What is Computer?

WEEK-1

Computer o It is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. o It is composed and made of electronic components and devices. Several uses of computers: Word Processing Internet Digital video or audio composition Desktop publishing Medicine Mathematical Calculations Traveling Telecommunications Defense systems

E-Learning Gambling Examinations Business Online banking transaction Robotics Electronic households and gadgets Weather analysis

Two major parts of Computer: 1. Hardware o In general term it refers to the physical artifacts of a technology. o In the form of computer hardware, It is the physical components of a computer system. 2. Software o in general term, it is used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. Classifications of computer according to its size: Supercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Characteristics of a computer: Speed Reliability Storage Capacity Productivity Microcomputer It is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer or PC, a computer designed for an individual. A microcomputer contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip), memory in the form of read-only memory and random access memory, I/O ports and a bus or system of interconnecting wires, housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard. Personal Computer (PC) Is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.

Types of Personal Computer 1. Workstation o Is a high-end personal computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. 2. Desktop computer o A type of computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. U o Usually indicates a particular style of computer case. o Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. 3. Single unit o These Personal Computers combine the monitor with the case of the unit into a single unit. o The monitor almost always utilizes a Touch Screen as the primary user input. o Otherwise known as All-in-One PCs. 4. Nettop o It is a type of mini desktop or small form factor computer designed for performing basic computation tasks such as surfing the Internet, accessing web-based applications and rich internet applications, document processing and audio/video playback etc. 5. Laptop o Also called a notebook computer or sometimes a notebook, is a small personal computer designed for mobility. o Subnotebooks, a subtype of notebook computers with most of the features of a standard laptop computer but smaller. 6. Netbook o These are small portable computers in a "clamshell" design, that are designed specifically for wireless communication and access to the Internet. 7. Tablet PC o It is a slate-shaped mobile computer, first introduced by Pen computing in the early 90s with their PenGo Tablet Computer and popularized by Microsoft. o It is a touchscreen or graphics tablet/screen hybrid technology allows the user to operate the computer with a stylus or digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a keyboard or mouse. 8. Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC) o It is a specification for a small form factor tablet PC. It was developed as a joint development exercise by Microsoft, Intel, and Samsung, among others. 9. Home theater PC o It is a convergence device that combines the functions of a personal computer and a digital video recorder. o It is connected to a television or a television-sized computer display and is often used as a digital photo, music, video player, TV receiver and digital video recorder. o Home theater PCs are also referred to as media center systems or media servers. 10. Pocket PC o It is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (personal digital assistant) that runs the Microsoft Windows Mobile operating system. o It may have the capability to run an alternative operating system like NetBSD or Linux. It has many of the capabilities of modern desktop PCs. SI prefix (also known as a metric prefix) is a name or associated symbol that precedes a basic unit of measure (or its symbol) to form a decimal multiple or submultiple. The abbreviation SI is from the French language name Systme International dUnits (also known as International System of Units). SI prefixes are used to reduce the number of zeros shown in numerical quantities.

SI prefixes 1000m 10008 10007 10006 10005 10004 10003 10002 10001

10n Prefix Symbol Since[1] Short scale 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa 1015 peta 1012 tera 109 giga E P T G 1991 1991 1975 1975 1960 1960 1960 1795 1795 1795 Septillion Sextillion Quintillion Quadrillion Trillion Billion

Long scale Quadrillion Trilliard Trillion Billiard Billion Milliard

Decimal 1000000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000000 1000000000000000000 1000000000000000 1000000000000 1000000000 1 000 000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.000000000000000001 0.000000000000000000001

106 mega M 103 kilo k

Million Thousand Hundred Ten One Tenth Hundredth Thousandth Millionth Billionth Trillionth Milliardth Billionth

2 10002 3 10 hecto h

1 10001 3 10 deca

da

10000

100 (none) (none) NA d 1795 1795 1795 1960[2] 1960 1960 1964 1964 1991 1991

1 10001 3 10 deci

2 10002 3 10 centi c

10001 103 milli

10002 106 micro 10003 109 nano n 10004 1012 pico p

10005 1015 femto f 10006 1018 atto a

Quadrillionth Billiardth Quintillionth Trillionth Sextillionth Septillionth Trilliardth

