Giampaolo MACCANTI Electromagnetic Device

WO 9840960 ELECT OMAGNETIC DE!ICE Giampaolo Maccanti Energia Cele"te #$ $L$ %& #eprem'er %998 A'"tract --- Electromagnetic device (100), particularly to be used as a generator, for example of mechanical energy, comprising means (105) for generating a magnetic field, at least one electric conductor (110, 115) arranged inside said magnetic field, means (120) for generating at least one se uence of electric pulses having amplitutes variable in time, said means for generating pulses (120) being connected to the electric conductors (110, 115) for applying a corresponding pulse se uence to each electric conductor (110, 115)! "he present invention relates to an electromagnetic device, and particularly to an electromagnetic device suitable to be used as a generator, for example of mechanical energy or heat! # generator is in general a machine for transforming energy of a type into energy of a different type$ generators are also commonly indicated %ith the improper expression of devices for producing energy, %hich al%ays implicates a tranformation or a conversion of energy into different form! &no%n generators, %hich differ because of the nature of the used energy, because of the nature of the produced energy and in the %ay they %or', have several dra%bac's! (ost of traditional generators, such as thermoelectric generators (%hich generate electric energy exploiting thermic energy produced by a fuel) or nuclear generators (%hich generate electric energy exploiting the energy released by fission of nuclear fuels), need to be fed %ith a source of energy (such as oil, gas, coal, uranium) available in nature in scarce uantity and therefore expensive! (oreover, the energy conversion process used in these generators produces polluting exhaust or %aste %hich is dangerous and difficult to be disposed! )everal 'no%n generators, including generators using clean (not polluting) and rene%able (not sub*ect to exhaustion) sources of energy, such as hydroelectric generators (exploiting hydraulic energy, for example from rivers), geothermal generators (exploiting thermal energy of natural steam %ithin the earth), eaolian generators (exploiting energy of %ind) and solar generators (exploiting energy sent out by the sun as radiant energy), need complex machineries and e uipment! +enerally, they are used in plants (po%er stations) producing energy on an industrial scale$ the energy is then delivered to the final users by means of delivery net%or's (typically electric net%or's)! "his process ho%ever implies relevant losses of energy during the transfer! ,n addition, these po%er stations and related delivery net%or's involve high construction and management expenses and they often disfigure the landscape! +enerators for personal use, such as motor vehicle internal combustion engines and home heat generators (boilers), use fuels (petrol, diesel fuel or gas) %hich are expensive and polluting$

electric motors (for example motors used in appliances) use on the contrary energy provided by the electric delivery net%or', %ith the above mentioned dra%bac's, or small batteries (exploiting a chemical reaction) %hich provide a reduced po%er, have a short life, and are difficult to dispose once they are flat! ,t is an ob*ect of the present invention to overcome the above dra%bac's! "his ob*ect is achieved by means of an electromagnetic device as set out in the first claim! "he electromagnetic device of the present invention exploits a practically unlimited source of energy and it is thus very cheap$ it produces no harmful %aste and therefore it is safe and not polluting! "his electromagnetic device is very easy to manufacture and it employs very cheap components$ it is suitable in particular for domestic use, since it is noiseless and small, even if it is not excluded its use for producing energy on an industrial scale! ,n addition, the electromagnetic device according to the present invention does not need to be connected to an external electric net%or' and it is therefore particularly practical! -urther features and advantages of the electromagnetic device according to the present invention %ill appear in the follo%ing description of several preferred embodiments of the same, given purely by %ay of a non-restrictive indication, %ith reference to the attached dra%ings %here. - (ig$% sho%s a schematic bloc' diagram of an electromagnetic device according to the present invention$

- (ig$) depicts time diagrams of the pulse se uences generated in the electromagnetic device of -ig!1$

- (ig$*a schematically sho%s a motor embodying the electromagnetic device of the present invention$

- (ig$*' is an exploded vie% of a particular of the motor of -ig!/a

0ith reference in particular to -ig!1, an electromagnetic device 100 according to the present invention includes a permanent magnet 105 (made up for example of an iron-cobalt alloy), %hose 1orth and )outh poles are denoted by the letters 1 and ), respectively! "he permanent magnet 105 generates a magnetic field in the surrounding space$ this field is schematically depicted by its lines of force %hich come out from the 1orth pole and enter the )outh pole! 2o%ever, the electromagnetic device in this embodiment of the present invention lends itself to be implemented even %ith an electromagnet or different e uivalent means for generating a magnetic field, or even %ithout the magnet 105, for example exploiting the universal magnetic field! "%o electric conductors 110 and 115 are %ound around the magnet 105 and they are parallel and arranged in the shape of solenoid, %ith a number of turns (for example several hundreds) variable according to the application and the structure of the electromagnetic device 100! #lternately, the conductors 110 and 115 are arranged %ith a different shape and possibly they are not parallel, or they are not %ound around the magnet 105 but they are close to the same, in any case in a region %here the strength of the magnetic field generated by the magnet 105 is not negligible! ,n addition, the electromagnetic device 100 includes a unit 120 for generating electric (voltage or current) pulse se uences, i!e! %ave forms %here the time during %hich the electric uantity maintains a high (absolute) value is far shorter! e!g! less than 1310, than the time during %hich it maintains a null (or any%ay lo%) value! 4articularly, the unit 120 has t%o output terminals 125

and 1/0 connected to a terminal of the %indings 110 and 115, respectively$ a third output terminal 1/5 is connected to the other terminal of the %indings 110 and 115 and is a reference terminal (earth) of the %hole device! ,n a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the unit 120 generates a first voltage pulse se uence at its output terminals 125 and 1/5$ the time interval (in the follo%ing indicated as 5period5) bet%een t%o contiguous pulses (considering negligible their length) is fixed, and has a value related to the application and the structure of the electromagnetic device 100! "ests have been carried out %ith different fixed values of the period up to a minimum value about 10-12s, but the present invention lends itself to be implemented also %ith not fixed periods! "he voltage pulses generated at the output terminals 125 and 1/5 have an amplitude (%ith regard to a reference value of the earth terminal) %hich ta'es alternatively a 5lo%5 type value 67 and a high type value 62, %here the difference bet%een the amplitude of a high type pulse and the amplitude of an immediately preceding lo% type pulse is greater or e ual to a predetermined minimum value, preferably 506! #dvantageously, the amplitude of these voltage pulses changes continuously, and it is preferably random! -or example, the amplitude of the voltage pulses ta'es discrete values spaced from each other by a multiple of 16 in a range of defined values, e!g! from a minimum value of /806 to a maximum value of 9506, as in the se uences depicted in the first time diagram of -ig!2 (denoted %ith the letter a)! "he voltage pulse se uence is, in turn, constituted by several pulses of the same type (%hich means that the amplitude differs less than 506), alternated to several pulses of the other type, eventually in number %hich is not fixed in time, for example random (e!g! 67 - 67 62 - 62 - 62 - 67 - 67 - 67 - 62 - 62 - !!!) "he unit 120 generates in addition a second voltage pulse se uence at its output terminals 1/0 and 1/5, %ith a period e ual to the period of the first se uence generated at the output terminals 125 and 1/5! "he voltage pulses of the second se uence are shifted, %ith respect to the corresponding pulses of the first se uence, of a time interval %hich is fixed and shorter than this period! 2o%ever, the present invention lends itself to be implemented %ith periods of the t%o pulse se uence %hich are not e ual from each other and %ith a shifting of different and even not fixed length! "he voltage pulses of the second se uence have an amplitude %hich is multiple of the amplitude of the corresponding pulses of the first se uence$ particularly, the amplitude of these voltage pulses ta'es a 5multiplied lo%5 type value 67( and a 5multiplied high5 type value 62( corresponding to a lo% type pulse 67 and a high type pulse 62 of the first se uence, respectively! 4referably, the amplitude of each pulse of the second se uence is e ual to 2!5 times the amplitude of the corresponding pulse of the first se uence, as depicted in the second time diagram of -ig!2 (denoted %ith the letter b)$ in alternative embodiments, a different and even not fixed multiplicative factor is used! "he first and second voltage pulse se uences described above are applied to the %inding 110 and 115, respectively! ,n a alternative embodiment of the present invention, the electromagnetic device 100 has a single %inding and a total voltage pulse se uence corresponding to the superimposition of the first and second se uence, as depicted in the third time diagram of -ig!2 (denoted %ith the letter c), is

applied to its terminals! ,t should be noted that the use of t%o different %indings is particularly useful %hen the period of the pulse se uences is very short, since it avoids interference phenomena bet%een consecutive pulses of the first and second se uence! #s described in detail above %ith reference to the pulses of the first and second se uence, the present invention lends to be implemented even %ith a total pulse se uence different from the depicted se uence! -or example, in alternative embodiments, the different type pulses follo% one another in the total se uence in any order, there are only one, t%o! three or more than four pulse types %ith different amplitude, the total se uence includes t%o or more consecutive pulses of one same type, and so on! (oreover, it should be noted that the electromagnetic device 100 of the present invention lends itself to be implemented even %ith a single %inding 110 and only the described first pulse se uence applied to this %inding! ,n a different embodiment of the present invention, the electromagnetic device 100 includes several %inding pairs (or several single %indings as described above), and pulse se uences similar to the ones described above are applied thereto$ advantageously, it is possible to increase the period of the pulse se uences applied to the different %indings by using several %indings, obtaining the same performance of the electromagnetic device 100! "hese pulse se uence can be arranged in several manners$ for example, the pulse se uences are of the same type or different type, they have pulse amplitude values %hich are e ual or different, they have e ual or different period, they are phased or shifted bet%een one another, either of a time interval %hich is multiple of a period or of a different value! 4referably, as sho%n in the dra%ing, the %indings 110 and 115 are %ound around the magnet 105 in a %ay that the current flo%ing therethrough and corresponding to the described voltage pulses generates a magnetic field %hich is substantially parallel and concordant %ith the magnetic field generated by the magnet 105, according to the right hand rule$ ho%ever, the present invention lands itself to be implemented even %ith a different arrangement of the %indings 110, 115! "he pulses applied to the %indings 110 and 115 perturb the magnetic field generated by the magnet 105 and produce a total magnetic field having an amplitude %hich is e+tremel, -ig-er than the amplitude of the magnetic field generated by the magnet 105! Experimental test have sho%n that the resulting magnetic field has an amplitude far higher .e$g$ "everal t-o/"an0" time"1 than the field produced by the magnet 105 and that t-e energ, generate0 ', t-e electromagnetic 0evice %00 i" e+tremel, -ig-er t-an t-e energ, a'"or'e0 ', t-e /nit 120 for generating the pulse se uences! "he electromagnetic device of the present invention is suitable to be used in different applications, for example for producing thermal, electric, mechanical energy, and so on! #n example of motor for transforming the energy provided by the electromagnetic device of the present invention into mechanical energy (particularly 'inetic energy) is depicted in -ig!/a! "he

motor /00 includes a stationary element (stator) /02 and a moving element (rotor) /09 *oined together by means of bearings (%hich are not sho%n in the dra%ing) in a %ay that the only possible relative movement is a rotation around a common axis /0:! # short circuit electric conductor /0; is %ound longitudinally in the shape of a spiral on the rotor /09! "he stator /02 includes a permanent magnet in the shape of a hollo% cylinder %ith the 1orth (1) and )outh ()) poles arranged at the longitudinal ends$ preferably, the magnet of the stator /02 is split longitudinally into several portions /08-/22 (eight in this example) in order to reduce stray currents! <eferring no% to -ig!/b (elements in common %ith -ig!/a are denoted %ith the same reference numbers) a detailed exploded vie% of the structure of the magnet /08 is sho%n (similar considerations apply to the other magnets /10-/22)! +rooves (or slots) %hich accomodate an electric conductor /29 (/29-//8 in -ig!/a), for example a copper %ire %ith a cross-section of 1mm, are dra%n on the surface of the magnet /08$ the electric conductor /29 is %ound around the magnet /08 in the shape of a spiral spreading out longitudinally in both directions and forming for example a hundred of turns! -urther grooves accomodate another electric conductor /90, insulated from the %inding /29$ the conductor /90 is li'e%ise %ound longitudinally around the magnet /08 in the shape of a spiral forming for example a hundred of turns! # transversal hollo% /5:, preferably perpendicular to the common axis /0: and therefore also to the lines of force of the field generated by the magnet /08, is provided in the magnet /08! "he hollo% /5: accomodates at least one electromagnetic unit /58 including a hollo% cylindric stator /:0 of ferromagnetic material on %hich an electric conductor /:2 %ound longitudunally as a spiral is arranged! # rotor /;8 rotationally movable (%ith regard to the stator /:0) around a common axis, is accomodated inside the stator /:0$ an electric conductor /80, li'e%ise %ound in the shape of a spiral, is provided on the rotor /;8 and it is connected to the outside by means of %iping contacts, e!g! brushes! "he %inding /:2 (primary %inding) defines a number of turns, e!g! 100, smaller than the number defined by the %inding /80 (secondary %inding), e!g! 250! "he secondary %inding /80 and the %inding /90 are parallel connected, %ith a terminal in common and the other terminal connected to the earth terminal$ the primary %inding /:2 and the %inding /29 are li'e%ise parallel connected, %ith a terminal in common and the other terminal connected to the earth terminal! <eferring bac' to -ig!/a, each %inding /29-//8 is parallel connected to the %inding opposite to the axis /0:$ particularly, the not grounded terminal of the %inding /29 (on the magnet /08) is connected to the corresponding terminal of the %inding /22 (on the magnet /1:), and the %inding /2:-//9, /28-//: and //0-//8 are li'e%ise connected! 4referably, a capacitive element /81, typically a capacitor having a capacity smaller than 90n-, is connected in series to a pair of %indings, e!g! the pair /29-//2, and it is useful to increase the starting couple in load operation! "he motor /00 further includes a signal processing electronic unit /82 (e!g! an =<,=1 type processor for po%er audio signal processing) having a number of output terminals e ual to the number of %inding pairs /29-//8 (four in this example) and a further output terminal connected to the earth terminal$ each output terminal of the unit /82 is connected to the not grounded

terminal of a corresponding pair of the %indings /29-//8! "he signal processing unit /82 is operated, by means of control signals, by a logic unit /8/, e!g! a >)4 (>igital )ignal 4rocessing) electronic card, possibly connected to a 4ersonal ?omputer (4?)! "he motor /00 comprises a further electromagnetic unit /89 including a hollo% cylindric stator /8: of ferromagnetic material in %hich an electric conductor /88, %ound longitudinally as a spiral, is arranged! # rotor /@0 rotationally movable (%ith regard to the stator /8:) around a common axis is accomodated inside the stator /8:$ an electric conductor /@2 li'e%ise %ound in the shape of a spiral is provided on the rotor /@0 and it is connected to the outside by means of %iping contacts, e!g! brushes! "he %inding /88 (primary %inding) defines a lo% number of turns, e!g! a hundred, %hile the %inding /@2 (secondary %inding) defines a high number of turns, e!g! a thousand! # terminal of the secondary %inding /@2 is connected to the earth terminal, %hile the other terminal is connected to an input terminal of the unit /82! "he primary %inding /88 is parallel connected, by means of an electromagnetic s%itch /@9 or any e uivalent means (operated by the logic unit /8/), to an electric generator /@:, e!g! a storage battery %hich provides a voltage of 126 at its positive (A) and negative (-) terminals and %hich has an amperehour capacity of 1,@#h! 4articularly, a terminal of the primary %inding /88 is connected to the earth terminal, %hile the other terminal is connected (through the s%itch /@9) to the positive terminal of the electric generator /@:$ the negative terminal of the electric generator /@: is connected to the earth terminal! "he logic unit /8/ periodically s%itches on the s%itch /@9 for a short time interval in order to apply a base pulse se uence to the primary %inding /88! "he length of this period is inversely proportional (%ith the same performance of the motor /00) to the number of %inding pairs /29//8 arranged on the stator /02$ in this example, the s%itch /@9 is on every 10-:s, for a time interval lasting about 10-;s! "he fast variation of the current applied to the primary %inding /88 produces a magnetic field %ith a variable amplitude$ the corresponding variations of flux lin'age through the secondary %inding /@2 generates a se uence of multiplied base pulses at the ends of the %inding /@2, %hose amplitude (defining the minimum lo% type value 67) is related to the ratio of the number of turns of the %indings /@2 and /88! "his se uence of multiplied base pulses, having a fixed amplitude (e!g! /806), is provided to the input terminal of the signal processing unit /82! 4referably, at least one further electromagnetic unit (%hich is not sho%n in the dra%ing), similar to the unit /58 described %ith reference to -ig!/b, or other e uivalent means for generating a magnetic field having a direction preferably perpendicular to the axis of the rotor /@0, is provided in the stator /8:! #n induced current having opposite directions corresponding to each leading and trailing edge of the base pulses is generated in the %inding /@0! "he described induced current flo%s in the %inding /@0 %hich is inside the magnetic field created by the further electromagnetic unit$ the %inding /@0 is then sub*ect to a force alternatively rotating cloc'%ise and countercloc'%ise the rotor /@0! #dvantageously, %ith the described structure it is possible to obtain a voltage pulse se uence having a very short period$ alternatively, the same pulse se uence is obtained %ith conventional means! "he signal processing unit /82 (operated by the logic unit /8/) changes the amplitude of each received voltage pulse, generating voltage pulses having an amplitude bet%een the input

minimum value and a set maximum value, e!g! 9506 (defining the maximum high type value 62)! 4articularly, a lo% type voltage pulse 67 having an amplitude %ith a random value higher or e ual to /806 is provided at a certain moment to a first output terminal connected to the %inding pair /29-//2$ a high type voltage pulse 62 having an amplitude %ith a random value lo%er or e ual to 9506 and at least 506 higher than the amplitude of the preceding pulse is provided at the next period to this terminal, and so on as described above in detail! # similar voltage pulse se uence but %ith different values is provided to a second output terminal connected to the ad*acent %inding pair /2:-//9$ this pulse se uence is one period shifted %ith regard to the one applied to the %inding pair /29-//2, so that %hen a lo% type pulse 67 is on the first output terminal a high type pulse 62 is on the second output terminal, and vice versa! ,n a similar manner, a pulse se uence, shifted %ith regard to the one applied to the %inding pair /2:-//9, is provided to a third output terminal connected to the %inding pair /28-//: and a pulse se uence, shifted %ith regard to the preceding one, is provided to a fourth output terminal connected to the %inding pair //0-//8! #n example of the pulse se uences generated by the signal processing unit is. 13 /806 9986 /816 99;6 /8/6 9506 /826 !!! 23 99@6 /806 9506 /816 9986 /826 99;6 !!! /3 /896 99@6 /8/6 9986 /806 99:6 /8/6 !!! 93 9506 /826 9986 /856 99@6 /816 99:6 !!! #s can be seen, the amplitude of the voltage pulses applied in a certain moment to the several %inding pairs /29-//8 changes spatially li'e%ise the amplitude of the voltage pulses applied to each %inding pairs changes in time! "his preferred embodiment (%ith the lo% and high type voltage pulses alternated spatially and in time and %ith an amplitude not less than /806 and random) allo%s obtaining a regular motion %ithout leaps of the rotor /09! 2o%ever, the motor /00 lends itself to be operated even %ith different pulse se uences, and described above! "he pulse se uence applied to each %inding /29-//8 is applied at the same time also to the primary %inding /:2 of the corresponding electromagnetic unit /58 (see -ig!/b), and to the similar %indings %hich are not sho%n in the dra%ings! #s described %ith reference to the electromagnetic unit /89, a pulse corresponding to each voltage pulse applied to the primary %inding /:2 and having an amplitude multiple of the input pulse, according to the ratio of the number of turns of the %indings /:2 and /80, is generated on the secondary %inding /80 %ith some delay (about 10-1/s)! ,n this example, each pulse on the secondary %inding /80 has an amplitude e ual to 2,5 times the amplitude of the corresponding input pulse! "he pulse se uence generated in this %ay on the secondary %inding /80 is applied to the %inding /90 and it is slightly shifted, or delayed, %ith respect to the input pulse se uence (directly applied to the %inding /29)! "he pulses applied to the %indings on the magnets /08-/22 produce, as described above, a very high amplitude variation of the magnetic field generating a corresponding variation of flux

lin'eage through the %inding /0;$ an induced electromotive force results on the same and it causes a current flo%! #t the same time, the pulses applied to the %inding /:2 and the other similar %indings produce a magnetic field having a direction perpendicular to the common axis /0:! "he induced current described above flo%s in the %inding /0; %hich is inside the magnetic field created by these %indings and it is then sub*ect to an electromagnetic force having a direction given by the left hand rule! "his force rotates the rotor /09 and the shorter the pulse period is the higher the rotation speed is! ,t should be appreciated that it is possible to modify readily the rotation direction of the rotor /09 by changing the direction of the current in the %indings by means of s%itches (%hich are not sho%n in the dra%ings)! Te"t re"/lt" -ave "-o2n t-at a ver, -ig- "-a3t -or"epo2er .e$g$ )04W15 2it- an i0le "pee0 a'o/t *5000 rpm .revol/tion" per min/te15 i" o'taine0 ', a'"or'ing a negligi'le po2er 3rom t-e electric generator *96 .e$g$ 050&A per %)!5 t-at i" 0584W1$ ,n a different embodiment, the motor shaft is coupled to an alternator or a direct-current generator (not sho%n in the dra%ing) for producing electric energy! 4referably, a very small part of the produced energy is used for recharging the generator /@:! ,t should be noted that the motor described above lends itself to be constructed in alternative manners, for example by arranging the short circuit %inding on the stator and the permanent magnets %ith the related %indings (connected to the signal processing unit by means of %iping brushes) on the rotor, or by using a different number of conductors %ound around the permanent magnets (up to a single %inding %ith a single permanent magnet), or by arranging the electromagnetic units inside the mangets on the stator not perpendicularly to the common axis, or by feeding the %inding on the rotor %ith a direct current, or by replacing the same %inding %ith conductive bars *oined at their ends by t%o connecting rings, or by implementing the pulse generation unit %ith a custom electronic circuit, and so on! ,n a preferred embodiment, the motor /00 further includes position sensors (not sho%n in the dra%ings) detecting the rotation speed of the rotor /09 (and possibly the one of the rotors /;8 and /@0 as %ell)! "he sensed values are provided to the logic unit /8/ %hich conse uently modifies the operation of the motor /00! 4articularly, if the rotation speed is higher then a predetermined value, the logic unit /8/ increases the period of the pulse se uences, %hilst if the speed is lo%er than the value it reduces this period$ %hen the rotation speed is not regular, the logic unit /8/ increases the minimum amplitude value of the voltage pulses! "he motor /00 in operation %arms up o%ing to the energy transformation process$ it has benn verified by tests that if the temperature inside the stator /02 raises up to a critical value, about 1000, the motion of the rotor /09 stops and it starts again as soon as the temperature falls under this critical value! "he temperature of the motor /00 increases by going on feeding the same %ith the voltage pulses described above (even %ithout motion of the rotor /09), so that this feature can be advantageously used %hen the device is intended to be used as thermal generator! =n the contrary, %hen the device %or's as a motor it need to be cooled, for example by self ventilation, %here cool air is conveyed onto the inner surface of the stator /02 by means of a fan fastened to the motor shaft! ,n a preferred embodiment, the motor /00 %or's in a controlled atmosphere! 4articularly, the

stator /02 and the rotor /09 are enclosed in a container (not sho%n in the dra%ing) at a pressure lo%er than the atmospheric pressure, e!g! lo%er than 100mbar (preferably ;0mbar)! ,n this situation, it has been sho%n that the eat productioon is practically negligible and that the yield of the motor /00 improves considerably! "he structure described above lends itself to be used %ith simple changes as electric generator as %ell! ,t is enough to replace the rotor /09 %ith a stationary electric conductor (induced conductor), typically %ound longitudinally in the shape of a coil, %hich is then connected to an external load circuit! #dvantageously, in this case the electromagnetic units (/58 in -ig!/b) accomodated in the transversal hollo%s provided in the permanent magnets and the further %indings (/90 in -ig!/b) arranged around the permanent magnets are not used! ,n a preferred embodiment, each pulse se uence generated by the signal processing unit (/82 in -ig!/a) and applied to a pair of opposite %indings (/29-//8 in -ig!/a), arranged around the permanent magnets, is constituted by one or more pulses of a same type alternated to one or more pulses of a different type, %herein the number of consecutive pulses of the same type is random! ,n practice, the signal processing unit provides random the different type of generated pulses to its output terminals! ,n a manner similar to the one described in the preceding case, the pulse se uences cause a variation of magnetic flux lin'age through this coil and an induced electromotive force %ith a very high po%er (e!g! some tens '0) results at the ends of the coil itself! "est results have sho%n that the voltage value at the ends of the induced %indings is related to the difference bet%een the amplitude of the lo% type pulse 672$ for example, a difference of about :06 has been used in order to get 2206 voltage! (oreover, it should be noted that the electric generator described above does not %#rm up, so that it is preferably used at atmospheric pressure %ithout any cooling system! # person s'illed in the art %ill of course be able to ma'e many modifications and alterations to the electromagnetic device described above in order to satisfy local and specific re uirements, all such changes remaining, ho%ever, %ithin the scope of protection of the invention as defined by the follo%ing claims!

6eter MA 7O!IC8 Apparat/" To ecti3, Et-er Energ, . AT EE 1

General eport 9 %
Te"la Tec-nolog, Wa"-ington e"earc- Center .#an (ranci"co5 CA1

,n 18@@, 1i'ola "esla discovered the principle that no% serves as the basis for the receiver unit that %as first tested by peter (ar'ovich in #ugust of 1@;;! #t this point, let us briefly revie% %hat %as discovered by >r! "esla in Buly of 18@@! ,f %e loo' at C) 4atent D ;25,:05 entitled E)ystem of )ignalingE, %e %ill find diagrams that described the "esla system! "his system %as based on %hat >r! "esla called a %ave phenomenon that %as not electromagnetic in nature! "his %ave %as able to produce useable electrical energy that %as ta'en from the Earth5s atmosphere! "his %ave as described by "esla and partially proven by (ar'ovich had a number of uni ue characteristics! -irst, the %ave train %as stationary %ith a length of about 185,000 miles and a %idth of about 200 miles! )econdly, it had a fre uency of @25 cycles per second! -inally, the %ave5s speed %as e ual to or greater than the speed of light! "o understand the instrument and ho% it is able to generate electrical po%er, %e must divide the unit into three components! "hese parts are the %indings or coils (a primary and secondary units), their shape, and the height and diameter of the capacitor electrode (electron pool)! ,ncluded in the design of the receiver is the type and composition of the materials used in its construction! "o understand the theory behind the device, one must remember that the Earth and its #tmosphere are electromagnetically charged! -urther, an instrument that is properly Egrounded into this system can be used to receive and transmit useable energy -- a point discovered and noted by "esla on Buly 1;, 18@@ at his ?olorado )prings 7aboratory! "he (ar'ovich device incorporates the basic principle discovered at ?olorado )prings by >r!"esla -- namely, that the Earth is a giant condenser "he Earth5s surface can be seen as one plate and the ionosphere as the other plate through %hich an electric-li'e charge is constantly flo%ing! #t present, the (ar'ovich unit can be rated at 2!5 volts and 0!5 (or 0!025) amps! "his rating yields approximately 1!25 (or 0!0:) %atts of po%er! ,f the presently loose connections %ere properly cleaned and soldered, the unit could produce an increased efficiency of about 18F or 1!98 (or 0!0;) %atts! (oreover, if the system %ere properly EgroundedE by connecting it to another unit of oppositely %ound coils, the efficiency could be increased from /0 to :0F or 1!:/ (or 0!08) to 2!1@ (or 0!10) %atts! "his rating can also be vastly increased by altering the composition of the materials used to ma'e the device! 2ere (ar'ovich has confirmed the importance of using materials (metals) of high electrical conductivity such as copper, silver, gold, etc! the ideal material is a metal alloy of copper and silver! "his material %as employed by "esla in the transmitter built at 0ardenclyffe ()horeham, 7ong ,sland (1G) in the early 1@00s! "hus the immediate goals of the research program on the rediscovered "esla po%er system is basically five-fold in nature! -irst, the %ave phenomenon has to be correctly measured and its exact nature discovered! )econd, the exact relationship bet%een the energy utiliHed by the machine and the better 'no%n certain types of materials that act as more efficient conductors of this energy must be fully ascertained! -ourth, the effect of the use of this system on the various organisms that inhabit this planet must be discovered! -inally, the possible interface to the socalled Epsychic energyE and any possible relationships must be fully researched! Iy ade uately learning the nature of the energy that is produced by the "esla-(ar'ovich energy unit, a general theory of the nature of electromagnetism and energies closely related to them may be possible! ,n so doing, one may be able to advance the Estate of the artE of (an5s technology!

(oreover, in the long run, the ne% discoveries may not only solve the energy crisis, but also the Etechnology crisisE that presently distorts the potential of contemporary civiliHation! 4resented by. >r! 4eter (ar'ovich 0itnessed by. J10 personsK

Di"clo"/re Doc/ment
,, 4eter "! (ar'ovich, citiHen of ?anada, propose to explain the basis for %hat shall hereafter be 'no%n as the E#pparatus to <ectify Ether EnergyE (#"<EE) I$ 6re3ace : 2umanity has long been a%are of a uni ue form of energy that appears to be related to the electromagnetic technologies of modern civiliHation! "hese energies have been referred to in all ancient civiliHations under a number of different names such as chi, prana, mana, etc! ,n modern times, science has adopted ne% names for it! "hese terms, %hterher Eodic forceE, Eorgone energyE or Ebioplasmic effectE are no more than ne% terms for these ancient energies! ,n fact, research by modern physics indicates that this energy is related in part to the classic concept of the EetherE -- an energy that %ould be composed of all 'no%n and un'no%n forms of energy (those energies that occupy the electromagnetic spectrum and allied types)! ,ndeed, it no% seems that the ne% physics as created in the early part of this century has not completely disproven the existence of an EetherE that %ould Eflo%E throughout the universe, but has *ust established the need to determine %hether the EetherE fits into a ne% general theory on the relationships bet%een energy and matter! ,n this regard, the discovery of an instrument that could convert the EetherE into a more familiar energy form (e!g!, electricity) %ould be a boon to the formulation of any ne% theory on the relationships of presently 'no%n energies to the EetherE! ,n the spring of 1@;;, 4eter (ar'ovich %as able to convert this energy into direct current (>?) electricity by the use of a specially constructed apparatus! 2ere, an important point must be made, that the instrument in uestion is not a perpetual motion machine, but simply a machine that is able by the use of a uni ue induction process to convert an energy of extremely high fre uency (teracycles) to one of practically no cycles (>? electricity)! -ollo%ing a series of modifications, the apparatus %as able by the fall of 1@;; to have raised its voltage from 2!5 volts >? to /: volts >? and its amperage to 0!; amps from an initial 0!025 amps! -urther developments in the machine5s technology had allo%ed (ar'ovich to progress to instruments in the early part of 1@;8 that produced %attages in the vicinity of 0!5 'ilo%atts of >? electricity! II$ Apparat/" To ecti3, Et-er Energ, : "he #pparatus "o <ectify Ether Energy (#"<EE) is a machine that is able to transform the energy of the ether into direct current (>?) electricity! ,n order to accomplish this feat, the instrument ta'es into account the nature of ether! #s many scientists no% 'no%, the ether consists of a Ecompressible fluidE that has a density of 1012; to 10@9 %attseconds per cubic centimeter! "his high energy density permits a cubic centimeter of ether to be able to provide for

the energy needs of a small city! ,n addition, many scientists have also speculated that the ether may be conducted as a tensor field (motion by compression of the %ave) and therefore is a stationary %ave! "hese stationary %aves %ould be able to penetrate and pass through almost all the heavenly bodies 'no%n to inhabit the universe! #s is the case %ith radio %aves, a particular antenna design %ould be necessary to efficiently collect and rectify this energy! )ince its %avelength is 10-/2 centimeters and motion of the %ave train is uite similar to that of stationary %aves, a specially designed hollo% ball construction of a highly conductive metal seems most appropriate for this tas'! ,n addition, the induction unit could ta'e advantage of the modified E7E (electric) and E2E (magnetic) fields produced by the ether energy to induct a useful electric current! "o convert this energy into electricity, it is essential that a component be provided that can collect and begin the rectification of the ether energy found near the surface of the planet! "his part must be able to receive, store and conduct the ether energy to the component of the #"<EE that actually rectified the ether into >? electricity! >ue to its almost cor'scre% motion as %ell as its high fre uency and near electrical properties, ether energy can be collected by a hollo% ball %hose diameter is approximately one-sixth that of the height of the rectification component! (oreover, the ball should be composed of a very thin (2: gauge or less) metal of high electrical conductivity, such as gold, silver or copper! ,n our case, a hollo% ball composed of copper %as employed! ,n operation, the ether %ill first collect around the outside of the ball and then easily penetrate the outer surface of the ball and collect in the form of a moving s%irl on the inside surface of the ball! "o get this pulsating energy to the unit that actually does the rectification, it is necessary to ta'e advantage of the near electrical properties of the ether! #t this time, a specially built copper core must be employed! "he core of the converter is a copper rod that has the upper 5 F of its length inserted inside the copper collection ball! "he top part of this element is needle shaped to permit the s%irling ether energy to *ump the gap to the tip of the copper core, much in the manner of an electrical spar' completing a return to ground through a pointed electrode! "his core is tightly %ound %ith 2:-gauge copper %ire from a point directly beneath the ball do%n to the opposite end of the copper rod! #lso, an outer coil built from insulated D19 household %ire is used in the converter! "his second coil is attached on one end to the outside of the collection ball and on its opposite end to the %or'ing electrical circuit! "he conversion of energy resembles in many %ays the electromagnetic induction principle discovered in the 1@th century! #s noted previously, ether possesses t%o uasi-electromagnetic vectors! "he first of these is the uasi-electric one that seems to carry a charge and to flo% li'e electricity through %ires! "he second vector is a uasi-magnetism that differs only in the fact that the lines of flux are bent in an in%ard direction instead of the more %ell-'no%n out%ard bend of magnetic flux! "o induce electricity, the converter employs an unusual phenomenon related to these vectors! ,n the case of ether, the s%irling energy flo%s into the rod and also into the tightly %ound inner coil$ ho%ever, the difference in rate and distance traveled allo%s the rod5s energy to reach the bottom of this component %ay before that %hich goes by %ay of the inner coil! ,n doing so, the vectors cross and induce an electrical potential in the %ires of the inner coil! "o amplify this voltage, the outer coil must be %ound counter to the %inding of the inner coil! 2ere, the return circuit through this coil acts in the same manner as the secondary induction coil in a transformer!

"o summariHe the process mentioned above, let us uic'ly revie% the entire conversion process! -irst, the ether *umps to the tip of the converter5s core and is conducted to%ard the opposite end of the rod that is connected to the electrical circuit! )imultaneously, the ether flo%s through the tightly %ound inner coil to the opposite end of the rod! "he difference in rate and distance allo%s the coil and the copper rod to induce an electrical potential that is greater at the bottom of the rod than at its top! -inally, the outer coil %ound counter to the inner one acts as an amplifier of the electrical potential and current since its fields (the electrical circuit return to the ball) have the property to amplify the uasi-electricity produced by the induction process in the copper rod and the inner coil! ,n this fashion, the #"<EE is able to convert ether energy into useable >? electricity! "o conclude, %e have seen ho% a specially constructed instrument as first conceived and developed by 4eter (ar'ovich in the spring of 1@;; has been able to conduct and convert ether into >? electricity! #s future developments continue, it holds the promise of giving humanity a possible alternative to fossil and nuclear generation of electrical energy! 4resented by. 4eter (ar'ovich =ctober 1, 1@;; 0itnessed by. JJ8 personsK

General eport
Te"la Tec-nolog, Wa"-ington e"earc- Center .#an (ranci"co5 CA1 =n -ebruary 8, 1@;8, a test of the (ar'ovich Electric 4o%er )ource ((E4)) %as conducted at the home of its inventor, 4eter (ar'ovich! #lso in attendance for this demonstration %as >on (urphy, #rt )teele, and )heldon 1idle! # series of tests %ere run in order to determine the current rating and closed and open circuit voltages of the (E4)! "he first test %as to hoo' the voltmeter in series %ith the device and then to add a number of resistors to determine the closed circuit voltage of the instrument! -ollo%ing these tests, the (E4) %as to be tested by having it light a :0-%att bulb! ?urrent %as to be determined by having the voltmeter connected in parallel to the (E4) and an ammeter connected in series to the electrical circuit of the (E4)! "he results are as follo%s. =pen ?ircuit 180 6olts >? /!0 #mps :0 0att Iulb 150 6>? 2!5 # 10 (-ohm <esistor 150 6>? 0!000015 # )hunt (otor 150 6>? ----"he results of the tests %ere uite impressive! "he motor %as run at a very high speed %hile the bulb %as able to shine very brightly$ ho%ever, the actual lumens given off %as not measured! ,n addition to the >? current, an #? component %as also measured! "his phenomenon may be due to the nature of the meter employed as %ell as to the pulsing nature of the >? electricity that comes from the instrument! "he lo% current that %as measured %hen the 10 megaohm resistor

%as shorting the (E4) %as to be expected since such a high resistance did not lo%er the amount of voltage measured in the instrument! "hese tests indicate the fact that the unit is extremely more potent a po%er source than a battery since the instrument returned to its maximum measurements instantly after being disconnected and being drained for 5 to 10 minute periods! 0itnessed by. J5 personsK

Letter to W$ M$ 8ill
(?anadian 4atents L >evelopment 7td, =tta%a, ?anada) #ugust /1, 1@;8 >ear )irs. #s re uested during our meeting, , am enclosing a general outline of ongoing research at (ar'ovich "echnology ,nstitute in regards to the (ar'ovich "esla Electrical 4o%er )ource, referred to as ("E4)! =ne of our basic research units %as demonstrated at the C) >ept! of energy on #pril 25, 1@;8! , have developed my E(agnifying transmitterE based upon the initial research and the basic principle discovered at ?olorado )prings, ?= by >r! 1i'ola tesla! #s you are a%are, >r! "esla received over 2,000 C) 4atents, developed the basic poly-phase electrical systems used by 0estinghouse and Edison, and produced many other basic electrical devices still sued today! "hat particular research is based upon my improvements on C) patent D ;25,:05 entitled E)ystem of )ignallingE by 1i'ola tesla! , %as first able to prove the "esla "heory to my satisfaction %hile aiding in the development of the trac'ing e uipment for the early )putni' satellites launched by the C))< during 1@5:! )ince this period, , have been able to satisfactorily prove a number of "esla "heories including an electromagnetic scope and a basic theory to separate hydrogen and oxygen from sea%ater into conventional fuel! "he "esla ?olorado Experiments and "esla "heory as %ell as my o%n research seem to indicate the possible utiliHation of cosmic energy rather than fossil fuels, nuclear, etc!, in the production of either #? or >? electrical po%er! ("E4) is a system based upon a stationary %ave phenomenon described by 1i'ola "esla that is not electromagnetic in nature! "his %ave as described by "esla and partially proven by me has many uni ue characteristics! -irst, the %ave train is stationary %ith a length of approximately 125,000 miles and a %idth of approximately 200 miles! )econdly, it has a fre uency of @25 cycles per second! -inally, the %ave5s speed is e ual to or greater than the speed of light at 185,000 miles per second! "esting and ne% developments have been in progress for over one year %ith the follo%ing results.

Sept. 28, 1977 M -araday ?age Experiment determined po%er rating and electrical potential at voltage of 2!5 6 exactly$ amperage at level of 0!5 #$ %attage under ideal conditions at 1!25 0! resulting po%er source %as attached to a series of loads %hich included a small incandescent light bulb used for flashlights and a 10 ohm resistor! 7ight remained bright and steady indicating device applicable for common electrical usage! Nov. 15-16, 1977 M ?ontinuation of research %ith modifications on ("E4)! <esults included. 6oltage increase from 2!5 6 to 25 6$ #mperage increased from 0!5 # to 0!: # %ith a total increase of approximately 10x in potential and 20x in po%er! 1ote. ,t appears that some form of ne% energy is being induced to produce a useable >? electrical current! Nov. 20, 1977 M Experiment by (arcel 6ogel, )enior )cientist for ,I( <esearch ?enter, )an Bose, ?#! <esults included. =pen circuit voltage of /: volts$ open circuit current of 0!8 amps! 0hen a load of 1,000 ohms %as added in a closed circuit, the potential dropped to 20 volts and the closed circuit current remained at 0!8 #mps! 0hen the load %as disconnected, the voltage rapidly returned to /: volts in less than one minute (20 seconds)! "he oscilloscope verified the steady >? voltage emitted from the ("E4) Cnit! Feb. 8, 1978 M ?ontinuation of %itnessed experiment! =pen circuit resulted in 180 6$ current at /!0 #mps, %hich lighted a :0 %att bulb! Ioth an #? and >? current component %as measured! "hese tests indicate that the ("E4) Cnit is extremely potent as a po%er source! May & July, 1978 M "he current %or'ing model of the ("E4) <esearch is producing /:0 volts$ current at 19 amps$ producing #? and >? electrical po%er capable of running a 5 hp motor to light : household light bulbs! "his %as successfully demonstrated at the C) >ept! of Energy! Iased upon these successful experiments in a very short period, , expect that %ith proper funding, (ar'ovich "echnology ,nstitute could produce a vastly improved, high performance ("E4) Cnit demonstrating an entirely ne% energy technology! "he energy ramifications are uite evident! "he applications of the ("E4) are unlimited! 2o%ever, initial consideration should be given to the original "esla concept of a ne% type of communications system that %ould be virtually an un*ammable communications method and very effective beyond out solar system! #dditional areas for exploration include. (1) >eep space magnetic propulsion vehicles$ (2) 2eat ray satellites in geostationary orbits to be used for altering climate and %eather$ (/) (ulti-facility home and recreational energy systems$ (9) #pplications relating to %ireless electrical po%er system$ (5) "ransmissions from point to point on earth as discovered by "esla, improved by me! "han' you for your continued support!

)incerely, >r! 4eter "! (ar'ovich

General eport
Te"la Tec-nolog, Wa"-ington e"earc- Center .#an (ranci"co5 CA1 (1ov! 15-1:, 1@;;) )ince our last series of tests a series of modifications of the "esla-(ar'ovich 4o%er )ource have been completed! #mong these changes %ere the follo%ing. (1) #lteration of the capacitor ball by substitution of a larger copper unit and the addition of a needle-shaped mast core that %as ent%ined %ith /0-gauge copper %ire (bare)! #lso, a series of copper %ire prongs attached to the top of the unit %ith these prongs put through the top of the unit and attached to the inside of the ball! (2) #lteration of the mast unit by substitution of a much larger unit (=> of /39E) and the intert%ining of the ne% copper core %ith /0-gauge %ire! ,n addition, the use of D19 insulated electrical %ire %ound to the ,> of the ne% brass mast %ith a %inding of D19 bare electrical %ire inter%ound %ith the insulated D19 %ire! (/) #ddition of a solid connection bet%een the secondary and the primary coils by the use of aluminum tape! (9) #ddition of t%o ne% coils! =ne that goes from the mast to the primary tube and one that goes from the mast core to the secondary-primary connection! 0hen testing %as finally begun, a number of unusual phenomena %ere discovered! #mong these %ere the follo%ing. (1) 6oltage %as increased in the unit from 2!5 6 to 25 6 %hile amperage %as increased from0!5 # to 0!: # --- a total increase of approximately 10x in potential and 20x in po%er! (2) "he circuit %as found to produce current %hen a number of different connection %ere attempted --- e!g!, mast to ground, ball to secondary, etc! "he device only failed to produce current %hen some connections involving the primary %ere attempted! (/) ,t appears that some form of ne% energy is being induced to produce a useable >? electrical current! #t the present time, %e are in the process of adding more %indings to the capacitor unit and the mast! 2opefully, this action %ill boost the electrical potential to /: volts!

General eport
Te"la Tec-nolog, Wa"-ington e"earc- Center .#an (ranci"co5 CA1 (1ovember 2, 1@;;) #fter the capacitor ball %as altered by covering it %ith aluminum tape and the insertion of several prongs at various angles to the needle-shaped core of the mast inside the ball, the unit ((-1a) %as ta'en to the home of (arcel 6ogel in )an Bose, ?#! 2ere, it %as set up %ith t%o high impedance voltmeters and an oscilloscope to measure any possible effects! ,n addition, a series of experiments %hich involved the use of (r! 6ogel5s psychic ability to increase and decrease the voltage of the ("E4) %ere attempted! "he results of the experiments %ere as follo%s. (1) "he readings of the units %ere increased as initially predicted. an open voltage of /: volts and an open circuit current of 0!8 amps! (2) 0hen a load of 1,000 ohms %as added in a closed circuit the potential dropped to 20 volts and the closed circuit current remained at 0!8 amps! 0hen the load %as disconnected the voltage rapidly returned to /: volts in less than one minute (20 seconds)! (/) (arcel 6ogel appeared to be able to increase and decrease voltage by about / volts! (r! 6ogel reported that the use of a clear uartH crystal left a feeling of coolness in his feet %hile the use of an amethyst crystal produced a feeling of %armth! (9) "he use of an oscilloscope again verified the steady >? voltage emitted by the unit! 2o%ever, any attempt at loo'ing for electrostatic fields has to be discounted since the research did not ta'e place in a -araday cage and the testing e uipment %as tied to extension cords feeding off standard #? house current! "hese tests again proved the ability of the unit to perform as a battery and3or timed capacitor in the >? circuits employed! ,t also pointed out even more clearly the fact that the unit may be dra%ing off ElifeE or EcosmicE energies and acting as a transducer to turn them into useable >? electrical energy! =ur next experiments %ill involve the use of a large "esla air induction coil interphased %ith the ("E4) in order to test the %ireless po%er transmission theories of >r! "esla as %ell as the upgrading of the unit to larger %attages so that the unit can be tested as a main and3or auxiliary po%er source! ,n so doing, %e feel that it %ill be possible to eventually use the device as an #? po%er source! <espectfully submitted, 4eter "! (ar'ovich (11-20-1@;;) 0itnessed by. )heldon 1idle, >aniel 2aley, L (arcel 6ogel

6eter T$ Mar4ovic- ; AT EE :

)pace Energy <eceiver

', <n4no2n A/t-or "he device in uestion is one of a number of energy transducers that converts extremely high fre uency energy to a form comparable to alternating or direct current electricity! "he process

involves in all cases, the utiliHing of the instrument as a specially designed resonating cavity! "his cavity can be composed of either a number of crystals, a series of coils, or a combination of the above! "o understand ho% the unit operates, it is first necessary to briefly describe the nature of this energy source! <esearch and experimentation have established that this energy is one that pervades the 'no%n universe and is constantly flo%ing through the Earth itself! ,t has been found to be uite dense, %ith enough po%er to light an #merican city of around 50,000 persons for a year! Iecause of its origins and immense po%er potential, this energy has been called Evacuum,E Ecosmic,E Eradiant,E or EHero-pointE energy! >r! 1i'ola "esla, the discoverer of the electric age, may have used this energy to create his most fantastic invention-the E(agnifying "ransmitter!E #t the beginning of this century, "esla %as able to send electrical energy through the earth %ithout the use of %ires! ,n a test transmission, he sent electricity to a receiver located t%enty six miles a%ay %here a ban' of 200 fifty %att light bulbs lit for as long as the transmitter operated! "his demonstration convinced "esla that he had learned the principles of operating the Earth as a gigantic resonating cavity! "his resonating cavity had the ability to conduct not only electricity, but also radio %aves and any other type of electromagnetic %ave! 2o%ever, the 'ey part %as the ability of the transmitter to magnify electromagnetic %aves! #lso, the device had the ability to transmit this energy at a fre uency comparable to the )chuman cycle (: to 1/ hertH)! "his fact indicated that "esla had stumbled onto a ne% form of energy directly convertible into electricity! Evidence of this discovery can be seen in t%o actions ta'en by "esla after the success of the ?olorado )prings Experiments! ,n Buly 1@02, he %rote a letter to <obert Cnder%ood Bohnson in %hich there %as mentioned a discovery of a ne% un'no%n energy that could be used to create Efuel-less motors!E #t the same time, "esla %as demonstrating these devices to other friends and refusing to apply for C!)! patents! <ecently researchers have discovered a number of interesting facts about "esla5s energy! -irst the energy traveled through the universe as a spiraling stationary %ave or cor'scre%! )econd the energy can be conducted by electrical instruments (%ires, etc!) composed of metals that are also excellent conductors of electricity (gold, silver, copper, etc)! )trangely, those conductors that have no 'no%n natural magnetic property such as aluminum can not be used to collect these energies, but only to disperse them! -inally the energy in its cor'scre% fashion carried itself around the outside of a %ire and not through it as %as the case %ith conventional electricity! 2ence, it %ill be necessary to construct motors that are %ound slightly differently in order to ma'e the best use of this energy source! 2o%ever it %ill be possible to inter-phase this energy into the modern electrical %orld and gradually Ephase inE the ne% system! ,t is one thing to ac'no%ledge the presence of this strange form of energy, but uite another to construct a successful transducer device! "o do so a potential inventor must realiHe that one should design a device that %ill have a number of interesting properties! -irst the instrument must be constructed of materials that can collect the energy, i!e!, conductive metals such as copper, silver, etc! )econd, the unit must be able to gradually step do%n the energy! "his process can be accomplished by a series of tightly %ound coils or else a specially faceted uartH crystal that is connected in series to a number of tightly %ound coils! ,t is the purpose of the first set of spiral coils or of the crystal to act as the source of control for the Eelectrical energyE in the

circuit! "he crystal or spiral coil receives this EenergyE from a EcollectorE and converter coils that are attached to it! -or the system to operate efficiently, the collector and converter coils must be of a similar shape as the coils that directly surround the crystal or else a harmonic ratio of the crystal and its coils! Iy putting the energy through enough turns of %ire and constructing a properly faceted crystal, one is able to drop the energy to a fre uency that can be inter-phased %ith electrical circuitry! )uch a device %ill only encounter t%o potential problems! -irst, there is the great amount of radiant energy that can be given off by an improperly tuned coil! "his problem can be overcome by the use of a proper amount of %indings and the substitution of materials that are more conductive than those used in previous models! -inally, one must overcome the problem of lo%er amperages in crystal units! "his problem can be solved by the use of a system of specially constructed grounds and the use of smaller crystals in the circuitry bet%een the crystal control system and the collection and conversion system! ,n this %ay, improper balances in the device can be overcome in the development of this ne% system! #s %e have seen, there exists a number of %ays to successfully convert space energy into electrical energy! "his largely un'no%n energy can be used to perform all the important tas's that can be presently accomplished by electricity! "hat is, the energy can be utiliHed as a communications system, po%er system, or transportation system! #pace Energ, 6o2er #,"tem "o convert this energy into electricity, it is essential that a component be provided that can both collect and begin the conversion of the energy found near the surface of the planet! "his part must be able to receive, store, and conduct the energy to the unit that actually rectifies this energy into dc electricity! >ue to its cor'scre% motion, high fre uency and other near electrical properties, it has been found that this energy can best be collected by a hollo% ball %hose outside diameter is one sixth of the height of the rectifying unit! -urthermore, this ball should be constructed of a fairly thin conductive metal (D11 gauge sheet metal or less) ,n our case %e chose a ball made of copper (-igure 2) ,n operation, the energy %ill first collect around the outside of the ball! "his energy %ill then enter the inside of the ball and collect on the inner surface in a fashion similar to an electrostatic charge! 2ence, the ball has received the energy and due to its conductivity and shape stored the energy as a EchargeE on its inner plate! "o get this energy to the rectifier, it is essential to devise a means to send the collected s%irl of energy to the induction rod! "his act is accomplished by employing an electrical property of Espace energy!E "he top 5F of the copper rod is formed into a needle shaped tip that permits the energy5s EchargeE to flo% do%n it li'e a standard electrostatic charge %ould by E*umping the gapE to an electrode (tip) in order to complete the fastest possible return to ground! 0ound around the Einduction rodE is D2: #0+ seven stranded hoo' up %ire, the %ire is loosely %ound over the first six inches of the rod and then tightly %ound around the rest of the rod! -inally, the use of D19 #0+ household %ire is employed in a coil %ound in the direction opposite of the coil on the EinductionE rod! "his coil is affixed on the top to the ball and on the bottom to the %or'ing electrical circuit! "his entire unit is encase in 1N -inch copper tubing! ?onversion of Espace energyE resembles in many %ays the electromagnetic induction principle first discovered by 2enry and -araday in the last century! #s noted previously, this energy has near electromagnetic properties! "hese properties include the presence of t%o uasi-vectors, a

uasi-electrical (7) field and a uasi-magnetic (2) field! "his second or uasi-magnetic field differs from the traditional concept of magnetism by having its flux (lines of force) bend in%ard instead of magnetism5s out%ard direction! "o induce electricity, it is necessary that t%o dissimilar energy flo%s be set up! "he first is through the copper rod and the second through the coil %ound around the rod! #pparently, this difference in distance and speed (%ire resistance) off flo% creates the conditions similar to the moving of an iron core through a magnetic field, that is, an electrical current is induced! "his phenomenon is due to the uasi-magnetism present in both the copper rod and coil (,ron nails %ill stic' to the outer copper tube)! "hus, a corollary of the -araday 7a% of Electromagnetic induction is clearly found in the induction unit! -urther proof of this inductive effect comes from the fact that the counter-coil seems to act much in the manner of the secondary coil of a transformer (amplifies voltage)! =nce the energy leaves the induction unit, it enters the Econtrol unit!E "his unit is composed of a central pieHoelectric uartH crystal that is mounted on a tuning (moveable) base attached to the bottom of a hexagonal hard%ood resonating chamber! "his instrument acts as the split or fre uency tuning capacitor! "hat is, the Econtrol unitE accomplishes the final tuning of the energy so that the maximum amount of energy can be converted into electricity! "his circuit begins at the top of the box and passes to a flat spiral coil placed beneath the top of the box! "his coil is glued to the copper sheathing that comprises the actual resonating chamber! "his Eroof coilE starts the process by directing the energy to the crystals upper facets into the %or'ing circuit! 1ext, the energy travels to the inner counter-%ound vertical coil called Ethe crystal coilsE through the use of a Eslip ring!E 2ere, it is exposed to the energy of the sides or long facets of the crystal! -inally, the energy travels through the main coils, a counter-%ound vertical coil glued to the bottom sheathed resonance chamber! Iy this time, the resonance induced by tuning (turning) the crystal has increased the efficiency of the conversion process! "his phenomenon is due to t%o factors! -irst, the crystal has the ability to control the amount of voltage in the circuit! "his effect is found in standard electrical theory in the use of split capacitors to tune circuits and in this %ay increase the EOE efficiency of an induction coil (commonly employed in micro%ave and radio circuits)! )econdly, the unit has the property to increase or decrease the amount of resistance in a given circuit! "his %as demonstrated by the boxes ability to burn out a ;06dc, 2 amp step-do%n transformer! Iy the use of these properties the control unit is able to transform the energy from the conduction unit into a more stable electrical form! "o sum up let us uic'ly revie% the entire conversion process! -irst, the energy *umps to the tip of the inductor rod and is conducted to the opposite end of the rod! )imultaneously, this energy flo%s through the tightly %ound induction coil! "he difference in rate and distance allo%s the rod and coil to induce an electrical current! -inally, the energy is sent to the control unit to stabiliHe the converted energy! "he main %or'ing circuit for the system consists of a primary tube (core and coil assembly labeled ? and > in diagram 2) and the secondary spiral tube (core and coil assembly labeled E in diagram 2) ,n this fashion the device is able to covert Espace energyE into a useable form of >? electricity!

-ttp=>>222$over/nit,$com>in0e+$p-p?topic@)8*9$A0Btopic"een P <eply D50 on. Banuary 02, 2008, 0;./2.5; 4( Q e= Di"clo"e0= 6eter Mar4ovic- an0 -i" Ce""entialC A$T$ $E$E$ "hat is interesting, i %ill have to experiment %ith the location of the sphere connector! , have some interesting results, can anyone confirm these 2 things for meRR 1) the current appears fo be proportional to the siHe of the sphere 2) voltage appears to be proportional to the number of turns in the primary divided by the number of turns on the secondary %indings! - i!e! - increase the total number of turns on both coils and thus should increase the voltage! im running out of ferrite rods, my longest one thus far is 19 inches! ,f anyone could play %ith a larger set-up that %ould be helpful! hyp !.. if my calculations hold true, a 1'% unit should be approx 2-ft diameter hollo% sphere (copper or aluminum) and approx /00 turns on the primary 3 150 on the secondary! currently my biggest problem is an inconsstency in the curent %hen a load is attached, the current drops exponentially from 1/0ma do%n to 0 after a 10-15 seconds (%ith a 19-inch rod J:03/0 turnsK A @-inch sphere) "his leads me to believe the sphere is acting as a sort of EcapacitorE, charging over time from the induced voltage diference! , need to experiment %ith completely discharging the sphere, then measure the Echarge timeE along a current-based-scale! ,m guessing there is relationship to the charging-time of the sphere, to its discharge time (i!e! -current out) ! )olution ...-- ?onstruct t%o devices, discharge one intentionally, at the half%ay mar' of the discharge time, to offset them, then collect them as a lo%-voltage #3? signal, through a s uare%ave rectifier to produce a (steady) >? output! any thoughtsR or anyone that can test these things and confirm3deny %hat im seeing hereR than's! --sm0'y2, 2ero (ember <e. >isclosed. 4eter (ar'ovich and his 5essential5 #!"!<!E!E! P <eply D5/ on. Banuary 09, 2008, 0@.95./5 4( Q my 2 largest voltages thus far have come from the @-inch spheres (these are the argest i have)

copper sphere (@in) yields a consistent 0!1/v >? potential bet%een the lead from the secondary lead ot the bottom of the rod! (-0!1/v if measured in the other direction) the aluminum sphere (@in) yields a varying voltage potential bet%een 0!09 - 0!@v >?, im not sure %hat causes the variance - my t%o best guesses are temperature and3or the mixture of different metals in the aluminum alloy! Ji could not obtain a hollo% sphere made of pure aluminum - they are hard to come by, and i %as also told that it %ould uic'ly form an oxide layer on the outer (and inner) surface, %hich %ould act li'e an insulator, destroying the effect %e are trying to achieve!K (y next attempt is going to be constructed %ith a hollo% Irass sphere, im shooting for 12-19 inch if i can find one! if it has to be custom made, i5ll get the biggest one my poc'est can afford! at best, %hat i have is approx 23100th5s of a 0att, %hich decreases over the discharge time of the sphere (capacitor)! i have not yet been able to achieve a non-stop >? output of any measurable current, the current is only present %hen i let it EchargeE for a fe% seconds! also i have found an increase in ferformance %hen you completely seal(air tight) the hole in the bottom of the sphere, around the rod shaft! - this seal also doubles as an insulator for the inner coil lead, bet%een it and the sphere, allo%ing a much closer solder point at the top of the rod! although my next one %ill be attached actually up ,1),>E the sphere *ust under the EpointE, my mind 'eeps telling me to do this for some reason, so im gonna go %ith it!! Irass should perform slightly better than the copper, it lies bet%een copper and silver on the list of metals silver, gold, or even platinum3titanium are probably the best metals to build this device out of, but i am not rich enough to build a golden toy )miley honestly i thin' the Eground-batteryE gives a much better po%er output for the cost of parts, but this does have the advantage of mobility, so im going to toy %ith it for a little %hile longer! - if anyone has suggestions to try, or results of their o%n i %ould appreciate as much input as i can get at this point! p!s! i mentioned in an earlier post about using a ferrite rod - disregard this - continue using nonferromagnetic rods, it does not have the advantage that i thought it %ould have, and may in fact decrease performance, or at least ma'e it inconsistent! --the more i toy %ith this, the more i tihn' Ecomming from the aetherE is not %hat is happening here at all!

,f i had to describe this effect, it %ould be along the lines of a peltier effect, along a temperature constant! "here is a voltage potential, but (almost) no current flo%! if the circuit is isolated (open) the cummulative charge density can build up! %hich EautoE-charges some types of capacitors over time! "his capacitor, *ust happens to be a sphere! i have not been able to detect any ionic disturbances %ith my static-detectors, and they are extremely sensitive at a close range, so i am confident there are no ion accumulations involved! ,f you %ant to see this effect in greater uantities, get a pelter thermoelectric E?4C coolerE, and attach it to a capacitor at ambient temperaure on both terminals! (you can increase the voltage obtained by placing it in a magnetic field!) i thin' the coils could essentially be replaced %ith a strip of dissimilar metal attached from the sphere to the bottom of the rod! voltage %ould be obtained bet%een the sphere and the top of the rod! this effect is achieved by the coils, not by induction, but by increasing the conductive path on one side of the circuit, %hich is (synthetically) the same as using a different metal! many designs, in fact used different metal coils %hen there is a thermal difference bet%een the t%o ends, the situation is extremely compounded %ith differing energy levels, but at a thermal e uilibrium, there is simply a voltage potential, %ith current so lo% your meter probably %ill read 0!000, but %ill charge a cap over time! --hi saintsnic', it says 5F of the rod inside the sphere, not 135, it5s a big difference! spiral, out! --"he rod and sphere must be electrically isolated from one another! %e are tal'ing about a hollo% sphere here, not a ball %ith a hole drilled in it! ,t must be very thin and smooth inside and out! "he type of metal may vary, but they fall %ithin the class of non-magnetic metals (copper,silver,gold,platinum) iron or steel %ill not %or', because it induces an opposing magnetic field %ithin the material that cancels out the electric potential!

Ie )C<E that your %iring is 1=" paramagnetic! you can test this by placing a magnet to the %ire! ,f it is attracted, find a different %ire! (if you5re using copper %iring you dont have to %orry about this) "he %ires used in the 2 coils should be proportionally siHed (meaning that the larger %ire is divisible by the diameter of the smaller , or by a common denominator of the t%o) #lso the number of turns should be proportional to the opposite degree (2x siHe S 132x the D of turns) the (inner) coil should be bare copper %ire! an insulated copper %ire actually has an inductance, %hich %ill prevent #1G current from flo%ing through it! rather %e provide a circular (shorted) path for some of the energy to flo% through (on the surface of!!!!)! "he secondary coil is insulated to created the induction effect to drive the load! 2ope this helps! Jas for the mile long "esla thing, it5s siHe has no bearing on the effect ,ts massive siHe %as designed for one reason and one reason only, --"o #chieve ,ncredible #mmounts of Energy from =ne >evice - so he could play %ith it consistently %ithout interupting the commercial po%er-grid his machines %ere hoo'ed to! , dont believe he ever got a chance to actually ma'e this large version of the device before his laboratory %as confiscated!K --2i #ll$ , %as playing around %ith the #"<EE , had built earlier in this post and to my surprise there might be something to this design after all! Earlier , had tried many different things to try and get voltage from the device but my meter sho%ed nothing!! 0ell ,t turns out my meter %as faultyT 0hen , tried chec'ing the voltage %ith a ne% more sensitive meter , %as getting a small but constant voltage of 80 to 100 m volts! , tried putting different capacitors across the t%o output leads and %as able to vary the voltage substantially! 0ith t%o 50 volt 22000 u- dc capacitors in parallel , am able to maintain !15 volts ! , has gotten as high as !;volts! 0hen , attached a 2500 volt ac micro%ave capacitor to the #"<EE , %as able to actually get a spar' after about 10 minutes of charging! "he output is definitely >?!!, tried putting a resistor across th leads after the capacitor and it drained the voltage to 0! ,t %ill slo%ly build the charge after a %hile and return to a steady state! , don5t have a lo% voltage 7E> to try on it but %hen , get one , %ill try it! ,5m not sure ho% to harvest this voltage but it is definitely acting li'e a collector! , 'no% my device is crude but maybe a properly built one %ill get better results!

, am currently building a <E1E- <#"E< and %ill post some pictures soon for anyone that is interested! --1=, , did not change a thing! "he primary is %ound %ith D2: magnet %ire *ust li'e the original diagram in this posting sho%s! "he only things that , changed %as my meter and the %ay , attached capacitors to it!

Alvin M$ MA 7# Aero"ol Electrical Generator >> ElectroT-ermoD,namic 6o2er Converter5 ;c$

W$ #teven"on Dacon= EElectricit, 3rom Water ; AirE : Popular Mechanics .A/g/"t %96&15 p$ 8% Gar, #timeling= E8arne""ing #torm Energ,E : High Times .%98%1

#elect 6atent" ', Alvin M$ Mar4" =

USP # 6,501,093 ~ Quan um !nerg" S orage or #e rie$al %e$ice USP # &,6'',3(6 ~ !lec ro hermo)"namic Po*er +on$er er *i h +on$erging ,lo*s !P 01'6'-1 ~ .r)ere) %ipolar /igh 0!lec ric Po*er +on$er er USP # 3,-13,(65 ~ !lec ro0.p ical %ipolar Ma erial USP # &,'(0,6&( ~ ,em o %io)e 1 2pplica ions USP # &,61',&-3 ~ !lec ro hermo)"namic Po*er +on$er er *i h +on$erging ,lo*s USP # &,5(3,11( ~ !lec ro hermo)"namic 3!T%4 Po*er +on$er er *i h +onical 5e USP # &,&33,(&- ~ +harge) 2erosol 6in)7!lec ric Po*er 8enera or *i h Solar an)7or 8ra$i a ional #egenera ion USP # &,&&5,050 ~ %e$ice 9or +on$ersion o9 /igh Po*er o !lec ric Po*er USP # &,395,6&- ~ !lec ro hermo)"namic 3!T%4 Po*er +on$er er USP # 3,900,&1' ~ Me ho) 1 2ppara us 9or ,orming Su:micron %ipole Par icles USP # 3,51-,&61 ~ +harge) 2erosol Po*er +on$ersion %e$ice 1 Me ho) USP # 3,(9',--' ~ Hea !lec rical Po*er Trans)ucer USP # 3,(9-,959 ~ Ul ra ;iole /igh 2:sor:ing +omposi ions ha$ing a Suspension o9 Su:micron Par icles USP # 3,191,0'' ~ Po*er +on$ersion %e$ice USP # (,63-,555 ~ Hea 0!lec rical Po*er +on$ersion hrough he Me)ium o9 a +harge) 2erosol

Popular Mechanics .A/g/"t %96&15 p$ 8%

Electricit, 3rom Water ; Air

',

W$ #teven"on Dacon
# tiny generator the siHe of a grapefruit could be made to provide all the po%er your home needs --- from the %aste furnace heat no% going up your chimney! "his is the conclusion of physicist and inventor #lvin (! mar's, %ho recently patented a ne% %ay to generate electricity %ithout moving parts, magnetic fields, or expensive chemical reactions! "he ne% generator re uires only a *et of gas containing li uid vapor and the presence of an electric field and the presence of an electric field that helps condense it into a fine, electrically charged mist or aerosol! 0hatUs more, the little model aerosol generator so%n here can be made so efficient in converting heat energy to electricity (up to ;0F), that it promises to ma'e obsolete conventional thermal generating conventional thermal efficiency of /5F! <eason. it converts heat and 'inetic energy directly to electricity! How it wo !" --- -irst consider a conventional generator! #s the armature is turned, coils of copper %ire are moved through a magnetic field! -ree electrons in the %ire experience a force from the magnetic field that pushes them along the %ire, creating a flo% of current! )imilarly, there is a field and motion in the aerosol generator! "he field is electrical rather than magnetic, but it, too, extends through space to impart notion to electrons, %hich combine %ith atoms of gas to form negative ions! "he motion is provided by the expanding gas itself! #s it rushes through the field, a flo% of current (ions) is established! "here is, ho%ever, very little you can do %ith free ions unless you can move large numbers of them onto a conductor! "his is %here the aerosol comes in! >roplets of li uid condense out of the gas stream and deposited on a collector electrode to release their charges as useful electricity! "he dra%ing of the model aerosol generator above sho%s ho% the hard%are is arranged! #nions (negative ions) are created %ithin the field set up by the spi'e-shaped negative electrode and the positive noHHle! ,n the %or'ing model, pic'ing up %ater vapor! ,t expands and cools in passing from the small pipe into the charging chamber! >roplets of %ater immediately condense on the anions, exploding into a fine mist through mutual repulsion! "he energy of the gas stream carries the aerosol out through the noHHle of the positive-charging electrode and through the conversion space! >roplets are deposited on the collector electrode to

create a flo% of electricity in an external load and bac' to the positive ground terminal of the generator! So#et$i%& 'o Not$i%&( --- 0hile it loo's as if the generator is producing something for nothing, a close examination sho%s %here and ho% the %or' is done! #s charged particles shoot out of the noHHle, they create a Vspace chargeW! #dditional particles run smac' into this repulsive charge into this repulsive field! #s they fight their %ay against it, they reach a high electrical potential, converting their heat and 'inetic energy to electricity! -inally, they reach the collector! 0ith their 'inetic energy gone, and at a much higher negative potential than the collector, the charged particles are deposited around the %alls of the collector! #s the space charge gets greater and greater, noHHle pressure must be increased to overcome it! "his is done by adding more heat primarily to the li uid, and it, in turn, heats the gas, causing it to rise in pressure! "he voltage and current produced at the collector rise %ith the increase in noHHle pressure! ) * a+ti+al ,e%e ato --- # full-siHe aerosol, built under government contract, is being tested at (ar's 4olariHed ?orp!, 0hitestone, 1G! 0ill it %or'R V0eUre sure of itW, (ar' says! V0eUre not sure of the po%er output, but it %ill be from one to 10,000 %atts --- %eUre hoping for 10,000W! (ig/re % FFF >iagram of %or'ing model of generator sho%s ho% charged aerosol is formed and blo%n across conversion space to collector electrode! ,n full-scale generator, gas-stream pressure %ill be increased by using stream instead of %ater to add heat energy! 6oltage and current output go up %ith pressure!

(ig/re ) FFF -eal .o ! i" /o%e. #s space charge in conversion space increases, li'e-charged aerosol is repelled! "o overcome Vpotential hillW, more energy is fed to generator to increase noHHle pressure, po%er output!

(ig/re * (1ot )ho%n) --- ,nventor #lvin (ar's ad*usts %or'ing model to light neon letters! =utput of model is about 50,000 volts >? at 200 microamperes (10 %atts)! "he tiny aerosol charging po%er (one microampere at /000 volts) is opposite in polarity to generator output and is supplied by different po%er source!

High Times .%98%1

8arne""ing #torm Energ,

',

Gar, #timeling
2uman ingenuity has had little trouble inventing %ays to ma'e the most of our energy resources! 2o%ever, %aste means added profit for po%er suppliers, so most of the technology remains on the dra%ing board, ignored by the captains of industry! Electrothermodynamic (E">) energy is an example of this process in action! Ien -ran'linUs dream of harnessing the storm principle has been realiHed by E"> designer #lvin mar's! ,n a thunderstorm, bolts of lightning snap bet%een poc'ets of positively and negatively charged particles (ions) that have been created by the friction of %ater droplets in turbulent %inds! (ar'sUs charged aerosol generators create their tempest in a torus (doughnut-shaped bottle) filled %ith helium! #cting as a sort of gas fly%heel, the helium is driven around the doughnut by high-speed *ets of superheated steam! # small external electrical charge starts a buildup of hot ions, %hich, as they cool, discharge and release many times the electrical po%er that %as put in --- much as a car engine uses a battery to start but thereafter can recharge the battery by driving a generator!

E"> is t%ice as efficient in converting fuel into electricity as the mechanically driven magnetos no% used! #nd its beauty is that it can ma'e every buildingUs heat system produce the *uice consumed by the occupants! )ince heating needs a source of only a fe% hundred degrees -ahrenheit, most of the energy of fuel, %hich burns at several thousand degrees -ahrenheit, is normally lost! "he E"> system generates electricity at high temperatures and uses only the residual heat for %inter %armth! "hus, the device could spell an end to utility-company monopolies and regional blac'outs as %ell as cut our consumption of fossil fuels in half and save billions on oil imports! 4redictably, business and government response has been under%helming! (ar's had a proven prototype by 1@:8 and presented a X:0-million changeover program to the federal =ffice of )cience and "echnology in 1@;1! #lthough X1 million in government grants has helped fund the researfh since 1@58, federal agencies have sho%n no interest in the commitment needed for %idespread use! (ar's estimates that a mere X5 to X10 million more could put an E"> home heating system on the mar'et for X2000, including installation! <esponse from industry has been even more anemic! 7ast #ugust, /1 ma*or corporations placed a full-page ad in the 1e% Gor' "imes proclaiming, VEnergy is not a political issue! ,tUs an issue of survivalW, and calling on the private sector to invest in ne% and alternative sources of energy! (ar's %rote to all /1 and %as not surprised to find that t%o-thirds ans%ered only %ith vague dismissals that sho%ed Vmore interest in short-term profit than long-term survivalW! # fe% are intrigued enough to study the idea, but readers %ith loose capital are urgently needed by #lvin mar's, mar's 4olariHed ?orp!, 15/-1: 10th #ve!, 0hitestone, 1G 11/5;!

<#6 9 65A0%509* G/ant/m Energ, #torage or etrieval Device

%)F*%F)00)

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 201+;30:$ 2017/13058$ 201+;300$ 2017/13058$ (,4?1-;). 2017/5329 - european. 201+;30:$ 2017/13058?$ 201751320? #pplication number. C)1@@;0@1@5;5 1@@;0/20 4riority number(s). C)1@@;0@1@5;5 1@@;0/20$ C)1@@90222998 1@@90909 A'"tract : # solid state Ouantum high Energy density )torage or <etrieval device 'no%n as a uensor, and the trademar' E1)=<("(), having an energy density of about 1-15 '%hr3'g, comparable to gasoline, or more, is described! # fundamentally ne% principle is employed. # uensor film comprises oriented molecules %ith donor and acceptor groups and %ith metal layers on its surfaces! # dipole electric field may be established in the gap bet%een a donor and an acceptor! Electric energy is stored in or retrieved from dipole electric fields throughout the volume of the uensor film! Electric energy is stored in the uensor film by charging the dipole electric fields from an electric energy source! Electric energy is retrieved from a uensor film by discharging the dipole electric fields and supplying the energy to a load! Electric brea'do%n in the film is avoided because positive and negative electric charges in the film are balanced every%here! Iusbars attached to the metal layers are connected to terminals for charging or discharging the device! "he manufacture of a uensor film is described! # composite photovoltaic and uensor panel for the storage or retrieval of solar-electric energy day or night on demand is also described!

<#6 9 456&&5*)6 Electrot-ermo0,namic 6o2er Converter 2it- Converging (lo2"

6F*0F%98&

Alvin M$ Mar4"

?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 20211300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@8:0@09@1@ 1@8:0@08 4riority number(s). C)1@8:0@09@1@ 1@8:0@08$ C)1@8905;9/;9 1@89012; A'"tract : #n electrothermodynamic (E">) generator and a compressor is described for use in a (ar's3Ericsson ?ycle! 1e% e uations are derived based on varying the electric charge distribution along the flo% axis and ne% principles based thereon are used in the generator design!

E6 0%&6&8% Or0ere0 Dipolar Lig-tFElectric 6o2er Converter

4F09F%986

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2017/13101$ 2017/13101$ (,4?1-;). 2017/1300$ 2017/1302$ 2017/1309$ 2017/1318 - european. 2017/13101$ 201751320?$ 201751320-$ G0119300 #pplication number. E41@850111022 1@850@02 4riority number(s). C)1@890:50;08 1@890@19 #lso published as. E)8;05;0/ (#) M E401;:;81 (#/) M E401;:;81 (I1) M ,E851@@97 (7) M ,E5;/0@ (I1) ?ited documents. C)9995050 M C)999201@ M C)/81/2:5 M C)9202009 M ?#11:@055

A'"tract : # bul' process is described %hich is capable of producing large area sheets about 8 micrometers thic' having the property of light3electric po%er conversion at extremely high production rates (many mY2Z3s) at lo% cost ( >=77#< 13mY2Z)! "he devices have an inherently high efficiency :0-80F %hen laminated in an assembly to utiliHe both resolved light vectors! # light3electric po%er converter is described comprising a sheet containing oriented dipolar conducting linear structures forming an antennae array capable of absorbing light photons and producing a unidirectional electric current! "hese linear structures constitute submicron antennae and femto diode circuit elements! "he individual antenna-circuit elements are self-ordered into the linear structure using a bul' process! "he process utiliHes (1) electroordering a suspension of elongated submicron metal crystals$ or (2) molecules capable of absorbing a light photon and converting its energy to electric energy$ or (/) visco-elastically stretch-orienting a light-electric responsive preformed heteropolymer! "hese submicron linear structures comprise a plurality of uantum %ell-steps, each %ith an assymetric tunnel *unction at one end, in ordered three dimensional arrays! "he manufacture uses a simple lo% cost bul' process and does not employ the submicron facility needed for the earlier planular process!

<#6 9 *58%*5)6A ElectroFOptical Dipolar Material

AF)8F%9&4

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. +02I53/0$ +02-131;$ +02I53/0$ +02-1301$ (,4?1-;). -216@300$ +02-1318 - european. +02I53/041$ +02I53/042$ +02-131;# #pplication number. C)1@;202/;/50 1@;20/2/ 4riority number(s). C)1@;202/;/50 1@;20/2/$ C)1@;00011:@: 1@;0021:

<#6 9 45&)0564) (emto Dio0e ; Application"

%F%9F%988

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification.- international. 2017//300$ 2017//300$ (,4?1-;). 201715300 - european. 2017//300>$ 201751320?$ 201751320-$ G0119300 #pplication number. C)1@890:/;905 1@89080/ 4riority number(s). C)1@890:/;905 1@89080/$ C)1@8/09:2290 1@8/0/02 A'"tract : # -emto >iode responsive to light fre uencies, is described! Ouantum principles are utiliHed! "he -emto >iode comprises a submicron metal cylinder %ith an assymetric metalinsulator-metal tunnel *unction at one end and a reflecting potential step at the other end! # light photon having a uanta of energy is absorbed by an electron in the cylinder producing an energetic electron! "he cylinder acts as a potential %ell for the energetic electron, %hich travels bac' and forth in its o%n conduction band %ithout loss of energy until it passes through the *unction! "he 'inetic energy of the energetic electron is converted to electric energy at a greater voltage on the other side of the *unction! "he energy conversion is reversible! "he -emto >iode may be used in light to electric po%er conversion, a laser %hich converts electric po%er to light po%er, 2> and /> displays, high speed computers, communications and other devices!

<#6 9 456%&548* Electrot-ermo0,namic 6o2er Converter 2it- Converging (lo2"

%0F%4F%986

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 20211300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@8905;9/;9 1@89012; 4riority number(s). C)1@8905;9/;9 1@89012; A'"tract : #n electrothermodynamic generator and a compressor is described for use in a (ar's3Ericsson ?ycle! ,t uses a charged li uid tin droplet3nitrogen aerosol for heat3electric conversion at a maximum temperature of about 1800 & and a charged %ater droplet3nitrogen aerosol electrothermodynamic compressor at /00 & in a (ar's3Ericsson ?ycle %hich has a theoretical efficiency of 8/F, and a practical efficiency of :0F to ;0F! #n E"> compressor %ith a %ater charged droplet is described! "he other cycle components, comprising a heat source, li uid tin loop, heat exchangers, %ater loop and li uid pump are not here considered!

<#6 9 45A)*5%%) Electrot-ermo0,namic .ETD1 6o2er Converter 2it- Conical Het

6F%%F%98A

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 20211300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@8/09;@@8: 1@8/052@ 4riority number(s). C)1@8/09;@@8: 1@8/052@$ C)1@8102/;2@0 1@81022/ A'"tract : "hese inventions relate to novel advances in Electrothermodynamics (E">), also 'no%n as charged aerosol, heat3electric po%er generators. (1) E(ethod ,,,E t%o-fluid mixed flo% comprising a supersonic *et expanding conically %ithin a subsonic flo%, separated by a boundary layer in %hich the charged aerosol forms do%nstream of the orifice, at a cross section of at least 100 times the orifice section$ and in %hich the electric charge density of the charged aerosol decreases along the *et axis, %hereby substantially all of the 'inetic po%er of the *et is converted to electric po%er %ithin the *et, there being no e*ector! (2) #n array of supersonic *ets utiliHing (ethod ,,,! (/) #n array of supersonic *ets utiliHing (ethod ,,, %ithout separating duct %alls in %hich Econvection cellsE provide return flo%s, forming a plurality of "=<=1 configurations! (9) # supercritical <an'ine cycle in a single stage employing (ethod ,,,!

<#6 9 454**5)48 C-arge0 Aero"ol Win0>Electric 6o2er Generator 2it- #olar an0>or Gravitational egeneration
)F)%F%984

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 20211300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@820/::1/@ 1@82090; 4riority number(s). C)1@820/::1/@ 1@82090; A'"tract : =n a ?harged #erosol 0ind3Electric 4o%er +enerator, electrically charged %ater droplets are dispersed into the %ind stream! Csing ,nduction Electric ?harging, a %ater *et issues under %ater pressure from a small diameter (25-50 mu m) orifice, and the *et brea's into charged droplets! # plate orifice /5 mu m diameter, and 25 mu m long appears optimum$ a single *et from such an orifice at a %ater pressure of 15 psig produces net electric po%er output substantially exceeding the hydraulic and electric po%er inputs! # practical 0ind3Electric +enerator utiliHes a multi-orifice array scaled to a 'ilo%att or mega%att level! # %ater recovery and pressure regeneration solar and3or gravitational means is described by %hich %ater is

conserved and the %ater po%er is free, so that there is a net output electric po%er %ithout external po%er input of any 'ind, except natural %ind and3or solar po%er!

<#6 9 4544A50A0 Device 3or Conver"ion o3 Lig-t 6o2er to Electric 6o2er

4F)4F%984

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 201O1329$ 201O1329$ (,4?1-;). 202(;302 M - european. 201751320?$ 201751320-$ 201O1329E$ G0119300 #pplication number. C)1@810//0;@1 1@811215 4riority number(s). C)1@810//0;@1 1@811215 A'"tract : "his invention relates to a high efficiency device for the direct conversion of light po%er to electrical po%er! 4resent photocells for accomplishing this purpose are %ell 'no%n to the art and have a theoretical efficiency not exceeding about 20F! ,n practice, realiHation of efficiency of about 10F has been achieved, but ultimately the theoretical limitation is an upper limit %hich cannot be exceeded by devices utiliHing 'no%n construction! "he present device differs from the prior art devices in that it utiliHes a plurality of dipole antennae for absorbing light photons, employing an alternating electrical field of said photons to cause electrons in the dipole antenna to resonate there%ith and absorb electrical po%er therefrom, %ith means for rectifying said #? po%er to >?, said >? being accumulated on conducting busbars from the plurality of antennae and associated rectifying circuits!

<#6 9 45*9A5648 Electrot-ermo0,namic .ETD1 6o2er Converter

&F)6F%98*

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 20211300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@8102/;2@0 1@81022/ 4riority number(s). C)1@8102/;2@0 1@81022/ A'"tract : "hese inventions relate to novel advances in Electrothermodynamics (E">), also 'no%n as charged aerosol, heat3electric po%er generators. (1) # ne% more efficient, compact converging3diverging configuration comprising a torus of revolution ("=<=1) used %ith a gas fly%heel! (2) # E(ethod ,,E t%o-fluid mixed flo% e*ector3converter in a gas fly%heel loop employing a primary steam or a high molecular %eight driver *et such as a fluorocarbon containing charged aerosol %ater droplets and a lo% molecular %eight carrier gas such as hydrogen or helium %ith an electro-negative gas additive, in a <an'ine cycle including a vapor3gas and li uid separator %ith a bypass to the e*ector3converter loop! (/) # E(ethod ,,,E t%o-fluid mixed flo% comprising a supersonic *et expanding conically %ithin a subsonic flo%, separated by a boundary layer in %hich the charged aerosol forms do%nstream of the orifice, at a cross section of at least 100 times the orifice section$ and in %hich the electric charge density of the charged aerosol decreases along the *et axis, %hereby substantially all of the 'inetic po%er of the *et is converted to electric po%er %ithin the *et, there being no e*ector! (9) #n array of

supersonic *ets utiliHing (ethod ,,,! (5) #n array of supersonic *ets utiliHing (ethod ,,, %ithout separating duct %alls in %hich Econvection cellsE provide return flo%s, forming a plurality of "=<=1 configurations! (:) # supercritical <an'line cycle in a single stage employing (ethod ,,,! (;) # method ,6 t%o-fluid cycle uses charged aerosols in an inert gas and operates on an Ericsson-type cycle! (8) =ptimum operating conditions are defined for (ethods ,,, ,,,, and ,6!

<#6 9 *590054%& Met-o0 ; Apparat/" 3or (orming #/'micron Dipole 6article"

8F%9F%9&A

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. +02-131;$ +02-1301$ (,4?1-;). -216@300$ +02I5320$ +02?;310$ +0/?1300 - european. +02-131;# #pplication number. C)1@;/0/201;2 1@;/0102 4riority number(s). C)1@;/0/201;2 1@;/0102$ C)1@;000111;: 1@;0021/

<#6 9 *5A%8546% C-arge0 Aero"ol 6o2er Conver"ion Device ; Met-o0

6F*0F%9&0

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ (,4?1-;). 2021/300 - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)>/5189:1 1@:;0:2/ 4riority number(s). C)1@:;0:9890/ 1@:;0:2/

<#6 9 *5)9&588&

8eat Electrical 6o2er Tran"0/cer

%F%0F%96&

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@:/02898@; 1@:/0:0/ 4riority number(s). C)1@:/02898@; 1@:/0:0/ A'"tract : ,n an E!2!>! generator employing a charged aerosol as %or'ing medium, an efficiency approaching that of the ideal ?arnot cycle is achieved by employing a large ratio of li uid mass to gas mass in the isothermal phases and a small ratio of li uid mass to gas mass during the adiabatic phases of the cycle! 2eat may be in*ected isothermally into the %or'ing medium simultaneously %ith the extraction of electric po%er! "he li uid component of the aerosol is used for heat-transfer! 0hen the li uid component is large, most of the heat resides in the li uid %hich can thus maintain the carrier gas at uniform temperature, pro- ducing isothermal %or'ing! )imilarly, %hen the li uid content is lo%, adiabatic %or'ing is achieved! 7i uid may be sprayed in to increase its proportion and subse uently removed by standing or by centrifuging in the discharging region! "he ratio of li uid mass to gas mass varies from 10 to 0[01! "he aerosol is simultaneously charged and formed by forcing li uid 21 out of a capillary tube 20 %hose tip is charged or is ad*acent a charging ring 25 %hose field assists in accelerating the droplets to the velocity of the carrier gas stream 22! "he 'inetic energy of the droplets and gas is turned into electrical energy in the conversion space /0, this energy being %ithdra%n in the collector /1 and fed out at lead /2 to load //! ,t is des- cribed (-ig! /, not sho%n), ho% a battery of capillaries associated %ith charging screens may be used! # single loop circuit for recircu- lating both gas and li uid in the necessary temperature cycle, is described (-ig! 2, not sho%n)! # multistage system in %hich the heat re*ected from one cycle is used in a follo%ing cycle of lo%er temperature, is also described (-ig! /, not sho%n)! "he use of a heat-exchanger is avoided by transferring the li uid directly from one cycle to the next! )uitable %or'ing substances are %atersteam or air$ and gallium- nitrogen!

<#6 9 *5)9859A9 <ltra !iolet Lig-t A'"or'ing Compo"ition" -aving a #/"pen"ion o3 #/'micron 6article"
%F%&F%96&

Alvin M$ Mar4" ; Morimer Mar4"

?lassification. - international. +02I5320$ +02I5322$ +02I5320$ +02I5322$ - european. +02I53206$ +02I5322>

#pplication number. C)1@:202//91; 1@:2102: 4riority number(s). C)1@:202//91; 1@:2102:

<#6 9 *5%9%50&& 6o2er Conver"ion Device

6F))F%96A

Alvin M$ Mar4" ; Erne"to Darreto

?lassification. - international. 2021/300$ 2021/300$ - european. 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@:201@0;:2 1@:2092; 4riority number(s). C)1@:201@0;:2 1@:2092;

<#6 9 )56*85AAA 8eatFElectrical 6o2er Conver"ion t-ro/g- t-e Me0i/m o3 a C-arge0 Aero"ol
AF%)F%9A*

Alvin M$ Mar4"
?lassification. - international. -0/+;305$ 2021/300$ -0/+;300$ 2021/300$ - european. -0/+;305$ 2021/300 #pplication number. C)1@9@01/2@:/ 1@9@1219 4riority number(s). C)1@9@01/2@:/ 1@9@1219

Alvin M$ MA 7# Lepcon > L/meloi0

Alvin M$ Mar4"

222$mot-ereart-ne2"$com> ene2a'leFEnerg,>%984F%%F0%>Energ,F(la"-e"$a"p+ # )=7#< 4=0E< ?=16E<"E< "2#" (#G ?C" "2E ?=)" =- )C17,+2"-)4#01E> 2=(E E7E?"<,?,"G IG #) (C?2 #) @0F has been patented by #lvin (! (ar's! "he device, called the 7epcon, uses submicron antennas on a glass plate to convert sunlight into highfre uency alternating current, %hich is then changed by a miniature circuit to direct current! "he inventor estimates the cost of electricity from the 7epcon at about 500 per %att, as compared to the X5!00 per %att typical of conventional silicon-crystal photovoltaic e uipment! (r! (ar's also claims a ;5F efficiency rate for his invention (versus a theoretical 20F, and a thus-far-achieved 8F to 10F rate, for standard solar cells)! ,f mass-produced, a 100-s uare-foot 7epcon roof panel %ould cost about X1,500 and generate sufficient po%er for a small household! # photovoltaic array producing the same output %ould cost approximately X;5,000! ("he catch, of course, is that the 7epcon is not yet commercially available, and may not be for uite some time!)

-ttp=>>I/er,$n,time"$com>g"t>3/llpage$-tml? "ec@tec-nolog,;re"@9A0DE*DE%E*D(9*AA*A&AAC0A960948)60

NEW 6LA#TIC #OLA DE#IGN 6 OMI#E# E((ICIENT 6OWE

D, #COTT D ON#TEIN ( 4ublished. )eptember @, 1@8: ) ,n a uiet research laboratory here, an inventor is developing solar po%er devices designed to operate four or five times more efficiently than the best photovoltaic cells no% in use, and at a small fraction of the cost!

#lvin (! (ar's, an inventor %ho holds patents for a /-> movie process and polariHed film for sunglasses, is %or'ing %ith the 0estinghouse Electric ?orporation to build prototypes of the solar po%er devices! 2e received one patent for the devices earlier this year and another in 1@89! "he Exxon ?orporation recently offered X@ million for (r! (ar's5s patents, and for 4hototherm, the small company that controls them, according to +erard B! #it'en /d, chairman of 4hototherm5s board! Iut company officials chose not to sell$ instead they signed the development contract %ith 0estinghouse, %hich says it is particularly interested in the technology5s applications for )trategic >efense ,nitiative, or )tar 0ars! (r! (ar's says solar panels made %ith 7epcon or 7umeloid, the materials he patented, could turn ;0 to 80 percent of the energy from sunlight they receive into electricity! (ost photovoltaic cells are only about 15 percent efficient! "he electricity %ould cost three or four cents per 'ilo%att hour, as against about 10 cents a 'ilo%att hour for commercially generated electric po%er! (ost photovoltaic cells produce energy for around X1 per 'ilo%att hour! "ypical photovoltaic cells use layers of chemically treated metals that produce electric current %hen struc' by sunlight! "he basic problem has al%ays been the uantity of current produced per unit cost of the materials used to produce it! 7epcon, %hich %as a preliminary design, consists of glass panels covered %ith a vast array of millions of aluminum or copper strips, each less than a micron or thousandth of a millimeter %ide! #s sunlight hits the metal strips, the energy in the light is transferred to electrons in the metal, %hich escape at one end in the form of electricity! 7umeloid uses a similar approach, but substitutes cheaper, filmli'e sheets of plastic for the glass panels and covers the plastic %ith conductive polymers, long chains of molecular plastic units! 7umeloid is easier to manufacture and handle than 7epcon! "he company declines, for competitive reasons, to identify the chemicals it uses to produce 7umeloid polymers! "here are as yet no large-scale %or'ing prototypes of (r! (ar'5s invention, and some scientists have expressed caution in assessing it! 55,t is beyond our technological fabrication capability at present,55 said >r! Ed%ard >! 0olf, the director of the national research facility for submicron structures at ?ornell Cniversity, %ho has studied (r! (ar's5s %or'! 55Iut it5s an interesting concept!55 4rofessor )tuart #! <ice, dean of the division of physical sciences at the Cniversity of ?hicago, has also revie%ed the patents! 55,t is an intellectually challenging idea,55 he said! 55, do not 'no% %hether it can be brought into practice, so , don5t 'no% %hether to be optimistic or pessimistic! ,f it turned out to %or', and %as very efficient, it %ould be very significant!55 (r! (ar's said he believed 7umeloid %ould be available for commercial use %ithin t%o or three years! 2e added that 7epcon and 7umeloid could be used to create lasers, an application he said he had discussed %ith the 4entagon, in con*unction %ith 0estinghouse!

(r! (ar's conceded that getting his ideas to the ma*or prototype stage %ould cost around X5 million! ?ommercial production of solar panels %ould cost bet%een X/0 million to X50 million, he estimated, and the preliminary %or', supported by 0estinghouse, is no% under%ay, he said! 4hototherm plans a X15 million initial public stoc' offering soon to help subsidiHe development of the solar patents! (r! (ar's has more than 100 other patents, including the film used on polariHed sunglasses, and the process to ma'e /-> movies, and he %as also an energy adviser to 4resident Bohn -! &ennedy!

222$Joomin3o$com>people>Mar4"KAlvinK%%4*)6%4$a"p+ -tp=>>222$ar0ev$com (@31@32000) 7umeloid film resulted from many years of dedication by ,nventor >r! #lvin (! (ar's and over 25 researchers at #dvanced <esearch >evelopment ,nc! (#<>,)! #<>, has demonstrated 7umeloid5s potential! 7umeloid could reach the mar'et in the year 2001, ma'ing a ma*or brea'through in the X1 billion solar-electricity industry in direct competition %ith the trilliondollar fossil fuel industry! )uccess of 7umeloid %ould also be a first step to%ard a sustainable energy economy, replacing fossil-fuel energy generation on a massive scale! +overnments and mar'ets are already reacting to the global %arming threat by expanding rene%able energy programs! "he productivity losses from fossil fuel pollution are ta'ing on increasing toll! (any 7umeloid refinements patented by >r! (ar's are part of his %or' in fields related to 7umeloid5s underlying polariHed film technology including more than 120 patents! ,n addition to a long and distinguished business and academic career, he served on 4resident &ennedy5s ?ommittee on 1e% 4o%er "echnologies and has received multiple honoraria and doctoral degrees! 7umeloid, classified as a polymeric photovoltaic device, is constructed from very inexpensive, non-toxic polymer materials and %ill be manufactured by processes in large production! -inished 7umeloid product %ill comprise a thin film about 0!/ microns thic' on a lo% cost plastic roll! 0e pro*ect installed 7umeloid cost at 20F that of conventional 46 and lo%er than natural gas and coal, or about ;5 cents per %att! 7umeloid does not use semiconductor principles to generate electricity, but exploits the same techni ues radio antennae use to absorb radio %aves$ except that 7umeloid absorbs nano-scale visible light %aves, in a process %hich in part mimics photosynthesis! "he linear light polariHing molecules in the film act as the antennae to absorb the energy of a resolved component of photons incident on the film!

>r! (ar's and his team recently reached important <L> milestones, identifying the formulation and process that may soon yield commercial grade film and process procedures! ,f these preliminary results bear out, a commercial prototype could be produced in nine months, %hich %ill demonstrate economic viability! #s soon as this is achieved, commercial investments and partners %ill propel 7umeloid into the mar'etplace! "his %or' is dependent on financial support for research and development! #pproximately X1!5( C!)! +overnment funds and many millions of dollars from private funds have supported this %or'! "he progress to date is the result of enormous time contributions of >r! (ar's and many others including about 25 researchers in the best academic and private institutions! +overnment funding has recently diminished %ith the cutbac's in funding for rene%able energy! 0ithin 12 months %e predict demonstrated 10F efficiency at pro*ected X9!00 per installed %att depending on ade uate funding for research! #fter this demonstration publicly raised money %ill propel 7umeloid into the mar'et place! "he small privately held corporation #dvanced <esearch and >evelopment, ,nc! (#<>,) %as formed in 1@82 to further 7umeloid research! "he research re uires an additional X1 million for the next nine months of research and development! >r! (ar's and his team are dedicated to gro%ing this technology into a %orld%ide resource for clean energy! 0e are motivated by the enormous business opportunities, but more so by the benefit to the global environment and to all people and life on earth! Intro0/ction 7umeloid )olar -ilm is a ne% solar energy technology %ith the potential to provide very lo% cost, efficient, nonpolluting solar electric po%er! ,nventor >r! #lvin (! (ar's and a net%or' of over 25 researchers have achieved demonstrable successes in proving 7umeloid5s practical potential! 7umeloid could reach mar'et by 2001! )uccess %ill be a ma*or brea'through to%ard a sustainable energy economy, replacing fossil-fuel energy generation on a massive scale! 7umeloid is classified as a polymeric light polariHing photovoltaic device! ,t comprises a photovoltaic polariHed film on a (ylar substrate %ith microelectronic circuitry! 7umeloid has a theoretical sunlight to electricity conversion efficiency of ;2F (as compared to //F for current semiconductor solar cell technology!) 6ery lo% manufacturing costs for 7umeloid along %ith its high efficiency create the potential for a many fold decrease in the cost of solar electricity! >r! (ar's and his team are dedicated to gro%ing this technology into a %orld%ide resource for clean energy! 0e are motivated by the enormous business opportunities, but more so by the benefit to all the people and their global environment! ene2a'le Energ, F Corner"tone o3 t-e #/"taina'le Econom,

"he %orld5s leaders met at <io de Banero, &yoto and Iuenos #ires to find %ays to avoid the catastrophic effects of global %arming - the %arming of the Earth5s atmosphere from heat trapped by atmospheric carbon dioxide emitted from human activities, primarily burning fossil-fuels! #lready detectable increases in global air and ocean temperatures have been measured! "he 7E4?=1 -emto >iode concept is similar in principle to 7umeloid, and %as also invented by #lvin (ar's! ,n contrast to 7umeloid, ho%ever, 7E4?=1 comprises more durable materials of submicron metal on a glass substrate sheet! 7E4?=1 designs have been used as a test bed for 7umeloid concepts, and may also yield product brea'throughs of its o%n! L/meloi0 ;D >r! #lvin (! (ar's is the inventor of 7umeloid and holds the 1@89 patenton the original configuration and multiple patents on refinements! #fter many years of %or', light to electric po%er conversion by a 7umeloid film %as demonstrated in our laboratory on #pril 5, 1@@:! #lthough the conversion efficiency %as very lo%, %e achieved proof of concept, and %e no% understand the mechanisms that are increasing measured efficiencies to%ard the expected levels! >r! (ar's holds over 120 patents dating bac' to the original polariHed film patents in the 1@/05s! 2is distinguished career includes the start up of highly successful companies in the polariHed film industry, a seat on 4resident &ennedy5s )cience 4o%er #dvisory panel, honoraria, a doctoral degree and many published articles and broadcast media appearances! ,n 1@82 he turned his attention to solar energy technology at the urging of Cnited 1ations Energy >irector >r, ,shrat Csmani! >r! Csmani5s solar pro*ect in #frica had recently been cancelled because of the high cost and lo% efficiency of photovoltaics! #t a dinner meeting the delegate turned to >r! (ar's and urged him to develop cost-effective solar technology! >r! (ar's5 uni ue experience in the related fields of polariHed film development and manufacturing, radio antenna theory, physical optics, uantum mechanics, chemistry and business led him to the invention of 7umeloid! -or many years, #<>, has been funded by the C!)! +overnment and private funds! #pproximately X1:( has been gone into 7umeloid <L> to date! "o test the concepts of 7umeloid and 7E4?=1, #<>, received C) +overnment funding to %or' %ith "exas #L( and ?ornell Cniversities! "he direct conversion of light energy to electric energy based on >r! (ar's patent %as first demonstrated at "exas #L( Cniversity and favorably reported in the Bournal of #pplied 4hysics, vol! 80 (1) 1 Buly 1@@: >r! (ar's has many years of experience at the forefront of this field! #s partner in creation of (ar's 4olariHed ?orporation he led the field for many years! ,t %ill ta'e little original research or technological development to produce 7umeloid once a %or'ing configuration is demonstrated! OrganiJation an0 6eople De-in0 L/meloi0

7umeloid research is no% conducted at #dvanced <esearch L >evelopment, ,nc! (#<>,) a small research corporation o%ned and operated by >r! (ar's! #<>, %as founded in 1@82 in #thol, (assachusetts and no% occupies an entire floor! "he testing and fabrication e uipment are state of the art and provide a strong foundation for the 7umeloid research! "o support its position at the cutting edge of conducting polariHed film development, #<>, maintains extensive laboratory facilities dedicated to the production and characteriHation of conducting polariHed films and fabrication techni ues! "he effectiveness of the facilities is evidenced by the successful <L> performed to date! Dr$ Alvin Mar4" )enior )cientist and 4resident of #<>, #lvin (ar's %ill serve as 4rincipal ,nvestigator for the research and development of his patented invention 7umeloid! 2e is a theoretical physicist and mathematician %ho has been engaged in the research, development, and commercialiHation of polariHed technologies for the past 50 years! 2e holds 121 C!)! patents, %ith more than 50 patents in polariHing materials! 2is research on photosynthetic chemistry and polariHed films demonstrates that the 7umeloid concept is uni ue and may advance photovoltaic effici

-ttp=>>222$-'ci$com>:2enona->ne2>n"olcel$-tm

Ne2 #olar Electric Cell" F 80L e33icient

New *la"ti+ Sola /e"i&% * o#i"e" 0''i+ie%t *owe . *la"ti+ "ola pa%el" 1oul2 be ea2y 'o +o##e +ial u"e i% two to t$ ee yea ". ', #cott Dron"tein #"2=7, (ass! -- ,n a uiet research laboratory here, an ,nventor is developing solar po%er devices designed to operate four or five times more efficiently than the beat photovoltaic cells no% in use, and at a small fraction of the cost! #lvin (! (ar's, an inventor %ho, holds patents for a /-> movie process and polariHed film for sunglasses, is %or'ing %ith the 0estinghouse Electric ?orporation to build prototypes of the solar po%er devices! 2e received one patent for the devices earlier this year and another in 1@89! "he Exxon ?orporation recently offered X@ million for (r! (ar's5s patents, and for 4hototherm, the small company that controls them! according to +erard B! #it'en /rd, chairman of 4hototherm5s board! Iut company officials chose not to sell$ instead they signed the development contract %ith 0estinghouse, %hich says it is particularly interested in the technology5s applications for )trategic >efense ,nitiative, or )tar 0ars! (r! (ar's says solar panels made %ith 7epcon or 7umeloid, the materials he patented, could turn ;0 to 80 percent of the energy from sunlight they receive into electricity! (ost photovoltaic

cells are only about 15 percent efficient! "he electricity %ould cost three or four cents per 'ilo%att hour, as against about 10 cents a 'ilo%att hour for commercially generated electric po%er! (ost photovoltaic cells produce energy for around X1 per 'ilo%att hour! "ypical photovoltaic cells use layers of chemically treated metals that produce electric current %hen struc' by sunlight! "he basic problem has al%ays been the uantity of current produced per unit cost of the materials used to produce it! 7epcon, %hich %as a preliminary design, consists of glass panels covered %ith a vast array of millions of aluminum or copper strips, each less than a micron or thousandth of a millimeter %ide! #s sunlight hits the metal strips, the energy in the light is transferred to electrons in the metal! %hich escape at one end in the form of electricity! 7umeloid uses a similar approach! but substitutes cheaper, filmli'e sheets of plastic for the glass panels and covers the plastic %ith conductive polymers, long chains of molecular plastic units! 7umeloid is easier to manufacture and handle than 7epcon! "he company declines, for competitive reasons, to identify the chemicals it uses to produce 7umeloid polymers! "here are as yet no large-scale %or'ing prototypes of (r! (ar'5s invention, and some scientists have expressed caution in assessing it! E,t is beyond our technological fabrication capability at present,E said >r! Ed%ard >! 0olf, the director of the national research facility for submicron structures at ?ornell Cniversity, %ho has studied (r (ar's5s %or'!EIut it5s an interesting concept!E 4rofessor )tuart # <ice, dean of the division of physical sciences at the Cniversity of ?hicago, has also revie%ed the patents! E,t is an intellectually challenging idea,E he said, E, do not 'no% %hether it can be brought into practice, so , don5t 'no% %hether to be optimistic or pessimistic! ,f it turned out to %or', and %as very efficient, it %ould he very significant!E (r (ar's said he believed 7umeloid %ould be available for commercial use %ithin t%o or three years! 2e added that 7epcon and 7umeloid could be used to create lasers, an application he said he had discussed %ith the 4entagon in con*unction %ith 0estinghouse! (r (ar's conceded that getting his ideas to the ma*or prototype stage %ould cost around X5 million! ?ommercial production of solar panels %ould cost bet%een X/0 million to X5= million, he estimated, and the preliminary %or', supported by 0estinghouse, is no% under%ay, he said! 4hototherm plans a X15 million initial public stoc' offering soon to help subsidiHe development of the solar patents! (r (ar's has more than 100 other patents, ,ncluding the film used on polariHed sunglasses, and the process to ma'e /> movies, and he %as also an energy adviser to president Bohn -! &ennedy! (ore information can be obtained from patents$ 9,5;9,1:1 L 9,;20,:92!

222$gro/p"rv$com>"cience>po"tF)86*)**$-tml >r! #lvin (ar's receives patents for t%o solar po%er technologies. 7epcon and 7umeloid! 7epcon consists of glass panels covered %ith millions of aluminum or copper strips, each less than a thousandth of a millimeter %ide! #s sunlight hits the metal strips, light energy is transferred to electrons in the metal, %hich escape at one end in the form of electricity! 7umeloid is similar but substitutes cheaper, film-li'e sheets of plastic for the glass panels and covers the plastic %ith conductive polymers

mem'er"$tripo0$com>:gmager>"olar)$-tml 7eel,Net$com )=7#<2!#)? --- by ?huc' 2enderson! "he follo%ing is the information that , received in responce to my telephone uery of 4hototherm re uesting additional information on their ne% solar cell technology! !!!!?huc' 2enderson! #>6#1?E> <E)E#<?2 >E6E7=4(E1", ,1?! /5@< (ain )treet #thol, (# 01//1 "E7!. (508) 29@-9:@: -#\. (508) 29@-21/9 -ebruary 1@,1@@2 --- "his information pac'age is about an invention by #lvin (! (ar's to convert sunlight to electric po%er! # fe% years of <esearch and >evelopment are re uired to bring the thin film photovoltaic called 7umeloid (tm) into production! #lvin (! (ar's %as on 4resident &ennedy5s 4o%er 4anel and o%ns 120 patents! 2e invented 4olariHed film materials, /> movie technology and co-founded (ar's 4olariHed ?orporation! 2e received many C!)! +overnment contracts for alternative energy until the early 1@805s! )tudying the initial phase used in the process of photosynthesis, #lvin (ar's employed his 'no%ledge of polariHing film materials to design aligned molecular antennae and molecular diodes to convert sunlight directly to electric po%er! 7umeloid5s (tm) pro*ected efficiency is 80F, (many times that of conventional silicon photovoltaics) %ith an investment cost only a fraction of existing electric po%er sources! 4ro*ect 7umeloid5s (tm) success %ill revolutioniHe the electric po%er industry %ith lo% cost efficient benign technology! 4hototherm, ,nc!, a 4ublic ?ompany, ="?, holds license rights to #lvin (ar's5 light to electric po%er conversion patents! #dvanced <esearch >evelopment, ,nc! is privately o%ned and has an exclusive <L> agreement %ith 4hototherm, ,nc! 4ro*ect 7umeloid (tm) is partly funded by the Electric 4o%er <esearch ,nstitute %ith 7o%ell Cniversity preparing special materials for (ar's5 electrically-conducting polariHed film! (ore funds are necessary to expedite <esearch and >evelopment! Gour support %ill help bring 7umeloid (tm) into 4roduction and enable your participation in a technology beneficial to all!

