-l-'1 11"7/lhOC ~C9"

li"Wlll'.
3. tooJ:. I hear steps outside. ~tJJo'? tooJ:
!!-11"7'1'A
4. fl\tJJo .11-lt. I see steps in the mud. 0-?:J'
tJJo tJJoll1' f{ltJJo .11-lt !!o:f"f'i'A

*The school is only a step from our house.

-l-9"11C-l- 0._, 1'.3(-1''1 ~tJJo
step by step
I. +ll o+ll. We built up our business step
by step. '1"/.ll:f'l'l +ll O+ll h.IIOC'I
2. 01'.'111. I followed him step by step.
01'.'111 -1-h:J--l-f'l'llllbe in step 'L1..
They are not in step with the times. h'l.ll.tJJo

:>C h!!-'t.ll-9"
be out of step
I. ~"1~'1 hll1q9". He is almost always out
of step while marching. 11.1111'1' 1111- '1.11.
~.,~., hf1q9"
2. hAof-t-oo1'.9". He is out of step with the

times. h'l.ll.tJJo :>C h)!.t-oo.~:"!~"

keep step M,.A of-t-ool'.
Keep step with me! hl< :>C M,.A of-t-oo.<:-

march In step

Soldiers must march in step. w:J-I'.f!":f-

~.,

t-:faJo'l h"/11-1-tJJo oo.:.oo.<:- hllq:ftJJo

watch (one's) step +m)+.,.
If he doesn't watch his step, he will be fired
from the job. ltA-1-m~++ hi"<I- )!.W1JIA
watch your step I vru I C"l"l"
The ground here is treacherous, so watch your
step! ~11.11 :> out,., h:J-11!!- ~tJJo<; Wf
U

C"JIJ"

with slow steps 011..,:1"

He walked with slow steps. 011"1:1" -I-<1-""J'.

[See also 'jaunty, measured, retrace, short']

stepbrothe r

~'1~<1- hq., A~ 1 ~'I~

<1- ' ~<;_, ' A~

My stepbrother is older than I am.

~'1~<1-

stepchild

Q1: (1?.1)';<1- lVi"-1:) IA7!; h~ ft','lf/A

(;>-~.,

' ~ ....)

stepchild

The ship has a flag at the stem. ODehn- h:.\1\

1?.1;1':<~- IA"I!:

(lm-1'-w- fl\1;1':<1- IA)I:1 hil1-"7t:

stepdaughter

fl\1;1':<~- IA"I!:

His stepdaughter is nicer to him than his own

daughters. fl\1)';<1- IA)I: htA;l('Ji fOIIm ;Jil1111;J-II'I'

stepfather fl\1;1':<1- t,q:,.

My stepfather gave me a watch. 1?.1;1':<1- hQ
1: fl't:,. flm'S
t::J'i' Yllm- ouMfA
I need a stepladder. t: ;J'i' Yllm- ouMfA

Yill.fA~"I{fA

M":,.

:,.mi.."'II'I'
h~~

.f"lfi{)l"'fi ' "1/A~~,.. ' q~~.... ' "VV ' ~

Y. Y.!l..e"' ~ne

stepping stone
I. oot:;J~"'i t:1;JY.. The stream can he crossed on stepping stones. m111-1 noot:;J~"'i
t:'t:JY. 11oolf~e Y.ii'~IA
2. oomiiJ-t.. This job is a stepping stone to
the presidency. Y.IJ P'<l- IIT<l-11..-'11:,.~:,.
ODaJflJ- I )lD-

'll"'me

'1'11:,.

hil-t-"7& Yill.IA;JIA

3. hQt:. Stem necessity decreed that he

leave school to make a living. hQ..e- ':1'-1.;...
:,.rue1:1 .-,._,.. P'<l- l\1-'IJ,ll hil11..1..mShe stewed the meat seven hours. P';JC&1 (I

q:,. fl't:,.

YUIA .,..,.ll'l'm-

I like stew with a little butter in it. :,.1"11 :,.

II. YIIO:,. W'l' l\m-'11111-

1?.1;1':<1- IA:g_1 M{)<a;ll:fm-

sterile
I. """111. The woman is sterile. d,:,.\'"'1' oo1i1
~:r-

2. h~'f'{):,. 1~. Make sure the scalpel is

sterile. "'~'- ,..,..,.. ..,t:t:'I..J'm- h~'f'{):,. 1
l\..<h ' 00(1')-1 ' ht:;J1'1'
3. "11"1"'i. The ground is sterile; nothing will
grow on it. ""<l-1: "1/"'t"'i 111111'~ Mf" ~
t.yn:,.IA,.

sterilize h)';ef"

u.

Mt:~

The nurse sterilized the baby bottles by putting

them in boiling water. hil:J-"7"'l.'P awnl"'fi
1 Ol.l\ a>-;) m-ilT noo111-:,. h)';Cf"
hl..t:~il''l'a>-

I. hil-t--'1-'ltl. He is the steward of that great

estate. fli..Y r:,.IA:,. ell:,. hil1--'l-'ltl ~..,.
2. OD;Jil. The steward must give a yearly
account. OD;J{lliJo I ~OD.,'} I dJQ;l I d1..fl-fl I
.,:,-;:11 ' hiiO..,.
3. hll-t-...-:17!;. The cabin steward waits on
passengers. fh'i'll- hll-t-...-;J7!; f""ehll-1
-f-{)of..&l":Y.. Yll-t-...-"1-'IIA

stewardess fha>-C"TI\1

hil-t-...-:J"I!:

The stewardess served breakfast.

fhm-C"T~)-

hll-t-...-:J"I!: "'ell h.,.t:n'l'

stick (stuck), vt.

1?.1;1':<~- IA"I!:

The woman treated her stepson badly. IVIM'

u. '

2. '1'11:,-. A stem teacher is needed to keep

the students under control. -t-"7&9''1'1 II""

steward
"'L'I

The lion cubs were racing across the steppe.

~e

I. 1>111-e Yll. He has a stern expression.

4.1: loil1-e Yll ~w-

stew (n.) mT
1?.1;1':<~-

My stepmother is nice to me. 1?.1;1':<1- M"1:

stepson

stern (adj.)

stew (v.) .,..,.11

stepladder

stepmother

stern (n.) :.\1\

.... ' (111..:,- ' 'tl\"7 ' hllm-

The man gave his stepchild an education.

steppe

stick

1249

I. m;J. Something is sticking me.

m;J"'IA

r...-M Y.

I stuck my finger with a needle. ooe.c.,m- "11:

1 ' m;J'S

Stick a fork into the potato to see if it is done.

t:1'fi ' Oil~ ' l\11..11'~ ' Olf..ta' CD"'-t-IJ' l'.fa>2. llml.. He stuck a stamp on the envelope.
;rll;t-m- ~y. -tf"11e llml.
3. h-t-1-. He stuck his hands into his pockets.
7.)1:1 ' 11..11- ' C&il'1' ' h-t--t4. YH. Just stick it in your pocket! l\h..iliJ m11'1' yumstlck (vi.)
I. YH. This stamp doesn't stick. Y.IJ 1:f"11
e ' hY.llf"
+The wheels stuck in the mud. '1"79''fi1 "'I"

;-

'Y~'f'm-

"

stick

1250

stick

2. h"'O+. This glue sticks well. f.ll .R'"r<;' ' .1'"111:1'1\

3. ~hll. This door sticks because it doesn't fit
well. f.ll oc O-R"I11 llii"7J.'.~T!I" f.~
hilA

4. -J-(IIJ. I found a nail sticking in my tire.

1"71'- 'If. !l"ll"7C -1-llh+ h~'fv
*Notbing sticks in his mind. !1""1!1" ~~c "7
11;1-ID!l ' hf.":fol\!1"
stick around hll.ll hAm<f-!1"
Stick around till I get through! hllh..,.Cll Y:
Gil hll.ll h."M-1-

2. ll"l+ ol'f. He can't stick to anything.

0!1""1!1" ~~c ll"l+ 11.-l'f. hf.":fA!I"
3. hA-t-11++!1". He sticks to his work until
it is finished. hllh.Q;~.Cll Y:Gll liP' t-fD<
hf.il+~!l"

4. -J-h-1-11. You must stick to the rules.

ih'l-"1 ODb-1-ol\ hll1111
5. 0~~.;. OG;J-(0'1-). Stick to it. Don't give
up now! 0 ~~.;. OC;J-0'1- h;l-l'lCmfD<
stick together

Let's stick together! h"IY: ilf. h"lv-"1

stick up

They vowed to stick by one another no matter

what happened. !1""1!1" ~~c R.lr"! ilf.ll.l'fl.
-1-"7"711-

I. 11~ 1111- ;1-f. The tree was sticking up in

the Water. Iff. I (Do~(Do I (Do{l'J' I ofl:Jo I o(lfl- I
f.;t-f. ~oc
2. ID.R ilf. -~'"" Tum down your collar;
it's sticking up. 1>11.;1-11"1 +A11llfD< 1 ID.R II
f.-1'":/.A
3. -1-ll+ll. The wheels of the overturned car
were sticking up in the air. f-MilOmtD- ooh...
o; 1"79'":f ID.R ll"7f. -t-ll~ll .... ~oc

stlck Into

stick up for S?-11..

stlck (by) h(l- hAt-+!1"

A good friend will stick by you in time of

difficulty. TO:. '1-R'f o":f-lc 1..11. IJ"I
+ hf.C~!I"
stick by one another hA+A!f..?"

*Don't stick your nose into everything!

I?.C1 11!1"11 h'l-v-"1
stick It out I

*Try and stick it out a little longer! OC;I- 1 +II

She always sticks up for him, even though he

doesn't deserve it. f"7,1.'.~q..,. 0.11'"1!1" h"l
'>. HID'J-C h(l."l '1-.R"Id.'l'll":f
*He sticks up for his friends. 11'1-R'l''li ,1.'.'1";1-A

4- h'I-.,...G'I'

be stuck

stick on ,fH

The stamp won't stick on. 1:!1"110:. hJ/.11!1"

stick oneself 7..)1:.1" 1 IJJ,;J
I stuck myself with the needle. h:("l OoPC
1.. ' ID;>IJ-'Jstick (out), vt. hiD"'
Don't stick your head out the window! h"l~'l11"1 OOD!lll'l- h;I-IJJ"'Il
*He stuck out his chest with pride. 0'1-bR.'I-
-RG-1>"1 ' ~4-

I. -1-"10+. The two pages were stuck together.

ll-11-1> ' ~l<":f h"IY: ...,. -1-"10-k
2. ++G+G. A bone is stuck in his throat.
'1-C'C'fD< fD<ll'l' h'l'"l'l- -t-+G+G
3. ~hll. The bottom drawer of the bureau is
stuck. fmGA.~fD< f;l-":fo;'aJo oPitfi..l' ~h!l.A
4. -1-ID'I-t:: +G. I'm afraid I'll be stuck in this
place forever. hll.ll ll;l- +m'l-1.. h"I'IA+C
h.r.t-llll5. ( = act.) .I' H. +The rear wheels are stuck in
the mud. f:\'l'ffD<"I 1"7 'il' :1' ,1.'.1';1-A

stlck out (vi.)

be stuck by

I. hd.~~m. He struck his arm on the comer

of a box which stuck out into the room.
IDI,.

b~&

liJoil'l'

,fd.\o'Jtn

Uf'1'1

ffiC1f

h1JI."! ' OD;J-fD<

Watch out! There's a nail sticking out. -t-m1
+~ I h"IY: ' .l'd.~~m !l"ll"7C hll
2. "'"' hll. The gun stuck out of a slit in the
tank. ffiOD"!)I"fD< ' b;J-1!J.' fD<!l'l'' 04'JIJI ' ID
"' 1111- ~oc
*His ears stick out. ;.tC' .:>If ~"'"
stick (to)
I. l\<;'. I stick to my opinion. OdtltO. hll<;llv-

*He was stuck by the very first problem on the

test. 0<1.-J-<;'fD< ' ~o; fODY.,OD6J'fD< ' TC'11
11.!1" hil~:l'"l~ 1111-'!- ~oc

cet stuck

1. J'H. +The car got stuck in the mud.

ODlJ.<;'aJo"! 1/':J' J'HfD<
2. ~11+ ++G+G. The car got stuck in the
ditch. oPlJ.<;'I' '1-Y:'IY: fD<ll'l' ~11;1- +
+G+G":f
get stuck on hll'I'-IG I hil~:l'1~ hll
+I got stuck on that arithmetic problem.
fdt.lt11 '1'.1'41 hll'I'-IG~ (M~:I'1~ hll~)

still

1251

stick

get stuck with

I. 11.~1\~A hAi#'ll'l". He got stuck with that
car. hlf..l' ODb.'i" II.~~~~A hAil'll'l"
2. llofi;Fw- f.ll'l- .,.<!. He got stuck with

feel stiff 1\CD-)i> 'J.,_ll

I feel stiff all over after that long walk. bq h
<!)\''!" .,.,. 0:\11 ODI\CD- 1\CD-H: 'J'M.A

the job of cleaning up the mess. 11Q11'tb.w-'t

f"'IX""'i>'t FIJ. llofi;FCD- f.ll'l- .,.<!
[See also 'gun, rut']

*I have a stiff neck. h't1i: hAIIC 11flo.,.A

stick (n.) hH&.

The old man walks with a stick. 'li"'/"11\.CD- 1\
CD-tlo f"''.~'l- OhH&. )CDsticks

Q~1C

This fashion is not known in the sticks.

f.U 'l"!l:
dry sticks

Qli~C

hA~Q'I"

~6-C:

Gather some dry sticks to make a fire! 7.<'1'1-

{1"'/')S'.Jl: ' "f!'&e ' ll:l':,.9"

stickler
*He's a stickler for perfection. &lrtr )1C

= :,.

hhA IJAIJ') Qf. )CD-

sticky 11A"IA"I
The juice of the euphorbia is sticky. f.,.A!!'A
w-;> 11A"IA"I )CDbe sticky CDR.,.
It's awfully sticky today. q"' flliJ'/" f.CD11
:I' A
be sticky with ..,.(ICD-1\ hliJO.,.
My fingers are sticky with honey. IIJ-H1 0"'1
c ' ....(1 ....1\CD- ' ,1'"111:1'11have sticky fingers

*Watch your new clerk! I am afraid he has

sticky fingers. h-'1.1\-'t K..,.r. ~..,.,. h!l:~
U ..,.h;I"..,.(ICD- I 7.)1: f"''.l!-9" hf.oo(\(1~'/"

stiff
I. ~<!:,.. He always wears stiff collars. u-A'1.
H. ~<!:,. 1>11.;1" ,l'liCD- lf"'1.11 f.li11<'1A
2. hQ!l:. Was it a stiff examination? hQ!l: .r.
..,..,. )ftC?
3. m'tiJ&.. Library books need stiff covers.
f(L..,. ' ODI\ih'i!'l- ' ODX".bt::"'f- ' m')IJIJ. 0 '/iof.'l'
";f. ,1'11LA;>'f'I'A
*He asked a stiff price for his house. liiL-1> f
mf.,...,. '1':> hf..,.DD11'/"
*He made a stiff bow ..,.li'I'IP 7.)\' t"'
be stiff .JL't ,!'HIDMy fingers are stiff with cold. h11C!l: f..,.t
"' IIJ-H1 .JL't f.!l.'f'I'A
*My legs are stiff. 7."1C"'i hA:l"mC : hAH
<!.;> ' hll-

have a stiff neck

stiffen (vt.)
I. hm)h<!. We need more troops to stiffen
our resistance. ..,.h'IIJt!.'t IPC ll"'lm'th
C ..,."'-"'/& CD;I"~r:.,. ,1'1ILA.,.qA
2. h~<!.,.. He stiffened his collar with starch.
I>II.;I"CD-'t Oh"'LP.. h!l:C.J;I"A
stiffen (vi.) 11:,.'1''1' hll
She stiffened when I asked her personal
questions. 7.!).'t ft"'A f"'/.oPflh'l- '1',1'<1:
Q_,.C1lll'l- 11:,.'1"1' hll.,.

stifle (vt.)
I. K'l' h~t:~. The Greek government stifled
the rebellion. f"l<lh OD't"'F'I- OODIJ.'t K
'I'' h~<!~CD2. h'i!'l' ,I'H. He stifled his laughter. ..,.,.') h
'i!'l'' ,I'HCD3. hL). The smoke stifled the fireman.
"1!'1\- f7.<'1'1- ~ ..,.h'IIJI'"'Ih hLq'fw4. hmof... We stifled the fire with sand. 7.<'1-l>'t
fthlf'l' hmof.)wstifle (vi.) ;I"Lt
I am stifling in this closed room. MLU 7...,.H
:> h'i!A CD-11'1' ;I"L'th- 7.1>
be stifling h11"'-)"'
,1'11"'-'t:,. )ftC
The heat was stifling.

,...,.-!>

stigma
1. OD'J't:: 119". He bears the stigma of having
once deserted from the army. h'tJ'. hm;I"~C
)'I- h!l:-1' ftoPif'li oP'J't:: 11'1" h'I-C~A
2. 7.'1!<!'1-. He lived uuder the stigma of
having been in prison. ;1"111: 11MOC 7.'i!<!
'1-' ll''l'O'I-' 'l'<!

stigmatize 11'1" 1\m

His accident stigmatized him as a reckless
driver. h~;>w- "'!l:fll'li tl[ f"'LA 11
'I"' 1\mCD-

still (vt.) 11'1" M'f

The mother stilled the crying baby. 7,q'l-f-'1'
f"'L..'li:,.I\CD-'t A)\' 11'1" hi\,-.,.
still (vi.) ft~
The people prayed that the storm might still.
1\,.'ll 'tiD-flo tof.l\- 7.'t-'l.ftC!l: Klltl.

still

stimulation

1252

still (n.) "71-m.:.t'

They make whiskey in this still. OH.tJ "71-m
t'.Y '1!1111. YID"'IIin the still of the night 2\.'1' QIUD- A.A.T
In the still of the night, a cry for help was
heard. liT II A.,.. 11.11.'1- h-1\-:1" -t-11"7

still (adj.)
I. f <!..:>. I like the still air of the morning.
fiJI.."J-1- f<f..:> l\fC l'.t"'r\11-

The water was so still that it mirrored the

trees along the bank. .,..;).,.. 0"19" f<f.:>
IIA~OG O.<!Cil'.,.. Yll-'1-1- f~G::f Til
Mf
2. "PC YA. On a still night, silence reigns.
"i"C Ill\ 11.11.'1- ll-r;J- f.{I<;:<;A
be still

I. "PC l\A. The people left, and the house is

still. lll",.; mY. "'""" IIA'tJI. 11.-lo "P
C ofl~A
2. liT l\A. The lake is still today. dof.<k
~& liT ofl~A

hold still

I. l\oi\-1-):J')-tl"'. Hold still a minute while

I take your picture. 1::-l'"'t.-'i' U"ftJ II
1-~ Y..<J::J' YtJA l\'J-):J'):Jo
2. 119" l\A. Hold still a minute! l'.M: l\1!l.. 119" OA
keep still
I. <!."11' -t-+oom. Why don't you keep
still while I take your picture? G:1"'1tl-'i' II
)"ftJ AM <!."1-1-tJ l\'l-+oo-r9" l
2. 119" l\A. Why don't you keep still while
I am talking? l\~ 11<;1C AM 119" l\."Jol\9" l
stand still l\ol\-1-) :J')+9"
Stand still for a few minutes! A-r-1:'1- Y..-1::1'9'
l\'J-):J'):Jo

:r-

still (adv.)

5. l\CG:. Sit still! l\CLIJ -t-+oo-r

6. (zero). Tom is tall, but Mary is taller still.
1'9" .t."f:9" ).,.. I "11- "'U <!.HI"' '1-IIA:f'
*It was futile, but still they fought. b"t-lo 0.11'19". -1-'1'1-

(be) stillborn .,..,. of-mAY.

The child was stillborn. .:hYI- .,..,. -1-tr\Y..
liT:I"
The stillness of the night was disturbed only
by an occasional cock's crow. f/1.11.-lo liT :1"
l\ol\1:: ' l\ol\1:: ' q.,..(.. ' 1'-1!'.,.. ' Q;l(jj'J- ' f.L.O
11 )0C

still ness

stilt I"'Ch-11
She walks on stilts. OI"'Cb-11 '1-'t.<IA:f'

(be) stilted

I. "1'1-C ).,... His manner is rather stilted.

!1-<;1: .... "1'1-c oflm. ) ....
2. M fA....,.. His language is stilted. 1-"1"1~
M fr\.,..9"

stimulant f"''J):J':J' oom-r

Caffeine is a common stimulant. ltd.1 f.,.A

ooY.. f"''J):J' :J' oom-r ).,..
*Money was his major stimulant. f11-Hofl lit'.

y. ) ....
stimulate
I. M:J':J'. Coffee stimulates a person and
l\Y):J':J'
helps him stay awake. It-<;
1-<11 ll''l" l\1-.0:.-l'f. YY..C1'1'ol\
2. l\OG;J-:1". The prize stimulated him to do
his best. 1111\"7-lo m"thl!' 7.1-.0:."'t'.- l\0

(1.,..,.

.t.:J-:1"....
3. +ll+ll. This book has stimulated my
interest. f.tJ ODl\"dt'i' 'i'l\11:1- +II:Joii:J-ol\
Smells of cooking stimulate my appetite.
f9""1ofl 11:1" f9""1ofl 'i'l\"'11:1- 1-+ll:Jo
ll'l'ol\

I. l\11>!11-1-. The dishes are still in the sink.

11.nor,.; l\11>!11-1- h"7miU'"'" .,..11-r <;If.,..
2. l\11-1-9". I am still of the same opinion.
dtllll. l\11-1-9" y .... ) ....

stimulating

Though she has new dolls, stili she loves her

old ones. l\.<1.0:.11 l\ lf"l-1-11.-l':f' n.or;,::r-9"
l\11-1-9" f~1!'9',.;,. +m.<~A:f
3. l\11-1-9" 1<;. He is stili studying elementary
mathematics. l\11-1-9" 1<; f'f.."7t19':f' .h.
11oft 0"7-r<;."J- 'If. ~ ....
4. O.IM9". Still, I think you did the right thing.
O.IM9" -1-10.....,. )1C YY..<f."'b f.OOiiA'?A

stimulation

f"'U~:J':J'

The lecture was qnite stimulating.

,.. f"'Ut:J':I' toc

1-"1"1~

0"1

I. "7~:1'-I:Y. He needs the stimulation coffee

gives him to stay awake. ~:Jo-1' l\1-.0:.-l'f. f
a-<; "7~:1'-I:Y Yllol.ol\1'1'11\
2. f"'U~:I':J' ~1C. Lazy children need some
stimulation to make them work. IU'i' AJ('f
l\1-.0:."'~ l\1-.<11-~ f"'U~:J':J''f.,.. ~1C Yll
Lol\:>'l"''ol\

stimulus f"t~<f-4- ~~c

Ambition is a great stimulus. 9"'1''1- R"'!l"
f"Y.~<f-4-

stir

1253

stimulus

~~c

~..,.

*Under the stimulus of bright light, the pupil

of the eye gets smaller. Rf."7'1> i!Crt 9"h
1.1''1- f'\f.1 1111.1 Y.m'IA

*The stimulus for economic development is

a desire for a better life. f+ll' II 'i-1!' fDD'l'
C '1''11'1- fM'l'"t1 l\.1:"1'1- Y.~4-4-A

sting (stung), vt.

1. ~1.1.. The bee stung his face. 1!1. .!.-1>1 ~
f.l.':fao2. ~t..!.. The cold wind stung her cheeks.
-Mf:J'qao- ' t<f.ll ' .,.1'-"":1!1 ' ~(.l.tD-

3. ~4-4-. The harsh speech stung them to

action. ~f.l\:;'ao- 1"1"1C I\1Y: t~C "
1JIJJ'.C'l- ' ~"""""'"'"
sting (vi.) 1\:J'mll

Alcohol stings wheo put on a wound. 1\Al>A

"'llA 'If. {I.J'J'.C.,.'I- .I':J'<r'IA
be stung ( = act.) R"'!l" htht

+He was stung by the mocking of the other

childreo. fll.tro':f A'1:l- DDI\114!.1' OOIJ''i-
R"'!l" h~Mao-

sting (n.) f"'L.f:J'<rA .,llA

Put an ointment on the sting to take away the
pain! "'"-+ao-u f"t.I':J'<rAU1 .,llA 'I>
'1'1- ' 1\Y:C"IR'I-

Her face was covered with bee stings. d.:t"t

111 llii~J'.<f.'l- +1f.iiY:!lA
feel the sting of

*The bail team felt the sting of the defeat.

l'l>."" a-m

ooifH

_,...,..,.

stingy ~~ 14-"1
Don't be so stingy! You have plenty of money.
"11.11.0 """' (14-"1) 1\'l-rJ-1 I ill!' ~1U
il 1\1\U

stink (stank, or stunk) ~., I if++

That fish stinks . .1' '\"1 f.~"7A (Y.if:f'A)
stink (n.)
1. 11:1'. The stink of rotting meat pervaded
the air. f~.,..,. P':> 11:1' 1\f-1-1 1\fJJJ'.tD2. "1"7'1-. The stink of a dead carcass pervaded
the air. f'r111- "1"7'1- 1\f-1-1 'l"'ltDstint (v.) M1Uil ,.,..,.
Don't stint during your vacation! Mt.'i''l- ll
'1-~Y: M1Uil 1\'l-oPP''I-

+ verb
The pareots stinted themselves of food to
give it to the childreo. IIA'1:'1l 11"7ll-l-t.'i' (1.
tr "'"""' 9""111-1 4&-raao- atr
stint (n.)
*That geoerous man gives without stint.
.1' 1\:>ll {lao- ":11: "1"1oo"J f.II"'A
stint oneself of tkTP

stipend 1\RA
The government grants me a monthly stipend.
""1"11"-1> ffJJC 1\RA 4&CtnA:;'A

stipulate ~f.il 1\J'.t.~

He stipulated that the college use his gift for
a new library. 111>11.:11: fllmao- lltn:l' '1'1.
"" IL+ 001\.ft'i''l- "'"-"'"A ~f.il 1\J'.t.~

stipulation
1. 1\14'11' 1 f+m4'11 "11.:1'. The stipulations
of the treaty were harsh. ftD-fl' l\14'1tl- -ril

'I> tOolThe stipulations have not beeo met, so the

contract has beeo invalidated. f+m4'""'1- "IJ'.
:l'lP':f MA-1-1.1\.,.. ao-tr I.C!l.A
2. ll9"9"t'l-. According to stipulation, the
work is to be finished by the end of the month.
,.., .... ' ll9"9"tof> ' hll't ' 1"6-tD- ' ""'"~- ' ""
Q;l,(.lf "711'1> 1\IIR'I-

stir (stirred), vt.

I. M"'"'. The rebel stirred the populace to
revolt. oooe:;'ao- .81111-1 noo1"1P'i> 'I
Y.M"'"'

2. 4r.(l<t.ll. Stir the fire! It's dying out. "1\-1>1

<t,(l.,...(lao- I oo-r"-of> ~..,.
3. 1\"71111. If you had stirred the soup, it
wouldn't have burned. l>'c'lm-1 il:f'"7llllm-
'l'l!' 'lA 1-t.'i' tnt.
4. 1\fJJqfJJU. The wind stirred the leaves.
t4-"" 'l>mir"'l1 t.fJJqfJJq'fmstk (vi.)

He didn't even stir. 1'1>1'1>9" 1\'111

stir oneself -1-"'f.l. I l.m1 1\11

He stirred himself to finish the work. P' t:-m1 ll""<ll.l.ll +"'U

You'd better stir yourself if you want to be

on time. Rll'\-1> 1\ooY:t.ll hl.l\"lh l.m
1 RA
stir up
I. 1\llt"' 1 1\)"1"1. Agents have been infil-

trating the countryside to stir up riots. M"'i(l"

':(- ' rJ-h'l- ' 11"7llt"''l- (11"7)"1"1'1-) ' Rf'l'l~

'1- IIC~..,. ~ii+'I'A

stocking

1254

stir

2. +11+11. He stirred up the dregs by shaking

the bottle of mead. fm)l:"t me..,.ll flou);r.
):r- hrll"'I,."J +11+11,.

be stocked 1-'fPI\

His shop is stocked with the latest goods.

fll- ~~o:r- ' '1"1'1.11 ' lf+lfl:Y.. ' -1-'1"11\:J:.I\

stock (n.)

stir (n.)

.,.,..,.,.;1-.

There was a stir in the crowd

1.
when he got up to speak. ll.'o1e /1.)"1 n
-1-llflllfltJJo ' oMHI ODIJh.l\ ' ?-r?-f":J- ' f.
11"7 )fle
2. 11"7.T. The coming of the queen caused a
great stir. f"t"IF-1:1: ,..,."'T h'i' Yil
II"''.Tol.m<:

stirring f"f.y):l':l' 1 11"7.T f"'UIJ l M"'ii

It was a stirring speech. f"f.Y) :1':1' "t"l"le
)fle
His speech on national unity was very stirring.

1111 oflm.&-'1! h"t.I:"H YU1tJJo "t"l"le

11"7.T f"f.)l} )fle
Their hearts vibrated to the speaker's stirring
appeal. fl.,...;>&tJJo M"'ii "J.,.,e ID~
"'"'" ' ++11+11

stirrup 7.e1Jofl
The stirrup broke off my saddle. 7.eiJII- hi>
e!J'tJJo 'If. -1-flmll

stitch (v.)
I. 11'1-. She stitched the shirt together with
red thread. lf"''.rt-"t R+f. he 11'1-:Y..,.
2. m+ou. A needle serves for stitching clothes.
Y1ii"I'IA
ODe4. 1111\oflll ' ....

.,..,."'LY '

stitch (n.)
I. he. Rip out these stitches! h~"t 'i';J-tJJo
2. fill. When is the doctor going to take out
the stitches? doh...,. filltJJo"} """' )tJJo f"''.
YID"'tJJo 1
*I haven't done a stitch of work today. ~.:. r
"Jr P'&- ' hAIP&-11-r
stitch of clothes ofl"'ii ..,e:rShe didn't have a stitch of clothes on. of! "'ii
""C:r- 7."t\o. 1'11' "" h.I\)R<:r
make stitches lltf.

Don't make such big stitches!

e+ll hTII'I-

7."t~ILII

h&-

stock (v.)
1. '1"'1. The merchant stocked the store with
new goods. );>,l',tJJo 11-ofl"t '1'1.11 7.:1' 'l"iltJJo
2. h<:'l(flT). The goverrunent stocked the lake
with fish. OD"t"IFT dof.<lt"t 't"' h<:'IRT
3. hil(tJJo). +oo you stock raincoats? f11'i'ofl
Aoflll hii:Y..II- 1

I. ne. These cattle are of a different stock.

MILII hofl.f:f H&-'J'tJJo f-1-ilf )tJJo
She's of Irish stock. H~ hf.&ii )tJJo
2. hilT. The farm was sold with all its stock.
7.elf,. h)hofl1: -1-lfm
3. ll~'i'. Hold the rifle by the stock! ffiOD"})I'tJJo
"t M#- 'If. YHtJJo
4. lf.,..,. . I'll look through my stock and see
iflhaveit. lf+m."t .1\.I.Tii'i' 7."}.1111 hYilll5. hhii.M. He owns stocks and bonds.
hhll.l"'l':Y..'i' ll"JP.:Y.. hil-T
*Our stock of food is low. Yil"t ,..,of! M
11-1-'1. )tJJo
be out of stock

I. 7.:1'1JJo"} ..,<:lltJJo. It's out of stock, but

we have reordered it. 7.:1'1JJo"} ..,ell'i'A I 11
orr 7."t~1'i' hH'i'A
2. ii1,H.tJJohii+(RT). Weareoutofstockin this
item. J/.11 7.:1' ii1.H.tJJo hA4'ofl'i'.l\
have in stock hil(tJJo)
+What kind of goods do you have in stock?
f""t r"t 'tf.)T 7.:1' hilll 1
keep a stock of hil(tJJo)
+This store keeps a large stock of toys. J/.11 ""~
ofle oflll' hlf"J?-11.-f:f- hil-T
take stock
1. OD<:oo<:. They are taking stock of the situation in Viet Nam right now. flo-> "I..H. f

liT'i'f""t ' ~~-~:1" ' nooooeoue ' "" ' ""'""

2. 7.:1' "'-m<:. Next week we are going to take
stock to see what we have in the store. R/1-:I':Y..
"t tJJoiiT YIIIJJo"} 11"7m:r- fl"'L"""'"'" It
r"JT 7.:1' 7."t"'-T&-ii"J
[See also 'laughing')

stockade rii"l
The troops built a stockade of logs around their
post. m;J-~C''Ii flof-DD~II-flT 11:1" fl"l"}
.1:- ' f-f-11'&- 0 rfi"l ' hfl)l:

stock exchange f1RY

f""t~&

Gold shares jumped on the stock exchange.

fl1RY f""t~& fme:r- hhii.M 1':> II
");

1.fl,

tD1.,

1\f.

tDIIJ

stocking f'-"le lf.&-ofl

I'd like three pairs of stockings. lf'IIT f'-"1
e lf.&-ofl 7.oi.A:>illl-

In stockin1 feet Ol."'e lf.tl-11 -11!1'

She runs around the house in her stocking
feet. 11."1- liJoil'l' Ol."'e if.&.-11 -11!1' m.<~.

y '

aJJI.IJ ' +~ll:f

stockpile tom&.+""
The army is stockpiling fuel for any future
conflict ftne 11&.'1!1> 9"'i'&VI+ mY.~
+ 11"'1."""1 "'"l'""'- M~ Ym&.~.,A

stocky

Y.A-'1~

He is a short, stocky man. h1.1>C'i U41\

(IBJo I 'ttDo

stockyard [h")M+ l.!lh.ifm- Y."t:il f"''..,.

1'0+ ' .,.,.<1.1']
stoic ( ~ adv.) 0"1-b"'P'"'-

She was a stoic throughout her illness. f ih""".7.

") 'I.IL 0"1-b"'P'"'- hlliiL"'fliJo

stoke 4&11'1<11
His father showed him how to stoke a fire.
t,q"'-\loliJo ' l.fli>") ' l\")1.+. l\")Y."''.'kll .....!l '
hllfliJo

stole (n.) n1+ A-11!1

She wore a stole around her shoulders.
"1-hlf'l' ~f. y-,1+ A-11!1 IIJA hY.t:1:f

stole, see steal

stolid ft::J
His stolid face betrays no sign of excitement.
ft:;> u-~;1-0Jo ouifO~") hf.1AX"9"

stomach (v.) ;1'1w

I can't stomach that fellow.
;1'1Wl1Jo t.A:fA9"

rn /lliJo\1. A

stomach (n.)
I. 11'Y.". I cannot go to school because of an
upset stomach. 11'1.") MODou'S "'-9"1Je+
o.+ DP'i.Y." t.A:fAV"
2. """i&.. Food is digested in the stomach.
9""1-11 ""''\&. tJJoil'l' J'.L""".A
3. do'l"+. He has no stomach for fighting.
IIOU'I':>+ .,.,...,. fllliJoV"
have no stomach for 1\IA~I\9"

She has no stomach for a quarrel. 'I'A to+

:fAV"
[See also turn"]'

stomach ache (f)IJ'Y." 41em+

He suffers from a stomach ache. OIJ'Y." 41em

+ f.w:J'YA

stony

1255

stockpile

stone (v.) 'N!. toliJo'l'+ "'ll

The cook stoned the peaches. faJ'I' O.i> fl>
11-") ' 'i't. hliJo'l'+ "'ll
be stoned OY."");>J'. .,.m1t:
Saint Stephen was stoned. ~JI.!I l.!lm.of.'l'
11 om:>f. .,.m1t:
be stoned to death Oft;J,.e. +to"l!l.
In ancient times, adulteresses were stoned to
death. Y."f: ,l'outH~ <l.+:f OY."");>j'. j'.m
1~ toe

stone (n.)
!. Y.""):>f. 1 Y.")U. Who threw that stone? n
") Y."");>J'. fmt:mt:liJo .,., ttJJo l
We had a beautiful stone put on his grave.
f"''.f9"e ~ex- Yll .... Y.""):>f. ou:J>-o~
~" h'l'C")
2. 'i't.. These plums have giant stones.
MH.IJ T~'l":f "'-A~ 'i't. h~lfliJo
leave no stone unturned f"t!J!i\(Do') 1 g..ft:o
hY.t:1
We will leave no stone unturned in our efforts
to find the culprit. m"))';ll'?tJJo") 11.,"17+ f
"'1.!1'11")") 11-11- l\'i'Y.e;>ll")
with one stone
*He killed two birds with one stone. q-, Y." '1.
IL 11-11"1- t1e hh'i'mt
(be) within a stone's throw of 01t.:t-&-fiJ'dJo hA
We are within a stone's throw of a good
market. - f1RY 11:1' Oh~&-11..1'-f"t toll
stone (adj.) fY."");>J'.

There are many stone houses in this village.

011.11 DP")Y.e' liJoil'l' -1111- fY."");>J'. ' O.+:f'
toll[See also 'block, pile, slab, throw, volley']

stone-blind
He is stone-blind. LX"'!" btJJoe ttJJo

stone-broke
I'm stone-broke. +'1'1 'i'&.")h fii'SV"

stone-deaf
He is stone-deaf. LX"'I" Y.").,.f: ttJJo

stonehearted AO m:>J'.
He is too stonehearted to give any money to
charity. 0"19" AR Y."");>f. !lll.rt 1")0-11

tof.lfeV"
stony m:>Y.,
The ground is too stony to be plowed. out.i>
Y.-");>,1'., !IIIIJ't hf.:l't:IIV"

1256

stood

have a stony heart Afl ~'),;Jf, ~,.,.

The cruel man has a stony heart. ..,,.,_ 1\
,.,.

AO

ft;J~

)om-

stood, see stand

stooge...,..,.,.,
They claim our President is a foreign stooge.
T"-11.-'l"t;t-:f"t"t fiD""fl' """161 tw-
Mr:t-A
stooi11C"""7
Put the stool back in the kitchen! IIC.....,..,.
"t ' 1\W'l' ' IJ.T ' ""/1\1\11 ' hl\4'1'"'1'
stool pigeon m!l/"'1.

stop
stop (vi.)
1. -~'"". The bus stops on the other side of the
street. h_,.II-1\- h"""t1'1- q>f1c f.-1'"7/1\
My watch has stopped. 1\'\of: ol'':f./1\
2. hU.. Are you stopping at this hotel?
fl'":t"C4.w- Ml.ll lfof:/1\ tw-?
3. 1q. She stopped at the bank for a few
minutes. 11'1'4:'1- S'..4::t'l":f IDS'.. o q")h 1q:f
4. hqt-. The rain has finally stopped. 11.,..11-
lloP ...llf ' hq,!.
be stopped 1"!1/t:m
All communication with Asmara has been
stopped by the rains. h11.,..il f1"t"' hhl"
""<!- :>C fl\w- "l"t'f.t'l- 11-11- 1"!1/C

The thieves were captured owing to informa-

tli.A

tion given by a stool pigeon. A.tt=ri s Om*"''..

stop (a) leak S'..4.t

He stopped a leak in the pipe with a rag.
!J.I'"!J.w-"t II""C~ S'..4.tw-

-a , ....,.,:,., .,.,,.

stoop
1. 1-"tlll\ hi\. He stooped to pick up the
newspaper. ;>H."'w-"t 11"7"t"''l- 1-"tlll\ hi\
2. .1-1\-"t 11~ hS'..l1. He stooped to taking
bribes. "}-(l ll""il'l.... .1-1\-"t 11~ hS'..l1
3. .1-1\-"t h'l'lS'... He stooped to the vile tasks
of the kitchen. t-1\-"t h'I'CP. 11~1"'0' flf
'1-T"t 0 f"7l\S'.." 0 IJ.T 0 /".1-l":f' 0 IP,!.

*He is a man who would stoop to anything.

11'1'~- 1\.A .,.,..:fw-"tl'" t1C I\"7S'.."l"l
,.,,.....1111 ......... tw-

stop (stopped), vt.

l. l'vfoo. Stop the car at the next crossing!
11"'1.4''1'11.... "7!1/l"'i 'If. ....~~.........")
h9"
This clock makes a lot of noise; please stop it!
f.ll 1\'\'l- illl" f.-'li/1\ j 7.111: h.,.........
2. MS'... I couldn't stop him from mailing
the letter. S'..ii'IIJ.w-"t h""'lh 1\"IS'..w- h
AJI'Ab-9"
The bank stopped the check. WI h- 'lib-"t h1
S'..w3. 119" hl\'f. They were unable to stop
the speaker . .,..,..;>&w-"t 111'" 11"71\'f'l- h
Ail'tr<r tile
4. 1-h'lhll. The government took drastic
measures to stop inflation. f-J"}H-R,. ouchil
1\""h'lh/1\ """t"II"T 'l'il~ l.CII"ll' IDI\S'..
5. fH(II'I-). He stopped his wages. S'..'l"ll""t 1
Hll'l6. h114'l. They succeeded in stopping the
revolt. O""IVI 11"7114'.:'1- il'll-

ptease stop that noise! 119" OA

stop off 1-.1- hi\

Let's stop off and see our friends for a moment!
11'1'4:'1- 1.11. ' 1-t- ' ll"tll/1\.,.. ' 'iS'..'i':f"t"t '
mf.<f>"t ll"t'LS'.."
stop over 1-~ hi\
Why don't you stop over at my place on the
way? l."ll OD"t1S'.."II"t 1111""1 1\ll.of: 1t- h'l-/1\1'"?
stop overnight hf.l.
We stopped at the farmhouse overnight.
7.111<1...... 11.'1- hS'..C"t
stop short
I. IIS'..""t1'1- """" The car ahead of me
had stopped short. hd.of: f"''.'tS'..w- ""
h..,.. IIS'..""t1'1- -~'""
2. 1\'l'of:'l- 'I~. He stopped short at the edge
of the cliff. h1S'..II- h4-'i' ' S'..CI\ 1\'l'of:'l- 'It

stop (one) short h!lllm

I stopped him short before he could say too
much. illl" h"".,..1-l- 0.1.'1- h!l/l'l'h-'1top short of 9"1-fD 1 hA.+l.tDHe stopped short of demanding that she give
him money. 1"tHII-"t l."tS'..-'I-1\mw- 1\"7111!'.
S'.." Mil" h/1\<f>t:w-

stop up (vt.) S'..4.t

He stopped up the mousehole with old news
papers. ff.tll. "t "l-S'.."'iS'.." QC'"l ' :>11."1 ' !'.
4.twstop up (vi.) 1"S'..4.~
The drain is stopped up. fll"'fl ,..,.llr
..,. ' !1.'1"!1. ' 1-!'.'i'S:A

stop

store

1257

stop (n.)
I. "'111-"'/J. You have to get off at the next
stop. l>"'l.of"l'lltJJo "'111-"'l.J' 11.1'- OOtJJot:f.:
hlliiU
2. (ooh.t;tJJo"t) "''.f'l". His quick stop
forestalled an accident. ooh.'lm-'l .f-It- ,.,.,.
..... 'hh~ 'h-'1~,.

3. oo1;F. A stop for the door keeps it from

banging. 00111J oo1;F h_,.R)';II'I .,,. il
11- hoon;>'l- Yf.:t;A
bring to a 1top

1\.,._

*He made a stopover in Gondar.

Jl."t 1-"ti.C t-ee: ~nc

ou"}1

stoppage
*The stoppage of the pipe is probably due to
mud. !J.'I"!J.tJJo"t fH;>tJJo "f!':1" "-"'ll'"t h
Y.+C'I"

*During the work stoppage, many workers

looked for other jobs. P'tl- lJIJ.ou-n'l- "1.
11 illl- ,.,:..,.'1'"1' 11.11 P'tl- Y.LIA1- ~nc

stopper tJJo;f-'1'

He brought the car to a full stop. ooh.t;tJJo"t

}.,-,~

n-11

I need a stopper for the bottle. llmCou-1'1- ,.

:f"'i' (fl-11) YllLA1'"lA

ll"t 1.: ' "1.11 ' h/1-00

come to a full stop .foo

The car came to a full stop. ""h.t;tJJo IJ.oo

storage

Put a full stop at the end of every sentence!

1. ou;>H"t tJJoll'l' "''ll+oo'l'. The storage of

I 'A:J""} I OD;JH"} I tJJo
hT I ...,h.,.ODT I OJwY; I ~(IJw

hY"t-'l"tJI. '\t:'i'_,. ~1C OO""-t:lf 11.1'-

2.

full stop 11.6-T ~"1'-fl

furniture is costly. f{LT

htl-'1- ' ~'l'il ' hf.:C"I

have a stop -l'oo

We have a ten-minute stop in Boston.

A~PC

make a stop

I. ht:L. The plane makes two stops between

Cairo and London. hro-C"TII). hltf.f!' ll"t1.
"t R"'l.~11R'I- "I.IL o-11'1- ll;f- YC4-A
2. 1-&- JtA. We made a stop at the museum.
I

0.+

DDHh"'"

I put my furniture in storage.

1-~

make an overnight stop

3. "''mtl-+"'LJ'. Water storage will be helped

by the dam. 11.:.fl lltJJo~ "''mtl-+"'LY
11111\A
put In storage h.,..,.

1.4!:1" ' llll.,."t ' l\"t/1-"''ll"t

IDF._

OD;JH"J.

f!L'I- ' h:J-l"'f"t ' l\oP;>H"t h/l4>00'J'\\:fro-

J\~C

]\A, "J

l\F.~"''

We put our furs in storage for the summer.

'111111-C Ail"'lfo"t"t IIR;>tJJo "1.11 h_,.'l-~tJJo

store (v.)
I. hil+""m 1 h'l't:. He stored the extra chairs
in the cellar. '1-C'i' m"tnf!''ln 1\'l"f.:C IL

There was a car accident at the stoplight.

.,. tJJoll'l' hll+""m (h'l't:)

Where shall I store the potatoes? f.:"t'ln ' f
'1- llll+'l"mm- ?
2. hh"7:f. They stored the ammunition in a
special building. 'l',_.,."t RAI' .l."tK .,.
ll'l' ' hh"'''ll
store up
I. ""-oot:. I stored up a lot of energy during
my vacation. OJ)l.tj:T 1 1..Ktt. m-t.-r 1 oflfto 1
1-AR'I- ""-""Ch2. hh"'':f. Some animals store up food for
the rainy season. h"t-'l"tl." h"til"l""'' llht:
'1"'1- f"'l.ll't;:ftJJo"t '1"1il Yh.,;FIIstore with ODI\

h'l-tl-d.h- oooflt:-'1- hm1il f""h.t; h1.;>

1.t:l'l

"t ' 06tJJo+'l- ' oPI\IJo'l-

He made an overnight stop in Gondar in his

flight to Asmara. m.r. hJPootl- nhro-f!'TII"t
(1.'61.: 1-"ti.C h-'IC h1.t:1
put a stop to J\cfoP

We'll have to put a stop to that practice.

Y"t"t ' 1>."'11.: ' "'111-'1". ' hllil"t

stopgap
*The measure was only a stopgap. f.,.ml\1.tJJo
l>C'I"))" ~1~"t 11"1.11tJJo ll"lll:f"1P" Yilt>.

ii;F ~nc

stoplight f'l-tl-Lh oooflt:-'1-

stopover, make a

oo"t11.: ht:L

Does the plane go through to London or

does it make stopovers along the way? htJJoC"T
II). R+'l':f" m1. ll"t1."t .1'-Rtl-A m.t.ll
oP"J11.: ' YC4-A l

I stored my mind with information. hl\'l"f!'l'-

store (n.) 1'1-:t- 1 ou.r.oflc

There are many stores on this street. OtlU

oo

"t11.: ' 11.1'- ' illl- ' 1'1-11-"1' ' hii-

The store is now completely bare of goods.

OD~ofl<- I J;.[J."} I f)~ I ~Q)-

store of ... ,.,..

We have quite a store of food in the house.

MJ.:f':f.'t 1111- ?'"'111 hb"'l:f.J-'i'A
be In store for lltDI..L:t- I mn+mWho knows what's in store for us? m1..r.+ fD
'J 7."J.1'."7.m11-I'"J "'I'J Yt-ft>A l
have in store hh~:f
I have a lot of food in store. 1111- -1'1111 hb
"'l:fflo

storehouse
I. "111'?1" 11.'1. The equipment is kept in
a storehouse pending future use. Aml.tf.+ 1t
~A"III-'1- ' 7-"JJI.tD-A ' OD"f(.YtiJo ' "1"71 ' II.
'I- t-ll'l' 1--I'V"IJl.A

2. .,....,.,:.... This book is a storehouse of information. f.U

OD&"tb'f! I

ft)CD-++

1-+6-

2. OD'\'1-. A storm of angry words greeted the

speaker. 1-'i';>t.m- fllY:ofl oo'\'1- IDl:.l'.ll'l3. Y:"6. A storm of protest broke out when
taxes were increased. "'iiC (lonQ;a.oo.;.. fOD
:J'OJ'"l.Y ' Y:"6 ' .J-{1"'1
A storm of tears greeted the mother's refusal

to buy ber a dress. 7-'i''l-1'1' A11ll

nv- MIIJI''I- 7.')'1'1'

hA~~A

7.').1'. 1-C'i' ID<:.I'.

take by storm n,-,.eA I mill:.
We took the enemy positions by storm.
fmi\'1-"J Y.P;f' 11-"rY.A OJ{l.l'."'}

storm troops h'l'-1: ID;f'.l'.t'::f

The storm troops were beaten back with heavy
losses. h'l'-1: ID;f'.l'.t'::f 1111- "l-'1'1-
.I'.Cf>'l:fm- ' .J-'1<:'1-

)tiJo

storekeeper 'lllll-"1The storekeeper charges a moderate price.

'lllll-<11 ll.l'."t'i' '1':> f.lf"'A

storeroom

stout

1258

storehouse

oo,;~n'1

Put the potatoes and grain in the storeroom!

.1'.-'l'll'J'i' Mll\o'J 7,oo;>H'J hlloi'"'1'

storied 'Ill ~::"1There are many three-storied houses in this

city. 1111.11 b.J-"'1 t-ll'l' 1111- 'Ill l"ll'l-

1::."1- ' 11.-r-:f' hl\o

stork 7-Cb-"
storm (vt.) OJ<:<:
The troops stormed the enemy lines. ID;f'.l'.t':
:f ' fmi\'1-"J ' lli.C IDl:-1storm (vi.) '\t-11- Hll 1-)"1
It is storming outside, and we can't go to
school. '\t-11- ' )of. {I ' 1-)F;J:A I 'I-V"tiC
'J- o IJ.'Jo o ODY,Y: o h'J:fA"
storm (out) +tt.'i"'l'C" lDIIJ
He stormed out of the house. btl.., t-ll'l'
1-.... 'i''l't': ' ID"'

storm (n.)
I. '\t-11- )of.ll l "tY.II'i' 11'i'11 I "'IIIIIA.
There was a big storm last night. 'J-'i")'l-'i' II.
11.'1- ' .-,y.ll'i' ' '\t-11- ' )of,.{l ' )IIC
It would be madness to climb the mountain
during a storm. .-,.ell'i' 11'i'11 II.H'J11 .,.
tot- ""tiJo"''l- 7.11.1'.'1- )mThe ship sank during the storm. oocb!l. 11"'1
6111\o 'l.U llmoo:f

stormy f.J-of.of.OD
The stormy debates in parliament show that
the bill is not likely to pass. IIV"bC II.., ..,.
ll'l' f.J-.I'.<:~m- f.J-of.of.oom- bCbC f.:h"Jo
l:-1:"1- ' II.YA'i' ' f"'IY.li'A ' OOIJ").') ' YltYA
stormy weather '1.eA"Ll ~4-ll
We had stormy weather all week. ltV"'J.,.,
ou-tt- .-,Y,II'i' )of.{l Y,)'i'll )IIC

story (stories)
1. .J-<:'1-. He told the story of the cat and the
mouse to his children. fY:ao;t'J'i' fhY.IJl. ')
1-<:'1- ' IIA}'.:'Il ' )~&-:fm2. 1::"1-. The house has five stories. 11.-1: h"
ll'l- ' 1::."1- ' hlltthe story goes ~"J~"tmt-aJo

The story goes that the two meet each other

on the sly. 7-"J.I'."''.OJt-m- floll., f'"l.~'i'"f''l-
IIY:ofl"J> ' )tiJo
[See also 'tall']

storyteller 1-<:'1- 1-'i':>t.

The children stood around the storyteller.
.:hY'i'_, 1-<:'1- 1-'i':>6t-'J blltiJo .f.ou-

stout
1. m~,... He is a stout man and cannot
walk fast. ID'i't-" {ltiJo lliiiJ") -I'll- -r-11-
ODt-ODY: ' hY,:fA"
2. '1'11"1-. The fort has stout walls. 11"1i"Jo '1'11
"" ' "'Y:"I'Il":f ' hll-'13. f"'IY.II~C. Our army put up a stout
resistance. llt-'l!:f':f"J f"'IY.II~C ODbl\b
A h.l'.<:~
*He has a stout heart. Afl ao-1r 1 ~aJo

aet ltout m.t.t.

He has gotten very stout lately. h:,Oc-o "1..11.
ID-'1.11 0"19" ID~A
stove 9".f:)f
There iS a fire in the StOVC. fd Y;'lf IIJM'l- hi\

+~oft-'

aJoiiiJ' I

V.~

The boy tried to stow away on a boat going

to Aden. A"/f. IDS'. /i..l'.."t 0"'1.S'.fllo ODCh
-II ' 'If, ' +S?.-114 ' l\oP.f: ' 'l"h<:
straddle
I. 7."K-"t h"tl.~tn ++""m. He straddled
the fence. 7."1-1-"t h"tl.~tn h'!'-1- 'If, +
+DPm
2. "lAX" fll'~ hl'/9" h/:IIDfiS'-9". They charged
the minister with straddling the question of
hiring practices. "''.tll'l--1- Ill\ "'~+"if'~
h+"'mC "lAX" fll'~ M/9" ql\oPfllo(l
... '~+4-+

straggle ll.f: +II++

Cows straggled along the road. '1'1"'6 0""'t1
-'1- 'If, ll.f: 1-ll+fllo ~OC
straggle in one by one 7t.f,.')mflmfl 1fl
The children straggled in one by one. <h7'0-l> 7.
f1""tmqmo- 1R-

straight (adj.)

1. +If' 1 ~it. Draw a straight line!

oop>ODC ' hP'9"C

3. .,...11- <l,l'l'IC'I'. He worked for fifteen

hours straight. OP'~ h9"ll'l- (I~'J- .,...11-
<l.l'l'IC'I'' "'~
straight across d.T lttf..T

stow
1. hll+""m. He stowed his clothes in a locker.
A-fl(l."t "1'1''1- flloll'l' hll+DPmfllo
2. '1"'1. The boys stowed supplies for the trip
in the little cabin. A]'6 '1-"tl("t ~]I: 111,...,. 0"'L..'Ili.A1- 7.:1>!1'-:f '1"!1.+
stow away

straighten

1259

stove

+..- fit

2. +'1'1-o;:. Give a straight answer to my

question! 11'1',1'4:11o +'1'1-o;: ""All 11'1'
3. fl"7. She bas straight hair. fl"7 l\1-C h'l'l4. "'"'"' He is perfectly straight in his business
dealings. O"t"l.f: P'~fllo "'"'"' ~..,.
5. "lAX". He has always been straight with me.
7.(1. Ill!. nw+c "lAX" ~..,.
straight (adv.)
1. 0'1-hhA. He can't think straight, much
less talk straight. 0'1-hhA OD'01C +C-1'
0'1-hhA "7fl-119" hY,":fA
2. 0+'1':1'. Come straight to the point! 0+'1':1'
'i'"- ~1-1-"t 1"'01C
He went straight home. 0+'1':1' IDS'. o.+ S'.

Our house is straight across from the church.

0.;1-";f"t h0.1" hCM;,I''I- 4.'1- 114-'l- ~..,.
stralsht ahead 0+'1':1' IDS'-4.'1Keep straight ahead! 0+'1':1' wU'I- Y,.f:l
straight out 'i'C'I' h.f:C~ l OY,<I1 told him straight out that he was a liar.
fllolf ;1-9" ' ODII''I-"t ' 'i'C'I' ' h.f:C'I. ' (OY.4-) '
~1Ch-'l-

straight up +T 11&-

OJS!.

(lay~

The smoke rose straight up. "l"(l. +'I' -1111-

IDS'. ' (1"7f, o ID"'
be straight 1"ll1"ilhll
Is my hat straight? qcl!."'llo 1"1l1"ilh!I.A ?
be on straight +il+ltht\
Is my hat on straight? qcl!."'llo 1"ll1"ilh!I.A ?
set straight OS'."t-11 1q(11Jo)
+see if you can get the story straight. ;r.: h- 0
S'."t-Il ' 1-11-1'11 ' 7."tS'.ll'~ hl:;J"I'l'
set straight OS'."t-11 hS?-~1!
Set the room straight before the guests come!
7.'t"!Y.,Ij; 0 hOD9""J;I-Tfllo 0 Olf.'J- ' h'i'ft-") '
OS?."t-11 hU~
set {one) straight J\1\m+

I set him straight as to who was boss. "7"to;:":f

"t hi\? 7."tS?.II'"t h/IID:,O.,.'I[See also 'face, keep, sit']
straighten
I. hfl1"l!hll. Straighten the tablecloth! fm<:A.
~fllo"t A-fill hll1"i!hllfllo
2. h:J>'O. Can you straighten the rod? f-11<:'1-
H"t1-"t IA;I-:I>'Ofllo '1-~1111?
3. hH;~)!. The maid straightened the room.
1<:'1.-l> h'i'll-"t hH:J:/!":ffllo
4. hiVI. She straightens the drawer every
week. OD/10.,1'fllo"t Of<lll""t-1> ;1-IVI'I'II":f
straighten out (vt.) h:J><;
1. h:J><;. Did you straighten out everything?
.,.11-"tll" ~1C h:l>'OII 1
straighten out (vi.) "1'1 11~
He will straighten out soon. o:,Oco- S?.w
f,II''OA
straighten up (vt.) OS?."t-11 M<:1

Will you please straighten up the room?

7.qhll"t h'i'll-"t OS'."t-11 h.f:C1fllo

1260

straightforward
straighten up (vi.)

+'i

AA

He straightened up and looked at me. 4'<; il

fro hf"i

straightforward
I. "!All". He is straightforward in all he does.
fl"tt',g,C1m- r )"lC

&(to

.,AX" r )QJo

2. f"71mlll1JoA. Our director has a straightforward approach to the problem. Jl..l.h-1-<!-:f

"t llll -HI\!. f"71mii11JoA Ml'l" hil'l'lJJo
He answered in a straightforward manner.
ll"71mi\11JoA OD"t~.f: ODI\{1

strain (v.)
I. mmt:. Samson strained his chains and
broke them. 11'/"ll"t f;l-(lt:ll'l-"t {l"t(lll'l-
aJTC"

flm(llD-

2. ml\'1" hll. The runner strained his leg.

~m

'

"-1<-"t ml\'1" hl\lJJo

3. hml\11. Did you strain the butter? 0:,.(].11Jo'l

hmiiA1111Jo?

4. hou. She strained her ears to overhear

the conversation. f"'l.1mol-'l-"t A'l-(1"7 ](
C''l'"t hoo:f
5. hi.HH. I strained my eyes. 't-"~"t hi.H11h-'l6. ( = be strained) '1-t:H. +He strained his
voice by shouting so loud. 11"1'1" llll""'li .f:
'1"11- ' '1-t:H
7. IIODm'/"H11 -1-t:'l-"". He strained the rules
to suit himself. 11&-li "-"tJI.oo:f h.f:C~
IIODm'I"H11 .l.'l-"t -1-t:'l-ou
8. h~il.f -J-<;~t:. She strained the truth in
telling that story. ;1-6 h-"t ll;l-m<~o AllJo~-1>
"t h~il;l- -J-<;~t::f
9. hlfht:. Supporting the bandits will strain
the relations between our two countries.
mC'Illl-'l?t .,.,._~'~' frJ-11-I>"t MC';F:f"t"t
"l"t'J't'l- 1lfh<I-A
strain at A.O'I'l'l ;J-Ill
The dog was straining at the leash. 11Jol11Jo .,
(l&111Jo"t 11.111'll -";1-~A ~IIC
strain every effort IIJl.

We must strain every effort to finish on time.

R(l't-J> 1\0DQ;l.t:ll OUnJC hllil"t
strain every muscle ~II. f'A.AC!Vt ..,..AO
:,.. -1-m4'0DII'l-

He strained every muscle to lift the roek.

W1'1'"t 11"7"t"f'l- 111 fll.lllJJo"t '1-Ail'l-
-l-m4'""1l'lstrain (the) Impurities from li"''t..

She strained the impurities from the mead.

mlP hnJ<~o:fllJo

strait
strain oneself
I. -~'"'"" He probably strained himself lifting
something heavy. hll.f: ~~C 11.1~"1 -1-4'.,_.

.,..,.11'..11

2. <~o{l-"t hll""~4'. He never strains himself to

finish his work on time. P' ..1-lJJo"t 111..11.11Jo
1\0UQ;l.t:ll ilir' .,!.{1-"t h111"",.:,.,..

strain (n.)
I. ..,_..,.,.,... He had a breakdown due to strain.
h.,_.,_,.,_ f-1-~"f fh"-'I"C' rJoh'l- S'.t:{lll'l-

He could not stand the strain of having to

make serious decisions constantly. um+c h

Q.f: flfjo. llJol\~l":f"t h"7.f:t:"l f-1-~"f
fS'.t:(lll'l-"t .,_.,_,.,_ 11.!1.'!1.''1" hA;J'II'I"
2. "1"1. Do you suffer from the strains of
modern life? f1..11.11Jo flo-C' "1"1 1ll'f"IC?A 1
3. II"Ah'l-. There was a strain of sadness in
his voice. .f:'/"11- fmH"t 'I"Ah'l- ~llt:ll'l

The strain of the weight on the bridge made

it collapse. .f:A.f:l' hiiS'.'l- llllll~ll'l- -1mt:oo(l

*The strain of sleepless nights made him ill.

"-"tO:,.A<i: "7"1-1> ll"ii;t- 11-" "11\lJJo
*There is a strain of insanity in that family.
11!1.-J- (lQ'fllJo "th~'l- hi\
*This is a horse of Arabian strain. .eu r f'Jo
il h~C l.t:ll ~lJJo
*It's a strain to read this small print. ,.r.u'l
4:0:,. ll"m.'i' "7"tllil 't-""t -"'~-"'"

[See also 'insanity']

strained (adj.)
I. IJ"t~'l- 1111-" fll'~. His strained laugh
shows he did not understand the joke.

11"-" fi1'~11Jo .,.,. 4'11/1. 1A~Q

OUIJ'jo."J ' 11\11\
2. f Mil. He spoke in a strained voice.
11(11111 .f:'l"it -J-<;~t:
be strained lfht:
At the moment, our friendship is somewhat
strained. hll-"t 'lS'."i~;t-:f"t 'l-"t11 lfhZ:A
*The rope has been strained to the breaking
point.,~""/!. "-llh.Omll -J-m1'~A
..,~,..

l1Jo '

strainer "71'1\f
She used a strainer for the tea. lfl'"t 11"71'11
1 hmllll:f
strait fll.l.C m11oo1'
BaiH:l-Mandeb is a strait between Africa and
Arabia. Qil h.ADD"tS'.il llh'i'&IJ<; IIS'.(I-iJ
'tt:il ouiJhA 111 fll.l.C w"iiou1'

~lJJo

strand

1261

straits ~C

They are in straits because their house burned

down. IL:f''l'tJJo illl.,.:l'mll l-'lc 'If.
mY:+1'A
strand (v.) qp.. ~)l:"t llil+t':tJJo
The loss of our money stranded us in Khartum.
f1"t!m:f"t ou'l"f.-'1- IJCM" 'If. qp..
~IA'"t"t llil+t':"t
strand (n.)
I. he. A strand of the net was broken. fout':
11- he .,.Omll
2. Hll'l. A strand of hair hung down in her
eyes. fl\1-~ Hll'l ~.t.~ 'If. DJC.I;..A
(be) stranded Yll 01-l- +..:
We were stranded in a foreign country.
oqfl.J:- Me Yll ..:-'1-l- +..:"t
The ship was stranded on the rocks. ouch!).
hllll-'1- .:>C .,..:>"11":1' out:J'ttf> 11:1':1''1strange
I. ~"t"l-'1. He is strange to the work, but will
soon learn. fVP e-m- 7t.'l.,.tl )aJo ..,.,
1111-"t f.IIV"S'.1'A
2. ~"t"l-'1 t1c. All this is strange to me.
.t.U 11-/r II~ ~"t"l-'1 t1C ttJJo
3. YA.,.II""S'.. His strange behavior aroused
my suspicion. ~A.+ItJ!. mQ" 'I'CIIJ"
MS'.t':il'f
What a strange question! M ~.et-'1- YA
.,.II.,..S'. 'l'Yof: tl
4. AI!. i f.,.llf. This flower gives off a strange
odor. .eu Jloq AI' (f.,.llf) ~.et-'1- 11
:1' .eft"'A
What strange clothes those foreigners are
wearing I MH.U ftJJo"'l" Me l'll":Y. M
~.t.t-'1- Ailil ttJJo f"7..11ofl(l.ol- ~qlJ:Y.rJo
act strange

I. ~"t"l-'1 mq_e :f'f0-'1-. He acts so strange

lately. htf>Cil 1..11. DJJI.U ~"t"l-'1 mq.e
f. :I'.t.O:f'A
2. Yllm-'1-l!"tJJoll't. He is acting so strange, he
must he in love. YllmTI!"tJJo ~"t-'I.U f"'l.ll'
ttJJo t;:tf>C .t.fl-'1- f.ll't; A
be a strange person mQ'- f+Af ~OJo
He is a strange person; I can't make him out
at all. mqf. f.,.llf 1 illlll't ~"t-'I.U 11"711
-'1- fil'f-I~A
feel strange "I~ 1q(tJJo)
In Bombay, I felt strange. OllV"IL tJJoil'l' "I
~ ,q'f

strap
have a strange feeling h.,.~ i''1C .,.1\ot(tD-)
I had a strange feeling when I saw so many
people in the street. 00D"t1'1- 'If. OCh't-
Ytr l'll":Y. 0"7f-l: ll"t.l:" t1C .,.1'1"7-f

strangely
He acts strangely.

IJo~;f-tJJo

11-tr f.,.llf ttJJo

strangely enough 7t."}..;..:JIIJO!.

Strangely enough, I was there at the time.
~"t-'1.:>"1"'1.

~~

~11.1

tOCho

stranger
I. ~"t"l-'1. He is a stranger in Addis Ababa.
1111-'l.il 1\0q h.,.., ~"t"l-'1 ttJJo
2. ~"t"l-'1 ou"J1S'.'i'. The stranger asked where
he might find a place to spend the night.
~"t"l-'ltJJo t1D"t1S'.'i' "7UY IL-l- f-'1-
~"tS'."7..1'f mf+

strangle (vt.)
I. ll"t<l' 1S'.II. The soldier strangled the spy.
m;f-S'.~ 1'1'1\!."t ll"t<l' 1S'.IItJJo
2. M+. His collar seemed to he strangling
him. flf"'l.lf" ll"t1-l- y)+tJJo f.DD/l'IA
strangle, vi. ( ~ vt.) M+
+He strangled on a piece of meat. fP'.:> .,.~
"~~-' M+tJJo
strangle a desire {to) Jt~'i .fH
She strangled a desire to laugh. "1!1/"t 1\t;:t;
YH:Y.
stranglehold, have a - on ll"t<l' YH
Foreign traders have a stranglehold on retail
sales. ftJJo"'l" l11C t.:>S'..l":Y. r:fCJI'I!"tJJo
"t "t"l.(- I ll"t+tJJo .t.H1'A
strangulation
Strangulation appears to he the cause of his
death. f'1"1-t1Jo 1 M<l' .eouMA
strap (strapped), v. Oou"'i'i' 111'1<':
We strapped the trunk. "1'1'1>-"t Oou"'i'i' II
I'IC"t

strap on

I. 111'1<':. He strapped on his watch. l'l~of>"t

liM
2. :I'm+. He strapped on his pistol. 111-tn-"t

:I'm+
strap (n.)
1. m'i'C. Put the strap around the suitcase!
lf"t"'tJJo"t Om'i'C ~(lt':tJJo
2. "'li'I&Y. The strap on my sandal broke.
tm'l "'i"'l\1. "'li'I&YtJJo 1 .,.Oml'l

streak

1262

strapping

:(~tl-11- -l-b'lffDo '1,_ '1'-fi"'-fl li.I:'C~A

2. f"'C 111.11. I prefer to drink milk with a

straw. ID-1-T O"'C 111.11 oum"'-l- ~ll

Iron strap

,.II ...A

3. '1'-fi"'-fl. The general wore shoulder straps.

{l"}-'fl

I need something to break the iron straps on

this crate. ll1.11fDo1 h"f'l'). 'l.f. f!l"-a.C'I'O
-l- ~1C :J..U.;>IIII-

[See also 'leather, rawhide']

strapping'~'""

.,..,..., Yll"'"
He is a strapping fellow. ~ .,..,..., Yll..,.
(ltD-

')BJ-

strata, see stratum

stratagem flflC hA-lThe general's stratagem was successful.

f:(~tl-

11- ftflC llA-l- f-Jofll) ~OC

*The spy got into the castle by the stratagem

of dressing as a beggar. Ml' 1.1~ ll"'''t II
-fl<' 'fill' fDo{l'l' 1fl

strategic lllflC ll:t.l:' !l"'ti

We occupied a strategic section of the country.
11/flC ll:t.l:' !l"'ti flf~fDo1 4'011. .1"111
strategic move H~

By several strategic moves he became director

of the business. OA I' A I' HI. 0"/.11. P'
tl- ' llllh..l'~ "~

strategy
I. HI.. The army succeeded by strategy
rather than by force. lflC 1\tl-'1!-lo 0-l,_A
<'1,_111 OHf. f-fofll) fDom,-}- 111'f
It took strategy to get him to come with us.
b';' :>C 7.1-'l,OD"'' 11"'/.l:'l."/' Hf. ODtn4'!1"
"1.1:' ' lf~-f11
2. flflC llA-l- ! ftflC HI.. He modeled
his strategy on Napoleon's. f"i'711.1"11 flflC
llA-l- 0""h-I'A flflC Hf.fDo., 11~&-'J!

stratify (stratified) O~t.Jr h<f.ol.ll

Wealth tends to stratify certain societies.
11-fl-l- 11.,.11.,.1:' 'l-fll. 1\(l:f-") O~l.lf
,_b<f.'i''IA

stratosphere '"'""'"'" mt~.c

stratum (strata) .I:'C-f!C-fl
There is a stratum of porous rock beneath
the soil. bll<l."" P'C m-;> f"''J'<'IA'i' f
lt'l''t .I:'C-f!C-fl 1111

straw (n,)
I. "'C. The house is thatched with straw.
0.-lo f"'C h.ll., ~.,.

(be the) last straw b7.1"!-'l.ll 0.4'

I warned him repeatedly not to take my

books without my permission, but he has done
it again! That is the last straw. ""K"dll..., Yll
<1..4'1. 7.1.11,...,{1.1:' ~"/"'/. llllm.,:t41

-n

li.I:'C1:J-A h7.1
~.,.,.
.,. ~oc
"1.11.11 0.4'
straw (adj.)
I. fb.'lf. Women wear straw hats in the summer. 1!.-r-:Y. 00;> fb.'lf IJC~"' Y~:>ll2. (f)"'C. I like to sleep on a straw mattress.
"'C 'i'tl-11 'I,_ DD-f'...T :l.ID.IIIIII-

strawberry 7.1}(6
stray (v.)
I. -1-llf. Some sheep strayed from the flock.
'1'-I:T M:Y. hou1;>m- -1-111'
2. IJM. His thoughts strayed from the test.
o<~.-Jo"i'm- 1.n "'"~~' ,etJh1 ~oc
stray from A++
Don't stray from the point! 1\c:J.ll-l- ll-l-A4':t
stray off somewhere mof..
Our dog has strayed off somewhere. m-'lf:f-")
m'i';tA

stray (adj.)
I. fm<f. I IJIIO.-l- f/l.llm-. She brings home
every stray cat and dog she finds. fm<f. ..,.
'lf"i' J:'ODT (I;J-1't ID~ 0.-l- ,_., '
!1""1-l- ~..,.