10007 1021 zepto z 10008 1024 yocto y

Quadrillionth 0.000000000000000000000001

Quizzes: 1. It is the physical components of a computer system. Hardware 2. It is a computer designed for an individual? Personal Computer 3. it is a type of classification of computer which is commonly used for mathematical and arithmetic computations. Supercomputer 4. it is a classification of computer commonly used large storage. Mainframe 5. it is used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. Software 6. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of what?. Instructions 7. Capital M stands for what scale? Million 8. What is the prefix for capital T? tera 9. What is the prefix for small m? milli 10. It is a high-end personal computer designed for technical or scientific applications and Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time. Workstation 11-15. What are the five characteristics of a computer? Speed, Reliability, Storage, Capacity, Productivity

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Assignment: 1. What is electronics? 2. What are different electronic components and schematic symbols?

Identifying Electronic Components

Resistors are one of the most used components in a circuit. Most are color coded, but some have their value in Ohms and their tolerance printed on them. A multimeter that can check resistance can also be helpful, providing the resistor is already removed from the board (measuring it while still soldered in can give inaccurate results, due to connections with the rest of the circuit). They are typically marked with an R on a circuit board.

Potentiometers are variable resistors. They normally have their value marked on them, normally marked with the maximum value in Ohms. Smaller trimpots may use a 3-digit code where the first 2 digits are significant, and the 3rd is the multiplier (basically the number of 0s after the first 2 digits). For example, code 104 = 10 followed by four 0s = 100000 Ohms = 100K Ohms. They may also have a letter code on them indicating the taper (which is how resistance changes in relation to how far the potentiometer is turned). They are typically marked with an VR on a circuit board.

Capacitors are also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them, some are marked with 3-digit codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed above for resistors can also help you identify capacitor values. They are typically marked with an C on a circuit board.

Inductors, also called coils, can be a bit harder to figure out their values. If they are color coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good meter that can measure inductance will be n eeded. They are typically marked with an L on a circuit board.

Crystals and Oscillators are also fairly easy to identify by sight. Most are clearly marked with their operating frequency printed on them. They are typically marked with an X or a Y on a circuit board.

Relays are typically enclosed in plastic, and many have their specs printed on them. They are typically marked with an K on a circuit board.

Transformers are normally pretty easy to identify by sight, and many have their specs printed on them. They are typically marked with an T on a circuit board.

Batteries are also pretty easy to identify, and are well marked with their specs.

Fuses can be easy to identify, and typically have their voltage and amperage rating marked on them.

Semiconductors, such as Diodes (typically marked with an D on a circuit board).

Transistors (typically marked with an Q on a circuit board),

Bridge Rectifiers (typically marked with an BR on a circuit board)

Integrated Circuits (typically marked with an U or IC on a circuit board), can take a little more work to figure out what they are. Many different types can use the same packaging, so they all cant be identified by just their looks. In most cases the information you need is found in the devices datasheet. The datasheet is a document containing the specs on the device and many will include example circuits, links to app notes, and other valuable information. They are typically in a .PDF format. If you have never used a PDF file before, you will need a PDF reader to open it. A couple of free ones can be found below. To find a datasheet, you first need to find some info on the part. Luckily, they have part numbers which can be used to help identify them. They may also have the manufacturers logo on them. Finding the manufacturer can be extremely useful as the most up-to-date information is usually available on their website. For help in finding the manufacturer based on their logo, check out the following sites. They also include links to the manufacturers websites. Datasheets can normally be found under the support/download section, or you can put the part number in their search bar. If you cant find any information on the manufacturer, or are unable to find a datasheet on their website, you do have a few more options. There are several search engines on the web to help locate datasheets. Some free ones are listed below. You can search

There are also many other components you may want to scrounge off a board, but may be difficult to find specific information on. They may not be marked, but you can find some good general information on the web to help you out.

Answers 1 Diodes 2 Piezo Buzzer 3 Transistor 4 Transformer 5 Relay 6 Inductors 7 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 8 Capacitors 9 Crystal 10 Resistors

Wires and connections Component Wire Circuit Symbol Function of Component To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another. A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right. In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Wires joined

Wires not joined

Power Supplies Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together. Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction. Supplies electrical energy. AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction. A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value. Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils. A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Cell

Battery

DC supply AC supply Fuse

Transformer

Earth (Ground) Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc. Component Circuit Symbol

Function of Component A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb. A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).