)incerely, Bonathan 2aber 4rogram >irector

T2<P2= . Novem'er %990 1 #OLA D EA7T8 O<G8 FFF MA##AC8<#ETT# ENT E6 ENE< 6OINT# WAM TO 6 O(IT# ( OM EN!I ONMENTALLM DENIGN TEC8NOLOGM ,n *ust t%o and a half hours enough radiant energy from the sun falls onto the earth to supply all the energy (from all sources) consumed by human civiliHation in an entire year! "he light that falls on a fe% hundred s uare 'ilometers in the )outh%estern desert of the Cnited )tates is enough to po%er all of 1orth #merica! "he problem, ho%ever, has al%ays been ho% to harness it! "he rap against conventional photovoltaic cells (%hich convert light into electricity) has al%ays been their cost! ?onventional silicon- based solar cells convert sunlight to electricity at an average cost above C)X0!/0 per 'ilo%att hour ('%h)! "hat is three to five times %hat an average C!)! household pays for po%er from the local utility company! ,t is precisely this cost disadvantage that has limited most solar applications to small-scale operations in remote areas far from commercial po%er mains! Ma""ac-/"ett" Miracle "hat is, until no%! # ;8-year old (assachusetts inventor, >r! #lvin (ar's, has come up %ith a ne% 'ind of solar cell that promises to produce electricity for less than C)X0!02 per '%h! ,f this is true, development of this technology could potentially revolutioniHe the commercial po%er generation industry! #fter all, conventional po%er plants are li'e prisons! Iut nobody %ants one built in their neighborhood! =n the other hand, a solar plant produces no radiation, smo'e, or acid rain! (oreover, its best location %ould be some%here in a desert -- %here nobody lives any%ay! (ar's5 cost brea'through %as achieved by radical ne% design that dramatically increases the efficiency of solar conversion! 0hile conventional cells are able to capture and convert only 10F to 25F of the sun5s energy, (ar's5 ne% designs may capture as much as 80F! Dinner Wit- Alvin "he genesis of this brea'through %as a dinner conversation that too' place seven years ago bet%een (ar's and the then >irector of the "hird 0orld Energy >ivision of the Cnited 1ations, >r! Csmani! #fter complaining about a photovoltaic test pro*ect in #frica that had to be abandoned because it %as too expensive and inefficient, Csmani turned to (ar's and said something to the effect of ]Gou5re an inventor, can5t you invent a better photovoltaic cell!5 -e% people %ould be better e uipped to accept such a challenge! (ar's patented his first invention in Banuary 1@/8! 2is early %or' lead to %hat the (ay 1@/5 issue of E)?,E1",-,? #(E<,?#1E termed a 1,000 to 1 cost reduction in the fabrication of materials to polariHe light! 6olaroi0 6rec/r"or "his cost brea'through %as instrumental in the subse uent development of polariHed sunglasses and 4olaroid film! (,n fact, (ar's %as an early rival of >r! Ed%in 7and, developer of the 7and

?amera and founder of the 4olaroid ?orp!) ,n the early 1@:0s, (ar's %as science advisor to the &ennedy 0hite 2ouse! "oday, he holds a total of 120 patents -- a number of %hich have application to solar po%er generation! (ar's ne% solar designs -- dubbed 7E4?=1 (7ight to Electric 4o%er ?onverter) and 7C(E7=,> -- are built on an extention of systems commonly used to receive micro%ave transmissions! (=n the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, the difference bet%een micro%aves and visible light is merely that the latter have a higher fre uency and a shorter %avelength!) (icro%aves -- li'e other radio fre uency transmissions -- are best received using an antenna tuned to the %avelength of the incoming signal! (0hen an electromagnetic %ave stri'es an electrically conductive material, it induces an alternating current of the same fre uency of the incoming %ave!) ,n real-%orld micro%ave applications, the efficiency of this connversion approaches 80F! 7E4?=1 consists of millions of microscopic antennas (tuned to the %avelengths of the visible spectrum) embedded in a glass substrate! (7C(E7=,> use less expensive plastic materials!) A T-o/"an0 6oint" O3 Lig-t 0ith micro%aves (as %ell as %ith radar and radio), ho%ever, the same tuned antenna %ill %or' as %ell for transmitting a signal as it does for receiving it! =perate 7E4?=1 in reverse and it becomes a light source! (ar's calls this reverse application E7?=1 (Electricity to 7ight ?onverter)! E7?=1 elements in a group become a point of light, or a pixel! 4age / "he same technology used to pac' millions of submicron antenna elements in a glass or plastic substrate could be used to produce a ne% 'ind of high-definition "6 (2>"6) screen %ith much higher resolution than present technology %ill allo%! ?onventional C!)! "6 uses 525 scanning lines of pixels per screen! "he most ambitious 2>"6 schemes yet proposed %ould use something on the order of 1,250 lines per screen! Csing E7?=1 technology, screens using millions of lines may be possible -- for an 80,000F increase in resolution! 6-otot-erm5 Inc$ 6irtually all these ideas and devices have been patented by (ar's! Iut lac' of funds for the development of commercial prototypes has been a serious and continuing obstacle! "o get 7C(E7=,> off the ground, (ar's formed a public company! 4hototherm ,nc! (="?-pin' sheets)! 2o%ever, it is still some distance a%ay from a commercial product! (ar's estimates an additional C)X/00,000 - C)X500,000 %ill be necessary to get 7C(E7=,> to the prototype stage! 0hile 1orth #merican interest in solar po%er has been sliding along %ith oil prices since the late 1@;0s, that has not been the case else%here! 7ast year, (ar's made a deal %ith a ?hinese company, ?hina 4etroleum Engineering ?onstruction ?orporation, to develop the 7C(E7=,> prototype! 4hototherm Iahamas 7td! has been established to facilitate this endeavor and ?hinese citiHens %ill come to the Iahamas to learn the process! Geni/" An0 (ort/ne Iecause of the enormous breadth and depth of (ar's5 %or', the E"#,4#1E research department believes no 20th century entrepreneur or inventor is destined to have greater positive effects on the daily lives of millions of people! 2o%ever, revolutionary ideas are not any guarantee of uic' commercial success! Iecause so much %or' remains before any of these ventures are li'ely to

reach the stage of a profit-ma'ing enterprise, %e suspect that attractive returns on 4hototherm shares may be distant enough to try the patience of all but the most tenacious investors! 2o%ever, if %ar in the 4ersian +ulf leads to destruction of the )audi oil fields, %e thin' promising technologies such as 7E4?=1 and 7C(E7=,> %ould suddenly become clear leaders on the fast trac' to commercial development! ,n the meantime, ho%ever, investors and entrepreneurs in search of more information should contact >r! #lvin (ar's, c3o #dvanced <esearch >evelopment, ,nc!,/5@ < (ain )t!, #thol, (# C)# 01//1$ (508)29@-9:@:$ fax (508)29@-21/9!

8#!!= /<;<=8 . Winter %99%>9) 1 IN!E#TING (O A CLEANE EA T8 AND DIG 6AMO(( D, Mar"-all Glic4man 0ould you pay 25 cents for a share of a solar technology for %hich Exxon offered X@ millionR "hat5s the current price of 4hototherm ,nc!, an #thol, (assachusetts, solar technology company %hich is developing a ne% ultra-efficient process of harnessing the sun5s po%er! "he founder and brains behind 4hototherm is >r! #lvin (! (ar's, an octogenarian inventor and entrepreneur %hose resume reads li'e an a%ard ceremony! >r! (ar's is the holder of 120 patents, has degrees from ?ooper Cnion ,nstitute of "echnology, 2arvard Cniversity, and (!,!"!, and has served as a scientific advisor to the &ennedy #dminstration! 2is %or' on polariHing film built (ar's 4olariHed ?orp! into a multimillion dollar business! Eight years ago >r! (ar's turned his full attention to improving the efficiency of solar (photovoltaic) electricity! 2is %or' lead to a patent (the one for %hich Exxon offered X@ million, according to a 1@8: E1E0 G=<& ",(E)E report) that claims to convert sunlight to energy at 80F efficiency -- a cost of one to t%o cents per 'ilo%att hour! "hat5s less than a fifth of the present cost of energy from fossil fuels and about one t%entieth the cost of current photovoltaic systems (%hich are luc'y to achieve 15 percent efficiency)! "he cost brea'through is so incredible, that some s'eptics immediately dismiss >r! (ar's! Iut >r! (ar's has made dramatic -- almost unbelievable -- improvements in light technology before! "he (ay 1@/5 issue of E)?,E1",-,? #(E<,?#1E noted (ar's created a 1,000-to-1 cost reduction in the fabrication of materials to polariHe light! 2is %or' %ith 4hototherm has also impressed the Electric 4o%er <esearch ,nstitute, the electric industry5s research thin'tan'! "he E4<, recently bac'ed 4hototherm %ith X100,000 and has plans to add another X100,000 soon! Iefore you mortgage the house and %hip out the chec'boo', 'eep in mind that 4hototherm is a highly ris'y investment! #nd , emphasiHe the %ord highly! Even though >r! (ar's is supremely confident his technologies %ill %or', it has never been tested in commercial production! >r! (ar's is also eighty-one years old! Even if his patented design is indeed revolutionary technology, until 4hototherm has enough money to hire a team of highly ualified research assistants, it may be difficult to carry on his %or' should he become ill (his health is excellent)! ,nterest generated from a recent EIC),1E)) 0EE&E story on 4hototherm may help get the company ade uately financed, but until the cash comes through >r! (ar's must concentrate on raising money instead of science and building prototypes! ?onsider investing in 4hototherm as you %ould give money

to environmental groups -- %ith the 'ic'er that if it does %or' out you5ll get bac' a lot more than *ust clean air! 4hototherm is listed on the ="? pin' sheets! ,f you5d li'e more information about 4hototherm, contact program director Bonathan 2aber at /5@< (ain )treet$ #thol, (# 01//1$ (508)29@-9:@:!

TH! >.ST.= 8/.>! . (e'r/ar, )95 %988 1 AD!ANCE# D ING #OLA 6OWE CLO#E -e"ea +$e " Say Sola .ill 3a!e 4'' 5% Mi2-90", .$ile )t$ol S+ie%ti"t 1lai#" ) 6 ea!t$ ou&$ Iy Davi0 L$ C-an0ler ,t5s not that there5s a shortage of energy! ,n *ust t%o and a half hours, enough sunlight falls on the Earth to supply all of man'ind5s energy needs -- heat, light, coo'ing, transportation, industry and every other energy-using activity -- for a full year! ,t5s there, the hard part is catching it! -inding a practical and economical %ay to harness all that free, ubi uitous energy has challenged scientists and engineers since the energy crisis of the early 1@;0s a%a'ened interest in alternative po%er sources! 1o ma*or brea'throughs emerged during the ;0s, but researchers say ne% methods developed in the last fe% years, and innovations *ust no% emerging from the laboratories, %ill ma'e solar po%er -- %hich is already competitive in some applications -- an increasingly important contributor to the %orld5s energy supply! (ost people in the solar energy field expect it %ill Ereally ta'e off in about 1@@/ to 1@@5,E said electrical engineer <ichard )%anson of )tanford Cniversity, %ho has developed %hat are presently the %orld5s most efficient solar cells! -or a home or farm in remote areas not served by po%er lines, a solar-po%er system Eright no% is cost-effective against a diesel- po%er system,E the present standard in small electric generators, according to )atyen >eb, manager of photovoltaic research for the federallyfunded )olar Energy <esearch ,nstitute in ?olorado! #nd solar cells have al%ays played an important role in the space program$ they are the standard source of po%er for satellites and other long-term applications! #s the C) space station ta'es shape in orbit, their role %ill become ever more important -- especially since the only real alternative, small nuclear generators, may no longer be acceptable because of fears of %hat might happen to nuclear fuel in the event of a ?hallenger-type launch accident! Iut solar technology %ill really ta'e off %hen it becomes competitive %ith other 'inds of po%er plants that feed the nation5s electrical transmission grid! EIy the turn of the century, %e should ma'e a strong penetration in the grid mar'et,E >eb predicted last %ee'! 0ays of harnessing the sun span the gamut of technology, from the simple to the futuristic, and all have a part to play! #t the simple end, there are already several million solar stoves, consisting of dish-shaped aluminum reflectors, being used in ,ndia! "hey have made a dent in the problem of deforestation -- obtaining fuel for coo'ing is one of the principal reasons for cutting trees in developing countries!

#t the futuristic end, an inventor in #thol has patented a completely ne% 'ind of solar-electric cell that he says could be far more efficient and far cheaper than the silicon panels no% in use, ma'ing solar po%er practial for everything from individual homes and farms to huge solar installations for utilities! #nd in bet%een, improvements in silicon solar cells promise to bring do%n costs enough to ma'e this technology competitive %ith other po%er sources! 4rominent among them is the development of Eamorphous silicon,E a glass-li'e material that can be coated onto a thin plastic sheet to replace the expensive pure silicon crystals of traditional solar cells! 4otentially the most exciting development is the solar cell invented by #thol-based #lvin (! (ar's, a ;;-year-old inventor %ith more than 100 patents to his name! ,f his calculations are right, (ar's5 system could provide all of the nation5s electrical needs at a fraction of today5s cost %ith the e uivalent of a single 100-mile- s uare of solar panels located in a sunny desert area -eliminating the need for coal, oil, or nuclear plants %ith their attendant haHards! (ar's, %ho %as an energy consultant to 4resident &ennedy, %as inspired to develop his solar po%er system during a conversation about the great need for solar po%er in developing nations, %here sunlight tends to be abundant and po%er plants scarce! E#bout five years ago,E (ar's said in an intervie%, E%e %ere sitting %ith an official from the Cnited 1ations tal'ing about photovoltaics in the "hird 0orld! 2e said,]isn5t there something you can do to ma'e them more efficientR5E (ar's agreed to thin' about it, and before long he had concluded there %as a %ay! 2is first solar patent, for a glass-plate collector he calls 7epcon (light to electric po%er converter), %as issued in 1@89! ,t %as follo%ed in 1@8: by a patent for a lo%er-cost, plastic- sheet version called 7umeloid! 2is latest patent on an improved version of the technology %as granted last month! #lthough some scientists uestion his figures, (ar's says his technology could theoretically have an efficiency of 80 percent -- that is, 80 percent of the sun5s po%er reaching the cell %ould be converted to usable electricity! Iy comparison, the most advanced design silicon cell in )%anson5s laboratory at )tanford has produced about 28 percent efficiency and available commercial versions average about 10 to 12 percent! "he basic technology of (ar's5 cells is a modification of systems used to pic' up micro%ave transmissions, %hich do achieve efficiencies of 80 percent in real %orld applications, not *ust in 4age ; the lab! ?ritics, ho%ever, point out that micro%aves used for communications are all of the same %avelength, %hile sunlight is a mixture of many %avelengths, or colors, of light! (ar's says he has ta'en this into account, because his cells %ould consist of millions of tiny EantennasE of different lengths, each tuned to a different %avelength of light so that among them, they %ould pic' up light of all colors! )ome critics also uestion (ar's5 optimism about ho% uic'ly the technology could be made practical for manufacturing in commercial uantities! (ar's thin's one version could be in production %ithin t%o years, %hile others thin' it may be uite a fe% years off! 1o one, ho%ever, disputes the principle involved, %hich is based on %ell-established concepts! ?onventional solar cells generate electricity %ith an array of tiny transistor-li'e areas of semiconductor material on a silicon chip, %hich absorb energy from light to brea' electrons loose and send them to%ard one terminal of the cell, producing an electric current! (ar's5 cells %ill use an array of even tinier metal strips, %hich serve as antennas to pic' up energy from light in much the same %ay that a radio antenna pic's up energy from radio %aves! "he current produced in each antenna is intially #?, or alternating current, unli'e the >? (direct current) of

conventional cells, but tiny diodes -- one-%ay electrical EvalvesE -- in the gaps bet%een antennas %ould convert the current to >?! 7umeloid, the cheaper but less-durable version of his system, is an offshoot of a polariHing filter that %as (ar's5 first invention! 2is %as the first man-made material commercially produced to polariHe, predating Ed%in 7and5s polariHing filters! =ne version developed later by (ar's is still in production for polariHing sunglasses and /-> movie glasses! 7ight can be thought of as %aves or vibrations, and in ordinary light these vibrations move every %hich %ay! ,n polariHed light, the vibrations all move in the same direction -- vertically or horiHontally! "he production of the polariHing filters, and of 7umeloid, seems to have more in common %ith candy ma'ing than %ith the high-tech, clean-room process used to ma'e silicon cells! EGou ma'e a syrup,E (ar's explains, of chemicals called polymers that form long-chain molecules, suspended in an electrically conductive material! EGou stretch it li'e taffy, and all the molecules become parallel!E ,n a simple large-scale %ay, this process yields millions of the microscopic chain-li'e molecules all lined up in a neat grid that can filter out all the light rays that vibrate in one direction, allo%ing those that vibrate in the other to pass through -- producing polariHed light! Iy simply adding a different 'ind of chemical to the recipe -- a Edonor- receptorE molecule -- the polariHing filter becomes a solar generator, (ar's says! (ar's expects the light%eight plastic 7umeloid, manufactured by the Etaffy-pullingE method to be the first of his solar materials to reach the production stage! ,f he can raise the financial bac'ing he needs 2e is negotiating %ith state and federal agencies as %ell as private investors), he thin's a prototype could be made in about nine months! E"he reason ,5m so sure about 7umeloid,E (ar's said last %ee', Eis because ,5ve been involved in polariHing material for decades, and the materials are not that different!E =thers are not so sure! Elliot Ierman, chief scientist for #rco )olar company, a ma'er of silicon cells, said in an intervie% that Eit5s a good idea, , *ust don5t thin' he can build it!E E,t5s not that it5s impossible,E Ierman added, Eit5s *ust not practical at the present time! ,t5s pretty far a%ay!E Ierman conceded, ho%ever, that he is not familiar %ith the details of (ar's5 manufacturing plans! Edgar >emeo, head of solar po%er research for the Electric 4o%er <esearch ,nstitute, ta'es a middle position, saying the (ar's system is Ean elegant approach to converting solar energyE and Eis a very nice idea and is %orthy of some basic research at this point!E Iut, he added, it may ta'e Ea number of yearsE to become a commercial product! ,n the meantime, Ierman sees other developments that could reach the mar'et sooner and ma'e substantial inroads in a variety of applications! E, thin' there are some substantial progress,E he said! )olar cells have dropped in price from about X20 per %att of output 15 years ago to about X5 per %att today, and Ierman sees the ne% amorphous silicon cells -- especially a version he calls Etandem cells,E %here amorphous (glassli'e instead of crystalline) cells sensitive to one color of light are paired %ith cells sensitive to another color in order to improve efficiency -- cutting that price in half %ithin the next t%o and a half years! "hat %ould bring it close to the range of other po%er sources, %hich generally cost bet%een X1 and X2 per %att! 0hen that happens, Ierman said, solar po%er %ill have reached the price level E%here %e thin' this %ill be practical for %idespread use!

-ttp=>>222$triplep/n0it$com>page">nanoantenna"F"olarFarra,"Ft-atF00)90A$p-p

Nanoantenna"= #olar arra," t-at a'"or' energ, even in t-e 0ar4NN

# collaboration of physicists, scientists and businesses have teamed up to create cheap and highly effective solar cells on a nanoscopic scale! )pearheaded by the ,daho 1ational 7aboratory, this team is onto a fresh %ay of producing solar panels that can continue to absorb energy even after the sun has set! "he technology, not only efficient at nearly 80F, %ill also be cheap to manufacture, at estimated pennies a yard! # specialiHed manufacturing process %ill stamp tiny s uare spirals of a conducting metal onto a thin' sheet of plastic that have been coined Vnanoantennas!W #t the slight %idth on the order of 1325 the diameter of a human hair, these nanoantennas can absorb energy produced through the infrared spectrum! ,nfrared energy is produced in massive uantities by the sun, a portion of %hich is absorbed by the earth only to be released as radiation after the sun has set! "hese nanoantennas can absorb energy from both the rays of the daylight sun and the heat radiated from the earth at a higher efficiency than modern solar cells! )teven 1ova', a physicist at the ,daho 1ational 7aboratory spo'e on this technology he is %or'ing on at the 1ational 1ano Engineering ?onference in Ioston! 2e said, V, thin' these antennas really have the potential to replace traditional solar panels!W "he technology simply mimics that of your cell phone or television antenna, absorbing energy by resonance! "he theory that has born the research to produce these nanoantennas %as based upon this platform$ *ust ma'e an antenna small enough to absorb the miniscule %avelengths produced by electromagnetic radiation! "he technology behind these atomic siHed po%er modules is nothing ne%, but it has ta'en many years to discover an efficient %ay to print these miniscule spiraled antennas! ,t %asnUt until the inception of booming advancements in nanotechnology that this fine concept %as ta'en from the theory to the tooling %ith production of these nanoantennas! "he team at the ,17 forecast seeing the antennas produced a'in to that of foil or plastic %rap in rolls of highly efficient solar cells! "he team has been able to demonstrate an imprinting process %ith six-inch circular stamps, %ith each stamp containing more than 10 million antennas! ,nstead of pairing this technology up %ith conventional solar cells to give them a boost in efficiency, the developers decided instead to ma'e the nanoantennas independent energy harvesters! "he team has estimated that individual nanoantennas are capable of absorbing nearly 80 percent of the available energy bombarded onto us daily by the sun! "hat is a staggering number compared to the conventional panels producing at around 20 percent! 1anoantennas are not limited to silicon mediums, the circuits can actually be made from a variety of conducting metals and the antennas can be printed onto very thin and flexible materials such as polyethylene! "he team has also estimated that the nanoantenna arrays can be available for as much as an inexpensive roll of carpet!

#lthough the physics of one resonating nanoantenna is certainly achievable, the tric' to ma'ing this %or' lies in the matrix of complex vast arrays! "he trouble %ill be in predicting the properties and perfecting the design before tac'ling the manufacturing obstacles that lie ahead! (ultiple antennas create complex and sometimes unpredictable interactions! "o *ump this hurdle the researchers are developing a computer model of the resonance in these invisible structures, see'ing out %ays to fine-tune the efficiency of an entire array through tin'ering %ith the materials and shapes of the antennas for example! V"he ability to model these antennas is %hatUs going to ma'e is successful, because %e canUt see these things,W says 1ovac'! V"hey are hard to manipulate, and small t%ea's are going to ma'e big differences!W P comment on this post Q Comment" "his idea %as thought of a long time ago and the federal government never %anted to put any money into it, because it %as obvious that it %as a better %ay to go! -or the originator loo' up 7epcon, 7umeloid, and #lvin (ar's! Q Boe at #pril /, 2008 2.1; #(

Alvin MA 7#C Lepcon > L/meloi0 6atent"

G/ant/m energ, "torage or retrieval 0evice <#6A0%09* )00)F%)F*%

# solid state Ouantum high Energy density )torage =r <etrieval device 'no%n as a uensor, and the trademar' E1)=<("(), having an energy density of about 1-15 '%hr3'g, comparable to gasoline, or more, is described! # fundamentally ne% principle is employed. # uensor film comprises oriented molecules %ith donor and acceptor groups and %ith metal layers on its surfaces! # dipole electric field may be established in the gap bet%een a donor and an acceptor! Electric energy is stored in or retrieved from dipole electric fields throughout the volume of the uensor film! Electric energy is stored in the uensor film by charging the dipole electric fields from an electric energy source! Electric energy is retrieved from a uensor film by discharging the dipole electric fields and supplying the energy to a load! Electric brea'do%n in the film is avoided because positive and negative electric charges in the film are balanced every%here! Iusbars attached to the metal layers are connected to terminals for charging or discharging the device! "he manufacture of a uensor film is described! # composite photovoltaic and uensor panel for the storage or retrieval of solar-electric energy day or night on demand is also described! Monomolec/lar re"i"t an0 proce"" <#A)68)A8 %99*F%)F0&

# process for the manufacture of submicron circuits uses a submicron beam %riter having multiple beams to ,nscribe simultaneously a plurality of metal patterns onto a glass surface having a monoatomic or monomolecular resist! "he beams produce a plurality of charged double layers constituting the pattern! (etal is deposited according to the pattern! "he pattern may have metal strips %ith 20 to 100 # gaps coated %ith different materials having different %or' functions on opposing gap-faces, forming tunnel *unctions acting as diodes! "he patterns may be costed %ith ,nsulating coatings! "he manufacturing e uipment, chemistry and processes for manufacturing these sheet products are described! "he sheet products may be employed as a light-electric po%er converter (7E4?=1 "( )$ or, in reverse %ith electric po%er supplied, as a large area laser, (E7?=1 "( ) used for 2> or /> displays, for a high density high speed computer matrix and for a variety of uses! LIG8TF6OLA IOING ELECT ICALLM COND<CTING (ILM WO9)06A0* %99)F04F%6

# light polariHing electrically conducting film (/2) includes a t%o-dimensional array of conductors stretch oriented in a polymer film! "he orientation produces gaps in the conductors! "he film also contains molecular diodes, called diads (29, 295), %hich bridge a sufficient number of the gaps to permit conduction of electricity in the conductors %hen exposed to light! #n interdigitated electrode array (/;, /8) contacts the film! "he diads are polariHed by light and rotated by an electrostatic field (/5, /:) applied through the electrode array before the polymer film is dried, %hereby the diads provide unidirectional flo% of electricity! "he magnitude of the electrostatic field is increased, %ithout electrical brea'do%n, by placing the portion of the film, %hose diads are being polariHed and rotated, in an atmosphere of a high-dielectric gas! # method for continuous production of the film is disclosed! Lig-ting 0evice" 2it- I/ant/m electric>lig-t po2er converter" <#49&)094 %990F%%F)0

7ighting devices are described in %hich the light source comprises a plurality of light emitting structures utiliHing the direct conversion of electron energy to photon energy, at high efficiency! )tructures are described %hich %ill emit color or %hite light! "he lighting devices include thin light sources %hich emit polariHed light in a radiation lobe pattern or as a parallel beam of light, useful for ceiling panels for general polariHed nonglare lighting, street lighting, polariHed automobile nonglare systems, and long life %hite light electric lighting lightbulbs %ith scre%in soc'ets for 120v #?, %hich are self rectifying! # solar po%ered street lamp system is also described! Or0ere0 0ipolar lig-tFelectric po2er converter <#4A&4%6%

%986F0*F04 E60%&6&8% %986F04F09

# bul' process is described %hich is capable of producing large area sheets about 8 micrometers thic' having the property of light3electric po%er conversion at extremely high production rates (many mY2Z3s) at lo% cost ( >=77#< 13mY2Z)! "he devices have an inherently high efficiency :0-80F %hen laminated in an assembly to utiliHe both resolved light vectors! # light3electric po%er converter is described comprising a sheet containing oriented dipolar conducting linear structures forming an antennae array capable of absorbing light photons and producing a unidirectional electric current! "hese linear structures constitute submicron antennae and femto diode circuit elements! "he individual antenna-circuit elements are self-ordered into the linear structure using a bul' process! "he process utiliHes (1) electro-ordering a suspension of elongated submicron metal crystals$ or (2) molecules capable of absorbing a light photon and converting its energy to electric energy$ or (/) visco-elastically stretch-orienting a light-electric responsive preformed heteropolymer! "hese submicron linear structures comprise a plurality of uantum %ell-steps, each %ith an assymetric tunnel *unction at one end, in ordered three dimensional arrays! "he manufacture uses a simple lo% cost bul' process and does not employ the submicron facility needed for the earlier planular process! (emto 0io0e an0 application" E60%&)464 %986F0)F)6

"he uantum regime and its properties are described and applied in the invention of a diode, termed a -emto >iode, responsive to light fre uencies! ,n the uantum regime the conventional concepts of electrical resistance, resistive loss, and capacitance do not apply! "he -emto >iode of this invention comprises a submicron metal cylinder acting as a potential %ell for an energetic electron %ith an assymetric tunnel *unction at one end and reflecting step at the other end! "he energetic electron is produced by the absorption in the metal cylinder of an energy uanta nu such as a photon in the visible light range! "he energetic electron travels bac' and forth %ithout collision or energy loss in its o%n conduction band %ithin the potential %ell until it passes through the *unction$ %hereupon its 'inetic energy is converted to electrical potential energy at a greater voltage on the other side of the *unction! "his for%ard current is proportional to the input rate of energy uanta$ but the reverse current is limited by a tunnel *unction comprising ne% and novel materials and dimensions! # first terminal is attached to the metal cylinder to provide electrons to replace those %hich pass through the *unction$ and a second terminal is attached to the metal on the other side of the *unction! "he -emto >iode of this device has applications in diverse fields such as light to electric po%er conversion, an electric po%er to light laser, highspeed computers and communications %hich are disclosed! ElectroFoptical 0ipole "/"pen"ion 2it- re3lectiveFa'"orptiveFtran"mi""ive c-aracteri"tic" <#466*08* %98&F0AF0A

#n electro-optical dipolar suspension is described %hich is silvery-reflective at no voltage, %hich becomes blac'-opa ue at small voltage, and transmittive at an increase of voltage! )uch a dipole suspension is useful in displays because of greater contrast, decreased operating voltage, po%er, and cost! Device 3or conver"ion o3 lig-t po2er to electric po2er <#444A0A0 %984F04F)4 "his invention relates to a high efficiency device for the direct conversion of light po%er to electrical po%er! 4resent photocells for accomplishing this purpose are %ell 'no%n to the art and have a theoretical efficiency not exceeding about 20F! ,n practice, realiHation of efficiency of about 10F has been achieved, but ultimately the theoretical limitation is an upper limit %hich cannot be exceeded by devices utiliHing 'no%n construction! "he present device differs from the prior art devices in that it utiliHes a plurality of dipole antennae for absorbing light photons, employing an alternating electrical field of said photons to cause electrons in the dipole antenna to resonate there%ith and absorb electrical po%er therefrom, %ith means for rectifying said #? po%er to >?, said >? being accumulated on conducting busbars from the plurality of antennae and associated rectifying circuits!

Electroor0ere0 0ipole "/"pen"ion <#444)0%9 %984F04F%0

#n electrodichroic composition of matter comprising a concentrated suspension of submicron conductive particles in an insulating fluid %hich, upon the application of a strong electric field to the suspension, exhibits a ne% electroordering effect %ith greatly improved electrooptical properties! # novel process is described for increasing the resistivity of a dipole suspension! ,mproved electrooptical panels and displays can be made %ith compositions %hich comprise a suspension of submicron asymmetric particles of graphite, molybdenum disulfide, metals such as aluminum, or dichroic crystals such as 2erapathite in an insulating fluid! ELECT OFO6TICAL DI6OLA MATE IAL <#*6A*&4% %9&)F04F04

#n article of manufacture is provided as a matrix having dispersed substantially uniformly therethrough a plurality of electro-optically responsive dipole particles selected from the group consisting of electrically conductive and semi-conductive material and dichroic crystals, the matrix being a transparent medium capable of being in the fluid state during the initial orientation of the dipoles, %hereby the dipoles are capable of rotation to a desired preferred orientation upon the application of a force field, the medium being thereafter solidified! # method of applying the force field is disclosed! MET8OD AND A66A AT<# (O (O MING #<DMIC ON DI6OLE 6A TICLE# <#*9004%& %9&AF08F%9 Electricall, re"pon"ive lig-t controlling 0evice emplo,ing "/"pen0e0 0ipole particle" in a pla"tic 3ilm <#**4%)&4 %96&F09F%) Lig-t polariJing "tr/ct/re" <#**A098) %96&F%%F0& Lig-t polariJing 3ilm an0 3i're 3orming met-o0 <#*)6A&&& %966F08F09 Irrever"i'le p-otot-ermotropic compo"ition" <#*)8A&46 %966F%%F%A

DI6OLA ELECT OFO6TIC #T <CT< E# <#*A%)8&6 %9&0F0AF%9 6-otot-ermotropic compo"ition" containing ligan0" an0 proce""e" 3or /tiliJing "ame <#*)*66A% %966F0)F)) Electricall, re"pon"ive lig-t controlling 0evice" emplo,ing "/"pen0e0 0ipole particle" an0 "-ear 3orce" <#*)A&90* %966F06F)8 Electricall, con0/ctive tran"parent material" <#**A&9*0 %96&F%)F%) #ta'le5 "tretc-Foriente05 lig-t polariJing pol,meric 3ilm <#*)A*A06 %966F0AF*% Ca"ting compo"ition 3or lig-t polariJing 3ilm <#**004*6 %96&F0%F)4 <ltra violet lig-t a'"or'ing compo"ition" -aving a "/"pen"ion o3 "/'micron particle" <#*)989A9 %96&F0%F%& Lig-t polariJing "tr/ct/re" incorporating /nia+ial an0 linear polariJer" <#*)0A&&A %96AF09F%4 ElectroFt-ermoFp-ototropic compo"ition" an0 apparat/" <#*)66*&0 %966F08F%6 M/ltiFla,ere0 lig-t polariJer" <#*0699&4 %96)F%)F)A Lig-t polariJing 3a'ric" <#*0%60&% %96)F0%F09

Lig-t polariJing 0evice <#*0)6&6* %96)F0*F)& M/ltiFla,er lig-t polariJing "tr/ct/re <#)98)%&8 %96%F0AF0) Lig-t polariJing ill/minating 0evice <#)8%0*)4 %9A&F%0F)) <nitar, m/ltipl, polariJer <#)49)809 %949F%)F)& Cr,"talline 3ormation <#)*44A%4 %944F0*F)% 6olariJing cr,"talline 3ormation ', tran"3er an0 e+pan"ion <#)*984*A %946F04F%6 Lig-t polariJing 0evice <#)%6&899 %9*9F08F0% Cr,"talline 3ormation <#)%99))& %940F04F*0 6olariJing 0evice <#)))0%%% %940F%%F0A Cr,"talline 3ormation <#)%04949 %9*8F0%F%%

Google #earc- e"/lt"

#=2 .. 1e% #ge )cience .. )=7#<2!"\" (ore on the ;0-80F efficient 7umeloid and 7epcon solar cells !!! used in the process of photosynthesis #lvin (ar's employed his 'no%ledge of polariHing film !!! %%%!artofhac'ing!com3,E"31E0"E?23live3aoh^solar2!htm )elf )ufficiency in Iasic 1eeds =ther details from the article. #lvin (ar's formed a public company to develop this !!! "he acronym 7E4?=1 (7ight to Electric 4o%er ?onverter) and 7C(E7=,> !!! members!aol!com3Iill222E3inventions!html 2ard%are 2ac'er is one #lvin (ar's and his company! of #dvanced <esearch >evelopment! !!!! 7umeloid )olar 4lastic -ilm and 7epcon )ubmicron >ipolar #ntennae! on +lass! !!! %%%!tina*a!com3glib3hac'ar/!pdf 1anoantennas. )olar arrays that absorb energy even in the dar' !!! -eb 11, 2008 !!! -or the originator loo' up 7epcon, 7umeloid, and #lvin (ar's! Q Boe at #pril /, 2008 2.1; #(! Boin the >iscussion !!! %%%!triplepundit!com3pages3nanoantennas-solar-arrays-that-002@05!php "he 2istory of )olar >r! #lvin (ar's receives patents for t%o solar po%er technologies he! developed. 7epcon and 7umeloid! 7epcon consists of glass panels covered %ith !!! %%%1!eere!energy!gov3solar3pdfs3solar^timeline!pdf >ata 4oints timelineWincludes an entry for the year 1@88 on 7epcon and! 7umeloid solar technologies! "he most stri'ing aspect !!! of %hich %as from >r! #lvin (ar's, %ho !!! po%erelectronics!com3mag3:0/4E"05!pdf 7usting after 100F energy efficiencyR 4hotosynthesisU uantum !!! "his loo's a lot li'e the research done by >r! #lvin (ar's in the 805s and @05s, in %hich he %as !!! "hey called the technology 7umeloid and 7epcon #rray! !!! %%%!edn!com3blog319;000019;3post35@000895@!html "2E 46 2,)"=<G Cn'no%n date. >r! #lvin (ar's 4hototherm, #mherst 12, C)#, receives patents on his 7epcon (light to electricity po%er conversion) and 7umeloid (film %ith a !!! %%%!s%iscontrol!com3)0,)?=1"<=73(apasF20deF20IocasF20delF20"oro34#+,1#) F202"(732G)"=<,#F2046!html

)lashdot _ 0here are the ;0F Efficient )olar ?ellsR "he patent holder, #lvin (ar's, calls this approach lepcon! 2e5s more excited about another approach, called lumeloid! )omeone else has already lin'ed to !!! science!slashdot!org3article!plRsidS0/30130830/2/2/;LmodeSthreadLtidS12: "2E 2,)"=<G =- 46 >r! #lvin (ar's 4hototherm, #mherst 12, C)#, receives patents on his 7epcon (light to electricity po%er conversion) and 7umeloid! (film %ith a !!! photochemistry!epfl!ch3E>EG346^history!pdf 0ierdos and -a'ers, or 0ell ,ntentioned 0annabe ,nnovatorsR -or example, #lvin (ar's of #thol, (assachusetts, has a radically !!! flexible film 7umeloid and rigid solar panels trademar'ed 7epcon mimic photosynthesis! !!! %%%!prop1!org3thomas3peacefulenergy3@808!atlantisrising!htm #lternative Energy _ 0hat source of energy are you usingR >r! #lvin (ar's receives patents for t%o solar po%er technologies. 7epcon and 7umeloid! 7epcon consists of glass panels covered %ith millions of aluminum or !!! %%%!free%ebs!com3tbc200;3solarenergy!htm )olar 4o%er Iut there is supposedly another type of photovoltaic cells(lepcon) created by #lvin (ar's that can get ;0-80F efficiency! !!! xHlclan!com3the3%ebsite3vie%topic!phpRpS10;/2 ,ce)tuff!com. #dvanced "echnologies -oreign <esort 4ro*ect report !!! 7E4?=1` panels could be utiliHed by utility companies in solar farms! !!! ("he 1@@/ #lvin (ar's patent on a monomolecular resist significantly increases the !!! %%%!icestuff!com3Menergy213advantech!htm )ome Energy -undamentals efficiencies! 7iterally a solar Ecrystal setE! #lvin (ar's and! his 7umeloid and 7epcon concepts has long been a! pioneer in this research area! !!! %%%!tina*a!com3glib3energfun!pdf #dvanced "echnologies # device for fabricating 7E4?=1` photovoltaic sheets in commercial production is !!! ("he 1@@/ #lvin (ar's patent on a monomolecular resist significantly !!! %%%!usa*ohnsons!com3cool^energy^stuff3experiments3advantech!htm )olar "imeline - )olar Energy <esources a %%%!te'be!com 1@88. >r! #lvin (ar's receives patents for t%o solar po%er technologies. 7epcon and 7umeloid! 7epcon consists of glass pan !!! %%%!te'be!com3te'becom3html3)olar-Energy-"echnologies3)olar-"imeline^;3

alternatepo%er . (essage. >oes anyone remember a company called !!! "he invention %as 7epcon invented by #lvin (ar's! , did a research paper on it as part of a )olar ?ell -abrication class in college bac' in 589 )teve !!! groups!yahoo!com3group3alternatepo%er3message3:;:8 strategic-plan . (essage. 6esperman, >=E )trategic 4lan draft comments "he 7E4?=1 (trademar') femto diode concept is similar in principle to !!! ("he 1@@/ #lvin (ar's patent on a monomolecular resist significantly increases the !!! groups!yahoo!com3group3strategic-plan3message312

Hoel McCLAIN ; Norman WOOTAN T-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier

An Intro0/ction to t-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier Hoel McClain= Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier F De"cription o3 Operation !angar0 Note H$ McClain ; Norman Wootan= Ne2 O6E Drea4t-r/ F Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier !angar0 Note Tom Dear0en= (erroelectric Capacitor" an0 t-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier H$ McClain= T-e /le o3 Nine" 8al (o+= Meeting T-e OneFWatt C-allenge 7eel,net DD# Me""age" #cott Little ; 8al 6/t-o33= Eval/ation o3 Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier .M A1 #$ Little ; 8$ 6/t-o33 = Error Anal,"i" o3 M A Te"t e"/lt" #$ Little ; 8$ 6/t-o33 = Clari3ication o3 M A Te"t Con0ition" N$ Wootan5 H$ McClain5 ; $Ta,lor= M A)= Magnetic e"onance Antenna? 6art" #o/rce" 3or t-e M A

Dan Davi0"on= <# 6atent 9 A5A68500A : Aco/"ticFMagnetic 6o2er Generator

An Intro0/ction to t-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier

', Hoel McClain ; Norman Wootan 0ith lo%-level ultrasonic input signals, the (agnetic <esonance #mplifier ((<#) produces usable direct current po%er at levels above unity! "his circuit is based upon the %or' and theories of Bohn Ernst 0orrell &eely, and is offered into the public domain in his memory! Intro0/ction : 0ithout lengthy discussion about the aether, tetrahedral geometric aggregate resonance or the <ule of 1ines, it is possible to understand this circuit as basically a tuned magnetic and uartH amplifier! 2o%ever, it %as necessary to study those sub*ects in order to design and build the (<#, so if you %ant to fully realiHe ho% it %or's, avail yourself of the files on &eely1et %hich contain all of that and much more! ,n the (<# schematic belo%, there is a tunable lo%-po%er oscillator %hich supplies a signal to one side of a barium titanate transducer! "he opposite side of the transducer is connected to a primary coil %hich is %rapped around a barium ferrite magnet core! "he opposite end of the primary goes bac' to the oscillator! # secondary is %rapped around the primary and is connected to an ordinary bridge rectifier, and the output of the bridge is applied to a >? load! # filter capacitor can be used on the output of the bridge, and %as used on the (<# %hich %e built! #dditionally, a load resistor across the capacitor %ill 'eep the output >? from getting too high as the circuit is tuned! 0e found that a /0 ohm, 10 %att resistor %as sufficient! =nce this has been assembled, put a voltmeter across the output resistor to monitor the voltage rise as the circuit is tuned! #d*ust the oscillator fre uency to provide the highest >? output! >uring this process, be a%are that the voltages across the pieHo and the coil %ill be very much higher than the signal level %hich you are applying! 0e have seen combined voltages of almost 1,000 volts #? %ith only /0 volts #? of signal input! 0hen the circuit is tuned, the magnet %ill be EsingingE at around 8,000 to 11,000 2H! ,f the pieHo sings, you are exceeding its po%er capabilities and %ill need to reduce the number of turns on your primary! "he fre uency that resonates both the pieHo and the magnet at optimum resonance %ill be three times (three octaves above) the fre uency at %hich the magnet is singing! "his is the nine harmonics that are mentioned in the <ule of 1ines!

"o test the circuit, place a precision, high %attage, lo% ohm resistor in series %ith the output from the oscillator to the pieHo, and measure the voltage drop! ,t should be very small, less than 0!1 volt #?! Cse this value to determine current in the series circuit, and then calculate po%er! 1ext, measure the >? voltage across your output load resistor, and once again calculate po%er! Gou should be bet%een three to four times above the previously calculated input po%er! =nce the circuit is in operation, you %ill note that the voltage %ill vary by 0!1 volt >? or more, depending upon the time of day! "his is due to the nature of etheric forces inherent in the Earth5s magnetic field! 0atch for pea' voltage at or before sunrise! ,n our circuit, %e measured 0!089 volt #? drop across a 2 ohm series resistor, for a total of 0!:85 0 dissipation in the primary! 0ith this, %e attained 2!;5 0 of output po%er and used this to drive a lamp and a motor! ,ncreasing the signal voltage had the effect of decreasing the primary current %hile boosting output po%er, thus improving the po%er gain ratio! 0e believe that larger po%er systems can be built by using larger coils, more pieHos, and a lo%er fre uency, as long as the aggregate combination is %ithin the resonant fre uency range of the components! "he (<# is essentially a means of releasing the electrical energy stored in magnets! #s such, it is an #? battery %ith >? output! ,t can be used for a portable, self-charging po%er supply %ith a solid state oscillator and rechargeable battery! -or those %ho %ant a synopsis of the technology, the follo%ing paragraphs are offered, but it is strongly suggested that you follo% up this reading %ith a more thorough study of the &eely1et files! (atter S Energy! "o change matter, change the energy! ?reation of a magnet is achieved by a process %hich causes the matter to be both expanded and compressed at the same time, %ith the result that a magnet is in a constant state of collapse! "his is %hy magnets attract material %ith similar lattice structures, as they attempt to fill the energy void %hich created them! "he EdomainsE of the magnet are fixed after the process of magnetiHation, and the only %ay to extract electrical energy is to physically spin a coil relative to a magnet! 2o%ever, it is also possible to induce virtual rotation by applying the resonant fre uency of the magnet, %hich causes the lattices and the domains to vibrate! 2o%ever, the po%er re uired to do this is greater than the energy released by the virtual rotation! "herefore it is necessary to increase the vibration %ithout using excessive current! "he pieHo has a virtually inexhaustible supply of free electrons, and it releases them %hen it is stressed! Csing the pieHo in series %ith the primary coil %ill almost eliminate primary current, because it is voltage %hich stresses the pieHo, not current! "herefore the pieHo can be stressed %ith very little actual po%er, and provide the current to the primary coil %hich vibrates the domains of the magnet! "he pieHo is the catalyst for the circulating current %ith the primary coil! "he circulating current is additive, and this is the reason for the high potentials developed across both the pieHo and the primary coil!

,t is at this point that resonance becomes important! Gou must have three octaves of separation bet%een the magnet resonant fre uency and the signal supplied to the pieHo! "he circulating current is rich in harmonics, and this is necessary for the operation of the circuit! #lthough the circuit is simple, it utiliHes the concepts of phi, of virtual rotation, of tetrahedral geometry, pieHo and transformer theory, and electrical 'no%ledge! ,t is not suggested as a beginner pro*ect, because of the high voltages present! -or engineers and technicians of experience, it may be difficult to accept that the (<# is above unity! "he ramifications are enormous! 2opefully, it %ill help to build a better %orld!

T-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier= De"cription o3 Operation

', Hoel McClain

"he (<# is a series resonant 7? circuit in %hich po%er gain is attainable as a result of the increase in effective impedance under certain operating conditions! 0hen the series impedance increases, primary current is reduced! 0hen the po%er available from the secondary coil either remains the same or increases as the primary circuit impedance increases, a po%er gain occurs! "his is not possible %ith a series resonant circuit made of conventional materials! Even unity po%er transfer is considered to be unattainable as a result of accumulated losses in the components, %hich are passive (reactive) devices! (aterials and construction methods are chosen for these components based upon the type of application and fre uency to be applied, %ith the goal of minimiHing losses! # typical capacitor %ith polyethylene dielectric has a dielectric constant of 2!/ times that of air! #ir has a constant of 1!0, and is the basis for comparison! "itanium dioxide, ho%ever, has a dielectric constant maximum of 1;0, and a corresponding po%er factor of only 0!000:, comparable %ith polyethylene, so that the dissipation of primary current in the dielectric is extremely lo%! "his is %here the comparison ends, because the titanium composite EcapacitorE is also a pieHoelectric device as %ell as an excellent capacitor! 2eat adversely affects the po%er factor of most dielectric materials! "itanium Hirconate, ho%ever, contains polar molecules %hich rotate as thermal pressure is applied! "his rotation increases the dielectric constant if the fre uency applied is e ual to or lo%er than the resonant fre uency of the dielectric! #t series resonance, the rotation of polar molecules contributes to heat$ as the dielectric constant increases, a corresponding release of free electrons occurs, as a direct result of the pieHoelectric properties of the device! ,n application, the (<# is tuned at resonance for maximum po%er transfer, then detuned slightly for maximum po%er gain! "his relates directly to the use of thermal pressure at resonance, and the effect that this has on continued polar rotation and the release of donor electrons! "he coil, or primary of the (<# is a magnetic core %hich, relative to the fixed capacitance of the pieHo, is a tuned permeability device! "his is often used in <- devices to attain a stable resonant fre uency! (agnetic materials are chosen based upon the operating characteristics of the intended application to reduce eddy currents in the operating range! ,n these applications, the resonant fre uency of the magnet itself is avoided, as this %ould EbeatE %ith the oscillating current! 2o%ever, in the (<#, this is the exact effect %hich %e %ant! "he barium ferrite magnet resonates audibly at fre uencies %hich are harmonics of the series resonant fre uency! "he effect of this in a typical audio application is called harmonic distortion, and is not desirable, but once again, in the (<#, this is %hat %e %ant to occur! "here is energy in the harmonics, and this energy serves to both counter eddy losses as %ell as to oppose primary current flo%, %hile contributing to circulating current %ithin the resonant circuit!

"he net effect of this, is that %hen the (<# is detuned, harmonics of the audible fre uency EbeatE %ith primary current, opposing its flo%, %hile the increase in circulating current couples more po%er to the secondary, and therefore to the load! "his is ho% the po%er gain is attained, basically by considering the naturally occuring harmonics as beneficial instead of as undesirable effects to be filtered out! 0hen the (<# is detuned, the effective impedance increases as seen by the source, %hile the po%er available to the load decreases in less proportion! "his is measurable by using resistive e uivalent circuit testing! 2o%ever, the detuning is load dependent, and slight ad*ustments are re uired if the load re uirement is greater than the po%er band of a harmonic interaction! #fter retuning, the po%er to the load %ill increase in uantum intervals as the circulating current is reinforced by the reaction of the permeable magnet core! "his %ill be seen as slight incremental voltage increases across the load device! =nce the magnet is EringingE, it5s fre uency and therefore harmonics remain stable, as long as the series resonant range is not exceeded! "herefore, the detuning affects the pieHo only, and the circulating current increase is a result of the phase relationship bet%een the harmonic and the source! 6oltage amplification is seen across the primary, measurably higher than the source voltage, and this is EseenE by the secondary! "his is not the same thing as a po%er gain, because the po%er gain is a direct result of effective impedance! ,t should also be noted that the term Evirtual rotationE has been applied in describing the operation of the (<#! "he comparison is made %ith a generator, in %hich relative motion occurs bet%een a coil and magnet! <ather than use physical energy to rotate a mass, the (<# uses resonance to rotate the energy! "his is seen in the polar rotation of the pieHo dielectric as %ell as in the molecular energy occuring in the reactive component of the magnet, ie, the ringing! "he lattice structures of the pieHo and magnet are compatible for virtual rotation, and the materials complement each other electrically! ,n the past, researchers have noted many effects %hich occur at aggregate resonance, %hich typically includes a range of three octaves! #nomalous energy gains %ere referred to as EaethericE! "he aether %as believed to exist outside of the three physical dimensions, and could be EtappedE for free energy at resonance! #etheric energy is said to be limitless, but to vary locally %ith increases in earth magnetic fields at sunset and sunrise, li'e the tides of an infinite ocean! "his effect is not thoroughly understood, but has been observed in the (<#, as increases in output in the early morning, and decreases in the early evening! "his is still being studied! Experimentation %ill determine the optimum (<# design for a specific range of applications!

!ang/ar0 Note
"he use of 7enH 7a% (bac' E(-) is legend in free energy circuits! 0hen the bac' E(- is reversed and phase matched to the for%ard E(-, you have an increase in efficiency because of the reduction of eddy current heating through the addition of the previously %asted po%er! "his is generally understood to apply primarily to magnetic flux, yet because fre uency is involved, phase con*ugate principles play a ma*or part! 4hase con*ugation applies to all fre uencies regardless of the type of energy being used! 2armony (constructive interference) and dissonance (destructive interference) are controlled using phasing and fre uency relationships! ,f the rhythmic energy flo%ing through the mass is made resonant to the mass aggregate resonance, you further reduce the resistance and impedance, thereby achieving unity and in some cases overunity! (ost people %ant clean and simple circuits! "hese %ould not entail physical motion or large inductive masses as are encountered in orthodox generators! "he (<# circuit fits this approach very nicely because it does not involve moving mass, but rather moving energy harmoniously to produce energy! -urther information on the (<#, its operational characteristics, correlations and updates %ill be provided as they are documented!

Ne2 O6E Drea4t-r/ F Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier

', Hoel McClain ; Norman Wootan 4lease 1="E. "his is a preliminary report that %ill be follo%ed by updates %ith more detail! -uture versions %ill include various measurements of the components used in the circuit that is currently running! -rom all appearances at this date, the circuit components %ill simply give varying outputs and do not appear to be all that critical! ,t %as felt that this information should be released to the public as rapidly as possible, rather than ris' loss of the information or the demo by 5circumstances5 beyond our control! "here have been too many discoveries %hich have disappeared by not being openly shared! 0e %ould rather ris' being 5flamed5 by other experimenters %ho actually IC,7> "2E ?,<?C," than ta'e the chance of the information being lost by 'eeping it %ithin a select group! =ur t%o primary fears are that someone %ill attempt to patent %hat is intended to be a gift to humanity, possibly %ith an intent to profit from others %or' or to loc' it a%ay, the other that it might be suppressed in some other fashion! "herefore, the %idest possible distribution is re uested, and duplication attempted %herever possible! #t the time of this correction to the original file, %e have confirmation as to the

numbers and others are %or'ing on the circuit on their o%n! 4lease ta'e this information in the spirit of ho% it is given, as a gift to humanity! "he inventors are Boel (c?lain and 1orman 0ootan! Gou can contact them via &eely1et or directly! "he circuit is being tested at various levels and attempts at duplication are under %ay! #t this point, there is only one circuit! 0e %ill openly post other successful duplications or failures! 4lease feel free to try it yourself! "he cost is minimal! =ne other point, the crystal transducer %as thought to be barium titanate and there is reason to believe it is in fact titanium Hirconate! "hese are disc shaped, about /E in diameter %ith a 1E diameter hole in the center! "he disc is about /38E thic' and is coated %ith silver on both sides! "han' you for your open- mindedness! "hey are advertised in the bac' of many electronics magaHines for about X5 each! 0e have access to a small stoc' and might offer them for experiments should people as' for them! +ood luc', and )E,bE "2E >#GT

!angar0 Note
"his device incorporates po%er multiplication principles using multiple resonances as claimed by &eely and 2endershot! ,t also corresponds in some %ays %ith -loyd )%eet5s 6"# and Boe 4arr5s energy spheres from pyramids! Boel called )unday night in an excited state! 2e and 1orman too' turns explaining %hat they had achieved using this circuit! "he po%er input measurements %ere about :00m0atts and yet the circuit %as generating about 2!5 0atts on the output! 1orman hoo'ed up a >? motor and he said it %as spinning li'e craHy in addition to a light bulb glo%ing brightly! 1orman %as laughing and said they5d beat 2arold 4uthoffs5 =ne 0att ?hallenge as issued at the 1@@9 ,)1E conference in >enver! "his has created uite a bit of excitement and 4uthoff no% has a faxed copy of the circuit! 1o doubt it %ill be every%here in a very short time! "he hope by Boel and 1orman is that others %ill duplicate the initial effect and be able to expand on it to derive useful po%er! )%eet claimed something on the order of 1./,000,000 over-unity! "he input po%er to his device %as 10 6#? at 2@ uamps (2@0m0atts)! "he output had been loaded to as high as /,000 0atts! "he initial (<# circuit is something on the order of 1.5 and is believed to be scalable! Boel says the coil he had %ound around the barium ferrite magnet %as not in the least precision and he is of the mind that a huge coil surrounding the magnet %ill produce a proportional increase in po%er!

Early tal's %ith various &eely1etters about the )%eet circuit led many of us to believe that Iarium, %hen excited, rings for a long time %hen the exciter is removed! #t the ,)1E conference, >on 0atson confirmed this %ith his analogy of glo%ing luciferase as found in fireflys or other phosphorescent materials! # %ea' stimulation continues to produce light for a time after the stimulation is removed! )o, here is a %onderful opportunity to build a pioneering device! ,f you have uestions or suggestions, you may direct them to Boel (c?lain or 1orman 0ootan at &eely1et! , thin' they both need to be commended for their %illingness to share %hat many %ould 'eep proprietary or die %ith the secret!

(erroelectric Capacitor" ; t-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier

', Tom Dear0en ,n a nonlinear ferroelectric capacitor there are three ma*or nonlinear processes involved, so it is possible to carefully choose and arrange conditions so that the current through the capacitor moves against the voltage across its terminals! 0ith adroit s%itching and timing, and some consideration for resonance effects, it is in theory possible to use such highly nonlinear effects in a circuit to allo% (1) an overpotential at the terminals of the battery as a reaction from the ferroelectric capacitor, (2) conse uent recharging of the battery via that bac' potential on the battery side, %hile the load is also being po%ered, (/) conse uent driving of the load on the load side of the terminals, and (9) having a bypass ferroelectric capacitor across the terminals of the battery, %here the capacitor is in the Ecurrent against the voltageE condition! (c7ain and 0ooten patented a great little (<# ((agnetic <esonance #mplifier) system, based on that application! >r! <obert Iass, a very fine electrodynamicist of exceptional 'no%ledge, experience, and ability %rote the patent for them, and assisted in their %or'! -or that he %as persecuted, un*ustly attac'ed, and suffered financial difficulties! "he EsystemE does not forgive highly ualified scientists %ho ta'e a serious interest in Eperpetual motion machinesE -- as permissible (ax%ellian open dissipative systems are erroneously and derogatorily labeled by the orthodox scientific community! #ny scientist violating that in uisition suffers the conse uences! #fter technical discussions bac' and forth, the 4atent =ffice even notified 0ooten and (c7ain that the patent had been accepted and the patent %ould be issued! 0ithin days, to their consternation the patent %as re*ected and that %as the end of that! ,n other %ords, the fix %as in! O/r O2n E+perience In EO'tainingE 6roper (erroelectric Capacitor" :

2ere5s an interesting little tidbit, for %hat it5s %orth! 0e here at ?"E? had included a specific use of ferroelectric capacitors (-E?s) in one of our o%n patent applications! 0e attempted to obtain an -E? on the open mar'et, one %ith the publiciHed nearly- s uare )-curve of hysteresis! 1o capacitor manufacturer %e contacted had one for saleT , %ent all the %ay to a )%edish company, %as assured they made *ust %hat , needed, and purchased several from them to be shipped by airmail! ,n due time they arrived! "hey did not have the s uare )-curve at all, but %ere carefully layered to eliminate that )-curve, into a rather straight slanting curve! "hat 'ind of curve is absolutely useless for overunity applications! 1o% %hy %ould anyone %ish to purchase a supposedly nonlinear capacitor for its very nonlinearity, and instead purchase one that has been altered to behave *ust as linearly as possibleR 0hy %ould a company advertise such a nonlinear capacitor, then sell you one that is highly lineariHedR #nd considering the rather substantial literature on nonlinear capacitors %ith s uare )-curves, %hy do not the capacitor companies sell suchR 0e eventually found there is indeed a C!)! manufacturer of ferroelectric capacitors %ith precisely that )-curve hysteresis loop! "here %as *ust one little problem! "hey had an agreement %ith the C!)! 1avy for all their production of those capacitors, and in that agreement they %ere not to sell any to private persons or companies! 1o% %hy %ould the C!)! 1avy %ish to restrict a perfectly unclassified, open component from being sold on the open commercial mar'etR boundsT ,f one %ere a conspiracy buff, one might even try to connect this %ith the C!)! 1avy5s long suppression of the &ron negative resistor! >o you suppose there could actually be some 'ind of connection bet%een the t%oR 0hy of course notT 4aranoia and all that, you 'no%! #nd still one %onders!!! "he literature continues to publish tests of *ust such ferroelectric capacitors, etc! ?ontacting several of the researchers %ho author those papers, %e found that they (at least the ones contacted) %ere all ma'ing their o%n ferroelectric capacitors if they %ished one %ith that s uare )-curveT 1o one seemed to 'no% %here %e could *ust purchase one off the shelf! (aybe all that is *ust coincidence! #nd maybe not! A 6o""i'le Interpretation : 0hat the s uare )-curve hysteresis loop means is that, in one region of operation, %ith only a very tiny voltage change, you can get a rather enormous current change from that capacitor! ,n another region of operation, you can get a very large voltage change from the capacitor for a very small current change! ,n other %ords, biased into one region, you have essentially a voltage device! ,n the other region, you have essentially a current device! 1either device %ill EcostE you very much energy to operate it in its region! 2o%ever, if you then nonlinearly mix the t%o outputs *ust right, as %e filed on methods of doing, then bingoT Gou had a mixer device %hose output no% had both large current and large po%er, but you Epaid forE and input not nearly so much Eenergy dissipationE (remember, engineers calculate energy dissipation flo%, never energy transport flo%T) to the mixer as %hat %ould be output by the mixer!

"he %hole uestion is this! 0e all 'no% about ordinary nonlinear mixing and mixers! 0e 'no% that t%o signals can indeed be mixed nonlinearly! ?an %e build a nonlinear mixer and a dual circuit, %here %e feed a voltage-li'e signal in and also a current-li'e signal in to the mixer, get the t%o combined into a high voltage, high current signal output, and do that %ithout bac'-field coupling onto the t%o input EsignalsE to force e ual energy dissipation in the input! 7oo' at this very carefully! "here is absolutely no conservation of energy la% that re uires that the energy input circuit dissipate as much energy as does the load circuit that receives the energy to po%er it! )o %hy are %e taught only those mixing circuits that %ill indeed force e ual input dissipationR 0e need three things in the input. (1) lots of voltage, (2) lots of current, and (/) small energy dissipation! "hat means %e need a Evoltage-li'eE input and a EcurrentE li'e input, %hich do not interact %ith each other on the input side of the mixer! 0e then need a mixer that %ill mix the t%o into a single signal %ith high voltage and high current, but %ill not bac'-couple its fields onto the input circuit to up the input dissipation! ,s all this mystery in trying to obtain s uare )-curve ferroelectric capacitors really due to the fact that it is possible to use them together %ith other circuit components to produce such an overunity mixerR ?ould something li'e that be behind %hat happened to (c7ain and 0ooten, and to >r! IassR #gain, at this point %e %onder!!! )o you thin' such odd mixing violates the conservation of energy la%R "hen thin' again! "here is no valid la% of physics any%here -- in complete contradiction to the assumptions in most electrical texts -- that you have to conserve %or'! Energy, yes! 0or', no! "he energy that a circuit captures can involve the voltage only! <emember, 0 S f ! "o get lots of 0 (*oules) collected for use to po%er loads, %e need lots of 6 (that is, >f ) and lots of ! 0e then need them mixed (interacting together)! "hat5s it! #nything else is %hat the circuit %e construct is doing to fight us bac'! )o, it %ould seem that %e should focus on reducing the ability of that circuit to fight us bac', %hile still doing the voltage-amperage mixing and interaction thing! Even in the fla%ed old electrodynamics, one volt is one *oule collected per coulomb of charge collector! )o if you place one volt on a circuit %hich has fe% >rude electrons for collection, you get very little collected energy in that circuit (and note that the energy dissipated in that circuit can only be the energy that it first intercepts and collects)! #nd if you then input the same voltage to a circuit %ith lots of >rude electrons, this second circuit %ill collect (and can then dissipate) lots of *oules of collected energy! 0hen you change the voltage of a circuit, you change the potential energy available for collection and dissipation! 2o% much it collects and dissipates, then depends upon ho% many collectors it has to do so, and the dissipaters it has to change the form of the collected energy! )o one tric' %ould appear to be to feed a nonlinear mixing unit from t%o circuits. one optimiHed for voltage and starved for current, and the second starved for voltage and optimiHed for current! "he one remaining tric' is to prevent any bac'-field coupling from the output of the mixer bac' to the t%o feed circuits! ,f you accomplish that, you have yourself a nice little overunity device, perfectly permissible by the la%s of physics and thermodynamics, and one %hich does not violate conservation of energy! ,t darn sure violates Econservation of %or'E, ho%ever! -or that

matter, so does a %indmill or a %ater%heel, or a solar cell! Gou yourself do not have to perform %or' on something to get it to collect energy (asymmetrically regauge)! ,t can collect the energy freely, if you arrange it correctly! )omething else -- such as a free flo% of energy from the environment -- is perfectly capable of doing that %or' on the intercepting collector, so that collection of energy in the circuit occurs! ,n my vie%, (c7ain and 0ooten %ere accomplishing something very similar to our notion of nonlinearly mixing a lo% po%er high voltage input and a lo% po%er high current input, but using ferroelectric nonlinear resonance as the EmagicE mixer to combine cheap high voltage %ith cheap high current and obtain the product of the t%o %hile only paying for their EsumE, so to spea'! "hin' about it! Iut if you %ish to pursue that approach to overunity, let me advise you to first do your home%or' on nonlinear resonance, as opposed to the linear resonance in almost all the normal textboo's! ,t5s not at all *ust a Ecapacitance-inductance-resistanceE business or *ust simple 7? resonance! 7? resonance alone has never added a single excess *oule of energy to the po%er system!

T-e /le o3 Nine"= e"onant Geometr, an0 t-e Oero 6oint

', Hoel McClain E1est t%o tetrahedrons and you have the 'eys to the universe!E "he %ord EruleE has several different meanings -- as a form of la%, or as a form of dominion, or as a measuring standard! "his text uses the %ord in all three contexts to define the effect of the supreme chord, the trinity of harmony, in the universe! ,n the late 1@th and early 20th centuries, independent researchers began to notice the EanomalousE effects of applying resonance to a controlled experiment! "hen, as no%, this area of EscienceE is far from the mainstream! "he results of those early experiments, such as the lightning of "esla and the motors of &eely, have been ignored both as science and as history!!!at least in #merica! Else%here, the %or' of "esla is revered and has been EamplifiedE by paid research! 0ith the creation of the (agnetic <esonance #mplifier, or (<#, perhaps history and science %ill have to ta'e a second loo'! "he theories behind the (<# are the same as those of "esla, &eely, <ussell, Iearden, &ing and others! "he application, ho%ever, in a closed-loop b4E device, ta'es a sharp turn a%ay from effect and into application! 7oo' at either a piece of uartH or a magnet, and you are loo'ing at trapped energy! "ap the uartH, and you %ill get a spar' as the electrical potential of the uartH instantaneously *umps! )pin a magnet relative to a coil of %ire, and electrical current flo%s in the %ire! 2o% do %e

extract the po%er of these materials %ithout the attendant physical energy re uired to either tap or spin themR (atter S energy! "o convert matter to energy, resonate the matter! "o achieve energy output %hich is above the energy applied at resonance, use three octaves, and there %ill be three harmonious notes in each octave, for a total of nine resonant fre uencies! "hese notes occur naturally %hen the base fre uency applied is three octaves above the magnet5s resonant fre uency, and e ual to the resonance of the uartH! ,n this %ay, the potential applied to the uartH EtapsE it, %ithout the need to use physical force! "he result is electrical output! ?onnect this output to a coil around a magnet, and the domains of the magnet, %hich comprise a tiny portion of its %eight, and %hich do all of the E%or'E in a generator, %ill be forced to spin! "his spin is called Evirtual rotationE, because it is the spin of energy %ithout the spin of the matter! 2o%ever, this is only one application! 2o% can %e be sure that the EruleE applies any%here else, much less universallyR 0e have to go very far bac' in history to find the ans%er to this uestion! ,t involves 4hi, the universal constant, and delves deeply into the construction of earth5s great tetrahedrons! 1est t%o tetrahedrons, and put them in an orb, and you have a miniature model of the earth5s magnetic field! 0here the EbasesE of the tet5s touch the orb, you have the latitudes %here all of the ancient pyramids %ere built! "he EtopE and EbottomE points are the north and south poles! "his sho%s the naturally occuring magnetic resonance of earth as an EorbE in rotation! ?onnect lines bet%een the points, and you have a map of the ley lines, %hich %ere mapped very accurately thousands of years ago! (odels of the earth as described above have been found in the ruins of every civiliHation %hich built pyramids! Earth is, as it must be, a model of the natural harmonic relationship %hich exists at every level, from the universe itself to the subatomic! "he relationships have been understood for a long, long time! "his 'no%ledge, and the use of the energy %hich it can be used to provide, %as believed to be the curriculum of Emystery schoolsE in Egypt and +reece! ,f you loo' at the lattice geometry of silicon or germanium, you %ill find tetrahedrons! ,n his famous EringE, 2ans 1ieper allo%ed the silicon of transistors to achieve self-resonance, %ith the result that the circuit became lo%er in %eight! "his implies that resonance may also be the 'ey to countering the effects of gravity, or rather, the effect called gravity, for gravity is an effect, not a force! +ravity is EsuspendedE %hen you cancel the spin of the energy %hich comprises matter by resonating the matter! Iy virtually rotating the lattices, the subatomic particle spin virtually stops, li'e a spinning ob*ect seen %ith a synchroniHed strobe light! Iecause gravity is a complex uadrupole effect, %hen you stop the spin, you lose the effect!

"he matter %hich comprises the uartH and the magnet of the (<# is comprised of cube lattices, each of %hich is a nested tetrahedron at 95 degrees relative to the polar axis of the molecules! "ogether in a circuit, there is a @0-degree phase separation, %hich allo%s the resonant energy to create the needed harmonics to fully resonate both materials! "his is the application of the rule of nines! ,t is a standard, the standard of the geometry of the universe$ it is the ruling la% of nature$ and it is the measuring tool for all electrical and mechanical interaction! ,f, as some have suggested, the ancient EsacredE 'no%ledge %as shared by extraterrestrials to permit the construction of the pyramids, and if, as %e have seen, resonance is the 'ey to anti-gravity as %ell as to free energy, then the tetrahedron has very far reaching implications!

Meeting T-e OneFWatt C-allenge

', 8al (o+ New 0%e &y New" / (:). 1@-21, 1ovember 1@@5 T-e Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier Te"t"= 0e have received copies of t%o official reports from independent laboratories that sho% po%er out ranging from 1!: to over 9 times the input po%er to a magnetic resonance amplifier! =ne of the important factors in this device appears to be the type of magnetic material used as the core of the transformer! "he transformer appears to be the most important component in this unusual energy-amplifying circuit!

7eel,net DD# Me""age"

(essage @850 (1231/3@9 0@./1) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# ,nput -or those %ho plan to build their o%n (<#, you %ill have to use sine %ave signal %ave input! ,5ve tried s uare %ave, and although the magnet %ill EsingE, the output >? po%er %ill be belo% unity! , believe this is because the circuit can5t EbreatheE evenly %ith s uare %ave input! (essage @8;5 (1231/3@9 1@.2/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# E"ech IulletinE ,f you build your o%n (<#, there are a fe% things that you should 'no% that aren5t in the file yet!!!they5re still being discovered! -irst of all, don5t %ear your uartH %atch %hile you %or' on the (<#, as the uartH %ill react %ith the circuit and run slo%!

)econdly, avoid using scopes for anything except occasional %aveform chec's, because there is so much flux in the air that it %ill build up on the scope and s'e% your display! "hirdly, use a hand-held as opposed to a panel meter if you can because the flux buildup on a panel meter chassis %ill destroy the front end transistors!!!, 'no%, as , did it! -ourth, the constant ringing %ill drive you nuts and give you a headache in short order! -ifth, if you ta'e the pieHo out of the circuit after it has been on for a %hile, as it cools, it %ill 'eep building up charges, and %ill bite you %hen you pic' it up! )ixth, if the pieHo screeches, shut the (<# do%n and %ait for a %hile before you start it up again! "he pieHos are bad tempered if you overdrive them, and %ill sul' for a %hile before they %or' right! "his ain5t your daddy5s oldsmobile!!! %e5re still learning to drive it so there may be more of these Efield bulletinsE! M Boel (essage @8;: (1231/3@9 20.00) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill. 4oint %ell ta'en! 0e %ill prove out the circuit and you %ill 'no% by the message traffic as to our progress! 0e all value your input and guidance therefore *ump in and help us out as %e sort this beast out! , have a very similar circuit to Boel5s and %e compare notes constantly! , %ound a coil on a barium ferrite magnet %ith my %indings running parallel to the EIloch %allE %here Boel5s coil has the %indings running perpendicular to the EIloch %allE! (y ,3= ratio so far as , can determine is around 12.1 %hich is some improvement but %e need testing! Iert 4ool *ust left to go and build a similar circuit so the more fol's that build, test and improve on the design the better! "han's again! M 1orm (essage @882 (123193@9 08.1;) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# ("ech Iulletin) )ince Boel and , have created a lot of interest in the (<# device %e %ill place everything on line so that no Estone is left unturnedE! 7ong ago , sa% a sci-fi movie of a suitcase siHe device that you could plug any siHe #? load into it and it %ould po%er it %ith no problem! , dreamed of building such a device by employing a bloc' of natural uartH %ith a mechanical oscillator attached to all faces ("esla oscillator) to force the uartH to yield free electrons! , envisioned the output (high voltage) to be stored in a capacitor ban' (1 'ilo *oule) them the output going into an inverter circuit and stepdo%n transformer to ta'e this pieHo generated voltage do%n to a useful #? voltage! 1o% Boel and , have combined this effect to the resonating of the lattice structure of

a magnet to sum the outputs of the pieHo effect and the ferro-resonant effect to give an over-unity total at the bridge rectifier! 7ast night Iert 4ool came over to gather up the needed supplies to build a prototype circuit to do independent evaluation! #fter , had run the circuit through the paces noting the outputs and thoroughly discussing %hat %e thought %as going on here , turned off the meters, scopes and the signal generator and finally %ent to bed! 0ell , %o'e up a 2.00#( %ith a headache, %ent to get the tylenol and %ent into the room %ith the test rig on the bench! , turned on the fre uency counter and found that the circuit %as running in free oscillation %ith no input! #lthough no po%er %as being produced the free running oscillations %ere filling my living space %ith a high fre ultrasonic s ueal that as Boel has %arned %ill give you a migraine headache in short order! "he free oscillation %as J>J>s around 99&2b %ith the fre counter ranging up and do%n (no loc' on)! , had to ta'e the circuit apart to stop the ultrasonic ringing! #s Boel has pointed out these titanium Hirconate transducers, once set into resonance %ill continue to ring for a long period! )ince there is possible some conditioning ta'ing place %ithin the crystalline structure of the material , believe that over a long conditioning period (burn in time) the %hole circuit can be ma'e sensitive to a combination of t%o fre uencies that are necessary! "he first fre involved is the input to drive the transducer %hich has to be / octaves do%n from the fundamental natural fre uency of the ferro-magnetic resonant fre uency! #lthough it has not been mentioned before in E#E public on this net, Boel and , %ere successful in isolating and identifying the fundamental -erromagnetic <esonant -re uency as being around 1;9!@ &2H! >oesn5t it sound ironic that this fre should fall so close to %hat the ?orums have determined that "esla designed his big coil out in ?olorado springs aroundR , have read several articles that speculated that the ferromagnetic fre or the earth natural magnetic field resonated around 180 &2H! 0ith this 1;9!@ fre in mind %e have applied the Boel (c?lain E<ule of 1inesE to the circuit %here %e run the transducer at a fre that is a multiple of the fundamental 1;9!@ ferro-resonant fre ! 2is circuit is running at a fifth and mine is running at a third! Example- , input a sine %ave signal at 2!28 6#? into the series resonant circuit at 5@0;0 2H and get a voltage developed across the transducer of 2:!09 6 and a voltage across the coil of 29!02 %ith an output voltage from the bridge rectifier of /0!2 6>?! ,f every thing is running in an ideal phase relationship (transducer oscillations and ferro-coil oscillations) then the beat fre %ill partially sum the t%o voltages since they are in a series circuit and set up a circulating current in the primary %hich %hen the primary %inding and the secondary %indings have the proper impedance matching %ill extract the maximum amount of energy from the circulating current in the transformer into a healthy output at the bridge %hich is far =6E<-C1,"G, high ,3= ratio! (y circuit is sho%ing a 1/.1 ratio at this time and , have not even approached a good impedance match in the %indings! # real sharp <- engineer could sort all the details out in short order! , don5t profess to be an <- engineer but have a good bac'ground in electronics! "his is the reason for Boel and , going E4CI7,? >=(#,1E %ith the circuit so that some highly s'illed fol's out there can ta'e this circuit and help develop it into something of practical use! 0e don5t %ant 4<=-," motivated people to EripE off the idea for self gain! 0e %ant any potential benefits of the circuit to remain free for the ta'ing! (ore notes as %e learn more! #s Boel says, E%e are li'e teenagers learning to drive dad5s =ldsE! # little help from interested fello% researchers is %elcome! M 1orm (essage @88/ (123193@9 0@.1@) -rom. 1orman 0ootan

"o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# ("ech Iulletin) ,n our discussion of the (<# circuit %e 'eep referring to the 'ey part of the circuit as being a transducer! 7et me clarify this a little for , 'no% there are a lot of fol's out there %ho %ill be running around loo'ing for that same device that %e have! -irst let5s settle the confusion about the type of material involved! Berry >ec'er and , bought some of these devices from "anner Electronics here in >allas and %ere told that they %ere I#<,C( ","#1#"E transducers made for the ultra-sonic heads in the ultra-sonic %elders used in the plastics industry! "here are numerous manufacturers of such %elding devices in %hich they stac' these devices (each rated at 50 0atts) to get the total po%er needed to %eld plastic by 'inetic contact heating! # physical description is. 2 inch outside diameter round %ith a 538th inch hole through the center %ith a thic'ness of /31:th inch %ith silver layered on each side %hich is convenient for soldering leads to the transducer! 0hen employing these units they have to be suspended to that they are free to resonate! >on5t lay them on a table or surface for this %ill dampen the free oscillations! 0e have not consulted an acoustical engineer to determine the best %ay to mount the units or attach the ,3= leads so as to provide the optimum free resonances! 0e have discussed the employment of tuned pipes of the proper %ave length ratios needed to enhance the free resonant or targeted resonance that %e desire! , have even thought of a mechanical type of tuning for' device that %ould give us the "esla described E?2,7> =1 "2E )0,1+E type drive that %ould give the maximum output %ith the least possible input (%attage ,3=)! # good micro%ave engineer %ould possibly come up %ith a tuned cavity resonator %hich %ould drive the transducer at the optimum phase to extract the energy needed to drive the ferro-resonant coil in the primary! "he magnet that Boel is using is from an ,I( hard drive and is as follo%s. J#J>JI ; inches long \ 2 inches \ 2 inches %ith the magnetic EIloch %allE across the thic'ness! -or those out there %ho may never heard the term EIloc' %allE it means the neutral plane in a magnet! "he magnetic orientation is across the thic'ness of the magnetic therefore cannot be described as a bar magnet %hich has it5s magnetic orientation along the long axis! Iy using a magnet %hich has the flux across the thic'ness and the %indings are %ound around the center of the long axis %e have a coil %hich is %ound %ith half of the %inding turn in a E1E field and the other half of the turn in a E)E field! (a'es no difference since the ob*ective here is to ring the magnet into a resonant fre and it seems to me that it is easier to ring (mechanically) %ith the ends of the long axis protruding from the coil! ,n other %ords the E1ode pointE is under the coil %ith the free ends oscillating! "here are several %ays to suspend a bar that is in free resonance! #ll you have to do is open your door chime and loo' at ho% the chime bar is mounted to extract the maximum acoustical energy from the hammer stri'e! "he same ob*ective applies here so there is a lot of %or' to be done to maximiHe this device! ,t is public so G=C can help sort it all out! Boel is using 150 turns in the primary and secondary of his ferro-magnetic transformer! Experimentation %ill provide the ideal ratios and impedance matching! +et %ith the program and provide free exchange of findings so all may benefit! M 1orm (essage @@/0 (1231:3@9 18.09) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. )tarting =ver

2i 1orm M ,5m brea'ing in another pieHo! ,t5s been on the sig gen for a fe% hours! , have 1!//6#? at /9!2&2H from the sig gen, measuring current in line! ?urrent starts at 9ma, then slo%ly drops for about three minutes until it gets do%n to *ust 1ma! )ince the 1!//6#? is <(), nput po%er to the (<# is 1!//m%! =utput is /!16>? across 9!;& from the decade box %hich calculates at 2!0m%! )ince the meter is rated at 200&2H, , 'no% that %e are %ell %ithin its range! +ain at this lo% level of signal is 150F! 0e %ill learn ho% to condition a pieHo from this, %hich %e can pass along as another tech note! ,t loo's li'e %e have to start at the lea'age threshold and %or' up in terms of po%er applied! ,t %ill ta'e a 7=" of tests to 'eep from conditioning parts until they are *ust barely marginal under useful load! =h %ell, nobody ever said it %ould be easy! "he noise from the magnet is amaHing, even at lo% po%er! M Boel (essage @@9@ (1231;3@9 0@./@) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M , have had my version of the (<# running for about 19 hours to condition the magnet and the driver pieHos so %hen , visit you %e can do some parallel testing on the t%o circuits for more verification of over-unity operation! #fter running all night the circuit is definitely in the (A) column so %e need to nail do%n the degree! , %ill bring out my scope "echtronic 80 (2b %ith a current probe so maybe %e can further brac'et that elusive input figure! Everyone agrees that %hen you are dealing %ith #? at 90&2b %ith harmonic buc'ing ta'ing place it is sometimes very difficult to pin do%n the real input %attage! "he Ee uivalent resistanceE test that you are doing is , guess the only %ay, except for some sophisticated e uipment that 2al and Bohn have do%n at the E,nstitute for #dvanced )tudiesE in #ustin! (ore later M 1orm (essage @@51 (1231;3@9 10.50) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# in ?onventional "heory "he (<# is a series resonant 7? circuit in %hich po%er gain is attainable as a result of the increase in effective impedance under certain operating conditions! 0hen the series impedance increases, primary current is reduced! 0hen the po%er available from the secondary coil either remains the same or increases as the primary circuit impedance increases, a po%er gain occurs! "his is not possible %ith a series resonant circuit made of conventional materials! Even unity po%er transfer is considered to be unattainable as a result of accumulated losses in the components, %hich are passive (reactive) devices! (aterials and construction methods are chosen for these components based upon the type of application and fre uency to be applied, %ith the goal of minimiHing losses! # typical capacitor %ith polyethylene dielectric has a dielectric constant of 2!/ times air! #ir has a constant of 1!0, and is the basis for comparison! "itanium dioxide, ho%ever, has a dielectric constant maximum of 1;0, and a corresponding po%er factor of only 0!000:, comparable %ith polyethylene, so that the

dissipation of primary current in the dielectric is extremely lo%! "his is %here the comparison ends, because the titanium composite EcapacitorE is also a pieHoelectric device as %ell as an excellent capacitor! 2eat adversely affects the po%er factor of most dielectric materials! "itanium Hirconate, ho%ever, contains polar molecules %hich rotate as thermal pressure is applied! "his rotation increases the dielectric constant if the fre uency applied is e ual to or lo%er than the resonant fre uency of the dielectric! #t series resonance, the rotation of polar molecules contributes to heat$ as the dielectric constant increases, a corresponding release of free electrons occurs, as a direct result of the pieHoelectric properties of the device! ,n application, the (<# is tuned at resonance for maximum po%er transfer, then detuned slightly for maximum po%er gain! "his relates directly to the use of thermal pressure at resonance, and the effect that this has on continued polar rotation and the release of donor electrons! "he coil, or primary of the (<# is a magnetic core %hich relative to the fixed capacitance of the pieHo, is a tuned permeability device! "his is often used in <- devices to attain a stable resonant fre uency! (agnetic materials are chosen based upon the operating characteristics of the intended application to reduce eddy currents in the operating range! ,n these applications, the resonant fre uency of the magnet itself is avoided, as this %ould EbeatE %ith the oscillating current! 2o%ever, in the (<#, this is the exact effect %hich %e %ant! "he barium ferrite magnet resonates audibly at fre uencies %hich are harmonics of the series resonant fre uency! "he effect of this in a typical audio application is called harmonic distortion, and is not desirable, but once again, in the (<#, this is %hat %e %ant to occur! "here is energy in the harmonics, and this energy serves to both counter eddy losses as %ell as to oppose primary current flo%, %hile contributing to circulating current %ithin the resonant circuit! "he net effect of this, is that %hen the (<# is detuned, harmonics of the audible fre uency EbeatE %ith primary current, opposing its flo%, %hile the increase in circulating current couples more po%er to the secondary, and therefore to the load! "his is ho% the po%er gain is attained, basically by considering the naturally occurring harmonics as beneficial instead of as undesirable effects to be filtered out! 0hen the (<# is detuned, the effective impedance increases as seen by the source, %hile the po%er available to the load decreases in less proportion! "his is measurable by using resistive e uivalent circuit testing! 2o%ever, the detuning is load dependent, and slight ad*ustments are re uired if the load re uirement is greater than the po%er band of a harmonic interaction! #fter retuning, the po%er to the %ill increase in uantum intervals as the circulating current is reinforced by the reaction of the permeable magnet core! "his %ill be seen as slight incremental voltage increases across the load device! =nce the magnet is EringingE, it5s fre uency and therefore harmonics remain stable, as long as the series resonant range is not exceeded! "herefore, the detuning affects the pieHo only, and the circulating current increase is a result of the phase relationship bet%een the harmonic and the

source! 6oltage amplification is seen across the primary, measurable higher than the source voltage, and this is EseenE by the secondary! "his is not the same thing as a po%er gain, because the po%er gain is a direct result of effective impedance! ,t should also be noted that the term Evirtual rotationE has been applied in describing the operation of the (<#! "he comparison is made %ith a generator, in %hich relative motion occurs bet%een a coil and magnet! <ather than use physical energy to rotate a mass, the (<# uses resonance to rotate the energy! "his is seen in the polar rotation of the pieHo dielectric as %ell as in the molecular energy occurring in the reactive component of the magnet, i!e!, the ringing! "he lattice structures of the pieHo and magnet are compatible for virtual rotation, and the materials complement each other electrically! ,n the past, researchers have noted many effects %hich occur at aggregate resonance, %hich typically includes a range of three octaves! #nomalous energy gains %ere referred to as EaethericE! "he aether %as believed to exist outside of the three physical dimensions, and could be EtappedE for free energy at resonance! #etheric energy is said to be limitless, but to vary locally %ith increases in earth magnetic fields at sunset and sunrise, li'e the tides of an infinite ocean! "his effect is not thoroughly understood, but has been observed in the (<#, as increases in output in the early morning, and decreases in the early evening! "his is still being studied! Experimentation %ill determine the optimum (<# design for a specific range of applications! (essage @@:9 (1231;3@9 19./1) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M Ges Boel and , both have "echtronic scopes and -lu'e 8; true <() meters to cross chec' all measurements and so far %e cannot find the Efla%E in the test procedure if there is one! "he only real test is Eindependent verificationE %hich %ill be done by 2al 4uthoff and Bohn do%n in #ustin! ,f you sa% Berry5s message to me, , %ill be sending 0alter <osenthal a complete running circuit for a second verification along %ith a complete set of all the message traffic and E"ech IulletinsE to date! Boel and , have done all %e can do as to verification due to not having some very advanced e uipment! "he next step is on the %or' bench in the form of a voltage regulator stage, an oscillator stage and a (=)-E" driver stage to drive the front end of the circuit so %e can run it Estand aloneE! M 1orm (essage @@:: (1231;3@9 15.95) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. mra pieHo sourceR "he 2L< catalog has 7E#> b,<?=1#"E ","#1#"E pieHos, 1!5E by 1310E, 50'hH! "hin' it5ll %or'R (essage @@:; (1231;3@9 18.1;) -rom. 1orman 0ootan

"o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M Ges, those transducers %ill %or' but they are physically smaller than the ones %e are using , figure %hen this circuit is verified that the next step %ill be to go to a natural uartH milled %afer of the natural fre %e desire to same as the crystals used in transmitters except a lot larger! ,f you have access to a "homas >irectory at %or', please loo' up Iranson %ho ma'es the ultrasonic %elders so %e can get a source manufacturer from them! (aybe someone on the ,nternet %ill 'no% the manufacturers of these transducers! "his circuit is a mindbender %hen you study its characteristics! -or example , started off this morning (after , let the circuit run all night to condition the magnet and pieHo crystal) %ith a total over-unity po%er gain of 1!:5.1 ratio! #fter playing %ith the circuit all day ta'ing measurements after each ad*ustment or change of operating parameters, arrived at a 150.1 ,3= ratio! 2ere are the figures. ,nput 15!/9 6#? a 59!@ &2b %ith !5; (a %hich is !0008;9 0atts %hich has to be ad*usted for po%er factor by multiplying by !;0;! "he output is. 1:!;5 6>? a ;8!8 (a into a pure resistive load! "his figures out to be greater than a 150.1 ,3= ratio! , guess you have figured out ho% excited everyone is over this E+adgetE! 1o% unless =2() la% has been nullified or there is some Espoo'E phenomenon that Boel and , cannot find then %e have the 1 %att challenge in the bag by a %ide margin! (ore as %e learn more! M 1orm (essage @@82 (123183@9 10.1/) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# ("ech Iulletin) , 'no% that there are uit a fe% fol's out there running around digging up parts to build a (<# device to do independent testing! 7et me share %ith you some findings that %ill assist all in this approach! -irst disregard the measurements that , gave Iill Ieaty yesterday in a message about po%er gain! , li'e Boel find myself bac' at Es uare oneE! ,t happens li'e this, %hen you have this circuit up on the Eragged edgeE %here the first harmonic seems to be phase EbeatingE or attenuating the input current and providing potential only to drive the first stage resonance in the transducer, you disconnect the load to do the only accurate total po%er consumption test %hich is Ee uivalent resistanceE measurements so %e can nail do%n the elusive po%er figure according to =2() 7#0! 0ell %hen you unload the circuit under the optimum operating conditions the transducers %ill immediately trip into a very po%erful mechanical oscillations around 2&2H and self destruct in short order and at the same time put out a violent voltage that can soar above 1000 6#? %hich in turn %ill literally %ipe out your driving amplifier and your fre uency counter! -ortunately the scope is better protected on the front end! )o %hat , am saying is that you begin all over conditioning a ne% set of driver transducers %hich even fresh out of the box %ill display over-unity output in the circuit! "he people over at the manufacturing firm that ma'es these transducers are EsmilingE and calling their stoc' bro'er to exercise some stoc' options in their product for , see a lot of you destroying a bunch of transducers in the process of testing and improving the circuit! 7et me share %ith you some ideas! 0hen , go bac' and read "=( IE#<>E1) %or's about potentialiHing a circuit %ithout the attendant circuit that is normally involved %e %ill have achieved the over-unity that %e are see'ing! #fter careful study of the (<# , can see ho% this device can be separated into t%o separate devices! -irst the pieHo

is a source of high fre potential %hich at / octaves above drive the ferro-resonant primary coil at the natural resonant fre of the magnetic material! 1o% , believe , have figured out the secret behind the )%iss (-7 ?onverter 'no%n as the "E)"#6,)"#",&# or "E)"#",&# for short! "his device %as developed in the group called (E"2E<1E"# by 4aul Iaumann and it has been seen by our friend )tephan (arinov! "his b4E tapping can be accomplished through potential being derived from any source such as the electrostatic charge developed in the 0imhurst type generator! "he secret is in the (#+1E",? <E)=1#1?E #(47,-,E<! &en )houlders and <!#! -ord demonstrated that %hat %e term as harmless energy (electrostatic charge) %hen stored in a large capacitor is real charge separation and can do some interesting things such as exploding %ater, %ire and other interesting research pro*ects! ,f %e ta'e advantage of the mechanical oscillations of the transducer and operate it at a level of mechanical resonance (in free oscillation) that %ill optimiHe the voltage output (lets say 900 volts) %hich in turn %e use to drive the ferro-resonant barium ferrite core coil then %e can extract some serious po%er from the coil providing that %e have done our home%or' and provided the optimum impedance matching and tuning of the circuit to maximiHe the final product! 0e are a long %ays from our final goal of having a unit that %e can flip a s%itch and the thing %ill run Estand aloneE! Boel and , have ta'en the first step by sharing %ith you our findings so let5s %or' this thing out together as a E*oint pro*ectE! 0e %ill share all findings in these "ech Iulletins so everyone is on the same sheet of music! 1o% for some Espoo'E type anomalies that occur around this circuit %hen it is running in the b4E tapping mode %hich is %here %e purposely de-tune the circuit up%ard in fre so that %e get the EbeatingE effect from the first harmonic! 0hen you see this on the scope it %ill appear as the sine %ave pattern of the input being bro'en into little line segments by an invisible or transparent oscillation at a much higher fre than the primary driving signal %hich in the case of my circuit is around 5:!8 &2H! Even %hen , have ?h 2 turned on %ith no signal (base line only) it also is bro'en into short line segments as if the electron beam is driven into cut off by this invisible signal! #ny <- engineers out there seen thisR 4lease explain same! , believe that all the phenomenon that is being observed by people such as )%eet, #spden, #dams, 7ambertson, )earl and "om Iearden are all connected by a common thread! 7et5s Eunravel itE! M 1orm (essage @@8/ (123183@9 11.0/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. 4ieHos are fragile 2i Berry M "he pieHos, for all of their 50 %att capability, are fragile, especially along the edges! , had mine soldered at the edges, and %hen it bumped into the magnet %hile in transport, it crac'ed! "he pieHo has to be free to vibrate!!! if you touch it %hile the (<# is running, you can %atch your output drop off, so it5s a uestion of finding a %ay to mount them ElooseE, yet protected! 2o%ever, %hoever accidently pic'ed up my stapled pac' of tech notes might let me 'no% so , can pic' them up!!! has all of the test data and correspondence %ith 2al, and %as on the corner of the table! "2#1&)TT M Boel (essage @@89 (123183@9 11.1/) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. (<#

2eyTT Berry, >on )mith is right all the %ay! 7et me explain --- he has basically the same circuit that %e (Boel and ,)! ,n his circuit he is using a "esla coil as the driver and trying to extract po%er in his secondary from the EfeebleE bac'ground earth magnetic field! ,f >on had been privy to %hat Boel and , 'no% (no% everyone) then he could have incorporated into his circuit a po%erful barium ferrite magnet %hich he could drive at its resonant fre and effectively do the same thing %e are doing! ,n fact the "esla coil instead of the transducer is a much better driving potential! ,t is inherently much more stable %ith much higher potentials being able to be achieved and the fact remains that the b4E tapping occurs in the domains of the magnet in E6irtual <otationE! "houghts Berry and BoelR M 1orm (essage @@85 (123183@9 11.55) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. "iger by the tail 2i 1orm M )orry to hear that you also ble% up your input amplifier! 0e5ve got a very po%erful tiger by a very short tail %ith the (<#! ,t5s purpose is to give po%er gain by buc'ing input current %hile using circulating current to drive the load, and this is done in a tuned, balanced state! #s %e5ve seen, unbalancing the (<# by removing the load can cause the Ebuc'ingE current to run open and blo% up 90 to 50 %att amplifiers!!!%ith no other po%er applied! Even the flux from it ble% up my panel mount >6(! 0ell, the good ne%s is that %e are over unity!!! the bad ne%s is that %e %ill have to cage the beast someho%! M Boel (essage 100// (1231@3@9 10.9:) -rom. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# 2i 1orm3Boel, et! al M Bust got a call from "om Iearden!!! 2e5s excited and even though , sent the (<# to him last %ee', he %ants it today!!!so , am faxing it!!!along %ith the (<#1 and the CB"=)? (0oody5s CB" oscillator file) because he can use all of it! #s to the fracturing, he says this is due to pumping the potential field and %ent into a long explanation that , don5t remember half of!!!!he says his paper on stepped charging of the capacitors %arns of this and they still haven5t figured out ho% to get around it!!! 2e says they have transients exceeding /000 volts and have smo'ed several test instruments on their end also!!! 2e says to be sure and %arn <osenthal of this before he trashes some of that very expensive stuff he %ill use!!! "om says because the anomalies in such circuits are so radically different from normal electromagnetics, to prevent or at the very least #""E(4" to minimiHe damage to their test devices and circuits!! "hey have adopted the approach of discrete charging only up to fixed levels!!! ,t is everyone5s desire to get the max po%er out, but not at the expense of blo%n e uipment, ruptured parts or circuits that burn out, so he thin's once the grad students and others start getting into it, they %ill %or' convergently (as everyone here does) to come up %ith the bottom line details of %hat %or's, %hat doesn5t and %hat %ill produce anomalous effects!!! )o, , have to get those faxes to him no%, again, he said he is )= 6E<G 47E#)E> that everyone is %or'ing so %ell together and that the information is being so freely shared!!! M Berry

(essage 10091 (1231@3@9 12.10) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iert 4ool )ub*ect. (<# at preamp signal input 2i Iert M #t the meeting, you %ere tal'ing about energiHing an (<# %ith lo% level signal input, so , gave it a try %ith a %ea' stereo preamp! "he input to the (<# %as 0!5:26#? and 1!1ma for :!2m% of input po%er! "he output po%er is only 2!2m%! #fter an hour, the input po%er po%er dropped off to 9!2m% as the circuit e uivalent resistance increased from 510 ohms to 1!0& ohms, and the output po%er stayed the same at 2!2m%, but this is still only half of unity! Even given more hours of test, , don5t thin' it %ill ma'e unity! ,t5s possible that the %ea' potential and resulting current are not enough to create the flux density and pieHo effect that %e need! M Boel (essage 10059 (1231@3@9 21.19) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# ------- 1!@0vac a /9!11&2H 2i 1orm, _ sig _-----------_ _ _ Csing this circuit in the (<# _ gen _ _ ,5ve been able to measure the ------- -------- primary current %ithout the _ ref # JK pieHo effects of the voltage multi_ -------- plication or the inductance of _ _ ref I %ire %ound resistors! __ _ c 8 ohm comp! 0ith the 8 ohm resistor %ired _ 3 resistor bet%een the pieHo and primary _ c and measuring from the return _ 3 side at ref # to ref I and to _ _ ref ? ref ?, and subtracting them, _ _ you have the voltage drop for _ 0 calculating series current! _ 0 primary _ 0 %inding , have 11!15vac at ref I and _ 0 11!10vac at ref ? for !050 _ _ drop, 38 S !00:25 amps, times ---------------- 1!@0vac for 11!@m%! =n the output (not sho%n) is 5!80vac across :00 ohm resistive load for current of @!;ma and po%er of 5:m%! +ain is 5:311!@ S 9!:: times unity! 4lease try this and let me 'no% %hat you get! M Boel

(essage 1005@ (123203@9 0;.55) -rom . 1orman 0ootan "o. Bames 2artmann )ub*ect. (<# 3 +ravity Bames M 0e have your spea'er levitation experiment on the net as a file! # couple of days ago someone mentioned the harmonic rich %ave form of the (<# as being the same as your output from the Edistortion ampE %hen you %ere getting the levitation effect %ith the correct fundamental fre applied! #ll goes bac' to &eely %ith the multiple fre discord causing anomolous gravity effects! )ure %ish you luc' in the pursuit of follo%-up info on the English report! 0ith the 1eiper <ing pro*ect %e %ill need as much info as possible to achieve full antigrav effects! M 1orm (essage 100;1 (123203@9 19.09) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. E-7ine "ests 2i 1orm M , li'e the idea of using the solid state amps to measure current differentials! ,5ve tried to measure the difference in #? current to the sig gen by measuring the voltage drop across a 2 ohm resistor in series %ith line to the sig gen! Even %ith a )ola, there is more line variation than the 0!0016#? difference in drop that %ould e ual the entire output po%er of the (<#! (!00132 \ 11@!26#? S :0m%)! )o, measuring input po%er in this %ay is out of the uestion! M Boel (essage 100@0 (123213@9 09.18) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. fractured traces =n your strange oscilloscope results. , see this often, %hen the chopping fre uency gets close to the fre uency being triggered upon! ,f you are seeing these segmented traces %hen the scope is in #7"E<1#"E triggering (or on a single channel scope) then it is real! Iut the chopper on a dual trace scope can easily create moving line segments of various 'inds %ithout anything %eird going on! (=h, , meant that , see it often at %or', %hen doing fre uency s%eeps on circuitry) ! (essage 100@9 (123213@9 0;./@) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# #nother interesting thing that %e verified tonight %as that the natural ferro-magnetic fre uency is approximately 1;9!@ &2H! "his is a shot in the dar' from my failing memory. , remember reading in my collection of one device that %or'ed at 19!; &2H! , don5t remember then name of it for sure, but it %as the one made %ith the large bas'et %eave coils (2endershot maybeR), you5ve probably seen the thing it is one of the common lead gen devices in this field!1;9!@ &2H 3 12 S 19!5;5 &2H! 195;5 3 1@99 S ;!9@ 2H puts it do%n around the )chuman range! # harmonic

interaction %ith the Earth fieldR "his could account for the time of day effects! >o you note significant changes at )un )et and )un <iseR (aybe this is significant, maybe it is notR (essage 100@: (123213@9 08.11) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iob 4addoc' )ub*ect. (<# Iob M Ges, as Boel has mentioned several times in the message base, %e do get variations in the output of the (<# at morning and evening testing! 2ighest output is early morning as the sun is coming up! , agree %ith your magnetic fre s for , have read many different theories each %ith a different fre associated! Boel and , feel that %e have it narro%ed do%n through better evidence than previous researchers! 0e %ill soon 'no% for sure %ith a fe% more test that %e have in mind! 0ill 'eep you posted! Ges, 4lease send the E2arris ?atalogE, 1orman 0ootan, 4!=! Iox 19109@, >allas "\ ;5219! ,5ll see that Iert has access to it for he is the circuit E+uruE! 7oves to play on the soldering bench! , %ould li'e to get your comments on the 126>? po%ered audio amp test %e did %here the total current dra% %ent do%n from an idle dra% reading to a reading %ith the (<# in the circuit! >o you have reasonable explanation for this! Boel says that this little <adio )hac' )tereo booster 900 amp is Eclass ?E therefore can only go up on current dra% %hen a load is applied! ,f idle >? current dra% is /99 (a and goes do%n to 1@2 (a %hen the (<# is attached then %hat are %e seeing! )hould %e attach a thermocouple to the output transistors to see if they are ma'ing EiceER "hat is the only phenomenon that %e have not found that is usually associated %ith b4E type devices! -or those that are ne% to the b4E or E)pace 6acuum tappingE scene there have been numerous reports of over-unity type devices that usually have one or more of the follo%ing phenomenon associated %ith their operation! (1) =ver-unity output of energy of some sort %hether it be heat, electrical, mechanical or light! (2) 0eight loss, anti-gravity tendencies! (/) ?ooling in the immediate area or in the device itself! Boel and , %ould appreciate any and all comments! M 1orm (essage 100@@ (123213@9 11.99) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# #nomalies Eight days ago, the (<# %as invented! #lmost immediately, it began to exhibit over-unity characteristics! 2o%ever, there have also been a lot of E uir'yE effects!!!each ta'en separately might have been test e uipment error or technician error! 2o%ever, these effects are forming familiar patterns no%!!!familiar but not al%ays predictable! "he toll in dead and damaged test e uipment so far is one panel mount >6(, one fre uency counter, t%o audio amplifiers, and numerous :0%att light bulbs! )ometimes, %hen supplying the (<# from a 126>? po%ered audio amp, the battery current %ill decrease compared to the battery current to the amp %ith no load at all, and at the same time, amp output voltage %ill increase!!!ta'en together, this indicates that the (<# is feeding energy bac' into the amp! 7ater, %ith no changes to the circuit, the (<# %ill behave li'e a normal load, and cause a small increase in battery current %ith a small decrease in amp output voltage!