00

The stray cat insinuated himself into our

kitchen. QIIO.-l- fll.llm- J:'OD-l- ~Ah
-fill- "'1.1:' O.;J-:f-") m-ll'l' ' 1fl

2. A:t flf~. The farmer impounded the

stray cattle. 10o!.m- A:t flf).or., f.,.., .I:' b
-o-r-:r- 011<1.'1"7 YH
3. -1-QU. He was hit by a stray bullet.
0-f'QU 'I',.T -f'OD;J4. ( = adv.) IIAI: IIAI:. There were a few
stray fishermen's huts along the beach. OQih""
.IIC!I' '1,_ IIAI: IIAI: '1'-I:T f'l"' II
'l'"''}(:f 1}(fP:Y. ~a""

*The streets were empty except for a stray

taxi or two. 1)1.1:'"i' hll-11-l- ;J-h(l.l":f 0
ll-1'4'c 0011.11. 'II'C

-at~-

~oc

streak (v.) -1'-1-h-11

The shooting star streaked across the sky.
-I'IDC'I'61' l>b-fl 01\"'1,_ '1,_ -1'-1-h-II:Y.

strengthen

1263

streak

street ""'t1.1:"

streak (n.) "1'".:-t

The streak will not come out of my shirt.

I met him on the street. ""'t1.1:" 'If. h1'f

"1'".:-J: hii"''.H. hAll~ illl-'i'A

u--t
one-way street Q1..(!- Ob-A a ofi;J= f""L~
llll..l:" ""'t1.1:"

*There is a streak of cruelty in his nature.

T't11 ""tJ'h-t hAR-t

Don't drive in there; that's a one-way street.

stream (v.)
!. T"tmd.md.. The sweat was streaming down
his brow. 'If!- hnq-~o J'."tmd.m<;: ~oc
2. hoi\A hi\. Tears streamed down her cheeks.
l\"tQ 01-"t&-!J! 'If. hoi\A hi\
3. 1Q. When I woke up, the sunlight was

streaming through the windows. M"' f8do

1< &-&- o""llto-t 1il-r- ~oc
4. '1-U. Crowds were streaming through the
streets . .lt11R- 0'1-'l ..l"'ll '1.('. .('.'1-C'i' ~OC
+His eyes were streaming with tears. h't.('.l-
l\"tq J'.'I-C'i' ~oc
5. .,...,.110110. Flags streamed in the wind.
l\"t1.~ 't'l"79''1l 0~-1-ll TfDoi\01\R6. Ll\1\. The water streamed across the floor.
IJJo;)OJo Wl\11- 'I.('. Ll\(1
stream blood f..tJ?

The wound streamed blood. <l!llll- 1."7

stream (n.) m"t11

Where can we cross the stream? m1 ft'1

Of-t 011-A Aoull"1C l\"t:Y.'II\"t 1

*Did you see the stream of cars? oulJ..,l"'ll
1\.'1-Cf. hfU!
streams of 11ft'

Streams of people poured into the exhibition

grounds. ill!- .lt11il m1. h."IIL0.1il- '1-

.:L
stream of light Q;l.t;C

A stream of light came in through the window.

Oou(tjo.,. 011-A

"",:c 1Q

a stream of
!. ill!-. He uttered a stream of profanities.
ill!- '!.$<;: ~1C':Y. .,..,.,,:

2. ~'1-.1:"'\.1:". A stream of insults came from the

:y...,. t'1.
mouth of the angry woman.

f.,..,. . .

-t fll.l:"il ~'1-.1:"'\.1:" hm.:1.:Y.o-t

with the stream

*He prefers to go with the stream. mi.

~L

1\0-t ou"td.ll .('.m'IA

[See also 'perermial']

[See also 'dead end, line, tum']

streetcar 'i'&-9"
Take the next streetcar! f"''.-t'l'llaJo"t -1'&-9"
m-1\.1:"

strength
!. ~.('.A. The enemy underestimated our
strength. m'l-t '1.('.'\:Y."t"t 11~ h.!:"C1 1

.,...,.

The strength of this drug is enough to start a

heart heating again. fiLU -~~-t ~.('.A
Ail 1\.ol'f" l\"t1.1" l\"t-'1."";1- 11"7.1:".:"1
J'.:Y.'IA
2. 'l'"t\J"-. He surpasses his classmates in
strength and skill. O'l'"t\J"-" O:Y.II-;1- hh<;:
A '\1.'l''ll J'.OA"'A
3. 1-AO'i'. I haven't the strength to lift this
box . .('.U"t"t "''l'"t 11"7"t"''i' 1-AO-t f
A'Sf"
4. f'I-A0-1' ilC;I--t. Because of his strength,
he can lift great weights. lri-AO.,. ilC;I--t fT
~"f 0"19" hQ.I:" ~1C l\J~"' .('.:f'\A

5.

't~f".

I had to apply all my strength.

QII'S 't~f" u-11- ""P'&--t ~O.:il'S

6. ilq-t. The strength of our army is now
60,000. fi"C m;I-1.C'il':f"t 11~-t hu-"t
ll.l:-11 I( ~,.
bring up to strength h"t.filLA1m- -kTC
111..:(1

We must bring the police force up to strength.

f?'ll.ll '1J'.'I:Y."t"t h"''.Ylld.A111Jo 41'l'C "7
.1:-.:ll 111\il"t
In great strength ..,.('.11-"t ' h1.C~
The enemy was there in great strength. m'l-t
'1f.ll-"t h1.c~ .,......,. ~oc
on the strength of 0 - 1.:>d.~-t

He was hired on the strength of your recommendation. Ol\m1im- l\ll.,.Yf-t 1.:Jd.~-t

Mm.:
[See also 'exceed, lose, sap, tax']

streaming ~J'.II'i'
He had to walk in the streaming rain.
..,. 11.,il m-ll'l'

Q"t.l:" 011-A il!l' f"''.Yllll..l:" ""'t1.1:"

0~ h-t"t-'1

lll\11'~

0~.('.1\>;'

.,...,_.~:- ~o.:o-t

strengthen
1. 1-AO'I'I\m. Goodfoodandresthavestren gth

strenuou s

ened him. '1''1- 9""1il'i b<:'l''l- '1-AII'l-

(l'l'.f:f"A
2. hm'iht:.. Iron rods strengthen concrete.
fil<:'l- H'J"I 1\."'l.'J.ffV-1' .l'mth<:'I'A

Reinforcements have strengthened our forces

at the front . .,...,..,,:..,. m;f"f.e M'JQe

jll&-:f"t'J 1\m'JhC';f" A

strenuou s

I. 1\f.'IJ"'l.. Chopping wood is a strenuous task.

b'J-+ "'"f''l'l' 1\f.'IJ"'l. 1"&- tm2. ile.J>. He is a strenuous campaigne r for
adult literacy. 11'1-A.,{>l- -'1-!l"tle'l- ile.J>
.,..,_;>.,. ~

we had a strenuous day moving into our

new house. 1\.11.11- ll.:f":f"t 11'J1Q p&-m-

11"1!1" 1\f.'hM tile

stress (v.) f.;>"l'l" 1\fl(lll

She stressed two things in particular. 11.,./lf,

11-11-l- ~1C'"'I- S'.;>"l., 1\fl(lll"'fo

be stressed mn+
The second syllable of this word is stressed.
fiLII ?A 11-ll.,.'l'm- h'l'll ?A f.mii:I'A

stress (n.)

I. l-"Je. These are times of stress. """'~- fl-"1

C

stretch

1264

)C&

2. "'.'"'J-1''1-. The great mental stress shattered

his mind. fi\1\!I"C' "1/"'J-1''1- OD'J.L/1-'J
llmllm<JJo

*The stress in this word is on the first syllable.

IIILII ?A mil.,. f"'l.~1<:m- Q'Jf.'l'm-

h'l'll :I'A tmbe under stress i"IOQ.'i+

When members of one's family are very sick,

one is always under great stress. 1\'JS'.' (lm- H
ODS'.' 1\.:f"OD!I"II'l- ' f.""t:f'A
lay stress
I. "1!1"-l- nm. This country lays great stress
on education. .eul- Me ll'l-9"11e'l- h
"' ' .I'll ' "11"''1- ' 'J-(1"111"'12. 1\ll<::f":f". This school lays great stress on
foreign languages. f.ll Wile+ n.+ .,.
.,&'1'"'1- fm-"1.'" Me lln!l:'l'l-'J 1\'J-'1..,'~<
11"11"' .l'll<::f":f"A
under the stress of -.4.~
Under the stress of hunger, themansto lesome
food. (l<JJo\I.<JJo <::>11 14-'1'# l"'""ii {t<:-1'

stretch (vt.)
I. mm<:. He stretched the violin string until

it broke. fll\'"11.'1-'J ' 'II"&- l\11h.llm11 ID

m<:m-

He stretched the hide for drying .,.Jim-'J ' 1\

'J-'l.f.C'J> ID'I'C':f"A
2. 1\(14.. Can you stretch my shoes a little bit?
""i.,\1.-, 'I-TII A:f"(l4-A'1 '1-l-'11111 ?
3. H4;>. They stretched a rope across the
path. IIOD'J1JI. 1\"IS'.'!I" 10Df.' Hl'l4. 1\'l':f":f". After working several hours, I have
to get up and stretch my legs. iiH- (1'\'J- b
oP&-11- ' 11:\'1 ilf.'"l il\1. ' 1\"1&.., ' .,,:f"
:f"'l- ' l\lli1'1
5. ODHH. He stretched his neck to see over the
wall. II"I'Jit 'If. 1\lf"IC' ll.,f-'1- I\'J1i:
I ODHH
,
6. 11-1'"' hf.<:1. They will stretch the rule on

'

admissions to allow certain students to enter.

ll.,ll1Q-'I- f.')flo') '
1\'JJI'Jf.' ' .,..,&~
11-1'"' .l'f.e'l-;f"A
7. h'!':,OI"' 'If, 1\'1'11. We must stretch every
dollar. h.I''JJI'JJI.'J ile 11'1'"'1"' 'If, .,
'I'A 1\llii'J

stretch (vi.)
I. .,.114-4-. The Roman empire stretched over
many countries. fC'!I" "Jq'J- llilll- 1\11!'
";fo 'If, .,_114-'l'.f tile
2. f.<:(l. The realm of Ethiopia stretches from
the Red Sea to the Sudan. fl\.'1-l'"k.l' "1'1
'I- Il-l'f, Qihe 1\1111 II-JI'J f,S'.CliA
3. .,.Hl.:>. The road stretched for miles
through the hills. OD'J1JI. llh-lil:f"'l' 'li ""
llhA /Iiiii- .,f,A .,_HC"I:J:A
4. .,.fill. Will this material stretch? f,tl ~
'I> ' f,liQA?
5. .,.'Jm&-&-. I had to stretch in order to reach
the top shelf. 1\llf.'l'm- ODf.Cf.&.l' /IOD f.'
<:11 OD'Jm&-&-'1- tlllii'S
stretch every effort f.,.!l'llm-') ' 11-lr 1\S'-<:1
She stretched every effort to join us. ll'l' ;>e
/IODir'J

f.,.!J'I\'J-'J ' 11-fr 0 l\f.l1"'fo

stretch out (vt.) Hl.:>

He stretched out his arms. 1\)I:'J H<:;>

str-h out (vi.)

I. -MI'i'i. I'd like to stretch out a bit. -l-'Jii

A11'i'i' 1\.LA;>/1112. :>S'-9" 1\11. He stretched out on the sofa.

(>4-<JJo 'If, ;>f.l"' ' 1\11

3. T'J"'IIII. The wheat fields stretch out for

miles. f11'J.I'.<JJo 1\Cif /Iiiii- .,f,A f t

IIJ!I.A

strike

1265

stretch

stretch (one) out Hl.l.

The blow stretched him out on the ground.
,._,. out,'!- 1\~ HU:tJJo
lay stretched out THl.t:
The cat lay stretched out beside the fire in
contentment. ~ou-t:~; l.h:l" AIJ:.Ja -'IC
-1-UCtl-ll:f[See also 'leg, length')
stretch (n.) DD"t1Y:

We had to run the last stretch.

1Y: Roi--A

ODOQ.~Il

f-t~'t't

ou't

)R~il't

*The road passes through a beautiful stretch

of wooded country. OD"t1JI. f"'U'MII.., q

'1- R:\1\ rn.'l- h:t'!Plf-'i" f""II:J"m'l- 11q

&!P:f- -1-R:J-'1-)IJJo )RC
(be) stricken (with)
1. Y:'t1'1- of-,ru. She was stricken with polio.
RTII.I'" R1i:J- Y:'t1'1- -J-~q )QC
2. ttu(R'I-) l -1-II.,(IJJo). +She was stricken
with guilt. M'l- t,Uq'f- (-1-11"'1'1-)
be terror-stricken R~c?.-,. +1'm

The children were terror-stricken during the

thunderstorm. 11)1-~.11. 1..11. A]>:'li R'i'C
Y'l- TIJJomiJJo )RC
strict
'l'il~.

Army discipline is always strict.

r:..:f- qii-R'I- 1mC tJJoll'l' YA<f.A

1.

A stretch of satlll lay between the road and

the ocean. R""'t1JI.'i" RtJJo~,f'l'llo ""lthA

rm:t-~ I") I"C't'l- 11-A"I..H. 'l'ilT )IJJo

hlf'l' -1-'t"'!I.A

*He spent a stretch of two years in jail. 11-11

'I- 't""'l- RhllC 11.'1- h/111.1.
at a stretch 'l,f!I/C'I' l ROD~tJJo

He works about ten hours at a stretch. '1,r

!1/C'I' (Rou~'ltJJo) OI"C ll't'l- ,fUA ~
u>;l-1\

by no stretch of Imagination

*By no stretch of the imagination can it be

considered possible. R,.'t,. 't~)'f- ~ii'I\A
Till\" ' h~:J-11,.,.
[See also 'expansive']

hY:C'i. ' )IJJo

2. f-J-mM. I have to keep to a strict diet.
f-1-mll) ' 9""Hl ""ill\'1- hllil'f
3. ~'tR'i'. In the strict sense of the word,
it means "soldier". R~'tR'i'IJJo f:t'll- hq
qA 11"'111'1- fi".l.li11JJo m:t-~ )IJJo
*He told the strict truth. h:,O..vt -J-'i"11.
stride (strode), v. R"1~A of-tl-OD~
He was striding down the road. R""'t1Y: 1\
~ R"1~A ~;:.ouY: )RC
stride (n.) hCf"lf

stretcher .4't,q

They carried him out on a stretcher. R:t't.q

-1-ifh"""'" ' dl/IJI.'I-

strew
I. R-J-). The girls strewed flowers in the
Emperor's path.

I'm telling you this in strict confidence.

~U't't '""""'"'"""" h't~ TilT ,.llm.c

AJI'1~

.,.,..., )1P''il

R"'U'A4-R'I- OD"t1Y: 1\~ hRq R-1-'l2 Htl-. The farmer strewed grain over the
field. 1Rt.tJJo """-~ hUA Jltlstrew about Ml~h~h
He strewed his clothes about. Aoflllo't Ml~h

Ethiopia is making great strides in modernization. h.'l-l'"kY nuou'i"'l! P'AitJ), :J-1\

T hC9'11" R"'IY:I."I 1\~ ):f.

His stride is long. hC9'1f1JJo 114-.1. )IJJo
take In stride RC:>:J" -1--tRII

We have to take difficulties in stride. :f-"1

'1-'t RC:>:J" ""-tRA hAofl't
strident 4>1/"t

Her strident voice can be heard everywhere.

+"P'l- Y:,.!l. br'l-9" 11.11"'1 ~:f-1\A

~h

strew on the floor 1-H"l-H

They strew rushes on the floor of the church.

RR.-1- hcll1:Y'l- tJJoll'l' 'l:m"'l ~1-H.,..,II
be strewn -MI~h~h
The street was strewn with litter. 1-'l'i"tJJo .f

lflf

-MI~hCI>R:J"A

strife mofl

Strife between the two tribes resulted in

bloodshed. Rll-1111 1-t\!P:f- mil ~,. -14-M
strike (struck), vt.

1. ao:J-. He struck me on the chin. h1- 1\

DD:J-'f

be strewn about +fi:f'+)

Bits of furniture and glass were strewn about

after the bomb's explosion. hl',.lt .,..,_'t'l

He struck the table a heavy blow. mt.A.qlll"'t

a.-,~,.

' "":1""'"

80

strike

1266

2. b - - - ;JC -t ;JQ., The car went to pieces

when it struck the wall. b"IJ:-I'I<D- ;JC Oofo
;JOQ. ' "1.11. ' ....11..,,_ ' ~1b'l-h'l- ' hi\
3. h,..,. hm"'. The mint strikes coins. 11H
ofl .""P't'.Ym- IJ1of:'I":Y. h'l-'1" Ym"'IA
4. "'i<:. Strike a match! I can't see in the dark.
hilt'.'l- ' '"IC I OOQ.I\"7 ' 11"7f'l- I hA:Y.IA'I"
5. h17. They struck oil in the desert. O<:'ljm-
<D-11'1' Hf.'l- h11'
6. ii<:H. The secretary struck ten words from
the minutes of the meeting. ll""d.<D- blloflil
qro- :I'll .,.qll, <D-11'1' OP'C :I'll
'1- ' ll<:H
7. YH. Flu struck the whole family. 11.-tllll-1 '
OODI\ ' 1\.1<;;11-'ln'l ' 1-II:J-IA
8. {IAA. The plant has struck root.. -thll- P'

c '

{I~{A

9. hll"7. The prime minister struck a note

of warning in his speech. m:,.l\1- '"UII'l--1- '
01"1"1&-'fm- <D-11'1' f"711m1+4:Y :I'IA
h{l...

10. '1-11 hll(m-). She smiled as an amusing

thought struck her. h1.f: f"'i.J'P':,. t1C
'1-11 ' .... ~'1- ' .1.1"1 ' hi\:y.
II. ""1111- :J-f. The plan strikes me as silly.
f.U ~:,._r: f"7f.<:q ""1111- 1-:J-f'?IA
12. ""llll. How does this idea strike you?
1-U milofl '1"1 1-""IIIA'IIA l
13. b- -- 1.<:{1. The employer and the workmen
have struck an agreement. of'"'t'.<D-., IP&.-t"''
'6 bll'l"'l"t'l- I.Cll'I'IA
*The clock just struck ten. ll'i-1> 1., h&-'1-
ll'i'l- ' I.OJI\
*It strikes me that he's acting very strangely.
h\>,:\). ' 1}<1\- ' of-1\0Jtnofl'f
otrlke (vi.)
I. m.r.+. Where did . the lightning strike?
ODofl<:"' f'l- m.r.+ l
2. -t.,I.L. Some snakes make a noise before
they strike. h1'11.f: ~qp:y. b"""l.of.lfm-
0.1.'1- .r:'l"6 Yll"7113. h""&.. We struck northward. m.r. ll"'/.1
h"".!-1
4. Moo I P'&. h"'"" Why are the workers
striking? 1P&.-t"'':Y. 11'1"1 M.,..l (P'&.

h.,.... !)

*You had better strike while the iron is hot.

t,q'l- IJIIU h"l.'l' I ~'I"OC ' ill\ 1 '1-'1'
strike (one's) ear ofoll"7(m-)
The sound of music struck my ear. f ...H.:I',_
.r:'l"6 ' -tll"7'f

strike
strike (one's) eye ;f-f
The sign struck my eye right away. 'I"Ah-1>

:J-fl

01/IJ<D- '

strike off fll.H

The teacher struck off the names of tardy
students. ""'I"U-1- H"lf.-tm- f"7_oom- 1 -t

"7t'.l":Y.1 11'1" ll<:H

strike on the Idea dtil-fl Oft1.-,. DPIIJA+

He struck on the idea of building additional

classrooms. ofo<Q."7t'. f"""7t'.Y h'i'IA f
"71P&.'l- milofl O.f:11'1- 1 """111'1strike out ltt:U

Strike out the first paragraph! f""~""t'.Y<D-1

h14'll" 1 llCH""
otrlke out acrooo hilofl.:" \'.1.
He struck out across the country. 01m<~-m
ll'l' ' hiJofiC" ' \'.1.
strike terror hll1.t1m I MI'O<:
The lightning struck terror in her heart.
""ill:"' IA!l.1 hli'O<:m- (0"1'1" hll1.
t1"1'1-)
strike (through) ll1'1'.,. 1 OJ"'
The sun's rays struck through the fog. f8m
" ' ll""&. ' .,...., ' {11'1'.,. ' OJ"'
strike up (vt.) OOIP<:ofo
We struck up an acquaintance while we were
abroad. lD-1/' h1C OtOC10'l- "1.11. '\
.r.'ft'l- ' """'<:'1-1
strike up (vi.) """'iOJ'l- ' ~-<:
As soon as the President appeared, the band
struck up. T <l.IL'11-I> ofl:,. ll.IA mi!Jm-

=J.e-

ftJD-~fl)o I

I ODftlaJ+ I )!oPl;

be struck dead

_.,.+'

*He was struck dead by lightning. ""ill::,.

'1"-t

be struck down

.,..,.a;a.

He was struck down by illness at a very early

age. OIA)!'t-1> 001i;J- 1 #OQ.
[See also 'bargain, blow')

strike (n.)

.,.,.'1"

I. fP'&.
h.r:"?. How long did the
strike last? f P'&. .,.,.... h.r:"? '1"1
YUIA "1.11.

_,.f l

2. ""17'1-. The gold strike caused tremendous

excitement. fmc:,. "7b.f:1 0011., b'i' Y
II I.II;J- 1 hill.<:
air strike f(l'l"ofl .f:o(JI.q
The air strike caused heavy losses. fll'l"ll- .r:
ofl.r.q ofiH- .,.'1+ M<:ll

1267

strikebreaker
go on strike !P 6-

l't.f.oP

The workers went on strike in opposition to

the new laws of the company. IVoll-1-'l''li A
Jl.fr1 'fh-Q1,1' ....., '"""-"'"''"'I"olio' t..fDDo
make a strike against 1.01.0

The planes made a strike against the enemy

lines. t.,.e-T'I'f'li fm'l'l-1 l'loi.C ~~flo
strikebreaker fl"ollo .,.,.....1 nrrt'l-
f"'l'l
Rocks were thrown at the strikebreakers.
fl"ollo ' .,.,._, ' h9"9")'1- ' fl"'fr'l- ' 'I.e '
Y;'t;>_e ' 1-ID~ID~Q'f'....
striker I" olio ,l'.foo
The strikers were arrested. l"ollo ,l'.fDDo'l-
1",1'11striking (adj.) ~"7ll'
She likes to wear striking colors. ~.,:,. A
oflh ' OD{>.fl(l 0 'l-1D'III'lf0The capital is within striking distance of our
air force. ,...,.~'If h-t-"7,. ,l'fC '1.e'l'lf-11
11"7'1'.4''1- fi"Y.'lf-t>.fl'l- c.,.'l- 'I.e t,.
*There is a striking resemblance between the
two boys. 11-11.., t>.J('f fl"'r _eoo..,M/1-

string (strung), v.
I. I'll). He strung the beads. 1'-.4'...., (II)
2 . .,.)ml'l. The maid strung the beans. ~~"-""
4-M.,I',.1 ' .,.tml'l':f,.
3. H~:> (1-H~). A telephone wire is being
strung to houses in the country. fiQ'I~C 'Ill-
IL-I'':f ' fht>.h ' ODJ"ODC ' 1-HC"I-1"1'1'1'1>.
string (someone) along A'l"'f
I suspected he's been stringing me along.
...,'l"'f'S t.t>..,.~9" ofl\1. 7.m~'l'olloii1Jo
string along with ,I'll...., 1-h-t-11
String along with me, and rn help you. Mr. ,1'
Ah-U1 h-t-h-1-t>.h A"t117111Jo
string out In a line +liAL

The students strung out in a line after the

monitor. 1""7&1"'1i 1)11.4''1',. :\'1 -t-1'1114strlng up 1'1.,.11
The bandits strung up the man. 1i'i'-l'':f (1,.
......, ' ....,.11-'1be strung out ..,.&-HOD

The program was strung out too long. "l"t:"lollo

.,.. o bODm1 ' fl'l.e o 1-oi-H""
string (n.)
I. (I.Q-t. This string is too short. .eu I'I.Q-t
fl"19" ' t."l"C ' ) ....

strip
2. .1':&. She's wearing a string of pearls.
A1~:1: 'I.e fil-A .1':& A'I'A.4'11':f
3. t.,.;J-C. The string of the harp broke.
rn~.,..,. t..,..:J-c -t-fl'l'!l.t>.
A string of cars was parked along the road.
fiOD1~'1. ' .tiC o ofll!- ' ODII.... o of-.,."1'1'1\" o
.f'l" )fiC
strings "IS'.;I-

The grant had a great many strings attached

to it. 7.C'I;J-,. oflll- "IS'..:J-I"'lf-1 ,I'HII

....

)
pull strinas Om.,. a .,.m-tOD

He pulled strings to get his nephew a good

post in the government. .n--Vt t>.;t' 'M-
I" olio 11"7ll.l'1f fiiD~1 -t-m.,.,.,
[See also 'apron')
stringed (adj.) Qll "1/'ollo
The violin is a stringed instrument. lil'"ll.1 q
A '?~ I OD"'i,tlJ~ I i'CDo
stringent
I. fl"'9" 'l'ofl:fo. The rules are stringent. ~111
'li ' fl"19" ' 'l'oflll' ' ..,..,....
2. f"Y..I"'/.1':. Stringent reasons prevent me
from telling you why I resigned. l"ollo\1.1 fl
US'. 119"1 7.1~11.,.:foh- 7.1'111\)"ICU
f"V"!~'S 9"h1.1''1- M'S
strip (stripped), vt.
I. 'lm. They stripped the bark off the trees.
l!-C1Ao1 hlfl- 'I.e 'lm-'1They stripped the wallpaper from the wall.
1"'1.1':"1'1 ' ... ~.,....1 ' h"l.l':"l'l .... ' 'I.e ' 'lm-'12. II"'"" The boys stripped the fruit from tbe
trees. t>.]('li "i't.l"'li1 11-11- hlfG:'Ii 'I
.e ' 11.,.....
strip (vi.) {>.oflfr1 AID<\11.,.
The boys stripped and went swimming.
ID11'-'Ii ' t>.J('f ' "''"""'...., ' AID<\1>..,..... ' 1'1'
strip (one) naked bC.4').1 AhoX-'1The bandits stripped him naked. 11<;:-l"'i {)
C.4').1 AhoX-'1strlp of
I. ~ol.ol.. They stripped the captured bandits

of their weapons. f1""'/~h-'l-1 1i'i'-l'':f ""

..,,~,,....1 ~~....
2. moll-C-t IDI'I~. The looters stripped the
stores of their contents during the riot. flofl'l'ofl
m- 1.11. Ho14-l"'li fr:fo .,..h'l' ,1'11-'l-1
7..4-l"'lf- ' moll-~,. ' "'~'~'~-

strong

1268

strip

*They stripped the house of all its furniture.

O..J>"t IJ-"t hll+'l-'1otrlp off h<DIIII+

He stripped off his clothes and jumped in the

river. A.ofll\-"t hmiiA..,. <D"tll- liJoll'l'
Hll- 111
[See also 'husk']

strip (n.)
I. ll"t'I'C. Baskets are made by interlacing
bamboo strips. ~C"'i'l- f+C+'I ll"t'I'C'T

""'"'llll'i' .

f.rP&-A.
"t
2. ofl"111. Write your name on a strip of paper!
ll'I"IJ"t IJ"t.J:- ofl"111 ; mt:+'l- 111- 1\'i'
strl p of '1-"t 11

2. '1"'1-. He felled the tree with six strokes.

Oi~J:-ll'l- '1"'1- ~f."t "'ll
He drove in the nail with one stroke of the
hammer. 'l"ll.,'l-"t IJ"t.J:" ' noop.'lf ' ,.,.
hll11Jl1Jo

3. f~f" aoc:>'l- 011;1-. A stroke left the

governor paralyzed on one [side of his body.
,~,..

11

ODC;>'I-

(ldJo~.J>'t

I 011;1- fh"tUil.dJo"t
(IIIII I ~1l1Jo

.,.,

*I haven't done a stroke of work on my book

in three Weeks, IJIIf-'1- I V'll'l- I <'if""tfoT I dJo{l
'I' f'I"K"Ll~Jo"t ""K"do'i'
Mf,.:,.

""llll '"'"'"

stroke of luck 71.'11. IJY:A

There is a strip of garden behind the house.

It was a stroke of luck that we got this apartment. f.IJ"J"J I h;rC.,.., I n'f~dJo I h"J~ 0

ho..J> 'II!' 'l-"t11 .1''1-hA.'I- (1;1- hll

{;J:"A.

[See also 'cut, husk']

at one stroke Q1Jritj:.;f"

stripe
1. oopooc. The tie had red and white stripes.
h&-'i.J> +f.<; ~"P oopooc hiiO'IHow many stripes are on a sergeant's sleeve?
f"l'l"<'t hii:J" ,.,{;;';"1 'I"A.h'l- 111-. ll"t'l-
,OfJC I Jr.. A ?
2. MDC. The whip left red stripes on his
back. ~&-f. )!;CIJdJo IIY. +.1'1- ll"tOC'
"1110'1They gave the thief ten stripes. 1\.IJdJo"t OP'
c ~&-'i' 1t':f.'lltrlpe along the hem -rAT
The dress has a red stripe along the hem.
+"7.1\- +1- '1'11'1- hiiR'IOD

:r-

striped aopaoc .l'lldJo

She is wearing a striped dress. aopooc .I'll
, . A.oflll llofl<'tlll-

strive (strove)
I. 'I'C' rP&-. They strove to finish on time.
O{l't.J> IIUD-;';ll 'l't':dJo ""'"
2. ;1-111. We strive against disease. R11;1-"t II
.,'l'of-'1- h"t;l-11111")

strode, see stride

stroke (v.)
He stroked her arm to comfort her.

I. ~IJOll.
II.,K-<;<;'1- I tJ"t.t..,"t I ~IJR<'t'l2. JIM. She stroked the cat. J:'"":l:"t JIM!I''I-

stroke(n.)
1. .J:-9"11. I heard the stroke of a hammer.
fOD[I.'lf I .J:-9"11 I /l.,fJ-

~ ....

At one stroke, everything was changed. o-11-'1"

~1C IJ"tJI'i';l- _,.ll'l'mm
at the stroke of Ah

He arrived at the stroke of four. A.h OOP'

c ll't'l- ~;';(I
with a few strokes '1"1:'1- ~It

~It 1

h.J:"C")

The painter completed the picture with a few

strokes. rP'tll.dJo '1'4:'1- ~It 1 ~It 1 h.J:-C"'
P'btl-"t -;';(ldJo
[See also 'lightning']
stroll (v.) Dh"IC -1-"tlf&-lft:
Let's stroll through the town! h.,..,,. dJolt'l'

Dt."I&-T"t t."tlf&-lfc

stroll (n.), take a ~ .,."tlf&-lf.:

I'd like to take a stroll through the town.
Oh_,..,,. liJoll'l' A."tlf&-lfC hLA.:>IIo-

stroller (m"tOC

f"tODllA. f.ltt<;'l- :>6]

strong
I. m"tlt&-. Is this ladder strong enough?
f.U ODlli\A. m"tlt&- ~,. 1
2. "11-ll'i'. There is a strong smell of gas .
"lf.ll'i' I f;J1f I 11;1- I hll
A strong wind was blowing. "lf-11';1 1 ~of.ll 1

M'i'll ~RC
3. m'i'&-'1". The tea is too strong. 'lfl' R
"'f"

ID'i'&-'1"

~dJo

4. ll.,lf~'i' 1 {;J:-A. .l'lldJo. Is he a strong candidate? ll.,lf~'i' b.J:'A. .fddJo 1 .,.m-'1.116 1 ~,.?
5. 'tf.~.,.'i'. He presented strong argoments
in his favor. hl\-"t 00D~1'i' 'tY.~.,.,- 1 ~1

el-

t.+.:n

6. ( = adv.) 4.~'1". He has a strong dislike for

coffee. L!l;'l" fl-..,. hY.m~
An anny 50,000 strong is defending the
country. ...,,..,.. It jPC h~6-l>'t -mil

?A
strong drink oom'l'

He is addicted to strong drink. foom'l' 1\-ll

MR'Ifeel otrong iiC;f-'1- .,..l"t"''(tJ>o)
+He feels very strong again. hll-'t h'tS'.~..,..
R"'?" iiC;f-'1- Y.l"t"'''I'A
go strong m")lt,t..

2. h:l/?". The students study the structure of

the human body. +"'16l"'li fl"t,.'t hiJA
h:l/?" fm..,..II-

The structure of the organization is explained

in its constitution. f S':C~ h:l/?" RODJ-JI
1-61,. .!'.'til tJ>o/1'1' ~IA!I..IA
3. ih't~. What is the large structure across the
street? hDD't1JI- ' qlf1C ' fi\IIJo ' 'l-Ao}> '
ih't~ MS':~tJ>o I
4. :1/"'l.. The structure of the building is made
of iron beams. fih't~tJ>o :1/"'l. hilt.'!- f+"'
,t..

)f&o

)m-

He is ninety years old and still going strong.

lftn'i I f\OI'J."f- I fl.lf)liJof'" I '1'i I m'}~ I )aJhave a strong constitution m.)~

If)

He has a strong constitution and does not

mind the cold. m.)"' lll\11') 1\iiC.I:" "1.1:"
fl\tJ>o?"
[See also 'drive, point']

stronghold m'tiJ6- 1""11"'1

The troops have a stronghold in enemy
territory. m;f-S'.I!''Ii Rmll'l- F-11;1- IIJo/1'1'
m'tiJ6- 1""11"1 hll'ftJ>o

struggle (v.)

I. nil. I have been struggling with this

problem for some time. Y.rn Tl!'il/1.9'.' II
ODP'6-'I- ' 1\iiH- ' '1.11. ' 11:1"1/A )RC
She struggled to keep back her tears. l\'tq'f"t
11"'111: ' ;f-111?f
2. 1-'i'al.l.al.l.. The thief struggled to get
loose. /l,qtJ>o 11"'1?"11'1' 1-'i'al.l.al.l.

struggle (n.) '1-"'A

The struggle for freedom must continue.
f)~)'l- '1-"/A oo4'm1A hiiR'I-

strung, see string

strongly
I. h'l'il-1'. I strongly advise you to go. ll't.t:-'1-'t
.1:" ' h'l'iloJI ' l\ODhC'/1\112. R...,Y.A. The wind was blowing strongly.
)'f.l\- R....Y.A Y.)'i'll )RC
He is a strong-minded person, and it is difficult
to make him change his mind. 4&6-'1' lll\11')
,Mfl-'t ll't-'I.IIIIJo'l' II"''S':l."' hli'I':M ~"'"
1 oo"t.t.(t m'tiJ6-

She is a strong-willed woman; everyone in her

family obeys her. ...,,_11.,. llllll'~?f IL+I"tll
!I! 11-11- Y.:f"H!l.:f"A
A leader must be strong-willed. OD6 OD't.t.
a m'tiJ6- l"ttJ>o :oorr't hiiR'I-

strophe f"/'1'?" h't4'!1;

The poem is divided into strophes.
"/'!'?" ' h't4'~?f ' f+h'l-4..11 ' ~"'"

strut (strutted), -

.,If'_. 0

strove, see strive

struck, see strike
structure (n.)
I. hiJA. The skull is a bony structure.
f6-ll -l>A h'l''t;l-?" hiJA ),.

around +mnrmt.

l 1-'t

1-6-.I'.S'.

He strutted around to show off his new

clothes. h-'1.1\-'t Aill\-'t ll"'',..f'l- 1\..tD"'

me

strong-minded 4&6-'1'

strong-willed ...,,_11.,.

stubble

1269

stronghold

~nc

The little boy put on his father's medals and

strutted around the room. '1-'tl- IAJ!': 1
q-l>'t 1-'IY. hS':C1 h'i'll- tD-/1'1' 1-'t'l6-S'..I'.

stub (stubbed), v. b't-l>'l-'1- oo;f-tJ>o

+He stubbed his toe. h,.6- "1-l>'t b'tol>'f.
'1- I OD:f"IIJo
stub out li.m4.
He stubbed out his cigarette. I\;J6-m-'t hm

"'"'"

stub (n.)
I. '1-CS': l "1-6-J!':. Give me your ticket stub!
f-th.'l-ll't "1-CS': ("1-6-J!':) lim~
2. 416-.,_.., The stub of a pencil is hard to write
with. Rl\C... ll 416-.,_.. -<;: fli'I"'/6-IA

stubble iiC
After the wheat is reaped, only stubble is left
in the field. ll't.l'.. h;J-al..l'. R:\11 l\ClftJ>o
11- f"'l. 4'l.tJ>o iiC ii;F ttJ>o

1270

stubborn

*The stubble of the besrd makes one's face

itch. m.ll" 11.0"1-A .1.'1- .l'<'lhiJA
stubborn
1. .h<'IO 1'1-C. He's terribly stubborn and does
not change his mind. 0"111" .h<'IO 1'1-C
ll/111') .h<'IR-1 h.I'>IIID''I'!I"
2. OD"J!f'IJ l ;J"IC;I-11". The stubborn child
refused to wear the coat. OD"J!f'IJID' (:J1C
;1-...) A~ l>ofo1 hA/1111111" hll
3. hA1i'l'. The mother tried to bring her
stubborn daughter to reason. M'tofo hA1i
'I' A:{1 f1"7qOA 'l"h<::Y.
4. hq.<:-, The settlers made a stubborn effort
to clear the forest. ll-NIJP'Il "'iiJID'1 II""
OD")mC I hq.<:- ' '1'<:'1- ' 1\Y.<:.,_
stubborness hA1i'h'l- 1 hAll

His stubborness discourages his parents.

f(lo hA1i'h'l- (hAll) fD~,lt'll1 ,I'O<'I"'i'f'I'A
stubbornly h'l'1lol'
Every inch of ground was stubbornly defended.
All111C ODtl.'l- h1\>,1 h'I'114'11Jo ofoh~hflo
stucco hlf'l' 1C'i'

They live in a stucco house. hiftf' -JC'i! '

0.'1- ' fDo{l'J' ' .l'>'f&-flo
stuck, see stick
be stuck ofoS'.)4'<:

The wagon is stuck in the mud.

;J6tiJa

"7'1' fDo/l'l' ofoS'.1-l-~A

stuck-up 'I-6R.ofo'l'

She has no friends because she is so stuck-up.

0"111" ' 'I-6R.ofo'l' ' llfiii'):Y. ' 'lS'.'I' ' f~'l-11"
stud (studded), vt. ( ~ vi.) hAC: hAC: ofo1"f
Little islands studded the harbor.OmS'.R- h
IJqll. '1-...,ii S'.(l.ofo':f hAC: hAC: .1'>1'1'11be studded

*The shield was studded with silver decorations. ;J"/ffDo 011C oJolf~A.,_A

stuff

studio fOD"f.l' h'i'A

The artist rented a studio.
OD"f.f h'i'A ' ofoh&of

"'~11.,.

h1.1:"

studious
1. '1'<;'1- f"''.fD.I:". He is very studious, and is
almost always in the library. '1'<;'1- 0"111"
/l/l"''.fD.i:" ' h11Jf'l'fDo1 I 1.fi I IJ.ofo I ODII.lt
<;:-!> ID'/l'l' ,l'.fDo~A
2. (~ adv.) hA11. The clerk makes a studious
effort to please customers. hifif,;g, S'.10'l'
:Y. 11"7/lS'.ll'l- hA11 .1'>'1'&-A
study (studied), v.
1. ofo"7<:. He is studying Chinese. !1'.1'>1'1' .1'>
"7&-A
2. ofoODflhofo. We studied the map before we
Started. OD"J1.1': I hODJ':OD&o':f1 I 0.1.'1- I I)
C;l-fDo") ' ofoOD/Ih'l-1
3. "".:"".:. He promised to study our problem.
:Y..,&o':f11 ' /IODODCODC :J'A ' 1q
4. hm<;. The prisoner studied ways to escape.
~ll<:'l'fDo f"''...'DDA'I'O'I-1 HS'.. hm<;
study (studies), n.
I. '1-!I"IIC'I-. Has he finished his studies?
'I-11"11Cofo1 <Q.C!).A !
2. K'.h-'i'. He has published several studies in
that field. llAH.J' '1-II"IIC'I- h.l'tt. K'.ho
c::Y. h-1-C!I.A
3. 1.1':'i'. The artist made several studies of
his subject before he began the portrait.
lP'\i\.aJ- I f(taJo{LaJ-"J I ~/J/A I ODUf/A I hOD
l':""'~- ' 0.1.'1- ' 1111- ' 1.<:-'i' ' hfD"'
4. '!'<;'!-. The city prepared a study on lowcost housing. hofo"7'1' q)llofo'l' 11H11
llll"''.h&-1< O.ofo:Y. '!'<;'!- hH;Jl':':f
5. f'l'<;'l- h'i'A. You will find the professor
in his study. ""11"11'1-1 0'1'<;'1- h'i'flo ,.
11'1' :1"1"f'I'Ail
course of study

True+

He is taking a course of study in military

science. h1.1:" ffD;I-S'.&o' '1-!I"IIC'I- 0""

stud (n.)

*The belt was ornamented with silver studs.

4'0ofofDo 011C fofoAOm )OC
student .,..,<1
The students play in the field. ofo"7<19''1l 0
"'VVfDo ' ~.1'> ,l'."'ifD;I-1\o

0-

studied, adj. ( ~ adv.)

He has a studied air of indifference. OfDol' 1
.1:" filii ,I'.ODMA

"7C~,I'.o)fDo

study (adj.) .I'm<;")

He needs better study habits. fofoifA ,I'm<;
1 HS'.. ,l'll.I.A1'1'A
stuff (v.)
1. moJoL. Stuff cotton in your ears! ,lt1!'111
0'1''1' m'I-LfDo
2. h<D.4'. He stuffed so many old clothes into the bag, it almost burst. 1111' hl!"'. A111\:Y.

stump

1271

stuff

'lf"t"',.. 11..1.~"1

r-t'l" hi>.

stuffy
I. h-&--1->;'. He is a rather stuffy person.

3. ~,..., ~""'!" If-'1. fDo/1'1' ......,..l.. Stuff

the chicken before you cook itt P..t:'l'1 hDD

h-&--1-'i' flm. ' ~ ....

2. ?fh J'll. Their stuffy conversation bored
us extremely. ?fh 1 J'l\fDo m4,J''I'fDo hDD
m1 1 O'lf. hf'll\'1'1
3. f:J-.1.~. It's a relief to get out of this stuffy
hall. hiLtl ' h:J-.1.~ ' h"'&-11 ' DDfDo"'.'l- I " '

MGI..,.O'I-

"'""'"

'I'OIIIJ
Glo'I"C

nor.+ ~ ....., ~ ....,. "~ , ....11... ,

4. .,.II.,.II(-1-.,.11.,.11). The pillow is stuffed with

feathers. '1-&-11- 'Itt f-1-.,_11.,.110'1- ~,..
stuff animals 1?.11111'1- .,.'i''l hH;J)';
He stuffs animals for the museum. AO.+ oo
Hh'l- 1?.11111'1- .,_'i''l J'H;J)fA

stuff (one's) mouth with .,.(t..,..fl:

He stuffed his mouth with food. 'l""'il .,.II

.,_II

stuff oneself.,.,.,.

0~

Don't stuff yourself! ill,. h'l-il'l

*He stuffed himself with food: lf-'1.1 'I'C~
,..

hY:C~

'1"'1

My nose is stuffed up. h'i'"J""l\L -1-.t:.'i':;":A

After that heavy meal, I feel stuffed. 111 hlJ
f: '1"'1il HAlf! 0"1'1" W'l't:'i'A

I. GI.C~. She bought some white stuff for

curtains. tv;Jl.)f f"''.lf1 h1Y: ~"1"
GI.C~ ~~?f

2. "-"'. I hired three packhorses to carry my

stuff. >--"'1L1 f'l"'i'"1lJ'J'fDo 11'11'1 h;JII{>
?f' -1-~ii'IIIJ3. '1-ch.'I"Ch.. Their cellar . is full of stuff.
'l"f:c 1 n.:t-'1',.. n+cll.'l"ch. -1-'I"A:tA
4. '1-'I"IIC'I-. He really knows his stuff.
'1-'l"tiC-Io1 I O.t:.1il , ........ A
5. f-1-.l.'l't: llti':J-. He has the stuff of a singer
in him. Hof..~ I\ODif1 f-1-.l.'l't: llti':J-
hl\fDo
11.'1-
*They call this stuff beer? f.tl
fl&- DDif'f. ~,.. I

mn-

old stuff ~&-~'l"fl

Throw that old stuff away! 111

~&-~'l"fl

WIIJ "'A
stuffing f-1-'1"'10'1- ~....., 1 ~,..,..
The stuffing of the chicken is very good.
l't:'l' fT'I"'I?fO'I- ~ ....., ~""'/" 0"1
~ I

~CIJ-

*The stuffing of the pillow is made of cotton.

I

1 h.I.-1-0J-'; 1/.1.1.110'1. make (one's) head feel stuffy &-11-1 hO.t:.(fDo)

+A cold makes my head feel stuffy. 0.,.1of..1

'J"h"JJ''I-

4J"-flfllo

.,..,. I

)aJo

tl-f1.1

hiJJ'.>;'/>.

stultify (stultified) Oh1-lo hll.,.l.

The drought stultified the farmer's labor.
f~O<I.fDo1

f:IJ'I" Oh1-lo hll4'l.fDo

I. of-.1':.<;4'.1.. The drunkard stumbled and fell.

IIIJ&-... of-.t:.<;~G: m.t:.4'
2. -1-1-l-lJof-0. He forgot his speech and began
to stumble. 1"1"1'1- 1111-1-l.ilfDo OD1-f-lJof-

-o

stuff (n.)

l-,&.(a.

This room is stuffy; open a window and let

fresh air in! f.tl h'i'A :J-'i''IA I DD/IIl-lo

stumble

feel stuffed fDml.(fDo)

~,..

be stuffy ;to.1.~

f:C4'-Io

be stuffed up +~d.)

fJD

I>."'A'

J':DDl,

stumble along ~4-

+'i

hA

The tired old man stumbled along. f.t:.hDDfDo

11.,"11\o I .f:.o(.. I 4'<; I hi\
stumble off ..,.11.111"-

The tired boy stumbled off to bed. f.t:.h"""'"

A)!; M-1-1~"1~.1':. m.t:. hA;JfDo 't.t:.
stumble (on) >.1"1;J"'"''. h~"f

He stumbleli on a new way of making rubber.

>.1"1;J"'"''. '111-l:h ' f"''. ...&-0'1- h"'.ll '
HJ'. h~"f
stumble (over) h.t:.<;.,..l.
+I stumbled over a log. "111: h.t:.<;.,..l.~
stumble over (one's) words hAC: 1\IAC:
.,.1-1-lJ-1-fl

He stumbled over his words while reading the

speech. 1"1"1'1-1 ll.nil hAG: hi>.G:
f-1-t-lJT-R ~nc

stumbling block 61~'1The lack of money proved to he a stumbling

block. f~1H-Il Atl''l- c!1~of..'l- lf:;":A
stump (v.) "1&- h;JlJ
Her questions stumped the expert. '1'1411' 11.
<1!1 "1&- h;JlJfDo

1272

stump

*He is stumping the countryside for votes.

o(IH- (1,. 1\"t'I.""Cm,. llffl'11'1- l\fJI~
"J"MC Yf.C:>IA
stump (Into) -1-"tf.Cf."C' 1fl
He stumped into the house. l\IL+ ,.11'1' -1"Jf.CJ':t: 1fl
be stumped by ( ~ tr.) ~'I' I\J':C1 Yll,.
All the students were stumped by the second
question. 11-11-1-'i',.,. TY4l -1-"Y&l'''ll"J rHr
~'I' I\J':C1 Y~'l',.
stump (n.)
I. H. He sat on a stump . .,..,. 'lj.'. ofl"l." 1\11
2. ( ~ adj.) f-1-'l&~m. The stump of his arm
is not yet healed. f-1-'l&~m,. h"JJI. 1<;
1\IA-'1~1"'

3. ( ~ adj.) '1&&-"1. The dog wagged the stump

of its tail.
4&&-"1 1.>&-,.,."J '1&'1

,.,.7j,.

stumpy IH""
He is stumpy and cannot be seen from afar.
tK+ 111111~ h"":t- 1\f.:J-Wr
stun (stunned)
I. {loyf. l"'~"t 1\1'<:(11+). The blow stunned
him. Jl.'l,.,. .....,,. I"'~"J 1\1'~11+
2. J\ilS'.)o1m. The bad news stunned everyone.
OD'f"S:dJo- I lt.'i

I l}ofto")g" I }t(I:F.,)"Jtn

be stunned hm- J\lt

He was stunned by the news of his father's

death. Yfi-I>"J ...,.,..-,. ll.li"Y h,. 1\11
stung, see sting

stunk, see stink

stunning
I. f"''J'I"'C. What a stunning llat he wears!
1\"J,_..,. Yll f"''J'I"'C fiC~"' 1\J':C'\IAI
2. li"Yf. I"'J':C f"''J'JIC. The robber came
up behind him and dealt him a stunning blow.
'li'i';J-,.,. h:\'1,. f.C{I (loyf. I"'J':C
f"''J'JIC I"'+ oo;J-,.
stunt (v.) 1\~0Q.OQ.
Poor soil stunted the plants. -P'ldim-
..,. r)8'1'-I>"J 1\~0Q.Aj.'f,.

ou~

stunt (n.) 1\111.<;4: +Cl'lf.+

The members of the circus did all sorts of
stunts. f(lChll- 1\flll-:f o(IH- 'if.~+ 1\
llf.<;"4: +Cl\1-+ 1\~~
stunted (adj.) f~OQ.OQ.
Stunted trees covered the hillside. f~-..-
~f:::f l>~o(l;J-,.-, lf'i'~"'";J-A

sturdy

(be) stupefied
I. (l<D-~-1> 1.~1111. He was stupefied by drink.
(l,.~-1> ll""mT f."t11!1.A
2. :t-11'+ oo(lll(,.). He was stupefied to learn
that he had the winning ticket.l\lf<;.L -1:11.+
f(l- ' ODif)."J > fl<D~ ' 'I." ' :t-1f'T o OD{lll,.,.
3. h,. o(lll- ~~- They were stupefied by
the calamity. flf.;J,. l"'h"t.l'+ hm- o(lll

.....

stupefy (stupefied)
I. l\llf.)114 The sudden attack stupefied the
soldiers. J':"J1-J-'i',.,. mu. m;J-t.t:'ll"J 1\
llf.~ll&-'1',.

2. 1\f.~HH. The heat and the noise stupefied

us. -~of><;" ""1i-i> 1\f.~HH"J
stupendous f"'L.I'llf."J:tThat was a stupendous discovery .1'1"i,.,. ~
1C 11"11"' f"'L.I'llf."t:t- ~IIC
stupid
I. f.f.o(l. He is stupid and doesn't listen to
what you tell him. f.f.o(l lllllf) ft1""+
., 1\f.{l"YI"'
2. f"Yj.'.~fl. A stupid conversation about
economics made me laugh. ltl\ s 9"11J~ v
o(l:,. f-J-1.~1,.,. f"Yj.'.t:fl "J"'"'C 1\"1~'1
stupidity ~AH 1 f.f.o(l~+
It is plain stupidity to try to cross the desert
without water. "'"=' ~f.H- ll~">i"J 11"711<:
'I' OD'f"hC 'i'l\.1"' ~A~+ )myour stupidity is such as to fill me with despair.
f.f.o(l~+u 11"11"' -J-111- f"'L.I'll'I&Cm'1 ),.
*He was refused promotion because of his
stupidity. f.f.o(l 111111~ ff.~)f l\.1':1+ -1hllhll
stupor, be in a
I. Lilli. I had so little sleep that I was in a
stupor all day long. o(IH- MA-1-'i'o- ~.,_
.,

tiD-/r

d.1f1C

fi'Ab-

2. f.)JIJI. He was in
lllll!C f."J11!f.IA

drunken

stupor.

sturdy
I. m"Jli&-. That's a sturdy table. m~A.~,.
m"Jli&- ),.
2 . .,..1111<;" m.~'i'. His children are sturdy be
cause they work hard. m"Jh<:m- 1111"'1."'""
A)f!'ll .,..ll,.:f<; m.)'l':f
3. f'I&&-T~+. Their sturdy resistance blocked
the enemy's advance. 11'1&&-T~+ ouMII'I'f
,. m'I+"J mf.ol.+ hDD"'of.+ l\1f.<D-

-;:r:,.

subdued (adj.)

stutter (v.) -J-')-J-11-IO

He stuttered when he tried to speak to the
Emperor. 11.,.,., )1P'1: ""<;1C ll.:t:ll"
c T"t-J-q-J-o

stutter (n.) oP')-J-q-J--11

His stutter has gotten worse as he has gotten
older. "hJ.'J'.1 ll.'t.Y: oP')-J-q-J-o- "hfqnn
,. ' 'tJ'.

stuttering oP')-J-q-J--11
Stuttering is a speech impediment. oP')-J-q-J-11 ' II').,.,C ~')~of.'t- ' )""

style

I. HS!.. What do you know about the Arab

style of architecture? (Ill O~P:f f .ft')l\ l'ow
6-C HS!. 9"') fll" :1'""4'"" )1C l'oll l
He has a poor style of writing. J.'llll'i' HS!.
8Jo

OIJ'l'f:

)BJo

2. 'I"Y:. This dress is the latest style. J.'.ll ol\.-11

(I ' l'o'l,(l ' 'I"Y: ' ) ....
We sell clothes made in all sizes and styles.
Ofoii.!J.<; Of'I"JI. f-1-1'14- oll.-llf':f "t-11"1111
live In style -J-')1'.114'4'
He lives in style on his uncle's money. fl"Juof:
11H-II J.'.')J'.114'.4'oll.

stylish nm'i'
Her clothing is very stylish. oll.-11!). 0"19"
-t1m'i' ).,.

suave llllll(l J.'ll

He spoke in a suave manner. llilAlt QA ,.

~:1'

' -J-<;1~

His suavity was unrufHed by the angry man's

insult. f-1-<;J'.J'..,. II.,. llY:-11 foP')I./1') "hC:>:J' 11.,1'11"1"" l'ool\.!1'119"

subcommit tee 1h-ll

J'.C"I

The subcommittee meets tomorrow.

I. ~-fllftf. The window curtains gave the

rooms a subdued light. f""lll>-1: "":>~Jfl"
:f llh'i'll- ' J'.-11~~ ' o(IC'/') ' llm-'12. '1-.:h't-<; f-1-""110'1-. He spoke in a subdued
voice. '1-.ft't-<; 0-1-""110'1- l'o1J'.O't- -J-<;1~

subheading l'oe"hll'IThe first chapter has three subheadings.

9"~&-"' Ol"ll'l- l'.C"hll'l-
-1-hof."'ll..oll.

'"":e:"""'""

subhuman

I. hii-IIM! -J-"Iqc ID-1." fll'). The dictator

acted in a subhuman way. l'o9"q1)'1- hll-lll'o
'I! -J-.,qc """fl' fll') l'oY:t.-"1'1- l.ll""
2. hl'l.,. 11~ J.'ll. A subhuman species once
inhabited Kenya. 0.11.1!" 1.11. hll.,. 11~
J.'/1- "h')ll/1'1- h.')J.' .....ll'l' )0-1-

subject (v.)

I. l\ll10~. Ancient Rome subjected most

of Europe. '1'1:1''1!'1- 1!"9" l'o-11~:;'.,.') f
l'o~D'C";r'l h'i'ol\. ll;J'll1-IIC 'ft.-ll:f
2. l'lm ! l'olloi\C:: l'lm. His weakness subjected
him to diseases. J'.lJ.,)-1: 11011:1' l'lm.,.
(l'ollol\c:: l'lm.,.)
subject to, expressed by the hlt-stem
The enemy subjected their captives to torture.
mll't- II"Cl>'i'.,.') l'ow.+f""
be subjected to "h1Y:+ imperfect + -J-1'.~1
The suspect was subjected to thorough
questioning. f+ml.m~m- (am- ' 0'1'-fl:to s "
1'1.""~""c -J-1'.~1

subject (n.)

suavity foP11.ll "hC:>:J'

c.,. )1

subject

1273

stutter

')h-(1

J'.

.r.nonqo~~.

subconsciou s 8Jollm ..,A."i"

In his subconscious, he was afraid. OBJohm ..,

fl.<;"" I.C.f- )0C

subdivide hUll
The buyer subdivided the farm. ""<1.1:1
.,. 1'1.,. fClf .,.') 11:1' hof.I.IIID'

f1~

subdue l'ol)1.
They subdued the rebels after much fighting.
h-1111' ' ID"'.J' ' 0:\11 ' 0""8'1',.;') ' l'ol)~....

I. )1C. Let's change the subject! I'm tired

of talking about murder. llll 11.11 )1C
"t,<; ....(.. l llll )'I'll .,.~~,. .,.,.(..,. l'loll.:f

"""'"'
2. TII"IIC'I-.

I am not familiar with that

subject, not having studied psychology. f P')
ol\.11'<; '1-II"IIC't- lllloi\.-1-"'C!J. llll Til"
IJC-1: Mil" 1'.11~9"
3. f'I-9"11C't- '\J.'.)'t-. The classes are arranged
according to subject. h'i'll-:f f-1-J'.IIJ'.II-'1-
0'1-II"IIC't- '\J.'.)T oow~'l- )""
4. 1\C"hll't-. The martyrdom of St. John the
Baptist is the subject of a new play. f""'l'll".,.
\'"m1ll l'l.,b't-)'1- J.''l,/1- -tJ.''I-C l'oC~

M, ).,.
His hesitant speech shows that he has not
studied the subject. "hJ.'oP):J' f"7.J.'J'.C1""

subjection

1274

"t"l"l-1- 111:7.11-l>"t RJ'."tofl 1\IIDDOI-J>"t

YIIYIA
5. P'~

)~C. I'll get back to the subject in

a minute. h.-,.17i "l.H. 0:\1\ mF.. JP(. r )1
'1- ' 1\0DII/111116. H.;>. He is a British subject. l'll"t"/11.11
11.:> ' )fDo
7. -M'I"r. The people are the subjects of the
king. .111111- n.,..... .,.~:rr
8. q111L-l-. The subject of the sentence is at
the beginning. fO~'i'T )~'1- q111L-l- ou
"DDI'.YfDo ~.1'- )msubJect (adj.) T~'l"r
The subject tribes pay a tribute to the king.
-M"IC!I''fi .,_ll!l':f ll"t.,.,... "lofiC .1'-h'i'~ll

)""

be subJect (to)

I. T~'l. We are all subject to the law of the

land. ~:f"tll" nv~o~- .11"1 ll"t~'lll"t
2. ll.m.+ !I'll. The alimentary tract is subject
to diseases. fll' !l: fll""lofl ou.,.~lld.Y nn
11;1- ll.m.+ .1'-:f~A
3. ( = tr.) lim.+. +J am subject to colds.
.,."tof."t Ym.+'I'A
4. .,.oo,t.+. His consent is subject to your
approval. lllt:f",. q").,. !l::>'i' ~.1'- fT
oPtp(...,.

~Q)o

*He is subject to fits of auger. IIAC: IliAC:

"IIA'i' .1'-11'1'/A

subjection
I. h41'1''l'C P'C "''!l:~"l. The subjection of
the rebels took years. oouB'l''fi"t h<I<'I''I'C
P'C "''!l:~"l oflrt- '1"":1"-l- 4.]!
2. .,.~'fr)or. Many African countries lived
in a state of subjection for many years. -flit'
fll'i"'-lt Mr::f llofllt" '!ou;f--l- YUIA
R-M'fr)or 'l"~"" )tiC
live In subjection to T11C r

~nc

Women used to live in subjection to men.

1'1.-r-:f ' ftD"t/l.:f ' -M"IC!I':f ' )ti-lsubjective
*He is very subjective in his opinions. fot.r+cn
"" mllofl 11-11- R"!A II"'L-l- ~.1'- fT""
W(...,.

)(Do

subject matter 111:7.11-lThe book was conveniently arranged according to subject matter. ouwml- R"''J'ou:f
11-i.;l- RfiiCIIII-1> TII:>;E-;I:IA
*The subject matter of this book is colonialism.
.J'.U o DD!rm'i' ' f"'L'i"~~fDo 1111 :,0'{ ' 1\~'1
1f

1-aJo

submit

subjugate liMn~
They subjugated the neighboring people.
qttqiU''f"" Yll--l-"t .111111:f llll~tl-1sublet 1111.~ llh&-f
Sublet your apartment while you're away.
llllh'l-""1111 II;J"CT"''U"t 1111.~ llh&-ffDo
sublime Aofl f"'L"'/Ch
The scenery was sublime. -l-1:7..1'--1> Aofl f
"'L"''Ch )ftC
submarine (n.) llC'\;E- ouch-a
The submarine sank. o'IC'\.{ ouch-a II""
m:f
submarine (adj.)
1. fll:ttC tD-il"l". A French scientist is studying
submarine life in the Red Sea. ft.~"l/1.1'- f
11.1'-"tll 11.+ n+.l'- q.nc ""II"' rq.n
c fDoll'l' .11.1'-m-l-"t R"'''l''i"-l- ~.1'. )m2. nm-:,OY'l"ll fDoll'l' fTIM:>. A submarine
cable connects Ethiopia with Europe. n,.:,.Y
'l"ll fDoll'l' fTII~;>tJJo IIAh 11..-l-l'"t;:Y
"t hllm-r::r :>C Y1'i"'l':t-A
submerge (vt.) 11/ltlll
The rising water submerged the town. fe&<~m-
-~-r ' hT"'/m-"t ' llllft{ltJJo
submerse (vi.) mil+
The crocodiles submerged beneath the water.
IIJI!I''fi m-;}m- tJJoll'l' mll41

submission
*The submission of the enemy was witnessed
by a large crowd. m~-l- lllt"t ll.ll'l' of!
It" .ft11ofl T""llhT
*He bowed in submission to the boss's order.
Yll.4'fDo"t -l-M11 II;E- )P'-r- T+RII
*Submission of applications must be completed before the 15th. "''""Ahil'!l':f 11-11-
Rli.U me 11:>"111 +en,. "711:,0 1\llq'fmreduce to submission ll:("}

ll"tllfi~J"

ll'-~1

The army reduced the enemy to submission.

ftnC l'l&-'1!-1> m~-l- lllt"t ll"t-'1.11'1' 111.~~

submissive
I. -l-m.-l-. The submissive child obeyed without
question. -l-m.-1> A;E- Yll 'I'Y4l ;1-HH
2. lllf. q.J'.. She is very submissive. R"'ll"
lilt ' '1.1'- ' ):f

submit (submitted), vt. ll+~n

I'll submit my report on Monday. &-?"t."t
ll'i' 11-l- ll+cqii!Jo

submit (vi.)
I. 1q. The rebels offered to submit if they were
granted amnesty. OODB'I''fl ' ll".h~'l- bT
1.~1'\'l'm-

1\oo>"Jq'l- mf.+'I'A

2. T1q. We'll never submit to foreign rule.

j\ql).(- '

4..~.,.

' h"t1qll"

submit (to)
I. 4-K"". Make it clear to him that we will
not submit to his demands. f"''.mY.+m-"t f
"7't4..~11"

' .,.,.,..,..,.,, '

"111~11'1-

2. hbO~. The team submitted to the umpire's

decision. 11-1.'). ,l'""i'l''ll't m-Il~ hbOl
submit oneself (to) hbO~
He submits himself to the authority of the
state. f"'q.,-, .h"l ,1'b1MA

subnormal

subsidiary

1275

subnormal

'II~

,I'll

IL_,:J' 1.-ll'IILID"'t

subscriber f;>H."'

4-.~ao-o:,.

"7~RCT':'

The subscribers have to pay $10 a year for

the newspaper. f :>H."'m- "7~0c.,.'l'':f not
ao'l- OFC -IIC ODb4..A hllq'f'm-

subscription
I. f"7~0CT'St-l- 1.11.. Your subscription has
expired. f"7~0CT'St-l-IJ '1.11. hA!I:A
2. ,l''l'"'tiJo 1'tH-Il. The monument was erected
by public subscription. mm-A., fTThl\m-
.h'll-11 q'I'"'ID" 1'tH-Il ttiJo

*How much is a yearly subscription to the

newspaper? qoo:,... lt.?H.IIJ(I)o 9"1' YtJA
-l-b'i''ll\11?

The child's intelligence is subnormal, and he

will need special teaching. fAll'. fh'hll"t:
':fll-:1' 'II~ ,I'll 111\ll't AI' '1-II"IIC'I-
,I'II4..A1'1'A

subordinate (v.)
*A son subordinates his wishes to his father's
will. All'. f"IA '1''1~.,-, 'lq., I'I.A
f.T'I'A

subordinate (n.) fO:J-':f

He expects loyalty from his subordinates.
bO:J-'I''Il :J-q'frt-l-'t Y.m-ll:J'A
subordinate (adj.) fO:J'':f

He is still in a subordinate position. 1'i

ro:t-

':f w&-T'1 tm-

subparagraph 'th-11

3. 4-.~ao. Thousands of citizens subscribed

to the petition. n If.II ' f"'L ...m'l- ' l\9'':f ' ,1'

h"t+~

The matter is dealt with in subparagraph three.

"J.JII' O>"IIT':'m- 'th-11 h"t+~ 'If. T
m~!l.A

subpoena"""'"'

They issued a subpoena for the suspect to

appear in court. f'.,.m~mt!m- (am- fi:.CJ!"
IL-l- 7-."tJI.+C-11 ""'1'1.,1' l\411-l-

subscribe (vt.) 11.1\'1' :J'A 1q

He subscribed much money to flood relief.
01-Cf. hi.;> IIT'I-.11.-l- 7-.C-'1:1' .011-
nu-n 11.1\'1' :J'A 1-1I:tA
subscribe (to)
I. 0"7~0CT'h-l- 1q. I subscribe to several
periodicals. ncb-l- ' ,I'll- ' ""~do.of':f ' ""'
~nc.,.'St-l- 7.1qll.,.
2. T+RII. I cannot subscribe to those ideas.
7-."ti.H.IJ ' .1'11--l-'t I hiiT,I'fof':f ' hA+RAII"

subsequent b'I.H. R:\'1 f"""'l n:\'1 fl.ll\

Subsequent events led him to reconsider his
position. b'l.lf. I fl:\'1 I fODtn-'1- I 1-Jif'':f I m
/111-'t ' 7.'tl.1'i' ' 7-.'tJI.OD~II"C ' hi.~'I-'1-

The plan seemed good, but subsequent events

proved that it was not. 7t:,O,tf.. ~ ~oPllfA
~nc .,, n:\'1 fl.~l\-'1- t1t:':f "'"'
hi\ODII')o't ' hODI\b...

subsequently f:\'1 :\'1

She subsequently found out that he was already
married. f:\'1 :\'1 "'1.11'1- .,.,q.,-, OOJ4'':f

subservient
I. Tl\"7"7?. Shopkeepers used to be subservient. t;>1.9'':f 1.-t: Tll"7"71l"'':f )fl.._
2. T11C. He is subservient to his wife. 11"'1.11
., T11C tm-

subside
1. .-,..M. The waters of the river have subsided,
ill\"1-~ll
hiJo't ' A'l-lf1C I -l-':f-'11\IJ
2. :1\'1' hi\. The waves subsided when the
wind stopped. H-1\- 1'1.-1'11" 'P~-'1- :1\'1' hi\
3. :>-11 hi\. The storm has subsided. ..,Y.I\>;'tiJo
'll'i'-11 ' ;>-II ' -ll~A
4. 11~1.' hl\(11'1-). His anger subsided. 41"1
,. n~~.- hl\11'1s. 4'tl\ hl\(11'1-). Tom's fever subsided, ofll" '
-l-11-/1... I 4'tll I hl\1\-l-

and you can now cross it. m"Jrr

SUbSidiary (n.)

~C't""i'i'

This company is a subsidiary of a foreign

company. f.ll &q't,l' f~D"? h1C &q't
,1' ~C't""i'i' tm-

subsidiary (adj.) ft:'IHT

He has a subsidiary role io the project. OTC"I"
1D- f t:'l..,_t.-,.. 11;1- AIIIDsubsidize f1'tHil J.e'I;J- Mt:1(11T)
The government does not subsidize students
studyiog abroad. iD""l'" Me 1\"'1..,~.-,.. .,..,
&P':f """t"'FT f1'tHil J.e'I;J- hY!l.C"'
'I'I'ID-9"
subsidy (subsidies) f1"tHil J.e'I;JHe receives a subsidy from the government.
hDD"t"'I"T f1"tHil J.e-'1;1- Y,~IA
subsist
I. O.lt~m.-,.. .r.r. He subsisted on a diet of
beans. Q<l:'l MO'I O.lt~m.-,.. .r.r
2. T1"f. Ancient customs still subsist. f'l'"tT
IA.,P..":f- hll-"t9" Y-1~113. TIJ'tf!.. A club cannot subsist without contributions. A"tl: hOil IJQII-":f- f1"tHil oo
'i'P- IJ'11"f II.IJ'tl: h~":f-IA9"
subsistence (n.) 'i-C' l oo'f&Y
Eskimos used to depend on hunting for their
subsistence. ll.llh.'I"P'"'f- 1\'i-C"'''I'ID- IIM"t
~m"'"""' toe

The crops in that region are adequate for

marginal subsistence. OH..f' ~ hl'f:ll 1 V1C
YiliD- MIA 7."tf/.9""t9" ill\" 1\ou'l"&Y
YIIIA ~O:J'IA

*Fishermen obtain subsistence from the sea.

q"' A'I'., ]t.";f f"'L T'lf!.~T hQ.lte 0"'1.
,,....,.. q.., tiD"
subsistence (adj.)
*They are paid subsistence wages. r"''.h.IA'I'
iD" MilT 9""1il f"''.O:J''I'ID- YIIIA
ill!' tiD"
substance
I. t1e. Wood is a solid substance. ~"t=T 'I'
'I'C

t1C

substitute

1276

subsidize

tm-

2..... ,...,:.,. .h<'lil. The movie is not changed

in substance from the novel.

f~A,..