Lamp (lighting)

Motor

Bell

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Buzzer

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Inductor (Coil, Solenoid) Switches Component Push Switch (push-to-make) Push-to-Break Switch On-Off Switch (SPST) Circuit Symbol

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Function of Component A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell. This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off) only when the button is pressed. SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position. SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'. DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.

2-way Switch (SPDT)

Dual On-Off Switch (DPST)

Reversing Switch (DPDT)

DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw. This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off position.

Relay

An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit. NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.

Resistors Component Resistor Circuit Symbol Function of Component A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a

capacitor in a timing circuit. Some publications still use the old resistor symbol: Variable Resistor (Rheostat) This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit. This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal. This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost.

Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)

Variable Resistor (Preset)

Capacitors Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals. A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.

Capacitor

Capacitor, polarised

Variable Capacitor

A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.

Trimmer Capacitor

This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Diodes Component Diode LED Light Emitting Diode Zener Diode Circuit Symbol Function of Component A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals.

Photodiode

A light-sensitive diode.

Transistors

Component

Circuit Symbol

Function of Component

Transistor NPN

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Transistor PNP

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Phototransistor

A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

Microphone

A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Loudspeaker

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Amplifier (general symbol)

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial (Antenna)

A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A voltmeter is used to measure voltage. The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people prefer to say voltage!

Voltmeter

Ammeter

An ammeter is used to measure current.

Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.

Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be used to measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices) Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property). LDR = Light Dependent Resistor A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an electrical property).

LDR

Thermistor Logic Gates

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off). For more information please see the Logic Gates page. There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Gate Type Traditional Symbol IEC Symbol Function of Gate A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the inverse (opposite) of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.

NOT

AND

An AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.

NAND

A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.

OR

An OR gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an OR gate is true when at least one of its inputs is true.

NOR

A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not OR gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true. An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The output of an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one true, one false). An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its inputs are the same (both true or both false).

EX-OR

EXNOR

Type

Distinctive shape

Rectangular shape

Boolean algebra between A & B

Truth table INPUT OUTPUT A B A AND B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

AND

INPUT OUTPUT A B OR A OR B 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

A+B

INPUT OUTPUT NOT A 0 1 NOT A 1 0

In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble, and is generally used in circuit diagrams to indicate an inverted (active-low) input or output. INPUT OUTPUT A B A NAND B NAND 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

INPUT OUTPUT A B A NOR B NOR 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

INPUT OUTPUT A B A XOR B XOR 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

INPUT OUTPUT A B A XNOR B XNOR 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1

Steps in converting binary to number (base2 to base10) 1. 2. For this example, let's convert the binary number 10011011 2 to decimal. Write the binary number below the list.

3.

Move through each digit of the binary number. If the digit is a 1, write its corresponding power of two below the line, under the digit. If the digit is a 0, write a 0 below the line, under the digit.

4.

Add the numbers written below the line. The sum should be 155. This is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10011011. Or, written with base subscripts: 100110112 = 15510

Here is this step written on paper using the example binary number, 10011011. The sum of the bottom row, 155, is its decimal equivalent. Or, written with base subscripts: 100110112 = 15510 Converting decimal to binary To convert decimal to binary is also very simple, you simply divide the decimal value by 2 and then write down the remainder, repeat this process until you cannot divide by 2 anymore, for example let's take the decimal value 157: 157 2 = 78 78 2 = 39 39 2 = 19 19 2 = 9 92=4 42=2 22=1 12=0 with a remainder of 1 with a remainder of 0 with a remainder of 1 with a remainder of 1 with a remainder of 1 with a remainder of 0 with a remainder of 0 with a remainder of 1

<--- to convert write this remainder first.