"he voltage and current %aveforms loo' li'e dotted lines, %here each dot and space segment is e ual to 1;5&2H, %hich 1orm and , believe is the free running resonant fre uency of ferrmagnetism! 0e have never seen this before, and for that matter, neither has anyone else that %e5ve tal'ed to about it! Even %ith nothing on ?hannel I of the 5scope, the display %ill exhibit the dotted line effect %henever the (<# is running and connected to ?hannel #! #nything and everything in the field of the (<# is affected! )hould the (<#5s output load become accidentally disconnected %hile the (<# is at resonance, an instantaneous and very po%erful destructive surge %ill occur! , "2,1& that the (<#, by resonating a magnet at mass aggregate fre uency, is magnetically Elin'ingE %ith everything in its field, and behaving li'e an Eenergy pumpE! 0e see this %hen %e %al' up to it and the output from the (<# goes up, even though the (<# is hoo'ed up to a resistive load %hich is causing it to provide current! "his also changes based upon the time of day relative to sunrise and set! "o test anything, you first must isolate it!!! Iy virtue of the design of the (<#, it cannot be isolated! ,t intrinsically lin's itself to everything %ith a coil or magnetic field, even to a uartH %rist%atch if it is in the same room! #s such, %e get varying po%er gains, and the variations seem more to be a uestion of %hich test e uipment is on the table at the time of the test! 4lease bear in mind that this is a brand ne% circuit!!!as far as that goes, it5s a %hole ne% technology! =nce the magnet has been resonated, and then disconnected from the rest of the circuit, it %ill continue to provide up to 256#? at :02H using a human EantennaE to capture ambient energy in the room! 7ast night, 1orm and , %ere measuring over-unity gains of 2\-/\, but %e don5t really 'no% for sure if %e %ere EpumpingE the energy electromagnetically out of the test e uipment, house %iring, earth5s magnetic field, the ether, or some combination of the above! 0e need some independent testing by individuals %ith a%areness of the anomalies mentioned in this message! "here is obviously a lot of po%er Ein fluxE %hich collapses into the (<# if the load is removed, so there %ill probably be more e uipment lost! "here is also a %hole area of gravitic anomalies to investigate, because the pieHo %ill %eigh measurably less %hen it is in the (<# circuit, and regain the %eight %hen it is disconnected! "he original (<# is being sent out for engineering revie%, from %hich %e hope to learn more, but the more voices that are heard from, the better our chances of finding out %hat is really happening! M Boel (essage 1010/ (123213@9 12.2@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. #ddendum to (<# #nomalies ,f the (<#5s gain is caused by EpumpingE energy from the test e uipment, house %iring and earth5s magnetic field due to electromagnetic lin'age, %ould that be the same as E%ireless electricityER "esla used the same fre uency %hich is affecting our oscilloscope trace! )ince the

(<# is sensitive to sunset3sunrise, is it then going to exhibit higher gains at ley lines and grid intersectionsR 0ith more po%er applied, %ill the (<# achieve Hero gravityR 0hy do %e only see the E--E?" of 1;5&2H on the scope, and not the %aveformR ,s it scalar energy being translated by the scopeR ,f the (<# is lin'ing %ith earth5s magnetic field, ho% can %e isolate test e uipment, or for that matter, anything else on earth from itR )end all ans%ers and any light bulbs you can spare to Boel L 1orm! (essage 10109 (123213@9 19.11) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# Iert %ants more info on the EindestructibleE transistors you mentioned! ?all up #pex (icrotechnology and as' them for a data boo'. 800-59:-#4E\! "hey ma'e driver ,?3=4 amps that %ill run on A3- :006>? (12006>? total s%ing) at !5#, and other po%er parts! "hey also have some parts that are speced to 15,00063u) >v3>t! >v3>t maybe %hat is burning up things rather than the absolute voltage! )ome parts might be able to handle 1,0006>? but =17G if rises slo% enough, to fast a rise and you5ve got toasted parts! ?hec' out the app notes in the bac' of the boo' on such things! "he bad ne%s are these things cost dI,+d buc's (X/0-X500), but can still be a bargain %hen you considered the system e uivalents that they replace! -irst this bad ne%s the follo%ing part does 1=" appear in the 1@@9 data boo' (bad sign). -rom the Cnitrode 1@@0 data boo'. E"he Cnitrode C?1@53C?/@5 family of devices are ultra reliable, fast, monolithic po%er transistors %ith complete overload protection! "he devices act as high gain po%er transistor and have on chip, current limiting, po%er limiting, and thermal overload protection, ma'ing them virtually impossible to destroyE! >oesn5t loo' li'e that %ill help much since %e can5t get them! ,5m still trac'ing do%n the 1!)! part, they sold off their transistor division! #nd , have the indestructible audio amp data sheets on order! #nother company in the po%er area is )upertex ,nc$ 908-;99-0100! ,5ll 'eep loo'ing for EindestructibleE parts!!!! (essage 10112 (123213@9 18./0) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M "he (<# is as %e spea' on a -E>-E\ flight to ?alifornia going to 0alter <osenthal for the independent testing! (aybe you could %rite up some input and set up guidelines for 0alter so as to assist his testing effort! #fter all this is your hand built version! ,f you %ould, run a fe% test runs on my EmonsterE (<# and %e %ill send it to 2al do%n in #ustin or %e could simply *ust %ind another exactly your original so they both %ould be testing identical units! 0hat do you thin'R M 1orm 4). ,5( %aiting for an explanation as to %hy the overall current dra% %ent do%n on my (<# %hen %e tried the 126>? amp test! "he 50(a rise %as on your version! <emember %e bro'e off the test %hen %e got EnegativeE numbers! E,nfinity +ainE M 1orm

(essage 1011/ (123213@9 1@.2/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. >aniel 2ill )ub*ect. (<) (<# 2i >aniel M ,f %e need <() po%er for comparison %ith, for example, changes in the input po%er, yes %e use the constant multiplier of 0!;0;, %hich is in the file info that %e provided! 0hether this is the exact phase angle for this circuit, %ithout vector analysis, %e don5t 'no%! "he reason %hy %e can5t be sure is that %e are vectoring harmonics for the express purpose of altering the effective impedance of the circuit! "his is 1=" %hat they teach at >e6ry, but it is ho% it %or's! 2o%ever, the %orld accepts the cosine of theta at 0!;0; as the normal #? circuit po%er factor multiplier, so %e use it! "o the extent that the calculated output po%er performs the correct amount of %or', such as driving a motor, it is as close as %e can determine to be accurate! M Boel (essage 1011: (123213@9 22.08) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M +remlins are bac' at %or'! , started to ta'e the po%er amp bac' to <adio )hac' today but decided to do a test on it first! +lad , did for it healed itself! <emember %hat , said about my circuit shutting do%n and %ould do nothingR 0ell , thin' this (<# builds a field up around it and blan's out some e uipment! "he amp is =& no% and operating *ust fine! "onight , %as running a ne% (<# li'e your original and suddenly it shut do%n and , could not get any output from the secondary no matter ho% much , increased the input to the pieHo! "he only %ay , solved the problem %as to s%ap sides on the circuit, in other %ords s%ap the output leads over to the input and vice versa then it too' off running again! +lad this is a 1.1 turn ratio %inding! "his a really %eird device that %ill ta'e some getting use to! M 1orm (essage 101/1 (123223@9 19.2:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. "est of the EmonsterE (<# 2i 1orm M "ested the EmonsterE (<# %ith t%o magnets, large coils and four pieHos! -irst tested it %ith lo% po%er from the sig gen only, then %ith the amplifier! )ince the pieHos %ere in parallel, , tested both parallel and series connections! #lso tested *ust the transformer, %ith no pieHos! "he transformer alone is *ust under unity (half of one percent difference in po%er) at 199!5&2H! 0ith all of the pieHos in the circuit, the po%er out ratio dropped off! -ound that the best gain %as %ith only one pieHo, %hich added 1!2F over unity %ith the sig gen alone, and 11!8F %ith the amplifier! , used a regulated 126>? 10# po%er supply to po%er the amplifier, so that there %ould be no chance of current dropping off as load %as added, and found that the additional drain to the supply %ith the (<# connected %as 90ma! ,t too' 180 ohms of e uivalent load on the output of the amp to produce the same 90ma increase, so the (<# Eloo's

li'eE 180 ohms to the output of the amp! "hat is the effective impedance of the (<#, %hich %e can use to determine current and po%er into the (<#! 0ith @!;/6#? output from the amp at 180 ohms, and 18!86#? from the (<# at :00 ohms, %e have /;2m% <() into the (<# and 91:m% <() out, %hich is 1!12 times unity! , thin' that the reason %hy the gain isn5t higher is that the difference bet%een max po%er out of the (<# and max po%er gain of the (<# is too %ide of a spread in fre uency! 0e used 85F as a Erule of thumbE %ith the first (<#, but this one re uires ;0F change, %hich puts us on the edges of the resonant range, and %e lose much of the po%er of the harmonics! ,5m not sure %hether this is a result of using t%o magnets or more %ire or a combination of the t%o, but the best po%er gains seem to occur %here the fre spread bet%een max po%er and max gain is less! 0e5ll have to experiment %ith number of turns on a single magnet to find the Es%eet spotE!!! no pun intended! M Boel (essage 101/2 (123223@9 15./1) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty #ns%ering as many uestions as possible in one message! Iob - Gour guru is right! "he current drop %as seen on a >6(, and is li'ely caused by a meter error as a result of the surge at po%er-on! #lso, a drop in input voltage %ould naturally cause a corresponding drop in input current, so %e are using a ten amp regulated supply to avoid that pitfall! "he current increases by 90ma after the initial surge, as measured on an analog meter! (ichael - "he aggregate resonant fre uency is bet%een /9&2H and /5&2H, although %e found the resonant fre uency of the magnet to be around 8&2H to 11&2H! "he 1;9!@&2H is %hat %e believe to be the resonant fre uency of ferromagnetism, based upon "esla5s experiments and some of our o%n! 0e don5t see this in the circuit on an oscilloscope, but %e see %ave chopping at this rate! Iill - "he signals %hich %e are inputting and extracting are all sinusoidal! 0e5re using battery po%er as much as possible, although the sig gen is #? po%ered, and %e5ve had to use a 126>? supply to avoid battery drops during measurements! ,5m not sure %hat the retrace or refresh rates are for this scope, but it should be higher than 1;5&2H on a 80(2H scope, , %ould guess! Ges, , 'no% ho% the Eobserver effectE is interpreted in mainstream science, except for the fol's %ho %or' at particle accelerators %ho have both seen and documented it! "here is an Einterconnectedness of all thingsE, but once it5s measurable, mainstream science *umps all over it! +od bless them, every one! )ince the Eoriginal recipeE (<# has been sent out for engineering analysis, %e5ll have to %ait until its return before %e can use it for more tests! M Boel

(essage 101/9 (123223@9 1;.10) -rom. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<) #ddendum to (<# #nomalies 2i Iill M "hat5s some real food for thought that has applications %ith a gravity %ave detector circuit!!!!it too could be driven over an area and the field mapped to produce a topology!!!"o%nsend Iro%n did this bac' in the 905s , thin' on a 1avy submarine!!! Bames 2artman sent me a copy of the boo' %ith the details!!!nothing spectacular but it definitely sho%ed gravitic anomalies, %ay before the 5mascons5 discovered on the lunar surface!!! excellent idea IillT M Berry (essage 101/8 (123223@9 1;.9@) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. ?apacitor ?harging in (<# -ield Berry M , have been thin'ing about the thread that you and , had going bac' in the summer about ho% capacitors could be charged by dropping them or spinning them! 0ell, Boel and , are going to do some cap charging test via the (<# fields! ,f %e are getting this anomalous energy fields that %ill sho% up to 2;6#? on a meter %ith everything turned off it is possible to use the device as a passive tuned energy collector! )ort of li'e "esla5s ?osmic <ay ?onverter in %hich he charged capacitors and drove simple motor devices! 0orth a fe% hours of test setup! M 1orm (essage 10191 (123223@9 21.0@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. (<) #ddendum to (<# #nomalies 2i Berry M "han' you!!! , didn5t pic' up on the implications, so glad you did! Gou 'no%, the first g-%ave detector that , built %ent nuts %hen that last big earth ua'e hit Bapan! ,t %as the electrolytic capacitor %ith a ;9; and a small pieHo spea'er! (aybe the (<# could be monitored by someone in ?# next to a seismograph to see if it can correlate tectonic activity %ith gravity fluctuations!!!maybe even help give some %arning in advance! ,t %ould be %orth it *ust for that alone! ,ncreases in solar %ind as a result of solar flares might also be detected in time to shift po%er lines to avoid po%er failures! #ctually, if the (<# is made directional, it could detect any large energy shift from any source, because they are all reflected on the earth grid at near light speed! 2ere in "exas, %e could EseeE tornadoes forming! (ight *ust be the early %arning system for all natural (and unnatural) occasions! (essage 101;2 (1232/3@9 20.51) -rom. Boel (c?lain

"o. #ll )ub*ect. "he /00 turn secondary and :00 bulbs "here %as an error in message D 10198!!!the (<# tested today %as made by 1orm for test, and has a t%o to one step up ratio, i!e!, 150 turns on the primary, /00 turns on the secondary! -rom %hat , can measure, this is superior to the original one-to-one ratio of the first (<#, %hich , %ound to test theory! (a'es sense though, because as the magnet inhales energy, the more secondary you have, the more energy %ill be collected for the load! #lso, have noticed that %hen light bulbs (ordinary :00 bulbs) blo%, they do so %ith great vigor and a brighter than normal flash! "he filament is exploded off of its posts, and flies around the inside of the bulb %ith enough force to leave striations on the glass! ,n the past, , have associated this %ith an accumulation of virtual particles on the neutral lines of the house (from other experiments)! "his accumulation causes the lines to superconduct %hen a light s%itch is turned on, because the neutral is no longer neutral but at an elevated virtual potential! "he effect is the same! M Boel (essage 101;5 (1232/3@9 22.08) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M )ince you have been such a valuable asset to us in getting out the %ord to the ,nternet and ?ompuserve , am going to send to you an EoriginalE pieHo and magnet of the type that %e are using in our (<# devices! #s you have seen by Boel5s message prior to this one he has run test on one of my 2.1 ratio (<# units! , have built : (<#5s to date and all have displayed overunity to differing degrees! , have been playing %ith different configurations of magnets and %inding ratios %hile Boel is doing the Ehard coreE testing! 2ec' most of my e uipment is out at his house! Bust 'idding fro %e have duplicate of all test e uipment and so does Iert 4ool in our group! "his %ay %e all three can build independent of one another and compare results! Boel is sending the 2.1 ratio (<# that , built to 2arold 4uthoff do%n in #ustin for additional testing %hile 0alter <osenthal is testing the original (<# out in ?alifornia! , %ill get your care pac'age off to you "uesday along %ith a document that , %ant you to post to ,nternet! M 1orm (essage 101;: (1232/3@9 2/.5:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty 2i Iill M , don5t thin' that all combinations of pieHo and magnet types %ill %or'! "he evolution in the original design %as first, the resonating of a magnet, and determining the resonant range of the magnet, and second, adding a pieHo %hich %ould resonate three octaves above the magnet! "he magnets %hich %e are using %ill EsingE a pure tone at *ust over 8&2H, and double that is 1:&2H, and double that is /2&2H! "he fre s that %e are applying to our (<#s is be%een /9 and /5&2H! "his is also *ust belo% the pea' resonant range of the pieHos %hich %e are using, and %hich %ere originally designed for ultrasonic %elding!

"he lattice structure of the pieHo and magnet should also be compatible in order to get the harmonics!!! cube lattices, %hich are nested tetrahedrons! -irst %ind a primary and secondary around your magnet, and apply a variable fre uency to the primary %hile %atching the secondary on a scope or high fre meter! 0here the secondary output pea's, you have the resonant fre for the magnet! Cse that to find a pieHo %hich has a resonant range three octaves higher! "he easiest thing %ould be for you to use the same parts that %e are using!!!they have already been found to be harmonious! ,f you %ant to experiment %ith %hat you have available, that5s fine too, and may yield more and better results, or at least useful data on %hich combinations don5t %or' until you find one that does! Gou %ill have to 'eep your mass aggregate fre %ell belo% 100&2H, or you %ill be above the alpha cutoff fre of audio xistors and diodes!!!you %on5t be able to get >? out, in other %ords! 7et us 'no% %hat you %ant to do! M Boel (essage 10188 (123293@9 11.20) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# as a EsolarE device 2i Iill M #s 4aul 2arvey %ould say, no% here5s the Erest of the storyE on the (<# as an energy pump! "he energy source is the earth magnetic field, %hich gets its po%er from the combination of rotation and solar %ind from the sun, so the (<# is technically a solar po%er device! #s the (<# E%arms upE, it is extending its vortex up%ard and Elin'ingE %ith layered fields of the atmosphere! #t each lin' point, you %ill see the (<# output increase by a specific uantum interval! "he (<# is attracting the electromagnetic energies, and funneling them bac' to the magnet, through the coils, %hich couple a portion of the energy to the load! =ther conductors %hich are in the path of the vortex also collect energy, specifically the neutral %ires! Gou can reduuce the output of the (<# by detuning it, and %ithin a fe% hours, the output %ill be bac' up as a result of the uantum lin'ed increases, and regardless of the energy applied to drive the (<#5s oscillations! I"0, the (<# does have max output %hen the coils are aligned %ith magnetic north and south!!!and drops off %hen the coils are aligned to%ard east and %est! Gou are going to have a 7=" of fun %ith thisT M Boel (essage 101@1 (123293@9 12.18) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# has a 5magic s uare5 2i 1orm M , "2,1& that %e have a 5magic s uare5 relationship %ith the magnet, because %hen it %as resonated in the 5monster5 test, it %as almost at unity (%ith no pieHo) at 199!5&2H! ,f %e divide 199!5 by 1;!5, %e get 8!25&2H, and three octaves up is the mass aggregate fre uency of

the (<#! 0hy divide by 1;!5R Iecause it is the &hH multiple of 1;5&2H, the ferroresonant fre uency! #nother piece of the puHHle is no% in place! M Boel (essage 101@2 (123293@9 12./9) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel. , built a second 2.1 ratio (<# and began testing this morning after conditioning the magnet and pieHo through the night! 0ell here are the numbers that by the %ay have all been verified via scope measurements in addition to meter readings. ,nput$ a /9/:9 2b, 1!/85 6#? a !0001:;# for an output of 9!8@6>? into 10,000 =2( load a !0009//# on %hich , have applied no 4- correction on the input %hich according to my calculations yields a @!18.1 po%er gain! ?hec' the figures and comments are %elcome! "here seems to be a big debate going on in various minds as to the application of the !;0; 4- correction %hen %e are not sure of the exact nature of this circuit, i!e!, do %e have a capacitive leading current circuit or is it an inductive, current lagging circuitR "he %ay , understand 4- correction is that you have to 'no% the degree of lead3lag relationship bet%een the voltage trace and the current trace! #m , correct or not in this statementR M 1orm (essage 101@9 (123293@9 19.50) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. "he <ule of 1ines!!!revisited 2i 1orm M ?onnect t%o (<#s together, %ith the output of the second connected across the primary of the first! +et them in resonance, and then turn off the sig gen! "hey %ill become selfresonant exactly three octaves above the fre that you %ere applying (<ule of 1ines again), and the output po%er %ill go up 200-/00F! "hen turn the sig gen bac' on, and see ho% long it ta'es to get the circuit bac' Eunder controlE of the sig gen! Iecause %e are resonating each (<# at the third octave of the magnet, that means that %e are at the first octave of a greater aggregate, %hich occurs as the free running fre uency! "hree octaves above //!;5&2H is 1/5&2H, the free running fre , %hich is e ual to the ferromagnetic 1;5&2H minus the magnet res fre and the pieHo res fre ! +iven enough drive, this bird %ill fly! M Boel (essage 10200 (123253@9 1/./0) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. ?reactive Effect "he purpose of this message is to introduce a ne% term to describe the type of components %hich are used in tuned resonant devices! ,n the past, EactiveE has been used to describe s%itching parts, such as vacuum tubes and transistors! E4assiveE is used to describe components such as carbon resistors, and EreactiveE to describe coils and capacitors, %hich react to changes in

fre uency by altering their impedance to the flo% of current! #ll of these devices consume po%er in application! 1one of these apply very %ell to components that consume po%er but %hich also use resonance to tap the ether for e ual or greater po%er than that %hich they consume! "herefore, to fill the void in usable vocabulary, , suggest the term EcreactiveE! "he term implies that something is created, %hich is 1=" the case!!!energy cannot be created!!!ho%ever, the E--E?" of actively resonating material for the "<#1)7#",1+ of energies gives the appearance of creating energy! "he components are not creactive unless and until they are in the process of creating the effect! "his should not be too confusing, as the same relationship exists %ith other components! # coil, for example, has no impedance!!!only resistance!!!to >? current! ,t is passive to >?, and reactive to #?! ,f anyone has a better terms to suggest, or sees any technical problem %ith EcreactiveE, please let me 'no%! "han'sT (essage 1020@ (1232:3@9 10.0;) -rom. Bames Bohnson "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. ?hopped )ine 0ave 1orm, last month , %as plotting sine %aves using (athcad trying to determine %hat &eely %as doing %ith his destructive use of harmonics! ,t appeared to me that he %as subtracting out the /rd, @th, 2;th, 81st, 29/rd L etc! harmonics from the 1st harmonic! "he :th harmonic may have been added to create a shrin'ing effect on a molecule ho%everR 2e 'ept saying that large impulses %ere being created %hen he %as pluc'ing his strings! "he fre uencies that %ere creating these impulses seemed to be in the terahertH range %hich he deduced from his vibrating hydrogen bubbles and the refracted and reflected light %aves! #ny%ay, %hile plotting numerous combinations of harmonics a pattern started to emerge that ble% my mind! "here appeared to be the formation of a normal lo% fre uency sine %ave that %as being chopped into regular occurring parts! "hese parts %ere created %hen large spi'es of higher fre uencies %ith fast rise times %ould shoot up and do%n from the ends of each part! #s each succeeding harmonic %as subtracted, the amplitude of the impulses became greater! , %as not able to go beyond the 29/rd harmonic because of (athcad5s limitations in plotting points! &eely %as dealing %ith very high fre uencies, even though each individual harmonic at these fre uencies %as not very po%erful by itself the combined harmonics , feel produce tremendous pulses that could rip apart most any substance! "here appeared also a pattern of smoothing the chopped sine %ave as the higher harmonics %ere being subtracted! Gou might be seeing these effects on your scope %hen testing the (<# circuit! "he dual trace feature on the scope could be also causing trouble as already suggested! ,f it is, thro% the dammed thing out and use a pendulum or a pair of divining rodsT =ne thing that 'eeps popping up in (rs! (oore5s boo' on &eely is that &eely seemed to be using segmented silver, gold and platinum %ires as %ell as some bar stoc' attached to his devices as band pass filters! "his appeared to allo% him to pass selected fre uencies to various parts of his apparatus in the proper se uence! "he idea that he produced all fre uencies at the same time does not seem to be true! "here appears to be a very definite se uence of fre uencies applied that created the re uired harmonics! "hose using sound boards in their computers should be a%are by no% that digital producing sine %aves are really chun'y %hen dealing %ith high fre uencies! "he

(athcad simulation that , use really brings this home %hen using less points! +reat numbers of points are needed to produce the finer details that are re uired to observe some of the above sine %ave chopping! (essage 10192 (123223@9 21.28) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# , %onder if your output rectifiers are a necessary part of the deviceR 2ave you tried running it %ith an #? output and using scope measurementsR (ight it still %or'R (essage 10199 (123223@9 22.00) -rom. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) ?apacitor ?harging in (<# -ield 2i 1orm M )ounds li'e a great experiment if there is truly a field present!!!it might even have time distortion effects as %ith the >e4alma claims!!! since the 1ieper and some of "o%nsend Iro%n5s experiments also seemed to 5dilate5 time!!!, never understood if it %as "<C7G a time dilation or simply an impeding effect on the mechanical cloc' mechanism and that might apply to digital also via electron flo% uenching!!!! perhaps Boel5s 1E=1>E" circuit, using the neon to detect scalar type changes might be useful to 5scan5 the area around the device %hile in operation!!!and that in turn leads to the gamma emission detector used by Boe 4arr in his rotating pyramid experiments %here the energy bubble 5gre%5 from the center of the &ing5s chamber!!! lots of permutations!!!! it %ould ma'e the most sense to stic' %ith the normal measurements first, then go to the spoo' field theories!!! a capacitor, being a stressed dielectric might be an ideal collector of such aether interferences!!!! , really li'e Iills idea of scanning ley lines and generating some 'ind of map!!! , %as *ust tal'ing %ith Eric >uchaine from ?anada and he mentioned that a geologist friend of his told him the ley lines of the planet are shifting from their position due to large crystal and other mining processes!!! 0e also discussed %hether these %ere a (#1 (#>E +<,> that %as being disrupted by a lac' of understanding or %hether it %as a natural grid based on the earths o%n geometry!!!! and %hat %ould be the effects once it reached a certain point of anomaly!!! Eric is a storehouse of interesting information and a practicing acupuncturist %ho runs his o%n II)!!!he is very %ith us in the same 'inds of studies %ith an emphasis on <eich5s =rgone!!! he is going to call <onnie (c0illiams about his radioactive element3orgone stimulation experiments!!! M Berry (essage 1019; (1232/3@9 01.1:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. 150 turn (<# test 2i 1orm M , tested the (<# %hich you made per the schematic %ith 150 turns on primary and secondary, on a single magnet! ,t chec's out at 9!:/ time unity! #lso, , have observed the analog

current meter reading lo%er %ith the (<# in the circuit than %hen it is out! 2ere5s the data. (<()) )econdary output S 19!/6#? a :00 ohms S 291m% for a net change in >? current to the amp of Hero ma! <esistive e uivalent on the output for Hero ma change is 1/00 ohms a @!;56#? output, so po%er S 52m% to the (<#! 291m% 3 52m% S 9!:/ gain! 0hen the fre %as ad*usted so that the output of the (<# %as 126#? a :00 ohms, the input current to the amp decreased by 10ma! ,t is not possible to calculate gain because this is an effective output impedance greater than infinity! )upply voltage to the amp %as 11!8@ volts >? from a ten amp regulated supply and did not vary at all! )omeho%, the (<# is increasing the impedance of the amp to the >? supply, possibly reducing the conduction of transistors! M Boel (essage 1019@ (1232/3@9 01.18) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. >iodes 2i Iill M 0e used a bridge rect! but that %as so %e could get useful %or' out of the (<#, i!e!, driving a motor, a fluorescent camping lantern, etc!, but for measurement purposes, #? <() is fine!!!it5s sinusoidal output! M Boel (essage 10150 (1232/3@9 01.90) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. internet (<# )ir M ,s there a Email address to get to one of the original people %ho are %or'ing this device! "here are a couple of concerns , feel that need to be addressed!!!!! 1! (<# should be 1(<# as %hat you maybe dealing %ith is 1uclear (agnetic <esonance #mplifier! #s you are flipping the (agnetic fields in the magnetic core you are producing Energy$ the uestion is at %hat cost! "he follo%ing simple and inexpensive procedures may ans%er a fe% uestions and raise many more! ! ,- possible introduce a lo% level radio active material close to you device! "he radium dial on a %atch or any ob*ect that glo%s in the dar' %hen exposed to sunlight or better yet a small amount of a radio active element!!! record radiation levels before and after a 29 hr exposure to device! ,n case of a glo% in the dar' element determine ho% long it %ill glo% before exposure to device and than after exposure to device! 1ext ta'e 2 e ual amounts of %ater!!!using one as a control expose the other to devicee 2ave %ater chec'ed by a chemist for changes!!!(extra elections or ions) or lac' of also see if %ater is being bro'en do%n by electrochemical reaction %ith device!!!! ! ,t is my belief your device may have some rather interesting effects at lo% po%er levels and

some very dangerous effects as siHe and po%er are increased!!! ,t is possible to upset the balance of matter only so far before things start to happene (aterials may start changing or in some cases start coming apart in unusual %ays!!!"his device may have applications in areas other than free energy %hich need to be explored and may hold even greater promise!!!?onsider the possibility of reducing or using spent nuclear material or %aste as a source of direct energy! Extracting the deadly radiation and turning it into electrical energy! "his may also apply to complex chemical chains %ith high atomic numbers! ! #s has been observed and noted by a number of people %ho have %ritten about there experience %ith this device on the internet!!!"hey feel that there is a field of influence around this ob*ect (flux fields, dra%s po%er from surrounding areas)! (essage 10151 (1232/3@9 01.92) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# testing 2ere5s a couple of suggestions off the internet. >o you have measurements on the load and the current-sampling resistor valuesR >amn shame if they %ere mismar'ed and never chec'ed! "he circuit may be altered by connecting meters to it and thro%ing off the resonance pea'! )o, connect everything once and ma'e simultaneous measurements! ! ,f you have not done so, you could put the current-sample resistor in series %ith the oscillator output terminal that5s grounded! "hen you can ground the scope to the same terminal, use one channel to loo' at the other end of the resistor, and the other to loo' at the oscillator voltage! # separate instrument %ould still be needed to loo' at output voltage! ! )o, any luc' %ith the duplicate versionsR (essage 1015/ (1232/3@9 01.98) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. internet arguments )o far it loo's li'e arguing on the internet ,) %orth%hile! #s soon as s'eptics hear that actual oscilloscopes are being used, and that the output really is >?, they start as'ing %here to get pieHosT #lso, the same people %ho are nasty on the public ne%sgroups come around later via private mail %anting more info on parts! ,nteresting!!! (essage 1015: (1232/3@9 08.5:) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<#

Iill M 4lease relay to Bohn Iroc' on ,nternet the fact that since , am also experimenting %ith E?old -usionE and have been doing so since bac' in 1@8; (before 4ons L -leischman), that , have already seen the corelationship %ith the EtransmutationE that is occurring in the cold fusion cells that Bohn Ioc'ris do%n at #L( is most excited about! , have a (ills 1ic'el L 4otassium ?arbonate cell running that gets cooler as it runs instead of emitting heat as normal! ,f the cell is absorbing energy in an endothermic reaction then the only conclusion is that some sort of Etransmutation is ta'ing place! ,t is my intent to couple the (<# effect to the Ecold -usionE effect to determine exactly %hat you are implying about Esub atomic activityE that %e cannot at this time understand much less detect! "here is so much to be learned here that it exactly %hy Boel and , elected to go E,nternet 4ublic >omainE so that researchers all over the %orld could apply %hat %e have only Es'immed the surfaceE on! "he implications are more far reaching that any one person can conceive of! M 1orm (essage 101:0 (1232/3@9 11.1:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. =2() versus (2=) 7ast night , left a message for 1orm describing a decrease in current to an amplifier as having theoretical greater than infinity impedance for purposes of calculating po%er gain! "hat has been bugging me ever since, so , %ent bac' to the dra%ing board! ,n (<# theory, the phase relationship of harmonics is used to reduce the current flo% from the input source! "his results in a nonlinear po%er in _ po%er out relationship, or ratio! "his is mentioned in the file (<#1!#)? here on &eely1et! "his is actually done by tuning the input fre uency to the (<# for maximum #? output on its output terminals, then >Etuning the (<# for the most favorable po%er gain! >etuning causes po%erful harmonics to oppose the flo% of input current, %hile continuing to contribute to the circulating current in the primary coil! "his alters the E--E?",6E impedance, and gives the (<# its gain! )o far, so good! Iut %hat do %e ma'e of it %hen this effective impedance causes the input po%er of the amp to declineR "he lo%est level of input, in theory, is in EstandbyE mode, %ith no load attached, so that in measurement terms, the amp EseesE a resistor of infinite ohms on its output! Cp until no%, the signal input from the signal generator to the amp has not been given serious consideration because of its extremely lo% po%er, 0!1m% at the input of the amp! 2o%ever, this signal biases the transistors in the amp! #s the (<#5s output po%er increases, the signal at the output of the sig gen also increases, indicating that the amp5s input impedance increases directly %ith its input and output po%er! >etuning the (<# causes an exact reversal of this process! ,t %as found that at /!/6#? a :00 ohms output from the (<#, the transistors are at only 55F conduction! )o, it is not the po%er from the signal source that >,<E?"7G affects output po%er, but the 42#)E of the input relative to the reflected phase of the harmonics from the (<# that cause the reduction in input current to the amp!

, 'no% that this is hard to visualiHe %ithout the e uipment sitting in front of you, but for those %ho %ill eventually build an (<#, this information may be useful! 1o%, ho% do %e calculate gain %hen the input current to the amp decreases under the EloadE of the (<#R 0e have to see the (<# as producing (2=), the opposite of =2() (yes, (2=) exist in theory!!! ,5m not ma'ing this up)! >ue to the effects of interphase relationships, the load ((<#) crosses the line from being a load to being a source, and the extent to %hich it reduces amp po%er is gain ,-- a corresponding output gain is seen or if the (<# output stays the same %hile input po%er decreases! "he (2=) from the (<#, by forcing the transistors to conduct belo% standby levels, are using po%er %hich is Eborro%edE from the secondary circuit! "he po%er at the secondary is not EfreeE *ust because the input po%er to the amp is less than standby! "he output po%er of the (<# also drops, so there is no gain at this point! "he reduced conduction belo% standby crosses a threshold %here the harmonic content Ecuts off its o%n noseE by reducing input po%er belo% the level %here harmonics are beneficial, i!e!, to the point %here circulating current in the primary is reduced to a level %hich causes unity or less gain! Iad (hos, bad!!!no dessert for youT Gour comments are %elcome! M Boel (essage 101:2 (1232/3@9 12.5/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<) internet (<# 2i Iill M Ges, the (<# dra%s po%er from outside of itself! "hat is because the core is a magnet, and a magnet is in a constant state of collapse %hich is %hy it tries to Epull inE materials %ith similar lattice structures!!! to fill the energy void %hich %as created %hen it %as first magnetiHed! "he (<# allo%s the magnet to attempt to restore its matter3energy balance, or to demagnetiHe itself!!!slo%ly! 0e are resonating the magnet and it responds by collapsing energy into itself, via the coils %hich pic' up this EsurplusE energy and deliver it to a load! "he total energy dra%n before the magnet is no longer a magnet %ill be less than the energy EstoredE in its imbalance! ,f there %as a EradioactiveE reaction, it %ould have been immediate and very large in the original magnetiHation process, yet magnetiHing is considered to be safe! , thin' that the (<# %ould hurt you if you dropped it on your foot, but ,5ll let that assumption ride %ithout empirical evidence! M Boel (essage 101:9 (1232/3@9 15./0) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# Energy 4ump "est 2i 1orm M ,5ve stated here and in the (<# files that the (<# is an energy absorber, %hich %e have seen evidenced, but %hich , can no% prove! )et up your (<# in 85F mode, and let it

E%arm upE! "hen, reset the secondary output to half of the maximum output voltage by further detuning the input fre uency! 4ut an aluminum foil shield over it (,5m using an old pyramid made of 'ite stic's and foil)! "he output %ill go do%n as the shield 'eeps energy from getting to the (<#! <emove the shield, and the output goes right bac' up! Iecause aluminum is non-ferrous, the gain of the (<# can only be affected by the flo% of energies external to the device! M Boel (essage 101:5 (1232/3@9 1;.5:) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. #nother (<# ,5ve put together an (<# circuit using a 9E spea'er magnet and a 1!5E pieHo slug! 1o o3u effects apparent yet! "here is so voltage multiplication %hen it5s run at the pieHo resonance fre , but the throughput is only 50F at that point! ,t5s %orse at other fre uencies! , find no electrical resonance of the magnet3coil, the only resonance is of the pieHo! "he pieHo resonates at 55 &hH alone, 98 &hH %hen in the circuit! , %onder if something in particular is re uired to ma'e this circuit go o3u! (aybe locationR , hope the device still %or's %hen it5s sent else%here for verificationT ! #ll the %aveforms ,5ve seen so far have almost no harmonics! (y numbers come from 6pp readings off a scope, not from any >6(s! ,5m a%aiting some ceramic slab magnets from 2L<, so , may still find out more! , %onder if the (<# re uires its magnet to be free to acoustically resonateR ,f the coil is %ound so as to dampen the vibration and sound, and if things li'e electrical tape are used improperly, the magnet %on5t vibrate! 0ill this mess things upR (essage 101;2 (1232/3@9 20.51) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. "he /00 turn secondary and :00 bulbs "here %as an error in message D 10198!!!the (<# tested today %as made by 1orm for test, and has a t%o to one step up ratio, i!e!, 150 turns on the primary, /00 turns on the secondary! -rom %hat , can measure, this is superior to the original one-to-one ratio of the first (<#, %hich , %ound to test theory! (a'es sense though, because as the magnet inhales energy, the more secondary you have, the more energy %ill be collected for the load! #lso, have noticed that %hen light bulbs (ordinary :00 bulbs) blo%, they do so %ith great vigor and a brighter than normal flash! "he filament is exploded off of its posts, and flies around the inside of the bulb %ith enough force to leave striations on the glass! ,n the past, , have associated this %ith an accumulation of virtual particles on the neutral lines of the house (from other experiments)! "his accumulation causes the lines to superconduct %hen a light s%itch is turned on, because the neutral is no longer neutral but at an elevated virtual potential! "he effect is the same! M Boel

(essage 1021/ (1232:3@9 1@.5:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. <etesting for (otor >rive 2i 1orm M 0ent Ebac' to basicsE today, since everything had been put a%ay (off the 'itchen table) for ?hristmas! <etested the 2.1 (<#, and ad*usted the input fre to give an even 906#? across :00 ohms, and the input from the amp %as 206#? to the (<# primary! >isconnected the (<# from the amp and connected the amp to the decade box, and found that the e uivalent resistance %as 9/0 ohms! )o!!! (<# output S 90 3 :00 S 0!0:;# \ 90 S 2!:; \ !;0; S 1!8@0 (<# input S 20 3 9/0 S 0!09;# \ 20 S 0!@/ \ !;0; S 0!::0 +ain S 2!8: times unity 2o%ever, %hen the 4ittman motor %as connected, the pieHo became more conductive, and the po%er gain dropped to unity or less, so , tried six other pieHos to find one that %ould handle the motor load %ithout brea'ing do%n!!!no luc'! "he first pieHo had a lot of miles on it from other tests before %e used it to run the motor, and these pieHos are fairly ne%, so it may ta'e a lot of conditioning before they can handle a motor, or maybe an oxide coating has to build up on the surfaces! ,f the load is too heavy, detuning has no effect! "he pieHo that %e sent to 0alt %asn5t Emotor testedE, so if he loads it very much, it %ill probably not ma'e unity! 2o%ever, under resistive loads such as today5s test, it is fine! M Boel (essage 10219 (1232:3@9 2/.0/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. Iac' in Iusiness!!! 2i 1orm M #fter trying six pieHos, the seventh %as good! ,t %ent through the resistive test better than the others, and on the >? motor, gave /\ gain, %ith 801m% in and 2!990 out! "he input is #? <(), and the output is >?! 1ot sure %hy the difference %ith this pieHo, but %ill try to find out %hat is different about it! M Boel (essage 10215 (1232;3@9 0;./2) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Bames Bohnson )ub*ect. (<# Bames M Excellent report on the Esine %ave choppingE! )ee you are verifying exactly %hat , have been saying all along about trying to replicate EBohn &eely5sE %or' %ith computer generated %ave forms! ,t %on5t %or' for you have to have the purest sine %ave that is obtainable to achieve the results %e are loo'ing for! "he (<# circuit is the same effect, you have to use sine %ave input to set up the dual resonance re uired in the pieHo and magnet at / octave separation or you

get E1= ?,+#<E! "han's for the report! , am still loo'ing for the E2ammond organE sine %ave generator before proceeding any further on the E%ater dissociationE! M 1orm (essage 1021: (1232;3@9 0;./8) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# (Iill Ieaty 6ersion) Boel M , set up Iill5s (<# yesterday before leaving for )an #ntone to visit my son and daughter! ,t burned in from 8.00#( till 1.00#( this morning so it is %ell seasoned no% for delivery to Iill! 0ill *ot do%n the parameters so he %on5t have any trouble booting it off for his test! ,t is a carbon copy of the 12.1 ,3= ratio for it has the 2.1 %inding ratio li'e the last one , delivered to you! M 1orm (essage 10218 (1232;3@9 0@.1@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. =xide coating and solder 2i 1orm M 1o% that the (<# has been conditioned %ith the ne% pieHo, the effective impedance of the circuit is slightly over 2500 ohms, and the po%er gain is 19!/, %ith the motor load! ,t came up %ithin a half hour of po%ering it up!!!output and input voltages both climbing until the >? out %as 15F less than max, %hile the voltage applied climbed until there %as no drop across the (<#! , used the decade box across the po%er in, and ad*usted it until the input voltage %as starting to drop, %hich %as at 2500 ohms! ,t is no% tuned and balanced at //!8/&2H! "he only difference %ith this pieHo that is visible is in the method of soldering the leads! , dripped a ball of solder on each side, and there is flux around its edges on the pieHo! , then tinned the leads and melted them into the solder balls! , thin' that this %or's because it doesn5t brea' through the oxide coating! <eminds me of Iearden5s concept, the Eold %ireE idea!!! only %or's if you don5t scrape through to the copper! M Boel (essage 10220 (1232;3@9 15.09) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. Cltimate "est 2i 1orm M , *ust did the EultimateE test of the (<#, proving that it is over unity even if you assume that the amplifier %hich feeds it is 100F efficient! , measured actual #? current to the amplifier, both %ith the (<# connected and disconnected! "he difference at 1206#? is 12ma! "his means that 12ma times 1206#? S 1!990 \ !;0; S 1!020 into the amplifier! "he (<# is, at the same time, supplying >? output po%er to a motor of 126>? at 190ma, for 1!:80!

)o, even if you assume that the amplifier is 100F efficient, %hich it definitely is not, the (<# is still :1F over unity! "his is a bottom line number to cut through the haHe of Epo%er factorE uestions, and end the discussion of %hether it is over unity, so %e can determine exactly 2=0 (C?2 it is over unity! , don5t thin' that anyone %ill suggest that the <adio )hac' amplifier is over unity, so the gain can only be coming from one place, and since it5s >? off the bridge, it is true po%er! M Boel (essage 10221 (1232;3@9 1;.2:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. #ddendum to Cltimate "est 2i 1orm M 0ent bac' as you suggested and chec'ed the input from the sig gen to the amp! "he output terminals of the sig gen have 1!2;6#? across them and measuring the drop %ith a series resistor, there is !001/0 from the sig gen! #ctually, you can remove the sig gen return line and the (<# %ill stay in oscillation %ith no current from the sig gen except a fe% microamps of lea'age current, as , found out as , %as connecting the series non-inductive resistor! -or all practical purposes, there is no po%er being added to the circuit from the sig gen! M Boel (essage 102/5 (123283@9 12.05) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. mra measurements "his guy Iob Be%ett on internet pointed out a measurement problem %hich , had not noticed! 6oltage measurements across a resistor ?#11=" be done as t%o measurements referenced to a third point if phase is variable! ,n some common resonant circuits, the voltage on either end of a resistor could be %ay out of phase %ith respect to common, yet the pea' and the rms voltages on the resistor ends %ould be identical! )o if you measure each end separately, you see the same voltage, and assume the current is Hero! Iut if you measure #?<=)) the resistor, you see a large (real) voltage, and discover the current is large! )o, measurements must be done %ith a floating meter across the resistor, or %ith a dualtrace scope in differential mode and the t%o probes placed across the resistor! =r you can al%ays move the position of the resistor in the circuit so that one end is the same as the common point of all the test e uipment, then measure from the common point to the 5high5 side %ith less chance of mista'es caused by phase! (essage 102/; (123283@9 1/.2/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# reduces #? line current 2i 1orm M , left the (<# on all night and ran the ,3= test again, comparing the #? po%er into the amp %ith the >? po%er out of the (<# under a motor load! "he audio amp no% dra%s /ma 7E)) line current from the 1206#? input %hen the (<# is on the output of the amplifier! "he motor is running along %ith 10!:6>? at 190ma of po%er from

the (<#! "he (<# is forcing the amp5s transistors out of conduction, %hich is seen by the line input as a lo%er load re uirement to the po%er supply of the amp, or basically as a higher resistance to input current! "his means that the (<# is producing (hos, %hich it could be using for its o%n circulating current, but instead is using to drive do%n current from the amp! , compared this %ith the Cniversal <esonance ?urve for series resonant circuits by first changing the input fre until the (<# %as out of resonance, then bringing it to full output, then reducing the gain by increasing the fre uency! "he (<#, out of resonance, causes a /ma increase in line current *ust by being connected to the amp! #s a series resonant circuit, the (<# has theoretical Hero impedance (limited to copper loss) at pea' resonance, %hich is its max po%er output point! >Etuning the (<# by increasing the fre uency should decrease the input current, %hich it does! 2o%ever, at the :5F point of relative resonance, %hich is %here it is no%, the resonance curve intersects %ith the phase angle of applied current from the amp! "his is the E'neeE of the input current phase angle rise! "he current should continue to rise, but is being forced do%n by the harmonic content of the (<# at resonance, as seen by the decrease in input current to the amplifier!!! not *ust belo% the non-resonant load of the (<#, but belo% noload! M Boel (essage 102/8 (123283@9 19.12) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<) mra measurements 2i Iill M 0e have tried both methods of measurement, and the problem %hich %e have is that there is very high voltage multiplication across both elements of the series resonant circuit! 0e are dealing %ith typical O5s of over 100, %hich is normal in a series resonant circuit, but %hich ma'e a voltage drop measurement meaningless! )o, %e measure the e uivalent load using a precision decade box, or as most recently %e measure the delta in input po%er to the audio amp, %hich %ill decrease under the output load of the (<# at :5F of the resonant pea'! 4hase isn5t *ust variable, it5s 180 degrees out relative to the individual components! 1o matter %here you put a resistor in the series resonant circuit, you %ill measure a drop %hich is the result of multiplied voltage! Iut you can5t fool a decade box! 0hen you remove the (<# and put the decade box in its place, and set the resistors to give the same delta in applied voltage, you 'no% E\#?"7G ho% much current is being dra%n! ,f you use a current probe, %hich %e have also done, you also see the multiplied voltage, because the pic'up of the probe is a coil! , %ould thin' that, based upon his uestion, Iob Be%ett is a%are of these considerations! 2is assumption that you %ill see a high voltage drop is correct, because you are measuring the difference in multiplied voltages!!! no% ,- you %ant to relate this to actual ,14C" voltage, divide this drop by the multiplication factor of the circuit, and you %ill have the voltage %hich you can use for current measurement, and %hich agrees exactly %ith the decade box!

Gou can prove this %ith any series resonant circuit, it doesn5t have to be the (<#! M Boel (essage 10292 (123283@9 15.95) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M )ure sounds li'e you have been busy nailing this beast do%n! , built another 2.1 for Iill and %ill visit later to discuss the other test! Everyone is as'ing the right uestions for %hich %e already have Eplo%ed the groundE so have some ans%ers! Gou 'no% , EpinchE myself all the time and as' Eis this really happeningRE! 6erification is the ans%er to all the uestions! M 1orm (essage 1029/ (123283@9 18.15) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. >rop current and decade current 2i Iill M 2ere5s some numbers ta'en from actual measurement to help define the primary current dra%n by the (<#! 6oltage applied from amplifier S 2/!/86#? E uivalent resistance measurement S 500 ohms ?urrent S E divided by < S 0!09:8 amperes )eries drop across 2 ohm resistor S !/806#? 6oltage multiplication S 9 times input voltage in the series circuit (1ote. ?ombined voltages across pieHo and primary S four times the voltage applied by the amplifier! ,f %e5re going to apply the current derived by the drop to input voltage for po%er, then it must be the ratio of the input voltage, not the multiplied voltage!) 6oltage of !/806#? divided by 9 S !0@56#? ?urrent S !0@56#? divided by 2 ohms S !09;5 amperes 4o%er in either case is e ual to 2/!/86#? times 0!9; S 1!0@80 <() po%er S 1!0@80 times 0!;0; S 0!;;;0 (easured output from the (<# is 18!96>? times 0!190 S 2!5;:0 4o%er gain S /!/2 times unity! , don5t 'no% %hat else to do, or %hat other test to perform at this point, so ,5ll stop here unless someone can suggest something! ,f reducing #? line current in the previous test %asn5t enough, then , guess nothing ever %ill be for the Eeternal s'epticsE on the ,-1et! M Boel (essage 1025/ (1232@3@9 0:.29) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<#

Iill M #fter successfully running the (<# on 12 >ec! Boel and , video taped the original prototype running on his table and driving t%o loads i!e!, light bulbs and >? motors at the same time so that no one could say that this %as <- as %e have seen %hen experimenters run small neon tubes! "he video of course has date time stamps on the footage! "his is normal and prudent procedures %hen establishing time and place of invention! , have had so many calls no% re uesting magnets and pieHo5s that , cannot possibly supply them! , spent about / hours on the phone yesterday tal'ing to people across this country re-(<#! "he biggest problem that , have encountered is the fact that all %ho have called have only the original (<#!#)? file and do not have the (<#1!#)? and the most important <C7E@!#)?! 0ithout the <ule@!#)? they do not have the theory that ma'es the (<# possible! ?opies of the (<#!#)? are being sent all over this country to friends and other researchers %ithout the <C7E@!#)?! #re you posting the (<# (public E#E) messages to ,nternet each day so that there is a constant up-date as to progressR M 1orm (essage 10259 (1232@3@9 0:./:) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# (4o%er "est) Boel M , have been putting a lot of thought into the high po%er test of the (<# device! )ince you have determined that the circuit is creating %hat %e call (hos and usually this phenomenon is associated %ith vacuum tubes in operation and going bac' to the %or' of "! 2enry (oray %ith his EvalveE then , am setting up this 250 %att tube po%er amp for the ultimate test! )ince transistors seem to not be able to ta'e the buc'ing effect of the Efirst harmonicE chec' in the input current into the circuit %e should use the vacuum tube for this final stage of signal in*ection into the (<# series resonant primary! "he EfinalsE tubes then are basically in the series circuit and %ill survive the punishment brought on by the EhammeringE effect of the first harmonic! "hese large output tubes %ill display more of your E(hosE effect than simple transistors! , still believe, (, 'eep dreaming about it) that the vacuum tube should play a part in the circuit as a EcohererE of the b4E into the circuit! ?ertainly %orth trying for %e are at the point %here %e need to push the pieHo5s at their design po%er ratings of 50 %atts at 150 6olts! "here %ill be some serious voltages developed in the series resonant primary for %e have already seen nearly 1000 6olts circulating %ith only 20 volts of primary input! # vacuum tube is the only animal that could survive the punishment in a high voltage circuit li'e this! Iob 4addoc'5s indestructible transistors %on5t cut it in this harsh environment! "houghts and ideas! M 1orm (essage 1025; (1232@3@9 10.22) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. "esting, 1-2-/ 2i Iill M Gou made a suggestion a %hile bac' about going into the amplifier output section and measuring current from an isolated point! "hat %as done this morning, measuring both voltage and current into and out of the isolation transformer! ,t %as easy, because the xfmr leads are %ire %rapped to pins on top of the pcb!

"he input to the isolation transformer is consuming 2!9 %atts, and the output is measuring 1!@ %atts, %hile the (<# is providing 2!/ %atts, %hich is less than the input to the isolation transformer, but more than the output! )ince the secondary of the isolation transformer is part of the Evoltage multipliedE primary of the (<#, its po%er at 1!@ %atts may be overstated!!! but regardless, the (<# output is above it by 2:F, and that is >?, after a bridge rectifier! (<# primary current %as decreasing %hile the secondary output %as increasing, but , too' a reading rather than %ait all day to see exactly %here it %ould go! ,ncreasing po%er to the (<# (%ent up to 206>? out on a 1@!16>? rated motor) increased the ratio to /0F! 0hat this is saying is that the gain of the (<# is high enough so that it doesn5t matter %hether you measure primary current direct in-line across multiplied voltage!!! it5s still over unity! 1o% , really don5t 'no% %hat to test next! )uggestionsR M Boel (essage 102:1 (1232@3@9 19./0) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# (4o%er "est) Boel M >o you thin' ,5m craHyR , had no intention to *ust turn the s%itch on a 250 0att amp driving the pieHo! 0hat , said is that %e need to substitute a vacuum tube amp in the circuit instead of the puny transistors %e are no% using so %e can proceed in the po%er test! , li'e you agree %ith caution on something %e are not really sure of the true nature of the beast! >on5t %orry, there is no intention of running very significant amounts of po%er at this time! M 1orm (essage 102:5 (1232@3@9 20./0) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# measurements 1orm and Boel M #bout the current-sensing resistor position, , mean you should try connecting it li'e this. coils3 magnet pieHo ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^_JK_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_ _ _ _ _ _JK_ _ _out _ _ _ _ ^^_^^^^ _ _ load 3 ? __ ? _ _ _ _ res! c ? __ ? _ 6rms _ _ =)? _ 3 ? __ ? _^^^^^^_ _ _ c ? __ ? 2!0ohm _ _ _ _^^^^^^_ _^^^^^^^^3c3c3c^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^_com _ _ _ _^^^^^^^_ __ _ ^^^^^^ _ _^^^^_ _^^_ _ 6rms _ _^^^^^^_

! Even if the %hole circuit is floating, the oscillator5s 5common5 terminal %ill act as a reference point, and the high voltages across the pieHo and magnet then should not mess up the input measurements! )imply multiply the t%o <() voltage readings, divide by 2!0 ohms, and you5ll 'no% the %orst case input po%er (as close as the <() meter can tell you, that is!) ,f you5ve already tried the above measurement, does it give overunity numbersR ,f it %on5t, then there may be something scre%y %ith the other measurements! , %ould trust the above setup! ,f a dualchannel scope is substituted for the <() meters (%ith the scope5s common lead going to the oscillator common terminal) you should be able to see the current and voltage %aveforms at the same time, so phase can be observed directly, ending lots of arguments! 0haddaya thin'R M Iill (essage 102:; (1232@3@9 2/.00) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. 0! <osenthal called!!! 2i 1orm M 0alter <osenthal says that the effect of %atches running slo% in the vicinity of b4E devices is %ell 'no%n, and says that "om Iearden can describe it better than anybody! , faxed 0alt the most recent message base test data! 0e also tal'ed about possibly using the (<# as an earth ua'e %arning device, so he may 'eep it after the tests to try it for that purpose! 2e also said that the method of attaching leads to the pieHo is very important, and that attaching them closer to the hole %ould be better because the effect is li'e putting your hand on a bell!!! you muffle the sound more as you get further to%ard the outer edges! M Boel (essage 102:@ (123/03@9 0@.98) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<) (<# measurements 2i Iill M "han' you for the diagram! ,5m going to tell you some things in this message %hich %ill ma'e no sense to you in terms of conventional electronics!!! but ,5ve put in close to @0 test hours %ith the (<# so far, and these are reproducible constants for the circuit! "om Iearden has been uoted as saying E!!! thin' bac'%ardsE %hen you are dealing %ith devices of this type, and in many %ays this is true! "he (<# primary is a "esla coil %hich is being fed by the matching xfmr secondary of the signal generator! #s %ith any "esla coil, there is voltage multiplication, and this appears across every element of the completed primary circuit, including the signal generator5s output xfmr secondary! Iecause of this, you %ill measure a voltage across the signal generator output secondary %hich is higher under load than it is at no-load! ,n a conventional xfmr, this is not possible! #fter you turn on the (<#, and for a period of hours after%ards, you %ill see the >? output climb in increments %hile the (<# primary current drops in increments and the signal generator output secondary voltage goes above no-load! "his is the opposite of a normal po%er supply!

,f you add a resistor any%here in the (<# primary circuit, the primary current %ill increase!!! also the opposite of a typical transformer, %here resistors are used to decrease current! 0hile the primary current is increasing, the output >? is dropping, also the opposite of %hat you %ould expect! "he (<# can be tuned to drive do%n #? line current belo% no-load, and still produce usable po%er! #s far as primary current, the only %ay that ,5ve been able to measure it is inline, %ith a meter that has a fre range of 200&2H, and even the tiny voltage drop of the inline meter %ill increase current and lo%er output >?! 6ery fe% of the Eold rulesE apply in a circuit %hich is adding po%er to the applied po%er at resonance! ,t5s li'e having an external po%er source in the middle of the circuit, and in fact, that is %hat you have! "he pieHo is adding free electrons and the magnet is acting li'e a generator, and the combination e uals unity plus! Gou %ill have to see this for yourself!!! , still do, every day in fact *ust to ma'e sure it5s real! ,t is! 2ave funT M Boel (essage 102;1 (123/03@9 1/.0:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. ?ool ?urrent 2i 1orm M "om Iearden and others have reported the effect of Ecold currentE in free energy devices, and so the uestion comes up regarding the (<#, E%here5s the cold currentRE ,5ve ta'en the (<#5s temperature at all inputs and outputs, and everything is 5-10 degrees %armer than ambient air, except for one place! "here is one place %here the temp is the same as ambient, and it is a path in the series circuit %hich should read %armer, li'e all of the other paths!!! so, there is some cooling, but not a lot of it under lo% level input and output! "hat location is the %ires connecting the pieHo to the primary, %hich should be as %arm as the other %ires in the series circuit, but these %ires stay at room temp! "hat is the location %here %e should see Eblue lightE on camera film! 1o% that "om has seen the schematic, if %e as' him %here %e should see it, , bet he5ll 'no%! M Boel (essage 102@; (123/13@9 10.98) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M Gour complete (<# is on the %ay and should be there by (onday! , do%nloaded the ,nternet traffic and sa% so much Enegative energyE being expended out there trying to discredit something that %e offered up in the E4ublic >omainE for other researchers to ta'e a serious loo' at! "he first counter statement that , %ill ma'e is that Boel and , agreed that %e %ill not sell or accept any re-imbursement of any 'ind for anything connected %ith the (<# device for the very reason sited in the message traffic! 1o , %ill not sell off my small stoc' of transducers! , %ill

give magnets and transducers only to serious researchers for the purpose of circuit =ver-unity output verification! 0e are not see'ing any profit from this device thus the reason for offering it as Epublic domainE! ,f those out there are so narro% minded that they %ill not analyHe the circuit for %hat it does, so be it! "hey are beyond help! "o those %ho uestion %hy %e have not Eself po%eredE the device, %e are %or'ing on the voltage regulator, oscillator and po%er driver circuit that %ill ma'e this possible! Everyone thin's this can be done overnight --- E%rongE --- things don5t happen that fast! =ur intent %as to get the fundamentals out for all to see and experiment %ith! "he most important document in the (<# pro*ect is the <C7E@!#)? file %hich explains the fundamental theory behind the (<# principle! , %ill be putting out a paper shortly explaining %hat is going on in the +riggs and 4er'ins 2ydrosonic 4ump for it is directly tied in to the (<# in principle of operation and b4E tapping effects! (ore on that later! #s to the critics out there saying that measurements of input po%er are defective! "his is %hat %e currently have at our disposal on our %or' benches bet%een Boel and myself! 2 ea! +eneral <adio 4recision >ecade <esistor Ioxes, / ea! "echtronic 9:5 >ual "race )copes, 2 ea! -lu'e 8; true <() meters, 1 ea! 4:092 ?urrent 4robe, 2 ea 4:021 ?urrent 4robes, 1 0avete' 1:9 )ig +en, 1 ea I& 4recision E/10I )ig +en, 1 ea! 24 200 ?> )ig +en, 1 24 5/8/ -re ?ounter, 2 ea )impson -re ?ounters, 1ea! 0avete' >( 2;\; meter L fre counter, and a %hole bunch of the old analog )impson and "ripplet meters that have been cast aside %ith the coming of the digital %orld! , realiHe that %e do not have the sophisticated e uipment that you %ould find in an industrial or university lab but it gives us a good idea as to %hat is fact or fiction! 0e have the circuit out being tested by those that do have the latest state-of-the-art e uipment so time %ill tell all! Ie patient is all , have to say for no%! ,n time the truth %ill be 'no%n to all! M 1orm (essage 10/01 (123/13@9 12.11) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) (<# reduces #? line current "his means that the (<# is producing (hos, %hich it could be using for its o%n circulating current, but instead is using to drive do%n current from the amp! , almost fell on the floor %hen , read Eproducing (hosE! 7ecture (ode =n. 1othing EproducesE (hos! (hos are no% called )iemens, and given the unit )! J4ersonally , li'ed the humor of (hos (=hms bac'%ards)K! (hos are the 5reciprocal5 (mathematical opposite) of =hms! < S 13+ or +S13< 0here < S <esistance in =hms + S ?onductance in )iemens ((hos) ?onductance and <esistance refer to the same thing but from opposite vie%points! 0hile <esistance is the <esistance to current flo%, ?onductance is the allo%ance of current flo%$ Hero conductance S infinite resistance! ,5m sure you5ve calculated the total resistance (<t) of a number of resistors in parallel using this formula. <t S 13( 13<1 A 13<2 A 13</ !!!! A 13<x)

0hat you are really doing is adding the resistors ?onductance values together as if the resisters %here in series! "hen converting the series ?onductance value bac' into the parallel resistance %ith the finial 13()! #lso in this inverted %orld live. )usceptance, I, the reciprocal of (13\) and, #dmittance, G, the reciprocal of impedance (13b)! 4eople at %or' tell me , have a %arped perspective, and tend to loo' at things bac'%ards J, loo' at it as turning a negative in to a positive or a 5feature5K! #lso %hile ,5m in this lecturing mode (, don5t li'e it) is this !;0; thing. ! ;0; has 1="2,1+, b,4, 1=5>#, to do %ith 4o%er -actor, as , explained in one of my previous messages to 1orm! !;0; has to do %ith converting d4C<Ed sine %aves in to the %or' e uivalent of >? (<())! Gou 'eep tal'ing about harmonics so , assume that you don5t have d4C<Ed sine %avesR , don5t li'e coming across as the heavy here all of the time, but if you %ant to be ta'en seriously by "he <est =f the 0orld then %e all need to be on the "heir program!!!! Even if "hey don5t get it!!! 7ecture (ode =ff! (essage 10/02 (123/13@9 12.1/) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) >rop current and decade current , don5t 'no% %hat else to do, or %hat other test to perform at this point, so ,5ll stop here unless someone can suggest something! # heat based po%er meter, or better yet a ?alorimeter! ,f reducing #? line current in the previous test %asn5t enough, then , guess nothing ever %ill be for the Eeternal s'epticsE on the ,-1et! >on5t %aste time3energy on the 5eternal s'eptics5 they5ll die off and a ne% breed %ill gro% up in their place that 5+et ,t5! (essage 10/0/ (123/13@9 12.15) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# (4o%er "est) )ince you have determined that the circuit is creating %hat %e call (hos and usually this phenomenon is associated %ith vaccuum tubes in operation! Gou are thin'ing of "ransconductance (gm Jsmall + %ith small subscript mK), also 'no%n as (utual ?onductance! "here are several people that ma'e "ransconductance ,?5s no% ((axim and 2arris for t%o$ good into the hundreds of megahertH)! ,n a given tube, if Eg varies by some amount the ,p %ill vary by a certain amount! "ubes having the ability of producing a relatively %ide ,p variation %ith a given Eg variation have high values of transconductance! +m S >,p 3 >Eg ()hould be small letters %ith a subscript) u S dEp 3 dEg gm S u3rp 0here gm S transconductanc in siemens (mhos) u S amplification factor rp S ac plate impedance "ransconductance (gm) also sho%s up in B-E"s$ its ability to vary the output current, ,d, %hen an input-voltage variation is applied (some times this is called for%ard transadmittance, yf or gf

(small y3small g subscript f)! gm S (>E7"# id3>E7"# 6gs) _ 6ds constant 1o magic in the math here!!! # vacuum tube is the only animal that could survive the punishment in a high voltage circuit li'e this! Iob 4addoc'5s indestructible transistors %on5t cut it in this harsh environment! Gou5re right a normal transistor %ould never survive this, but chec' out the ,+I"5s and (?"s in that 2arris boo'! 1200 volts is no problem! ,nternational <ectifier also has some (=)-E"s that get up in the 1000A range, and (otorola5s 2>"(=) are getting close! , li'e the "(=) ones myself! (a'e sure you use the ones %ith the &alvonic contact current sense to simplify your measurements and feedbac' control! #lso you have to %atch the dv3dt and di3dt not *ust the voltage! (essage 10/0; (123/13@9 19.1/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# ,3= <atios "est date. 12-/1-@9 "o measure apples against apples, ,5ve tested the (<# at both of the output levels %hich are important, (aximum 4o%er and (aximum +ain, using the resistive e uivalent load method! "he measurements %ere made to attain the same signal source voltage drop as %hen the (<# is in the circuit as %ell as to measure the current in series %ith the decade box at those voltage drops! "he applied voltage is 2/!;56#? from a signal source! #t (aximum 4o%er, this voltage dropped to 21!@6#?! #t (aximum gain, it dropped to 2/!256#?! #t (aximum 4o%er, the e uivalent resistance to obtain a signal voltage drop to 21!@6#? is 1:5 ohms, and the measured current is 1/2ma! #t (aximum +ain, the e uivalent resistance to obtain a signal voltage drop to 2/!256#? is 5@5 ohms, and the measured current is 90ma! ,nput po%er is calculated using the above measurements to be 2!090 <() at (aximum 4o%er, and :58m% <() at (aximum +ain! "he output po%er for this test %as in rectified and filtered >? voltage applied across a running motor %hich dre% 190ma of current! #t (aximum 4o%er, the output voltage % 18!/86>?, and po%er %as therefore 2!5;0! "his is a gain of !5/0, or 1!2: times unity! #t (aximum +ain, the output voltage %as 15!56>?, and po%er %as therefore 2!1;0! "his is a gain of 1!510, or /!/0 times unity! "he measurements %ere made in the linear output region of the signal source, %here variations in the resistive values, either higher or lo%er, %ould cause corresponding changes in applied voltage and series current! "he pattern of current increases and decreases is the same as is seen %hen EliveE measurements are ta'en in the (<# primary circuit! 2o%ever, the live

measurements in the circuit %hen it is reactive and therefore has multiplied voltages present do not conform to =hm5s 7a%, and are not considered to be reliable! #ny losses %hich occur as a result of rectifying and filtering the #? to >? are considered as a Ecost of doing businessE, because >? is useful for po%ering a load, and /9&2H is not! "herefore, these losses are not factored into the po%er gain measurement! M Boel (essage 10/08 (123/13@9 19.19) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. ?all L -ax from "om Iearden 2i 1orm M "om Iearden sent a fax (11 pages) explaining much of the effects of the (<# in terms of 0hitta'er %aves and ho% this is causing phase con*ugate pump %aves to Eslip inE hyper /-space (aetheric) energy! Iecause of the materials in the (<# and the use of three octaves of resonance, he says that the over unity effect is unavoidable! (any other circuits can be made using the same principles, but the difference %ith the (<# is that the energy is ?=1"<=77E> and producing %or'! , called him bac'!!! , still haven5t read all of the fax!!! and %e tal'ed for a %hile! , %ant him to have the (<# that ,5m using for test no% as his evaluation unit, and he %ill get it certified by ErecogniHedE members of the scientific community! 1ext time you come over, %e5ll pac' it up and send it to him! M Boel (essage 10/11 (123/13@9 19.2@) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) "esting, 1-2-/ "hat5s excellent ne%s on the (<# gain measurements! , am very unsure about this voltage multiplying effect as applied to any series resistors or components %ithin the oscillator! ,n a series-resonant circuit, the voltage across the coil and capacitor %ill build up hugely because of resonant energy storage, but this %ill not affect the voltage across the current-sampling resistor or across the driving oscillator, or across the current probe coil (unless the probe coil has a resonant fre uency the same as the (<#!) Iut then again, o3u physics could do all 'inds of unexpected things! ,t sure %ould be strange if o3u devices are common, but their effects ma'e measurement devices read incorrectly and underestimate actual energy Ecreation!E ! "he only true %ay to prove that the device %or's is to ma'e it function as a self-acting blac' box! ,f the o3u percentage is high enough, the po%er amp could be driven from the >? out of the (<#! =r, as someone on the 1et suggested, you could connect the (<# output to a 120vac inverter, and feed that bac' to normal 120v drive e uipment! Iig losses via inverter efficiency though! ,t definitely should be possible to build a custom amp3oscillator having very lo% supply re uirements, so that even a lo% o3u percentage could be made into a self-sustaining energy source! Cntil this is done, there is a chance that %e are all fooling ourselves! "he slo%ing %rist%atches and the self-oscillation 1orm observed are very good signs this is real!

(essage 10/1/ (123/13@9 15./;) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iob 4addoc' )ub*ect. Gour (essages 2i Iob M ,5ll try to ans%er all of your messages!!! very thoughtful stuff, and , appreciate the time you5ve put into them! (hos!!!hmmm!!!%ell, per the boo's, it %as the closest thing , could find to describe the effect!!! o', ,5ll call it by it5s proper name. Eenergy density and energy transport in bidirectional E( %ave flux to create massless displacement current via hidden channel (0hitta'er -ield) phase con*ugate pumpingE ?all me old fashioned, but , really prefer the humble (ho to describe the effect!!! , can %rap my brain around a (ho, but it5s still stretching #0-C77G hard to get around that other stuff!!!! "he sig gen is grounded, but its output is off of an isolation xfmr, and the amp is ungrounded!!! bt%, the fre uency of oscillation *umps up one octave to over ::&2H %hen you remove the signal return lead from the sig gen and let it run open! "han' you for clearing up the po%er factor Ecosine of thetaE stuff! ,t5s good confirmation, since %e are comparing the input po%er %ith output >? from a bridge rectifier!!! apples %ith apples! M Boel (essage 10/9/ (013023@5 08.90) -rom. Ien ?obb "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# =ther %aysR , came here from the ,net, even though Iill is doing a good *ob of putting the information up there, he doesn5t seem to be getting the messages (the serious, constructive ones) bac' to you guys, so , have to pay for the 7> call! 2ope Iill %ill hear this and change his %ays, any%ay Iill, , do en*oy your 000 page, 'eep up the good %or'! +uys, 4lease, 4lease!!! "ry ta'ing one of your prototypes and put a coil around the magnet to ma'e it EmoveE li'e the peiHo does! 0hat , mean is to hang the magnet someho% (%ith string, rubber bandsR) in the middle of a coil so that you can EmodulateE it %ith this coil! "his coil %ould 1=" ?=1"#?" the magnet, as your other ones do! "his may save you the problems of the 4eiHo feedbac' and such!!! please try it and let me 'no% %hat happens! , am serious, %hat %ould it hurtR 0hy %ouldn5t some other sort of stimulation at that fre uency %or'R "he idea is to move the magnet at that fre uency isn5t itR #lso, before you guys go for the Ebig po%erE driving this circuit, you better tie it to the bench!!! Bust a %arning because this has been done before, and it damaged some e uipment real bad!!!! (a big test)

(essage 10/9: (013023@5 11.50) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# "ech 1ote 2ere5s another tech! note %hich may be useful for experimenters %ho choose to build and test their o%n (<#! Iecause %e are resonating both the pieHo and the magnet physically, it is important that the (<# is not left in a very cold environment before use! , put one out in a cold garage (%ell belo% freeHing) for t%o days, and found that the magnet is slo% to %arm up, and as a result, the >? output voltage is under 80F of %here it %as %hen the (<# %as at room temperature! #lso, it %ill not detune properly %hen it is cold! ,n other %ords, it behaves li'e an ordinary series resonant circuit! #ctually, , thin' it5s more li'e the effect a cold car battery, %hich loses efficiency %hen it is cold! ,f your (<#, particularly the magnet, gets cold, let it %arm up overnight before you use it! "hese are big magnets, and it ta'es a long time for them to %arm up! Even %hen the surface temperature is %arm, the magnet is cold inside, and it ta'es time for it to transfer heat! M Boel (essage 10/98 (013023@5 1/.11) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Ien ?obb )ub*ect. (<# =ther 0ays Ien. than's for the input on suspending the magnet material inside a coil so that it is totally free to oscillate or resonate at %hat ever fre that Esha'es outE! 0e have had several &eely-1etters suggest the same thing but have not gotten around to that phase of testing! 0e have had a suggestion that there may be a ElightE interface also that %e have not investigated! "o sho% that you input is valued, , have *ust finished %inding a 9E diameter air core coil so %e can suspend the magnet inside of same so as to be free to resonate! 1o% the tric', Esome experimenting hereE is to find the best method of suspension! , 'eep thin'ing about the Echime bar in the ordinary door chimeE method of suspension! )upport at the Enode pointsE is the terminology therefore %e don5t interfere %ith the resonance or attenuate it! , %ill get bac' to you after %e have done some testing on this approach! , %ill deliver this set up to Boel so he can run it through its paces! , %ant to build one that is a full-blo%n "esla coil %ith a design fre of 1;9!@ &2b so %e can couple directly %ith the earth5s natural ferro-magnetic fre uency! "his approach 'eeps coming bac' to Ehaunt me for some reason so %hy not pursue it! (ore later! "han's again! M 1orm (essage 10/50 (013023@5 19./8) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill. 0e all get criticism from all directions %hen %e attempt to inform the %orld of ne% and exciting energy info! 0e value your part in this endeavor (,nternet interface and EEE researcher) and loo' for%ard to reading all feed bac' from the Ebig 1etE (?an you really tal' to +=> on the ,nternet R)! , 'no% that there is a lot of positive support out there for , have been receiving calls

from some very interesting Engineers %or'ing behind Ehigh securityE doors for some top defense and industrial contractors %ho are really pushing the state of the art in electronics research! #ll have said Econgratulations for sharing %hat you are learningE for this is the only %ay the %ord can get out of a very tight circle of research! "he ones out there shouting the EnegativesE are really eaten up %ith the idea of Efree energyE or a ne% form of energy but have not been able to envision the correct approach! &eep the %ords flo%ing (both %ays) so %e can feel the EpulseE of that other %orld called E#?#>E(,#E! M 1orm (essage 10/52 (0130/3@5 0:.98) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) (<# measurements "he pieHo is adding free electrons and the magnet is acting li'e a generator, and the combination e uals unity plus! "his reminds me of Boe 1e%man5s idea %here the mass of the %ire is converted to energy via E S ((?d?)! 2ave you ever put the (<# on a balance scale (# 2oo's 7a% scale might be upset via the operation of the (<#, see the %or' of +! 2odo%anec, the +ravity 0ave +uy)R ,s it losing mass at almost immeasurably small rate %hile operatingR (essage 10/59 (0130/3@5 0:.51) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) Gour (essages (hos!!!hmmm!!!%ell, per the boo's, it %as the closest thing , could find to describe the effect!!!o', ,5ll call it by it5s proper name. Eenergy density and energy transport in bidirectional E( %ave flux to create massless displacement current via hidden channel (0hitta'er -ield) phase con*ugate pumpingEe , thin' , get it no% (R)! Iy your use of the term (hos, , thin' you are implying 1egative <esistance (1egative po%er creation), %hich is entirely different than ?onductance (measured in the units (hos)! )ometimes my EeducationE gets in the %ay the (hos being a case in point! ?an %e come up %ith a term for 1egative <esistance, and 1egative 4o%er, and avoid the use of (hos so as not to confuse othersR #lso E>isplacement ?urrentE has a text boo' meaning and a E-ree EnergyE meaninge %hat do %e do thereR "unnel >iodes exhibit 1egative <esistance! 7ambda >iodes also do too! "unnel >iodes are expensive these days (X50A)! Iut you can ma'e a 7ambda >iode out of bac' to bac' 4 and 1 B-E"s, connect all li'e leads together (gate to gate, etc)! #lso the EIlac' 2ole #ntennaE %or' of )utton, %here he synthesiHes -73-<3-?! "he problem here is that none of these really have much to do %ith -ree Energy! )o %here does that leave usR ,5ve read 0hitta'ers papers, but the math in them is far beyond my abilities today! 0hat , got out of them %as that 0hitta'er sho%ed than any 2ertHen 0ave ("ransverse 6ector 0ave) could be bro'en do%n into its component )calar 0aves! 2o% does this relate to the (<#R ,5ve never uite E+ot ,tE %ith the phase con*ugate pumping stuff yet, time for more study! "he timeless (-t) reflection bac' to the source point al%ays seemed li'e a fun %ay to bap the bappers!!!! =' ,5ve %ent and dug up 4hysics "oday3#pril 1@81 E#pplications of optical phase con*ugationE by ?oncetto <! +uiliano J2as excellent references listed at the end for anyone that5s interestedK!

#m , correct in assuming that the (<# is acting as the pilot3reference path, and that #ether is acting as the con*ugator3sourceR )till feel ,5m missing a connection here, ,5ll go dig out Iearden5s boo's!!!! (essage 10/5@ (0130/3@5 0@.10) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# "ech 1ote - 0ire -rom the coils %hich 1orm and , have %ound so far, it appears that 22 gauge stranded %ire is the best choice! #lso, %e5ve experimented %ith different turns ratios, and a step do%n to the secondary of t%o to one, %ith /00 turns on the primary and 150 turns on the secondary gives good gain ratios, and detunes very %ell! 2o%ever, the transformer %as originally %ound as a step-up, so the primary is actually on the outside of the secondary, but %e don5t 'no% yet if this is the best %ay to do it! "ime and more experiments %ill tell! 0e do 'no% that solid %ire doesn5t %or'! ,t %ill li'ely ta'e a fe% months before %e have collected enough data to recommend an absolute best design! M Boel (essage 10/:1 (0130/3@5 10.0/) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# , *ust received parts from 2L<, so ,5ll be able to try building a version %ith these other parts using 1orm5s device as a guide! ,f it %or's, then %e5ll have (temporarily) a parts source to recommend! "he pieHos are less than 139E thic'! "he ceramic magnets are 1E thic' slabs %ith poles on the faces, but they have "0= poles on the faces rather than one big one! Get another change to try! (ultiple poles might ma'e the magnet vibrate harder %ith smaller input, but the poles3coils pattern has to be *ust right to do this! (essage 10/:/ (0130/3@5 10.05) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<#3)%eet coil -^^^ ^^)))^^3 c ) - -)- ^^^^^^^^^^^ - -)- 3 c _ ) ^^^------ ------^^^ ) _ _ ^^-- --^^ _ ____ _ _ (#+1E" _ _ ____ c 3 _ ^^^^^^^^^^^ _ c 3 _ ^^^------ 1 1 ------^^^ _

_^^-- 1 1 1 1 --^^_ ! ,f the magnet bloc' is magnetiHed as above, and vibrates in a bending mode as above, then it5s possible that the reports of )%eet5s EscalarE coil %indings are not scalar at all! ,f you %ant to ma'e a magnet vibrate transversly as sho%n, you should %ind t%o coils, one to%ards each end, then connect them so the field polarity from the coils is pushing each other, so you end up %ith a tripole 1-)-1 pattern! 0hen you po%er such a thing %ith #?, the center of the slab magnet %ill be pushed one %ay, the ends the other, and the magnet %ill vibrate transversely (microscopically) li'e a pluc'ed string! ! ^^^^nnnnnnn^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^nnnnnnn^^^^^ _ _______ 1 1 1 _______ _ _ _______ (#+1E" _______ _ _ _______ _______ _ _^^^^uuuuuuu^^^^^^)^^^^^)^^^^^)^^^^uuuuuuu^^^^^_ ____ _ ?oil_ _ ?oil_ _1__2_ _ _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_ _ __ __ oo ---------------------------------------(essage 10/:5 (0130/3@5 11.0/) -rom . Boel (c?lain "o. Iob 4addoc' )ub*ect. (o5 on (hos 2i Iob M 0hen the (<# %as designed, the intent %as to create and above unity device based upon earth itself!!! its magnetic fields and fre uencies! 0e5ve since seen that it is directionally sensitive to earth magnetic fields, and that it ErespondsE to sunrise and sunset! -or all practical purposes, the (<# at resonance is li'e a funnel %ith a vacuum device attached to the narro% end, collecting energy %hich becomes more condensed as it travels into the funnel, %here it is trapped in the %indings of the transformer by the collapsing magnetic fields! "his then represents an excess potential, %hich %e see %hen the signal input voltage is higher under load of the (<# than it is under no-load conditions! 0e also see this %hen %e can reduce the entire #? po%er to the signal source belo% no-load, %hile at the same time producing usable po%er from the (<#! #ccording to scalar theory, the excess potential is a uantum voltage potential %hich reacts according to 'no%n non-linear optical (17=) la%s of physics! Iecause the ?oulomb gauge transverse potential (?"4) exists in all of space-time (also standard physics), small amounts of excess potential occur naturally in all semiconductors! "his interferes %ith applied E( potential,

and causes EnoiseE, %hich is normally filtered out! "hus, semiconductors are natural scalar interferometers %hich translate lo% level amounts of excess potential! 0hen t%o or more semiconductors are connected, directly or indirectly in a conductive path, a hyperspatial lin' is formed and the translated excess potential %ill bounce bac' and forth bet%een them %ithin this lin', %hich can produce laser beams! =r, the energy may reach the level sufficient to destroy one or more devices, or to destroy the semiconductors in the test e uipment attached to the circuit! "his is fully documented in the 7a%andy experiment at Iro%n Cniversity and described in the (arch /1, 1@@9 issue of 1ature (agaHine! # Eping pongE effect occurs %ith semiconductors %hich have Eself-targetedE each other, creating spurious bursts of normal E( energy! ?redit for all of the above information to "om Iearden, %ho 'indly provided it after years of study and research! 1o% %e have t%o EtheoriesE to describe one effect (li'ely there %ill be many more) so %e have to find one that %or's, in terms of being consistent and reproducible! ,t is, , believe, both! "he EearthE theory is the EouterE or normal E( description, since %e are dealing %ith E( to drive a motor load! "he Iearden theory is the EinnerE description, and provides mathematical exactness to the process! 0e used the EouterE theory to find the lattice structures, resonant octave ranges and 7? relationship of the (<#! "hat still leaves us %ith the unseen mechanism by %hich excess potential is realiHed in the circuit! "hat is %here Iearden5s Einner channelE theory fills the void in understanding %ith clarity and precision! ,t is really neither (hos nor negative resistance as , understand it, but the translation of lo%-level ?"4 energies into usable E(! "he aspect of the (<# %hich is uni ue is that it traps this potential and puts it to %or' driving a load instead of building up and creating a 17= laser effect! , believe that the energies, as soon as they are translated into E(, are EcaughtE by the magnet and pulled into the resonant circuit, %here they are measured as excess potential! , hope that this message ends up on the ,-1et, as it %ill provide the references %ithin conventional, accepted physics that can be studied in order to visualiHe the functioning of the (<#! M Boel (essage 10/:; (0130/3@5 19.92) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# "ech 1otes 2i 1orm M , %ound (looser than normal) another (<# using D22 stranded %ire, the %ire %ith the purple insulation! ,t also has a step-do%n ratio, but %ith more turns that the first (<#! ,t is only 1!1/ \ unity at max po%er, but detunes to 12!;5 \ unity under a motor load! "his is much better than either of the ones sent to 0alter or to "om! "his (<# %ill push the input voltage up to over 1!56#? over no-load, %hile still po%ering the motor, %hich means that it has more excess potential than either of the others, and this sho%s up in the 2@00 ohms of effective impedance at the max gain setting! #lso, since some pieHos %or' %ell and others don5t, ,5m trying to locate the variable %hich determines this! ,n measuring the capacitance of the good pieHo in the current (<#, it sho%s definite variance in capacitance %hen you reverse the leads from the meter! ,t measures 5nf in

one direction, and /nf %hen the meter leads are reversed! ?omparing this %ith other pieHos in the Ere*ectE pile, most have lo%er capacitance and little if any difference %hen the leads are reversed! , thin' that this is related to the poling of the pieHos!!! possibly it is lost on some in the process of soldering them! M Boel (essage 10/;1 (0130/3@5 1;.11) -rom . 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill. 0hen you get the (<# , sent to you, chec' the %indings for solid %ire! ,f , %ound yours %ith solid %ire *ust strip it off and re%ind %ith fine stranded 22 +a! %ith the same D of turns or you could experiment! M 1orm (essage 10/;8 (013093@5 00./8) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# IlunderRRR , *ust noticed a big =ooopsT in the (<# files! "he -lu'e 8; "rue <() meter specs in the -lu'e catalog are listed as 20&2H max! , don5t 'no% if this means the tolerance is only good to that point, or %hether that is the half-po%er point! , don5t have the complete spec! "his implies that the meter is not good to 200&2H as %as said earlier, and its possible that all the readings ta'en %ith it are %rong! 0hat say youR 2ave you tried crude calibrations of this meter versus a scope, %hen both read the output of a good oscillator that5s fairly constant %ith fre uencyR ?ould you do a cross-chec' to find out %here the meter readings get <E#77G badR (essage 10/89 (013093@5 0;.91) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. +erald =5>ocharty )ub*ect. (y (<# +erald M 0ell, E"race (ountainE is going to get a care pac'age, for %e can5t have "esla experimenting %ith inferior parts! 2aT 2aT Bust 'idding, %ill send you the ErealE thing to experiment %ith! 0e have been using filters on the >? bridge, mine is bigger than Boel5s cap for , have been useing 1:000 C- a :06 %hile Boel is using something smaller! "he only problem %ith a big cap is you have to be a little more patient %ith changing values and ad*ustments for it ta'es a little time for the cap to bleed of or build up %ith variations in the output but it is EpureE >?! #ll the measurements are cross chec'ed by scope and the >? out from a filtered bridge is flat line >?! Gou are correct %ith the pieHo fre s for most of these circuits settle out %ith a pieHo fre around /9:00 range %hich is a fifth (135) of the ferro-magnetic-resonant fre that %e derived! , %ish someone else %ould do some testing in this area to verify our findings! 0hen you get your E"E"E finished you can do the same test %e did and see %here and ho% this %as done! )o far everything goes bac' to this fundamental fre %hich , am still convinced that "esla 'ne% full %ell %hen he built his ?olorado )prings coil! )ounds reasonable to me that he %ould use a fre very close to the natural earth ferro magnetic resonant fre to form a beat difference of the

;!8/ (that5s close enough) %hich is the )chuman cavity resonant fre ! Iac' then he had it close to 8 2H and since it has been narro%ed do%n even better! "his %ould have been an EelegantE approach to form an 8 2H standing %ave bet%een his big coil, the earth and the surrounding air! , %ould li'e to get the E?orum5sE feed bac' or comments on this idea! "han's for the interest in the (<#, good to hear from the Eattic %or'shopE! Gour friend M 1orm (essage 10/85 (013093@5 08.01) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M 0e are chec'ing the numbers from the meters %ith scope bac'-up so %e feel comfortable so far %ith the measurements! Boel5s total resistive e uivalence to the circuit places everything bac' on E=2() 7#0E for cross chec'ing and verification! 0hat can you do %ith an animal that is so non-linear that everything is inverted or does *ust the opposite that you %ould normally expect from a circuit! 0ell, the proof is in the hands of 0alter <osenthal and "om Iearden at this time and soon %ill be on 2al 4uthoff5s %or' bench so %hat else can %e do other than %hat is already reported! Gour uestion as to telling all, that has been the policy all along for Boel and , agree that it is dumb to go E4ublic >omainE then hold bac' critical data that %ould impair duplication efforts of others! 4lease share EallE tech notes and comments %ith everyone for even the smallest clue could turn on the ElightE in someone else mind and assist to overall pro*ect! 2ec', %e admit %e don5t have all the ans%ers, that is the reason for ma'ing this a *oint pro*ect %ith all interested in a ne% form of energy! M 1orm (essage 10/8; (013093@5 11.28) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. +erald =5>ocharty )ub*ect. #7)= "= I,77 IE#"G!!! 2i +erald M Gup, %e5ve been using ordinary electrolytic filter caps on the output of the bridge, same as %ith any other po%er supply! 0e can do this because /9&2H is still %ell %ithin the alpha cutoff fre of diodes and audio transistors! +ood that 1orm is sending you a 'it, because if your magnet is not ringing audibly, you aren5t going to get the effect of virtual rotation of the domains, and %ill have an ordinary series resonant circuit! -rom %hat %e5ve seen, you have to have the magnet resonant range in the first octave of a three octave series! "he magnet5s range is about 8-@&2H, so one octave up is 1:-18&2H and the next octave is /2-/:&2H, %ith the pieHo right in the middle of its range at about /9&2H A3- a fe% hundred hertH! ,n ans%er to Iill5s uestion, , rechec'ed the E=%ner5s (anualE for the -lu'e D8;, and it definitely says 200&2H!!! in fact, %hile you are measuring voltage %ith it, you can press the E2bE button and get an instantaneous reading of fre and if you press it again get a reading of the duty cycle! ,t5s a great piece of gear! #lso, since 1orm and , have both blo%n up test e uipment %ith the (<#, it5s a lot less to ris' for routine measurements! ,f you caught that last message for Iob 4addoc', you have a better idea of the reason for measuring primary current %ith a resistive e uivalent circuit! "here is a scalar to E( conversion

going on %hich manifests itself as circulating current!!! Iearden calls it a Eping pongE effect, as the Einner channelE increase is bounced bac' by the resonant circuit, causing yet another increase, and so on! "he components themselves and the amount of load determine amount of this current! 2o%ever, adding a series dropping resistor effectively alters the circuit by closing the channel, %hich is %hy primary current from the signal source increases, a direct violation of =hm5s 7a% (increasing resistance should decrease current) and the result is an ordinary series resonant circuit! ,5m going to try to get some of the info from "om Iearden into a file because he can describe the effects %ith far more scientific authenticity than , have the 'no%ledge or experience to do! M Boel (essage 10/@2 (013093@5 1;./1) -rom . Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. "he -lu'e ain5t a flu'e!!! "a'en from the -lu'e D8; =%ner5s (anual. ,ntroduction, 4age 1. E"he -lu'e 8; "rue <() (ultimeter is a handheld, 9000 count instrument that is designed for use in the field, laboratory, and at home! "he meter combines the precision of a digital meter %ith the speed and versatility of a high resolution analog display! -re uencies bet%een 0!5 2H and 200 '2H can be measured %ith up to 0!01 2H resolution! 2o% to Cse the (eter, 4age 12. E,n the fre uency counter mode, the 2H annunciator is displayed! "he fre uency function autoranges over five ranges. 1@@!@@ 2H, 1@@@!@ 2H, 1@!@@@ '2H, 1@@!@@ '2H, and greater than 200'2H!E 2ope this clears up the uestion of fre accuracy!!! , also ran the )impson D;10 fre counter along %ith the -lu'e D8; and they trac' %ell together, and the voltages have been 5scoped for amplitude also! 0ith the types of e uipment that you %ould find in most good electronic shops, %e believe that the data that %e have released (%hich is everything %e 'no%, as fast as %e 'no% it) is accurate and valid! 0e are typically measuring voltages at fre 5s that are in the bottom one fifth of the meter5s fre range! M Boel (essage 1090: (013093@5 1@.1;) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. , )EE "2E 7,+2"T 2i 1orm M "o test Iearden5s 17= theory, i!e!, 4-channel uantum potentials forming at light %avelengths, , loosely %rapped a strip of aluminum foil around the %indings of the (<#! "his %ill have little or no effect on a conventional transformer, except to shield it from ambient noise as in "6 C2- circuits! 2o%ever, the (<# output dropped from 1:!256>? at !19# to 10!06>? at !19#!!! my goodness! M Boel (essage 1091; (013053@5 01.19) -rom. Iill Ieaty

"o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) "he -lu'e ain5t a flu'e!!! 0he%, sigh of relief! , don5t have the specs, but it sounds li'e your meter is good for voltage up to 20&2H, then is not accurate at higher fre uencies to the full number of meter digits! )o, accuracy depends on ho% fast the meter response tails off above 20&2H! #nd the -lu'e literature >=E) say 200&2H for the fre uency counter, but 20&2H for the 6rms part! , hate to be finding fault %ith your measurements, but ,5m really *ust trying to get more confidence in %hat you are seeing (until , get a chance to try it myself!)! ,t still probably %ould be a good idea to measure voltage of a good source %ith both the scope and the meter, and find %here the meter starts to fail! -or example, %hen does its reading dip 5F belo% that of a 50(2H scopeR #t 21&2HR 4robably not! #t100 &2HR ?ould %ell be! (essage 10928 013053@5 1/.21) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. 2o%dy 2i Berry M ,5ve been getting messages from you!!!but not returning any as of yet because ,5ve been in constant Etest modeE %ith the (<#! ,5m sure that you have some concerns along %ith a very full agenda, so ,5ll not as' any favors at this point! 0e5ve really only *ust begun %ith the (<#! , see no% that it is possible to add additional uantum coupled stages! Iecause the coupled potentials are instantaneous in the self-targeting mode, they can be effectively added in /-space to realiHe E( po%er outside the 4-channel! 0hat is different in this EmodeE is that voltages in parallel %ill EaddE, and voltages in series %ill stay the same, albeit at excess potential! 0ith one output on the (<#, %e are limited to one set of complete 0hitta'er bi%ave harmonic pairs! Each load %ill have slightly different characteristics!!!and %ill EattractE other bi%ave pairs in the (<#, as long as the loads are %ithin the aggregate resonance! , believe that this is similar to the concept used by (oray, %ith charge coupled stages, or for that matter, %ith &eely in his use of se uentially applied vibrations! Each turn of %ire around a "esla coil, or each crossover of a caduceus coil is the same in effect! "he materials in the (<# are all optically active, %hich engages them in the 4-channel via the ?"4 process! ,f light is reflected a%ay from the (<#, or if it is optically shielded, it loses all effect! -or the record, ho%ever, %e have seen most, if not, all of the EanomalousE criteria associated %ith unity A devices! "he pieHo %ill lose %eight! ?loc's and %atches run slo%! )ome %ires in the series path stay cool! #nd, of course, there5s the matter of excess potential above noload! #nd still, %e5ve only begun! "he design is three %ee's old! ,5ve refused to do%nload the ,-1et data, because , feel very strongly about 'eeping focused, and don5t need to hear all of ?E( ErulesE repeated, as if , had never heard them before, nor the condescension of fools in their glory! 7et them en*oy their moment, as -aust did his! M Boel

(essage 109/: (0130:3@5 02.1:) -rom. Bohn 4eters "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) (<# as a EsolarE device Boel$ your message (10188) made me thin' of %hat is in 0I)(E(=!#)?! , have been intrigued by this file, and %here it spea's of extracting po%er from the Earth5s magnetic field sounds li'e ho% you explained the (<#! "he actual uote is E"he design has no% been completed for a unit %hich should be self-sustaining and in addition provide a small surplus of po%er! )uch a unit, in addition to functioning as a 5pilot po%er plant5 should permit the study of the various reaction forces %hich are expected to develop!E >o you thin' that )mith5s device is along the same lines as the (<#R (essage 109/; (0130:3@5 0:.50) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<) (<#3)%eet coil ^^^^nnnnnnn^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^nnnnnnn^^^^^ _ _______ 1 1 1 _______ _ _ _______ (#+1E" _______ _ _ _______ _______ _ _uuuuuuu^^^^^^)^^^^^)^^^^^)^^^^uuuuuuu^^^^^_ ____ _ ?oil_ _ ?oil_ _1__2_ _ _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_ _ __ __ oo Gou *ust redre% ?oler5s E(agnetstromapparatET 6ery nice art by the %ay!!! (essage 1099; (0130:3@5 0@.15) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# "ech 1ote 7ast night 1orm %as over and %e added another output to the (<#, so that it %as driving lights (incandescent and fluorescent) in addition to the usual motor load! "his re uired retuning the (<# for maximum po%er to match the ne% load re uirement! 0e %ere EoverdrivingE the output of the (<# belo% unity to Emax outE the po%er to the load! #fter the lights %ere removed so that only the motor %as on the output, the (<# %as retuned for the motor, but the resonant fre uency had changed! 4rior to adding the lights, the resonant fre uency %as /9!28 '2H! #fter removing the lights, it %as //!9/ '2H! #lthough this is only a

difference of 850 2H, it is interesting as it indicated that the (<# is alterable! "his might be useful in some applications! "he (<# still detunes for max gain as before, and still provides surplus potential (1!56#? above noload) %hen detuned, but this is the first indication that it can also be <Etuned to a ne% resonant center fre uency! #pparently, the magnetic core is more EpermeableE than %e had thought! (essage 10950 (0130:3@5 10./@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Bohn 4eters )ub*ect. mmmmm!!!!could beT 0ent bac' and read the 0I)(E(=!#)? file again!!! memory ain5t %hat it used to be, and never %as! , hadn5t thought of the (<# %ithin the context of that file, but you are right on the mar' %ith your comparison! "he biggest hurdle to understanding the (<# is in seeing it as a ne% device via existing technology! ,t is a different technology, actually a very, very old technology using ne% components! 2o%ever, because the technology isn5t in the Eboo'sE yet, it is vie%ed (at best) as a Ene%E technology! "he existing ErulesE don5t apply!!!but the old, really old rules do! -or example, %hen 2eaviside bastardiHed (ax%ell5s "heories (you %ill 1=" find the 2eaviside interpretation in #1G of (ax%ell5s published %or's), 2eaviside stripped out all of the references to the ether, %hich he said %as Emystical and should be murdered from the theoryE, and so he murdered the ether!!!except that it *ust %ouldn5t dieT (ax%ell opened the door to 4-channel uantum potentials, and 2eaviside slammed it shut! 2eaviside %anted to provide simple Ela%sE so that the electricians of that day could vector po%er and measure current in %or'able systems! 2eaviside never %ent to college, did not 'no% calculus, and %as lost in the true implications of (ax%ell5s theory! ,t5s time %e moved up to the reality of #77 of (ax%ell5s theory, not *ust the 'indergarten version! #ny%ay, , got side trac'ed!!!bac' to your uestion! 0ithout having seen the 0I) device, it5s hard to say for sure, but the effects seem similar! "he ,1"E1" of the (<# %as to design a device compatible %ith naturally occurring energies, specifically ferro-resonance as it applies to earth5s electromagnetic fields! 2o%ever, in >=,1+ this, especially %ith optically sensitive materials, %e enabled the (<# to re-open (ax%ell5s door! 0hat %e caused %as a lin' to form %hich translated etheric energy into ordinary E( in a closed loop resonant circuit! "his lin' is referred to as the E4-channelE, because it manifests as excess potential! "his effect has been experienced in semiconductor circuits for many years, and is normally destructive to the devices, so resistive and filtering components are added to effectively EcloseE the channel! "his isn5t necessarily bad, because until circuits can be designed to C)E the excess potentials, %e don5t %ant them going into resonance and burning out! #s seen by the 1eiper3)ei'e <ing (the schematic that is on &eely1et is %rong, bt%), you also experience gravitic effects %hen you allo% tetrahedral lattices to self-resonate!

?onsidering that the (<# at resonance is virtually stopping the spin of particles (li'e a strobe synchroniHed to a timing mar'), it is very li'ely that a more efficient (<# could cancel the uadrupole effect of gravity! "here are other %ays of doing this, such as the Iiefield-Iro%n method of high potential or the )earl method of folding energy onto itself in resonant plasma layers, and possibly the technology of anti-g (for a practical space ship) %ould utiliHe some or all of the above! 2o%ever, %e5ll never get EthereE from EhereE by using the 2eaviside Ela%sE! ?onventional science has a Ecircle the %agonsE mentality to this ne% (old) technology, and insists on trying to hammer the %heel bac' into a s uare, on the assumption that it %ill E%or'E better because roads are flat! )o %e clun' along and congratulate ourselves on our EvastE achievements! =&, ,5ll get bac' do%n off the soap box!!! 0e5ll drag them by the ear if necessary, 'ic'ing and screaming all the %ay, and force them to reopen (ax%ell5s door! M Boel (essage 10959 (0130:3@5 1:./8) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. "est <eport "o. 2al 4uthoff M 2i 2al, Ges, you are correct about the motor current! 0e chec'ed it %ith an analog meter early on in the tests, and it indicated 190 ma! "his %as then used as a constant! 2o%ever, , *ust rechec'ed it %ith the -lu'e 8; inline to the motor, and the true >? current varies from 120 ma at max po%er to 11: ma at max gain! #s for the output s%itching, %e are trying to determine the actual primary circuit current of the (<#! =nce %e have tuned the (<#, %e remove it from the output of the signal source, and connect the signal source to the decade box! =nce %e measure the amount of resistance re uired to attain the same drop in amplifier output voltage as the (<# %as causing, %e then can divide resistance into voltage to determine the current dra% of the (<#! 0e5ve tried other methods, such as lo% values of resistance in the primary of the (<#, and the results defy ohm5s la%! #dding resistance actually increases primary current!!!%hich should also increase secondary output, but in fact, causes it to decrease! #s you %ill see, the current in series %ith a resistor in the primary circuit is higher than the current %ith *ust a meter in series %ith the primary, %hich ma'es no sense in terms of classical E( theory! 0e believe that the resistor is closing the E4channelE, %hich removes the source of excess potential! Even the slight resistance of the meter, or of a current probe %hich contains a coil, %ill have the same effect in varying degrees! )o, %e use the decade box as an e uivalent load, instead! #lso, 1orm and , put a very heavy combination of output loads on the (<# last night to see ho% much po%er %e could extract from it, regardless of gain! "his experiment lasted for about an hour! #fter %e %ere finished, %e found that the center resonant fre uency of the (<# had changed from /9!28 to //!98 %ith *ust the motor on the output! #pparently, the magnetic core is more EpermeableE than %e had thought! )o, here are the ne% measurements, factoring in the measured motor current and the Ene%E center resonant fre uency.

(<# D/ "est >ata "est >ate Banuary :, 1@@5 (aximum 4o%er (ode. <esonant fre uency S //!98 '2H ,nput signal %ith noload ((<# not connected) S 2:!@; 6#? (<# output load S 4ittman >? motor, 1@!1 6>? a 120 ma! ,nput signal %ith (<# connected and po%ering motor S 25!/@ 6#? ,nput signal amplitude reduction as per above S 1!58 6#? (easured e uivalent resistance to achieve 1!58 6#? drop S 200 ohms <() input po%er a 200 ohms S 2!28 0 (<# output S 18!/5 6>? \ 120 ma S 2!20 0 (aximum +ain (ode. <esonant fre uency S //!/9 '2H ,nput signal %ith noload ((<# not connected) S 2;!1/ 6#? (<# output load S same 4ittman motor a11: ma ,nput signal %ith (<# connected and po%ering motor S 2:!88 6#? ,nput signal amplitude reduction as per above S 0!25 6#? (easured e uivalent resistance to achieve 0!25 6#? drop S 1:00 ohms <() input po%er a 1:00 ohms S /1@ m% (<# output S 15!5 6>? \ 11: ma S 1!80 0 1otes. "his data uses inline current measurements for >? output at both the maximum po%er and maximum gain settings of the (<#! "he center resonant fre uency has changed from the previously measured data of Banuary /, 1@@5, and %as still continuing to change (up%ard) even as these measurements %ere being ta'en! ,t may eventually rise to the original measured fre uency of /9!28 '2H! "he maximum gain measurement of primary current using a decade box %as ta'en in a linear area of potential %hich %ould sho% a voltage drop %ith the (<# in the circuit! -urther decreasing fre uency %ill cause the voltage from the signal source to increase above the no-load voltage, in %hich case it is not 'no%n ho% to measure input po%er to the (<#! (essage 109;; (0130;3@5 10.09) -rom . Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. )eeing is Ielieving M ,ncandescent lamp test "here is a very easy method for EseeingE the po%er gain of the (<#, and it does not re uire po%er amplifiers, only a sine %ave generator! Gou need t%o of the tiny Egrain of %heatE lamps!!!if you don5t have them on hand, , %ill send you some! 4ut one lamp is series %ith the input to the (<# primary, and put the other lamp in series %ith the (<# secondary to the bridge rectifier! ,f you are not using an amplifier, put a 50-100 ohm resistive load on the output

of the bridge rectifier! ,f you are using an amplifier, use more resistance to avoid burning out the lamps! Csing only a signal generator for the (<# input, tune the (<# to pea' resonance! "he lamp in the primary circuit %ill not illuminate, but the lamp in the secondary circuit %ill begin to glo%! "he glo% is bright enough to photograph for your records of this test! ,f you are using an amplifier, do not put the lamps in the circuit until you have detuned the (<# for max gain! "hen put them in, and you %ill see that the secondary lamp is much brighter than the primary lamp! Gou can continue to detune until the primary lamp is EoutE (at %hich point the input voltage from the amp is above no-load) but the secondary lamp is still glo%ing! , suggest that light sensitive devices could be used %ith the lamps to measure gains in terms the output of these devices! 2o%ever, , still have no idea of ho% to measure gain once the primary lamp is EoutE and the secondary lamp is still lit! M Boel (essage 109@2 (013083@5 11.05) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# 4arts Iill. , sent a pac'age of (<# info to >on )mith do%n in 2ouston for he has a similar circuit to the (<# except that it uses a "esla coil running at high voltages to interact %ith the earth5s %ea' ferro-magnetic field to produce over-unity operation! # lot of people have practically given up on >on5s device for he has not po%ered a practical load to date that %e 'no% of but his theory is sound as far as , can determine! #n incorporation of %hat %e have learned about ferro-magnetic resonance fre uencies and his "esla coil driven circuit could provide another effective method of b4E tapping! >on has done some research on the pieHo material and pinned do%n three current manufacturers of these transducers! "he first is #>>?2E( a spin off from the 4E10#7" family! "hen there is )=76# and &E<<#! 2e also %ent to the specialty %ire manufacturers and as'ed about ma'ing a pieHo type conductor that could be incorporated directly into our circuits! "he %ire manufacturers %ere amused to say the least for their comments %ere E%e have been %or'ing all these years to ma'e a %ire that produced no noise and you come along and as' for a degenerate conductor that %ill ma'e maximum noiseE! "hey are interested in the concept though and %ill get bac' to us %ith the data needed! , %ould not be too uic' to *udge the (<# as a non-reproducable device for bet%een Boel and , %e have built 8 of the units and have been able to achieve the over-unity ratios that %e are comfortable %ith! "he biggest problem that , see is that no one %ants to ta'e the time to do the necessary reading of the messages, tech reports and go out and find the materials! 0e clearly stated that %e do not have all the ans%ers and have not nailed do%n exactly %hat %ill or %ill not %or' as to magnet type or shape! "he pieHo is a big variable for %e have a stac' of culls %hich *ust %ill not %or'! 0e expect that they have lost the poling that %as done at time of manufacturer! , 'no% that there is someone out there on the ,nternet %ho has experience in this area! >an >avidson told me that to the best of his 'no%ledge the poling is done at the Ecurie pointE of the pieHo material %ith a capacitive discharge used to establish the re uired Epolarity of chargeE! ,f anyone out there has 'no%ledge in this area please give us some input so %e can

revive some of these EdeadE pieHo5s! ,5m sure others %ill encounter this problem so %e need more 'no%ledge about the pieHo element! )ince the EBuryE is still out as far as testing is concerned %e have to %ait but in the meantime Boel and , are still building more %or'ing devicese M 1orm (essage 10508 (0130@3@5 08.12) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M #lnico E8E 20!89 Excess a /:100 4. 98!:0 7 4. 2;!;: 17 e )eems that the harder the magnet material the closer %e get to the natural resonance of the transducer! "he (<# cannot tell the difference bet%een materials! )orry, E(other 1atureE made all magnetic flux the same EhyperspatialE fre uency therefore the boy scout cannot tell the scout master that the reason he got lost %as because his compass %as not tuned to the right fre uency! "he (<# is capable of extracting or pair coupling in the E4E channel no matter %hat the source of magnetic flux be it the earth5s natural flux or some EexoticE mix of elements %e call super magnets! >on )mith is going to love this for it vindicates his valiant efforts %hich appeared to be dashed on the roc's of failure! E<E)E#<?2E is the 'ey! M 1orm (essage 10515 (0130@3@5 11.95) -rom. +lenda )toc's "o. #ll )ub*ect. <e. Cpload of "(,>E6,?!b,4 )te%art 2arris created a device about 1@ years ago, %hich he believes raised a mass via magnetic po%er (this is as , understand it)! )te%art understand ho% to ma'e his device based on a dream that he had, and so, he is also interested in discovering exactly ho% this information came to him! 1evertheless, he has the experts confounded as to %hy3ho% his device does %hat it does! "his file "(,>E6,?!b,4 contains a series of message threads about his device and a video he has that demonstrates it! , %ill be happy to convey to )te%art any comments or remar's! M +lenda (essage 1059/ (013103@5 12.08) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# lamp b test "his report is here is because of the problems %ith measuring the primary current of this beast! "he (<# adds voltage to the circuit, %hich is nice, but it creates #77 &,1>) of current measurement problems! )o, , have appended the Egrain of %heatE lamp test to give real numbers instead of *ust seeing the difference in light! , put one of the lamps directly on the signal generator output, and measured its impedance at the fre uency of the (<# under test! 0hyR 0ell, because the lamp can thus be put into the primary, and %hen you measure the voltage drop across it, you can divide that by the impedance and &1=0 the actual primary current!!! no need to %orry about the excess voltage, because if any of it EaddsE

across the lamp, primary current %ill appear 2,+2E<, %hich %ould reduce the gain of the (<#, and help to disprove it as an overunity device! ,5ll ta'e that chance, as long as , 'no% the exact impedance of the lamp! #lso, %here there is a difference in measured versus calculated output current, ,5ve ta'en the lo%er number, also to be ultra-conservative! )o, here goes. "he Elamp testE of the (<# has been further used for the purpose of standard Eohm5s la%E tests and measurements! "he Ebottom lineE figures are 9;0!0 m% input to the primary of the (<# and ;51!0 m% output from the secondary! "his is a gain of 1!: times unity at the lo% po%er end of the resonant range! "he measurements and calculations are given belo%. #? signal in S 28!@9 6#? under load of the (<# #? signal in S 28!59 6#? %ithout the (<# connected #? excess potential provided by the (<# S 0!90 6#? #? signal at secondary S 8!:9 6#? (easured secondary current S 12/ ma 6oltage drop across lamp S 2!@2 6#? ?alculated current S 2!@2 6#? c 20!;; ohms S 190 ma %ith an error margin of 1; ma from measured current )econdary po%er S 8!:9 6#? times 12/ ma times !;0; S ;51 m% Iulb impedance S 20!;; ohms at the fre input to the (<# #? voltage drop across bulb in series %ith primary S 0!9;0 6#? 4rimary current S 0!9;0 6#? c 20!;; ohms S !022: #mperes 4rimary po%er S !022: #mperes times 28!@9 6#? times !;0; S 9:2 m% 7amp po%er S !022: #mperes times 0!9;0 6#? times 0!;0; S ;!5 m% "o cross chec' these numbers, the total primary impedance %as calculated, and the impedance of the lamp %as subtracted from it! ,f accurate, the difference in po%er should e ual the po%er %hich is added to the primary %hen the lamp is not connected. 4rimary impedance S 28!@9 6#? divided by !022: #mperes S 1280!5/ ohms )ubtracting lamp impedance of 20!;; ohms S 125@!;: ohms 4rimary po%er %ith lamp S 9:2 m% 4rimary po%er %ithout lamp S 28!@9 6#? divided by 125@!;: ohms S !022@; #mperes times 28!@9 6#? S ::5 times !;0; S 9;0 m% ?alculated po%er of lamp S ;!5 m% and under cross chec' it is e ual to 9;0 m% minus 9:2 m% S 8 m%, %ith an error margin of 0!5 m% Iecause. #! "he lamp impedance %as measured out of circuit at the fre uency used in the circuit I! "he same lamp impedance is used for both primary and secondary current measurements ?! 4rimary po%er trac's on cross chec'! "herefore, >! 4rimary po%er S 9;0 m%

, "2,1& that nails it!!!at least as far as can be measured %ith a lo% po%er lamp, and assuming that the (<# should eat any differences in measurement versus calculations %hich %ould reduce its gain! #ll of the measurements are in series for current, as per ohm5s la%, and all other calculations are ohm5s Eto the letterE! #s usual, my coffee got cold, so ,5ll stop here! "han' you for your continued indulgence! M Boel (essage 10598 (013103@5 19.5/) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. 7amp b test follo%up Bust an addendum to the lamp impedance test report! -ound that the circuit %ould not stay at unity A indefinitely at that very lo% level of input! #fter about an hour, the voltage drop across the lamp in the primary %ent up to over a volt, and that 'noc'ed the (<# do%n belo% unity! , thin' that the lo% level of input %asn5t enough to sustain the harmonics that had built up as the (<# %as %arming up! M Boel (essage 10551 (013103@5 1;./1) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# (4o%er "est) <e. # vacuum tube is the only animal that could survive the punishment in a high voltage circuit li'e this! Iob 4addoc'5s indestructible transistors %on5t cut it in this harsh environment! "houghts and ideas. ,5ve come across a couple of more transistors for crummy environments! (otorola5s "(=) )martdiscret 4roducts! -or example 9006310# ,+I", (+I420190?73(+I20190?7, Edesigned primarily as ignition coil drivers to %ithstand high current in a pulsed mode %ith out latching!E =r more interestingly the :0631# (74110:?7 Edevice that has integrated on-chip current limit capability, drain-to-source voltage clamping and gate voltage protection!E #lso 1ational )emiconductor E=vertureE J"(K #udio 4o%er #mplifier )eries %ith )4i&e J"(K 4rotection! E"he performance of the 8;:37(/88:37(/8;537(/8;:, utiliHing its )elf 4ea' ,nstantaneous "emperature (5&e) ()4i&eJ"(K) 4rotection ?ircuitry, puts it in a class above discrete and hybrid amplifiers by providing an inherently, dynamically protected )alve =peration #rea ()=#)! )pi&e 4rotection means that these parts are completely safeguarded at the output against over voltage, under voltage, overloads, including shorts to the supplies, thermal runa%ay, and instantaneous temperature pea's!E )pecs are 250 to 1500 (>epending on part number) of continuous average po%er to 8 ohm load %ith 0!0:F ("2>A1) from 20 2H-20&2H! (essage 1055/ (013103@5 1;./5) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) (<# "ech 1otes

, thin' that this is related to the poling of the pieHos!!! possibly it is lost on some in the process of soldering them! , tal'ed %ith some one %ho %as familiar %ith Cltrasonic 0elding! "hey said that the pieHos %here typical compressed %ith a rubber compression setup, and contact %as made %ith brass springs! 0ould this %or' better3%orse than solderingR Get another point to experiment %ith!!! (essage 105:@ (013113@5 0;./5) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iob 4addoc' )ub*ect. (<# Iob M "han's a million for the pac'age and the schematics! ,5m very interested in the Ehigh performanceE transistors so , really appreciate your search efforts! "he magnets are bonded together so don5t try to separate them for they brea' very easily! #s to the transducers Boel and , have not figured out the !0; figure! ,n the batch , bought they %ere sorted out and grouped under that number, i!e!, all the !0;5s %ere together then there %ould be a group of !0@5s etc! )ome sort of matching they did at manufacturing! , guess they %ere installed in the %elders in matched sets so as to have the highest performance! "he brass strip method of providing electrical contact %or's for , have several mounted this %ay in bet%een t%o pressure plates so , can tor ue them do%n to about 100 D pressure %hich >an >avidson recommended , try! "he other train of thought is to ma'e the contacts in a %ay as to allo% the pieHo to freely resonate in free air %ith minimum contact at any point! )oldering directly to the silver surface is detrimental to the pieHo as evidenced by our stac' of Edead transducersE! "hey are in effect almost a pure capacitive device and %ill give off a very loud Es uealE %hen they go EsourE and uit %or'ing! , 'no% that someone %ho %or's %ith these devices %ill eventually E*ump inE and educate us about these animals! "he sooner the better! "hese E=E(E items are al%ays li'e that for they are manufactured for use in a specific piece of e uipment %ith precise specs! 0e come along and try to adapt this device to one of our experiments out of convenience sine %e pic'ed them up surplus! "his is =& for experimentation and all out there should realiHe the facts behind %hat , said! 0hen uestions arise as to data on the transducers , %ould say that %e really don5t 'no% %hat %e are dealing %ith but they %or'! 0hen %e get further along and get some EoptimumE numbers %e may be able to go to the original E=E(E source and have some super pieHo5s designed that %ill target the performance curves that %e develop through trial and error! ,t %ould be nice if there %as a computer program that could analyHe the (<# parameters and design the optimum pieHo characteristics %e need! <ight no% all %e can say is that in a circuit that does everything EcontraryE to accepted electronic and physics theory %e can5t get a handle on exact and optimum design characteristics! ,t %ill eventually ta'e a team of specialiHed engineers to figure out ho% to ta'e this (<# idea and ma'e it do useful %or'! #ll %e have done is open the EdoorE to the fact that tapping the bero 4oint is real and can be demonstrated! 0here and ho% this is developed remains to be seen! =nce the fundamental theory is proven then very large sums of capital %ill be thro%n into research and all this %ill become reality! #ll %e could do %as give the info to the %orld and let smarter fol's run %ith it to it5s useful application in solving our energy problems! 0hat more can , say! "han's again Iob and good luc' %ith your (<#! M 1orm

(essage 105@0 (013123@5 0@.20) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# 4arts , got your pac'age (onday, and have spent a fe% hours messing %ith it! "2#1&)T Excellent pac'aging *ob, nothing damaged at all! ,t seems that my signal generator can5t put out a high enough voltage to get the effect to 'ic' in! 1ext ,5m going to get a friend5s ?arver amp! (y 0avete' at %or' puts out 20 6pp, but it gets pulled do%n to 86pp at resonance, and the energy throughput is totally conventional. exactly 100F at resonance, and falling fast at other fre uencies! "he magnet does 1=" ma'e any noise, and all the signals in the circuit are pure sine %aves, %ithout any other fre uencies! , have brochures on the %ay from five separate 4b" manufactures, so , should get some info on Epoling!E )pea'ing of %hich. the pieHos themselves behave very strange near resonance! #ll 'inds of pure tones appear, and turn on and off %hen fre uency or voltage is varied! "he best fre for this seems to be a bit higher than the resonance pea'! , sa% signals start small and slo%ly gro%, then vanish %hen the pieHo is touched, only to slo%ly gro% again! , got the EdeathE effect, %hen the pieHo ma'es a screech and then the sounds vanish for about a half hour! 6ery similar to that "6O opto-isolator device! #lso similar to nonlinear optical crystals illuminated %ith laser light, %here conventional phase con*ugation creates closed reflection paths, optical resonances, self-organiHed hologram elements, etc! , %ouldn5t be surprised if the innards of the pieHos %ere doing the acoustic version of this! , notice that %hen a pieHo is being silent, sometimes , can get it to sound %ea'ly by applying slight pressure to the leads! ,t seems that tiny bending forces have a great effect on pieHo audible EsubharmonicE sounds! , %onder if your pieHo EcullsE could be made to %or' by pulling or pushing *ust right on the lead %ires! #lso, the EcullsE may generate a set of fre uencies that *ust by coincidence miss the magnet resonant fre uency, so they are too far off for the pieHo and magnet fre uencies to grab each other and start tal'ing! "he cure for this might be to grind little flat areas on the edges to retune them! , have a couple of ceramic slab magnets, so , built a plexi form and %ound a coil around it, %ith the magnet suspended inside! 0ith an extremely tiny signal applied to the coil at 11&2H the magnet rings 6E<G loud (and annoyingT) ,f , touch the corners of the magnet slab, the ringing goes %ay do%n and the tuning is much broader! ,nstead of suspending the magnet, , found that soft foam rubber does not interfere much %ith the ringing of either the magnet or the pieHo! "his ma'es sense, since foam is mostly air, so the magnet thin's its hanging in air! (ore soon!!! (essage 105@5 (013123@5 10.22) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# 4arts Iill M +lad you got everthing EintactE and you are progressing %ith your research! ,f you stic' strictly to the <C7E@ doc! and ma'e the magnet resonate (about 8-8!5& audible) you %ill find the pieHo running at exactly / octaves up or around /9-/5&2b! =nly under these conditions %ill you achieve the Evirtual rotationE %ithin the crystalline lattice of the magnet material! ?hec' out

the EEE message from Boel about the phone call from the engineers at 7oc'eed ?orp that verify that the (<# does achieve over-unity for they are getting 190F and congratulate us on our output figures! "hey said that some +erman and <ussian engineers have achieved similar results also! 7ast night , got a call from an engineer do%n in ?lear%ater -7 %ho is getting 125F and is not even using the EcadillacE pieHo5s that %e are using! "he iron content of the ferro magnet material seems to be the 'ey to the gains! ,t all goes bac' to %hat "esla claimed %hen he said E# fine grade of steel %ill play a very important part in tapping an infinite source of energy for iron is a uni ue element in that it has 2 free electrons in the E(E shell of the atom that can be extracted for use only to be replenished by the etherE! #bout the document scan, , really appreciate your efforts %ith this for in the near future you %ill see %here this is going! Iy the %ay, , sent +ene (allove a set of the messages and all the info on the 4er'ins 4ump and my ?old -usion test, etc! "his %ill eventually all be tied in a nice little pac'age for it all goes bac' to Boel5s <C7E@ document! 4lease send do%n the scan so , can see it! (aybe %ith the next ,-net do%nload %ould be fine! #s to the ,-net dialog, the %orm seems to be turning! "his E<odneyE in the Iiology +roup is simply going to )2-- %hen he reads the 2C>)=1 file from &eely1et! 0hat about posting something for the Iiologist to che% on and uit griping about your postings! <eal soon they %ill %a'e up and realiHe the tie-in to their %orld! (ore later Eflac' ta'erE, 2eT 2eT "han's again! M 1orm (essage 10:/0 (0131/3@5 18.01) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. Gour (essage D 1058@ 2i Iill M , almost missed the 4!)! after your message D 1058@! "he source of the harmonics is the same as the source of the surplus potential! -rom &eely, %e learned the importance of three octaves in order to lin' up %ith the ether! -rom Iearden, %e learned that the harmonics are (0hitta'er) bi%ave pairs, and that the ether conforms to the ?oulomb "ransverse 4otential! )o, %hen the re uisite criteria is met, the bi%ave pairs vector into /-space energy at the harmonic fre uencies! "hat5s it! "he rest of the (<# theory is resonance theory, as is the <ule of 1ines, and exists to describe ho% to use naturally occurring lattice structures to mimic earth (and any other E( generator) in terms of the nested tetrahedral relationships! 0hy three octavesR Iecause %e exist in /-space, and %e are creating a ;-space effect, %ith the fourth dimension, or p-channel, acting as a conduit into (and out of) /-space! 1o%, a trained observer %ill %ant to see exactly %here the harmonic bi%ave translation occurs, and ill go nuts loo'ing, because the %ave pairs exist simultaneously %ith our space-time and translate instantaneously!!!no speed of light re uired! 0hy nested tetrahedral relationshipsR Iecause they are the geometric relationships %hich embody 42,, and 42, is the pure mathematical constant to create resonance!!! musical, or any other type! "hat is %hy you see the excess potential at the load and source simultaneously, and it is load dependent to the extent that the load affects harmonic interaction of the magnetic core!