ODIP~

T .h<'lil hDDK",M fTIIf h~f/.1\9"

3. '1"'- t1e. Tell me the substance of last
night's speech. ,.-,...,.-,...,ID-"t .,_,. "t"'"'
e 'i!~ t1e "t1t:'S
have substance tDd..L.
Pea soup has more substance than vegetable
soup. y.,.e ll'eq IJ;J-hiAT ll'eq ~'i!&-IA
of substance QllK;J

A man of substance is usually chosen to be

district commissioner. mL.-'1 11C tr'f f

"'L""t:'l' Ailq~ID-"t 1.11. Ql\11;:> fll't

l"'tmsubstandard 11~ Yl\
The villagers live on a substandard level.
fDD"tf/.eT'l''fi f'i-C' f!.t:1f ' 11~ ' Yll tiD"
substantial
I. ill!'. He lost a substantial sum of money.
1111' 1'tH11 mo(..OT
I don't see any substantial difference. ill!' lA
1'-tT AIA;J-f'S9"
2. 9""111tT hi\ID". The food was plain but
substantial. 9""1fl' Ttl- ILII'"t9" 9""111tT
YI\ID" toe
3. m"tiJtl-. The bridge doesn't look very
substantial. I:IAI:I'- 0"19" m"tiJtl- A
~-ll1A9"

4. f.IGI.Om. People and thiogs are substantial; dreams and ghosts are not. /liD"<; 7.
:J> ,.,....Om- ll.ll''i- ' .ltiA9"<; OD<;'i!llT ..,
"t ' h~f/.11-9"
5. ( = adv.) OODP't:-1:. The stories told by the
two boys are in substantial agreement.
11-1\-1: ' IA]t.":f- ' fT<;1~T ' t1e 00DP't:of>
h"tl: tiD"
6. ( = adv.) 0"19". My brother made a
substantial improvement io health. fm"t I:"'L
m."ttT 0"19" 7.fTII'Ii'll 't~IA
not substantial ODU'l:T (lll
His fears turned out not to be substantial.
'i!ellof> DDP't:T llil ll''l" T1"f
substantially OODP't:-1:
The two are substantially alike. oou,..t:of>

o-

1\-1: ' ~oo<'IMII-

substantiate O.,llt:lf At:;:>1m

He could not substantiate his charge. h/1-"t
o.,ll.:'lf 1\Jt::>"''l' A1Ail'119"
be substantiated Tl:;J1m
Hearsay evidence is ioad.missible io court
because it cannot be substantiated. 011"'1. II
"'L 9"llhet.-,.. ll.t:;:>1'1' ilii.,Y.:fiA 'i'el:
ll.T ,_~.,.01\ID-9"
substitute (vt.) o -- L "t;J- OQ.ou,:
The maid substituted sugar for honey io the
cake.1t:JI.-f> 111111-.,. ID-11'1' Oll'>.C L"t:J-
.,e OQ.out:":f-OT
substitute (vi.)
1. TTh.f P'tl-. He substituted for me while
I was on vacation. ~t:'i!T 'I~ OtOeh-OT
'l.rt. o~ 11;1- .,..,.h.,. ...<~-

1277

substitute

2. 1"11. Do you think sugar will substitute for

honey? III>.C "7C"t f"'l.-1"11 f.ODIIAVA l
substitute (n.) !1"'1-h
If you can't be here tomorrow, send a substitute. )1 MLU 11""11"'1- IIAii'Ah !I"
'1-h ~h
I don't have a pair of pliers, but this will

serve as a substitute. '1-m+

ffl~9'" J

-n

.1'-U!I" 0!1"'1-IJ. !"III"'~A

be used as a substitute 0--- L"t:;t- 1"1P&-(R'I-)
Margarine is frequently used as a substitute
for butter. 1111" 'LIL R:,OIL L"t:t" f6"t""
'1- :,OIL !1""111 .('.IP&-O:;t-A
subterfuge~!l"h"t,,''l- 1 11AV'I-

He used a subterfuge to get out of the assignment. h-1""".1'.011'1- P'&- 11"7!1"11'1' !l"h
"t..''l- (11AV'I-) Ltn<:
subterranean '"""-'~- ""11'1' 11.,.11'1'
This building has a subterranean passage.
ih'l"- fou"-:,.. m-ll-r ABJoll#J" oPT
~114-Y 1\11""

.eu

subtle
I. <:4::,0. There is a subtle distinction between
these two colors. ft)JLU Ru-M 4'11"7'1-
ODUhA <:oj::,O Af.)'f- 1\11
He has a subtle scheme to get some money
from his uncle. hl\i.,. 1"tH11 f"'l.Y1'SR'I-
<:oj::,O HJ'. 1\11.,.
2. f <:4'4'. He has a subtle mind. 1\1\!1"1!'.,. f
<:4'4' ) ....
3. ~ouA f"'l.(l"7. Some subtle odors are
hard to recognize. ~-~~ f"'l.ll"7 11M
ODAf'f- I 1\ll'f;>& ' ) ....
4. ( = adv.) ~ouA. Her subtle smile puzzled her
husband. ~""A 4.1"1 "711:1: 11!\."t "1&-
1\:>IJ....
subtle observer 1\ll+'P_,.
She is a subtle observer of slight differences in
things. 1\111"'1'.1'- IIAIJ'):f IJ"t-'1"1.1'." )1
c ' ODIIhA ' Yll......, ' "'"':,..., Af.)'f- 1\"t
\>, 11.1'-:t- 11"7CD:,0 '1-~ll:f
subtract 4')(1
If you subtract 6 from 9, you have 3. hHm'S ~
.e ' 11.1'."11'1- ' 11'1-4"'111 V'll'l- .1'-4'&-A
subtraction ou4'HI
The class is studying subtraction. .,..,&l"'li
DD4')11 ' ROD"7C ~ ' 'i~

succeed

suburb h-1""7 -'IC

He lives in a suburb and works. in the city.
f"7. 'i'<:"" ' h.,.., ' .IIC ' fl.ll'"t f"'l.IP&-"" '
..,., I

h.,....,

aJo{l'J'

)f'Do

subvention f1"tH11 1\C.II:;tHe receives a subvention from the government.

h_..,"'P''I- f1"tH11 1\C.II:;t- !"I'I'A

subversive
I. f"'l.Y.1'.4.CII. His speeches were subversive
to peace and order. "t"'"'l!''li (l~!l"'i ~'l':t""t
f"'l.Y.I'.4.C(l. )0~

2. fOOD/J, The foreign agent's subversive

activities were discovered by the police.
h~ I

h1C

f'rf"~hd- I

(laJo

fOODIJ

"'IJI!':f ' 0?'11.11 ' -I".I'.<:{IIJ'f....

subvert
I. 111Rm. These ideas will end in subverting
the government. MJLU ohlll':f 'i'li"'L..''f
OJ-

OD"t""IP'-1:1

OD'JAOT

tm-

2. 1\~IJ. The acceptance of bribes will subvert

justice. 1-1' ou11~'1- 'i'C.I'." Y~IJA
subway OD'!(IIh..l'
Cross the street by the subway! """11.!1-.., ' n
OD'!(II 11..1'.... MIC'l'
SUbway train tJPr:C I tD-f)tp I t\aJo{l"r I fel'f.~
11 IJII-C
New York has many subway trains. t""I'"Ch
!I".I'."C .....11'1' 11 ....11'1' f"'l.~H- 1111" IJII-1!'
h!l'l-

:r-.

succeed (vt.)
I. 1"1"11. Who succeeded him in office 1
0(1- ' (t:;t- ' .,.., ' 1"1"11 l
2. 1"11. Dawn succeeded night. "t:>'l- !1"11'1.., 1"11
3. 1\A:> m<:(l. When the king died, his grandson sucoeeded him. ..,.,.,_ fl. '1"'1- fA~ A
)1: ' 1\A:>......, m<:(l
succeed (vi.)
I. 1"'111!
we all hang together, our plan
will sucoeed. u-~:f"t!l" 1\"t.l'." ~f. hll"'t
1\:,0.II:f"t .1'-'IIIA (.e:l'o;A)
2. """ nm. We must redirect our efforts as
nothing we have yet done has sucoeeded.
1\llb 1\u-"t '"'"')"" '1'<1. II~A(lm
'l'<::t-:f"t"t OM 1\:,0nJ"i "7.1'."<:"1 1\1111"1
3. 1"'111(11'1-). +He sucoeeds in everything he
undertakes. f"'l.Y.I'.C1"" )1C u-tr .1'-il
llll:;t-A

.,.,...,,If

succession

1278

succeeding

4. !I'll. He succeeded in easing the director

out of his position. .11.&-lt-H-"t IIP'A"'"t ll

2. f+:J'<; 1 lf)(ll+). He made a success of manufacturing hats out of straw. fM.+ 1 qc~"' 1

"'lllM~ !I'll

't"IJI.

5. tu'IOtD- ~at h'i'&- ~<'.ll. Some men

succeed by trickery. h"tJI"t.<:- l'll":f O"'l:l'll

win success ODA.ttr

A lll'lfl-+ (h'i'&-) f>~CIIIt-

~"J'f"

succeed to the crown fto'f.)."') CD~(t

succeeding ltll- 0:\'1 fOD."'

He left the imprint of his thought on all

succeeding scholars. hll+llllll- hll- 0:\
fi..4'11Jo't'J-

1\f>

IJ-/t-

f,;l'f,

success
1. f6.l:'A 1 OD:J'<;'I-. What is the secret of his
success? M.<:-tt- ~ OD:J'<;'I- 1 9"llm.'l- 1 M 1 f>
1M 1
2. ftD-tn.+~~~"":l''O+. She ascribed her success
to hard work. fm-m.., 1 OD:J'<;+ 1 oltqJ:- 1
p>,&.

9"h"t_l'+

)tJJo

hfl:f

3. ODAII9" 1 tD-m.+. Your efforts will result

in success. TG+u 1 ODAII9" 1 tD-tn.'l- 1 .l'll1'SA'fA
4. ""1111+. Poor health may be a bar to
success in life. fm.<; 1 "'1"1'1- 1 ill-1!' OD/111
..,. I

OD(l<;ltA

fl.lf"t

f>:fl\A

5. fl"&- 1 OD/111+ 1 fl"&- 1 OD:J'<;+. A poor

education can be hindrance to success. 04:
+II"UC+ I fiP'&- I OD/111+ I (oo:J'<;'J-)
6"t~of.'J- I fl.lf"t I f,:fl\A

J'Aif)

0C

)tJJo

*Congratulations on your success! llll+'itJ

1.'t\l,'t I ~~~ I .l'liU I
be a success ..,.411

The play wasn't much of a success. t.l''l-'1-

lf'l"fi;I'A

~"J'f"

ODAII9"

~~<'.16Jo I 'J'<'.'J- I 00D ....<'.If

tD-tn.'l- II+U.ll'l-

without success flh'l-k

I have tried it time and again, but without

success. ODI\Alt 1 'l"hch-+ )1C 1 "l't 1 Oh't
... I )0C
[See also 'crown, ~ore, smashing']

successful
I. f+llll. A

successful business will soon

branch out all over the country. f+llll 1 f't"l.l:' 1

P' ,&. ' O~Cfl- I q1-1- ' 1\f> ' 1}-ft- I f,{l,&.""A
2. f"''J''I'"'. The beauty parlor is a successful
business. f41't~<; 1 1111-'t 1 f"''J''I'"' 1 't"l.l:' 1 )tD-

be successful
!. +1111. The attempt to climb the mountain
was successful. +&-&-OJo"t ll~~"tD-"1'1- 1 f
+~G1tD- -It&- +1111
2. +llll(ll+). +He is successful in everything
he does. f"''J'~C1tD- 1 )1C 1 o-tt- 1 f>llllli:I'A
3. '1''1- tD-tn.+'t 1 hll1T. The fight against
malaria was successful. mq't 1 ll"'l'l'of.'l- 1 f+
~<'.16Jo I HoPif' I 'J'-1- I tD-tn.+'t I l\111'f
4. oPAII9" 1 <;:.:, 1 llll1T. His endeavor to
be elected was successful. {loPODG'J' 1 ODJ:'h
I oPAII9" I <;:&- I hll1'f
successfully O"'l.1q

He completed his mission successfully. ODAAit

.....

0"'l.1q

1\h<;ID)

6. ~:,.. Hard work is a sure avenue to

success. m'tltl!' 1 ~~<'I"&-+ 1 f+<'.:>1m 1 fh

J:-1+

f+:J'<;

CDom..-,. i't.,..l.LA.:'fo
His repeated efforts at last won success.
.... I

The prince succeeded to the crown. AD-It- ,..

of.l-"t ' ID<'.ll
succeed to the throne 1\A.,;JtD-'} m~(l
His Imperial Majesty succeeded to the throne
on the death of the Empress Zewditu. "IC"'I
'I! "t"I-IP o )1P'+ o hA;>tD-"t fmGll-+ "t"l
1"'1- HtD-.11.... 0'1"., 1.11 )tD-

1\ I 00DI1l-'J)OC

11

IH" I IIA+IIII
have success In ..,.ltiJ

Did you have success in training your dog?

tD-IfU't 1 f"'lrPAml- 1 "1-.111> 1 +IIIIAU 1
make a success or
1. 1111"""- He made a success of the play by
adding another scene. {1,1\ 1 +c1.1>+ 1 ""~"'
I!' I t.l''l-'1-'t I IIII~~<'<'.OJo

succession
*His succession to the office of prime minister

was seen on television. fm'l-'11>

1 "'l.tll+c)+
't P'A"''t II.Gh11 0-f:{l,l't'fn I ;l'f
succession of
I. f~<'.lltD- 1 +h:l':f-1>. A succession of acci-

dents spoiled our automobile trip. f~GlltD- 1

+h:I':J-1> ~~~ I fODIL'O. I "1-P'I':f't't I II
O'lifofl't

2. ( = adv.) O+h:l':f-1>. The army suffered a

succession of defeats. IP-1- 1 O+lt:f-:f-1> 1 .<:A I If)
succession to the throne ftJCJ)oJI,. 1\CD&.~n
His succession to the throne is secured by the
constitution. fHtD-.11. 1\m&-<'.ll 1 O.b1 1 OD't
"IP'... +<'..:>"11\lA

successive
In (quick) succession .,.h;J--l-ir"

Blows rained on him in quick succession.

lhn..,. -J-b:J-'1-11- mall'l-

successive -1-b:J-:J-J'.
The team won five successive games. It..'!"'). h
11"11'1- -1-h:I":J-f. Q;J.'f';l"l":f-1 l>lf)L

successor
I. -1"-1-b.. He handed the job over to his
successor. P'<l-(J)o"t 11-J--1-b...,. />!l<(bll
2. f"'L -Jolt; The prime minister's successor will
be named by the Emperor. m~llf. "'Ltll'k1 ' f"'L-J-lt(J)o"t ' 1'1-W ' )1/"1> ' J'.~"''l\

+Wbo was King George V's successor?

h1'1-P' ~c~ 1>11"!1-J-1;' +'I'll- "71 )1"' 1
be someone's successor fl(l-. P::"' i .,..,...

He designated the director to be his successor.

-'l,Lb-J-1..1 1111- 11;1" 1.1-'1.-1-lt wfao(J)o

succinct 1>'1'C 11"'1'1 111

His explanations are succinct. 1\11\A&. 1 7tTC 1
11"'1'1 111 )(Do

Heexpressedhimselfvery succinctly. ml&ll-1

~Aofl"l'" IJII />);>1C 11\ll

succor l\C-'1:1" 1>U1

She succored the refugees. IIM-1-'I''Il l\C'I
..,.~

1>11..,.
This orange is succulent. 41C1:l]'). 41ft
~. />1\(J)o

His behavior was such that everyone disliked

him. mill< llu-tt-11" H1~ f"'L11lmll..,. ~
.
M'l- )IIC
such a
I. l\1S'.II.ll 111. Such a good worker deserves
better pay. 1.1S'.II.ll 111 'No wt--J-1;' f

111\m .1'.'1"11 f.11J'I'A

2. l\'t-'1.11 111. She would never say such
a thing. l\1-'1,11 111 )1C />.('.ID"'TII"
3. (= adv.) l\1.1'.11.11. Don't be in such a
hurry! l\1.1'.11.11 1>'1-:flfoA I
4. .1'-111 fao{tll. It's a sin to stay indoors on
such a nice day. ,.u,. floPllfl 1 ~ +1 1
l\11.'1- ' -'I'A ' "1m.l>'l- ' )..,.
5. .1'-111 ool&f.. I will give him a piece of
my mind for telling such a lie. .1'-111 ool&f.
..,.lf'l- !111)1<('S ~C 1.1.1'.-J-{ITu- M
Al\:11;1-llu6. .1'-111 111A. He is not such a fool as you
assume him to be. 1>1-1- l\1.1'.11"'1-111"-1-"'"
.1'-111 111A of:A I>J'.S'.I\9"

we had such a good time at your house.

succinctly ~Aofl"l'" IJII M:>1C

:1" />f.<(1:fl\:f(J)o
(be) succulent ofll!-

such

1279

succumb /><(L
He succumbed after a long illness. ofll!- 1.11.
b;l"aooo 11:\11 /><(L
succumb to temptation ( = adv.) 'i'll11> l>lf
111:'1He succumbed to temptation and bought the
car he couldn't pay for. <;:1111> 1>11"111:'1- II.
b'i'I\(J)o 11"7.1'-:Y.II..,. '1':> oob.<;' 1~

such
1. 1.1.1'.11.11 111. Such statements are hard to
prove. l\1S'.If.ll 11t-'1-1 I>IJIJII-:Y. 11"7<(;11
'I' 1>11'1':>& )(Do
2. fool&{ttt-. The ladies took only tea and
coffee and sueh drinks. (1.-f'll 'iff. flo<;'<;'
f,.l&!ltt-'1-1 ""mii':Y. ofl!l' mm3. ( = adv.) />f. l\1-'1.11. Are you trying to
get me fired? Such is not my intention. hP'6- 1
l\1~1D"' ' )(Do fii"T'f"b<((J)o1 />f. ' l\1-'1,
II M{tofi!J.f"

l\11.'1-11 'No 1.11. l>l&ll'i'1

such all\1}','1- I l\1}','1- S'll
He gave me such a fright! l\1}','1- />M)1m'S I
He is sueh a liar! 1.1J'..'I- 111 ..,.1f;1"11" )"'"
such a thine f"""..IJA )1C
Is there such a thing as a sea monster? fiJ.ltC
"1'-<l-~ f"'LIJA )1C 1>11 1
such-and-such
I. l\bl\.. I met such-and-sueh. l\bl\.1 MTu-'1The hank was robbed at sueh a time in suchand-such a town. 1111.111 1.11. lll\b/1. b

-1-"7 11111- -J-H<(L

2. .1'-111<;' n1. If he says such-and-such,
I will deny it. .1'-111<;' n1 ll.A I>A+IIII..,.II"
such as

1. l\')f.) - faott{tit-'1-. Seholars such as Cerulli, Guidi, and Cohen have written extensively
on Ethiopia. 1.1.1'.) 'k-11. I "11!-'1.<;' l>%1
faDI&{ttt-'1- 11"11-t-1 !Ill h.'l-f'ti:1. 11{1.1-(J)o.
li:L'I'A
2. roottllh-. Science courses such as chemistry
and biology are taught in this sehool. b."""..!l'l&1<;' ' IJf-11-1(1 ' fODI&{t{to ' fi&J'.1!1 ' Tf"ll
Cfo:Y. 1111.11 TII"IICT n.'l- (l)o{I'J' f.{l
"'lt-

3. f 111A. Take such blankets as you

need. bofiC~ Aofl{>'fl fll"'t-LA1"'"1 1
IIA (J)o{t~

1280

suck

*Your stupidity is such as to fill me with

despair. MiiHII 0"1!1" 1"114- f"''J'il
4'.Cm"t twsuch as it is ,._.,_-'lA

You can use my bicycle, such as it is. ililhll.of:'t

l\'t.tlll':f A+m+P"II+ +:f'lllll
as such
I. l\ilhlf.lll"'. The work as such isn't difficult.
I" &-w-11 ' l\ilhlf.lll"' ' 1\11'1':>& ' 1\1/.!l.A
2. 011.111"'. He is a brilliant scholar and is
recognized as such. 0"11"' '1-011 I"'IH: t
w- I 011.111"' 0"11"' ;t-w-!1/A
He is the mayor and as such must be consult
ed. h't-1:11 l\'t~"""). ODm't A....,h~w-
MilA
some such
*I think he calls himself Harrison or some
such name. IIU't tDI/.1"' l\'t-'1.11 1111 II
I'" 1/.m-1-:t'A ""l'lll"t
suchlike 1/.ll't't fODIII\11- t1G'':f
I have no time for concerts, cinemas and suchlike. ll,....lf.:J' I II+Cli.Y.+ I lll'l.t"''<; 1/.ll't
't 1\0DIII\11-,. ' )1G'':f 1.11 fll"tl"'

sue
2. 1111 b'toW.:,. h~"''ll. I like to eat suckers.
1111 ' {>'toW.,. ' 11~"'111 ' ODiJII+ ' l\tD.tlllfJo
3. 1"1111. He is a sucker for phony oil stocks.
1""111 iiiiiTt f"'/J/.~11' fHY.+ hhl'l.l"'f':f
.1"'101\iiiiA

suckle (vt.) hmll

She suckled her child to quiet it. A(.'t h'l'il

,.. ' 111"' hl'l'f':fwIUCkle (vi.) mil

They suckle three times a day. O+'t 11'1'1+

1.11 1/.mllll-

suction
1. oorm..-. Some pumps work by suction.
1\'t.tl't.(- ;rr;r':f f"'L"''~-"' OODI"'m'l'
)OJ2. oulliJ. The suction of the sinking ship

pulled many swimmers under the water.

f"Y.fl'I"ODQJ- I ODCb-fl I ftJ? I OD/a1J. I -()If" I

....,..,..,':f't hmll:l''l'w-

sudden
I. J'A:t'l\0. There was a sudden hitch in the
program. TG"''~ J'A:t'l\0 -1\<;hA
"JffiODQJo

suck
I. mil. The baby sucked its mother's breast.
.:ht). f<;-l>'t m-+ mil
The baby sucked the milk from his bottle.
,ft!).

111-f'llliJ-'}

mQ

The baby sucks its thumb. .:ht). 1\w-&- "'

-l>'t //.milA
2. oumm. The child sucked the lemon and did
not like it. A)l: 11-"'l.OJo't """' 111/.tD~w-
.,.~

Plants suck moisture from the ground. i>B'I'+

OJ-;) ' h""'t."'

J/.OD"J/1-

Don't swallow the candy. Suck it!

h~"''"'w-'t

h+'l'mOJo I l"'mmw3. 110. He sucked air into his lungs. 1\fC tD

~ ' OJ-1\'1' ' 110
suck at taO
The old man sucked at his pipe. 11"'1'11\.0Jo
1::1'0Jo't ' 110
suck up i'\0

These plants suck up moisture from the soil.

MH.II ' h+hA-f':f ' hODt,:,. ' OJ-;) ' ,1.'.111111sucker
I. h-'1.1'1 fO+II ~C't"'i'i'. Cut the suckers
off the tree trunk! '1'tJI. 111/. h-'1.11 fO+
11-+'t ' ~"'it::':f ' +"~"''I'OJo

2. .(-'t11"'i'. A sudden storm

carne

up.

.(-'t11"'i' ' 'tOJ-11- ' tof.il ' 1")"1

3. ( ~ adv.) 0.(-'t1+. There has been a sudden
change in the weather. hf-1- 0.(-'t1+ 1"11'1'
tDm

all of a sudden 0.(-'t1+ I .(-')1:,.

All of a sudden, it gets dark. 0.(-')1:,. 1/.oW.A

"'/A

All of a sudden, the rain came down. 'H'i""" Y:

't1,. ' "'ll
[See also 'ascent, turn']
suddenly tD'I.J'OJo).

Suddenly, everything disappeared. tD'I.J',.).

lJol\-1"' t1C mof.

suds h~of.

The suds are spilling on the floor.

1111- ' 'II/. ' .r.l\1'1

h~of.w-

tD

sue
I. hl'l h+~O I hM. We sued for damages.
~llil't .....c:,. hll h~CO<;A
We can't coUect the rent other than by suing
the tenant. 1-h&-l''t IJAhl'll'l't 11.&-\l't A
't+OA h't':fA!I"
2. 1\0D). Our enemy soed for peace. m"'-fll":f
't tiC~ l\'t.(-<;~ ll"").'t

suffer
suffer (vt.)

1. :J'"ltv. How can you suffer such insolence?

l'..M.II fllt-"1 oflA"'t; l\"11.'1- '1-:Mw
'Pllll 1
2. f.~lt(o+). +They suffered heavy losses.
1111- ' .,...;.-,. ' f.~(lq'f'msuffer (vi.)
I. ( = vt.) l\w-"'f. +J suffer from headaches.
ft-lt !I":J-'1- foP;f>fA
2. 1-lt.,(m-). +He suffers from fatigue, even
after a short walk. '1'4:'1- l\"1'>. Ol\"1-1- (1,
'tf: ' f:lJ!I" ' f.lt.,'I'A
3. 1--'lh"". His business suffered while he
was ill. :J-'1" oto~o+ "I.U. "1"1-'1- -t--'lh""
4. 'P:>t-"1 l\1'f. You'll suffer for your insolence
some day! liH.II (lf:t'l-11 l\"'f: .,.., 'P:>II
., ' :1"1>fllll
5. 11~ l\ll. Her grades suffered when she
did not study. 4;1-mt; ltll4'~l- m-m.;t
11~ ' l\(1
suffer from .,...,C f.~lt(0-'1-)
+we suffered from a shortage of food. f!l""'11
l\'1'~-'1- ' .,...,c ' f-~(111"1
[See also 'beating, defeat, misfortune, relapse,
reverse']

sufferance Uf:
He is here by the sufferance of his parents.
l\11.11 flit- 011.-t-ltll~ Uf: tm-

suffering (n.)
I. F-"'f.. He spoke passionately of Ethiopia's
sufferings in the war. OtnCt-1> l\..'1-f't.'f 'I
f. ltllf.~(lt- F-"'f. {l,fmt- O'PA~
il"'&-'1- ' ~(J)o
2. """';r-'1-. The suffering of the poor makes
her heart sore. ff:'l\l- """'-"'f+ 0"1!1"
f411t;:J-A
They criticized his indifferent attitude
3.
toward the suffering of others. illl lt.tt-l- :Y.
1C O"'LJ'<'lft- MY./111~-'1- o-);;1- tiJ4'
lt--'14. ""ht-. Suffering left its imprint on her face.
DDht- ' hof.;l: ' f.~OqA
sufferlns (adj.) OF-"'f. 'If. fll

.,..,c.

He is unable to tum his back on any suffering

creature. OF-"'f. 'If. fll .,.,>f'l't-"1!1"
'i'm-C ' 11!1" ' iltt- ' .,ll'i' ' l\f.ll'"'ll'l-!1"

suffice

sugary

1281

I. o;. Three cups of coffee will suffice me.

l"lt-'1- (l.t o-<; y.o;>: A

2. l\m10. A small amount of cake sufficed

the baby. -'1-"111 h.h A'IP l\m10t*Your word will suffice. -"'AII"' l\P"t;llusufflce it to say 111/ll..,

,.e.o.+A

Suffice it to say that the work hadn't even

been started. P't-t- l\"'JI.J'tD-!1" l\A-1-)!DD
~!I"

.,ll-1> f.O;A

sufficiency, -

of f"''..O:I'

The ship has a sufficiency of provisions for

a voyage of two months. ""Ch!l. llu-ll+
me f"''..O-"' !1""111 l\'1-'1-

sufficient 04:
Three dollars were not sufficient. l"lt-'1- 11C
04: l\MO~!I"
Do you have sufficient proof? 04: .,11~!1"
l\llll 1

[See also 'self-sufficient']

suffix qc)f:

ODf:~"if

The plural is formed by suffixes. )m'l ' 4l'PC '

tJJJ! I ofllf" I oft"f"C I f"tfllDffiCIJ- I fit\~ I OD:
~"ifl":Y.

o.,.,..,,...c )m-

suffocate (vt.) l\d.t

The smoke almost suffocated me. "i"lt- liJ
'i!)~ Mil" l\A4'~t-!1" )OC
suffocate (vi.) ;1-d.)
I nearly suffocated. A:J-d."I Mil" l\A4'
~~P"

suffrage f!I"C"'i ""11+

Suffrage was granted to women only recently.

liM:Y. ' f!I"C"'i ' ODofl-'1- ' f-1-lt"''l'tiJo ' 0~

Cofl I 1.1L iD"hiJ'" I taJo

suffuse
A blush suffused her cheek. 1-"1'9, 'i'!l"
OD{l(l

suffuse with h.Hil

Her eyes were suffused with tears. 'tf.'l"11! l\

-,q l\11ll,. toe

sugar lt-'>.C

I drink coffee with sugar. II-<; Olt-'>.c 7.

m"'llu-

sugar cane 11""111-C l\1-'1

Sugar cane grows in abundance in Wonji.
lf')h-C M-'1 m"''l[ 0111f"l- f.O~'IA

sugary, be very - lt-'>.C Olf0-'1The cake is very sugary. h.h- lt-'>.C 011-1'0
;I-A
01

suit (v.)

suggest
I. .hllofl Aof>GR. I'll suggest it at the next
meeting. O"t+TACJJo llofl(lq 1\.& mllll-'t
Aof>cqAII2. A""Ah-1-. His cruelty suggests that he is
not human. "PIJlr.CJJo t'lofiM! 'i'tnoC AAoPII'
~'t J'oPAh;l-A
The look on his face suggests fear. f ~-!> 11-lr.
;l- ""~ J'oPAh;l-A
3. Allt'lO. The thought of summer suggests
swimming and hot weather. O,;J (l.qA 'I'<;
't<; 'I":1''1- J'fC 11-lr.:l"'t J'llllqA
Along the lines just noted, I suggest we start
the new project. All-'t 0-1-~All-'1- doiiP:f ""
oPG'I- A'lll A'l-.1:" A't.l:"'t)!;9"C AllllqA.,.
r suggest that we go to the movies. tS'. t'l.k
"'/ ofl'tV..I:" A.&'ifA9" !
suggests Itself to oP"J(A-1-)
Another idea suggests itself to me. M mil
of! ' OD"JA'5
are YOU SUggesting that l"'i{l.'f-.IJ I 'JQ)o f
Are you suggesting that I'm worse at it than
you? IJ't-1- AofiiiAIJoo "'/A'I-ll ~..,.!

suggestion
I. J'+GOCJJo't .hllofl. I refused to accept his
suggestion. At'l- J'of>GOCJJo't mllofl AA-1-of>O
Alt--l-9"
2. All-1-llt'lofl, The picnic was an excellent
snggestion. 'lic'li~ A~ 0"19" ~
All+llt'lofl ~oc
3. AIIIIIU-1-. The trip was made at his
suggestion. .,..,...,. f-1-I'.G~CJJo Ot'l- Allll
IL~+

suitable

1282

suggest

~oc

*The foreigner spoke Amharic with just a

suggestion of his native accent. fm-~ h"l~
(lm- n~ M;nc 1\oPA O"t;l-t'l-0'1-
11-lr.;l- A"'/CI;' ~G
make a sus1estlon dtf\11. h.,.lR
May I make a suggestion that we adjourn?
Oof>mC" A't.(-')AJ'.& mllofl A+cqAIJoo

(be) suggestive of Allt'lO

His manner is suggestive of the 19th century.
h.~'i- OJP6- Hm'I:;:CIJ4"} ODf. HOD"}
f"tJ'IIIIofl ~..,.

suicide &oll't oP11'.A

Suicide is prohibited by our religion. tloll't
oP11'-A OY.&"'l'l";l-:f't f-1-hAhA ~..,.
commit suicide &-(to"} "'l..il
He committed suicide in a fit of depression.
-1-llof. OoPf"oG'I' tlot'l-'t ~1'-A

I. AIIS'.t'l-1-. It's hard to suit everybody.

11-ll-'t9" t'lCJJo "'llll'.t'l'l- All:f ,;J& ~..,.
2. -1-11"7"7. Red doesn't suit you. +.e. A.&ll"'l
"7119"
3. -i-"""1"1'5 II'~. The punishment should suit
the crime. '1-"1-1> At't)!;ll- of-oP"'"''5 ""
ll"t AAO'Isult best 1"0D:f
Which day would suit you best? """' _e,....
:fYA!
suit oneself ll&-ft. )."}JloPif r h1..l1
He strained the rules to suit himself. Atlot'l- A
't'l.oP:f AY:C'I ooum9"H11 <h'l-'t -i-G1-""
suit (one's) taste .,.11"7"7

Does this color suit your taste? .&11 +A9"

.&11"7"'/YA!
suit yourself! A'tJ!t'l'fll
A: Come with me! B: I'd rather not. A: Well,
suit yourself! A'tl'.l;'m- l hlr. ,;JC <; J II-A
-i-I;'CJJo I UCofi'S I A'tl'."/m- l A'tJ!t'l'fll
be suited
I. -1-11"7"7. Is democracy suited to all nations?

f'l.'l"htlot'l. A~~11 All-11-9" oP't"IP';l-'1-

.&II"'/"'/A!
2. -1-"""'m~. It's suited to the age of the
children. hA}(=J; bY:"' ;JC f"7.DD"'m't ~..,.
3. ~q, Is she suited for this kind of work?
AH.II 't.&~-1- P'tlo ~qA:f!

suit (n.)
1. t~D-/r A.-fill. He needs a new suit. hJlll ,_.
II- Aoflll J'II.J.A~'I'A
2. hll. Did Mr. Brown win the suit? "7.ll1c
ofltloCJJo't ht'l-'t G;l- !
3. "7'1iltCoP9". His suit was. successful, and she
married him. "'l'liltCoP- o;:,:. A"1'5.Y.A
'1- ' ~q..,. ' -1-11"7"'/:f
bring suit ht'lt'l
If you fail to pay us before Monday, we shall
bring suit. Allh (I"if' IJAh.J.Ah't A'thiiYA't
follow oult -1-h-1-A
If he goes to war, I will follow suit. V.P. h-1-'1'
,;J Ah-1-A'I'AIIrr you contribute a dollar, I will follow suit.
A't-1- A't.l': ofiC IJ'I'"'II Alr.l"' A'I'"'AIJoo

suitable
I. f"tll"'/"7. We couldn't find a suitable
apartment. f"tll"'/"7 A;rC-1-"7 A~'5
AAif'A't9"

suitably

summary

1283

2. .,.11"7"'L. Her dress was not suitable for

the reception. A11!}. 11"111"lf"CD- .,.11"7"'L
1\A~II~II"

sulphur 1."f
They fumigated the room by burning sulphur.
1."t 11"7<Q.I\ 1 h'i'll-"t om'io'l-

suitably ( = adj.) .,.11"7"'L

She was suitably attired for the reception.
11"111"lf"CD- _,.11"7"'L A1111 1111fl ~IIC

(be) sultry hll.l'.

The weather is sultry in the south. 11.1'.11'11 1 1\f
~ I f.h11'1A

suitcase li't"'
He bought a new suitcase for the trip. A..,..flm-
l>-'1.11 "lf"t"' ,~

sum (summed), ~ up
I. ,l'.oo~. He summed up all his expenses.

suite .,.h;.l"l'":f
There were twenty people in the President's
suite. I'T&.ll.'l"t-1> .,.h;.l"l'":f ? ~~~~
suite of rooms

He rented a suite of rooms. m-11"1' lltV-llT

f"'L1.., h'i'll-:f .,.h<!-f

suitor
I. hfl11. The suitor lost his case. hflif. 1 .,.~,.,.
2. f"'L.I'1il>~9"9". She had many suitors, but
she did not wish to marry any of them. f"'L..'1i
~~~9""J.'J- I 1llfoJ":f I <;'feD- 0 "/") 0 "7")'fCD")9" I A:f"1q I l>A1.111:f9"

sulk
I. 1\"tll"'." 1 "'ll. Don't sulk because you can't
get your way! fl.ll"l1iCD- 1 MAII'~AU 1 1\"tll
"l"U"t I 1\'I-"'A
2. 1\h-~1.. The deputy sulked when his boss
rejected his suggestion. ll"h'l-11- 1 1\1\:l'CD-
dJc'j{V) I MA.,..,.III\CD- I 1\h-~1.
sulky, get ~ 1\h-~1.
He gets sulky and won't play if he can't be
the leader. fii'K"'io 1111:1' 1 IJAII'~ l>li'CS: 1 1\
A"'iW'I-9" I f.'IA
sullen
I. ,l'h-~1.. The sullen child refused to answer
my question. ,l'h-~I.CD- A'/!: 1 1\T,I''l:tr- ooA
II l>AI\'1' 1\11
2. fhll.l'.. The sullen skies threatened rain.
fhii.I'.CD- I l\"7f. I '11<;11 I f"'LTA f,ODMA
look sullen f:J>&-;.1" OD<I\h 1 l>flf
She took her daughter with her, but she
looked sullen all the time. 1.<;'1-1'"'1' 1.f,I'II!F'I-
11'1-W"'II" A'/!::1: 11-A'I.II. f:J>&-:.1". ODol\h I
Mf:f
sully (sullied) 1\1-1.1.
He sullied his family's honor by betraying his
country. M~"t 1 ll""h'l'l- fiL.,. 1 1\ll'"t 1
h11C I 1\1-,1'.1..

dJQ;l.CJ)o"} I

f}tfr I '-.ODL,.

2. l>m:l'l\11. And lastly, we shall sum up

what we learned. 00D<Q.~"If9" f_,..,C~CD-"t
1.<;m:J'A'III"t
sum someone up 1011+

She quickly summed him up. ofll- 1

,.,...,.:y...,.

to sum up fl~

To sum up, he is no good at all.

0'1'~9" I ~ 0

fl~

lt.tr

1\f,,l'.l\9"

sum (n.)
I. 1"tll11. We paid the sum he asked for.
fmf.,.CD-") I 1"JII11 I hl.oi\~CD2. m:,O'I'\1 Y:II"C. The sum of the bill is $200.
fdJ.flfl' 0 m:J>'I'I I J':9"C I IJ-1\'J- 0 OD-f I oflC I
~

....

*The sum of three and five is eight. "'1\'J-<;

1\9"1\'l- 1\J'.ODC llll""t'l- I f.II'<;A
sum of money 1"JH11

The sum of money he asked for was not large.

fatf.,.CJ)o 0 1"JII11 I 111fo I J\ol\~0~9"
In sum om:,.O~I'\IJ)o
In sum, he is a thief and a liar. Om:J>'I'ICD- 1 II.
q9" I CD-If;f-9"9" I ~CJ)o
pay the sum of 1!.1.11
He paid the sum of $20 for the suit. 11-11-
Aoflll I '/,1' oflC I hl.ll
[See also 'lump']

summarily qll'f\>J'.
He was punished summarily. q!l'f\>J'. :J>"''I- 1
11'1-

.,.1.1!.....

summarize~

)-,..;.."}

fl~

J\4f-L.O

Mary was asked to summarize the book.

"'ee I fODK" dJ4-"J I Oj:&, I ~1C I q - 0 1.")
J'::f".,.C11 I .,.mf.,.:f
summary (summaries), n.
I. '1'&. ~1C. A summary of the article is
printed in English. fK"do-4- '~'&. ~1C 01.
"t"lll.'ll'f ' :.1"'1-"J.A
2. 1\li..,..,K"l>. He was asked to present a

summer

1284

summary of the book. r-~.h4-"t hi'I.,.1'K"

1o l'."t-'U'<f>Cil .,.mf+
3. Q"''"-1- f.,.OJo"'"' 'i'<l. ~1C. The included sununary was one page long. h.ofll!"
f_,..J'.J'HOJo q""""'" f_,.OJo"'"' 'i'.:. ~1C h
"tJ:- 1K" ~oc
summary (adj.)
1. ( = adv.) 1\"''"C 1.11.. He was shot after
a summary trial. 1\"''"C 1.11. 'i'CJ:- ILT
h<t~O 0:\1\ R'I'J'.T _,.1.01.0
2. ( = adv .) Q(l'f\>,J'., Summary action against
traffic violators will be taken by the police.
fT&-.C.h"t ill"I f'"l..'1'1\- lll""'f Tll.ll
Q{l'fi>J'. ' J'.<t"''f1'A

summer O;t
They go to the beach in the summer. OR:> m
1. Qa.c .o;c;F J'.l'.-'111-

summit h.,..-,.
The sununit of the mountain is treeless.
_,.&-t-tJJo h..-.-,. 1\J'. M9" ~'i' fll9"
summit meetlns r-~PJ":fo

"l-Qla.

The summit meeting will be held in Cairo.

foo&jP";f 1-Qh. OIJJ'.C' j'.f.~;>A
tum mit of ht;:+;;'

The summit of her ambition was to become an

actress. h'i'.,.'i'OJo 'i'l\"'1:1: fll.t"7 -1-'"l
1'"'1- 11ooll'") ~nc

summon
1. m&-. They summoned the doctor in the
middle of the night. MJ-11 11.1\.T 1\J'. .h
h.oo-"J m-1-T
2. Ooo'I'&.J' l\HH. The court summoned him
to appear before a trial. 'i'CJ:- IL-fo ll'i'C
.1:" l'."t-'l.of'Cil OOD'J'i'..J' l\HHOJo
*He summoned all his courage for the task.
.,..,Q-1-"t 11"7h..-m"t Q"''"C :1-1'-1'

.,.t..,

summons

OfJ"''~Y

He received a summons for fast driving.

b.,.mil~"'" 01\J'. 0,_,-'1-fo OO'I'i'..J' 1.~
/ltJJo

sundown

sun (n.) IJAIJ!.

The sun just went down. IJ.h/!.1' fmllof'"'f
OJ-

J\flo"J

~OJ-

(the) noon sun fof'TC 1.11.

The pavement burns in the noon sun. Oof'TC

1.11. fl'."IC OD"t1'1- /!."11\A
under the tun bem.e 0;1-~

This is the most beautiful city under the sun.

hll.h/!. O;f-";f 1!-ll"'f-"t fODIIII tJJ-(1 h_,.
., fll9"
[See also 'midday']
sunbath, take a ~
She took a sunbath. l\hi\:J:"t ll.h/!.
;f-11"'1-

;f-(loo

sunbeam fll.h/!. "'-~C

A sunbeam penetrated the room. fiJ.h/!. "'~C l'.IL-fo OJo(l'l' 1Q
sunburn IJ.h/!. }':l'mlltJJo
The ointment soothed my sunburn. ol-Qofo II
.h/!. .J':I'mll'h l\of'H<f>HA"i
*I got a bad sunburn. IJ.hl' h4-'i' mOil"i
sunburned, make ~ ( = get sunburned) .C.
1o .,.mOil
A sojourn in the desert made him quite
sunburned. OO~'IjtJJo 11'1' Oooil"tO-fo .C.
1< _,.milii.A
Sunday l'.""J:1 go to church on Sundays. 7."".1:" 7."".1:" IL
.,. hcllt.J'"t 7.11"711~
sunder (vt.) M:~m
The two governments sundered their diplomatic
connections. ~11-fo OD"t"IP':f-T f-'1.TA-"7
th "l"t")'~;f-'ftJJo"t h!t~tnsunder (vi.)
I. .1.~(1. The coalition sundered after the
leaders of the parties disagreed. f;rct!P=J;
oo&lP"'f IIJ'.Il"7..,. llllof'-1- -,il~ofo .1.~11
2. .,.:>"''".P. .,.110~. The ship sundered on the
rocks. oocb!l. hhll-lo :>C .,.;>"''";f- .,.
110~"'1-

sumptuous ;f-1\olTh.e Emperor gave a sumptuous repast.

"t1-"' ~1P'ofo ;J-1\ol- "MMC l\011-

sundial fiJ.h/!. ODIIII..J'

The sundial shows the hours. fll.hl' oollh.
.J' il'tT /!.41.'1'&-A

sun (sunned), ~ oneself IJ.h/!. 'I"+

They were sunoing themselves in the yard.
O"IIL OJoll'l' limY. _,..,..,. ~oc

sundown fll.h/!. 'I'Aof'T

Let's watch the sundown! fll.h/!.1 'I'Aof'T
l'."t/!.

1285

sundry

at sundown 8.t.J.'. 11'1-ml!\:,0 I 8.t.J.'. 11:,0

11:,. 11'1-1!\
They arrived to Gondar at sundown. BmJ!.
11'1-ml!\:,0 (11:,011:,0 11'1-1!\) 1-"t.I'.C ~It-

sundry I!\ I' I!\ I'

This store sells sundry, inexpensive goods.
J!.U OD,I'.o(JC AI' AI' CIJ'li 'h:l'fP'fo"t
J!.lf"ll!\
on sundry occasions hAt:: hAt::.

I have heard it on sundry occasions. l\1!\ll:

l\1!\ll: ll9"'ti'l'llfJo
sunflower 11-'i'
Sunflowers have edible seeds. fll-<;: <;:&, J!.
IIIII!\

sung, see sing

sunglasses fB.t.J.'. ou)K"C
The sunlight is so bright that I need sunglasses.
B.t.J!.'I' ~J.'.II'f llllll')'f- f8.t.J.'. OD)K"C
Yll4.1!\~'fl!\

sunk, see sink

sunken
I. 11'1''1" f)fl~. A sunken ship lies in the
harbor. 11'1''1" f)fl~tD- oucbofl fltD,I'.II-
IIJ.'. J!.~"''l!\
2. tD-;> fllflll. A sunken rock struck the bottom of the boat. tD-;> filii II W'l'~ ~I!\
QM

JPC

-,,;u.

3. ( = noun) DD1-f:1-J':. The man's sunken

eyes show that he had been starving.
f'tJ.'.'l''fi' OD1-J':1-J': ' fof'&.fl ' ODIJ')."t ' you
llh;l-1!\
sunlight fB.t.J.'. of!CY"t
The sunlight makes the room more cheerful.
fB.t.J!. oflt:Y"t h'i'll-"t fflllm Y/19"~'1'1!\
[See also 'blare']
sunny
I. B.t.Y"7: It was a very sunny day. 11"19"
BmY"7 +"t )flC
2. B.t.J!. f"'l. ~<ltD-. This is a cheerful, sunny
room. J.'.U B.t.J!. f"'l.~lltD- l\11.1'./l'fo
h<;:l!\ )tD3. fBmJ!. of!CY"t Y~4.fl."f-. The artist por-

trayed the sunny field in brilliant colors.

fBmJ!. oflt:Y"t Y~4.fl."f-"t "'JJ P''tl\.tD-
flofi<-U +11"7'1- "'lltD-

supercilious
have a sunny disposition

Mary has a sunny disposition. "'U nm."f-c

.1'.11 f"'l.ll'l- 1!\'T: ..,...,.
be sunny Bdtf, 1tl(J)a

The front rooms are sunny. h4.."f- 114.'1- Y

11-'1- h'i'A-'f- e.t.J.'. J.'.~li'I''I'A
sunrise fB.t.J.'. """'""''~Let's watch the sunrise! 7..11-1: f'8dlf..1' ou
tD-"1'1- 'h"tJ!.
at sunrise 8dt.f!. ' llTmiiJ

The traveler arrived at sunrise. ou'}1~~m-

e.t.J.'. 11'1-m"l .1'.~11
sunset fB.t.J.'. 'I'A+."f- i f~"tflC 'I'A+."fThe glory of the sunset filled his heart with a
feeling of awe. fB.t.J.'. (f~"tflC) '1'1!\+."f-
tD-fl."f- ' 1!\IJo"t ' l)J': ..4'."f- ' ODIItD*With the approach of sunset, it became chilly.
B.t.J!. 1!\."f-ml!\:,0 1\:,0&.fl..l' ou+11+11
~-~
by sunset ~"tflC 11'1-ml!\:,0
By sunset, we were all home. n11c 11'1-ml!\
:,. v-ll'fo"t9" 'hll.."f- ~ofl-1'..1!\
sunshade 'I'll
She was sitting under a sunshade. Tl\ JPC
-1'+9""1 )flC

sunshine
I. fD.t.J.'. oflt:Y"t. Sunshine and the singing
of the birds are pleasing. fB.t.J.'. of!CV"t., f
mt:.';fo 11"7&. l\11.1'./l'fo ""'"'"
2. f'fJ.hf, oo-+T. Sunshine is necessary for
babies. fB.t.J.'. .,...,...,_ ll."hY.,."f- l\114.11
'1.

~aJoo

3. a:a.~c. The sunshine was strong.

J.'.ll'f )flC

a..~~

,.,

sunstroke 9"';fo
He suffered a sunstroke. 9"'fo oufo;l-1!\
sup (supped) 'h&-'1- 011
They supped on roast beef and bread. 11&.'1-
fof'mflll 1":>" 'Ill fillsuperb "1<-9"
The meal was superb. 9""111- 11"19" "1<9" )flC
(be) supercilious -1'~1111
He is very supercilious because he thinks he is
smarter than everybody. h"7"tll" J!.fll!\'1'
'h"'l.YtD-:,0 7.f""lllltD- J.'.~fl~l!\

superficial

superstitious

1286

superficial

superiority

1. <1'1\A. On closer examination, the wound

turned out to be superficial. fi.O:'til (l.oo(.oo

1. ffii\J'.H 11"'1'1-. We all resented his

offensive superiority. oo...,.c;, fRI\f.~-T ilOJ.

C ...1111- <1'1\A IT'l' _,.1T

2. ,I'Aflllll. His superficial mind is concerned only with cars. ,I'Aflllll 1\MI"C'IIJo f
"t,,'ilfiiiJo ill\ ooh...- ilil' )a>3. ( ~ adv.) l\').0:)1~. Girls used to receive
only a superficial education. F:C' o1.-r-l- f
"t,,'11''1- '1-II"UC'I- l\').0:)1~ )fiC
4. ( ~ adv.) '1'<1:'1-. Father and son have
only a superficial likeness. 1\Q'I-..- A"Ji: 'I'
4:'1- ilil' f.oo/jMII-

1:'t ' u-1\l-'tll" ' ml\)a>2. ooofll\'1'. No one doubts the superiority of

*1 got a superficial wound from the rifle shot.

'l'J'.1: ' ""'-"' ' )IIJo ' ,I'.O:t.1'f

(be) superfluous ll'l.rt.IIJo f"t..'iiLA"' 1\

AIT)II"

These items are superfluous, and so we can

leave them behind. MtlU 1\:J'll'l- 11"1.11.

m- f"t,,'lii.A.,.'t MAlT). A't.,.'P'I'IIJo

l\'tl-1\1\'t

modem ways of traveling over those of olden

times. fHOD"' ' '1.11. ' OD'\'\">1" ' HS'.ll'"f- ' hF;
C'aJo 1.11. oooflA"''I'IIJo't "7't9" 1\J'.m
t-mC9"
3. 'l't-'1-. We are proud of the superiority of
our product. 119"'t"'t-"'" 1\:J' 'l't-'1- l\'t
b-t-1\'t
racial superiority
*Racial superiority is a myth. 1\'t-'1- HC hll.
1\IIJo J'.fiA"'A f"''.ll-'1- 1\9")'1- Hfl'l-
)a>-

superlative (n.) 1\111\1\"l" .0:1.1{

The superlative of the adjectives has no
special form in Amharic. Q"7C'1 f:r-1\"A
1\fll\1\"l" .O:t.7i f.,.llf ooAh fi\11Jo9"
superlative (adj.) hu-11- fl111m

King Solomon had superlative wisdom. 1"t-P'

superintendent .,.'IL"'"'tl
The superintendent of schools came to visit us
today. f'I-II"UC'I- IL-r-l- _,.'IL"'"'tl q.:,
11.,.fiT't """'

superior (n.)
1. ffii\J'.. Is he your superior? 1\ll- ffl'IJ'.U
)a>- l
2. 1\1\:J'. The cowardly soldier was censured
by his superiors. LtiiiJo m:J".O:C Ql\-1'

'll ' _,.)<f'L

superior (adj.)
1. ffii\J'.. Soldiers salute their superior officers. m:J".O:C'l- 1\fii\J'. oob-'t'l'l- lll\9":1"
J'.ll"'ll2. fl\<1'. He has a superior mind. fii\1\II"C'aJo
fl\<1' ' )IIJo
3. II"C'I'. It's of superior quality. '1.('.)1:

rc..-

)lD"

liiH"'t hu-11- fflllm ilAU)'I- )fi(.IIJo

*He is a man of superlative courage. llj!..,1)o

.fJ

tJJJ!.Cr

fl\(J)o

superman 1\M llil

Children like to play superman. A;l(l- 1\M
llil ' l\f!T). ' """"'"'"" ' J'.>-'111-

supernatural hllill\' q;,.cf. "'""l" fiT)

He believes in spirits and other supernatural
beings. fll\:>n'l-..- flll.ll-l- hllill\' q;,.
CJ'. .....,... fliT). ' OD..'i'll'l- ' ,1'9"..-A

supersede

.,.lt.

1.
Mr. Brown superseded Mr. Smith as
principal. "'Lil.,.C 11"7.11 f'l.t.h.,.C)'I-'t
P'A"''t ll.ll"' "'Lil_,.C ilt-m-'t _,.\\'I'IIJo
2. 111flm. The judge superseded the previous
sentence. 'l'l'm- ffi.L1:'t 'i'CF: 11\0m

superstition 1\.,.A l\9")'1-

4. "lf.ll'l'.

We attacked the enemy with

superior forces. ml\'1-'t "lf.ll'l' tnC f.

The superstition that the number 13 is unlucky

is believed by many people. OP't- 1>"11'1-

H't 1\m:J')IIJo

1.0: 11.11 ...'I'C )m- f"''.QI\m-'t 1\.,.A

l\9")'1- illl- llll'l- ,l'll").fi:J"A

superior attitude l\iltl.,.'l')'I-

John's superior attitude lost him friends.

;l('t ' fll\iltl.,.'l')1: illl- ' '\.O:'l'l- ' 1\"1

superior to
A wise man is superior to flattery. ilAU ll
m- 1\J'.MAII"

superstitious fii\.,.A l\II"H f"t,,'ooAh

The superstitious woman was greatly frightened when the mirror broke. fii\.,.A l\9")'1-
fii":J"ooAjtm- ol.'l- ooli:J"m1: fl.llfiC
11"19" J':)1ml-

supply

1287

supervise

superstitious belief 1\1-A llli"H

A superstitious belief is that a black cat is a
sign of misfortune. 'l'ofi:C F:OD:t- 11-.:J
li"Ah'l- <;'I- "'111'1- 1\1-A l\9")'1- )msupervise .,.-lr."'ml:
The overseer supervises the workers carefully.
.,.<k"'"'&m- w&..,.'l':f"t 0.1'.111 f.-lr."'m&.
'f'I'A
supervision .,.4'."1"1&)'1The house was built under the supervision of
an architect. fl.., ,.,.,.,,:...,. floPV1-'1.1l .,.
..."1"1&)'1-. )mbe under supervision +ntm~+

They are under constant supervision.

nm+c

l\1.1'..,.-t."'m;,:'fm- )m-

.,.-lr."'"'&

supervisor
The supervisor is in conference right now.
......"'"'&m- 1\11-1 ll11{1q llf. )msupper ll&-'1.,.:>11
1 have been invited for supper. ll&-'1"lf"llllgo without supper ,noo-") hS'.~
The poor boy had to go without supper.
ll"llh.). A~ tpoo-1 "''S'.C )fll:fl'lsupplant
I. fl L 1 ;J- ' ......IJ. Buses have supplanted
trains in most cities. 01111- s hT"7SJ''fo ,...
11'1' nqn-c L 1:1- 1\.....,_n-11 .,..,.h:tA
2. f (l;J- J'H. The secretary plotted to
supplant the director. l\doLm- f-'l.&.h-K-1
(l;J- lloPJ'11 1\1\l:
supple-I'A"'-1Though he is old, he is supple as a child.
fl.J'l:~ll" l\1.1'. A~ -I'A"'-1- )msupplement (v.)
I. 1\".lll. He supplemented the evidence by
producing the gun. mou1ll"m-1 fl"''<"lf'l-
"''lllll"m-1 1\".lll....
2. l\1.1'. .,...._..,& ll''l" II.J'111"1A !l'll. This
book supplements the one you are using.
f.ll ""ll"m'i' 1\1.,. 119"'1-m-l'll"fl'l- l\1
.1'. .,_..._"'/& ll''l" II.J.'111"1A f.:fiiA
supplement (n.) "'/".lJ.'
The supplement to the dictionary has just been
published. fOD111fl .4'11., "''".lJ.' 1\11-1
1'0 ' ;J-'l-'1" o ID"'

supplementary fl.,...._..,& f"'/J111"1A

We have some supplementary texts. fl.,.......,&
f"7J111"/I\- 0 ffiO"'/&J' ' ODl\.b'i''l- 0 1\11-1
suppliant fAou<;
He sent a suppliant message for help. fAou<;
ODAl\h'l-' llh
supplicant fll\1hC' f"'l.llllt.f.
She knelt as a supplicant at the altar. OODP''f!J'
m- .f-'1- fll\1hC' l\1.1'."'l.l1Af. 11-11-
.,.1fll:hh:f
supplicate llou)
They supplicated him for mercy. ll".bl:'l- l\1
-'LJ'.I'.C"/II'I'm- ' llou).'lsupplication A""'O
He was unmoved by tears and supplications.
1111'1>(1<; IIAOD<;' 'i'1h:f ' 1\11119"
supply (supplied), v .
I. o'lm. The farmer supplied shelter for the
travelers. 1fl&.m- 1 IIOD11.1'.'l''ll "'/l:.f.J' o'lm
2. 1.-l'l:fl. We are prepared to supply the
goods you asked for. fmf.+:f:\'fm-1 l\.4'~
ll"'''l>l:11 ' 11"1"it )1
3 . .,.IJ. Insurance will supply the loss. 'I'll+
<; fm-1-m-1 f..,.IJA
4. DD1fl. The function of the school is to
supply children with knowledge. f'l-li"IIC'l- fl.
+ .,...,qc A}!.:f-1 ~m-++ , """"111 )m5. hl:IJ. The library cannot supply the
demand for books. DDl\".h'i' fl.., IIODl\.b'i'
'I- J.'llm-1 'i'lli'l- II.J.'l:IJ 1\f.:f-All"
*Our bakery supplies all the big hotels.
'1-AA'I> 11'1:11-:f Jill f"'l.1H-'l- h'l'
Jl(l "":>1&J' n.+ )m-

:r- '

supply (supplies), n.
I. "1\.4'. The supplies were lost when the boat
overturned. )!Aqm- ll.111fl'l' "1\.+m- 11-11-
m'l2. rn.+ I -1'1111. Supplies are running low. ffl.
., -1'1111 ' ID.I'. ' "'/114! ' )m3. '1-'1''1>'0 P'1'1>. Who furnishes supplies to
the army? llo'l&-'1!., 'l-'1''1>'0 P'1'1> f"'l.J'
+cnm- "'11 )m- 1
*The supply of pencils ran out. liC<"Ill 1\A~A
*Our school gets its supplies of books, paper,
pencils, etc. from the city. '1-li"IIC'l- fl.:J-:f
1 f"'l.1111Aq'fm-1 ' ODl\.b'i''l- ' tDl:-1''1- I
l\C<"IIl ' fOD<"I{III-'1-1 ' )1C':f o f"'l.1qm- ' h
)m-

h.,..., '

supply of MO.I' f"''. .,.c-o

The supply of cars was in excess of the demand.
1110.1' f"''..,.Cfi-T ""ll.'i"9':f h"''.LII1fDo
o11.e

supposing

1288

support

~oc

blc supply of 1111" f"''.lf mWe still have a big supply of bicycles. ho-")P"
1111" ' f"''.lf"'" ' !lllhiM''f ' hll-")

[See also 'ample, bountiful, copious, food,

generous, medical, plenteous, short']
support (v.)
I. f.1of.. ru support your plan. dtii1JIJ") '

~~.

be a support of 1.1L

Your evidence is a support of my theory.

.f").,. ..,hal" f~") nn m/111 .f.f."l
4-A
in support of fOf.f...,tt:

Can you offer any evidence in support of your

statement? f.,.'i"1ChfDo") ~1C f"''.f."l'i'
..,ll<:!f A:J-{l'J' :J-:fl\1111 l

suppose
I. ""llll(fDo). What do you suppose he wants?
P"")

f"''.of.A"l f-""IIAYA l

"14-llo.I'H. Walls support the roof. "'t..l'fDo

2. f.
") f."'L"'" f"''..f.II"T "lf."'l-'19''1i ""'"'"
3. ,n<:. He has to support his parents because
they are too old to work anymore. O~C~'i"
P"b").I':J- t-ll'fOJo") .,..c.o;:,. hll..,.e:ftr
a>I\}('Ji") ODjTlC ' hiiOT

2. 100..,.. I suppose that the situation is much

more serious than it looks. v-t;:t-m- 1 ~'},g,,..

4. ~s;. Hehascommittedhimselfto supporting

his mother"s children. f~'i"-1>") A}(:f II""C-'1

suppose (that) 11 + imperfect + h

Suppose you wait till tomorrow. "ilh

"'t::

:,. :l'A 11l:I:A

5. hh.,.-'11.<:. The widow supports her three
children. Q!l f'I".,.QT ll.:t-1'" 'i"hT A
}(!f!") ' :J-11.,.-'If:t-ll:f
6. 01")1111 <:-'1. The government supports the
national theater. """)"'P'T 1lm.t-'l!d)o")
t.r:t-c onn-o .e<:-'IA
7. h1lt-t-. He was using examples to support
his argument. bCb~") 11..,11&-t-:t- 9"1111.9'
:f .em:f-11 ~oc
8. hll"'i"'i". Hope supports us in troublo.
_,.114- O:f"/C 1.11. .l'll"'i"'i"A

*Is this bridge strong enough to support heavy

trucks? .eu f:Af:f. bQf: ""ll.'i" II.J'A
<;:O:t- .f.'f'IA l
support oneself t-(t-1 ;r:A

I have had to support myself ever since I was

fifteen. bOP'&- h9"hT 'loPof: )!P"I!'
t-11. ") ""iJ'A "If: ' lf~1l'f
be supported .,.lt'tf.

The hospital is supported by voluntary contributions. lfh"t:J-tr OM of.:l' f: """'"""

.1'-lt't-'IA
[See also "weight"]

support (n.) 1::>'1'

The project foundered because public support
was lacking. f ih1111 f: :>'1' Mll1"f ~:f>

.o;. IIJ'.IIlt .,.<:

*You can count on my support. A'l,_,..,_..,"i!U
h:J-mt-mc

'i"ffDo ll.f.lf") fOIIm hllll!l ~,. 11

II- ~1P":J-IIo-

3. ~")-'Ill hDDIIh.,.. Creation supposes a

creator. 'i''l'l:T ""<:'~ J."'t. ~")-'Ill .1'
""llb;J-A
)'1

-o:t-~S'-11!

Just suppose you are'a minister. ot~ll+c

11

Tlf")h l

suppose we say that "'lOA

Suppose we say that economic collapse is

unavoidable. fh.lt-:'"'1. ,.1:.,.:,. f..,.f..,.C
~,.

~")OA

let's suppose A"JOA

Let's suppose that I'm right. Ab ~'f ~")OA

supposed (adj.) f.,.QII
The supposed beggar was really a rich man.

11..,-f ~,. r.,.qll,. 1111:1'!1" ~oc

Is supposed to
I. hll(o-r). The servant is supposed to clean
the windows. h "lib~ ""hlt.f'lh ""a> A a>
A hiiOT
2. f.QIIA. He is supposed to be rich. 1111;1-P"
~,. f.QIIA
3. ""'"~~" f.;J-oP'i"A. The tabernacle is supposed to be in the church of Axum. 11"11.,. ""'
II. hbii-P" fDoh'l' hll _,.1111- .1'-:1-""'i"A

is not supposed to h.f.1Q(fDo!l")

+we are not supposed to play football on
Monday. Oil~ ~"IC 1>.11 """"a>:J- h.l'-1
Q")P"

~oc

supposing IIP"/111. 11 + imperfect

Supposing it rains, what will you do? 1\,..ill\.
!LH")11 P"") ;1-f.C:>IIIl l

supposition
I. ?"'i'Aq'l-. This newspaper article is based

on supposition, not on fact. ;JIL"'CD-

rm"',. w.,.o;: m.....~'l-

It~

,..,.u"t o?"'i'

11\q'l- ltf. fofooowt:ofo ~,..

2. ff.?"iiA I ff.lf"'i'A. His whole explanation
is only supposition. mofo:t",. 11-11- ff.?"
{lA (ff.lf"'i'A) ~,..
suppress
I. ~oo{l(l, The Chicago police suppressed the
student riot. flfiJ1 ?"fl.('"{- fofo"'/&9'"{-"t
t:11lf ' ~OD{I{lo
2. 1.'11-. Each nation suppresses news that
is not favorable to it. ~-'l"t-'1- h1C ),{lo
"J ' f"'f..4'tDOO<JJo"J ' <Btl, ' .1'"1-'111\
3. )."t-'IJ'.<D"' MJ'.. The censors suppressed
the essay. f,.."J{loC w&--t-'1'"{- ~Cil-l>"t
),"J-'IJ'.<D"' ' M-'14. h'i!'l' .I'H. He suppressed a smile. L 1"1:t"
m-"t h'i!'l' .I'H
5. h?".f .I'H. He suppresses his true feelings.
,_,.~ofo'f {1"'1.-l>"t h?".f J'.f.H'I'A
suppress by force Q;L.,...'i fH
They suppressed the heresy by force. OD'i''i!.4'
1-"t ..... .,...~ ..... .1'!1.'1',.
be suppressed

The slave trade has been suppressed.

"t"'~

sure

1289

supposition

fQ~f

+C:tA

suppression OD!I"L"t
The suppression of facts is as harmful as the
OD!I"L "t fOD'f'li"
telling of lies. ,.,.~'1-"t
'1-"t ' .I'IJA ' '1-i( ' ~,..
*The suppression of the rebellion was followed
by military rule. ooop. hofo~ou{l{l 0:\lt
FA"'I-"t m;t-~ .I'H,.

suppurate ""111

The wound is still suppurating. 41llA- 1.11"t?" f.OD"'Itll\

supremacy J'.OII\"111\ f"''.ll,. "'"11

Supreme Being
God is the Supreme Being. )."111);11.h.C h
fi:'l'l.-1-

o-tt-

Oltf,

~aJo

Supreme Court m:,OI\f. "t.,...., ~11"'1- 'i!

c~' o.'IHe took the case to the Supreme Court.
~1-1-"J ' llm:,Oitf. ' "J.,.P' ' ~1JP'I- 'i!C~ 0.
'1- J'."'q'S hll
surcharge-~""""'&

'1':>

The company made a surcharge for delivering

the trunk outside the city limits. h-q"J .I',.
"1"~-l>"t

-~""""'6

hhofo"'/ hAll\
'I':> J'.mf..4'A

ll.,~t:11

sure (adj.)
1. f..,_;t-oo'l. You can trust him; he is a sure
messenger. 11\;t-?"~,.. '1-"{-IIIIIJ l f"'f.:t"OD"J
ODII\),hofo'f ' ~ .....
2. ;t-.,'S. A sure friend will not desert you
when you are in straits. ;t-.,'S 'I~>;' 11'1'1'1C hf.h-'IIJ?"
3. ).C"'m'f. He is sure to be back by nine
o'clock. ).11h ?'11'1- {1'1'1- ),"J~"'f.ODII
11 ).C"'m'f ~,..
4. f,..,Ym~'I'C. The army moved on to a sure
victory. fi'C {16-'-1> ' tD~.,.I'm&-TC ~
A

}\OD~

5. t'TL.,.~. There is no sure remedy for

cancer. IIIJ"J(IC fof-Lofo~ ""~~'!- fll?"
6. fofo...,Om. I stand on sure ground when
I speak about economics. 1111 V11'1- ?""'
~ I

it'i1C

f+Q;I.fltn

~"JC

~1f:

')(Do-

lUre (adv.)
I. """'~" Sure, I'll do it. -'~- I h~1'1'11v2. 0"1?". I'd sure like to see him. ),{lo"J 11.,
f'l- 0"1?" ~1'!1'1111-

and ure enouah 1\BJ-~-l-r

You thought it would rain, and sure enough

it did. f.H"tqA 1111u ~oc 1 ).m-)'1-?" u
~0

He won't acknowledge the supremacy of one

as sure as

nation over another. h"tJ;..'l tlt1Hl bi\.ltaJo

J'.OII\"111\ f"''.ll,."t m ...11 hf.+OA?"

As sure as my name is John, she will fail to

supreme
I. h'i!ofo'f. Supreme authority resides with the
President. h'i!ofo'f,. 1"11\IIJ"J .I'll,. o-r
tl.IVI"t-1> , ,_~ ' ~,..
2. ;t-lt:,O. He won by a supreme effort. O;t-lt:,O
'l't:'l- ' hli"~L

come on time.),!)_ q'I-H1f. ),~ l'm"t11

hf.UII-?"

be sure to 7t."J..e' +imperfect

Be sure to come to see me tomorrow! ')o1 ~ OD'f'
ofoV ),"J~:t"~:>"'t:'S
Be sure to write and give me all the news!
),"J"'-'I.IJ .,"t'f,."t?" ~1C ),"J~'I-K"'i!A'S

surefooted

Be sure not to forget your umbrella! )i""t'I''IU"t

l\"tJI'I-~11 S'-rJ-"t
for sure

I. Ol\C"''I'. I know it for sure. Ol\C"/'1' h

,..,. ...11,.
2. verbal noun + hl\0'1-. Be there by five
o'clock for sure! 001"&. h"tJ': ll'l'l-
MU' OD1"f'l- hMIU
make sure

I. Aofl hf..~1. Make sure that it doesn't

happen again! l\"tf-.1..,.. l\"tJIS'-1.111" Aofl
hJ':C"'
2. h~;>1m. I just wanted to make sure that
everything was all right. rJ-11-11" ~1C f...,

c;

surge

1290

ODif).") I AIP'7~.?1'1' I ~(J)o

Make sure that the windows are closed!

ODll!>.,.lfl ODH;>;J-'fiJJo't h~;>"''l'
*Make sure you have your coat when you
leave! li'I-~J': 1>'1-U"t l\"tJI'I-~11
to be sure

*It's done to be sure; but how is it done?

ou..,.,:._,") .,_,C:I:A I "'"t l\"t'-'1- .,...,.,:. !

surefooted
The mule is surefooted. n:J-11- hTJIA"l:,.,.

surely
1. OCl\"1'1'. He can surely do that. n"t Ol\
C"''l' ' flJf..C"l ' s>-:f-IIA
2. l\"t'-:t'. Will you be there? Surely. MU'
'1-1 ...1\U ! l\"t'-:J3. O'!'"t:l'-1!. He was working slowly but
surely. 4'll l\.rll RT"t:l'-1! ,_..,.,:. ~nc
4. l\"tf..Afl-. The goat leaped surely from
rock to rock. 'i'f!l. l\"tf..A!l. h*'I''S mt.
*'I''S ' Hill\":f
I surely thought it would be done. P' &.IJJo
s>-h..,..m..,..A -ov- ~nc

surface (vt.)
I. hl\011. They surfaced the road with gravel.
DD't1.!1."t mmc hl\011-'12. Mm.I.(O'I-). They surfaced the road with
asphalt. OD't1.!1."t hllof.A'I- Mm4-0'Isurface (vi.) hiJJo~IJJo IJJoll'l' ofi:J> hll
He surfaced to get a breath of air. 1\DDT't.l.ll
h~IJJo IJJoll'l' -oil> hll

surface (n.)
I. 111". The surface of the moon is desolate.
ft:U.l-..4" I "JX' I R.tl I )tD2. tDJfl". You can't tell what is inside something by looking at its surface. T"t J':"t ~1C
tJJo"'.'IJJo't ofl!l' O"'lf'l- ' tJJollm- ll""t l\"tJI
II 1\"'lfDiJ- hf.if'A'I"
3. 'If. '1-"t. The lecturer merely scratched
hCl\ll
the surface of the subject .
.,. ~1~"t "" '1-"t ~ ..h.,. hl\.1.
4. h'I'A. The surface of the earth is largely
covered by water. '"""'"" ofiH-tJJo h'I'A 0
,.~ ,.,.lf.l.~ ~,.
5. il'f:&o. The lines intersect on a plane surface.
ODP'ODC:Ifl 011C"' ' ll'i'&. ' 'If. ' f..,.'ll\of.ll0 A breeze troubled the surface of the lake.
~4-11- mf.-t"t h..,..m11,.
*Glass has a smooth surface. ODll:f"m'l- liM
l r )1C )lD"

.,...,.._,&,.

on the surface
I. t,"t1'1- O'IS'-. She is all smiles on the

surface. but angry within. t,"t1'1- O'IS'- '1P':l'tl":f- ' l\"tl[ fD-ll'l' IJJollm-"t ~JIII":f2. 'If. '1-"t. His faults are all] on the surface.
.,. ......,.., ' "" ' '1-"t ' ~,.
to the surface
*The submarine rose tQ the surface. (lC::J.( oo

Chofl htJJo~IJJo IJJoll'l' ofi:J> hll":f[See also 'scrape']

surety (sureties)
I. 'I'll. He had to give surety that he would
appear at the trial. 'I'CJ': 0.'1- l\.4'cqllo-
-o11- 'I'll """'.:."" ~n~n:,.
2. 'l'll'l-..,... The judge fixed his surety at $50.
"~"'"'" 1\'l'll'l-..,.. hll"ll of!C l\"t-'1..1'1'1.11 milt
3. l\CJI;J-. The government gave the farmers
surety for their crops. OD't"'P''I- 1Rt.,.lfl
1\mof.q'f,. llof!A l\CJI;t- lim

of hODm't O'IS'A surfeit of food makes one sick. boom") 0

'If. 9""1ofl ODofl'l'l- llfJ': .fiiii""'IA

surfeit, -

surge (v.)
I. M.,.:>of. 1q. The crowd surged through
the gates . .h11fl- I 00~ ' l\f.,.;Jof. ' 1q
2. m~f... The water surged through the canal.
~,. 0(1\l IJJoll'l' fD~f..

surf "'!<lOA
The surf is very high today. "'16011- qt,
0"111" h'l' ofi!I.A

surge (n.)

ou'l'~'i'

A surge of immigrants to America increased

surgeon

1291

the population tremendously. fM.,.'l':f ao

'1'<:<;: .r"S6l!"t"t f.lt11ofl "'"'c hR~"'"
A surge of anger rushed over him. R"t.r..-r
7."tof.tr.r .,.'I'm

surgeon 4'-'I;E- miL?" 1 4'1'- m;o't miL?"

The surgeon's instruments must be clean.
f.,.-'1)!- miL?" (f<f'P. m;o't miL?") ..,6.1'1":f ' "tl\..lt ODif"t ' hAq'f'(l)o

Organic diseases can rarely be cured by surgery. fhl!A "'"il'l' Rii;J-I":f R<f'P. '1'1<;"
(RI>T<I-1\I'"t) f"'L~lo-T hAC: hAC: ~"'"

surly "'A<;:.,.:;<
The surly boy ignored our greeting. "'A<;:.,.>;'
"'" A)!- M?";J-:f"t"t :f~ hl\(l)o

surmise mt:mt:
He surmised that her absence was due to
illness. f+<::f"'" ;1-"'1 f.lf<;A 1111- m
<:m<:

surmount
1. TmtfJ. He was unable to surmount the
obstacles in his way. .f;om-.r"t ~"t:)oof.ofo:f
rrtr ovmnJ.r hA;FA?"
2. Rb<;:;J- RAm. This mountain surmounts all
peaks near it. f.IJ .,.<!-<!- Rh<;:;J- hm1fl"
IJtrT h-<:ofi;J-I":f f.RA"'A
3. h - - h'i' 1111- .,.11. The mountain
surmounts the village . .,.<!-<!-"'" bOD"tS'.~
h<;: 1111- f.1>;'A
4. S'.of.. A crown surmounted his head.
<!-flo ~f. ""'"~ S'.'i':J;A

surname fOD<II.<:lf ll?"

l'l~1f
0
"'?" f.,.AODS'. fl."t"'l\11 faom.<:lf /1?"
~

2. f.,.<:L. She made drapes with the cloth

and used the surplus to cover a pillow. h"'-1:
_,. ao;o<:"ff wC;I- f_,.<:L(I)o"t IIT<!-/1
Aoflll hS'.<:1:f"'"
3. h.,.Ll\1"'" MY.. Ethiopia had a large
surplus of coffee last year. qiiL"'" 'iODT
h...TI'"k.l' h_,.LA1aJo R~Y. flo<; h?"C
;1- ~Rc

surprise (vt.)

surgery"'"" '1'1<;" !I>T<!-1\M

Smith is a common English surname.

surprise

....

surpass RAm

I. hilS'.~+. Nothing surprises me any more.

h"t"'-'I.IJ ' ID-'I..f ' ?""t?" ' ~1C ' h.I'IIJ'."t<f''t?"
2. ltY.~"'<:"'" h/IS'.~1m"'". I wanted to sur-

prise you by buying the book you wanted.

fLII"11i(l)o"t ""K"m'i' ltA~"'CU 11flfi
LA"'rr
3. S'.<:ii(R-r). He surprised the burglar in the
act of entering his house. i1Cit6 1\,q IL-l>
"t llofiC" 11.1q s-.<:nR-r
~iiS'.~"''I'U

be surprised

1. hil1l:OD. +I was very much surprised that

he carne. OD?""J-1: R"'?" hi11<:0D't
2. 1<:""("'"). +You'll be surprised to see how
he's changed. 7."t.I'.T 7."tS'..,.AIDm 11;1-Y. Y.
1C?"?A

3. .,.S'.~<f'. I shouldn't be surprised if it rains

this afternoon. ~.~. h<f'TC R:\~ II.H"t
of! hM~:)o?"

surprise (n.)
1. .f~{IR"'" ~1C. I have a surprise for you.
Here is the book that you always wanted.
.f'liloflb(l)o"t ' ~1C hOD"JrJoAIJ I rJoA1.11.
f?"TLA1(1)o ODK"m'i' Y.1i(l)oAIJ
2. .fA;I-iiR h!IJ'.It:f ~1C. Mother always

has a surprise for the children on holidays.

7.<;;1-:f"t RR'iA 4'<;:,. rrA1.11. AA]('j;
.I'A;f-ilfl MaS'.It:f ~1C ;1-S'.C"'~'I''I'II:f
3. faDS'.~:)- il"''.T. His face registered surprise. ol.-1> ~y. faDS'.~:)- il"''.T Y.~Rofl
~Rc

He surpasses his classmates in strength and

skill. R'l'"tlio!.<; R:fll-;1- hh<;:A 'lS'.'l''j;

The news took them by surprise.

f.RA"'A

..._,.

The results surpassed my highest hopes.

The rain caught me by surprise. 1f<;"R-

"'"at.-1: _,.llof. IJS'.<:"'rrT R"'?" f.RA"'A

1T .I'H't
cause surprise hll1t:oP

The glory of heaven surpasses description.

f{l"''f."t ;1-~:)-~:,. AOD"'AK" :J'A hY.
1'tAT?"

surplus
I. TC'i' 7.:1'. He was left with a large surplus.
1111- TC'i' 7.:1' RA)t ~y. .,.Cofo ~RC

by surprise ~"t1T l R~"t1T

~"t1-r

m~m-"J

~Rc

R~"t

Mention of the incident caused surprise.

~1~"t "'/"t..,-1> hll1<:0D't
make Jump with surprise hl'Ull:.'J'J

The knock on the door made us all jump with

surprise. f""111..1'"'" ao"t\>,\\T hllfl<:11"1

surprising
take by surprise

of the police. lf.hh "711.,

1tll~)0~

The onset of the enemy took us by surprise.

fm'l'l- "7'1'.4''1- l>ll~~O<:"t
to my surprise ,e..,l.r"tJ -tlir"
IJ illl- A:( ""h.'i"f-'t f.~ m<f.
with surprise ,_.,.,,..

He was stunned with surprise when he found

a $100 bill in the street . .,...,. ill: ""t.T
ilf. mY:/# q~"f 1.11. f.'t"ltn "'""

The offer to buy the house was made surreptitiously. O..,'t 11"""1~'1- f4'.:om- .hili!
Ollm-c

~oc

surrogate '1"'1-h
We need to find a surrogate for the functions
performed by the landowners. Qll (IDt..P.:f II
"''..o[.JI"".l:fdJo 0 -J-"!Q~:J' 0 '/"Th 0 DDo[.ll"! 0 h
llil't

surprising f"''J."t:Jo
The dissimilarity of the two brothers' characters
is surprising. frJol\11 m'lJ':"7'"1lhll""""illlA f"''J."t:Jo ~..,.

mQ.,e. '

surprisingly(~

adj.) f"7..1ll~C'I" l f"''..fll~"t:Jo

It was surprisingly light for something so
large. f.IJ't f"''..fhA ~~C f.'f't fiJ
A ilil' oPhOJI. 0"1'1" f"7..1ll~C'I" ~..,.

He was surprisingly good, for one who studies so little. "-"t~(l- iln- illlm<; (lm- I 1
m-m.'l- f"''...l'llf."t:Jo

?"ll.{l~ h

m&-m&-:fm-

surreptitiously Ollm-c

To my surprise, the boy took my car. f."lt:'l"

~, ....

survey

1292

~ ....

surrender (vt.)
I. l>ll<:bO. The prisoners surrendered their
arms. 'I"CI>'l'~ m""'tlf:fm-"t l>llt:hfl2. 1>/IAG: (lm. We shall never surrender
our liberty. ~~~;1-:f"t"t h.P. 1>/IA.I.'t l>'t
ll'l''l"
surrender (vi.) }..:q:'l flm
The enemy surrendered. mil'l- "-:('t llm
surrender hope 1-llof. I 41.~m

She never surrendered hope that her son would

return. llll A(. """"llll -1-ll<f. ..,_1:"1
1>:1'~'1"

surrender oneself +'Pm

He surrendered himself to bitter grief. 0"".:

.: .hH't -!-'I'm
[See also 'despair']

surrender (n.) "-)\' ""llm'l-

surround
1. hOO. The army surrounded the fort. tn-1-
'l"ii"t-'t hOO

2. o - - - n-&1 ~R.:. A battery of microphones surrounded the mayor. Ob'tt'lm-' n-&

.1' iln- ' fY:'1"6 ' "77-Af ~01:
*A high fence surrounds the tennis court.
f-f:t(l- """ n-&.l'm-"t 0<:)\''1" h'l'C
;1-'l'Z:A

surrounding qt,qo. .I'll

The new building will not match the surrounding architecture. 1>-'1.(1- oh'tll QIJQO.
m- IJII-'1- :>C l>f.ll"7"7'1"

surroundings
1. I>IJQO.. The surroundings of the city
attracted many visitors. fh-I-"76Jo I>IJQO.P'

:r- iln-

1-fl"(jP:f't

{)flo

2. oP'f~' You don't see animals in their

natural surroundings at a zoo. Olt."Jhtt:r- OD
'r&f. fDoll'l'. flldJo. ~~-~,. 'llh"tll{)., 'h't~'
-J-1..'1'~ oo<r&!:fm- hf.~ll'l"
3. on-&!m- 111 11-11-. The book was so

interesting that I was oblivious of my

surroundings. oPl\"m4- 0"1'1" l>llf.ll:f ll
11~0.: RH-&1\L 111m-"t 11-11- <:ll'li ~01:

surveillance .....,"'ml:
Surveillance of foreign agents is the task of
the police. ftJJ-11" h~C Ml'":f't ,..,.."'m

The surrender of the soldiers saved them from

being killed. m;l-~~~ "-lf:fm-"t ""llm;l-

C f?"ll.ll -1-"IQC ~..,.

keep under surveillance Th;hTI\

:fm- b""'l"'l- 1>-'l<;:fm-

The police are keeping him under surveillance.

surreptitious llm-c
The plotters held surreptitious meetings in a
hotel. ll.<:'l'~ Oll'-1:11- m-ll'l' lim-e ll
iJ(lQ

1>~<:7-

surreptitlous action if.hh 11'71\;r.

His surreptitious actions aroused the suspicion

?"ll.{l:f f.h:I'-1-11-:I'A

survey (v.)
I. m:J'4'll. In his speech, the prime minister
surveyed the international situation. fl"J"'J.-.&o:f
m- ilf. m:Joilf. "''..tM~ f'tll'l"'t
11-~:1' m:J'4'(1-

survey

suspect

1293

2. Am'l. The government is surveying the

area which it needs for a base. .,...,.,,...., II
,nc IILC f"U'IILA111Jo') +Olio 0"7
'l"i'l- 'If. ) ....
3. +fll. Engineers are surveying the land
before it is divided into lots. ODtl.-1> hODlf't
if). 04.'1- ODII')JI.(l";f ,..,.,.{lo:J"A
4. IJ,I'.). :t'T. He surveyed the countryside from
the hilltop. h-t:il:l",. 'If. fD'I'.P. 11'11
~'t IJ.J'.'l- :t'T,.
5. 1-DDIIlth-1-. The buyers surveyed the goods
offered for sale. 11Cl"'li 117iJ'"ff" f+t:O,.
't 1.:1" 1-DDIIlth-1>
survey (n.)
I. 'l"i'l-. The survey of the situation received
little criticism. 1111 u-~:1",. f-!-l'-.:1,. 'l''i"
'I- illl" '1-"'f'l- hAY..:IIO'l-11"
2. h"J."C htn:t''l,l'. 'l''i"'l-. The survey of East
Africa was published in the newspaper.
1111 II"P'&-:t- h'i'<llt f1-l'.t:1 h"J."C htn
?'If. 'l''i"'l- 0;>11."1 fD'I'.P. )0C
3. :,. J'll. A survey showed that the northern
boundary was not correct. :,.J'{lo fll"''.'l- !!:
'tOC '1-hhll'l' l\IIODIJ').') l\ODIIh-1*We were pleased with our first survey of the
house. IL-I>'t ""Y..""'-J' -!-DDAh-1-),. 1l'.ll-1-'i"A
surveyor +J'7i
The surveyor set up his instruments and began
to make a survey of the land. +J'if """16J'l"
'ti't 1-hll- ODtl.-f>'t ""+fll y_ou,:
survival
I. OD'l-t:'i'. The survival of the strongest bene
fits the race. hu-11-11" ilC-1> fll'),. ""
'1-.:'i' IIHC tn:t'"'l. )fJJo
2. CH&-'rr. Belief in the evil eye is a survival
of ancient magic. OIJ-.11 "70D't f'l''t'l- h
11"7'1- CH&-'rr )fJJo
survival of life ihf,mT
Some religions believe in the survival of life
after death. h't'l't!!: '/,1'."7-T.P."'f h'l"'l-
0:\'1 ih,I'.IJJ'l- hll ,1'.'111-

survive
I. h -- -1-t:L I 'IH h -- Jl). He survived the
earthquake. hODtl.-f> I OD't+'l'+'l' I hJ'.;> I T
.:.t.
His self-reliance enabled him to survive when
he was lost in the desert. 0&-(1. dtllil fou

oult'l- "'fll-:1",. Oll"!!:t: Oil Otnof. 1..

H. l.'t'l.!!:'t .:'1 ....
He counted himself lucky to have survived the
crash. ttl'.;>,. 1111'1) 6-(l.'t l.'tl'. (J!!:
11'1' 'ILtn.:
2. ~tl.ll" hll. Books have survived from the
time of the ancient Greeks. O'l''t:l"fJJon "I
t-to"'f 1.11. no~ oull.n'i!'l- rt~.ll"
hii*She survived all her children. /.\]>:;t; 11-11-
II.J'A4o ' 7.!). ' +.:"'f
not survive the night A.ll..-k1' hYY:CIJD
He is failing fast and may not survive the
night. 0"111" 11111-J!hOD /1.11..-f>'t l\J'!!:CII"

survivor
1. f..,.t:.L. He was the lone survivor of the
accident. ltl'.;>fJJo f-1-t:LfJJo 7.(1. iii"
)OC
2. h'l"'l- f-1-t:L. Hunger emaciated the survivors. h'l"'l- f-1-.:f'l-'t .:.-.-o l\oP'tll"$:
:f'I'A

susceptibility (susceptibilities)
we must avoid offending their susceptibilities. f"U'II'IL"J:fliJo') )1C h't'l'i"l'.C"I
ODtn"J+:t- ' l\/lfl')
susceptible 1/'l'. fllf
He is a susceptible child and cries for the slightest thing. ll'l'. fllf 111111') O'l-'tlf-11" )
1C l.'tiJ .J'.+!!:oP'I'A
be susceptible to

He is susceptible to flattery. Oh't-1> ,.'Ill.

,l'.l'.II'IA
*She is susceptible to colds. '1-'tof..'t J'tn:t':I"A
be susceptible of !Fll

Marble is susceptible of a high polish. hit)

Ot:!!: 7.1111J"tl\IJC:t- !!:t:ll /IODfJJII\fJJ
A .J'."'f'IA
The poem is susceptible of several interpretations. .,lf"CJDo I flofU,.. I OD1'1J!" I fl.T~
1-11" ' .J'."'f'IA
make susceptible lvlA&: 1 ltmt&
A constitutional weakness makes him susceptible to colds. f{lfJJo)-f> l'.lt"7)'1- 11-RC!!:
07i:l" hi\AG: .J'.IItn'I'A
suspect (v.)
I. m.:m.: I 1-tn&-m.:. The police suspected
the servant of murder. ?"ll.(l'fi h 7ih~') 0
)'i!ll "1'1,1'. m.:m~'l-

suspect

sustain

1294

I suspect his honesty. dt4''h-t:1 l.m&-m&-11112. 1001-. She has more intelligence than we
suspected she had. h1ou'1-~.,. 1111.1'- oflil\.
u ' <;'1., suspect you are correct. '1-hhll'f '1-oullll
'fiiU

suspect (n.)

f-1-m~m~ IIIJJo I -1-mC"l& lliJJo

The police arrested many suspects, but failed
to find the guilty person. ?"ll.(o'Jl ofllt' f-1m~m~ lll''l- ftt- ! '1'4--1-'ffDo"t ' "11 ' ll.
,,..'1- ' hil\.il'tr?"
The police tailed the suspect. ?"ll.ll -1-mC"'
&IJJo1 ' {IIJJo ' -1-h:J--1-IIIJJo

suspend
I. h1mllmll. He suspended the lamp from
a hook. of.'l'{l-1 hOD1mf. 11.1'- h1mllmiiiJJo
2. I\H1f. We shall suspend judgment until
we have all the facts. 1-'11'1 Allh'i'"'&- 'i'
CJI.1 A'i'H1f'1'111
3. 111..1f.IJJo 1\f.OD. The bank has suspended
all payments. q11J. 1"tHofl ""llm-1:1
111..1f.IJJo ' 1\41".7.111.
be suspended A1..tL4Jo ;MF..

He was suspended from school for misbehaving. OD'J'f:: mq.e Mltf h'l-?"ll
Col- ' 0.'1- ' 111..H.IJJo ' ;1-"1.1;..11\.

suspenders "711!1'

suspicion
I. TCnJ.'.. What aroused your suspicion? 'I'CIII
~ flt.<'.~oflll
MY:"t ~.,. l
2. f'I'C"'~ ~.1'-1. The hag looked at him
with suspicion. hll4'f"''..'l' 1\1!1..'1- II'I'C
"'~ o ~f.1 o of-ODIIhof-TIJJo
*She prepared the salad with just a suspicion
of garlic. M"'IJJo1 ~"i" 111 11-C'I- "'ll\
"'ll\ ' h.<'.~1:fll'larouse suspicion hm&.ml. I

'I'CIIJ~ };/tF..

(Il-l-)
His surreptitious actions aroused the suspicion
of the police. lf.hh "711-fo ?"ll.(o'll1 hm
&-m&-'fiJJo (fl?"ll.(o:f 'I'C"'~ 1\lt.<'.~q'f.,.)
be above suspicion l\'lh"J fl\tJJ-fJD

Her conduct is above suspicion. ?""'q<:: 1.1

b"t ' fiiiJJo'/"
have a suspicion

ml.m~

He had a suspicion that he was being followed.

11.,. A1.<'."7..h:J--t-ll.,. meTe: ~11c
on suspicion of .,.mCTC"

He was arrested on suspicion of murder.

11~<;;{1 1'1.1'-~'1- -1-tllC'I'C: ' -1-fH
[See also 'sneaking']

suspicious
I. -1-m&-"1&. Is it human to be quarrelsome
and suspicious? mfl;;''i .,.m&onJ~ ODIF

*I can't stand the suspense any longer; tell

me how the story ended. 11\.0. -1-114'11 I f:J-&
IJ.1 > ODOU,~IJ" ' -foil- ' 11~'S

1 ' f(liJJo ' -1-.l.'l'C: ' ~ .... l

2. hm&-"1&. That looks suspicious to me.
f hm&-"1& f.oullll'fill.
3. f"''..fm&-'I'C. A man is hanging about the
house in a suspicious manner. 1\"t.l: (1m-
110.-fo 1\l}q(l ll"''..fm&-'l'C o-~;1- a>'l.
f ' IDJI.U ' .el\11\.

In suspense 1-Q;L").,

make suspicious TCIIJ.e. h~~fl-l-

We waited in suspense for the doctor's

opinion. dt 11.- f"''..IIIJJo"t IIODll"7'1-

His mysterious behavior made the police

suspicious. 1.1"1'1 fii'~IJJo mql' ?"ll.(o
'll"t 'I'C"'~ 1\lt.<'.~q'fiJJo

He used suspenders to hold up his trousers.

{lo&IJJo1 11"711!1' .1'-:J-m:J'il\.

suspense

-i"""'14'"t -f-mqll:t-1

suspension
1. A"L.H.m- oom1Y:. The suspension of the two
students was right. fll-11-1: of-"7&ll'l- h'lruc'l- 0.'1- 111..1f."'" ooanY: '1-hhll
>:' ~1c ~11c
2. ao;J-1Y:. His suspension from the police
force was announced in the paper. h?"ll.il II
&-'1!'1- ' aD;f-1.11- ' ll,;>lf,"' ' -1-111~

suspension bridge T"t4'lt:J''li Y:iii.Y:f.

A suspension bridge will be built. T"t4'lt:J''li
Y;ii\.Y;f. ' f.OP&-11\.

sustain
I. .<'.1.1.. His diet won't sustain life very long.
f"7..""1111JJo ?""'ofl ih.I'-ID'I-1 llofllt' 1..H.
f"''...<'."''i' ' h.l'-.<'.1\?"
The facts sustain his theory. "7llaf1JJo f(l-1
6111 ' dtltofl ' .1'-.<'."1.1.'1'11\.
2. OD~'i''f II'~. Hope sustained him in his
misery. llaDbcl- 0 1.,1f, 0 of-(lof. 0 OD~<;>:' > II'
~

....

3. h?"'l' -1-4'1111. The court sustained his claim.

'i'CY: IL-l: h{l-1 h?"'l' of-4'11111JJo

sustained

!295

4. 1-ifhoo. The shelf could not sustain the

weight of the hooks. oot.CS'.t.fiiJo DDX".hS:'Ii
"t ooifhll" Af;>fAII"
5. Ull(fl-'1-). He sustained injuries in the
accident. fJf.:JIIJo '1.11. "1-'1'1- S'.~llfl-'1sustained, adj. ( = adv.) 111"'1'11~'1'
He made a sustained effort to catch up with me.
II.S'.CIIil'f 1'11"'1'11~'1' ~~~~

sustenance
!. 9'"'111. He has gone for a week without
sustenance. I'll ,...,il ~"t~ tall""t-'1- -l'f
2. ( = verbal noun) ooc)f. He gave money for
the sustenance of a poor family. ~~l- fL-1"
lllll-"t ii""Clf nnil nm
3. foo"t.&.ll K"<;-'1-. They find sustenance in
praying to God. mt. 7."1H.Ail.h.C fiDDK/1
,. ' fOD").L(I ' x-<;'1- ' f'J'fiiFish is their only sustenance. f'"l.'l''l-'1- 'I
., ' ilil' ' 7.ffl/lo ' )IIJo
*There isn't much sustenance in a cucumber.
f.L~"t)(' Jl.f) ' ""'"~"" llihf.<-'1- ' '""" '

t.l'>~ll"

swarm
6. om.&.. He swallowed his words . .!1'11-"t

m.L

swallow (vi.) 1'm

Because my throat hurts, I can't swallow.

"1-r:r:llo"t Moooa'{ DD1''1' t.Al-AII"
swallow up Oe\

The waters of the Jake swallowed him up.

f.hf.-11 ' IIJo;) fi~IIJo
(be) swallowed up A/14'
His income is swallowed up by debts. f"7.J'1"f
I1Jo nnil flll'l I'A.!l'A
swallow, n. [f<'i' 'lf.)-'1-]

swam, see swim

swamp (v.)
I. 1'm. The big wave swamped the boat.
'1-A-11 '1"1~ _lAfJ1'"t 1'111'12. A'l'/14'114'. Christmas mail swamped the
post office. fAt.-'1- '1.11. S'.il'lfLl"l- ?"II
;l- fL-l:"t A'l'/14'/1-11'1be swamped T1'm

svelte llAhh I'll

This woman is very svelte. f.Ul- 11.'1- IIlAh
h ' fill- ' <;'!-

The rich man was swamped with letters asking

for money. fJ/IK;JIIJo 7.C'I;l- h"tmf.-11
nl"l- fi"'L~h- S'.il'lfLl"l- 1"11Jot11.A
He is swamped with debts. fl6'1 1"11Jot11.A

swaddle fl..,c:,. m4'1111

Formerly, they swaddled babies. ~r: ihY<;'I"t fl..,c:,. f.m4'A!I.:f11Jo )fiC

I was swamped with work last week. fJ/I.LIIJo

illl""t-'1- 1"(.. 1"1."'l"S )fiC

swagger 1-_lU
The gunman swaggered into the bar. 'li"l-'1' f
:J-m4'11Jo 1\IJJollo 7.f-t-_l)) II-<; fL-'1- 11Jo!l
'I'' 1'1
swallow (vt.)
!. 1'm. The baby cannot swallow food.
ihY). ll""'il ""1''1' hf.l-AII"
Darkness swallowed the bandits. 'li"*''l
") ' ""'11"'1 ' 1'11J:fi1Jo
2. 1''1' h1.~1. She swallowed her displeasure
and smiled . .:,0&,;1-fl 1''1' t.~C;J .L1
"' Alll3. t.oonn. Expenses swallowed the profit.
<"'-IIJo '1-Ci-"t t.oo(I(IIIJo
4. il'f> II'). He had to swallow a lot; if he
hadn't, he would have been fired. fltiJII" il'l'>
ODIJ'") ' h/lfl-'1- I fJf.ll'")"'/ ' 7.(lljlJ-") ' liP'
(..IJJo <'1'-1' )fiC
5. t.oo). He swallows everything he hears.
fii"''IIJo") IJ-11- fii"<;IA

be swamped with workr&- ~~CD<

swamp (n.) ~"1~"1

He got infected with malaria while in the
swamp. h~"'~"l- IJJoll'l' tall fl<fJ 1"1\h.L
swampy f~"'~"'
Malaria is prevalent in swampy areas.
"' ll:l"l"l- tDfJ flil~-'1- 1'>1'1A

fl~"'~

swan 'lhllo
Swans are beautiful birds. 'lhllol"l- fl"'ll"
fll"t.-11-

swap (swapped), v. 1"/11'<m

We swapped places. ll;l- +111'<'1'"t
swap (n.) AIJJoiJJo'l'
I got the better of him in the swap. flfAIIJoiiJo
"'" 7.~ ' +m4'9"hswarm (vt.) 'f"~
People swarmed the streets. nl"l- OD"t1P..'Ii
") 'f"!l.:fiiJo

sway (vi.)

swarm (vi.) 1-,lL

Shoppers swarmed into the store. ~0.1'-l''l'l-

tDf.

ODf.11ol-

1-<'.4-

The mosquitoes swarmed about us. rmq

:,..

.,,.:,. tD(.tD-<;{A

swarm in "1C ofll\- '1'1

The children came swarming in. IA}!:'Il "'

C I -flhaJo I "JfloSWarm with 1\flb

l't./\-

+The swamp is swarming with mosquitoes.

....., ....,. h.l'll. f(IJq '1')'/':f- hll-'1-

swarm (n.)

1. "l"'i't-. The queen bee led the swarm to a

new hive. r'l a- h.aJo6o llf.lott:6oaJo'l OJI. 1 h.
'1.11 +G: ""t2. """-" They pursued him like a swarm of
bees. },')!. ')11 OD');> tD<'.-1-'1swarms

1. -1-tD~tDH. The limber branches of the tree

sway in the wind. f"''.I\ODm-'1- f~'i' :,Oc-,
""".l:::f- 0)4-/1 f.tDqtD~II-

swarm about mt:t:

She swayed in time to the music. bou-tl?m-

;>C -l-tD~IDH:f2. h;>!.ll. The bus swayed to the left. h<D--1'11{1- ID!. "'t- ' h;>!.l\

be swayed
1. -1-110. The judge was swayed

lawyer's argument.

~~m-

by the
Omfl:J"aJo .......,

'1- -1-llll )OC

2. /1"'1'1- -1-1\mm. The masses are easily
f"''.IIID
swayed. f.b1111- ll"'L'I-
....

)aJ-

""'"II-

m~lt- -1-ll""m
This horse is too sway-backed to ride. .1.<'.{1-

(be) sway-backed

ID~II- 0"1,.. f-1-1\0Gm /IIIII") lli>C!J'

t.,~~.U"'),..

ofofl~

Swarms of children were at play in the park.

1111- IA}(l- Oou<;ol.'/f<D- (l;J- ~m., )OC
The sailor was swarthy from the sun. hBdtf.
f-1-)"1 ouchO:;'<D- m.P.t-IA

swash -1-'1.:>
The waves swash against the boat.

'1"~.11.

h,;

/AQ<D- ;>C f.'I;>IA

swat (swatted) },'il hi\

He swatted the flies with theflywhisk.1f')(l'fl')

He swore me to secrecy. ,..llm.-1-') },')'1'\<Dt-

swear (vi.)
1. "711. She swears she's telling the truth.
},<D-)'1- ,,..,._-;~c ll""ll"S: ,..,..,.ll:r-

2. -1-t-~ou. He swore when he dropped a rock

on his foot. },'1-1- 'If. Y:'):>f. O.mY::tn
'!- I -1-t-~OD
3. -!-<;~<'.. He swore that he would always
love her. ,..-,1..11.,.. },m'I;J-1\v- 1111- ~<'.
4. hOGI\h. He swears by this medicine.
OH.Il .....~~,.. fOG/Ali/A

0'1/'t- },'il ' h'l'f<D-

(be) swathed -1-m.,llll

His hand was swathed in a bandage. },)1: n

oa-11- 04-lf -1-m:tiAII- )OC

*His head was swathed in a turban. '~""''~""'

'"'"'l""J.IA

5. },C'1m:;' )<D-. I could bave sworn that there

was someone in the next room. +'I'A- 1 QAm- 1
h'i'IA <D-ll'l" li<D- l\')!.)0<'. l\C'1m:;'
)'S

swear at JIAL
The captain swore at his

crew.

fODChll- hi\

? ouchn,.'li't Hl\4-'f<D-

sway (vt.)
hm~mH.

swear (swore, sworn), vt. hll"711

M"711'S

(be) swarthy '""'<'.

I.

sweat

1296

swarm

The wind

sways

the

grass.

)of.{l- "1-1-') .l'tD~<D-H'I'IA

2. ODI\ll. Nothing can sway him after the

mind is made up. h')f.. h~m ,..-,,.. )~
C ' h.f.OD{A(I3. "7<'.h. The speaker's words swayed the
audience. -1-<;;>&<D- .I'!.<'.~<D- ')"'"'C h:
.,..,., . .b1111 "7<'.h<D4. dtii(Y) 1\tDm. His threats will not sway us.
~"'"'" dtiiQ:f-')') hf.I\<D-tn-

be sworn In
1. P'C't-1- """'" .I.R"". The President was
sworn in during the ceremony. OP't P'C't-la
'If. T4.H.'I')-Ja P'C't-1- ODdt'\<D-') aao

2. ?II ""'"'" lim. Is the witness sworn in yet?

,..llh-1- ?II .,.dt'I<D-') li'I':I:IA 1

sweat (vt.)
1. h'IO(<D-). The hard gallop sweated the horse.
0'1f.A 1111.:>110 ol.(.{l- hAil;I-A

2. 01"<1- hil"'-t"'. That employer sweats his

workers. Y hoP6 oP<!-T'I''Ii'l 01"<1- Y
il"'-'t.4''1'1'A

The police sweated a confession out of him.

?"ll.ll'll ' hil1f:l'..f1J- ' hfiJ-"1....'1sweat (vi.) hi\O(fiJ-)
+J sweated because I had to run so much.
11fl< illll!''l'll- hi\O'S
sweat all over
I am sweating all over. 01\ofl .,.(1)-d).Arlsweat blood ~,. hil-t<f._.
+He sweated blood writing that exam. Lofo'i(l)o
)'..'/" ' hil#fiJmake sweat ~.g 0"\.il 1\F-~1
The long climb made him sweat. 0.,0-l>'t
ODfiJ-"1-1> ' i\11 ' Oi\11 ' hi'..G1f1J-

He wiped the sweat from his brow. '1!1-'t h"l