Next write down the value of the remainders from bottom to top (in other words write down the bottom remainder first and work your way up the list) which gives: 10011101 = 157

Resistor Color Coding

Quiz3 (resistor color coding) Write your answers in Ohms and Kilo Ohms. Answers in Ohms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Red Brown Blue Gray Yellow Violet White Orange Green Yellow Green Brown Black Orange Red Black Gray White Blue Red Blue White Violet Black Green Black Orange Brown Gray Black Gold Orange Yellow Gold Red Blue Gold Green Black Gold Silver Silver Red Brown Gold Silver Kilo ohms

Personal Computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. Two different types of Personal Computer: 1. PC stands for Personal Computer and refers to any IBM-compatible computer. The term PC comes from the first personal computer made by IBM (International Business Machine). A computer that is IBM-compatible means that its architecture is based on the IBM microprocessor and number of different operating systems are compatible such as Microsoft Windows, Unix variants such as Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. 2. Mac is short for Macintosh and refers to any computer produced by Apple Computer. Macs are traditionally classified separately from PCs because they are based on the PowerPC architecture from Apple/IBM/Motorola instead of the traditional Intel based microprocessors that have powered PCs for decades. A great deal of software is also compatible with either Mac or PC, but not both. Four basic desktop PC system parts: 1. System unit also known as a base unit, is the main body of a desktop computer. 2. Monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) used to display output or images generated by devices. 3. Keyboard an input device use to key-in characters, functions, controls, and numeric. 4. Mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Common devices that are used and attached in desktop PC: Web camera / PC camera Printer Scanner All-in-one printer Microphone Headsets / earphones / headphone Speakers / subwoofers Digital camera / camera recorder / video recorder Flash disk Card reader External drives (FDD, HDD, Optical drives) Mobile phones Gadgets (MP3 player,MP4, PSP,iPods) External Modem & routers Bluetooth & Infrared Digital Projectors Two categories of devices: 1. Input device - is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a computer). Example: Mouse Keyboard Microphone Monitors (touch-screen)

Scanner

2. Output device - is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world. Example: Monitor & Projectors Speaker Printer Two common types of Monitor used in desktop PC: 1. CRT (cathode ray tube) is the picture tube type of monitor. 2. TFT-LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) consist of layers of molecules. Others: 3. PDP (plasma display panel) made of gas known as plasma. 4. OLED (organic light emitting diode) is composed or made of diodes. 5. Video projectors also known as digital projectors. It takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. Different types of monitor interface or connectors: 1. VGA (video graphics array) - commonly known (other names include RGB connector, D-sub 15, mini sub D15 and mini D15) is a three-row 15 pin DE-15.

2. DVI (digital visual interface) is a video interface standard designed to provide very high visual quality on digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital projectors.

3. HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface) - is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.

4. DisplayPort - (latest display interface) - is a digital display interface standard put forth by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) since 2006. It defines a new royalty-free, digital audio/video interconnect, intended to be used primarily between a computer and its display monitor, or a computer and a home-theater system.

Two common types of keyboards: 1. Standard keyboard with common 101,104,102/105 keys 2. Laptop-size standards in laptop. Others: 3. Gaming and multimedia 4. Thumb-size 5. Numeric 6. Non-Standards or special-use types Chorded Virtual Touch screen Foldable Laser/infrared

Control Keys Function Keys

Numeric Keys Alpha-Numeric Keys

Types of keyboard interface or connectors: 1. AT (advanced technology) type connector commonly found in old type motherboard (also known as 5DIN pin connector).

2. USB (universal serial bus) with 4 conductors

3. PS/2 (personal system 2) with 6 pins

Two common types of mouse 1. Mechanical or opto-mechanical

2. Optical

Types of interface or connections: 1. PS/2 2. USB 3. Serial with 9 pins in parallel

Common parts of System Unit: 1. System Case 2. Power Supply Unit (PSU) 3. Motherboard 4. CPU (Processor) 5. RAM (Memory) 6. Optical Drive 7. Hard disk drive (HDD) 8. Floppy disk drive (FDD) optional 9. Video card/VGA card optional 10. System Fan optional Two parts of system case: 1. Front panel 2. Rear panel Parts of Front panel case: 1. 5 or 5.25 inches drive bay panel commonly used for optical drives 2. 3 or 3.5 inches drive bay panel commonly used for FDD, Card reader drives & USB, or HDD. 3. Power button /switch 4. Reset button /switch 5. Power LED indicator (Green) 6. Hard disk(HDD) LED indicator (Red) 7. USB ports - optional 8. Audio/sound ports optional 1 9. SATA ports optional 10. HDMI ports - optional Parts of Rear panel case: 1. I/O panel with I/O plate 2. Expansion card/slot panel 3. Vent holes 4. System fan vent holes 5. Power supply panel 5 5 3 6 2 4