"hat is %hy you have to lo%er gain of the (<# to close the p-channel by removing the excess potential first! Gou can5t see the translation, only you can only see the effect! , loo' for%ard 6E<G (C?2 to your tests and comments! M Boel (essage 10:/9 (013193@5 08.25) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<# Boel M 1e% %inding set up. Ia-e magnet, #0( style 18:0 139E ribbon braided tinned conductor for secondary, #0+ 20 +a! stranded primary yielded, 9@!206 a 28!556 sig for 20!:5 excess potential a /:!18&2b! 0e %ill find that correct %ire type and turns ratio yet! ,5m using 100 " on 4 and 100 " on )ec! , have several more combo5s yet to try so %ill 'eep you posted! M 1orm (essage 10:90 (013193@5 10.9@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. 42, and the (<# 2i Iill M "he last message %asn5t as clear as , %ould have li'ed %ith regard to 42,! , once %or'ed out the harmonic and octave relationships as 42, (and 4,, since 4, S 42, s uared, times :35!!! thus 42, s uared S 4,!!!also, 1 A 1342, S 42,, %hich is also 'no%n as the -ibonacci )eries)! "he file 42,L<E)!#)? has some of this information, and because the EnotesE harmoniHe perfectly and the octaves double exactly, this conforms to EstandardE musical scales as are used today! Csing the -ibonacci series as a starting place for note fre uencies is not an arbitrary decision! "oday, %e see 42, as a methematical constant, ie, 1!:18, for use in plane geometry! "o the ancient Egyptians, it %as math but had a much deeper implicatione it %as the symbol of rebirth throughout eternity *ust as the -ibonacci series EperfectsE at higher number intervals! #lso, because the use of 42, in art is very EharmoniousE to vie%, 42, coordinates (nested tets) %ere used by (ichelangelo in the dome of the )istine ?hapel, as %ell as by 6eronese, <aphael, da 6inci, and %as even used by the architect 7e ?orbusier in the design of the Cnited 1ations building! ,n retrospect, , thin' that this must be a perfect validation of the resonance based chart of the elements as created by 0alter <ussell, although he certainly doesn5t need any validation from me! "he fact is, music is math and geometry, and geometry is the yardstic' for three dimensional existence! ,t5s all one nested relationship, and the singular constant is 42,! ,f you %ant to create resonance and balanced harmonics in octave groups, you must use 42,! Iecause %e tend to separate EmusicE from EscienceE, %e don5t 2E#< nature, and %e trust our intellect to create

unnatural yardstic's! -act is, %hen computers %ere invented, and ,I( needed programmers, they hired musicians to train for the positions! ,n an electronic circuit, semiconductors are made of silicon or germanium, both of %hich are tet lattice structures, and both of %hich %ill occasionally brea' into free oscillation, rich in 42, based harmonics!!! that is ho% the 1ieper ring %or's, because once the material has three octaves of resonance, the particle spin is virtually stopped!!! li'e a timing mar' under a strobe!!!and the effect of gravity is suspended! "hree octaves are necessary in /-space because the each of the octaves EfillsE one dimension! "he octaves interact %ith each other to ma'e harmonics at @0 degrees of phase separation, effectively EfillingE a /-space ob*ect! "his is mass aggregate resonance, and it allo%s you to couple bi%ave vectorless energy into a circuit! ,t also allo%s you to overcome temporal effects as %ell as gravitic effects! "hat is %hy , said that %hen you nest t%o tets, you have the 'eys to everything! "he (<# uses materials %hich are cube latticed, and a cube ,) a nested tet sitting on its Eflat sideE! )o, %hen you trap the harmonics on one side of a phase reversed series resonant circuit, you develop a potential %hich is higher than the no-load voltage of the device %hich is supplying the circuit! "hat5s half of b4E! "he other half is having ferrite in the resonating core to provide electrons to match %ith the excess potential to create po%er to a load! #nd that5s the (<#! 4art of the resentment to this information is simply due to the fact that all of this %as 'no%n to and possibly discovered by very ancient peoples!!!and %e are lagging behind them today in our comprehension of science as nature, by the division of music and science, etc! 0ell, all , really %anted to do %as to provide correlations to help tie in the octave relationships %ith the lattice geometry, and , hope that this information helps! Gou can see ho% %ell it is received by most people, but you can also measure the excess potential on your o%n (<# so you5ll have to decide for yourself! (essage 10::: (013153@5 1/.21) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# (4o%er "est) <e. # vacuum tube is the only animal that could survive the punishment in a high voltage circuit li'e this! Iob 4addoc'5s indestructible transistors %on5t cut it in this harsh environment! 2ere5s a ne% one *ust out form 2itachi. E<obust 500 po%er (=)-E"s help reudce E(, -or safe electronic po%er s%itching for lamps, solenoids, electric heaters and motors in automobiles and industrial control systems, the 2#-2001 po%er transistor is fully tolerant of short circuits and practically indestructible! Cnder conditions %here traditional po%er transistor %ould fail and perhaps cause fires, it can turn off and remain off until reset, *ust li'e a circuit brea'er! "he 10# silicon 1-channel (=)-E" also offers the tuning flexibility that is essential for reducing E(,! "ailoring device5s rise time to the characteristics of a system achieves lo% E(, levels!!! 2#-2001 has a 10# (,>) capability, :6 6>)) (>rain-to-)ource brea'do%n voltage), A1:63-

2!86 6+)) (+ate-to-)ource brea'do%n voltage) ratings, 50m=hm on-resistance, and s%itching times (t=13t=--) as fast as 2@us32:us!E (essage 10:;8 0131:3@5 02.5:) -rom. Bohn 4eters "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) mmmmm!!!!could beT Boel M "han's for the insightful commentary! ,5ve as'ed some math professors about Ouarterions and they haven5t heard of them! #s , am no% attending college fulltime, , %ill po'e around for some info on them! , have a couple of more things for you on the (<#. #fter studying the schematic for the (<#, , noticed that the Cltrasonic transducer %ould have a very high electrical EOE! "o get maximum po%er out of the circuit, , thin' the magnet and coil combination should also have as high a EOE as possible! ?an a magnet have a EOERR , understand that magnets seem to produce (resonate) an output near 1;5 &2H! 0ould a stronger magnet put out a higher amplitude signal at 1;5 &2HR , suspect the stronger magnet (higher gauss) %ould have an effectively higher EOE, thus possibly getting more out of the (<#! -or a given transducer, has anyone noted a leveling-off of output for increased strengths of magnets (essage 10:80 (0131:3@5 0:.28) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Bohn 4eters )ub*ect. (<# Bohn M )ince , have been doing the testing of different %inding combo5s and magnet material %hile Boel is doing the performance testing , may be able to ans%er your uestions as to a more po%erful magnet material giving a better performance! "hat ain5t the %ay it %or's as far as %e have been able to determine! 0e are dealing %ith a phenomenon here that is hard to grasp in that %e are generating in the primary of the (<# circuit %hat %e term as excess potential! "his means that the voltage across the primary input to the (<# as coming from the signal source is driven up as much as 1!@ \! Example. , have a (<# running as %e spea' that has a signal source from the amp of 20!@5 6#? a/:&2b no load ((<# out of the circuit)! 0hen , connect the (<# to the signal source the voltage goes up to /8!2; 6#? for an excess potential of 1;!/2 6! 0hile stronger magnet material such as alnico 8 and neodymium increase the excess potential seen in the circuit %e have not been able to translate it into a useable output! )till some matching problems that %e may be able to %or' out and be able to utiliHe these other magnet types! 0e believe the ans%er lies in the looseness of the domains in the magnet and their ability to oscillate so %e get the Evirtual rotationE %e are loo'ing for! ,5m sure that all this %ill be %or'ed out and it may be possible to use anything that has a magnetic field including the Eold mother earthE! "he %hole idea of going Epublic domainE %as to get others to experiment %ith the circuit so %e could sort all this out faster! ,f Boel and , can find this phenomenon then others should be able to help us Eflesh it outE into something useful! (y friend (i'e do%n in ?lear%ater -7 (one of >on &elly5s group) has a (<# running at unity but he has not seen the excess potential that , described therefore this is an indication that his pieHo is not up to EsnuffE! 0e have found that the pieHo is very sensitive in that it can lose it5s poling %hen you solder the input leads to it! Boel and , have a stac' of pieHo5s that *ust %ill not sho% the over-unity %e are loo'ing for %hile others

%or' *ust fine! -or this reason %e have gone to ,nternet in search for someone %ho has extensive 'no%ledge of pieHo5s and their applications! "hus far %e have had no responses! 4lease experiment and help the cause! M 1orm (essage 10:85 (0131:3@5 11.28) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Bohn 4eters )ub*ect. (<) mmmmm!!!!could beT 2i Bohn, M +oing to college full time and still finding time to as' uestions outside of your designated curriculumR ,5m impressed! ,5ll try to ma'e the ans%ers %orthy of the uestions! "he O of the circuit, li'e any series resonant circuit at resonance, is very high! "he (<# output follo%s the contours of the Cniversal <esonance ?hart for series resonant circuits, except for the point of intersection %ith input current! "he current is forced lo% %hile still in the area of its linear rise according to the chart, and is at minimum at the :5F point %here it should be at the E'neeE of its pea' rise! "hat is manifested as a very high circuit impedance, for as you 'no%, a series resonant circuit is supposed to be a dead short at resonance except for copper losses! Iecause there is excess potential, i!e!, the voltage level across the output terminals of the signal source %hich supplies the (<# is higher %hen connected to the (<# than it is %ith nothing connected to it, the (<# is not behaving li'e a dead short or even li'e an impedance, but more li'e a voltage supply!!!%hich, as you %ill see, is %hat it is! "he magnet is merely a saturable ferrite core, except that it is also a magnet in resonance, and its harmonics are being reflected, or fed bac' into the primary by the pieHo! 2ere is %here %e have to figure this out ourselves, because there is no Eprior artE that this has ever been done before! "he result is the creation of a potential %hich is applied to the pieHo in opposition to the supply potential, and %hich literally pushes bac' supply current %hich increases supply voltage! ,n the process of doing this, this created potential is converting flux into electrons to 'eep this Ene%E current circulating in the series resonant circuit, so that the output po%er from the (<# is higher than the po%er consumed in the primary! "his is non-linear operation, %hich %ill be described further into this message! "he saturation point of the magnet as a ferrite core determines the gain of the (<#! -or a given load, the (<# %ill saturate as seen by increases in supply potential above the saturation point %hich result in decreases in the (<# output! "he three octave range of the (<# is related to the 1;5 '2H resonant fre uency of magnet,)(, not of mag1E")! ,n other %ords, the resonant fre uency of flux particles, %hich are universally constant regardless of the type of magnet, its siHe, etc!, is 1;9!@25 '2H! 2aving determined that the magnets %hich %e use %ill resonate most audibly at 8-@ '2H, %e double that for an octave separation of 1:-18 '2H, and again for /2-/: '2H, and apply approximately /9 '2H to the pieHo! #fter the (<# E%arms upE for about an hour, building up its harmonics, it rings at its 8-@ '2H magnet resonant fre uency! )ome experimenters 'eep aspirin

on hand because the pure ringing sound over time %ill really give you a %allbanger of a headache! 1o%, here5s ho% that relates Eup%ardE to the 1;5 '2H! =nce again, %e are in ne% territory here, so please feel free to disagree, offer ne% ideas, etc! "he /9 '2H mass aggregate fre uency %ill double if the (<# is allo%ed to run open, and that %ill double if t%o (<#s are tied together and allo%ed to run open! Each doubling S one octave, so at the third octave, the fre uency is 1/: '2H! 0hen you subtract this from 1;5 '2H, you have /@ '2H! ,f you subtract 1/: '2H from 1;0 '2H, you have /9 '2H, %hich is the (<# mass aggregate fre uency! Either the fre uency of flux is 1;0 '2H instead of 1;5 '2H, or the 5 '2H difference is due to component variations, %hich seems more li'ely! Iased upon the results %hich %e have seen, , believe that %e are using multiples of flux resonance in the (<#, in %hich case the earth, or more directly the sun, is providing energy %hich is sympathetically resonating and adding energy to the circuit! 2o%ever, the %ea' flux potentials %ould not provide unity, much less several times unity! -or this, %e have to go bac' to (ax%ell5s Ouaternions, as %ell as to 0hitta'er 1@0/, the )toney30hitta'er3biol'o%s'i description of the decomposition of ?"4 (coulomb transverse potential) into bi-directional E( %ave pairs, and analyHe the nonlinear operation of the (<# using 'no%n, already accepted 17= (non linear optical) functioning! #ccording to 17=, the pieHo and primary of the (<# are connected by their ?"4s, %hich causes slightly amplified 4?< (phase con*ugate replica) %aves bet%een them, %hich s'e%s the energy density of the ?"4s! "his (most importantly) alters the ordinary isotropic distribution of potential %ith respect to radial direction! Each component becomes a pump for the 4?< %aves until the saturation point of the circuit is reached! "hat5s standard textboo' 17=, applied to define the uantum step potential increases %hich occur as a result of the principles of interferometry, as described by 0hitta'er, 1@09! "he (<# applies principles %hich %ere 'no% @0 years ago, to create effects that are defined by currently accepted 17= theory! Iecause these effects include over-unity, more than a fe% people are less than courteous in their assessment of the circuit and its inventors! 2o%ever, G=C< generation can use this information to ma'e real changes in this tired old %orld! "han' you for your excellent uestions! +ood luc' %ith your studiesT (essage 10:@; (0131:3@5 18.1;) -rom. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) mmmmm!!!!could beT 2i Boel M , am told there is a prior art (<# patent by a fello% named <ichardson!!!, %ill pursue the patent number and get it and3or the actual details of the patent online!!! it is supposed to be almost exactly the same circuit!!! M Berry (essage 10;/1 (013183@5 0@.1@) -rom. Boel (c?lain

"o. +erald =5>ocharty )ub*ect. (<# "est 2i +erald M ,f you insert a resistor or other device in series %ith primary, it %ill interfere %ith the bi%ave translation %hich is occurring, and effectively shut do%n the p-channel! #fter you have tuned the (<# for max output, let it coo' there for about an hour to build up harmonics! "hen, reduce the fre uency, and as you do, you %ill see the input voltage to the (<# increase above the no- load voltage of the signal supply! Gou can EstopE any%here in this region, and after you do, the output from the (<# as %ell as the input voltage %ill begin to step up incrementally as the harmonics once again begin to build up! ,f you can measure #? current into your signal supply, you %ill see it decrease belo% the standby level! "his assumes that you have an amplifier %hich %ill provide about 25 6#? to the (<#, because it sin's voltage (the pieHo does) belo% a threshhold of about that level! "he best %ay to determine primary current is to detune as above but stop before your amplifier voltage goes above no-load! 0hile you still have a voltage drop across the (<#, remove it from the circuit and replace it %ith a decade box, and find the resistance value %hich %ill give you the same voltage drop! "his is the effective impedance of the (<#, and can be used to determine source current! "hen %hen you compare the po%er as determined by ,E \ 0!;0; %ith the output po%er, either #? or >? from a bridge, you %ill see your po%er gain! ,f you add a resistor to the primary, and measure current inline %ith it, you %ill find that current is greater than if you measure inline current %ithout the resistor!!! %hich violates ohm5s la%!!! and %hich demonstrates the activity of the p-channel! 2ope this info helps! En*oyT M Boel (essage 10;/5 (013183@5 0@.51) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. (<# Iill M "he dead pieHo5s ma'e a very loud Escreec'E sound around 2&2H %hen they go EsourE and %ill not drive the (<# circuit! , have %ound some turns ratios that produced the same effect from a very good pieHo though so it could be a condition of the pieHo not li'ing the reflected excess potential being shoved bac' at it! 1ormally, %hen the pieHo goes bad it is Eclinically deadE %hich is the reason for needing more info on the possible EpolingE loss! , can5t believe that someone out on the ,-1et has some valued input on this sub*ect but has not come for%ard to help us out in this EvagueE area! "he biggest problem is that these pieHo5s %ere designed for very special applications at precise specs and it is not something you go do%n to E0al-(artE and purchase! , had a call last night from a guy %ho %anted to build a (<# and %as fussing about a price of X100 for a ne% pieHo of the type %e are using ( uote from the manufacturer) minimum purchase X200 for <L> sample! "han's for the EscanE *ob, %ill get bac' to you later! M 1orm (essage 10;/; (013183@5 11.5;) -rom. Boel (c?lain

"o. "erry Iastian )ub*ect. -lux -re uency 2i "erry M"he fre uency of 1;9!@25 '2H %as found %hile testing the 1ieper <ing! Iecause , believe that gravity is a uadrupole effect in %hich the spin of particles is reacting to E( fields, , felt that signal in*ecting the 1ieper <ing %ould create field stability as seen in the scope display of the <ing5s harmonics at the resonant fre uency of flux! "he center fre of the <ing is about 1!/ (2H, and is a complex %aveform %ith a real 5soup5 of harmonics! #t 1;9!8 '2H, the 1ieper <ing %aveform became synchronous! 1orm tested this using a magnet3coil combination and found that it loc'ed on at 1;9!@25 '2H! 1orm5s test e uipment has a higher degree of accuracy, so , believe that his measurement is closer! ,f you %ant to try this yourself, and to verify the ability of the 1ieper <ing to 5lose %eight5, build a 1ieper <ing! ,t5s only three audio po%er transistors and some passives, so it5s cheap and easy to put together in one afternoon! "he reason that you get 1!/ (2H from audio xistors is because they are biased on %ith no signal input, and they brea' into self resonance as a result of their tetrahedral lattice structures! "he 42, of the lattices determines the center fre uency and harmonic relationships! )ilicon and germanium both have tet lattices! , thin' that 1orm5s method is closer to the one used by "esla, but , don5t have the details on it! En*oyT M Boel (essage 10;9@ (013183@5 18.2:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. +erald =5>ocharty )ub*ect. <esistor is =&!!! 2i +erald M Ges, you can use *ust a resistor as a load!!!, forgot to ans%er that in the previous messages! <egardless of %hether you measure output po%er as #? across a resistor, or as rectified >? across a motor, light, resistor, etc!, you first need to be in the operating range of the (<#! "he first (<# that %as built could provide gain %ith only a 24-200cd signal generator to drive it, %hich %e have not been able to match since, except %ith the most recent (<# in tests %ith the little grain-of-%heat lamps!!!and that falls off after about an hour, as the harmonics die out! #s you can see from the data, it ta'es a couple of %atts in to prime the pump (%aves), after %hich you can bac' off on the fre uency and achieve nonlinear gain on the output! 0e use a <adio )hac' amp to drive the (<#!!!*ust about any good audio amp %ith 25 6#? output %ill do! 0e use >? output because %e believe in demonstrating the output po%er in useful applications, such as driving motors and lights! ,f you *ust %ant to measure the po%er ,3= ratio, rectification is not necessary! =ur measurements EeatE the loss caused by the rectifying and filtering, because

%e %ant to sho% gain in usable po%er, and >? is far more usable that /9 '2H! Bust give a holler if %e can be of any help! M Boel (essage 10;:1 (013183@5 21.9@) -rom. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) "o. Ed 0all )ub*ect. (<) >load and (<# 2i EdT #s to barium ferrite magnets, <adio )hac' still supplies them and they can be tested %ith an ohmmeter!!! if it reads Y20(ohm, it is 1=" barium, if Z20(ohm, it probably is!!! as to the 4ieHo5s, most of us got ours from "anners in ?arrollton, a suburb of >allas, "anner Electronics!!! , don5t 'no% if they have any left but they run about X/ each!!! they are also sold in the bac' of most electronic mags!!! good luc'!!! M Berry (essage 10;:5 (0131@3@5 01.5;) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. pieHos 1orm L Boel M , %onder if the (<# effect re uires that the pieHo be imperfect, so multiple resonances can start out in the first place! ,f so, then it might be re uired that they have a dead spot from the heat and solder in order to %or' right! )ort of similar to the heart re uiring a dead muscle area to start multiple %aves of fibrillation, rather than one single strong beat! 2ave you seen overunity in unsoldered pieHos that have terminals taped to the platingR , have a fe% unsoldered thin ones ,5ll try! 2ere5s a partial table of 4b" materials sold by 4ieHo &inetics ,nc!, 4= Iox ;5:, Iellefonte 4# 1:82/ 819-/55-15@/! "heir brochure sho%s custom shapes, so they may not have standard stoc' siHes! ! (aterial D ?urie temp (c) (ax -ield (63mm) & 4&,900 (>river) /10 /50 1290 4&,500 ()ensor) /50 /00 1;00 4&,550 (2i-& )ensor) 200 200 /200 - (ore - J?Kontinue, J)Ktop, J1Kon)topR n 4&,800 (7o-loss >river) /20 900 1000 ! "hey mention that 5poling5 is done above ?urie temp %ith high voltage! "his sounds suspiciously li'e the 5electriciHing5 process %ith electret materials (as opposed to magnetiHing of magnets)! ,f you %ant to experiment, you might try simply placing the pieHo on a metal plate on an electric stove, and applying a couple of &6 bet%een the plate and the top terminal! ,f you have bro'en ones to sacrifice, you might try heating them up to see at %hat temp the plating oxidiHes! ,f you run them %ith an audible signal %hile slo%ly raising the heat control, you might be able to get a reproducable heat setting for the ?urie temp of your units (%hen the audible sound goes a%ay) %hich is belo% the temp %here the coating is damaged!

(essage 10;;2 (0131@3@5 10.01) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. Iarium 2i Berry M Ieen doing a little studying regarding barium! ,t is never found in pure form due to its reactivity! ,t5s usually processed out of barytine, and has to be stored under 'erosene to 'eep it pure after processing! ,t also has a cube (body centered) lattice structure %hich consists of ten tetrahedrons! "he reactivity of the barium atom causes the ether in the area of the nucleus to become semiconductive, so in a poled device, li'e a pieHo or a magnet, there is al%ays a certain amount of potential EslippageE occurring! Iarium alloys seem to be ideal for )%eet and (<# types of devices! 0hen you combine that %ith titanium, %hich is also optically active, you can get a lot of energetic reaction! -or this reason, there is al%ays some time distortion or p-channel activity around these pieHos and magnets, if they are poled, and regardless of %hether they are energiHed by external potentials or not! Csing resonance *ust %idens the existing channel and s'e%s the potentials in such a %ay that more subharmonics can react %ith the ether to translate more of the bi%aves, %hich are there any%ay, into E(! # barium ferrite magnet %ill cause a cloc' or %atch to run slo%, not due to magnetic fields, but because the magnet is in a constant state of self oscillation %ith the ether!!!so %ill a barium pieHo, to a lesser extent! ,f you use these features to create an open system in a closed loop, you can 'eep the potentials moving faster than the load device can use the energy, and that is unity plus! , thin' maybe )%eet 'ne% this and 'ne% ho% to use it! "he 6"#, ho%ever, is an open system in an open loop, in that it uses the ether itself to reflect as %ell as to provide subharmonics, %ith the effect that you can5t Eload it do%nE! ,t *ust 'eeps bouncing bac' %ith more, because the energy is only limited to %hatever is available in the entire universe! 0e are using the pieHo as the reflective element, %hich contains the potentials %ithin the series resonant closed loop, and does not allo% the (<# to Erun openE if you load it heavily!!!it *ust drops belo% unity! #ctually, the ferrite, not the barium, determines the gain by reaching the point at %hich it becomes a saturated core, and can5t add any more po%er for additional increases in excess potential! Iarium is curious stuff! "here are probably other elements %hich %ill %or' as %ell or better, depending on their reactivity and optical characteristics! 0ill 'eep researching this and report bac'! M Boel (essage 10;;/ (0131@3@5 11.00) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. 4ieHo 4oling

2i Iill M , "2,1& that the pieHos have to be good, poled parts in order to %or' properly in the (<#! "he >E+<EE of poling may alter the gain, because the gain of a (<# %ill vary from one pieHo to another, %hen using the same magnet and output load! # uic' test has been %ith the -lu'e 8; to measure capacitance, and the EgoodE pieHos measure about 5 nf, but if you reverse the leads, measure / nf! "he EbadE pieHos have less capacitance and no difference %hen the meter leads are reversed! #lso, even the EgoodE pieHos need to be EconditionedE at lo% signal input for a day or t%o before they %ill hold up under an amplifier and a load of any %attage! ?onditioning seems to improve the poling by increasing the dielectric strength of the pieHos! , really need some mfr5s spec5s on these parts to be any more specific about their characteristics! ,t seems reasonable that poling %ill result in a standing potential, and this is necessary before the inner, or EpE channel subharmonics can translate into E(! )ame effect %ith the magnet!!!the process of creating the magnet places the barium into a poled environment, and the inner channel activity %ill occur %hether there is externally applied potential or not! 2ope this is helpful! M Boel (essage 10;@0 (013203@5 19.92) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. Berry >ec'er ()ysop) )ub*ect. "he (c&ie 4=>mod!!!brilliantT 2i Berry M Bust finished reading the (c&ie patent, or 4=>mod as it is called! #s you 'no%, there are t%o parallel resonant circuits running at 20 '2H, alternately po%ering a series resonant circuit running at 90 '2H! Iecause each tan' discharges t%ice as fast as it charges, the po%er is amplified because the output current is doubled for half the charge time, %ith t%o tan' circuits, so the output is constant! "he tan' circuits offer maximum impedance to source current %hile the series resonant circuit offers minimum impedance to the load! =f course, there5s more!!!there is an 7< circuit and an 7? circuit in the load, so the 7< causes voltage to lead current by @0 degrees, %hich charges the inductor %hile minimiHing current IE-=<E the 7? circuit EseesE the potential and charges the 7? circuit! <emember EEli the ice manRER (c&ie is driving his load almost exclusively on potential =17G! , read the comparison %ith the E"esla )%itchE in the &eely1et file, and by golly, this is %hat it is happening! 0hile the 7< is discharging into the 7?, the next E%aveE of potential is getting ready to s%itch to the 7<! #s soon as the 7? C)E) the po%er, the 7< replenishes it! 6irtually current free potential, made even better %ith the use of tunnel, or negative resistance, diodes! 4=>mod is a brilliant application of theory! "he patent number, as you mentioned, is D 5,19:,/@5 dated )ept! 8, 1@@2! 0e )2=C7> be buying these at 0al-(art by no%!!!do you 'no% if they are in productionR (essage 10802 (013213@5 1/.0@) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 0oody (offitt )ub*ect. still going!!!

2i 0oody M "he drop off in over-unity can occur at either of the EendsE of the operating range, and seems to define the boundaries of operation! Iy either increasing load on the secondary beyond the saturation point of the permeable core, or by decreasing fre uency until the subharmonics ring out, you can force the (<# belo% unity! "here is an optimum range of output load and input fre uency, %herein the nonlinear increase in input impedance creates an effective reduction of primary current, hence input po%er, for a disproportionately higher amount of output po%er! "he dimensions of this range appear constant in relative terms for differing (<# configurations, although the actual parameters of center resonant fre uency and output po%er %ill vary %ith the components! 0ithin the optimum range, the (<# hasn5t Erang outE through extended testing to date! 1o%, the effects of impedances in a circuit do not relate directly to pure resistance, but the average value of each has the same effect on circuit current! "his is especially true of a series resonant circuit because the reactances cancel, leaving only resistance! 0hile this is true %ithin the resonant range of the circuit, the individual effects of \l and \c become more pronounced as you move either above or belo% the center resonant fre uency! 0e %ish %e had the type of e uipment %hich %ould allo% millisecond-by-millisecond analysis of the (<# %ith simultaneously monitored voltages and currents, so that %e could then plot the coordinates as vectors!!! lac'ing that, %e turned the (<# over to those %ho have 'no%ledge superior to ours, and the tools to test the (<# properly! =bviously, %e have a great respect for these people and %e anxiously a%ait their revie%s and analyses! ,f there are hidden variables %hich Eaverage valueE testing cannot see, they %ill be found, and the effects %ill be clearly defined in terms of po%er! Gou 'no% as %ell as anyone that there are al%ays hidden variables in anything, so it remains to be seen ho% much they %ill affect the po%er gains %hich %e measure as average values! 0e can use (and accept) "hevenin5s "heorem, but %e also 'no% (urphy, so reality is some%here in bet%een! "han's, dudeT M Boel (essage 10818 (013223@5 15.02) -rom. >avid 0yland "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# Experiments )ources. >igi-&ey (1-800-/99-95/@) is a great electronics and semiconductor mail order catalog company! Bust call the 800 number and they %ill send you a catalog every month or t%o! "hey ta'e credit cards, and they ship in 29 hours! , have used them uite often, and they are good! Gou already 'no% about these guys, but , thought , %ould give them a plug any%ay! 1e%ar' Electronics (1-800-2@8-/1// ext! 98) is another good mail order catalog company! "heir catalog is much bigger, more industrial and has a %ide variety of parts, particularly transistors! "heir catalog comes out yearly and is about 2 thic'!

Edmund )cientific (1-:0@-5;/-:250) in Iarrington, 1B, carries magnets and other scientific e uipment for the experimenter and industrial mar'et! "hey are %ell 'no%n and have been around for a %hile! Electronic Engineers (aster (EE() is a four volume set of reference boo's supplied yearly for free to engineers! "he EE( publishers number in 1G is (51:-22;-1/00)! "hey list the manufacturers of *ust about anything that has %ires hanging out of it, including crystals and magnets! ,f you %ant more info on these, let me 'no%! EE( sho%s (organ (atroc as an ultrasonic crystal transducer manufacturer, pg I-1@;1 of the 1@@5 edition, volume I! "he pictures and text say they ma'e these type of crystals! Gou might %ant to chec' them out! "heir address is. (organ (atroc, ,nc!, 2/2 -orbes <oad, Iedford, =2 9919:$ 21:-2/2-8:00$ 21:-2/2-8;/1 (fax) (c(aster-?arr )upply ?ompany (/10-:@2-5@11) is a big industrial supply catalog! "hey sell everything for the factory including magnets! "hey have a 2;00A page catalog %ith 5 pages of #lnico, ceramic and other magnets for industrial use! #lnico rectangular bar magnets go to 1x1x:, for example! "hese people do uite big, industrial business! "he problem %ill be to get their attention for a small order! 2igh 4o%er >evices. Gou need some high po%er transistorsR "hey are available! "he ,nternational <ectifier ,+I" (,nsulated +ate Iipolar "ransistor) devices should do for most anything! "he ,<+4-90 is rated at 1200 volts at 2@ amps for X@!00 in uantity of one from >igi-&ey! "hat5s about /5 &0 s%itching in one device! (odules %ith these voltage ratings at currents into the hundreds of amps are also available! "his is over'ill as an example! # %ide variety of bipolar and (=)-E" devices, both 141 (1-channel) and 414 (4-channel) are available for a fe% dollars at voltages up to 950 volts and several amperes! )elf 4o%ered (<#. "he final proof of the (<# pudding %ill be self sustaining operation %ithout external po%er input! ,f you can get a clean >? 0att out of an (<# from no%here, you %ill have something tough to deny! (, 'no%, , have a firm grasp of the obvious!) Iy pumping out an excess %att S 1 Boule3second, you %ill uic'ly eliminate other explanations of %here the po%er comes from, such as using up the energy of magnetiHation of the magnet, for example! Each day of operation %ould yield about @0,000 *oules! Gou can compare this against the energy of magnetiHation of the core, or even against nitroglycerin in terms of *oules3'ilogram! 2ere are t%o direct %ays for self po%ering the (<# that , can thin' of. 1) (a'e a >? po%ered sine %ave oscillator and amplifier combination to drive the (<#, %ith the >? po%er for the oscillator3amplifier combination coming (eventually) from the (<# output! -irst, you po%er up the (<# using a battery or other external supply! 0hen the (<# is up and running, you s%itch over to (<# po%er! M >avid ?! 0yland

(essage 10820 (013223@5 15.52) -rom. Bim Cban "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# design ideas %3r3t 6"# 2i 1orm M , have been avidly follo%ing the (<# updates since being alerted to it5s existence by (r! >on &elly! ?ongratulations on your and Boel (c?lain5s successT =ver the past 2 years ,5ve also been studying (r! )%eet5s 6"# system (also %ith the information help of >on &)! "he (<# is reminiscent of the 6"# and , %ould guess probably dra%s from the same energy source, but using a different engineering realiHation %hich is much more reproducible! 2o%ever, )%eet %as able to get out much higher over-unity gains! 4erhaps , can offer some design insights from my 6"# studiesR "%o main issues are apparent no%! -irst is the output %indings! )%eet %as able to get his outputs using %hat5s called 5bifilar5 %inding for the output coil(s)! #t the ,1E conference last (ay, )%eet5s setup %as replicated and verified by (r! >on 0atson! , spo'e %ith >on at length, and obtained his design specs (%hich he has freely given for public domain usage)! 2e also used bifilar %indings on the output! Iifilar %indings are basically t%o identical and independent %indings cross-connected at the output! =ne can ma'e elaborate %indings %here first one layer is %ound %ith one %ire, then another layer %ound (even in the opposite turn direction) %ith the second %ire! Iut >on 0 too' a simpler approach of %inding from 2 solid-%ire spools at the same time! "his %ay, the same amount of identical %ire is put on the coil in t%o independent (and insulated) strands! "he outputs are cross-connected! -rom normal E-( theory, it should not be possible to get any effect in this sort of %inding, since any 'ind of magnetic induction effect %ould set up a current in each of the t%o output %indings, %hich %ould cancel each other due to the cross-connection at the terminus of the %ires! 2o%ever, this is %hat )%eet and >on 0 used! >on says his circuit %or'ed %ell, similar to )%eet5s setup! ,t occurred to me this could %ell be %hy you %ere able to get the (<# only to %or' %ith stranded %ire! "he stranded %ire %ould be acting li'e a bifilar %inding! ,n that case, the fact that the %ires are continually shorted must not ma'e a difference, %hich goes along %ith the hypothesis that a different energy than surface-%ire electron motion is %hat %e are dealing %ith here! 2o%ever, it may be that a directly bifilar %ound output coil %ould %or' better than the stranded %ire! )o , mention it here for your consideration! "he second issue is the magnet itself! "he big stopping point for replicating )%eet5s setup has been that it re uires 5conditioned5 magnets! "he specs for this had not been forthcoming from )%eet in clear form! (2e apparently has given out grains of truth along %ith a lot of nonsense, perhaps due to legal restrictions or his o%n inclinations)! #ny%ay, >on 0atson has done a lot of %or' %ith magnets, and %as able to put together an approach that seems to replicate the needed conditioning! Gour 131:3@5 note about Elooseness of the domains in the magnetE plays directly to this conditioning process! 0hat >on 0 basically does is mostly demagnetiHe the magnets using po%erful capacitor-pulsed coils around the periphery of the flat slab magnets! 2e alternates the magnet from top up to top do%n (tal'ing about the large flat side here), and also varies the tilt of the magnet up to about /0 degrees on the t%o ma*or axes, giving a pulse or t%o at each orientation! "he goal (as measured %ith 5magnet paper5 %hich sho%s the domain boundaries) is to end up %ith a %ea'ly magnetiHed magnet that has about 132 to /39 inches of one polarity (1 or )

pole perpendicular to the large flat surface) around the outer edge of the flat surface of the magnet, and then the inner section being the other polarity (:Ex9Ex132E magnets)! ,n this %ay, a 5magnetic bubble5 is formed, %hich is uite visible in the magnetic paper! "he second step is to place this magnet bet%een t%o copper hand-built capacitor plates and charge it to a fe% &6 for a %hile (, have more specific specs on all this)! >on found that doing this step loosened up the magnetic bubble such that a small magnet could easily move it around, as evidenced by the magnetic paper! )o, the drive coil (%ound normally) could easily %iggle the magnetic bubble (and therefore a lot of magnetic grains in the magnet) to a large degree %ith a minimal input! >on 0atson5s %or' %as only %ith Iarium -errite magnets %hich he found at surplus houses! 2e found that a 6=( can sho% the difference, %here touching any t%o points on the surface of a Ia-e has almost infinite resistance$ %hereas the no% available )r-e has a fe% megohms resistance! =ne theory is that the lo% resistance %ipes out eddy currents %hich dampen the effect! #lso, Ia-e has better magnetiHation curves than )r-e for the demagnetiHing, bubbleforming process! )%eet (and >on 0) runs the system completely at :02b! ("he final conditioning step is to pulse the demagnetiHing coils at a :02b pea' a fe% times)! 2e probably needs the very loosened-up magnetic domains to get the system to %or' at that fre uency! Gou and Boel have hit on the idea of resonating the magnet at it5s natural fre uency, %hich perhaps gets the domains sha'ing nicely %ithout being so loosened up! 2o%ever, applying some of these conditioning techni ues might loosen up the magnet domains further for greater-output operation at your fre uencies also! ,5ve *ust received some of the 7ead-birconate pieHos from 2L<, and hope to proceed %ith experimentation here as %ell! 7et me 'no% if you %ant more specifics on the 0atson3)%eet conditioning process! (essage 108/1 (0132/3@5 0/.5/) -rom. Iill Ieaty "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# fm internet 2 <e. #ctual test data ,nput signal %ith no-load ((<# not connected) S 2;!1/ 6#? (<# output load S same 4ittman motor a11: ma ,nput signal %ith (<# connected and po%ering motor S 2:!88 6#? ,nput signal amplitude reduction as per above S 0!25 6#? (easured e uivalent resistance to achieve 0!25 6#? drop S 1:00 ohms Boel M "he !25 volt difference mentioned above is only 1 F of the voltages that you are measuring the difference bet%een! ?onsidering that this is in all li'elihood about the precision of the meter you are using, it could be out by as much as 100F! "herefore these calculations are meaningless! -urthermore, you do not give any information about %aveform, or phase! #lthough , appreciate that phase bet%een input current and voltage are difficult to determine, if you can5t measure input currentT 4ersonally for the sa'e of experiment, , %ould ris' including a small

resistor in the input circuit, even if it means reducing the gain some%hat, *ust to be sure of %hat is going on! "hen once you are sure (i!e! you have measured %ave-form, phase, etc!, %ith over unity operation), you can remove the resistor again, for the rest of your experiments! #s it stands, your input circuit must already have some ohmic resistance, therefore it is not a priori fatal to the operation of the circuit! # good scope should be able to measure milivolt voltage drops across a small resistor (#nd %ith much better accuracy than subtracting t%o almost e ual high voltages)! =n another point. , %as %ondering if you could tune the fre uencies of your pieHos, but putting them under pressure! e!g! clamped bet%een rubber bloc's in a small vice! #lternatively, you might include a small ad*ustable capacitor in series in the circuit, to tune the tan' fre uency, as is done in digital %atches! , suspect that best results %ill be obtained, only at very precise fre uencies! (4erhaps improving asymptotically as "2E fre uency is approached)! #nother thought, if the pieHo fre uency is a multiple of the magnet fre uency, then you might try mechanically coupling the t%o, to ensure that they resonate on exact harmonics (, suspect that this %ill further improve the O factor of the primary circuit)! ,t occurs to me that if this is not the case, then the input impedance %ill not rise as high, and the gain %on5t be as high as it might! 1ext point. , got the impression that &eely %as tal'ing about the third harmonic, ho%ever you seem to be operating on the second, i!e!, 9 times the fre uency, rather than 8 times! 0hat happens if you use a magnet fre uency of about 9 '2H, =< a pieHo fre uency of :9 &2HR M <obin van )paandon' YrvanspaaaoHemail!com!au (essage 108/5 (132/3@5 0;.21) -rom. Iob 4addoc' "o. Boel (c?lain )ub*ect. (<) (<# "est ,f you insert a resistor or other device in series %ith primary, it %ill interfere %ith the bi%ave translation %hich is occurring, and effectively shut do%n the p-channel! =ne of the designs ,5ve been toying %ith uses )E1-E") ((=)-E") that have &alvonic ?urrent (irror outputs) %hich should not 5interfere5 li'e a series resistor! (essage 10858 (132/3@5 12.5:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o . Iill Ieaty )ub*ect. <eply for 4eter <ietH ,n ans%er to your uestions. 1! 0e believe that barium is a singularity! ,t is highly reactive, it has a cube lattice structure, and it has a %eight of 1/;! #s such, it most easily engages the ?oulomb "ransverse 4otential %ith the aether, resonates more easily, and can translate more bi%ave pairs into E( energy! 2! 0e haven5t found any correlation %ith the physical location of the pieHo relative to the magnet, in terms of performance! /! "he shape of the magnet might matter! 0e don5t 'no% because %e have been %or'ing %ith the same generally oblong rectangular shape all along!

9! "he dominant fre uency is the fre uency applied! "here are other fre uencies apparent, similar to the EnoiseE that you see in a transistor circuit! "his EnoiseE is EridingE on the dominant fre uency, and becomes more apparent as the (<# E%arms upE! ,n operation, the (<# is energiHed at pea' resonance for an hour, and then detuned by approximately 190-1:0 2H, %hich causes the effective impedance of the primary to increase by ten or more times, %hile only slightly reducing the output po%er! 0e use an audio amplifier to provide the input, %ith a signal generator feeding the amplifier! "he amplifier has an impedance matching transformer for its output, and %e use the highest impedance tap of the transformer secondary! # sine %ave input is necessary, as is stranded %ire! 0e %ind the secondary first, and the primary over it! 0e are using step do%n ratios of 2.1 from primary to secondary! #ll of the above is not to say that there are not better %ays of doing it!!!these are only ho% %e are doing it, and other methods may yield better results! # friend is in the process of building a lo% po%er sine %ave generator %hich %e plan to use for a self-sustaining mode of operation! 0e believe that the generator should be able to provide 20-/0 6#? at 150 ma maximum (for the %armup), and be tunable %ithin /0-90 '2H! 0e %ill use rechargable batteries to start and maintain the circuit! +ood luc' to you in your studies! M Boel (essage 10880 (13293@5 10.90) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# Evaluation by ,#) 7ate yesterday, , received a fax from 2al 4uthoff and )cott 7ittle at the ,nstitute for #dvanced )tudies at #ustin! 2al confirmed the measurements %hich %e had documented for both load and no-load operation of the (<#! 2o%ever, different conclusions %ere reached %ith regard to interpretation of the measurements %hich do not support over-unity gain! 0hile %e are still in dialogue %ith 2al and )cott %ith regard to the interpretation of the measurements, , felt it best to share this information %ith all interested &eely1etters, along %ith a sincere Ethan' youE to 2al and )cott for their 'ind and generous assistance in the test of the (<#! #s is often the case, especially %ith b4E devices, correct data can lead to incorrect conclusions!!! this may be the case %ith the (<# as %ell, in terms of 1orm5s and my testing! 7oo'ing bac', ,5m very glad that %e shared our data %ith everyone, as this may help others as a Ecase in pointE! #lternately, ho%ever, %e have re uested that 2al and )cott try testing the (<# %ithout adding series resistors in the primary circuit! 0e thin' that the addition of resistors might have the effect of bloc'ing subharmonics, %hich %ould cause an increase in primary source current! 0hen components are added, it is no longer the same circuit, i!e!, it is no longer the (<#, in our opinion!

0e %ill be continuing our %or' %ith the (<#, as the most difficult measurement for us to verify is that of primary current! 0e hope to perform the b4E Elitmus testE %ith an oscillator to test the ability of the (<# to self-sustain! #s %ith all tests, %e %ill share the test results! (y personal than's to all of you as %ell, especially Berry and Iill, for helping to share this and all previous information! M Boel (essage 10885 (13293@5 1;.0;) -rom . >avid 0yland "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. 2nd half of (<# message )orry , got cut off half %ay through the last message! 2ere is the rest of it, %ith some thoughts and data! 2ere are t%o direct %ays for self po%ering the (<# that , can thin' of. 1) (a'e a >? po%ered sine %ave oscillator and amplifier combination to drive the (<#, %ith the >? po%er for the oscillator3amplifier combination coming (eventually) from the (<# output! -irst, you po%er up the (<# using a battery or other external supply! 0hen the (<# is up and running, you s%itch over to (<# po%er! 1ote. the sine %ave oscillator3amplifier output voltage must be set by some reference voltage independent of the (<# >? voltage output to prevent un%anted positive feedbac'! 2) (a'e a >? po%ered #? amplifier to drive the (<#, %ith the >? po%er for the amplifier coming from the (<#, as above! 2ave the amplifier input driven by the signal generator through an opto-isolator (or even a fiber optic cable, if you %ant to spend a fe% dollars more!) "he opto-isolator prevents any po%er flo% from the oscillator to the amplifier! ,t consists of a 7E> and a photodiode! ?urrent in the 7E> causes current in the photodiode! "hese devices cost about X1!00 and are available in %ide variety! "his method allo%s you to use the signal generator for control but totally eliminate it as a source of po%er! Eventually, you %ould replace it %ith a lo% po%er sine %ave oscillator on the (<# board! "he amplifier %ill probably need both A and - >? voltages if you %ant the sine %ave to be symmetrical about ground! (1o >? component!) ,n addition to using a full %ave bridge at the (<# output for output po%er, use t%o half %ave rectifiers and capacitors to generate A and - >? voltages! -or the (<#Us discussed, this means about A12 L -12 out to the amplifier! # lo% output impedance amplifier capable of putting out /0 6<() (M@0 6 pea' to pea') is not to tough to ma'e! Gou need transistors rated at probably 150A volts to be safe! "he ",4/1? 141 and the ",4/0? 414 may be good choices! Each are rated at 190 volts 6cbo at / #mps %ith an f" of 9 (2H! ,f the amplifier voltage output to the (<# is to be 2 to 5 6<() (M15 6 pea' to pea' SZ A3- ;!5 volts pea' from the (<# po%er supply) %hen running, the (<# should be able to po%er it %ith no problem! ,nstrumentation "houghts. "o measure high voltages, use a 1000.1 probe, such as a 10 (eg and 10& resistor pair! =ne end of the 10 meg goes to the measurement point, the other to the 10&$ the other end of the 1& goes to ground! 2ave the scope measure across the 1& resistor! "his protects the scope, 'eeps the load on the test point small (0!1 m# at 1 &6) and allo%s the 1&6A

voltage to be in range on the fscope! Gou might %ant to use a high voltage 10 meg or a string of 2 or more resistors so they donUt arc over! #nother approach is to use a 10 p- and a 10,000 p- (!01 u-) capacitor pair, since you are loo'ing at #?! "his %ould eliminate any >? load! Cse a high voltage 10 p- cap! 0atch out for the current probes. they add some inductance because they act li'e a ferrite bead around the %ire they measure! "hey measure current by transformer effect! 0hat you are clipping around the %ire is a split ferrite core! ,f you are not sure about %hether the scope is chopping your signal, cut it bac' to one channel, unchopped! Iy the %ay, chop rates of 100 to 500 &2H are common, and so are chopped scope artifacts if your signal happens to be near some phase loc'ed harmonic of the chop rate! , hope , have pi ued your interest and that %e can %or' together! ,t loo's li'e funT M >avid ?! 0yland M (essage 10@0/ (13253@5 1/./2) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (ore testing, ,gorTT 2i 1orm M , had a most illuminating conversation %ith 2al today! ,5ve as'ed him to 'eep the (<# for as long as he feels that it has anything to offer him as a device for testing! #t this point, he may be about done %ith it, as it appears not to be above unity! "he 'ey to this is not in the reduction of current, %hich occurs as %e have seen, but in the cosine of the phase angle, %hich changes as the circuit is detuned! "hus it is possible to have a vastly reduced current in combination %ith a measurable increase in terminal voltage and still have a relative increase in input po%er! <eactance, %hich alters the phase angle, becomes more prominent as the (<# is detuned! 1o%, , "2,1& that this is minimal as long as %e are %ithin the band%idth of the Cniversal <esonance ?hart, but , could be %rong! ,f this is %hat is happening, and 2al5s test provides data %hich indicates that this is the case, then the phase angle changes should be directly measurable! ,5m not completely convinced, and %on5t be until %e have uantified this! "he other indications %hich %e have seen, such as the reduction in output current from the driver xistor of the amp, and the net reduction in #? current to the amp, and the tests %ith the grain-of-%heat lamps, and other tests, lead me to believe that there is something more going on here! , mentioned that %e are going ahead %ith the plan to build an oscillator to test the (<# in selfsustaining mode, and that the oscillator must be inductively coupled to the (<#! ,5ve as'ed 2al to test the (<# using inductive coupling via an isolation xfmr and to omit the series resistor! "his %ould eliminate the local value of impedance, i!e!, the resistor, %hich is replacing the distributed resistances in the tuned circuit! "he inductive coupling %ill provide the same EL, lead-lag relationships %hich %e have in our o%n tests!

, hope that everyone is a%are that , have the utmost respect for and confidence in 2al and his staff! )ometimes typed messages are sub*ect to %rong interpretation, and , really >= 1=" %ant that to be the case here! , genuinely respect them and the efforts %hich they have given in the test of the (<#! , understand the conclusions %hich they have reached, and am gratified that they have verified the accuracy of our measurements! 2opefully, this %ill put to rest all of the doubts concerning the accuracy of our measurements, fre uency range of test e uipment, etc! 0e differ only in the interpretation of those measurements as related to input po%er! , %ould hope that any inventor of a device of this type %ould have the advantage of a revie% by 2al 4uthoff! <egardless of the outcome of the revie%, it is an honor! #s , told 2al, to paraphrase Gogi Ierra, E%e agree differentlyE!!! and that is all! "he burden of proof is, as it should be, on the inventors! )o %e5ll prove it$ it %or's or it doesn5t!!!and %e5ll uantify it either %ay, and share the results! ?5ya! M Boel (essage 10@/: (0132:3@5 0@.08) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. 1orman ?omparini )ub*ect. (<#"E)"1 <esponse 1orm. ,n regard to your uestion as to our response to the (<#"E)"1 <eport , %ill go on record %ith the follo%ing comments! -irst there is a strange EparadoxE here that thus far has eluded even the best instrumentation in attempts to explain this circuit! 7et say before going any further that , as does Boel personally appreciate the efforts of 2al and )cott in their analysis of the (<# device and loo' for%ard to %or'ing %ith them in the future in further testing %hen %e can nail do%n %hat is really going on in the circuit! "his pro*ect is not going to *ust die out! , personally have / ea! E)uper (<# devicesE on my bench %hich do some rather interesting things %hich defy all explanation by conventional EE(E theory! , %ill stand by my statement that there is a phenomenon here that has eluded all attempts to explain the circuit even %ith the most sophisticated Edigital e uipmentE! ?ase in point. (<# that , call Ebig coil 1E$ ,nput is 80!26#? a ;@82b across a Egrain of %heatE bulb (glo%s very dim) %ith an output of 52!;6>? into a load of 2 ea! (parallel) 986 panel lamps dra%ing /!92 0atts at a current of :1!5(#! 0ill some Eelectronics engineerE out there tell me ho% a tiny grain of %heat bulb %ith 80!26#? applied across it in series %ith the (<# circuit pass enough current to drive the observed load of /!92 0attsR #ny and all explanations %ill be accepted and considered! 0ouldn5t you agree that something real strange is going on hereR "o sho% you that this E>=+E is not going to lay do%n and die is evidenced by my latest (<# that , constructed last night %hich does the follo%ing. ,nput, 5/!56#? a //,:002b %ith an output of 120!26>? into a resistive load of a standard light bulb rated 1206 1/!5 0atts burning very brightly! ,nput currentR 0ell let5s put it this %ay, , placed a small miniature <adio )hac' lamp rated at :6 a !025# in series %ith the (<# input and the tiny little lamp %as burning very bright %hile sustaining the output load! &eep in mind that %e are dissipating po%er in the form of heat and light in the series resistive load in the input side of the circuit therefore the uestion arises as to %hat is the effective voltage and current across the pieHo and primary coil of the (<# circuit! >oes conventional EbridgeE or series resistance calculations apply! ,f so then %ill you figure it out and get bac' to me as to your explanation! , told you it %ouldn5t be easy! M 1orm

(essage 10@/8 (0132:3@5 0@.9:) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. ?irculating ?urrents 2i 1orm M "hose are some very impressive figures on the (agnum! #ctually, the input current ,) as lo% as it seems!!!but the phase angle is altered by the reactance (capacitance) of the primary! )ince the po%er factor is the cosine of the phase angle, the input po%er may be greater than it %ould appear!!!even %ith the lo%er current! "hat is the basis of 2al5s conclusion, as , understand it! 2o%ever, comma, if the phase shift is occurring and is ,)=7#"E> from the source, as %ith the autotransformer example, then the po%er increase as a result of phase shift is affecting the po%er in the (<# only! "herein lies the rub! ,t #44E#<) that this is the case because of the net reduction in #? po%er to the amplifier (belo% standby), and because of the extremely high impedance of the primary as seen by the tiny amount of current in the grain-of-%heats, and none of that even considers the effects of mass aggregate resonance! 1o%, %hen the autoxfmrs %ould short out, the effect %ould be the same as if either half of the autoxfmr %as connected to a one ohm pure resistance. 00000gggggggg00000! 0ith 980 6#? applied, the current coil 1 ohm coil %ould be 980 amps, and the ,dE is 2/0,900! 2o%ever, the line fuses still see a net inductance! "hese fuses are rated at 980 6#? and 100 amps, so their ,dE is only 98,000, but they %ill not blo%! "he %indings heat up and burn out! "he massive current in the shorted turns is referred to as Ecirculating currentE, because it circulates in the %indings as a result of the phase shift across a pure value of resistance! ,f the line %ere EseeingE the po%er in the shorted %indings, the fuses %ould blo%!!!but the line can5t see it! "here exists a ratio of five times the po%er %hich the line EseesE as opposed to the po%er being dissipated! ,s that above unityR 0ell, to a fuse or a %att-hour meter it is! Iecause the (<# drives the amplifier belo% standby current for the same line voltage, ,5d guess that the effect is related! "he isolation is the 'ey!!!%ith the autoxfmr, the shorted %indings are isolated from the line fuses by the net inductance of the coil! 0ith the (<#, the isolation xfmr of the amplifier is the 'ey!!!as long as resistances remains distributed!!! , thin'! "esting %ith a self-po%ering (<# %ill prove or disprove it, one %ay or the other! #dding a pure resistive value in the inductive path of the (<# may represent the shorted turn in the autoxfmr!!!maximum circulating current %hich the source does not see, but %hich gives the appearance of a lot of po%er into the (<# from the source! 2mmm again! ?ome to thin' of it, the autoxfmr example sounds li'e <ussell5s device, doesn5t itR #nd the shorted %inding seems li'e a caduceus turn! #nybody can feel free to *ump in hereT ,deasR M Boel (essage 10@;1 (0132;3@5 11./0) -rom . >avid 0yland "o . 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<# "esting

1orm M 2ere are some thoughts on (<# testing! , thin' a critical test is to measure the input current! Gou could do this by putting a 1 ohm resistor in series %ith the return lead of the (<# and measuiring the voltage across the resistor %ith a scope! Gou can ma'e the 1 ohm resistor out of ten 10 ohm resistors in parallel, %hich you should get able to get at <adio )hac'! Even 5F carbon comps should %or' to begin %ith because you are loo'ing for an order of magnitude! ,f you have grounding problems bet%een the scope and the amplifier, you could a) float the scope %ith an isolation transformer (a very handy thing to have for this function), b) run the amplifier off a 12-volt battery if it is the <adio )hac' 4# system dual voltage amplifier! Gou could use a lantern battery or run a length of 19 gage (alibu garden light Hip cord to the cigarette lighter of a car, or c) ma'e a differential isolation amplifier from an op amp, four 10& ohm resistors and a pair of @ volt batteries! #lmost any op amp %ill do. =4-0;, =4-2;, 7-911, 7(/29, etc! ?onnect the @ volt batteries to the A6 and -6 po%er terminals! ?onnect the output to the amplifier (-) input through a 10' resistor, and connect the amplifier (A) to battery common! ?onnect the remaining t%o 10& resistors bet%een the 1 ohm resistor and the amplifier (A) and (-) inputs! "he scope ground goes to battery common and the amplifier output goes to the scope input! "he result is a gain-of-1 differential amplifier, %hich %ill eliminate ground loops! (<eference. 1ational 7inear #pplications 2andboo', etc!) 0hen you chec' the current, also chec' the applied voltage to the (<# and try to estimate the phase angle bet%een them! 4o%er S 6d,dcos angle! , got the impression that %hen you got the (<# in its lo% input po%er mode, you could reduce the input drive voltage from /0 6<() to /-5 6<() and still maintain the output voltage! "rue, or am , dreamingR +ood 7uc'T M >ave 0yland (essage 10@;5 (0132;3@5 1/./8) -rom. )teve "hatcher "o. #ll )ub*ect. (<# 4ieHos , have been follo%ing the (<# development and %as searching for sources for pieHo crystals! "o those that are loo'ing for a source, you might try contacting (organ (atroc ,nc! "hey are in =hio and have been in the pieHo business for 50 years according to their ads! "heir phone D is (21:)2/2-8:00 and the address is 2/2 -orbes <oad$ Iedford, =hio 9919:! , haven5t built the device and haven5t dug enough into yet to 'no% %hat you all are loo'ing for! ,t appears that this company may have some high po%er-high stress capable pieHos off the shelf so to spea'! 7et me 'no% if you find anything! M )teve "hatcher (essage 10@81 (0132;3@5 18.1;) -rom. 1orman 0ootan "o. >avid 0yland )ub*ect. (<# "esting

>avid you %ere correct to assume that %e had thought out the testing procedure and yes (to ans%er your uestion) %e 'ne% exactly %hat the outcome of the test %ould be by adding a ElumpE resistance to the circuit! ,t 'ills the over-unity effect Edead as hellE! #ll three of the testing parties %ere told that this %ould happen! 1o% if you %ould please go bac' to the starting point and read the %hole thing over then you %ill not come bac' and suggest placing a ElumpE resistance value any%here in the input circuit to derive a current value! ,t *ust cannot be done this %ay for it completely alters the (<# into as 2al stated Ean ordinary series resonant transformer circuitE! 4ut you thin'ing cap on for there has to be a method of determining input current and not Eclose the 4 channelE! 0hat %ould you say if , told you that Boel and , fine tuned a (<# last night and had the voltage and current %ave forms exactly 180 degrees out of phase at the input of the (<#R )ee there is something real peculiar here for bet%een the pieHo and the coil the phase angle %as @0 degrees! ?ommentsRR M 1orm (essage 10@@9 (013283@5 01.15) -rom . >avid 0yland "o. 1orman 0ootan )ub*ect. (<) (<# "esting , hear you about the lumped resistance! 2o%ever, some resistance insertion must be possible. at least of the order of the >? resistance of the %ires, perhaps 0!01 ohms! "his can be estimated by %ire tables for 20 gauge %ire! 0ith a very small resistance plus an amplifier you should still be able to get a current %aveform reading! 2aving the voltage and current 180 out seems strangee ?ould be, but , %ould chec' by substituting a >? resistance for the (<# to chec' polarity to be sure! )trange things happen to phase %ith high O resonant circuits near resonance! 1ote. the (<# circuit must have some effective resistance in it! <eal amplifiers have some >? output resistance, closed loop or no! ,t sounds li'e the tric' is to measure the current %ithout disturbing the circuit! Gou can still try the current probe too! "he ultimate test %ill be to measure the >? current into an efficient, lo% po%er drive amplifier! ,f the current to the amplifier drops, as (and don5t forget to decouple it %ith a cap to ma'e sure the current you are measuring is >?) you move into the good region, then you are in good shape! "he amplifier current method is the ultimate method. the >? output current must be enough to drive the amplifier %ith some left over for the system to be over unity as a %hole! )ay again %hat drive voltage, pea'-to-pea' you are usingR +ood 7uc' M >ave 0yland (essage 110/; (013/03@5 00.55) -rom. Boel (c?lain "o. >avid 0yland )ub*ect. Ilac' Iox "est 2i >avid M "he (<# starts out belo% unity, and builds up EsteamE over an hour! ,t ta'es time for the harmonics to reach their pea'! Gou can %atch it happen it increments! "he secondary side of the input amp xfmr EbelongsE to the (<#, so if you need to add resistance, add it to the primary side! 0hen you add it to the secondary side, you modify the device under test! 7oo' at it this %ay!!!if your car starts rolling do%n a hill, you can stop it %ith

very little resistance at first! Gou can also stop the (<# %ith very little resistance at first! "hat5s ho% transistor circuits are designed so that resonances %on5t build up and croa' them!!! add a small resistance to stop them %hen they are still small, so they can5t gro%! Gou don5t have to be ,1 the circuit to measure the po%er "= it! ,f you %ant to Eblac' boxE the (<#, don5t put anything extra in the box!!!put it outside (ahead) of the box! 7oo' at %hat is going on in your amplifier!!! transistors forced near cutoff, #? line current dropping belo% standby! "hen loo' at the nice robust >? po%er off your bridge! "hen go ahead and build the circuit to ma'e it po%er itself! M Boel

Eval/ation o3 Magnetic e"onance Ampli3ier .M A1

In"tit/te 3or A0vance0 #t/0ie" > Eart-Tec- International5 Inc$ (90/0 Ira'er 7ane, #ustin "\ ;8;5@ M 512-/9:-/898) 8$ E$ 6/t-o33 ; #cott Little 20 Banuary 1@@5 A'"tract : #n (<# device provided by Boel (c?lain and 1orman 0ooten %as tested for po%er efficiency! "he (<# is essentially a po%er converter, driven by an audio fre uency #? voltage and producing a >? output! =ur tests included meter measurements, made in the manner employed by (c?lain and 0ooten, and digital oscilloscope measurements, %hich provided high-resolution recording of input voltage and current traces! =ur meter measurements duplicated the results reported by (c?lain and 0ooten %hich %ould appear to indicate over-unity (Z100F efficiency) performance at certain fre uencies, but only because the reactive behavior of the system is not properly ta'en into account by this measurement procedure! "he digital oscilloscope measurements, %hich correctly account for the effects of circuit reactance, yielded a nearly constant 50F efficiency at all fre uencies! Intro0/ction : "he (<# device %e tested consisted of a pieHoelectric transducer connected in series %ith the primary of a specially constructed, hand-%ound transformer! "he transformer has a ferrite core and the secondary is connected to a full-%ave bridge %hose output is connected to a load! (c?lain and 0ooten computed #? input po%er by determining an e uivalent resistance < of the (<#, and then substituting that value <, and the closed-circuit (<# input voltage 6, into 6g23< to calculate an input po%er! "hey determined this e uivalent resistance by substituting a decade resistance box in place of the (<# to find the resistance that %ould yield the same connected-circuit driving voltage! ()uch a procedure is appropriate for purely resistive loads!)

,n their most recent tests (c?lain and 0ooten used a small >? motor as a load for the (<#! 0e used the motor initially to confirm proper operation of our (<# test bed, but replaced it %ith a 1/0 ohm resistor to eliminate commutation noise for the tests described belo%! 0e also attached a /0,000 microfarad filter capacitor across the load resistor to smooth out the >? to ensure accurate measurement %ith common digital meters! 0e used t%o (icronta 22-185# meters, one in series %ith the load to measure current, and one connected across the load and the other meter to measure total voltage delivered to the load and current meter! "otal output po%er is the product of these t%o uantities! "o generate the /9 '2H signal needed to drive the (<# %e used a "E& -+509 )ignal +enerator amplified %ith a 4ioneer 2100, a modern solid-state 1:0-%att audio po%er amplifier %ithout output transformers! "o duplicate the performance of (c?lain and 0ooten5s <adio )hac' (4#95, /5-%att amplifier, %e had to add series 7 (/9 microhenries) and < (11!:8 ohms) to our amplifier! 0ithout the series < %e only observed a 0!10 volt droop %hen driving the (<# at resonance ((c?lain and 0ooten5s amplifier exhibited a 1!58 volt droop under this loading)! 0ithout the series 7 the anomalous effects %ere still present but substantially lo%er in magnitude than those observed by (c?lain and 0ooten! 0ith our amplifier thus modified by the addition of these elements, %e have duplicated the (c?lain-0ooten driver amplifier setup precisely! 0e used a 7e?roy )cope)tation 190 100(2H digital oscilloscope %ith simultaneous sampling on 2 channels to measure (<# input voltage and current! ?urrent %as sensed as the voltage drop across the 11!:8 ohm resistor placed in series %ith the amplifier output! "his resistor %as made by placing t%o 22 ohm, 2 %att carbon comp resistors in parallel to provide the desired resistance %ith a minimal inductance! 6roce0/re : 0e conducted a series of measurements at different fre uencies! #t all times the (<# %as connected to the 1/0 ohm load resistor! #t each fre uency %e made the follo%ing measurements %ith the (<# connected to the #? signal source. f source fre uency (measured %ith a -lu'e 8;) 6in(<# voltage across the source terminals %ith the (<# connected (-lu'e 8;) 6out >? voltage across the 1/0 ohm load resistor and current meter ((icronta) ,out >? current through the 1/0 ohm load resistor ((icronta) 6in digital recording of the input voltage trace covering about 9 cycles (7e?roy) ,in digital recording of the input current trace simultaneous %ith 6in (7e?roy) #t each fre uency %e also disconnected the (<# and measured. 6open the open circuit voltage of the source (-lu'e 8;)

0e then connected a decade resistance box across the source terminals and by trial-and-error determined. <e uiv the resistance re uired to produce the same driving voltage as %ith the (<# connected e"/lt" : "he follo%ing table sho%s these measured uantities for four different fre uencies, beginning at resonance and then decreasing! f ('2H) 6in(<# 6open <e uiv 6out ,out //!89 21!0: 2/!/: 190 18!:8 !1/29 //!5: 2/!89 29!09 1@00 15!02 !10:8 //!/9 29!20 29!10 negative @!;5 !0:@: /2!9; 29!58 29!2: negative 5!28 !0/;; "he first entry in the table is at resonance and is characteriHed by the highest 6out value! "he second entry has 6out at approximately 85F of the maximum value as suggested by (c?lain and 0ooten! "he digital data for 6in and ,in are not presented in this table in the interest of brevity! "he several pages of digital data generated for each line in this table are, ho%ever, available upon re uest! "he next table sho%s the results of the po%er calculations, both by the 6g23<e uiv method used by (c?lain and 0ooten, and by the averaging of 6in times ,in using the digitiHed data! #lso tabulated are efficiency figures for each method (i!e!, output po%er divided by input po%er)! f >? output 6g23<e uiv avg 6ind,in (c-0 eff 6ind,in eff //!89 2!9;/ /!1:8 9!5:: !;8 !59 //!5: 1!:09 !2@@ /!2:5 5!/: !9@ //!/9 !:;@ negative 1!9:; negative !9: /2!9; !1@@ negative !901 negative !50 "he figures in columns 2 - 9 are in %atts! "he last t%o columns contain ratios! "he column labeled E(c-0 effE is the po%er efficiency calculated by dividing the >? output by the (c?lain-0ooten input po%er 6g23<e uiv! Di"c/""ion : "he second ro% in the table sho%s the condition that (c?lain and 0ooten interpreted as overunity performance (e!g!, an efficiency of 5!/:)! "he problem lies in the value of 1@00 ohms for <e uiv! "his value %as obtained because of the small voltage change bet%een open- and closedcircuit conditions (29!09 to 2/!89) measured at that fre uency! 1ote that at even lo%er fre uencies, the source voltage %as observed to actually increase above the open circuit voltage %hen the (<# %as connected!!! a condition that (c?lain and 0ooten also observed but did not attempt to analyHe! #t first glance this could be interpreted as evidence that the (<# %as no% feeding po%er to the source!

2o%ever, this behavior is exactly %hat is predicted by classical #? circuit analysis %hen a load %ith a net capacitive reactance is driven by a source that has a net inductive reactance! )ince the (<# is essentially a series 7? circuit, at fre uencies belo% resonance it %ill exhibit a net capacitive reactance! "he audio amplifier used by (c?lain and 0ooten has an output transformer %hich, at the (<# operating fre uency (substantially higher than the middle of the audio range), %ill exhibit a noticeable inductive reactance in its output impedance! 0ith such a combination of reactances one cannot, using only the magnitudes of voltage and current, determine the actual po%er being transferred to the (<# device! ,n particular, the <e uiv method fails as one detunes from resonance because it ignores the effect of reactance! )uch reactance creates a phase shift bet%een voltage and current, a fact %ell-'no%n in the electric po%er industry as Epo%er factor!E -or example, if both voltage and current are sinusoids, true po%er is given by 6d,dcos(#) %here # is the phase angle bet%een the voltage and current %aveforms! #n e uivalent method, %hich is more general because it is applicable to any %aveform, is to average the product of the voltage and current %aveforms over an integer number of cycles! "his is the method %e used to obtain the values in the second table in the column Eavg 6ind,inE! Concl/"ion : Iased on the results of our experimentation and analysis %e find that the (<# device provided by (c?lain and 0ooten does not produce over-unity-efficiency results! "he (<# circuit behaves instead as one %ould expect of a loaded transformer %ith a series capacitor in the primary circuit! 0hen the (<# is detuned from resonance to fre uencies slightly belo% resonance, the observed changes may give the impression that the (<# then dra%s unusually little po%er from the source %hile nonetheless maintaining a healthy output! "his impression is false! "rue po%er measurements sho% that the (<# continues to dra% about t%ice as much po%er from the source as it delivers to the load!

Error Anal,"i" o3 M A Te"t e"/lt"

In"tit/te 3or A0vance0 #t/0ie" > Eart-Tec- International5 Inc$ #cott Little ; 8$ E$ 6/t-o33 1 -ebruary 1@@5 Intro0/ction : "his analysis refers to (<# test results %e presented in a separate report dated 20 Banuary 1@@5 ((<#"E)"1!#)? on &eely1et)! "hese results %ere based upon measured values of voltage, current, fre uency and resistance! ,n this addendum, the magnitude of experiment error associated %ith these measurements is discussed and uantified! #s %ill become evident belo%, the error analysis does not detract from our original conclusion, but rather strengthens it! Data :

"he tables belo% are reprinted from the original report. f ('2H) 6in(<# 6open <e uiv 6out ,out //!89 21!0: 2/!/: 190 18!:8 !1/29 //!5: 2/!89 29!09 1@00 15!02 !10:8 //!/9 29!20 29!10 negative @!;5 !0:@: /2!9; 29!58 29!2: negative 5!28 !0/;; f >? output 623<e uiv avg 6ind,in (c-0 eff 6ind,in eff //!89 2!9;/ /!1:8 9!5:: !;8 !59 //!5: 1!:09 !2@@ /!2:5 5!/: !9@ //!/9 !:;@ negative 1!9:; negative !9: /2!9; !1@@ negative !901 negative !50 Anal,"i" : "he data in the second line in these tables is of particular interest! "hat is the fre uency at %hich the input po%er determination suggested by (c?lain and 0ooten yields an efficiency of 5/:F %hereas our input po%er measurement yields an efficiency of only 9@F! 7et us examine the individual errors that contribute to the total error in our efficiency measurement (i!e!, the 0!9@ value that appears in the column labeled E6ind,in effE in the second table)! "his value is the ratio of the >? output po%er (1!:09 %atts) to the #? input po%er (/!2:5 %atts in the column labeled Eavg 6ind,inE)! "he >? output po%er value %as obtained by multiplying 6out by ,out! Ioth of these measurements %ere ta'en %ith (icronta 22-185# digital multimeters! "he 6out meter %as connected across both the 1/0 ohm load resistor and the current meter so as to include the voltage drop across the current meter so that the po%er dissipated in that meter %ould be included in the >? output po%er determination! ,t should be noted that a small amount of po%er, not included in our original determination %as dissipated in the 6out meter itself! "his meter has a 10 megohm input resistance and, at the15 volts present in the 2nd observation, %as dissipating 22 micro%atts! "his should be added to the result of 6outd,out to obtain the total output po%er! -or the 2nd observation, this omission results in a 0!001F underestimation of the output po%er, an error that %ill be seen to be insignificant %hen compared to the errors in 6out and ,out %hich directly affect the >? output result! "he mfgr5s literature on the 22-185# meter indicates that our 6out measurement accuracy %as A3- 0!8F relative and the ,out measurement accuracy %as A3- 1!5F relative! "hese errors are independent so they add in uadrature to yield a A3- 1!;F uncertainty in the computed >? output (6outd,out)! "he errors in the avg 6ind,in values are more difficult to characteriHe! "he digital scope manufacturer5s stated voltage measurement accuracy does not completely describe the errors that occur %hen t%o different %aveforms are recorded by the scope and multiplied together! "here is a finite amount of non-simultaneity (i!e!, *itter) in the sampling of the t%o channels! 0hen the

t%o traces are multiplied together, the resulting error %ill be highly dependent on the actual %aveforms being sampled! "herefore %e elected to determine the error in the avg 6ind,in value empirically! "en sets of current and voltage %aveforms %ere ta'en from the (<# device after it had been operating for about an hour to ensure thermal e uilibrium! "he operating conditions %ere similar to those in the second line of the data tables! "he results of the 6ind,in averaging for the ten sets %ere as follo%s. /!2: /!29 /!25 /!20 /!20 /!2@ /!1: /!29 /!18 /!2; "he observed standard deviation in these values is A3-0!092 %atts! "his is 1!/F of the mean value! ?ombining (in uadrature) this error %ith the 1!;F error in the >? output po%er, %e get a 2!1F relative error expected in our E6ind,in effE values! "hat is, the 0!9@ in line 2 should be interpreted as 0!9@ A3- 0!01! "herefore, there is virtually Hero chance that the conclusions presented in the original report %ere %rong due to experimental error! =ur measured efficiency is 0!9@ A3- 0!01! "he (c?lain-0ooten value of 5!/: is 98; standard deviations a%ay from our value! "he probability of our reading being a chance observation, assuming that such readings exhibit a normal distribution, is astronomically small!

Clari3ication o3 M A Te"t Con0ition"

In"tit/te 3or A0vance0 #t/0ie" > Eart-Tec- International5 Inc$ #cott Little ; 8$ E$ 6/t-o33 / -ebruary 1@@5 # number of persons have commented upon one particular aspect of the test conditions %e employed to generate the data presented in our original report, namely the resistor %e placed in series %ith our amplifier output!

,t should be noted that this resistor is controversial because the inventors of the (<# device have repeatedly claimed that, %hen they add such a resistor, the over-unity performance of the (<# is significantly diminished! #s %e emphasiHed in our original report, %e conducted our tests %ith a 4ioneer 1:0 %att po%er amplifier that had a much lo%er output impedance than the /5 %att <adio )hac' amplifier used by (c?lain and 0ooten! "he resistor %e added should be considered only as a modification of our po%er amplifier to ma'e it match (c?lain and 0ooten5s amp! )ome people have suggested that the presence of this resistor is the reason that our (<# device did not produce over-unity results! "his is not the case! 0ith the resistor present %e observed the same over-unity results claimed by (c?lain and 0ooten %hen %e used their measurement procedure! )pecifically, at a fre uency *ust belo% resonance, %here the >? output is about 85F of maximum, %e demonstrated %ith our e uipment that the (c?lain and 0ooten method of input po%er determination yields an efficiency of 5/:F! ,n other %ords, %e reproduced the results of (c?lain and 0ooten perfectly! "he (<# %or'ed *ust as they claimed it %ould! #t the same operating fre uency %e recorded high-resolution traces of input voltage and current %ith our digital scope and used them to compute the true input po%er to the (<#! "his data sho%ed the (<# to be only about 50F efficient! "herefore it %as not a matter of (<# performance but a matter of measurement techni ue that disconfirmed the over-unity results! ,n our original report %e explained %hy the methods of (c?lain and 0ooten yield erroneous results! -or the basic #? circuit theory that underlies our discussion %e %ould recommend any of a number of excellent texts on this sub*ect, for example E4rinciples of 7inear 1et%or'sE by -riedland, 0ing L #sh, (c+ra%-2ill, 1@:1

M A)= Magnetic e"onance Antenna?

-urther research by 1orman 0ootan, Boel (c?lain, <obert >! "aylor and "im and simplified version! 28 #ug 1@@5 Tapping A Ne2 Am'ient 6o2er #o/rce D, e"onant Ecitation : ,t has been discovered that an apparently hitherto un'no%n or unexploited source of ambient po%er exists every%here on earth (extrapolating from experiments in #tlanta, +# and #ustin, "\T) and from %hich essentially E-<EEE energy can be extracted at almost no cost, merely by using the &ey ?oncept in the 0ootan3(c?lain discovery, namely external armonic excitation of a saturable core transformer, %hich causes it to act li'e an #ntenna that extracts ambient energy in amounts 1@ times or more than the energy re uired for the harmonic excitation! ,ndeed, the original (<# design continues to %or' and to exceed all original expectations!

,n the (<#2 configuration, even %hen the pieHoelectric capacitor has been removed and even %hen the primary resonant circuit has been cut, it still continues to produce verifiable output po%erT #ll that is re uired is a single %ire from the #? )ignal +enerator to the saturable-core transformer of the original (<# disclosure in order to cause useful po%er to be generated in the secondary circuit in amounts vastly greater than the po%er input from the harmonic )ignal +enerator! "his appears to be an electrical analogue of the chemical phenomenon of ?atalysis, namely the periodic pulses of energy into the transformer 5catalyHe5 the transformer5s nature so that it operates in an apparently hitherto never before seen mode, namely it behaves li'e a novel 5#ntenna5 %hich is extracting #(I,E1" E1E<+G from Esome%hereET ,t is not necessary to understand completely at this time %hat the source of #mbient Energy may be, in order to exploit the phenomenon in an environmentally benign %ay for the benefit of man'ind! 1umerous maveric' scientists and engineers have suggested that there may be hitherto un'no%n aspects of electromagnetic radiation not comprehended in the standard (ax%ell5s E uations, such as the controversial Escalar %avesE postulated by retired #ir -orce ?olonel "om Iearden! <etired physicist +reg 2odo%anec, %ho duplicated the (<# independently after learning about it from the 1e% Energy 1e%s ne%sletter, %hich reproduced the internet announcement of 0ootan and (c?lain, suggests that the ambient energy comes from the earth5s gravitational field and is someho% being converted into electrical energy! -ormer IGC professor of 4hysics L #stronomy, >r! Iob Iass speculates that (<#2 (as %as the original (<#1) may be someho% tapping the ambient electromagnetic energy 'no%n to exist in the Earth-,onosphere ?avity in the form of )chumann <esonances %hich are continually resupplied every time a lightning bolt from a cloud stri'es the earth! E#s explained in the )econd Edition of Bac'son5s classical boo' on Electromagnetism, the great genius 1i'ola "esla discovered the )chumann resonances experimentally 50 years before )chumann predicted them theoretically,E says Iass, %ho adds that he once calculated that Eevery cubic meter of space near the surface of the earth contains on the order of one 'ilo%att of standing %aves, similar to those in a micro%ave oven except at vastly reduced fre uencies, %hich no one 'no%s ho% to extract efficiently!E =r do theyR "he late Ctah inventor (oray, author of a boo' entitled E"he )ea of Energy in 0hich the Earth -loatsE, astounded famous scientists in the 1@20s and 1@/0s %ith never-explained demonstrations of his ability to extract / 'ilo%atts from 5no%here5 at %ill, any%here (even randomly selected points in the desert), using his unexplained (oray 6alve! (oray submitted a 4atent #pplication, but %ithdre% it and his secret died %ith him! #dmirers of (oray point out that his %ritings included the %ords E+ermanium triodeE decades before the "ransistor %as discovered by Iell 7abs scientists (%ho %on a 1obel 4riHe) and %ho had been directed into solid-state physics by the late 2arvey -letcher, %ho had earlier %itnessed (oray5s %or' and been sho%n every detail except the secret of the vest-poc'et-siHed (oray 6alve! # recent controversial theory of #ustin ,nstitute for #dvanced )tudy physicist 2al 4uthoff and his collaborators 2aisch and <ueda appears to explain gravity as not an intrinsic property of matter but as an indirect conse uence of (ax%ellian electromagnetic radiation, namely that (as earlier suggested by the late <ussian dissenter )a'harov) gravity is a Eshado% effectE similar to

the accepted ?asimir Effect of uantum electrodynamics! Iass points out that if the 2aisch4uthoff-<ueda theory is correct then 2odo%anec5s idea of tapping the earth5s gravity field in some electromagnetic %ay not hitherto suggested is conceivable! 0hatever the #mbient Energy <eservoir into %hich the (<# is tapping, the novel phenomenon is real and deserving of exhaustive further investigation, according to elated inventors 0ootan, (c?lain, "aylor and (c?rac'en, %ho urge independent investigators to see' to replicate their discovery!

6art" #o/rce" (or T-e M A

Boel and 1orm no% report that stranded %ire seems to be re uired in order to see the strange effects! "he transducer used in the &eelynet device %as obtained from a surplus source local to "exas! 0e5re trying to trac' do%n more of them! "hey apparently came from an industrial plastic %elder! # 7ead birconate "itanate pieHo transducer can be had from 2L< ?orp, but its dimensions are. 2E dia x 0!1E thic', not the same as the original &eelynet device! ,t has a 95&2H resonance! 0ill it %or'R >unno! "hey have several hundred in stoc'! 2L< also carries numerous ceramic magnets, but it5s un'no%n %hether or not any are close enough to 1orm5s original that they %ill %or'! "hey offer one large ceramic magnet, 9 x / x 1E, and have only about 50 in stoc'! "his magnet has its poles on the flat magnet face, and has "0= poles on each face! #t least t%o 'inds of ceramic magnet exist. Iarium ferrite and )trontium ferrite! ,t is not 'no%n %hether both types %or' in this device! 2L< ?o!,18 ?anal )t Y---- "his place has a +<E#" surplus mail order catalogT 4= Iox 122, Iristol, 4# 1@00;-0122 800-898-8001

ic-ar0 .#cott1 Mc7IE 6ODMOD

7eel,Net DD#

((?&,E!#)? 33 (?&,E!b,4 33 (?&,E1!+,- 33 (?&,E2!+,-) Sea le Times .H/ne )*5 %99*1

T-e Mc7ie 6ODMOD

I3 -eC" rig-t5 t-e 2orl0 2ill -ear o3 t-i" man ', Terr, McDermott #eattle Time" "ta33 reporter

#cott Mc7ie, engineer, inventor, entrepreneur and %ould-be violator of physical la%s, lives in Iallard, the center of sensible citiHenship! 2e drives a four-year-old -ord, %ears polo shirts and dec' shoes and his coffee table is covered %ith issues of )unset and (odern (aturity magaHines! 2e is far from the image of the %ild-haired, bug-eyed mad scientist but %hat he %ants to do -- is on the very verge of doing, he says -- is bug-eyed science, indeed. (anufacture a po%er generator that %ill perpetually produce more energy than is fed into it$ manufacture, in other %ords, perpetual-motion machines that %ill replace the %orld5s electric po%er grid by the turn of the century and internal-combustion engines some%hat thereafter!

"his raises at least one obvious uestion! ,s (c&ie nutsR #s'ed to evaluate someone %ho has spent the better part of a doHen years single-mindedly pursuing an idea most people find ludicrous, Ila'e #ndersen, a local psychologist, said that generically spea'ing, lots of people do lots of %eird things! 0e live on a continuum of odd behavior! EGou can5t place a value *udgment on %hether it5s functional or dysfunctional! ,t5s resultsoriented,E #ndersen said! E"he degree of dysfunctionality depends on the environment and the results!E #ndersen then began to explain some symptoms of obsessive behavior but, in midsentence, interrupted himself to as'. E>oes it %or'RE Engineers by their nature are not off-the-%all people and, although (c&ie admits going through several *obs and ban' accounts in service of his idea, he is in other %ays a very practical man! 0itness the collection of financiers, planners, engineers and mar'eting people he has collected around himself! ,f he is a mad scientist, he5s one %ith a business plan and a X10 million line of credit! Iut he is also a devotee of 1i'ola "esla, a turn-of-the-century )erbian-#merican inventor, %ho, by all accounts, %as a mad scientist %ith countless phobias and odd personal habits! 2is psyche, %rote (argaret ?heney, a biographer, %as a Efestival of neuroses!E 2e s%ore, for example, he could hear a fly land on a table! 2e thre% 'isses to pigeons! 2e held lightning in his hands! 2e had an obsessive fear of germs and re uired precisely 18 linen nap'ins be set on his dining table so he could clean and polish his silver%are every night before eating! 2e felt compelled to %al' around the entire bloc' %here his (anhattan laboratory %as located three times before entering its door! #t the height of his celebrity, he hobnobbed %ith (ar' "%ain, B! 4ierpont (organ and the 6anderbilts and %as regarded as one of the greatest and most important scientists in the %orld, an arch-rival of "homas Edison! Edison too' the competition so seriously he %aged a fierce disinformation campaign against alternating current, %hich "esla promoted as the best means of generating electricity in large amounts! Edison favored direct current, the status uo! Edison derided alternating current as dangerous! 2e hired a man to go around the country electrocuting small animals %ith alternating current *ust to prove its dangers! 2e also promoted the first execution of a criminal by electrocution for the same reason! ("he pitch %as straightfor%ard. ,f alternating current can 'ill criminals, do you really %ant it in your 'itchenR) "esla ultimately %on out and virtually all the electric po%er used in the %orld today is generated and transmitted via descendants of "esla5s systems!

,n addition to the alternating-current motor, "esla also invented %ireless communication -- that is, radio -- although the ,talian +uglielmo (arconi %as falsely credited and most general reference boo's still reflect this! 4artly this %as caused by "esla5s compulsive secretiveness and his habit of conceiving an invention in his head, then going on to his next pro*ect %ithout bothering to actually build or even ma'e a %ritten record of the thing! 0ithout such physical evidence or even clear explanations, it is hard to 'no% exactly %hat "esla %as tal'ing about much of the time! )cientists still puHHle over ho% he achieved some of the things he did! "his has helped obscure "esla5s place in history! 1o%, although references to him litter diverse segments of the scientific literature, his accomplishments are largely forgotten except among a group of e ually diverse adherents %ho have a Healous devotion to his ideas! <esurrecting 5resonance5 theory (c&ie is a promoter of one particular idea of "esla5s, the notion that the po%er in an electric circuit can be amplified by a phenomenon 'no%n as resonance! Iroadly stated, in a resonant circuit a small flo% of electrons can cause a larger amount of electrons to move! "his phenomenon %as first discovered by "esla and by no% is %ell understood! EIoilerplate stuff,E (c&ie calls it! E"he 'no%ledge is very old and had gotten lost,E he said! E,5ve *ust gone bac' and brought it up to 5@/ specs!E "he E5@/ specsE consist of a device designed %ith t%o resonant tan' circuits -- so called because they are able to store an electrical charge -- operating alternately! "he first circuit can be made to simultaneously charge the second and send electric current out for other uses! "he circuits can then be s%itched so the second recharges the first %hile also sending current out for other uses! (c&ie thin's that if properly devised, the t%o circuits %ill produce more po%er than the total amount of po%er it too' to set them in motion! +oing Eover unity,E this is called! 2e thin's, in fact, the po%er can be amplified many thousands of times and the device can be disconnected from the po%er source that started it and continue running! (c&ie thin's such a system could operate indefinitely! E,n the field of electronics that sends them ballistic,E he said! 1ext step. 4=> (ods in Ephrata 0hen you tal' to (c&ie about the apparent impossibility of %hat he is trying to do, he invariably thin's you5re tal'ing about mar'eting the end products, never for a moment uestioning %hether any such products %ill ever exist! (c&ie has so little doubt his invention %ill %or' he is already ma'ing plans to manufacture boxcar-siHed versions of it -- po%er on demand modules, or 4=> (ods, he calls them -- in Ephrata, +rant ?ounty! 2e has signed an agreement %ith a ?alifornia investor for X10 million in start-up financing!

2e5s already planning an electric hydroplane to advertise his company! 2is single-mindedness is so complete he hardly even notices that his house is in foreclosure! 2e says things li'e, E,f investors don5t come for%ard here in the 1orth%est, ,5ll be forced to ta'e the pro*ect overseas and, if it5s funded there, they5ll get to use it first!E (c&ie first achieved the over-unity effect accidentally in 1@82 %hen he %as %or'ing on a %indturbine design for Ionneville 4o%er! "rying to figure out %hat happened, and %hy, has shaped most of his life since! 2e duplicated the effect %ith a different electrical generator in 1@89 and has, in some sense, been trying to do it again ever since! 2e received a C!)! patent for the idea last year, constructed a %or'ing model, too' that model apart and is no% trying to convert the %hole thing to solid-state electronics! "he device he is no% building, on a %or'bench the siHe of an espresso cart in his garage, is about as unprepossessing as you can get! ,t is a cardboard box sparely furnished %ith circuit boards and voltage meters! "he %hole thing is approximately a foot s uare, about the siHe of a bread box! ,t uses no fuel! "here are no moving parts! ,nside the box are a pair of tan' circuits, electric circuits that include both a capacitor -basically, an electrical storage unit--and am inductor -- basically, a coil! ,t is the interaction of the capacitor and the inductor that (c&ie supposes creates resonance! 52e5s out on the edge of science5 ,ra (yers, a physicist at the 1ational #eronautics and )pace #dministration5s 7e%is <esearch ?enter in=hio, has %or'ed %ith (c&ie on the design of the individual components of his apparatus! 2e is cheering for (c&ie! E,t5s possible but it hasn5t %or'ed yet,E (yers said! E2e5s out on the edge of science rather than on the center line! Iut it5s important to have people out on the edge! E, personally li'e a good fanatic every no% and then!E 1ic' Iutler, an electrical engineer at I4# in 4ortland, has supported (c&ie5s %or'$ his employer has not! E0henever something ne% appears, it is often ignored,E Iutler said, citing a conventional analysis of change! E=nce it can5t be ignored any longer, people attempt to suppress it! 0hen they can5t suppress it, they rush to embrace it!E Iutler said he remains s'eptical but thin's (c&ie might have as much as a 50-50 chance of being right! =thers re*ect the notion that there actually is some sort of EextraE energy almost as a matter of faith! E"heoretically it might be possible! 4ractically it can5t be,E said one electrical engineer %ho has revie%ed (c&ie5s data and as'ed that his name not be used! EGou can5t get energy from nothing!

"he thing as , sa% it %as nothing but measurement error that gave the impression of more output than input!E Even supporters li'e Iutler do not necessarily buy (c&ie5s explanation that the po%er comes from resonance! 0here else might it come fromR E, haven5t the faintest idea,E Iutler said! ! 0hat happens if he5s rightR +ravity Iar, the local *uice emporium, has a pineapple-lemon-ginger drin' named for 1i'ola "esla! "here is also a ?hristian heavy metal band from +uam (E<oc' for +odE) named "esla, as is an alien character in a recent science fiction novella %ho comes to Earth and bedevils patrons at an )L( bar! "he idiosyncratic >avid 7ynch has expressed interest in doing a movie of "esla5s life! # local painter %as inspired by "esla to do a series of paintings of lightning in an airplane hangar, and )eattle ?ity 7ight once commissioned a ceramic sculpture of "esla5s head that doubled as a planter! "his is pretty strange company to be 'ept in memory of the man %ho invented something as fundamentally practical as an electric motor, but a 'ind of shroud of the biHarre has settled around the traces of "esla5s genius! #mong some people that casts doubts on (c&ies efforts! #mong others it lends credence! "he debate about (c&ie5s proposal is not irresolveable! #t heart he is not a theorist but an engineer! 2e intends to begin selling his machines next year! 0hat if he doesR 0hat if (c&ie5s rightR Each production unit, (c&ie says, %ill be completely portable, %ill run off a 12-volt battery and %ill produce 10 mega%atts of po%er a year (100 such units %ould po%er )eattle)! ,n one brochure, (c&ie matter-of-factly tic's off some of the advantages! -or starters, use of the devices %ould eliminate high-voltage transmission lines, eliminate conventional po%er plants and, oh, by the %ay, replace all other sources of po%er generation! "hen the environmental crisis %ill recede! +ro%th and prosperity %ill blan'et the globe! #n age of plenty %ill %rap human'ind in its embrace and (c&ie and everybody %ho %as ever nice to him %ill become rich beyond belief! )ome%here along the line, (c&ie might even get his house out of hoc'!

-ttp=>>222$"pirit2e'$org>#pirit>3reeFenerg,F"tat/"$-tml <ichard (#cott1 Mc7ie (1@@1) has designed and tested a small model of a 4=>(=> device. a 4o%er =n >emand (=>ule! "he circuitry invo'es "esla5s theories of electron flo%, resonance, and magnetism, combined %ith modern theories on high fre uency electronics and radio antennas to generate po%er

directly, %ithout the inefficient conversion of energy from other sources! # C) patent has been filed and granted! )cott claimes to be able to generate output po%er as much as 9,000 times the input po%er! 4rototypes have been built and tested, including independent tests by accredited specialists! 4lans are currently under%ay to build full-scale commercial 4=>(=> units, to be housed in standard 90 foot shipping containers, each having a continuous base-load generating capacity of 10 mega0atts

T-e Tom Dear0en We'"ite -ttp=>>222$c-eniere$org>mi"c>"cottL)0mc4ie$-tm (rom Energ, ever'eration to Dig Dang "his iterative additional energy interception and collection (divergence) from the huge, usually nondivergent 4oynting energy flo% that 7orentH mista'enly had everyone discard, is a very important ediscovery -- certainly 2eaviside 'ne% it! 0e are *ust no% beginning to see the full ramifications! , have constructed a chart of some anomalous and po%erful energies (such as from overunity E( systems to anomalous gamma ray bursters) and am a%ed that the ne% %or'-energy theorem (for multipass, multicollection) seems to be the missing principle that is involved in all of them! #t the top of the chart (a series of curves), there stands a ne% 'ind of Iig Iang! ,n other %ords, for extremely rapid initiation, the energy density (asymmetrical self-regauging) of the system can rise so rapidly that it is sufficient to rupture 9-space at that region! )o the rapidly increasing energy density *ust Eblo%s out a holeE from 9-space into n-space, %here nZ 9! Ieyond the 9-space hole, in n-space there thus is formed (by the blo%out) a ne% 9-space universe! )o it seems that this is indeed a ne% 'ind of Iig Iang, and a fundamental ne% change, stri'ing at the very heart of astrophysics! 0ith the ne% theorem and the multipass, multicollection explanation, , %as able then to propose an alternative explanation of ho% the 7a%andy lasing %ithout population inversion %or's (ho% the excess energy is extracted from the vacuum) and also the 4atterson po%er unit, %hich has been replicated and independently tested (one version produced ?=4 S 1200)! ,t is possible, in fact, to utiliHe energy flo% reverberation, multi-pass collection, and asymmetrical self-regauging in a device %hich surges the energy to and fro along a Esingle %ire circuitE bet%een t%o collectors, %ith a load in the middle! )uch a device can be permissibly achieve ?=4Z1!0 %ithout violating the la%s of nature, physics, or thermodynamics! #cott Mc7ieC" Ne2 Energ, Device

,nventor and researcher #cott Mc7ie has filed a patent application on an energy system using *ust such an energy reverberation and iterative energy interception and collection! ,n addition, it uses the novel fact that by pote%tial alo%e o%e +a% alte 7 otate8 t$e i%e tial ' a#e o' a +o#po%e%t! Iefore the reader pops his eyeglasses, he should read EOuantum #spects of the E uivalence 4rincipleE by #haronov and ?armi! 0e uote from p! 9@9. 9Not o%ly +a% :i%e tial 'o +e": a i"i%& upo% t a%"itio% to a %o%i%e tial "y"te# o' e'e e%+e be +a%+elle2 by t$e i%t o2u+tio% o' : eal 'o +e": 7a%2 vi+e ve "a8, but t$e :i%e tial pote%tial": belo%&i%& to "u+$ 'o +e" 7eve% i% :'o +e-' ee: e&io%"8 +a% "i#ila ly be +a%+elle2. 6ot$ 'a+t" to&et$e a''o 2 a :&eo#et i+ i%te p etatio%: 7i.e., a" i%e tial e''e+t" p o2u+e2 by a +$a%&e o' e'e e%+e ' a#e"8 to bot$ 'iel2" o' 'o +e" a%2 t$ei pote%tial".9 ,n short, force fields and potentials can be interpreted as a change of reference frames, hence inducing rotation of the frame %ithout concomitant propagation velocity of the ob*ect in uestion! "his can in fact be accomplished in a capacitor, as (c&ie apparently has succeeded in doing! )o )cott apparently charges a capacitor in a rotated frame (%ithout having to move the capacitor), %here its capacitance appears much less in the lab frame (only the p o;e+tio% of the rotated capacitance into the lab frame)! "hen he sharply snatches the charged capacitor out of its rotated frame bac' into the lab frame, again %ithout using capacitor motion! ,n so doing, its apparent capacitance as seen by the lab observer increases and so does its charge and energy (it is regauged from the vacuum itself)! "he interesting thing is that this seems also to be a process for impressing extra energy onto the >irac )ea electrons, and lifting excess electrons out of the >irac )ea, because the charge in the capacitor (as seen by the lab observer) seems to increase simply due to the charged capacitor5s rotation bac' into the lab frame! )o )cott can apparently discharge more energy from the capacitor in the lab frame, than he %as re uired to furnish to charge it in its rotated frame state! 2e has in fact utiliHed a very novel ne% %ay of extracting energy from the vacuum! 2ere again %e caution that, due to its frame rotation, the capacitor actually receives excess energy (and charge) from a special 'ind of Eexternal environmentE other than the lab inertial frame! )o again it is an open system, not in local e uilibrium but s%itched in and out of e uilibrium! 2ence in theory it is permitted to produce ?=41!0, if other things are sufficient! 2ere %e in*ect some additional information! ,t is not commonly 'no%n that, in general relativity, the energy is up for grabs any%ay, and in fact it can be sho%n that there really are no ordinary energy, momentum, and angular momentum conservation la%s in the accepted sense! ,n other %ords, the EnormalE conservation of energy %e are so used to, can be violated any%ay! Even the great 2ilbert 'ne% this in 1@1;! Ouoting. 95 a""e t... t$at 'o t$e &e%e al t$eo y o' elativity, i.e., i% t$e +a"e o' &e%e al i%va ia%+e o' t$e Ha#ilto%ia% 'u%+tio%, e%e &y e<uatio%"... +o e"po%2i%& to t$e e%e &y e<uatio%" i% o t$o&o%ally i%va ia%t t$eo ie"

2o %ot e=i"t at all. 5 +oul2 eve% ta!e t$i" +i +u#"ta%+e a" t$e +$a a+te i"ti+ 'eatu e o' t$e &e%e al t$eo y o' elativity.9 <ussian physicists have long 'no%n this most interesting fact! E!g!, uoting 7ogunov and 7os'utov, %riting about 2ilbert5s assessment. >%'o tu%ately, t$i" e#a ! o' Hilbe t wa" evi2e%tly %ot u%2e "too2 by $i" +o%te#po a ie", "i%+e %eit$e 0i%"tei% $i#"el' %o ot$e p$y"i+i"t" e+o&%i?e2 t$e 'a+t t$at i% &e%e al elativity +o%"e vatio% law" 'o e%e &y, #o#e%tu#, a%2 a%&ula #o#e%tu# a e i% p i%+iple i#po""ible. )o %hile startling, (c&ie5s use of frame rotation as a means of apparently violating the EnormalE energy and charge la% actually has a solid basis in general relativity, but one that is still un'no%n (or fiercely resisted) by most 0estern relativists! ,n our o%n vie%, again %e prefer to thin' of this rotation and violation of charge and energy conservation in the local lab frame system as simply opening the system to an energy exchange %ith a different 'ind of external active environment (the change of energy and charge occurring %hen the frame is rotated!) 0e note that the capacitance decreases %ith the capacitor in the rotated frame, as seen by the lab observer, then increases %hen the capacitor is snapped bac' into the lab frame again! #lso, although %e normally do not consider it, a capacitor (or any other component) actually must EexistE in all possible frames at once, since all those frames are real! =bservation is in one sense a means of Eselecting the frame from %hich the observation is madeE! =nce %e understand that the frame can be rotated %ithout spatial propagation of the capacitor itself, then the notion of it Esitting there still, but being in a rotated frameE does not appear uite so biHarre after all! "he novel part of this Eframe rotation as a means of asymmetrical regaugingE effect is that, %ithout violating the la%s of physics, )cott produces asymmetry both of the charge in the charged capacitor and stored energy in the charged capacitor! ,f %e assume that the charge he inputs to the capacitor EexistsE as a different amount of charge in the rotated frame, then to an observer in the capacitor5s rotated frame he is charging the capacitor %ith the normal amount of charge and the capacitor has the normal amount of capacitance! "o the lab observer, of course, he is using less charge (in the lab frame) to fill the capacitor in the rotated frame, and the capacitor thus has Eless capacitanceE! "he asymmetry of yan'ing the capacitor bac' into the lab frame then produces observable effects (extra charge and extra energy available for dissipation as %or' in the load), as is to be expected, given the asymmetry occurs! 2o%ever, )cott has reported great difficulty %ith s%itching, capacitors, etc! but in theory the design should be able to %or', at least from the standpoint of relativity, if he can overcome these problems! W-en an Over/nit, Device i" Con"i0ere0 2chie$e) =f course, scientifically one is confirmed as actually achieving an overunity device only after it has been tested and certified overunity by an i%2epe%2e%t and %ell- ualified test group or agency! "hat is the normal re uirement upon scientific researchers in any field$ their results must be i%2epe%2e%tly tested and certified! )cott intends to have precisely such independent certification testing accomplished %hen he can fully overcome his present component problems! 0e are certainly encouraging him and rooting for him on this pro*ect!