~~~

mG1

Oh'i'TI;' J':'l". hlftL

5. n-11- h'l'l\.,1\.,. A wave of enthusiasm
swept the country. fl'..ll;l- ll"'L'I- h1-l-'t n
""'"' ' h'l'l\.,1\.,,..
sweep (vi.)
I. .1\1\L. A wild gale swept across the bay.
~~~~"' t'i-1'1 nq.nc Mm. ~~~ hilL
2. tLI'I. The wind sweeps over the valley.
tof.f\- Olfll...,.. ~~~ ~t'i'flA

3. .:uou. The shore sweeps to the south for

miles.

fQtlt~ I

"'I~A

He wears a sweater on cold days. Rofi.C..\!"

't lf.t-11 ~1111flA

[See also 'woolen1

IDF..

F.,fl-0

.... ,..

'S T""l\hT
sweep alone m~"J

Her gown swept along the floor. "'"'Lil. ""

mG1

sweep around 1'1! ~mL

The road sweeps around the lake. oo.,_1..,., dt

fll!' ~:1-mof.A

sweep away me1 m(l~

The flood swept the bridge away. 1-Cf. J':A

.1':1'-'t me~ ml'l)'..maweep down Lm") Lm")

'}.JA

1 +t--oo~

He swept down the aisle to see the stage.

sweaty hf:lt"'L
Digging ditches is sweaty work. '1-f:'\f: .,...._
LC hf:lt"'L P't- tfiJ-

*Sick people sometimes have sweaty hands.

ih""'I"T'I'"i' h't-'l'tl. l\ll''ffiJ-1 YAqlf'I'A

Swede il'l!f:'t
There are many Swedes in Ethiopia. h.'l-l'"k
f ' 111-il'l' ' 11fl< ' il'l!f:'i"'' ' hii-

Sweden il'l!f:'t

""f:Gll-'t 1\"'lf'l- 0""Tiiii.C.fiJio ""IJhA

Lm't Lm't li.YII T<l-""1'..
sweep off toll~
The wind swept my hat off. qc~"'\1-'t tof.il
OJI'II'..fiJsweep off (one's) feet
He swept her off her feet. O'i':t--1- Tti'..L"i'
sweep out ..,.tll'i'l'(!" mnJ

The lady swept out of the room.

h'i'll- .,..._.,..'I'GOJ-

Swedish il'l!f:'tl;'
We study Swedish in our school. 0'1'/"IIC'I-
0.;1-"1'1 ' fiJ-il'l' ' il'l!f:'tl;' ' ll.'t"'lt-1\'t

sweep (swept), vt.

I. mG1. Did you sweep

tn~fi:. I

~G11"'1A

*His glance swept from right to left. "'t-<; .,

~.,.'t

sweater lf.t-11

the

bedroom?

""'S:I- 0.-t>'t mG"''IifiJ- 1

Your coat sweeps the ground. lt?"C'I-11 ""~

'I- ~mC:>A
2.h<;mK. A

swept the election. .,.m.o;.o;&m- '/"C"'"ifiJ-'t

~-l>'t

sweat (n.) i\11

'tq-1-

sweep

1297

sweat

hurricane swept the country.

'tfiJ-1\" t'i-1\- 1116-l>'t t,<;mK'I-

3. hl'll'l. The police swept the area where the

criminal was hiding. ?"11.11"1' m't)!l\l;'fiJ- f
TI'..O.,O'I-'t .,01\. hl'lf\-'14. Oh'i'.,..,. .1':'1" hlftL. The candidate

sweep up

m~U~'I'

rom-

m~"l

I swept up the pieces of glass. f11C"l".,.m-'t

ii1JCq6 mG"III'I-

sweep (n.)
The mountain is beyond the sweep of our
eye. fTt-<1-fiJ- C.,'l- O't~'t 11.1""1'1"
h~"i'A'/"

*The house looks out upon a wide sweep of

farming country. 0.-1> fiJ-il'l' IJ''i li.Cif
-t-1"111- ~;1-fA
make a clean sweep J\trJC.fo

hLA

He made a clean sweep of all his debts. Mm't 11-1\- h"'C-1' hLII

..

He knocked everything off the table with one

sweep of the arm. h"tf. 1 l\)l"."t 1 ILlltllC 1 m
I.

4\f.

nft.GfDo"J

.l\:J'

m~Ci I

"'llfDo

sweeper ""T.G1J
I need a sweeper to clean the rug. ?""t"14-"t 1
11"7Jt'I'J-

""T.G1J

1111.A~fi/A

sweeping
1. "11"/A'r 1 111. Don't make such sweeping
statements! l\"t.<'.ll..ll 1 "11"/A'r 1 1111 hiiT1f'l- 1
h'l-11-r
2. 11H- 1 AI< 1 AI<. Sweeping changes were
made last year. Qlll.fDo 1 't""'l- 1 11H- 1 AI< 1
AI< I llfDotn";f I 1"I.C~'I'A

*His sweeping glance took in the whole room.

h"Jf. I :J'"f'J- I ft"7~.G"J I b'i'/1-"J I ft ... /1- I
1"0DIIh1"

sweepings T&-1.
Put the sweepings in the trash can!
ol'lflf

O'ldJ1fDo

h"J~ I "7"Jh..l' I {1\o,C I lf\<"J I 1

"''I'm 'PIA
2. hftoo.G. A friend's kindness sweetened his
convalescence. I"JJ!."'ifDo 1 Jl."'~'l- 1 f"7~~"7.
1 I "l.ll.fDo"t I hft"".GII'JIWeeten with suear il\\C Q;a.oo~
Sweeten the tea with sugar! lfl< 1 f1Jo11'r 1 ll\o.
c I ""?"CO-l-

the tea.

with one sweep

,Gj\.q

swell

1298

sweeper

oi'Coi'C'

'r~"l.fDo"t

fDo(l'r

"JIIfDo

sweet(s) "14-"11" 1 ~~c 1 "14-"11" 1 h.G"''.II

I don't care much for sweets. IIJ4-~ ~1C
("Jof."JJ") I l\~"J?" I hAOJ~
He has a craving for sweets. llh.G"'/.11 1 h'i' 1
111 I "l'J-'J- I hllfDo

sweet (adj.)
I. 11\o.C 1 fftqft'J-. Do you like your tea
sweet? 11\o.C 1 fftqft'J- 1 lff. 1 '1-0J-'11111 l
2. !'.11 1 f"'l.A. She is a very sweet girl. 0"1?" 1
I f?"'J-A I /A~ I 'i"'Jsweet butter [0"""'" 11A;t-lf 1 fi..G"t~ 1 ~0.]
sweet words fllllllll 1 h"tJ!.O'I1 tried to placate the angry woman with
sweet words. f1"'i"Jl.Jl.":ffDo"t 1 (I.'J-1'" 1 Ollllllll 1
h"tJ!.O'I- I 11"7QOA I 'l"hChbe sweet IIJLm
These apples are very sweet. MILII 1 -toof.l"":f 1
ft"J?" I f."J'I'dJ/1-

Jl.11

taste sweet IIJ.t.m

This doesn't taste sweet enough. f.ll 1

?" I hf."J'i''r
[See also 'tooth1

l\~

sweetheart fh"ti.C 1 OJ'!~

She is his sweetheart. fh"ti.C 1 OJ-'1)1". 1 'i"'IShe has a sweetheart. fh"ti.C 1 OJ'!~ 1 h'l'lsweetness "14-"11"~'1Sweetness is an abstract; sugar is concrete.
d)of."'/"~'J-

f .... <\..... 11

"'I.
I

sweeten
I. h"'l.m. A spoonful of sugar will sweeten

n~C

11?"

11?"

~ ....

t 11\o,C

"'"J

~fl)o

swell (vt.)
I. OJm.G. The wind swelled the sails.

~of.{lo 1
fODCb()o"t I If~ I OJm,GaJo
2. '1"11. The melting snow will swell the
Stream. fft.GJ'.fDo I -~ll'r I OJ"JH-"J I f-'1"4\
'PIA
swell (vi.)
I. hOm. His knee began to swell. "1-AO-Jo 1 1
11-r 1 ,;ooc
Wood often swells when wet. h11qfifDo"t 1 "1.11. 1
6"J,;u.'J- I {I.,G'r11 I 111"JA
2. 1"~4-. Dough swells when it rises. ll.-r 1 ll.
(IIJ I Mof.A
3. Jl..G)';. Profits swelled. '1-C'i' Jl..G)';
4. 1"'1"4\. My bosom swells with joy. All. 1
OJ!.{I;f" I 1"'1"/A:J:A
5. hJ!..G(O'I-). Pride swelled in his heart.
IJ.~'J- I ftAIJ- I hJ!..GO'J*Savings may swell into a fortune. 4rmQ Q
IIJ\;1 I {1.1Jl.C"' I f.":fi\A
*The sound swelled to a roar. AJ.AA;t-m- tD1.
""'Ji'l- 1 1"IIOJm

*His heart swelled with pride when he saw

his son graduate. lA)!". 1 (l.oo.G~ 1 (1.11- 1 fiA11 1
IJ-<1-'J- I 1"(1"7aJo
swell up 1""tJ!.OJ!.O

His face, which the bee had stung, swelled up.

")11

sweetbread [fO"' 1 h"t"I-A I h"t)';'l- I

1"J I fO'I{t(lj\o I Q"J'I"J ~ I 11~ I II?""J11
f"'l.ll'). I fhiJA I b'i'/1-":f]

I
I

nJ!.I.fDo

1.-Jo

1""JJ!.OJ!.ft

be swollen

I. hOm. My ankle is all swollen. "'C"'I"?"'I'""'l.

of: I ftd)?" I h111\).1A
2. '1"4\. The river was swollen from the
heavy rain. OJ"tH- 1 OhQJJ. 1 1t'i"9" 1 9"h"t1'1- 1
'I"A.fo 1 ~nc

_sw~e~ll~in~g~----------------------~1~2~9~9--------------------------~w.ing
be swollen shut h.Rm
The boy's eyes were swollen shut from the
beesting. '111 !11\)UIJio fAX 't.t'l') h
.g,n o )IIC

swelling l\oflm'IHas the swelling gone down? l\oflm., '1-Y:~Al

swelter.,...,).,.
He sweltered in the humid heat. llmll-k !l"h')
Y'l- .,...,')ltA
swept, see sweep

swerve
l. lfC h.J'.~~. He swerved the car to avoid
hitting a dog. ~J~o'lf~J~o') l\1"1.e.~"l" 11"711'1-
ov!J.'i'IJio') lfC M~~
2. h.J'.'i'.,.ol.. Nothing could swerve him from
his duty. Mil" )~C h.,.m<~- 1\JY.'i':,O
"-"" h,e.'{-A!I"
swift"-"''
The hawk is swift, but the eagle is swifter.
"l"Aol.'l- of."J') o 'i''l- I 1111: .J'."I'I" fllllm
_e.ot.'l"'i'A
swiftly 11'1''1")'1The police came swiftly. ?"ll.f>'ll 11'1''1")'1-
.J'.~/1-

swig, take a ~ ""=' .,..,_)..,

He took a swig from the bottle. hmC..,./1-

""=' ' .,..,.) ....

swim (swam)
l. 'l''f. Fish swim. 't"' ,e.'I''1A
2. ( = noun) 'l''i'. Do you know how to
swim? 'l''i' '1-:f-4\IIU l
3. ( = trans.). hlf~. My head is still swimming.
<loll.1 hu-1!1" Yfi~"/A
swim across R1''i r h.,t:~m
He swam across the river and escaped. m1H-'l
ll'l''i' hltc,n l\DDI\m
owlm In tears l\')'1 hUll
Her eyes were swimming in tears. ot,e.<riJ! l\1
'I 1>111\IJio )IIC
swim with the tide m-"~Lltfl-l- ~d.lt
He swims with the tide, since he likes to be
like everyone else. 1\.11-'{-') oo!l"{lA 1111"'1.
mY: m.J'.)ol.{lll'l- ,e.)'i'ftA
be swimming in 11(11'1-)
+This meat was swimming in butter. _e.u "1'11.
II :,OIL 1111-I'II;J-A

swim (n.) 'l''i'

His swim had tired him. 'l''i'IJio hY:h'I";J-A
keep In the swim 7l"t~1.tLtJJo r lf'i
Despite her age, she tried to keep in the swim
by visiting her former pupils. 6Y:"''.'I' f~of.
fLll'1!1" I fY:f': .,._,69'if!') lloo'l-ofl'f'l- o l\
').J'.'J..H.IJio ' 1\0Dif') ' 'l"h~'{take a swim 1'T

He takes a swim every morning. v-A"LH. IJI..-,..

tp..'l- ' .e.'1''1A

swimmer 'l''i'.,.'1
He is a champion swimmer.
..............,."/ ' )IJio

,.m.-;.-;~

fi\.A

swimming'l''i'
I like swimming. 'l''i' l\<D"'IIuswimming pool fiD'I'"/ I foo'l'"/ 11'1'<1He jumped into the swimming pool with a
splash. ov'J''11J1o IJio!l'l" .,.')fl.ol-"1"-1' ~~~
The school has a swimming pool. '1-II"UC'I- IL
., ' ffiD'I''1 ' 11'1'<1- ' hi\IJio
swimsuit f'l''i' Aoflll
He put on his swimsuit. f'l''i' Aofl/1-') 1111{1
swindle (v.) h"l"ll~ll~ i h:J-1111
Honest merchants do not swindle their
customers. "'"'"~ );>.J'..ll"{- .J'.')II'l'!l''f..,.
') l\Y"l"ll~ofl<l-!1" (hY:J-AII-!1")
swindle (one) out of h"l"ll~ll~
He swindled me out of$1,000. h1Y: if. of!
c ' l\"1"11~11~'1
swindle (n.) "7"l"IICIIC
The merchant's swindle was known to the
police. f);>Y,.IJio') "7"1"11CIIC ?"ll.f>'{- .J'.C
{lm-11'1- )IIC
swindler h"l"IIC'I6 1 h;J-II.e.
The swindler was arrested. l\"l"IIC'I61J1o (h;J111') '

.,.y,

swine l\o't"7
The swine is voracious. hlt"7 lJ" Jlfd

)4D"

swing (swung), vt.

l. h<DOJ<DH, She swings her arms when she
walks. 11'1-<~oooY: l\.{1 ;J-<DIJioII'{The policeman walked along swinging his stick.
?"11.11- 11'1-<1-1 l\YID.IDH .,.<1-0D.J'.
2. 1\lf~. He swung the club twice around his
head. .ll.ii~J~o1 11<1-11- 11,e. u-11-1: hfl~""

swlng(vi.)
I. .,.."tmllmll. The monkey was swinging from
a branch. 1f"t)!I!'CD- :,.ct"'if. IIY. Y.
"tmllmA ~OC
2. ~.,.~.,. .,.."'iw.,.., You'll fall off if you
swing so high. o.-,y.A ~.,.~.,. b_,.."'im
-l-b -'1-W~:I'I\U
3. .,..m~wH. The pendulum swings in the
clock. f"'.I:-I'ICD- ' {1"-l- 7.)!;1- Y,W~W~A
4. l>:,."'"'iCD-"t 1\wm. The wind swung to
the east. )of.. (I. l>:,."'"'i..,.."t wS'.. .,.,..&-:,.
1\Wtn
swing around hfl~
Swing the car around! oub.'i''l'"t 1>11"&--lswlng (down) T1f'i'"tof .,..'lH

The soldiers were swinging down the road.

m;l-1..1!''1l 00D"t111.. IIY. T1f'i'"t.,..ID" Y.'l
II" )0C
swing (Into) Hh' .,...,..,..'"
He swung into the saddle. Hh' .1..<!:(1. IIY.

.,...,._'"

swing open 11C""'X" 11Ao

The door swung open.

.,_.,..

0~

,.h4f.+
11C"'~

oflh' .,..b

swln1 out tJJI.. ~ 1-hL+

The door does not swing out, but slides along

grooves in the floor and ceiling. 0"" m1.. m"P l>Y.b.l..-'1-.,. l )1C "'"t OWI\11-'i' 0"1

&-CD- IJII--'1- 11-Cit-l!':f- ..,..il'l" Y."tlf&-_,..

;I-A

swing shut 01~

Mt .,..H:>

The door swung shut.

0~

01~

h'lt .,..

H:>

swing (n.)

switch

1300

swing

~..,..~..,.. 1 ,~.,.~..,..

ou"'im;F

We have a swing in our garden. IJ-'1-hA-l- tt

;f-:f"t ' ..... il'l" ' ~.....~..... ' (f~.....~ ..... ' 0D
"'iW;J') ' 1>1\"t
be In full swlnal..~
The market is in full swing in the afternoon.
bl\"-l- 0:\11 10.1'..,.. Y.Y..&-A

swipe.,..).,...,_
He swiped my pencil. l.CIII\."t ou).,...l..'S

swirl .,..'1".,..1\0DI\
The stream swirls over the rocks. m-,.,. qA
of:f IIY. Y.'I"""II""IIA
swirl about

*Dust swirled about the streets. Of""'t111.. II

Y. !).F>-'1- )OC

make swirl hfl~

The noise made my head swirl. "'i"'i;l-..,..

(1."t l>fi<!:'S

&-

swish (vt.)
I. 11.,.11..,.. 1>1..<!:1. She swished her skirt.
4'"7..!1.."t 11 .....11...... l>1..<!:1:f
){l){l, The horse swished its tail . .1..<!:(1. "fl'
&-....."t ){l~{l
swish (vi.)
I. .,..w)"""- The whip swished through the
air. ~&-f. IJf~ ......il'l" .,..61)"""2. ( = tr.) l>"tbo~lt-lf. +The dead leaves swished
in the wind. f1..Mt-l-"t :,.mh':f )of,.(l. I>
"tbo~~lf.....

2.

Swiss il'11
switch (vt.)
I. 1<!:.1... She switched her child for being
naughty. A'lt ili\IJI\1 1l:.l..:f..,..
2. 1\'I'Wm. Let's switch plaoes! 1':1' h"tl\'1'~
3. l>il.,..lll\.1... Let's switch the party to Friday!
;T'CoJ:ID-"t I\"C11 h'i'il+IIA.I....,..
4. 1\Wm. The wind switched direction. )of..(l.
l>:,."'"'i.....'t ' 1\Wtn
5. l>IJ<!:l:. The horse switched the flies with
his tail . .1..<!:(1. O"fl'&-..,.. 1f"ttt'll"t l>IJ<!:l:
switch off l>mof..
Switch off the light! OD11&-ofo"t 1>'1"......,..
switch on hOtSwitch on the light! ""11&-ofo"t 1>11&-..,..
switch (one's) tail 0'?&-m-

+;~~L

The horse switched his tail to drive off the

flies . .1..<!:1\- 1f"ttt:f"t 11"71Jl:C O"fl'&-..,..
.,..:><!:.!..
be switched .,.~OJ<!:

The train was switched to another track.

IJ~ W1.. 11.11 dt'l.~ ' .,..~..,..t::A

switch (n.)
I. "711&.1' "7'1".1..,1'. The switch is next to the
door. "711&.1' "7'l".I..,I'CD- 0~ l>m111 )..,..
2. l>C......,, The switch broke when she hit
him with it. il-'1-0D;f-..,.. l>C<n<"l..,.. _,..1\0<!:
The switch was left open and the train was
derailed. dt-'1.11.. _,..:>'1"'1" iliiA)Ol: IJ~
dt'l.ll.."t 1\4'4'
*The big dog knocked a vase off the table with
a switch of his tail. -'1-A.,. ID"~ ~&-ofo"t
IU'w~- ,I'OIJ "7il4'0D"'iiD-"t bml:A.
tfdJ-

I~

nJACD-

sycamore meiJ

be a switch i"Amm

There was a switch in our plans due to bad

weather. 0""'1'6: .l'fe 11-~:1" ll"h1 .1''1-
J.:t-JI:f-1 ' 1-IIIDm

-J-iih~h~

He swiveled in his seat. IDII"D'I- 1\f. 1-.,.11"

,.. -1-iih~h~
swivel around fiC h.A

He swiveled around and faced me. fiC ofiA-

ID~ -J-001\h-J-

SWiVel chair 1-iihe1J6 ID!I"Oe

It is necessary for a secretary to have a swivel
chair. 1111 ...<1. -l-iiheiJ6 ID9"0e l\11<1.
1\1.

)CD-

swollen, see swell

swollen (adj.)
I. f'l"l\. The banks could not confine the
swollen river. fiD1rt- Jle;J'I":f f'I"I\11Jo1
m-;> ' iU'"IJI. ' l\A;J'II-11"
2. .I'Dm. A swollen cheek spoiled the symmetry of his face . .I'D miD- 1-1"" f <1..,.1
.I'.A-'11\ :t-ell' l\01\ll'm-

swoon (v.) 1\rt-t:'l-

m.r..,.

She swoons at the sight of blood .1'.11" 11:1"

f. ' l\rt-~'1- ."1-IDY::J'II:f

swoon (n.), in a

~ ~'1'(1.1

IJ.fm-:,0

She lay in a swoon for quite some time.

Milt- 1.1L ~'i'jl.1 1\;J-m-:,0 .,_f:f

swoop down ;E-m- 1111-

m~.l'.

The eagle swooped down on its prey. 111'1- oo

<1.'1- "" 11""111 l\M ;E-11>- 1111- ID
~

sword 1-6-.1'..
People of olden times used to fight with swords.
rY:t: ill":f D?-<~-.1'.. f.1'1- ~ne

swore, see swear

sworn nooml\ f-1-ilm

Only sworn testimony has value in court.
O'i'eY: IL-l- 1':> fi\11>- Oooml\ f-1-ilm
fll"llhe~'l- :"A 11;1' ~m*They are sworn enemies. ~te+"i" ~Y: 'i:f

swung, see swing

The sycamores have shed their leaves. IDctll"

'6 :foml\'1'11>- ~'1~A

sycophant l\1~-t
I detest talebearers and sycophants. mt-'1<;
l\1~:"-1: l\AIDY:II"

Switzer! and fil'11 l\1e

swivel

syt11pathetlc

1301

Switzerland

syllable h'i'll :J'A

Accent the first syllable of this word! fiLU1 :"
A foo"T.UD6J'ID-1 h'i'll :J'A l\1"1

syllabus Fe'\-J- '1-ll"ue'lThe syllabus is not yet ready. Fe'\-J- '1-II"U

e-t> 1<; l\Aof-H:>"T.9"

symbol

I. 9"1\/1.. The dove is a symbol of peace.

C'111 fM9" 9"1\/1. <;'l2. 9"Ah'l-. "$" is the symbol for dollar. '$' f
11e II"Ah'l- ~ID3. l\e"?. The eagle is used by some countries
as a national symbol. 111e Q1-'11Y: l\1t::f
7.1.1'. 11do.6-'l! l\e"7 IT'l" f-"'6-0;1-A

symbolize

I. 11"1\/1. ~m-. The lion symbolizes bravery.

l\10<'1 ' f"l-1111<; 9"<'1/1. ~ID2. ooilll. How does this poet symbolize
man's spirit? .eu 111J"'l.. rf'I.CJJo'l 001"Lll n
9"1 f.ooii'\A !

symmetrica l -J-ooqq't
Both sides of the design must be symmetrical.
011-11_,.11" 011-A flltD- fh;E- 1"6- 1
Y:'l' -J-aoqq't oorr1 l\110'1-

symmetry .I'.A-'11\ :t-ell'

A swollen cheek spoiled the symmetry of his
face . .I'Omm- 1-1"" fd-.,.1 .I'.MI\ :to
ell' l\01\li'ID-

sympatheti c e~<~o~

Children like her because she is very sympathetic and listens to their troubles. 0"111" e
~""~-; :f"I6-'1'11Jo1 f9"'l-il"7 illlrr~ :f
A]f:'f f.ID~;I-A
be sympathetic (to)

I. .1'.11.. The audience was not sympathetic

to the proposal l\.11"7"" .lt1111 ,.,.~nm1 ml\11 l\A.I'-11.11>-9"
2. 1-.,.011. The teacher was sympathetic to
the class's plan for a trip to the museum.
l\il-1-"7611>- fh'i'll- -1-"761"-:f IL-l- oou
h'l-1 i\OD'I-11'f'l- J'l\'fiD-1 l\:foY: ' of-.,.011

3. hnt(ll'fo). She is very sympathetic to

his sorrow. OCDS'..,.O'fo dtH"J ;MI"JII:f"ll':f

sympathize, -

with

I. S'-11... My mother sympathizes with my

plan to be a doctor. ,..,., mh.9" 11oorn
.l'll'h ll"'l''fo 'foS'."'of.ll':f
2. hnt(ll'fo). The teacher sympathized with
the child who hurt himself. ou9"u~ tl-(l."J II
'1-}ICD- A"J!: hHtll'fo
*I can sympathize with you; I, too, failed the
exam. dtH"JU mHl< )CD- I 01.._,..,,. l.l<
r' CDY:<I:,I'IIIJ-

sympathy (sympathies)

.,,..,>;',

He sent me a letter of sympathy.

I.
f.,,..,>;' S'..fi'IIL 1\hA'S
2. fmH"J .,.IJof.J'- oo.n. John's sympathy
soothed Mary in her grief. "'A& h11., Ot
OG':fO'fo 1.11. f;<("J fmHS: _,.IJof.J'- ""
In'
3. oull.,.,'fo. The sympathy between the twins

h.,.....,.

was so great that they always smiled or cried

at the same things. OIJ-111> OD"J'fol'"':f ODIJh
A ' ,1'1\CD- ' OOil"''"''T ' 0"19"' h'i'' ,I'll ' 1111)0
G n.F<Ilr' ll't n.J'II;r>(l. Q"J~t'fo tm*I have no sympathy for her. r'S:r' h.l'il
11t'S
*You have my sincere sympathy. dtft'ltl a dtfl
i,

syrup

1302

sympathin

~ID"

be In sympathy with f.'1L

We are all in sympathy with your proposal.

,I'_,.G.flhm-"J mil.fi IJ-1\':f"JII" l."JS'."'of.II"J
feel sympathy 1\H~

We feel sympathy for the flood victims.

f'I-C'i' hS'.;J IIS'.GI'rQ:fm- lll"':f 1...
11.,11.,
out of sympathy h11'f

He wept out of sympathy for my loss. IIIIS'.GII

-o'S ' .,...;:,. ' h11'l" ' hll.,.(l

symphony n.r"t::t
Schubert composed many symphonies. lf.OC'fo
.fill- n.r"t::tl"':f S'.GII
*In autumn, the woods are a symphony in red,
brown and yellOW. flODfJ(I)o I dJ&o...,. I dJ.I"UJJ I fl
'l.fiG _,.llr' ,n."'A

symposium '1-Qt..
The symposium on trade problems meets
tomorrow. O"J"'~ ':f"'c:':f 1\f. 1\00CD,I'f
'fo '1-Qt..m- )1 .1'-IIOMA

symptom II"Ah'fo
A headache is one of the symptoms of the
disease. <loll 9";1-'fo O'li;J-m- h"'LJ'il.l'
:fm- r'Ahol'':f h"J.Il. tm-

synagogue 9"tl'tl-.fl
The synagogue is open all week long. r'lttl-tl-
ilr'"J1>"J ,...tr h'i''fo tm-

synchronize (vt.) hll.,.IJhll

Let's synchronize our watches! ll't;J-':f"J"J ,..,
ll.,.IJhA
synchronize (vi.) +ll..,,..,

The music and the action synchronized perfect0"7.1Q' .,.11.,,...

ly.

,...tr.:J',..,' -,;r..,.,,.'

syndicate "'''lOC
The syndicate will buy the land and put up
the buildings. "7'10~ ou.:.1>"J 111-1' a.
"Jll f."'<l-0;1-A

synonym .,.,.ililf.
Do you know the synonym for this word?
fH.U ~A .,_,.ililf. II""J.I:-1 )CD- I

synopsis """'ll-
Read the synopsis before you begin the story.
;1-&h-"J ' hOD)';OOCU ' O.L'fo ' 00"11\""lCD-"J ' h
"J.fl.fl

syntax MQ.fl
Amharic syntax is very difficult. ,I'.,C'1 h1
il.fl 0"19" ,l'll:f"'tl-A

synthesis ,l''l'dtS'.
His philosophy is a synthesis of old and new
ideas. 'i'All'i'.,,. f.I:"C:m-1., """"'I!"J dt
"'" ' ,l''l'dtS'. ' )CD-

synthetic 11m- "'<l-'11

Synthetic rubber has reduced the price of
natural rubber. (ltJ>o ,..,:.'II 1., h.,.l..'l'C:
f.,.1'fCD-"J 1., 'I';J 11~ h~C1;J-A

syphilis 4:'1''S
The doctor cured him of syphilis. thh._.
of:'l''f.'J ' h}l)ll'fo

syringe ""CI...
The doctor must use a clean syringe each time
he gives an injection. mtLao- I ODCL I 04J,? I
"''~'c O"Jl\.m ooc1... oom.,.,. hiiO'fo

syrup lf.C:T
She sweetens her drinks with syrup. oomfll,;t
Olf.C:T ;1-"''i'"'ll':f

system ada

1303

system

4. t.wt-c. The nervous system is very complex.

system
1. HS'.. I have a better system for finding out
information. ODG"Jf ll.,"l"f'l- f-1-21"11 HS'.

M'S
The government decided on a new system of
collecting taxes . .,..,.,,..,. l>-'1.11 M11C Mo
111111 ' HS'. l\IDIIJ
2. P'C't'l-. He works by a system, not by
chance. f"''.wt-IJJo OP'C't'l- 7."t)[ 7.").11
ODIIJIIT l>Y.f.ll'l"

Any system of education must produce eduf'I-'I"IIC'I- P'C't'l-

cated citizens

.,.,':'..,.'!"

fll"''.'l- .R1'11'1- t.wt-c

~

....

oRJr Gof:'t

systematic

I. P'C't'l- YIIIJJo. He made a systematic survey

of population growth. 1111 ih1111 7.~'1-

P'C't'l- YIIIJJo T'i''l- MG1

2. P'C't'l- -1-h'l-h- f"''.wt-. A systematic

person can do more work than a disorganized
one. P'C't'l- -1-h'l-h- f"''.wt- /IIJJo h11
ChCh /ltJJo Y.A't Y.OA'I' fl..wt- Y.?fii.A

f~~ M?f .,111"f'l- l\110'1-

The people reacted against

the

system.

ih11fl- P'C't-J>'t of-:f'IDOD

3.

/IIJJo~'l-.

My system can't take it. IIIJJoH:

l>Y.4'0111JJo'l"

systematize P'C't'l- l\IDIIJ

They tried to systematize the collection of
taxes. 11"111C 1 1>11111111 P't- P'C't'l- 1 fi..Y
mm-11'1-

'l"h~

tack

1304

tab

"''<D-"'1

tab
Cards for dividing a filing box have tabs
lettered from A to Z. f<f.f.A "'1'1"t.Y "1'1''1"
:Y.'t f"''.h<l-'1'11-..,. tocP..:Y. hu Mlh
T fof-K4-Q:faJo "''IJJoMi9':Y. h!l.:fiJJo
keep tab on +4LIIJm~

The foreman kept tab on the workers. 1\i\fPtD-

of-4r."ltnt.-'I'IJJo

"'t.--1-'l'~

pick up the tab

He picked up the tab. fdt...,ll-'t m<!.,...,.

ll.h'i'A ID(lf.
tabernacle
I. filii-:,. o.:,.. The Protestants are holding
services in a tabernacle. Tt!"-f:ll~'l.r-:ti OK~\'"
..,. 0.-1> ID-il'l' ,.,.J': ... I\o
2. 1\"~of- ... ~~,, The tabernacle is supposed to
be in the church at Axum. X"t\+ oo-{L h.h
(1.?" 0.-1- hCM:n aJoil'l' hi\ f,Q~A
table (v.) hll-t-~11.1.
They tabled the motion since there was not
much time to discuss it. O+t:Om- thll.ofl
~f, 1\0DIDYf:,. 1.11. MA~O<! hilof-~1\4-:,.
table (n.)
I.

m<!A.~.

room!

Put the table in the middle of the

h'i'll- ootohA hil.,.?"

m<!J\.~IJJo't

'""'"
2. ll'tm<!'fr. The figures are given in the table
on page 20. -11'1"1- 111" ?f ~f, QI\IJJo
ll'tmG'fr ID-il'l' of-HC11.,:A
3. OmGJ\.~IJJo ll"t.Y no-~o ll9':Y.. The jokes
amused the whole table ..,.A'I- OmGJ\.~IJJo
n-t.Y f~o-~o:,.'t ll9':Y. 11-11- h"':J>:faJo
4. 111\.'1. The Ten Commandments were
written on tables of stone. OaPC-1: :J>It+
OY:'t:>f. llM ~,. ~oc f-t-K4-..,.
money under the table .,.p
She gave money under the table to get the
apartment. t.;rc-t-"''aJo't 1\"''"'l'f.-,. 1-!l
llm:Y.
turn the tables u-~:1"1 i\8Jm
Fortune turned the tables, and we won. IJJ':A
11-~;f-IJJo't 1\IJJol":,. ll"''ll'~'i' !FA't
[See also 'clear, content, multiplication, silver']

tablecloth fm<!A.~ A-fill

Please fold the tablecloth! fmGJ\.~IJJo't A-fill
h"''l'I.IJJo!

tablespoon flfcq "'''tto 1 flfcq "'''th..l'

Use a tablespoon and not a teaspoon! f,.-f.'l
"'!'Ito -t-aJo'i' olfcq "'!'Ito P"t.tablet
1. ltM. An inscription was found on a
marble tablet. 01>-11~ O<!J': lll\.'1 ~f, f
of-<I'GI\ 0 1\",..'i: I of-1'f
2. 1.-11-t-C. He needs a tablet for school.
1\:,.?"uc:,. o.:,. 1.-flof-C Ylli..A1'1'A
3. 7-'th-IIA. If you have a headache, take two
aspirin tablets. &-ll f":t"T r l)ouoou 11-/1..
..,. ' fhll"Ct.'l ' 7-'th-1111-:Y. '1''1'
tableware f10:f' 1>:1'
We keep the tableware in a drawer. f10;f-aJo't
1-:J' 0 f?"'i'll<l'?"tniJJo 0 OD ... II..f' I IJJoil'J' I ~IJ)o
taboo hAhA
It is taboo in Christianity to mention God's
name in vain. fl>"'IH.h-fi,..C't II?" Oh't-1>
"'''t..,..,. ohclltn 1 '"""'~"..,.. toAhA 1 ~IJ)o
tabulate Oll'tml'fr HGHG
He tabulated the expenses. "'"'-I!Jo't
'fr HGHGIJJo
tacit ( ~ adv.) 011?":f'
He gave his tacit agreement.
?":f' I 11\1\

Oll'tmG

oolt4'f11'7~1

011

taciturn 11?"-t-'1
The taciturn boy sits in the back row. 11?"-1-'1
.... A)!' I h:\~ ""'"""'A
tack (v.)
I. hYfH. Tack this note on to the report!
f,U't 1 "''ll:f'm'lf ht.?"C-1> :>C hff,HaJo
2. hhll(o:,.), I will tack a new ending on to
the story. :f't.h-'t h'l.il oof.?"f."''.f
hhAO;f-1111be tacked together +(lltlt
The boards were just tacked together. ..,., :1'9',;
-t-lltoh-t-aJo 1 ~oc

1305

tack

tack (n.) f"ll"7e

Tacks hold the carpet in place. !l'"t"'f. l\'111
.ll-'lil"t.-~-'1- O?"il"7e of"OO:J:A
tackle (v.)
1. w&-. You tackled that math problem the
wrong way. f.t..llll-'1 TC"oflll.ll" fw&-1ia>-
fl~\lY)o

00"}1J!"

~lf)o

2. mAG: "'ll. The policeman tackled the suspect. ?'11.!1- 1-me"'&..,..,. mAG: "'II<D-

tackle (n.), fishing -

f't"' "7'1'""11" ou

"'&Y

Fishing tackle has been used by fishermen for

centuries. 't"' h'1'"7it"f O't"' "7'1'""11"
DD"f&Y ofllf' """""" 1"1A"'II'PA
tact ofJAY'IShe lacks tact in dealing with people. hila>-
;:oe 0?";1-S:C1a>- "J')")<t'l- ofJAY'I-
Y'I'&-;1-A
tactful, - behavior HJ'.':'t'IHis tactful behavior was noted by all. HJ'.':'
t-1> Oo-11- H'l.l:' f;f-ID4' ta>tactical
*Occupying this high hill gives us a tactical
advantage. .ll-11'1'1 h-<:11;1- ""yq.,..,. IIIP
e !IA;t-l-'1 m.4'"7. .ll-ll""A

tactics
l. HI.. His tactics were instrumental in
defeating the enemy. fof"m4'ouQ:fm- HJ'.l"l-
mll'l-'1 11"7il"t'i! h<:-'1-'1- t1C"l- 'P<:''ll
to~

The tactics he used in getting his present job

were not honest. Yv-'t-'1 1"&-<D-'1 11"7"1"f
'1- fof"mojoooq:fm- > HJ',.jP';f- m4'':' hAt
0~?"

2. flfle ilA'I-. Tactics are studied at the military academy. OIPe hiJII"''.a>- <D-11'1' f
lfle IIA'I- f.I'I"'A
tactless
1. f"7J'II'IL"' l f"7J'II4'.1l-?". He made a tactless remark about foreigners at the International House. Om-.,. h1e 1""7&9'l-
DD(Iofii'I!U' <D-il'l' 1111 ' ..,..,.. h1e l'll"l-
f"7J'II'IL"' (f"''.YII4'f.?") hii-I"Yf'l- MH<:
2. ofJAY'I- f1-!f.lla>-. A tactless answer may be
insulting. ofJAY'I- f1-!f.lla>- ooAII f"''.YII
4',llo?" ' 11.11"'1 ' ,llol-1\A
tadpole f'l'l-'l'l'e '1-A

tail wind

tag (tagged), v.
1. foully ?"Ah'l- h'!mllmii(O'I-). He tagged
the specimeos so they could be easily identified.
l\.4'9''1l'l 04'1111- lloullf'l- l\'1-'l.if'A f
""IIY ?"Ah'l- h.'lmllmiiQ:fm2. YH (1-YH). The boy was tagged before he
reached the goal. A)l: lla>-.1:'~ """"l:lf
(l;J- hoo.l:'<:il- 0.1.'1- 1-YH
3. oP'J'&Y l'lm. The policeman tagged the car
for parking on the wrong side of the street.
DDIJ......,..,. > l\"7,(l.IJ"') > OD')1.(.- > 1\,(l. > ill\.,.00 '
?'11.!1 ""'l'&Y l'lm..,.
*The baby tags after his brother. <hf't- m'!.l:'
,... ll'tJ'.O'I- Wt-'IA
tag (n.)
1. f"7.1AX" m<:-1''1-. The price is on the tag.
'f';>d)o'l f"'t1AX" m<:-1''1- 1-11'1'1::0;1-A
2. II.Q" ?'11.11. The children were playing tag.
A;<!'ll 1\.Q" ?"11.11 .ll-'"'liD-1> toe
tail (v.) 1-h;J-1-11
The detective tailed the suspect. t.,.. llqll'
1-me"'&a>-'1 1-h;f--1"11..,.
*She's always tailing after her big brother.
Hm'l-e h;J-1\:J- ID'I.I:'",'l. l"e h'l-mof.?"
tai I (n.) ~&-'1My dog has a short tail. f..,.li'IL ~&-'1- h
oipC

)GJo

A crowd of small boys formed the tail of the

procession. ofllf' '1-'1'111 A;<!l- hi'IAf. :\
11 Y.'t-'1- toe
at the tail end ~f/A:,O r 1\,A

We arrived at the tail end of the first act.

fooY,ou&y..,. 11le II.YA:Jo II.A 11.<:11'1
turn tall .L1:z'l hfl~
The dog turned tail and fled . ..,.lf..,. .1.1>'1
hlf'C" l\"1<1. htD-""-'S hll
[See also 'head, switch']

tailor Aoflll 1'1.1.

Where can I find a good tailor?
1'1.1. f'l- h1':'111Jo ?

'I'~

Aoflll

tailored
1. fof-1'14-. These suits are tailored for stout
men. Aofl(ll(l 1111.'111" l'll"l- fof-l'lf. "

,..,..

2. f,.w&o. This movie is tailored for young

people. ,(loU oi.A?" IIID"'.Y.l- fof"u>&- tmtail wind h:\11 f"'tt'i!ll tof.il
A tail wind helps the plane fly faster. h:\11 f

"'0'1'11 ~of.ll t.m-1!'"1"~.,. 001\m 'i''l'~+

li'M,OC ~G'IA
taint (v.)
I. Ohll. One bad apple can taint a whole
barrel. "1'1'.,. m-11'1' t.'t~ oJoof. hnllnll:f
~~.~..,..,.

take

1306

taint

v-11-

:r-

+nh~ll

2. OOGH. Flies sometimes taint what they

touch. t.'t'l't.t:- 'l..tl. ll'tll:f f"''..~h'l-'t
~1C ' ~OOC'filbe tainted
I. oo'liof''l- ~ooG. This meat is tainted. ~IJ '
I";J""'liof''l-~""G

2. '1-S'..t... His reputation was tainted from

keeping bad company. hoo'l'G: 'if.':' ;JC
llf'l'l\ ' II- ' '1-S'..t.
take (took)
I. milS'.. Who took my ties? ht-'ii+'l!'t fro
(lf.DJo' .,.,. '~m-1
He took the responsibility off my hands.
'1~.C.~-Io't ' h~ ' ~~ ' dl(lf.
The wound took a long time to heal. 411111- '
llllh.'liC ofllt- 'l..tl. m(lf.
2 . .I'H. She took the child by the hand while
walking in the street. '1-'l'i' ~~ (1. ~.o;. A
)l:'t ll)l:'t .rn:fm3. ~~ 1Q. He took me into his office. l\ILC"
..... ~~'S1Q
4. ~~ ~f.. He took me on a trip. mS'. 'lic'li
c~~'S~S'.

5. t.S'.GI'l. This road takes us to the station.

~I) ' OO't1.(- ' diS'. ' Q(JoC ' "'ILJ'DJo ' .I'S'.CI'l'i'A
He took me home in his car. Oooh,<;m- l\0.
+ ' t.S'.GI'l'S
Shall I take your message to her? ooAllh'l-IJ't
ll!l. ~S'."CIIAIJ l
6. ~f.. Whydon'tyoutakethebus?l\9"'1 QmofotJoll ' t.'l-~1."9" l
7. t.1'f. Jim took first prize. :{9" t.'tf.':'
'liA.,'l- t.1'f
8 . .t.~(n+) ! .t.~. It took the firemen two
hours to put out the blaze. :l'mii-DJo't 1\.,'1'
of.'l- fllll'l- t.S'.;~m- P'<!-of''l':f o-1\'l-
M+' ~Q'f'm9. mf.,.. Getting a job takes a lot of doing.
Ft. 004.,1\1 ofllt- .t:-IJ9" ~m~:l'A
It takes time and patience to learn how to
drive an automobile. ""h.<; DD't'l'l-'t oo.,
C 'l..tl.'i' 'l-~11"'1- ~m~:l'A
10. t.~"'. We took many pictures. ofiH- G:ofo
1t-'i' M"''t

I I. .,..,.011. We cannot take this affront. ~IJ't

't m-CS'.'l- t.'t.,.OI\DJo?"
12. ;MP', I couldn't take the noise any longer.
hll't1-'l.IJ m'I.J' ~IJ't ""'li 'l- A;J-11"
t.A:f-A9"
13. 1Q(m-). +He wouldn't take my hint. llm~(l
m- t.A1QDJo9"
14.......,. Take my advice! 9"ho(.'t II.,
15. P'<!-. The shot didn't take, so he has to
take another. tJDC4fot& lli\Arv&- A.l\ oPC
4.. oom;~+ t.11n+

16.

4:.m~.

He took her remarks as praise.

fl'lm:f.....,. t.llof'.l'f'l- h9"/I;J'i' -t.mGm17. of'h:J-1'11. He takes his studies seriously.

'l-9"1JC-Io't 0'1-;IT ~h;J-of'~A
18 . .,..,G. He took French in school . .t.G'tll~
0.'1- Ill\ ~m>;' f+.,Gm-
19. 0'1. Why don't you take a cookie?
119"'1 ' hofiii!Mo ' t.'l-0~9" 1
20. 'I'm (of''l'm). The medicine is to be taken
three times daily after meals. DD.t:-:'t-lo ""'"'
1"11'1- ' 'l..tl. ' h9"1ofl ' 0:\~ ' f"t'l''l' ' ~ ....
*If you take2 from 7, you have 5. hiiQ'l- ~~
v-tr+ IL_,.~II t-9"11'1- ~_,.t-A
*Roses won't take in this soil. _,.II oo~-T
1\X''J.G'I t.~lf't9"
*She takes pride in her schoolwork. 'l-9"1JC:I:'t
1.11 ' ofl!l.'l- ' ~t-1\:f
ean I take my time? .,.II ofi\L AFt- l
*He took me into his confidence. f9"11m.~
of'IJ~ t.S'.G1'S
I take it you won't go to school since you
are sick. ll11:1"""9"h 'l-9"1JC'l- n.+ t.+~
.t:-9" ADA
You're to come early, I take it. +1.'? oflAII 1
""9""1'1- t.llofiiJ I t.T-S'.A l

.,..,tl

take after
I. t.IIS'.S'.. He took after the thief. II.QDJo't t.

IIS'.S'.m2. t.QGG. He took after his ball. '>.o\o't ,I'QC

~nc

He takes after his father. faJ"'DJo QQ-Io

~

....

take along f.lf "t~

How much baggage should I take along?
9"'1 ,I'IJA 'ill WU: A'LS'." l
He took his dog along. m-'1',..,. ~~ ~f.

take along on the trip f,fl +~H

They took the child along on the trip. A)l:'t T-

om-,

.,.~tt-

take
take another

A\.OD~

Take another blanket, and you won't be cold.

11.'1 ofleK- Ailll iJ'I-Q;l.!l"e 1\Y.OeK-U!I"
take apart
I. 1\ll~f. Take it apart if necessary. ltll.l.l\1
1\Mf,.
2. .1.;1- :1". The watchmaker took my watch
apart and reassembled it. 1'1'1'1- ovt.tD- {1'1
-1:1 ' .l.:f"-fo ' 1"Jtn0DIDtake {someone) apart fiC l\~,l1

He took me apart in order to tell me a secret.

!l"llm.e 11. ~.,.:'1
take away

~e 1\!'..:1'1

1. ml'll'.. Who took the chair away? m10<1-1

.,1

ml'll'.tD-1

ml'll'.. The policeman took him away.

7"11.(1. ' y.~ ' UJ{Il'.tDu your mother should be taken away from
you, who will take care of you? 7.<;'1-u fl.,.

2.

take

1307

Y.~

_, .,1 ~fiK"""IYA l
take back
I. oofl{l. Stores usually don't take back goods.
l\il'f':'aJo1 ' 1..11. ' q{l ' (1-.fo".f ' flf fllo'l-1 ' 1.
:J' 1\f.ODA(I.!I"
The coat was defective, so she took it back
to the store. lt?"e_, .,.K-11'1- MilO 'I- ml'.
OOJ'.ofl<lo ' OO{l{l".faJo
2. If.:. I take back what I said. ~AIJ.'I-1 11.:.~

flutake (one) back to 1\ll;l"m{l

Those stories took him back to his childhood

days. :l"t.IJ. fA;t'~'l- 1..H.aJo1 1\ll;l"m{laJo
(be) taken by -J-l'.t.,.

We were taken by her beauty. OaJoO;J: -J-l'.t-l-1

take down
I. 1\UJO:l'.. Take the picture down from the
wall! P'~ll-1 h"IK-"1-'IaJo llY. 1\tJJoel'.aJo
2. ~.1.. Take down my address! 1\K-&.If\1-1 ~'i'

2. ml'. IL'I- MQ. Since it looked like rain,

she took in the laundry. 11<;"11- f"''.'I'A llll
OD{I{l ' f-J-{Ifllo'l-1 ' Ailf\".f ' UJl'. ' IL'I- ' M
qJI'lftD3. "JQ(aJo). They listened to my lecture, but
I wonder how much they took in. 1.,.,.:.1
1\-'l!l"tn'I'A i !1"1 ~UA 7.1l'.1QlfaJo "11
7.1:11"
4. 1\llmOO. Now that I've reduced, I have to
take in my suit. hllil'llu- l 7.1"1-'I.U Ailll.1
.,llmO-fl 1\llii'S
5. "1-0'f. The tourist took in all the sights.
l\1e "1-il"taJo 11.:1"1' f"7.1QlfaJo1 ll'i'&.
9'":f- ' u-tr ' "1-0'f
6. Q.l.DDO:. The survey takes in all the colleges .
.,..,_, ltll..l(".f1 u-tr f.Q;l.!l" &.A
take in for the night h'-~il

He took him in for the night since there was

no place else for him to go. 11.11 f"''.~ K-eO
'I- 11;1' MAtOO:aJo 1\fll'.O:tJJo

(be) taken In by ( ~ trans.) 1\:l"llll

+She wasn't taken in by his promises. f"Jflt\..-,.'l
:l'A M:I"M'I-!1"
take it from me J J\OD)'S

You may take it from me that he's a liar.

J.DDt'S ! aJolf:f"!l" ' taJo

take off (vt.)

I. lomll.,.. I'm taking off my coat. ttre-1:1
1\IDA:J'IllJo

Ladies are requested to take their hats off.

IDY.'111e'l- ' qe~"''l'aJo1 ' 7.1~UJA4< ' ,.
{loo<;tr
2. lom.:l'.. Take your feet off the table! 7."leU1
hmO:A.'IaJo 1\aJoeK-

3. .,..:m. The surgeon took off her leg at the

"''~:It mh.I"' 7."1~1 h.,.AO;t .,.

knee.

O:tntJJo

Take hold of yourself! Things are not so bad.

4. 'IQ;l.. Why don't you take off that mustache? &11U1 11!1"1 1\'l-llQ;~.aJo!l" l
5. ).,.fl. He never took his eyes off her.
'tf.t-1 ' hit ' "" ' t:J-11- ' 1\~aJool-!1"
6. hhill'.'l- .,.tl'l. Now that she has taken off
twenty kilos, she had to buy new clothes.
hhill'.;t 7~ h.ll- llr\.,.t{l".f 1\'l.ll A
illl OA\>. OD"I'f'l- 1\llQ'I-

1\f.~U

take off (vi.) -J-t"f l 'tl'.

take for

*He took me for my brother.

m1'~'"11'

out.

AIJ.'I-

Sorry, I took you for someone else. Y.-l>e:l"

,.,.....,..,. 1'1.,. oollflli'S toe

take hold of yourself 1tf.fiU

I t1<1- f.U1 ~UA ""'I'll: 1\f.l'.ll!l"

take in

When does the plane take off? 1\aJoC'Til to !1"1

1. l\1'f. He doesn't take in much more than

a few dollars per day. 0<1'1 f"7.~1'faJo

1..11. Y.t"'A l

'1'4:'1- 11Hil taJo

'tl'.":f-

She took off for California. ml'. ltll.t::ev

(be) taken off

!,.,.)<I'll. He was taken off the job. llP'<I-tJJo

.,.).,.11
2. .,.of..,.. His name was taken off the rolls.
liODo ' 11""11111- ' ...~ ' .,."'.,.
take off from

He took a day off from work.

,:. 'L:I'Y:' a>(IJ'..

take

1308

take

Y: <l''t f P'

take on
I. hf(L<:. The bus stopped to take on some
children. htJJo.f-11-ll- IA]t."f ll"'lf(LC "'""

2, <I'm<:. He took on twenty more employees.

7 y .,.""..,<: ...,.:..,.'l'"f <I'm<:
3. )!:""<:. I took on a new job yesterday.
."f-'i")."f- hJI.ll P'<l- )!:""Cll4, ""P'&-'1- )!:""<:. He has taken on a lot
of extra work. ll.,..,...._RII't- P'<l- R'l~ 11ft'
'1-C'i' P'<l- ""P'<I--"1- )!:'l"if.IA
5. """"6. He has taken on a lot of weight. R"'
'/" 1111.<'.'1- Q>.'/"if.IA
take out

I. hW"'. Take something out of the freezer

for supper! l\<1-."f- ll'tY:'toP<I- l\111: 11"'1<1'11
+"'f(l)o I CIJoC.'f' I 9'""'lo{) 1 J\CIJ"IIJ
2. hllll<l'<l'. Will this take out ink stains?
~~~ )1C <I'll'/" Yliii:J-:1'/A I
3. 11f. He took out an insurance policy.
'1'11'1-o; ' 1~
4. ~~ a>"'. He has been taking her out every
night for a walk. u-/A1.H. "'1:1" "'1:1" )of.ll
II""<I'RIA ' ~!1.."f- ' ~t"'IA
5. mtJJ. Don't take your anger out on me!
"P't-11') ' R~ ' h-"1-a>"'
take over