4 1 7

3 9

10

Power Supply Unit - is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads Two common types of PSU: 1. AT type old 2. ATX(AT-extended) type recently used PSU connectors: 1. Molex a power connector commonly used for HDD and Optical drives. 2. Berg used for FDD and other internal drives with 3 size. 3. 12 V (4 pins) power support for CPU. 4. ATX 20/24 pins System power 5. P9 / auxiliary (6 pins) system board power support that is rarely used. 6. SATA power connector power used for SATA drives 7. P8 and P9 used by old motherboards. 8. EPS 12v system board power support. 9. PCI express (6/8 pins) support for extra PCI express expansion cards.

Molex

Berg

P9 /Aux (6 pins)

SATA power

P8 and P9

ATX 20 pins

ATX 24 pins

12 V (4 pins)

EPS 12v

PCIe (6 pins)

PCIe (8 pins)

Hard Disk Drive - (often shortened as hard disk, hard drive, or HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. HDD Form factors:

Form factor 5.25 FH 5.25 HH 3.5 2.5 1.8 (CE-ATA/ZIF) 1.3 0.85

Width Largest capacity 146 mm 47 GB (1998) 146 mm 19.3 GB (1998) 102 mm 2 TB (2009) 69.9 mm 1 TB (2009) 54 mm 43 mm 24 mm 250 GB (2008) 40 GB (2007) 20 GB (2006) 8 GB (2004)

1 (CFII/ZIF/IDE-Flex) 42 mm

Three common size or form factors of HDD: 1. 3.5 size for desktop PC. 2. 2.5 size for laptop. 3. 1.8 commonly for subnotebooks. Four interface of HDD: 1. ATA (advanced technology attachment) drives also known as PATA (parallel ATA) or uses IDE interface and ranges with 5400 rpm upto 7200 rpm speed. 2. SATA (serial ATA) drives with 7200 rpm or higher speed, and commonly used today. 3. SCSI (small computer system interface) drives an old type interface for multiple interfaces commonly with a high speed of data transfer. 4. SAS (serial attached SCSI) drives latest type of SCSI.

RAM (random access memory) - is a form of computer data storage which is often associated with volatile types of memory, where the information is lost after the power is switched off. Different types of RAM modules: 1. DIP (dual-inline-package) 2. SIPP (single-inline pin package) 3. SIMM (single inline memory module) 4. DIMM (dual inline memory module) 5. SoDIMM (small-outline DIMM) 6. RIMM (rambus inline memory module)

Motherboard It is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo. Different Motherboard form factors: Form factor XT AT (Advanced Technology) Baby-AT ATX SSI CEB Obsolete . The IBM Personal Computer XT was the successor to the original IBM PC, its first home computer. As the specifications were open, many clone motherboards were produced and it became a de facto standard. Obsolete. Created by IBM for the IBM Personal Computer/AT, an Intel 80286 machine. Also known as Full AT, it was popular during the era of the Intel 80386 microprocessor. Superseded by ATX. IBM's 1985 successor to the AT motherboard. Functionally equivalent to the AT, it became popular due to its significantly smaller size. Created by Intel in 1995. As of 2007, it is the most popular form factor for commodity motherboards. Typical size is 9.6x12" although some companies extend that to 10x12". Created by the Server System Infrastructure (SSI) forum. Derived from the EEB and ATX specifications. This means that SSI CEB motherboards have the same mounting holes and the same IO connector area as ATX motherboards. A smaller variant of the ATX form factor (about 25% shorter). Compatible with most ATX cases, but has fewer slots than ATX, for a smaller power supply unit. Very popular for desktop and small form factor computers as of 2007. A subset of microATX developed by Intel in 1999. Allows more flexible motherboard design, component positioning and shape. Can be smaller than regular microATX. A small, highly-integrated form factor, designed for small devices such as thin clients and set-top boxes. Targeted at smart digital entertainment devices such as PVRs, set-top boxes, media centers and Car PCs, and thin devices.

microATX Mini-ATX FlexATX Mini-ITX Nano-ITX Pico-ITX Mobile-ITX BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) MicroBTX (or uBTX) PicoBTX DTX Mini-DTX smartModule

A standard proposed by Intel as a successor to ATX in the early 2000s, according to Intel the layout has better cooling. BTX Boards are flipped in comparison to ATX Boards, so a BTX or MicroBTX Board needs a BTX case, while an ATX style board fits in an ATX case.