=ur little group (?"E?, ,nc!) does not ualify as a proper independent testing group for the (c&ie device, since , have been and am involved in the pro*ect, having come up %ith the reverberation and frame rotation explanation of the technical mechanism by %hich it theoretically %or's! ,n fact, , %rote the draft of the 4rovisional 4atent #pplication %hich %as filed about a year before the formal 4atent #pplication! )cott5s invention also uses techni ues from both his o%n former patent and from ?"E?5s patent pending approaches! )o ( uite properly) , dis ualify myself (and in fact all my ?"E? colleagues as %ell) from being any proper i%2epe%2e%t test group for the device, because %e are %ot independent! ,n the future, perhaps %e %ill (1) have additional information as to certified test results of the (c&ie device %hen the component difficulties are overcome and such tests are accomplished, and (2) be able to post them on the net! #gain %e caution the reader that all this is theory until independent certified tests verify it! Collecte0 Energ, I" ec,cla'le To an0 (rom M/ltiple Collector" 0e have all been misled by our professors in the area of Eenergy conservation!E "here is only a single master la% of energy conservation, and it is this. 0%e &y +a% %eit$e be + eate2 %o 2e"t oye2! 2o%ever, 0%e &y +olle+tio% upo% a +olle+to +a% be + eate2 a%2 2e"t oye2. -urther, , personally add the follo%ing corollary. 0%e &y alway" e=i"t" i% 2y%a#i+ 'lowi%& 'o #. 1olle+tio% o' e%e &y upo% a% i%te +epto @+olle+to +a% be i% a% e<uilib iu# +o%2itio% a%2 appea "tati+, ;u"t a" 2oe" a 'i=e2 w$i lpool i% a ive . 6ut t$e 9wate 9 -- t$e e%e &y it"el' -- i" alway" 'lowi%& i% a%2 out o' t$at +olle+te2 2ive &e%+e volu#e o' t$e w$i lpool. )%2 t$e e%e &y i" alway" 'lowi%& i% a%2 out o' t$at +olle+tio% o' e%e &y upo% a%y +olle+to , be it "tati+ o 2y%a#i+. #ctually the notion that a EstaticE field or potential contains dynamic energy should not be too surprising! ,n 1@0/, 0hitta'er sho%ed that any scalar potential is not a scalar entity at all, but instead is a harmonic bundle of longitudinal E( phase con*ugate %avepairs! (Cn'no%n to 0hitta'er, each such longitudinal E( phase con*ugate %avepair comprises a ne% %et %ave that is a time-polariHed E( %ave!)! #t any rate, the EstaticE potential is a %hole set of bidirectional longitudinal E( energy flo%s! "hen in 1@09, 0hitta'er sho%ed that any E( field pattern (or %ave, e!g!) can be decomposed into t%o scalar potential functions! )ince these t%o scalar potential functions are based on t%o scalar potentials, then the EstaticE E( field decomposes into t%o sets of functions of harmonic sets of bidirectional E( longitudinal E( %avepairs! )o a static E( field or potential is actually a #ultive+to ial e%tity, filled %ith energy flo%s in both directions! ,t therefore should not be surprising that any static potential or field thus contains angular momentum, and indeed that is %ell-'no%n in more advanced electrodynamics! -or example, in 1@80 +raham and 7ahoH reported measuring the free electromagnetic angular momentum created by uasistatic and independent fields E and I in the vacuum gap of a cylindrical capacitor! =thers have done so since then! (uch of the confusion in the energy dynamics field is due to the confusion and failure to differentiate bet%een energy flo%, energy transport flo%, divergent energy flo% component,

nondivergent energy flo% component, energy collection, energy form, energy collection form, change of energy form, change of energy collection form, etc! 1ote. >r! Iearden is no longer associated %ith the (c&ie device!

<# 6atent 9 5%465*9A 6o2er #/ppl, Incl/0ing T2o Tan4 Circ/it"

#ept$ 85 %99) >> <# Cl$ *6*>%* ic-ar0 L$ Mc7ie A'"tract "he present invention provides a po%er supply for supplying electrical po%er to a load! "he po%er supply includes first and second tan' circuits having a common resonant fre uency, and functions repetitively in t%o Ema*or periods!E ,n the first ma*or period, the first tan' is disconnected from po%ering the load and the second tan' supplies po%er to the load %hile charging the first tan'! ,n the second ma*or period, the second tan' is disconnected from po%ering the load, and the first tan' supplies po%er to the load %hile charging the second tan'! "he tan' circuits are arranged %ith constant current controllers and s%itches to function so that the ma*or periods each include first and second minor Eintervals!E "he first minor interval of the first ma*or period defines a time during %hich the second tan'5s capacitor is providing po%er to the load and is charging the first tan' circuit$ the second minor interval of the first ma*or period defines a time during %hich the second tan'5s inductor is charging the first tan' circuit and providing po%er to the load! >uring the second ma*or period5s t%o minor intervals, the tan' circuits perform functions identical to those performed in the first t%o minor intervals! e3erence" Cite0 <$#$ 6atent Doc/ment" //8;201 33 /88:92@ 33 9/1@/15 33 9988219 33 951/22: 33 9592990 33 9:28289 33 9;0@/2/ 33 9;98/11 %escrip ion I#?&+<=C1> =- "2E ,16E1",=1 1! -ield of the ,nvention "he present invention relates to po%er supplies for supplying electrical po%er to a load! (ore specifically, the invention relates to a high-efficiency po%er supply including plural tan' circuits %hose function and interaction are controlled by a set of specially controlled s%itches and constant current controllers!

2! <elated #rt 4o%er supplies including charge storage e,ements (or, more broadly, energy storage elements), are 'no%n in the art! -or example, C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,:28,289 (Iruning) discloses a high-fre uency, high-voltage supply involving s%itching of transistors for, for example, magnetrons of micro%ave ovens! # Edead timeE is provided bet%een the intervals %hen one or the other of the transistors is off! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,/1@,/15 (&eeney, Br! et al) discloses a >?-to->? convertor %ith oppositely conducting transistor pairs! C!)! 4at! 1o! /,88:,92@ ((aillard et al) discloses a symmetrical po%er pac' for adapting to different sources! "he po%er pac' provides for alternate bloc'ing and saturation of pairs of s%itching transistors! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;98,/11 ("homas et al) discloses a chopper circuit having a push-pull fre uency f!sub!= and parallel tuned circuit at 2xf!sub!=! # goal of the "homas et al circuit is to reduce po%er loss in their s%itching means! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,592,990 (?hetty et al) discloses a current sensor involving t%o po%er s%itches and t%o associated snubber circuits %hich operate 180!degree! %ith respect to each other! C!)! 4at! 1o! 5,51/,22: (Bosephson) discloses a ballast inverter circuit %hich comprises t%o tan' circuits! "he t%o tan' circuits operate at a common resonant fre uency! # pair of transistors are s%itched in opposition so as to operate in a push-pull manner! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;0@,/2/ (7ien) discloses a parallel resonant converter in %hich resonant circuitry recovers energy %hich %ould other%ise be lost in the circuit5s s%itching operation! Efficiency of po%er supplies has been measured in terms of the amount of energy %hich is consumed internally, %ithin the po%er supply itself! =f course, it is desirable to minimiHe the amount of energy %hich is consumed internally, as energy %hich is consumed internally cannot be delivered to the load! "here is al%ays a need to provide po%er supplies having greater efficiency! "he present invention fulfills this need! )C((#<G =- "2E ,16E1",=1 "he present invention is a po%er supply for supplying electrical po%er to a load! "he po%er supply includes first and second tan' circuits having a common resonant fre uency, and functioning repetitively in t%o Ema*or periodsE! ,n the first ma*or period, the first tan' is disconnected from po%ering the load and the second tan' supplies po%er to the load %hile charging the first tan'! ,n the second ma*or period, the second tan' is disconnected from po%ering the load, and the first tan' supplies po%er to the load %hile charging the second tan'!

,n a particular embodiment, the inventive po%er supply may include a plurality of constant current controllers, %hich may be metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ((=)-E"s), for connecting the tan' circuits to the load! "he inventive po%er supply may also include a set of s%itches for selectively interconnecting the tan' circuits, constant current controllers and load! "he tan' circuits, constant current controllers and s%itches are arranged to function in the first and second Ema*or periodsE, each of %hich includes first and second Eminor intervalsE! "he first tan' circuit comprises a first capacitor and inductor, %hereas the second tan' circuit comprises a second capacitor and inductor! "he first minor interval of the first ma*or period defines a time during %hich the second capacitor is simultaneously providing current flo% through the second inductor, providing po%er to the load, and charging the first tan' circuit$ the second minor interval of the first ma*or period defines a time during %hich the second inductor is simultaneously charging the first tan' circuit and providing po%er to the load! "he first minor interval of the second ma*or period defines a time during %hich the first capacitor simultaneously provides current flo% through the first inductor, charges the second tan', and provides po%er to the load$ and the second minor interval of the second ma*or period defines a time during %hich the first inductor charges the second tan' and provides po%er to the load! I<,E- >E)?<,4",=1 =- "2E ><#0,1+) "he invention is better understood by reading the follo%ing >etailed >escription of the 4referred Embodiments %ith reference to the accompanying dra%ing figures, in %hich li'e reference numerals refer to li'e elements throughout, and in %hich. (IG$ % is a high-level bloc' diagram schematically indicating an embodiment of the po%er supply according to the present invention!

(IG$ ) illustrates in greater detail the embodiment of -,+! 1! (IG#$ )A an0 )D illustrate current flo% during the first and second minor intervals associated %ith the first ma*or period, as sho%n graphically in -,+! /! -,+)! 2? and 2> illustrate current flo% during the third and fourth minor intervals associated %ith the second ma*or period, as sho%n graphically in -,+! /!

(IG$ * is a 0aveshape and "iming >iagram of certain voltage signals provided by the +ate )ignal +enerator to the control terminals (gates) of the s%itches and ?onstant ?urrent ?ontrollers of the embodiment sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2

(IG$ 4 illustrates a preferred +ate )ignal #mplifier sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2, (IG#$ 4A an0 4D sho%ing details thereof!

(IG#$ AA5 AD an0 AC respectively illustrate details of a preferred +ate )ignal +enerator, "an' ?harger, and #? 7oad "iming ?ircuit, as sho%n schematically in -,+)! 1 and 2!

>E"#,7E> >E)?<,4",=1 =- "2E 4<E-E<<E> E(I=>,(E1") ,n describing preferred embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the dra%ings, specific terminology is employed to describe preferred elements and circuits for the sa'e of clarity! 2o%ever, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element and circuit includes all technical e uivalents %hich operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose! ,t is further understood that Egate signal generator and tan' charger,E Egate signal amplifier,E Efeedbac' controller,E and Econstant current controller,E are used in the >etailed >escription to include all associated circuitry, but that the scope of the invention and the interpretation of claims elements should not be so limited! #lso, EnodeE, EpathE, Epath%ayE are understood to be any suitable means to conduct electrical current from one circuit element or circuit to another and3or serve as a point %here t%o or more such conductors are connected together! "he terms EpathE and Epath%ayE to be broadly interpreted, and may include circuit elements other than conductive nodes! #ccording to convention, positive current flo% is described$ ho%ever, it is understood by those s'illed in the art that positive current flo%, involving flo% of negatively charged electrons in the opposite direction, is but a convention to %hich operation of the invention is not limited! -,+! 1 is a high-level bloc' diagram of a preferred embodiment of the po%er supply according to the present invention! "he po%er supply is designed to provide po%er to a load 100! -,+! 2 illustrates the po%er supply embodiment in more detail!

"he po%er supply itself includes first and second tan' circuits 101, 102, respectively! "he tan' circuits 101, 102 are connected to a negative terminal of the load 100 via respective constant current controller circuits 10/, 109 and isolating s%itch 1/ (-,+! 2)! # common node 105 connects, via isolating s%itch 19 (-,+! 2), the positive terminal of the load to both tan' circuits 101, 102! "an' circuits 101, 102 are connected via a common node 10: and dedicated paths 10;, 108, respectively, to gate signal generator L tan' charger 119! "he t%o terminals of the load are connected via respective path%ays 220 and 222 to a feedbac' controller 110 -eedbac' controller 110 is connected via respective path%ays 22:, 229 to gate signal generator L tan' charger 119! 4o%er is provided to the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 by either a feedbac' controller 110 (%hich may be a (=)-E" gate drive circuit) or a battery 118! +ate signal generator and tan' charger 119 oversees, via gate signal amplifier 11:, the functioning of the constant current controller circuits 10/, 109, as %ell as various s%itches %hich are not specifically illustrated in -,+! 1! 6arious s%itches and constant current controller elements (%hich may be (=)-E"s), as %ell as current direction controllers (preferably )chott'y diodes), have been purposely omitted from -,+! 1 for the sa'e of clarity! <eferring no% to -,+! 2, the po%er supply of -,+! 1 is illustrated in greater detail! -irst tan' circuit 101 is sho%n to comprise a variety of elements extending bet%een t%o nodes 202, 209! #n inductor 71 is connected in series %ith a node 929, a s%itch 1 and a diode /8 bet%een nodes 202, 209! )imilarly, a diode 20: is connected in series %ith a node 928, capacitor ?l and node 92: bet%een nodes 202, 209! # diode /; and a s%itch 2 are connected in series bet%een node 929 (bet%een inductor 71 and s%itch 1) and node 92: (bet%een capacitor ?l and node 209)! )econd tan' circuit 102 is structured in a manner similar to tan' circuit 101! )pecifically, nodes 212, 219 correspond to nodes 202, 209! )imilarly, second inductor 72 and second capacitor ?2 respectively correspond to first inductor 71 and first capacitor ?l! -inally, s%itches ; and 8, and diodes 92, 91, and 21: respectively correspond to s%itches 1 and 2, and diodes /8, /;, and 20:! >iodes 20:, 21: are oriented so as to allo% current to flo% from node 202, through respective nodes 928, 919, to respective capacitors ?l, ?2! "he positive terminals of capacitors ?l and ?2 are connected, respectively, through nodes 928, 919, to diodes 20: and 21:$ the capacitors5 negative terminals are connected, respectively, through nodes 92:, 918 to nodes 209, 219! "he polarity of inductors 71 and 72 varies %ith the interval of operation of the circuit! >uring the first and third minor intervals (described in greater detail belo%), associated, respectively, %ith the discharging of tan's 102, 101 through their capacitors and inductors to load 100, the terminal of the inductor %hich is connected to node 212 (first minor interval /01) or 202 (third minor interval /0/) is the positive terminal$ during the second and fourth minor intervals (described in greater detail belo%), this polarity is reversed! #s briefly introduced in the discussion related to -,+! 1, the negative terminal of load 100 is connected through isolating s%itch 1/ to respective tan' circuits 101, 102 via respective constant

current controller circuits 10/, 109! -,+! 2 illustrates the connection in more detail than -,+! 1! )pecifically, the negative terminal of load 100 is connected via node 902 to a diode // %hich in turn is connected to the input node 909 of constant current controller circuit 10/! #n output node 90: of constant current controller circuit 10/ is connected to node 202 (%ithin tan' circuit 101)! >iode // is oriented to allo% current to flo% from the negative terminal of load 100 through isolation s%itch 1/ and node 902 to the constant current controller circuit 10/! ?onstant current controller circuit 10/ includes t%o parallel-connected constant current controller elements 5 and : %hich may be (=)-E"s! <egulation of the current passing through constant current controller elements 5 and : is separately controlled by the gate signal generator in 119, described belo%! ,n a manner similar to the connection of isolation s%itch 1/, node 902, diode //, node 909, constant current controller elements 5 and :, node 90:, and node 202, the negative terminal of load 100 is connected to the second tan' circuit 102 via isolation s%itch 1/, node 902, a diode /9, node 910, t%o parallel-connected constant current controller elements 11, 12 %hich may be (=)-E"s, node 912, and node 212! "he positive terminal of load 100 is connected to t%o points %ithin each of tan' circuits 101, 102! )pecifically, the positive terminal of load 100 is connected via isolation s%itch 19, nodes 105, a s%itch /, and a diode /5 to node 928 bet%een diode 20: and capacitor ?l! #lso, the positive terminal of load 100 is connected via a s%itch 19, node 105, a s%itch 9, and a diode /: to node 929 bet%een first inductor 71 and s%itch 1! ,n an analogous manner, the positive terminal of load -00 is connected via isolating s%itch 19, node 105, a s%itch @, and a diode /@ to node 919 bet%een diode 21: and capacitor ?2! -inally, the positive terminal of load 100 is connected via isolating s%itch 19, node 105, a s%itch 10, and a diode 90 to node 91: bet%een second inductor 72 and s%itch ;! 1ode 10:, %hich %as sho%n schematically in -,+! 1 as commonly connected to tan' circuits 101, 102, is more specifically illustrated in -,+! 2 to be connected to diodes /1 and /2! >iodes /1, /2 are connected through respective s%itches 15, 1: to allo% current to flo% from node 10: to respective nodes 202, 212 %ithin respective tan' circuits 101, 102 only %hen those tan's are being charged! 1ode 209 (%ithin tan' circuit 101) and node 219 (%ithin tan' circuit 102) are connected to respective s%itches 21, 22 on respective path%ays 10;, 108! "he opposite terminals of s%itches 21, 22 and node 10: are presented to gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! )%itches 21 and 22 operate in con*unction such that they are not both simultaneously connected to their respective tan' circuits 101, 102! "he negative and positive terminals of load 100 are connected via respective paths 220, 222 and s%itch 292, to feedbac' controller 110! -eedbac' controller 110 is connected via paths 229, 22: to the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! 4ath 229 is considered ground %hereas path 22: is a >? voltage, typically A18 volts! +ate signal generator and tan' charger 119 receives its po%er from either feedbac' controller 110 or a battery 118 (or other e uivalent po%er source)! "ypically, the positive >? voltage input 2/2 of the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 is connected to the positive terminal 290 of battery 118! )imilarly, ground input 2/0 of gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 is

typically connected to the negative terminal 2/8 of battery 118! )%itch 299 connects respective battery terminal 2/8, 290 to gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 inputs 2/0, 2/2! ,n operation, gate signal amplifier 11: performs the function of amplifying the gate signals generated by gate signal generator in 119 and passed to it on paths indicated as 29:! +ate signal amplifier 11: distributes the amplified signals to the gates of respective s%itches and constant current controllers %hich control the function of the inventive po%er supply! )%itches 1-9, ;-10 and 21-22 may advantageously be implemented using metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors ((=)-E"s)! #s illustrated in -,+! 2, s%itches /, 9, @, 10, 21, and 22, may be implemented so that the source of the (=)-E" is oriented to%ard the bottom of -,+! 2, and the drain of the (=)-E" oriented to%ard the top of -,+! 2! -or s%itches 1, 2, ;, and 8, the source of the (=)-E" is oriented to%ard the top o right of -,+! 2 and the drain of the (=)-E" is oriented to%ard the bottom or left! -or (=)-E" s%itches 5, :, 11, and 12, the source is oriented to%ard the left and the drain is oriented to%ard the right of -,+! 2! "he source of (=)-E" 1: is oriented to the left, and the source of (=)-E" 15 is oriented to the right! "he gates of the (=)-E"s are the controlling elements of the s%itches, and are provided, via the gate signal amplifier 11:, %ith appropriate voltage signals from gate signal generator in 119! ,solation s%itches 1/, 19 may be advantageously implemented using mechanical, vacuum, or solid state devices suitable for connecting load 100 to, and disconnecting it from, the po%er supply! ?onstant current controller circuits 5, :, 11, and 12 may also be implemented as (=)-E"s! 2o%ever, these (=)-E"s are not operated as binary s%itches! <ather, as indicated by the generic term Econstant current controller,E these (=)-E"s may advantageously be operated in their linear regions, serving as current controllers! #s illustrated in -,+! 2, the source of each constant current controller (=)-E" may be connected, via respective nodes 90:, 912, to the top node 202, 212 of the tan' circuits 101, -02! "he drain of each (=)-E" may be connected, via respective nodes 909, 910 to the diodes //, /9! "he gate of each (=)-E" is connected to the gate signal generator L tan' charger 119 via gate signal amplifier 11:! <egenerative feedbac' controller 110 (-,+)! 1 and 2) is preferably implemented as a 6icor 6, 75/ ?y >?-to->? converter, having 120 volts >? on the tan' output (load) side, and a A18 volt >? output bet%een paths 22: and 229! -,+! / is a %aveshape and timing diagram illustrating signals produced by gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 %hich controls the s%itches and constant current controller elements 1-12 and 21-22! #s described above, the po%er supply includes first and second tan' circuits! "he tan' circuits having a common resonant fre uency, and function repetitively in t%o Ema*or periodsE /12 and //9 (-,+! /)! ,n the first ma*or period /12, the first tan' 101 is disconnected from po%ering load 100 and the second tan' 102 supplies po%er to load 100 %hile charging first tan' 101! ,n the

second ma*or period //9, second tan' 102 is disconnected from po%ering load 100, and first tan' 101 supplies po%er to load 100 %hile charging second tan' 102! "he ma*or periods each include first and second Eminor intervals!E "he first minor interval /01 of first ma*or period /12 defines a time during %hich the second capacitor ?2 is simultaneously providing po%er to load 100, is maintaining current flo% through inductor 72, and is charging first tan' circuit 101$ the second minor interval /02 of the first ma*or period /12 defines a time during %hich the second inductor 72 is charging first tan' circuit 101 and providing po%er to load 100! "he first minor interval /0/ of the second ma*or period //9 defines a time during %hich the first capacitor ?l simultaneously charges second tan' 102, maintains current flo% through inductor 71, and provides po%er to load 100$ and the second minor interval /09 of the second ma*or period //9 defines a time during %hich the first inductor 71 charges second tan' 102 and provides po%er to load 100! "he timing of the minor intervals and ma*or periods is controlled by the s%itches in the follo%ing manner! "he first and second minor intervals of the first ma*or period are follo%ed immediately by the first and second minor intervals of the second ma*or period! ?onse uently, they may be referred to as first, second, third, and fourth consecutive minor intervals! "he first through fourth minor intervals are illustrated in -,+! / as elements /01, /02, /0/, and /09, respectively! ,t is understood that the %aveforms sho%n in -,+! / are repetitive, extending before and after the illustrated time segments! Iy convention, a high-level signal indicates that a binary s%itch is EonE (conducting), %ith a Elo%E level indicating the binary s%itch is EoffE (non-conducting)! "he gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 generates these %aveforms in the illustrated synchrony! -or tan' 101, %aveform # is input to s%itches 1, 15, and 21 (-,+! 2) and 1; (-,+! 5?)! 0aveform I is input to s%itches 2 and /! 0aveform ? is input to s%itch 9! 0aveform > is input to constant current controller element 5! 0aveform E is input to constant current controller element :! )imilarly, for tan' 102, %aveform - is input to s%itches ;, 1:, 22 (-,+! 2) and 18 (-,+! 5?)! 0aveform + is input to s%itches 8 and @! 0aveform 2 is input to s%itch 10! 0aveform , is input to constant current controller element 11! -inally, %aveform B is input to constant current controller element 12! ,n the preferred embodiment, %aveforms # and - are consecutively timed, positive-going s uare %aves having a 50350 duty cycle and a nominal fre uency of 20 '2H! 0aveforms I, ?, +, and 2 are positive-going s uare %aves having a 253;5 (25F) duty cycle at 20 '2H! 0aveforms >, E, ,, and B, are positive-going exponential %aves having a 253;5 (25F) duty cycle at 20 '2H! "he illustrated %aveshapes are used %ith a positive voltage po%er supply! 1ot sho%n are the complementary negative %aveshapes %hich could be used %ith a complementary negative po%er supply applying the same principles as the illustrated po%er supply! =nly one of %aveforms I, ?, +, and 2 are active in a minor interval! 0aveform + is active during the first minor interval$ %aveform 2, during the second minor interval$ %aveform I, during the third minor interval$ and finally, %aveform c is active during the fourth minor

interval! 0aveforms ,, B, >, and E are activated during the first, second, third, and fourth minor intervals, respectively! "hese %aveforms are carefully-controlled analog %aveforms, preferably exponential in shape, %hich regulate the amount of current supplied by respective constant current controller elements 11, 12, 5, and :, so as to control the current ultimately fed to the load 100 by respective tan' circuits -02 and 101! "he exponential %aveforms may be generated in any suitable fashion, such as using analog net%or's or digitally implemented %aveform generators in a manner 'no%n to those s'illed in the art! "he flo% of current in the circuit of -,+! 2 for start-up operation during the first through fourth minor intervals is no% described! "he function of the various circuit components is the same as during steady-state operation, described more fully belo%! >uring start-up, s%itches 1/ and 19 are opened, isolating load 100 from the po%er supply! )%itch 299 is closed, providing po%er from battery 118 (or an e uivalent po%er supply) to the gate signal generator and tan' charger -19! )%itch 292 is also closed, thus connecting feedbac' controller 110 to the output of the tan's, %hich, under steady-state operation, serves load 100 as %ell as feedbac' controller 110! "he gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 is turned on and, simultaneously, s%itches 1, 8, @, 11, 15, and 21 are turned on and s%itches 9, :, ;, 1:, and 22 are turned off! "hus begins the charging of tan' 101 during ma*or period /12, minor interval /01 (-,+! /)! "an' 102 has no charge at this time, conse uently, it cannot perform its steady state operation %hich is to provide po%er to load 100 and charge tan' 101! "he s%itches of tan' 102 are, ho%ever, connected during startup in the same se uence as they %ould be during steady-state operation! )ince only tan' 101 needs to be charged initially during startup, po%er only needs to be routed from battery 118 (or e uivalent po%er supply) through gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, tan' 101, and feedbac' controller 110, finally returning to the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! #t the end of minor interval /013beginning of minor interval /02, s%itches 8, @, and 11 are turned off and, simultaneously, s%itches 10 and 12 are turned on! #t the end of minor interval /02, ma*or period /123beginning of minor interval /0/, ma*or period //9, s%itches 1, 10, 12, 15, and 21 are turned off, and, simultaneously, s%itches 2, /, 5, ;, 1:, and 22 are turned on, during %hich tan' 101 discharges through feedbac' controller 110 and gate signal generator L tan' charger 119 to begin charging tan' 102! -inally, at the end of minor interval /0/3beginning of minor interval /09, s%itches 2, /, and 5 are turned off and, simultaneously, s%itches 9 and : are turned on! #t the end of ma*or period //9, both tan's continue in their respective charge3discharge se uence, as indicated in -,+! /! >uring both ma*or periods and all four minor intervals, gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, through gate signal amplifier 11:, provides the necessary voltage signals to the s%itches in order to allo% them to control the charging and discharging of tan's 101, 102 according to the timing se uence presented in -,+! /! #t the end of ma*or period /12, isolation s%itches 1/ and 19 can be closed, providing po%er to load 100!

=peration during steady-state conditions %ill no% be described! )pecial reference is made to -,+)! 2#-2> %hich respectively illustrate current flo% during the four consecutive minor intervals! >uring the first minor interval /01, capacitor ?2 simultaneously maintains current flo% through inductor 72, charges tan' circuit 101, and provides po%er to the load 100! ?urrent passes from the positive terminal of ?2 through node 919, diode /@, s%itch @, node 105 and s%itch 19 to the positive terminal of load 100! -rom the negative terminal of load 100, current passes through node 902, diode /9, node 910, (=)-E" 11, and node 912 to re-enter tan' circuit 102! ?urrent then passes through inductor 72, node 91:, diode 91, (=)-E" 8, and node 918 to return to the negative terminal of capacitor ?2! ,t is understood that, %ithin tan' circuit 101, an internal tan' current is flo%ing in a cloc'%ise direction (as vie%ed in -,+! 2#)! #t the same time, tan' circuit 101 is being charged! ?urrent flo%s from gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 through node 10:, diode /1, s%itch 15, node 202, diode 20:, and node 928 to capacitor ?l! ?urrent continues to flo% from the opposite (negative) terminal of ?- through node 92:, s%itch 21, along path 10; before returning to the gate signal generator L tan' charger 119! -eedbac' controller 110 receives some of the current from node 9/2 through s%itch 292, along path 222, %ith current passing along path 22: to gate signal generator L tan' charger 119! ?urrent also passes from gate signal generator L tan' charger 119 along path 229, through feedbac' controller 110, along path 220, through s%itch 292, node 902 and s%itch 1/ to the negative terminal of load 100! ,n the second minor interval /02, inductor 72 provides po%er to load 100 %hile charging tan' circuit 101! )pecifically, current passes from conductor 72 through node 91:, diode 90, s%itch 10, node 105 (9/2), and isolation s%itch 19 to the positive terminal of load 100! ?urrent then passes from the negative terminal of load 100 through isolation s%itch 1/, node 902, diode /9, node 910, constant current controller (=)-E" 12, and node 912 before returning to inductor 72! "he description of currents during this second minor interval /02 is other%ise identical to the description of those in the first minor interval /01! >uring the third minor interval /0/, a process occurs %hich is a repeat of that in the first minor interval /01, %ith tan' 101 supplying po%er to load 100, tan' 102, and associated circuitry! ?apacitor ?l %ithin the first tan' circuit 101 no% provides po%er to the load and charges the second tan' circuit 102! )pecifically, current flo%s from the positive terminal of capacitor ?l through node 928, diode /5, s%itch /, node 105 (9/2), and isolation s%itch 19 to the positive terminal of load 100! ?urrent then flo%s from the negative terminal of load 100 through isolation s%itch 1/, node 902, diode //, node 909, constant current controller (=)-E" 5, nodes 90:, 202, inductor 71, node 929, diode /;, s%itch 2, and node 92: before returning to the negative terminal of capacitor ?l! ,nside tan' circuit 102, an internal resonant current flo%s in a cloc'%ise direction, as vie%ed in -,+! 2?! ?urrent flo%s from gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 through node 10: (908),

diode /2, s%itch 1:, node 212, diode 21:, and node 919 to the positive terminal of capacitor ?2! ?urrent also flo%s from the negative terminal of capacitor ?2 through node 918, s%itch 22, along path 108 before returning to gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! ?urrent flo%s from node 9/2 and s%itch 292 along path 222 to feedbac' controller 110, and then along path 22: to the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! ?urrent returns along path 229 through the feedbac' controller 110 through s%itch 292 along path 220 to node 902! >uring the fourth minor interval /09, inductor 71 provides po%er to the load and charges the second tan' circuit 102! )pecifically, current flo%s from the positive terminal of inductor 71 through node 929, diode /:, s%itch 9, node 105 (9/2), and isolation s%itch -9 to the positive terminal of load 100! "hen, current flo%s through isolation s%itch 1/, node 902, diode //, node 909, constant current controller (=)-E" :, and nodes 90:, 202 to return to the negative terminal of inductor 71! =ther current flo% in the circuit during the fourth minor interval /09 is identical to that described above, %ith respect to the third minor interval /0/! #ppropriate gate control signals are sent from the gate signal generator L tan' charger 119, along path 29:, to gate signal amplifier 11:, and then on to the gates of (=)-E"s 1-12, 21, 22, according to the timing and %aveshape diagram -,+! /! )pecific values %hich have been found advantageous for various components in -,+! 2 are provided in the follo%ing "able! 2o%ever, it is to be understood that substitutions of and variations upon the follo%ing components, component values, component types, and parameter ranges may be made by those s'illed in the art %hile still remaining %ithin the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined by the claims %hich follo% this specification! "#I7E =1E ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Element ,mplementation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ )%itches 1-9 ,<-/50 (=)-E") (900 volt, :0 amp pulsed) )%itches ;-10 ,<-/50 (=)-E") (900 volt, :0 amp pulsed) )%itches 21-22 ,<-:91 (=)-E") (150 volts, ;2 amps pulsed) )%itches 15-1: ,<-/50 (=)-E") ()ee above) ?onstant current ,<-/50 (=)-E") ()ee above) controllers 5-: ?onstant current ,<-/50 (=)-E"s ()ee above) controllers 11-12 >iodes 20:, 21: ,<-:02-C(<)200 (200 volts, :0 amps-()uper -ast <ecovery) >iodes /1, /2 ,<-:02-C(<)200 (200 volts, :0 amps-()uper -ast <ecovery) >iodes //, /9 ,<-:02-C(<)200 (200 volts, :0 amps-()uper -ast <ecovery) >iodes /5-/8 ,<-:02-C(<)200 (200 volts, :0 amps-()uper -ast <ecovery) >iodes /@-92 ,<-:02-C(<)200 (200 volts, :0 amps-()uper -ast <ecovery) ,nductors 71, 72 (,?<="<#1 )79-2/-- ("oroid321 !mu!2 a /0 amps) ?apacitors ?1, ?2 ?=(4=1E1") <E)E#<?2 /!19 u-3:00 volts3/0 amps a 200 '2H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (,<- S ,nternational <ectifier ?o!) <eferring no% to -,+)! 9, 9#, and 9I, the gate signal amplifier 11: (-,+)! 1 and 2) is illustrated in more detail! ,n particular, gate signal amplifier 11: is sho%n to be an array of a plurality of drivers and pre-drivers! 6arious signals %hich pass along paths 29: from gate signal generator 119 to the gate signal amplifier 11: (-,+)! 1 and 2) are input to respective drivers3pre-drivers! "he details of the generation of the various signals %hich travel along path 29: are described belo%, %ith reference to -,+! 5#!

<eferring to -,+! 9, the signals %hich pass on paths 29: to the gate signal amplifier 11: are sho%n diverging to respective drivers and pre-drivers! "he signals entering from the left of -,+! 9 ar those signals #-B %hich are illustrated in -,+! /! Each of the -,+! / signals generated in -,+! 5# is input to one of t%o circuits, the t%o circuits being respectively illustrated in -,+)! 9# and 9I! "he circuits sho%n in -,+)! 9# and 9I are sho%n in bloc' form in -,+! 9, for purposes of clarity! Each of the bloc's sho%n in -,+! 9 drives a respective gate of a (=)-E" s%itch or constant current controller sho%n in -,+! 2! )ignals >, E, ,, and B drive constant current controllers 5, :, 11, and 12, and are analog signals! "he circuit sho%n in -,+! 9# is used for these analog signals! (ost of the signals sho%n exiting to the right of -,+! 9 are binary signals, the binary signals being input to (=)-E"s %hich function as on-off s%itches! "he circuit sho%n in -,+! 9I is used for these binary signals! <eferring to -,+! 9#, four series-connected elements 901, 902, 90/, 909 are illustrated! "he first element 901 is a constant current controller (=)-E" gate input signal driver %hich is preferably implemented as an ,nternational <ectifier ,<212@! "he gain and drive characteristics of the driver 901 are determined by fixed and ad*ustable resistors %hich are connected and ad*usted in accordance %ith manufacturer5s specifications provided in published data sheets! >river 901 drives the input of a (=)-E" opto-isolator pre-driver comprising elements 902, 90/, and 909! Element 902 is preferably a ?>9010;IE\, and element 90/ is preferably an 2?4722/1! Elements 902, 90/ effectively provide electrical isolation through use of optical isolation technology! # final (=)-E" gate driver 909 is indicated, although it is optional in many embodiments! ,t is understood that each of elements 901-909 are provided %ith regulated po%er (A12 volts >? and -12 volts >? from -,+! 5I)! <eferring no% to -,+! 9I, series-connected elements 912, 91/, and 919 are illustrated! "hese elements correspond respectively to elements 902, 90/, and 909 (-,+! 9#)! Iecause the circuit in -,+! 9I does not drive a constant current controller (=)-E" gate, no element corresponding to -,+! 9# element 901 is re uired! =ther%ise, the function of -,+! 9I is substantially the same as that of -,+! 9#! <eferring no% to -,+! 5#, the gate signal generator (part of element 119 in -,+)! 1 and 2) is illustrated! # s uare %ave generator 52; produces a 200 '2H s uare %ave output, nominally 1 volt in magnitude and having a 50350 duty cycle! "he s uare %ave generator 52; may be implemented using a "exas ,nstruments )1;97):291 voltage controlled oscillator! "he output of s uare %ave generator 52; is received by a fre uency divider 5//, a divide-by-10 element, %hich produces a 20 '2H s uare %ave! "he implementation of divide-by-10 element 5// is preferably a (otorola (?;92?901; synchronous counter! "he 20 '2H s uare %ave output by divider 5// is input to the cloc' input of a first > flip-flop 5/9#! "he non-inverting output of flip-flop 5/9# is input to the cloc' input of a second >-flipflop 5/9I! "he inverted outputs of flip-flops 5/9#, 5/9I are fed bac' to their respective >

inputs! ,n this configuration, on the rising edge of each cloc' input, the respective outputs are toggled to the respective opposite states, as determined by the state of the inverted output during the previous cycle of the cloc' input! ,n this manner, each of the flip-flops 5/9#, 5/9I functions as a divide-by-2 fre uency divider! "hus, the output of flip-flop 5/9# is a 10 '2H s uare %ave, %hereas the output of flip-flop 5/9I is a 5 '2H s uare %ave! "he non-inverted output of flip-flop 5/9# is input to the ?7& #I input of a counter 5/8, as %ell as to the less significant address input bit #0 of a demultiplexer 5/;! "he O#I output of counter 5/8 is input to the more significant address bit #l of demultiplexer 5/;! #lso, the most significant counter bit O>I of counter 5/8 is fed bac' to the ?7& # input of the counter! -lip-flops 5/9#, 5/9I may be implemented as an <?# 29@?>901/#E >ual > flip-flop chip! >emultiplexer 5/; may be implemented as a (otorola 8/2100 (;97)1/@" 1-of-9 >ecoder3>emultiplexer chip! -inally, counter 5/8 may be implemented as a (otorola >ual 9)tage Iinary <ipple ?ounter, %ith a cloc' #I input being pin 15, the cloc' # input being pin 1, and the O#I and O>I outputs being pins 1/ and @, respectively! >emultiplexer 5/; has four outputs! =nly one of the four outputs is active at the same time! "he signals input to address inputs #0 and #l ensure that, at a suitable fre uency to synchroniHe %ith the outputs of flip-flop 5/9I, the demultiplexer signal %hich is active scans progressively from one output of the demultiplexer to the next! "he labels 1, 2, /, and 9 at the output of demultiplexer 5/; indicate the minor interval (as defined %ith reference to -,+! /) in %hich the corresponding output is active! "he presence of counter 5/8 ensures that no Eloc'-upE occurs and that the scanning of the active pulse is continuous and repetitive! "he outputs of flip-flop 5/9I as %ell as the outputs of demultiplexer 5/; determine the timing for all of (=)-E"s 1-12, 15-1:, and 21-22 (sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2)! "hese signals are labelled #-B at the right of -,+! 5#, and correspond to similarly labelled signals in -,+! /! #lso, the minor interval (1, 2, /, or 9) during %hich each signal is active is also labelled, near the right of -,+! 5#! "he manner in %hich the outputs of flip-flop 5/9I and demultiplexer 5/; determine these control signals is no described! "he four outputs of demultiplexer 5/; are input to respective logical inverters 5/@#, 5/@I, 5/@?, and 5/@>, %hich may be implemented as part of a (otorola (?;92?091 2ex inverter chip! (odified (exponentially shaped) outputs of inverters 5/@#, 5/@I, 5/@?, 5/@> provide signals >, E, ,, B, respectively, %hich control the gates of constant current controller (=)-E"s 5, :, 11, 12, respectively! ,t is understood from previous discussion that the signals >, E, ,, and B are not binary signals, but are preferably exponential signals! "o provide this exponential %ave shaping, a %ave shaping element 5/:, %hich may be conceptualiHed as essentially an <-? %ave shaper, is employed! ,n a preferred embodiment, %ave shaper 5/: may be an <?# ?#/29E, connected to the outputs of inverters 5/@#-5/@> in a manner readily implemented by those s'illed in the art using published data sheets for the ?#/29E!

"o provide additional current boosting for the signals >, E, ,, and B, the respective outputs of the demultiplexer 5/; are input to the gates of four (=)-E"s 590#, 590I, 590?, and 590>! "he drain-source path%ays of these (=)-E"s are connected bet%een respective %ave shaped outputs of the inverters and ground! (=)-E"s 590#, 590I, 590?, 590> are preferably implemented using )iliconix 6110&( 1-?hannel (=)-E"s, rated at :0 volts and 1 amp (pulsed)! "hus, the proper shape and po%er gate signals >, E, ,, and B are provided via gate signal amplifier 11: (-,+! 9) to constant current controller (=)-E"s 5, :, 11, and 12! (ean%hile, the binary (=)-E" gate signals #, -, I, ?, +, and 2 are produced by >arlington drivers 5/5E, 5/5-, 5/5#, 5/5I, 5/5?, and 5/5>, respectively! "hese >arlington drivers, preferably implemented as a (otorola C71200/# >arlington "ransistor #rray, receive respective outputs from the non-inverted and inverted outputs of flip-flop 5/9I, and the respective outputs of inverters 5/@#, 5/@I, 5/@?, and 5/@>! #ll the signals exiting the right of -,+! 5# are sent to the gate signal amplifier 11: offered in detail in -,+)! 9, 9#, and 9I, before controlling the timing and operation of the (=)-E"s %hich are in the tan' circuit sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2! ,t is understood that the circuit elements illustrated in -,+! 5# are provided %ith proper po%er in the form of regulated voltage signals! "he regulated voltage signals are generated on -,+! 5I! <eferring no% to -,+! 5I, voltage regulators and the tan' charger considered a part of element 119 (-,+)! 1 and 2) are illustrated! "he bottom of -,+! 5I illustrates the connection bet%een battery 118 (at the left of -,+! 5I) and feedbac' controller 110 (at the right of -,+! 5I)! "he difference bet%een the unregulated 18 volts received from feedbac' controller 110 (-,+)! 1 and 2) and the unregulated 12 volts from the battery 118 (-,+)! 1 and 2) is provided by a bener diode 5;1, preferably a 5!1 volt bener used as a voltage shifter! )imilarly, a second bener diode 5;2 is provided bet%een the positive and ground lines 22:, 229, the bener diode 5;2 preferably implemented as a 12!1 voltage bener used as a voltage regulator! -inally, a third diode allo%s passage of current from battery 118 on path 2/0 to path 229 to feedbac' controller 110! "he third diode 5;/ is preferably implemented as a ,1@19 functioning as a reverse polarity protector! <egenerative feedbac' controller 110 (-,+)! 1 and 2) is preferably implemented as a 6icor >?to->? converter, having 120 volts >? on the tan' output (load) side, and a A18 volt >? output bet%een paths 22: and 229! "he bener diode 5;2 ensures a 12 volt >? potential matches that from battery 118! <egulated po%er is provided as follo%s! <eferring again to -,+! 5I, a first regulator 529 is connected to ground and to the unregulated 12 volt input from battery 118 on path 2/2, through a voltage regulator 581! 6oltage regulator 581 is preferably implemented as a ;805! <egulator 529, preferably implemented as a (axim (#\;9/ >ual =utput )%itch (ode <egulator operating %ith t%o (axim 7(;8712 7inear <egulators, produces regulated A12 volt >? and -12 volt >? outputs! "he A12 volt >? output is input to a second regulator 5//, %hich is preferably implemented as a ;805 C?8:21 5 volt regulator! <egulators 529 and 5// provide the regulated A12 volt >?, A5 volt >?, and -12 volt >? levels to circuits in -,+! 5#, 5?, 9#, and 9I, in a manner readily appreciated by those s'illed in the art!

"he tan' charger portion of element 119 (-,+)! 1 and 2) may be implemented as follo%s! ,n -,+! 5I, the tan' charger circuitry %hich controls paths 10:, 10;, 108 (-,+)! 1 and 2) is sho%n to comprise a series-connected step do%n element 525, and a step up element 52:! )tep do%n element 525 receives the 12 volt >? regulated po%er and steps it do%n through a series of 12 series-connected diodes and an ad*ustable resistor to provide an output of A5!19 volts >?! "hen, step up element 52:, preferably implemented as an E1212-1!5150 E<+ ,nc! >?-to->? voltage converter, produces a regulated 120 volt >? output! "he output of step u element 52: provides po%er through node 10: (also sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2) to both tan' elements 101, 102! "he ground lines leading to the respective tan's via s%itches 21 and 22 (-,+! 2) are sho%n as path%ays 10;, 108 (-,+)! 1, 2, 5I)! <eferring no% to -,+! 5?, circuitry %hich provides timing for an #? load 100# is illustrated! "his circuit is in contrast to that providing po%er to a >? load 100 (sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2)! "he circuit illustrated in -,+! 5? provides a :0 2H, 120 volt <() signal to the #? load 100#! (ore specifically, a :0 2H sinusoidal oscillator 528 produces a 1!0 volt 0-to-pea' sinusoidal signal! 4referably, the sinusoidal oscillator is implemented as a (icro 7inear (720/: 4rogrammable )ine 0ave +enerator, programmed to produce the above-mentioned signal applying information in published data sheets accompanying the (icro 7inear product! "he sinusoidal output of oscillator 528 is input to a dual half-%ave rectifier 52@! 2alf-%ave rectifier 52@ includes t%o diodes 52@#, 52@I! "he positive portion of the sine %ave is passed along a top path to both a s uare %ave generator 5/1 and a first pre-driver 592#! ?onversely, the negative portion of the sine %ave is inverted by a unity-gain invertor before being input to a second s uare %ave generator 5/2 and a fourth pre-driver 592>! ) uare %ave generators 5/1, 5/2 are similarly constructed s uare %ave generators %hich produce A12 volt s uare %aves synchronous %ith their respective sinusoidal inputs! "he outputs of s uare %ave generators 5/1, 5/2 are input to second and third pre-drivers 592I, 592?! 4re-drivers 592I, 592? produce A12 volt s uare %aves substantially synchronous %ith their respective inputs! "he unity-gain invertor is preferably implemented as an 7( /18 configured for unity gain but opposite polarity! ) uare %ave generators 5/1, 5/2 are readily implemented by those s'illed in the art! -inally, pre-drivers 592#, 592I, 592?, and 592> are constructed in accordance %ith -,+! 9I! "he outputs of pre-drivers 592# and 592> drive gates of respective (=)-E"s 2/, 29! (=)-E"s 2/, 29 comprise the elements of a >? to :0 2H half-%ave convertor 59@! "he node bet%een (=)-E"s 2/ and 29 is the same as node 902 (-,+)! 1 and 2) %hich is at the negative side of >? load 100 (illustrated in phantom in -,+! 5?)! (=)-E"s 1; and 18, %ith diodes 1;#, 1;I, 18#, and 18I collectively comprise a half-%ave to full %ave converter! "he outputs of pre-drivers 592I and 592? drive gates of respective (=)-E"s 1; and 18! "he source of (=)-E" 1; is connected to the source of (=)-E" 29 via series-connected diodes 1;# and 18I! "he node bet%een diodes 1;# and 18I is connected to a first terminal of the #? load 100#! )imilarly, the source of (=)-E" 18 is connected to the drain of (=)-E" 2/ via

series-connected diodes 18# and 1;I! "he node bet%een diodes 18# and 1;I is connected to a second terminal of the #? load 100#! "he drain of (=)-E" 1; is connected to the drain of (=)-E" 18, their common connection being the node 105 (9/2) %hich is the node at the positive terminal of the >? load 100 (sho%n in phantom in -,+! 5?)! (=)-E"s 1;, 18, 2/ and 29 are preferably implemented as ,<-/505s! -inally, >iodes 1;#, 1;I, 18#, and 18I are preferably implemented as 200-volt, /0# diodes functioning as reverse polarity protectors! ,n operation, the half-%ave sinusoidal signals entering the gates of (=)-E"s 2/ and 29 are 180!degree! out of phase %ith each other, thus allo%ing po%er passing from nodes 902 and 105 to pass through the #? load 100# in oppositely phased time frames! "he 85 volt pea' voltage half-%ave sinusoids provided by each of the (=)-E"s 2/, 29 arranged in opposite polarities thus provides a :0 2H full %ave 120 volt <() output to the #? load 100#! "he structure and operation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described! -or a more conceptual understanding, the follo%ing description is provided! #s described above, the preferred embodiment includes t%o tan' circuits that are resonant at the same fre uency! ,n the illustrated embodiment %hose components are listed above, the resonant fre uency is 20 '2H! "he tan' circuits have identical associated drive systems, master-timecontrolled by signals # and - (-,+! /) from gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, operating at 20 '2H! )ignals # and - are identical but oppositely phased positive-going, 50350 duty cycle s uare %aves! Each signal controls the time frame by %hich all other operations ta'e place by controlling the grounding se uence bet%een the tan' circuits and their respective current source through respective grounding (=)-E"s 21 and 22! "hus, alternation of functioning of the tan' circuits is achieved! <egarding operation of tan' 101, at the beginning of the first ma*or period /12, at the beginning of the first minor interval /01$ at the instant that (=)-E" 21 receives a positive going (0 to A12 volts) 50350 duty cycle s uare %ave gate voltage signal # , (=)-E" 22 is receiving a neutral going (A12 volts to 0 volts) 50350 duty cycle s uare %ave gate voltage signal -! "an' 101 is thus connected to the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 and capacitor ?l is allo%ed to charge (under resonant conditions) %here the inductive reactance e uals the capacitive reactance to 6Avoltage, %hich in the preferred embodiment is 120 volts! 4age 9-1/9, Electricity =ne-)even, (2arry (ileaf, the totality of %hich is incorporated herein by reference) includes an explanation of parallel resonant tan' circuit charging as generally understood by those s'illed in the art! #t the same time that (=)-E" 21 receives its positive going s uare %ave gate signal #, (=)-E" 1 of tan' 101 receives the same gate signal! "his opens a current flo% path %ithin tan' 101 including only resistances associated %ith the inductor, (=)-E" s%itch, diodes, capacitor and conductors connecting these components in series! "he series resistance includes. the resistance of multi-strand %ire, %hich may be D12 copper %ire %ith having 0!00102 ohms resistance3foot used as conductors connecting the various components in series$ the 0!15 =hm

internal drain-to-source resistance of (=)-E" 1$ the internal resistances of diodes 20: and /8$ negligible capacitor resistance$ and 12-19 inches of copper %ire, %hich may be D12 single strand %ire %hich ma'es up the coil of tan' 1015s inductor 71! "he magnetic core of the inductor is preferably a ferrite toroid %ith associated magnetic uadrature tuning circuitry! "his circuitry bet%een the positive and negative terminals of ?l ma'es up the complete current charging path %ithin tan' 101, %hich is only about 12-18 inches in length! "he extremely lo% value of the total internal tan' circuit resistance allo%s the tan' to be operated at a high EOE or E uality!E #d*ustment of the EOE in the preferred embodiment is accomplished by varying the inductive reactance of the inductor 71! "his is preferably accomplished by increasing or decreasing a >? current through the %indings around a E?E cored electro-magnet physically placed at @0 degrees (at uadrature) to the axis of the toroid inductor 71! "he induced magnetic field %ithin the E?E cored electro-magnet controller changes, or EmodulatesE the inductive reactance of the inductor 71! =ther possible means of manual or automatic physical or electronic ad*ustment of the tan'5s inductance lie %ithin the ability of those s'illed in the art for tuning the inventive po%er supply, and need not be further described! "an' 1025s internal charging path circuitry, associated controlling circuitry and associated current paths are functionally, and as close as possible, physically, exact duplicates of those of tan' 101! #t the beginning of the first ma*or period, tan' 102, having *ust completed its resonant charging se uence, is at the same instant decoupled from the exterior current source as EgroundingE (=)-E" 22 receives neutral going (A12 to 0 volt) s uare %ave gate signal - so that it is turned off to a non-conducting state! #lso at this same instant, a current flo% path is established bet%een the negatively charged terminal of ?2, the load 100, and the positive terminal of ?2, because of the 0 to A12 volt, 253;5 duty cycle signal + (applied to the gates of (=)-E"s 8 and @), and signal , (applied to the gate of (=)-E" 11)! (=)-E"s 8 and @ receive the 0 to A12 volt, 253;5 duty cycle gate + signal %hich turns them on! (=)-E" 11 receives a 0 to A12 volt, 253;5 duty cycle EexponentialE gate signal that is specifically designed to utiliHe the full 25F time period of minor interval /01 in reaching its maximum A12 volt level! ,t is se uenced to start at the same instant as the gate signal going to (=)-E" 8! ,n the illustrated embodiment, all trailing, or neutral going A12 to 0 volt edges of the exponential signals are vertical$ they do not ramp do%n%ard nor do they extend belo% the Hero line! #t the end of this first minor interval, the voltages at the gates of (=)-E"s 8, @, and 11 are forced instantaneously to Hero volts! "his minor interval comprises only half the overall 50 percent duty cycle as determined by the gate signal generator and tan' charger 1195s 20 '2H rate (signals # and -)! #t the instant that (=)-E"s 8, @ and 11 are turned off, (=)-E"s 10 and 12 are turned on by receiving 0 to A12 volt 253;5 duty cycle gate voltage signals 2 and B respectively! (=)-E" 10 receives a 0 to A12 volt, 253;5 duty cycle gate voltage li'e that sent to the gates of (=)-E"s 8

and @! (=)-E" 12 receives a 0 to A12 volt, 253;5 duty cycle EexponentialE gate voltage signal identical to that sent earlier to the gate of (=)-E" 11! "his second set of (=)-E" controls the discharging path during the second minor interval /02 (and therefore, the timing of th collapse of the magnetic field of 72) %hich %as created by the discharge of capacitor ?2! "his second minor interval /02 (occupying the second 50 percent of the first ma*or period time frame) ta'es up the remaining portion of the discharge time frame! "his discharge time frame is the first ma*or period allotted to tan' 102 by the 20 '2H signals # and - from the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! "his is the preferred configuration of (=)-E"s 8-12 in the discharge current path of tan' 102, and the preferred configuration of (=)-E"s 21 and 1 in the current capacitor charge path of tan' 101! #s stated above, (=)-E"s 1-9, ;-10, and 21-22 act as Eon3offE s%itches, thus changing the various current flo% paths, %hile other (=)-E"s (5, :, 11, and 12) act as constant current controllers! (=)-E" 11 controls the current discharge flo% rate of tan' 1025s capacitor ?2, %hile (=)-E" 12 controls the current flo% rate created by the controlled collapse of the magnetic field of tan' 1025s inductor 72! Iy design, the tan' capacitors are not in the current flo% discharge path of the tan' inductors! 0hen a tan' inductor discharges %ithin in the second minor interval, it does not change polarity as in standard tan' circuits! 1or do the tan' capacitors change in polarity as in standard tan' circuits$ they charge in one direction only! "his action is totally different than that of standard tan' circuit! "he advantages of the present invention are many, but include. 1) Each resonant tan' is directed to charge its capacitor independent of any exterior load being connected to it, thereby realiHing the resonance charging conditions to the fullest! 2) Each tan' element is discharged through the load in a uniform manner %ith a common and unchanging polarity to the load (for >? operation)! # discussion is presented here to amplify the advantages summariHed in the previous paragraphs$ for it is here that the present invention demonstrates some of its advances in the art! Iy first controlling the current flo% discharge rate of the resonant tan' capacitor, and then controlling the discharge rate of the resonant tan' inductor, the follo%ing occurs! -irst, a nonresonant <? circuit, and then a non-resonant 7< circuit, po%ers the load! 4o%ering a load using non-resonant circuits is standard practice today in some po%er supplies, but any po%ering circuits are used independently of each other! ,n contrast, the present embodiment se uentially uses a non-resonant <? circuit and a non-resonant 7< circuit! #lso, and more important, by discharging the elements of both resonant tan' circuits in exactly half the time that %as allotted for resonant charging of the individual tan' capacitors, t%ice the available current (and thus, correspondingly increased po%er) is made available to the load in comparison to the situation in %hich each capacitor is discharged at its resonant charging rate! ,n fact, discharging each capacitor at its resonant charging rate %ould bring about very disastrous conditions for most loads! "his is because series resonant conditions %ould come into play %ith its associated condition of reactive voltage increases %hich %ould be impressed across the load!

Iy utiliHing the (=)-E"s 5, :, 11, and 12 as variable resistors (functioning as constant current controllers) and decreasing their resistance exponentially from maximum to minimum during the EonE portion of the appropriate minor interval, the follo%ing is accomplished. Iy decreasing the internal resistance to current flo% %ithin each tan' capacitor5s discharge circuit over the full minor interval in a manner that exactly counteracts and yet controls the decreasing voltage of the discharging tan' capacitor, the load is presented %ith controlled, even current! "hus, the load can react evenly, as if fed by a constant voltage, constant current source! )imilarly, by decreasing the internal resistance %ithin each tan' inductor5s discharge circuit over the entire minor interval in a manner that exactly counteracts and yet controls the decreasing voltage associated %ith the collapsing magnetic field, the load is again presented %ith controlled current! "his advantage is accomplished by exactly matching the previous negative polarity to positive polarity supplied by the tan' capacitor (only no% from the tan' inductor) during the entire time frame in %hich inductor magnetic field collapse is experienced! "he different voltage potentials (A1206 and neutral, or ground) re uired by the load to operate properly is first supplied by the tan' 102 capacitor ?2 during minor interval /01, then by tan' 102 inductor 72 during minor interval /02, then by tan' 101 capacitor ?l during minor interval /0/, and finally by tan' 101 inductor 71 during minor interval /09$ at %hich time minor interval /01 begins again and the entire se uence repeats! #gain, it is as if a non-changing, constant voltage source is being applied to the load! Each of the discharge time Eminor intervalsE is exactly one-half the full tan' charge time Ema*or periodsE! "his fulfills the re uirement of balancing the charge3discharge ratio to obtain e uilibrium %ithin the circuit #s described above, as the tan' 102 components ?2 and 72 are discharging through the load in a non-resonant manner, tan' 101 is charging the capacitor ?l (%hich is not connected to the load) under parallel resonant conditions! "he individual seriesconnected discharge time rates are one-half the charge time rate, so that the discharge current flo% rate is t%ice as fast, thus affording the load t%ice the available current compared %ith a set of operating conditions %here each discharge time rate is e ual in time to each charge time rate! #fter the elements of tan' 102 have discharged through the load, encountering only series resistive losses due to the conductive paths, the inductor coil, tan' diodes, and the load, they are disconnected from the load by (=)-E"s 8, @, 10, 11, and 12 as they receive neutral going A12 to 0 volt signals +, +, 2, ,, and B, respectively at their gates! #t the same instant, the proper positive going gate voltages are applied to the appropriate tan' 101 (=)-E"s (tan' 101 having *ust completed resonant charging of its capacitor ?l), and the cycle of po%ering the load during the second ma*or period //9 during minor intervals /0/, /09, (from the elements of tan' 101) can begin! ,n summary, the described embodiment has the follo%ing features. "he ability to use reactive po%er to completely po%er a load through the process of controlled current flo% from alternately employed series non-resonant 7< and <? circuits of %hich the 7 and ? components, during the charging cycle, form a parallel resonant tan' circuit!

"he ability to utiliHe the natural magnification characteristics of a resonant tan' circuit to bring about the full charge condition of a capacitor through a circuit path other than only through the current5s voltage source (as in a series resonant circuit)! "he ability to double the effective available current to a load! "his is accomplished by halving the available discharge time per element, from the capacitor and then from the inductor of each tan'! "he ability to continuously po%er a pseudo-series-connected load by using t%o identical resonant tan' circuits! =ne tan' circuit5s capacitor under resonant conditions is charged from an external voltage source %hile being isolated from the load! "he other previously charged tan' circuit5s elements discharge (under controlled series circuit conditions as described above) through the load %hile being isolated from the external voltage source! "he ability to continuously po%er a load %ith an electronic po%er supply that cannot suffer from the problem of voltage drop (a dropping or decreasing voltage potential experienced by 'no%n generators)! "he ability to continuously po%er a load %ith an electrical po%er source! "he external voltage3current source (battery 118) supplies the necessary voltage and current to fulfill the po%er re uirements to charge up ?l in tan' 101 during the first ma*or period! #fter the resonant charging of one of the t%o resonant tan's, the charged tan' elements start to discharge through the load! #s can be seen from the above description of circuit operations, the circuitry operates in both Ebest modeE cases of resonance! -irst, regarding series resonance, the illustrated embodiment has the ability to deliver maximum available po%er to a load! )econd, regarding parallel resonance, the illustrated embodiment has the ability to charge a capacitor to act as a voltage potential source utiliHing the absolute minimum amount of current from an external current source! #dditional circuitry may be added to the illustrated embodiment to utiliHe the ability of a >? Epo%erE source to be non-discriminatory in its o%n po%er re uirements under the condition 'no%n as >? superposition! ,n this scenario, the resonant tan' circuitry ta'es its re uired current and voltage from %hatever source such as battery 118 and3or feedbac' controller 110, or a combination of both, as long as each has the correct voltage polarity and minimum re uired current! "he system may be specifically designed to utiliHe feedbac' controller 110 for the primary (internal) >? voltage and current source, and may use battery 118 as an external >? voltage and current source for the secondary >? source! "he system exhibits maximum impedance to current flo% from the point of vie% of loo'ing out from the resonant tan' circuit to%ard its voltage and current source, as any resonant tan' circuit should! #t the same time, it po%ers the load as a series circuit %ould, %ith impedance to current flo% coming only from line resistance (determined by the siHe and other properties of the %ire used in the discharge path)! "he system is not under series resonant conditions in the discharge mode because the discharge fre uency is t%ice that of the charge fre uency. 90 '2H versus the 20 '2H resonant fre uency of the system!

"he dual, yet independent series 7< and <? discharge circuits ma'ing up tan's 101 and 102 have the ability to fulfill all electrical po%er re uirements. each can supply the necessary voltage and current to each other as the internal system Epo%er sourceE, (feedbac' controller 110, gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, gate signal amplifier 11:, and associated circuitry) that is charging the other tan' circuit (%hich is charging under resonant conditions at 20 '2H) as a load in parallel to load 100! "he reason for this condition is that the particular section of the system being charged under resonant conditions is connected (from a load-po%er-re uirements point of vie%) to the other part of the po%er supply that is po%ering load 100 at that instant! =nly those resonant tan' circuit components that had been previously charged up under resonant conditions, and %ere previously disconnected from the EinternalE po%er source (the other tan' circuit but not feedbac' controller 110) during this time frame is po%ering the total parallel load! ,n this usage of the term EloadE, the EinternalE tan' circuit control circuitry and the other charging tan' circuit are a part of the total EloadE, not *ust load 100! Cnder conditions of resonance, Etunnel diodesE, or EEsa'i diodesE, can be used in the resonant tan' circuit, and all necessary outside current directly fed to the tan' circuit itself can be eliminated! "he reason is that a tunnel diode creates a condition 'no%n as Enegative resistanceE! "he effect it can have upon the tan' circuit in %hich it is placed is to reduce the effective pure resistance to an absolute minimum! "herefore, %ith an effective internal pure resistance at an absolute minimum %ithin the tan' itself as described above, an absolute minimum Eline currentE running through node 10: is necessary! #s sho%n in -,+! 2, t%o circuits are operating at the same time! ,n the first minor interval /01 (-,+! /), tan' 101 is being charged, and is disconnected from load 100 and feedbac' controller 110 as (=)-E"s 2, /, 9, 5, and : are not conducting! "an' 101 is connected to the internal po%er source (feedbac' controller 110$ gate signal generator and tan' charger 119$ and gate signal amplifier 11:) through its diode on the positive 1206 node 202 through node 10:! (=)-E" 21 provides the connection to the ground side! "an' 1025s capacitor and then its inductor discharge through the EloadE (%hich, for these purposes, is considered to include tan' 101, the internal po%er source (feedbac' controller 110, gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, gate signal amplifier 11:, and parallel load 100))! #t this time, tan' 102 is disconnected from the internal po%er supply (feedbac' controller 110, gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, gate signal amplifier 11:) because diode 21: at the positive terminal of capacitor ?2 does not allo% the capacitor to discharge directly to it! (=)-E" 22, positioned bet%een tan' 102 and the internal po%er source ground, has also been turned off, thus isolating tan' 102 discharge circuitry from the internal and external po%er source grounds! ,n this manner, each discharging tan' circuit component forms both its o%n ground source and current source to load 100 and its parallel load made up of feedbac' controller 110, gate signal generator and tan' charger 119, gate signal amplifier 11:, and the other tan' circuit! (=)-E"s 11 and 12, each receiving a exponential gate signal, control the amount of current allo%ed to be delivered to the loads as described earlier for the follo%ing reason!

?urrent should be delivered in a steady, even manner to obtain the desired effect of po%ering the load evenly! #n evenly applied amount of current supplied to a steady and unchanging load %ill allo% the proper, even, designed voltage drop to be developed across the load! "he availability of current flo% (up to a predetermined maximum amount as determined by the dual tan' circuit components and discharge circuitry) applied to a changing load$ either resistive, inductive, capacitive, or a combination thereof, can po%er that load as supplied by the system! Iecause Ecurrent flo%E (and not voltage) is the Ecommon denominatorE in all four load conditions listed above, the various different voltage drops$ and their individual phase relationships at the individual loads can be developed by the various loads as re uired! "he present system utiliHes the ability of a po%er (=)-E" to be used as a variable resistor in controlling the current flo% rate! "he present system controls the current flo% rate supplied to the load by decreasing its resistance to current flo% in a manner that is an exact correlation to the dropping source voltage being supplied first by tan' capacitors and then tan' inductors! "his arrangement delivers the correct flo% of current needed to pass through and as re uired by the load! #s the voltage of, first, the tan' capacitor and then the tan' inductor, drops, the controlling (=)-E"s5 internal resistance also must drop! >uring the first minor interval /01 (-,+! /) the discharging of the tan' 102 capacitor ?2 supplies the necessary difference of potential bet%een its terminals to cause current flo% through the parallel loads, as controlled by (=)-E" 11! >uring the second minor interval /02 (-,+! /) the collapsing magnetic field of the tan' 102 inductor 72 supplies the necessary difference in potential bet%een its poles to cause current flo% through the load, as controlled by (=)-E" 12! >uring minor intervals /0/ and /09 (-,+! /), the above described current flo% occurs again! "an' 101 po%ers the EloadE (%hich no% includes both tan' 102 and the internal po%er source as described previously)! "an' 101 capacitor ?l is disconnected from gate signal generator and tan' charger 119 through node 10: by diode 20: at ?15s positive terminal, thus not allo%ing ?l to discharge bac' into itself, (=)-E" 15 being turned off, and by the non-conducting ground controlling (=)-E" 21 being turned off! (=)-E" controls the discharge time of capacitor ?l, in the same manner as (=)-E" 11 controls the discharge time of capacitor ?2! (=)-E" : controls the decay time of the magnetic field of inductor 7l, in the same manner as (=)-E" 12 controls the decay time of the magnetic field of inductor 72! (=)-E"s 8, @, and 10 are turned off to allo% tan' 102 to charge capacitor ?2 to the applied 120 volts supplied from the gate signal generator and tan' charger 119! (odifications and variations of the above-described embodiments of the present invention are possible, as appreciated by those s'illed in the art in light of the above descriptions! ,t is therefore to be understood that, %ithin the scope of the appended claims and their e uivalents, the invention may be practiced other%ise than as specifically described!

Dog0an MAGLIC8 Migma (/"ion

Dog0an Maglic-= Ane/tronic Energ, D$ Maglic-= Harper?s 6ee@l" MagaAine .Octo'er 65 %9&A1 #$ $ C-annon5 et al$= Ph"sB #e$B A %&= 40&F409 .Han/ar, %9&81 Note e3erence" D$E$ T-om"en= Science =e*s .Marc- 95 %98A1B i:i)$5 .#eptem'er %65 %98&1 D$Maglic-= Driti"- 6atent 9 %54))5A4A : N/clear (/"ion eactor" D$ Maglic-= Migmacell FF A Lo2FGain EDrivenE (/"ion 6o2er Ampli3ier a" an Interim Energ, #o/rce

ANE<T ONIC ENE GM= A #earc- 3or NonF a0ioacticeNonF6roli3erating N/clear 6o2er Dr$ Dog0an Maglic"he "esla -oundation ,nc! M 4!=! Iox /0/; M 4rinceton, 1e% Bersey 0859/ C)# ?an %e design a nuclear po%er source that --- li'e <obbie in #simov5s classic tale E,, <obotE --is pre-programed never to harm a humanR ?an there be a nuclear process %hose fuel %ill never be converted into nuclear %eaponsR "he recent report (1) of a special committee of the C!)! 1ational <esearch ?ouncil implies that the %orld may be only one step a%ay from being able to say EyesE to both of these uestions! ?onclusions of the -irst ,nternational )ymposium on -easibility of #neutronic 4o%er, held at the ,nstitute for advanced )tudy in 4rinceton in the -all of 1@8;, suggest that this last step may %ell be imminent! W-at i" Ane/tronic? Energy-releasing nuclear reactions involving nonradioactive nuclei (both as the reactants and reaction products) and producing no neutrons have been 'no%n for half a century! 0e define a nuclear reaction as EaneutronicE if not more than 1F of the total energy released is carried by neutrons and if not more than 1F of the reactants (EfuelE) and reaction products (E%asteE) are radionuclides! "he definition is some%hat arbitrary and serves only as a guideline! "heir product in all cases is predominantly helium, a nonradioactive inert gas! #/cce"" o3 t-e Migma I! E+periment:

,n an experiment carried out in 1@82, referred to as (igma ,6, #E7abs demonstrated that a 1(ev deuteron migma can be neutraliHed by oscillating electrons and exceed the space charge limit density %ithout instability! -uel density of migma %as 1000 times lo%er than that of the best to'ama' but migma5s temperature %as 100 times higher than that of the best to'ama' and its confinement 15 times longer, so that their product is 1,500 times higher than that in to'ama'! "he migma program had spent X2/ million over 10 years! "he 0estern %orld has spent X10 billion on the conventional plasma fusion program over the past /0 years! <eflecting this development, the )enate5s #ppropriations ?ommittee stated in 1@82. E"o date, basic research in the field of nuclear fission and fusion has largely overloo'ed the potential for aneutronic nuclear alternatives using light metals, such as lithium, that produce no radioactive side effects! "he ?ommittee recommends that the >epartment of Energy give higher priority to this non-radioactive and non proliferative nuclear potential!E #trategic an0 Commercial ami3ication" o3 Ane/tronic 6o2er : #. #erospace --- lo% reactor %eight because of no need for shielding as %ell as very large po%er-to-%eight ratio$ lo% fuel %eight (100,000 \ more concentrated fuel energy than nonnuclear fuels)$ 10F lo%er fuel cost than uranium (for dirty fission)$reasonable fuel availability$ lo%er plant capital cost$ no heat pollution$ modular - units as small as 1 mega%att may be economical! I. 4o%er supply for radar and telecommunications --- "he smallest aneutronic po%er plant (/0 &0e), similar to the proposed (igma 6, %ould have a %ide application. this is the po%er needed to run a radar or ??? station! ?. 1aval application --- "he advantage of light%eight aneutronic po%er production also applies to ship propulsion, %here specific po%er is less critical than in aerospace case! >. "errestrial applications for utilities --- -irst, an aneutronic reactor can be small, producing mega%atts of electric ((0e), %hile the minimum economical siHe of a fission or (pro*ected) fusion po%er plant is about 1000 (0e! 2ence, the small nuclear po%er plant, impossible today, becomes feasible! # small po%er unit implies mass production, %hich results in lo%er capital cost per 'ilo%att of capacity than %ith large reactors that are built one or t%o at a time! (,nitial capital cost is one of the ma*or barriers to nuclear energy in developing countries and smaller communities of developed countries)! )econd, there are clear environmental advantages of nonradioactive fuel, nonradioactive %aste, and the absence of %aste heat (heat pollution)! E. 1on-4roliferation --- #bsence of neutrons means that the aneutronic reactor cannot breed plutonium for nuclear %eapons! )ince radioactive fuel, radioactive %aste, heat pollution, and proliferation are the main current environmental and political issues for nuclear po%er, the implications of aneutronic nuclear energy for the environment are obvious. not only an acceptable but an attractive nuclear po%er technology! #rticle )ource. 1u Energy 2oriHons, ,nc!, 4! =! Iox 22, <umney, 1e% 2ampshire 0/2::-0022

HarperCs 6ee@l" MagaAine .!ol$ LPI!5 No$ *%4* : Octo'er 65 %9&A1 :

EWill Migma (/"ion En0 t-e Energ, Cri"i"?E

', Dog0an Maglic(ig-ting 3or t-e I0ea : ,n 1@:@, %hile , %as %or'ing in high-energy physics %ith a physicist by the name of (ace', %e developed the principle of self-colliding particle orbits! 0e published a paper then, called E-usion <eactions in )elf-?olliding =rbitsE, but %e said it %as a completely impractical device! "he first time , realiHed that the migma idea could have practical applications %as in 1@;2! "hen, unfortunately, , had an accident %here my finger %as badly cut and , had to have four operations, so , %as pretty %ell tied up at home! , had a lot of time to ma'e calculations, and then the idea of high-energy nuclear fusion developed! "he patent application %as submitted in #pril 1@;2, and itUs still being 'ic'ed bac' and forth at the 4atent =ffice! 0e have been granted patents in some other countries, but not in the Cnited )tates! ,t is very unusual for something so utterly ne% to be patented! "he patent examiners very often return things for further information! "hey *ust donUt understand, because there is no earlier invention! #s soon as %e applied for a patent %e felt %e needed three tests, %hich %ould cost X/ million, so %e applied to the #tomic Energy ?ommission! #fter almost a year, %e %ere turned do%n! "hey said nothing %rong %as found, but the policy of the government %as to pursue other fusion schemes that %ere further ahead! #s soon as %e %ere turned do%n, <utgers Cniversity --- %here , %as then a professor --- too' the attitude that if the government turns you do%n there must be something %rong! #mong professors there %as the same attitude, surprisingly, although experts %ho analyHed our pro*ect found that there %as nothing %rong! 1evertheless, the chairman of the department, a ne% man from the 1ational )cience -oundation, came and said, E=h, at 1)- , tal'ed to the experts %ho have been in the field 20 years, and they say it %ill not %or'E! "his opposition %eUve met is nothing ne%, and as a scientist , find it very invigorating, particularly %hen %e see that %e are %inning! "hree years ago %e %ere considered total idiots! "%o years ago some people %ere saying, %ell, it loo's rather craHy, but there may be something to it! 1o% the s'epticism is disappearing so fast, %hat better recognition do you %ant to see than something li'e thatR evolt o3 t-e 6la"ma 6eople : ?learly, there is nothing %rong %ith our scheme! , thin' our opposition has come from the vested interests in plasma fusion! "hese people have been in the field 25 years! Ever since the hydrogen

bomb exploded they have made their careers in plasma fusion! "hey are developing devices for then year 2000, so they donUt have goals that can be made and immediately verified! "hey %ill retire and be on their retirement funds by that time, so they can actually 'eep developing this for the rest of their lives! #nd, , may add, itUs a very closed community! "he people in the ?"< J?ontrolled "hermonuclear <esearchK division at the #E? are all ex-researchers from various plasma labs %ho have been %or'ing on this idea for the last 25 years, mainly those %ho %ere not very successful in experimental research and %ere 'ic'ed upstairs to become bureaucrats! "heir loyalties lie %ith these labs! 0ith the huge amounts of money at sta'e, it is not a scientific uestion anymore! , donUt get angry, but our opponents get very angry! "hey start shouting, E0eUve been in this field so many yearsE, and so on! #t the #E? last year, t%o fusion experts, the military and ?ongresspeople %ere there! 0e as'ed them, ='ay, so *ust tell us %hy this %ill not %or'! =ne man %ho is a very famous plasma theorist said, E0ell, there are certain rules of thumb that %e have learned over the last 20 years in plasma, certain rules of thumbE! , said, E4lease %rite do%n the e uation for the rule of thumb! 0hat 'ind of scientific approach is thatRE "hese Erules of thumbE really mean ingrained thin'ing! -or instance, one of their ideas is that the more ordered a system is, the less li'ely it is to produce energy! "hatUs because theyUre %or'ing on a random system! 4lasma fusion is random! "heir second belief is that %e %ill not succeed in getting high densities, %hich %e are already %or'ing on no%! Iecause of this opposition, %e had to form our o%n corporation %ith one ob*ective. to raise funds for <utgers to build a lab! "he reaction at <utgers bac' then %as incredible, very emotional! -or a professor to bring X/ million to <utgers %as unrealistic, and, formally, %e %ere turned do%n! ,n the meantime, the 1avy came to <utgers and favorably revie%ed our pro*ect! "hen the president of )%itHerland, their ex-minister of energy, ordered a revie% of migma --- , have lived in )%itHerland and , go there uite often! #t that time something unusual happened! # big )%iss aluminum corporation called #lusuisse came in and said they %ould give us X/ million for one third of the stoc', %hich %e agreed to! "o avoid speculation, %e have not sold stoc' to any individuals! 0e had people here from (errill 7ynch and many other houses as'ing for stoc', and many individuals, but %e feel that selling stoc' %ould be %rong because %e do not guarantee that %e %ill ma'e a source that %ill be the ans%er to humanityUs prayers for energy! 1o% %e do plan to bring in a ne% group of high-technology #merican investors, not *ust any corporations, but corporations that 'no% the ups and do%ns of research! 0e 'no% %e are going to have ups and do%ns and delays, so %e %ant to get companies that are sophisticated in their corporate structure and that 'no% that things are not al%ays rosy! 0e have private investors no%, but %e %ill also be %illing to ta'e money from the government, 0e are not turning do%n money$ itUs *ust that it ta'es a tremendous effort to raise money! Gou almost have to stop doing research *ust to 'eep coming to 0ashington to negotiate a X10 million

deal! 0e %ould have to triple our staff! 0ithout government aid, %e can operate %ith simplicity! 0e have practically no administration, and all our management is technology management! T-e (/t/re o3 Migma 6o2er : "his country has sho%n that once a principle has been demonstrated --- li'e in the case of the atomic bomb --- %e can put so many resources and so much technological manpo%er into a pro*ect that it %ill ta'e very little time to produce an economical device! =nce %e demonstrate that %e can produce even the smallest amount of electricity from the (igma 4rinciple, there %ill be all 'inds of migmacells! -irst there %ill be single units used for military applications, because the military does not care about economy! "he #ir -orce is very interested in having a compact po%er source to po%er a laser, because the %hole future of %arfare is laser %arfare! "he 1avy is interested in having remote under%ater po%er stations to detect )oviet submarines! "hese military applications could be developed in 5 years from the moment the principle is sho%n! "he next step is to develop a migmacell of one mega%att, %hich can then be stac'ed into any configuration! # big nuclear po%er plant is a thousand mega%atts, and a cube of migmacells ten units on a side %ill give you as much po%er as a large nuclear po%er plant! =ur calculations sho% that a migmacell po%er plant can produce as much as six mega%atts, enough for some small local po%er stations, but in a space about 9 feet in diameter! 0e had envisioned individual household po%er units, but %e %ere told by the 0estinghouse people that it ta'es them about 8 to 10 years *ust to develop a ne% concept for something li'e a toaster, because household people *ust al%ays push the %rong buttons at the %rong times! 0ith the household units about a decade a%ay, itUs better to have professional manpo%er to use for a bloc' or a section of a to%n, or even a single building, but attended by somebody %ho really 'no%s %hat he is doing! Migma at t-e Moment : 0here does our pro*ect stand no%R "he first test %as to ma'e migma! # first, migma %as a very beautiful computer dra%ing of an ordered system, and our first experiment %as to demonstrate that it could be made! 0e have done this! 0eUve shaped a beam of nuclei so that it comes bac' and collides %ith itself! "he products are mostly charged particles carrying the nuclear energy! )o %e do have fusion, but the only %ay %e can prove that the fusion is coming from the migma is to demonstrate that the fusion rate obeys the basic la% of colliding beams, the uadratic la%, %hich states that the collision rate is proportional to the s uare of the beam intensity! 0e are ta'ing the very strict attitude that the only %ay to prove fusion is to prove the uadratic la% experimentally! "his is %hat %e are doing no%, in a test that may last from : to 8 months! "his is our second test, but that is still not enough! 0e really %ant to brea' even! 0e %ant to have the energy out to be e ual to the energy in! =ur third test is to compact more nuclei! )ince the nuclei all have the same positive charge, %eUre going to put negative charges in the migma to

overcome their natural repulsion! ,n this %ay, %e hope to build the density of the migma and reach the brea'-even point! =ur current plan is to get an experimental confirmation of the last t%o tests %ithin the next 18 months! =ur next ob*ective is to build an operational prototype fusion po%er plant %hich %ill be the first to produce more than brea'-even energy! #t the rate %e are %or'ing no%, this %ill ta'e from 9 to : more years! , spent : months approaching the leading scientists in the country in every field, including 1obel 4riHe %inners, to set up one meeting here %hich lasted t%o days! #t the end of Bune, %e presented our theories and our %or' at a meeting of independent scientific and engineering consultants %hom %e hired to evaluate our pro*ect and report their findings to our board of directors! "hey unanimously endorsed the pro*ect! 1ot only did they say they found nothing %rong %ith the principle, but they said they sa% nothing that %ill prevent it from %or'ing! 0hen , formed this committee of consultants and informed some of our business people, they said they had never heard of anything such as this, %here the president of a company invites such an independent board that can essentially demolish you! Iut %e received their unanimous endorsement! "he general belief that fusion %ill not be con uered before the next millennium is bases on misguided research in plasma fusion! ,n my opinion, effecting controlled fusion is a relatively easy tas', provided that one gets rid of all old concepts and accepts the high-energy fusion concept! "he C) Energy <esearch and >evelopment #dministration is not supporting one clean fusion pro*ect! "heir pro*ects are all based on tritium, an artificial isotope %hich is highly radioactive! 0e are being criticiHed for 'eeping our %or' too uiet, but , believe that it is better to ma'e big advances in the lab than to tal' in advance about %hat you are going to accomplish! "o our 'no%ledge, %e are the only group throughout the %orld that is %or'ing on a totally nonpolluting, clean fusion po%er source! ,t is *ust shoc'ing that, in spite of all the pressure on the part of environmentalists, the government is not supporting one nuclear fusion po%er source that is clean!

Dr Maglic- E+plain" t-e N/t" an0 Dolt" o3 Migma (/"ion :

"he first artificial fusion energy reaction %hich released significant amount of nuclear energy %as the explosion of the hydrogen bomb in 1@52! )ince then, physicists have tried %ithout an explosion to use it as a source of cheap po%er in the form of electrical energy! Cntil no% there have been t%o approaches to controlled fusion! #s a basic fuel, our method uses the natural isotope of hydrogen, deuterium, %hich is not radioactive and %hich can be extracted from ordinary %ater! "he oceans contain enough deuterium fuel to meet our energy needs for millions of years! ,n the deuterium fusion process, almost all energy released goes into charged particles! "he 'inetic energy of charged particles can be converted directly into electricity, thus eliminating cumbersome boilers and turbines, and the heat and radiation pollution associated %ith neutrons! ,nstead of heating, %e use the concept of colliding beams! 0e accelerate the nuclei of deuterium to higher speeds than can be accomplished by heating, and %e fire them head-on against each other at these high speeds! ,n our method, %e use one single accelerated deuteron beam and ma'e it collide head-on %ith itself! "his configuration %e call the Efigure-of-eightE! "he deuterons in both the lo%er and upper loop move cloc'%ise and collide nearly head-on! #s time progresses, the figure-of-eight configurations superimpose one on another, until a mixture --- and the +ree' %ord for mixture is migma --- of orbits has been established! ,n this mixture the deuterons being to interact and fuse! ,n plasma fusion you heat the ions to high temperatures often by magnetic means! ,n laser fusion, you heat the nuclei by concentrating the po%er of light! 0e thre% a%ay the concept of heating! 0e 'no% better! 0ith heating, the motions are random! "oday, %e can direct particles head-on against each other! #n analogue to this process is t%o machine-gun bullets colliding in midair! #s you realiHe, itUs uite difficult to aim bullet against bullet! 0ell, %eUve already mastered that! 0e can already aim nuclei to collide head-on! 1o% %e go even one step further! 0e have invented a process in %hich one beam collides %ith itself! 0e shoot a beam and bend it so that it comes bac' against itself! "he principle doesnUt change$ %e still have an ordered system! (igma is an ordered system in %hich fusion is ignited by head-on collisions instead of heat! =nce you have that, then you can have much higher collision energies, because in fusion %hat counts is the relative velocity %ith %hich one nucleus hits another, not the temperatures involved! ,nside the stars, fusion is accomplished by heating, but %e donUt seriously intend to build a star on Earth! 0e ma'e no bones that %e are building a machine! ,t has to be done differently, completely artificially! "here is nothing natural about our process, the same as there is nothing natural about a roc'et or a car engine! =nce %e have these higher energies of collision, %e can ignite clean fuel, for example helium-/! 1othing becomes radioactive! "he energy released is carried off by charged bodies --- protons

and nuclei --- %hich can be collected by a series of positively-charged plates surrounding the cell! #s the positively-charged bodies approach the plates, they slo% do%n, giving up their energy to the plates! ?onnecting an external circuit to the plates %ould dra% off an electric current! =ur products are clean, and everything is converted directly into electricity!

Ph"sB #e$B A %&= 40&F409 .Han/ar, %9&81 :

E"timation o3 Diamagnetic Limitation" to t-e (/"ion ate in a Migmacell

#$ $ C-annon5 H$ E$ Gol0en5 an0 $ A$ Miller Migma In"tit/te o3 Clean (/"ion5 (/"ion Energ, Corporation5 6rinceton5 Ne2 Her"e, 08A40 0e describe a t%o-dimensional analytic calculation of the e uilibrium diamagnetic field strength and shape, applicable in the regime of high magnetiHation to the high-energy lo%-angularmomentum ion orbits %hich characteriHe the distribution in a (igma fusion device!

222F"ta33$"oc"$/t"$e0/$a/>:i2ool3> t+t>0i"cover,>lig-t3i""ion$t+t ,n 1@82 >r Iogdan (aglich carried out experiments %ith his E(igmaE light fission reactor --the siHe of a car tire, designed to be used as a clean source of po%er in third %orld countries! ,t %as funded mainly by an #rabian prince! 2o%ever in 1@@1 the funding ran out! 1o government %as interested, because no %eapons can be produced from the technology! ,n 1@@2, in sheer desperation, >r (aglich sold the C) #ir -orce on the idea that aircraft, fueled by (igma light fission reactors could stay in the air for years %ithout refuelling! )ince the military too' it over, nothing further has been heard of the development of this technology!

e3erence"
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Science =e*s .Marc- 95 %98A1 :

EMigma= An Approac- to Ne/tronF(ree (/"ionE

D, D$E$ T-om"en 1uclear fusion, according to its proponents, %ill be the ultimate cheap-fuel energy source, an ans%er to the %orldUs energy problems --- if they can ma'e it %or'! #lthough significant progress has been made in recent years, development has been much slo%er than the first proponents of fusion hoped %hen they began 90 years ago! #bout 12 years ago, at a meeting of the #merican 4hysical )ociety, physicist Iogdan (aglich presented an unorthodox method of approaching fusion! #t the time, other physicists %ere uite s'eptical! 1o%, in the -eb! 25 *$y"i+al -eview Aette ", (aglich and co-%or'ers report a significant achievement in %hat they call Eaneutronic fusionE --- Ea %ord so ne% it is not yet in any dictionaryE! =ther physicists are still some%hat reserved! ,n principle, EconventionalE magnetic fusion experiments involve the formation of a plasma (consisting of atomic nuclei and electrons) by ioniHing a gas! "his plasma is then confined by a suitably shaped magnetic field and heated to a temperature at %hich significant numbers of fusions occur! ,n practice, magnetic fields do not confine very %ell! ,nstabilities in the plasmaUs behavior tend to build up until they enable the plasma to brea' out of confinement! )o the race is to hold the plasma at least long enough for a useful number of fusions to occur! ,n conventional experiments the plasma is heated so that the nuclei gain enough energy to overcome the electrical repulsion bet%een them and so are able to fuse! ,n (aglichUs scheme, %hich he calls a migma (from the +ree' %ord for mixture), the nuclei gain energy not by heating by being accelerated in a linear accelerator! ,n the current experiment, deuterons --- the nuclei of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen --- come out of the accelerator %ith 0!; (illion electron-volts energy, the e uivalent to heating to ; billion 'elvins! "hey also have a directed motion rather than the random motions of a thermally energiHed plasma! "herefore, a magnetic field can be set up in the migma cell, as they call the vessel they use, that forces the nuclei into self-intersecting orbits that form a 'ind of rosette around the center of the field! =rbits of this 'ind provide many opportunities for nuclei to encounter each other and fuse! "he containment time in this experiment, 20 seconds, %as less than the :0 seconds of the >?\-1 device, a conventional experiment chosen for comparison! Iut the triple product of energy confinement time and density --- three critical parameters --- is 10 to 20 times that of >?\-1, and none of the instabilities formed! "he %ord EaneutronicE comes from the reaction they ultimately hope to use, in %hich hydrogen and lithium fuse to helium %ith t%o protons left over! "he easiest reaction (and the goal of most conventional experiments) is deuterium and tritium yield helium plus a leftover neutron! "he neutron is a penetrating and potentially dangerous particle! "he protons from the lithium reaction, being electrically charged, are easy to capture and not damaging! Energy is harvested from these leftover particles and that, too, is easier %ith charged particles!

#ccording to Bames 1ering of Cnited )ciences, ,nc!, in 4rinceton 1B, the organiHation (aglich and co-%or'ers formed to do these migma experiments, the present experiment used deuterons because they ma'e measuring and follo%ing the reactioneasier! ,n 1@;/,%hen (aglich first presented the idea, the physics community reacted so s'eptically that he could not get funds from the >=E, %hich funds most of the C) fusion program! 2e did, ho%ever, obtain X20 million in private funds from sources in Bapan, )%itHerland, )audi #rabia, and the C)#! 1o%, according to an announcement by Cnited )ciences, money is included in the >efense #ppropriations Iill for fiscal year 1@85 for a study of migmaUs space applications!

Science =e*s .#eptem'er %65 %98&1 :

E#ee4ing Ane/tronic N/clear (/"ionE

D, D$E$ T-om"en E#neutronicE is a %ord that has not yet made its %ay into the dictionaries!,t refers to processes of thermonuclear fusion that produce fe% or no neutrons! ,n energy-producing fusion reactors, aneutronic processes %ould have advantages in both safety and in ease of gathering the energy released! 2o%ever, this breed of has had lo% priorityin the fusion research program funded for the last 90 years by the >=E and its predecessors! 1o% something of a push to%ard them seems to be developing! 7ast %ee', the ?ommittee on #dvanced -usion 4o%er of the 1ational <esearch ?ouncilUs #ir -orce )tudies Ioard issue a report advising the #ir -orce that research on aneutronic fusion processes is %orth supporting as a possible ans%er to #ir -orce re uirements both for electric current and for propulsion! #s the report %as issued, many of the interested scientists %ere gathered at the )ymposium on -easibility of #neutronic 4o%er, meeting at the ,nstitute for #dvanced )tudy in 4rinceton 1B! "he study %as generally %ell received, although some people, particularly Iogdan (aglich of #E7abs in 4rinceton, thought it too pessimistic in predicting ho% many years it %ould ta'e to bring about practical aneutronic reactors! ?onventional fusion re uires confining atomic nuclei at high density and high temperature! "he easiest conditions of confinement and temperature, and therefore the ones sought first by the mainstream fusion program, are those for fusion of deuterium and tritium! 2o%ever, the energy released in such a fusion is carried a%ay by neutrons --- dangerous, penetrating particles, %hich %ill yield their energy only by the inefficient means of heating something! Iut in an aneutronic reaction (for example, deuterium and helium-/), the energy comes off %ith protons! 4rotons can be converted directly into electrical po%er in the form of radio %aves! 4rotons are not very damaging or dangerous and so minimal shielding is necessary! 2o%ever, in the *argon of the >=E, these substances are EadvancedE fuels because the confinement and temperature conditions necessary for them go beyond those for deuterium-tritium!

4roponents of aneutronic fusion say that to the >=E EadvancedE means far in the future or even in the hereafter! Iut Iruno ?oppi of the (assachusetts ,nstitute of technology argues that experimentation %ith deuterium and helium-/ could be done in some current mainstream experiments --- (,"Us #lcator, for example! EGou could ma'e %ith todayUs technology an experiment that burns deuterium and helium-/E, he says! 2o%ever, it lac's funding! Ouoting the )%edish physicist 2annes #lfven, one of the grand old men of this 'ind of physics, ?oppi says that there seems to be Ea conspiracy not to do fusionE! ,nstead of depending on more or less random encounters of nuclei that have been heated to overcome their repulsion for one another, as the mainstream experiments do, aneutronic systems li'e (aglichUs EmigmaE use the principle of colliding beams, directing the nuclei into intersecting orbits, %here they are more li'ely to encounter each other! E=ur position is that the %hole concept of heating to achieve collisions is obsoleteE, he says! "he most recent migma experiment, (igma ,,,, achieved confinement conditions that rival those of conventional experiments, and did it %ithout the disruptive instabilities that plague conventional experiments! (igma ,6, to be built in 4alat'a, -7, in collaboration %ith the Cniversity of -lorida at +ainesville, %ill attempt to increase the density of nuclei in the center of the experiment to /00 billion, ten times that of (igma ,,,, reaching the Espace-charge limitE, the point %here electric repulsions %ill prevent further cro%ding! ,t %ill test %hether neutraliHing some of the charge by introducing electrons %ill permit higher densities, and it %ill also test predictions that the resulting plasma should be stable under these conditions! ,f deuterium-helium-/ fusion %or's out as a source of po%er, it %ill re uire a continuing supply of helium-/ (>euterium can be obtained from sea %ater)! #lthough helium-/ is rare on earth, +eorge (iley of the Cniversity of ,llinois in Crbana-?hampaign notes that is Eone of the most plentiful fuels %e can find in the universeE! Iut %e %ill have to get off the earth to get it! =n earth, the immediate source is radioactive decay of tritium, a by-product of nuclear fission reactors! #ccording to (iley and the 1ational <esearch ?ouncil, by the year 2000 %e can obtain about :00 'ilograms of helium-/ from tritium decay! "his %ould run a 200-mega%att po%er plant for 20 years, Enot enough for an economyE, says (iley! )cientists %ould have to go to the moon and mine helium-/, %hich the solar %ind generates in the lunar surface! Cltimately, %hen space travel is sophisticated enough, says (iley, %e could get it from Bupiter!

!la0imir MAT!EE! Electrical Generator

EEntirel, Ne2 7in0 O3 Generator Invente0E

( 1-2:-200/ ) "#)2&E1", CHbe'istan (C4,) -- #n CHbe' inventor said he has created a type of electrical generator that does not rely on the principle of electromagnetic induction -- on %hich all existing generators are based! "he ne% generator employs a concept called magnetic conductivity modulation and it has potential applications in industry, communications, households and even the military, explained 6ladimir (atveev, the inventor, a specialist in electronics! (atveev said he is convinced he has created a fundamentally different machine! E#ll electrical machines , 'no% are based on the principle of interaction bet%een the magnetic fluxes (lines of force) of their rotor (rotating member) and stator (portion that remains fixed),E he explained! )uch machines, (atveev said, are based on electromagnetic induction, a property of energy discovered by (ichael -araday, an English physicist and chemist, in the 1@th century! "he machines produce electrical current either by moving a conductor across a magnetic field or by regulating the flux of that field! E(y machine has a principal difference,E (atveev told Cnited 4ress ,nternational! E"he magnetic field of its stator does not interact %ith the magnetic field of the rotor (because) its rotor is not a magnet -- the rotor only changes the magnetic resistance of the stator,E he said! "he stator in (atveev5s generator contains a magnetic core %ith a permanent magnet and a detachable %inding! # rotor %ith changeable magnetic resistance is placed at a cutoff point in the core5s magnetic field! ,t is composed of alternating magnetic and air parts and can operate in either linear or rotary form! 0hen the rotor is set in motion, its alternating components pass through the magnetic core5s cutoff point! 0hen the magnetic part passes through the cutoff point its magnetic resistance decreases! 0hen the air part passes through, its resistance increases! "his pulsing of resistance results in changing the magnetic conductivity of the magnetic core, %hich in turn produces an alternating electrical current in the core5s %inding! "he fre uency of the %inding5s current can be controlled by regulating the rotor5s speed or by changing certain ualities of its magnetic or air parts! #lso, the generator5s electrical output -- its voltage -- can be controlled by changing the configuration of the rotor5s components, (atveev explained! (atveev said his generator is different from an invention by 2o%ard Bohnson of the Cnited )tates! Bohnson discovered ho% to build motors that can run %ithout input of electricity or any other 'ind of external energy! 2e obtained a patent in 1@;/ for describing electrical generation using only the energy contained in the atoms of permanent magnets!

(atveev also said some <ussian inventors have experimented %ith a generator similar to his! "heir generator changes its magnetic conductivity by changing temperature! 2o%ever, the machine re uires a lot of time to be heated and cooled alternately and results in a current fre uency much lo%er than %hat generally is used in industry! (oreover, the <ussian generator re uires high steel density and greater mass! (atveev5s machine generates electric energy of industrial fre uency! -urthermore, he said his machine is simple, reliable and re uires less steel and mass than conventional generators! ,t also can be adapted to flo%s of lo% speeds, such as %ea' %ater or %ind streams! (atveev tested the generator in his former household in &aHa'hstan before he patented it in CHbe'istan! E, %ant to pass the invention on to all man'ind,E he said! Ioris #bdura'hmanov, director of the CHbe' &oinot (?osmos) design office and head of the laboratory of semiconductors and photoelectricity of the ,nstitute of Electronics of the CHbe' #cademy of )ciences, told C4,. E(atveev has offered a fundamentally ne% approach to a problem of the creation of electric po%er generators!E

/""ian 6atent = r/)%%96&4

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Mic-el MEME NM Ampli3ier Generator

*0+ Ampli3ication o3 inp/t energ, ', a "imple circ/it emplo,ing n/clear magnetic re"onance o3 copperB li4e2i"e 2it- EI"otopic M/tationE o3 ironB % Article .in (renc-15 ) (renc- patent"5 % CJec- patent$ DScience e ;ieD nr$&00 Marc- %9&6 . page" 4)F4A 15 ', ena/0 0e la Taille$

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CJec-o"lova4ia 6atent 9 )845***

o, H$ MEME # A'"or'er
C$ E0-olm= E6ic4" 6o2er 3rom AirE . Technolog" 6orl) MagaAine, %9%) ? 1 Dr L$ 8ir"-'erg= EElectricit, 3rom Air Ne2 Great Di"cover, .Mo)ern !lec rics5 %9%4 ? 1 o, H$ Me,er"= Driti"- 6atent 9 %098 .%9%*1 FFF Improvement" in an0 elating to Apparat/" 3or 6ro0/cing Electricit, .6D( (ormat5 reI/ire" A0o'e ea0er1 $ H$ Me,er"= Driti"- 6atent 9 %098 .%9%*1 FFF Tran"cription 2> enlarge0 3ig/re" Note" ; Comment" $ H$ Me,er"= Driti"- 6atent 9 %098 .%9%*1 FFF H6G ver"ion

Technolog" 6orl) MagaAine5 p$ )&9F)8% .Mear /n4no2n5 apparentl, circa %9%)B anot-er article a'o/t Me,er" appeare0 in t-e Novem'er %9%) i""/e o3 !lec ronic 6orl)1

E6ic4" 6o2er 3rom t-e AirE

', C-arlton La2rence E0-olm # remar'able scene too' place in the legislature of #riHona this spring %hen the la%ma'ers enthusiastically voted for the parole of a certain convict in the )tate penitentiary, granting him a leave of absence for /0 days and by means of private contributions raising a fund to defray his expenses to 0ashington >? and return! "he prisoner, <oy B! (eyers, is serving a /-132 year sentence, but in spite of the fact that he bears the stigma of a convicted la%brea'er, he has demonstrated that a convict can be a useful member of society! >uring his imprisonment he perfected an electrical device of such original character as to arouse feelings of %onder and s'epticism until experts had seen it in actual operation! ,t is a device to dra% electricity from the atmosphere for light and po%er, and the /0day parole %as granted in order that the inventor might protect his rights through the patent office at 0ashington!

0ith the ac uiescence of the legislature, +overnor 2unt granted the parole and the prisoner %as allo%ed to go free %ithout any guard or any assurance but his %ord of honor that he %ould return! "%o days before the period had elapsed, (eyer again presented himself before the governor, having accomplished his mission, and then returned to the penitentiary at -lorence, %here he continues to serve his sentence! "his, in brief, is the pictures ue story %hich has called attention of the civiliHed %orld to a ne%ly discovered electrical genius, and to another feature of the case %hich is of e ual importance and human interest$ namely, the enlightened policy pursued by our youngest )tate in its treatment of convicts!!! Iefore entering the prison, (eyer had already applied for various patents, among them one for an improved trolley %heel head %hich prevents the trolley %heel from *umping the %ire! (eyers had a conference %ith )uperintendent )ims and 4arole ?ler' )anders, and it %as to these gentlemen that the inventor first explained the principles of his ne% device for securing electrical energy from the air! "he officials %ere %illing to give the man the opportunity to develop his plan and a little %ooden building outside the %alls %as turned over to (eyers and %as fitted up as a %or'shop and a laboratory! "he first demonstration of the ne% apparatus %as made shortly thereafter, the electricity dra%n from the atmosphere being used to spar' the gas engines of the pump house, and although the device %as crude yet it did the %or', and removed the doubts of his friends! -urtter development of the EabsorberE follo%ed, and his second model %as constructed, and developed 8 volts! "he machine came to the attention of the remar'able %oman %ho brought his name before the legislature! "his %as (iss &ate Iarnard, )tate ?ommissioner of ?harities and ?orrections of ='lahoma, %ho %as a guest of (r! )ims, %hile studying prison conditions! )he sa% the machine at %or', became familiar %ith the facts of (eyers5 case, and %as impressed by his rather blunt and unaffected personality, for (eyers has nothing of the polish or glibness of the poseur! 2e is a simple, earnest student of mechanical problems and not the sort of man to ma'e a sentimental appeal for sympathy because of any grace of person or manner! "herefore it %as the value of (eyers5 invention, together %ith his essential integrity (in spite of his lapse) %hich so strongly impressed (iss Iarnard that %hen she appeared before the #riHona legislature not long after%ards, addressing that body on the need of enlightened legislature along the line of her o%n %or', she told the story of <oy (eyers and his epoch-ma'ing invention! )o, early in (ay, (eyers set out for 0ashington, unaccompanied! ,n his o%n %ords. E0hen , arrived in 0ashington and laid my plans before the patent office experts, they merely smiled and told me that , %ould have to build a model and demonstrate my claims --- that it seemed strange that ,, un'no%n as , am in the electrical %orld, should have accomplished the things for %hich Edison, "esla and other experts have been striving for years! E"hey could grasp the meaning of my dra%ings nor the explanation , tried to ma'e to them! "here %as little time to spare, as , had only 20 days left of my leave, but , set to %or' in a fe% days %as able to ta'e a crude model around to the patent office to ma'e a demonstration!

E#rriving at the patent office , telephoned to a friend %ho had been so 'ind as to introduce me and aid me in reaching the proper officials! "he absorber %as hoisted on t%o short poles and made to %or'! 0hile they %ere as yet unable to understand the principles involved and hardly %illing to believe their eyes, they %ere forced to admit that , had something ne% and different, and they told me that there %ould be no further ob*ection$ that , might file my application %ithout further delay! E, hope to construct my first large machine right here in 4hoenix! , feel grateful$ to +overnor 2unt and others for %hat they have done for me and to the help they have given in securing protection , might not other%ise have had, and , am desirous of demonstrating this gratitude! , am going bac' to -lorence today to resume the serving of my sentence, %hich %ill expire in 10 months! "hen, here in 4hoenix, , %ill begin the %or' of ma'ing my machines!E 0hile there are some details of the device %hich the inventor refuses to ma'e public, yet there are many general features that may be explained! ,t is planned that the machine, to be set up in 4hoenix, %ill generate sufficient po%er to light the city, and %ill consist of a 200 foot to%er upon %hich is placed the EabsorberE! "he latter consists of a series of magnetiHed steel plates set in a circle (the manner of preparing them is 'ept secret) and this mechanism attracts the electricity from the atmosphere! "his is carried by %ires to a transformer in the engine house belo% and thence is applied to produce either po%er or light after the usual manner! ,n an authoriHed statement (eyers says. E"he flo% of electricity is constant! 0hen it emerges into the transformer it is in the form of a direct current! ,t %ill absorb the electricity day and night and %ill %or' %henever the %ireless %ill %or'! , can put up a plant to supply such a building as the #dams 2otel for about X1500, and one of the principal items of the expense is the cost of the to%ers, the %ires, the magnetiHing of one set of plates, %hich is part of the secret of the treatment %hich ma'es it respond to the accumulations of the atmosphere! E-or use in the case of an electrical storm , have made %hat , call a modified form of circuit brea'er, such as is commonly used as a lightning arrester on telegraph lines! ,n case of a storm the accumulator %ould suddenly become overcharged, possibly, and as the electricity %ould not of itself flo% bac' into the air, the result might be disastrous! )o , send it do%n into the ground, %henever the voltage rises above a certain amount!E o, H$ Me,er" ; t-e EA'"or'erE

Mo)ern !lec ronics .%9%4 ?1

Electricit, (rom Air Ne2 Great Di"cover,

',

Dr Leonar0 7eene 8ir"-'erg

0or'ing uietly in the heart of Ialtimore for %ee's on an invention %hich some critics say %ill revolutioniHe the method of converting electricity to practical use has been <oy B! (eyers, %ho li'e Ien*amin -ran'lin, extracts the electric current from the air! (r (eyers invention %as made last summer %hile he %as confined in the penitentiary at -lorence, #riHona! 2is first finished apparatus %as made in Ialtimore!

# practical, unlettered electrician, (r (eyers, %hile in #riHona, %as arrested on a comparatively minor charge and sent to the penitentiary! "here he %as placed in charge of the prison electrical plant, and there he says he made his discovery that the current %hich the civiliHed %orld is beginning to use most extensively for light and po%er could be transformed from the atmosphere %ithout the aid of moving machines or batteries! (iss &ate Iarnard, ?ommissioner of ?harities and ?orrections, of ='lahoma, hearing of (eyersU invention and of his desire to have it patented, appeared before the #riHona 7egislature to ma'e an appeal in behalf of the young convict! #s a result a special bill %as passed %hich granted (eyers a monthUs leave of absence on parole! 2e %ent unaccompanied to 0ashington, filed his patent applications and returned to the penitentiary! )ince then he has been indefinitely paroled! 2e came to Ialtimore as the place %here he could easily obtain the mechanical parts needed to ma'e a more nearly perfect machine than the crude model he has fashioned in the penitentiary %or'shop, and is ma'ing his head uarters here %hile %or'ing on his invention! 0ith him is 0!E! ?henot, %ho has been his assistant in assembling and testing the machine and %ho says that he has bought (eyersU patent rights for +ermany! "hey have proved beyond doubt that the invention is practical and that %hen finally brought to a state of perfection it %ill introduce a ne% epoch in the industrial use of electricity! Iy 0estinghouse meters they tested the strength of the current gathered from the air, and %ith the use of only t%o of the four rectifying transformers the voltmeter recorded four and one-half volts, and the ammeter, %hich had the capacity of recording ;5 amperes, %as bro'en by the force of the current! "he machine itself is simple! ,t is in reality a transformer, %hich is familiar to anyone 'no%ing anything at all about electricity in its practical uses! =n a high tripod, %hich resembles some%hat the frame%or' of a %indmill to%er, is the transformer, %hich (r (eyers calls his fabsorberU! ,t is made up of an iron core, %rapped %ith copper %ire! "he secret of the invention is the manner in %hich the dis's composing this fabsorberU are magnetiHed, and this secret (eyers says he found by accident %hile at %or' in prison! 0hat the machine, %hen finally perfected, %ill do is yet to be seen! ,ts inventor claims that it %ill greatly reduce the cost of ma'ing electricity! 1o batteries of any 'ind are needed, he says, and not a part of the machine turns upon the other! ,t is as durable, apparently, as an electric light pole! =ne of these machines, says (eyers, %hen perfected may be placed on a vehicle and transform enough electricity to give motive po%er, be that vehicle a locomotive or an automobile! 2e declared it can be placed on a building to furnish electric lights or po%er, and that the only %ear %ill be upon the machinery %hich its current runs! (eyers is /9 years old and he gained his 'no%ledge of electricity by %or'ing in shops along the 4acific ?oast! "he depths of the mysteries of electricity he has not explored, but he is certain that he has found the means of absorbing it from the air and of converting it to the use of man'ind!