I. .,.<:hR. He has taken over the business.

01-'1.'t P'<l- _,.<:llR
Who has taken over the management of the
factory? fof.1l<:ltm-') hli.,."'"'<:)'Jo ..,.,
_,.<:llR I
2. .,..,.It, The doctorwanted hissontotakeo ver
his practice when he got old. dtll.- llll-
R"''J'<:)!'R't- 1.11. IA)I: RP'<I-tJJo ll'tJI._,.
It 4..111
3. mAA. The government took over the airlines. Yfc ""'t1-'l.'t ""'t"IP''I- tIIJ'.m4. P'IA"''t YH. A caretaker government took
over until the elections. 'I"C~ llllll.J'.<:"I
Y:<:ll i 1.H.Y'I! ""'t"IP'."f- P'/A"''t YH
5. Rl\)1: h.<'.l:1. In Colombia, the radical group
is trying to take over the university. Rt>ll-'1"

R.Y _,.<1-"'1)!' ' a>1't ' 1'-tliCII.-tm-'t Rl\)1:

II"'IY:<:1 ~'l"h<I-IA
take to
I. )!:""<:. This club has taken to admitting
women. ~~~ hR11 ll..f"f't """'""' )!:'l"if.IA

2. 1q, The young ducks took to the water.

f"'h\1-'1' ' ~m+"f ' t?m- ' iJJoll'l' ' 1113. .,............ The baby took to the water. ihYl>-,
(&;,5oaJ-"J I

.,.4\00~fD-

*I don't take to him. lltJJo\1-..,..., m-:I'R.\1-'1"

hiAtJ'.J'.tJJo

*How did he take to your suggestion? 11'1<1'<:11

hm- dtf(11 'I"') hi\ I
take to the road

rt-il-l-

1Q

He gave up his job and took to the road .

P' <1- II lt'<:."f- 1q
take up

I. <l'mll. He took up the story where he left

off. :1"&11-., ltDDR."f- <l'mll
2. M"'. He took up the meat with his fingers.
P' ;JtJJo't R"'-1> M"ftJJo
3. .,.);J1<:(R't-). I shall take the matter up with
the minister. )1~'t ll"ttll~ ;JC l\);J1CR
:1"11114. oamm. Blotting paper takes up ink. "'1'1"
m~ m<:<l''t- <I'M" ~"1/A
5. YH. The desk takes up too much space.
m<:A.~m- 11ft' 11:1" ~~~lA
6. .,...,<:, I think I will take up a foreign
language this year. Rll.ll 'tDD."f- h'tY: ftJJo
"P MC !t't!t 1\"""'IC hliiL.I'I\111. )!:""<:. He took up residence at Debre Zeit.
.<'.11<: n~'t- --rc )!:'l"if.IA
8. a>liJ'.(R."f-). Driving takes up much of my
time. ODh,,fj I 00").4T I oflftolD-1 I 1.rJ.f.1' I
~a>liY:1l'i'IA

*I wouldn't take up with her if I were you.

h't_,.'t 11.r't hm1!1. h/AJ'.CM"
(be) taken up hilL

Between teaching and writing, my time is

completely taken up. 1.11.\L RODol\- R"'lll.,.
"'leo; R""ll'i' YIAof.IA
take upon oneself

He took it upon himself to give the orders.

"'J'IoM-I>'t tliP. R1~ P'IA"'l>- 'l-l\~11
lim
(be) taken with

He is quite taken with her. IAII-'t RIA:l"'l'll"f

[See also the numerous nouns connected with
'take']

talk

1309

take-off

take-off ( ~ verbal noun) OD)"f'JThe plane's take-off was hindered by fog.

talk away 'A'}Jl.IJo Jr.m&-

He talked away all night long. 11.11..,., 1.')'1.

o.,- rtrt.l'-1- "'"'"I!'T~l- ""t"''l- , "'

.,. ' f\..l'aJ6- ' 1\J'.<:

~Ill"'

talk back ODAil (lm I ODII{l(ll'l-)

tale :1'6h

The tale was long and boring. :1'611-

f.,..,

qq )0C
talebearer mt.'l' (tfJJo

The talebearer is disliked. mt."l (tfJJo f.,.

ml\ \-CD-

talent

I. .,.1'1'1'9'. Our daughter has a talent for

music. ll.'l- Ali':f') f..,.u..+ .,.1'1'1'9' 1\~'12. :f-11-:1'. The artist bequeathed his talent to
his son. 1\C-I:il., :f-11-:1',.,.-, IIA)I: 1\m<:l'l
3. f.,.I..'J'f: :f-11-:1'. Your talents are going
to waste in that job. f.,.I..'I'C' :f-11-:I'U 011.
Y I pJ6- I flh")-f: I ODQb). I ~(Dtalented 1-011
A talented student will find scholarships easy
ftll '1-I"'UC'I- 0
to obtain. '1-011
4'~11- ' "'1"11"'I- ' .1'-~A

.,...,6

talisman h:l"-ll
A talisman was hanging on a cord around his
neck. q-,~., h:l"-ll 1\')mA'I'II- )OC

talk (v.)
I. .,.);>~<:. I heard him talking on the phone.
OilAh 1\.t;>~C il"'lv-'1He talks in sign langnage. 01.~ I"'Ah'l-

The father smacked his son for talking back.

1\q.'J-I"fJJo A)l: ""A(l {lll(tmaJo 1\'""11"'"

Don't talk back to your father when he is

angry at you. 1\q.'J-u 1'1..-l'a..U 1\'I-ODAM'ffJJo
talk behind one's back h.fl7
They are talking behind my back because they
are jealous of me. (1114')-ofl'f y.-'1' A
talk big '1-6- tq

He talked big about his small deeds. 111..11"'1'1'

.... ' '1':1"-1'') ' 1"6-l":f ' '1-6-fDo') ' tq
talk business

Let's talk business! f"""'v-0'1-') 1.')t;>1C

talk down t~{.') ' 4'~A 1\J':Ci 1\4'<:0
It is not necessary to talk down to the audience;
they are all educared people. 1\J':"'I'""'Il v-11-
f.,."'l{. (IIIII'!- )1{.') 4'~A )~C .1\J':
C1 "'1-lo<:il 1\.l'ili..A"II"'
talk (one) into 1\"lqq
Do you suppose we can talk them into coming
with us? h'l' :>C 1.')-'l.""m- A<;.,qq'f,.,.
fl"''):f.A .f.ODilAYA 1
talk oneself hoarse

He talked himself hoarse. illt' 1111.,.<;1<:

J':l"'flo .,.H;>

talk oneself into believing

M:>~6-A

*He has talked himself into believing that he's

sick. '1.1'-:1'""1"' 6-il-') 1.')Y.:J'"'I"''.. .1'-41.'1'6-A

They talk Amharic together for practice.

talk out .,.t;>1<:

IIAI"'I"'J': 1\"'IC'I' 1\il<:fJJo .f.t;>16-II-

We arrived at a compromise by talking out

the problem. illl 1-'1\!. ooot;>1C hill"'!"')

The two companies have been talking of a

merger. v-11., b-q').l'l":f II""'PdoJ': 0""
t;>1C

~.f.

tO{.

2. hm6-. They like to talk politics. illl 7"11-l:lt

"'lfJJo6-'l- ' .1'-aJ.tiii-

The whole town was talking about it. h.,...,..,.

o.-11- f"'l..l'm6-..,. illlil- ),.,.

'1- ' Y.<:il')

talk (one) out of 1.')J':
+ 1\qOII

negative imperfect

We talked him out of leaving.

1.')-'l.f.~J':

1\q

RAtaJo

talking.

talk over lttpf

ll<;m;> 1\0Dlf')

Talk the matter over with him! t1{.') 1111-

4. M: 1..:1'. The baby is learning to talk .

1\'PffJJo
talk to M;>1<:

3. 1\m;>. We spent the evening

.lo!l- ' 1\'i' OD'i':f''J- o )';l"'a:.l\

*Now, you're talking! hiJo"J 1'i ofcr )
1C ~Ch
talk and talk 1\....C+ 1\.f.Y.bOD,.,.,.
His wife just talks and talks. "''..il., 1\....C:I'
1\M'.h"'l'l-1"'

Did you talk to him about the new job?

illl 1\'lil- 1"6- M;>1CilfJJo?
talk too much lll.lt.L.

I dont like him; he talks too much. ilii"''..III..A

'i' ' 1\AmY.fJJol"'

1310

talk

talk up R"'AK' .,.'i'1<':

If you don't talk up now, you may not get
another chance. 1\u-1 O"'AK' IJA.,.'i'1Ch
11.11 lJY:A 1\f.'l'CU f.ll''i'A
He talked up the virtues of his property.
1oflt:1:1 ll.if'l' IIJII"''"'' ~ 'l''I-ID"1 ~
1C il!l' Mm_,.ll l\'1"1fl
[See also 'sense, shop']

talk (n.)
I. 1"1"1C. His talk was much too long.
'1"1"1'1- houm1 01\f. t:']r:'l" ~RC
2. "1/"ID"ID"T. Their talk at lunch was desultory.
f'l"<\ 1.11. "1/"ID"ID":f"'I'ID" fTIDM 'tl\"7

tame
Ababa? 1111 '1-lf h.,.~"f H1Y: lVl.ll 1\
RQ 1\.I'.U :f"ID":J'IIU l

tall t:']r:'F'
Have you ever seen such a tall building?
f.U1 f"''.YUA t:']r:'l" ih1ll 1\f.TU
:f"ID":l'IIU l
He has a tall, thin sister.
t:)r:'l" ~-.'1-
1\II:Y.ID"
tall story f"7f.:f"DD1 "'"You don't expect me to believe that tall story,
do you? n1 f"'' f.:f"ou1 "'"- ~"'''F'1
f.DDIIAYA l

.,."1'"1

1\A~O<':ID"'/"

be tall

3. "'"- There is talk going around that they

are engaged. T"'i"l'".,.'I'A f"''.A "'"- f.

grow tall 1-oPIIH

~<;:<\A

Oh, that's just talk!

tJJ4.

~o-

~11>,

~1JU'ID"

~iiiJ'o

There's too much talk and not enough work.

F~tD-

+c+ . m~ -a:r: If)

talk of the town Oh1-?m- fot.m&-m-

Her marriage is the talk of the town. Rh.,....,,..

f"''.ID.!-ID" ' 1111!). ' :>ofi!J' ' ~ID"
deliver a talk J\m~
The traveler delivered a talk on his travels.
T'l11' 1111 1-PID" 1\ID.!glve a talk .,..,.,C M~1
He gave a talk to our society . ...,..,O.!-:Y.1
:>illf'l- 1"1"1C 1\.1'.<':1
have a heart-to-heart talk A.ofl l\A.ofl T
""'f'ID-1:
I hadaheart-to-hearttalk with him. hco- :>C
Ail IIAofl T""'I'IDT'I
have a talk with .,.~:>1<':
I had several talks with the principal about
my boy. 1111 A:( hll."-hT'I- :>C ofltt-
1.11. ' T~:>"'t:'i'A
talkative 11<;:11.1.
Talkative students disturb a class. 11<;:11.1. .,.
"''&l":Y. h<;:A ID"II'l' f.Rmil"'llwax talkative

He waxed talkative after dinner. "'"-"'~.,

h.!-'1- 0:\11 Q(IO'ltalker
He is a good talker. ""'I':'" YID":l'A
[See also 'smooth']
talking of 1111--- h.,.~., H1Y:
Talking of travel, have you been to Addis

How tall are you? 4lou'l-u 'F'1 YUA ~ID"l

He grew very tall in two years. Ou-11'1- <tou'l-
ID"II'l' 0"1'1" .,.""""
be taller h - - - t':H""

The boy is taller than his father. Alt IJQ-1:

f.<':11"7A
tally (tallied), v. .,.11"7"7
Your account tallies with mine. f"J+ da..'-ofl
h~ m..<\ofl :>C f.II"7"7A
tally up .o.ou.:
Tally up the score! ~'1'!1-1 .1'.'/"t':ID"
tally (n.), keep a ~ R11C11C YH
Keep a tally of the money you spend. "'"'-U1
011C11C Y1l
tambourine [Q1.1:" m11 "'-"-"' fTIImmR'l-
tt-&YID"'I :l'"l'"A ""<\f. f.,.(IIJO'l- fiJDolf.
:J' ' OD"f&.l']
tame (v.)
I. 11"7-'1 1\.1'.<':1. Lions are easy to tame.
I\10<':Y.1 0.,.1111- 11"7-'1 "7.1:"<':"1 f.!l'IIA
2. (= intr.) Tll"7"7"1'" II'~. Harsh punishment
in childhood had tamed him and broken his
will. RA)r:~-1: iltt- li-"1'1- M1TID" Tll"''
"7"1/"'i' ' ""1.1.(1 ' .I'.IJ"'' ' II'S:A
tame (a<lj.) 11"7-'1
The pigeons are so tame they eat out of your
hand. ~C"IIl'll R"''l" 11"7-'1 llllll''io h~
)r:U f.OI\11be tame "'""'"

The party was tame because all the people

were sleepy. (19':,; u-11- ~1li-A<;: 111\Yif
"'"'" :re-t,.. .,.11~11 ~oc

1311

tamed

tamed (adj.) 11"7'1

Many tamed animals revert to a wild state
when set free. 1111- 11"7'1 7."tii11P'l- 0.,.11
+ 1.11. mt. A..,.,:.~:,. f.oolllltr
tamp, ~ down m+m+
They tamped down the earth around the post.
O.,_.,.hll"'" b"t<R.T H-&.1' .l'll"'""t ALC m
+m-r
tamper (with)
I. ~tttt. He tampered with the car, and now
it won't run. ooh.';'l'"t llll~tttt.r AA~"f

M":f2. IIODhLT ;1-111. Someone has been tampering with this lock. A"t.l:" II..,. Af."t II
oohLT IIY.:f"1A AA+t.ll"
3. A"'qq_ The lawyer tampered with the

witnesses. mO:l'..,. !l"llh'l-"t A"'qq..,.

tan (tanned), vt. All-f.
What do you use in tanning hides? 41'1 f!l";f114-..,. OM.I:""t ~..,.?
tan (vi.) mot.t.
His skin tans quickly. 41'1..,. .f-11- Y.m.,...&-A
tan oneself

He was tanning himself in the sun. 41-'l..,."t

11"7'1'-t.C emf. ..,.11'1' Y."t:l':l' ~oc
tan (n.)
*He has a nice tan. oi'JI(I)o fl9dt,_ 1"-t-.
t:ll;f-A

m.,.._

tang Itt.'!' .I'll oolf"t

I disliked the tang of the sauce. "'"'" Itt.'I'
.I'll oolf)."t AAmt.s:-11-TII"
tang of(expressed by the repetition ofthenoun)
I smell the tang of salt in the air. Af<l- """'"

"""'" .

If.,..,.~

tangent, at a ~ 011.1'<;:
The side road comes into the main road at a
tangent. .,.1"tliJI< DD"t1.1:" h'l'o;..,. OD"t1
.1:" O{IJ'<;: Y.1o;'"IA
go off at a tangent RJ!-1'-,T IJ.CAii1J

~ "~

While he was talking about economics, he

went off at a tangent. 1111 !I"IIJ~ v-o.r llS1
C O.l:""t1T tte7.M "'""'l' If~
tangerine oo"tU"t
tangible f"''..:f"f.o; f"''.."'-0'1'
The results are tangible.
f"''.."'-0'1' ~1C ~..,.

..,.m.., f"''..:f" y.o;

tannery
I was frightened for no tangible reason.
Y.ll ~..,. 0"7AII..,. ll"h"t.I'T 1.~1'1'11-

tangle (v.)
I. m/1{10. The kitten had tangled the ball
of yarn. f.I:"OD:f: "'A1A fh'l-"t 'l':,OA
mii(IO-:f-..,.
2. .,.;:>"'-. I wouldn't want to tangle with him
on the matter of hirtng a new secretary.
A'l.il llduf. ooo:,Omc .,.'If. IIY. h(lo
;:>C A;:>"'l' AALA"'!I"
become tangled

I. .,.m/1110. The loose ends of the rope

became tangled. .I'A:f"h<I-T f10DJI. "'ilo':l-
.,.mil (tO
2. ( ~ active) milL. +His feet became tangled
in the garden hose. fCJ)o;) "7m"'i..,. 1"7
7."1'1-"t milL..,.
be tangled up .,.m/1{10
The thread is tangled up. h'l- .,.miiii!J.A

tangle (n.) m-oo; "1!':,0"1!':,0

Her quick temper gets her into one tangle after

another. "'A<;:.,.'"/ """S: m-oo; "1!':,0"1!':,0

"'"il'l' f.'l'll:f"A
be in a tangle .,.."'-'i"t+
The traffic was in a tangle. ""h.o;p>'Jl

+..,.

~oc

""""o;"t

tank
I. OC"'A. He has a tank in back of his house
to store kerosene in. t"P :n1 ll"t..t'll+r
'l'OT OC"'A hiL_, 'lt: All"'"
2. ;1-"th. A column of tanks led the attack.
f:l-'tltl- 1 (lA<;: 1 h"''tqc 1 lf'l' 1 Am.+
3. fiL"tH."t 1 oo.f"tf". I had the tank of my car
fixed. fooh,o;\1-'t fiL'tH.'t ODJ'"lf A"'&-11-T
tanker "'i~ I ODCh-tl
Oil tankers bring petroleum to Asab. HY.T
"'i~ oochfl:f ny.:,. mt. Ah-tl J'OD"lir
tanned (adj.) fll<f.
Shoes are made of tanned hide. "'i"7P':f f"''..
"'"'"" I hll<f. 0 41'1 0 ~CJ)o
tanner 41'1 4-4:
The tanner gets paid for his work. 41'1 4-4:..,.
liP'&-"'" Y.hLII'I'A
tannery f41'1 <f.-tl&tt
There is a tannery in Addis Ababa. A-'1.11
Aoq ..,.il'l' f41'1 <f.-tl&tt All

tantalize

1312

tantalize 1>111-"":i!
He tantalized the hungry dog by pretending
to feed him. 11'"'111 f"'l.(lmm- OODII"(IA f
&-Om-"t m-lf 1>111-0D]!aJo
tantalizing f"'l.f/11-0D'/J
The tantalizing smell of food came from the
kitchen. f"'l.f/11-0D'/J fll""/11 11;1- h"77.
Y: 0.'1- If1-1-'S

tardy

taper (to a point)

*The candles are tapered to a fine point.
lf"7l"'ll IDS'. "'"l<f.'faJo 'ISJ. 4'm't SJ.'Itr
*One end of the rod tapers to a point. f11G.,
ll't"' IJ'tY: ID'I't 4'm't SJ.'IA
taper off 4'11 04'11 IDG.I'.
Her voice tapered off to a whisper. Y:ll"!\. 4'11
04'/1 IDS'. ' lf.hlf.h;l- ' IDG.I'.

tantamount
*His request was tantamount to a command.
fmf4'1JJo Ah 7.'t.l'. 'l-7.q11 I>Y:C1 ~,.

tape recorder 1:T&I>C.!'.C

Tape recorders are quite expensive. of;Tt.tac~
fiiiJr I tJJ-F: I ~(~)-

tantrum, have a - O'tF..'l- 1'4:.'1

The spoiled child had a tantrum whenever she
did not get her own way. 'l"A:J>:J>'f' A'IJ
Yll~m- IJAtl'~ O'tF..'l- 'l-4:.'111~

tapestry (tapestries) II;Jlf

Beautiful tapestries were hung on the walls.
II;J7fl"~ "'Y:"'-'1,. , '~" , -t-l'l~A,.

tap (tapped), v.
1. OD;f- ou;J- l>U1.Hetappedontbewindow.
OD/II>-I:'t OD;f- oo;f- I>.I'.G1
He tapped me on the shoulder. 'l-hlf\1-'t oo;l-
oo;f- h.I'.G1'S
2. mAC: 01-'t (loy. The police are tapping
the criminal's wires. ?"fl.{l~ fCD't]!li'O'IJJo't
fiiAh "'TJ'~'l- mA.I.IJJo 01-'t SJ.I'l"7tr
3. h'i'.P. 4'0D(l. They tap the barrels of mead
to see if the fermentation process has stopped.
m1!: ""111'ltr't ll"7f'l- OC"'tr't h'i'i'IJJo
SJ.4'9"(to;I-A
4. h'i'of "7m-"''l- ]!out:. He tapped a pool of
oil. l>'tY: ft'I'/J HSJ.'l- "7i>Y:'t h'i'.P. "7
IJJo"''l-]!ooG

tapeworm l>(l
He has a tapeworm. !>(l 1'"111-f;I-A

tap (one's) foot mA&'l tJt,,ltJ&,,l

Her impatience showed in her tapping her foot.

'1-i>"'P''l- "7"1;1: CDiltr't OODofLC-t.z: ;f-ID4'

tap (n.) !J.'t!l.
Turn off the tap! !1.'t!J.aJo't 11;JIJJo
tape (v.)
I. 01:T 4''1. I taped his speech. 't"'"'~'t
01:T 4'-'lv-'l2. 0"7"10-I:Y />YYH. He taped the tom paper.
f1'4'.1'..1'.1JJo't IDG4''l- 0"7"10-I:Y h.I'YH
tape (n.)
1. f4oiiA oo(lmJ.Y. Put a piece of tape on
the cut! f1'1LG'I'hO'l- fl;l- 'ISJ. f4oiiA
ouflmJ.Y I>Y:C"'O'l2. '1'11"111. The tape was sewn to the coat.
~>-~: 'ISJ. '1'11"111 -t-l'l'i'.P.O'l- ~oc
3. 1:T. She has many songs on tape. 01:T
f1'4'Gll 1111- Hoi.'t 1>'1'1-

n.m-
~oc

taproot 'I'<; P'C

Dig up the taproot of the tree! fqf."t 'I'<;
P'C ofL'i'Gll I>IJJo"'mtar (tarred), v.
1. 1>114-A'l- l>liOI'l. They just finished tarring
the road. ""'t1.11.'t 1>114-A'l- I>A111'laJo I>
tJ-"} I 1'1' I ~,l{t2. 1>1-.1'.4.. Scandal has tarred his reputation.
l>trQA;I- ll.,_'t I>'I'Y:C:;I-A
tar (n.) llo't'/J
The road is covered with tar. OD't1.11. llo't'/J
.l.(lO'l- ~oc
tardiness oort"'f'l- 1 II"'M OD!I""''l- I 'I-t-'S

H
The child fabricated a story to explain his
tardiness. A1!: fiODH"'f., ll"h't,l''l- ol.mG
His tardiness aggravates me. f(to II"'M
ODII""J'l- (f(to '11-'S~'l-) /OIIAlo'i'A

tardy H"'M fOD"' I '11-'i'

The tardy students ambled into the classroom.
II"'Sl-1-IJJo foom-'1- ('11-'l''ll) 1'"76l"~
7.f1''t1-&-.r..ll. IDS'. h'i'A 1Dbe tardy

1. H1f. My son was tardy. A:( II"'SJ.;J:A

2. IDS'. :\'1 1'1-1'1'. Their progress is tardy.
7.C9"lf'faJo IDS'. :\'1 1'1-'l-:J:A
tardy arrival H-1U oo J!",lil
The tardy arrival of the train made us impatient. fQ~ II"'M ovY:GII '1-i>"'P'
;1-~'t I>IIAloG(l't

target

taste

1313

2 ......I'. Filing is a clerical task. OD1f1ofl I>!

target '\.11"7
Aim high or you'll miss the target. h'i' 1>.1:-C
111 M"''I'C I l>IIII.J' '\.11"76Jo't -'1-it:f'llll

.1'11 ' flldo.Ll":f ' .....1' ' )fDo

tar1et of jokes oof'\flof:..t'

His crazy ideas made him the target of jokes

He took me to task for my many absences.

by everyone. ;t'A fll') l>ll.,.llllR- f{lfDo

IJ-/1- ' OD/1114:.1' ' M'.(.1f1Jo
be the target of criticism .... ,. 1 ~+4- 1-~
.1.11'1. The book was the target of much criticism.
t.,.of. .,.an+

.,..,..,u. -n,.

tariff
I. .,.l.'l'. A tariff has been imposed on cigarettes. flll.:>t- 11,1'. .,.(.'!' -1""111
2. f"''...'llh'i'A. The tariff at the hotel ranges
from $8 to $12 a day. 11'-1:11- 11""~:1' f"''...'
llh'i'll,. nn hll9""t'l- l\llh oFt- u-11

.-,.. -o.c ~m-

..,.,.~

1111" ' '1.11. ' llfi.,.(.IJ- ' 1"'11~

[See also 'thankless')

taste (v.)
I. +-ll. Taste this sauce to see if it's too
sweet. h""tn't 1111,1'. OD"'Lffio't 11"7f'l-
.f.II'Jo'Jo ' m')' 0 :,00D{lf1Jo
2. .,.,.,11 l>l.l.1. Just taste this coffee! ,l'.ll't
R-<; "'""II l>.I:"C1f1Jo l\M:
3. /IODI.. Having tasted freedom, the bird
would not return to its cage. m:J: l\'ti.A!J.
_.,..,. 119"-'1 mi. ll,. "'t-"11 1.'('1'
A'l--1111 l>ALII1:f9"
*I taste nuts in this cake. .1'-11 h.h llf1Jo11
hflfl'l- ' OD{lfl'f
taste good tiJLm

tarnish
I. l>tn.,.l.. The salt tarnished the salt shaker.
........ ' f - ' l\.!l'CD-'t ' htn.,.(.fiJo
2. l>.,.U I l>flhll. His business dealings have
tarnished his reputation. f't'1.1:" 1>,1',1'11" II
.....,. ~;.,.u,. (l>nhll,.)
tarnish (vi.) l.flHH

Silver tarnishes in this climate.

ll-l!.:f' f_,.)"' l.ofl1f!lA

of!~

ltf~

tarry (tarried)
I. H1f. Don't tarry; mail the letter now!
11'1-01,1'. ' 1-of!JIIl.CD-'t ' hll-'1-'t- ' fl?"ll:f' ' llh
2. flf(l;f'fDo """" He is always late because he
tarries on his way to work. mi. Ft-fDo (1.'1..1:"
flfll;f'fDo 1111"7.....9" ll-A'I.H. ,I'.H1.1'A
3. hl.L. He tarried at the inn till he felt
strong enough to travel. .,.,..,..,. Aoo+mA.
l\llh.:fA .1:-l.ll 1111'-1:11- fDoil'l' l>l.L

tart
I. lt-9""1"1. The fruit was tart.

take to task

~,.

lt-9""1

"' toe
2. f"''...'ll'*'"'. He gave a tart reply. f"''...'ll'*'"'
OD<I\il ' lltn

task (v.) l>"'tThe farmer tasked his oxen beyond their

strength. 111<1-fDo flC"'Ih tt:J>"7'ffDo 011,1'.
l>,.t-'ffDo

task (n.)
I. Ft-. I have a hard task in front of me.
l>'t.l:" hQ.J:- Ft. ,l'.tnofl+'i'A

The soup tastes good. ll"CQfDo ,l'."''i'"'A

taste of (repeated noun) + hll
It tastes of vinegar. to9""1m. to9""1m. ,I'.IIA
[See also 'bitter, burn, flat, sweet']

taste (n.)
I. "169". This meat has a peculiar taste.
,1'.11 F :> "16..,. .,.flllil;tA
2. M"'"'l'" :ftr-:1'. Her taste is keen. f"7"1"1
,. ' :ftr-:f''P ' h'i'.,.'i' ' )fDo
3. 'i'll1'1-. We each have our individual taste.
l\,l"tJI'tJI:f't MA <;>111'1- l>ll't
4. 11'"1'1-. The experience left a bad taste in
my mouth. fl.l.llofi'S t1C ""'1'1': ll'"l+
l>it.I:"C"ofi'I'A
*I just want a taste of it. l\M: A:J>DD/IfDo
*Give him a taste of his own medicine! hf."J
flh4o 0 ODJI\ilfl'lshe has expensive taste in clothes. m-r: flY
) ' Aoflll ' ODJI\011 ' '1-mJIII:f
be In bad taste -1"111.9" l>Atfll.
That remark was in bad taste. r.,.llmfDo 1>11.,.
.l'f'l- -1"111.9" l>AtOC
excellent taste loll f"7..A 1>\\:\'t
His house is furnished in excellent taste.
IL.... loll fl"7..A 1>1>.:\'t f_,.l.t-)!
)

....

give one a taste of

This rain will give you a taste of the rainy

season. ,1'.11 11<;11 hl.l'"..,. l\'t.l'.'l- l\'t
1."7..11''t .1'-llh'I-?A

..

tax

1314

tasteful
good taste -MO.H

His remarks violated all caoons of good taste.

hllTJ'f-1> fT10.H't .!'.'til rNr "'r'l
have good taste in
*She has good taste in clothing. hii'IRll :1m-:J>IIlhave (a) taste for tDU

3. 1>'11 hll. If nobody tattles, the other team

cao't learo our plans. h'tJI. 1>'11 IJ'\11 /1.
'ltD< ' floJ:''t h:,O"'l-'t't ' hJ'~'t,.

tattletale hll'lof:
A good father does not want his child to he a
tattletale. '1'1- h'I.'Jo A:( h,..'lof: h't.ll,ll"t
h,&LA"',.

Many people have a taste for caody. ofllt' Rl"

tattoo (v.) ~.,.,..
I tattooed a cross on his arm. h'tJI. '1.&

l- h~"'L'I ,em.o;ll-

ln good taste

*She is always dressed in good taste. ,.'t'l.lt.,. '

f'"'J-IIofl(lm- J''"C'I;1-A

ODll.,.A ' ~.,.llh-II.'Jo

tattoo (n.) 't:,O,...'Jo

He has a tattoo on his

[See also 'medicinal, scorched, suit']

tasteful
*She has a talent for tasteful flower decorations. h.R'I M&-J'.c. ;1-m-:J'IIltastefully h.,.r:-n."Jo
She was tastefully dressed. h,.I!"'I.'Jo lloflll

arm.

h'tJI. '1.& 't:,O

""' hllfD<

taught, see teach

taunt (v.) ..,.,.(n."Jo)
She taunted him for his failure. P' &-m-'t ' II
.,h.,..m't MA!I'II ..,.,.:fn."Jo

~nc

(be) tasteless

"'~'"

film-,. 1 hUA m-

;) h,&A,.

The food is tasteless. ll""'flo

(hUA ID<;) h.&A,.)

"'~'" film-,.

tasty '~'~This restaurant serves tasty food . .eu ,..,ofl

IJ..'Jo 'I'~ ll""'il J'"'C'IA
be tasty "'""

This food is very tasty. ,eu ll""'ofl R"',. .e

f~

n.m.m- '

tattered fTR"'mr'l
Abject poverty is visible in the beggar's
tattered clothes. hii"7'F fTR"'mr'l Aoflll
hr'I:J'of: J:'1U.'Jo h't"'IIR.'Jo .&:1-m:J'A
tattered clothes

a-+.P.

The child wore tattered clothes. A:( flo.'J-1"

llofi!).A
tattle
1. h.IIR.,.. The boy tattled on his sister. A:( '
h~-l>'t hiiR.,.'I.'Jo

2. ll'l":l- h.,.~n. Children are always tattling

on each other. A;r:.f 11-A'I.Il h'tJ!. IJ'tJI.
'1,& ll'l":l- J'.,.C'III-

llll"'"'""' ' ""''" ' .,......1'..1'.

taut fTmm~
A taut rope breaks easily.

fTmm~

1"".1:'

""'"II- .enm,..A

tavern oomlf' 1 a.+

He spends all his money at the tavern. 1'tHflo't
IJol\- ' ODtll'J' ' n.."Jo .e....CIIA

tawdry ciJ'Ii.,.. ofiA"l"A"l"~.'Jo J'llaJo

She bought some tawdry trinkets. 'l'of:.'Jo CIJ

'1"'7A

tatter(s) flo.'J-1"
The beggar was dressed in tatters.
flo."J-1' llofl{l ~nc

taunt (n.)
*The taunts of the crowd enraged him. olt11flo

11 ....

ofiA"l"A"l"~.'Jo J'llaJo '1.'1' 1ql-

tax (v.) .,.~'1' hllhLII l .,.~'1' "'ll

The government protects industry by taxing
imports. OD't"JF.'Jo J'1C m-ll'l' h 't'l-ll
.'Jot:l"l-'t 11"7"1RC (l,A hm-"1" 0"7,1
flo h:J'l"l- '1,& _,.~'1' J'llh'i''IA (,e
'J''IA)

be taxed

.,..,.~111

Everybody was taxed two dollars. Rm- R..,.

II- 11-II.'J- IJoii.'Jo ofiC #Ctn ~RC
tax (one's) strength 1\l.hoo
The work taxed her strength. F~m- h.l'.h"7.'Jo

tax (one's) strength to ~the utmost .(-:,.0:,0

h.l'.~1

The job taxed his strength to the utmost.

F&-m- .~:-:,.:,. hJ:'C'I:l-A

tax

1315

be taxing on 1--'1

Climbing stairs is taxing on a weak heart.

S'.t.)f"J I ""-"~"" I , . . , . , I A-111 I f.'I-JIA

teamwork
teach (vi.) hll.f-"7(.
He teaches in a girls' school. 11.-I':Y.
a.:,. I Ylli-9".e.A

Have you paid your taxes yet? "l11C 1 1'0 1

hAhoU\hll" l
The government imposed a new income tax.
DD"J"ll"..,. I hJI.il I f11J. I "/11C I "'I\
be tax exempt h'1ilC ~~ ';mIn the United States, a low income is tax
exempt. h"'Ut, 1 tJJoil'l' "IITH' 1 111. 1 h"l
ofi:C I )A, I )oaJbe tax free 4't.'l' 1 hA.f-hoi.II0.-,.9"
This item was tax free. f.tJ 1 1.:1' 1 4't.'l'
i-hd.II0.-,.9"
[See also 'income, progressive']

hA

taxation

The English teacher is ill. 1."t"lll."11'1

<ltJJo I :J--:t.A

1_, I

"'for2."'" taxation.

teakettle flff. 1 )!:O<;

"t11t.-lo"J

tax collector "l11C

hll111.
The man who collects taxes is called a tax
collector. "l11C 1 f"7..1l0110tJJo 1 (JtJJo 1 "!11C
hll111. I f.fi'IA
1

taxi :1-hll.
Call a taxi! :1-hll.

taxpayer "l11C

hof.f.
The taxpayers must pay more under the new
tax laW. fJJI.{Jo I f"l1JC I ih"l I DDIP(...,. I "l11
C I bof.l' I .f-"""7<1 I "lofiC I f.h'i''IA
1

He drinks tea every morning.

f.lf.m"'A

The teacup broke. f"l1'

ll.k

i-ll11a:A

Put the teakettle on! f71'"J ;1!:0'0

"'S'.tJJo

team (v.),

~ up h"JS'. 1 .f-{10(10
Everybody teamed up to clean the classroom
after the party. b;TC-J:tJJo I 0:\'1 I (JfJ''Jl I h"J
J', I .f'{J11il0tJJo I h'i'fi-"J I hi\JI.
we teamed up in groups of four. q,e.:,. 1 fJ
.e-'1- I lf"J

team (n.)

'1'-e.

tea 7f.

hll.f-"7

I. OD!I"tJCt.-,.1 hlli-"7<1t'l-. Teaching is a very

interesting profession. oortJC)+ I flll)iJ'" I ~lt I
f"7..A
ttJJo
His work is teaching. 1"-e.tJJo 1 hllT"7<1t'l- 1 ttJJo
2. f"71li-"7C 1 HS'.. Abnormal children require
special teaching. Oh1.9"C''I''ftJJo "liT 1 Yll- 1 A
]f:'f I AI' I f"71li-"7C I HS'. I Ylld.A;J'f'I'A
3. A"7.1:". Many Indian superstitions are old
teachings of the tribe. 1111-tJJo 1 ftJ"JP..:Y. 1 M
A 1 1.9"t'l- fmt.{Jo:,. 1 A"7.1:" 1 ttJJo

teacup f7f. 1 ll.k

hbof.oi.A. He appraised the property

l\"l11C I hbof.d.A I 1."JJI.DD:f I
1""T

teaching

I. 4't.'l'. Diplomats are granted immunity

from taxation. Jl. Tll-"7-l':f- 1 h4't.'l' 1 tK 1 <;
1

'1-ll"tJC'I- 1

teacher hll.f-"7<1

tax (n.) "l11C I 4't.'l'

f"l11C

tp.:,. 1 tp.:,.

lf

teach (taught), vt.

I. hiiT"7t.. Mr. Brown teaches history.
"7..1li'C I 11-e.tJJo"J I :1-<lh I Yll.f-9"-e.IIHow many students does he teach? ll"t:,. 1 T
"7<1f1':f- I YIIT!I".e.A l
2. :,.ll"tJC:,. 1 lfttJJo. That will teach you not
to talk back to me. tJolli-'1 1 DDAII 1 1."JJI:,.{I
m'f I ..,.ll"tJC..,. I f.lf"J?A
The accident taught me to be careful. 1\S'.;JtJJo 1
1\a>S'.d.-lo 1 1."t.l:"mt4':t> 1 :,.ll"tJc:,. 1 1ft'{

I. 11-.l:""t. Our team has won every game this

year. 11-.I:"'O:f-"J 1 OH.tJ 1 <iou:,. 1 tJoll-"tll" 1 . . ,
'1':1- I hlr"t~A
2. 'iS'.". The government is sending a medical
team to teach people hygiene. DD"t"ll"'l- 1 ih"ll
11-"t 1 fm'O 1 hmfJO:t- 1 HS'. 1 11"71li-"7C 1
fihhii"'O I 'iS'." I ODD'Ih I 'If. I ttJJo
3. '1'"7.1:". He ploughs with a team of oxen.
fJ"t,.. I .... ,,.. I 0' I YCltA
team (adj.) fDD.f-fJOC
Team spirit must be encouraged. "7"t'1tJJo9" 1
11-.I:""J I tJJoil'l' I fOD.f-fJOC I DD"Jof.ill l\"JJI.'l"C I
Ylloi.A;JA

teamwork .f-'1111!'

""l".e-'1-

Teamwork is necessary to get many jobs done.

11fl- I !".e. I 1\"'/h'OaJ"J I Tfl11(!' I ODI".e-'1- I
Ylld.A;JA
*We can succeed through good teamwork.
Tfl11t."t I .,..,...,e. I i'"lfJ.e.:f-"J I 11.:1''0 I f.:f-'IA

1316

teapot

teapot f"iff. ~R'i'

Remove the tea leaves from the teapot!
h"ift< ~R'i' <JJoll'l' "iff. :r-mll-'t ~

"""'"

tear (tore, tom), vt.

I. 4'U. The nail tore her coat.
C;l:'t 4'Um-

2.

~OQ..

'K-'t

?"11"7~

IJ;r

He tore his hair in a fury. R't.<'.'l- ll

'If. nmllm4. Rmll. He tore a sprig off the bush. h4<'1'W

tnm- It~ :,.OmA Om(l

5. lf~h-1-. +He tore his hand on a nail.

l'.)l:'t ?"11"7C if~h-I-mtear (vi.)
I. -t-4'U. Cloth tears easily. OQ.C:r- 04''111-
f.4'~A

2. ( = act.) 4'U. +Her dress tore on a nail.

4'"'Lji.'t ?"ll"7C 4'Umbe torn
I. "'"'"'' He was tom by grief. R.bU't "'"'
:J'f
2. of-(l""0Q.4'. Nigeria was tom by civil war.
'i'f.'f.&Y l'.Cil RCII tnC~'I- -1-ll"'i"'I':J'
~nc

tear down
I. 1\1..~1'1. They tore down the house last
year. n..,.'t Yl..~o\-'1- 'l?"'i' ~..,.
2. l\tD-CP... +S~U. He tore down the enemy's
flag. fm'l'l-'t l'l"t.r.:r- 'l'l"7 1\m-cP.. 4''1

umtear down the middle -t-lf~h-1-

The sheet tore down the middle when I took

it off the bed. .t.'t{l'lm-'t IJA;>m- 'If.
111-'1-'1- -1-lf~h-Itear (one's) heart hQ~ dtH"J h.lt.P..l.
It tore his heart to leave his children. A)('Ji't
"""'..,. hll1." o~>u't .t..v.~n:,.
tear off (vt.) nmll
Tear off the coupon! 11-?'').'t 1't'I'II<JJo

tear off (vi.) -t-nmn

The button tore off. 4<A4- -1-Rml'l

tear oneself away .,.,...,.,.
She could hardly tear herself away from him.

i\.,.:ro "'l"t:r-

tear open (vt.)

I. 4'U. Who tore the cigarette package open?
fl\:>t-m-'t ;rl> "7't 4'Um- 1
2. hl.-1-. He tore open the envelope. h.'t~
't hl..-1tear open (vi.) I..M
The package fell and tore open. 'l':r-11- m.r.
4''i'' I.M
tear out

~Q;l,

The hungry dog tore the meat with its teeth.

f-1-Mlm- m-"if P' :>m-'t R'I'Co\- ~OQ.
3. nmll. The wind tore the awnings off
the wall. ~4-o\- ou:>afm-'t h"I~Jim-

hi\- ...

tear

rr~q:,.

I. OD't"P.fo mn.r.(n'l-). She tore the letter out of

his hand. .".ofiJI(J.m-'t hl'.)l: OD't"'I':J' ron
.r.":fn'l2. 1~mll. Who tore out this page? f.ll't 1ll"
"7't 1~m11m- l
tear to pieces

I. u~ ;f--t-11. The dog tore the rug to pieces.

m-"ifm- M"14-'t u~ :f"-t-llm2. -1-4'.!-""-1-. The dogs tore the meat to pieces.
m-li"'Ji ' F:>m-'t ' Ht-.,.._,'1tear up

+YJ..

She asked him to tear up the letter after he

read it. .".iiJI(J.m-'t "~"" 0:\'1 l'.'t'1.4'1.
..,.

~1~-:fm-

tear up by the root ):J"+A

The wind tore up trees by their roots.

~ 4-

o\- qfl:'Ji't ~:J'4''1'fm[See also 'hair, portion, shred']

tear (rhymes with 'pear'), n. 4''1'1

Can this tear be mended? f.ll 4''1'1 11.1'1
o(. '

f.":f'IA?

[See also 'wear']

tear (rhymes with 'fear'), n.
I. l'.'tq. We listened to the funeral oration
in tears. 04'il~ 'If. f-t-1.~1<JJo't 't"I"IC
l',')q l'.)4"t .t.'l""'l''t
2. ll:r-{l. Tears won't help you. 11:r-{l 1\f.m
:r-!1"11?"
bunt Into tears
The girl burst into tears. A)f1~'1..,. D~'t1'1-
l'.'tq'l''t 1\1-~l..":fmdraw tears to one's eyes J\")QaJ-'l 1\0DlfJ
The sad story drew tears to my eyes. .t."q'J'.
;1-&h l'.'Jq\L'J 1\0D"JdJo
move to tears .1>11114'1'1 I All-'t

~IJm-

The woman's lament moved the people to

tears. fll.'l-r-'1' f.bU't l'.'t'H:1-r: l'lm-'t
1\11114'1'1

The tale of the accident moved him to tears.

Y.r.:>m- H.'i' All-'t ~IJm-

(be) moved to tears lt."JflaJo

ODIQ

I was moved to tears when I heard about his

death. fCII-"J "'"1"'1- 111'1"1 1\"Jq\lo """'
[See also 'swim, wet']
tear gas f"'L...'III\:,011 m.ll
The police dispersed the rioters with tear gas.
?'ll.(>.'fl G-llif>l''fl"J O"'LJ'III\:,011 m.ll
l;qG-1-'I'lftJJo
tease (v.) 1>11'4.
Some boys take pleasure in teasing their sisters.
1\"J'I"J.(- A'/(f- 01.'\-f!l'lftJJo "1li''i' ,...,'111The child teases for everything he sees.
A)!: J'fdJo"J )~C 11-11- IJAI'I"':fv-~
-1111- :fh f.IIA
tease (n.)
What a tease she is! Oo'ltJJo

.,.II~

'i"'l-1

teaspoon f'iff. "1"Jh..l'

Use only one teaspoon of salt! 1\"J.(- f'iff.
"1"J h..l' """'" -11!1' ""II"CO'Iteat m-'1The farmer washes the cow's teats before
milking it. ~Oo!.tJJo h"111R- 01.'1- fll".t"J
m-'1- ' .l''l'qA
technical f-!:hth
The broadcast was cut for technical reasons.
0-!:hth 'Jo.(-11'1- !l"h"J.I''I- fo!..ll.l'" Tl!"''
t-~~Da +~t:m
technical term ..,il&-1! lll"'
Do you know the technical term for the
inversion of letters? 1.1.11'1- P:J-lftJJo"J .,.,_
GtJJo II.~II- "'-Ilt-' il.l'"''..l'lftJJo"J ;1-tJJo
:1'1111 I

technicality
I. fG.,..,. 1\~111\ll". The technicality of the
book puzzled me. foox-.h4- fG.,..,. 1\~11
1\ll" "'t- l;;>q~
2. P'C't'l-. The contract was canceled because
of a legal technicality. <h:>' P'C'\'1-"J o.11- qi\OOh-f-11- o dJol\- 4.Go'l
technician -!:htlt.n
He is studying to be a technician. -!:htlt.n
ADII'tr)

telephone

1317

tear gas

fiOD"YC

1\f,

~m-

technique
I. HI... Mounting a horse requires a certain
technique. 4.GII llf. """'""'"" A I' H
1.. f.tnf.:I'A

2. ".fii-:J-. His technique in playing the violin

is admired by all. flil'"ll.'l 1\0D:J-'1- :fii-:J"'" 011-11-9" H"J.(- f-f-1.)+ )tJJo
(be) tedious 1'111'1'
This work is tedious. f. II P't- 0"19" f.

I'll\!"A
teem, ,...,

with TCODI\ou{l

"".!.""

II
+The ground was teeming with ants.
f. 'Jo"J'I"J f.Coo>(looll )0C
on holidays, the beaches teem with bathers.
OO'tll'l- .,.") fqa.c 'IC!I' o'ltJJo -11!1'
f.IT'i"A

teen-ager [OOP't- (>.11'1-'i" OOP't- Hm~

'tOD'I- oo>IJhA .I'll tD"''I-]

teens, be in one's .....,

~t:l\

The children are now in their teens. A)l;'fl f1.

Gil-' 'i"lftJJo
teeth, see tooth
teethe 'I'CII 1\<D"'
A baby dribbles when it is teething. a.n 'I'
Cll II..I'<D"' 1\'/Q;~J f.11GhGIJA
teetotaler ""'"'~' f"1f..,.!l"ll o'ltJJo
Teetotalers are trying to have liquor sales
banned. ODtn'J' f"1f..,.!l"ll- o'll":f ""tn'l'
1\")Jif.lf'J' 11"1.(-G"' OOD'I"hC llf. ""'"'"
telegram 1:1\."'t-9"
I received a telegram from my aunt. hl\hll-1:
1:1\."lt-9" '

1.Go'l~

telegraph 1:1\."'t-11" 1\f.G~

I must telegraph him to come.h'l.ll."""'' 1111-
1:1\."lt-9" "1 .(-G"' 1\11-11~
telegraph office f-1:1\."'t-9" OD.f"ll.l' IL'IThe telegraph office is closed. f-1:1\."'t-9" ""
P'll.l' IL'I- -1-H"';J:A
telephone (v.) 1.m11
I'll telephoneyou:tomorrow.

)~

7.1.tJJoAA'/IIv-

telephone (n.) IIAh

He does all his business by telephone. 'Jo'II'"J vII- f"tlf.li"OOdJo OIIAh )dJo
telephone call fi'IAb

'1"6

Long-distance telephone calls are expensive.

f~:,O. I OD,..ODC I

f(IAh

'l't; I f.&Y;' I ~d)o

*How many telephone calls do you make a

day? O.,.'l ll'l'l- "1.11. IIAh 'l-1.tJJoil
1111 I

television

1318

telephone directory fllAh 1 -k'I"C 01Jt~J-G1

His name is in the telephone directory. II... 0

temper
tell off

television Tll.li.'fn
Television was recently introduced to Ethiopia.
Tll.li.'fn mY. h.'l-1'-k.l' f~IJ"'" o~cn- ~"'"

*She really told him off. Ah Ah-'t ~~G:faJo

tell on
1. hi'IO+(O'I-). My brother told on me. tD'tJ'."
"'L. h/'10+11'1
2. hll:f"m+(O'I-). This hard work is telling on
him. 1"&- ll'tJ'.OqO'f- .l'll:f"aJo~O:f"A
tell time (I'l-l- "'r.m,l,
Can your little boy tell time? '1-'tl.. A"Jf;U
ll't'l- .1'--k'I'&-A !
all told Om~l\1\aJo
We were twenty all told. Om~l\1\aJo O.l'

tell (told)
1. ~~<:. He told me to give you this letter.

can tell

IIAh <lt'I'C "7-aJo aJoll'l' hi\

telephone number filAh 1 -I!:TC
What's your telephone number? fllAh <lt'l'
cu ll't'l- ~"'" !
telephone operator llAh~

The telephone operator gave me the wrong

number. IIAh'f'l' f.,./'11'1.,. <lt'I'C llm:f'1

.1'-U't 1'.11-'UL ll'tJ'."II'I'U ~"'I!'':'A

You failed in the exam? I told you so. OL.,..,

aJo mY.~U ! ll"~aJo ~"'<I.U

2 . .,..,~<:. He told the story of Christ on the

cross. fh.fll-ll't 11~11'1- ;f"&h .,..,~<:
3. hi\. I can't tell the difference between
these two materials. f)fLU't u-11'1- ll:f'!P:f

Af.~'l- .eu ~"'" 11"711'1- hA:fA'J"

4. hOIIG. The angel told Mary that she would

have a son. DPAhll- "7C.I'9"'t m'tJ'." A]f;
ll'tY.9"'1-mAJ'." hOII&-'1-

5.

~1111.

The book tells about his early life.

oPl\".hf. Ill\ A]f;~'l- 1-C'aJo .1'-~AI\A

6. hllll. Don't tell me what to do! 9"'t ll'tJ'.
"7J'.C"' h'l-1111'1

7. '1"'- lim. His hard efforts are beginning to

tell. hiJJ'." 'I'G-1> 'i'<l. oullm'l- ~9"a:A
8. 1\f. I can't tell which house is yours.

n.,. IL'I-

v'l-':'"'" ll'tY.rr~ 1\oPIIf'l-

hA:fAII"

You can tell his paintings by the brilliant

colors. fCII-'t I"IJII-:f 01'."7~ +ll'l":f
1\0DI\f'l- '1-~IIU

9. om+. You can never tell what's going to

happen. 9"'t ll'tJ'."toP"J l\"7m~ hY.ii'A9"
*That stuff is hard! You're telling me? .1' ~~
C "1.1'-ll'f ~aJo I oP:f h"lll-'1-?

tell apart

1. 1\U om+. It is difficult to tell the twins

apart. DP't'l-1'-'ll't 11.1'-.,. "7m~ .l'll'f"'&-A
2. 1\U l\"7m~ !I'll. How do you tell the
two apart? u-1\-l>'t ll't.._'l- 11.1'-.,.U l\"7m~

~OC't

om+

How can you tell that it's an inferior quality?

J' 0 1f~.,.'f 0 'tJ'.~'f- 0 ODII'\-'t 0 l\'tJ'..'f- 0 ;f"aJo
:1'1\Ul
to tell the truth

07t.m-~-JJ

To tell the truth, I don't know.

Ol\aJo~-1>

ll'tlf

teller nll11 hof..e

The bank teller put the money in a safe.
fiJ'th- n1111 hof..e ~'tllll-'t lt11'0 "'"
11'1' hll+oumaJo

temerity Y.of.C~'IHis temerity in rescuing the child was praised

by all. aJo;> ll.mllY.aJo f~OGaJo't A]f; II.
.I'J'."'t .1'/'lfaJo J'.of.C~'I- 011-11- ll'tJ'." _,.
Y.H
have the temerity Y.L,l

He had the temerity to push a policeman.

?"11.11 1\oo>"'of.'l- J'.LG

temper (v.)
A judge should temper justice with mercy.
h'tJ'." ' '!':' 'i''l-.h't'O C"1&-"1.'t hll.,.IJ111!'
OD<j:GJ'." ' hi\O'f-

be tempered Ol\1'1'1- i""'ll- .,.+m+m

Iron must be tempered to keep it from losing

its edge. 11<:'1- ll't'I.I'-J'.'t11 Ol\1'1'1- .,...,
II- oP4!'J'4!'1' ' hl\0'1-

temper (n.)
I. mll,.e... He has an even temper. mllf. 1 f,l,;J

~"'"

Her smile told of her joy. L~"':f"'l' oPJ'.II;J:'t

2. 'tY..'I-. You'll have to learn to curb your

temper. 'tY..'I-U't OD"';f"'l- DP"7C hl\110
3. "'A'i'.,.'f ""ll''t. His temper gets in his way.
"'A'i'.,.'f ODII'\- {)'t~of.'l- 11'~0'1bad temper fcffllJ mQ,_

~~~~~

The child exhibited a bad temper at an early

'1-:fiii\U !
tell of ~Ill!.

fol"' mQ,I'. ,1'.:1"

age. A)l: 1<; OA)!').,.

.J'.O:J-A
(be in a) bad temper -r-ott.a

He is in a bad temper because he had an

argument with his wife. h"''.il.,. :>C -r-) :J0.:1> ili\)OC -r-Ott"'P:J:A
fly into a temper WJ1.+ tnL
When he heard the story, he flew into a temper.
m.:.m-'t fL1'1"7 O't .I'.'I- iDA.
keep one's temper :""..,' 119'" 1u\

In spite of those insults, she managed to keep

her temper. J' 11-11- lL(-(1 (La>C.(-Q'J- :J.,.., 11'1" hll':f

lose one's temper T'iS'J. i 1-41."1

He loses his temper easily. 04''111- ,1'.<;1J!A
(,l'.'ll"'A)
quick temper ..,A.ij:.of-~)ol-

His quick temper overshadows his real

kindness. "!At;:.,.,.).,. :P.m-).,.,. ~"').,.'t
,l'.lft;:)'I'A

send into a temper >t'ifJ...

His answer sent me into a temper. ouA(to

h<;U~

[See also 'flash, hot, sour, vicious']

temperament mQ.J'.

The two brothers have entirely different

temperaments. 11-11.,. <D't.(-"7"77f OmQ,I'.
hM'Of.'1"

*Some people are noted for their temperament.

h't'l't.(- l'll"':f boo.:.'!- .,.),.....,...,. "'A'i'
.J'.'I'f'I'A
temperamental "'A'i'.,.,. ! 11-C'i'-r-,.

The temperamental opera singer caused many

problems for the manager. "'A'i'_,.,...,. (11-C

<;:_,.,...,.) H4-~ P'&-

tempo

1319

temperament

hilb.J')I:'t 0"1'1"

hil'f1l.mtemperamental attitude '1-hhl\"' mQ,I'.

He has the temperamental attitude for the

life of a monk. 1\Mitll<; \o-1!" f"7.4.1\111Jo
'1-hhl\,. mQ,I'. hi\IIJo
temperance oom't't "71D~

Temperance should be applied not only to

food and drink, but also to work and play.
DDtnTJ I "7aJo}> I fl,....,ofl'i" I flODtn"P I ofl;F I
,..,..,.., OF&-<; o.a'l':t-'1" .,...,.., hiiO'I*Temperance in drink is best for you. OAh oo
m"''l- .J'.m~'1"YA

*Temperance in speech is a good quality for

a conciliator. hll:J-6--1: 1\tl') {lm-

J'l\ 't"'"'C J'ilLA11'A

temperate
I. fl.;J. Although I was angry, I made a
temperate reply. 11<;~.(-'1" fl.:> ""Ail
l'lmll-'12. 6-ll-'t f"''. 'll"'mC. He is a temperate man,
and never drinks too much. 6-ll-'t f"7.4L"'
me ilm- ill\tl') hoom't 01\,1'. h,l'.m"''1"

temperate climate

tD~'i

f..:J

We live in a temperate climate. f'1"'l'CO'I-

(l:J- ' ID,I'.<; ' f.:J ' )IIJo
be temperate 1\i'u\il 1 h.l\
Be temperate in your language! ll'I-<;1C 1\il
1\il OA
temperature
I. J'fC 11-~:J-. In California, there is a great

difference between morning and evening temperatures. Ottll.ll:C'tJ' IIJoil'l' Otp..,.<; 0"7
:t-m- J'fC 11-~:1" ootth&\ '1-A~ AI'
)'J- hi\

2. '1-11-tt'l-. Did the doctor take your tempera~.:. til. 'I- dth.ao- '1-b1\'l-ll't 1\h:J:A ?
3. ao-4''1-. The temperature of the molten metal
was 1,000 degrees. f4'1\mm- 11l.'l- ao-4>'1-
it '1."1& )OC
extremes of temperature

ture this morning?

*In Addis Ababa. there are no extremes of

temperature. h'l.il hOQ hAh J'l\4. .,...
4''1- ' ID,1'.'1" ' ~11:1'11. ' fi\11Jo'1"
tempest "l.J'.II"' )4-il

The tempest subsided, leaving leaves and

broken branches in the street. "l,l'.ll,...,. )4.
il DD't1Jl."t 01111- ~mtl-':f<; ~C't"'ill:':f
'I"Afo l\'1' hi\
tempest of laughter

A tempest of laughter greeted his question.

'l'J'-11 (Lm.J'.~ ,.,..,. 0"1~ A.M
temple
I. 11.-r- ""~~il. On Sunday, the temple was
full of people. 7.dt-.(- c!ll'l- 11.-r- oo~~ll-'t
ilm- "1'1''1" 1111-0'1- )OC
2. ~'t'l'. His temples are getting grey. ~'t'l'<;
~'tm- lf1I:J:A (or, f&-ll- 1-'t<; 1-'t If
1I:J:A)
tempo
1. ilA'I-. The tempo of the music was too

temporal

1320

fast for her to follow. r-rr.:t-tJJo IIA-l- II

"'I'" 4."11 llll)lle A-l-h.,.lltJJo IIAiJ'II

.,.,.

2. 'i'T)T. The tempo of his heartbeat

increased. fAll- +e:f' 'i'T)T ""'l'"tl:A

temporal qll"7'1!
The temporal power of the pope is limited.
fAAfl. q11"7'1! P'A"'1 f_,.IDI'I) )tJJo

temporarily 111.""'"
The barricade was placed there temporarily,
not permanently. OD11~ ""111.J'tJJo ,.,..,._
mOJo 111.""'" 1\1'1( IIHII<I:;f-tJJo IIY.S'.III'"

temporary ( ~ adv.) 111.""'"

This is only a temporary solution. A"LRfDo ).1'
S'. ' OD'i'Tdo. ' f"7.Y1111A '

)IJJo

tempt
I. 1'1-'1-. The warm weather tempted us to go
for a swim. ,....+1: lt.'f'~ 7t.'l'm~.e- ?
'1-<f-1
2. 111'1'1-DD)!. That candy tempts me. h~"7AtJJo

111'1'1-I'"~.P.'i'A

*He is tempting fate by driving with a bad tire.

11.,.11'\lf ' 1"7 ' IIOD1'1-l- ' 111'1 ' 1\)1: ' III'.;J '
1>'1--l-:f'A
be tempted
I. .,.1'1-'1-. The hungry child was tempted to
steal the bread. f~lltJJo A~ 'llltJJo"t II""
~~~~ -1"1'1-'i'.P. )lie
2. 11"7~(tJJo). +When he saw the money just

lying on the desk, he was tempted to steal it.