It was announced to be in development by AMD on January 10, 2007. It is for small form factor PCs (especially for HTPCs) with dimensions of 203 mm by 244 mm,[1] AMD stated that the DTX form factor is an open standard, and is backward compatible with ATX form factor cases. Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a baseboard.

ETX nanoETXexpress Extended ATX (EATX)

Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a baseboard. Used in embedded systems and single board computers. Requires a carrier board. Used in rackmount server systems. Typically used for server-class type motherboards with dual processors and too much circuitry for a standard ATX motherboard. The mounting hole pattern for the upper portion of the board matches ATX. Based on a design by Western Digital, it allowed smaller cases than the AT standard, by putting the expansion card slots on a Riser card.[1] Used in slimline retail PCs. LPX was never standardized and generally only used by large OEMs. Used in slimline retail PCs Used in embedded systems AT Bus architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors Used in embedded systems PCI Bus architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors Used in embedded systems PCI Express architecture adapted to vibration-tolerant header connectors A low-profile design released in 1997. It also incorporated a riser for expansion cards, and never became popular. Used in embedded systems and IPCs. Requires a baseboard. A large design for servers and high-end workstations featuring multiple CPUs and hard drives. Used in embedded systems - requires a baseboard.

LPX Mini-LPX PC/104 PC104plus PCI/104Express NLX UTX WTX XTX

This image compares the sizes of common form factors to ISO 216 paper sizes (e.g. A4) (Sizes are in mm):

Form Factor it specifies the physical dimensions of major system components. Different parts and connectors of a standard desktop motherboard: 1. Expansion slots ISA (integrated standard architecture) old/obsolete EISA (extended ISA) - old/obsolete VESA (video electronics standards association) - old/obsolete CNR (communications and networking riser) AMR (audio/modem riser) AGP (accelerated graphics port) PCI (peripheral component interconnect) PCIx (PCI extended) PCIe (PCI express) 2. IDE connectors /slot (used for HDD and Optical drives PATA type) 3. SATA connectors/slot 4. North-bridge chipset (handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards and the south-bridge) 5. South-bridge chipset (also known as an I/O Controller Hub (ICH) or a Platform Controller Hub (PCH)) 6. RAM slots SIMM

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

DIMM RIMM BIOS chip FDD connectors/slot Printer connector (obsolete) Control panel connectors (interfacing for the front panel case controls such as power,reset, and LED indicators) Extended USB connectors/slot CMOS battery connector (with CMOS(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) battery) AT/ATX power connector (System board power source) 12v (4 pin) power connector CPU fan power connector P9/auxiliary power connector (old type) PCIe power connector (latest) EPS power connector (latest) CMOS connector with jumper CPU socket/slot CPU fan/cooler handles/mounts Game port I/O ports PS/2 mouse port (green) PS/2 keyboard port (purple/violet) Serial port Parallel port USB port VGA / video port (15 female pins 3 sets) S/PDIF port Game port (15 female pins 2 sets) IEEE 1394 port RJ45 / LAN port SATA port

HDMI port DVI port Audio/sound ports Side speaker (gray) Center/subwoofer (black) Rear speaker (orange) Microphone (pink) Line-Out (green) Line-in (blue)

Parallel port

Game port

DVI port

HDMI port

AMR or CNR slot(brown)

SATA connectors

South bridge chipset w/ heat sink

BIOS chip (PLCC)

CPU handles

Control panel connectors

North bridge chipset w/ heat sink

PCIe power

CPU Socket

ATX power connector

DIMM slot (SDRAM)

Northbridge chipset

IDE connector

FDD connector

AGP slot (brown)

Southbridge chipset CMOS battery

PCI slot (white)

ISA slot (black)

ATX (20pins) power

12v (4pin) power connector

6 pins (auxiliary power)

Assignment: (put your answer in a bond paper short) 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the difference between PCI, PCIx, and PCIe slots? What is the difference between EISA and VESA slots which now obsolete? What are the most commonly used motherboard form factors today? List the different CPU socket or slot used by Intel and AMD processors. Include the numbers of pins, package, and different models of processors that are used in particular socket or slot.