Driti"- .GD1 6atent 9 %9%*0%098 Improvement" in an0 elating to Apparat/" 3or 6ro0/cing Electricit,$
%F%4F%9%4

o, Herome Me,er"
?lassification. - international. 205-;300$ 205-;300$ - european. 205-;300 #pplication number. +I>1@1/010@8 1@1/0119 4riority number(s). +I"1@1/010@8 1@1/0119 A'"tract : 6apour apparatus, arrangements of! - # rectifier for use %ith apparatus for producing electricity from the earth consists of mercury- vapour lamps constructed and arranged as sho%n in -ig! 9! Each lamp comprises t%o %ires :Y1Z, ;Y1Z %ound around a steel tube 15 surrounding a mercury tube 11 preferably of copper! "he coil :Y1Z is connected bet%een the electrode 19 and the terminal 18, and the coil ;Y1Z bet%een the terminals 1@, 5! "he coils :Y1Z, ;Y1Z are preferably composed of soft iron! <eference has been directed by the ?omp- troller to )pecifications 1:,;0@38;, 19,0//3@@, and 595;311, Jall in ?lass 5/, +alvanic batteriesK, and 15,91230:!

Driti"- 6atent 9 %098

.Han/ar, %45 %9%*1

Improvement" in an0 elating to Apparat/" 3or 6ro0/cing Electricit, o, Herome Me,er"

"his invention relates to improvements in apparatus for the production of electrical currents, and the primary ob*ect in vie% is the production of a commercially serviceable electrical current %ithout the employment of mechanical or chemical action! "o this end the invention comprises means for producing %hat , believe to be dynamic electricity from the earth and its ambient elements! , am, of course a%are that it has been proposed to obtain static charges from upper strata of the atmosphere, but such charges are recogniHed as of %idely variant potential and have thus far proved of no practical commercial value, and the present invention is distinguished from all such apparatus as has heretofore been employed for attracting static charges by the fact that this improved apparatus is not designed or employed to produce or generate irregular, fluctuating or other electrical charges %hich lac' constancy, but on the other hand , have by actual test been able to produce from a very small apparatus at comparatively lo% elevation, say about 50 or :0 feet above the earthUs surface, a substantially constant current at a commercially usable voltage and amperage! "his current , ascertained by repeated tests is capable of being readily increased

by additions of the unit elements in the apparatus hereinafter set forth, and , am convinced from the constancy of the current obtained and its comparatively lo% potential that the current is dynamic and not static, although, of course, it is not impossible that certain static discharges occur and, in fact, , have found occasion to provide against the damage %hich might result from such discharge by the provision of lightning arresters and cut-out apparatus %hich assist in rendering the obtained current stable by eliminating sudden fluctuations %hich sometimes occur during conditions of high humidity from %hat , consider static discharges! "he nature of my invention is obviously such that , have been unable to establish authoritatively all of the principles involved, and some of the theories herein expressed may possibly prove erroneous, but , do 'no% and am able to demonstrate that the apparatus %hich , have discovered does produce, generate, or other%ise ac uire a difference of potential representing a current amperage above stated, or varied therefrom at the %ill of the operator according to the uses %hich the current is to be sub*ected! "he invention comprises generically means for producing electrical currents of serviceable potential substantially %ithout the employment of mechanical or chemical action, and in this connection , have been able to observe no chemical action %hatever on the parts utiliHed although deterioration may possibly occur in some of the parts, but so far as , am able to determine such deterioration does not add to the current supply but is merely incidental to the effect of climatic action! "he invention more specifically comprises the employment of a magnet or magnets and a cooperating element, such as Hinc disposed ad*acent to the magnet or magnets and connected in such manner and arranged relative to the earth so as to produce current, my observation being that current is produced only %hen such magnets have their poles facing substantially to the north and south and the Hincs are disposed substantially along the magnets! "he invention also comprehends other details of construction, combinations and arrangements of parts as %ill hereinafter be fully set forth and claimed! ,n the accompanying dra%ings. -igure 1 is a top plan vie% of an apparatus embodying the features of the present invention, the arro% accompanying the figure indicating substantially the geographical north, parts of the figure being diagrammatic for condensing the sho%ing!

-igure 2 is a vie% is side elevation of the parts seen in plan in -igure 1!

-igure / is a vertical section ta'en on the plane indicated by the line /-/ of -igure 2 and loo'ing in the direction indicated by the arro%!

-igure 9 is a detail vie% partly in elevation and partly in section sho%ing the detail connections of the converter and intensifier!

-igure 5 is a transverse section ta'en on the planes indicated by line 5-5 of -igure 9 and loo'ing do%n%ardly!

-igure : is an enlarged detail fragmentary section illustrating the parts at the *uncture of the conductors and one of the intensifiers!

-igure ; is an enlarged detail vie% partly in elevation and partly in section of one of the automatic cut-outs and

-igure 8 is a diagrammatic vie% of one of the simplest forms of embodiment of the invention!

<eferring to the dra%ing by numerals, 1,1 indicates magnets connected by a magnetic substance 2, preferably an iron %ire! "he magnets 1 are arranged in pairs, one pair being spaced beneath the other, and interposed bet%een the magnets are Hinc plates /,/ connected by an iron %ire conductor 9! )uitable insulating supports 5 are arranged for sustaining the respective magnets 1 and plates /,/! Each plate / is preferably bent substantially into 6 form, as clearly seen in -igure 1, and the 61 of one of the plates opens or faces to%ard the north and the 6 of the other plate to the )outh! , have determined by experimentation that it is essential that the plates / be disposed substantially north and south %ith their flat faces approximately parallel to the ad*acent faces of

the co-operating magnets, although by experience , have not discovered any material difference in the current obtained %hen the plates are disposed slightly to one side of north and south, as for instance %hen the plates are disposed slightly to one side of north and south, as for instance %hen disposed in the line of the magnetic polarity of the earth! "he same is true %ith respect to the magnets 1, the said magnets being disposed substantially north and south for operative purposes, although , find that it is immaterial %hether the north pole of one of the magnets is disposed to the north and the south pole to the south, or vice versa, and it is my conviction from experience that it is essential to have the magnets of each pair connected by magnetic material so that the magnets substantially become one %ith a pole exposed to the north and a pole exposed to the north! ,n -igure 1, , have indicated in full lines by the letters 8 and 1 the respective polarities of the magnets 1, and have indicated in dotted lines the other pole of those magnets %hen the connection 2 is severed! , have found that the magnets and Hinc plates operate to produce, %hether by collection or generation , am not certain, electrical currents %hen disposed substantially north and south, but %hen disposed substantially east and %est no such currents are produced! , also find that the uestion of elevation is by no means vital, but it is true that more efficient results are obtained by placing the Hincs and magnets on elevated supports! , furthermore find from tests that it is possible to obtain currents from the apparatus %ith the Hincs and magnets disposed in a building or other%ise enclosed, although more efficient results are obtained by having the said elements arranged in the open! 0hile in -igures 1, 2, and /, , have sho%n the magnets and the Hinc plates as superimposed, it %ill be apparent, as hereinafter fully set forth, that these elements may be *uxtaposed in horiHontal planes, and substantially the same results %ill be secured! -urthermore, the magnets 1 %ith the interposed Hincs /, as sho%n in -igures 1, 2 and / merely represent a unit %hich may be repeated either horiHontally or vertically for increasing the current supply, and %hen the unit is repeated the Hinc plates are arranged alternating %ith the magnets throughout the entire series as hereinafter indicated! # conductor : is connected in multiple %ith the conductors 2 and a conductor ; is connected %ith conductor 9, the conductor : extending to one terminal of a rectifier %hich , have indicated by the general reference character 8, and the conductor ; extending to the other terminal of said rectifier! "he rectifier as seen in diagram in -igure 1 may assume any of several %ell 'no%n embodiments of the electrical valve type and may consist of four asymmetric cells or ?ooper2e%itt mercury vapor lamps connected as indicated in -igure 1 for permitting communication of the positive impulses from the conductor : only to the line conductor @ and the negative impulses from conductor : on only to the line conductor 10! "he current from this rectifier may be delivered through the conductors @ and 10 to any suitable source for consumption! 0hile the said rectifier 8 may consist of any of the 'no%n types, as above outlined, it preferably consists of a specially constructed rectifier %hich also has the capacity of intensifying the current and comprises specifically the elements sho%n in detail in -igures 9, 5, and : %herein , have disclosed the detail %iring of the rectifier %hen composed of four of the rectifying and intensify in elements instead of asymmetric cells or simple mercury vapor valves! #s each of these structures is an exact embodiment of all the others, one only %ill be described, and the description %ill apply to all! "he rectifying element of each construction consists of a mercury tube 11 %hich is preferably formed of glass or other suitable material, and comprises a cylinder

having its end portions tapered and each terminating in an insulating plug or stopper 12! "hrough the upper stopper 12 is extended the electrode 1/ %hich extends %ell into the tube and preferably substantially one-half the length thereof to a point ad*acent the inner end of an opposing electrode 19 %hich latter electrode extends thence do%n%ardly through the insulation 12 at the lo%er end of the tube! "he tube 11 is supplied %ith mercury and is adapted to operate on the principle of the mercury vapor lamp, serving to rectify current by chec'ing bac' impulses of one sign and permitting passage of impulses of the other! "o avoid the necessity for utiliHing a starter, as is common %ith the lamp type of electrical valve, the supply of mercury %ithin the tube may be sufficient to contact %ith the lo%er end of the electrode 1/ %hen current is not being supplied, so that as soon as current is passed from one electrode to the other sufficiently for volatiliHing that portion of the mercury immediately ad*acent the lo%er end of electrode 1/, the structure begins its operation as a rectifier! "he tube 11 is surrounded by a tube 15 %hich is preferably spaced from tube 11 sufficiently for allo%ing atmospheric or other cooling circulation to pass the tube 11! ,n some instances, it may be desirable to cool the tube 11 by a surrounding body of li uid, as hereinafter indicated! "he tube 15 may be of insulating material but , find efficient results attained by the employment of a steel tube, and fixed to the ends of the of the tube are insulating dis's 1:, 1: forming a spool on %hich are %ound t%in %ires :g1 and ;g1, the %ire :g1 being connected at the inner helix of the coil %ith the outer end of the electrode 19, the lo%er portion of said electrode being extended to one side of the tube 11 and passed through an insulating sleeve 1; extending through the tube 15, and at its outer end merging into the ad*acent end of the %ire :g1! "he %ire ;g1 extends directly from the outer portion of the spool through the several helices to a point ad*acent the *uncture of the electrode 19 %ith %ire :g1 and thence extends in mechanical parallelism %ith the %ire throughout the coil, the %ire :g1 ending in a terminal 18 and the %ire ;g1 ending in a terminal 1@! -or the sa'e of convenience of description and of tracing the circuits, each of the apparatus *ust above described and herein 'no%n as an intensifier and rectifier %ill be mentioned as #, I, ? and >, respectively! ?onductor : is formed %ith branches 20 and 21 and conductor ; is formed %ith similar branches 22 and 2/! Iranch 20 from conductor : connects %ith conductor ;g1 of intensifier I and branch 21 of conductor : connects %ith the conductor ;g1 of intensifier ?, %hile branch 22 of conductor ; of intensifier ?, %hile branch 22 of conductor ; connects %ith conductor ;g1 of intensifier >! # conductor 2; is connected %ith terminal 1@ of intensifier # and extends to and is connected %ith the terminal 18 of intensifier ?, and a conductor ; connects %ith conductor ;g1 of intensifier >! # conductor 2; is connected %ith terminal 1@ of intensifier #! and extends to and is connected %ith terminal 18 of intensifier ?, and a conductor 28 is connected %ith the terminal 1@ of intensifier ? and extends from the terminal 1@ of intensifier I to the terminal 18 of intensifier > to electrode 1/ of intensifier I! Each electrode 1/ is supported on a spider 1/g1 resting on the upper dis' 1: of the respective intensifier! ?onductors /1 and /2 are connected %ith the terminals 18 of intensifiers # and I and are united to form the positive line %ire @ %hich co-operates %ith the negative line %ire 10 and extends to any suitable point of consumption! "he line %ire 10 is provided %ith branches /5 and /: extending to the electrodes 1/ of intensifiers ? and > for completing the negative side of the circuit! "hus it %ill be seen that alternating currents produced in the %ires : and ; %ill be rectified and delivered in the form of a direct current through the line %ires @ and 10, and , find by experiment that the %ires : and ; should be of iron, preferably soft, and may of course be insulated, the other %iring not specified as iron being of copper or other suitable material!

,n carrying out the operation as stated, the circuits may be traced as follo%s. # positive impulse starting at the Hincs / is directed along conductor ; to branch 2/ to conductor ;g1 and the %inding of the rectifier of intensifier I through said rectifier to the conductor :g1, through the %inding thereof to the contact 18, conductor /2 and to the line %ire @! "he next or negative impulse directed along conductor ; cannot find its %ay along branch 2/ and the circuit *ust above traced because it cannot pass across the rectifier of intensifier I but instead the negative impulse passes along conductor 22 to conductor ; of intensifier # and the %inding thereof to the contact 1@ and to conductor 2; to contact 18 of intensifier ?, to the %inding of the %ire :g1 thereof to the electrode 19 through the rectifier to the of the electrode 1/ and conductor of intensifier #, electrode 19 thereof and conductor :g1 to contact 18 and %ire /1 to line %ire @! =bviously the positive impulse cannot pass along the %ire 20 because of its inverse approach to the rectifier of intensifier I! "he next impulse or negative impulse delivered to conductor : cannot pass along conductor 21 because of its connection %ith electrode 1/ of the rectifier of intensifier #, but instead passes along conductor 20 to the %ire ;g1 and its %inding forming part of intensifier I to the contact 1@ and conductor 2@ to contact 18 and the %inding of %ire :g1 of intensifier > to the electrode 19 and through the rectifier to the electrode 1/ and conductor /5 to line %ire 10! "hus the current is rectified and all positive impulses directed along one line and all negative impulses along the other lie s that the potential difference bet%een the t%o lines %ill be maximum for the given current of the alternating circuit! ,t is, of course, apparent that a less number of intensifiers %ith their accompanying rectifier elements may be employed %ith a sacrifice of the impulses %hich are chec'ed bac' from a lac' of ability to pass the respective rectifier elements, and in fact , have secured efficient results by the use of a single intensifier %ith its rectifier elements, as hereinafter set forth! +rounding conductors /; and /8 are connected respectively %ith the conductors : and ; and are provided %ith the ordinary lightning arresters /@ and 90 respectively for protecting the circuit against high tension static charges! ?onductors 91 and 92 are connected respectively %ith the conductors : and ; and each connects %ith an automatic cutout 9/ %hich is grounded as at 9! Each of said automatic cutouts is exactly li'e the other and one of the same is sho%n in detail in -igure ; and comprises the inductive resistance 95 provided %ith an insulated binding post 9: %it %hich the respective conductor : or ; is connected, said post also supporting a spring 98 %hich sustains an armature 9@ ad*acent to the core of the resistance 95! "he helix of resistance 95 is connected preferably through the spring to the binding post at one end and at the other end is grounded on the core of the resistance, the said core being grounded by ground conductor 99 %hich extends to the metallic plate 52 embedded in moist carbon or other inductive material buried in the earth! Each of the conductors 91, 92 and 99 is of iron, and in this connection , %ish it understood that %here , state the specific substance , am able to verify the accuracy of the statement by the results of tests %hich , have made, but of course , %ish to include along %ith such substances al e uivalents, as for instance, %here iron is mentioned its byproducts, such as steel, and its e uivalents such as nic'el and other magnetic substances are intended to be comprehended! "he cutout apparatus seen in detail in -igure ; is employed particularly for insuring against high tension currents, it being obvious from the structure sho%n that %hen potential rises beyond the limit established by the tension of the spring sustaining the armature 90, the armature %ill be moved to a position contacting %ith the core of the cutout device and thereby directly close the ground connection for

line %ire 91 %ith conductor 99, eliminating the resistance of %inding 95 and allo%ing the high tension current to be discharged to the ground! ,mmediately upon such discharge the %inding 95 losing its current %ill allo% the core to become demagnetiHed and release the armature 9@ %hereby the ground connection is substantially bro'en leaving only the connection through the %inding 95 the resistance of %hich is sufficient for insuring against loss of lo% tension current! ,n -igure 8 , have illustrated an apparatus %hich though apparently primitive in construction and arrangement comprehends the first successful embodiment %hich , produced in the course of discovery of the present invention, and it %ill be observed that the essential features of the invention are therein disclosed! "he structure delineated in said figure consists of horseshoe magnets 59, 55, one facing north and the other south, that is, each opening in the respective directions indicated and the t%o being connected by an iron %ire 55 %hich is uninsulated and %rapped about the respective magnets each end portion of the %ire 55 being extended from the respective magnets to and connected %ith, as by being soldered to, a Hinc plate 5:, there being a plate 5: for each magnet and each plate being arranged longitudinally substantially parallel %ith the legs of the magnet and %ith the faces of the plate exposed to%ard the respective legs of the magnet, the plate being thus arranged end%ise to%ard the north and south! #n iron %ire 5; connects the plates 5:, the ends of the %ire being preferably connected ad*acent the outer ends of the plates but from experiment , find that the %ire may be connected at practically any point to the plate! 7ead %ires 58 and 5@ are connected respectively %ith the %ires 55 and 5; and supply an alternating current at a comparatively lo% tension, and to control such current the %ires 58 and 5@ may be extended to a rectifier or combined rectifier and intensifier, as above set forth! "he tests %hich , have found successful %ith the apparatus seen in -igure 8 %ere carried out by the employment first of horseshoe magnets approximately 9 inches in length, the bar comprising the horseshoe being about one inch s uare, the Hincs being dimensioned proportionately and from this apparatus %ith the employment of a single intensifier and rectifier, as above stated, , %as able to obtain a constant current of 8 volts! ,t should be obvious that the magnets forming one of the electrodes of this apparatus may be permanent or may be electromagnets, or a combination of the t%o! 0hile the magnets mentioned throughout the above may be formed of any magnetic substance, , find the best results obtained by the employment of the nic'el chrome steel! 0hile the successful operation of the various devices %hich , have constructed embodying the present invention have not enabled me to arrive definitely and positively at fixed conclusion relative to the principles and theories of operation and the source from %hich current is supplied, , %ish it to be understood that , consider myself as the first inventor of the general type hereinbefore described capable of producing commercially serviceable electricity, for %hich reason my claims hereinafter appended contemplate that , may utiliHe a %ide range of e uivalents so far as concerns details of construction suggested as preferably employed! "he current %hich , am able to obtain is dynamic in the sense that it is not static and its production is accomplished %ithout chemical or mechanical action either incident to the actual chemical or mechanical motion or incident to changing caloric conditions so that the elimination

of necessity for the use of chemical or mechanical action is to be considered as including the elimination of the necessity for the use of heat or varying degrees thereof! 2aving no% particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention, and in %hat manner the same is to be performed, , declare that %hat , claim is. --- J?laims not included hereK

NOTE# ; COMMENT# (rom t-e Article in TechB 6orl) Mag$= 1! -irst demo model %as po%erful enough to spar' a gas engine! 2! )econd model developed 8 volts! /! >emo model at 4atent =ffice %as elevated on short poles! 9! "he model planned to po%er 4hoenix #b %ould be elevated 200 feet! 5! "he #bsorber Econsists of a series of magnetiHed steel plates set in a circle (the manner of preparing them is 'ept secret)E! :! EJ"Khe magnetiHing of one set of plates!!! is part of the secret of the treatment %hich ma'es it respond to the accumulations of the atmosphereE! -rom Iritish 4atent D 10@8 (1@1/). E, have been able!!! to produce from a very small apparatus at comparatively lo% elevation, say about 50 or :0 feet above the earthUs surface, a substantially constant current at a commercially useable voltage and amperageE! E"his current!!! is capable of being readily increased by additions of the unit elements in the apparatusE! -ig! 1 and -ig! 2 sho% the magnet poles are connected 1-) by a thic' iron rod (thic' compared to the lines used for %ires in the dra%ings)! 1o angle is specified for the 6-shaped Hinc plates! "he article (but not the patent) states that the plates are magnetiHed (obviously not Hinc)! binc-galvaniHed steelR 0ill a thin film of bn %or'R =r, po%dered bn in a binder (more surface area)R =r, Hinc-galvaniHed iron %ire in a coilR "he 4almer ?raig device ( %%%!rexresearch!com3craig3craig!htm ) is po%ered by the terrestrial magnetic field, and employs a thin film of bismuth to capture the energy as diamagnetism! 4erhaps this can be integrated %ith (eyersU device! -igure 8 (the demonstration of principle) sho% uninsulated iron %ire being used to connect the plates and magnets! "he %ire is %ound around the Iloch %all area of the horseshoe magnets! 4erhaps ?oler-type %indings around the poles could be used here ( )ee. %%%!rexresearch!com3coler3coler!htm )! ?oler used copper plates as EcondensersE in his device! ?ould copper plates be used for the (eyers deviceR 4erhaps flat ("esla non-inductive) coils could be integrated here!

E,t is essential that the plates / be disposed substantially 1 and ) %ith their flat faces approximately parallel to the ad*acent faces of the co-operating magnets!!!! E, find that it is immaterial %hether the 1 pole of one of the magnets is disposed to the 1 and the ) pole to the ), or vice versaE! EJ"Khe magnets and Hinc plates!!! produce electrical currents %hen disposed!!! 1 and ), but %hen disposed!!! E and 0 no such currents are producedE! EJEKlevation is by no means vital, but!!! more efficient results are obtained by placing the Hincs and magnets on elevated supportsE! E"he elements may be disposed in horiHontal planes Jor verticallyK!!!E! "he EHinc plate 5:!!! JisK arranged longitudinally substantially parallel %ith the legs of the magnet and %ith the faces of the plate exposed to%ard the respective legs of the magnet, the plate being thus arranged end%ise to%ard the north and southE! "he first model used Ehorseshoe magnets approximately 9 inches in length, the bar comprising the horseshoe being about one inch s uare, the Hincs being dimensioned proportionately and from this apparatus %ith the employment of a single intensifier and rectifier, as above stated, , %as able to obtain a constant current of 8 volts!!! J"Khe magnets!!! may be permanent or may be electromagnets, or a combination of the t%o!!! , find the best results obtained by!!! nic'el chrome steelE! ?omments L Ouestions. "he rectifier is described as a preferred embodiment, but other designs also %or'! "he Ed +ray capacitor design comes to mind ( %%%!rexresearch!com3evgray31gray!htm )! "he "ate #mbient 4o%er (odule also might apply ( %%%!rexresearch3tate3tate!htm )! 0ould non-ferrous magnets %or'R ,s there a fre uency involved (oscilloscope tests)R ?oler found that ferromagnetism has a resonant fre uency about 180 &2H! ?an the components be made ad*ustable for <7?-resonanceR

an0ell MILL# 8,0rino"

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Iy Eri' Iaard (1G) -- # researcher based in 1e% Bersey is presenting to a gathering of chemists in =ntario, ?alif!, 0ednesday the science that he says %ill underpin a multi-billion dollar energy and materials company! "he catch is that his theory - that hydrogen atoms can be shrun' in a stable form - is an impossibility in the established understanding of uantum physics! )till, >r! <andell (ills, a 2arvard Cniversity-trained medical doctor %ho has done postgraduate studies in physics and chemistry, isn5t going it alone! 2is start-up, Ilac'7ight 4o%er ,nc! of ?ranbury, 1e% Bersey, has received support and advice from utilities ?onectiv (?,6) and 4acifi?orp (440) and from (organ )tanley >ean 0itter L ?o! ((0>)! =ther ma*or companies are %aiting in the %ings, >r! (ills claimed! E0e have stayed supportive of this in the face of fairly significant scientists saying it can5t be,E a senior executive %ith (organ )tanley >ean 0itter, %ho as'ed that he not be identified, told >o% Bones 1e%s%ires! 4ending further verification and commercial commitments, (organ )tanley >ean 0itter plans to usher Ilac'7ight 4o%er to an initial public offering %ithin t%o years, the executive said! "he investment ban' %ill be an under%riter and hasn5t put its o%n money into the start-up, the executive said, but another source close to the situation said (organ )tanley >ean 0itter had made an overture to that end! >r! (ills claimed the process of transforming hydrogen atoms into smaller EhydrinosE by chemical catalysis %ill provide Ea virtually unlimited supply of energyE through distributed po%er turbines! "he hydrinos themselves combine %ith other elements, he said, to ma'e compounds that could be the basis for batteries to po%er cars 1,000 miles at high%ay speeds before recharging$ a plastic that conducts electricity and shares magnetic ualities %ith iron$ and super-strong coatings, among other things! "here could be Epotentially thousands, if not millionsE of novel compounds, he said! 2e also said that compounds such as the ones Ilac'7ight 4o%er is creating account for the more than @0F of the mass of the universe that scientists say is so far unobservable! >r! (ills hasn5t made acceptance easy for himself or his sponsors by claiming he has found the holy grail of a grand unified theory of classical uantum mechanics and that the effect of his %or' on humanity %ill be Ebigger than fire!E ,ndeed, )teven ?hu, a 1obel 4riHe-%inning physicist at )tanford Cniversity, said in )eptember Eit5s extremely unli'ely that this is real, and , feel sorry for the funders, the people %ho are bac'ing this!E >r! (ichio &a'u, a theoretical physicist at ?ity ?ollege of 1e% Gor' cited another time-honored la% that might apply to Ilac'7ight 4o%er investors. E"here5s a suc'er born every minute!E

"he #merican ?hemical )ociety forum is the first open peer revie% of Ilac'7ight 4o%er5s findings, %hile mainstream uantum mechanics, scientists point out, has evolved from decades of tests and analysis! Ilac'7ight 4o%er has sent its %or' out for numerous tests at independent laboratories over the past several years and has seen positive results, >r! (ills said! ?onectiv is Ereally on the optimistic side,E albeit EcautiouslyE so, said >avid Ila'e, ?onectiv vice president and Ilac'7ight 4o%er board member! E,t5s getting more and more difficult to argue %ith the results >r! (ills is presenting and the validations he is starting to accrue,E Ila'e said! Ioth >r! (ills and ?onectiv5s Ila'e say Et%o ma*or corporationsE are currently testing crystals provided by the labs, but they declined to name them! E"hese fol's are spending their time and energy, and the money it ta'es to pay technical people, on this! Gou don5t do that unless you5ve got some inclination that you5d better loo' at this,E Ila'e said! Iut are ?onectiv and 4acifi?orp ma'ing a E2ail (ary passE in a once stolid industry thro%n into turmoil by deregulationR ECtilities!!!especially on the second tier, li'e ?onectiv and 4acifi?orp, are really loo'ing for edges because they don5t have the siHe and scopeE of megautilities that are forming through mergers all around them, said <obert <ubin, a utilities analyst %ith Iear )terns ?os! in 1e% Gor'! )hareholders %ill forgive managers for ma'ing a fe% odd bets because Ethe payoff could be huge,E <ubin said! )till, Ethere5s a difference bet%een investing X2!5 million and X250 millionE! E<andy has had no trouble raising the funds he needs,E the (organ )tanley >ean 0itter executive said! >r! (ills confirmed that the company had X10 million, largely from the t%o utilities, and e uipment and property bringing its capital up to about X/0 million! Ilac'7ight 4o%er %ill present about 10 compounds to the #merican ?hemical )ociety and Efive papers that give explicit details and is absolutely reproducible,E >r! (ills said! E, have a unified field theory that5s absolutely testable at every stage and on every item!E E"han' +od %e5re getting our day in court,E >r! (ills said! #lso spea'ing at the meeting about the reported hydrogen energy release, in the form of visible and ultra-violet light, is >r! Bohannes ?onrads, %ho retired last %ee' as the director of the ,nstitute for 7o% "emperature 4lasma 4hysics at the Ernst (oritH #rndt Cniversity in +reifs%ald, +ermany! "he Ilac'7ight 4o%er research done at the institute %as funded by the company, but Emy research %as completely independent,E said >r! ?onrads, %ho has studied plasma since 1@5@ and has %or'ed for 1#)# and taught at 4rinceton Cniversity! >r! ?onrads has flo%n to the society5s meeting in ?alifornia to report that he5s seen Ea fe% astonishing thingsE from the hydrino process, he said! E)omething from the (ills cell is releasing energy, and remar'ably high energy, that is clear,E >r! ?onrads said! E ually compelling is that energy in the (ills cell decays at a rate independent of the removal of outside electricity, and the reaction %or's only %ith Ilac'7ight

4o%er5s catalyst, he said! Iut >r! ?onrads stops short of vindicating the hydrino theory! E1one of my experiments so far is falsifying <andy5s theory, but unfortunately none of my experiments is verifying it, either,E >r! ?onrads said! >r! ?onrads said he5s ta'ing his time to examine >r! (ills5 theory because Ethis is not for sensation! , am an old professor in physics!E >r! ?onrad, %ho emphasiHed his lac' of credentials as a materials scientist, said he has sought >r! (ill5s permission to invite peers at >aimler?hrysler #+ (>?\) to examine the hydrino crystals! >r! ?onrads parts %ith >r! (ills some%hat by standing %ith traditional uantum mechanics as it applies to the ground state that the (ills theory claims to breach! Iut >r! ?onrads says he could see >r! (ills %or' as a chemical approach to the ne% science of non-ideal plasmas! "his unusual plasma is composed of charged particles at lo% temperatures and as densely pac'ed as a solid, he said! ,ndications are that in such an environment, conventional uantum rules might not apply, he said! 0ith more sensitive e uipment, ho%ever, he expects to find stronger evidence for EfractionalE hydrogen, he said! EEveryone %as telling us that heat %as too nebulous,E >r! (ills said! "o put his %or' on more solid ground, he manufactured hydrino-based crystals in mass, he said! E"he hydride ion crac'ed the nut, right there, that did it,E he said! Ilac'7ight 4o%er5s laboratory cabinets are stac'ed %ith vials of crystals of varied colors and forms! =ther scientists have been supportive! =n the Ilac'7ight 4o%er board sits >r! )helby Ire%er, a nuclear engineer and physicist %ho is also the former chief executive of #II ?ombustion Engineering and an assistant secretary in the C!)! >epartment of Energy from 1@81 to 1@89! >r! (elvin 2! (iles, an electro-chemist researching batteries at the C!)! 1avy facility in ?hina 7a'e, ?alif!, said the Ilac'7ight crystals put >r! (ills E%ay ahead of cold fusion in that he has a tangible product to sho% people!E E<andy (ills impressed me that he may also be brilliant! 2e tal's off the top of his head in a %ay that other scientists can5t! Iut that doesn5t mean he5s right! , thin' his results are right, but doesn5t mean his theory is right,E (iles said!

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', an0ell Mill"5 et al$ European 4atent =ffice 4>- 6ersion ("he C) 4atent =ffice online 2"(7 version does not sho% the formulas). http.33l2!espacenet!com3espacenet3bnsvie%erR ?GSepL7+SenL>ISE4>L41SC):029@/5L,>SC)AAA:029@/5#1A,A A'"tract : (ethods and apparatus for releasing energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules) by stimulating their electrons to relax to uantiHed lo%er energy levels and smaller radii (smaller semima*or and semiminor axes) than the Eground stateE by providing energy sin's or means to remove energy resonant %ith the hydrogen energy released to stimulate these transitions! #n energy sin', energy hole, can be provided by the transfer of at least one electron bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more donating species to one or more accepting species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron accepting species e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 (m\98!: e6) for atomic (molecular) hydrogen belo% Eground stateE transitions %here m and t are integers! "he present invention further comprises a hydrogen spillover catalyst, a multifunctionality material having a

functionality %hich dissociates molecular hydrogen to provide free hydrogen atoms %hich spill over to a functionality %hich supports mobile free hydrogen atoms and a functionality %hich can be a source of the energy holes! "he energy reactor includes one of an electrolytic cell, a pressuriHed hydrogen gas cell, and a hydrogen gas discharge cell! # preferred pressuriHed hydrogen gas energy reactor comprises a vessel$ a source of hydrogen$ a means to control the pressure and flo% of hydrogen into the vessel$ a material to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and a material %hich can be a source of energy holes in the gas phase! "he gaseous source of energy holes includes those that sublime, boil, and3or are volatile at the elevated operating temperature of the gas energy reactor %herein the exothermic reaction of electronic transitions of hydrogen to lo%er energy states occurs in the gas phase! Inventor"= Mill"5 an0ell L$ ((alvern, 4#)$ Goo05 William $ (0ayne, 4#)$ 6-illip"5 Honat-an ()tate ?ollege, 4#)$ 4opov$ #rthur ,! (4hiladelphia, 4#) #ssignee. Ilac'light 4o%er, ,nc! (?ranbury, 1B) #ppl! 1o!. 8221;0 M -iled. (arch 21, 1@@; ?urrent C!)! ?lass. 92/3:98!1$ 922312@ ,ntern5l ?lass. ?01I 00/302 -ield of )earch. 92/3:98!1 922312@ Ot-er e3erence" "he #ssociated 4ress, E4ennsylvania ?ompany ! ! ! ?old -usion (ysteryE$ 1@@1, 7exis 1exis <eprint! 6o"to% ,lobe, 0ednesday, #pr! 1@, 1@8@, E)uccessful nuclear fusion experiment by the ,taliansE! Iroad, E2 "eams 4ut 1e% 7ife in ?old -usion "heoryE, New Bo ! 3i#e", #pr! 2:, 1@@1, p! #18! Iush, et! al!, E2elium 4roduction >uring the Electrolysis ! ! ! ExperimentsE, * eli#i%a y Note, Cniv! of "exas, pp! 1-12! 1otoya, E?old -usion ! ! ! 1ic'el ElectrodeE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 29, pp! 202-209! 1otoya, E"ritium +eneration ! ! ! 1ic'el ElectrodesE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 2:, pp! ='a, et! al!, E>!sub!2 =-fueled fusion po%er reactor using electromagnetically induced >>!sub!n, >->!sub!p, and >euterium-tritium reactions--preliminary design of a reactor systemE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 1:, 1o! 2, )ep! 1@8@, pp! 2:/-2:;! =hmori, et! al!, EExcess 2eat Evolution ! ! ! "in ?athodesE Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 29, pp! 2@/2@5 (1@@/)! <ogers, E,sotopic hydrogen fusion in metalsE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 1:, 1o! 2, )ep! 1@8@, pp! 2259-225@! <out, et! al!, E4henomenon of 7o% Energy Emissions from 2ydrogen3>euterium 7oaded 4alladiumE, /!sup!rd #nnual ?onference on ?old -usion (=ct! 21-25, 1@@2)! )rinivasan, et! al!, E"ritium and Excess 2eat +eneration during Electrolysis of # ueous )olutions of #l'ali )alts %ith 1ic'el ?athodeE, /!sup!rd #nnual ?onference on ?old -usion! )tein, E"heory (ay Explain ?old -usion 4uHHleE, Ae=i" -ep i%t, .a"$i%&to% New", #pr! 25, 1@@1! )uplee, E"%o 1e% "heories on ?old -usion ! ! ! )cientistsE$ 3$e .a"$i%&to% *o"t 1!sup!st )ection, p! #11, (1@@1)!

Iishop, E(ore 7abs <eport ?old -usion <esultsE, .all St eet Jou %al, =ct! 1@, 1@@2! Iishop, E,t ain5t over til it5s over ! ! ! ?old -usionE, *opula S+ie%+e, #ug! 1@@/, pp! 9;-51! Iro%ne, E4ysicists 4ut #tom in 2 4laces at =nceE, 3$e New Bo ! 3i#e"! Iush, et! al!, E4o%er in a Bar. the >ebate 2eats CpE, 6u"i%e"" .ee!, )cience L "echnology, =ct! 2:, 1@@2! Iush, et! al!, E2elium 4roduction >uring the Electrolysis ! ! ! ExperimentsE, * eli#i%a y Note, Cniv! of "exas, pp! 1-12! ?atlett, et! al!, E2ydrogen transport in lithium hydride as a function of pressureE, 3$e Jou %al o' 1$e#i+al *$y"i+", 58(8), /9/2-/9/8 (#pr! 1@;8)! ?hien, et! al!, E=n an Electrode ! ! ! "ritium and 2eliumE, J. 0le+t oa%al 1$e#., 1@@2, pp! 18@212! ?lose, E3oo Hot to Ha%2le -- 3$e -a+e 'o 1ol2 Fu"io%E, 4rinceton Cniversity 4ress, 1@8@! ?riddle, E3$e -ole" o' Solutio% . . . 0=+e"" Heati%&E, Electrochemical )cience L "echnology ?entre, Cniv! of =tta%a! >atH, et! al!, E(olecular #ssociation in #l'ali 2alide 6aporsE, Jou %al o' 1$e#i+al *$y"i+", vol! /9, 1o! 5, (-eb! 1@:1), pp! 558-5:9! >agani, E?old -usion -- Ctah 4ressures 4ons, -leischmannE, Ban! 19, 1@@1, 1$e#. & 0%&&. New", pp! 9-5! >agani, E7atest ?old -usion <esults -ail to 0in =ver )'epticsE, Bun! 19, 1@@/, 1&0N, pp! /890! >agani, E1e% Evidence ?laimed for 1uclear 4rocess in ]?old -usion]E, 1&0N 0ashington, (#pr! 1@@1), pp! /1-//! Experimental 6erification by ,daho 1ational Engineering 7aboratory, pp! 1/-25! 2ardy, et! al!, E"he 6olatility of 1itrates and 1itrites of the #l'ali (etalsE, Jou %al o' t$e 1$e#i+al So+iety, pp! 51/0-51/9 (1@:/)! 2uiHenga, E1ol2 Fu"io% -- 3$e S+ie%ti'i+ Fia"+o o' t$e 1e%tu yE, =xford Cniversity 4ress, 1@@/! 2uiHenga, E?old -usion 7abled -iasco of the ?enturyE, Fo u# 'o )pplie2 -e"ea +$ a%2 *ubli+ *oli+y, vol! ;, 1o! 9, pp! ;8-8/! Bones, (article by >agani), E?old -usion Ieliever ! ! ! <esearchE, Bun! 5, 1@@5, 1&0N, pp! /9-91! Bones, E?urrent ,ssues in ?old -usion ! ! ! 4articlesE, Su 'a+e a%2 1oati%&" 3e+$%olo&y, 51 (1@@2), pp! 28/-28@! Bones, et! al!, E-aradic Efficiences ! ! ! ?ellsE, J. *$y". 1$e#! 1@@5, pp! :@;/-:@;@! Bones, et! al!, EExamination of ?laims of (iles ! ! ! ExperimentsE, J. *$y". 1$e#! 1@@5, pp! :@:::@;2! ,vanco, et! al!, E?alorimetry -or a 1i3&!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ ?ellE, )01A -e"ea +$, Bun! 1@@9! &ahn, E?onfusion in a BarrE, Nova 1@@1! &arabut, et! al!, E1uclear 4roduct ! ! ! >euteriumE, *$y"i+" Aette " #1;0, (1@@2), p! 2:5! &lein, E#ttachments to <eport of ?old -usion "estingE, 1ol2 Fu"io%, 1o! @, pp! 1:-1@! 7abov, E)pecial =bservations ! ! ! Iac'groundE, 3$e )"t op$y"i+al Jou %al, /;1, #pr! 20, 1@@1, pp! 810-81@! Ae$i&$ C--ay *$otoele+t o% Spe+t o"+opy -epo t, >ec! 8, 1@@/! (iles, et! al!, E)earch for #nomalous Effects ! ! ! 4alladium ?athodesE, 1aval #ir 0arfare ?enter 0eapons >ivsion, * o+ee2i%&" o' D."up. 2 5%t. 1o%'. o% 1ol2 Fu"io%! (iles, et al, E?orrelation of Excess ! ! ! 4alladium ?athodesE, J. 0le+t o%l. 1$e#!, 1@@/, pp! @@11;!

(iles, et al, E2eat and 2elium ! ! ! ExperimentsE, 1o%'e e%+e * o+ee2i%&", vol! //, 1@@1, pp! /:/-/;2! (iles, et al, EElectrochemical ! ! ! 4alladium >euterium )ystemE, J. 0le+t oa%al 1$e#!, 1@@0, pp! 291-259! (ills, et! al!, E-ractional Ouantum ! ! ! 2ydrogenE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 28, 1ov! 1@@5, pp! 1:@;-1;1@! (ills, E>%i'i+atio% o' Spa+eti#e, t$e Fo +e", Matte , 0%e &yE, 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation, 1@@2, pp! 5/-89! (ills, E3$e , a%2 >%i'ie2 3$eo y o' 1la""i+al Eua%tu# Me+$a%i+"E, pp! 1-@! (ills, E2ydrocatalysis 4o%er "echnologyE, )tatement of >r! <andall 7! (ills, (ay, 1@@/! (ills "echnologies, E1&0 2eat Exchanger )ystemE, "hermacore, ,nc!, =ct! 11 1@@1, pp! 1-:! (ills "echnologies, E1&0 2eat Exchanger )ystemE, "hermacore, ,nc!, #pr! 1;, 1@@2, pp! 1-:! (onroe, et! al!, E# )chrodinger ?at )uperposition )tate of an #tomE, S+ie%+e, vol! 2;2, ((ay 29, 1@@:), pp! 11/1-1101! (orrison, E<evie% of 4rogress in ?old -usionE, 3 a%"a+tio%" o' Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 2:, >ec! 1@@9, pp! 98-55! (orrison, E?old -usion Cpdate 1o! 12, ,??4+E, Ban! 1;, 1@@;, available online at E%%%!s'ypoint!comE! 1iedra, E<eplication of the #pparant Excess 2eat Effect in 7ight 0ater ! ! ! ?ellE, N)S) 3e+$%i+al Me#o a%2u# 10;1:;, (-eb! 1@@:)! 1ieminen, E2ydrogen atoms band togetherE, 1ature, vol! /5:, (ar! 2:, 1@@2, pp! 28@-2@1! 1otoya, et! al!, EExcess 2eat 4roduction in Electrolysis ! ! ! ElectrodesE, * o+ee2i%&" o' t$e 5%t. 1o%'. o% 1ol2 Fu"io%, =ct! 21-25, 1@@2, "o'yo, Bapan! <ees, E?old -usion ! ! ! 0hat >o 0e "hin'RE, Jou %al o' Fu"io% 0%e &y, (1@@1), vol! 10, 1o! 1, pp! 110-11:! <ousseau, E?ase )tudies in 4atholigical )cienceE, vol! 80, )#e i+a% S+ie%ti"t, (1@@2), pp! 59-:/! )ervice, E?old -usion.)till +oingE, New"wee! Fo+u", Bul! 1@, 1@@/! )haubach, et! al!, E#nomalous 2eat ! ! ! ?arbonateE, "hermacore, ,nc!, pp! 1-10! )torms, et! al!, EElectroyltic "ritium 4roductionE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 1;, Bul! 1@@0, pp! :80:@5! "aubes, E6a2 S+ie%+eE, <andom 2ouse, 1@@/, pp! /0/, 925-981! 6aselli, et al!, E)creening Effect of ,mpurities in (etals. # possible Explanation of the 4rocess of ?old 1uclear -usionE, 5l Nuovo 1i#e%to /ella So+ieta 5talia%a 2i Fi"i+a! 0illiams, ECpper Iounds on ?old -usion in Electrolytic ?ellsE, Natu e, vol! /92, 2/ 1ov! 1@8@, pp! /;5-/89! Gamaguchi, et al, E>irect Evidence ! ! ! 4alladiumE, 1"" Iasic <esearch 7aboratories, (1@@2) pp! 1-10! b%eig, EOuar' ?atalysis of Exothermal 1uclear <eactionsE, S+ie%+e, vol! 201, (1@;8), pp! @;/@;@! Iush, et! al!, Jou %al 0le+t o+$a%al. 1$e#!, vol! /09, pp! 2;1-2;8 (1@@1)! )hrivenvassan, et! al!, /!sup!rd #nnual ?onference on ?old -usion (1@@2)! 1otoya, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 29, p! 202 (1@@/)! =hmori, et! al!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 29, p! 2@/ (1@@/)! 6o"to% ,lobe, 0ednesday, #pr! 1@, 1@8@, E)uccessful nuclear fusion experiment by the ,taliansE!

='a, et! al!, E>!sub!2 =-fueled fusion po%er reactor using electromagnetically induced >>!sub!n, >->!sub!p, and >euterium-tritium reactions -- preliminary design of a reactor systemE, Fu"io%! Fu"io% /i&e"t, E?old 1uclear -usion IibliographyE, 1@@/! <ogers, E,sotopic hydrogen fusion in metalsE, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 1:, 1o! 2! Fu"io% /i&e"t, E2eatR 1eutronsR ?harged 4articlesRE, 1@@/! Irodo%s'y, E)olubility and diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium in palladium and palladium alloysE, 3e+$%i+al 6ulleti%, 0%&el$a 2 5%2u"t!, vol! ;, 1o! 1-2 (1@::), pp! 91-50! 4rop! to the Cnited 4ress, E"heory (ay Explain ]?old -usion] 4uHHleE$ 1@@1$ Ae=i" Ne=i" -ep i%t! "he #ssociated 4ress, E4ennsylvania ?ompany ! ! ! ?old -usion (ysteryE$ 1@@1, Ae=i" Ne=i" -ep i%t! "he 1e% Gor' "imes, E2 "eams 4ut 1e% 7ife in ]?old] -usion "heoryE$ 1@@1$ )ection #, p! 18, col! 1$ Ae=i" Ne=i" -ep i%t! 3$e .a"$i%&to% *o"t, E"%o 1e% "heories on ?old -usion ! ! ! )cientistsE$ 1@@1$ 1!sup!st! #lbagli, et al!, Jou %al o' Fu"io% 0%e &y, @(2).1//-198 (1@@0)! #lber, et al!, F. *$y". ). -- )to#i+ Nu+lei, vol! ///, (1@8@), pp! /1@-/20! #lessandrello, et al!, 51 Nuovo 1i#e%to, 10/# (11) .1:1;-1:/8 (1@@0)! Ial'e, et al!, *$y"i+al -eview 1, 92 @1) ./0-/; (1@@0)! Ienets'ii, et al!, G at!ie Soob"$+$e%iya po 'i?i!e, 1o! :, pp! 58-:0, 1@8@ (translation of)! Iesenbacher, et al!, Jou %al o' Fu"io% 0%e &y, @ (/) ./15-/1; (1@@0)! Iush, et al!, J. 0le+t oa%al. 1$e#., /09.2;1-2;8 (1@@1)! ?hapline, >1-A -- 10158/, Bul! 1@8@, pp! 1-@! ?oo'e, 4-NA@F3- -- //91, Bul! /1, 1@8@, pp! 2-15! ?ribier, et al!, *$y"i+" Aette " 6, vol! 228, 1o! 1, )ep! ;, 1@8@, pp! 1:/-1::! -aller, et al!, J. -a2ioa%al. Nu+l. 1$e#. Aette ", vol! 1/;, 1o! 1, (#ug! 21, 1@8@), pp! @-1:! 2a*das, et al!, Soli2 State 1o##u%i+atio%", vol! ;2, 1o! 9, (1@8@) pp! /0@-/1/! 2oranyi, J. -a2ioa%al. Nu+l. 1$e#., Aette ", vol! 1/;, 1o! 1, (#ug! 21, 1@8@), pp! 2/-28! &reysa, et al!, J. 0le+t o%a%al. 1$e#! vol! 2::, (1@8@) pp! 9/;-950! 7egett, et al!, *$y"i+al -eview Aette ", :/(2).1@1-1@9 (1@8@)! 7e%is, et al!, Natu e, vol! /90, #ug! 1;, 1@8@, pp! 525-5/0! (aly, et al!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 29, 1ov! 1@@/, pp! /0;-/18! (c1ally, Br!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, 1:(2).2/;-2/@ (1@8@)! (ills, et al!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, 25.10/ (1@@9)! (ills, et al!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 20, (#ug! 1@@1), pp! :5-81! (is'elly, et al!, S+ie%+e, vol! 29:, 1o! 9@/1, 1ov! 10, 1@8@, pp! ;@/-;@:! 1onins'i, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 21, ((ar! 1@@2), pp! 1:/-1:;! 1onins'i, et al!, Fu"io% 3e+$%olo&y, vol! 1@, (ar! 1@@1, pp! /:9-/:8! =hashi, et al!, J. o' Nu+l. S+i. a%2 3e+$!, vol! 2:, 1o! ;, (Bul! 1@8@), pp! ;2@-;/2! 4rice, et al!, *$y"i+al -eview Aette ", vol! :/, 1o! 18, =ct! /0, 1@8@, pp! 1@2:-1@2@! )alamon, et al!, Natu e, vol! /99, (ar! 2@, 1@@0, pp! 901-905! )chrieder, et al!, F. *$y". 6-1o%2e%"e2 Matte , vol! ;:, 1o! 2, pp! 191-192, (1@8@)! )hani, et al!, Soli2 State 1o##u%i+atio%", vol! ;2, 1o! 1, (1@8@) pp! 5/-5;! 3$e New Bo ! 3i#e", (ay /, 1@8@, pp! #1, #22, article by (! Iro%ne! 3$e .all St eet Jou %al, #pr! 2:, 1@8@, p! I9, article by >! )tipp! 3$e .a"$i%&to% *o"t, (ay 2, 1@8@, pp! #1, #;, article by 4! 2ilts!

3$e .a"$i%&to% *o"t, Bul! 1/, 1@8@, pp! #19! 3$e .a"$i%&to% *o"t, (ar! 2@, 1@@0, p! #/! 3$e .a"$i%&to% 3i#e", (ar! 29, 1@8@, p! #5, article by >! Iraaten! biegler, et al!, *$y"i+al -eview Aette ", vol! :2, 1o! 25, Bun! 1@, 1@8@, pp! 2@2@-2@/2! 4rimary Examiner. 7angel$ 0ayne #ttorney, #gent or -irm. (elcher$ Beffrey )! -ar'as L (anelli 477? Claim" 0e claim. J 9@@ ?laims, not included here K De"cription DAC7G O<ND O( T8E IN!ENTION %$ (iel0 o3 t-e Invention "his invention relates to methods and apparatus for releasing energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules) as their electrons are stimulated to relax to lo%er energy levels and smaller radii (smaller semima*or and semiminor axes) than the Eground stateE by providing a transition catalyst %hich acts as an energy sin' or means to remove energy resonant %ith the electronic energy released to stimulate these transitions according to a novel atomic model! "he transition catalyst should not be consumed in the reaction! ,t accepts energy from hydrogen and releases the energy to the surroundings! "hus, the transition catalyst returns to the origin state! 4rocesses that re uire collisions are common! -or example, the exothermic chemical reaction of 2A2 to form 2!sub!2 re uires a collision %ith a third body, (, to remove the bond energy2A2A(!f%dar%!2!sub!2 A(! "he third body distributes the energy from the exothermic reaction, and the end result is the 2!sub!2 molecule and an increase in the temperature of the system! )imilarly, the transition from the nS1 state of hydrogen to the DDEOC1DD states of hydrogen is possible via a resonant collision, say nS1 to nS132! ,n these cases, during the collision the electron(s) couples to another electron transition or electron transfer reaction, for example, %hich can absorb the exact amount of energy that must be removed from the hydrogen atom (molecule), a resonant energy sin'! "he end result is a lo%er-energy state for the hydrogen and increase in temperature of the system! Each of such reactions is hereafter referred to as a shrin'age reaction. each transition is hereafter referred to as a shrin'age transition$ each energy sin' or means to remove energy resonant %ith the hydrogen electronic energy released to effect each transition is hereafter referred to as an energy hole, and the electronic energy removed by the energy hole to effect or stimulate the shrin'age transition is hereafter referred to as the resonance shrin'age energy! #n energy hole comprising a reactant ion that is spontaneously regenerated follo%ing an endothermic electron ioniHation reaction of energy e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy is hereafter referred to as an electrocatalytic ion! #n energy hole comprising t%o reactants that are spontaneously regenerated follo%ing the an endothermic electron transfer reaction bet%een the t%o species %herein the differences in their ioniHation energies is e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy is hereafter referred to as an electrocatalytic couple!

"he present invention of an electrolytic cell energy reactor, pressuriHed gas energy reactor, and a gas discharge energy reactor, comprises. a source of hydrogen$ one of a solid, molten, li uid, and gaseous source of energy holes$ a vessel containing hydrogen and the source of energy holes %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs by contact of the hydrogen %ith the source of energy holes$ and a means for removing, the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen so as to prevent an exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! "he present invention further comprises methods and structures for repeating this shrin'age reaction to produce shrun'en atoms (molecules) to provide ne% materials %ith novel properties such as high thermal stability! )$ De"cription o3 t-e elate0 Art Existing atomic models and theories are unable to explain certain observed physical phenomena! "he )chrodinger %avefunctions of the hydrogen atom, for example, do not explain the extreme ultraviolet emission spectrum of the interstellar medium or that of the )un, as %ell as the phenomenon of anomalous heat release from hydrogen in certain electrolytic cells having a potassium carbonate electrolyte or certain gas energy cells having a hydrogen spillover catalyst comprising potassium nitrate %ith the production of lo%er-energy hydrogen atoms and molecules, %hich is part of the present invention! "hus, advances in energy production and materials have been largely limited to laboratory discoveries having limited or sub-optimal commercial application! #<MMA M O( T8E IN!ENTION "he present invention comprises methods and apparatuses for releasing heat energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules) by stimulating their electrons to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE via electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactant(s) (electrocatalytic ion(s) or couple(s)) %hich remove energy from the hydrogen atoms (molecules) to stimulate these transitions! ,n addition, this application includes methods and apparatuses to enhance the po%er output by enhancing the reaction rate- the rate of the formation of the lo%er-energy hydrogen! "he present invention further comprises a hydrogen spillover catalyst, a multifunctionality material having a functionality %hich dissociates molecular hydrogen to provide free hydrogen atoms %hich spill over to a functionality %hich supports mobile free hydrogen atoms and a functionality %hich can be a source of the energy holes! "he energy reactor includes one of an electrolytic cell, a pressuriHed hydrogen gas cell, and a hydrogen gas discharge cell! # preferred pressuriHed hydrogen gas energy reactor comprises a vessel$ a source of hydrogen$ a means to control the pressure and flo% of hydrogen into the vessel$ a material to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and a material %hich can be a source of energy holes in the gas phase! "he gaseous source of energy holes includes those that sublime, boil, and3or are volatile at the elevated operating temperature of the gas energy reactor %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs in the gas phase! "he present invention further comprises methods and apparatuses for repeating a shrin'age reaction according to the present invention to cause energy release and to provide shrun'en atoms and molecules %ith novel properties such as high thermal stability, and lo% reactivity! "he

lo%er-energy state atoms and molecules are useful for heat transfer, cryogenic applications, as a buoyant gas! as a medium in an engine such as a )terling engine or a turbine, as a general replacement for helium, and as a refrigerant by absorbing energy including heat energy as the electrons are excited bac' to a higher energy level! Delo2 EGro/n0 #tateE Tran"ition" o3 8,0rogen Atom" : # novel atomic theory is disclosed in (ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a! provided by 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation, +reat 6alley ?orporate ?enter, 91 +reat 6alley 4ar'%ay, (alvern, 4a! 1@/55$ "he Cnification of )pacetime, the -orces, (atter, and Energy, (ills, <!, "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, (1@@2)$ "he +rand Cnified "heory, (ills, <! and -arrell, B!, )cience 4ress, Ephrata, 4a!, (1@@0)$ (ills, <!, &neiHys, )!, -usion "echnology, 210, (1@@1), pp! :5-81$ (ills, <!, +ood, 0!, )haubach, <!, E>ihydrino (olecule ,dentificationE, -usion "echnology, 25, 10/ (1@@9)$ (ills, <!, +ood, 0!, E-ractional Ouantum Energy 7evels of 2ydrogenE, -usion "echnology, 6ol! 28! 1o! 9, 1ovember, (1@@5), pp! 1:@;-1;1@, and in my previous C!)! patent applications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@ %hich are all incorporated herein by this reference! (ractional G/ant/m Energ, Level" o3 8,0rogen : # number of experimental observations given in the Experimental )ection belo% lead to the conclusion that atomic hydrogen can exist in fractional uantum states that are at lo%er energies than the traditional EgroundE (nS1) state! -or example, existence of fractional- uantum-energylevel hydrogen atoms, hereafter called hydrinos, provides an explanation for the soft \-ray emissions of the dar' interstellar medium observed by 7abov and Io%yer J)! 7abov and )! Io%yer, #strophysical Bournal, /;1 (1@@1) 810K and an explanation for the soft \-ray emissions of the )un J"homas, <! B!, 1eupert, 0!, (!, #strophysical Bournal )upplement )eries, 6ol! @1, (1@@9), pp! 9:1-982$ (alinovs'y, (!, 2eroux, 7!, #strophysical Bournal, 6ol! 181, (1@;/), pp! 100@-10/0$ 1oyes, <!, "he )un, =ur )tar, 2arvard Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, (a!, (1@82), p! 1;2$ 4hillips, B! 2!, +uide to the )un, ?ambridge Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, +reat Iritain, (1@@2), pp! 118-11@$ 120-121$ 199-195K! B! B! Ialmer sho%ed in 1885 that the fre uencies for some of the lines observed in the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen could be expressed %ith a completely empirical relationship! "his approach %as later extended by B! <! <ydberg, %ho sho%ed that all of the spectral lines of atomic hydrogen %ere given by the e uation. DDEOC2DD %here <S10@,:;; cm!sup!-1, n!sub!f S1,2,/, ! ! ! , n!sub!i S2,/,9, ! ! ! , and n!sub!i Zn!sub!f! 1iels Iohr, in 1@1/, developed a theory for atomic hydrogen that gave energy levels in agreement %ith <ydberg5s e uation! #n identical e uation, based on a totally different theory for the hydrogen atom, %as developed by E! )chrodinger, and

independently by 0! 2eisenberg, in 1@2:! DDEOC/DD %here a!sub!2 is the Iohr radius for the hydrogen atom (52!@9; pm), e is the magnitude of the charge of the electron, and !epsilon!!sub!o is the vacuum permittivity! (ills5 theory predicts that E ! (2b), should be replaced by E ! (2c)! DDEOC9DD "he uantum number nS1 is routinely used to describe the EgroundE electronic state of the hydrogen atom! (ills J(ills, <!, 3$e , a%2 >%i'ie2 3$eo y o' 1la""i+al Eua%tu# Me+$a%i+", (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K in a recent advancement of uantum mechanics has sho%n that the nS1 state is the EgroundE state for EpureE photon transitions (the nS1 state can absorb a photon and go to an excited electronic state, but it cannot release a photon and go to a lo%er-energy electronic state)! 2o%ever, an electron transition from the ground state to a lo%er-energy state is possible by a Eresonant collisionE mechanism! "hese lo%er-energy states have fractional uantum numbers, DDEOC5DD 4rocesses that occur %ithout photons and that re uire collisions are common! -or example, the exothermic chemical reaction of 2A2 to form 2!sub!2 does not occur %ith the emission of a photon! <ather, the reaction re uires a collision %ith a third body, (, to remove the bond energy-2A2A(!f%dar%!2!sub!2 A(! "he third body distributes the energy from the exothermic reaction, and the end result is the 2!sub!2 molecule and an increase in the temperature of the system! )imilarly, the nS1 state of hydrogen and the DDEOC:DD states of hydrogen are nonradiative, but a transition bet%een t%o nonradiative states is possible via a resonant collision, say nS1 to nS132! ,n these cases, during the collision the electron couples to another electron transition or electron transfer reaction %hich can absorb the exact amount of energy that must be removed from the hydrogen atom, a resonant energy sin' called an energy hole! "he end result is a lo%er-energy state for the hydrogen and increase in temperature of the system! Wave EI/ation #ol/tion" o3 t-e 8,0rogen Atom : <ecently, (ills J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K has built on the %or' generally 'no%n as uantum mechanics by deriving a ne% atomic theory based on first principles! "he novel theory hereafter referred to as (ills5 theory unifies (ax%ell5s E uations, 1e%ton5s 7a%s, and Einstein5s +eneral and )pecial <elativity! "he central feature of this theory is that all particles (atomic-siHe and macroscopic particles) obey the same physical la%s! 0hereas )chrodinger postulated a boundary condition. !4),!!f%dar%!0 as r!f%dar%!!infin!, the boundary condition in (ills5 theory %as derived from (ax%ell5s e uations J2aus, 2! #!, E=n the radiation from point chargesE, #merican Bournal of 4hysics, 59, (1@8:), pp! 112:-112@!K. -or non-radiative states, the current-density function must not possess space-time -ourier components that are synchronous %ith %aves traveling at the speed of light! #pplication of this boundary condition leads to a physical model of particles, atoms, molecules, and, in the final analysis, cosmology! "he closed-form mathematical solutions contain fundamental constants only, and the calculated values for physical uantities agree %ith experimental observations! ,n addition, the theory predicts that E ! (2b), should be replaced by E ! (2c)!

Iound electrons are described by a charge-density (mass-density) function %hich is the product of a radial delta function (f(r)S!delta!(r-r!sub!n)), t%o angular functions (spherical harmonic functions), and a time harmonic function! "hus, an electron is a spinning, t%o-dimensional spherical surface, hereafter called an electron orbitsphere, that can exist in a bound state at only specified distances from the nucleus! (ore explicitly, the orbitsphere comprises a t%o dimensional spherical shell of moving charge! "he corresponding current pattern of the orbitsphere comprises an infinite series of correlated orthogonal great circle current loops! "he current pattern (sho%n in -,+! 1!9 of (ills J(ills, <!, 3$e , a%2 >%i'ie2 3$eo y o' 1la""i+al Eua%tu# Me+$a%i+", (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K) is generated over the surface by t%o orthogonal sets of an infinite series of nested rotations of t%o orthogonal great circle current loops %here the coordinate axes rotate %ith the t%o orthogonal great circles! Each infinitesimal rotation of the infinite series is about the ne% x-axis and ne% y-axis %hich results from the preceding such rotation! -or each of the t%o sets of nested rotations, the angular sum of the rotations about each rotating x-axis and y-axis totals !s root!2 !pi! radians! "he current pattern gives rise to the phenomenon corresponding to the spin uantum number! "he total function that describes the spinning motion of each electron orbitsphere is composed of t%o functions! =ne function, the spin function, is spatially uniform over the orbitsphere, spins %ith a uantiHed angular velocity, and gives rise to spin angular momentum! "he other function, the modulation function, can be spatially uniform -- in %hich case there is no orbital angular momentum and the magnetic moment of the electron orbitsphere is one Iohr magneton -- or not spatially uniform -- in %hich case there is orbital angular momentum! "he modulation function also rotates %ith a uantiHed angular velocity! 1umerical values for the angular velocity, radii of allo%ed orbitspheres! energies, and associated uantities are calculated by (ills! =rbitsphere radii are calculated by setting the centripetal force e ual to the electric and magnetic forces! "he orbitsphere is a resonator cavity %hich traps photons of discrete fre uencies! "he radius of an orbitsphere increases %ith the absorption of electromagnetic energy! "he solutions to (ax%ell5s e uations for modes that can be excited in the orbitsphere resonator cavity give rise to four uantum numbers, and the energies of the modes are the experimentally 'no%n hydrogen spectrum! Excited states are unstable because the charge-density function of the electron plus photon have a radial doublet function component %hich corresponds to an electric dipole! "he doublet possesses spacetime -ourier components synchronous %ith %aves traveling at the speed of light$ thus it is radiative! "he charge-density function of the electron plus photon for the nS1 principle uantum state of the hydrogen atom as %ell as for each of the DDEOC;DD states mathematically is purely a radial delta function! "he delta function does not possess spacetime -ourier components synchronous %ith %aves traveling at the speed of light$ thus, each is nonradiative! Catal,tic Lo2erFenerg, 8,0rogen Electronic Tran"ition" : ?omparing transitions bet%een belo% EgroundE (fractional uantum) energy states as opposed to transitions bet%een excited (integer uantum) energy states, it can be appreciated that the former

are not effected by photons$ %hereas, the latter are! "ransitions are symmetric %ith respect to time! ?urrent density functions %hich give rise to photons according to the nonradiative boundary condition of (ills J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K are created by photons in the reverse process! Excited (integer uantum) energy states correspond to this case! #nd, current density functions %hich do not give rise to photons according to the nonradiative boundary condition are not created by photons in the reverse process! Ielo% EgroundE (fractional uantum) energy states correspond to this case! Iut, atomic collisions can cause a stable state to undergo a transition to the next stable state! "he transition bet%een t%o stable nonradiative states effected by a collision %ith an resonant energy sin' is analogous to the reaction of t%o atoms to form a diatomic molecule %hich re uires a third-body collision to remove the bond energy J1! 6! )idg%ic', "he ?hemical Elements and "heir ?ompounds, 6olume ,, =xford, ?larendon 4ress, (1@50), p! 1;K! Energ, 8ole Concept "he nonradiative boundary condition of (ills and the relationship bet%een the electron and the photon give the Eallo%edE hydrogen energy states %hich are uantiHed as a function of the parameter n! Each value of n corresponds to an allo%ed transition effected by a resonant photon %hich excites the electronic transition! ,n addition to the traditional integer values (1, 2, /, ! ! ! ,) of n, values of fractions are allo%ed %hich correspond to transitions %ith an increase in the central field (charge) and decrease in the siHe of the hydrogen atom! "his occurs, for example, %hen the electron couples to another electronic transition or electron transfer reaction %hich can absorb energy, an energy sin'! "his is the absorption of an energy hole! "he absorption of an energy hole destroys the balance bet%een the centrifugal force and the increased central electric force! #s a result, the electron undergoes a transition to a lo%er energy nonradiative state! -rom energy conservation, the resonance energy hole of a hydrogen atom %hich excites resonator modes of radial dimensions DDEOC8DD is m\2;!2 e6 %here mS1,2,/,9, ! ! ! (/) #fter resonant absorption of the energy hole, the radius of the orbitsphere, a!sub!2, shrin's to DDEOC@DD and after p cycles of resonant shrin'age, the radius is DDEOC10DD ,n other %ords, the radial ground state field can be considered as the superposition of -ourier components! "he removal of negative -ourier components of energy m\2;!2 e6, %here m is an integer increases the positive central electric field inside the spherical shell by m times the charge of a proton! "he resultant electric field is a time-harmonic solution of 7aplace5s E uations in spherical coordinates! ,n this case, the radius at %hich force balance and nonradiation are achieved is DDEOC11DD %here m is an integer! ,n decaying to this radius from the EgroundE state, a total energy of J(mA1)!sup!2 -1!sup!2 K\1/!: e6 is released! "he transition bet%een t%o stable nonradiative states effected by a collision %ith an energy hole is analogous to the reaction of t%o atoms to form a diatomic molecule %hich re uires a third body collision to remove the bond energy J1! 6! )idg%ic', "he ?hemical Elements and "heir ?ompounds, 6olume ,, =xford, ?larendon 4ress, (1@50), p! 1;K! "he total energy %ell of the hydrogen atom is sho%n in -,+! 1!

"he exothermic reaction involving transitions from one potential energy level to a lo%er level is hereafter referred to as 2ydro?atalysis! # hydrogen atom %ith its electron in a lo%er than Eground stateE energy level corresponding to a fractional uantum number is hereafter referred to as a hydrino atom! "he designation for a hydrino atom of radius DDEOC12DD %here p is an integer is DDEOC1/DD "he siHe of the electron orbitsphere as a function of potential energy is given in -,+! 2! #n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves potassium! -or example, the second ioniHation energy of potassium is /1!:/ e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, &!sup!A releases 9!/9 e6 %hen it is reduced to &! "he combination of &!sup!A to &!sup!2A and &!sup!A to &, then, has a net energy change of 2;!28 e6! DDEOC19DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC15DD 1ote that the energy given off as the atom shrin's is much greater than the energy lost to the energy hole! #lso, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions! Di"proportionation o3 Energ, #tate" 7o%er-energy hydrogen atoms, hydrinos, can act as a source of energy holes that can cause resonant shrin'age because the excitation and3or ioniHation energies are m\2;!2 e6 (E ! (/))! -or example, the e uation for the absorption of an energy hole of 2;!21 e6, mS1 in E ! (/), during the shrin'age cascade for the third cycle of the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC1:DD %ith the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC1;DD that is ioniHed as the source of energy holes that cause resonant shrin'age is represented by DDEOC18DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC1@DD "he general e uation for the absorption of an energy hole of 2;!21 e6, mS1 in E ! (/), during the shrin'age cascade for the pth cycle of the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC20DD %ith the hydrogentype atom, DDEOC21DD that is ioniHed as the source of energy holes that cause resonant shrin'age is represented by DDEOC22DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC2/DD "ransitions to nonconsecutive energy levels involving the absorption of an energy hole of an integer multiple of 2;!21 e6 are possible! 7o%er-energy hydrogen atoms, hydrinos, can act as a source of energy holes that can cause resonant shrin'age %ith the absorption of an energy hole of m\2;!2 e6 (E ! (/))! "hus, the shrin'age cascade for the pth cycle of the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC29DD %ith the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC25DD that is ioniHed as the source of energy holes that cause resonant shrin'age is represented by DDEOC2:DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC2;DD 2ydrogen is a source of energy holes! "he ioniHation energy of hydrogen is 1/!: e6! >isproportionation can occur bet%een three hydrogen atoms %hereby t%o atoms provide an energy hole of 2;!21 e6 for the third hydrogen atom! "hus, the shrin'age cascade for the pth cycle of the hydrogen-type atom, DDEOC28DD %ith t%o hydrogen atoms, DDEOC2@DD as the source of energy holes that cause resonant shrin'age is represented by DDEOC/0DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC/1DD "he spectral lines from dar' interstellar medium and the ma*ority of the solar po%er can be attributed to disproportionation reactions as given in the )pectral >ata of 2ydrinos from the >ar' ,nterstellar (edium and from the )un )ection of (ills J(ills, <!,

3$e , a%2 >%i'ie2 3$eo y o' 1la""i+al Eua%tu# Me+$a%i+", (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K! "his assignment resolves the mystery of dar' matter, the solar neutrino problem, and the mystery of the cause of sunspots and other solar activity and %hy the )un emits \-rays! ,t also provides the reason for the abrupt change in the speed of sound and transition from Eradiation HoneE to Econvection HoneE at a radius of 0!; the solar radius, 0!; <!sub!s as summariHed in Example 9 belo%! Energ, 8ole .Atomic 8,0rogen1 ,n a preferred embodiment, energy holes, each of approximately 2;!21 e6, are provided by electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactant(s) (electrocatalytic ion(s) or couple(s)) %hich cause heat to be released from hydrogen atoms as their electrons are stimulated to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE! "he energy removed by an electron transfer reaction, energy hole, is resonant %ith the hydrogen energy released to stimulate this transition! "he source of hydrogen atoms can be the production on the surface of a cathode during electrolysis of %ater in the case of an electrolytic energy reactor and hydrogen gas or a hydride in the case of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor or gas discharge energy reactor! Delo2 EGro/n0 #tateE Tran"ition" o3 8,0rogenFt,pe Molec/le" an0 Molec/lar Ion" "%o hydrogen atoms react to form a diatomic molecule, the hydrogen molecule! DDEOC/2DD %here 2c5 is the internuclear distance! #lso, t%o hydrino atoms react to form a diatomic molecule, hereafter called a dihydrino molecule! DDEOC//DD %here p is an integer! "he central force e uation for hydrogen-type molecules has orbital solutions %hich are circular, elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic! "he former t%o types of solutions are associated %ith atomic and molecular orbitals! "hese solutions are nonradiative if the boundary condition for nonradiation given in the =ne Electron #tom )ection of "he Cnification of )pacetime, the -orces, (atter, and Energy, (ills, <!, "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, (1@@2), is met! "he mathematical formulation for Hero radiation is that the function that describes the motion of the electron must not possess space-time -ourier components that are synchronous %ith %aves traveling at the speed of light! "he boundary condition for the orbitsphere is met %hen the angular fre uencies are DDEOC/9DD #s demonstrated in the =ne Electron #tom )ection of 3$e >%i'i+atio% o' Spa+eti#e, t$e Fo +e", Matte , a%2 0%e &y, (ills, <!, "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, (1@@2), this condition is met for the product function of a radial >irac delta function and a time harmonic function %here the angular fre uency, !omega!, is constant and given by E ! (21)! DDEOC/5DD %here 7 is the angular momentum and # is the area of the closed geodesic orbit! ?onsider the solution of the central force e uation comprising the product of a t%o dimensional ellipsoid and a time harmonic function! "he spatial part of the product function is the convolution of a radial >irac delta function %ith the e uation of an ellipsoid! "he -ourier transform of the convolution of t%o functions is the product of the individual -ourier transforms of the functions. thus, the boundary condition is met for an ellipsoidal-time harmonic function %hen DDEOC/:DD %here the area of an ellipse is #S!pi!ab (29)

%here 2b is the length of the semiminor axis and 2a is the length of the semima*or axis! "he geometry of molecular hydrogen is elliptic %ith the internuclear axis as the principle axis$ thus, the electron orbital is a t%o dimensional ellipsoidal-time harmonic function! "he mass follo%s geodesics time harmonically as determined by the central field of the protons at the foci! <otational symmetry about the internuclear axis further determines that the orbital is a prolate spheroid! ,n general, ellipsoidal orbits of molecular bonding, hereafter referred to as ellipsoidal molecular orbitals ((! =!5s), have the general e uation DDEOC/;DD "he semiprinciple axes of the ellipsoid are a, b, c! ,n ellipsoidal coordinates the 7aplacian is DDEOC/8DD #n ellipsoidal (! =! is e uivalent to a charged conductor %hose surface is given by E ! (25)! ,t carries a total charge , and it5s potential is a solution of the 7aplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates, E ! (2:)! Excited states of orbitspheres are discussed in the Excited )tates of the =ne Electron #tom (OuantiHation) )ection of 3$e >%i'i+atio% o' Spa+eti#e, t$e Fo +e", Matte , a%2 0%e &y, (ills, <!, "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, (1@@2)! ,n the case of ellipsoidal (! =!5s, excited electronic states are created %hen photons of discrete fre uencies are trapped in the ellipsoidal resonator cavity of the (! =! "he photon changes the effective charge at the (! =! surface %here the central field is ellipsoidal! -orce balance is achieved at a series of ellipsoidal e uipotential t%o dimensional surfaces confocal %ith the ground state ellipsoid! "he trapped photons are solutions of the 7aplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates, E ! (2:)! #s is the case %ith the orbitsphere, higher and lo%er energy states are e ually valid! "he photon standing %ave in both cases is a solution of the 7aplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates! -or an ellipsoidal resonator cavity, the relationship bet%een an allo%ed circumference, 9aE, and the photon standing %avelength, !lambda!, is 9aESn!lambda! (2;) %here n is an integer and %here DDEOC/@DD is used in the elliptic integral E of E ! (2;)! #pplying E s! (2;) and (28), the relationship bet%een an allo%ed angular fre uency given by E ! (2/) and the photon standing %ave angular fre uency, !omega!, is. DDEOC90DD %here nS1,2,/,9, ! ! ! DDEOC91DD !omega!!sub!1 is the allo%ed angular fre uency for nS1 a!sub!1 and b!sub!1 are the allo%ed semima*or and semiminor axes for nS1 -rom E ! (2@), the magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to a belo% Eground stateE transition of the hydrogen molecule is an integer! "he potential energy e uations of hydrogentype molecules are DDEOC92DD %here DDEOC9/DD and %here p is an integer! -rom energy conservation, the resonance energy hole of a hydrogen-type molecule %hich causes the transition DDEOC99DD %here m and p are integers! >uring the transition, the elliptic field is increased from magnitude p to magnitude pAm! "he corresponding potential energy change e uals the energy absorbed by the energy hole! Energy holeS-6!sub!e -6!sub!p Smp!sup!2 \98!: e6 (/;)

-urther energy is released by the hydrogen-type molecule as the internuclear distance Eshrin'sE! "he total energy, E!sub!", released during the transition is DDEOC95DD # schematic dra%ing of the total energy %ell of hydrogen-type molecules and molecular ions is given in -,+! /! "he exothermic reaction involving transitions from one potential energy level to a lo%er level belo% the Eground stateE is also hereafter referred to as 2ydro?atalysis! # hydrogen-type molecule %ith its electrons in a lo%er than Eground stateE energy level corresponding to a fractional uantum number is hereafter referred to as a dihydrino molecule! "he designation for a dihydrino molecule of internuclear distance, DDEOC9:DD %here p is an integer, is DDEOC9;DD # schematic dra%ing of the siHe of hydrogen-type molecules as a function of total energy is given in -,+! 9! "he magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to the first belo% Eground stateE hydrogen-type molecule is 2! -rom energy conservation, the resonance energy hole of a hydrogen molecule %hich excites the transition of the hydrogen molecule %ith internuclear distance DDEOC98DD to the first belo% Eground stateE %ith internuclear distance DDEOC9@DD is given by E s! (/0) and (/1) %here the elliptic field is increased from magnitude one to magnitude t%o. DDEOC50DD ,n other %ords, the ellipsoidal Eground stateE field of the hydrogen molecule can be considered as the superposition of -ourier components! "he removal of negative -ourier components of energy m\98!: e6 (92) %here m is an integer, increases the positive electric field inside the ellipsoidal shell by m times the charge of a proton at each focus! "he resultant electric field is a time harmonic solution of the 7aplacian in ellipsoidal coordinates! "he hydrogen molecule %ith internuclear distance DDEOC51DD is caused to undergo a transition to a belo% Eground stateE level, and the internuclear distance for %hich force balance and nonradiation are achieved is DDEOC52DD ,n decaying to this internuclear distance from the Eground stateE, a total energy of DDEOC5/DD is released! Energy 2ole ((olecular 2ydrogen) ,n a preferred embodiment, energy holes, each of approximately m\98!: e6, are provided by electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactant(s) (electrocatalytic ion(s) or couple(s)) %hich cause heat to be released from hydrogen molecules as their electrons are stimulated to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE! "he energy removed by an electron transfer reaction, energy hole, is resonant %ith the hydrogen energy released to stimulate this transition! "he source of hydrogen molecules can be the production on the surface of a cathode during electrolysis of %ater in the case of an electrolytic energy reactor and hydrogen gas or a hydride in the case of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor or gas discharge energy reactor! Energ, eactor

"he present invention of an electrolytic cell energy reactor, pressuriHed gas energy reactor, and a gas discharge energy reactor, comprises. a source of hydrogen$ one of a solid, molten, li uid, and gaseous source of energy holes$ a vessel containing hydrogen and the source of energy holes %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs by contact of the hydrogen %ith the source of energy holes$ and a means for removing the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen so as to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! "he shrin'age reaction rate and net po%er output are increased by conforming the energy hole to match the resonance shrin'age energy! ,n general, po%er output can be optimiHed by controlling the temperature, pressure of the hydrogen gas, the source of the energy hole including the electrocatalytic ion or couple %hich provides the energy hole, the counterion of the electrocatalytic ion or couple, and the area of the surface on %hich the shrin'age reaction occurs! "he present invention further comprises a hydrogen spillover catalyst, a multifunctionality material having a functionality %hich dissociates molecular hydrogen to provide free hydrogen atoms %hich spill over to a functionality %hich supports mobile free hydrogen atoms and a functionality %hich can be a source of the energy holes! # preferred pressuriHed hydrogen gas energy reactor comprises a vessel$ a source of hydrogen$ a means to control the pressure and flo% of hydrogen into the vessel$ a material to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and a material %hich can be a source of energy holes in the gas phase! "he gaseous source of energy holes includes those that sublime, boil, and3or are volatile at the elevated operating temperature of the gas energy reactor %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs in the gas phase! =ther ob*ects, features, and characteristics of the present invention, as %ell as the methods of operation and the functions of the related elements, %ill become apparent upon consideration of the follo%ing description and the appended claims %ith reference to the accompanying dra%ings, all of %hich form a part of this specification, %herein li'e reference numerals designate corresponding parts in the various figures! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# -,+! 1 is a schematic dra%ing of the total energy %ell of the hydrogen atom$

-,+! 2 is a schematic dra%ing of the siHe of electron orbitspheres as a function of potential energy$

-,+! / is a schematic dra%ing of the total energy %ells of the hydrogen molecule, 2!sub!2 J2c5S!s root!2a!sub!o K, the hydrogen molecular ion, 2!sub!2 J2c5S2a!sub!o K!sup!A, the dihydrino molecule, DDEOC59DD and the dihydrino molecular ion, 2!sub!2!sup!d J2c5Sa!sub!o K!sup!A $

-,+! 9 is a schematic dra%ing of the siHe of hydrogen-type molecules, DDEOC55DD as a function of total energy$

-,+! 5 is a schematic dra%ing of an energy reactor in accordance %ith the invention$

-,+! : is a schematic dra%ing of an electrolytic cell energy reactor in accordance %ith the present invention$

-,+! ; is a schematic dra%ing of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor in accordance %ith the present invention$

-,+! 8 is a schematic dra%ing of a gas discharge energy reactor in accordance %ith the invention$ and

-,+! @ is a plot of the excess heat release from flo%ing hydrogen in the presence of nic'el oxide po%der containing strontium niobium oxide (1b!sup!/A 3)r!sup!2A electrocatalytic couple) by the very accurate and reliable method of heat measurement, thermopile conversion of heat into an electrical output signal!

DETAILED DE#C I6TION O( T8E 6 E#ENTLM 6 E(E CATALMTIC ENE GM 8OLE #T <CT< E (O ATOM# #ingle Electron E+cite0 #tate :

ED EMDODIMENT#

#n energy hole is provided by the transition of an electron of a species to an excited state species including a continuum excited state(s) of atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the excited state transition of an electron of one species %hereby the transition energy of the accepting species e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m is an integer! #ingle Electron Tran"3er #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of an electron bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of an electron from one species to another species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energy of the electron donating species minus the ioniHation energy or electron affinity of the electron accepting species e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m is an integer! #ingle Electron Tran"3er .T2o #pecie"1

#n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves potassium! -or example, the second ioniHation energy of potassium is /1!:/ e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, &!sup!A releases 9!/9 e6 %hen it is reduced to &! "he combination of &!sup!A to &!sup!2A and &!sup!A to &, then, has a net energy change of 2;!28 e6$ mS1 in E ! (/)! DDEOC5:DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC5;DD 1ote that the energy given off as the atom shrin's is much greater than the energy lost to the energy hole! #nd, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions! -or sodium or sodium ions no electrocatalytic reaction of approximately 2;!21 e6 is possible! -or example, 92!15 e6 of energy is absorbed by the reverse of the reaction given in E ! (95) %here 1a!sup!A replaces &!sup!A . 1a!sup!A A1a!sup!A A92!15 e6!f%dar%!1aA1a!sup!2A (9;) =ther less efficient catalytic systems hinge on the coupling of three resonator cavities! -or example, the third ioniHation energy of palladium is /2!@/ e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, 7i!sup!A releases 5!/@2 e6 %hen it is reduced to 7i! "he combination of 4d!sup!2A to 4d!sup!/A and 7i!sup!A to 7i, then, has a net energy change of 2;!59 e6! DDEOC58DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC5@DD )ingle Electron "ransfer (=ne )pecies) #n energy hole is provided by the ioniHation of an electron from a participating species including an atom, an ion, a molecule, and an ionic or molecular compound to a vacuum energy level! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the ioniHation of an electron from one species to a vacuum energy level %hereby the ioniHation energy of the electron donating species e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m is an integer! "itanium is one of the catalysts (electrocatalytic ion) that can cause resonant shrin'age because the third ioniHation energy is 2;!9@ e6, mS1 in E ! (/)! "hus, the shrin'age cascade for the pth cycle is represented by DDEOC:0DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC:1DD <ubidium is also a catalyst (electrocatalytic ion)! "he second ioniHation energy is 2;!28 e6! DDEOC:2DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC:/DD =ther single electron transfer reactions to provide energy holes of approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m is an integer appear in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! M/ltiple Electron Tran"3er

#n energy hole is provided by the transfer of multiple electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m and t are integers! #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of multiple electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one species to another %hereby the t consecutive electron affinities and3or ioniHation energies of the electron donating species minus the t consecutive ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor e uals approximately m\2;!21 e6 %here m and t are integers! ,n a preferred embodiment the electron acceptor species is an oxide such as (n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x! # preferred molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, =!sub!2! T2o Electron Tran"3er .One #pecie"1 ,n an embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the ioniHation of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to a vacuum energy level such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies is approximately 2;!21 e6! binc is one of the catalysts (electrocatalytic atom) that can cause resonant shrin'age because the sum of the first and second ioniHation energies is 2;!/58 e6, mS1 in E ! (/)! "hus, the shrin'age cascade for the p th cycle is represented by DDEOC:9DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC:5DD "%o Electron "ransfer ("%o )pecies) ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies minus the sum of t%o electron affinities of the participating atoms, ions, and3or molecules is approximately 2;!21 e6! # catalytic system that hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom to a molecule involves palladium and oxygen! -or example, the first and second ioniHation energies of palladium are 8!/9 e6 and 1@!9/ e6, respectively! #nd, the first and second electron affinities of the oxygen molecule are 0!95 e6 and 0!11 e6, respectively! "he energy hole resulting from a t%o electron transfer is appropriate for resonant absorption! "he combination of 4d to 4d!sup!2A and =!sub!2 to =!sub!2!sup!2-, then, has a net energy change of 2;!21 e6! DDEOC::DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC:;DD #dditional atoms, molecules, or compounds %hich could be substituted for =!sub!2 are those %ith first and second electron affinities of approximately 0!95 e6 and 0!11 e6, respectively, such as a mixed oxide ((n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x) containing = to form =!sup!2- or =!sub!2 to form =!sub!2!sup!2-! T2o Electron Tran"3er .T2o #pecie"1 ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies minus the sum of one ioniHation energy and one electron affinity of

the participating atoms, ions, and3or molecules is approximately 2;!21 e6! # catalytic system that hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom to an ion involves xenon and lithium! -or example, the first and second ioniHation energies of xenon are 12!1/ e6 and 21!21 e6, respectively! #nd, the first ioniHation energy and the first electron affinity of lithium are 5!/@ e6 and 0!:2 e6, respectively! "he energy hole resulting from a t%o electron transfer is appropriate for resonant absorption! "he combination of \e to \e!sup!2A and 7i!sup!A to 7i!sup!-, then, has a net energy change of 2;!// e6! DDEOC:8DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC:@DD "%o Electron "ransfer ("%o )pecies) ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies minus the sum of t%o ioniHation energies of the participating atoms and3or molecules is approximately 2;!21 e6! # catalytic system that hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from a first ion to a second ion involves silver(#g!sup!A) and silver (#g!sup!2A)! -or example, the second and third ioniHation energies of silver are 21!9@ e6 and /9!8/ e6, respectively! #nd, the second and first ioniHation energies of silver are 21!9@ e6 and ;!58 e6, respectively! "he energy hole resulting from a t%o electron transfer is appropriate for resonant absorption! "he combination of #g!sup!A to #g!sup!/A and #g!sup!2A to #g, then, has a net energy change of 2;!25 e6! DDEOC;0DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC;1DD "hree Electron "ransfer ("%o )pecies) ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of three electrons from an ion to another ion such that the sum of the electron affinity and t%o ioniHation energies of the first ion minus the sum of three ioniHation energies of the second ion is approximately 2;!21 e6! # catalytic system that hinges on the transfer of three electrons from an ion to a second ion involves 7i!sup!- and ?r!sup!/A! -or example, the electron affinity, first ioniHation energy, and second ioniHation energy of lithium are 0!:2 e6, 5!/@2 e6, and ;5!:/8 e6, respectively! #nd, the third, second, and first ioniHation energies of ?r!sup!/A are /0!@: e6, 1:!50 e6, and :!;:: e6, respectively! "he energy hole resulting from a three electron transfer is appropriate for resonant absorption! "he combination of 7i!sup!- to 7i!sup!2A and ?r!sup!/A to ?r, then, has a net energy change of 2;!92 e6! DDEOC;2DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC;/DD "hree Electron "ransfer ("%o )pecies) ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of three electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule such that the sum of three consecutive ioniHation energies of the electron donating species minus the sum of three consecutive ioniHation energies of the electron accepting species is approximately 2;!21 e6! # catalytic system that hinges on the transfer of three electrons from an atom to an ion involves #g and ?e!sup!/A! -or example, the first, second, and third ioniHation energies of silver are ;!58 e6, 21!9@ e6, and /9!8/ e6, respectively! #nd, the third, second, and first ioniHation energies of ?e!sup!/A are 20!20 e6, 10!85 e6, and 5!9; e6, respectively! "he energy hole resulting from a three electron transfer is appropriate for resonant absorption! "he combination of #g to #g!sup!/A and ?e!sup!/A to ?e, then, has a net energy change of 2;!/8 e6! DDEOC;9DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC;5DD ADDITIONAL CATALMTIC ENE GM 8OLE #T <CT< E#

#ingle Electron Tran"3er ,n a further embodiment, an energy hole of energy e ual to the total energy released for a belo% Eground stateE electronic transition of the hydrogen atom is provided by the transfer of an electron bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of an electron from one species to another species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energy of the electron donating species minus the ioniHation energy or electron affinity of the electron accepting species e uals approximately DDEOC;:DD %here m is an integer! -or mS/ corresponding to the nS1 to nS132 transition, an efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves arsenic and calcium! -or example, the third ioniHation energy of calcium is 50!@08 e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, #s!sup!A releases @!81 e6 %hen it is reduced to #s! "he combination of ?a!sup!2A to ?a!sup!/A and #s!sup!A to #s, then, has a net energy change of 91!1 e6! DDEOC;;DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC;8DD (ultiple Electron "ransfer #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of multiple electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately DDEOC;@DD %here m and t are integers! CATALMTIC ENE GM 8OLE #T <CT< E# (O MOLEC<LE# #ingle Electron E+cite0 #tate #n energy hole is provided by the transition of an electron of a species to an excited state species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the excited state transition of an electron of one species %hereby the transition energy of the accepting species is mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m and p are integers! #ingle Electron Tran"3er #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of an electron bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of an electron from one species to another species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energy of the electron donating species minus the ioniHation energy or electron affinity of the electron accepting species e uals approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m and p are integers! #ingle Electron Tran"3er .T2o #pecie"1 #n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves iron and lithium! -or example, the fourth ioniHation energy of iron is 59!8 e6! "his energy hole is

obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, 7i!sup!A releases 5!/@2 e6 %hen it is reduced to 7i! "he combination of -e!sup!/A to -e!sup!9A and 7i!sup!A to 7i, then, has a net energy change of 9@!9 e6! DDEOC80DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC81DD 1ote that the energy given off as the molecule shrin's is much greater than the energy lost to the energy hole! #nd, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions! #n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves scandium! -or example, the fourth ioniHation energy of scandium is ;/!9; e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, )c!sup!/A releases 29!;: e6 %hen it is reduced to )c!sup!2A! "he combination of )c!sup!/A to )c!sup!9A and )c!sup!/A to )c!sup!2A, then, has a net energy change of 98!; e6! DDEOC82DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC8/DD #n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves yttrium! -or example, the fourth ioniHation energy of gallium is :9!00 e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, 4b!sup!2A releases 15!0/ e6 %hen it is reduced to 4b!sup!A! "he combination of +a!sup!/A to +a!sup!9A and 4b!sup!2A to 4b!sup!A, then, has a net energy change of 98!@; e6! DDEOC89DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC85DD )ingle Electron "ransfer (=ne )pecies) #n energy hole is provided by the ioniHation of an electron from a participating species including an atom, an ion, a molecule, and an ionic or molecular compound to a vacuum energy level! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the ioniHation of an electron from one species to a vacuum energy level %hereby the ioniHation energy of the electron donating species e uals approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m and p are integers! M/ltiple Electron Tran"3er #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of multiple electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m, p, and t are integers! #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of multiple electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one species to another %hereby the t consecutive electron affinities and3or ioniHation energies of the electron donating species minus the t consecutive ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor e uals approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m, p, and t are integers! ,n a preferred embodiment the electron acceptor species is an oxide such as (n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x! # preferred molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, =!sub!2! T2o Electron Tran"3er .One #pecie"1

,n an embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the ioniHation of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to a vacuum energy level such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies is approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m, and p are integers! T2o Electron Tran"3er .T2o #pecie"1 ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies minus the sum of t%o electron affinities of the participating atoms, ions, and3or molecules is approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m and p are integers! T2o Electron Tran"3er .T2o #pecie"1 ,n another embodiment, a catalytic system that provides an energy hole hinges on the transfer of t%o electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule such that the sum of t%o ioniHation energies minus the sum of one ioniHation energy and one electron affinity of the participating atoms, ions, and3or molecules is approximately mp!sup!2 \98!: e6 %here m and p are integers! Ot-er Energ, 8ole" ,n another embodiment, energy holes, each of approximately m\:;!8 e6 given by E ! (/0) DDEOC8:DD are provided by electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactant(s) (electrocatalytic ion(s) or couple(s)) %hich cause heat to be released from hydrogen molecules as their electrons are stimulated to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE! "he energy removed by an electron transfer reaction, energy hole, is resonant %ith the hydrogen energy released to stimulate this transition! "he source of hydrogen molecules is the production on the surface of a cathode during electrolysis of %ater in the case of an electrolytic energy reactor and hydrogen gas or a hydride in the case of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor or gas discharge energy reactor! #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately m\:;!8 e6 %here m and t are integers! #n efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves magnesium and strontium! -or example, the third ioniHation energy of magnesium is 80!19/ e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, )r!sup!2A releases 11!0/ e6 %hen it is reduced to )r!sup!A! "he combination of (g!sup!2A to (g!sup!/A and )r!sup!2A to )r!sup!A, then, has a net energy change of :@!1 e6! DDEOC8;DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC88DD

#nother efficient catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves magnesium and calcium! ,n this case, ?a!sup!2A releases 11!8;1 e6 %hen it is reduced to ?a!sup! A! "he combination of (g!sup!2A to (g!sup!/A and ?a!sup!2A to ?a!sup!A, then, has a net energy change of :8!2 e6! DDEOC8@DD #nd, the overall reaction is DDEOC@0DD ,n four other embodiments %herein the theory is given in my previous C!)! patent application )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/ %hich is incorporated herein by this reference, energy holes, each of approximately. n\E!sub!" e6 %ith Hero order vibration %here E!sub!" is given by E ! (/8)$ m\/1!@9 e6 %here /1!@9 e6 is given by E ! (222) of the C!)! patent application )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; %here n and m are integers, DDEOC@1DD and @5!; e6 (corresponding to mS1 in E ! (9/) %ith Hero order vibration %hich is given by the difference in DDEOC@2DD of E s! (259) and (222) of the C!)! patent application )er! 1o! 08310;,/5;)) DDEOC@/DD are provided by electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactant(s) (electrocatalytic ion(s) or couple(s)) %hich cause heat to be released from hydrogen molecules as their electrons are stimulated to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE! "he energy removed by an electron transfer reaction, energy hole, is resonant %ith the hydrogen energy released to stimulate this transition! "he source of hydrogen molecules is the production on the surface of a cathode during electrolysis of %ater in the case of an electrolytic energy reactor and hydrogen gas or a hydride in the case of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor or gas discharge energy reactor! #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately m\/1!@9 e6 (E ! (222)) %here m and t are integers! #n energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons bet%een participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds! ,n one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species %hereby the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ioniHation energies and3or electron affinities of the electron acceptor species e uals approximately m\@5!; e6 %here m and t are integers! ENE GM EACTO #n energy reactor 50, in accordance %ith the invention, is sho%n in -,+! 5 and comprises a vessel 52 %hich contains an energy reaction mixture 59, a heat exchanger :0, and a steam generator :2! "he heat exchanger :0 absorbs heat released by the shrin'age reaction, %hen the reaction mixture, comprised of shrin'able material, shrin's! "he heat exchanger exchanges heat %ith the steam generator :2 %hich absorbs heat from the exchanger :0 and produces steam! "he energy reactor 50 further comprises a turbine ;0 %hich receives steam from the steam generator

:2 and supplies mechanical po%er to a po%er generator 80 %hich converts the steam energy into electrical energy, %hich can be received by a load @0 to produce %or' or for dissipation! "he energy reaction mixture 59 comprises an energy releasing material 5: including a source of hydrogen isotope atoms or a source of molecular hydrogen isotope, and a source of energy holes 58 %hich resonantly remove approximately m\2;!21 e6 to cause atomic hydrogen Eshrin'ageE and approximately m\98!: e6 to cause molecular hydrogen Eshrin'ageE %here m is an integer %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs by contact of the hydrogen %ith the source of energy holes! "he shrin'age reaction releases heat and shrun'en atoms and3or molecules! "he source of hydrogen can be hydrogen gas, dissociation of %ater including thermal dissociation, electrolysis of %ater, hydrogen from hydrides, or hydrogen from metal-hydrogen solutions! ,n all embodiments, the source of energy holes can be one or more of an electrochemical, chemical, photochemical, thermal, free radical, sonic, or nuclear reaction(s) or inelastic photon or particle scattering reaction(s)! ,n the latter t%o cases, the present invention of an energy reactor comprises a particle source ;5b and3or photon source ;5a to supply the said energy holes! ,n these cases, the energy hole corresponds to stimulated emission by the photon or particle! ,n preferred embodiments of the pressuriHed gas energy and gas discharge reactors sho%n in -,+)! ; and 8, respectively, a photon source ;5a dissociates hydrogen molecules to hydrogen atoms! "he photon source producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\2;!21 e6, DDEOC@9DD or 90!8 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen atoms undergo the shrin'age reaction! ,n another preferred embodiment, a photon source ;5a producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\98!: e6, @5!; e6, or m\/1!@9 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen molecules undergo the shrin'age reaction! ,n all reaction mixtures, a selected external energy device ;5, such as an electrode may be used to supply an electrostatic potential or a current (magnetic field) to decrease the activation energy of the resonant absorption of an energy hole! ,n another embodiment, the mixture 59, further comprises a surface or material to dissociate and3or absorb atoms and3or molecules of the energy releasing material 5:! )uch surfaces or materials to dissociate and3or absorb hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium comprise an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! ,n a preferred embodiment, a source of energy holes to shrin' hydrogen atoms comprises a catalytic energy hole material 58, typically comprising electrocatalytic ions and couples that provide an energy hole of approximately m\2;!21 e6 plus or minus 1 e6! ,n a preferred embodiment, a source of energy holes to shrin' hydrogen molecules comprises a catalytic energy hole material 58, typically comprising electrocatalytic ions and couple(s) including those that provide an energy hole of approximately n\98!: e6 plus or minus 5 e6! "he electrocatalytic ions and couple(s) include the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-inpart application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuationin-part application of )er! 1o! 0;31:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-

part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! # further embodiment is the vessel 52 containing a source of energy holes including an electrocatalytic ion or couple(s) (source of energy holes) in the molten, li uid, gaseous, or solid state and a source of hydrogen including hydrides and gaseous hydrogen! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, the embodiment further comprises a means to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen including an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements, inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite) or electromagnetic radiation including C6 light provided by photon source ;5! "he present invention of an electrolytic cell energy reactor, pressuriHed gas energy reactor, and a gas discharge energy reactor, comprises. a source of hydrogen$ one of a solid, molten, li uid, and gaseous source of energy holes$ a vessel containing hydrogen and the source of energy holes %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs by contact of the hydrogen %ith the source of energy holes$ and a means for removing the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen so as to prevent an exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! "he present energy invention is further described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-inpart application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuationin-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, and my publications, (ills, <!, &neiHys, )!, -usion "echnology, 210, (1@@1), pp! :5-81$ (ills, <!, +ood, 0!, )haubach, <!, E>ihydrino (olecule ,dentificationE, -usion "echnology, 25, 10/ (1@@9)$ (ills, <!, +ood, 0!, E-ractional Ouantum Energy 7evels of 2ydrogenE, -usion "echnology, 6ol! 28, 1o! 9, 1ovember, (1@@5), pp! 1:@;1;1@ %hich are incorporated herein by reference! Electrol,tic Energ, eactor #n electrolytic energy reactor is described in my previous C!)! patent applications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@ %hich are incorporated herein by reference! # preferred embodiment of the energy reactor of the present invention comprises an electrolytic cell forming the reaction vessel 52 of -,+! 5 including a

molten electrolytic cell! "he electrolytic cell 100 is sho%n generally in -,+! :! #n electric current is passed through the electrolytic solution 102 having a electrocatalytic ions or couples providing energy holes e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy (including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications incorporated herein by reference) by the application of a voltage to an anode 109 and cathode 10: by the po%er controller 108 po%ered by the po%er supply 110! Cltrasonic or mechanical energy may also be imparted to the cathode 10: and electrolytic solution 102 by vibrating means 112! 2eat can be supplied to the electrolytic solution 102 by heater 119! "he pressure of the electrolytic cell 100 can be controlled by pressure regulator means 11: %here the cell can be closed! "he reactor further comprises a means 101 that removes the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen such as a selective venting valve to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! ,n a preferred embodiment, the electrolytic cell is operated at Hero voltage gap by applying an overpressure of hydrogen %ith hydrogen source 121 %here the overpressure can be controlled by pressure control means 122 and 11:! 0ater can be reduced to hydrogen and hydroxide at the cathode 10:, and the hydrogen can be oxidiHed to protons at the anode 109! #n embodiment of the electrolytic cell energy reactor, comprises a reverse fuel cell geometry %hich removes the lo%er-energy hydrogen under vacuum! # preferred cathode 10: of this embodiment has a modified gas diffusion layer and comprises a gas route means including a first "eflon membrane filter and a second carbon paper3"eflon membrane filter composite layer! # further embodiment comprises a reaction vessel that can be closed except for a connection to a condensor 190 on the top of the vessel 100! "he cell can be operated at a boil such that the steam evolving from the boiling electrolyte 102 can be condensed in the condenser 190, and the condensed %ater can be returned to the vessel 100! "he lo%er-energy state hydrogen can be vented through the top of the condenser 190! ,n one embodiment, the condensor contains a hydrogen3oxygen recombiner 195 that contacts the evolving electrolytic gases! "he hydrogen and oxygen are recombined, and the resulting %ater can be returned to the vessel 100! "he heat released from the exothermic reaction %hereby the electrons of the electrolytically produced hydrogen atoms (molecules) are induced to undergo transitions to energy levels belo% the Eground stateE and the heat released due to the recombination of the electrolytically generated normal hydrogen and oxygen can be removed by a heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5 %hich can be connected to the condensor 190! ,n vacuum, in the absence of external fields, the energy hole to stimulate a hydrogen atom (molecule) to undergo a shrin'age transition is m\2;!21 e6 (m\98!: e6) %here m is an integer! "his resonance shrin'age energy can be altered %hen the atom (molecule) is in a media different from vacuum! #n example is a hydrogen atom (molecule) absorbed to the cathode 10: present in the a ueous electrolytic solution 102 having an applied electric field and an intrinsic or applied magnetic field provided by external magnetic field generator ;5! Cnder these conditions the energy hole re uired can be slightly different from m\2;!21 e6 (m\98!: e6)! "hus, a source of energy holes including electrocatalytic ion and couple reactants can be selected %hich has a redox (electron transfer) energy resonant %ith the resonance shrin'age energy %hen operating under these conditions! ,n the case %here a nic'el cathode 10: is used to electrolyHe an a ueous solution 102 %here the cell is operating %ithin a voltage range of 1!9 to 5 volts, the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A and <b!sup!A (-e!sup!/A 37i!sup!A and )c!sup!/A 3)c!sup!/A) electrocatalytic ions and couples are preferred embodiments to shrin' hydrogen atoms (molecules)!

"he cathode provides hydrogen atoms (molecules), and the shrin'age reaction occurs at the surface of the cathode %here hydrogen atoms (molecules) and the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) are in contact! "hus, the shrin'age reaction can be dependent on the surface area of the cathode! -or a constant current density, giving a constant concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules) per unit area, an increase in surface area increases the reactants available to undergo the shrin'age reaction! #lso! an increase in cathode surface area decreases the resistance of the electrolytic cell %hich improves the electrolysis efficiency! # preferred cathode of the electrolytic cell including a nic'el cathode has the properties of a high surface area, a highly stressed and hardened surface such as a cold dra%n or cold %or'ed surface, and a large number of grain boundaries! ,n a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be incorporated into the cathode, mechanically by methods including cold %or'ing the source of energy holes into the surface of the cathode$ thermally by methods including melting the source of energy holes into the surface of the cathode and evaporation of a solvent of a solution of the source of energy holes in contact %ith the surface of the cathode, and electrostatically by methods including electrolytic deposition, ion bombardment, and vacuum deposition! "he shrin'age reaction rate can be dependent upon the composition of the cathode 10:! 2ydrogen atoms (molecules) are reactants to produce energy via the shrin'age reaction! "hus, the cathode must efficiently provide a high concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules)! "he cathode 10: can be comprised of any element! compound, alloy, or mixture of a conductor or semiconductor including transition elements and compounds, actinide and lanthanide elements and compounds, and group ,,,I and ,6I elements and compounds! "ransition metals dissociate hydrogen gas into atoms to a more or lesser extent depending on the metal! 1ic'el and titanium readily dissociate hydrogen molecules and are preferred embodiments for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms! "he cathode can alter the energy of the absorbed hydrogen atoms (molecules) and affect the energy of the shrin'age reaction! # cathode material can be selected %hich provides resonance bet%een the energy hole and the resonance shrin'age energy! ,n the case of the &!sup! A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple %ith carbonate as the counterion for catalyHing the shrin'age of hydrogen atoms, the relationship of the cathode material to the reaction rate can be. 4tY4dYY"i,-eY1i "his can be the opposite order of the energy released %hen these materials absorb hydrogen atoms! "hus, for this electrocatalytic couple, the reaction rate can be increased by using a cathode %hich %ea'ly absorbs the hydrogen atoms %ith little perturbation of their electronic energies! #lso, coupling of resonator cavities and enhancement of the transfer of energy bet%een them can be increased %hen the media is a nonlinear media such as a magnetiHed ferromagnetic media! "hus, a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic cathode, a nonlinear magnetiHed media, increases the reaction rate by increasing the coupling of the resonance shrin'age energy of the hydrogen atom and energy hole comprising an electrocatalytic ion or couple! #lternatively, a magnetic field can be applied %ith the magnetic field generator ;5! (agnetic fields at the cathode alter the energy of absorbed hydrogen and concomitantly alter the resonance shrin'age energy! (agnetic fields

also perturb the energy of the electrocatalytic reactions (energy hole) by altering the energy levels of the electrons involved in the reactions! "he magnetic properties of the cathode are selected as %ell as the strength of the magnetic field %hich is applied by magnetic field generator ;5 to optimiHe shrin'age reaction rate-the po%er output! # preferred ferromagnetic cathode is nic'el! # preferred method to clean the cathode of the electrolytic cell including a nic'el cathode is to anodiHe the cathode in a basic electrolytic solution including approximately 0!5; ( \!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ (\ is the al'ali cation of the electrolyte including &!sup!A) and to immerse the cathode in a dilute solution of 2!sub!2 =!sub!2 such as approximately /F 2!sub!2 =!sub!2! ,n a further embodiment of the cleaning method, cyclic voltametry %ith a second electrode of the same material as the first cathode is performed! "he cathode can be then thoroughly rinsed %ith distilled %ater! =rganic material on the surface of the cathode inhibits the catalytic reaction %hereby the electrons of the electrolytically produced hydrogen atoms (molecules) are induced to undergo transitions to energy levels belo% the Eground stateE! ?leaning by this method removes the organic material from the cathode surface and adds oxygen atoms onto the cathode surface! >oping the metal surface, including a nic'el surface, %ith oxygen atoms by anodiHing the cathode and cleaning the cathode in 2!sub!2 =!sub!2 increases the po%er output by decreasing hydrogen recombination to molecular hydrogen and by decreasing the bond energy bet%een the metal and the hydrogen atoms (molecules) %hich conforms the resonance shrin'age energy of the absorbed hydrogen to the energy hole provided by the source of energy holes including the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A ()c!sup!/A 3)c!sup!/A) electrocatalytic couples! >ifferent anode materials have different overpotentials for the oxidation of %ater, %hich can affect ohmic losses! #n anode of lo% overpotential %ill increase the efficiency! 1ic'el, platinum, and dimensionally stable anodes including platiniHed titanium are preferred anodes! ,n the case of the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple %here carbonate is used as the counterion, nic'el is a preferred anode! 1ic'el is also a preferred anode for use in basic solutions %ith a nic'el cathode! 1ic'el is inexpensive relative to platinum, and fresh nic'el can be electroplated onto the cathode during electrolysis! # preferred method to clean a dimensionally stable anode including a platiniHed titanium anode is to place the anode in approximately / ( 2?l for approximately 5 minutes and then to rinse it %ith distilled %ater! ,n the case of hydrogen atom shrin'age, hydrogen atoms at the surface of the cathode 10: form hydrogen gas %hich can form bubbles on the surface of the cathode! "hese bubbles act as an boundary layer bet%een the hydrogen atoms and the electrocatalytic ion or couple! "he boundary can be ameliorated by vibrating the cathode and3or the electrolytic solution 102 or by applying ultrasound %ith vibrating means 112$ and by adding %etting agents to the electrolytic solution 102 to reduce the surface tension of the %ater and prevent bubble formation! "he use of a cathode having a smooth surface or a %ire cathode prevents gas adherence! #nd an intermittent current, provided by an on-off circuit of po%er controller 108 provides periodic replenishing of hydrogen atoms %hich are dissipated by hydrogen gas formation follo%ed by diffusion into the solution %hile preventing excessive hydrogen gas formation %hich could form a boundary layer!