11HII- m~A.'I ' 'IJ'. ' .,..,.,.,.. ' fU'ftJJo OD
~~~~ ' ll"''t:tJJo
be sorely tempted 11"11'" ' 11"7~(tJJo)
+J was sorely tempted to buy it. ""1'1-l- 11"1
I'" lll'"f:'t )lie

temptation .~..,.., 1 f"7..t.:f'.,.1 )1e

He was powerless to resist the temptation .
.t._,.<;tJJo1 (f"7..t.:f'.,.)IJJo"t )1e) II""**~'"
..,J'.A ' 11"1
No temptation could make him be false to a
friend. 1'"11'" )1e 11..1'/lll_,.tJJo '\S'.'i'tJJo1
IIY.MI'"
be a temptation h=J=\

The sight of the food on the table was a

temptation to the hungry child. llm~A.'ItJJo 'I
f. f)ll~tJJo1 1'"1>fl "7f-l- -l-1if.1 A~
11'\'\fDo

tend
yield to temptation '1''11.,. lllf).t.tJJo

He yielded to the temptation and stole the

money. '1''11.,. lllf1~-l- 11HII-1 1'1~4'
[See also 'succumb']
{be) tempting M'\
Your offer is tempting. Y4'~>flhA'1 mll>fl
Y.,'\A

ten oP'e
ten o'clock Jr..~+ (li}T
I will come at ten o'clock. q~-}- nq+ 1\
ODtfi/UJ.

tenacious
1. T-11:,.0. His grip is tenacious and hard to
shake loose. IIYYH- T>fl~ 111111') 11"7'14'

~ Yll'f'-I~A
2. ;f-'1~. Her tenacious courage kept the
bandits from taking her money. 11:1''1~ 'HI
11'i'1' 11H!).1 h"ii'i'ofo":f ll'l)":f

3. h~+;;'. Due to his tenacious memory, he is

highly appreciated as a secretary. llh'i'.,.'i'
f"711:f'IDII ":f-11-;f-tJJo IIKdo,M_, 11"11'"
f.ODI'I1<;A

tenacity
The tenacity of his grip is amazing.

f\.~ofl'l"

T11l&.tJJo 1\111.11 IIY.S'.III'"

tenant
I. .,.h~Y.. We terminated our contract with
the tenant. h.,.h~l' ;~e f)ll~11 lo1-l~+' ....~111
2. f"7. 'l'e. Birds are tenants of the trees.
ID~":f ' f"7.'l'~T ' 'l'i! ' 'IJ'. ' )IJJo

tenant farmer "l"l'l'i'

The tenant farmers get a percentage of the crop.
"l"ll'l''fi hl'"e_, h.l./1- J'.S'.ell'f1'A

tend (vt.) mll4'

The shepherds were tending their sheep.

1\~'l''fi 111'1l1 f.m>fl<l: )lie

tend (vi.)
1. nne 1111. The road tends to the south here.
1\lf.ll _, -11.11. IDS'. S'.ll->fl nne Y.'IA
2. tJJS'.S'.. He tends to eat too much. >fill- oo>fl
'1-l- S'>ID'IA
3. 111q11. llllfDo. He tends to follow the ideas
of his parents. fiD'I)';'fi"t llelln+ fooh
.,.A ' 111ql\. ' lllltJJo
4. mqy. lllltJJo. Fruit tends to decay quickly.
'i'~&. ' -foil- ' fODnllllll ' mqf. llllfDo

1321

tendency

tenor

5. IH(.,.IH). With careful tending, the soil

will fructify. O'I''J:I'<I< h.,..I'H 1\4.~ f.li"''A

5. f<~~.:tll)'l-. Two years old is a tender age.

11-ll'l- ~oo+ f<~~.:tll)'l- ~oo')- )IIJo

tend (to)
I. .a;no&n. Who is going to tend to the fire? lVl
-f,'J .,., 11.'1&{1..... 11 )IJJ" !
2. w&o J LY.oo. Tend to your own business!
P'tl-ti'J P'tl- (oi.K"II")
3. '1114. II'). Who is going to tend to the
preparations for the banquet? ll"/1l"lf"11Jo 11"1
l'+ '1114. f"'l.ll'~,.,. "'i)IIJo !

tender manner 1\Hofl~

tendency (tendencies)
I. 11'JQ/I.. All governments have a tendency
to increase taxes. OD")..,,...,:t-:,.. flo& ;t-hll r
f""""""C 11'JQ/I. 1\ll:fiiJo
2. 'i!lli'l-. Boys have a stronger tendency to
fight than girls. hll..,.:f Y.A:t m'JF-lfo ll'l'
lA fOllm 'i!lli'l- 1\ll:f,.
have a tendency to
I. mu. He has a tendency to exaggerate the
importance Of What he does. r,_lP,&..(I)o1' I
P' tJ. 1\:>'r oo<;1C f. tuliA
2. I\'J1.
verbal noun
1\ll. Wood has a
tendency to swell if it gets wet. 6'J<~~.'l- 11.<:
'1'11 ' I\'J1. ' oo)4.')- ' f.IIA

tendentious

*Don't believe those tendentious reports! .e.tn

mi\Q:fiD"'J fiOD1.1'i' II.A I+<:IH-'J 6?'

c+

1\'l-oo~,.

tender (v.) 1\+<:0

He tendered his resignation to the prime
minister. fP'tJ. ooA+<t.r 1.11/lfLIIJo'J llm:t
IIY. "'l.tll+~ 1\+<:0

tender (n.)
I. <11.:;1-. We have received tenders for the
new bridge. llll.ll- Y:AY:Y. <~~.<:;1- 1.C
(I<;A
2. 'I'1<1<. She refnsed his tender of marriage.
ll:>11il' l+lOII'l-'J '1'1<1< 1\A.,.+Oll:fiiJo!l"

tender (adj.)
I. liM I\. The meat is very tender. P':>,. 0
"'ll" {1111\1\ ~ ....
2. fliHO. He spoke tender words to the child.
A7t'J OliHO I\'J1.0'l- I\<;1:11Jo
3. llll"llll". The leaves in spring are green and
tender. 0~ mtJ.+ :tmll-:f 1\l'J'i
}!.,<; llll"llll" f.ll'<;(lo
4. O+llll- f"'l.ot;"'. His tender skin bruises at
the slightest blow. O+llll- f"'l.'t"' .,.11,.
'l-'J1i fl.oo-t.'l- flii"OC ftu"'A

He handles people in a tender manner.

{liiJo OliH11:f' Y.Y.~A
be at a tender age

She is still at a tender age. 1<;

<~~.'I'll

):f

be tender tt.Am1"l,..

The wound is still tender. "'llflo 1<; I\Am1111"

have a tender heart 1C If)'

She has a tender heart and would never hurt

anyone. 1C IIlii!') :f "'''J'JII" n,.,.
1\:f'{l+f.ll"ll"
make tender hl\(11\(t

Marinate the meat to make it more tender!

ll"''llllllll O:tooll" H'i'

P' ;>ID"'J )!.OA'I'

114.11Jo

tenderhearted C'1~'1
She is so tenderhearted that she cries whenever
she sees anybody hurt. 0"111" C"r~"r llllll'
~:f f.,.1-ll {liiJo ll:f'Y. lllll:ti\;1-A

tenderize OAf. AI' :too"'''l- 1\111111-

1\MM

The cook tenderized a tough cut of meat.

tD'I'fL-1> 1\'lf'IIJo'J P':> OAf. AI' :tOD"''
+ 1\111111- 1\{l{l(I{IIJ)o

tenderly, embrace ~ 1\:t'i! 1\1.<:1

He embraced his child tenderly. A)I:'J 1\'l''i!
I\1.:111Jo

tendon l'"'''lThe tendon in the back of his heel was cut.

h.,.<:hlf' 0111. fliiiJo l'"'''l- .,..,.<:m

tenement fL'lThe poor people live in miserable tenements.

Y:'!\'li nl":f o"''..n'i'., IL+:f "'"II"'
Y.'f'tJ.ll-

tenet 'l-ll"llC-1Do you accept the tenets of the church?

ffL.,. hCflt.I"J'J 'l-II"IIC'l- 'l-+OIIlltl !

tenfold OP'C 1\l'

Our output increased tenfold. ID"m.;J-:f'J 00
P'C ' 1\l' ' ..._.,..<:

tennis -r:tll

tenor
I. [0-11..+ IIJoil'l' h+"P'J ""llil hm'i'
tl-11" +m'J Ill fm'JY: Y:ll"b]

tense

term

1322

2. hll..,"'l.J'. The tenor of his sermon was

generally in support of reform. filii h-I> h11

tenth
1. OF<:'?. Ruth is in tenth grade.

.,_..,6 <;:,..

').~:,..

fO

..,"'l.J' ' OD!flfA"J ' f~"''i' ' )ftC

F<:,.,. ' h<;:A

*She knew enough Amharic to get the tenor

of what was being said. M l\")~.,.1111 1\0D

2. OFC. We get paid on the tenth of the

month. me ft~ll IIFC li"Jhol.it.II"J

~OD:,. J'IJA f"'l.J'IIl-it.T J'..,C,.,. ~fDo.,.:,.

one-tenth h"JY: OF<:,.,.

tft&-T

It's not even one-tenth finished. h"JY: OF<:

tense (n.) 'I..ILJ'T

Nearly every language can express tense.
..,"t,.,.'l'fDol"' !1/"J!II 'I..ILJ'T"J 11.~All" Y.l-it.A

[See also 'future, past']

tense (adj.)
1. f.,.mm<:. A tense rope is likely to break.
f.,.mm<: ~ODY: ll.ftmll Y.l-IIA

2. fou"Jt.ll "l""t.,.,.. J'llftT. A tense person

J'll
tends to smoke a lot. fOD"Jol.ll

"l""J.,.,..

ftT (lfDo illt' ..,..,11 ,f.mii,A

tense moment f.,_.'l+-1- u-~;t-

A tense moment occurred when the soldiers

of the two armies faced each other. 11-11-1> "'
c h&-'1!-1'-l- o~.:,. llt.T II.~'i'F f"l"'H
:,.. ' 11-~:1' ' .,.ol.m<:
be tense 1YJ-l- 1 illl

He was very tense just before he started to

take the exam. .~..,.., ll.oi..,."J II.A "1""J
'to iiii-T )ftC

tension

,.,.fl)o '

l\")\>,") ' hill\.,.,.

tenuous
1. +"P?. The tenuous web of the spider was
destroyed in no time. .,...,..,. fif<:6T Y:C
II"Jil'i':J- .,.ft"'mh

2. ODIPt:T flil. His tenuous argument was

soon destroyed by his opponent. oPtvl.T 1 fl
11 rh"JJ'-t>"J .,.h&-l16fDo 4-c'li h~<:~ft,..
*His hold was tenuous, and he soon slipped
and fell. h'J'iloll MAJ'H dl'l.J'fDo hilA

,..,.. '

"'~"'

tenure fFA"'"J HOD"J

In America, the length of tenure for the
President is four years. fth"'/.611 fTMI.Il"tT
)T fFA"'"J HOD") ' h&-T ' 'tODT ' )fDo

*Because of his tenure, the professor could not

be dismissed. IIHII4:;J-fDo ,.,..,.m<: 111\11')
Tt:~(l~"J hF&- 1\..,llm"':,.. hA.,.il'lll"'
security of tenure

*The farmer wants security of tenure. 1flii'..OJ-

1. ODdJmC. I don't think that the rope will

withstand the tension. "JODJJ. 1 f.-111 fUA 1
ODmmc f"'l.l-A hJ'.ODIII\'11"'
2. hiiOD"JIIIIT. Since the quarrel over the car,
there has been tension between the two brothers.
ftODb.<;'l' l"'h"JJ'T h.,_"'ll- mJI.IJ ftll-11-1>
m"JY:"'I..,"1- oul]hA hiiOD"JIIIIT hll
3. fOD"Jol.ll
A mother feels tension
when her baby is sick. A!_ ft;J-ODOD 'I..IL
l\<;:,. fOD"Jol.ll "l""t.,.:,.. J'.h..,:l'A

"l""J.,.,..,

tent Y:"t\>,"J
The students pitched a tent on the mountain.
.,...,69''11 .,.<1-&-fDo ' lt.J'. ' Y:"t\>,") ' .,.btltentative 'I..ILJ''I!
This is only a tentative estimate. f.U 1.H.
J''l! "'I"'T )fDo

My tentative plans are to visit Europe first.

OD'J!.OD6J' ' 'I.,ILJ''I! ' l\'tof.. ' hfDot:;r't ' 1\0D
1-ll'fT )fDo
be tentative Om-T'} -\f. 1 ~(Do
His plans are still tentative. ~-1-JJ. I .,,.. I omT1' I -\f. I ~(Do

OD<loof>"J ' l\")II,J'IIII't>.,,.. 'I'll,.., ' J'.oi.A;JA

[See also 'land tenure']

tepid llil J'/1
The water is tepid. tD-;)m- 1 ll-tl fll

~OJ-

term
1. tD-A. He gave us very good terms when we
bought the land. OD<l.of>"J II"J~~ 'I'~ fDoA
h~<:~A"J

2. F:CJ!"C. He gave us easy terms on the loan.

/Iii~ ~W Y:CY:C h.,.<:ftA"J
3. fTI"'IJCT m't>:,.. Most schools have a fall
term and a spring term. hil~,.,.ll''ll TI"'IJC
:,.. 11.-1'-l- fftA"'<; fKJ!.J'. fTI"'IJCT
m't>:,. h!l.'l'fDo
4. :J'A (pl. :J'it.T). Medical terms are not
understood by laymen. f.bhl"'<; :J'it.T"t .nh
!I"<; J'A.,_..,~ hll'l- 11.<:.1;..'ffDo hY."f-11-1"'
5. M;J1C. He spoke of you in friendly terms.
M"t.,_ ftmll)!')T M:>~C .,_.,~<:
6. nou"t. During his long term of imprisonment, he learned several languages. ft<:)!'l"'
fl\11&-T ' HOD't-' fDoll'l'' illt' ' !II"J!IIll'l-' .,...,<:

termed

7. fP'<!- '1.11.. The President's term will end

in October. fTt.rf)l")., fP'<!- "1.11. R'l'
ll-11"'1- fA:I'A
The victor dictates the terms to the defeated
army. Y:A hY:.!-'1."'" _,.lf'Ot.m- M "'I
Y:~"' 1\")JI/IR'I- f.tDh'OA
we heard him refer to you in flattering terms.
~'~~~""'

terrain

1323

n.....,

ll.n"' .....,),.

(be on) bad terms TIIJ/to

We are on bad terms because he refused to

give back the money that he took from me.
1">HIL") tDhP. hAODAhAII Mll'f _,...,
A_,..,A
bring to terms

1'tll10~

After a long fight, we brought the enemy to

terms. ~~~~II" "1.11. IPC)'I- R:\11 mll'l-">
hMRC)mcome to terms Tl\117..,
We have been trying to come to terms for
months now. 111111- tD.!-'1- Y.ll"r: /IODh"'f"'l
+ ROD'f"llc 111- n
(on) equal terms Rl\11-A)'I- .<'.~']{
They meet each other on equal terms. fl.1'if.
Rl\11-M-1- .<'.~']{ ,_.,.ffll(be OR) good termS ilfDr I 'i.:ffD"
I am on good terms with my boss. IJ/1:1'\Io
;JC h!l"!l" )'f
on (one's) terms f)(l0fDo oowt:+
I insist on doing it on my terms. 7t.~ Q(tofl b'1- o ODOP~'I- o ODOP.!-'1- o h/IR'I[See also ~familiar, general, intimate, round,

speaking, technical']

(be) termed ll.qA Y.":f-IIA

He might be termed handsome. ""All ODAIJ
II" )IJJo ll.qA Y.":f-IIA

(be) terminable .,.!1/~m

The contract is terminable in five years.
IJJo/1- q!l"(l'l- ' 'lOD'I- ' IJJoh'l' ' f.!I/~"'A
be terminable by f\.f'ltC'I" ~1\

+The contract was terminable by either party.

m-tr") llrJ-11_, tD~'l'":f- h").l'.>;'m- ll.f!I/C
'I' Y.":f-A )RC

terminal (n.) "'R.f

The railway terminal is not far from here.
fqf!oc "'R.ftJJo IIH.U 1111- hf.Cll-11"

terminal (adj.)

fODQ;I,~'/f

There is a terminal examination at the end of

school. '1-!I"IIC'I- ' IL'I- (I.H;J fooQ;I,~'/f o
d..,.'O f.h"'A

His illness is terminal. R'1i;t-m- 11'1"-1- f"7.

f.I'.Ch )m-

termlnal point ootat:'if

The terminal point was soon reached.
\oo ' IIODQ;I,~'/fiJJo ' ...~ ....,

terminate (vt.)

m)IJID-

h!l:~m

We terminated our contract with the tenant.

ll.,.b<!-1' ;JC f)R~")") m-A h!l/~'1'")
terminate (vi.)
I. hll+. The case terminated in a settlement.
hh- n~cll> hll+
2. hR:I'. The regency will terminate when the
king comes of age. ,..,.IP"- Ah.liA oom'} '
(I..I'.Ch l\").1'.<!-M_, fR:I'A
be terminated +tll:H
His contract was terminated. aN\ 1 1-ill:H

termination
The termination of the school year is in June.
f'I-!I"UC'I- "LII.IJJo f"7.fA+m- Rh~ )IJJo
The termination of the war is desired by all.
tnC)., ' 1\")JI..I'R:I' ll-11-!1" ' f.OD>;'A

terminology f.,./11' :1'11-1Do you know the terminology electricians use?

fh./1.11'1-611 ,<!-.,."''":f- f"7.moJ>oo-q'f.,..,
f.,./11' ' :1'11-1- ' ;t-m-:1'1111 !

terminus

1"&-

The bus terminus was crowded. fllto-..fflofl- 1

<!- hm- 11!1' )RC

termite !l"h'l'
Termites have weakened the walls of the house.
fiL_,") "'Y:"'JI V'h'l' RA.,.;t-A

terrace (v.) ll;t-<!- hRY.

The farmer terraced the mountainsides.
m- f_,.o!-<!-tJJo") '1'1 11;1-.!- hRY.

?0~

terrace (n.)
1. 01'-'1. We sat on the terrace and drank
beer. R~'JJitJJo llf. .,.+!l"m") R.<!- m

..,.,

2. 11;1-.!-. The terrace was so narrow that only

a few plants could grow there. 11;1-.!-tJJo R"'
'I" mq11 h/111') li.Rll-11- f"7.":f-tr+
68'1''1- ' '1'-1:'1- ' ""'"'"

terrain oo4.T
The terrain was too rough even for a Land Rover
to cross. oo~-t: 1 BJtrJ 1Q lll\tr) Ot\'}J.!" r
.:lie !'.">\>.., 11"'1!'1~'1' hf.!I'AII"

terrestrial

1324

test

terrestrial
I. foo.~o'l-. The terrestrial features are obscured by clouds. foP.I.1: AI' AI' 1r.:f
o~oo., .,.lf'i'),. )OC
2. 9"K:MI!. Terrestrial pleasures earn no merit
for the world to come. 9"K:&.'I! ~(l;t- Oro
I!JI;'"'" 'tll9" 9"'}9" 'I':> t.Ytl'l''l"
3. Ofil(t '1.1'. f"''.'l'C. Cows, lions, and elephants are terrestrial animals while fish live
in the sea. 'l'l":f t."JOo\:f.,.. 1111''l':f Ofil
(I ' '1.1'. ' f"''. 'l'-1- ' l\"}(t<'t'J- ' fl. II'). ' 't"l9'
:f OQ.l.C IJJo(t'l' f"''.'l'-1- ..,..,,.

territory (territories)
I. Me. The territory was once inhabited by
pagan tribes. Q1ol- '1.1'. t."JK: 1.t1. t.<;oo
lr. 'l-<'t9':f .l'.'l'-1-0'1- )OC
2. "''l-l-. Angola is a large Portugnese territory in Africa. t."Jt'l Ot.'i'&IJ IJJo(t'l' t."J
K: tl.l. f?"C1::>A "1'1'1- )IJJo
The territory he rules is not large. .,.,., flo!.

terrible
I. "1.1'.111;'. The terrible storm killed more than
two thousand persons. "1.1'.111;'11Jo "'160A h
floll'l- ' It ' (IIJJo ' 0'1.1'. ' 1~11
The heat is terrible during the summer.
00:> ' _.,.., ' "1.1'.111;' ' )IJJo

*How much territory must he cover in a day?

on M YtJA oo>J1J t.IIO'I- l

2. DDT&:. The weather is terrible. hf"'"

6:

oP'J'

)'CJ)o

3. 0"19" f"''.Ytl:>. There is a terrible water

shortage now. t.flo"J 0"19" f"''.Yti;J ftD;) l\'1'<:'1- All
terrific
I. "1.1'.111;'. A terrific earthquake shook Japan.
"1.1'.111;'' foP.I.'J- ' OD"J+'I'+'I'' )l";r"J"J ' t.,.,..tD"''J2. m:r-. This is terrific! .l'.tJ ' K:"J:r> ' )IDterrify (terrified)
I. t.~)1m. His glare terrifies the secretary.
"'A'I""'illJo l\.....l.tD-"J Y~)"'"':t"A
2. t.(l.l.&.&.. They terrified the shopkeepers to
make them pay money. 1"JHil l\"J-'I.tiiJI-'I'IJJo
II"''K:-<:"1 q11 t1-oHi"J t.n.c..:-z::r:,.
3. ( = intrans.) .C.&.. +Airplane trips terrify
her. Ot.IJJoi!'T'I"J OD'J1J '1-.C.&.II:f
be terrified OIIJr L6-

The child was terrified of being left alone in

that big house. 011..1' tl.l. 0.'1- IJJo(t'l' il
il'tD-"J ' (Ill+<: ' .l.f'i- ' 0"19" ' .C.&.
territorial
I. M'l'l-. Ethiopia will defend her territorial
integrity. t..'l-f-kY f"'Of'l- t."JKO");l:"J :t"
(thiJ&.II:f
2. ildo.&.'f!. A territorial army is going to be
formed. ildo.&.'l! tnC ll.ltll:ll" )IJJo
territorial waters fllihC bAA
Our territorial waters extend twelve miles out
from our coastline. fQ.l.C hA'I:f"J hm.-:4:f"J OP'&. floll'l- "''.I'.A .I'.C:J'A

t..l'.~ll9"

3. hAA. The salesman's territory is outside

Los Angeles. ft.lflf.., hAA hll-(1 t.
"J)';II(t ' tD1" ' )IJJo

terror
I. 'iliiC. The townspeople's terror is due to
the fear of the plagne. fh-1-"''IJJo .l.11il
'iliiC to<:C111'"J OOD'i'&.'l- )IJJo
2. O'I'Q"P. This child is the terror of the neighborhood . .l'.tJ A)!' fti.C.-1- O'I'Q"P )IJJo
we were speechless with terror. .,.~.,...,m"J
_.,..1C ' t.:J'-1-"J
have a terror of d.&.

She has a terror of the dark. "'"II"'' 'l-4.&.11:f

[See also 'strike']
terrorist oooel;'
The terrorists threatened to bring down the
goverrunent. 00D8'l"'Jl ' OD"J"IP'1:"J ' 11001
AO'I' t.(I.C.&.o~-

terror-stricken, leave ......

o~.,,:Jtn.

n~

"} ' t.~<:1

The lightning left the children terror-stricken.
ODiJ<':4t '
OKO""J;Jm. ' OK:"} ' t.r.
<::>'I'IJJo

a,,.,...,."}

terrorize t.lfo<:
The tiger terrorized the village. )il-l- OD"J r.o~
"J t.lfO<:
terse .,.C'I' Yll
"No" was his terse reply when I asked him
to come with me. hlr. ;>C l\"J-'1."""1 Omf:r>
"""" ' 1.tl. ' l\9"0. ' 0"'111+ ' .,.C'I' ' Yll ' ODA
(I tim'S ;
few and terse 7t.'I"C

r'1'1'

His words were few and terse. "J"I"I-1- l\'I'C

'I"'I'"J Yll )OC
test (v.)
I. .C..,.). The teacher tested me in arithmetic
today. t.(t-J-"7&11Jo ~.~. .h.<'til 4.1-)'S

text

1325

test

Misfortune tests a person's character. h4- 4>

testify to }louAb..,.

"t fR<JVt mQ, f.L'I-<;A

His words testify to his anger. "t'1'1'1- OD<;

He tested the boy's honesty by leaving money

on the table. 1"tHil m6A.Of,. 'If. 0,...,.

.1'..11.") ' ,I'ODIIh:J-A

,. fA7!:"t ,...,'t~'l- L_,.~

2. LT<; Rm. The teacher tests the students
once a week. h11_,..,,,. Ollll"'t'l- h"t~
'1..11. 111"'76l"'li LT<; f.R"'A
3. M(ll'fo). The mechanic tested the brakes of
hfA't
my car. "''.IJtb- fODit.<;ll."t 'i'"-"t
4. ""6""6. They tested his blood to see whether
there was any poison in it. ODC1f h"t.IIIIO'I-
11"7f'l- ' ........, ' ""6""~
test out '1"116

i'

He tested out his theory in the laboratory.

nR dtllll-"t
'l"hG

no..,. ,_h.,_,. ,.11'1'

test (n.)
I. L.,.<;, You have to take a test before you
get a driver's license. fODh.<; oo"t!f IJ'
~ h"Y"'T'I-11 0"-'1- L_,.<; ,..,....~
hllilll
2. ,_116-. The atomic test was held on a small
island in the ocean. O,..:fo,l'"l'il- ,.11'1' 0?"
h't ' :,0.,11 ' 1.(1.'1- ' "" ' fh .....f"'l.h ' h6- ' .,....61
3. f?"COD6- ,.m.'l-. The blood test showed
that he had malaria. f.l'.?" ?"C"",.,. ,.m.
'f- ' IDQ ' h"t.IIIIO'f- hODIIIt.,.
test case ODA.,.,.~

1bis accusation will he a test case for the new

law. f.ll h11 '1.11.11- <h"l ODL.,.>;' f.ll'
<;A
put to the test ODd.T""i' IT)

The incident put their friendship to the test.

f.I'.6R,. )1C IIIDJI)!');J-'f,. ""L.,.>;' II')
testament~""'

His testament was written on parchment.

~""',. f.,.liL,. Oil6-.,.. 'If. ~oc
[See also 'New Testament, Old Testament']

testicle filA'I- 'i"'His testicle was diseased. filA-f>"t 'i"'- ;J".7.A

testify (testified) ""l'lhG

Have you anything further to testify? 1\.
'I f?"'f-DDRh6,. ~1C hllll !
She testified that she did not see the robbery.
11C...of>"t h"t.ll'lv:f ""l'lh6:f

testimonial (n.) Rl":f f"'l.Rm-'1- ?"11hC~'I

The advertiser has published testimonials of
his product. fi"l~ "'111;1-IDof!,l' hH:>")[,.
1111 ,._,.,. '1"1-~'1- Rl":f f"'l.Rm-'1-"t ?"11
hC)'fo R~""''i' hiD"'
testimonial adj. (= adv.) 1111 hil-lHe was given a testimonial dinner. (lA h-fl~
f 6-'l- ' .,......... ' .,....6111'1-

testimony (testimonies)
1. "'111611". You must produce testimony for
your statement. '\Alt..,. ~1C "'111611" "'I
:r-611 hll1111
2. f?"11hc~'l- :I'A. His testimony was declared invalid. f?"11hc~'l- :I'll- ,.~;r. II'~
be testimony of 1\0DAhT
His smile is testimony of his joy. L'l..,~t-
OD.I'.Rof>"t ' ,I'ODIIh;J-A
in testimony of AOD"'JAA"

The pupils presented their teacher with a

watch in testimony of their affection. .,...,6l"'li
o;::r-6-:f,.-, 11""'111~ '1111"'76,1''1',. fR
't'l- 11tn;J- hR6h-f>ll'l-

testing fl.,.<;
My brother works in the testing division.
ID"t~ RL.,.<; h'i'A ,.11'1' f.OP6-A
tether (v.) hR6
He tethered the horses to a tree. L6f\'li"t Of
'i' 'If. hR6-'f,.

tether (n.) f:J-RGR'I- 1""~

The cow broke the tether and ran off. 11".7. f;JR6:fR'I-"t 1""~ R'l'll t.oollm:f

text
1. :I'A. The text of the agreement was in two
languages. f,.ll- :I'A f-HI.r.,. RIJoll
:,. !lnl\' ~oc
2. fOD~dt'i' :r-'1-11 ff11. The minister preached on the text, "Blessed are the merciful". RQh.
,. ' !I"<h6'1- f"'l.,,'.I'.CI- ,_,.,.....,~ .,..,,.
R"'l.A ' fOD~dt'i' ' :r-'1-11 ' ff11 ' "" ' ,.,.
"""'6_,. 11ilh'l- h1.61

3. ""~dt'i'. You have to simplify your text for

thefirstgradestudents. 1\"t.l'.>;' h'i'A 1""/6l":f
OD~dt'i'll't ' 4>1\A ' h~ll ' ODl\'i' ' hllilll
4. ~""''i'. 1bis history contains 300 pages of
text and about 50 pages of maps. f.ll :J-6

V'il-l-

OIJ..,.

1&"

K"tft.~'i

htJPIJ.

K' ' IJC;f-l":f ' 1\11-.'f-

textbook foo"7t.Y ODl\'dl'i'

This bookstore sells only textbooks. f.U foP
K.h'i'.'f- ou1.11c foo"7t.Y ooKm'i'.'f- 11
il' f.lf"'A
textile ""C:f" ...,c:,.
Textiles are now being made in Ethiopia.
""C:I" ...,c:,. 1\11-"1 01\..'f-I'"A-Y ,.11'1'
f.wt.-A

texture
*The texture of the cloth is fine, almost like silk.
""C<il Ah 1\"l.l'. dlC AIIAII ~,.
*The texture of her skin is rough. 4'-'1'1' lfiJ
6-

that

1326

textbook

)iD"

than h--I know you better than her. hll. f.OA'I' 1\

,.:,.?AllHe is taller than his brother. hw"l.l'."... f.G
11"7A
none other than hl"t- fl+C

It was none other than him who took the

money. 1"1HIYt ho\o n.,.c .,.,,. 1\A
fllil.l'.IJ)of"
[See also 'ever, every']

thank
I. f"ii:J<; 1\.,.Gn. I haven't even thanked him
yet. 1<; f"II;J<; 1\"11>."1 I\'I.,.G11h-A.'f-9"
2. I\ODil1~. Thank you for the books! IIA """'
.n'i'-to 1\ouii"I"I?AIII can't thank you enough. 9"11;><;\1. 01\'i'
hM1C9"
thank God I of'ODil1"1 ~,.
Thank God, it didn't rain today! If<!. 1\AOOll
~~~- ' of-00111"1 ' ~,.
thank you I I\"IH.I\11.to.C f.II'I'A~
have (one) to thank

..,.m:l"n:. J\{l-

i'aJo

We have him to thank for this trouble. AH.U

:f"lc 1-w:J-lf- 1\o\- , ~,.
(be) thankful fJA,.A;f-,. ~,.
We are thankful to the boy for having shown
us the way. AJI: oo"111." Mflf"l fJA,.
A;f-,. ' ~"I
we are very thankful to you. f"II:J<;:f"l h
'i' YA ~,.
thankless ,.A:f" ILII
The thankless boy did almost nothing for his

mother. ,.A;f- llo\o A"/!: Al\<;-1: Mf"

l\'l.l'.G19"
be a thankless act h~"J "7flt\if

+ )iD"

Giving him advice is usually a thankless act.

1\o\-"1 Af"hC "7A.'f- 1\'i'"l "70'1lf.'f- ~,.
be a thankleSS task rlt;Jij

ffltiJ-f"'

Being chairman of a committee is a thankless

task. Y"l.l'." .l'.C"I A..,. OD"IOC ODIJ'"I
f"II;J<; fAIJ)of"
thanks f"II;J<;
The farmers rendered thanks to God for the
harvest. 10<1-l"~ IIA il1111- AI\"IH.I\11"'-C
f"II;J<; 1\.,.GI!*1 don't expect any thanks. (lm- :.roufl"'lt~A.
11\1. 1\'1111111"
thanks a loti 0"19" 1\00{l"I<;AIJo
He said, "Thanks a lot!" and left. 0"111" 1\0D
(l"I<;AIJo 1111- 't.l'.
thanks to

I. 61.""'1. Ao\o. Thanks to him, I was able to

go to school. 61.""'1. Ao\o AOD"7C 0:1"11Thanks to your stupidity, I lost the job.
61.""'1. ' '1"11' hP'&o ' fD"'IJo
2. n - - f"h"l Y+. Thanks to good organization, the meeting was successful. 0~
11"1"/!:.'f- 9"h"IY+ 1111ilfJ,. fof'fiiJ II'~
It was thanks to him that things went so well.
~1'1- nouAIJf" fof'h<;w~,. no\- ll"h"l

y:,. '

~,.

thanksgiving II"II;J<;
They offered thanksgiving to God for their
escape. A"79"A'I' IIAiJ'II- AI\"IH.I\11.to.C
f"II;J<; 1\.,.Gilthat (adj. pron.)
I. (masc.) Y I - H.Y; (fern.) Y:f I Y'f 1- H.
Y:f. That man is good. Y (1,. 1."1 ~,.
That woman is good. Y:f (l..'f- 1."1 <;.'fThat is John. Y l'"dl"lll t,.
There is no doubt about that. Y 1\Ymt.-'I'CII"
I went to school with that boy. hii.Y A"f:
:JC w.P. +rue+ n.+ 't.l'."hI went to school with that girl. .'f-II"UC.'f- n.
.'f- hii.Y:f A"/!: ;JC 't.l'."h*Is that you, Mary? "''.t.l 1\"l'f ~11?
2. n I n"l (direct object). I don't like that
new servant of his. n"l 1\-'l.o\-"1 ' 1\1ih'l-"1 '
1\Afll.l'.IJ)of"
3. (relative), f + (perfect); fll" (1\11") + (imperfect). Who is that man that just came in?
Ah 1\11-"1 f1fJ,. il"'" "7"1 t,. ?.

thatch

thaw

1327

Bring me the box that will hold the most. ofiH-

~:l' I\OO.I'1J f"t:fl\tJJo"t "f'l'"t M"IIJA'S

that (conj.)

1. ~"t.<'. + (perfect or relative imperfect).

I know that he came to our house yester
day. '1-'l"t'l-'i' 11.;1-:f"t ~"tJ'.ODIIJ l\fJJo:l'
1\IJo

I knew that be would come.

~"t.<'."t"""'

om

~flo

Ml.ll '

~"t-'111

ill!- ' 't-O'Ill:f

and that's that 4tCT ~I\ ?A )o..,.'.-?Ao1 won't go with you, and that's that. IJ.'l..,. 1 ;J
C l\A't.<'."?" ofl\1. .,.C'I' J'l\ :l'A )
.,1-Y/\rr
at that J'l!.

And, at that, she left. ~'i' J'l!. 't.<'.:f

:j.IJo

I know that he is here.

that (woman) there J''f fl.'l-1"

That woman there eats a lot. J''f fl.'l-1"

'

~fJJo:l'I\IJo

2. (expressed by the verbal noun). He told

me that she had arrived home. 11.;1: ooJ'."t:!l.
"t )~t:'S
3. (direct speech). She said that she wouldn't
come. l\ADPIIJ?" l\1\:f
(imperfect). I will see to it that
4. l'."t.<'."
everything is ready. rrl\o?" )~C ~"t"l.H:>~
l\.:.;>.,"11\IJo
He ran fast that be might not be late. ~"t-'IJ'.H~
J'. O'i''I')T C'm
(verb). I'm sorry that you are ill.
5. Ill\
111\;f-OD?"U Mt'i'I\IJo
*He died that we might live. II"1 ItA mJ'.
ID-I>"t ' l\'11\ol..
that (adv.) J'.U"t J'UA l ~llhH.U

by that much 11'1'-1:'1-

She lost the race by that much. 0~1i:j..<'."?".<'."

IIT-1:'1- .,.lf)L:f
everywhere that

*I will look everywhere that I can. ~"tii'II'S

P;f- rrl\o ~oi..A.;>IIrr
in that 1111

He cannot do the job in that he has no tools.

"""f6J' 1111/l.llfJJo F&.IJJo"t IU'h'i'IJJo"t
l\J'.:fA9"

*He said it was red, and in that he was right.

4'J'. )fJJo ofi!I.A l Ah )fJJo
oh, that .. I

*Oh, that he were here! l\\1. ~flo

~11.11

11.11'

"t 'l'C' t

Take hold of yourself! Things aren't that bad.

+ (adverb) + that h f.,.)"f I Ill\

He ran so fast that he was five minutes early.

.:.;> OAt )~'1- J'.U"t J'UA (~llhlf.U) oP'J'

,;: l\J'..<'./1?"

011J9" 0 hODC'tflo ' f.,.)"f

.,....... ' .<'.t:ll

that is ..,11'1-

He left so late that he missed the train.

He is very fat, that is, he weighs 250 pounds.

0"1?" ID'i'&.?" )fDo I ..,liT IJoiiT OD1'
)'I'C J'.OD1f'i'A

~?"<'I

*I'll come tomorrow, that is, if it doesn't rain.

~"""11\IJo

IJAH)O

)~

that tong

n J'UA

The baby cannot stay up that long. mflo: J'

"t J'UA A;f-ou1i l\'l-:fA9"
that much J'.U"t J'UA

I don't want that much milk. J'.U"t J'UA

ID.,.T 1\Aoi..A.,?"
that one (masc.) J'"lfDo I (fern.) J':f I J':f"l'l'
That one is better. J'"lfDo J'.lf'IA
Shall we buy this hook or that one? J'.U"t"t
ODI\".h'i' ' ~").,If IDJ'.Il J'"lfDo"t !
That one is good. J':f F.., 'i''IThat one is my sister. J':f"l'l' ~~-1; 'i''l-

so

l\9"11T

J'.'i::J'

~flo H

.,,_.,. 111\'t.<'. q(K. J\ool\mfJJo

[See also 'all, far, way']

thatch (v.) hJ'.)

He thatched the hut with straw. 'l}!fDo"t "f
c ' h.<'.)

thatch (n.)
1. fll.'l- h-'l"t. The thatch is made of straw.
f0.-1> h-'l"t "fC )fDo
2. "'C h-'l"t "16J'. Mice made their nest in
the thatch. l\J'.tn:f "'C h-'1). "16J' 'I

,. 'I'll' "'""
~ roof f"'C h-'l"t "16J'
The rain leaked through the thatched roof.

thatched,

1t'i'ofl f"'C h-'l"t IIJ&J':f"t"t Hl\4'tJJo

thaw (vt.) l\4'1\m

that (man) there J' {lfJJo\1.

The sun at noon thaws the ice on the streets.

That man there eats a lot. J' llfDo\1. ill!-

f+'l-c D.hJ'. 01"-'l'i'l":f "'" J'l\fDo"t

0<:,_ J'4'AIIJA

J'.O'IA

thaw (vi.)
I. ".7.".7.. The ice thawed in the warm room.
O<:P..w- 'I":1'-1> h'i'A m-11'1' ".7.".7.
2. .,.:,. oflil-'1- ~....... The guests thawed
when the party was under way. ;retm- 1\.".7.
.,_:,. '~"t"'P.."'f ' 11-A- ' .,.:,. ' ofl!l.lfdJo ' .e"'ia>
., toe
*His shyness thawed because of the teacher's
kindness. hll1""1<1m- S'."' llllll't AJI: 't
~'}

then

1328

thaw

I h,'f.C I ODIJ"'j.'} I

..,.(J)

thaw (n.)
*The thaw came late this spring. O<:P..m- KY.
.e ' h1'1 ' 0:\'1 ' ".7.".7.
the, masc. -u (after consonant), -w (after vowel);
fern. -wa (after consonant and vowel); or
-itu, -itwa

The doctor is good. mh.- ' ~ ' tmtm~

The coffee is good.
The girl is pretty. A)f1~ ~"t] .,.,.
For more details, see the existing grammars.
the one J' (direct object n"t)
Give me that book, the one with the case on it.
n"t ouw.~a.;: t.+1111>S 1 n"t
J'l\dJo")

flo.,..,.

.,..,Y.C

theater f1:J''I-e IL-lThe theater was full. f1:J''I-e IL-l> 'I" A.,. toe
thee -II I 'l"tT
Let us give Thee what is Thine.
m-"t ~"tll'l'll ('l"tT ~"tll'l')

n ....... ' flft

theft IIC~'IThe theft was not discovered for some time.

lle~-1> 1\oflll- "Lit. J'IIA hA:l-1-1'9" tOe
their
I. rtf\.. Their house is small. rtf\. IL'I- '1"t'li ' tm2. --(a) 'I'm-. They lost their dog. m-lflfm- m
of.ttlfmtheir own f&-4\'l'mIt is their own house. f&-lllfm- IL'I- tmof their own f&-ll'l'mThey have a house of their own. f &-<\'I'm- IL
,. 'h'llfmtheirs rtei\That dog is theirs. J' m-lf rtei\- tmthem
I. Mi\-"t. Call them! Mi\-"t '1'&2. -(a) 'I'm-. I saw them. hf:\lfm-

theme oPMh'I-Jl t.eM'IThe theme of the play is "Love conquers all".

ftJ''I-<~- ouA~h'l- .;::,.e 11-11-"t J'if"t
of.A f"tA tmThe preacher amplified on the theme. llflh.
m- t.e~M"t 0"7.1'1 H<:H<:
themselves
I. <1-lllfm-. They themselves have often made
that mistake. Mi\- <1-lllfm- oflll- "Lit.
n"t ll.loT'I- hJ':e1'PA
2. tii-stem. They hid themselves quickly.
,_11- TS'.041
be themselves 'A") F. m-1-t:''l':fm-

They are not themselves today. Mi\- q.:,

~"tS'. ' m'l-r:'l'lf'm- ' t..eS'.A-9"
by themselves

I. <1-lllfm-. They did it by themselves. Mi\- <1lllfm- ' "'"-'~2. oflil''l'm-"t. They were by themselves when
I called. llm&-'l'm- ofl!l"''m-"t t0-1then (adv.)
I. J'~ l OIU'"t "Lit.. We were living in the
country then. J'~ '1'11e ~"t'l'e toe
Prices were lower then. Ofl..l'"t "Lit. ~:1'
'1':> 11:,....,. toe
2. 0:\'1. First one boy was ahead in the race,
and then the other. ""'T..UD<IJ' h"tJ': AY:
-tJ':'I" toe 1 0:\'1 Y."''l" ""'"'" -tS'.""
3. hfl..l' ' 0:\'1. What did he do then? hfl..l'' 0
:\'1 ' 9"") ' hS'.<:1 1
4. ~"t"'JI.J'..,.., +verb +a. Then everything is
settled. ~"t"'JI.J'..,.., 11-A-9" t1e Td.K-":7.'1
5. ;1-JI.J'Il. Shall we try it then? ;1-JI.J'Il ~"t'l"
h<:m-?
*If he read it, then he knows. l])OOID" :mY:
J'm--t'I'A "711'1- tm*lf he broke the window, then he should pay
for it. OD/1!>1:1 ' h/10<: ' DDhd.A ' hi\O'fthen (adj.) OIU'"t "Lit. ftR<:
The then prime minister signed the treaty.
m-tr"t fd.<:-'1- RIU'"t "Lit. OP'AIIJ't
'I.e ' no<l-'l- m.il''l.e "ttll'I-C ' .,.,..,.
then and there

mum-

He fixed the car then and there.

"-""'" ....&o-r

""h.~

"'

and then Ofl..l'm-9"

I like to swim, and then it's good exercise.
"'" ~m'lll,. 1 Ofl..l'm-9" ~ rnm-t'l-
"7m"th<IJ' tm-

thence

1329

And then you must remember that he is only

five. 1<; Y9"11'1- '!oo'J- A~ oolf).19"
oPCfl'l- fll111l9"
by then
Y~. They were gone by then. Y~ Mo\-
'tf.'I'A
2. ll11hrt..l'. Call Tuesday; he'll have received
the books by then. "1111'1'l' S'.<-A l l\11hrt..l'
oPI\ih'i!-1> "l'-S'.Co\-'1- l>J".+-;..9"
from then on hH.J''l 1..tL mJt,U

1.

From then on, he never came to see us.

11H..I'1 "I.IL aJ-'1.11 il'l- illl-9" l>Amf
+19"

[See also 'but, now, since, too, what']

thence

1. hrt.J'. First she went to Paris, and thence to

Rome. oP"f..oo6y ;r611 hrt.J' 1 mF. C:'l"
'tS'.":f
2. hrt.J' ..:-'1-illl-. A few miles thence is a river.
hrt.J' 'l'ol:'i- "1J'.A ..:-'1- illl- m111 l>ll
3. h - - aJ-'1.11. A few years thence, they had
become good friends again. 11'1'-t'i- '\OD;J-'J-
aJ-'1.11 li1S'.1<; - ~F.'l'";f lf~'I'A
thenceforth 11HJ "1.11. m-'1.11
We were thenceforth friends. 11HJ "1.11. m-'1.
II ~S'.:;:'I"";f ~1
theologian f'll'-"1'1''1- 11.'1- (pl. f?l'-"1'1''1-
11.:1'<-1'1-)

Many theologians criticized the unsound

doctrines. ill!- f?l'-"1'1''1- 11.:1'<-1'1- oo
"'<:'!- fl\.111-1 l\9"~'1- ~+4theology oo1.t..ll'l! '1-'I"IIC'!He is studying theology. f"''."1<:<- oo1.t..ll
'I! '1-'I"IIC'I- ~<theoretical ( ~ adv.) O..,AI'" il!l' I 01:9'6
il!l'
I have a theoretical knowledge of business.
f1"1Y:1 ,....:- f"''<-+m- o..,AI'" (o-t:
9'6) ' il!l' ' ~<theoretically 01\'.Jt.'i! I O..,AI'"
Theoretically, the plan is fine. 01\'.Jt.'i! l\1JI
II ' il'i-ODIII11-m- ' li'I-JI. ' ' ~ .....
He knows machinery both practically and
theoretically. OD"f6Yl"":f1 ' 01-"!qc9" ' o ...
Al'"'l" ym-:J>A
theory (theories)
1. 1>111-Yf'l-. There are several theories about

there
the way in which the fire started. l\"1> l\11.
'1- l\1S'.1-~"' f"'1.1Al\. ill!- 1>111-Yf_,.";f
I> liMy theory is that he is lying. o~ 1>111-Yf'l-
m-lf-1>1 o J'.OD1111:;:A
2 . ..,AI'" l 1:9'6 l 6111 dtllil. Naval officers
must understand both the theory and the practice of navigation. fq.ftC 0 ODb-1'/'":f 0 ODCI1iJ 0
""1'1'1-1 o..,AI'"'I" (o-t:l"69") Ol"..:-9"
"1m'l- J>llq'fmAccording to one scientific theory of life, the

more complicated animals developed from

the simple ones. h1Y: flll'-111 611'1 dtllil
l\1S'."'LII<- 0"19" f<:++ l>I1A Yll'fm-
l\111li'J- foom-'1- +IIA l'oi1A 1111'fm-
ll111ll'l- ' ~ .....
therapy ihl19"<;

Therapy was given to the mentally disturbed

man. ft"hfD~ID- I ;.1'-tJJoft I f~O~aJo I (laJ-t. I
ihl19"<; ' 1-S'-<:111'1there
1. llrt..l'. They go there because it's cheaper.
l\H.J' f"''.'tJI.'J- <:1111 1111"'1.A ~,_
Go there at once!
l\H.J' 'I.Y:
2. l\H.J' :>. Put them there! liH.Y :> 1>11+
'l""''fm3. l\H.J' Ill'-. He read to page 50, and there
he stopped. l\1111 111' l>'l"ll MOO<; liH.
Y Ill'- )>,Joo
4. l\H.II Ill'-. There I disagree with you.
liH.II Ill'- 1111- :>C l>A11"1"19"
5. (zero). There goes the bell! F.mll- 1-S'.mll

.,.fro

there! MJ

There! See what you've done! l'tJIJ

+onAh

'1- 9"1 l\1JIU"III

there and back 'AHJ 1-.C{I 1\oPoPI\.lt
How far is it there and back? l\H.J' S'.C{I II
ODODII11 ' 9"1 ' YIIA ' J'.C:I'A l
there are
I. <;'I'm-. There are a few good hotels in town.
111-"'1 tv-11'1' flf). lf-1:11-":f 'l'o!:'i-
<;'fm2. 1>11-. There are many policemen in Los
Angeles.ll-111>11..1111 "'"11'1' ill!- ?"ll.{l":f 1>11there he goes I YtJi
There he goes! Catch him! ym-<; 1 YHmthere Ishii (masc.), l>ll":f (fern.)
There is a park nearby. q'Jo..:-IU'm- foo<;.t..
lf ' (l:J' ' l'oll

..

thermometer

1330

thereabouts

There is a woman in the room. J\0.-Ja D-ll'l'

h1Y: 11.'1-1'" hr\~
*Is there al)ything I can do? ?"1 'I.I':C"IIl\11 l
there's no

*There's no telling when he'll come. orJ:f 1l'l

J'."''..ODIIJ r\"7111:,0 h.f.!J'Il\V"
there you are l
1. ODIIJII. There you are! I've been looking all
over for you. ODIIJII 1 h1.,.1 .l'll\.C.r\"lo-R'I-
.. ,. fr\V"
2. .f.1iaJo. There you are! It's all done. .f.1iaJo I -1"'c+ hAll/A
3. hA+. You have only to press the button
and there you are! h1-t- "7.1':~"1 .l'r\1111 41
ll\4-1 """'i1 ofl!l' )aJo I hr\+
see there ll"7
See there, that won't do at all. {1"7 I 1-11 ~
'I" f"7.f.ll'1 )~C )aJo
you theret m')Y:'JD

You there! You dropped your wallet. 1111

Y:V" I f11Hofl 11Cil111 IIJil\h
[See also 'back, here, over, that, then, up']

thereabouts, or ,...,
1. 1111.. He is forty or thereabouts. bY:"'LaJo Ill
J'. hCqaJo )aJo

2. ID.f.V" IDJ'.II.J'aJo ~1."7. He will come at

six or thereabouts. ROI"clo o-r\'1- r\'t'l- 111
.f.'l" I IDJ'.II.J'aJo ~1."7 .f.oPIIJil\
3. ID.f.V" RII.J' ht,q(l. They live in Boston or thereabouts. Rll!l-1-1 ID.f.'l" RII.J'
At,qll wr Mt.somewhere therabouts OH.,f ftl)t}fL

He lives in Dessie or somewhere thereabouts.

1.11. aJoil'l' ..,,.r RII.J' hllqll wr t.A

thereafter hii.J' ID-'1.11

He never took another bite of it thereafter.
hii.J' IDJI.II ?"'tV" hll\+DD(lr\."J-

thereby

*He resigned, thereby losing his pension.

bl"clo R.C.:J'-'1- !lr\IDIIJ f~;J- hRII-1 hiiJ

*She gave the dog a bone, thereby stopping

his barking. r\aJol\"aJo h'1'1'1- r\'l':t"

"""""1i-

1 h!lof-ID~aJo

*He wished to travel and thereby study the

customs of other countries. Rfll;J-aJo 1.fofH'I'ID~ ' fr\.11-~ ' h~f!"~ ll\"7.1': "7'1'<;
."J- ' of-OD"f

therefor
*I enclose a check and request a receipt

therefor. h1.1': 'lih All..l'r\11-<;

J'.~{I'S

1-'lhll\'S

therefore
*He missed the bus, and therefore he was late.
h..,..,.ll-11 il'loar\maJo H~f

therein
1. 1>11..1' aJoil'l'. You can't tell what may be
therein. 1>11..1' aJoil'l' .l'r\aJo1 r\"7111:,0 h.f.
!I' A'/"
2. 1>11..1' '11-. Therein you are wrong. 1>11..1'
'11- .J-il!lof-7A

thereof b{lWhen he saw the wine, he drank thereof.

flll.f.1 mlt1 hf I b{l-'1" m"'r\'1-

*He ate the green fruit and became sick thereof. .1'll\Rr\r\ '1'6. RA+ rr .1': 41Cm'l- r\
++R'I-

thereon 1.11..1'" '11-

Before the window was a table. A huge book

lay thereon. hDD!II>., 1-'1- r\1-'l- m~A.~ 1
1.11..1'" 'l.f. ."J-Il\:,0 ODK"m'i' ' )ftC

thereto IDJ'.II.J'
The castle stands on the hi!~ and the road
thereto is steep. "1111- -'1~'1- '11- !lr\IT)
IDJ'.II.J' f"''..ID!IJ'.aJo DD1~.1': h+R."J- ' )aJo

thereupon

1. .1'~. Thereupon he left the room. .1'~ hh'i'

fta I 11Jt1J
2. RILIIV" 'l"h1.1''1-. The stolen jewels were
found in his room; thereupon, he was put in
jail. f.J-{1~41'1- 1>1419'~ fl{l- h'i'll\ aJoil'l'
-1-~"f. I RILIIV" V"h1.1''1- 1.11C R.'l- ~q

therewith

1. - - - V" "f."V"C. The lady gave him a rose

and a smile therewith. ID.f.Hf!"'l' n~-'1 {I
m~aJo

.c.~"l;t-'1'1" "f."V"C

2. - - - ,. I mum-. Our host said ''Good-bye" I

and therewith we left. h!l.,..,.;>"i('f1 J'.W
o-). hr\1 1.'iV" IDJI..faJo ~.1':1

thermometer

I. f'l-11-il'l- oar\h..l'. The patient broke the

thermometer. fl1i.J-'iaJo ' f."J-IJ.il."J- ' DDr\h..l'

..,.,

{IR~aJo

2. -1-C'I""'L'I-C. According to the thermometer,

it is cold outside. R-1-C'I""'l.'K- ,..,.~.-,. aJo
"'-..,.

+11.+~

)aJo

thigh

1331

thermos

thermos "'111<:)1"
I carry water in a thermos. ll"'/11<:)1"m- m-;>

wrtuJo

these MILl/
These pills are no good. MILl/ h.~'l':Y.. 'I'~

the fire for a long tiroe. ii"CQfDo"t II<:"F.'I"

1.11. : 1.4'1- : 'If. : 11;1-f.C1fDo f.ID'i'.I-A
have a thick voice F:'rflo TH."J

She had a thick voice because of a cold. ll"l-"t'i). 'l"h"JY'I- .1:"9"!1.. _,.H"I:tA

hf.f.lr'l"

(go) through thick and thin

I like these better. MILU"t 1\00C"JI\!Jo

these days Q!Jo). 1.11. I hrJo"t
Everything is very expensive these days.
QIJo). ' 1.11. IJolr'l" ~1C ' .,.ID~A
Where is he working these days? hll-"t f"''.
IP6-ID- I t'T I )ID- 1

She went through thick and thin for him.

1\{lo ll'lA ouh&-"t'l" f.li;J-"J'/" hf".f
[See also 'growth, skin1

one of these days fl,.').")

I'll see you one of these days. 1\'I")."J l.mf.'I?1\IJo

thesis (theses) 1:1\.ll

Did he write his thesis yet? 1;1\.{lo"t

K'~A

thicken (vt.) hm.t.<:

Thicken the soup with a little flour! 'l-"t11 .II.
"'"" ' .....,.:1/ ' ......") ' hiD'i'<:fDo
thicken (vi.)
I. m.t.<:. After boiling for a while, the soup
began to thicken. arcqm- ' 1.4-1> ' 'If. ' !Ill
41f m<;:Z:A
2. hill.. The fog began to thicken. "i"?"1- 1.r
hill. ' 'tf.

they (masc. fern.)

I. M(lo I MC(lo. They are my relatives. M(lo
fi. ' noop.".f ' ,.,,.
2. (expressed by the verb form). They went to
school .,...,6 11.'1- 't-'1.
thick (n.), in the - of oovhA
He was in the thick of the fight. f.-fl.<:-o- oov
hA ~llc
thick (adj.)
I. ID'i'&-'1". The soup is too thick. ii"CQIJJo ll
IIJf" I tD'f:t-r" I lj(l)o
The castle has thick walls. M"tlt- "1.1:-"1'1
ID'i'&-'/" ' ~fDo
This board is thick. f. II 4"J :1' ID'i'&-'1"

thicket 'I'll'
There is someone hiding in that thicket.
1\fLY ' 'I'll' ' fDol\'1' ' f.,.f.ll4' ' (lfDo ' hi\
thick-headed .1:-"t;Jf. &-ll
He is too thick-headed to understand . .1:-"t?f.
<I-ll ~m- I hf.1QfDo'/"
thickly 'l'il>'l'il> 1111Weeds grow thickly in the rich soil. h:'1" 'I'
~ hLC 1)1'f 'l'il>'l'il> 1111- f.llii>'IA
Most of Addis Ababa is a thickly settled region.
Q11""'"'~ Yl!.ll hllQ h'i'II-:Y.. .lo1111
'l'il>'l'il> 1111- f.'l'Ctl'f'I'A
[See also 'populate']

~,.

These apples have a very thick skin. MILl/ -1>

of.jP".f ll"''/" ID'i'&-'1" A"'"i" h'l'ffDo
2. 1\.1.. He drew a thick line on the blackboard. "'"'c 1\I\.JifDo 'If. 1\.1. ""P"oo
CthiPOD~

Yl\. He has a thick beard. m....

~~~ Yll ~,.
4. '1''1-'1''1- Yll. A thick forest covered the area.
11;1-fDo"t '1''1-'l''l- Yll fiil) if'i''l';J-A
5. '!'Ail>. The snow is thick. ll:1'-fDo '!'Ail>
3.

~~~

~,.

thick and fast

*The blows carne thick and fast. f-'1.'1 -~+

ID<:f.11'f
become thick

IDL~

The soup will become thick if you leave it on

thickness fDo'i':'1It is four feet in thickness. IJJo'i':-1> h&-'1-

-107

')IJJ-

thick-skinned "IY.I\11
He is very thick-skinned, and such insults don't
bother biro much. "11.1111 lll\11'~ 1\"tf.IL
Y Yllm-"t llf.-fl hM'/" hf.<t.'l'C'I"
thief (thieves) oM
The thief stole my money. 1\.QfDo 1"tHI1."t
M4''S
[See also 'pack']
thieves, see thief
thigh ;J-of.
I cut myself in the thigh. ;J-of.\lo"t <t.:'1'11-'1-

thimble tl.~
The seamstress bought a thimble. Ailil 11.1.
'I' ' tl.~ ' 1~:Y.

thin (thinned), vt. hhll

Hunger had thinned her body.
1 hhii-1';1-A

<:~il

il"'"~:l:

thin (vi.)

If.,. ih11tl- l\f-1-+M 'tS'.

3. II++. Let's wait until the fog thins! ,._ l\
illt.ll~ ' l\14'Y.
thin down h4

He has thinned down in recent years. h~Cil ,

'tDD;f"T WJI..ll ' hii;I:A
thin out

I. t.ou~oo~. War and disease have thinned

out the population. IPC~-1-'i" 011;1- fih11tl1 il~-1- hOD1?"'1';1-A
2. h/111. The gardener thinned out the plants
to help them grow better. h-'1-hA-1-':'.,. ~8'1'
-1: R"'1.1q l\11!JY:'l- h/111'1'.,.

thin (adj.)
l.ilil. The paper is too thin. m<:+-1: R"'?"
~ ....

Till.':~
f-1-oP&.fD- ' hilil 111,. ~ ....
2. +"11'1. It was tied with a thin ribbon.
R+"ln 'MI"'il ;J-ilt: ~nc

Thin boards are used for the ceiling.

A thin man often eats more than a fat man.

hi1~':'.,.1 1.11. +"'n II.,. hm~?"
II.,. fRIIm Y.RIIA
This sauce is too thin. mm- R"'?" +"P
'}

)aJo

A thin voice is a handicap to a public speaker.

llih11il 1"1"1C II"'LJ'S'.C"I II.,. +"1'1
!l:?"li ' c!1~4-T ' ~ ....
3. '1'4:-1-. A thin crowd was waiting for him
at the airport. Rh.,.t:TI\1 "7<:.1-Y.,. '1'4:-1-
ih11il Y.mil+..,.

wear thin llil-1' hll+

This cloth has worn thin. Y.ll "'-C~ II

il-l' II.J'A~ ~.,.
[See also 'thick']
thine Y1-l-.,.
Let us give Thee what is Thine! Y1-!-0J-

flf~

OJ-1 ' 111-1- ' l\1il'l'

I. 'lit. His hair is thinning. li"K- l\fVt 'tS'.

2. -1-+Ht At last, the crowd thinned. Ooo<R.<:

ilil '

thing

1332

thimble

~nc

4. f"7Ym"lil. He gave some thin excuse for

being late. II""H"If-1: f"7Ym"lil ?"h1Y-l-
lim
get thin hll
She got thin because of a long illness. illl- 1.
H. 0 iiii;J-ouOD:f '- hii;J-II:f
slice thin };/t'lfl tlr.l.tn

They sliced the bread too thin. -'1{1..,.., R"'

?" hll1iiOJ- ....<:m--'1-

thing
I. ~1C. You shouldn't have said a thing like
that. l\1S'.IU' Yll ~1C ou<;1C hA~RG
iltl?"
2. P'&.. The next thing is to clean house.
f"''.+'l'll.,. P'&. tl.-1:1 "71\"-'1-l- ~.,.
things
1. ~. How are things? ~t: l\11..-l- ~.,. l
2. P'&.. How are things at the office? l\R.t:
P'&. l\11..'1- ~.,. l
3. '1--'!Y.. He is an expert in things Ethiopian.
ii/I"''.DDIIh-1: ' '1--'!l'":f 0'1'4: ~OJl'l.'J-\'"t;
4. '\11. I packed my things and took the train.
'\11.1 m~A\1. qn-c -1-III.Cit5. l\:1'. Put these things away! MH.ll1 l\:1'
l":Y. mi!J hil+?"'l'
a thing or two h1-'11!l: ~1C

n '

He certainly knows a thing or two about

business. illl 1"1!1: P'&. h1-'11!l: ~1C
y.,.:I'A
among other things O+"'-DI/6

Among other things, he told me that his uncle

died. R-1-"'-"7<1 h'l--1: oo'l"-1:1 ~1<:'f
(the) first thing htJol\ (~1C) hil+!l:'l"
I'll do it the first thing tomorrow morning.
~1 tp.'J- hll-11- ~1C hil+!l:"'L l\JP&.
'1'1111-

We'll do that first thing in the morning.

l\11-1 tp.'J- hll-11- hii+Jl:ou1 l\1JP<Io
'1'111
for one thing h1S'.':' ~1C

I can't go; for one thing, I have no money.

1\DD't!f: hAl-A?" I h1S'..... ~1C 11Hil

fll'f?"
not a thing
I. h1!l:?" ~1C

+ (negative verb). We haven't

done a thing all week. IIM-1:1 ...11- h1!l:
?" ~1C hAJPtl-1?"
2. h1!l:?" :I'A + (negative verb). He didn't
say a thing all week. IIM-1:1 ...11- h1!l:
?" :I'A hAW"',_

think

1333

think
not the first thing MIJ" )'IC

+ negative verb

I don't know the first thing ahout it. illlfl. 'I"

'J'/" )1C h.llm-:Jo'/"
of all things
I. (1\<:) /IODIY'l-. Well, of aU things, what are

you doing here? 7i<: /IODIY'l- 7.11.11 '/"'J

"""'.!.1111!
2. l!Am<f. )1C. Of all things, he had to take
up Amharic! l!Am<f. )1C h."''C'i' J'."''CI
poor thing '/"ilh.'J
Poor thing! He's been ill all winter. 'l"ilh.'J l b<:
'1"-fo'J 0..,.11- :1"'1" )0C
(It is the) real thing f7t.CD-io+ )dJo
This time it is the real thing. t..v-'Jil f7.m-)'J-
)m-

I think her charming. f'l":l"il.<'.il'l- +ooilll'i'

ll:f
3. h./1. That's what you think! J'.ll h.'J,.. f
'1"'1-llm- )dJo
think a lot (of) ht;: Yll "1'1"'1- h./1m-

He thinks a lot of her. il/1 7.C!l.. h<;: Yll

1'1"'1- h./1mthink better of f ... lf/1 "1'1"'1- IU'Y:CO'l-

!I'll
We think better of him since we found out the
whole story. h.v-'J :1-&h-'J h.RJC,..., ill\
m:Jo'J illlfl. f,..lf/1 "1'1"'1- IU'Y:C11'J
~A

think better of it

the thing 'I":

Short skirts are the thing this year. h."'i"l"C
.,."'l.(>:f fll.ll 'loo'l- 'l"Y: IY)'I'ol\

*He considered emigrating to Australia, but

thought better of it. t.<'. t..m-il'l-.!.IU' /IOD
1'1.<'.: h. liP "''J 7.'J .<'.1<; IIJ/111 ...m

the thln1 Is 'PCim- )1C

The thing is, can we get there on time? 'PIJ'fDo

think differently m/111-'J /ltJJm

Now he thinks differently. hlJ-'J m/111-'J II

)1C

7.11..1' Ah Ol'l'l-fo l.'J.<'.C/1/I'J l

m-tp.A

(Is the) very thing for ORJ'/" hill./11m-

think highly {of) ht;:...'i' "1'1"'1- t..llm-

A holiday is the very thing for you. 6<:<;:'1- 0

RJ'/" Yiii.A"I?A
[See also 'see']

I think highly of him because I found out he

was honest. :1""7'1 ODIY'l-'J Mm:Jov- 1111
..... h<;: ...'i' "1'/"'l- t../1'1

think (thought)
I. h.I'IO. I never thought to see you here.
7.11.11 h-1'17/IIJ- 11\1. I.X"'l" hlll'l11h-'/"
)0C
Do animals think? 7.'Jilll'l- YilfJII-l
He has never really learned how to think.
07.m-)-fo "71'111 ~.,...,. h.J'.:fol\'1"
I'm only thinking of your good. 11.,,....,. h
110. )mI am thinking ahout going swimming this
afternoon. ~"- hl'l'l'l- 0:\11 t.<'. 'I'<;
/IOO'I.Y: h.iiO.YIIvWhat are you thinking ahout? 'I"'J :l"ilfJ/111!
I've been thinking about it all afternoon. hl'l
'l'l- 0:\11 0..,.11- illlfl. 111111 )0C
I'll think ahout it. h/1110:1-llvHe thought the lecture was interesting.
'J"I"I~ h./1.<'./l:f )m- 1111- h.I'IO
2. ool'lll(m-). Don't you think it's too warm?
ORJ'/" f"'l. .,.:,. h.J'.OD/Iol\11'/" l
Do what you think fit. ...il"''"'l. f"'l.OD/1<1\
IJ'J hY:C"I
She thinks she knows everything. IJ-11-'J )1
C f'/";1-m-:,0 J'.OD/111;1-ol\

He didn't think much of the new hook.

1111 t..'Lfl. """""'<;: Yllm- "1'1"'1- 1.
'1"11~'1" )OC

(not) think much of

h9""Jf'" h,.e.tfl.~~mHe thinks nothing of driving at night. hoolf

OO'J.'l'J-'J 0 h'I"'J'/" 0 hJ'..,_'l'......
Think nothing of it! Other people have been
as much hurt as you. h'I"'J'/" h.'l-.,._'l'<:m- I
1111- l'llP:f-'1" 7.'J(u- ....,..Y:...'I'A
*Think nothing of it! 'h<: "11..11'1"

think nothing of

think of

I. ;1-ml'l(m-). +I thought of China as soon as he

mentioned rice. il/1 ~11 IIJ)"f !I'J'.<;
:t-ml'l'1
2. '1-11 h.ll(m-). +I can't think of his address
right now. t..v-'J II'Lii"'" h.Y:.!.lfm- +
11 h.J'./1'1'1"
*I often think of her. 1111- 'Lit hol\0. to+
m<f.'/"
think of that! 7.M: '/"'J J'.IJIIA

He doesn't like meat. Think of that! P';J

J'.t:'1" l 7.M: _'I"'J J'.IJIIAI

thinking

this

1334

think out loud

a third "f.{l

*I was merely thinking out loud when I said

that. ,I"J"J 'IAIJ.O'J- '1.11. l>IIO.m- f~Ol:
m-") )fDo O.J:'"t1'1- f1".,1C!J.'Jthlnk (It) over 1>110(0'1-)
You should think it over before you do it.
hDDF.t-'1-11 0.1.'1- A;J-IIofiO't- f.1'1A
think throush MIO(O'I-)
Think the problem through! TJ.'<Ilm-"t l>llofiO'Jthlnk twice 1>110(0'1-)
Think twice before you ask her to marry you!
l."t.J:-;1-1'1'1- ' hODmf:J-11 ' 0.1.'1- l>llofiO'f-

A third of that will be enough. fq ..,_,...,. f.

fl-"'A

think up

I. l>OD~OD.. Who thought up that plan to get

money out of the bank? h'l"th 1"tHofl"t
fODIJ)o~ ' dtllofl ' J.'OD)IDo ' "7)fDo 1
2. .l.ml:. The boy had a nimble mind and could
think up excuses for every occasion. Alt. ' ")
_, 1>1.'1"1': IIMOl:m- 11"7"t>lm-'1" ~1C
'/"h"t J.''l- f. .I.'PC ) OC
3. l>ilfl(fl'l-). Try to think something up while
I go to get a box .
f. "II: 7.11hoP"l .J:l:ll ' ~1~") ' l>lloflfl'lbe thought to be J'.'li\A
They were thought to be Americans. l>"'Ult
fDoJ.'") ""'"'" J'.'IA )flC
come to think 1tflfl
How did you come to think of that? ,I"J"J
l."t.V..'I- ' l>iloflhm- 1

..,'I'.,

lead to think tun&-ml.