RAM Speed Matrix: PC Rating PC66 PC100 PC133 PC1600 PC2100 PC2700 PC3200 PC3500 PC800 PC1066 SDRAM SDRAM SDRAM DDR-RAM DDR-RAM DDR-RAM DDR-RAM DDR-RAM RDRAM (RAMBUS) RDRAM (RAMBUS) Type 66 MHz 100 MHz 133 MHz 200 MHz (100x2) 266 MHz (133x2) 333 MHz (166x2) 400 MHz (200x2) 533 MHz (266x2) 800 MHz (200x4) 1066 MHz (266x4) Memory Speed

Below is a table providing information on the different types of DDR RAM. Names PC-1600 or DDR-200 PC-2100 or DDR-266 PC-2400 or DDR-300 PC-2700 or DDR-333 PC-3200 or DDR-400 Base FSB Speed 100MHz 133MHz 150MHz 166MHz 200MHz DDR RAM Speed 200 MHz 266 MHz 300 MHz 333 MHz 400 MHz

Below is a table showing the bandwidth of DDR2-400 to DDR2-1066, plus the FSB and effective FSB speeds of the motherboards that support it.
Double Data Rate (DDR) I/O Bus clock DualChannel Mode DDR Bandwidth

DDR Type

PC Name

Motherboard FSB

Single-Channel Mode DDR Bandwidth

DDR2-400 DDR2-533 DDR2-667 DDR2-800 DDR2-1066

PC2-3200 PC2-4300 PC2-5300 PC2-6400 PC2-8500

100MHz 133MHz 166MHz 200MHz 266MHz

200MHz 266MHz 333MHz 400MHz 533MHz

3,200 MB/s 4,266 MB/s 5,333 MB/s 6,400 MB/s 6,400 MB/s

6,400 MB/s 8,533 MB/s 10,666 MB/s 12,800 MB/s 12,800 MB/s

DDR3 Type

PC Name

Motherboard FSB

Double Data Rate (DDR) I/O Bus clock

Effective data Bandwidth transfer transfer speed rate 800MHz 1066MHz 1333MHz 1600MHz 1866MHz 2000MHz 6,400MB/s 8,530MB/s 10,660MB/s 12,800MB/s 14,930MB/s 16,000MB/s

DDR3-800 DDR3-1066 DDR3-1333 DDR3-1600 DDR3-1866 DDR3-2000

PC3-6400 PC3-8500 PC3-10667 PC3-12800 PC3-14900 PC3-16000

100MHz 133MHz 166MHz 200MHz 233MHz 250MHz

400MHz 533MHz 667MHz 800MHz 933MHz 1000MHz

How BIOS Works One of the most common uses of Flash memory is for the basic input/output system of your computer, commonly known as the BIOS (pronounced "bye-ose"). On virtually every computer available, the BIOS makes sure all the other chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together. Every desktop and laptop computer in common use today contains a microprocessor as its central processing unit. The microprocessor is the hardware component. To get its work done, the microprocessor executes a set of instructions known as software. You are probably very familiar with two different types of software:

The operating system - The operating system provides a set of services for the applications running on your computer, and it also provides the fundamental user interface for your computer. Windows 98 and Linux are examples of operating systems. The applications - Applications are pieces of software that are programmed to perform specific tasks. On your computer right now you probably have a browser application, a word processing application, an e-mail application and so on. You can also buy new applications and install them.

It turns out that the BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate successfully. In this article, you'll learn all about BIOS -- what it does, how to configure it and what to do if your BIOS needs updating. What BIOS Does The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its most important role is to load the operating system. When you turn on your computer and the microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it has to get that instruction from somewhere. It cannot get it from the operating system because the operating system is located on a hard disk, and the microprocessor cannot get to it without some instructions that tell it how. The BIOS provides those instructions. Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include: A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips. Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting. Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc.