"he shrin'age reaction can be temperature dependent! (ost chemical reactions double their rates for each 10!degree! ?! rise in temperature! ,ncreasing the temperature increases the collision rate bet%een the hydrogen atoms (molecules) and the electrocatalytic ion or couple %hich %ill increase the shrin'age reaction rate! 0ith large temperature excursions from room temperature, the 'inetic energy distribution of the reactants can be sufficiently altered to cause the energy hole and the resonance shrin'age energy to conform to a more or lesser extent! "he rate can be proportional to the extent of the conformation or resonance of these energies! "he temperature can be ad*usted to optimiHe the shrin'age reaction rate-energy production rate! ,n the case of the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple, a preferred embodiment can be to run the reaction at a temperature above room temperature by applying heat %ith heater 119! "he shrin'age reaction can be dependent on the current density! #n increase in current density can be e uivalent, in some aspects, to an increase in temperature! "he collision rate increases, and the energy of the reactants increases %ith current density! "hus, the rate can be increased by increasing the collision rate of the reactants$ ho%ever, the rate may be increased or decreased depending on the effect of the increased reactant energies on the conformation of the energy hole and the resonance shrin'age energy! #lso, increased current dissipates more energy by ohmic heating and may cause hydrogen bubble formation, in the case of the shrin'age of hydrogen atoms! Iut, a high flo% of gas may dislodge bubbles %hich diminishes any hydrogen gas boundary layer! "he current density can be ad*usted %ith po%er controller 108 to optimiHe the excess energy production! ,n a preferred embodiment, the current density can be in the range 1 to 1000 milliamps per s uare centimeter! "he p2 of the a ueous electrolytic solution 102 can affect the shrin'age reaction rate! ,n the case that the electrocatalytic ion or couple is positively charged, an increase in the p2 %ill reduce the concentration of hydronium at the negative cathode$ thus, the concentration of the electrocatalytic ion or couple cations %ill increase! #n increase in reactant concentration increases the reaction rate! ,n the case of the <b!sup!A or &!sup!A 3&!sup!A ()c!sup!/A 3)c!sup!/A) ion or couple, a preferred p2 can be basic (;!1-19)! "he counterion of the electrocatalytic ion or couple of the electrolytic solution 102 can affect the shrin'age reaction rate by altering the energy of the transition state! -or example, the transition state complex of the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple %ith the hydrogen atom has a plus t%o charge and involves a three body collision %hich can be unfavorable! # negative t%o charged oxyanion can bind the t%o potassium ions$ thus, it provides a neutral transition state complex of lo%er energy %hose formation depends on a binary collision %hich can be greatly favored! "he rate can be dependent on the separation distance of the potassium ions as part of the complex %ith the oxyanion! "he greater the separation distance, the less favorable can be the transfer of an electron bet%een them! # close *uxtaposition of the potassium ions %ill increase the rate! "he relationship of the reaction rate to the counterion in the case %here the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A couple is used can be. =2!sup!-Y4=!sub!9!sup!/-, 24=!sub!/!sup!2- Y)=!sub!9!sup!2- YY?=!sub!/!sup!2"hus, a planar negative t%o charge oxyanion including carbonate %ith at least t%o binding sites for &!sup!A %hich provides close *uxtaposition of the &!sup!A ions can be preferred as the

counterion of the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple! "he carbonate counterion can be also a preferred counterion for the <b!sup!A electrocatalytic ion! # po%er controller 108 comprising an intermittent current, on-off, electrolysis circuit %ill increase the excess heat by providing optimiHation of the electric field as a function of time %hich provides maximum conformation of reactant energies, provides an optimal concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules) %hile minimiHing ohmic and electrolysis po%er losses and, in the case of the shrin'age of hydrogen atoms, minimiHes the formation of a hydrogen gas boundary layer! "he fre uency, duty cycle, pea' voltage, step %aveform, pea' current, and offset voltage are ad*usted to achieve the optimal shrin'age reaction rate and shrin'age reaction po%er %hile minimiHing ohmic and electrolysis po%er losses! ,n the case %here the &!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple can be used %ith carbonate as the counterion$ nic'el as the cathode. and platinum as the anode, a preferred embodiment can be to use an intermittent s uare-%ave having an offset voltage of approximately 1!9 volts to 2!2 volts$ a pea' voltage of approximately 1!5 volts to /!;5 volts$ a pea' current of approximately 1 m# to 100 m# per s uare centimeter of cathode surface area$ approximately a 5F-@0F duty cycle$ and a fre uency in the range of 1 2H to 1500 2H! -urther energy can be released by repeating the shrin'age reaction! "he atoms (molecules) %hich have undergone shrin'age diffuse into the cathode lattice! # cathode 10: can be used %hich %ill facilitates multiple shrin'age reactions of hydrogen atoms (molecules)! =ne embodiment is to use a cathode %hich can be fissured and porous to the electrocatalytic ion or couple such that it can contact shrun'en atoms (molecules) %hich have diffused into a lattice, including a metal lattice! # further embodiment is to use a cathode of alternating layers of a material %hich provides hydrogen atoms (molecules) during electrolysis including a transition metal and an electrocatalytic ion or couple such that shrun'en hydrogen atoms (molecules) periodically or repetitively diffuse into contact %ith the electrocatalytic ion or couple! "he shrin'age reaction can be dependent on the dielectric constant of the media! "he dielectric constant of the media alters the electric field at the cathode and concomitantly alters the energy of the reactants! )olvents of different dielectric constants have different solvation energies, and the dielectric constant of the solvent can also lo%er the overpotential for electrolysis and improve electrolysis efficiency! # solvent, including %ater, can be selected for the electrolytic solution 102 %hich optimiHes the conformation of the energy hole and resonance shrin'age energy and maximiHes the efficiency of electrolysis! "he solubility of hydrogen in the reaction solution can be directly proportional to the pressure of hydrogen above the solution! ,ncreasing the pressure increases the concentration of reactant hydrogen atoms (molecules) at the cathode 10: and thereby increases the rate! Iut, in the case of the shrin'age of hydrogen atoms this also favors the development of a hydrogen gas boundary layer! "he hydrogen pressure can be controlled by pressure regulator means 11: to optimiHe the shrin'age reaction rate! ,n a preferred embodiment, the cathode 10: of the electrolytic cell comprises the catalytic material including a hydrogen spillover catalyst described in the 4ressuriHed +as Energy <eactor )ection belo%! ,n another embodiment, the cathode comprises multiple hollo% vessels

comprising a thin film conductive shell %hereby lo%er-energy hydrogen diffuses through the thin film and collects inside each vessel and undergoes disproportionation reactions therein! "he heat output can be monitored %ith thermocouples present in at least the vessel 100 and the condensor 190 of -,+! : and the heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5! "he output po%er can be controlled by a computeriHed monitoring and control system %hich monitors the thermistors and controls the means to alter the po%er output! 6re""/riJe0 Ga" Energ, eactor # pressuriHed gas energy reactor comprises the first vessel 200 of -,+! ; containing a source of hydrogen including hydrogen from metal-hydrogen solutions, hydrogen from hydrides, hydrogen from the dissociation of %ater including thermal dissociation, hydrogen from the electrolysis of %ater, or hydrogen gas! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, the reactor further comprises a means to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen such as a dissociating material including an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite) or electromagnetic radiation including C6 light provided by photon source 205 such that the dissociated hydrogen atoms (molecules) contact a source of energy holes including a molten, li uid, gaseous, or solid source of the energy holes including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! "he pressuriHed gas energy reactor further comprises a means 201 to remove the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen such as a selective venting valve to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! =ne embodiment comprises heat pipes as heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5 %hich have a lo%er-energy hydrogen venting valve at a cold spot! # preferred embodiment of the pressuriHed gas energy reactor of the present invention comprises a first reaction vessel 200 %ith inner surface 290 comprised of a material to dissociate the molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen including an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "h, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! ,n a further embodiment, the inner surface 290 can be comprised of a proton conductor! "he first reaction vessel 200 can be sealed in a second reaction vessel 220 and receives hydrogen from source 221 under pressure %hich can be controlled by pressure measurement and control means 222 and 22/! ,n a preferred

embodiment the hydrogen pressure can be in the range of 10!sup!-/ atmospheres to 100 atmospheres! "he %all 250 of the first vessel 200 can be permeable to hydrogen! "he outer surface 295 and3or outer vessel 220 has a source of energy holes e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy! ,n one embodiment the source of energy holes can be a mixture or solution containing energy holes in the molten, li uid, or solid state! ,n another embodiment an electric current can be passed through the material having a source of energy holes! "he reactor further comprises a means to control the reaction rate such as current source 225 and heating means 2/0 %hich heat the first reaction vessel 200 and the second reaction vessel 220! ,n a preferred embodiment the outer reaction vessel 220 contains oxygen, the inner surface 290 comprises one or more of a coat of nic'el, platinum, or palladium! "he outer surface 295 can be coated %ith one or more of copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum, or palladium and an oxide such as ?u=!sub!x, 4t=!sub!x, 4d=!sub!x, (n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x! "he electrocatalytic ion or couple can be regenerated spontaneously or via a regeneration means including heating means 2/0 and current source 225! ,n another embodiment, the pressuriHed gas energy reactor comprises only a single reaction vessel 200 %ith a hydrogen impermeable %all 250! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, one or more of a hydrogen dissociating materials including transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite) are coated on the inner surface 290 %ith a source of energy holes including one or more of copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum, or palladium and an oxide such as ?u=!sub!x, 4t=!sub!x, 4d=!sub!x, (n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x! ,n another embodiment, the source of energy hole can be one of a inelastic photon or particle scattering reaction(s)! ,n a preferred embodiment the photon source 205 supplies the energy holes %here the energy hole corresponds to stimulated emission by the photon! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms the photon source 205 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms! "he photon source producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\2;!21 e6, DDEOC@5DD or 90!8 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen atoms undergo the shrin'age reaction! ,n another preferred embodiment, a photon source 205 producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\98!: e6, @5!; e6, or m\/1!@9 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen molecules undergo the shrin'age reaction! # preferred inner surface, 290, and outer surface, 295, of the pressuriHed gas energy reactor including a nic'el surface has the properties of a high surface area, a highly stressed and hardened surface such as a cold dra%n or cold %or'ed surface, and a large number of grain boundaries! ,n an embodiment of the pressuriHed gas energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be incorporated into the inner surface, 290, and outer surface, 295, mechanically by methods including cold %or'ing the source of energy holes into the surface material and thermally by methods including melting the source of energy holes into the surface material (fusion)! -urther methods of incorporation include dry impregnation, evaporation of a solution of the source of energy holes in contact %ith the surface material (precipitation), ion bombardment, vacuum deposition, impregnation, leaching, and electrostatic incorporation including electrolytic

deposition and electroplating! # preferred method to clean the inner surface 290 and the outer surface 295 including a nic'el surface is to fill the inner vessel and the outer vessel %ith a basic electrolytic solution including approximately 0!5; ( \!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ (\ is the al'ali cation of the electrolyte including &!sup!A) and to fill the inner vessel and the outer vessel %ith a dilute solution of 2!sub!2 =!sub!2! Each of the inner vessel and the outer vessel can be then thoroughly rinsed %ith distilled %ater! ,n one embodiment, at least one of the vessel 200 or the vessel 220 can be then filled %ith a solution of the energy hole including an approximately 0!5; ( &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ solution! ,n a further embodiment, textural and3or structural promoters are incorporated %ith the source of energy holes to increase the shrin'age reaction rate! ,n one embodiment of the method of operation of the pressuriHed gas energy reactor, hydrogen can be introduced inside of the first vessel from source 221 under pressure %hich can be controlled by pressure control means 222! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, the molecular hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a dissociating material or electromagnetic radiation including C6 light provided by photon source 205 such that the dissociated hydrogen atoms contact a source of energy holes including a molten, li uid, gaseous, or solid source of the energy holes! "he atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as its electrons are stimulated to undergo transitions to lo%er energy levels by the energy holes! #lternatively, the hydrogen dissociates on the inner surface 290, diffuses though the %all 250 of the first vessel 200 and contacts a source of energy holes on the outer surface 295 or contact a source of energy holes including a molten, li uid, gaseous, or solid source of the energy holes as hydrogen atoms or recombined hydrogen molecules! "he atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as its electrons are stimulated to undergo transitions to lo%er energy levels by the energy holes! "he electrocatalytic ion or couple can be regenerated spontaneously or via a regeneration means including heating means 2/0 and current source 225! "he (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen can be removed from vessel 200 and3or vessel 220 by a means to remove the (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen such as a selective venting valve means 201 %hich prevents the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! "o control the reaction rate (the po%er output), an electric current can be passed through the material having a source of energy holes e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy %ith current source 225, and3or the first reaction vessel 200 and the second reaction vessel 220 are heated by heating means 2/0! "he heat output can be monitored %ith thermocouples present in at least the first vessel 200, the second vessel 220, and the heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5! "he output po%er can be controlled by a computeriHed monitoring and control system %hich monitors the thermistors and controls the means to alter the po%er output! "he (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen can be removed by a means 201 to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! # method of preparation of the catalytic material of the present invention of catalytic systems that hinge on the transfer of an electron from a cation to another capable of producing energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms includes the steps of. (ixing the oxides of the cations %ith the hydrogen dissociating material! "horoughly mixing by repeatedly sintering and pulveriHing!

Example of a ?eramic ?atalytic (aterial. )trontium 1iobium =xide ()r1b!sub!2 =!sub!:) on 1i 4o%der "o prepare the ceramic catalytic material. strontium niobium oxide ()r1b!sub!2 =!sub!:) on 1i po%der, 2!5 'g of )r1b!sub!2 =!sub!: are added to 1!5 'g of -/00 mesh 1i po%der! "he materials are mixed to ma'e a homogeneous mixture! "he po%der can be sintered or calcinated in an oven at 1:00!degree! ?! in atmospheric air for 29 hours! "he material can be cooled and ground to remove lumps! "he material can be re-sintered at 1:00!degree! ?! in air for another 29 hours! "he material can be cooled to room temperature and po%deriHed! # method of preparation of the catalytic material of the present invention of catalytic systems that hinge on the transfer of an electron from a cation to another capable of producing energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms includes the steps of. >issolving ionic salts of the cations into a solvent! ,n a preferred embodiment, the ionic salts are dissolved in deioniHed demineraliHed %ater to concentration of 0!/ to 0!5 molar! Cniformly %etting a dissociation material %ith the dissolved salt solution! >raining the excess solution! >rying the %etted dissociation material in an oven preferably at a temperature of 220!degree! ?! 4ulveriHing the dried catalytic material into a po%der! Example of a ,onic ?atalytic (aterial. 4otassium ?arbonate (&!sub!2 ?=!sub!/) on 1i 4o%der "o prepare the ionic catalytic material. potassium carbonate (&!sub!2 ?=!sub!/) on 1i po%der, a 1 liter solution of 0!5 ( &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ in %ater is poured over 500 grams of -/00 mesh 1i po%der! "he materials are stirred to remove air poc'ets around the grains of 1i! "he excess solution can be drained off! "he po%der can be dried in an oven at 200!degree! ?! ,f necessary the material can be ground to remove lumps! 2ydrogen )pillover ?atalysts ,n a preferred embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms for the catalytic shrin'age reaction comprises a hydrogen spillover catalyst! # hydrogen spillover catalyst according to the present invention comprises. # hydrogen dissociation material or means %hich forms free hydrogen atoms or protons$ # conduit material onto %hich free hydrogen atoms spill and %hich supports free, mobile hydrogen atoms and provides a path or conduit for the flo% of hydrogen atoms or protons$ # source of energy holes %hich catalyHe the shrin'age reaction, and optionally

# support material into %hich the former materials are embedded as a mixture, compound, or solution! )uch hydrogen dissociation materials include surfaces or materials to dissociate hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium, comprise an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! )uch conduit materials onto %hich free hydrogen atoms spill and %hich supports free, mobile hydrogen atoms and %hich provides a path or conduit for the flo% of hydrogen atoms include nic'el, platinum, carbon, tin, iron, aluminum, and copper and their compounds, mixtures, or alloys! ,n an embodiment, such support materials into %hich the former materials are embedded as a mixture, compound, or solution includes carbon, silica, nic'el, copper, titania, Hinc oxide, chromia, magnesia, Hirconia, alumina, silica-alumina, and Heolites! ,n an embodiment, one or more of the other components are deposited on the support material by electroplating! "he source of energy holes to cause atomic hydrogen Eshrin'ageE are preferably of approximately m\2;!21 e6 and3or to cause molecular hydrogen Eshrin'ageE are of approximately m\98!:e6 %here m is an integer including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuationin-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! "he counterion of the energy hole of the spillover catalyst includes those given in the 2andboo' of ?hemistry and 4hysics, <obert ?! 0east, Editor, 58th Edition, ?<? 4ress, 0est 4alm Ieach, -la!, (1@;9) pp! I:1-I1;8 %hich is incorporated by reference herein, organic ions including benHoic acid, phthalate, salicylate, aryl sulfonate, al'y sulfate, al'yl sulfonate, and al'yl carboxylate, and the anion of an acid %hich forms an acid anhydride including sulfite, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrite, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphite, hydrogen phosphite, dihydrogen phosphite, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen phosphate! ,n another embodiment the anion can be in e uilibrium %ith its acid and its acid anhydride! "he functionalities of the hydrogen spillover catalyst are combined %ith the other functionalities as separate species or as combinations comprising a mixture, solution, compound, or alloy of more than one functionality! -or example, in one embodiment, the hydrogen dissociation material and the source of energy holes each comprise homogeneous crystals--each crystal contains one component! and these functionalities are mixed %ith the conduit material %ithout a support material! 0hereas, in another embodiment, the hydrogen dissociation material and the source of energy holes comprise heterogeneous crystals-each crystal contains both of the components, and the heterogeneous crystals are mixed %ith the conduit material %hich coats a support material! ,n a third exemplary embodiment, the source of energy holes can be embedded in the conduit material! and this combined species can be mixed %ith the hydrogen dissociation

material %hich can be embedded in the same or a different conduit material %ithout a support material! # method of preparation of the hydrogen spillover catalytic material of the present invention includes the steps of. (ixing the components of the spillover catalyst by the method of incipient %etness impregnation! "horoughly mixing the components by sintering! # further method of preparation of the hydrogen spillover catalytic material of the present invention includes the steps of. >issolving or dispersing the components to be mixed in a suitable solvent such as %ater and drying the solution or mixture! <emoving the solvent by drying, or the %et mixture, suspension, or solution can be froHen and the solvent can be sublimed! "horoughly mixing the components by sintering! #n incipient %etness method of preparation of the hydrogen spillover catalytic material of the present invention comprising a source of energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms that hinge on the transfer of an electron from a cation to another includes the steps of. >issolving a desired %eight of the ionic salts of the cations into a desired volume of solvent! ,n a preferred embodiment, the ionic salts are dissolved in deioniHed demineraliHed %ater! 4reparing an incipiently %et conduit-hydrogen dissociation material by uniformly %etting the conduit-hydrogen dissociation material %ith the dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are *ust filled! "he total volume of solvent re uired can be the desired amount, and the %eight percent of the ionic salts of the cations in the final material can be determined by the desired %eight of the ionic salts of the cations dissolved in the desired volume of solvent! (echanically mixing the %etted material to insure uniform %etting! >rying the incipiently %et conduit-hydrogen dissociation material in an oven preferably at a temperature of 150!degree! ?! ,n an embodiment the material can be heated until the counterion(s) of the cations chemically decompose to preferably oxides! 4ulveriHing the dried material comprised of the conduit-hydrogen dissociation-source of energy holes material into a po%der! =ptionally, mechanically mixing the dried and po%dered material %ith further hydrogen dissociation material including a po%der mixed %ith a conduit material and a support material!

E+ample o3 a Ionic 8,0rogen #pillover Catal,tic Material= 40L ', Weig-t 6ota""i/m Nitrate .7NO$"/'$*1 on %LF60FonFGrap-itic Car'on 6o20er "o prepare one 'ilogram of the ionic hydrogen spillover catalytic material. 90F by %eight potassium nitrate (&1=!sub!/) on 1F-4d-on-graphitic carbon po%der, 0!90 'g of &1=!sub!/ are dissolved in 1 liter of 2!sub!2 =! ,ncipient %etness re uires 1 ml of 2!sub!2 = per gram of -/00 mesh graphite po%der, and 0!:; grams of &1=!sub!/ are re uired per gram of graphitic carbon po%der to achieve a 90F by %eight &1=!sub!/ content in the final material! "he a ueous &1=!sub!/ solution can be slo%ly added to 0!: 'g of 1F-4d-on-/00-mesh-graphitic carbon po%der as the slurry can be mixed! "he slurry can be then placed on an evaporation dish %hich can be inserted into an oven at 150!degree! ?! for one hour! 2eating causes the %ater to evaporate from the slurry! "he &1=!sub!/ coated 1F-4d-on-graphitic carbon can be ground into a po%der! #nother incipient %etness method of preparation of the hydrogen spillover catalytic material of the present invention comprising a source of energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms that hinge on the transfer of an electron from a cation to another includes the steps of. >issolving a desired %eight of the ionic salts of the cations into a desired volume of solvent! ,n a preferred embodiment, the ionic salts are dissolved in deioniHed demineraliHed %ater! 4reparing an incipiently %et conduit material by uniformly %etting the conduit material %ith the dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are *ust filled! "he total volume of solvent re uired can be the desired amount, and the %eight percent of the ionic salts of the cations in the final material can be determined by the desired %eight of the ionic salts of the cations dissolved in the desired volume of solvent! (echanically mixing the %etted material to insure uniform %etting! >rying the incipiently %et conduit material in an oven preferably at a temperature of 150!degree! ?! ,n an embodiment, the material can be heated until the counterion(s) of the cations chemically decompose to preferably oxides! 4ulveriHing the dried material comprised of the conduit material and the source of energy holes into a po%der! (echanically mixing the dried and po%dered material %ith a hydrogen dissociation material including a po%der mixed %ith a conduit material and a support material! Example of a ,onic 2ydrogen )pillover ?atalytic (aterial. 90F by 0eight 4otassium 1itrate (&1=!sub!/) on +raphitic ?arbon 4o%der %ith 5F by 0eight 1F-4d-on-+raphitic ?arbon 4o%der "o prepare one 'ilogram of the ionic hydrogen spillover catalytic material. 90F by %eight potassium nitrate (&1=!sub!/) on graphitic carbon po%der %ith 5F by %eight 1F-4d-ongraphitic carbon po%der, 0!:; 'g of &1=!sub!/ are dissolved in 1 liter of 2!sub!2 =! ,ncipient

%etness re uires 1 ml of 2!sub!2 = per gram of -/00 mesh graphite po%der, and 0!90 grams of &1=!sub!/ are re uired per gram of graphite po%der to achieve a 90F by %eight &1=!sub!/ content in the final material! "he a ueous &1=!sub!/ solution can be slo%ly added to 0!55 'g of graphite po%der as the slurry can be mixed! "he slurry can be then placed on an evaporation dish %hich can be inserted into an oven at 150!degree! ?! for one hour! 2eating causes the %ater to evaporate from the slurry! "he &1=!sub!/ coated graphite can be ground into a po%der! "he po%der can be %eighed! #pproximately 50 grams (5F of the %eight of the &1=!sub!/ coated graphite) of 1F-4d-on--/00-mesh graphitic carbon po%der can be mixed into the &1=!sub!/ coated graphitic carbon po%der! E+ample o3 t-e Mo0e o3 Operation o3 t-e E+emplar, Catal,tic Material" "he catalytic material can be placed into the pressuriHable vessel 200! "he vessel can be flushed %ith an inert gas such as 2e, #r, or 1e to remove air contaminants in the vessel! "he vessel and its contents are heated to the operational temperature, typically 100!degree! ?! to 900!degree! ?!, before the vessel can be pressuriHed %ith hydrogen, typically 20 to 190 4),+! ,n an embodiment, the source of energy holes is potassium ions (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A) or rubidium ions (<b!sup!A) intercalated into carbon! ,n another embodiment, the source of energy holes is an amalgam of the electrocatalytic ion or couple and its reduced metallic form such as rubidium ions (<b!sup!A) and rubidium metal or potassium ions (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A) and potassium metal! ,n an embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms is a hydrogen dissociation means including a hydrogen gas stream blo%n over a hot filament or grid such as a hot refractory metal including a filament or grid of "i, 1i, -e, 0, #u, 4t, or 4d at an elevated temperature such as 1800!degree! ?! "he dissociation means provides hydrogen atoms as %ell as hydrogen ions, and the momentum of the atoms brings them in contact %ith the source of energy holes! =r, the hydrogen atoms and ions sputter onto the spillover catalyst! ,n one preferred embodiment of the pressuriHed gas reactor, a lo% pressure can be maintained by pressure regulator means 222 and a pump means 22/ to minimiHe hydrogen atom recombination into molecular hydrogen and remove (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen! ,n an embodiment the source of hydrogen atoms is %ater %hich dissociates to hydrogen atoms and oxygen on a %ater dissociation material such as an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! ,n a further embodiment, the %ater dissociation material can be maintained at an elevated temperature by a heat source and temperature control means 2/0! ,n an embodiment including one comprising a hydrogen spillover catalyst, the source of hydrogen can be from hydrocarbons including natural gas %hich can be reformed on a reforming a material such as nic'el, cobalt, iron, or a platinum-group metal to hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide! ,n a further embodiment, the reforming material can be maintained at an elevated temperature by a heat source and a temperature control means 2/0! ,n another embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms can be from the decomposition of a metal hydride %here the decomposition can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the metal

hydride %ith the heat source and temperature control means 2/0! ,n another embodiment, the hydride can be coated by methods including electroplating %ith another material such as the hydrogen dissociation material! ,n a preferred embodiment a product of the shrin'age reaction, (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen, can be removed to prevent product inhibition! "hus, the for%ard energy yielding reaction rate can be increased! =ne means to remove lo%er-energy (molecular) hydrogen is to supply the reaction mixture %ith a scavenger for lo%er-energy hydrogen! "he scavenger absorbs or reacts %ith the product, lo%er-energy, hydrogen, and the resulting species can be removed from the reaction mixture! ,n another embodiment lo%er-energy hydrogen %hich is absorbed on the catalysts can be removed via displacement %ith an inert molecule or atom such as helium that flo%s through the vessel 200! =ther ob*ects, features, and characteristics of the art of catalysis as %ell as the methods of preparation, operation and the functions of the related elements, as described by )atterfield J?harles 1! )atterfield, 2eterogeneous ?atalysis in ,ndustrial 4ractice, )econd Edition, (c+ra%-2ill, ,nc!, 1e% Gor', (1@@1)K are applied to the present invention and are incorporated by reference herein! #pplication of the art of catalysis to the present invention of a pressuriHed gas energy reactor for the release of energy by the catalytic reaction %herein the electrons of hydrogen atoms undergo transitions to lo%er energy states include the use of an adiabatic reactor, fluidiHed-bed reactor, transport line reactor, multitube reactor, reverse multitube reactor having the heat exchange means including a fluid in the tubes and the catalytic material surrounding the tubes, and a multitube reactor or reverse multitube reactor comprising a fluidiHed bed of the catalytic material! -urthermore, in an embodiment comprising a solvated source of energy holes, a suspended hydrogen dissociation material including a hydrogen spillover catalyst, and hydrogen gas, the reactor comprises a tric'le-bed reactor, a bubble-column reactor, or a slurry reactor! -or example, in a preferred embodiment, the fluidiHed bed reactor 200 comprises the hydrogen spillover catalytic material. 90F by %eight potassium nitrate (&1=!sub!/) on graphitic carbon po%der %ith 5F by %eight 1F-4d-on-graphitic carbon po%der! "he reacting hydrogen gas can be passed up through a bed of the finely divided solid catalytic material, preferably having a particle siHe in the range of about 20 to 100 !mu!m, %hich can be highly agitated and assumes many of the characteristics of a fluid! # cyclone separator 2;5 returns the fines to the bed! "he hydrogen pressure and flo% rate are controlled by pressure and flo% rate control means 222! 4referably at atmospheric or slightly higher pressures, the corresponding maximum linear velocity can be less than :0 cm3s! Ga"eo/" #o/rce o3 Energ, 8ole" # preferred hydrogen gas energy reactor for the release of energy by an electrocatalytic and3or a disproportination reaction, %herein the electrons of hydrogen atoms undergo transitions to lo%er energy states in the gas phase, comprises a vessel 200 of -,+! ; capable of containing a vacuum or pressures greater than atmospheric$ a source of hydrogen 221$ a means 222 to control the pressure and flo% of hydrogen into the vessel$ a source of atomic hydrogen in the gas phase, and a source of energy holes in the gas phase!

"he reaction vessel 200 comprises a vacuum or pressure vessel comprised of a temperature resistance material such as ceramic, stainless steel, tungsten, alumina, ,ncoloy, and ,nconel! ,n an embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase is a hydrogen dissociation means including a hydrogen gas stream blo%n over a hot filament or grid 280 such as a hot refractory metal including a filament or grid of "i, 1i, -e, 0, #u, 4t, or 4d at an elevated temperature such as 1800!degree! ?! "he dissociation means provides hydrogen atoms as %ell as hydrogen ions, and the momentum of the atoms brings them in contact %ith the source of energy holes! ,n a preferred embodiment of the gaseous-source-of-energy-holes gas reactor, a lo% pressure can be maintained by pressure regulator means 222 and a pressure measurement and pump means 22/ to minimiHe hydrogen atom recombination into molecular hydrogen! "he pressure can be measured by measuring the po%er dissipated in the hot filament or grid %hich can be operated at constant resistance by a servo loop 285 comprising a voltage and current measurement means, a po%er supply, and a voltage and current controller %here the hydrogen pressure versus po%er dissipation of the filament or grid at the operating resistance has been calibrated! ,n another embodiment, the source of atomic hydrogen comprises one or more hydrogen dissociation materials %hich provide hydrogen atoms by dissociation of molecular hydrogen! )uch hydrogen dissociation materials include surfaces or materials to dissociate hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium, including a hydrogen spillover material such as palladium or platinum on carbon and an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! ,n one embodiment, none uilibrium conditions of the hydrogen and hydride are maintained by controlling the temperature and hydrogen pressure to provide atomic hydrogen in the gas phase! ,n another embodiment, the source of atomic hydrogen comprises a tungsten capillary %hich on the outlet can be heated by electron bombardment to 1800-2000 & such as the atomic hydrogen source described by Iischler JIischler, C!$ Iertel, E!, B! 6ac! )ci! "echnol!, #! (1@@/), 11(2), 958-:0K %hich is incorporated herein by reference! ,n a further embodiment, the tungsten capillary can be heated by the energy released by the hydrogen shrin'age reaction! ,n another embodiment, the source of atomic hydrogen comprises an inductively coupled plasma flo% tube such as that described by +ardner J+ardner, 0! 7!, B! 6ac! )ci! "echnol!, #! (1@@5), 1/(/, 4t! 1), ;:/-:K %hich is incorporated herein by reference, and the hydrogen dissociation fraction can be measured %ith the sensor of +ardner! "he source of energy holes can be placed in a chemically resistant open container such as a ceramic boat 2@0 inside the reaction vessel! =r, the source of energy holes can be placed in a vessel %hich has a connection for the passage of the gaseous source of energy holes to the reaction vessel! "he cell can have a boat or container, %hich is connected to the reaction vessel, for containing the material used for forming the gaseous catalyst! "he gaseous source of energy holes includes those that sublime, boil, and3or are volatile at the elevated operating temperature of the gas energy reactor %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs in

the gas phase! -or example, <b1=!sub!/ and &1=!sub!/ are each volatile at a temperature much less than that at %hich each decomposes J?! B! 2ardy, I! =! -ield, B! ?hem! )oc!, (1@:/), pp! 51/0-51/9K! ,n one embodiment, the ionic hydrogen spillover catalytic material. 90F by %eight potassium or rubidium nitrate on graphitic carbon po%der %ith 5F by %eight 1F-4d-ongraphitic carbon po%der can be operated at a temperate at %hich the potassium or rubidium nitrate can be volatile! -urther disproportionation reactions of the product, lo%er-energy hydrogen atoms, release additional heat energy! ,n a preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes is a thermally stable salt of rubidium or potassium such as <b-, <b?l, <bIr, <b,, <b!sub!2 )!sub!2, <b=2, <b!sub!2 )=!sub!9, <b!sub!2 ?=!sub!/, <b!sub!/ 4=!sub!9, and &-, &?l, &Ir, &,, &!sub!2 )!sub!2, &=2, &!sub!2 )=!sub!9, &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/, &!sub!/ 4=!sub!9, &!sub!2 +e-!sub!9! -urther preferred sources of energy holes of approximately m\2;!21 e6 to cause atomic hydrogen Eshrin'ageE and3or approximately m\98!: e6 to cause molecular hydrogen Eshrin'ageE %here m is an integer include the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! 4atent #pplications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! "he counterion includes those given in the 2andboo' of ?hemistry and 4hysics, <obert ?! 0east, Editor, 58th Edition, ?<? 4ress, 0est 4alm Ieach, -la!, (1@;9) pp! I:1-I1;8 %hich is incorporated by reference herein! "he preferred anion can be stable to hydrogen reduction and thermal decomposition and can be volatile at the operating temperature of the energy reactor! "he catalyst may be an ionic compound %hich is resistant to hydrogen reduction! (oreover, the catalyst is adapted to provide gaseous atoms %hich may be ioniHed! "he follo%ing compounds are preferred gaseous sources of energy holes in the gas energy reactor! 2igher temperatures result in a higher vapor pressure of the source of energy holes %hich increases the reaction rate$ ho%ever, the increase in total pressure increases the recombination rate of hydrogen atoms to hydrogen molecules! ,n each exemplary case that follo%s, the operating temperature of the energy reactor can be that %hich provides an optimal reaction rate! ,n an embodiment, the cell temperature can be about 50!degree! ?! higher than the (highest) melting point of the source of energy holes (in the case that the source of energy holes comprises an electron transfer bet%een t%o cations--an electrocatalytic couple)! "he hydrogen pressure can be maintained at about 200 millitorr, and molecular hydrogen can be dissociated %ith a hot filament or grid 280 of -,+! ;! )ingle ,on ?atalysts (Electrocatalytic ,ons) )ingle-ion catalysts (electrocatalytic ions) capable of producing energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms! "he number follo%ing the atomic symbol (n) is the nth ioniHation energy of the

atom! "hat is for example, <b!sup!A A2;!28 e6S<b!sup!2A Ae!sup!-! (melting pointS((4)$ boiling pointS(I4)) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ?atalytic ,on n nth ioniHation energy ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ (o!sup!2A / 2;!1: (o,!sub!2 "i!sup!2A / 2;!9@ "i?l!sub!2 ((4 S subl 2!sub!2,I4 S d 9;5!degree! ?! vac) ("i?l!sub!9 3"i!sub!metal) <b!sup!1A 2 2;!28 <b1=!sub!/ ((4 S /10!degree! ?!,I4 S subl) <b!sub!2 )!sub!2 ((4 S 920!degree! ?!,I4 S volat Z 850) <b,((4 S :9;!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/00!degree! ?!) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T2o Ion Catal,t" .Electrocatal,tic Co/ple"1 "%o-ion catalysts (electrocatalytic couples) capable of producing energy holes for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms! "he number in the column follo%ing the ion, (n), is the nth ioniHation energy of the atom! "hat is for example, &!sup!A A/1!:/ e6S&!sup!2A Ae!sup!- and &!sup!A Ae!sup!S&A9!/9 e6! (melting pointS((4)$ boiling pointS(I4)) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ #tom Energy =xidiH- nth ,on- nth ,on2ole iHation iHation ed Energy #tom Energy (ev) n (ev) <educed n (ev) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ )n 9A 5 ;2!28 )i 9A 9 95!19 2;!19 )n?l!sub!9 ((4 S -//!degree! ?!,I4 S 119!1!degree! ?!) )i?l!sub!9 ((4 S -;0!degree! ?!, I4 S 5;!5;!degree! ?!) 4r /A 9 /8!@8 ?a 2A 2 11!8; 2;!11 4rIr!sub!/ ((4 S :@1!degree! ?!,I4 S 159;!degree! ?!) ?aIr!sub!2 ((4 S ;/0!degree! ?! sl d, I4 S 80: - 812!degree! ?!) )r 2A / 9/!:0 ?r 2A 2 1:!50 2;!10 )r?l!sub!2 ((4 S 8;5!degree! ?!,I4 S 1250!degree! ?!) ?r,!sub!2 ((4 S

85:!degree! ?!, I4 S 800 sub vac!degree! ?!) ?r /A 9 9@!10 "b /A / 21!@1 2;!1@ ?r-!sub!/ ((4 S Z1000!degree! ?!,I4 S 1100 - 1200!degree! ?! subl) "b,!sub!/ ((4 S @9:!degree! ?!,I4 Z 1/00!degree! ?!) )b /A 9 99!20 ?o 2A 2 1;!0: 2;!19 )b?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;/!9!degree! ?!,I4 S 28/!degree! ?!) ?o?l!sub!2 ((4 S ;29!degree! ?! in 2?l gas, I4 S 109@!degree! ?!) Ii /A 9 95!/0 1i 2A 2 18!1; 2;!1/ Ii?l!sub!/ ((4 S 2/0 - 2/2!degree! ?!,I4 S 99;!degree! ?!) 1i?l!sub!2 ((4 S 1001!degree! ?!, I4 S @;/!degree! ?! subl) 4d 2A / /2!@/ ,n 1A 1 5!;@ 2;!19 4d-!sub!2 ((4 S volat) ,n?l((4 S 225!degree! ?!,I4 S :08!degree! ?!) 7a /A 9 9@!@5 >y /A / 22!80 2;!15 7a?l!sub!/ ((4 S 8:0!degree! ?!,I4 Z 1000!degree! ?!) >y?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;18!degree! ?!, I4 S 1500!degree! ?!) 7a /A 9 9@!@5 2o /A / 22!89 2;!11 7a,!sub!/ ((4 S ;;2!degree! ?!) 2o,!sub!/ ((4 S @8@!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/00!degree! ?!) & 1A 2 /1!:/ & 1A 1 9!/9 2;!28 &1=!sub!/ ((4 S //9!degree! ?!,I4 S subl) &1=!sub!/ ((4 S //9!degree! ?!,I4 S subl) &!sub!2 )!sub!2 ((4 S 9;0!degree! ?!) &!sub!2 )!sub!2 ((4 S 9;0!degree! ?!) &,((4 S :81!degree! ?!,I4 S 1//0!degree! ?!) &,((4 S :81!degree! ?!,I4 S 1//0!degree! ?!) 6 /A 9 9:!;1 4d 2A 2 1@!9/ 2;!28 6-!sub!/ ((4 Z 800!degree! ?!,I4 )ubl) 4b-!sub!2 ((4 S 855!degree! ?!,I4 S 12@0!degree! ?!) 6=?l(I4 S 12;!degree! ?!) 4b,!sub!2 ((4 S 902!degree! ?!,I4 S @59!degree! ?!) 7u /A 9 95!1@ bn 2A 2 1;!@: 2;!2/ 7u?l!sub!/ ((4 S @05!degree! ?!,I4 S subl ;50!degree! ?!) 4b?l!sub!2 ((4

S 28/!degree! ?!, I4 S ;/2!degree! ?!) #s /A 9 50!1/ 2o /A / 22!89 2;!2@ #s,!sub!/ ((4 S 19:!degree! ?!,I4 S 90/!degree! ?!) 2o,!sub!/ ((4 S @8@!degree! ?!, I4 S 1/00!degree! ?!) (o 5A : :8!00 )n 9A 9 90!;/ 2;!2; (o?l!sub!5 ((4 S 1@9!degree! ?!,I4 S 2:8!degree! ?!) )n?l!sub!9 ((4 S -//!degree! ?!, I4 S 119!1!degree! ?!) )b /A 9 99!20 ?d 2A 2 1:!@1 2;!2@ )b,!sub!/ ((4 S 1;0!degree! ?!,I4 S 901!degree! ?!) ?d,!sub!2 ((4 S /8;!degree! ?!, I4 S ;@:!degree! ?!) #g 2A / /9!8/ #g 1A 1 ;!58 2;!25 #g-!sub!2 ((4 S :@0!degree! ?!,I4 S ;00!degree! ?! d) #g-((4 S 9/5!degree! ?!, I4 S 115@!degree! ?!) 7a /A 9 9@!@5 Er /A / 22!;9 2;!21 7a,!sub!/ ((4 S ;;2!degree! ?!,I4 S 1000!degree! ?!) Er,!sub!/ ((4 S 1020!degree! ?!, I4 S 1280!degree! ?!) 6 9A 5 :5!2/ I /A / /;!@/ 2;!/0 6?l!sub!9 ((4 S -28!degree! ?!,I4 S 198!5!degree! ?!) I?l!sub!/ ((4 S -10;!/!degree! ?!, I4 S 12!5!degree! ?!) -e /A 9 59!80 "i /A / 2;!9@ 2;!/1 -e?l!sub!/ ((4 S /0:!degree! ?!,I4 S /15!degree! ?! d) "i?l!sub!/ ((4 S 990!degree! ?! d, I4 S ::0!degree! ?!) ?o 2A / //!50 "l 1A 1 :!11 2;!/@ ?o,!sub!2 ((4 S 515 vac!degree! ?!,I4 S 5;0!degree! ?! vac) "l,((4 S 990!degree! ?! d, I4 S 82/!degree! ?!) ?o-!sub!2 ((4 S 1200!degree! ?!,I4 S 1900!degree! ?!) ",-((4S /2;!degree! ?! d, I4 S :55!degree! ?!) Ii /A 9 95!/0 bn 2A 2 1;!@:

2;!/9 IiIr!sub!/ ((4 S 218!degree! ?!,I4 S 95/!degree! ?!) bnIr!sub!2 ((4 S /@9!degree! ?! d, I4 S :50!degree! ?!) #s /A 9 50!1/ >y /A / 22!80 2;!// #s,!sub!/ ((4 S 19:!degree! ?!,I4 S 90/!degree! ?!) >y,!sub!/ ((4 S @55!degree! ?! d, I4 S 1/20!degree! ?!) 2o /A 9 92!50 (g 2A 2 15!0/ 2;!9; 2o?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;18!degree! ?!,I4 S 1500!degree! ?!) (g?l!sub!2 ((4 S ;19!degree! ?!, I4 S 1912!degree! ?!) & 1A 2 /1!:/ <b 1A 1 9!18 2;!95 &,((4 S :18!degree! ?!,I4 S 1//0!degree! ?!) <b,((4 S :9;!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/00!degree! ?!) ?r /A 9 9@!10 4r /A / 21!:2 2;!98 ?r?l!sub!/ ((4 S 1150!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/00!degree! ?! subl) 4r?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;8:!degree! ?!, I4 S 1;00!degree! ?!) )r 2A / 9/!:0 -e 2A 2 1:!18 2;!92 )r?l!sub!2 ((4 S 8;5!degree! ?!,I4 S 1250!degree! ?!) -e?l!sub!2 ((4 S :;0!degree! ?!,I4 subl) 1i 2A / /5!1; ?u 1A 1 ;!;/ 2;!99 1i?l!sub!2 ((4 S 1001!degree! ?!,I4 S @;/!degree! ?! subl) ?u?l((4 S 9/0!degree! ?!, I4 S 19@0!degree! ?!) )r 2A / 9/!:0 (o 2A 2 1:!15 2;!95 )r?l!sub!2 ((4 S 8;5!degree! ?!,I4 S 1250!degree! ?!) (o?l!sub!2 G /A 9 :1!80 br 9A 9 /9!/9 2;!9: G?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;21!degree! ?!,I4 S 150;!degree! ?!) br?l!sub!9 ((4 S 9/;!degree! ?!, I4 S //1!degree! ?! subl) ?d 2A / /;!98 Ia 2A 2 10!00 2;!98 ?d,!sub!2 ((4 S /8;!degree! ?!,I4 S ;@:!degree! ?!) Ia,!sub!2 ((4 S ;90!degree! ?!) 2o /A 9 92!50 4b 2A 2 15!0/

2;!9; 2o,!sub!/ ((4 S @8@!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/00!degree! ?!) 4b,!sub!2 ((4 S 902!degree! ?!, I4S @59!degree! ?!) 4d 2A / /2!@/ 7i 1A 1 5!/@ 2;!59 4d-!sub!2 ((4 S volat) 7i-((4 S 895!degree! ?!,I4 S 1:;:!degree! ?!) Eu /A 9 92!:0 (g 2A 2 15!0/ 2;!5: Eu?l!sub!/ ((4 S 850!degree! ?!) (g?l!sub!2 ((4 S ;19!degree! ?!,I4 S 1912!degree! ?!) Er /A 9 92!:0 (g 2A 2 15!0/ 2;!5: Er?l!sub!/ ((4 S ;;9!degree! ?!,I4 S 1500!degree! ?!) (g?l!sub!2 ((4 S ;19!degree! ?!, I4 S 1912!degree! ?!) Ii 9A 5 5:!00 #l /A / 28!95 2;!55 Ii?l!sub!9 ((4 S 22:!degree! ?!) #l?l!sub!/ ((4 S 1@0!degree! ?!,I4 S 1;;!8!degree! ?! subl) ?a 2A / 50!@1 )m /A / 2/!90 2;!51 ?aIr!sub!2 ((4 S ;/0!degree! ?! sl d, I4 S 80: - 812!degree! ?!) )mIr!sub!/ ((4 subl Z 1000!degree! ?!) 6 /A 9 9:!;1 7a /A / 1@!18 2;!5/ 6a-!sub!/ ((4 Z 800!degree! ?!, subl) 7a?l!sub!/ ((4 S 8:0!degree! ?!,I4 Z 1000!degree! ?!) +d /A 9 99!00 ?r 2A 2 1:!50 2;!50 +d,!sub!/ ((4 S @2:!degree! ?!,I4 S 1/90!degree! ?!) ?r,!sub!2 ((4 S 85:!degree! ?!, I4 S 800!degree! ?! subl vac) (n 2A / //!:; "i 1A 1 :!11 2;!5: (n,!sub!2 ((4 S :/8!degree! ?! vac, I4 S 500!degree! ?! subl vac) ",-((4 S /2;!degree! ?!, I4 S :55!degree! ?!) Gb /A 9 9/!;0 -e 2A 2 1:!18 2;!52 GbIr!sub!/ ((4 S @5:!degree! ?!,I4 S d) -eIr!sub!2 ((4 S :89!degree! ?! d) 1i 2A / /5!1; #g 1A 1 ;!58 2;!5@ 1i?l!sub!2 ((4 S 1001!degree! ?!,I4 S @;/!degree! ?! subl) #g?l((4 S

955!degree! ?!, I4 S 1550!degree! ?!) bn 2A / /@!;2 Gb 2A 2 12!18 2;!59 bn?l!sub!2 ((4 S 28/!degree! ?!,I4 S ;/2!degree! ?! subl) Gb?l!sub!2 ((4 S ;02!degree! ?!, I4 S 1@00!degree! ?!) )e 9A 5 :8!/0 )n 9A 9 90!;/ 2;!5; )e-!sub!9 ((4 S -1/!8!degree! ?!,I4 Z 100!degree! ?!) )n?l!sub!9 ((4 S -//!degree! ?!, I4 S 119!1!degree! ?!) )n-!sub!9 ((4 S ;05!degree! ?!subl) )b /A 9 99!20 Ii 2A 2 1:!:@ 2;!51 )b,!sub!/ ((4 S 1;0!degree! ?!,I4 S 901!degree! ?!) Ii,!sub!2 ((4 S 900!degree! ?!, I4 S subl vac) Eu /A 9 92!:0 4b 2A 2 15!0/ 2;!5; Eu-!sub!/ ((4 S 1/@0!degree! ?!,I4 S 2280!degree! ?!) 4b?l!sub!2 ((4 S 501!degree! ?!, I4 S @50!degree! ?!) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,n an embodiment %herein the anion can be reduced by hydrogen, the anion is chemically stabiliHed! -or example, the product of the reduction is added to the gas cell to stabiliHe the anion! ,n a further embodiment, the anion can be replaced continuously or intermittently! ,n the case of the nitrate ion, the product ammonia can be removed from the vessel! oxidiHed to nitrate, and returned to the cell! ,n one embodiment, the product ammonia can be removed from the vessel by collection in a condenser and can be oxidiHed to nitrate on a platinum or iridium screen at elevated temperatures such as @12!degree! ?! ,n a further embodiment, the nitrate ion to ammonia reaction can be minimiHed by decreasing the hydrogen pressure %hile optimiHing the vapor phase catalytic hydrogen shrin'age reaction! ,n an embodiment, a lo% pressure of hydrogen atoms can be generated by dissociation of molecular hydrogen on a hot filament or grid 280 of -,+! ;! # lo% pressure of molecular hydrogen can be maintained via the hydrogen supply 221, the hydrogen flo% control means 222, and the hydrogen pressure measurement and vacuum means 22/! "he hydrogen pressure can be maintained at a lo% pressure by ad*usting the supply through the inlet %ith flo% controller 222 versus the amount pumped a%ay at the outlet by the pressure measurement and pump means 22/! "he pressure can be ad*usted to maximiHe the output po%er %hile minimiHing the degradation of nitrate! "he optimal hydrogen pressure can be less than about one torr! ,n an embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase can be a hydrogen dissociation means including a hydrogen gas stream blo%n over a hot filament or grid 280 such as a hot refractory metal including a filament or grid of "i, 1i, -e, 0, #u, 4t, or 4d at an elevated temperature such as 1800!degree! ?! "he hydrogen molecular source can be directed over the filament or grid and onto the gaseous source of energy holes! "he pressure and

flo% of the hydrogen atoms prohibits the collision of the counterion of the source of energy holes (such as the nitrate ion) from contacting the hot filament or grid! "hus, the thermal decomposition or reduction of the anion on the filament or grid can be prevented! ,n another embodiment, a negative potential can be maintained as a grid electrode 28; surrounding the filament or grid! "he grid electrode permits the passage of hydrogen atoms from the filament or grid and repels the anion from contacting the hot filament or grid! "hus, the thermal or chemical brea'do%n of the anion (couterion) can be prevented! ,n an embodiment, the source of energy holes is an electrocatalytic ion or electrocatalytic couple comprising cation-anion pairs in the gas phase %herein the cation-anion pairs are dissociated by external source means ;5 of -,+! 5 %hich includes, for example, a particle source ;5b and3or photon source ;5a and3or a source of heat, acoustic energy, electric fields, or magnetic fields! ,n a preferred embodiment, the cation-anion pairs are thermally dissociated by heat source 2/0 or photodissociated by photon source 205 of -,+! ;! ,n another embodiment of the gas energy reactor having a gaseous source of energy holes, the source of energy holes is atomiHed %ith an atomiHer means 2@5 to provide a gaseous source of energy holes! ,n a preferred embodiment of the atomiHer, atoms are boiled, sublimed, or vaporiHed by a heating means such as the boat heating means 2@@, and the gaseous atoms are ioniHed to form a source of energy holes including the electrocatalytic ions or electrocatalytic couples of my previous patent applications incorporated herein by reference! ,n one embodiment, the atoms are thermally ioniHed by the heating means 2/0, by the hydrogen atom source 280 including a hot filament or grid, or by an inductively coupled plasma flo% tube! -or example, the gas energy cell sho%n in -,+! ; comprises rubidium or potassium metal in the boat 2@0 %hich has a vapor pressure that can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the boat by heating means 2/0 and or 2@@! 2ydrogen molecules are dissociated to atoms on the hot filament or grid 280! "he rubidium (potassium) metal in the gas phase can be ioniHed to <b!sup!A (&!sup!A) by the same or different hot filament or grid 280! "he <b!sup!A (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A) electrocatalytic ion (couple) serves as a source of energy holes to shrin' the hydrogen atoms! ,n another embodiment, the hot filament or grid 280 comprises a metal(s) or can be electroplated %ith a metal(s) %hich boils off as a cation(s) that are a source of energy holes! -or example, (o!sup!2A ions ((o!sup!2A electrocatalytic ion) enter the gas phase of the energy cell 200 from the hot molybdenum filament or grid 280! "he hot molybdenum filament or grid 280 also dissociates hydrogen molecules to hydrogen atoms! -or a further example, 1i!sup!2A and ?u!sup!A ions (1i!sup!2A 3?u!sup!A electrocatalytic couple) enter the gas phase of the energy cell 200 from the hot nic'el and hot copper or hot nic'el-copper alloy filament or grid 280! ,n another embodiment, the photon source ;5a and the particle source ;5b of -,+! 5, including an electron beam, ioniHe species such as atoms in the gas phase to form the source of energy holes including the electrocatalytic ions or electrocatalytic couples of my previous patent applications incorporated herein by reference! ,n another embodiment, the atoms or ions are ioniHed chemically by a volatiliHed reactant such as an ionic species %hich oxidiHes or reduces the atoms or ions to form a source of energy holes! "he po%er of the gas energy reactor can be controlled by controlling the amount of the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) in the gas phase and3or by controlling the concentration of atomic or lo%er-energy hydrogen! "he concentration of the gaseous source of

energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) can be controlled by controlling the initial amount of the volatile source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) present in the reactor, and3or by controlling the temperature of the reactor %ith temperature control means 2/0 %hich determines the vapor pressure of the volatile source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple)! "he reactor temperature further controls the po%er by changing the rate of the catalytic hydrogen shrin'age reaction! "he concentration of atomic hydrogen can be controlled by controlling the amount of atomic hydrogen provided by the atomic hydrogen source 280! -or example, the amount of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase can be controlled by controlling the flo% of hydrogen over or through the hot filament or grid, the tungsten capillary heated by electron bombardment, or the inductively coupled plasma flo% tube$ by controlling the po%er dissipated in the inductively coupled plasma flo% tube$ by controlling the temperature of the hot filament or grid, or the tungsten capillary heated by electron bombardment$ by controlling the pressure of the hydrogen and temperature of the hydride maintained under none uilibrium conditions, and by controlling the rate of removal of recombined hydrogen from the cell by pump means 22/! #nother means to control the shrin'age reaction rate can be by controlling the pressure of a non reactive gas %ith non reactive gas source 2@@, non reactive gas flo% control means 2/2, and pressure measurement and pump means 22/! "he non reactive gas such as a noble gas competes %ith collisions bet%een the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) and hydrogen atoms or competes %ith collisions that yield lo%er-energy hydrogen disproportionation reactions! 1oble gases include 2e, 1e, and #r! -urther such reaction non reactive Ereaction uenchingE gases include carbon dioxide and nitrogen! "he hydrogen partial pressure can be further controlled by throttling hydrogen into the cell by a hydrogen value control means 222 %hile monitoring the pressure %ith a pressure measurement means 222 and 22/! ,n a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature %ith heating means 2/0 of the gas energy reactor %hich further comprises a hydrogen storage means such as a metal hydride or other hydride including saline hydrides, titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum hydrides, Hirconium and hafnium hydrides, rare earth hydrides, yttrium and scandium hydrides, transition element hydrides, intermetalic hydrides, and their alloys 'no%n in the art as given by 0! (! (ueller, B! 4! Ilac'ledge, and +! +! 7ibo%itH, (etal 2ydrides, #cademic 4ress, 1e% Gor', (1@:8), 2ydrogen in ,ntermetalic ?ompounds ,, Edited by 7! )chlapbach, )pringer-6erlag, Ierlin, and 2ydrogen in ,ntermetalic ?ompounds ,,, Edited by 7! )chlapbach, )pringer-6erlag, Ierlin, %hich are incorporated by reference herein! "he temperature of the cell can be controlled by a temperature control and measurement means 2/0 such that the vapor pressure of the hydrogen in e uilibrium %ith the hydrogen storage material can be the desired pressure! ,n one embodiment, none uilibrium conditions of the hydrogen and hydride are maintained by controlling the temperature and hydrogen pressure to provide atomic hydrogen! ,n several embodiments, the hydrogen storage means can be a rare earth hydride %ith an operating temperature of about 800!degree! ?!$ lanthanum hydride %ith an operating temperature of about ;00!degree! ?!$ gadolinium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about ;50!degree! ?!$ neodymium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about ;50!degree! ?!$ yttrium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about 800!degree! ?!$ scandium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about 800!degree! ?!$ ytterbium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about 850-@00!degree! ?!$ titanium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about 950!degree! ?!$ cerium hydride %ith an operating temperature of about @50!degree! ?!$ praseodymium hydride %ith an operating

temperature of about ;00!degree! ?!$ Hirconium-titanium (50F350F) hydride %ith an operating temperature of about :00!degree! ?!$ an al'ali metal3al'ali metal hydride mixture such as <b3<b2 or &3&2 %ith an operating temperature of about 950!degree! ?!, and an al'aline earth metal3al'aline earth hydride mixture such as Ia3Ia2!sub!2 %ith an operating temperature of about @00-1000!degree! ?! "he heat output can be monitored %ith thermocouples present in at least the vessel 200 and the heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5! "he rate of the shrin'age reaction rate can be monitored by ultraviolet or electron spectroscopy of the photons or electrons emitted via lo%er-energy hydrogen transitions, by \-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (\4)) of lo%er-energy hydrogen, and by mass spectroscopy, <aman or infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography of the molecular lo%er-energy hydrogen (dihydrino)! 7o%er-energy hydrogen atoms and molecules are identified by \4) as higher binding energy species than normal hydrogen! "he dihydrino can be identified by mass spectroscopy as a species %ith a mass to charge ratio of t%o (m3eS2) that has a higher ioniHation potential than that of normal hydrogen by recording the ion current as a function of the electron gun energy! "he dihydrino can be identified by gas chromatography at lo% temperature such as gas chromatography %ith an activated carbon (charcoal) column at li uid nitrogen temperature or %ith a column that %ill separate para from ortho hydrogen such as an <t-#lumina column, or a 2aye)ep column at li uid nitrogen temperature %herein normal hydrogen can be retained to a greater extent than dihydrino! "he dihydrino can be identified by <aman and infrared spectroscopy as a molecule %ith higher vibrational and rotational energy levels as compared to those of normal hydrogen! "he output po%er can be controlled by a computeriHed monitoring and control system %hich monitors the thermistors, spectrometers, and gas chromatograph and controls the means to alter the po%er output! "he (molecular) lo%erenergy hydrogen can be removed by a means 201 to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! ,n another embodiment of the gas energy reactor having a gaseous source of energy holes, hydrogen atoms are produced by a pyrolysis reaction such as the combustion of a hydrocarbon %herein the catalytic source of energy holes can be in the gas phase %ith the hydrogen atoms! ,n a preferred mode, the pyrolysis reaction occurs in an internal combustion engine %hereby the hydrocarbon or hydrogen containing fuel comprises a source of energy holes that are vaporiHed (become gaseous) during the combustion! ,n a preferred mode, the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) is a thermally stable salt of rubidium or potassium such as <b-, <b?l, <bIr, <b,, <b!sub!2 )!sub!2, <b=2, <b!sub!2 )=!sub!9, <b!sub!2 ?=!sub!/, <b!sub!/ 4=!sub!9, and &-, &?l, &Ir, &,, &!sub!2 )!sub!2, &=2, &!sub!2 )=!sub!9, &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/, &!sub!/ 4=!sub!9, &!sub!2 +e-!sub!9! #dditional counterions of the electrocatalytic ion or couple include organic anions including %etting or emulsifying agents! ,n another embodiment, the hydrocarbon or hydrogen containing fuel further comprises %ater as a mixture and a solvated source of energy holes including emulsified electrocatalytic ions or couples! >uring the pyrolysis reaction, %ater serves as a further source of hydrogen atoms %hich undergo a shrin'age reaction catalyHed by the source of energy holes %herein the %ater can be dissociated to hydrogen atoms thermally or catalytically on a surface such as the cylinder or piston head %hich can be comprised of material %hich dissociates %ater to hydrogen and oxygen! "he %ater dissociation material includes an element, compound, alloy, or mixture of transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r,

(n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C! activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! 6OWE DEN#ITM O( GA# ENE GM EACTO .GA# 68A#E 8MD OGEN #8 IN7AGE EACTION1 "he e uations numbers %hich follo% referred to those given by (ills J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K! "he rate of the disproportionation reaction, r!sub!m,m5,p, to cause resonant shrin'age, E s! (5!22-5!/0), is dependent on the collision rate bet%een the reactants and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer! ,t is given by the product of the rate constant, '!sub!m,m5,p, (E ! (5!9;)), the total number of hydrogen or hydrino atoms, 1!sub!2, and the efficiency, E (E ! (:!//)), of the transfer of the resonance shrin'age energy from the donor hydrino atom to the energy hole provided by the acceptor hydrino atom, DDEOC@:DD %here r is the distance bet%een the donor and the acceptor, B is the overlap integral bet%een the resonance shrin'age energy distribution of the donor hydrino atom and the distribution of the energy hole provided by the acceptor hydrino atom, !eta! is the dielectric constant, and !'appa!!sup!2 is a function of the mutual orientation of the donor and acceptor transition moments! Electronic transitions of lo%er-energy hydrogen atoms occur only by nonradiative energy transfer$ thus, the uantum yield of the fluorescence of the donor, !42,!!sub!>, of E ! (:!/;) is e ual to one! "he rate of the disproportionation reaction, r!sub!m,m5,p, to cause resonant shrin'age is DDEOC@;DD "he factor of one half in E ! (:!/8) corrects for double counting of collisions J7evine, ,!, 4hysical ?hemistry, (c+ra%-2ill Ioo' ?ompany, 1e% Gor', (1@;8), pp! 920-921K! "he po%er, 4!sub!m,m5,p, is given by the product of the rate of the transition, E ! (:!/8), and the energy of the disproportination reaction (E ! (5!2;))! DDEOC@8DD %here 6 is the volume! -or a disproportionation reaction in the gas phase, the energy transfer efficiency is one! "he po%er given by substitution of ES1, pS2, mS1, m5S2, 6S1 m!sup!/, 1S/!times!10!sup!21, "S:;5 &(:!90) into E ! (:!/@) is 4!sub!m,m5,p S1 +0(1 '03cm!sup!/) (:!91) ,n the case that the reaction of hydrogen to lo%er-energy states occurs by the reaction of a catalytic source of energy holes %ith hydrogen or hydrino atoms, the reaction rate is dependent on the collision rate bet%een the reactants and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer! "he hydrogen-or-hydrino-atom3electrocatalytic-ion collision rate per unit volume, DDEOC@@DD for a gas containing n!sub!2 hydrogen or hydrino atoms per unit volume, each %ith radius DDEOC100DD and velocity v!sub!2 and n!sub!c electrocatalytic ions per unit volume, each %ith radius r!sub!?atalyst and velocity v!sub!c is given by 7evine J7evine, ,!, 4hysical ?hemistry, (c+ra%-2ill Ioo' ?ompany, 1e% Gor', (1@;8), pp! 920-921K! DDEOC101DD "he average velocity, v!sub!avg, can be calculated from the temperature, ", JIueche, -! B!, ,ntroduction to 4hysics for )cientists and Engineers, (c+ra%-2ill Ioo' ?ompany, 1e% Gor', (1@8:), pp! 2:12:5K! DDEOC102DD %here ' is IoltHmann5s constant! )ubstitution of E ! (5!99) into E ! (5!92)

gives the collision rate per unit volume, DDEOC10/DD in terms of the temperature, "! DDEOC109DD "he rate of the catalytic reaction, r!sub!m,p, to cause resonant shrin'age is given by the product of the collision rate per unit volume, DDEOC105DD the volume, 6, and the efficiency, E, of resonant energy transfer given by E ! (:!/;)! DDEOC10:DD "he po%er, 4!sub!m,p, is given by the product of the rate of the transition, E ! (:!95), and the energy of the transition, E ! (5!8)! DDEOC10;DD ,n the case of a gas phase catalytic shrin'age reaction %herein the source of energy holes is a single cation having an ioniHation energy of 2;!21 e6 %ith hydrogen or hydrino atoms, the energy transfer efficiency is one! <ubidium (<b!sup!A) is an electrocatalytic ion %ith a second ioniHation energy of 2;!28 e6! "he po%er for the reaction given by E s! (5!@)! (5!10), and (5!8) %ith the substitution of ES1, pS1, mS1, 6S1 m!sup!/, 1!sub!2 S/!times!10!sup!21, 1!sub!c S/!times!10!sup!21, m!sub!c S1!9!times!10!sup!-25 'g, r!sub!c S2!1:!times!10!sup!-10 m, "S:;5 & (:!9;) into E ! (:!9:) is 4!sub!m,p S55 +0 (55 '03cm!sup!/) (:!98) ,n the case that the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lo%er-energy states occurs on a surface, the energy transfer efficiency is less than one due to differential surface interactions of the absorbed hydrogen or hydrino atoms and the electrocatalytic ion! "he po%er given by E s! (:!9:) and (:!9;) %ith ES0!001 (:!9@) is 4!sub!m,p S55 (0 (55 03cm!sup!/) (:!50) 7ess efficient catalytic systems hinge on the coupling of three resonator cavities! -or example, an electron transfer occurs bet%een t%o cations %hich comprises an energy hole for a hydrogen or hydrino atom! "he reaction rate is dependent on the collision rate bet%een catalytic cations and hydrogen or hydrino atoms and the efficiency of resonant energy transfer %ith a concomitant electron transfer %ith each shrin'age reaction! "he rate of the catalytic reaction, r!sub!m,p, to cause resonant shrin'age is given by the product of the collision rate per unit volume, DDEOC108DD the volume, 6, and the efficiency, E!sub!e, of resonant energy transfer given by E ! (:!/;) %here r is given by the average distance bet%een cations in the reaction vessel! DDEOC10@DD "he po%er, 4!sub!m,p, is given by the product of the rate of the transition, E ! (:!51), and the energy of the transition, E ! (5!8)! DDEOC110DD # catalytic system that hinges on the coupling of three resonator cavities involves potassium! -or example, the second ioniHation energy of potassium is /1!:/ e6! "his energy hole is obviously too high for resonant absorption! 2o%ever, &!sup!A releases 9!/9 e6 %hen it is reduced to &! "he combination of &!sup!A to &!sup!2A and &!sup!A to &, then, has a net energy change of 2;!28 e6! ?onsider the case of a gas phase catalytic shrin'age reaction of hydrogen or hydrino atoms by potassium ions as the electrocatalytic couple having an energy hole of 2;!28 e6! "he energy transfer efficiency is given by E ! (:!/;) %here r is given by the average distance bet%een cations in the reaction

vessel! 0hen the &!sup!A concentration is DDEOC111DD r is approximately 5!times!10!sup!-@ m! -or BS1, !42,!!sub!> S1, !'appa!!sup!2 S1, !tau!!sub!> S10!sup!-1/ sec (based on the vibrational fre uency of &2!sup!A), and mS1 in E ! (5!8), the energy transfer efficiency, E!sub!c, is approximately 0!001! "he po%er for the reaction given by E s! (5!1/), (5!19), and (5!8) %ith the substitution of ES0!001, pS1, mS1, 6S1 m!sup!/, 1!sub!2 S/!times!10!sup!22, 1!sub!c S/!times!10!sup!21, m!sub!c S:!5!times!10!sup!-2: 'g, r!sub!c S1!/8!times!10!sup!-10 m, "S:;5 & (:!5/) into E ! (:!52) is 4!sub!m,p S/00 (0 (/00 03cm!sup!/) (:!59) Ga" Di"c-arge Energ, eactor # gas discharge energy reactor comprises a hydrogen isotope gas filled glo% discharge vacuum chamber /00 of -,+! 8 including an oHoniHer-type capacitor, a hydrogen source /22 %hich supplies hydrogen to the chamber /00 through control valve /25, and a voltage and current source //0 to cause current to pass bet%een a cathode /05 and an anode /20! ,n one embodiment comprising an oHoniHer-type capacitor gas discharge cell, one of the electrodes can be shielded by a dielectric barrier such as glass or a ceramic moiety! ,n a preferred embodiment, the cathode further comprises a source of energy holes of approximately m\2;!21 e6 to cause atomic hydrogen Eshrin'ageE and3or approximately m\98!: e6 to cause molecular hydrogen Eshrin'ageE %here m is an integer (including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my previous C!)! patent applications entitled EEnergy3(atter ?onversion (ethods and )tructuresE, )er! 1o! 0839:;,051 filed on Bun! :, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08391:,090 filed on #pr! /, 1@@5 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 08310;,/5; filed on #ug! 1:, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0830;5,102 (>'t! @@9/;) filed on Bun! 11, 1@@/, %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3:2:,9@: filed on >ec! 12, 1@@0 %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/95,:28 filed #pr! 28, 1@8@ %hich is a continuation-in-part application of )er! 1o! 0;3/91,;// filed #pr! 21, 1@8@ %hich are incorporated by reference)! # preferred cathode /05 for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms is a palladium cathode %hereby a resonant energy hole can be provided by the ioniHation of electrons from palladium to the discharge current! # second preferred cathode /05 for shrin'ing hydrogen atoms comprises a source of energy holes via electron transfer to the discharge current including at least one of beryllium, copper, platinum, Hinc, and tellurium and a hydrogen dissociating means such as a source of electromagnetic radiation including C6 light provided by photon source /50 or a hydrogen dissociating material including the transition elements and inner transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, Hirconium, vanadium, nic'el, titanium, )c, ?r, (n, ?o, ?u, bn, G, 1b, (o, "c, <u, <h, #g, ?d, 7a, 2f, "a, 0, <e, =s, ,r, #u, 2g, ?e, 4r, 1d, 4m, )m, Eu, +d, "b, >y, 2o, Er, "m, 6b, 7u, "h, 4a, C, activated charcoal (carbon), and intercalated ?s carbon (graphite)! "he reactor further comprises a means to control the energy dissipated in the discharge current %hen electrons are transferred from an electron donating species to provide an energy hole for hydrogen atoms (molecules) including pressure controller means /25 and current (voltage) source //0! "he gas discharge energy reactor further comprises a means /01 to remove the (molecular) lo%er-energy

hydrogen such as a selective venting valve to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium! ,n another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, the source of energy hole can be one of a inelastic photon or particle scattering reaction(s)! ,n a preferred embodiment the photon source /50 supplies the energy holes %here the energy hole corresponds to stimulated emission by the photon! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, the photon source /50 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms! "he photon source producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\2;!21 e6, DDEOC112DD or 90!8 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen atoms undergo the shrin'age reaction! ,n another preferred embodiment, a photon source /50 producing photons of at least one energy of approximately m\98!: e6, @5!; e6, or m\/1!@9 e6 causes stimulated emission of energy as the hydrogen molecules undergo the shrin'age reaction! ,n another embodiment, a magnetic field can be applied by magnetic field generator ;5 of -,+! 5 to produce a magnetiHed plasma of the gaseous ions %hich can be a nonlinear media! ?oupling of resonator cavities and enhancement of the transfer of energy bet%een them can be increased %hen the media is nonlinear! "hus, the reaction rate (transfer of the resonance shrin'age energy of the hydrogen atoms to the energy holes, the electrocatalytic ions or couples) can be increased and controlled by providing and ad*usting the applied magnetic field strength! ,n one embodiment of the method of operation of the gas discharge energy reactor, hydrogen from source /22 can be introduced inside of the chamber /00 through control valve /25! # current source //0 causes current to pass bet%een a cathode /05 and an anode /20! "he hydrogen contacts the cathode %hich comprises a source of energy holes of approximately m\2;!21 e6 to cause atomic hydrogen Eshrin'ageE and approximately m\98!: e6 to cause molecular hydrogen Eshrin'ageE %here m is an integer! ,n a preferred embodiment, electrons are transferred from an electron donating species present on the cathode /05 to the discharge current to provide energy holes for hydrogen atoms (molecules)! ,n the case of a reactor %hich shrin's hydrogen atoms, the molecular hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a dissociating material on the cathode /05 or by a source of electromagnetic radiation including C6 light provided by photon source /50 such that the dissociated hydrogen atoms contact a source of energy holes including a molten, li uid, gaseous, or solid source of the energy holes! "he atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy as its electrons are stimulated to undergo transitions to lo%er energy levels by the energy holes! "he energy dissipated in the discharge current %hen electrons are transferred from an electron donating species can be controlled to provide an energy hole e ual to the resonance shrin'age energy for hydrogen atoms (molecules) by controlling the gas pressure from source /22 %ith pressure controller means /25 and the voltage %ith the current (voltage) source //0! "he heat output can be monitored %ith thermocouples present in at least the cathode /05, the anode /20, and the heat exchanger :0 of -,+! 5! "he output po%er can be controlled by a computeriHed monitoring and control system %hich monitors the thermistors and controls the means to alter the po%er output! "he (molecular) lo%er-energy hydrogen can be removed by a means /01 to prevent the exothermic shrin'age reaction from coming to e uilibrium!

,n another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, a preferred cathode /05 comprises the catalytic material including a spillover catalyst described in the 4ressuriHed +as Energy <eactor )ection! #nother embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor comprises a gaseous source of energy holes %herein the shrin'age reaction occurs in the gas phase, and the gaseous hydrogen atoms are provided by a discharge of molecular hydrogen gas! ,n a further embodiment the gaseous source of energy holes can be provided by a discharge current %hich produces the gaseous source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) such as a discharge in potassium metal to form &!sup!A 3&!sup!A, rubidium metal to form <b!sup!A, or titanium metal to form "i!sup!2A! "he embodiment comprises a hydrogen isotope gas filled glo% discharge chamber /00! "he glo% discharge cell can be operated at an elevated temperature such this the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) can be sublimed, boiled, or volatiliHed into the gas phase! ,n an embodiment, the counterion of the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ion or couple) can be the hydride anion (2!sup!-) such as rubidium hydride (<b!sup!A electrocatalytic ion) and3or potassium hydride (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple)! ,n an embodiment, the source of energy holes can be an electrocatalytic ion or electrocatalytic couple comprising cation-anion pairs in the gas phase %herein the cation-anion pairs are dissociated by external source means ;5 of -,+! 5 %hich includes, for example, a particle source ;5b and3or photon source ;5a and3or a source of heat, acoustic energy, electric fields, or magnetic fields! ,n a preferred embodiment, the cation-anion pairs are thermally dissociated by heat source ;5 of -,+! 5 or photodissociated by photon source /50 of -,+! 8! e3rigeration Mean" # further embodiment of the present invention comprises a refrigeration means %hich comprises the electrolytic cell of -,+! :, the pressuriHed hydrogen gas cell of -,+! ;, and the hydrogen gas discharge cell of -,+! 8 of the present invention %herein a source of lo%er-energy atomic (molecular) hydrogen is supplied rather than a source of normal hydrogen! "he lo%er-energy hydrogen atoms are reacted to a higher energy state %ith the absorption of heat energy according to the reverse of the catalytic shrin'age reaction such as those given by E s! (9-:)$ (;-@)$ (1012)$ (1/-15)$ (1:-18)$ (98-50)$ (51-5/)$ (59-5:)$ (5;-5@)$ (:0-:2), (:/-:5), (::-:8), (:@-;1), (;2;9), and (;5-;;)! "he lo%er-energy hydrogen molecules are reacted to a higher energy state %ith the absorption of heat energy according to the reverse of the catalytic shrin'age reaction such as that given by E s! (;8-80)$ (81-8/)$ (89-8:)$ (88-@0), and (@1-@/)! ,n this embodiment, means 101, 201 and /01 of -,+)! :, ;, and 8, respectively, serve to remove the normal hydrogen such as a selective venting valves to prevent the endothermic reaction from coming to e uilibrium! ?ompositions of (atter ?omprising at 7east 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen #tom(s) and3or 7o%erenergy 2ydrogen (olecule(s) "he present invention further comprises molecules containing lo%er-energy hydrogen atoms! 7o%er-energy hydrogen can be reacted %ith any atom of the periodic chart or 'no%n organic or inorganic molecule or compound or metal, nonmetal, or semiconductor to form an organic or inorganic molecule or compound or metal, nonmetal, or semiconductor containing lo%er-energy

hydrogen atoms and molecules! "he reactants %ith lo%er-energy hydrogen include neutral atoms, negatively or positively charged atomic and molecular ions, and free radicals! -or example, lo%er-energy hydrogen can be reacted %ith %ater or oxygen to form a molecule containing lo%er-energy hydrogen and oxygen, and lo%er-energy hydrogen can be reacted %ith singly ioniHed helium to form a molecule containing helium and lo%er-energy hydrogen! 7o%erenergy hydrogen can be also reacted %ith metals! ,n one embodiment of the electrolytic cell energy reactor, lo%er-energy hydrogen produced during operation at the cathode can be incorporated into the cathode by reacting %ith it$ thus, a metal-lo%er-energy hydrogen material can be produced! ,n all such reactions, the reaction rate and product yield are increased by applying heat, and3or pressure! 7o%er-energy hydrogen molecules (dihydrinos) are purified from hydrogen gas by combustion of the normal hydrogen! =xygen can be mixed %ith the sample to be purified, and the sample can be ignited! ,n a second embodiment of the method of dihydrino purification, the sample can be flo%ed over a hydrogen recombiner %hich reacts %ith the normal hydrogen in the gas stream to form %ater! ,n a third embodiment, lo%er-energy hydrogen molecules (dihydrinos) are collected in a cathode of an electrolytic energy reactor of the present invention such as a metal cathode including a nic'el cathode or a carbon cathode! "he cathode can be heated in a vessel to a first temperature %hich causes normal hydrogen to preferentially off gas by external heating or by flo%ing a current through the cathode! "he normal hydrogen can be pumped off, then the cathode can be heated to a second higher temperature at %hich dihydrino gas can be released and collected! ,n a fourth embodiment, the gas sample is purified by cryofiltration including gas chromatography at lo% temperature such as gas chromatography %ith an activated carbon (charcoal) column at li uid nitrogen temperature and %ith a column %hich %ill separate para from ortho hydrogen such as an <t-#lumina column, or a 2aye)ep column at li uid nitrogen temperature %herein normal hydrogen can be retained to a greater extent than dihydrino! ,n a fifth embodiment, the gas sample is purified by cryodistillation %herein normal hydrogen can be li uefied and separated from gaseous lo%er-energy hydrogen (dihydrino)! "he dihydrino can be concentrated by li uefaction in li uid helium! EP6E IMENTAL !E I(ICATION O( T8E 6 E#ENT T8EO M EPAM6LE % "he article by (ills and +ood J(ills, <!, +ood, 0!, E-ractional Ouantum Energy 7evels of 2ydrogenE, -usion "echnology, 6ol! 28, 1o! 9, 1ovember, (1@@5), pp! 1:@;-1;1@K describes the determination of excess heat release during the electrolysis of a ueous potassium carbonate by the very accurate and reliable method of heat measurement, flo% calorimetry$ describes the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in fractional uantum energy levels--hydrinos--by \-ray 4hotoelectron )pectroscopy (\4))$ describes the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in fractional uantum energy levels--hydrinos--by emissions of soft x-rays from dar' matter$ describes the experimental identification of hydrogen molecules in fractional uantum energy levels--dihydrino molecules by high resolution magnetic sector mass spectroscopy %ith ioniHation energy determination, and gives a summary! In #/mmar,

"he complete theory %hich predicts fractional uantum energy levels of hydrogen and the exothermic reaction %hereby lo%er-energy hydrogen is produced is given else%here J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, provided by 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation, +reat 6alley ?orporate ?enter, 91 +reat 6alley 4ar'%ay, (alvern, 4a!, 1@/55, <! (ills$ Cnification of )pacetime, the -orces, (atter, and Energy ("echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!, 1@@2)K! Excess po%er and heat %ere observed during the electrolysis of a ueous potassium carbonate! -lo% calorimetry of pulsed current electrolysis of a ueous potassium carbonate at a nic'el cathode %as performed in a single-cell de%ar! "he average po%er out of 29!: %atts exceeded the average input po%er (voltage times current) of 9!;/ %atts by a factor greater than 5! "he total input energy (integration of voltage times current) over the entire duration of the experiment %as 5!;2 (B$ %hereas, the total output energy %as 2@!8 (B! 1o excess heat %as observed %hen the electrolyte %as changed from potassium carbonate to sodium carbonate! "he source of heat is assigned to the electrocatalytic, exothermic reaction %hereby the electrons of hydrogen atoms are induced to undergo transitions to uantiHed energy levels belo% the conventional Eground stateE! "hese lo%er energy states correspond to fractional uantum numbers. nS132, 13/, 139, ! ! ! ! "ransitions to these lo%er energy states are stimulated in the presence of pairs of potassium ions (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple) %hich provide 2;!2 e6 energy sin's! "he identification of the nS132 hydrogen atom , 2(nS132) is reported! )amples of the nic'el cathodes of a ueous potassium carbonate electrolytic cells and a ueous sodium carbonate electrolytic cells %ere analyHed by \4)! # broad pea' centered at 59!: e6 %as present only in the cases of the potassium carbonate cells! "he binding energy (in vacuum) of 2(nS132) is 59!9 e6! "hus, the theoretical and measured binding energies for 2(nS132) are in excellent agreement! -urther experimental identification of hydrinos--do%n to 2(nS138)--can be found in the alternative explanation by (ills et al! for the soft \-ray emissions of the dar' interstellar medium observed by 7abov and Io%yer J)! 7abov and )! Io%yer, #strophysical Bournal, /;1 (1@@1) 810K of the Extreme C6 ?enter of the Cniversity of ?alifornia, Ier'eley! "he agreement bet%een the experimental spectrum and the energy values predicted for the proposed transitions is remar'able! "he reaction product of t%o 2(nS132) atoms, the dihydrino molecule, %as identified by mass spectroscopy ()hrader #nalytical L ?onsulting 7aboratories)! "he mass spectrum of the cryofiltered gases evolved during the electrolysis of a light %ater &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ electrolyte %ith a nic'el cathode demonstrated that the dihydrino molecule, 2!sub!2 (nS132), has a higher ioniHation energy, about :/ e6, than normal molecular hydrogen, 2!sub!2 (nS1), 15!9: e6! "he high resolution (0!001 #(C) magnetic sector mass spectroscopic analysis of the postcombustion gases indicated the presence of t%o pea's of nominal mass t%o at ;0 e6 and one pea' at 25 e6! "he same analysis of molecular hydrogen indicates only one pea' at 25 e6 and one pea' at ;0 e6! ,n the case of the postcombustion sample at ;0 e6, one pea' %as assigned as the hydrogen molecular ion pea', 2!sub!2!sup!A (nS1), and one pea' %as assigned as the dihydrino molecular pea', 2!sub!2!sup!A (nS132) %hich has a slightly larger magnetic moment!

EPAM6LE ) ,n the Banuary 1@@9 edition of -usion "echnology, J(ills, <!, +ood, 0!, )haubach, <!, E>ihydrino (olecule ,dentificationE, -usion "echnology, 25, 10/ (1@@9)K (ills et al! revie% and present three sets of data of heat production and EashE identification including the %or' of 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation (Experiments D1-D/) and "hermacore, ,nc! (Experiments D9D19)! In #/mmar, (ills et al! report the experimental evidence supporting the (ills theory that an exothermic reaction occurs %herein the electrons of hydrogen atoms and deuterium atoms are stimulated to relax to uantiHed potential energy levels belo% that of the Eground stateE via electrochemical reactants &!sup!A and &!sup!A $ 4d!sup!2A and 7i!sup!A, or 4d and =!sub!2 of redox energy resonant %ith the energy hole %hich stimulates this transition! ?alorimetry of pulsed current and continuous electrolysis of a ueous potassium carbonate (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple) at a nic'el cathode %as performed! "he excess po%er out of 91 %atts exceeded the total input po%er given by the product of the electrolysis voltage and current by a factor greater than 8! "he EashE of the exothermic reaction is atoms having electrons of energy belo% the Eground stateE %hich are predicted to form molecules! "he predicted molecules %ere identified by lac' of reactivity %ith oxygen, by separation from molecular deuterium by cryofiltration, and by mass spectroscopic analysis! "he combustion of the gases evolved during the electrolysis of a light %ater &!sub!2 ?=!sub!/ electrolyte (&!sup!A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple) %ith a nic'el cathode %as incomplete! "he mass spectroscopic analysis (#ir 4roducts L ?hemicals, ,nc!) of uncombusted gases demonstrated that the species predominantly giving rise to the m3eS2 pea' must have a different m3eS1 to m3eS2 production efficiency than hydrogen! #nd, the further mass spectroscopic analysis of the m3eS2 pea' of the uncombusted gas demonstrated that the dihydrino molecule, 2!sub!2 (nS132), has a higher ioniHation energy than 2!sub!2! #ccording to the analysis by (ills et al! of the ra% data, (iles of the ?hina 7a'e 1aval #ir 0arfare ?enter 0eapons >ivision observed the dideutrino molecule as a species %ith a mass to charge ratio of four and having a higher ioniHation potential than normal molecular deuterium! (iles %as using mass spectroscopy to analyHe the cryofiltered gases evolved from excess po%er producing electrolysis cells (palladium cathode and a 7i=>3>!sub!2 = electrolyte$ an electrocatalytic couple of 2;!59 e6)! JI! -! IC)2, B! B! 7#+=0)&,, (! 2! (,7E), and +! )! =)"<=(, E2elium 4roduction >uring the Electrolysis of >!sub!2 = in ?old -usion ExperimentsE, B! Electroanal! ?hem!, /09, 2;1 (1@@1)$ (! 2! (,7E), I! -! IC)2, +! )! =)"<=(, and B! B! 7#+=0)&,, E2eat and 2elium 4roduction in ?old -usion ExperimentsE, 4roc! ?onf! "he )cience of ?old -usion, ?omo, ,taly, Bun! 2@-Bul! 9, 1@@1, p! /:/, "! I<E))#1,, E! >E7 +,C>,?E, and +! 4<E4#<#"#, Eds!, ),- (1@@1)$ (! 2! (,7E), <! #! 2=77,1), I! -! IC)2, B! B! 7#+=0)&,, and <! E! B! (,7E), E?orrelation of Excess 4o%er and 2elium 4roduction >uring >!sub!2 = and 2!sub!2 = Electrolysis Csing 4alladium ?athodesE, B! Electroanal! ?hem!, /9:, @@ (1@@/)$ (! 2! (,7E) and I! -! IC)2, E)earch for #nomalous Effects ,nvolving Excess 4o%er and 2elium >uring >!sub!2 = Electrolysis Csing

4alladium ?athodes,E 4roc! /rd ,nt! ?onf! ?old -usion, 1agoya, Bapan, =ct! 21-25, 1@@2, p! 18@K! 4alladium sheets coated on one side %ith a hydrogen impermeant gold layer and coated on the other surface %ith an oxide coat ((n=!sub!x, #l=!sub!x, )i=!sub!x) %ere deuterium or hydrogen loaded at 1"" 7aboratories! 2eat %as observed from light and heavy hydrogen only %hen the mixed oxide coat %as present (4d3=!sub!2 electrocatalytic couple)! "he high resolution (0!001 #(C) uadrapole mass spectroscopic analysis of the gases released %hen a current %as applied to a deuterium (@@!@F) loaded (n=!sub!x coated palladium sheet indicate the presence of a large shoulder on the >!sub!2 pea' %hich (ills et al! assign to the dideutrino molecule, >!sub!2 (nS132)! JE! G#(#+C?2, and "! 1,)2,=&#, E>irect Evidence for 1uclear -usion <eactions in >euterated 4alladium,E 4roc! /rd ,nt! ?onf! ?old -usion,, 1agoya, Bapan, =ctober 21-25, 1@@2, p! 1;@$ E! G#(#+C?2, and "! 1,)2,=&#, E2elium-9 4roduction from >euterated 4alladium at 7o% Energies,E 1"" Iasic <esearch 7aboratories and ,(<# Europe )! #!, 4ersonal ?ommunication (1@@2)K! EPAM6LE * 4ennsylvania )tate Cniversity has determined excess heat release from flo%ing hydrogen in the presence of nic'el oxide po%der containing strontium niobium oxide (1b!sup!/A 3)r!sup!2A electrocatalytic couple) by the very accurate and reliable method of heat measurement, thermopile conversion of heat into an electrical output signal J4hillips, B!, E# ?alorimetric ,nvestigation of the <eaction of 2ydrogen %ith )ample 4)C D1E, )ep! 11, 1@@9, # ?onfidential <eport submitted to 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation provided by 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation, +reat 6alley ?orporate ?enter, 91 +reat 6alley 4ar'%ay, (alvern, 4a! 1@/55K! Excess po%er and heat %ere observed %ith flo%ing hydrogen over the catalyst %hich increased %ith increasing flo% rate! 2o%ever, no excess po%er %as observed %ith flo%ing helium over the catalyst3nic'el oxide mixture or flo%ing hydrogen over nic'el oxide alone! #s sho%n in -,+! @, approximately 10 cc of nic'el oxide po%der containing strontium niobium oxide immediately produced 0!55 0 of steady state output po%er at 52/!degree! &! 0hen the gas %as s%itched from hydrogen to helium, the po%er immediately dropped! "he s%itch bac' to hydrogen restored the excess po%er output %hich continued to increase until the hydrogen source cylinder emptied at about the 90,000 second time point! 0ith no hydrogen flo% the output po%er fell to Hero! "he source of heat is assigned to the electrocatalytic, exothermic reaction %hereby the electrons of hydrogen atoms are induced to undergo transitions to uantiHed energy levels belo% the conventional Eground stateE! "hese lo%er energy states correspond to fractional uantum numbers. nS132, 13/, 139, ! ! ! ! "ransitions to these lo%er energy states are stimulated in the presence of pairs of niobium and strontium ions (1b!sup!/A 3)r!sup!2A electrocatalytic couple) %hich provide 2;!2 e6 energy sin's! EPAM6LE 4 "he article in the )pectral >ata of 2ydrinos from the >ar' ,nterstellar (edium and from the )un )ection of (ills J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K describes the experimental identification of

hydrogen atoms in fractional uantum energy levels--hydrinos--by emissions of soft \-rays from dar' matter and the )un$ provides a resolution to the )olar 1eutrino 4roblem, the "emperature of the )olar ?orona 4roblem, the Iroadening of the 2ydrogen @11!8 !#1+! 7ine 4roblem, the "emperature of the "ransition from E<adiation boneE to E?onvection boneE 4roblem, the ?ool ?arbon (onoxide ?louds 4roblem, the )tellar #ge 4roblem, the )olar <otation 4roblem, the )olar -lare 4roblem, and the problem of the ioniHing energy source of hydrogen planets, and describes the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in fractional uantum energy levels--hydrinos--by spin3nuclear hyperfine structure transition energies obtained by ?=IE for %hich no other satisfactory assignment exists! In #/mmar, #s sho%n in "able 1 (ills J(ills, <!, "he +rand Cnified "heory of ?lassical Ouantum (echanics, (1@@5), "echnomic 4ublishing ?ompany, 7ancaster, 4a!K, hydrogen transitions to electronic energy levels belo% the EgroundE state corresponding to fractional uantum numbers predicted by (ills5 theory match the spectral lines of the extreme ultraviolet bac'ground of interstellar space! #nd, hydrogen disproportionation reactions yield ioniHed hydrogen, energetic electrons, and hydrogen ioniHing radiation! "his assignment resolves the paradox of the identity of dar' matter and accounts for many celestial observations such as. diffuse 2!alpha! emission is ubi uitous throughout the +alaxy, and %idespread sources of flux short%ard of @12 !#1+! are re uired J7abov, )!, Io%yer, )!, E)pectral observations of the extreme ultraviolet bac'groundE, "he #strophysical Bournal, /;1, (1@@1), pp! 810-81@K! -urther experimental identification of hydrinos-do%n to 2(nS138)--can be found in the alternative explanation by (ills for the soft \-ray emissions of the dar' interstellar medium observed by 7abov and Io%yer J)! 7abov and )! Io%yer, #strophysical Bournal, /;1 (1@@1) 810K of the Extreme C6 ?enter of the Cniversity of ?alifornia, Ier'eley! "he agreement bet%een the experimental spectrum and the energy values predicted for the proposed transitions is remar'able! "he paradox of the paucity of solar neutrinos to account for the solar energy output by the pp chain is resolved by assigning a ma*or portion of the solar output to lo%er-energy hydrogen transitions! "he photosphere of the )un is :000 &$ %hereas, the temperature of the corona based on the assignment of the emitted \-rays to highly ioniHed heavy elements is in excess of 10!sup!: &! 1o satisfactory po%er transfer mechanism is 'no%n %hich explains the excessive temperature of the corona relative to that of the photosphere! "he paradox is resolved by the existence of a po%er source associated %ith the corona! "he energy %hich maintains the corona at a temperature in excess of 10!sup!: & is that released by disproportionation reactions of lo%erenergy hydrogen as given by E s! (1/-15)! ,n "able 2 of (ills, the energy released by the transition of the hydrino atom %ith the initial lo%er-energy state uantum number p and radius DDEOC11/DD to the state %ith lo%er-energy state uantum number (pAm) and radius DDEOC119DD catalyHed by a hydrino atom %ith the initial lo%er-energy state uantum number m5, initial radius DDEOC115DD and final radius a!sub!2 are given in consecutive order of energy from the 1!f%dar%!132 2 transition to the 13@!f%dar%!1310 2 transition! "he agreement bet%een the calculated and the experimental values is remar'able! -urthermore, many of the lines of "able 2 had no previous assignment, or the assignment %as unsatisfactory J"homas, <! B!,

1eupert! 0!, (!, #strophysical Bournal )upplement )eries, 6ol! @1, (1@@9), pp! 9:1-982$ (alinovs'y, (!, 2eroux, 7!, #strophysical Bournal, 6ol! 181, (1@;/), pp! 100@-10/0$ 1oyes, <!, "he )un, =ur )tar, 2arvard Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, (a!, (1@82), p! 1;2$ 4hillips, B! 2!, +uide to the )un, ?ambridge Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, +reat Iritain, (1@@2), pp! 118-11@$ 120-121$ 199-195K! "he calculated po%er of 9!times!10!sup!2: 0 matches the observed po%er output of 9!times!10!sup!2: 0! "he broadening of the solar 2,@11!8 !#1+! line (@11!8 !#1+! to !apprxe !:00 !#1+!) is six times that predicted based on the thermal electron energy at the surface of the photosphere ("S:,000 &) %here the 2, @11!8 !#1+! continuum originates, and based on the relative %idth of the helium continuum lines, 2e , 509!/ !#1+! (2e , 509!/ !#1+! to !apprxe !5/0 !#1+!) and 2e ,, 22;!@ !#1+! (2e ,, 22;!@ !#1+! to !apprxe !225 !#1+!) J"homas, <! B!, 1eupert, 0!, (!, #strophysical Bournal )upplement )eries, 6ol! @1, (1@@9), pp! 9:1-982$ )tix, (!, "he )un, )pringer-6erlag, Ierlin, (1@@1), pp! /51-/5:$ (alinovs'y, (!, 2eroux, 7!! #strophysical Bournal, 6ol! 181, (1@;/), pp! 100@-10/0$ 1oyes, <!, "he )un, =ur )tar, 2arvard Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, (a!, (1@82), p! 1;2$ 4hillips, B! 2!, +uide to the )un, ?ambridge Cniversity 4ress, ?ambridge, +reat Iritain, (1@@2), pp! 118-11@$ 120-121$ 199-195K! "he latter lines are proportionally much narro%er$ yet, the corresponding temperatures of origin must be higher because the transitions are more energetic! -urthermore, the 2 @11!8 !#1+! continuum line of the spectrum of a prominence is about one half the %idth of the same line of the uiet )un spectrum! Get, the temperature rises to greater than 10,000 & in a prominence! "he problem of the anomalous spectral feature of the excessive broadening of the continuum line of hydrogen to higher energies can be resolved by assignment of the broadening mechanism to energetic disproportionation reactions involving hydrogen atoms as reactants! "he reaction product, lo%er-energy hydrogen, can be reioniHed as it is diffuses to%ards the center of the )un! "he abrupt change in the speed of sound and transition from Eradiation HoneE to Econvection HoneE at a radius of 0!; the solar radius, 0!; <!sub!s, %ith a temperature of 2!times!10!sup!: & matches the ioniHation temperature of lo%er-energy hydrogen! #nother spectroscopic mystery concerns an infrared absorption band of the chromosphere at a %avelength of 9!; !mu!m %hich %as previously assigned to carbon monoxide despite the implausibility of its existence in the observed region %hich has a temperature above that at %hich carbon monoxide %ould brea' up into its constituent carbon and oxygen atoms! "his problem can be resolved by assignment of the broad 9!; !mu!m feature to a temperature broadened rotational transition of a molecular ion of lo%er-energy hydrogen! "he assignment of the 9!; !mu!m absorption line to the BS0 to BS1 transition rotational transition of 2!sub!2!sup!d J2c5S/a!sub!o K!sup!A provides a resolution of the problem of cool carbon monoxide clouds! (odeling ho% stars evolve leads to age estimates for some stars that are greater than the age of the universe! (ills5 theory predicts that presently, stars exist %hich are older than the elapsed time of the present expansion as stellar evolution occurred during the contraction phase! +eneral <elativity provides a resolution to the problem of the loss of angular momentum of the core %hich is in agreement %ith the current )olar models and helioseismology data! "he photon

transfer of momentum to expanding spacetime mechanism provides a resolution to the solar rotation problem of the slo%ly rotating )olar core! -urther stellar evidence of disproportionation reactions is the emission of extreme ultraviolet radiation by young stars called # stars! "hey appear to have energetic, ultraviolet-emitting upper atmospheres, or coronas, even though astronomers believe such stars lac' the ability to heat these regions! 1umerous late-type stars, particularly d( stars, are 'no%n to flare from time to time at visible and \-ray %avelengths! #n extremely pronounced flare %as observed by the Extreme Cltraviolet Explorer (EC6E) >eep )urvey telescope on the star #C (icroscopii at a count of 20 times greater than that at uiescence JIo%yer, )!, )cience, 6ol! 2:/, (1@@9), pp! 55-5@K! Emission lines in the extreme ultraviolet %ere observed for %hich there is no satisfactory assignment! "hese spectral lines match hydrogen transitions to electronic energy levels belo% the EgroundE state corresponding to fractional uantum numbers as sho%n in "able / of (ills! "he lines assigned to lo%er-energy hydrogen transitions increased significantly in intensity during the flare event! "he data is consistent %ith disproportionation reactions of lo%er-energy hydrogen as the mechanism of solar flare activity! 4lanetary evidence of disproportionation reactions is the emission of energy by Bupiter, )aturn, and Cranus in excess of that absorbed from the )un! Bupiter is gigantic ball of gaseous hydrogen! )aturn and Cranus are also largely comprised of hydrogen! 2!sub!/!sup!A is detected from all three planets by infrared emission spectroscopy JB! "ennyson, 4hysics 0orld, Buly, (1@@5), pp! //-/:K! >isproportionation reactions of hydrogen yield ioniHing electrons, energy, and ioniHed hydrogen atoms! ,oniHing electrons and protons can both react %ith molecular hydrogen to produce 2!sub!/!sup!A! "he spin3nuclear hyperfine structure transition energies of lo%er-energy hydrogen match closely certain spectral lines obtained by ?=IE JE! 7! 0right, et! al!, "he #strophysical Bournal, /81, (1@@1), pp! 200-20@$ B! ?! (ather, et! al!, "he #strophysical Bournal, 920, (1@@9), pp! 9/@-999K for %hich no other satisfactory assignment exists! EPAM6LE A 4ennsylvania )tate Cniversity has determined excess heat release from flo%ing hydrogen in the presence of ionic hydrogen spillover catalytic material. 90F by %eight potassium nitrate (&1=!sub!/) on graphitic carbon po%der %ith 5F by %eight 1F-4d-on-graphitic carbon (&!sup! A 3&!sup!A electrocatalytic couple) by the very accurate and reliable method of heat measurement, thermopile conversion of heat into an electrical output signal J4hillips, B!, )him, 2!, E#dditional ?alorimetric Examples of #nomalous 2eat from 4hysical (ixtures of &3?arbon and 4d3?arbonE, Ban! 1, 1@@:, # ?onfidential <eport submitted to 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation provided by 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation, +reat 6alley ?orporate ?enter, 91 +reat 6alley 4ar'%ay, (alvern, 4a! 1@/55K! Excess po%er and heat %ere observed %ith flo%ing hydrogen over the catalyst! 2o%ever, no excess po%er %as observed %ith flo%ing helium over the catalyst mixture! <ates of heat production %ere reproducibly observed %hich %ere higher than that expected from the conversion of all the hydrogen entering the cell to %ater, and the

total energy observed %as over four times larger than that expected if all the catalytic material in the cell %ere converted to the lo%est energy state by E'no%nE chemical reactions! "hus, EanomalousE heat, heat of a magnitude and duration %hich could not be explained by conventional chemistry, %as reproducibly observed! EPAM6LE 6 Excess heat from a pressuriHed gas energy cell having a gaseous source of energy holes has been observed by 2ydro?atalysis 4o%er ?orporation Jmanuscript in progressK %ith lo% pressure hydrogen in the presence of molybdenum iodide ((o,!sub!2) ((o!sup!2A electrocatalytic ion) %hich %as volatiliHed at the operating temperature of the cell, 210!degree! ?! "he calorimeter %as placed inside a large convection oven that maintained the ambient temperature of the cell at the operating temperature! "he cell comprised a 90 cc stainless steel pressure vessel that %as surrounded by a 2 inch thic' molded ceramic thermal insulator! "he cell %as sealed %ith a vacuum tight flange that had a t%o hole Iuffalo gland for a tungsten %ire to dissociate molecular hydrogen, a perforation for a "ype & thermocouple, a 131: inch inlet for hydrogen %hich %as connected to a 139 inch stainless steel tube %hich connected to the hydrogen supply! "he flange %as sealed %ith a copper gas'et! "he bottom of the vessel had a 139E vacuum port connected to a stainless steel tube %ith a valve bet%een the cell and a vacuum pump and vacuum gauge! 7ess than one gram of (o,!sub!2 catalyst %as placed in a ceramic boat inside the vessel! "he vapor pressure of the catalyst %as estimated to be about 50 millitorr at the operating temperature 210!degree! ?! "he hydrogen pressure of about 200 to 250 millitorr %as controlled manually by ad*usting the supply through the inlet versus the amount pumped a%ay at the outlet %here the pressure %as monitored in the outlet tube by the vacuum gauge! -or each run, the total pressure %as made (including the (o,!sub!2 pressue in the case of the experimental run) precisely 250 millitorr! "he output po%er %as determined by measuring difference bet%een the cell temperature and the ambient oven temperature and comparing the result to a calibration curve generated by applying po%er to the inside of the cell %ith the tungsten filament! Excess po%er of 0!/ %atts %as observed from the 90 cc stainless steel reaction vessel containing less than 1 g of (o,!sub!2 %hen hydrogen %as flo%ed over the hot tungsten %ire (!apprxe !2000!degree! ?!)! 2o%ever, no excess po%er %as observed %hen helium %as flo%ed over the hot tungsten %ire or %hen hydrogen %as flo%ed over the hot tungsten %ire %ith no (o,!sub!2 present in the cell! <ates of heat production %ere reproducibly observed %hich %ere higher than that expected from the conversion of all the hydrogen inside the cell to %ater, and the total energy observed %as over /0 times larger than that expected if all the catalytic material in the cell %ere converted to the lo%est energy state by E'no%nE chemical reactions! "hus, EanomalousE heat, heat of a magnitude and duration %hich could not be explained by conventional chemistry, %as reproducibly observed! "he gaseous contents of the reactor %ere monitored %ith a mass spectrometer! #t the time that excess energy %as produced corresponding to the case %herein hydrogen %as flo%ed over the hot filament, a higher ioniHing mass t%o species %as observable$ %hereas, during the control run %herein hydrogen %as flo%ed over the hot tungsten %ire %ith no (o,!sub!2 present in the cell, a higher ioniHing mass t%o species %as not observed! "he higher ioniHing mass t%o species is %as assigned to the dihydrino molecule, DDEOC11:DD!

WO 9)>%08*8 Energ,>Matter Conver"ion Met-o0" ; #tr/ct/re"

an0ell Mill" (Bune 25, 1@@2) A'"tract= (ethods and structures to release heat energy from hydrogen atoms by stimulating their electrons to relax to a uantiHed potential energy level belo% that of the ground state via an electrochemical reactant(s) of redox energy resonant %ith the energy hole %hich stimulates this transition! (ethods and structures to conform the electronic energy of the hydrogen atoms and the redox energy of the eletrochemical reactant(s) to enhance the hydrogen electronic transition rate %here the source of hydrogen atoms is a ueous electrolyic production on the surface of a cathode!

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http.33ep!espacenet!com3espacenet3ep3en3e^net!htm ?#299028; M (icro%ave 4o%er ?ell, ?hemical <eactor, and 4o%er ?onverter ,>29/;; M 1o English title available! 0=0/0@/1;/ M >iamond )ynthesis b#20020;5;5 M 2ydrogen catalysis 0=0/0::51: M 2ydrogen 4o%er, 4lasma, and <eactor for 7asing and 4o%er ?onversion ?#2900;88 M 2ydrogen ?atalysis ?#2/@:55@ M ,on ?yclotron and ?onverter and <adio 4o%er (icro%ave +enerator ?#2/205@; M ,on ?yclotron and ?onverter and <adio 4o%er (icro%ave +enerator E412:951@ M ,on ?yclotron and ?onverter and <adio 4o%er (icro%ave +enerator 0=02088020 M (icro%ave 4o%er ?ell, ?hemical <eactor, and 4o%er ?onverter 0=0208;2@1 M (icro%ave 4o%er ?ell, ?hemical <eactor, and 4o%er ?onverter #C52@/@01 M 2ydrogen ?atalysis 0=01;0:2; M 2ydrogen ?atalysis #C:1//500 M ,on cyclotron 4o%er ?onverter and <adio and (icro%ave +enerator #C;/9@:1 M 2ydrogen ?atalysis 4o%er ?ell for Energy ?onversion )ystems #C2;2//01 M ,on ?yclotron 4o%er ?onverter and <adio and (icro%ave +enerator #C2;2/201 M ,on ?yclotron and ?onverter and <adio 4o%er (icro%ave +enerator 0=01229;2 M ,on ?yclotron 4o%er ?onverter and <adio and (icro%ave +enerator 0=0121/00 M ,on ?yclotron and ?onverter and <adio 4o%er (icro%ave +enerator E410/11:@ M ,norganic 2ydrogen ?ompounds, )eparation (ethods, and -uel #pplications E4102@/80 M 2ydrogen 4o%er ?atalysis 4o%er ?ell for Energy ?onversion )ystems C):029@/5 M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures #C/:/9@@@ M 2ydrogen ?atalysis 4o%er ?ell for Energy ?onversion )ystems #C;05/;@ M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures #C89;;2@8 M ,norganic 2ydrogen ?ompounds, )eparation (ethods, and -uel #pplications ?1118;19: M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures E40858::2 M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures 47/2918; M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures #C:19:5@: M 7o%er-Energy 2ydrogen (ethods and )tructures A'"tract" o3 Dlac4lig-t 6o2erC" WO 6atent"

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8o4ei MINATO Magnet Motor

Ho-n Do00= ET-e Tec-no Mae"troC" AmaJing Mac-ineE .5apan, <nc$5 Marc- )0041 7o-ei Minato= <# 6atent 9 45&A%5486 7$ Minato= <# 6atent 9 A5A945)89 8enr, C/rti"= 7eel,Net DD# 6o"t"

Mic-ael an0all Email" 6a0ra4= INE 6re"" elea"e 6-oto"

T-e Tec-no Mae"troC" AmaJing Mac-ine

7o-ei Minato an0 t-e Hapan Magnetic (an Compan, ) #ave i+! i%ve%to :" b ea!t$ ou&$ ele+t i+ #oto u"e" pe #a%e%t #a&%et" to #a!e powe -a%2 $a" i%ve"to " "alivati%& ', Ho-n Do00

0hen %e first got the call from an excited colleague that he5d *ust seen the most amaHing invention -- a magnetic motor that consumed almost no electricity -- %e %ere so s'eptical that %e declined an invitation to go see it! ,f the technology %as so good, %e thought, ho% come they didn5t have any customers yetR 0e forgot about the invitation and the company until several months later, %hen our friend called again! E=&,E he said! E"hey5ve *ust sold 90,000 units to a ma*or convenience store chain! 1o% %ill you see itRE ,n Bapan, no one pays for 90,000 convenience store cooling fans %ithout being reasonably sure that they are going to %or'! T-e Mae"tro : "he streets of east )hin*u'u are littered %ith the tailings of the many small factories and %or'shops still located there -- hardly one5s image of the head uarters of a %orld-class

technology company! Iut this is %here %e are first greeted outside &ohei (inato5s %or'shop by 1obue (inato, the %ife of the inventor and co-director of the family firm! "he %or'shop itself is li'e a 2olly%ood set of an inventor5s garage! Electrical machines, %ires, measuring instruments and batteries are stre%n every%here! #long the diagram-covered %alls are drill presses, rac's of spare coils, 4erspex plating and other paraphernalia! #nd seated in the bac', head bo%ed in thought, is the 58-year-old techno maestro himself! (inato is no ne%comer to the limelight! ,n fact, he has been an entertainer for most of his life, ma'ing music and producing his daughter5s singing career in the C)! 2e posseses an oversiHed presence, %ith a booming voice and a long ponytail! ,n short, you can easily imagine him onstage or in a convertible cruising do%n the coast of ?alifornia -- not hunched over a mass of %ires and coils in "o'yo5s cramped bac'streets! Boining us are a middle-aged ban'er and his entourage from =sa'a and accounting and finance consultant Gu'io -unai! "he ban'er is doing a uic' revie% for an investment, %hile the rest of us *ust %ant to see if (inato5s magnetic motors really %or'! # prototype car air conditioner cooler sitting on a bench loo's li'e it %ould fit into a "oyota ?orolla and uic'ly catches our attention!