What led you to think we didn't have it? 1.>:

l."t.l'.l\.11") 'I"") l>m.t-ml:ll1
[See also 'little, sort, well, would')
thinking, to my - n~ 1>111-J.'f'IHe is, to my thinking, the best man we have.
fl~ 1>111-J.'f'l- 7.H.II 1111-"t M':f 7.11-
fl"l'l" ' f1-lfll )fDo
[See also 'fool, wishful thinking')
third
I. V'll1->l. We couldn't stay for the third act.
7.11h ' V'll1->;'fDo ' 'f-o)f.")'f- ' IIOD~f'f- ' l>A
JFA"t'l" ~nc

First it's expensive, second it's impractical,

and third it's difficult to get. l>"t.l'.>;' m-.J:- ~
fDo I o-111->l 1\.u>.t- l>J'.JFA'I" I V'll1->;' .1'.
.,.,. ' 11"7"11"'1- l>ll:f;J& ' ~ ....
2. ..,All'!!. David the Third was king long ago .
..,All'!! ' '11!'1- ' hofll!- '\OD;J-'1- ' R.I.'!- .,.,.
,... ~nc

thirdly V'll+"'
Thirdly, I don't have enough money. V'll1-"' I
not 1"tn-o fii'S'I"
thirst (v.), - for
I. m"7("'"). +They thirsted for blood. .1'.'1" m
r;J:'fm- ) nc
The young man thirsted for knowledge.
a>"l., bm-+'1- m'I"-1';1-A
2. fl"l'l" '1'1. He thirsted for revenge. llfl+A
fl"l'l" 'l"l';tA
thirst (n.) '1''1"! '1'"7'11 can't quench my thirst. 'P'"fl ('1'"7-l:"t)
1\l:lt l>A:fA'I"
have a thirst for m"'l(m-)

He has a thirst for knowledge. bm-+'1- fm

"7aJ- I {laJo I )liJo
(be) thirsty m"?(m-)
I am very thirsty; give me some water, please!
fl"l'l" m'l"-l'>lA I m-;> lim'S
make thirsty

m-~

hhm"''

A peppery meal makes me thirsty. flCflt. f

flqfl'f- 'l""'ofl m-;> J.'llm"''>lA
thirteen OP'.t- v-11'1thirty wl\11
this (adj., pron.)
I. (masc.) f.ll l - H.ll; (fern.) f.ll'f I f.'f l
H.ll:f l H.:f. This book is for you. .1'.11 ""
X"dt'i' ' ll"t+ ~ ....
What I mean is this ... M f'/"llm- f.ll )mThis is the picture I wanted to see. 1\fm- f.l.
ll"'o-'1- P'bA f.ll )fDo
What do you think of this? II II H.II 'I"") :J11'111111

What do you conclude from this? hH.II 'I"")

+nn'lll111
This woman came here last night. f.ll'f 11.'1-
'1-.,..,'1- "7:1' 7.H.II oP'J':J' )flC
I went to school with this girl. '1-'I"IIC'I- 0.
'1- hH.II:f A"Jf: :>C ~.J:'!J.
2. 7.'11. This priest is my confessor. 7.'11 <1:
II f"tlldo l>'l-1: ""'"'"
this big

*It is this big. .1'.11") J.'IIIIA

thought

1335

thistle

this far
I. 1>11.11 S':<'.il. Now that we have come this
far, we might as well go on. 1.11.11 S':<'.il ll
"'"'l't ' l\'t<I>'I'A
2. f.ll't filA C<l>'t-. Do you always have
to walk this far? 11-A1.H. f.ll't filA c+
'I- RA"'CII 'fooP~/1111111 l
this one
I. f.ll. Will you take this one or that ooe?
ODiJJo(IS': ' f9"'t-LA1iJJo ' f.ll't't ' )tJJo ' f't't l
2. f.ll'i'tJJo. This one is better. f.ll'i'tJJo .e"lf~A
about this and that
They talked about this and that. fq'l' f-l'm't t.m-~o

[See also 'afternoon, day, evening, minute,

morning, much, time, way, year']
thistle l>lf1i~
The thistle hurt her foot. l>lf1i~"'" A"'t::'t
m;J'fo

thoroughbr ed H<'. ouAIJ9"

Thoroughbred horses from Arabia are highly
prized. 110<'.-fl Me f"'Loum- H<'. ou
AIJ9" L<'.fo"'f- tJJoS': 'i''ftJJo

thoroughfa re 'l''i' '1-'l'i'

Churchill Aveuue is one of the maio thoroughfares io Addis Ababa. f'I'Cl-A '1-'l'i' II
.o:_(l ,' t.nq 'l''i' 'l''i' '1-'l'i'l"":f h't-'1- )tJJo
thoroughgo ing 'i'K-9" fll')
A thoroughgoing solution should prevent
recurrence of the problem. 'j:&,.,.. fiT)' OD
'i'Td.. "'f-"1-1- 'l"'""'i' A't'lf.f.Cil f.llllll
~A

thoroughly
I. R11C11C. The lecturer treated his subject
thoroughly. ..,..,;J6tJJo hCAil.,'t R11C11C

..,.)..,.)

2. R'l''t :1"41. It has been thoroughly tested.

R'l''t:l"41 ..,.L'I-S:A

thong "''il6f
The thong of his sandal broke.
"'" "'1{16f ..,.Rm(l

nm~

thorn 1>11"11
The bush is full of thorns. "''~'*"'"'"

""1"'1

those (adj., pron.) MH.f

Those books belong to me. MH.f ODK"dtl::
.,. ' f~ ' 'i''ftJJo

Ail" II

I don't want those; I want these. l.)H.f't hAL

A"'9" l f9"LA1tJJo MH.II't )tJJo

-R;J' ' )tJJo

thorny

I. 1>11"7"'1. The sheep cannot eat these thorny

leaves. R1'1i f.ll't 1>11"7"'1 :r.mA 1\.RII-
hf."'f-11-9"

2. hll6-IJ6. The location of the border between these two countries is a thorny question.
fi)ll.ll ' 11-11'1- ' h1~l- ' OD\JllA ' flltJJo '
S':'tRC hll6-IJ6 )1C )tJJo

thorough
I. 'l''t<l!:r.. He's very thorough io everything
he does. R"'Lff.C1tJJo )1C 11-11- R"l9"
'l''t<l!:r. ' )tJJo

2. f..,..,_~. He gave a thorough analysis of the

political situation. ltA ?"AtltdJo IJo:t-;1-
f..,..,_~ '1-'t..,.'i' h<J><'.R

3. ( ~ adv.) h'tS': q"tS':. The police made a

thorough search of the house. Tll.fo'li IL.,'t
h'tS': q')J': L..,.if.
4. (~ adv.) hm'i'-1'. A thorough knowledge
of chemistry is necessary for this job. AtLU J-P
.:. fb."'Lil'l-6 'I-9"11C'I- hm'i'-1' "''m
;r. ' fhLA?A

thou h't..,.
0 Lord, thou art the One who is merciful.
hiL., 1.;1-\L! ODdt6tJJo h't..,. )II

though (conj.)
I. -n + (imperfect). Though they are poor,
they are always neatly dressed. S':~ ":f !lll')-9"
11-A1.H. ' 'tK-.ft ' f.II-R/111-

2. -n + imperfect + :r.11-. Strange though it

seems, the discovery was made back in 1777.
A't"''l )1C !l""11A9" :r.11- f..,.1'ftJJo
O!U<'iii 't. 9". )tJJo

*She was kind, though not as generous as her

sister. A'tf. 1>'"1:1: II;Jil q'fo!J"t9" f."'
)fi<'.l-

though (adv.) "''t

I'll do it! Not now, though. ""'"-"'1'1111- l "''t h
11-'t ' hf.f.ll9"
as though

*He staggered as though he were drunk.

All A'tf.{lll<'. (ltJJo ....'t~f.1f.

[See also 'even"]

thought (v.), see think

thought

1336

thought (n.)
I. "'"il. Write and let me have your thoughts
on the matter! A'f:'i" llA ..,..~"- .flttJ'l mil
il "'IIli"A'S

He was lost in thought. ""'"il +w-tn )Re

2. 1\11+.-.llil. Greek thought has influenced
Christianity and Islam. fhellt.f'}'i ' l'hMII"
Yf!."'''l'-'1-'f f"Mh 1\ll+ ... llil +ll"~'l'
1\/lf)'fwglve some thought

I'll have to give this matter some thought.

11/IH.II -,..o;,_ 1\'t'llliiRT fiii.Ai'I'A

have second thoughts }\OD);l'

He had second thoughts about taking the job.

Ftl-ID-"} /IODf11 fUD):J' )Re

thread
It is thoughtful of

It is very thoughtful of you to bring me

flowers. 1\IIRII 1\Rfl ,_HilA'S RODII""'TU
}\oo(l"'"}?/llJo

look thoughtful

Why do you look so thoughtful? ll")w- "'"

il f1fJII T""M/111 1

thoughtl ess
I. llll<D- f"Yfllil. Our thoughtless neighbors
are always noisy. /lll<D- f"Yfllii'T '1-~11.
-'1-;J''f"J ' lJoA1." ' ,_"}""1'"1112. "'Y../111. The thoughtless driver passed the
red light. "'Y..IIn:. )')( 4'1'-"J ""iltl-T 'I'
{I ' lt.J'.

have (a) thought 1\IIR

thousand

He has no thought for the future. /lwY..t.T 1-

thrall, held in

c:w- ' 1\fll-119"

on second thought I\"J.J'.1'i' ll.fiiRw- l IJIIR
RT R:\1\
On second thought, I won't do it. I\"J.J'.1'i'
.-.IIRw- (IJIIilh-RT R:\1\) I\I\Y.c1<D-9"
show thought hftfl

Show some thought for others besides yourself!

1\"J'I"J.J'.. h<l-1111 ,_All- /1/1.11-'f T"J'il
1\llil
the very thought of It (IJ{IOm-

The very thought of it makes me sick. .-.llnw-

f"J11."11.'I 'A

[See also 'deep, sink, train']

thoughtf ul
I . .J'."' """- A thoughtful neighbor, knowing
the girl was sick, took her some food. 1..-. hit
R.'l' '1-~11..-,.. A1l'1~'1.1: oo;roo.,"} , ow:l' ll""'il wiiY.'fi\T
2. 'I'A'I>. A thoughtful book will not be
appreciated by a frivolous person. 1\M.-.1111'
4'1\A ' fl)') ' llw- ' 'I'A'i> ' ODl\"do'i! ' " '
.J'."J'I-11"
3. 1\11+'1',.. He is a silent, thoughtful boy.
1111"+'1''i' 1\11+'1',_ AY: )wshe has a thoughtful expression. "'"il 1\"}.J'.
1fiT .l.:J:
,_;1-W:l'A
be thoughtful 1\IIR

I\,_

She is always thoughtful of her mother.

lJoA1." 111\'i':J: ;1-llflll'f

He was thoughtful for a while, and then replied

"no". t\'J'-I:."f- I "Ltl. I tu"t{) I f):\-\ I 'A9'"fl.. I
1\11

l(
~

I\1A:>I' 1\Y.~w-

An enchantress held the prince in thrall.

1\II"Y+'I''I' AOo/lo"} I\1A:>,_'I' I\Y.~1'fw-

thrash
I. oo:J'. Stop thrashing that donkey! 1\Uf'l'"}

hTII":l'
2. 1~1.. He tried to cure the child's ob
stinacy by thrashing him. A)l:"} Roo"'~'i!
1\AU"J II"YII+w-

'l"h~

3. .r.n.r.n. The thieves thrashed him soundly.

/l.ll'fi .J'.1'i' l\1.'e1w- .J'.R.I'.ii'T
thrash about T1P'"'ll.+

He thrashed about in the water. m-;)m- m-l'l

'I' ' +"Jil""1~4'
thrash out 1\ilme'I'~ID- ' .,.):>1-1-RT

Let's thrash this problem out at the meeting!

,_II"J"J 'f"'e Rllilllflw-
"J l\"});>1eRT
thrash over J\lD-T.Y.

I\,_ 1\-ome'l'~

}\m~J'..

She thrashed the matter over in her mind.

"I-'ll'"} ' RI\1\II"C''I' ' <D-11'1' ' 1\tD-'1':1' ' 1\W~.I'.'f

thread (v.)
I. he Mfl. She threaded the needle.
tD-"}

2. lliJ.

ooeo~,.

he MfJ'fRT

She threaded

hundred

beads.

1\"}.J:' ' _.,. ' P.:l' ' (ll]'f

thread one's way through )tf+1iftahftcoh 'tJ'..

We threaded our way through the crowd.

"""11"' ' UDIJbA ' 1\f+'illl-hll -h"J ' lt.J:'"}

thread (n.)
I. he. I have only black thread. '1'41e he
iJ;J' ' )w- ' !II'S

threadbare

1337

2. :f>S'.'I" +b+A. His writing is so complicated

that I lost the thread of the story.lll\114- f+oo
1'1:1'4'11 111111') f;l-611-"t :f>S'.'I" +b+A II
A.1'1111-:,.'l"
*His life hung by a thread. ib.l'>m-1> 1.'1":,. II
4-'i' ~.!'> o +"tmA'I'~II:Y.
lose the thread of IIA-J-b;J-+11'1"
I lost the thread of the conversation. m~lD-'} r
IIA-1-b;J-+Ab-:,.?"

threadbare a-:,.-r- flltll'l

A threadbare beggar stood outside the church
asking for alms. a-:,.-r- fiii1I'IOJo 11"'1~
?"11"'1':,. lloomf:f> btl.+ bCII-1:.1'). S'.lr'i'
.fo".7.A
be threadbare IJIJ

My coat is threadbare.

to-t- ltll;J:A

I. ~il'. His threats have failed to scare anyone.

fl'l-"t ~il' b'l""t?" f<fl.mt:OJo IIOJo f
11'1"
2. f"'lll.l.&.&.:,. 11"7.:,.. There was an implicit
threat in his words. 0'}..,..,.;.. aJoi'J:T aJoiltJJ
' f"'lll.l.&.&...,. 11"7...,. )11<:11..,.
3. "'111.1.&.6.1'. The letter carried a threat.
S'.ofl.llfl.OJo "'lll.I.U.I' .I'HII )OJo
4. "'111.1.&.&.:,.. The teacher compelled obe-

dience by the threat of punishment. OD9"'lJ"- 1

O:f-"1:,. 11"'1!1.1.&.&.:,. :,.1.~11 llllbl1t:
5. 11:>:,.. The threat of war was on everybody's mind. fll'C):,. 11:>:,. 1111-11-'1" (IOJo
111.?"~ OJoll'l' )11C
launch threats ,_,.

An angry person launches threats against his

enemies. ,..,..~U
{lm- Om-\~ 1\f.
.1'>11;1-A

make threats ~+(11:,.)

He made threats against my life. MF:-AVIIrJo

oflll- ~-~-ofl~

tf+

He uttered a threat in Amharic. Q"'IC.,.

threatening, it's -

.I'IIL&.&.A
It's threatening to rain any minute. 11'11'"
'I'A .I'IIL&.&.A

threatening cloud hiJJ.!"

~+

threaten (vt.)
I. ~+(11:,.). He threatened to murder her.
h1F:"A!fllrJo oflll- ~-1-q:,.
2. :1-tlJ. Blinking one's eye when someone
threatens to hlt you in the face is a reflex
action. ll"tF:' (IOJo 1\.00;I-IJ (1.:1'"1 o 't

fl.

J'..oPij

Threatening clouds gathered in the east.

1111-1-?"F&.:f> 1111-A o bQFO f..oo'o" -1-b"'l
:Y.:I;A

three !I'll:,.
three O'clock Hm'S

(11}..,.

I will come at three o'clock. 11Hm~ (l't:,.

h-"11111-

threefold 11'11:,. tl'l''i'

He got a threefold return on his investment.
.I'OJ"'OJo't OJ ..... 11'11..,. tl'l''i' 111'f

thresh m.+
The farmer threshed the barley. 111&.m- 1ill'l,. m:J-

threshing floor 1\0JoF:-"'1

The threshing floor is made of stone. h.t&Y:"''
(&

Yii~A.

There was a threat ofrain in the sky. 11'o"ofl II.

'I'A .1'11.1.&.&-A
utter a threat

.l'>"t"t "'IC1ofl1ofl lt.!'>;l-l'lofl 11-1-.1.'1'~ f"'L

S'.t:"' )OJo
3. hilL&.. Political intrigue threatens to
split the country. f?"llof:IJOJo <l.&. 1116:1:
"t h"t'l.!'>bof.'i'~:,. .1'11.1.&-A
4. 1111.1.&.&.. The turbulent mob threatened to
tear down the gate. P'C't:,. f'I-S'.IIOJo ib11
ofl 11~"t lloolli1C 1111.1.&.&.
5. 11"'111.1.&.&.:,. 11111. He threatened to leave
if he didn't get a raise. rY.,..,., lif!"IPJt; r lti\"1
'f P'&.OJo"t f"'LII:f> oo(l').") 11"'111.1.&.&.
..,. 11111
6. 1.1'1:>. A flood threatened the city. fa>-;> ..,.
~:,. b-1-"'la>-"t llll"'.f;I-A
threaten (vi.) A + imperfect + )OJo
A storm threatens. ,-,f.t\ ~ : 11'i,.. A.ootlJ
)OJ-

threat

there is a threat of

threw

f+rPt:.t&

hY;1-;Jf,c

)QJo

threshold oo;>fl..l'
He stood on the threshold.-:>fi..I'OJo ~.!'> .foao
*He is at the threshold of a new career since
he completed training as a lawyer. f'l'il:f>'o" :,.
?"IIC-I>"t llii.:U.t:(t llrJ<"t 11.11.11 ).~ II.
)!:'I"C' )OJo
*They were on the threshold of a new discovery. IIJI.ll )1C ll"'l"l'f:,. ?""t'l" IIA4'&.
'I'OJo )11C

threw, see throw

thrice

1338

thrice P'll-1:

throat 1-t:t:

He did it thrice in rapid succession. '1Pil1:

h;f--t-11 n'I''I'~T M'.~1"'"

thrift 1111-fl'} n41mq "".1'11

1brift is a virtue most people lack. 1111-111
n41mq ODJ'11 -1111" o'tl":f f"''..'I-.J:-1\'I'tD-
~I

,-,QC

throttle

)CIJo

thrifty 'IL"'tl
She is a thrifty housewife. 'IL"'tl fiL'I- l'.OD
IL'I-'i''l-

He cleared his throat and continued. 1-t:t:tD-1

m~1'i' 4'mll
I have a sore throat. 1-t:t:IL1 h'l"'i'A
cut (the animal's) throat 1\lF.
They cut the sheep's throat and then butchered
it. n1-1 heS'.tD- -IIA-Io1 hmm[See also 'clear']

throb (throbbed) n'1Jl.A aa;t-

The film thrilled the audience. 4-A""" f-f"ODA

l!'1l1 ""1.1.11 h~:J':J' (-t-onAl!'1i1 hll

I could feel his heart throbbing. All' n'1Jl.A

{l.DD;f- Jl.ll"7'i'A
throb with pain mHmH
His hurt finger throbbed with pain. f'ILo'tlltD-
"'"" Jl.mll'l'll"'" ~ne

S'..~-1')

make one's heart throb

thrill (vi.)

The long climb up the hill made her heart

throb. o4'n-Jo1 11'1-m"l A!l. n'1Jl.A aa;t-

thrill (vt.) OD'}.f.ll M:J':J'

! hlll'..~-1'

I. nl'.ll;f- 11"7.-Jo -1-~li. The children thrilled

at the sight of the parade. A~'li o'tAf-1
{lJf. nl'.ll;f- 11"7.;1-'l'tD- -1-~ I)
2. -t-e1n1n. Her voice thrilled with joy. hS'.
11;1- f-1-~"1 .J:-9"!1. -t-c1n1n
be thrilled nl'.ll;f- -1-'l'm
He was thrilled to find he had won in the
lottery. 11--1-& :1'.1.1111 qmoj> 1.1 nl'.ll
;f- ' -1-'l'm

thrill (n.) n"'ll" OX.II"

Seeing Ethiopia for the first time was a thrill.
1;..'1-l"'*n tlaa"f!.on&J' 1.1 "7fT n"'
,. .,~,. ~ne
*The trip will give you the thrill of a lifetime.
1-lftD- n.n.e.m'l-11 h;>'J''I"IJ f"7 J'tD-:,0 '
S'.ll;f- IM.'l'?A

thriller [f'i'C?'I-
1

f"''..J'""~.,.

(be) thrilling

m_ll.9" fODS'.o't'l- 11"7.'1 K"b'i' m_ll.9" 4-AII"]

MS'..~-1'

The history of America is a thrilling story.

fh"'L.-:li :f"&h f"'LJ'IIS'.'}:,O ;1-&h ~"'"

thrive (thrived, or throve)

I. "'n~. A business cannot thrive without
good management. nl'..'}-11 l!A-t-on.:. f11
J:- P'&.. 11..11-fle hJl.:fAII"
2. 4..4... The children are thriving. A~'Ji 4.'1'
-1-'I'A
3. IIJ-11-11 !I'll. Flowers will not thrive without
sunshine. hnl1:f OmJl. l!l\11' IIJ-1111"
hJl.:fil"ll"

throes, be in the - of n.,.14''1- -1-J'II

The Congo was in the throes of civil war. 1>1
~ nell nell ...e~-r .,.14''1- -t-.e.q ~nc
death throes IIJC

He is in his death throes. n"'c 1\Jl. ~"'"

throne 11"4..1
The throne is covered with velvet and gold.
11"4.'i- nh.!.Jl.'i' nme:,. J"l,m ~"'"
assume the throne

~11P'

Haile Sellassie assumed the throne in 1931.

"le"7'1! ' 4'.11"7'1! '1Jl.ll ' P'l\11. ' n!iifl\'f
~"""'" ' 9" .n~-r ~1succeed to the throne rtof.).")

m~{)

After the death of Menelik, Empress Zawditu

succeeded to the throne. h'l II"~Ah {lJe
f. '}"IP'T lltD-11.-fo lf"l..'i-1 m~(t.
[See also 'accession, succession']

throng (v.) h'l'll-1'114'

An orderly crowd thronged the street. nPe~
T ' f"''..'llltD- ' .b11-fl 0011.11-1 h'l'II4'114'1D-

throng (n.)
A throng of visitors were at the exposition.
lbhll?"lf.{l.l"''io tD-11'1' -f"t1DAli:f "1'1'?"
-1111"'" ~nc

throttle (v.)
I. h 14' 1S'.II. The cruel boy throttled the cat.
A)': J:-oot-Jo1 h14' 1S'.II'I2. S'..""o't/1. The dictator throttled all opposition. h9"q1~'i- -l">l''l'"''..l"'li1 rril" J'.ooo'to't
OQ,l)")'

throttle

throw

1339

3. M.J'.. High tariffs throttle trade between

countries. h'i'H' +~'I' Q11!':f """hA '
YA,.-, 1"11:" Y"lllA

throttle (n.) [w.J'. '1"-t-C f"t1QID-1 hfC

<; ' fl.111.1 ' f"t.,."'tllCJ

through (prep.)
1. R--- Rh-A. I sent an announcement through
the mail. R?"ll;J- fl.'l- Rh-A h11:" .,ll
;J-wof:y All. ~RC
2. R - - ID-ll'l'. We can see through the glass.
ROPll;J-ID-1: ' ID-ll'l' ' A.,f'l- ' li1":MA1

3. 0 - - - aJollT flm-l'lT. The workers are

tunneling through the mountain. "'&--t-'1''11 '
0-fo&-&-ID- ' ID-ll'l' ' AID-ll'l' ' OP111:" ' .r.+llll-

4. R. The thief entered through the window.

A.QID- ' f1QID- ' RODlllt'l- ' ~ ....

He became rich through hard work. m1hl!' '

RooF&-1: Vofl;J-P" II'~

The crash happened through no fault of yours.

"1"1"1: f.J'.~{l,. Q1-fo 'J'of.'l- hY..J'.A'I"
5. R--- P"h1Y'l-. The work was held up two
weeks through his negligence. R(l- 'I'A-t-'i'
~'1- P"h1Y'l- F&-ID- o-A'l- <\9"1'1-

"'""'""-

6. llllh-- -1:-~ll. We shall be in London through

Saturday. llllh :r-ll"'l. 1:-~ll A1.J'.1 ' ~1
7. (= adv.) -1 0..,.11-. Hehadajobthrough
the summer. O,.?m-~ 0'""'1\- ~~ )fi~aJo
8. ( = adv.) MY. llllh ;J-:f. The soldiers

marched through the town. m;J-.J'.I!''Il h-t-.,

ID-1 MY. llllh ;J-:f R(lA'I' hA4-'l-

*He may not live through the night. .,.r..;.19" '

11111'
through (adv.)
1. - 1 R....ll-. He worked the whole night
through. A.A.-1:1 ' n-11- ' {l.oP&- ' h.J'.~
2. R+'l';J-. Does the plane go through to

London, or does it make stopovers along the

way? .hiD-1!'"1"1\). R+'I';J- "'"- A1.J'.1 .r.
R&-A wY.ll l\"1~ OD111l.1 YCof.A !
3. hllc 1\llh llC. I read the book through.
ODPO'.hi-1 hllC ' llllh ' llC ' MR-Rh-'1through (adj.), ""' street
Is this a through street? .r.u ""111:" ID.J'.H.
Y YHA:t'A!
*This is a through train to Chicago. Y.ll ' Q
11-C <\Y.-1'9" R+'I';J- l\llh 'f"1 f"t't
f: I )QJo
through and through

1. ""'C". The beams of the bridge are rotten

through and through. f1:"A1:"f. .hiD-;J-I!':f '

Q;~,C(liD- Rll-RM'A
2. R"'P". He is reliable through and through.
0"19" l\9"~'1- f"t"'AR'l- (liD- ~,.
3. MY. 1\llh ;J-:f. We were soaked through
and through. hiiY. llllh ;J-:f cn1 ~nc

all the way through hllC ' llllh ' 'IC

She read the book all the way through. """"""

4-1 hllC llllh llC MRR:f.,.
be through "'-cUt

I'll be through work at five o'clock. F<lf-.1

ROF&- h11:" (l'}'J- 1\Q;I,C<\Aobe through with

I am through with him. f(l- ~1C R:J>'S

you are through I R:J>1i'S

you're through; go and never come back!

R:J>1i'S l OY.11l1 o-A-t-'i' 111'11\fiJ>o

throughout (prep.)
1. R-- '1.11. o-11-. He remained abroad throughout the war. OfPC~-IJ 'l.rt. lJoh- tf)df.l" h.
1C

~nc

2. R. This hotel is famous throughout the

world . .r.u 11'-I:A R'}AP" f;J-m+ ~.,.
3. -'} : uo-tr. You can get those vegetables
throughout the year. MII.IJ .h'l-hA-1'-:f '
'}OD-1:1 ..,.11- h1RY ' hY.:J-111<11"
throughout (adv.)
1. n-11-. The wooden part of the house is
rotten throughout. on...+ ' f-fooP&-IJ>o ' f
fl.-1: ID11 RDD-/1- Rllil!).A
-~~- ' n-11-. The jewelry is gold throughout. 1.m- _..It- flou-& me.-,. )m3. h'IC llllh 'IC. The house is painted white
throughout. fl.-1: h'IC llllh 'IC ~"l" '
-t-+-R;I:A

2.

throve, see thrive

throw (threw, thrown)
1. "'~"'~ Let's see how far you can throw the
ball! liM; \>,!).1 f'l- 1:-~ll ' ODIDCIDC '
l\1.J'.9"'l-:fA li1Y.
2. "'A. The horse threw him. L~(l- ' "'AIJ>o

3. "'A h.J'.~1. She threw a piece of cloth over

her shoulders. '1-hlf'l' 1\Y. ""'C;r. OP<\Y. ' "'
A .h.J'.~1:f

*He threw all caution to the winds.

m1:1':1'~1:

1 ' liC"I'i' ' h1:"C1 ' .,.,

throw about
1. IIJfl. Don't throw paper about in the park!
h'l-"'A
ROP<;Llf ' (I;J- IJ>oll'l' ,~.,.+

'

2. hiJh). Don't throw your money about!

~"tH-fiU"t h;I-IJh"t
throw around

~t;l.l.

It was reported that he was throwing a lot

of money around everywhere. 1Ut .,"}Hofl: 0
f(l;l'fDo l\"t.l'."''.~"l" 1!-W&- )IIC
throw away

I. "'ll. Don't throw anything away! ?""t?" )

~c

h'l-"'"'

2. wi!J' "'ll. Throw the papers away! W~of>

-Mi"t ' WIIJ' ' "11\:ffDo
*He threw away the opportunity to go to college. 1>11.~ foo"7C 6.1'."11-"t llh"t-1> ho'tllol.fDo
(be) thrown away h"t-1> ' tr)
My efforts were thrown away. .l'."li"''. rrll-
h"t-1> ' tr)
throw back

"""'fo

w~w~. Throw the ball back to me!

I.
\>,1\-"t """'(IU WCfDoC"''S
2. W.l'. :\11 ""11(1. We threw back the enemy.
ftniiT"t IPC W.l'. :\11 ODII{l)fDo
3. w.l'. :\11 h(lof>~. His illness threw him
back a year at school. a.oo...,. hT?"UC-1> q
"t.l'." ' 'tODT W.l'. :\11 ' h/lof>~fDo

throw cold water on A"7.-;hgo tlJ<G

There would always be someone to throw cold

water on our ambitions. o-A:t.IL l't.-l-.&;l-11' r
11"7-'lh?" f"''. 'I'C hl!-tnof.?"
throw down tlJI\
The watchman threw down the chair from the
third floor. Hll'>'fDo W"tll-1-"t 1 hV'ilT'l'fDo ,;:
:,0 0 1\f. I ")/lfDo
throw down carelessly h11~h~h

Don't throw your things down so carelessly!

l\:l"ll"t

throw

1340

throw

h;l-11~hChfDo

throw (a) glance ODAh+ hF-.1.:1

He threw a glance at each car that passed him.

f"''...'A4-T"t ' OD!J...l":f ' IJo/1- I ODAhT
~.I'.C;>:ffDo )IIC
throw In

I. oa~of>(IIT). The storekeeper threw in an

extra pair of gloves. IJII<l-<lr h"t.l'." 'l"t1:
,.,~.,,.'S

2. "'A h.l'.~~. The chairman threw in an

amusing anecdote to amuse the members.
hfl~"t ' 11"7"1:,. ' 11.4> ' OD"tll-1- ' of>A.I'."
"'"'. h.l'.~~
she threw in her lot with him. 6.1'."11-"t ll""liol.
A w{l):f

throw off

I. ho'to'tT. The device was intended to throw

the police off his trail. H.l'..fDo ?"11.1\-"t h'i'
/I;JfDo 11"7o'to'tT )IIC
2. h;l-1111. The thief threw off his pursuers
and made good his escape. 1\.IJfDo 1 f"''.h:I'T/1:,.-, 0 (ljl':f 0 h;f-h" 0 hODIItn
3. 114>4>. +He threw off a cold. '1-"tof."t ll.f:l'"'
throw (one) off In Ao'to'tT
Keep quiet or you will throw me off in my
calculations. 11?" IIA ! ~IIHJ .h.<\11-"t
;l-o'tilT'111U
throw on ~l.-R J\~l.1
I'll just throw a coat on and come along.
li?"Ci:"t .1'.~11 h.I'."CI. li"tT ;>C A?""'
throw oneself at

she praclically threw herself at him. h'i' hfDo

'1':1' AT/I?")fDo ?""t?" h"'of>&-T
throw oneself (Into) .,.m,..,_

He threw himself into his work. liP'&-fDo T

tnOD.I'.
throw out

I. "'ll. I threw your old clothes out. h.:-1. A

11(o:f1J"t "'AI>.'ffDo
2. hii.T hilW"l. She was so angry at me
that she almost threw me out. 11"1?" iliiT.,
.l'..l'.:f-o'S hll.T A:l'llwnJ'S )IIC
3. )of.. He threw out his chest with pride.
1111-&-:,. .1'.~-l>"t )of.
4. hof>~ll. The committee threw out a few
suggestions . .1'.1:'1- h"t-'l"t.l'." dto"tll:f"t A4'~11
throw over w~w~(/1:,.) ! hof>llll
Throw the ball over to me! \>,1\-"t wCIJJoCA
'S ' (h4>1111'S)
throw (people) together M.,T

Chance has thrown us together in this place.

l\rLu 11;1- nm b.I'."A )fDo
throw up (vt.) M"f

He threw up his arms in despair. Tilof. oflC

1P ' l\")l:"t ' M"f
throw up (vi.) h/lOD/I{I(fDo) l hll;l-wh(fDo)
+J throw up every time I ride on the train.
IIIJ<l-C ' ll't.l'."h- ' <lr'J'C ' ~/l08A{l'>'A I Vll:l'
fDoh'>'A)
don't let It throw you

.,._..4- h+.,..l.lf'

Don't let that failure throw you! 'I--'ll' MAT

""""'" Til-f. hT.,..~'l'
[See also 'court, doubt, glance, light, overboard,
party, spark, track']

throw (n.), is a stone's ~

thunderous

1341

throw

....

0"1!1" :,Oc>(l

be a rule of thumb OA"'I.I:" -1-~t:tlOT

It's just a rule of thumb, but not at all scientific.

f.tJ OA"'I.I:" l\1)( OIIF-111 '1'0>(1 f-1-

His house is a stone's throw from the station.

IL_,. A"'IU'..,. 0"1!1" :,Oc>(l ~..,.

~.:tlOT hf.~A!I"

be within a stone's throw Oh:,.O~OJm- ftll

be under (one's) thumb

We are within a stone's throw from a good

market. 'I'~ f10,1' P:f" ot.:,Ot-fl..t':f-1
t.A

*He's under his mother's thumb. hlVi-1: :J>A

thrust (thrust) <JJ;J

He thrust a knife into his enemy's abdomen.
ml\.,.1 11'-'1. 1\f. 0""1L m;Jmthrust forward 7t.fT.?4- II.

She thrust forward through the crowd. O.h11

II- ODithA M-1-;Jof.:t' ~~*
thrust Into h-1--1-

He thrust his hands into his pockets. l\)1:1 h.

n- ' ....11'1' ' h-1--1thrust Into one's hand 01J.!'" h.llALOm

She thrust the money into his hand. 11H>(I
0"1.1:" t.ll...,om:r-....
thrust up to m+ll
The mountains thrust their peaks up to the
sky. -1-t-t.l"'Jl (l.,f. f.m:,0/111-

thrust

(n.),

with a -

of CD"'-1'

He killed his enemy with a thrust of his spear.

ml\_,.,

o...c W"/-1'

1~A..,.

thud (thudded), v.
*Rocks thudded to the ground after the
explosion. P!/"11- ht.~'l 0:\1\ .1:"1;Jf. ll
f-1-t..,..m.:

oo~-1:

1\f. .1:"..,. t.A

thud (n.)
*The stone feJI with a thud . .1:"1;JI' -'1.>(1
>(lA- '

m~+

thumb (v.), - (through) ooc.h'J ooAhT

t.~t:1 !

h1AII>(I"' hf

He thumbed the book and gave it back to me.

OOX'oh4-1 ' ODAhT ' ODAhT ' h~t:1 .... ' 0011\

t.Y.m"'V"

thumbtack fmt:+T

V"II"'IC

Go to the store and buy me thumbtacks!

m~ 1\-:,0 'U: .... fmt:+T !I"II"'IC "''IA'"{

thump (vt.)

ou;t-

He thumped the table with his fist. mt:A.'I..,.

1 011-m. oo;tthump (vi.) hOC' ' OD:f"

His heart thumped with excitement. All- 0

.1:"1;Jm. hOC' oo;tthump on h11>.1>.

He thumped on the door.

thump (n.) .1:"..,. f"''..A

0~1

h11>.1>.

.1:-V"b

We beard a thump as he feJI. l\1\- n.m.J:-:,0

.1:"..,. f"''..A .1:-V"b tl"'11

thunder (v.)
I. h1't:oo.:oo. First it thundered; then it
started to rain. tl"71' IU'1't:oocr .fU
0011~>(1

)!oot:

The guns could be heard thundering in the

distance. oo.1:-I::'Jl h~:,O n.Y1'.:oocao- f. (I
"'111-

2. O"lf.A .......,.:. The preacher thundered

against corruption and bribery. (lq h...,. "1-P
1 Oou:J>m!l" O"lf.A

thunder (n.)

-!-.,..,.:

~.,...1:"'\.1:"

Did you hear the thunder last night? T.,..,T.,..

.,;1- '

~.,...1:"'\.1:"

tl"71J l

The thunder of applause drowned out the

speaker's words. f"'HH...,q..,. ~.,...1:"'\.1:" f-1-.,..
;J<lll)o') .1:-V"b 'I'm..,.

thunderbolt ftl"7f. oo>(IA"'"A"P

flttm't

A thunderbolt panicked the children. ftl"71'

The student thumbed through the dictionary.

ou>(IA"PA"P A;I>:'Il1

-1-"'1&..,. 001110 .4'1\-1:1 h1AII>(I"' hf

come as a thunderbolt ou-n~:,. fOD:t'ID-

thumb (n.)
I. h..,.t. "'T. I burned my thumb. h..,.t.

The news of his death carne as a thunderbolt.

"1-1:1 h:J>mA't

2. .1'"'".!- "'T .,11111..1'. There was a hole

in the thumb of his glove. fll~ 'lf.t-11- .1'"'"
t. "'T _,11111.,1'..,. -1-0ll;l:A

t.M~1"1'1'"'"

ou(IAII)o
fl\-1 ""'I"T 11(1"7 oo>(I,::,O fou;f-'{ oo
M't

thunderous, .I:"'\.I:"

applause f"fHH...,q

~.,..

thunderstorm

1342

Thunderous applause greeted his appearance.

11:,. l'l.A f"fMMQ;),IJ ~7-.<:-:J.<:-

uu.t.

thunderstorm ~7-.<:-:J.<:-

During the thunderstorm, several trees were

struck by lightning. R~"l-.1:-'J.O:. "1..11. 1111-
Oft;:"{-") ' OD11C::,0 ' OD;f-'f'IDThursday ..,.,..il
The market is held on Thursday. 1RJ'ID- ..,.,..
il f.ID-1\A
thus
I. l\"t-'1.11. Do the outline thus! "t.l:-4-"t l\"t-'1.
IJ

~&-

2. l\"t"l-'1.11. Thus, he is the only one left.

l\"t"l-'1.11 ' f+.:,. ' l\(1. ' 11!1' ' ~,.
*He is ill and thus absent. ilii;J-oooo +.:
thus far
I. l\11.11 t.-.:il. We've come thus far; why not
go on? l\11.11 .<:-.:11 boo"J"t ll!l"'t h"t+
TAll" I
2. l\illJv-"t. Thus far, he has done well.
l\illJo-"t 1."1<; "'C;l:A
thwart h""<;11.
The war thwarted our efforts to build up the
country.h1&1>"t 11"'/lflfA f!l"<;f.C11D-"t
TC:-l- tDC~-1> l\Q;),<;11.1Dthy-11
Thy kingdom come! OD"t"IP'-l-11 -l-!1""1 I
thyme tDil'f
tiara [fmc:,. 1 f~"t.,. m.e!l" fhRIJ 1-"t
1-"t Rt-il 'If. II'I.T f"'Lf.C:"I]
tibia f"'n :,OATil"
The tibia is frequently broken by falls. 1\ID-
{l.m.<:-:,0 f"'n :,0ATf" 1111- "1..11. f.IIR
t-A

tick (v.) "'tThe machine won't tick.

OD"'f6fOJ4

1\~rP

t-f"
*What makes him tick? l\"t'l"'t- f"7.1of.of.
, . ' !l"'t.I:-~ID-1

tick off
!. f"Ah-l- hf.C:1. He ticked off the names
of those who were absent. ftf.oum- R#-l-
A]f:'f illl" h:,O"'"'i !I"Ah-l- hf.C:1
2. 'ILm.:. The clock ticked off ten seconds.
11~1> OP'C ilh11.' 'ILtnC:

tide

tick (n.)
I. ou'lhc. The sheep are full of ticks. M'li
oo'fnc 11!1' .,,,.
2. .1:-11"6. I could hear the tick of the clock. fll~
1> .1:-!1"6 f.II"'',.A
ticket
I. -1:11.-l-. You can buy a ticket on the train.
-1:11.-l- IJIK- 'If. A-l-1'f -l-l-'11111
2. ""T&J'. The policeman gave me a ticket for
speeding. h-tmMID- '1''1'~-l- R'lf. illl M
1J- o -l-t-of.IJ- ' ODT&J' ' iltn'f
ticket office -1:11.-l- ouif"'i
Where is the ticket office? -1:11.-l- ouif"'iiD-
f-l- ' ~,.?
ticket seller -1:11.-l- 'ILt-"L"
The ticket seller is a girl. -1:11.-l- 'ILt-qJ. II.

..,. '

~"{-

round trip ticket f.C{l DDAil -1:11.-l1 want a round trip ticket to Harar. dtC:C f.C
{l ' DDAil ' -1:11.-l- ' l\1..1\;JIIIJ-

[See also cone-way, return']

tickle (vt.)
I. lt-.:lt-.:. He doesn't laugh even if you tickle
him. 11-l-lt-C:Ii".:ID- ' l\"t\>,"t ' hf.P':,O?"
2. h"'+. The story tickled him. ;1-&b- h"'+,.
tickle, vi. ( = tr.) Mb~
+My nose tickles from the dust. h!l.t-ID- h'i'"t
"'i\l."t ' b~h~'f
be tickled f.il hii(ID-)
+J was tickled to hear you were coming. -l-oo"J
1111 ' "711-l-1 ' 1111"7 ' 1.1\ ' hll'f
ticklish
*That's a ticklish question. R'l'"t.4'41 11..1"11' f
"7.111,. l-"lc ~,.
*Telling a girl her faults is a ticklish job.
1111.-l- A~ Tof.;!:1 DD"t1C RH.<'. ~,.
be ticklish ll+mm
The bottoms of the feet are ticklish. fiD-liT
l\"IC .P.II+'P"'A
*Are you ticklish? l'l.lt-C:IK-11 h-l-m.<:-!1" 1
(-l-l..t-11111)
tidal wave "7~RA
A tidal wave destroyed a village on the shore.
.,~RII- ' biJ,"h~ ' JIC ' J'lll-ID-"t ' 001f.C '
hmof.-ltide (v.), - over until hf.C:II
Will five dollars tide you over until pay day?
hf"il-l- 11C 1.'1"11 ;1-f.CilVIIlo 1

tide

--------------------------

tide (n.) "7~0o!l. l '1"1Y:

Unload the ship before the tide goes out.
"76RII- ('1"1'1-) h"7d."ld.1- Od.'l- oPCbii"J htl-"l'i'
The tide is coming in. atbOll- }..f14- ODIIJ
*The tide of public opinion is against war.
.l'ofl~'l'm- .h11ofl hil-1-.l'f'f- IPC)'f-"J f"''.
:I'm'!" )mat high tide "7i>Oo!l. 11.)"1
At high tide, you cannot swim in the ocean.
"7i>Oo!l. 11.)"1 q.nc m-il'l' ""'l''f+ hf.
il'o!\.'1"
at low tide q,n.;.. l\.'1' (l.A

At low tide, the beach is quite wide.

ll'l' 11.o~~. rq.n~ .t~c f.l'l'l-o!l.
[See also 'swim']

q.n~

ff.~(lm-

bearer of good tidings J'lofltl~

The bearer of good tidings was rewarded by

the family. 0.-1-1'111- 1\oflltt:m- a>f!':f' bd.llmgfad tidings f'/"(1&-"f
Have you heard the glad tidings? f'/"(1&-'ll"J
1'1'1"-1-Yo!\. l
tidy (tidied), vt. hl\'1'1
She tidied the room before the guests arrived.
l\"J"IP..'fi h""'l""':f''l'm- ot.+ h'i'II-"J
hll.tl'l"f
tidy up (vt.) h(I-J-tthll
Tidy up the clutter in your room! fh'i'o!I.U"J
'I"Mo~~.ol>o~~. h0-1-ttho!l.
tidy up (vi.) 111101'1
You'd better tidy up before the guests come.
l\"J"IP..'fi h""'l""':f''l'm- ot.+ ofl'f-llqofll(
f."lf'IIA
tidy (adj.)
I. "Jl\..h. The room is always tidy. h'i'll- oo!\.1.11. "Jl\..h )lD2. ofltJ-. That's a tidy sum of money. ofltJ- 1"JH
ofl I ~dJtie (vt.)
I. hl'l~. He ties his necktie in a strange
fashion. b&-ii-I>"J f"''...'il~m- OA\!. .,..-,
I

)d)o

betiecl

I. :1'1'1~. His hands were tied behind his back.

l\'Jt"J f'i''I''S :f'{lf!' )OC
2. l\11-A II 11-A -1-11.1'1!.. The teams are tied.
11-Y:'l''fi l\11-A IIIl-A -1-11.1'\!.
His business ties him down. f"J"I-'J. F &- h
1\1\lD-{1 hlllDtle (oneself) down :f'(l~
I don't want to tie myself dowo by having a

wife, children, and a house to take care of.

m.-..

"J.I:

I have to tie my shoelaces. "'i"7\L"J AI'IC

2. ol.'m~. Tie the ends together! "'i'i''i' "'if."J
h"JY: 1\f. *'~'~"'"
3. mol.~. He tied his books in a compact
bundle. oPl\'mS:'fi"J l\"1'-l> hY:C'I mol.
&-:fmtle (vi.) :f'{l~
That paper ribbon does not tie well. fm~.,..,
'l'ofl"'ofl mofl.,. hf.:I'I'IC'I"

tie {one) down hltlttJJoll h.h

tidiness n.n<;
Tidiness is an obsession with her. "JK"th'i" h
o-11- Mlo!I.IP f'/"'1-mf.m- )1C )mtidings
The tidings came too late. m<'..m-
""'"'.,. )lD-

tie

1343

11"'1.0'1- l IIA:t<'f'i' 110.'1- l\.I'Ah- oP:f'I'IC

hAd.A"I'I"
(be) tied down '1-:f' flllD-'1"
I am tied dowo all day long. 4')-"J .-11- '1:1' ' fii'S'I"
tie In -1-.I'.I'H
This ties in with what I told you yesterday.
f.U '1-II"J'I- b)1Ch-U ;>C f-1-.I'.I'H )lDtle on hl'l~
Tie on another piece of string!
u ' l\1'1~ ....

(t.Q') W.r"l.

(be) tied to

*He is always tied to his work. bl"tl- hf.llf.'l"

tie up
I. h'l'll. He tied up all his money in real
estate. 1"JHII-"J o-11- 0"7f."J4'lt4'il "Jofl~+
1\f. h~A
2. OY:"J hf-~1. The strike tied up the whole
city. fFtl- _,_,..,. hY:"?lD- bof-"7lD-"J
OY:"J hf.~1lD3. ""l"tl--I>"J
+Thestriketiedupthefactory. o ....:.-1-'l''fi fF&- .,.,..,. 'l"h"J.I'
+ o(.oflt:ttm- ""l"tl--I>"J h4t.,_A

h"'""

(be) tied up
I. -1-.I'.I'H. Is his company tied up with another
company? fll- 11-Q"J.I' bl\.11 11-Q"J.I'
;>C f-1-.I'.I'H tm- l
2. -1-.I'H. The telephone is tied up. ilAh- -1-f.

II.A

tie

1344

3. .,..o;f. hiiO'I-. Are you tied up this evening?

~"' "l;J- .,..o;,. hllilll ?
[See also 'hand, knot']

tie (n.)
I. h&-ii'l-. He wears loud ties. l'."l:,. h&-o-rl- fil&-IA
2. "11'1')'1-. There is a strong tie between the
two schools. 011-11-1> '1-II"IIC'I- n.-r-l- ool}
lA fm04' "11'1')'1- hi\
3. 'i':,.c. Family ties have kept him at home.
fO..,.Ml 'i':,.c hO.'I- hill: J.'.~:J-IA
ties of friendship 'il'.'h'IThe quarrel cut the ties of friendship. mil- 'i
Y.'h;J-:fdJo'J .,........
tiger~s

2. 01'.1'il hiA.,.ffHII". The tiles were not tight.

m-11- 01'.1'il hiA.,.ffHII"
3 .,....1'.1'.. The money market is tight. ~1'Hil
0"111" _,.tD.I;..IA

tight with (one's) money .J.,:J!'i"

He is too tight with his money to buy really

nice clothes. 4'1'!!''i' ill\11') II~ /Ailil ~
1'Hil hftD"lll"

[See also 'sit']

tighten hm04'
Tighten the rope!
[See also 'belt']

hide is expensive in our country. WI

&-l-1' fHIC 4''1 m-Y: )m-

tight (adj.)
I. Y:-111' illl- f;J-1"1.1: I f1'.0) I fhol:ol:. The
tight knot could not be untied. Y:-111' illl-
f;J-I"It:m- (fi'.O)m-, or fht:t:m-) ' !!'ml: II.
4.:1" hJ.'.loiAII"
2. f.,.tDmol:. A tight wire will vibrate when
struck. f.,.tDmol: 1111 (l.oo;J- J.'.C~O~IJIA
3. m<lil. He can't run because of his tight
shoes. Rm<lil ..,_.,..,. ll"h1'f'l- 11.1:'1' h
J.'.l-IAII"

4. m-;) f"lfil~Q. A tight boat is absolutely

safe. m-;) f"lfil1Q ;t>:IAQ O'i'l\.11" hf
1"1;>11"

5. hil1.. A tight situation occurred when the

two enemies came to the same party. """""
-J:oo'J'lo h1'Y: :re-t 1\J.'. R.,.~'i'1' "1.
li hil1. 11-lr.:J- .,.4-mol:
6. f"'L..'il"" -,.:,.. I have been in tight spots
before. hH.II 04.'1- R"'L..'il""1':,. 11-lr.:J-
1\J.'. )0Cll0lt was a tight raoe. h~..,_,.,..,. h!J.IA II.
11'1' 11"1'11" hiA<i't:m-

tisht (adv.)
I. O'l'il:,.. Is the jar sealed tight? "ll"ll:m- 0
'l'il., :J-1i'i1A l
2. h'l'il-1'. Hold me tight; I think I may faint.
h'l'il<i'll fH'S I h~t:'S
3. 0'1J.'.IA. Shut your eyes tight! 'tJ.'-1'111' 0'1
f.IA ' ""'1'1'
be tisht
I. mOO. 1bis jacket is too tight for me.
J.'.ll 1>'1- 0"111" mii.,.IA

~ou.o;.1'

h'l'il<i'm-

tighter mo:,. hY:C-t

I have to tie my shoelaoes tighter

a:,.

tiger HIC
A

tilt

..,_.,\1..,. m

hY:C1. "li"IC hlli!'S

tight-fisted.,..,
His father is tight-fisted and does not buy him
anything. hiJ-1> ...:,. illlll') 11"1'11" )~
c

hj.'.~qll'l-11"

(be) tight-lipped 111'1- hll

She remained tight-lipped during the questioning. Oll"coo&-m- 1.1i 111'1- ill\ <i't:l-

tile m-il
The floor was covered with tiles.
il

mll~t-

m-

.,.)'1'~/A

till (v.) Ml"l

Farmers till the land with plows.
"'L..'CI"I-'1- O"lol:ll'

~04.l"'ll f

)tD-

till (prep.) Mh
Till now, the weather has been fine. hiliJII-1'
hf~.

l'."r'i'. )m-

won't be able to see you till next week.

blt11"1''1- 04.'1- I\);>1CII hiAl-IAII"

+ imperfect
Wait till I come back. hilhDDI\il mil:,.
[See also 'when']
till (conj.) Mh

tilt (vt.)
I. hH)OII. If you tilt the bottle, you can get
the milk out. mC..,I"I-1' ii:J-H)iJI\m- "'""
-1>1' IA-l-4''1 '1-l-'11111

Don't tilt your chair so far back! tD1'0C II

J.'. _,.<i'll"mll h1'1'.H.II ' tDI'. :\1\ h;J-H
1'illlm2. H1'0/A hl'.ol:~. He tilted his head to one
side. &-1"1-1' tDI'. .,..,. 01'0/A hi'..:~
3. 1'.4- Mol:~. He tilted his hat forward.
QClr."lm-1' tDI'. 4.-1> 1'.4- hl'.ol:~m-

timber

tilt (vi.) h:>S'.ll

The table tilted, and the plates slid off. m.:A.~
tJ>o M:>S'.ll l).O'l",.; -J-'tlf&.-J-tJ>o mS'._,

time after time S!:J..,fP

I have told him time after time not to do it.

~'t'lf.w&. S'-:>"1"'/. )"1.:01'll11time and again

timber
I. b't..,'l-. Forests supply timber for building
houses. 051! llfl.'l- ""P't.Y f"'Lif). b
't.....,_:f't YM"iA
2. S'.'t. He put a hundred acres of his land

under timber. hoo,&.-tz oo.,.d)o")

time

1345

;Jif

It

S'.'t h1'lltJ>o

time (v.)
I. h.ll-J-IJbil. Time the speed of the machine
very carefully! f'I"-K-'t 'i''I')'J- O'l"t?-1:
hii-J-IJblltJ>o
He timed his arrival to coincide with the
President's visit. bT&.IVI't.,. "1-fl'S'I- :>&.
~'t-'l.~"'ml"'il'l- hY:C1 foPf."t.lftJ>o't "1..11.
M-J-IJbll
2. ill!. He timed the car's speed at 110 miles
per hour. foabS1' 'i''I')'J- Oo't'i'l- oa-r-
OP'C: "''f.A OD(f).') ill!
*He timed his visit to find her at home. Ah
~fl.'l- 011"'1-~'SO'I- o't'i'l- 'tS'.

time (n.)
1. "'.tL. This is no time to ask for money.
hiJ-'t f~'tHofl oamf4:Y "1..11. hf.S'.lll"'
She was here several times. ofltl- "1..11. ~If.
II '1-oa"J )0C:
What time do we eat? P"'t "I.. H. )tJ>o fl""t
01\tJ>o?
Time is up; hand in your exam papers! "LtLtJJo
h.AltA I fi.-J-'i"tJ>o't mt.<t'l- h.llt.hiiThe world exists in space and time. 'ill?" 0
fl;l''i" 0"1..11. tJ>oil'l' -J-mil'i" fl"''l-'l"C:

.,.,.

2. o't'i'l-. What time is it? ln'l- o't'i'l- )tJ>o ?

Can you tell me the right time? '1-hhil"/tJ>o
o't'i'l- ll't'l- ~'tf.lf) A'J-)"It.'S '1-:fl\
illl ?
It is time for lunch. fl"'l) o't'i'l- )tJ>o
3. frt."l IIA'I-. He beat time with a stick. f
H."ltJ>o't IIA'I- 00'1-C: 11"'1- oo&.
times

I. "1..11.. Five times two equals ten. hl"'il'l- "I.

H. 11-ll'l- OP'C: )tJ>o
Times are getting better. "I..H.tJ>o M-J-lflfil
f.'t'IA
2. ~~- Your share is ten times the size of
mine. S'."C:lfll b~ OOP'C: ~~ f.OA"'A

OD~A('

I have tried it time and again, but without

success. ODI\Alt 'l"bC:b-'1- i )~C: "l't 0
b't-1> )0C:
(the) time before last 04'S'.P"

You paid for lunch the time before last.

04'S'.P" ill"'/) b'i'ilYA
(the) time Is up foa..,.:lfm- 4''t )fllo
The time is up tomorrow, so make sure you've
handed your application in. f'ooQ.l.~iftJJo +'l
)~ illllf) "fODAbiJ'll't hil~Q
&Jainst time

*He worked against time to get out the newspaper. :>rt."'tJ>o't 0"1..11. ll"''tD-"1'1- ll.'l-
-J-4'') ' w&.
ahead

Of

time

h+aJ(I~fDo I 1,.fL I

fl.f..}o

The building was completed ahead of time.

.O't~m- h-J-mMm- "1..11. Od.'l- -J-1.~""
all the time

I. O"'''t"im-11" "1..11.. We had good weather all

the time. O"l't"im-11" "1..11. 'K- YfC: 11~;1'

)0(.')

2. 11-A"I..H. 1 nm'l-c:. She is complaining all the

time. 11-A"I..II. (nm'l-c:) ;I""'C:&.il:Y.
3. n + relative imperfect + "1..11. 11-11-. All the
time I was speaking, people in the back were
whispering. OP"~C:O'I- "1..11. 11-11- b:\1\ f
)0<1--'1- o't9':f nli"II1111- )OC:
all this time f.tJ"} YtJA ' "LIL

Where have you been keeping yourself all

this time? f.IJ't YIIA 1.11. f'l- m'i'-J11 ht.P"h ?
at all times O"'''t"itJ>ol"' "1..11.
He is supposed to be ready at all times. O"l't"i
aJol"' "1..11. 11"/)t IY'l" ou~"f 'I- h.IIO'Iat any time VO'l"LILVO

I am ready at any time. M"I..II.P" 11"11!: )'S

at one time

I. f."e. I used to go mountain climbing at

one time. S'."e -J-&.&. ~m"' )OC:
2. Q't S'." "I.. H.. He managed to hold two jobs
at one time. rrt.e- 1.tL o-il+ r~ i\OD
.1'11 il'il
at that time Y'l "l.IL ! Y). ! OHJ'l "l.IL

At that time, he was not yet born.

(.1'~) ~'i" h.A-J-mllS'-11" )OC

n "1..11.
"

At that time, I thought differently about it.

011..1'1 "I.H. lll\1\- no.:'S mll11 AI' twat the same time
I. t-.1.1:" ll.f. ll'.h-A. We got there at the same
time. l'.H..I' f~<:Mw- t-.1.1:- ll.f. twThey arrived at the same time. l'. 11-A ~<:1\2. fii.J')- YUA. She is entertaining, but at the
same time tiresome. fll":t"Mll'l- 11'1-11'1
ffl..l')- YUA hl'tA'f 'i''l-

at times t-.1'11.1:" "1.11. I t-.1'11.11.

At times, I am doubtful. t-.1'11.1:" "1.11. l'.m
&-m&-1\o-

At times, I work fourteen hours at a stretch.

t-.1'11.11. OP'&- h&-'1-

11~'1-

OODMCD-

l\oP&-1\o-

beat time with (one's) hands ftQ;1.0Qi.Lfl

He beat time with his hands while the cantors
sang. ~111-&-1",.; li.HII"<I- you.O"'MM toe

(be) behind time

I. h-1-ml"lta>- "1.11. H~f. The plane is ten
minutes behind time. t.a>-C'TII.)- h-J-mhta>-
"1.11. OP'e ~<I::J> H"lf.;t:A
*He is always behind time in his payments.
11"1 "1.11.11" om:,.., h'i'll- t.Yw-:,0!1"
(be) behind the times dl~ :\11. .,.<:
This country is behind the times. f.U v~e
m~

time

1346

time

:\11. .,.e;t:A

by the time
(imperfect). By the time we reached
I. ll
home, it was already dark. hiL'I- ll1 ~ll ..,
A'l" toe
"1.11.. The house was allame
perfect
2. 0
by the time I got there. l'.~ 1-.11..1' O~<:llh-
"I.H. IL-l> Ol'.ll'l- -J-.,."1'1'11- toe

by this time f.U1 ' "1.11.

By this time next week, we shall be in France.

O"''..OD"JCD- {)M'I- f.U1 "1.11. .L<:1llf.
Me t1
double time b~~
He gets double time for working on holidays.
OO~A .,.1 {LoP&- 6'1''i' f.h.LII'PA

4!'!'e
perfect
each time 0
He paused each time he could not think of
the proper word. '1-hhi\.,.CD-1 :J>A qnJ
oft'l'e ~II" f.A toe

every time 0

+ perfect + 4!'!'e

Every time I look at her, she seems more

beautiful. qf:\'J- 4!'!'e f.OA'I' l'.f~t)';

:r-ti'S '1-~'11\:f'

for the time being ll"LtLaJStay with us for the time being! 1\"I.H.CD- h.,.
;>e #OD'J'
from time to time

1. hAC: 1 hAC:. He comes to see us from time

to time. t.Ar:: t.Ar:: 1\.mf.n f."""'A
2. Of"I.H.CD-. Starvation afilicts India from
time to time. <:;)11 U1.1:"1 Of"I.H.CD- Ym
:J>A
gain time
I. .,.~.,.. l C'm. Our clock gains time. l"l~;t":f'
1 ' ,_.,..1:-_,A (f.C'"'A)
2. "1.11. M'f. He hoped to gain time by putting

off signing the papers for a few days more.

m.:.,..,.,;1 OD.L<:...., 11'1'<1:'1- ' .,..,,. , o.,

H"lf'l- "1.11. 1\..,"l'f'I- 1-ll<f. h~<:~
give (someone) a bad (hard) time hll'l'"ll
He gave me a bad time when I went to ask
him for money. 11H11 Amf..,...,. 11~.1:" h
ll'I'~<:'S

Don't give me such a hard time whenever

I ask you to do something. t-.1.1:" t~e P'&-
qA!l-U 4!'1'e l'.1~H.U h:t"ll:f"ll'S
good time oo~(l.:tShe is only out for a good time. fii"'I-.LA~a>-
-~1"1'1-1 11!1' ' teDhard times ~C
War brings hard times. tf'et'l- l-"le
"'A
have a good time

*Did you have a good time? "Lrt.~&'l

Y""

O~il::t'

hlll\'i'h l

*I see you're having a good time.

~il:

oflh-V

A li"AI
*Have a good time! ODAIJII" "1.11.! ("I.H.CD-
f~ll;t" f.o-1AUI)
have a hard time 1\.llit:ol- 1 'Pll ! 11ff- 1 +:f1l.
I had a hard time convincing her. l'.!l.1 hll
11"1 11\lo ll'll:,O 'PAll- (1111- 1-'f~eh-)

high time
*It is high time that you wake up to the fact
that you are failing in your studies. 0'1-ll"ue'J-
f!I"'J-m.J:-:,0 ODIJ'1U1 0"1.11. OD<:'I'I- Yll
oi.A"IYA

in good time Rll'l-1:

We arrived at the appointed spot in good time.
h-1-tDI"lta>- tl:t" "" 01"1~-f> ~lll1
In no time hOD:,OK-0'1- 1 q1'1'i';t"
He finished in no time. hOD:,OK-0'1- <U.<:I"l

In no time, the job was done. JP&-ID"

:1" hll+
in olden times 0+1:'1" = "l.U

Q'}-'ltt:

In olden times, cars were unknown. n+1:'1" 1

"1.11. ""h.'i' hA~fl<:!l"
in time
1. ID"Ae& h.l:~m-. I am sure we'll come to
an agreement in time. ID"A'l 1 hl:l.'l oott
"7"7 ;J-':'f-"1 hf.+CI"'
2. fl"I.H.. Will the vegetables arrive in time for
supper? h-l-hA-1> llt-'1- fl"I.H. f..l'.C4A 1
keep good time
My watch keeps good time. 1\'tof: '1-hhll'i'
~

....

keep time

Keep time with the music! l\"1:,.1\:l'll.ll"l b.,..

H.:l",. :>C hMItbA
kill time "1.11. h/111.1.
While I was waiting for you, I killed time
counting the cars passing in front of the store.
h"11""1 1\m-11:,.11 fll'l-<lt hm1-ll f"'Lf
Af--l-"1 ""h.'i'l"':'f- fl"".,...mC "1.11.\L"I
h4/l'i'ltmake time "l.H.

h1"l.L

We can make time if we take the path. fll\"'1

C DP"I1f: -ll"lltf: "1.11. l\'i'1"C'i-ll"l
many a time ofllt' "LH.

I have seen him walking with his dog many a

time. ,.lf,."l hl\b-l-11- fll\"'1'1- II."Ill"t-il"
c -1111" "1.11. hl"''/111mark time

timeless

1347

time--consuming

(tt}-f:'}

tf&ml.

He's not doing anything; he'sjust marking time.

11""1!1" hf!l.C"'/!1" l 1\'t-1>"1 ' f.41.'l't-A
next time lUDS'.kT

Next time come a little earlier! /11.<'.4--l- '1'4:

+1.1"' -111111 'i'

on (one's) own time

n:,.ctt:

"LH.

He worked out a more efficient method of

sewing on his own time. fl'I-C'i' "1.11.,. f1"lf
II fA-111\ hM'i' H.<'.. hW"l
on time
I. fll\'t-1>. Please be on time! fll\'t-1> l\"lf:-l"""1
2. fl"I.H.,.. If you hold off applying for a

passport, you may not be able to get one on

time. ff.ll'i' m<:+-l- /1"7"'/T-l- "''DDAb-l-"1
~&. ~1 -111111 ltllll'i'h fl"l.ll."'" 11"7"'/T
'I- h-l-':'f-A f.lf''i'A
3. fl1"fDI\~,. "1.11.. They violated the contract

by failing to finish on time. fl1"ml\~,. "1.11.

Q/IODOR.l;/a'f.... ' .... /1-"j ' "11\4. flf"I.H.,. b'i'll- 11."'-CI\. He bought his
car on time. flf"I.H.,. b'i'll- 11."'-CI\ h"l
I;

oPh..fi

"'IJ

(in) record time bu-11- fl4-'1-

He finished the job in record time. F t-,."1 b

11-11- fl4--l- OR.<:I\
*He ran the mile in record time. h"l-'1-"I "7
f.A II.C''I' h-11<: IDI\"1 1\fl<:
since time Immemorial b1'1+

:(9'"C"

This land has belonged to the church since

time inunemorial. f.ll OD&.-l- b'l'"l-l- )';
!I"C' fl1.1" hCM:f) ~,.
spend (one's) time "LH.eD-'} hlti\.L
He is spending his time in the bar. "1.11.,."1 ""
m'l' 11.-l- 14A'i-A
take time
I. -1111- "1.11. WI\.<'.. She took her time getting
ready. 11'1-fllf:e.' -1111" "I. H. ml\.l'.':'f2. -1111- "1.11. .1.)';. That will take time to
finish. f"l"l IPC-1' /IDD"'-<:11 -1111" "1.11.
f.o1.7iA
this time 1\o-).

This time I'll let you go. '111-l- ':'f-'1 l\11'1'1111(by) this time f.ll"l "1.11.

By this time next week, we shall he in France.

fl"'L"""'"'" 411""1-l- f.ll"l "1.11. ol.<:"14f.

Mcn

two at a time o-AT II-A1z'}

Hand them to me two at a time! v-II+ 11-/1-lo

., h+-1111~
[See also the numerous expressions combined
with 'time']
time-consuming "1.11."1 f"''.WIIf:
It is a time-consuming job to copy this book.
f.ll"l ""K"dt'i' DP1Afl'l' "1.11."1 f"''.IDIIf:
JP&-

~(Do

(be) time-honored
*This custom is time-honored. S'-11 A"''f: II
-1111" ' "1.11. 1\.IDCf: ' II.'I'<:f: ' 1111"""1 ' 1-b
-IIC' ' f.'l"t-A
(be) timeless f"I.H. ml\"1 f/1,.!1"
Eternity is timeless. 11/l't/1!1"~-l- f"I.H. WI\
., f/1 ....!1"
*She seems to he timeleso, she has lived so long.
bf:"''.'l' fl"'!l" 1'i';tA I '1"-l- f<:/1-l- ""1\11~

time limit

1348

time limit

f-t-mll~ "1.11.
The time limit is one month.

1\"JR:

me )om-

t'Tm(t~m-

'LH.

I. h"LH.a>- :>C 1-ll"7'"l.lii"LH.a>- 1-ll"7'"l..

That's a timely topic. I\C7.ll-1> h"J.H.a>- :>
c ' 1-ll"7'"l. ' ~ ....
The paper contained a timely article on foolish
spending. :>H."'a>- II"LH.a>- 1-ll"7'"l. flf
~ Oh't-1> ~'tHil't Ill\ "7Qh't '1--'1.1'. f'"l.
It""'~' ' I\11~A

2. ( ~ adv.) 0"1.11.. The timely arrival of the

police stopped the quarrel. f?"ll.fll- 0"1.11.
ODY:o'.ll ' o'.ofllfaJo't ' 1\.f.ODIIJo

timetable TC"''t-9"
According to the timetable, we should be in
Washington at five o'clock. OTC"''t-- oo
"'"-T ' 1'1i't"7.f't ' 00/"t. ' 1\'tY: ' ll't'l- OD
Y:o'.ll ' 1\1\il't

timid
I.

~t'..

The timid child was afraid of the dark.

A"l: ...11"7 1\.I'.S'.'I'C'I"
2. Y:'t'l-'1'. Deer are timid animals. 1\.:>H't Y:
't'l-'1' ' 1.'tll4 ' ~ ....
~t'.a>-

timidity 'I'C?'IHis timidity keeps bim from asking for his

rights. 'I'C?'I- ov>fi-J>'t h"7llhOC MS'.1'A

timing

foom~m-

111!''1. :1-tll ("14) f-1-,.,t-l- Y-44 '1}1:

1\fll-

tinder .,.,."'m.l'

timely

...,c '

tint

"1.11.

His timing was off, and he came too late.

foom~a>- "1.11. 0"7114- H"'.l'..f S'.o'.ll
*The dancer's timing was perfect. f-'l'tll'11'
f(la>-~'1- ' 't:,O<;<t ' 1.'tb't ' 1\.('.ID"'I\'I-9"

timorous u
The timorous boy hugged the corner.
-,; ' h'l"'' ' 11'1-'1' ' 1111- ' .,. ....

~,_..,.

tin (n.) .f.C.f.C' I f.f.C.f.C' "7bY:'t

The price of tin went up last week. f.f.C.f.C'
1':> Ql\~a>- 4M'I- "'-"""The company reclaims tin from old tin cans.
11-Q't.fa>- 1)1!'1. "14l""f- f.f.C.f.C' "''b
m liM .I'"'"'A
tin (adj.) f.f.C.f.C'
My house has a tin roof. 0.-1: f.f.C.f.C' h
-'l't ' 1\1\IIJo
tin can :1-tll I "14
I saw a squalid hut made of old tin cans.

The tinder caught fire readily. ...,.,."'m.fa>- "'

li.fa>- ' 1-.I'.I'H

tin g Y:'l"fJ l\ll"7

The bell tinged. S'.m/1- Y:'/"6 l\ll"7

tinge (v.) 'IODA 1\.,.1\0D

A drop of ink will tinge a glass of water.
f.,.l\9" mil:l- 1\'tY:'t iiC"l.".f. ..,.~
'IODA .f"'A""1'A
*Memories of the dead tinged the present joy
with sadness. f'l"-1>'1- lll"l- 'Mr:l- S'.ll
;1-'J'a>-'t ' IDS'. dtH't 1\ID'I' 1\S'.o'.~OJo
*Sadness tinged the joy of our reunion.
h'tS'.~<; ' fOD~<;f;f-"f-'t't ' S'.ll;f- ' fdtH't ' J'.OD
<; "'A 1\S'.o'.~O'Ibe tinged 1-.,.'1.,.11
Her admiration was tinged withenvy.I\Y:..-4';1;
h:,Oo;'l- :>C f-t-.,.11.,.11 ~oc

tinge (n.) '1-'t'li 'I"Ah'IThere was a tinge of sadness in her voice.