The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM. When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things. This is its usual sequence: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers Initialize registers and power management Perform the power-on self-test (POST) Display system settings Determine which devices are bootable Initiate the bootstrap sequence

The first thing the BIOS does is check the information stored in a tiny (64 bytes) amount of RAM located on a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip. The CMOS Setup provides detailed information particular to your system and can be altered as your system changes. The BIOS uses this information to modify or supplement its default programming as needed. We will talk more about these settings later. Interrupt handlers are small pieces of software that act as translators between the hardware components and the operating system. For example, when you press a key on your keyboard, the signal is sent to the keyboard interrupt handler, which tells the CPU what it is and passes it on to the operating system. The device drivers are other pieces of software that identify the base hardware components such as keyboard, mouse, hard drive and floppy drive. Since the BIOS is constantly intercepting signals to and from the hardware, it is usually copied, or shadowed, into RAM to run faster.

Booting the Computer Whenever you turn on your computer, the first thing you see is the BIOS software doing its thing. On many machines, the BIOS displays text describing things like the amount of memory installed in your computer, the type of hard disk and so on. It turns out that, during this boot sequence, the BIOS is doing a remarkable amount of work to get your computer ready to run. This section briefly describes some of those activities for a typical PC. After checking the CMOS Setup and loading the interrupt handlers, the BIOS determines whether the video card is operational. Most video cards have a miniature BIOS of their own that initializes the memory and graphics processor on the card. If they do not, there is usually video driver information on another ROM on the motherboard that the BIOS can load. Next, the BIOS checks to see if this is a cold boot or a reboot. It does this by checking the value at memory address 0000:0472. A value of 1234h indicates a reboot, and the BIOS skips the rest of POST. Anything else is considered a cold boot. If it is a cold boot, the BIOS verifies RAM by performing a read/write test of each memory address. It checks the PS/2 ports or USB ports for a keyboard and a mouse. It looks for a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus and, if it finds one, checks all the PCI cards. If the BIOS finds any errors during the POST, it will notify you by a series of beeps or a text message displayed on the screen. An error at this point is almost always a hardware problem.

The BIOS then displays some details about your system. This typically includes information about:

The processor The floppy drive and hard drive Memory BIOS revision and date Display

Any special drivers, such as the ones for small computer system interface (SCSI) adapters, are loaded from the adapter and the BIOS displays the information. The BIOS then looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. "Boot" is short for "bootstrap," as in the old phrase, "Lift yourself up by your bootstraps." Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS will try to initiate the boot sequence from the first device. If the BIOS do not find a device, it will try the next device in the list. If it does not find the proper files on a device, the startup process will halt. In computing, booting (booting up) is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that loads an operating system Types of boot process: A hard reboot (also known as a cold reboot, cold boot or cold start) is when power to a computer is cycled (turned off and then on) or a special reset signal to the processor is triggered (from a front panel switch of some sort). This restarts the computer without first performing any shut-down procedure. (With many operating systems, especially those using disk caches, after a hard reboot the filesystem may be in an "unclean" state, and an automatic scan of on-disk filesystem structures will be done before normal operation can begin.) It may be caused by power failure, be done by accident, or be done deliberately as a last resort to forcibly retrieve the system from instances such as a critical error or virus-inflicted DoS attack A soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot) is restarting a computer under software control, without removing power or (directly) triggering a reset line. It usually, though not always, refers to an orderly shutdown and restarting of the machine. The Control-Alt-Delete key combination on the original IBM PC was designed to allow a soft reboot for a quicker and more convenient (and, some argue, less stressful on system components) restart than powering the computer completely down then back up. A Linux kernelThe Linux kernel has optional support for the kexec system call, which shuts down the currently running kernel and executes another one. The entire process is done independent of the system firmware. Note that the kernel being executed does not have to be Random reboot is a non-technical term referring to an unintended (and often undesired) reboot for which the cause is not immediately evident to the user. Such reboots may occur due to a multitude of software and hardware problems, such as triple faults As Windows XP/Vista has an option to skip its Blue Screen of Death (Blue Screens of Death in Windows XP/Vista offer no option of pressing any key and seeing if the computer continues functioning) and immediately restarts the computer in the event of a fatal error, users can be mistaken in thinking a Windows XP/Vista computer suffers from random rebooting