Y:'l"!l.. '1-'t'li fmH't 'I"Ah'l- ~o.-.o-1-

tinse of (expressed by a composite verb)

There is a tinge of red in her cheek. '1-'t"iJ. .,.'1
ii~A

tingle
I. ~~S'..,.. The children tingled with excitement. A]l:'j; OS'.ll;l- ~~S'-41
2. mo'.o'.(OJo). +My foot tingles when it is asleep.
1\.S'.UIH'S 1."1&.'t .1'.1Do'.'1A

tinker

~~~~~

Please don't tinker with my car engine! foolJ.<;

f-'t ' '1"1-C ' 1\'1-~1)1)

tinkle -t-'t.4'"'-11
I hear bells tinkling in the distance. S'.IDflo 0
>1-41 ll..'t.4'1AA .l'.ll"7'1A

tint (v.) .,.q

She tinted her hair red. l\'1-<::'t .,..1'. .,.II'/"
.,.q"{-OJo

tint (n.) 'tM'IThere are different tints of blue. 11ft' 't.l'.~-1-

ll"''.l''f! ' .,.1\'1" ' 1\11
*The tint of her skin is light brown. f.,. .I'. .II

., ' .,.,..

tiny

on the tip of my tongue ht;:.

tiny
I. 0"19" 'M71. This bell is tiny. Y..u"f- :1'?
"' 0"19" -1-171 ~"f2. '1':1''1'1 (pl.). The microscope reveals the
existence of many tiny things. .,Y..ht:'ill>T f
1111- '1':1''1'1 )~C'"f-1 ou'fc filfl>.

tip (tipped), vt.

I. h:JF.I\. He tipped the table, and the dishes
fell off. m.:A.q0Jo1 ii'I;J.I'.IIID- il.:h'l"'li m
.1'.41
2. 'N:'I" (lm. Did you tip the porter? 11-1-lfll
"'LID- "1-C"If (lm1iiD- l
tip (vi.) 1\;J.I'.II
If the weights are unequal the balance will tip.
l?.:l'l"'li h11.1'.-1- 7.11-1>. 111>.11') "''.ql-
f:Jf:'ll>.
tip (one's) hat

He tipped his hat to the lady.

1,....,. (l.orf"'l'1

tired

1349

1.~

QC~"'ID-1

)..,

tip off

I. ~h hll. Who tipped you off that I was

coming? 7.1.1'.11""""1 .,') ~h 1\IIU 1
2. 1\0DIIh-1-. A red light tips a driver off to a
defect. ouh.'i" ID-!1'1' <t'Y.. (1.0.:. "1-f:

11-1- 7.1'111 ll)"l(ID- _,.,..Ah-1> )ID-

,._~

The word was on the tip of my tongue. :I'll-

h.!,. 'If.. )fiC
tipsy "11>.11'1' "11>.11'1' f"''.l>.
This tipsy boat is not safe to travel in.

~tJ

"lA11'1' "'A11'1' f"''.A )!AQ 11"1-Jf f"''.

f(lof-"?f"1 1\Y...I'.II!I"
get tipsy (lht:
He gets tipsy on one bottle of beer. Q1f:
tnC...il O.<l- Y,.(lh.l.A

tiptoe, on ~
*The children came in on tiptoe.

A~'li <t'il

11111D- 0"1?-'fm- M-1-M-'1- oum-

tiptop h1F.'l
This hotel is tiptop.

Y..tJ 11'-I:A 1\1.1'-'l

)mtiptop shape IID'-it-

m."H+

I am in tiptop shape now. hv-'l floe-A-- m.'l

)or 'IY.. 7.~'lllll-

tire (vt.) 1\.!'.hou

The walk tired the child.

OD1~-'I-

A)f.1 h

.J'.hDDIDtire (vi.) .!'.hoo

The old lady tires easily. hC''l.;t .f-11- Y...!'.h

.,11-

tip over (vt.) .!'.of.

He tipped over his glass of water. f11C?-I'ID-

tire of :J-h-1-(ID-)

1 ID-;> .l'.of.ID-

She never tires of telling about her trip to

Europe. 1111 1\ID-C';r "1-11't:t .,,..:.-1-
hY..:J-h:J--1-11"

tip over (vi.) ,..,Aflm

The boat tipped over. )!AQID-

-1-~llflm

tip with ""i.'i' 'If.. hF.<:~(0-1-)

The farmer tipped the stakes with iron. ~Ot.ID-

"f-1111-'li ""i.'i' "" 11<:-1- 1\.!'.t:~Q'fiD-

tip (n.)
I. ""L'i'. They landed on the northern tip of
the island. 0.1'.(1.-f> (l"'L'i"'f! ""i.'i' 'If.. h

.:4The tips of her fingers were cold as ice. f"':t

""".'i' 7.1.1'. O<:P. +11'1-Jf )fiC
2. "1-C"If. How much of a tip shall I give the
waiter? 'lil'loi.ID- f"1 fUA "1-C"If 1>./1'1'1

3. ~h. He had a tip that the police followed

him. ?"ll.fO"f- 7.1F."''.h:J--t-ll--1- 1\1-'1- ~
h )flt:ID4. m:l'"''. mt.. Let me give you a tip on
the next horse race! n'l'cn- (lii"''.J'.t:~ID- f
J.t:(l 7.71'1'1:11"1:11" tn:l'"''. tBt. A1~CU

tl re out

Jt~hoo

The hustle and bustle of a big city tires me

out. forA'I' ' h-t-"1 ' "lC"'C f.l'.hODOlA
tire (n.) 1.,
Did you put air in the tires? 1.,m-1 )'i'ofYA 1

[See also 'flat']

tired (adj.) f.l'.hOD
The tired horse couldn't run. r~hootJJo I Ll.il
II.;JA11 hAil'llll"
be all tired out fl"'!l" .!'.hOD(ID-)
I'm all tired out from the race. h'I-""LID- ,.1:
f:C fof-)"1 0"111" .!'.h'l"'lA
be tired .!'.hOD(ID-) 1 .!'.hou

I am tired today and cannot go to work.

illl.l'.hoo't (llll.!'.h!l"h-) qt. P'<l- AI\
1: hA"f-AII"

tithe

be tired of M:f(,.)

+I am tired of doing the same thing over and

over again. _n). )~C l'.f~~ll"h- oo
1"&--fo (IA":f.r.'I'A

be tired out
1. .(-hll" hi\(,.). +I am tired out working all
day. .,.,.., ' ,_flo ' (lOP&- ' ...\lo ' .(-b9" ' 11
i'f''I'A
2. ( ~ active) t.Y..++. +rm tired out from the
trip. .,.,.,. h.(-!to4''1'A

feel tired .(-1)9" -J-ll"7(,.)

I feel tired, and can't go to work . .(-1)9" 1111-Jli"?'S P'&- A't.(- hA"'fAII"

get tired .l'.hoo(fl)o)

OF&-'1-

Pay the tithe to the deacon! 01"&--fo"t 111!..1'4'

). '

hll~h11

title (v.) (If""

He titled his book "Remembrances of My
Homeland". OOJI".h4-"t f'J-fl)oA.(- h~
"'- ' T1J;.f-jP";f )) ' 11i'f' '

(lfOD

title (n.)
1. IIC"hll'l- 1119". Do you know the title of the
book? fOOll".h4-"t ' 119" ' (hC"hii'J-) ' ;.1-fl)o
:J'IIU l
2. "7~~"1. What's his title? "7~~.,. ,..,.(-),.!
3. f"7~~., 119". Protocol requires that digni-

taries always be addressed by their titles.

I get tired easily. -fi'f' J'..l'.hoo'I'A

look tired .(-1)9" ;.1-ffi'I-

He looks tired; he must have been sick.

.(-1)9" .('.;.1-.('.0;.1-A I ;.1-'1" 0\.('.ll'"t hJ'.+CII"
[See also 'dead, dog, sick']

;.1-l't!to ' lll""'f ' 0"7~~., ' 11"7:fm- ' 1-."tl!.

mol- Tl!'ofi>A .1'11~.(-J!A
4. oo11'1-. What title has he to the office?
P'A"')."t I\DDJ'11 9""t ' oo11'J- ' hl\m- l

*Has he any title to the land? """'-"" ~q';'

A f"''..Afi'J-

tiredness .(-1)9"
I think my tiredness is caused by a poor diet.
f.(-1)"' ' 'f'';'fl)o ' 9"h"tJ'T ' f9""111 hi\DDOO
"'m"t .('.OOIII\'I'A

)~C

hi\ l

win the title ?f9"'"C'K

rr~

Our team won the football title. !1-.(-<;";f"t f"h

"IC \>,II lf9"1:1'-<;

II')

0(14.~0'1- ~ll"
The author's name is written on the title page.
f.l'.&-ll.,. 119" IIC"hll-fo fili4.~R'J- ~ll"
'IJ'.' -1-li"~A

title page he1.111:

tireless
1. f"7.('.;.1-h'J-. A tireless worker is needed for
this job. 1\ILU F&- f"7J'.;.I-h'J- "'""-~"'~"
.1'114-A:JA

2. .I'A-1-4\mfi. His tireless efforts finally succeeded in getting the bill through. .I'A-1-4\m

'

n ' '1'~.,. noo ....~lf ' f.lo'l- ' ~4::,0 ' 1-."ti!.J'
A'i' 11"7.(-~"1 hll!l'll

1. 1\.(-II"''... This work is tiresome . .eu P' &-

h.(-1)"'1.. ' )fl)o
2. hliA'f. Deliver me from such tiresome
people! 1-."t.I'.ILU !)flo hliA'f lll""'f m
11+'S

tissue fhiiA 41&-TThe doctor examined the bits of human

tissue . .hh.,_ f(l,. fiiiiA 41&-""'";f

fr:t-m&-~&

fJolr

n.-r I\DD.h~11<;
1\1-.:J' 1\0Dm!tol\.1'9" f"''....'~II"IA liMit

tissue paper (1\"tll".lo<;

He played the title role in "Hamlet". 0119"1\.'J-

OJofl'l'

I OD6aJ-1' I

(t;f'

.e.fl I +-JaJ+

He is titular head of the party. fll- f?"II-I:IIm-

!1-.(-")

DD(.)T ' 1\119"

11!J'

)m-

to
1. m.l'.. She went to Addis Ababa. m.l'. Ill!.
11 hnq 't.l'.":f

Take the first street to your left! m.l'. "1&-11

J'l\m-"t o fOO"f..OO(.J' o OD"t~.(- .('.HII ' 'f..(2. II. It is ten to two. 1\llll""t'J- OP'C '1-J!J'.
)m-

To whom did you give it? 11"7"t llm1im- l

-~-~

tissue of lies d'li'l-lHer story is a tissue of lies.

.hll'l- ),.

title role oot. (1;.1-

titular ( ~ adv.) 1\119" 11!1'

tiresome

m~+'l-]

to

1350

tiredness

The score was 9 to 5. m-m.~ Hm~ llhr"

11'1- )fiC
3. 1-.llh. I am home from 9 to 12 every day.
11-A1..H. hl"ll'l- 1-.llh 11.(-II'J- 1.11.'1- )'S
4. OII-I- - - - n h-A. Eritrea is to the north of
Addis Ababa. lo.C'I-&- hhl!.ll hfiq fiii-Jll"'"t nh-A )m-

toenail

1351

toad

S. h --- f./Alt. I prefer walking to running.

hODI!''J' r f.IA/t r .,.II, illl- r orr~~'! r "hODC"JIIIJo
6. 'If.. Please fasten the notice to the bulletin
board! "7ll:f""tJJoJ:.fOJ-'I "7ll:f""tJJ4!J' 111\.'ltJJo
'If. ll'l'd.IJJo

2. q.,.). "'-" Many people have television

sets today. q.,.). "'-" illt- lll":f -tl\.li.

7. (suffix pronouns). Give the book to me!

""~ ~<; hi\)Oilh-..,.?"

""K".b4-'l lim~

a week ago today f~<l. <'1?""1:,. + perfect

He left a week ago today. f~<l. <'IM:,. ~~

8. lA

+ (imperfect).

A~'IU

I'm trying to help you.

"hf'l"hCh- )tJJo

Speak to her! "h!l.'I M :>"'<l-:,.

*There are four oranges to the pound.
iiC-Irtl'l

r h'l~ r

)'I'C f.OD1f'OA

~)11'1

*To my amazement, he came to see me. oP'J"

"1-lr ' ~~....~

i'J.9"'"}:,0.

f~<l.tJJo"l

:>

+ imperfect

I will leave a week from today. f~<l. <'IM:,.

7.~'11\IJo

f~<l.

Three weeks from today is a holiday.

'I'

11:,. <'IM:,. O'tA )tJJo

toddle

~h

~h

hi\

The baby toddled across the floor. ih7). OtJJI\

*I told him that you stayed out late last night.

What did he say to that?..,..,.,.-,.., h?"1i-t-U
.....,q:,.u., )~ell-:,. :f""I!J ?"'I hll 1
to and fro fD/tY 1 CD-\.U
He paced to and fro in his room. Oh'i!A- = tJJa
11'1' tJJI!J tJJJI.U

-1-'1'1-.l.f.~

11-1\f.~h~hhll

to-do :,.A:t oo,:.m'l'

What a to-do there was when the guests
came early! f-1-m<l-:,. lll":f hll't-lr Od.
..,. OOD?""';f-'ftJJo ' """'it OD.l.IJJ'I' )0C

toe (v.), ~ the line

1. uorooc 'If. -1-"IO~hh. The runners
toed the starting line. ~u-=ti oo~ 7m- OD JP

toad "l-C'I'
Toads eat flies. "l-C'I' 11'111"-f"l f.O'IA

toast (v.)
I. mOll. Shall I toast the bread? 'IIIOJ-'I A 'I'
0/ltJJo l
2. 1111 - - - m.'!):,. m"'. Let's toast the
hostess! 1111 hll-1-'0:>,;.'1' m."l):,. "h'lm"'

[See also 'drink']

ODC 'If. -t-"IO~hh2. .1'11-:,.'1 -~""'011. You'd better toe the line
when you're in the army. tJJ;f-~C n:,.ll''l J'II-U

'I r """'""' r hlliiU

[See also 'head']

toe (n.) fh"IC "1:,.

toast (n.) f-1-mOII 'Ill

Put butter on my toast! f-1-mO/ItJJo 'Ill 1\
f. /tiL r h~C"IA~
*The toast was followed by cheers. K"'l' IJ)
, . 0:\1\ -fot;g,0""0

My toes are frozen. fh"IC "1-Mi O~P.. II'

)'I' A

He has a hole in the toe of his sock. fh"IC Jr.

Ml- "1-lr 1\f. r -t-Oll:I;A
on (one's) toes 1"-k

toaster OD'J'O!f
Put the bread in the toaster! 'llltJJo"l OD'J'Oif
tJJo. 'If.. h~~IJ)o

tobacco :,.?"qll'
Put more tobacco in my pipe! "C7'tb tD-i'l'l'

:,.?"qll' r t;g,?"CO:,.
He chews tobacco. :,.?"qiJ' f."I-C<'IA

He is always on his toes when the boss is

around. hi\:J'tJJo II.'l'C IJoA"I." .,., )tJJo
step on anyone's toes J\il4-roo

I didn't mean to step on anyone's toes when I

brought up the subject. )~<1-'1 J')"'IJo:,. "7
'1"1?" 11"7ll.,.f?" il\1. hA)O~?"
step on one's toes h"'l?-1' 1 ~'lmlD"

I stepped on her toes in the crowded elevator.

today
~.:..

I haven't read today's paper yet.

a week from today ftf.'.

Jt~T

*We danced to the music. ...,.lf.:J'tJJo'l -1-h:,.ll

.,

'fr'l hl\'l'tJJo
today's f~<l.

What's on the menu today?

I.
?""l 'tf.)..,. ?""'ii hi\ l

~.:.

?""!

We are making great strides in medicine today.

~<1. Oihh?"<; ~~~ h'i'-t->;' "hC?")f 0"7
~~..,.'If..

)'I

h<'l'l/1<1- 'l'it'l'it illl- llMOC 7."1;<:'1

~~'1'~..,.

toenail f"h"'C 'l''i'C

The doctOr CUt my toenail. thh,.CJDo
'I''I'C 4r.~mA~

rh"'1~1' I

together

tolerate

1352

together
1. hofll:(Do, They came together on the same
train. fl"}.(- I flfl'oC I }tofll,d)o I ODIJlo
2. ooa.,..QOC. Community of interests causes

people to work together. .,..,..ilil,l'. ,,...,

lll":f"t Ooo.,.IJOC h"t'I.U'-1- f!I.C;JA

3. h"t.l': 'If.. Don't put them together in the

same room! h'll: h'i!A m-ll'l" h'l1: e\
f. h:J-II+,."''ftJJo

All the cannons went off together. oo.f:c:'fl ott- ' h"t.l': ' 'If. ' .,..,.lt-(1.

2. ,.AhT. He gave it to me as a token of his

friendship. fmJI~)-Io ,.AhT ,1'.11')'1 H
"t.l': ,I'.U"t l'lm'1

3. "'lii;J-mlf. The ring was a token from my

aunt. 1'110-lo tthll-1: f.,.llm'1 "'lii:Jmlf )0C
by the same token OH.Ifo ,..h1',.t'.-,.
By the same token, I won't go either. flH.rl- r
h"tfT 1.~,. t.A~.I':,.

token, adj. ( ~ adv.) ltil..,. fUA l ltil..,.

..,..,11

together at the same time ll'l.(- "l.tL

The enemy offered only token resistance.

All his troubles seem to come together at the

same time. ';f1.;.. 11-1\- 11"}1: s "t.rt. s fm

He made only a token payment. 1\{loo-

t:!f.OT ,I'.OOMA

il' T"t11 hLI\

together with h - - - ,;JC

These new facts. together with the evidence

we already have, will be enough to convict
him. MIUJ h'l.il oo.:JI;I":f O.I.T h)O
l,OJ"' I ;J6- I l.f"~dJo I fit'\- I e\f, I 1\0Dfi:;l,l: I

m'IT f_,.b'lbi\ID- ltil..,. fUA 11!1' )OC

told, see tell

The pain was bad, but it was tolerable. ifaoooo. '
..,,1'.1\... O.ll'"t,. f"''.ii'A )OC
be tolerable ,.,.,..

very well together .,....,ll11+mWe work very well together. .,..,IJ11.,."t h"t"'
&-1\"t

The food is tolerable.

He toiled for many years at that job. f"t"t P'

&- ' 1\"'lb<;ID") ' 1111- ' , ......,. ' M

The farmer toils in the field. 70t.tJJo hell'

tJJo tJJoll'l' ,1'.1\of.A

tolerance

h~A

,..,o- ,._,,.. h,I'.A

oo;J-1F

The teacher's tolerance of their bad behavior

surprised us. hli+IP/6tD- 1 OOTG: 1 mQf:ftJJo
") '

-;~-,....

' t.il!f.)-1>")

achieve tolerance +~".fit-

'i

We must try to achieve tolerance in religious

matters. OV,I'."'I'l":f":f"t .,.il':flt"t 1\00'l"C
oo'f"bC hl\11")

toil up Ol:l]r miiJ

The children toiled up the hill. A)('fl .,.&-&-tJJo

tolerant il'f.
A tolerant person usually has breadth of mind.

") ' 0.1':11,. ' IDtn-T

il'f. ' fll') ' ""'" ' 1>11~ ....,.., '

toil (n.) 11C-Io

P'&-

l Aof.T

Toil left his hands covered with calluses.

11C-Io P'&- (A<f.T) h)t"t t.lfh.:m-

toilet 11"tT ILT

Flush the toilet! 11"tT IL-Io"t "'"~ A+'l>o:,.
toilet articles oo'l).\\_.f

He bought his wife some toilet articles in

Paris. 11"'1.11-lo h;r&il oo'>,'>.J' 7~'1:,.
make (one's) toilet

11

tolerable f"''.ii'A

Nt:ftt-<;A

toil (v.J 1\of.

+OJI'JI:

She made a hurried toilet. O:flt-'1 .,.Off)!'~'

tJ)o I

{1&,

1." ' hh,.C:

~tJ)o

be tolerant
1. hA+:t-moor. This government is tolerant
toward all religious beliefs. ,1'.11 OO"J"IP'T
..,_,.,..,..,,.. V,l'."'l'l"T hf.-"'m,.,.
2. h,l'.f- h"tll'lf hilL. He is tolerant of
other people's frailties. ftt.ll-:f"t miJ,I'. !f.
ll"'I)T hf..P. h"tll'lf fAof.A

tolerate
I. t.hO.:. We must tolerate other people's
ideas. ftt.ll-:f 119':f"t hil.,.ffT "'lhO
c ' hl\11")

token (n.)
I. [1\ii/Ah '

ID,I'.,. ' 1\l'.ID-f-fl-il ' 00

~Jf f"''.f71\"IA Oil"tt,. Ah ,_,.,&-
h11 11t:T].
OO!f.IDf '

2. ;l-7"'. They tolerated the grouchy man

only because he was their employer. )?<;"'ltJJo
") ' ""'" ' f:J-1,....,. ' +"'&f'fm- '
11!1' ' )ID-

ill\11') '

3. 1-+fii\. He is a zealot who can tolerate no

religion but his own. f.!-1\-"t h"t:( fA.'I"t
?f-"7'1"'1- f"''f.+RA +'i"lo. ~.,.
not tolerate
1. hArDS'.J'.9". She can't tolerate cats. h!l.
Y:OD'I- h'l-mY:9"
2. l-'1 II.A hA!I'fl9". A nation at war will
not tolerate treason. Otnci:,. It~ Ylt tJ
1C h'l.,.'l':f"t :f'l II.A hf.l-A9"

3. +:J>moo. Christianity does not tolerate

paganism. fhCIIi:.l'"t ?f-"7'1"'1- h~oou
'l-'1 f.!l'rD"''A

toll (v.) .,.J'.rfl

Church bells tolled. f!l..,. hCll-1:.1''1 J'.m
flo:f ' .,.J'.rDflo

the day after tomorrOW .,..)1 I aJJI;J

It will be ready the day after tomorrow.

.,_~1 m'IJ f.f.CltA
[See also 'night']

ton +"t
We have produced a hundred tons of cement
this week. fill.ll lt9"'1'1- h'IY: .,...,. -1'
'I ' 11."'1.'1-1' ' ...

c.,.., ' hrD"'"t

down (vt.) fiH11

tone,

h1.~1

You'd better tone down some of the statements

you made in your speech! O'l""1"1CU 1\,e.

ftn+IIIJ'f'aJo"t h'IJI"tY: ~1C':f fiH11

hY:C:>'I'aJo
tone down (vi.) Ol.~ hil

The excitement toned down. ""IC"""<- Ol..(-

toll (n.)
1. 111.'1 +~'1'.

tongue

1353

toll

You have to pay a toll on this

bridge. fill.ll Y:AY:f. 'If. II..I'A4- 111.

'I +~'I' ""h4.A .l'llt.A;>A
2. "1-'1'1-. The earthquake took a heavy toll
in lives and property. foP&.iJ oo")+T+T fll"l
...... ' fi'l11~'1- ' "" ' h'i! ' .I'll ' .,.",. ' hf.~(l
toll (adj.) +~'I' f"'l.h4.AO'IWe crossed the river on a toll bridge. +t:'l" 1
fi"'l.ht.Afl'l- Y:AY:f. .,_"lf1C"t
A toll call to a distant city costs at least a
dollar. 6-:j. <Jill h.,.., fl"'l.f.~"l '1'6
fi..l''lll h'IY: 11C f.ht.'IA

He placed flowers on the tomb of an unknown

soldier. IJA;J-m+ m;f-f.C OD!l'11C 'If. h
fifl' h'l'~

IPODl,

!"~flo

hh'i!flo ;>C f.oP9"6-A

tone (n.)
1.

~'i.

This instrument has a beautiful tone.

I ODUf~~ I ~ I ~Cj I hiltD2. J:-9"6. He spoke in a low tone. J:-9"11-"t 11

:j> hY:C~ .,_<;1~

J',.lJ

faDolf.~

3. ,!l>IA. The officer spoke to the crew in an

authoritative tone. oob-'l> wt-T'iP=Ii'l 1 OJVJ
'fr~'l- :J"A .,_'i"16-'I'IJJo
t'T'i1~.

The doctor's tone was serious.

dth.... f.,.'i"1~.,. toll.,.c 11flo ~oc

5. +119". The picture's tone looks fine. f I" btl-
+119" ' ,...,.. ' """~~'~"'

*Her dress has several tones of red. f+"Y.!l

:j>'l'f- ' f.,.fl.l'f ' ~ ....

you mustn't speak to her in such a tone.

tombstone dtaJoA'I- I f""!l'11C Y:'l:>f.

They placed the tombstone on her grave
yesterday. '1-'1'1'1-'i" fiOD:J-11~ 'If. "'"'"

"'""' "'"""""

They engraved his name on the tombstone.

fiOD:J-11>1- ' Y:"J;>f. ' '\f. ' 11...'1' +~1\.

He has many large tomes in his library.

"'"II"' 1111- '1-AA:j.

tomorrow i1
I will be back tomorrow. h

l\'1'1..11 hY:C111 A'l-'i"16-'l- hf-1'19"

[See also 'soften']

tongs """''lm""l
Use the tongs to stir the fire! hlt1:'1

""""'"~

tn""liD" ' <ll.ll.,...(laJo

tome ""K"dt'i! (pl. OOI\.ft'i!'l-)

nn..,. ""llm'i!-Jo
""llm'i!'l- hll-'1-

tone in

The painting tones in with the rest of the room.

4.

tom a to -1:"71:9"
tomb OD!l'11C

hfl

h""flltfl,.

tomorrow's f)'l
It will be in tomorrow's paper. IU1aJo ;Jii.IIJ
'If. f.rD"'A

tongue
I. 9"'111. Stick out your tongue! 9"'11111'1 h
aJo"'
He lost his tongue. 9"'11\- ;J-(1~

2. lt"J!t. The English tongue is spoken all

over the world. fh"t"'l\.11.,. lt"t!t OoP'\
iD" '\119" f.~1Cfi;f-A
tongue of flame fhil+ 1 ~OlAllA

Tongues of flame were seen leaping into the air.

l'lVI'l- )fliC\qjC\ mY. il"7f. t\,tD"' f.;J-f.

)flC
tongue of land

+lliJY}

A/1~

r~c

The house is built on a tongue of land which

extends into the lake. O..J: ' f+wt-m- mY..
dtl'-41 fl"7.1q h"tY: .,..,..."t IC\o't) 9"Y:C
llf. ' )tJ>o
have a sharp tongue 9'"1\il~ ~,.,. ! ,.-1\(t.
I"C If)

She has a sharp tongue, so don'targuewithher.

9"11(1... illllf)':f (9"11!). I"C illllf))
h!t ;>C h'l-h&-hC
hold (one's} tongue lf'r hll

Hold your tongue while I am speaking.

h~

il'i"1C 119" II&\

[See also 'lapse, loose, native tongue, slip, tip']

(be, become) tongue-tied 9"1\11- -1-o'til~
The excited witness became tongue-tied and
couldn't answer. fl.~"lmm- ~ rllhc : 9'"1\lt-
1111-f-o't(l~

tooth

1354

tongue-tied

' ll.oPIC\{1 ' h&\;1'119"

tonic (n.) .Y.th

Get a bottle of tonic from the doctor! h?J!:

mCODoil .Y.th hP..h-K- H"tY: h9""1

act as a tonic hfl~;J-;J-

The good news acted as a tonic for all of us.

oojC\\tODo H.'i" o-ll':f"t"t9" hfl~;J-;J-"t
have a tonic effect h.~.4"..4'
Swimming has a tonic effect. 'l''i" f)ft'ft'IC\

tonight ~&. "7:11 am sleeping at my aunt's house tonight.

~&. ' ..,,. ' 1'"7J:"~<J)o

' hhi11: ' 11.'1- ' )tJ>o

tonsil
*The doctor removed his tonsils . .h h.,.,.

.,.~

C'tJ>o"t !).mmll '1-

tonsure, wear a "' h'i.JJ"} ""'"

too long-flfto

Dont stay away too long; we have to leave

in half an hour. 11"1"711 il't'l- tJ>oil'l' ""
'/.Y: MMI"t 1111- h'l--'1'too much
I. 1111-. This knife edge became blunt from
cutting too much wood. oft,. ii''}Q;a.:,. /ti\1"
11.~mfl'l- f.ll 11.11'1' F.)H
2. .l'lloom"t 1 hoom"t flllf.. Don't expose
your skin to too much sunshine! .,Jill"} = 11\0D
m"t (hoom"t 111\f.) Bdtf. h;J-iloo;J-tJ>o
then too h11..1'9" ' 111\f.

Then too, we must take him into consideration.

hlf..l'9" ' 111\f. ' 111111- ' "7il11 ' hll11"t

[See also 'many, soon']

took, see take
tool """16.1'
Be careful of those tools! h)H.,I'"t """1619'
':f ' fl'l'"tft'<ll

_,~.,....

Books are tools of education. DDl\.h'l''l- N

9"11C'l- """16.1' 'i"'l'tJ>o
The mayor is a tool of his party. h"ttqtJ>o I'
?'11-l:lttJ>o ' fl'Y:"t ' """16.1' ' )tJ>o
toot hil""'1i
He tooted his horn. ooh,<;tJ>o"t

'l'~ll"q

hil

""'1i

tooth (teeth) 'l'Cil

His teeth are chipped. 'l'CII- lf&-of. ~"'"
The saw has sharp teeth. I'"";>II- 'l'Cil il
A' )tJ>o
tooth and nail

We fought against them tooth and nail.

Mil- ;>C qll"t ;f.A 11-11- -1-'1';>"t
armed to the teeth

He was armed to the teeth. ODol\- """161

:1-'1'-' '

)fl~

by the skin of {one's) teeth

;t:,."}7i

Catholic priests and monks wear tonsures.

He escaped by the skin of his teeth. 11'1-'111

l'lt.Y.II.h ' <Jl(l':f'i" ' oP)lt-l\9'':f ' h'i";J-'I'tJ>o"t '

1'-11""1.11-

cut teeth TC/t : h.OJifJ

too
l. OIIJ9". These shoes are too large. f..tl 1 1
., OIIJ9"" I (t4f. I 'ioaJo
He was too tired to go any further. 11"19" II
1\~hODaJo I .,.JI(Do'} I oo+mA I 1"/t'iolD2. 9". The child is hungry, and thirsty too.
A~ CP;J-A m9".Y.;J-A9"
May I come too? h~9" A9""1 !

hoollm

The baby is cutting its teeth . .hYl- 'l'Cil II

"7tJ>o"''l- , 'If. , )tJ>o
set one's teeth on edge
I. il.,.mm(tJ>o). Thesoundoffingernailsscraping
on a blackboard sets my teeth on edge. '1'4<C
11/IJI fl'l''I'C t'l.m.'l' t'l.F.~"I f.il.,.'l'm ...A
2. 'l'CII-"t hF.)HH. Sour fruit sets my teeth
on edge. 1>9""1"1 '1'&. 'l'Cil."t .I'F.)11H'I'A

toothache

top

1355
~All.

sweet tooth

4.

She has a sweet tooth. "14-"1" )1C fl"'

walk. Ol'."l~>;' OO't1.1': ~f. ~All J'1ih

~he )OC
5. if&-. Put down the top of the car! fOOll.'i'm-

'I" ' '1-m.lll\:f

toothache f'I'Cll ihOD'l"

His toothache is causing him great suffering.

"'l"tnlD'

top (adj.)

f'I'Cil ;r,oo- oflrt- 1il.U.'t4"1'A

I. ~F.'i'. It's in the top drawer. ~F.'i'm- """IL

toothbrush
1. f'I'Cll iH-1i. I lost my toothbrush. f'I'C
II il'l-lt m'l-ii'S
2. """-4:1. What kind of toothbrush do the
natives use? .1'1'1- -l"m~]l::f fl'l"'t 'i-)'1-
oo'l-4:1 'I'C ...'ffl>o't Fo'i':J>il- I

toothpaste f'I'Cil ,.._.,..

aJoll1'

lj(Do

2. h<;:-1-'i'. This document is top secret. ,1'.11 (I

) .1': h<;:i"'i' 'l"llm.C ,I'.!f.A
We drove at top speed all the way down here.
~llhH.II ' .1':~11 ' flh'i'i"'i' ' 'i''l')'l- ' ~f)JI
"t

0011)"}

*My brother is a top student.

I need some toothpaste. f'I'Cil ,.._.,.

~d.

A;JI\11-

m'l~

"Ju01f =

h"''.Qil-'1- ' i""7&9':f ' h't-'1. ' )IDtop half

He is in the top half of his class. fh'i'il-'t h

toothpick f'I'Cil oo"l-c"l-&1

Give me a toothpick! f'I'Cll oo"l-C"l-&1 II
m'S

(be) toothsome

~~

"' ' ~~ ' 1il.,.~'1'"7A

1. ifd.). Snow topped the mountain. f-1"&-&-fl>o

't "'i'i' 11~1'- if<;:'l':J-A

2. ODF.'/"F."7.J' II'), That tops everything!

1 o f)1'1- o 11-11- o ODF.'/"F."7.J' o ,l'.ll''i'A
3. h'tF.'i' m"'. Jim topped his class. '1[9"
hh'i'il- ' h'tF.'i' ' dl"'
4. hilh)JI. He tops them all at soccer. fi~"IC
l>.ll "'-'1':1' 11-il-'t'l" 1llMJIA
5. h - - - 01\m. His story topped all the rest.
vn- :J-&h hib~ o-11- flllm
6. h - - - "'i'i' ~f. F-~1'1. The boy scouts
topped the hill. llJ'. ~il'lfl>o.Y.'j; h-1"&-&-fl>o
"'i'i' ' ~f. ' F.~n-

7. +Q. The baker topped the cake with

butter. Jill ;J;J&fl>o 11.11-'t ' :,.o. ' .,.q..,.
.1'-"1~'1"11

You will find that passage at the top of page 32.

n"}

1m- '

top (topped)

iiii-

To top it off, he stole my wallet.

;J"77i i""7&9':f h"''.OAm-'1- ID-il'l' h

't-'1. ' )m-

at the top of ooJ!oo~ym- r ""'

hll.,.~moo

Her cooking is toothsome. f'l":J'H;J)';fl>o 9""1

to top It off

"} : if6--

He was spinning a top on the side-

,1'."1~9"11

9'""}1}11

1K"

IPI\/). ;

lJo/l:J-

OD'J!OD6

~f. ' :J-1'f'l'llll

at the top of one's voice

She shouted at the top of her voice. .,.C'C''I'

Mll.il)m:,. (Mll.):J>) P"'li:f

come out on top h."} F.~ IJ"Ij

He came out on top in the fight. 0'1-"IA h

'tF.'i' ' II')
on the top of 0
OD"f.OD6Y
His name is on the top of the list. lloo-- = O'tfC
1f?- I OD'1.0D6Y I ...,.. I lj(l)o
M

It,.

on top hl\,.e.
The book is lying on top. OO?;".h4-

h~F-

-1"

+'l"IP.A
on top of h<;"'l- ~f.

The book is standing on top of the bookcase.

ODX"tfl.,.. I ODX"th'f! I ODY..CY..&.Yt& I Jt'i'+ ;
~- ' )fl>o

it

on top of that
I. h--- O~J'.. He gave me three weeks vacation,

I. "'i'i'. How far is it to the top of this mountain? f-1"&-&-fl>o "'i'i' c+., 'l"'t 111A

fll'il'l- ... 'l"'t-'1- b~<;:'l- hoo<;:+-'1.'1" 0~-

.,.elf lim'S
2. - 9" - - '1". He asked me for $50, and on
top of that, wanted to use my car. ~9'"fa -fl
c hO.I':&.m-'1" ooll.'i'\L't'l" fl.mll.l': .1.111

II- fll.ll llC ... \L't (l~+'S

top (n.)
~m-

2. h.ll't. The top of the bottle is missing.

fmc-n- h.ll't m'i':tA

and on top of that, he also gave me a bonus.

3. dli\A. A table top is horizontal. fm~A.qm-

to the top of h - - h'i''l- ~-

mttA h"IJI"''. )m-

The mason heaved the stone to the top of the

top-heavy

wall. "I'IR';'.,. J'.'l'l..f"'"'l Rll'l'l- :f"IC

h"l.l:'"l-'1.,. t.'i"'l- 111- t.m"l.,.

R.,.'l o-11- .J'II'f"I.:.A

torment (n.) ;,.oa9" I P':J'f.

(be) top-heavy t.:>F.II

The load was top-heavy. "l"H t.:>.I:'I).IA
*The ministry is top-heavy with directors.
"'l.tll1:'1- ' h"'l.1q.,. ' Rllf. ' iiH- ' 'l.:Oh.,.
t::f ' t..ll-'1-

War was the topic of their conversation.

.:.:f.,. t..Cl\11'1- fllC)'J- )RC

2. t..ll'f1.:. That boy torments everyone

with silly questions. f A~ f.,f,,:q 'l'f<ll
Roomf~

[See also 'bottom, put']

topic t..cl\11'1-

torrid

1356

n..,..,

topmost h'i' illl- f"'l.1'1

The best apples seem to grow on the topmost
branches. 9"C'I' fii").'J- -1>4-l":f f"'l.1'f.
'1- h'i' ill\.,. h"'l.1'f.'l- ~C'I"'iG::f
111- f.oaMA

topography foo.:-'1- t.+.,oo'l'

The topography of the country is not sufficiently known. fl116:!: foo.:-'1- t.+.,oo
'I' R.l'.'lil t.f,;J-a>~9"

topple (vt.)
1. 1).1'.(1. The wind toppled the tree. )of,.(J. q
4-'1 ' 1),I'.{JIJ)o
2. H<:<: l "'ll. The wrestler toppled his opponent. :J-:>f. .,.mJIJI6tJJo'l H<:<:.,. ("111.,.)
topple (vi.) .,.11\Rm
The government set up by the rebels soon
toppled. ooos'l':r; fol/ol/ ...'1- oo'I"IP''I- m
'lf"'" -1"11\Rm
topple down T'i~
The pile of books toppled down. fODK'dt4-
"'AA _,..,..._

topsoil [hllf. f"'l.17.,. 119" t..LC]

~..... mof.
Everything was topsy-turvy. o-11-9" )1C oo

(be) topsy-turvy oo11

II ~ ..... m'i':I:IA

torch :ffl
The torch gave a flickering light. :ffl.,. iliA
"1" .I:'C"19" 1-IIA

put to the torch 11;Jf

They put the village to the torch. 00'1.1'.'1-'1

t.:>f.'l-

tore, see .tear

torment {v.)
1. t..oP:J'f. He tormented the cat by pulling its
tail. J1.'0D:f:'l ~.:.:1:'1 llf'l-.,..,. hoP:J'f'l-

His torment lasted until the medicine took

effect. oo~t-1> llllh.oP.:. .1:'<:11 ;,.oo...
(P':J'f.) .,.fR'Ibe a torment J\IP ~r
A bad burn can be a torment. hq.(- fllll'l-
:J'mll- foP:J'fiA
be In torment +rP.:I-f
He was in torment from an aching tooth.
'J'C(J.'I t.'l"'l- ,_,:J'f, )RC
suffer torments , . ,:J"f
He suffered torments from his aching tooth.
R'I'CII <hOD9" ' .,.,:J'f

tormentor .J'oP:J'f (ltJJo 1 t.,,..,_

He was consumed with hate for his tormentors.
q,:J>f.-1- Rl":f 111- iiC-1: 'I'll!!' M'.<:
R'l-

torn, see tear

tornado 'lf./1';' !1.1-'1The tornado flattened the town. 'lf./1';' !1.1'1- h_,..,,_'l t.L<:(I.,.

torpedo 1'-C'r;P..
The torpedo sank the ship. .,.C'CP.."'" ooch
!1.'I t..Rm.,-1-

(be) torpid '1'1111 M

He was torpid after the heavy meal. bq.l:' 9"
"'ii RIA.,_ '1'1111 iii).A

torpor
*His torpor is due to the heavy meal he just ate.
A'i'll'i'll fil"'" bq.l:' 9""1il IIIIRII )IJ)o

torrent

m&-~ fDo;!l

The torrent swept away the bridge.

m.:.~

.,.;) .I:'A.I:'f.'l me-t 1-P'I- 't.l'.

a torrent of OO'l-1-

The speaker was deluged by a torrent of

questions . .,.'i";J6"'" f'I'.J'<Il oo''l- m<:.I'.R-1-

torrential 'lf./1';'
A

torrential

flood

inundated

the fields.

'lf./1';' 1-C'i' liCifiJ)o'! ATII+M.,.

torrid R"'9" 'I":J-'1The regions that are near the equator are
torrid. Roa.:-'1- ' oo+)'J- ' t,.l)qfl ' fll- ' .,.
R/l.l":f ' R"'9" ' 'l":J-'1- ' "'~'"'"

torsion

totalitarian

1357

toss about OJJ;J m)ltl h.A

torsion
*This wire cannot withstand torsion very well.
,_U 1111 ll.'t.P.Ail h,_m,...H11!1"

The balloons tossed about in the wind.

ol.'iliJo Ot<f.{lo ~,_A mi!J BJ'LU hr\
toss away

torso

CD~tD

*The torso of a young man was found in a

He crumpled the paper and tossed it away.

grave. &.{lot; ll.~ ll..,-1- fof-'klm f"}Y:

(lliJo OY:'t OOD:J'ile liJo!l'l' of-17

1Dl4'ofz't """'""' BllaJlliJo

toss (a) coin f)IIJ 1taJIIJ

tortoise 1>.11..
The tortoise has a hard shell. fh.ll.. Ailll
Y:'t:>,. tliJo
tortuous
I. m!l"~~. A tortuous road leads to the top of
the mountain. J\1..(- mfDtflf OD"J1.(- mF.
of-~..... "'i'i' TBI"'A
2. m"'l"'l. His reasoning is tortuous . .hl\11-
f}o/t!- I ffi"'l..., I )BJo

*The river has a tortuous course.

dl"}lt' J\f

of-'J'ODr\ODr\ ,.LI\A
torture (v.) hu>:l'f
You must never torture animals. fD'l1.1L,.. '
ll.'t!ll\-l-'t "'lu>:l'f-l- h,.1'1!1"
torture (n.)
I. F :1'"' It was torture just to watch them.
M{lo't "'"'"Ah-l- ll.'tl>. F:l',_ tOe
2 fF:l',_ :fo"'-l-. Tortureisodioustocivilized
people. r\u>r\mt .b11il fF:l',_ :fo"'-l-
h!lhol. tliJo
subject {one) to torture l'ttv?f
The polioe subjected him to torture. ?"ll..{lo
hu>:l'fliJo
use torture lttv:J"f
The police used torture to extort a confession
from him. r\"'11\0D't ?"ll..f>'ll hu>:l'f.-ltorturer hu>:l',_
The torturers could not make the man recant.
hoP:l'l'"'ll (l-liJo't .hl\11-'t 1\..T!lr\liJo.........
hAiJ'fl-!1"
toss (vt.)
I. "'A h.P.l1(A-l-).Hetossedthebeg gara coin.
r\1\"'l'f. 'i'&.'th "'A h.P.l1A-l2. h't1'1:J-. The waves tossed the boat.
"'160fl- )';AfJliJo't h't1'l;f-6Jo
3. t.,.t.,., She .tossed her head in disdain.
O"t.,.+ ODAh &.!}.'t t.,.t+':fo
toss (vi.) All- of-11\0m
He tossed all night in his sleep. 11.1\..ofz't rrfl-
Oll.'t:foA'i' All- (1.11\0'1' h.P.l

Let's toss a coin to see who pays! ,.,.,. lt.."U'.

"'l.h'i'A 6"1 ll.t;'....,..,
tot a.n
These clothes are for tots. MH.U Aill>':fo
1\.b!t;'-l- t;'l'liJo
total (v.)
I. m:fo'l'l .,.'1'&-'l'liJo tO<:. The visitors to the
show totaled 15,000. -l-~ofz't A"'lf-l- f""
m-ol- (ll"':fo m:fo'l'l .,.'1'&-'l'liJo OF&. h!l"
11+ If. toe
2. Om:fo'll\liJo tO<:. His income totals one
thousand dollars a year. 1IL"'" Om:fo'l'lliJo
O't""+ h'tY: If. -oc t..,.
3. .l'.ODl. Total that column of figures! T't't
"'"'e .P.!I"e
total up J!ODI.
Let's total up our expenses for the month!
fiD-1-'t m~'t ll.'t.P.!I"lliJo
total (n.)
I. Y:!l"e. Divide the total by four! Y:!l"-1-'t
'1&.-l- hlt'i'r\liJo
2. m:t-'1'1. Subtract ten from the total! hm:fo'l'l
(Do I OP'C I Mil
grand total m:t-'1'1 Y:!l"e
The grand total is $215,000. m:fol\1\liJo Y:!l"e
IJor\or .,...,_ OF&. h!l"!l-l- If. ofle tliJo
total (adj.)
I. 'i'l\.!1". The silenoe was total. 'i'l\.!1" II'!';I-
toe
2. m:t-'1'1. My total earnings for the month
are two hundred dollars. m:fol\1\liJo fme
1IL\L rrA-l- ,....,_ iiC tliJo
3. -l-A:fo. We must avoid total war. -l-A:fo
tnet+ ll.'t'l,.t"' "'IY:l., hr\il't
The evening was a total loss. !1"1iofz Oh'tofz

hAL
totalitarian
0 Italy was onoe a totalitarian state. O+Y:1"
1.1 h."'AT FA"').'t rrtl- OTH fJ
'tY: :re-t -l-1~ tOe

totality

1358

touch

totality ofl~+
The totality of voters amounted to ten. foP&,;-":f ofl~-l- OFC Y.C!I.A

2. (~!touch)~All-1,j tlJtJJo. +I was deeply

touched by his kindness .1'.1t-l> <1\11.1 tlJtJJo
3. ( ~ act.) oa,r, +The roses were touched by
the frost. ll"'l.l:"ll"'li1 tJJoC"'I' oa;1-lftJJo

totally ft'i!l\.9"
We were totally unprepared for a surprise
attack. mil+ ll.l'.l:1tJJo .1'."11T'f aJl:.!-
ft'i!l\.9" hATH:>)!19" tftC

touch down 1\~L

The plane touched down at a small country
air field. 1\tJJoi!"TI\). q1.o;.+ q111c tJJoll'l'
ft9"-l-1't ' "'l."l ' 'If. ' hl:ol.
touch each other 1",.?moP
The two estates touch each other at this point.
IJol\-1>9" Cll.f":f ftii.U 11:1" 1\f. f.:>tn"'llltouch off hil)a>f
His remarks touched off a violent argument.
f{ltntJJo hilTJ'f-l- ~f-11'1 hChC hM"'
touch up tt,,gll
He touched up the portrait of King Sable
Sellasie. f11-F "'Ull Fll<l.1 fh;E- Fl>
A' 1\,l'.{ltJJo
can touch .l'.l:(l(n+)

totem [IIIJ.T (lofl ml/.'1" 1\'1-il mu. T.

1.11. hc"7 f"'LJ'1111A 7.111<'1 mwr
1\.11 'i!tn-C)
totter -1"11"11.1'.
The wounded man tottered to his feet. .,.1111If
tJJo hfT11"11.1'. Tt"'
touch (vt.)
I. tlJ. Please don't touch that book! .1'11 oa
ll"dt'i! ' h+11J
His head touches the ceiling. "'"""" nu.y
MIJA
Our conversation touched many subjects. 'l""l
1.!-":f-1 '""" t11!'":f1 f"'l.tlJ tnc
2 . .O:{l(l, When Jesus touched him, Lazarus
came to life. h.f(l-11 ft"l(l(ltJJo 1.11. h<!\h~
C t'i!ll H.!3. 1h":f h.l'.l:1. He won't touch potatoes.
.1'."1":f 1h":f9" hJ'.I'.C1
4. h - - - :>C TBl"l.l'.l:. His car cannot touch
mine for speed. ft'i!'l't-l- f(l- oo!J.<; hl!.
""h.<; :>C hf.m"l.I'.C9"
5. TooAbi". Our conversation doesn't touch
you. 111.!-":f-1 h1T1 hf.ODI\h-l-9"
6. M"'. I didn't dare touch that subject.
,1'11 1-llf. 11"71"1-l- hAAoi.Ch-9"
7 . .,.(1.,, Your kindness touches me . .1'.1t+
u f.{l"7'iA
touch (vi.)
I. TtlJIJ. The two benches touch. ~Joll-1> 1\1
"1"'1. m1UC'":f TtlJhT'I'A
+our hands touched. h;E- llh;E- TtlJIJ1
2. tlJ. The steamer touches at all Mediterranean ports. aach!t ft"''.JI.T.!-1 J'1 q
ihC hlJqll J'll-'1-1 m.l'.(l":f IJoll- -l-tlJII":f
3. m4'(1, He touched on the race problem
in his speech. n111~ 'If. 1111 HC ":f"'c
m4'(1

be touched
I. TtlJ, We were all touched with pity when
we heard what had happened. t1~1 111(1"'1
ftdtH1 TtlJ1

No one can touch him as an actor of dramatic

roles. ft.l'.".!-"7 hw.!-c f"'l..I'.Ciln+ fll9"
[See also 'sequence, sore1
touch (n.) foa.O:(lll ":fll-:1"
The blind develop a keen touch. 'tf.t lltJJo
C ' fOD"l(lll ' ":fflo:J"tJJo ' h'i! ' J'l\ ' ttJJo
*His touch makes me shiver. 1\.tlJ't f.H11t
'ill\
*I felt the touch of a hand on my arm. h1,1'.,1
(ltJJo ' 1\.tlJ't ' .,.(I.,'{
*The work showed an expert's touch. 1".!-tJJo
0'1'4: fw.!-tJJo ODIJ')-1 f-1<1\11<1\
*He added a few finishing touches to my
report. ??"C1:1 1\".7.<1\.f 1\oi.A't
a touch of
I. 1\0D<I\, The soup still needs a touch of salt.
ifcq"'" Q;l,tJJo 1\0D<!\ J'lloi.A1'1'A
2. '1'4:-l-. We had a touch offrost this morning.
~"- t~~.+ '1'4:-l- tJJoC"'I' toe
at the slightest touch
She jumped at the slightest touch. -l-111 tlJ
1\.J'.I'.C~-l- fll:11":f
be in touch 11'f't-l- ' tftl:tJJo
The salesmen were always in touch with
headquarters. hlTlT.:-'Il IJo<l\1.11. h'l'<;tJJo
""P'?J' n.+ :>c 11'f't+ tn.!-'1'"'"
get in touch (with)
I. T1<;'f. Did you get in touch with him
while you were in New York 1 ttJJoi'"Ch ntnc
hn-l- 1.11. h(l- :>C -1-1<;'{1-'/A l

2. MT. I have to get in touch with him

right away. lu,.H ~{lo'J "7"11'1- l\1\11>-S
keep in touch "I'J1')'1- l\1.<':1
Don't forget to keep in touch with me while
you're abroad. ~~ h1C ltl\11 bk
:>C "I'J1')'1- "71:<':"1 l>'I-CII
keep {someone) in touch with A1"JU'm-.ifo t:.t;
The newspaper keeps you in touch with world
events. -"""' f'ti\M f:C1..f'{- ~'Jf::l'ID'
~

f,t:P,VA

(be) out of touch

I. Mil" 1\J'm-~.Heisoutoftouchwithworld

events. Ill\ 'tl\11" .,.,,_ Mil" 1\fiD'~

2. "I'J1')'1- M:t:m. He is out of touch with
the rest of us. 11-1-+t:)ID' :>C "I'J1')'1- l\
:tCI\I.A
touch and go )'I'll ,....._ )'I'll "Ill
It was touch and go with him for a while,
but he finally recovered. 1\'1'4:'1- 1." )'I'll
,....._ )'I'll "Ill )OC I l\1Jo'J "I'J -J-11
ir':J'A
touched (adj.) tD.I.4.
He seems a bit touched. '1-'J'li tD.I.4. y,oo
MA
touching (adj.) A11 f"'Uil
It was a very touching scene. fiiiJ9'" 1\.11 f
'"Uil '1-~Y.'J'I- )OC
touching (prep.) Ill\
He asked many questions touching my home
and school. Ill\ 0.'1-'\' Ill\ '1-II"IIC'I- n.-1-
1111' 'I'.l''lll"'{-'J mf+
touchstone

*The touchstone of success in business is

profit. 'J"If: ool\1}'1- l\1\0DI\11-1> f"''.:l'tD
.,.,.. 0"'1.1"ffD' '1-C'i' )ID'
touchy 0"111" f"''.f/14-"1 l 0"111" f"''.)l}
The race problem is a touchy subject in Amer
ica. Ol\~1} ID'/1'1' f4'1\ll" Af.)-1- .,.
, , 0"111" ' f"''.f/14-"1 ' (f"''.)lt) ' )ID'
tough
I. m'Jil&-. His skin is tough. 4-P,ID' m'Jit&-
)tJ>o

Our soldiers are tough. t:l'f.t:A-'J m'Jil

r:'{- ' .,.,,..

2. lJqY;, That's a tough assignment.

tow

1359

touch

~(1-

P'

&- ' lJqf; ' )ID'

3. l>'J]>:. The meat is awfully tough. P' _,,..

0"111" ' l>'J]>: ' )ID'

4. OD'f'G:. He lives in a tough neighborhood.

OD'f'G: ' ll.t.C ' ID'/1'1' ' 1-'l"&-A
get tough m'JllC l\1\(0'1-)
The employers got tough with their workers.
l\w&l"'{- Ow&--1-'l'll''ffD' IIY, m'JllC
)\11-q'f,.
toughen, ~ oneself {IID')i>'J l\m)ht':
He toughened himself by exercising. All"?"1:
0"71:<':"1 (IID')i>'J l\m)ht':
toughen (vi.) m'Jil&- ' If)
The green troops toughened in combat. l\1',.{1~
tD:l'f.f:'{- ll1D'1..1' All"ll"f: f-1-)"f m'J
1}&- ' If).
tough-minded '1'11~ IIID'
He may be soft-spoken, but he is tough-minded.
II.'\'1C AIIAII f,ODil'\A "I'J '1'11~ II
t1J-

')(1)-

tour (v.)
I. 1-0T. The children toured the ship.
A](~ oocllii-'J 1-01'
2. 1'<':. We toured Europe by bus. l\ID't:;r'J
Ol\ID'.fll-11 I'C'J
tour (n.) 1-11>-S'I-

A tour of the museum was organized for the

students. ftl.-1' oouh~ .,.11>-S'I- f-1-H:>
~,.. l\-1'"7&l"'{- )OC
make a tour

I. ~fflt': 1-0T. He made a tour through

Europe and Asia. 1\ID't::r'J'\' ~lin ~frrt:
1-0T
2. 1-0T. Our class made a tour of the historic
battlefield. h'I'II'{-'J :J'&It'EID''J flfiC)'I-
'"L'I 1-0T
tourist 1-11>-S 1 1-11"f

Many tourists come here during the summer.

oo:> 11u- 1-11"f"'* Ml..ll , y,oo"'~~'
tourist office f-1>&11'1- f:C~-1-

The tourist office is promoting tours to Lali

bela. f-1>&11'1- f:C~-1- 01111.011 .1'1C
1-1l'S'I-'J 0"71',0C 1\f, ' )ID'
tournament ID'f:f:C
They are going to hold a sports tournament.
~II?'C'I- tJ>of:f:C il..l'f.C'l- )ID'
tow 1-'1-.f l\OD"'
They towed the damaged ship into the port.
f-1-0IIlJ.ffD''J ' ooch11 ' tDf. ' tDf.(lo ' ,..,.....
fD' ' )\ODIJ).-1-

trace

1360

toward

tow away 1-+-f r m(I"The police towed away the wrecked cars.

fT1-JI.'I-"t ODIJ.'i"l":f ?"fl.fo:f. 1-TTIJJo.

tD(IJ?..!I'tJJo

be out of town

hh.,.'"l

r m-p ~m- ! CDY.. ;

lJJo"'/'. '/.S'.

My boss is out of town. 1\11:1'1'- ' hhT"''

lJJo"'/' ~IJ)o

(tDS'. lJJo"'/' '/.S'.)

*I come from out of town. llhT"''tJJo

toward, towards
1. tDS'.. We sailed toward China. fiDDChil tD
S'. il'f.'i" 1\0D&-'1
2. tDS'.--- ~f."''. Toward noon, the fog lifted.
"'I':n- rot. 1.11-11 +"t ~S'."'' ~1..1..
I'll be there towards evening. roY. "7 ;t- 1.
"'' 7.11..1' M,..ll,.
3. fl --- ~S'."''. The fire broke out toward
midnight. ~'1-1> fl~h-11 1\.fl.'l- 1S'."'' .,.

~"t1'1

~~

skip town

hb..,..., mn1

He skipped town without paying his debts.

MtJJo'l 'lf.h'i'A hhT"'' tD"l
[See also 'jump, talk']

town hall fhT"'' 1\'1&-11

The meeting was held in town hall. lliJ(lqtJJo
fTS'.t!~tJJo flhT"''tJJo h'l&-11 ~tJJo

town meeting fhT"'' lliJ(lq

~..,

4. 1111. What is your attitude toward war?

The town meeting was held on Sunday.

1111 tnC~'I- !l""t hiiT.I'f'l- 1\IIU l

5. it He was very nice toward me. A~ OIIJ
'I" S'-1 ~fiC

fhT"''tJJo lliJ(lq lld.S'." 11'1- TS'.t!~

Will you give something toward our new

hospital? VI.(l- ll'II"C;NI:f"t 1\"t'l:f ~~
C A'l-(l'f' '1-I..:,.'IIIU l

We must save money towards the children's

education. IIA;('Il OD"''t..l' f"''.ll'"t 1"tH
11 "''m&-.,.'1" l'lllil"t

The fury of the hurricane frightened the

townspeople. f'ttJJoll- ~4-11 '1f.A fhT
"''tJJo"t (ltJJo

1\IIS'.~~m

toxic
*This chemical will cause a toxic reaction if
you swallow it. f.U"t"t h."''.ltA oom"l'l-
S'.!l""t

f.ooC~A

be toxic ODCJI)-l- Ji.ACDo

towel t::"'
He dried himself with a towel.

(ltJJo~-1>

"t flt::"' 1\S'.t!.,.

There are no more paper towels.

townspeople fhT"'' (ltJJo

t'm~+-l-

11:"1 1\A'IIA

Oleander leaves are toxic. fi\AJ'"tS'.C :,.mll:f ' ODCli~T ' h'\'f'lJJo

toy (v.) T"itDT

The boy just toys with his food. A7!: fl'l"
111- f.""l.tD:J"A

tower (v.)
I. A.f :J'f. Menelik towered above his contemporaries. 'l"tAh fiHDD'i"'l'tJJo h~fl~+
(ll":f A.,.tJJo f.:J"f. ~fiC
2. t!H'I" 1111- :J"f. The skyscrapers tower
above the other buildings. {l"''f. m.,.fo'll
h/1.11-:f ih"tiiJP:f t!H'I" illltJJo f.:J' .I'll-

tower (n.) 1"til

The castles at Gondar have round towers at
the comers. f1-"tS'.C 1"tfl:f flf"''~H'l'il'
'l'tJJo 'If. hi! 1"tfl:f hll-'l''l'tJJo

town
I. hT"''. What's the name of this town?
f.U hT"'' 'l""t f.q'IA l
2. fhT"'' ihllil. The whole town is having
a holiday. fhT"''tJJo ihllil fl,..ll- fl'tA
fl"''hfiC 'If. ~tJJo

She toyed with her beads. fiP.:I'l"!f! '1-""l.ro'l-

~fiC

il+.:'ft

toy with the idea of ,111 r

1li.~"111Ja

He toys with the idea of going abroad.

mi. 1 OJ-tff!' 1 A'IC
11_,.:,. .I'S'.C~'I'A

1 fOD~

"J"4l.e .111

toy (n.) 1\lf"t'l-fi.'IChildren play with toys. A;:f fll'llf"t'l-fl.'l-

,...,tiJ,.II-

trace (v.)
I. ~S'.I... The spy traced a plan of the fort.
Mf. f'/"11'1-"t 1\.,...,DD'f' ~S'.I..

2. ~llflm. He put thin paper over the map

and traced it. ltC:J'tJJo 'If. 1111 tDt!.,.'l- 1\S'."C
1 ~IIRmtJJo
3. RJI.It Th:J''I-11- f.t!{l(R'I-). The hunter
traced the deer. l'l'l"t' h;JH'I- .l'llfl.r"t
fl:J' fiJI.IttJJo Tb;f-'1-11- U(lfl:)o

trace

1361

4. om4'. They couldn't trace the paternity

of the child. fA)!: t,q."Jo .,'t l'.'t.l'.ll'~
II.,ID~ hA;Ftrgo
5. I.A'I h1"f. I couldn't trace any letter from
you dated 11 November. ~.IIC Ui4"t ll'i!
It- f9"."foii1J1o't .l'.ofl.llll. I.A1. '11'S
hA;FAit-g"
6. t:m~. He traces his family back eleven
generations. """.,. O!Pt- h'l.t:
it f.<ll.'l'tl-A

o.+ .t:i.

*We traced the story to him. aJ~aJot J\{to

"'""'t""ofo't Uil'tO."Jo
*We traced the stream to its source. m1r,...J
1-h."foll't ' """~.... ' oP~l\"IJ1o't ' h1"f~IJ)o
be traced to
I. ODPh:J-1-A 1-UI'l(O."Jo). The criminal was
traced to Harar. ID't~ll'i'IJ1o "".:c oP~JI.
Oouh;J-1-A 1-.l'.~l'lO'l2. ""~"" His fear of dogs can be traced back
to a dreadful experience he had as a young boy.
illl IJ1ol\" .1'1.~0'1- 'i!C?'l- foP~..,.,.
O."Jo'tii~ofo h.l'.~(IO."Jo hl'l.4'4: hY.;J ~.,.
3. ;1-m4'. His death was traced to an overdose
of medicine. f'l"of-IJ1o oo.._.~t+ hDPm't R'l
f. o 0oPIJ1o(lJI. o ODIJ'). o ;f-ID4'

trace (n.)
I. 9"Ah."Jo. Traces of poison were found in the
wine. mt.~ I Q)o{l... I fODC'If I f'"AlJT I .,...,
'SofO;I-A

2. C"ll&o'fr. There were traces of an old fortification on the hilltop. Rl>~ofi;I-1J1o ""i'i!
.t'C1. M"' C"ll&o'fr .r.:r.r. ~nc
There are traces of an ancient civilization in
Hararge. ""~C1. 1J1oi1'1' f'l''t:l-'1! P'AIIJ~
C"ll&o"Jf"?f ' htr
3. Jl.lt. We saw traces of hares in the snow.
R~/'-IJ1o IJ1oil'l' f'J''t'I'A Jl.lt hf't
a trace of
I. ."Jo'tii. The cook put a trace of garlic in
the stew. lD"I" 0.1: mm- 8Joi'llf' -l-'1"li
~.,. ii'th-C."Jo IIJA h.l'.~1R'l2. '\ODA. There wasn't a trace of gray in her
hair. ll.,_~ ' IJ1oil'l' ' iiR."Jo ' '\ODAg" hA~O~
without a trace
*He disappeared without a trace. ~.l'.n."Jo
hA;I-ID4'g"

track (v.) M'i!'tt:: M"f

The hounds tracked the fox. IJ1o!>"'fi 4'0CIJ1o
.t'IIO."Jo't 11;1- M'i!'ti.IJ1o h1~

track
*We tracked the fox to its den. f4'RCIJ1o't .11.
It 1-h'l-ll't .,_1."\.11.'t .l'.~il'tR."Jo
track down -t-h:l-'1-11- .l'.~I'IR."Jo
The police tracked him down in California.
Rltll.t::C't.t' DP'l'~'t ?"ll.f'?f 1-h:l-."foii1J1o
.l'.<:(l.O."Jo

track (n.)
I. fl'."'C DP't1 ..... A track runs through the
woods to the farm. h't.._. fl'."'C DP't1.._.
R""ilt.,. IJ1oil'l' A!llctn mY. ~>.elf .r.mta.IIA
2. OD't1..... A wagon track leads across the
fields. f ;J(. OD't1.._. 0"'.111J1o lo!I:Ctn .t'A4-A
3. 1>1: I Jl.lt. We followed the track of the deer.
.1';JH).'t 1>1: (.11-lt) 1-h-t-A't
4. ""P'""C. The railroad from Addis Ababa to
Djibouti has only one track. lt.ll..il loRil 1'.
ilh ~11-1: .t'IIIJ1o fl}!l-C "".11..1.' lo't.._.
00 JPODC

1}~

~Q)o

*The road showed many automobile tracks.

""'t1.11. ' "" .... 11....- r~.l'.n."Jo .r.:J-.r. ~oc
*You're on the right track. 1.~...- f.H?A
get off the tracks hDDP"OD"- fDIIJ

She can't tell a story without getting off the

track. h""P'- lJ."foiDIIJ ;1-t.h -~c
lo."fo?fAgo
keep track of

I. 1-h:l-1-11. They kept track of the enemy's

movements by marking their positions on a
map. llltC;I-IJ1o 'If. g"Ah."Jo 0_,.._.~"1
fm'I."Jo't ODH'I'IDC 1-h;l--t-tr
Read the newspapers to keep track of current
events! Rf'LI&IJ1o .t'IIIJ1o't f'tl\g" 11-1;1-
IIODh:J-1-A ' ;JI&IIJ ' lo'toflofl
2. n.,ta;J-mlf lol'll.~. Keep track of the hours
you have worked! fw&oun."Jo't 'LI& n.,ll:l,lf loil'i'C
3. -1-..IIJm~. A careful teacher keeps track of
absentees. m't.+.+ DP9"UC f"'l..4'~."Jo't -1-"7
&!P?f ' f.<II.IIJmtl-A
lose all track

*I lost all track of time. ll'tofo il't."Jo l'.'t.l'.

11'~9" m'i!.f'i'A (or, f'LI&IJ1o .,ll'i! O'i!
l\.9" ' loAof-(t.,'Sgo)
(be) on the track of ID.l'. o .,"'"fofo ~.,.
They are on the track of a solution to the
problem. illl "1-.111' """'"""" ID.l'. .,..,
"fofo ' ..,..,.,.
(a) one-track

She has a on<>-track mind. loil-t-llll!l. l}'t.._.

lo:f>m""i ofi;F ~.,.

..

1362

tract

race track 1'7>11~.1:'9".1:'9" "'.11

Let's go to the racetrack! m!'. l'.71~.1:'9".1:'oo-

"'.11 l'."t'L.I:'
throw off the track 0"71111'1- mof.(O'l-)

The thief succeeded in throwing the police off

the track. 11.'1"" ?"11.1\,;"t 0"71111'1- mof.
f) 'f....
[See also 'railway']
tract 'l-"t7i x-m.'i'
The missionaries hand out religious tracts to
passers-by. "thK..,Y"t 111>'1<1. h"l'l"tm-
'l-"t71 '1,..,'1''1- )h x-m.c:"'' Y.l:''ltr
tract of land -~+

The government sold a large tract of land to

him. ""'t"IP''l- lid. oo<~o+ lrmil+
A tract of desert land has little value. fO<!:'Ii
oo.:.+ l\9"11'19" 'I';J flltJJ<9"

[See also 'alimentary tract']

traction

oommt.Y

The doctor put the broken leg in traction.

f,..IIO<!:m-"t l'."l'l-"t mh.oo- ooommt.Y
hll<!:ll'l-

The wheels lack traction in this fine sand.

1"7l",; Olf.U !'.:1"~ hlf'l' '1.1'. oo<JL"tm
'I' h.l'."''tr9"

tractor fl'.clf ooh.'i'

Even though he is young, he manipulates the

tractor well. ~'i' m"'+ 0.11'19" fl'.Cif
tn>h.'i'""'t '1"1- h.I:'C1 Y"t4'11~11'1'A
trade (v.)

traffic
2. fh~ P'&-. The boy has to learn a trade.
A7j: fh~ P'&- OD"7C hliO'lHe is a weaver by trade. if'""l~ )ommake a trade Amm
The boys made an even trade of marbles for
a penknife. A]>:,; $ll9""t9" 1-'1'1- 11,1'.
Oll"tm. llmm-

trademark f1"l.l:' 9"Ah'lThe trademark is registered. f1"l.l:' 9"Ahi>

f ...ODH10 ' )tJJ<
trader );JJ'.

Traders in cotton are being heavily taxed.

f'l''l' );JJ'.l""'' 0"19" h'i' Yll 4'.!:'1'
.l'.h'i''llltradition

1. QUA. In America, it is a tradition to eat

turkey at Christmas. Oh"''.t.II ll1'i' fi>Ch
P.C' tn>11'1'l- fiUA )""
2. 1\.aJC.I:' 11.'1'.!:.1:' fDD"' A-'7.1:'. Tradition
requires young people to respect their elders.
;1'1111-'"''"t "7h0C 1\.aJC.I:' II.'1'.!:.1:'
fODIIJ I IA"""S: I )-CDtraditional
I. ffJUA. Countryfolk still know traditional
dances. $1C 0.'1- lll""'' hrJo"t9" ffiUA

...,.,.,., Y"":l"il2. ( ~ adv.) 0.1:-C' 't,l'.)'l- HJ'.. Traditional ways

ofdoingthingsareslowlydying out. h"t'l"t.l:'
)1C'"i'"t 0.1:-C' 't,l'.)'l- HJ'. ' ODP'&-'1- 4'h
04'h hf4'<!: )""

1. .,..,~ hL+. Some companies trade all over

the world. h"t'l"t.l:' 11-fl"tYl""'' Ooo'lm-

traffic (traficked), v. M"l.l:' AtJJ<tJJ<'J' h!'.<!:1

'tl\9" 11.1'. "t"l.l:' h'i'...'I'A

2. llaJm. I have traded my typewriter for a
bicycle. fK'.lt.t.'l- ooh.'i'\1-"t OO.II.hllo'l-
1\aJ'J'It-+
3. ,..ll'l'mm. Let's trade seats! m"tOC l'."tll
'l'aJ'J'
trade (in)
1. )1!'.. He trades in :coffee and spices.
IK''i' ' ~-"7 ' ~-9" ' ,1'.)"!-'IA
2. ~"tH11 ""9"C' llmm. I want to trade
this car in for a _new one . .,e.u') oott..'i" 1
"tH11 ""9"tl. fl"Lh (ltn>{laJ'J' l'..t.A;JliY.

Ill",; fllll'"t 'l'Ch 'i'li,;J b)'l't.l",;

;JC f1"l.l:' A""tJJ<'J' h!'.<!:1trafflc (In) )1!'.

trade (n.)
1. "t"l.l:'. Our trade with the Far East has
fallen off. h'l-~ 9"P'&-~ ;JC Yll"t "t"l.l:'
...Mji.A

The men trafficked with the natives for ivory.

The people in this village traffic in cotton.

O.lf.U DD't!'.C Yll-
'1''1' ,l'.)"l-'111-

lll""'' .

traffic (n.)
1. "t"l.l:'. The government regulates traffic in
liquors. DD"t"IP''l- fhAI>A oamtn"''"t
"t"l.l:' .I'.'IL"'m&-A
2. fODh.'i'l"T h"t~h:J-1\. I fDDh.'i' ODH'I'aJC.
Police control the traffic in large cities. 0:1''1'1~
h-1-"7l""'' m-ilT f""h.'i'l""''"t l'."t~h:J-1!.
f"t'IL"'m~ Tfl..ll"'' 'i''l'm-

The accident hung up traffic for several hours.

r-11.

h!'.;Jm-
'i'l""''"t
ll't'l- hm-1> )OC

oan't'mc ll11rt-

traffic

heavy traffic '1-&-.l.h f"'l.O'IO'l- OD't1X"

He is blind in one eye, and cannot drive in
heavy traffic. t.'tR:- 'lf.'i" hl\11') '1-&-.l.h
O"'l.O'IO'l- OD't1X" llf. 11.).'1 t.t.l-A'I"

traffic jam f""h.'i" OD<U.'i"):rThe traffic jams in Addis Ababa are getting
worse. Ot.-'l.h t.oq <D-h'l' f""h.'i" ""
<U.'i"):r- llfq(l ~J;..A

traffic light f'l-&-.l.h oaofi&-'1The traffic light isn't working.

&-'1- t.f.u>&-'1"

train

1363

f'l-~11-

ODofl

f'l-~h ?"1\.h l '1-&-.l.h

Traffic police are arresting speeders. f'l-&-.l.h
?"ll.(l"'f ('1-~to";f) Oh'i'.,.'l' 'i''I')'J- f"'l.
)11-'J-'t (ll""'f f.f.'llr

traffic police

tragedy (tragedies)
I. t.<'t'I'S ODh&-. The father's death was a
tragedy to bis family. yq'J-\I.m- OD'I"'J- II
IL-l- (Ill- t.II'I'S ODh&- II')
2. t.II'I'S fll') -t.l''l-C. The tragedy of King
Theodore was written by an Ethiopian.
t.II'I'S fii')<D- fM. 1:9'R:-r:h -t.l''l-C
f-1-l\I..<D- 01>.'1-l'k.l''l! )<D-

tragic M'I'S
A tragic accident happened at the comer.
OD;J-mi..I'<D- llf. t.II'I'S t.F.:> J!.~(l

trail (vt.)
I. .,.h;t--t-11. Somebody trailed me all the way
home. t.'tX" (lm- IIIL1: X"~h .,.h;t--t-1\'S
The dogs trailed the rabbit. m-11''6 'l''t'f~'t
.,.h;t-.,.~'1-

2. h - - t.A.,.IIf'l". The dog trailed its master

constantly. m-"lf.,. 'l"'t'l.tl.'l" h"l.:t-<D- t.A
1-1\f'l"
3. 011"1>1- f.l' 1q. He trailed dirt into the
house. IL-l: <D-h'l' 011"1{- 4'1f"lf f.l' 1q
4. .,...,..,._ The bird trailed its broken wing.
IDf. (lq&- h'tf.'t '1-1"-1trall along after +bTf\D DPIIJ
The children trailed along after us. A}l:'6 11'1'
't -t-h'l-1\m- .........

trail behind h - - - :\11 :\11 ~F.

The little child was trailing behind her parents.
'1-'tl( A~ hiDII}(!J! :\11 :\11 '1-~R:-
)OC
trail off +h 1\.1'11 ~F.
The children trailed off to school. A}('6 IDS'.
'1-'I"UC'l- IL'l-