#eeing i" Delieving : 1obue then ta'es us through the functions and operations of each of the machines, starting off %ith a simple explanation of the la%s of magnetism and repulsion! )he demonstrates the E(inato 0heelE by 'ic'ing a magnet-lined rotor into action %ith a magnetic %and! 7oo'ing carefully at the rotor, %e see that it has over 1: magnets embedded on a slant -apparently to ma'e (inato5s machines %or', the positioning and angle of the magnets is critical! #fter she 'ic's the %heel into life, it 'eeps spinning, proving at least that the design doesn5t suffer from magnetic loc'up! )he then moves us to the next device, a %eighty machine connected to a tiny battery! #pparently the load on the machine is a /5'g rotor, %hich could easily be used in a %ashing machine! #fter she flic's the s%itch, the huge rotor spins at over 1,500 rpms effortlessly and silently! (eters sho% the po%er in and po%er out! )uddenly, a po%er source of 1: %att or so is driving a device that should be dra%ing at least 200 to /00 %atts!

1obue explains to us that this and all the other devices only use electrical po%er for the t%o electromagnetic stators at either side of each rotor, %hich are used to 'ic' the rotor past its loc'up point then on to the next arc of magnets! #pparently the angle and spacing of the magnets is such that once the rotor is moving, repulsion bet%een the stators and the rotor poles 'eeps the rotor moving smoothly in a countercloc'%ise direction! Either %ay, it5s impressive! 1ext %e move to a unit %ith its motor connected to a generator! 0hat %e see is stri'ing! "he meters sho%ed an input to the stator electromagnets of approximately 1!8 volts and 150m# input, and from the generator, @!199 volts and 1@2m# output! 1!8 x 0!15 x 2 S 590m0 input and @!199 x 0!1@2 S 1!;550 out! Iut according to the la%s of physics, you can5t get more out of a device than you put into it! 0e mention this to &ohei (inato %hile loo'ing under the %or'bench to ma'e sure there aren5t any hidden %ires! (inato assures us that he hasn5t transcended the la%s of physics! "he force supplying the unexplained extra po%er out is generated by the magnetic strength of the permanent magnets embedded in the rotor! E,5m simply harnessing one of the four fundamental forces of nature,E he says! #lthough %e learned in school that magnets %ere al%ays bipolar and so magnetically induced motion %ould al%ays end in a loc'ed state of e uilibrium, (inato explains that he has fine-tuned the positioning of the magnets and the timing of pulses to the stators to the point %here the repulsion bet%een the rotor and the stator (the fixed outer magnetic ring) is transitory! "his creates further motion -- rather than a loc'up! ()ee the sidebar on page 91 for a full explanation)!

eal 6ro0/ct" : 1obue (inato leads us to the t%o devices that might convince a potential investor that this is all for real! -irst, she sho%s us the cooling fan prototype that is being manufactured for a convenience store chain5s 19,000 outlets (/ fans per outlet)! "he unit loo's almost identical to a (itsubishimanufactured fan unit next to it, %hich is the unit currently in %ide use! ,n a test, the airflo% from both units is about the same!

"he other unit is the car air conditioning prototype that caught our eye as %e came in! ,t5s a prototype for 1ippon >enso, Bapan5s largest manufacturer of car air conditioners! "he unit is remar'ably compact and has the same contours and siHe as a conventional unit! (inato5s manufacturing s'ills are clearly improving!

T-e Dan4er an0 -i" Inve"tment : (inato has good reason to complain about Bapan5s social and cultural uniformity! -or years, people thought of him as an oddball for playing the piano for a living, and ban'ers and investors have avoided him because of his habit of claiming that he5d discovered a brea'through technology all by himself -- %ithout any formal training! 2o%ever, the =sa'a ban'er stands up after the lecture and announces that before he goes, he %ill commit c100 million to the investment pool! (inato turns to us and smiles! 0e brought him good luc', and this %as his third investor in as many %ee's to confirm an interest! Dringing t-e Tec- to t-e Ta'le : 0ith the audience gone, %e as' (inato %hat he plans to do to commercialiHe the technology! 2is game plan is simple and clear, he says! 2e %ants to retain control, and he %ants to commercialiHe the technology in Bapan first -- %here he feels he can ensure that things get done right! 0hy doesn5t he go directly to the C) or ?hinaR 2is experiences in both countries, he suggests, have been less than successful! E"he first stage is critical in terms of creating good products and refining the technology! , don5t %ant to be busy %ith legal challenges and ,4 theft %hile doing that!E )till, the export and licensing of the technology are on his agenda, and (inato is tal'ing to a variety of potential partners in other countries! 0hereas another inventor might be tempted to outsource everything to a larger corporation, part of %hat drives (inato is his vision of social *ustice and responsibility! "he 90,000 motors for the convenience store chain are being produced by a group of small manufacturers in =hta-'u and Iun'yo-'u, in the inner north of "o'yo -- %hich is becoming a regional rust belt! (inato is seiHed %ith the vision of reinvigorating these small %or'shops that until the 80s %ere the

bedroc' of Bapan5s manufacturing and economic miracle! "heir level of expertise %ill ensure that the uality of the motors %ill be as good as those from any ma*or company!

International 6rep : >espite his plan to do things domestically first, (inato is %ell prepared for the international mar'ets! 2e is armed %ith both six years of living and doing business in 7os #ngeles in the early @0s -- and %ith patent protection for over 98 countries! 2is is hardly a provincial perspective! 2is C) experience came after playing the piano for a living for 15 years! 2e began tin'ering %ith his invention in the mid-;0s! "he idea for his magnetic motor design came from a burst of inspiration %hile playing the piano! Iut (inato decided to drop everything in 1@@0 to help his daughter 2iro'o, %ho at the age of 20 decided that she %anted to be a rhythm and blues star in the C)! (inato is a strong believer in family. ,f 2iro'o %as going to find fame and fortune in the C), >ad had better be there to help manage her! 2e suceeded in helping 2iro'o to achieve a C& dance chart number one hit in 1@@5! ,n 1@@: (inato returned to Bapan and his magnetic motor pro*ect! "he follo%ing year he displayed his prototypes to national po%er companies, government officials and others at a fiveday conference in (exico ?ity! ,nterest %as palpable, and (inato realiHed that his invention might meet a global need for energy-saving devices! )ubse uent previe%s and speeches in &orea and )ingapore further consolidated his commitment to bringing the invention to fruition, and he %as able to bring in several early-stage investors! >uring the late @0s, (inato continued to refine his prototypes! 2e also stayed in constant contact %ith his la%yer, registering patents in ma*or countries around the %orld! "hrough his experiences in the C) he realiHed that legal protection %as critical, even if it meant delaying release of the technology by a couple of years! ,ronically, by the time he5d %on patents in 9; countries, the Bapanese patent office turned him do%n on the grounds that EJthe inventionK couldn5 t possibly %or'E and that someho% he %as fabricating the claims! Iut a fe% months later they %ere forced to recant their decision after the C) patent office recogniHed his invention and gave him the first of t%o patents! #s (inato notes. E2o% typical of

Bapan5s small-minded bureaucrats that they needed the leadership of the C) to accept that my invention %as genuine!E Iy 2001, the (inatos had refined their motors and met enough potential investors to enter into a ma*or international relationship, initially %ith a )audi company, to be follo%ed thereafter by companies in the C) and else%here! 2o%ever, fate dealt the investors and (inato5s business a serious blo% %hen the 0orld "rade ?enter %as attac'ed in 1e% Gor'! "he )audis retreated, and (inato5s plans fell bac' to s uare one! 1o% (inato is once again ready to move! 0ith the first order in the %or's and more orders pending successful prototypes, he has decided that investors don5t have to be primary partners! 2e is actively accepting in uiries from corporate investors %ho can bring strategic advantages and corporate credibility %ith them! 2is company, Bapan (agnetic -an, %ill ma'e a series of investment tie-up announcements in the first and second uarters of 2009!

Implication" : (inato5s motors consume *ust 20 percent or less of the po%er of conventional motors %ith the same tor ue and horse po%er! "hey run cool to the touch and produce almost no acoustic or electrical noise! "hey are significantly safer and cheaper (in terms of po%er consumed), and they are sounder environmentally! "he implications are enormous! ,n the C) alone, almost 55 percent of the nation5s electricity is consumed by electric motors! 0hile most factory operators buy the cheapest motors possible, they are steadily being educated by bodies li'e 1E(# (1ational Electrical (anufacturers #ssociation) that the costs of running a motor over a typical 20-year lifespan comprise a purchase price of *ust / percent of the total, and electricity costs of @; percent! ,t is not unusual for a X2,000 motor to consume X80,000 of electricity (at a price of !0: cents per 'ilo%att hour)! )ince 1@@2, %hen efficiency legislation %as put into place at the C) federal level, motor efficiency has been a high priority -- and motors saving 20 percent or so on electrical bills are considered highly efficient! (inato is about to introduce a motor %hich saves 80 percent, putting it into an entirely ne% class. "he X80,000 running cost %ill drop to *ust X1:,000! "his is a significant savings %hen multiplied by the millions of motors used throughout the C)# and Bapan -- and eventually, throughout the %orld!

T-e Device" : (inato5s invention and its ability to use remar'ably less po%er and run %ithout heat or noise ma'e it perfect for home appliances, personal computers, cellphones (a miniature generator is in the %or's) and other consumer products! "he magnetic motor %ill be cheaper than a standard motor to ma'e, as the rotor and stator assemblies can be set into plastic housings, due to the fact that the system creates very little heat! -urther, %ith the motor5s energy efficiency, it %ill be %ell suited for any application %here a motor has limited energy to drive it! 0hile development is still focused on replacing existing devices, (inato says that his motor has sufficient tor ue to po%er a vehicle! 0ith the help of magnetic propulsion, it is feasible to attach a generator to the motor and produce more electric po%er than %as put into the device! (inato says that average efficiency on his motors is about //0 percent! (ention of =ver Cnity devices in many scientific circles %ill dra% icy s'epticism! Iut if you can accept the idea that (inato5s device is able to create motion and tor ue through its uni ue, sustainable permanent magnet propulsion system, then it ma'es sense that he is able to get more out of the unit than he puts in in terms of elctrical po%er! ,ndeed, if the device can produce a surplus of po%er for longer periods, every household in the land %ill %ant one! E, am not in this for the money,E (inato says! E, have done %ell in my musical career, but , %ant to ma'e a contribution to society -- helping the bac'street manufacturers here in Bapan and else%here! , %ant to reverse the trends caused by ma*or multinationals! "here is a place for corporations! Iut as the oil industry has taught us, energy is one area %here a brea'through invention li'e this cannot be trusted to large companies!E (inato %as once close to ma'ing a deal %ith Enron! Iut today, he is firmly on a mission to support the small and the independent -- and to go %orld%ide %ith them and his amaHing machine! E=ur plan is to rally smaller companies and pool their talent, and to one day produce the technology across a %ide range of fields!E ?ontent provided by Bapan ,nc! (agaHine -- http.33%%%!*apaninc!com

<# 6atent 9 45&A%5486 .Cl$ **A>)&)1 Magnetic otation Apparat/"

(Bune 19! 1@@8) 7o-ei Minato A'"tract FFF "he magnetic rotation apparatus of the present invention has first and second rotors rotatably supported and *uxtaposed! "he first and second rotors are connected so as to be rotatable in opposite directions in a cooperating manner! # number of permanent magnets are arranged on a circumferential portion of the first rotor at regular intervals, and *ust as many permanent magnets are arranged on a circumferential portion of the second rotor at regular intervals! Each permanent magnet has one magnetic polarity located radially out%ard from the rotors, and has the other magnetic polarity located radially in%ard to%ard the rotors! "he polarity of each permanent magnet, %hich is located radially out%ard from the rotors, is identical! 0hen the first and second rotors are rotated in a cooperating manner, the phase of rotation of the permanent magnets of one rotor is slightly advanced from that of the permanent magnets of the other rotor! =ne of the permanent magnets of one rotor is replaced %ith the electromagnet! "he radially out%ard polarity of the electromagnet can be changed by reversing the direction in %hich a current is supplied to the electromagnet! +laims ~ J ?laims not included here K %escrip ion TEC8NICAL (IELD "he present invention relates to a magnetic rotation apparatus in %hich a pair of rotors are rotated by utiliHing a magnetic force! DAC7G O<ND A T #n electromotor is %ell 'no%n as a rotation apparatus utiliHing a magnetic force! -or example, an #? electromotor comprises a rotor having a coil, a stator surrounding the rotor, and a plurality of electromagnets, disposed on the stator, for generating a rotating magnetic field! #n electric po%er must be constantly supplied to the electromagnets in order to generate the rotating magnetic field and 'eep the rotor rotating, i!e!, an external energy, or electric energy, is indispensable for the rotation of the rotor!

Cnder the circumstances, a magnetic rotation apparatus, %hich employs permanent magnets in lieu of electromagnets and can rotate a rotor only by a magnetic force of the permanent magnets, is highly desirable! "he present application proposes a magnetic rotation apparatus %hich comprises a pair of rotors rotatable in opposite directions in a cooperating manner, and a plurality of permanent magnets stationarily arranged at regular intervals on the peripheral portion of each rotor! =ne end portion of each permanent magnet of both rotors, %hich has the same polarity, is located radially out%ard of the rotors! 0hen the t%o rotors are rotated in a cooperating fashion, a permanent magnet on one rotor and a corresponding permanent magnet on the other, %hich form a pair, approach and move a%ay from each other periodically! ,n this case, the phase of rotation of the magnet on one rotor advances a little from that of the corresponding magnet on the other rotor! 0hen the paired permanent magnets approach each other, magnetic repulsion causes one rotor to rotate! "he rotation of one rotor is transmitted to the other rotor to rotate the same! ,n this manner, other pairs of magnets on both rotors se uentially approach each other, and magnetic repulsion occurs incessantly! #s a result, the rotors continue to rotate! ,n the above apparatus, in order to stop the rotation of the rotors, a bra'e device is re uired! ,f an ordinary bra'e device is mounted on the magnetic rotation apparatus, the entire structure of the apparatus becomes complex, and a driving source for the bra'e device must be provided separately! "he present invention has been developed in consideration of the above circumstances, and its ob*ect is to provide a magnetic rotation apparatus including a bra'e device for suitably stopping the rotation of rotors! DI#CLO#< E O( T8E IN!ENTION "he magnetic rotation apparatus of the present invention is provided %ith magnetic force conversion means %hich is substituted for at least one pair of permanent magnets of the paired rotors! ,n a normal state, the magnetic force conversion means causes a magnetic repulsion, as in the other pairs of permanent magnets! 0hen it is intended for the rotors to stop, the magnetic force conversion means causes a magnetic attraction force! )ince a magnetic attraction force can be produced bet%een the rotors at any time, the magnetic attraction force serves to stop the rotors! "he bra'e device constituted by the magnetic force conversion means differs from an ordinary bra'e device %hich forcibly stops a pair or rotors by using a frictional force! ,n the bra'e device of this invention, by converting a magnetic repulsion force to a magnetic attraction force, the rotors can be bra'ed in the state that the movement of the rotors is reduced! "hus, the rotors can be stopped effectively! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# -,+! 1 is a schematic perspective vie% sho%ing a magnetic rotation apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention$

-,+! 2 is a schematic plan vie% sho%ing the relationship bet%een the first and second rotors$ -,+! / is a perspective vie% of a permanent magnet$

-,+! 9 sho%s an electromagnet, a permanent magnet cooperating %ith the electromagnet, and a driving circuit the electromagnet$ and -,+! 5 is a vie% for explaining ho% a pair of rotors rotate!

DE#T MODE O( CA

MING O<T T8E IN!ENTION

-,+! 1 sho%s a magnetic rotation apparatus embodying the present invention! "he magnetic rotation apparatus has frame 1! -rame 1 is provided %ith a pair of rotation shafts 2 %hich extend vertically and in parallel to each other! )hafts 2 are located at a predetermined distance from each other! Cpper and lo%er ends of each shaft 2 are rotationally supported on frame 1 via bearing /! -irst rotor 9a is mounted on one of rotation shafts 2, second rotor 9b is mounted on the other rotation shaft 2! -irst and second rotors 9a and 9b are arranged on the same level! <otors 9a and 9b have similar structures! -or example, each rotor 9a (9b) comprises t%o ring-shaped plates 5 %hich are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction of the rotation shaft 2! +ears :a and :b made of synthetic resin are, as cooperating means, attached to lo%er surfaces of first and second rotors 9a and 9b! "he diameters of gears :a and :b are identical but larger than those of rotors 9a and 9b! +ears :a and :b mesh %ith each other! -irst and second rotors 9a and 9b are thus rotatable in opposite directions in a cooperating manner! ,n -,+! 1, reference numeral ; indicates support arms for supporting first and second rotors 9a and 9b! -or example, 1: magnets are arranged at regular intervals on a peripheral portion of first rotor 9a! "hese magnets are secured bet%een t%o ring-shaped plates 5! ,n this embodiment, among the 1: magnets, one is electromagnet @a (see -,+! 2), and the others are permanent magnets 8a! -,+! 2 sho%s only some of permanent magnets 8a! #s sho%n in -,+! /, permanent magnet 8a comprises case 10, and a plurality of rod-li'e ferromagnetic members 11 housed in case 10! -erromagnetic member 11 is, for example, a ferrite magnet! -erromagnetic members 11 of each permanent magnet 8a are arranged such that ferromagnetic members 11 have the same polarity at one end! ,n first rotor 9a, for example, an 1-polarity end portion of each permanent magnet 8a faces radially out%ard, and an )-polarity end portion of magnet 8a faces radially in%ard! #s sho%n in -,+! 2, %hen each permanent

magnet 8a is located bet%een t%o shafts 2, angle ? formed by longitudinal axis # of magnet 8a and imaginary line I connecting t%o shafts 2 is, for example, set to /0!degree! ?! =n the other hand, electromagnet @a is, as sho%n in -,+! 9, constituted by C-shaped iron core 12, and coil 1/ %ound around core 12! Electromagnet @a is arranged such that both 1- and )-polarity end portions face radially out%ard of first rotor 9a, and the above-mentioned angle ? is formed, similarly to the case of permanent magnet 8a! "he same number of permanent magnets (8b,@b) as the total number of all permanent magnets and electromagnet (8a,@a) of first rotor 9a are secured on a peripheral portion of second rotor 9b at regular intervals! ,n -,+! 2, %hen first and second rotors 9a and 9b are rotated in opposite directions, each permanent magnet of second rotor 9b periodically moves to%ard and a%ay from the corresponding one of the magnets (8a,@a) of first rotor 9a! "he permanent magnets (8b,@b) of second rotor 9b %ill no% be described in greater detail! 4ermanent magnets 8b of second rotor 9b, %hich periodically move to%ard and a%ay from permanent magnets 8a of first rotor 9a in accordance %ith the rotation of rotors 9a and 9b, have a structure similar to that of permanent magnets 8a of first rotor 9a! "he polarity of that end portion of each permanent magnet 8b %hich is located radially out%ard from second rotor 9b, is identical %ith that of the end portion of each permanent magnet 8a of first rotor 9a! "hat is, the radially out%ard portion of each permanent magnet 8b has an 1-polarity! 4ermanent magnet @b of second rotor 9b, %hich periodically moves to%ard and a%ay from electromagnet @a of first rotor 9a, has a structure sho%n in -,+! 9! 4ermanent magnet @b has a structure similar to that of permanent magnets 8a! Ioth polarities of electromagnet @a face radially out%ard from first rotor 9a! 4ermanent magnet @b has t%o different polarities %hich face radially out%ard from second rotor 9b and correspond to both polarities of electromagnet @a! #s sho%n in -,+! 2, %hen each permanent magnet 8b,@b is located bet%een t%o rotation shafts 2, angle E formed by longitudinal axis > of the magnet (8b,@b) and imaginary line I connecting t%o shafts 2 is, for example, set to 5:!degree! ?! ,n addition, %hen rotors 9a and 9b are rotated in opposite directions, as sho%n by arro%s, the magnets (8a,@a) of first rotor 9a move a little ahead of the corresponding permanent magnets (8b,@b) of second rotor 9b, in a region in %hich both magnets (8a,@a$ 8b,@b) approach one another! ,n other %ords, the phase of rotation of the magnets (8a,@a) of first rotor 9a advances by a predetermined angle in relation to the permanent magnets (8b,@b) of second rotor 9b! #s sho%n in -,+! 9, electromagnet @a of first rotor 9a is electrically connected to drive circuit 19! >rive circuit 19 includes a po%er source for supplying an electric current to coil 1/ of electromagnet @a! 0hile rotors 9a and 9b rotate, drive circuit turns on electromagnet @a upon receiving a signal from first sensor 15 only %hen electromagnet @a and permanent magnet @b are in a first region in %hich they periodically approach each other! -irst sensor 15 is an optical sensor comprising a light-emitting element and a light-receiving element! #s sho%n in -,+! 1, first sensor 15 is attached to a portion of frame 1 above first rotor 9a! -irst sensor 15 emits light in a do%n%ard direction! "he light is reflected by reflection plate 1: pro*ecting radially in%ard from the inner edge of first rotor 9a! -irst sensor 15 receives the reflected light, and feeds a signal to drive circuit 19! "hus, drive circuit 19 turns on electromagnet @a!

"he circumferential length of reflection plate 1: is e ual to that of the above-mentioned first region! 0hen magnets @a and @b enter the first region, first sensor 15 is turned on, and %hen they leave the first region, first sensor 15 is turned off! 0hen drive circuit 19 receives a signal from first sensor 15, it excites electromagnet @a such that both polarities of electromagnet @a correspond to those of permanent magnet @b of second rotor 9b! >rive circuit 19 is electrically connected to s%itching circuit 1;! 0hen bra'e s%itch 18 is operated, s%itching circuit 1; reverses the direction in %hich an electric current is supplied to electromagnet @a! 0hen the current supplying direction of drive circuit 19 is reversed, drive circuit 19 excites electromagnet @a only in a time period in %hich drive circuit 19 receives a signal from second sensor 1@! )econd sensor 1@ has a structure similar to that of first sensor 15, and is attached to frame 1 so as to be located closer to the center of rotor 9a than first sensor 15! <eflection plate 20, %hich corresponds to the position of second sensor 1@, is formed integral to an inner edge portion of reflection plate 1:! #s sho%n in -,+! 2, compared to reflection plate 1:, reflection plate 20 extends in rotational direction of first rotor 9a, indicated by the arro%! "he operation of the above-described magnetic rotation apparatus %ill no% be explained %ith reference to -,+! 5! ,n -,+! 5, rotation shaft 2 of first rotor 9a is denoted by 01, and rotation shaft 2 of second rotor 9b is denoted by 02! =nly the radially out%ard polarity, that is, 1-polarity, of the magnets of rotors 9a and 9b is sho%n, for the sa'e of convenience! #lthough electromagnet @a and permanent magnet @b have both polarities located radially out%ard, only the 1-polarity thereof is sho%n! 0hen first and second rotors 9a and 9b are put in a position sho%n in -,+! 5, magnetic pole 1b1 of one permanent magnet of second rotor 9b is located in a line connecting shafts 01 and 02! ,n this case, polarity 1a1 of first rotor 9a, %hich is paired %ith polarity 1b1, is a little advanced from polarity 1b1 in the rotational direction of first rotor 9a! -or example, as sho%n in -,+! 5, magnetic pole 1a1 is advanced from polarity 1b1 by an angle of \!degree!! 4olarities 1a1 and 1b1 exert repulsion force -1 upon each other along line 7! )upposing that an angle, formed by line (, %hich is dra%n from shaft 01 perpendicularly to line 7, and the line connecting shafts 01 and 02 is represented by G, and that the length of line & is represented by <, tor ues "a1 and "b1 caused by repulsion force -1 to rotate first and second rotors 9a and 9b can be given by. "a1S-1!multidot!<!multidot!cos (G-\) "b1S-1!multidot!<!multidot!cos G )ince cos (G-\)Zcos G, "a1Z"b1! #s sho%n in -,+! 5, since magnetic pole 1a1 is advanced from magnetic pole 1b1 by angle \!degree!, first rotor 9a receives a greater tor ue than second rotor 9b! "hus, first rotor 9a for%ardly rotates in the direction of the arro% in -,+! 5!

(ention is no% made of paired magnets of rotors 9a and 9b in the vicinity of magnetic poles 1a1 and 1b1! (agnetic poles 1an and 1an-1 of first rotor 9a are advanced ahead of magnetic pole 1al in the rotational direction! (agnetic poles 1an and 1an-1 receive a tor ue produced by a repulsion force acting bet%een magnetic poles 1an and 1an-1 and corresponding magnetic poles 1bn and 1bn-1! ,n -,+! 5, magnetic poles 1an and 1an-1 receive a smaller tor ue, as they rotate farther from the location of magnetic pole 1a1! ,t is %ell 'no%n that a tor ue of first rotor 9a, %hich is caused by a repulsion force acting on magnetic poles 1an and 1an-1, is decreased in inverse proportion to the s uare of the distance bet%een paired magnetic poles 1a and 1b! (agnetic poles 1a2 and 1a/, behind magnetic pole 1a1, receive a tor ue %hich tends to rotate rotor 9a in the reverse direction! "his tor ue is considered to be counterbalanced %ith the tor ue acting on magnetic poles 1an and 1an-1! ,n -,+! 5, attention should be paid to the region of magnetic poles 1a1 and 1a2! #s first rotor 9a for%ardly rotates, the direction in %hich a tor ue applies to magnetic pole 1a2, is changed from the reverse direction to the for%ard direction, before magnetic pole 1a2 reaches the position of magnetic pole 1a1! "he tor ue for for%ardly rotating rotor 9a is larger than that for reversely rotating rotor 9a! "herefore, first rotor 9a is easily rotated in the direction sho%n in -,+! 2! )econd rotor 9b is considered to receive a tor ue in a direction reverse to the direction sho%n in -,+! 2, as seen from the description of first rotor 9a! ,t is obvious that second rotor 9b receives a maximum tor ue at the position of magnetic pole 1b1! #s seen from the above formula, tor ue "b1 applied to second rotor 9b in a direction reverse to that denoted by the arro% is smaller than tor ue "a1 applied to first rotor 9a in the for%ard direction! "he rotation of first rotor 9a is transmitted to second rotor 9b through gears :a and :b! Iy determining the relationship bet%een the strengths of tor ues "a1 and "b1, second rotor 9b is thus rotated in a direction reverse to the rotational direction of first rotor 9a, against the tor ue applied to second rotor in the direction! #s a result, first and second rotors 9a and 9b are 'ept rotating, since a tor ue for rotating rotors 9a and 9b in a cooperating manner is produced each time magnetic poles 1a of first rotor 9a pass across the line connecting shafts 01 and 02! ,n a diagram sho%n in the right part of -,+! 5, a solid line indicates a tor ue applied to first rotor 9a, and a bro'en line indicates a tor ue applied to second rotor 9b! "he ordinate indicates a distance bet%een each magnetic pole and the line connecting shafts 01 and 02 of rotors 9a and 9b! "he first region in %hich electromagnet @a of first rotor 9a is turned on is set in a range of b during %hich a tor ue is applied to first rotor 9a in the for%ard direction! ,n order to stop the cooperative rotation of rotors 9a and 9b, bra'e s%itch is turned on to operate s%itching circuit 1;! "hus, the direction in %hich drive circuit 19 supplies a current to electromagnet @a is reversed! "he polarities of electromagnet @a are reversed! "he tor ue applied to electromagnet @a in the for%ard direction is stopped! 0hen electromagnet @a approaches permanent magnet @b, a magnetic attract.on force is produced! #s a result, the rotation of rotors 9a and 9b is effectively slo%ed do%n and stopped! )ince the second region, in %hich electromagnet @a is excited, is larger than the first region, a large bra'ing force can be obtained from a magnetic attraction force!

,n the above embodiment, since electromagnet @a is excited only in a specific region, a large electric po%er is not re uired! ,n addition, since electromagnet @a rotates and bra'es rotors 9a and 9b, a bra'ing mechanism for a magnetic rotation apparatus can be obtained %ithout having to ma'e the entire structure of the apparatus complex! "he present invention is not restricted to the above embodiment! 0ith the exception of the paired electromagnet and permanent magnet, all permanent magnets of the rotors are arranged such that their end portions of the same polarity face radially out%ard from the rotors! 2o%ever, it is possible that the polarities of the radially out%ard end portions of the permanent magnets are alternately changed! 1amely, it should suffice if the polarities of the radially out%ard end portions of the first rotor are identical to those of the corresponding radially out%ard end portions of the second rotor! "he magnets may have different magnetic forces! -urthermore, an electric po%er for exciting the electromagnet can be derived from the rotation of the rotors or from the revolving magnetic field of the permanent magnet! #ngles ? and E are not restricted to /0!degree! and 5:!degree!! "hey may be freely determined in consideration of the strength of the magnetic force of the permanent magnet, a minimum distance bet%een ad*acent magnets, angle x, and the li'e! "he number of magnets of the rotor is also freely chosen! In0/"trial Applica'ilit, : #s described above, the magnetic rotation apparatus of the present invention can be used as a driving source in place of an electric motor, and as an electric generator!

<# 6atent 9 A5A945)89 .Cl$ *%0>%A)1 Magnetic otating Apparat/"

(Banuary 19, 1@@;) 7o-ei Minato A'"tract FFF =n a rotor %hich is fixed to a rotatable rotating shaft, a plurality of permanent magnets are disposed along the direction of rotation such that the same magnetic pole type thereof face out%ard! ,n the same %ay, balancers are disposed on the rotor for balancing the rotation of this rotor! Each of the permanent magnets is obli uely arranged %ith respect to the radial direction line of the rotor! #t the outer periphery of the rotor, an electromagnet is disposed facing this rotor, %ith this electromagnet intermittently energiHed based on the rotation of the rotor! #ccording to the magnetic rotating apparatus of the present invention, rotational energy can be efficiently obtained from permanent magnets! "his is made possible by minimiHing as much as possible current supplied to the electromagnets, so that only a re uired amount of electrical energy is supplied to the electromagnets!

+laims 000 J ?laims not included here K %escrip ion DAC7G O<ND O( T8E IN!ENTION %$ (iel0 o3 t-e Invention "he present invention relates to a magnetic rotating apparatus, and more particularly, to a magnetic rotating apparatus %hich utiliHes repulsive forces produced bet%een a permanent magnet and an electromagnet! )$ De"cription o3 t-e 6rior Art ,n a conventional electric motor, an armature as a rotor consists of turns of %ires, and electric field as a stator consists of a permanent magnet! ,n such the conventional electric motor, ho%ever, current must be usually supplied to %indings of the armature %hich is rotated! 0hen the current is supplied, heat is generated, %hich gives rise to the problem that not much driving force is efficiently generated! "his, in turn, gives %ise to the problem that the magnetic forces cannot be efficiently obtained from the permanent magnet! ,n addition, in the conventional electric motor, since the armature is so constructed as consisting of the %indings, the moment of inertia cannot be made very high, so that enough tor ue cannot be obtained! "o overcome the above-described problems of such the conventional electric motor, the inventor proposed, in Bapanese 4atent 4ublication 1o! :18:831@@/ (C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;51,98:) a magnetic rotating apparatus in %hich a plurality of the permanent magnets are disposed along the t%o rotors, respectively, at a predetermined angle, and in %hich an electromagnet is disposed at one of the rotors! ,n a generally constructed conventional electric motor, there is a limit as to ho% much the efficiency of energy conversion can be increased! ,n addition, the tor ue of the electric motor cannot be made high enough! -or the above reasons, hitherto, various improvements have been made on existing electric motors, %ithout any success in producing an electric motor so constructed has providing satisfactory characteristics! ,n the magnetic rotating apparatus disclosed in Bapanese 4atent 4ublication 1o! :8:831@@/ (C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;51,98:) a pair of rotors is rotated! "herefore, it is necessary for each of the rotors to have high precision, and in addition, measures must be ta'en for easier rotation control! #<MMA M O( T8E IN!ENTION ,n vie% of the above-described problems, the ob*ect of the present invention is to provide a magnetic rotating apparatus in %hich rotational energy can be efficiently obtained from the

permanent magnet %ith a minimum amount of electrical energy, and in %hich rotation control can be carried out relatively easily! #ccording to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic rotating apparatus comprising a rotating shaft$ a rotor %hich is fixed to the rotating shaft and %hich has disposed thereon permanent magnet means and means for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such that a plurality of magnetic poles of one (or first) polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation, and a plurality of magnetic poles of the other (or second) polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, %ith each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obli uely arranged %ith respect to a radial line$ electromagnet means, %hich is disposed facing this rotor, for developing a magnetic field %hich faces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet means of the rotor and detecting means for detecting rotating position of the rotor to allo% the electromagnet means to be energiHed! #ccording to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic rotating apparatus comprising a rotating shaft a rotor %hich is fixed to the rotating shaft and %hich has disposed thereon a plurality of permanent magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent magnets being disposed such that one magnetic polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation and the other magnetic polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, %ith each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obli uely arranged %ith respect to a radial line$ an electromagnet, %hich is disposed facing this rotor, for developing a magnetic field %hich produces the other magnetic polarity type on the facing surface$ and energiHing means for intermittently energiHing the electromagnet means from %here the leading permanent magnet, based on the rotation of the rotor, passes the facing surface of the electromagnet in the direction of rotation! #ccording to still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided magnetic rotating apparatus comprising a rotating shaft$ a first rotor %hich is fixed to the rotating shaft and %hich has disposed thereon permanent magnet means and means for balancing rotation, the permanent magnet means being disposed such that a plurality of magnetic poles of the second polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation, and a plurality of magnetic poles of the first pole type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, %ith each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obli uely arranged %ith respect to a radial line$ a second rotor %hich rotates along %ith the first rotor and is fixed to the rotating shaft, having disposed thereon a plurality of permanent magnets and balancers for balancing rotation, the permanent magnets being disposed such that one magnetic polarity type is arranged along an outer peripheral surface in the direction of rotation and the other magnetic polarity type arranged along an inner peripheral surface, %ith each pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities obli uely arranged %ith respect to a radial line a first and a second electromagnet means, %hich are magnetically connected and disposed facing the first and second rotors, respectively, for developing a magnetic field %hich faces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet means of the first and second rotors$ and detecting means for detecting rotating position of the rotors to allo% the electromagnet means to be energiHed!

"he nature, principle and utility of the invention %ill become more apparent from the follo%ing detailed description %hen read in con*unction %ith the accompanying dra%ings! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# ,n the accompanying dra%ings. -,+! 1 is a perspective vie% schematically illustrating a magnetic rating apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention

-,+! 2 is a side vie% of the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in -,+! 1$

-,+! / is a plan vie% of a rotor of the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in -,+)! 1 and 2$

-,+! 9 is a circuit diagram illustrating a circuit in the magnetic rotating apparatus sho%n in -,+! 1$

-,+! 5 is a plan vie% sho%ing a magnetic field distribution formed bet%een the rotor and the electromagnet of the magnetic rotating apparatus sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2, and

-,+! : is an explanatory vie% illustrating a tor ue %hich causes rotation of the rotor of the magnetic rotating apparatus sho%n in -,+)! 1 and 2!

DE#C I6TION O( T8E 6 E(E

ED EMDODIMENT#

"he magnetic field developed by an electromagnet means and that of a permanent magnet means of a rotor repel each other! ,n addition, the magnetic field of the permanent magnet means is flattened by the magnetic fields of other nearby permanent magnets and electromagnet means! "herefore, a tor ue is produced therebet%een to efficiently rotate the rotor! )ince the rotor has a high inertial force, %hen the rotor starts rotating, its speed increases by the inertial force and the turning force! # magnetic rotating apparatus related to one embodiment of the present invention %ill be described %ith reference to the follo%ing dra%ings! -,+)! 1 and 2 are schematic diagrams of a magnetic rotating apparatus related to one embodiment of the present invention! ,n the specification, the term Emagnetic rotating apparatusE %ill include an electric motor, and from its general meaning of obtaining turning force from the magnetic forces of permanent magnets, it %ill refer to a rotating apparatus utiliHing the magnetic forces! #s sho%n in -,+! 1, in the magnetic rotating apparatus related to one embodiment of the present invention, a rotating shaft 9 is rotatably fixed to a frame 2 %ith bearings 5! "o the rotating shaft 9, there are fixed a first magnet rotor : and a second magnet rotor 8, both of %hich produce turning forces and a rotated body 10, %hich has mounted therealong a plurality of rodshaped magnets @ for obtaining the turning forces as energy! "hey are fixed in such a manner as to be rotatable %ith the rotating shaft 9! #t the first and second magnet rotors : and 8, there are provided, as %ill be described later in detail %ith reference to -,+)! 1 and 2, a first electromagnet 12 and a second electromagnet 19 respectively are energiHed in synchronism %ith rotations of the first and second magnet rotors : and 8, both of %hich face each other and are each disposed in a magnetic gap! "he first and second electromagnets 12 and 19 are respectively mounted to a yo'e 1:, %hich forms a magnetic path!

#s sho%n in -,+! /, the first and second magnet rotors : and 8 each have disposed on its dis'shaped surface a plurality of tabular magnets 22# through 222 for developing a magnetic field for generating the turning forces and balancers 20# through 202, made of non-magnetic substances, for balancing the magnet rotors : and 8! ,n the embodiments, the first and second magnet rotors : and 8 each have disposed along the dis'-shaped surface 29 at e ual intervals the eight tabular magnets 22# through 222 along half of the outer peripheral area and Athe eight balancers 20# through 202 along the other half of the outer peripheral area! #s sho%n in -,+! /, each of the tabular magnets 22# through 222 are disposed so that its longitudinal axis 1 ma'es an angle > %ith respect to a radial axis line 11 of the dis'-shaped surface 29! ,n the embodiment, an angle of /0 degrees and 5: degrees have been confirmed for the angle >! #n appropriate angle, ho%ever, can be set depending on the radius of the dis'shaped surface 29 and the number of tabular magnets 22# through 222 to be disposed on the dis'-shaped surface 29! #s illustrated in -,+! 2, from the vie%point of effective use of the magnetic field, it is preferable that the tabular magnets 22# through 222 on the first magnet rotor : are positioned so that their 1-poles point out%ard, %hile the tabular magnets 22# through 222 on the second magnet rotor 8 are positioned so that their )-poles point out%ard! Exterior to the first and second magnet rotors : and 8, the first and second electromagnets 12 and 19 are disposed facing the first and second magnet rotors : and 8 respectively in the magnetic gap! 0hen the first and second electromagnets 12 and 19 are energiHed, they develop a magnetic field identical in polarity to the their respective tabular magnets 22# through 222 so that they repel one anther! ,n other %ords, as sho%n in -,+! 2, since the tabular magnets 22# through 222 on the first magnet rotor : have their 1-poles facing out%ards, the first electromagnet 12 is energiHed so that the side facing the first magnet rotor : develops an 1-polarity! ,n a similar %ay, since the tabular magnets 22# through 222 on the second magnet rotor 8 have their )-poles facing out%ards, the second electromagnet 19 is energiHed so that the side facing the tabular magnets 22# through 222 develops a )-polarity! "he first and second electromagnets 12 and 19, %hich are magnetically connected by the yo'e 1:, are magnetiHed so that the sides facing their respective magnet rotors : and 8 are opposite in polarity %ith respect to each other! "his means that the magnetic fields of the electromagnets 12 and 19 can be used efficiently! # detector /0, such as micros%itch, is provided to either one of the first magnet rotor : or second magnet rotor 8 to detect the rotating position of the magnet rotors : and 8! "hat is, as sho%n in -,+! /, in a rotational direction /2 of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, the first and the second magnet rotors : and 8 are respectively energiHed %hen the leading tabular 22# has passed! ,n other %ords, in the rotational direction /2, the electromagnet 12 or 19 is energiHed %hen starting point )o, located bet%een the leading tabular magnet 22# and the follo%ing tabular magnet 22I coincides %ith the center point <o of either the electromagnet 12 or 19! ,n addition, as illustrated in -,+! /, in the rotational direction /2 of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, the first and the second magnet rotors : and 8 are de-energiHed %hen the last tabular magnet 22# has passed! ,n the embodiment, an end point Eo is set symmetrical to the starting point )o on the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! 0hen the end point Eo coincides %ith the center point <o of either the electromagnet 12 or 19, the electromagnet 12 or 19 is deenergiHed, respectively! #s %ill be described later, %ith the center point <o of the electromagnet 12 or 19 arbitrarily set bet%een the starting point )o and the end point Eo, the magnet rotors :

and 8 start to rotate %hen the electromagnets 12 and 19 and their tabular magnets 22# through 222 face one another! 0hen a micros%itch is used as the detector /0 for detecting the rotating position, the contact point of the micros%itch is allo%ed to slide along the surface of the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! # step is provided for the starting point )o and the end point Eo so that the contact of the micros%itch closes bet%een the starting point )o and the end point Eo! "he area along the periphery therebet%een protrudes beyond the other peripheral areas of the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! ,t is apparent that a photo sensor or the li'e may be used instead of the micros%itch as the detector /0 for detecting the rotating position! #s sho%n in -,+! 9, the %indings of the electromagnets 12 and 19 are connected to a >? po%er source 92 through a movable contact of a relay 90, %hich is connected in series %ith the %indings! # series circuit containing the relay 90 (solenoid) and the detector /0 or micros%itch is connected to the >? po%er source 92! ,n addition, from the vie%point of energy conservation, a charger 99 such as a solar cell is connected to the >? po%er source 92! ,t is preferable that the >? po%er source 92 is constantly chargeable using solar energy or the li'e! ,n the magnetic rotating apparatus illustrated in -,+)! 1 and 2, a magnetic field distribution sho%n in -,+! 5 is formed bet%een the tabular magnets 22# through 222, disposed on each of the magnet rotors : and 8, and the electromagnets 12 and 19 %hich face them, respectively! 0hen the electromagnet 12 or 19 is energiHed, a magnetic field of a tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, ad*acent to the electromagnet 12 or 19, is distorted in the longitudinal direction in correspondence %ith the rotational direction! "his results in the generation of a repulsive force therebet%een! #s is apparent from the distortion of the magnetic field, the repulsive force has a larger component in the longitudinal or perpendicular direction, and produces a tor ue, as sho%n by an arro% /2! )imilarly, a magnetic field of a tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, %hich next enters the magnetic field of the electromagnet 12 or 19, is distorted! )ince it moves to%ard an opposite pole of the preceding tabular magnet of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, its magnetic field is distorted to a larger extent, and thereby flattened! "his means that the repulsive force produced bet%een the tabular magnets of the tabular magnets 22# through 222, %hich have already entered the magnetic field of the electromagnets 12 or 19, is larger than the repulsive force developed bet%een the next-entering tabular magnets of the tabular magnets 22# through 222 and the electromagnets 12 or 19! #ccordingly, a turning force, sho%n by the arro% /2, acts upon the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! "he rotating dis'-shaped surface 29, having been imparted thereto turning force, continues to rotate due to inertial forces, even %hen it has been de-energiHed after the end point Eo has coincided %ith the center point <o of the electromagnet 12 or 19! "he larger the inertial force, the smoother the rotation! #t the initial stage of the rotation, an angular moment, as that sho%n in -,+! :, is imparted to the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! "hat is, at the start of the rotation, as sho%n in -,+! :, %hen the pole ( of a tabular magnet is slightly displaced in the rotational direction from the pole (5 of an electromagnet, a repulsive force operates bet%een both of the poles ( and (5 of the tabular magnet at the rotating side and the electromagnet at the stationary side, respectively! "herefore, from the relationship illustrated in -,+! :, an angular tor ue " is generated based on the formula. "S-! a!cos (!alpha!-!beta!), %here in a is a constant! "he angular tor ue starts the rotation of the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! #fter the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29 has started rotating, its

rotating speed gradually increases due to an inertial moment thereof, %hich allo%s a large turning driving force to be produced! #fter a stable rotation of the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29 has been produced, %hen a necessary electromotive force can be developed in an electromagnetic coil (not illustrated) by externally bringing it near a rotated body 10 to be rotated along %ith the rotating dis'-shaped surface 29! "his electric po%er can be used for other applications! "his rotating principle is based on the rotating principle of the magnetic rotating apparatus already disclosed in Bapanese 4atent 4ublication 1o! :18:831@@/ (C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;51,98:) by the inventor! "hat is, even if an electromagnet, provided for one of the rotors of the magnetic rotating apparatus disclosed in the same 4atent #pplication, is fixed, it is rotated in accordance %ith the rotating principle disclosed therein! -or details, refer to the above Bapanese 4atent 4ublication 1o! :18:831@@/ (C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,;51,98:)! "he number of tabular magnets 22# through 222 is not limited to E8E as sho%n in -,+)! 1 and /! #ny number of magnets may be used! ,n the above-described embodiment, although the tabular magnets 22# through 222 are disposed along half of the peripheral area of the dis'shaped surface 29, and the balancers 20# through 202 are disposed along the other half of the peripheral area, the tabular magnets may further be disposed along other areas of the dis'-shaped surface 29! ,t is preferable that balancers, in addition to magnets, are provided along a portion of the peripheral area on the dis'-shaped surface! "he counter %eights, %hich do not need to be formed into separate bloc's, may be formed into one sheet of plate %hich extends on the outer peripheral area of the dis'-shaped surface! ,n addition, in the above-described embodiments, %hile the construction is such as to allo% the electromagnets to be energiHed for a predetermined period of time for every rotation of the rotating dis'-shaped surface, the circuit may be so constructed as to allo%, upon increased number of rotations, energiHation of the electromagnets for every rotation of the rotating dis'-shaped surface, starting from its second rotation on%ards! -urther, in the above-described embodiment, a tabular magnet has been used for the permanent magnet, but other types of permanent magnets may also be used! ,n effect, any type of magnet may be used as the permanent magnet means as long as a plurality of magnetic poles of one type is disposed along the outer surface of the inner periphery and a plurality of magnetic poles of the other type are disposed along the inner peripheral surface of the dis'-shaped surface, so that a pair of corresponding magnetic poles of one and the other polarities is obli uely arranged, %ith respect to the radial line 11, as sho%n in -,+! /! #lthough the tabular magnets 22# through 222 are mounted on the magnet rotors : and 8 in the above embodiment, they may be electromagnets! ,n this case, the electromagnets 12 and 19 may be the alternative of electromagnets or permanent magnets! #ccording to the magnetic rotating apparatus of the present invention, rotational energy can be efficiently obtained from permanent magnets! "his is made possible by minimiHing as much as possible current supplied to the electromagnets, so that only a re uired amount of electrical energy is supplied to the electromagnets! ,t should be understood that many modifications and adaptations of the invention %ill become apparent to those s'illed in the art and it is intended to encompass such obvious modifications and changes in the scope of the claims appended hereto!

7eel,Net= DD# 6o"ting 3rom 8enr, C/rti" .%%F%8F%99&1

7orean Magnetic 6erpet/al Motion W-eel

, must apologiHe for not having all the details of this interesting device but %ill update the file %hen , get more info from the source! ,n email communications %ith Bohn )chnurer, , happened to mention it and he5s been on me since then to send him a diagram, yet , felt li'e it %ould simply be confusing because its operation is not clear or readily apparent from the information , had!"he information that , have comes directly from long time friend 2enry ?urtis of ?olorado! 0e both attended the 1@@; ,)1E conference in >enver and 2enry %as telling about this interesting machine he had seen %hile on a trip to the 4hillipines! 2e said there %as a free energy conference held there and he noticed a spinning bicycle %heel that %as attached to a stand that sat on a table!"he %heel %as running %hen he first sa% it, yet there did not appear to be any driving force such as a motor, belts, gears, etc!!2enry said he %atched it for uite a%hile and it never stopped running! =n expressing curiosity about the %heel, he %as invited to stop it and start it up %ithout any outside assistance!2enry reports the %heel %as brought to a complete stop, then he gave it a spin %ith his hand and it began moving on its o%n! , am uncertain if it follo%ed the tendency of other such devices to establish its o%n speed! )ome devices li'e this can be spun up to high speed from an outside source, then %ill slo% to a speed %hich is determined by the geometry and strength of the repelling or attracting forces that operate it!2enry s%ears it %as the neatest thing he5d ever seen and dre% a crude diagram of the arrangement on my notepad! Cnfortunately, %e %ere a bit rushed and , did not achieve a complete understanding of ho% it operated! "hat is %hy , did not %ant to blo% smo'e about it until more detail had been received, god 'no%s, %e don5t need any more of that!2o%ever, perhaps someone can figure it out from the limited information , do have! "he follo%ing dra%ing sho%s the %heel arrangement, one half %as %eighted, the other half had slanted magnets! , do not 'no% %hether they are all repelling, attracting or a mix of these forces!

#s you can imagine, the %eight of the magnets must e ual the %eight of the other half of the %heel to balance out! #pparently the force of the magnetic repulsion or attaction provides the actual imbalance!2enry also said there %as a patent on this device that is dated Banuary 19, 1@@;! "he inventor is a Bapanese man named (inatu! "he spelling of this name is uncertain! , did a search on the ,I( server but found nothing even remote! 2enry specifically said this %as a Cnited )tates patent! )o, here it is! 4erhaps 2enry can come up %ith some more detail %hich can be used to update this file in future! +ood luc'!!!!

7eel,Net= <p0ate an0 Correction" 3rom 8enr, C/rti" .We05 %9 Nov %99&1 : F o#H 2enry ?urtis M 3oH Berry >ec'er Sub;e+tH Iicycle %heel correction and update Berry, #gain %e see that communication is difficult and memories are fallable! =bviously , am remiss in not having sent this to you months ago as , intended to, but as a sage of old observed E"he spirit is %illing, but the flesh is slo%!E >uring the first %ee'end of (ay, 1@@;, a group in )oeul, &orea headed up by (r! ?hi )an 4ar', held "he -irst ,nternational 1e% Energy ?onference in )eoul, &orea! , attended this conference and gave a tal' on various approcahes to free energy! ,t %as at this conference in )eoul, &orea that , sa% the bicycle %heel and had the opportunity to %or' %ith it unattended by anyone else!"he inventor is &ohei (inato, a Bapanese roc' musician, %ho reports that he has spent a million dollars out of his o%n poc'et developing magnetic motors, because the %orld needs a better source of energy! 2e has several patents in various countries! 2is latest patent that , am a%are of is Cnited )tates 4atent D 5,5@9,28@! 2is development efforts have gone in the general direction of the #dams motor %hich the above patent is similar to! 2e had a %or'ing prototype of this design at the conference and reported that it used 150 %atts po%er input and produced 950 %atts output on a sustained basis! #bout a year ago ?11 (in the C)) had a 10 minute segment about him and his motors! ,n this video he is sho%n demonstrating t%o of his magnetic motors! , have a copy of this film clip that he gave to me! , %ill ma'e a copy and send it to you! Cnfortunately, the editors %ere not attuned to technical details and the pictures of the running machines sho% little useful detail! "he 4hillipine connection that you mention is completely erroneous! ,t %as in &orea! "he dra%ing on the %eb site is essentially correct %ith the follo%ing exceptions! "he counter %eight is a single curved piece of aluminum covering 180 degrees! Each of the several individual magnets on the other half of the %heel are slightly asymmetric, crescent shaped and nested! "hey are magnetised end to end %ith the 1 poles out! "he motor is actuated by moving the 1 pole of a large permanet magnet (the drive magnet) to%ard the %heel! #s this magnet is moved to%ard the %heel, the %heel starts to spin! #s the magnet is moved closer to the %heel it spins faster! "he acceleration of the %heel is rapid! )o rapid in fact, as to be startling! "o put it another %ay , %as very impressed! "he motor %or's! #nd it %or's very %ell! ,n the film clip a slight pumping action of (inato5s hand holding the magnet is apparent! 0hen , braced my hand so that there %as no pumping action, the motor still ran! ,n fact it seemed to run better! 4umping action by the hand held magnet is not the po%er that drives the motor! 0hen the drive magnet is moved a%ay from the %heel it coasts rather uic'ly to a stop and comes to rest in a manner typical of any spinning bicycle %heel! #gain %hen the %heel is at rest and a large magnet is moved up to the %heel it starts to spin! #t no time is it necessary to touch the %heel to get it to rotate! )imply bring the 1 pole of a large magnet several inches from the %heel! "he particular

orientation of the %heel %hen it is at rest seems to have no effect on ho% %ell it starts to turn! ,rrespective of ho% the %heel and the magnets on it are sitting$ move the drive magnet near, it starts to spin! (ove the magnet closer it spins faster! (ove the magnet further a%ay it slo%s up! "he %heel %as mounted on a stand made of aluminum angle pieces bolted together similar to the diagram in the above mentioned patent! "he axle of the %heel %as mounted parellel to the surface of the planet! , have attached a rough diagram of the %heel! #pparently the geometry of the magnets on the %heel is very important and subtle! , have built several small models none of %hich have sho%n the free energy effects of (inato5s machine! "he conference in )eoul %as attended by several hundred people, most appeared to be under 90 and evenly divided bet%een men and %omen! 4resenters %ere from &orea, C), Bapan, and ?hina! )imultaneous translation %as provided for all tal's in the / day conference! Berry, , hope this information is useful! , may be contacted by e-mail at mailto.hcurtisamindspring!com or by phone at /0/!/99!1958!

7eel,Net= Email 3rom Gene Mallove at <n9ini e !nerg" ~ , spo'e to Iob 6ermillion of "ri-?osmos >evelopment (7os #ngeles, ?# /10-289-/250 or fax /10-289-/2:0) today, *ust before he left for the three-day demonstrations of the (inato magnetic motor being held in (exico ?ity, (exico on Buly 8, @, 10th!"hree (/) (inato (otors (((), covered by C) 4atents D 5,5@9,28@ (Ban 19, 1@@;) and D 9,;51,98: (Bune 19, 1@88), have been brought over from Bapan! =ne %as allegedly tested last evening by +rupo Iufete ,ndustrial (supposedly one of the largest po%er generation construction companies in (exico and )outh #merica)! "he company engineers %ere said (by 6ermillion) to have measured an output 3input ratio of 9!/ 3 1! "he printed literature, %hich , received in a -edex pac'et from 6ermillion states that the device can put out 500 %atts (maximum) %ith an input of /9 %atts!-or those of you %ho %onder %hy the device is not self-sustaining -- oral info from 6ermillion is that (inato d%illd in the course of one of the demonstrations dremove the battery po%er supplyd and let the device self-run -- presumably %ith a load! "he press release ma'es no bones about the physics-busting character of the ((. E#s rotations per minute (rpm5s) increase, the electromagnetic consumption of the stator decreases! "his phenomenon is in direct conflict %ith accepted la%s of physics and is achieved through the repelling magnetic fields! ,t operates %ithout heat, noise, or pollution of any 'ind! ,t can be produced in siHe from ultra-small to very large!E ,t is said in the press release that applications from cell phones to laptop computers are under development! 6ermillion told me of other parties %ho %ere planning to attend the demonstrations, %hich %ill be conducted both in public displays and %ith private party measurements! "hese include. E1<=1, Iechtel, "e*as (a division of )hell =il ?orporation), -luor >aniels, &ellogg ?orp! !2e told me that 2al -ox of 1e% Energy 1e%s and the -usion ,nformation ?enter %ill be there (, confirmed %ith 2al that he %ill be there and %ill give us a full report!) , considered going myself (, %as invited), but , trust 2al -ox to provide a full report -- he should be bac' this %ee'end! (r! &ohei (inato %ill be there -- he has already arrived, , understand! 2e hand carried one of the motors that %as already tested yesterday! "he %ealthy Bapanese individual %ho o%ns "ri-?osmos >ev! ?o! is (r! ?harly -u*i'i! #ttendance is by invitation only, but let me here provide the +rupo Iufete numbers. (;2/-95-;8 and -ax ;2/-9;-18 in (exico ?ity)! "he exhibition %ill be in the +rupo Iufete ,ndustrial building!"he invitation says. E(r! (inato, the inventor, %ill be present to explain and demonstrate his remar'able brea'through in technology to government and business leaders in (exico! 2e %ill also discuss the possible use (and) application for various other

industries, including a giant generator pro*ect, based on the principal mechanism being displayed!E>aily demonstrations are from 10./0 am to 1oon, 9./0 to 5./0 pm and : to ;./0 pm! # bloc' diagram of the motor indicates that it is about 500 'g! #n arro% indicates that its 500 %att output goes to a load -- schematically indicated as an array of light bulbs! "he unit is %ithin a cube 1!2 meters on edge!"he diagram sho%s a solar panel(TT) providing input to the battery that po%ers the device - , supposes for completeness, but that is obviously silly in vie% of the claim! 6ermillion assured me that this solar panel %as not an essential part of the system! =ne of the t%o color brochures in the pac'age sho%s the (inato motor %ith its charactersitic coils that have their pole faces to%ard the perimeters of permanent magnet containing %heels that are stac'ed on an axle! ,f you loo' at the thing uic'ly, you5d thin' you %ere loo'ing at a steam turbine! "he 1@@; patent D5,5@9,28@ states in its abstract. E=n a rotor %hich is fixed to a rotatable rotating shaft, a plurality of permanent magnets are disposed along the direction of rotation such that the same magnetic pole type therof face out%ard! ,n the same %ay, balancers are disposed on the rotor for balancing rotation of this rotor! Each of the permanent magnets is obli uely arranged %ith respect to the radial direction line of the rotor! #t the outer periphery of the rotor, an electromagnet is disposed facing this rotor, %ith this electromagnet intermittently energiHed based on the rotation of the rotor!#ccording to the magnetic rotating apparatus of the present invention, rotational energy can be efficiently obtained from permanent magnets! "his is made possible by minimiHing as much as possible current supplied to the electromagnets, so that only a re uired amount of electrical energy is supplied to the electromagnets!E ,t %ill be interesting, indeed, to learn %hat comes out of this!4erhaps the famous %hite rabbit disappearing do%n a hole, or maybe the birth of a revolutionR 0e shall see! Iest %ishes, >r! Eugene -! (allove, Editor-in-?hief ,nfinite Energy (agaHine ?old -usion "echnology, ,nc! -- http.33%%%!infiniteenergy!com 4!=! Iox 281: ?oncord, 12 0//02-281: 4h. :0/-228-951: M -ax. :0/-229-5@;5 editorainfinite-energy!com

7eel,Net= e"pon"e 3rom #TAG gro/p on Minato W-eel .%)F04F9&1 : "o. Berry M -rom. >avid 2eard )ub*ect. <e. 2o%dyT "han's for your mail regarding (inato5s <otation #paratus! (y apologies for the slight delay in replying! Ges, please feel free to put up a lin' to our site and the photos! , should explain that our group is not in any %ay conected %ith (r! (inato himself! "he group )"#+ is run by foreign scientists %ho are living in Bapan %ith the aim of distrubuting information bet%een themselves, improving lin's bet%een Bapan and the C& (and else%here) and of course to have the odd beer or t%o! 0e hold meetings every couple of months and invite spea'ers to spea' on interesting or topical sub*ects! (r! (inato %as one of the spea'ers %ho gave a presentation at one of our meetings! 2ence the pictures! , also heard about the &orean conference, and sa% a significant report %ritten about it in the conference proceedings (albeit in &oreanT)! , thin' it %ould be really good if other people did produce similar devices! , %ill pass

your comments on to (r! (inato! 2e did have a 0eb page, (in Bapanese) %ith information on it, but , haven5t been able to connect to it recently! "han's again for your mail! <egards, >avid 2eard, 6ice ?hairman, )"#+ #t 02.9: 213113@; -0800, you %rote. 2ello from "exasT # friend told me he sa% the bicycle %heel version at a &orean conference so , posted all the details at &eely1et!!!one of our readers found your site and informed me, so , %ill put up a lin' to your photos!!!! >o you thin' there %ill be full details on ho% to build the simple self-running bicycle version posted so that others can duplicate it!!!!this %ould really set it off if these things %ere being sho%n all over the %orld!!!! , got copies of the three patents (t%o by (inato, one by +avaletH) and have their locations posted on my page!!!!than's for providing the pictures!!!!, don5t thin' it go bigtime until at least a simplified version that self-runs has beend duplicated by many others!!!!this %ill set the fire that %ill dra% attention to the rest!!!!!good luc', , and a lot of others %ill be %atching!!!!and please congratulate (r! (inato on his achievement!!!!if you %ould li'e to chec' out our site$ http.33%%%!'eelynet!com3index0!htm http.33%%%!'eelynet!com3gravity3curtis!htm (the device file) Berry 0! >ec'er 3 *dec'era'eelynet!com http.33%%%!'eelynet!com 3 >r! >avid 2eard 2;/-1 &ashi%a -unctional >evice 7abs! M )harp ?orporation &ashi%a, ?hiba 2;; Bapan "el! . 09;1-/9-:11: M -ax! . 09;1-/9-:11@ e-mail . davida'asi%a!sharp!co!*p

,romE Mic-ael an0all FF mailto.mrandallaearthlin'!net : ToE Dill Deat, .222$e"4imo$com1 : Decem'er 45 %99&

EMinato i" going DigFTimeNE

Sub;e+tH (inato5s 44( Cpdate 6ortexians. 2ere is an update on &ohei (inato5s over-unity permanent magnet inventions! (inato is currently having manufactured, over in Bapan, a large unit, (9) connected 10 foot long units, that can po%er /0 homes! ,t is estimated to be finished by -ebruary! ?11 is scheduled to report on it %hen ready! (inato also has a home po%ering unit! Ioth siHe units are based on his C)# 4atent 5,5@9,28@ that uses a battery to start and stop the unit! "he C)# sales representative is Iob 6ermillion and his e-mail address is. poleneticaaol!com 1o %eb site yet but Iob 6ermillion5s office is in ?entury ?ity, ?alifornia and he said he can ans%er your technical, mar'eting, and manufacturing uestions! 2e *ust came bac' from visiting (inato5s lab in Bapan and %as impressed seeing the units %or'ing versus seeing the photo5s! # po%er demonstration unit to is expected to arrive from Bapan in Banuary! "here currently is no C)# manufacturing being done and licenses are available %orld%ide! , mentioned to Iob that

there is also a large interest for a permanent magnet rotor3stator unit that is self-rotating and selfstarting, li'e (inato5s bicycle %heel design! , also mentioned that a table top version of this, for the student or as an Eexecutive toy,E %ould sell uite %ell! 2e didn5t 'no% this! ,f any of you do e-mail to Iob for info, mention to him about the need for a table top version of the bicycle %heel and %here you got his addressT <egards, (ichael <andall

(rom= Mic-ael an0all : To= 3reenrgFlQe"4imo$com .Dill Deat,15 Marc- 45 %998 :

EMinato Demo an0 <p0ateE

2ere is an /393@8 update on &ohei (inato5s over-unity permanent magnet inventions from his C)# sales representative5s Iob 6ermillion and Bohn &en%orthy! (r! (inato demonstrated at the Bapanese EEnergy Expo 5@8E his large unit, (9) connected 10 foot long units that can po%er /0 homes, and several smaller table top units! ?11, 12& and other "6 net%or's too' video5s of his devices, and of the %hole Expo, but he did not 'no% %hen it %as re-broadcasted! (inato5s staff had their o%n video on for the four day event and Iob is ma'ing copies of a typical single day video coverage! "here %ere not any instruments connected to the large unit to measure energy input to output but his table top unit %as connected and it sho%ed 98 0atts input to 550 0atts output! (inato5s demonstration attracted a lot of public attention by the large daily cro%ds and also from a number of interested Bapanese corporations! Iob said he received all of your email5s and too' them bac' %ith him to Bapan and gave a copy to (r! (inato and his staff to sho% the interest here in the C)# and the %orld! 2e has not replied to all of your e-mail5s due to there is nothing to report about *ust yet and he %ill ans%er all of your e-mail5s %hen he has at least a demonstration unit to sho%! "hey are still %aiting for a table top po%er demonstration unit for their 7os #ngeles office but the Bapanese engineer5s %ant to perfect it first! Iob is loo'ing for%ard to receiving a magnetic Ebicycle %heelE unit in #pril and interested parties can then schedule an appointment to see the %heel spinning by itself %ithout any energy inputT .-) <egards, (ichael <andall

Ne2 Energ, Ne2" 6.*1= % .H/l, %9981= 6re"" elea"e In"tit/te 3or Ne2 Energ, .INE1

ET-e Magnetic otating Apparat/"E

J,f the follo%ing 4ress <elease is reporting factual information that can be verified, then this may be the first commercial over-unity rotating, magnetic ne%-energy device! "he first %estern hemisphere demonstration %ill be given in (exico ?ity in early Buly, 1@@8!

,nventor &ohei (inato, the "homas Edison of the ne% millennium, has ac uired more than 50 patents and intellectual property rights from all over the %orld for the energy creating E(agnetic <otating #pparatus!E (r! (inato5s generating device utiliHes the magnetic force of repulsion to create and emerge clean safe energy! "he E(agnetic <otating #pparatusE employs a number of stationary neodymium magnets arranged at regular intervals on the peripheral portion of a rotor! "he polarity of each magnet, %hich is located radially out%ard from the rotor, is identical! "he machine is started %ith an electromagnetic stator! 0hen activated, the magnetic fields repel creating rotation of the rotor! #s the rotations per minute (rpm5s) increase, the electrical consumption to the electromagnetic stator decreases! "his phenomenon is in direct conflict %ith accepted la%s of physics and is achieved through the repelling magnetic fields! ,t operates %ithout heat, noise or pollution of any 'ind! ,t can be produced in siHe from ultra small to very large! =ne of the prototypes available for vie%ing operates %ith an input of /9 %atts of electricity and outputs a maximum of 500 %atts! E(agnetic <otating #pparatusE applications currently under development include usage from cell phones and laptop computers to automobiles and giant po%er stations! -or more information contact. "ri-?osmos >evelopment ?o! 1888 ?entury 4ar' East M 1@th -loor ?entury ?ity, ?# @00:; 4hone. /10-289-/250 M -ax. /10-289-/2:0 E-mail. tricodevaaol!com

Minato Magnet Motor Dic,cle W-eel Demon"tration Mo0el

#tatic ; T/rning .2> Act/ator Q Top o3 W-eel1

Wallace MINTO 8,0ronic a0iation Tran"mitter

#a)io0!lec ronics .Ma,5 %96&15 p$ *&F*8$

RD/il0 a 8,0ronicF a0iation Tran"mitterS

', Hac4 Alt-o/"e V)cientists in -lorida have discovered a ne% form of electromagnetic radiation %hich propagates under %ater as %ell as radio does in airW! V, must protest! 2as a serious trade *ournal resorted to sensationalismR ,t appears that either that either a hoax is being perpetrated or thateW! V# ne% mode of communications --- via under%ater electromagnetic radiation --- is being explored by 2ydronics ?orp! 0allace (into, inventor of the system, says signals have been transmitted over a distance as great as /0 miles by this method!W! ,s Vhydronic radiationW a fact or a fraudR ,t has raised a storm of controversy as illustrated by the uotations above, all of %hich %ere %ritten by responsible engineers or technical %riters! "he fact is that hydronic radiation does %or'! #nd the e uipment is easy to build once a basic understanding of the ne% concept is attained! Iut first, letUs see ho% the systemUs inventor describes hydronic radiation! 0allace (into of )arasota, -7, desribes it as Va ne% vector field related to the electromagnetic and magnetohydrodynamic forces, characteristically propagated through a %ater medium and associated %ith electronic oscillationsW! "ranslation. 2ydronic radiation is the same as radio, except that it %or's through %ater instead of air! =nly the antennas distinguish the hydronic-radiation system from a conventional radio system! <eceiving and transmitting antennas both have large plates, at each end of an insulating separator, to ma'e contact %ith the %ater! # half-%ave radio antenna has insulators on each end and radiates at right angles to the %ire, as sho%n in -ig! 1-#! "he hydronic radiation antenna appears to radiate off the ends of its plates (-ig! 1-I)! Early hydronic radiation experiments %ere made in the salt %ater of the #tlantic =cean, and itUs in the oceans that the most exciting possibilities for hydronic radiation systems exist! )tatic-free communication bet%een ships, dependable communication %ith submarines, and trans-#tlantic communication %ithout cables have all been suggested by the concepts proponents! Iut hydronic radiation also %or's through the fresh %ater found in la'es and rivers! #s a matter of fact, the transmitter described here can be used in ordinary tap %ater to perform experiments in your bathtub! 0hen %or'ing in %ater, itUs dangerous to use #?-po%ered e uipment$ the transmitter, therefore, is designed to operate from a @-volt transistor radio battery! 4o%er drain is lo%, and the battery %ill last for many hours! "he transmitter schematic is sho%n in -ig! 2! O1 is the rf oscillator, tuned by 71 to transmit in the standard broadcast band, allo%ing use of an ordinary transistor-

type #( radio as a receiver! O2 is an audio oscillator, operating at about 1 &2H, %hich modulates O1 through transformer "! "he tone-modulated signal stands out clearly among the regular stations and thus ma'es testing easier! "he transmitter is built in a 5 x ; x /-inch aluminum box, %ith all components mounted on a perforated board except for 71 and the terminal strip! "hese are mounted on one end of the box! )tandard construction techni ues are used! #nd parts placement and lead length are not critical! 71 is modified by %inding a 25-turn coupling coil at its lo%er end! "he t%o terminal mar'ed "<#1)(," are used as the on-off s%itch! 0hen the terminals are connected by a shorting %ire, the transmitter %ill operate! "o test the transmitter, leave the box open and place a transistor radio next to the circuit board! "une across the band and listen for the modulated tone signal! ,t should appear bet%een 550 and 800 &2H! ,f you canUt find it, set the receiver dial at 550 &2H and tune 71 until the tone is received! "he transistor radio becomes our hydronic radiation receiver %ith a simple modification! =pen the case and %ind 25 turns of 1o! 29 enameled %ire around it ferrite-loop antenna! 7eave about : inches of %ire at each end of the %inding and t%ist the ends together to hold the %inding in place! Iring the %ires out of the case and snap the cover shut to hold them in place! "%o identical antennas are needed, one for the transmitter and one for the receiver! -ig! / illustrates the simple construction! End plates are 2 inches s uare, of 18-gauge brass cleaned to the bare metal to ma'e good contact %ith the %ater! "he :-inch spacer can be of Ia'elite, 7ucite or other insulating material! "%o :-foot lengths of plastic-insulated hoo'up %ire are used for the feeder! =ne %ire is connected to each plate by a solder lug passed over the end of the plate, then fed through holes in the spacer %hich allo% the %ires to be stretched taut! "he rest of the %ire is t%isted together to ma'e a balanced feed line! )trip the enamel insulation from the ends of the antenna-feeder %ires and from the t%o receiver leads, then solder them together! "ape the connections to prevent shorting! ?onnect the second antenna to the transmitter! 4lace the antennas close together and chec' to see that the tone-modulated signal can still be heard at 550 &2H! #d*ust 71 if necessary! -inal e uipment chec's should be made %ith the antenna in the %ater! # pool of %ater at least the siHe of a bathtub is needed, and the %ater should be a foot or more deep! 4lace the antennas facing each other about / feet apart! <etune the receiver to find the tone! ,t %ill appear at about ;00 &2H (the %ater loads the transmitter heavily and shifts its fre uency)! "o ma'e sure that the hydronic radiation signals are being received through the %ater, lift the receiving antenna out of the %ater! "he signal should disappear or at least drop considerably in volume!

0ith the gear ready, %e can perform a fe% experiments, to see ho% the system operates! # fe% uestions may be ans%ered, and a fe% more may be raised! 8,0ronicF a0iation E+periment" =ne of the interesting characteristics of a hydronic radiation communications system is the apparent directional pattern of its antennas! 4lace the antenna under%ater %ith the end plates parallel to each other! <otate one antenna @0h horiHontally or vertically so the edges o its end plates are perpendicular to the other antennaUs end plates! "he signal %ill fade as you rotate, disappearing completely at the @0h position! #s you turn to%ard 180h , the signal %ill come bac' and become strong again as the end plates once again become parallel! "his experiment appears to sho% that the antennas radiate off the ends of the plates! #ntenna engineers, ho%ever, say, V1o! "he signal does not radiate from the surface of the platesW! ,nstead, they explain, the signal radiates from the %ires that connect the plates! "hese %ires actually form a dipole antenna$ the plates, they say, are *ust Vground rodsW! -urthermore, the signals so not go straight through the %ater at all! "hey travel from the transmitting antenna up%ard to the surface of the %ater, along the surface, then bac' do%n to the receiving antenna! "his description of hydronic radiation suggests that the behavior of signal radiation is opposed to our general experience! ,t is true that a horiHontal-%ire antenna %ill radiate its signal up%ard! "he up-over-do%n theory implies that %hen hydronic %aves reach the surface of the %ater, they must bend at right angles to travel along the surface! "hen, %hen they are above the receiving antenna, they must bend do%n%ard to the antenna can pic' them up! LongF ange Antenna" "he maximum distance for effective communication by hydronic radiation depends on the spacing bet%een the antenna plates! "he greater the spacing, the longer the range! 4late spacings of 1,000 feet have been used to communicate over several miles! -or our experiment, a plate spacing of : feet is convenient and %ill provide a range of 100 feet or more! "he antenna %ill use a :-foot 2 x / %ood spacer and 1-foot s uare brass plates! "he plates donUt have to be that big, but they must be heavy enough so the antenna %ill sin' in the %ater (the %ood spacer tends to float, of course)! # good electrical connection is made to each plate, the connecting %ires are brought directly to the center of the antenna and t%isted to form the transmission line, %hich should be about 15 feet long! #s before, t%o identical antennas are re uired! <pFOverFDo2n E+periment "he antennas should be placed about 50 feet apart in %ater at least : feet deep! 0ith the antennas *ust belo% the surface and pointed at each other, the signal should be received loud and clear! 1o%, if both antennas are slo%ly lo%ered deeper into the %ater, the distance bet%een them being

'ept the same, %e observe an interesting result! "he deeper the antennas go, the %ea'er the signal becomes! ,f %e put the antennas deep enough, the signal disappears completely! )ince the distance bet%een the end plates hasnUt changed, %e %ould expect the signal to become %ea'er as the antennas go deeper into the %ater! )ince the signal is, in fact, %ea'er %ith the antennas deeply submerged, our experiment sho%s that the antenna engineers are right! "he signal probably does go up-over-do%n! (/t/re o3 8,0ronic a0iation =ne experiment seems to prove that hydronic radiation travels off the ends of the antenna plates! #nother seems to prove the signal someho% goes up-over-do%n! ,s there an experiment that could prove that neither explanation is correctR ,f so, engineers havenUt discovered it! Iut there is no reason you canUt experiment %ith your radiation transmitter to see %hat conclusions might be dra%n! #fter all, the las %ord on the concept isnUt in yet! )o far, experimenters are strongly divided on %hether hydronic radiation actually is a different form of electromagnetic radiation that %ill prove useful in under%ater communication systems! =ne cap holds that rf energy generated by the hydronic transmitter is radiated through %ater in much the same manner as it %ould be through the air, though %ith some differences! =bviously the circuits employed are identical in e uipment used for both propagation media. air and %ater! "he second group feels that there is some basically different phenomenon at %or', one that promises efficient under%ater communication! =nly extensive experimentation under carefully controlled conditions %ill provide the complete ans%er, of course! Iut, you can explore a phenomenon thatUs in the ne%s today, and do it %ith very little cash outlay! "he hydronic transmitter does %or'$ %hy it does isnUt apparent, at the moment!

Otto MO8 Detonator a,

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)C44=)E magicians could be stationed at strategic points along the borders or coast of a country at %ar! "hen %hen enemy battleships, submarines or bombers came %ithin five miles, the magicians could mumble a fe% magic %ords, and prestoTi the invaders %ould be blo%n to bits by their o%n explosivesT #n instrument has really been devised that %ill perform *ust such a feat, not by hocus pocus, but by utiliHing natural physical la%s to ignite explosives at a distance %ithout the use of %ires or any other direct contact! =tto 2! (ohr, inventor of the submarine detector, is the originator of the )olar (ohr >etonator, and has successfully demonstrated it to #rmy officials! <ecently a group of Cnited )tates #rmy experts gathered in the hills near =a'land, ?alifornia, to %itness a test of the >etonator! )everal times in previous months they had %atched demonstrations of the instrument, and they came prepared to put it to tests of their o%n devising! ?anvas bags containing charges of po%der used to fire a one pound shell %ere placed in the middle of a field! "%enty feet, a%ay (r! (ohr stood by his model >etonator, a cubical measuring about t%o feet! 2e ad*usted a cone-shaped antenna on top until a metal tube in its core pointed to the sun! # gentle buHH from %ithin indicated that it %as in exact position, then a dim light appeared in a tube extending from the front of the instrument! "he inventor focused this tube in the direction of the bags of po%der! 1ine minutes later the po%der exploded! =ther tests devised by the officers convinced them that the >etonator is a remar'able and practical defense %eapon, and they recommended favorable consideration by the Cnited )tates #rmy! (r! (ohr stumbled onto the >etonator <ay by accident! 0hile %or'ing on another instrument %hich utiliHed solar energy, a small amount of po%der nearby exploded! ,t too' five years to discover the secret of this accident and to construct an instrument to command and control the principle of remote detonation! >id you ever focus the sunUs rays to pin-point intensity %ith a lens and set fire to paper or stra%R "hat, very roughly, is the underlying principle of the >etonator! "he cone-shaped antenna on top gathers the sunUs magnetic force %hich has transformed inside the instrument to motivated vibratory currents! "hese vibrations are synchroniHed or VtunedW to the atomic vibrations of the explosive substance and sent on a beam from the focusing tube in the direction of the target! -our secret essentials control the >etonator, and to safeguard the invention, (r! (ohr dismantles it after every demonstration! # bright, sunny day is not essential to the use of the >etonator, but the brighter days ma'e, it possible to gather more solar energy in less time, thus shortening the time it ta'es to explode the target! Iut any amount of sunlight is effective! ,t is possible, too, that a mercury arc may some day be substituted at night for solar energy! "he explosive principle is similar to that causing combustion %hen t%o stic's are rubbed together rapidly$ the energy vibrations from the sunUs magnetic force %hich is transferred along the beam, set up a friction %ith the explosive elements! "hey become hot, and hotter, then

explode! Explosive substances used in ammunition are al%ays compounds of several elements i gun po%der is a combination of potassium nitrate, sulphur and charcoal i but any explosive %ith a hydrocarbon base is sub*ect to the >etonator <ay! 2o%ever, there is one re uirement. the atomic vibration of the constituents must be 'no%n so that the >etonator may be VtunedW to effective action! =ther%ise the solar vibrations %ould slide past the explosiveUs atoms %ithout the friction essential to explosion! (r! (ohr has determined the atomic vibrations of some elements, but many types of explosives have not yet been analyHed, and the atomic vibrations of many elements are not yet 'no%n! +un po%der, gasoline vapor, and some other explosive substances have been successfully fired by the >etonator! #ll others %ill be calculated as soon, as time and money %ill permit, and as fast as further atomic vibrations are formulated, they %ill be turned over to the #rmy! #nother improvement that is being %or'ed on is the extension of the distance at %hich the >etonator %ill be effective! ,t is li'e the pro*ecting of shot from a cannon$ the greater the po%er behind the shot, the farther and harder it %ill be sent! "he inventor believes that the beam of the >etonator may be extended to the reach of light rays$ approximately forty miles on a level %ith the horiHon, %hen sufficient solar energy can be accumulated! 0hen larger, more po%erful models of the >etonator are built, invading machines %ill have small chance of coming %ithin shooting or bombing distance of the Cnited )tates! Iattleships or tan's %ould be spontaneously blo%n up by their o%n ammunition, and bombers %ould be destroyed by the very missiles they planned to drop on others! -ttp=>>'oo4"$google$com>'oo4"?i0@##cDAAAAMDAH;lpg@66%;0I@pop/larL)0"cience L)0%940;pg@6A8&9v@onepage;I;3@3al"e Popular Science5 H/l, %9405 p$ 8&

Gene MOLLINET 6o2er <nit . LEM9* 1

8ole a Sun .CA15 %984

GeneC" Mac-ine
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/"" #pencer
#s +ene (ollinet sits patiently %or'ing a%ay in his shop, cars rumble by outside spe%ing exhaust the machine he has developed may someday ma'e a thing of the past! Else%here, officials and county planners sit in plush board rooms bic'ering over the siHe and number of oil rigs they5ll soon add to the string already sna'ing do%n the )anta Iarbara ?hannel! )till, (ollinet %or's, the machine ta'ing shape among the +oleta inventor5s clutter! 2e loo's up,

his (aui-tanned s'in %rin'led from s uinting at the tiny electrical parts and %ires %hich ma'e up his machine! 2is shirt, %ell, it5s a mess! 2is hair, it5s a mess too! Cn'empt, %ith little education beyond high school --- he5s a stereotypical inventor! (ollinet has a hard time explaining to someone as poorly versed in electronics as , am exactly %hat he is building or ho% it %or's! "he machine, he says, ma'es useable electric energy %ithout using any fuel! ,t is as simple as that! ,t is started %ith a regular car battery, but after the battery is unhoo'ed, the E4o%er CnitE 'eeps running until he turns it of! ,t is called 7E(/, and he plans to put it in a plane and sho% the %orld %hat it can do by ta'ing a 5-day spin around the %orld using no fuel! # bit far-fetchedR (ollinet is dead serious! "he invention has a patent pending, and 7E(/ development corporation %as formed in 1@82, and a batch of ?alifornia capital stoc' has been sold! 0hatUs more, (ollinet says he is not the only one %ith the fuel-free idea! 2e claims that about 10 other inventors across the country are also racing to develop similar use of energy created through the magic contained %ithin a magnetic field --- the same magic that fascinates every child %ho has ever pic'ed up a magnet and %ondered about its invisible attraction %hen held near a refrigerator! (ollinet never lost that fascination, %hich heightened as he %as flying 451s for the #ir -orce during the &orean 0ar! 2e pulled apart a plane radio one day, and received a strange shoc' from one of the crystals used to latch onto radio fre uencies! "he crystal, e surmised in all innocence, %as either storing energy or building its o%n! ?oupled %ith a magnetic field, similar crystal substances %ill be used by (ollinet to 'eep the plane itself in the air, and %ithout using any fuel! UN$D$= I 2a" tol0 t-at Mollinet /"e0 a T/nction o3 6'F(e# in a magnetic 3iel0 to pro0/ce po2er a3ter initial e+citation ', a 'atter,$ FFF $ N$ V ,n addition to the plane unit on %hich (ollinet is currently %or'ing, he has already completed a solid state electrical generator %hich po%ers a car, and a mechanical home generator! 2e bets his bottom dollar on the plane, though! "he grand plan is to go to )tead #ir -orce Iase in 1evada %here the corporation has leased a hanger, and spend the month of Banuary modifying a ?essna 152 fuselage to house the 7E(/! Iy spring, (ollinet says, the plane %ill be ready for an air flight %hich could revolutioniHe the entire po%er production field! (ollinet admits all of this seems a bit strange! #s every high school physics student has learned, the la%s of thermodynamics say a machine cannot under any circumstances create more energy than it uses! )o %hat givesR V,t doesnUt deny those la%sW, he says, Vit adds to themW! -or obvious reasons, (ollinet %onUt say a %hole lot about %hat it does add to physical la%s! 0hat he does say is that it something to do %ith gyroscopic particles %hich orbit in a magnetic field to produce electricity J1!I!. compare Boe 1e%manUs gyroscopic theory! --- <!1!K! ,n the planeUs po%er unit, the electricity produced %ill be used to build up pressure in a hydraulic generator %hich turns the propeller! "hatUs it!

-rom under a pile of blueprints and aviation magaHines (ollinet pulls out a )an -rancisco Examiner article from 1ovember about a man %ith a similar po%er unit J1!I!. 4robably Boe 1e%manK! "he man has been turned do%n by the C) 4atent =ffice for a patent on a machine similar to (ollinetUs V,Um %ay ahead of this guyW, (ollinet says! V2is machine is, %ell, itUs primitiveW, he adds, telling the story of ho% he already secured a patent pending on his device t%o years ago by sho%ing officials *ust blueprints and providing them %ith an explanation of his theory! V0hen , %ent in there at first, , myself only had a suspicion that it %or'edW, he said! ,n the ne%spaper article, a )perry Cnivac official is uoted as saying that Vthe future of the human race may be drastically uplifted by the large scale development of this inventionW! (ollinet says he understands the implications of his machine, the changes it could bring, and he says that if he has his %ay, the %orld %ill also soon be dealing %it those implications! 2e insists his story %ill not end %ith an oil company buying out his product and shelving it! V"his %onUt be s uashedW, he says! V,Ud personally li'e to see all the pollution gone! ,Ud li'e to see those ugly po%er poles out there gone, and ,Ud li'e to see the nuclear po%er plants tore do%nW, he says! Cnderstandably, (ollinet has a hard time getting people to accept the fact that he really does have a prototype unit %hich he uses to energiHe the television he %atches! V4eople thin' ho% can a little guy in his shop in +oleta do it %hen all the big guys li'e )anta Iarbara <esearch and <aytheon canUt do itRW, he says! V?ompared to the immenseness of %hat %e have, the public interest in this has been piss-poorW! # sho% displaying (ollinetUs solid state home unit, the car and the mechanical generator %as held in #ugust at the Earl 0arren )ho%grounds! "he sho%Us lighting and amplification %ere po%ered by the 7E(/ unit! #bout 125 people sho%ed up! 2e has received offers to buy his company, he said, but is %aiting until after he ma'es the air flight --- until he proves undeniably that the unit does %hat he says! "he plane no% sits in the 1evada hangar %ith its %ings detached 2e is going to replace the %ingsU fuel tan's %ith hydraulic fluid reservoirs, and %ith %ater tan's --- %eUve got to have something to drin' up there for 5 daysW, he says! #fter that comes the installation of the po%er unit, and a small fan at the rear of the plane for po%er reciprocation! "he test flights begin at the end of Banuary! #t that point he plans to embar' on the trip already plotted out on a %orld map hanging on a cluttered %all of his %or'shop! ,t all seems li'e a fairy tale, a fantasy of sorts, but (ollinet is all business as he pulls out the blueprints for the plane and the unit and explains everything in electrical *argon$ heUs dead serious %hen he hauls out his corporation papers and stoc' certificates explaining ho% the corporation %as formed! 0hen he %al's across his shop to a little metal box in the corner %it the %ords 7E(/ 4o%er Cnit printed on it, hoo's up the battery cables, flips a s%itch, unhoo's the cables and then plugs in a television, and the picture flic'ers immediately to life, itUs much easier to s%allo%!

#t this point all one can do is stand there, and try to imagine the ramifications of such a machine and %hat it could do for us all!

8ole a Sun .T/e"0a,5 A/g/"t )85 %98415 page *

Goleta Man #-o2" Invention

( 4hotos by +erry )tassinos )

+oleta inventor +ene (ollinet sho%ed his 7E (/ po%er unit to the public for the first time last %ee' at the Earl 0arren )ho%grounds! =ver 150 people attended the event, vie%ing %hat (ollinet claims is a unit %hich puts out electrical po%er %ithout using any fuel, and %ithout giving off any exhaust! "hree versions of the unit %ere sho%n, one %hich po%ers a car, one %hich is mechanical, and one %hich is solid state! "he solid state model, sho%n above, %as used during the sho% to po%er a television set hoo'ed up to a computer!

C-ri"tian MON#TEIN, e

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#pace G/anta Me0i/m . #GM 1 ; Central O"cillator

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T-e CFGenerator

C868&4)8 U 6D( V MET8OD AND DE!ICE (O 6 OD<CING ELECT OMAGNETIC 6<L#E#

,nventor. +,I#) 4E"E< #7-<E> J>EK $ 7E21E< 2#1) #pplicant. <O( <#C( OC#1"E1 (="=<E1 #+ J?2K 1@@8-02-28 Al"o p/'li"-e0 a"= >> 6T89&*)& >> E#)%6AA9& >> E6089&*)& >> 8 9&0))6

A'"tract -- "he ob*ect of the invention is to provide a method and device for use in the field of intense electromagnetic pulse generation, for example for investigating or influencing materials structures as %ell as for use in E(? investigations, so as to provide a novel technological alternative for developing further areas of application! "his ob*ect is achieved in that the structure of the core member of the device essentially ta'es the form of 2 A n (i!e! 5 %hen n S /)

electromagnetic resonant cavities fitted into one another according to the E<ussian dollE principle$ and in that the resonant circuit system is connected for circuitry and metrological purposes to the pulse generators (//, /9, /5, /:, /;), used for generation, and to an evaluation and control unit (/8) and a vibration-measuring device (90)! "he invention concerns a method and device for generating electromagnetic pulses on the basis of electrical, magnetic and mechanical interactions bet%een electromagnetically and mechanically oscillatory systems and can be used in fundamental research for materials structure, solid-state physics, material investigations and E(? investigations! C869%*&8 U 6D( V Apparat/" 3or c-anging t-e propertie" o3 material" /"e0 in t-e pro0/ction o3 ",nt-etic cr,"tal" compri"e" an o/ter electromagnetic magnetic arrangement5 inner electromagnetic arrangement"5 an inner -ollo2 c-am'er an0 immer"ion anc-or" 2001-0;-1/ ,nventor(s). 7E21E< BE#1-(#<,E J?2K$ +,I#) 4E"E< #7-<E> >< ,1+ J>EK$ +<E,7,1+E< -<,E><,?2 J>EK

A'"tract -- #pparatus for changing the properties of materials comprises an outer hollo% cylindrical electromagnetic magnetic arrangement (1) having a recess for an excitation coil (2) in

its %all$ t%o inner electromagnetic arrangements (/, 9) arranged over each other in an axial direction and having inner excitation coils (:, ;)$ an inner plate-li'e hollo% chamber (5) bet%een the inner magnetic arrangements acting as a reaction chamber for the materials to be treated$ and t%o immersion anchors (8, @) %hich close the inner chamber of the outer magnetic arrangement! #n ,ndependent claim is also included for a process for operating the apparatus! 4referred -eatures. "he inner magnetic arrangements are coated %ith a diamagnetic material %ith the same or lo%er friction coefficient and the same of higher heat resistance as 4"-E! # copper intermediate layer is arranged bet%een the immersion anchors and the inner magnetic arrangements!

Google #earc- e"/lt"

"he (onstein Effect expriment - "ests <eport by )ergei (! +odin -eb 1;, 1@@8 !!! Cnfortunately, (onstein Effect %as not confirmed, all results may be explained by aerodynamics and vibration effects! !!! Tna/0in$3ree$3r>-tml>"ergeimg$-tm B71 7abs - "he 2==4E<-(=1)"E,1 Experiment "his 2==4E<-(=1)"E,1 effect can be easily explained %ith the =liver ?rane5s theory and is also fully used by <O( ( <aum Ouanten (otoren #+ ) ! !!! Tna/0in$3ree$3r>-tml>-oopmn"t$-tm Earth5s rotation is the cause for its magnetiHation Experimental establishment of the (onstein-Iarnett effect !!! one reported by Iarnett, and , call the effect reported by (onstein the (onstein- !!! 222$"pringerlin4$com>in0e+>6664&!0)4M*8)A*G$p03 # -7#0 ,1 "2E -=C1>#",=1 =- 42G) (ay 29, 200@ !!! "he ?<#1E-(=1)"E,1 E--E?", described in detail in the publication V?entral =scillator and )pace Ouanta (ediumW, sho%s that magnetism is not !!! 222$"/pernovaeFenerg,$com>aK3la2$-tm E"2b ,nstitute of #stronomy. ?h! (onstein 4apers (ar /, 2008 !!! )elected papers and other publications %ith ?hr! (onstein as author !!!! (itigation effect of a %indo% function for a --" spectrometer in a !!! -elene$et-J$c->paper">mon"tein>mon"teinKpKn3$-tml 0orld )cience >atabase , can say that the 2=44E<-(=1)"E,1 effect is clearly demonstrated %ith this experiment! "ype. Experiment )tatus. ?ompleted !!! 222$2orl0npa$org>p-p)>in0e+$p-p?ta'0@E+periment";ta'%$$$ B71 7abs - Ouantum Electrodynamics ?riti ue of 2ooper-(onstein Experiment, by ?yril )mith$ "he E(onstein EffectE Experiment "ests report by )ergei (! +odin! # 6ortex in a bottle! !!!

222$gn/ca"-$org>mirror">mirror">Tna/0in$$$>Ie0,nmn/$-tm -ttp=>>222$electricit,Ftool$com>0oc>%8A444FInternetFE0ition"F>F222rImc->@@@

C-ri"tian MON#TEIN
(onstein5s %ebpage E"2b ?hristian (onstein5s personal %ebpage! 4rivate homepage (default) at http.33%%%!monstein!de$ 4rivate homepage (emergency) at !!! 222$a"tro$p-,"$et-J$c->"ta33>mon"tein>private>in0e+$-tml E"2b ,nstitute of #stronomy. ,f#. ?hristian (onstein (ar /, 2008 !!! ?hristian (onstein! ,nstitute of #stronomy E"2 burich 2," B 91!9! 0olfgang4auli-)trasse 2;! ?2-809@ bjrich 4hone. AA91-99-:/2 92 29 !!! -elene$et-J$c->"ta33>mon"tein>mon"teinKn3$-tml E"2b ,nstitute of #stronomy. ?h! (onstein 4apers (ar /, 2008 !!! >ie (ondtemperatur bei lS2,;;cm ?hristian (onstein, J=<,=1 932001 #ugust !!! #rnold =! IenH, ?hristian (onstein and 2ansueli (eyer, 2009 !!! -elene$et-J$c->paper">mon"tein>mon"teinKpKn3$-tml (onstein update. 15!0:!20013?hr! (onstein, 19!08!20013?(, 2:!08!20013?(, 09!05!20023?(, 09!09!200:3?(, 28!10!200:, 01!0@!200;3cm! 222$mon"tein$0e> #stronomy ?hristian (onstein !!! last update. 2@!0;!2001 ?hr! (onstein, 2@!09!2002 ?hr! (onstein (ne% pisces in Ileien observatory), 05!08!200/3cm (pisces !!! 222$mon"tein$0e>a"tronom,$-tm )E", 7eague <egional ?oordinator ?hristian (onstein -eb 29, 200; !!! ?hristian #ndreas (onstein, born 1830@31@5/, )%itHerland! -amily. ,5m married to Irigitte (onstein-2alter since 1@82 and %e have got t%o !!! 222$"etileag/e$org>a0min>mon"tein$-tm 4resentation of a ne% #mateur \-<ay )pectrometer 5\<)5 ?hristian !!! -ile -ormat. 4>-3#dobe #crobat - Ouic' 6ie% ?hristian (onstein, 2I@)?"! 0iesenstrasse 1/! ?2-880; -reienbach! >uring the E<#?0/ symposium last year in 2eppenheim, 4eter 0right sent t%o !!! 222$"etileag/e$org>"eticon>a'"te/04>-'9"ct0%$p03 0orld )cience >atabase ,ng! ?hristian (onstein monsteinaastro!phys!ethH!ch! "el. A91-99-:/2 92 29! ,nstitute of #stronomy, E"2 burich 2," B 91!9! 0olfgang-4auli-)trasse 2; !!! 222$2orl0npa$org>p-p)>in0e+$p-p?ta'0@#cienti"t";ta'%$$$i0$$$

-ttp=>>222$electricit,Ftool$com>0oc>%8A444FInternetFE0ition"F>F222rImc->@@@ -ttp=>>222$rIm$c"he English version of volume 1. E?entral =scillator and )pace-Ouanta-(ediumE can be found on the ,nternet. %%%!r m!ch 4rice. 1 C)> 3 1 EC< 3 per copy 3 per do%nload! )end payment to. <O-3)O< ,nstitute for )pace-Ouanta-<esearch 2ummel%aldstrasse 90, ?2-8:95 B=1#3<appers%il ()%itHerland) "el! AA91 A55 219 2/ 50 -ax. AA91 A55 212 52 0@ e-mail. r maaccess!ch 4ayment type. in envelope 3 bills =r to the follo%ing account. 1o!! @5/-01001:2-2; <O- ?itiban' Ielgium )!#! 2; #venue des #rts, I-1090 Irussels (Ielgium) )0,-" ?ode. ?"I& IEI\ ?onsider payment as expense contribution and3or as +ood%ill for further research and additonal interesting publications on the ,nternet! "ranslations into other languages and direct sale are desired! (4lease re uest original photos from the 4ublisher or from )O-) ?opyright costs for translations. 1 C)> 3 1 EC< 3 per finished boo' ?opyright for ,nterneteditions. 0!5 C)> 3 0!5 EC< 3 per do%nload 3 per hit ?opyright payments to. <O-3)O< ,nstitute for )pace-Ouanta-<esearch 4lease contact. <O-3)O< ,nstitute for )pace-Ouanta-<esearch or C1,6E<)#7 E\4E<"E1 6E<7#+, B!(! 7E21E< 2ummel%aldstrasse 90, ?2-8:95 B=1#3<appers%il ()%itHerland) "el!AA91A55 219 2/ 50 -ax.AA91A55 212 52 0@ e-mail.r maaccess!ch U E+cerpt" FF V

+en ral .scilla or an) Space0Quan a0Me)iumE ,oun)a ions o9 a =e* Ph"sics an) a =e* +osmolog" :ase) on he ne*l" )isco$ere) space0Fuan a09luG SQ,B ,oun)a ions o9 a ne* SQM7SQ,0Technolog"
', Oliver Crane F H$ M$ Le-ner F C-r$ Mon"tein Bune 2000 ,)I1 /-@52125@-2-\ Ta'le o3 content" 6art % ', O$ Crane T-eorie Intro0/ction

Wor4ing #trateg, Deman0" 3or a <ni3ie0 (/nctional Mo0e Da"ic 6ro'lem" (o/n0ational 6rereI/i"ite" De3inition o3 t-e Electric (iel0 De3inition o3 t-e Die3el0FDro2n E33ect De3inition o3 t-e Magnetic (iel0 In0/ction #el3FIn0/ction Magnetic EAttractionE an0 ep/l"ion Determination o3 t-e #GF(l/+ Direction E33ect" on C/rrentFCarr,ing Con0/ctor" in a Magnetic (iel0 In0/ctive E33ect" on Moving Con0/ctor" in a Magnetic (iel0 E33ect" on Moving Electric C-arge" in a Magnetic (iel0 In0/ctive E33ect" on C/rrent Carr,ing Con0/ctor" in a Magnetic (iel0 G/ant/mFMec-anic" Elementar, 6article" #tr/ct/re o3 Elementar, 6article" 6-oton > Ne/trino Atomic N/cle/" F a0ioactivit, T-eor, o3 elativit, Time5 De3inition C/rvat/re o3 #pace Gravitation EI/ivalence o3 Gravitational .-eav,1 an0 Inertial Ma"" e3erence #,"tem" an0 Mac-C" 6rinciple Time Dilatation Ma"" Increa"e an0 LorentJFContraction #trong Gravitational (iel0" Gamma (actor A00itional emar4" Co"molog, Gravitation #paceFG/antaF#tr/ct/re Gravitation an0 Inertial Ma"" in t-e 6rimor0ialFG/anta Me0i/m= (i3t- (orce Origin o3 t-e <niver"e5 2it- Central O"cillator Origin o3 Matter #/n Energ, A00itional emar4" Glo""ar, #paceFG/anta .#G1 6rimor0ialFG/anta Central O"cillator #tan0ing Wave" .#W1 #GFGravitation 6GFGravitation #paceFG/antaF (l/+ .#G(1 #G(m5 i0entical 2it- t-e Magnetic (iel0 #G(t5 i0entical 2it- EMatter Wave"E an0 Ma"" Inertia 6-,"ical Concept" Energ, Generation 3rom #W Application" 6ro0/ction o3 8eat Direct Generation o3 Electricit, 6o2er #o/rce .T-r/"t1 3or Airplane" E#GMEFLarge #cale 6lant" 3or egeneration o3 t-e 6oll/te0 Environment De3inition o3 t-e NFE33ect Di"4 con0/ctor re"ting F permanent magnet re"ting Di"4 con0/ctor re"ting F permanent magnet rotating Di"4 con0/ctor rotating F permanent magnet re"ting Di"4 con0/ctor rotating F permanent magnet rotating toget-er WConcl/"ion Mon"teinFE33ect otation again"t t-e #G( otation /ni0irectional 2it- t-e #G( A00itional commentar, Determination o3 t-e #GF(l/+ Direction

A00itional 6ractical E+periment" G,romagnetic E33ect" compare0 2it- t-e Mon"teinFE33ect 6art ) ', H$ M$ Le-ner %$ T-e (ir"t Meeting 'et2een Crane an0 Mon"tein an0 t-e 3ollo2ing Cooperation 6art * ', C-r$ Mon"tein A",mmetrical Moment" o3 Ma"" Inertia o3 otating Dar Magnet"? T-e Mon"teinFE33ect .%99%1 A",mmetrical Magnetic (l/+ Den"it, o3 otating Dar Magnet"? A00ition to C-apter ) .a'ove1= A",mmetrical Magnetic (l/+ Den"it, o3 otating Dar Magnet"? Magnetic In0/ction 2it-o/t Magnetic (iel0? !i"/aliJation o3 #paceFG/antaF(l/+? 6arit, Overt-ro2 o3 otating #teel C,lin0er"? T-e Darnett > Mon"teinFE33ect .%99)1 6arit, Overt-ro2 o3 otating Dar Magnet"? 6art % T-e Ne25 <ni3ie0 Worl0 !ie2 o3 6-,"ic" ', O$ Crane Intro0/ction )ince there has been no success achieved yet in explaining all physical facts and results of experiments %ith a universal and unified theory, the serious and absurd step a%ay from reality into abstraction %as ta'en! ,n so doing, explicitly and consciously, one gave up the idea of creating a concrete and visual picture of physical phenomena! =ne seems to be happy %ith purely mathematical proofs! Experimental facts ta'e a secondary place and are only accepted, if they EfitE into the official doctrine! # different opinion , for example, %as held by +oethe, %ho believed that mathematics %as not at all re uired in order to understand natural, scientific phenomena! ,t is believed, therefore, that nature can be explored according to the principle of the sorcerer5s apprentice.E,f you do thus and so, then this and that %ill happenE, but one does not have the minutest idea of %hat in reality and, actually is happening! "he problem of the unification of the %orld vie% of physics can not be solved on the basis of mathematical fictions! "his has been proven sufficiently by no% since all attempts thus far have failed! "he total ta'eover of physics by mathematics, changed it into an abstract discipline, %hich conveniently overloo's the facts! 4hysics should not be conducted in the dragnet of mathematics alone, since it is a rather independent field, %hich can be described %ith logical, functional models! )ignificant for the reality of natural events can only be experimental facts, and by no means any mathematical abstractions! Even the smallest particle possesses a certain spatial volume and thus has / dimensions! Cp to this time there has never been sho%n an actual structure %ith more or less than / dimensions! Even the thought of a 9-dimensional ob*ect is an absolute impossibility, and even more so its practical realiHation! ,nspite of this, presently , as is %ell 'no%n, %or' is being done %orld%ide

on the theory of EsuperstringsE based on 10 dimensionsT (@ spatial dimensions and 1 dimension for time)! Ieyond this, establishment physics, ho%ever, is convinced, that nature someho% is able to create EstructuresE up to 2: spatial dimensions (T), for only thus can light %aves be mathematically EdescribedE! Even the greatest nonsense can be mathematically described or ]camouflaged5 thus attaining credibility in the eyes of establishment physics! Empty )pace. Empty space is defined as an Eabsolute nothingE! but in an absolute nothing, nothing can change! ,f, ho%ever, an electromagnet is s%itched on inside a vacuum, then the building up of a magnetic field does cause a change in the so-called Eabsolute nothingET "he same thing happens %hen an electric field is establishedT "herefore, if changes in EemptyE space do happen, then of necessity EsomethingE has to be present %hich is changing! ?onse uently EemptyE space must contain a substance yet to be defined or a medium must exist (but not in the sense of the classical etheridea)! !ac//m # space free from any matter is described as a vacuum! "his state can be artificially created %ith the help of a vacuum pump! )trictly spea'ing, a pure vacuum, ho%ever, does not exist! Even bet%een galaxies there are found elementary particles, even if only in a minute density! # point in space, ho%ever, can very %ell have an electromagnetic potential! Electromagnetic radiation penetrates the vacuum at the velocity of light! #ll of physics abounds %ith EphenomenaE (unexplained facts), %hich establishment physics can not explain nor prove! "hese EphenomenaE are therefore EignoredE and for obvious reasons do not find a place in textboo's or instructions in universities and higher schools of learning! Ether is %hat #ristotle called the heavenly substance, %hich light penetrates in order to reach earth! Ether, is the +ree' %ord for ]shine5! )ince the ether can not be differentiated from the vacuum, it can not move and thus remains at absolute rest! ,f there is absolute rest, there %ill also be absolute motion, absolute space and absolute time! "he next uestion %as, %hat is the absolute velocity of the earth compared to this resting ether! )uch a value %ould be of great importance for the philosophy of science! ,f light consists of ether %aves, as formerly assumed, then velocity measurements of light in the direction of travel and against the ?lassical Ether (#ether) ,dea Ether is %hat #ristotle called the heavenly substance, %hich light penetrates in order to reach earth! Ether, is the +ree' %ord for ]shine5! )ince the ether can not be differentiated from the vacuum, it can not move and thus remains at absolute rest! ,f there is absolute rest, there %ill also be absolute motion, absolute space and absolute time! "he next uestion %as, %hat is the absolute velocity of the earth compared to this resting ether! )uch a value %ould be of great importance for the philosophy of science! ,f light consists of ether %aves, as formerly assumed, then velocity measurements of light in the direction of travel and against the direction of travel of the earth, should sho% differences! ((ichelson-(orley-experiment)! )ince, ho%ever, surprisingly, no differences %ere measured, the idea of an absolute space %as dropped! "he theory of relativity %as born! "his theory can not decide %hether there is an ether or not! "he great physicist >irac said in 1@5/, that the etherless basis of physics theory %ould soon reach the end of its validity!! )$ Wor4ing #trateg,

=ther %ays had to be found therefore, because, using the same 'no%ledge and the same methods, by default, the same (incorrect) results %ill be obtained! "herefore the follo%ing %or'ing strategy %as devised. 1! -or this %or', only clear, concrete functional models can be used! 1ot one single abstract factor can be allo%ed! Everything must be clear do%n to the smallest detail and it must be possible to describe it %ith the parameters of classical mechanics! #bsolute causality is the basic principle! ?ausality ?ausality is that relationship, in %hich cause and effect stand! 0ith respect to events in nature, philosophically, an unbro'en and complete causal relationship is assumed! ,n this the same causes result in the same effects! ,n physics one tries to relate events to previous events! "he circumstance, that an event can only be the conse uence of an earlier event, is called causality! -rom this can be deduced, that time travel is impossible, especially not into the past! ,n the theory of relativity, ho%ever, it is assumed, that there are events, %hich have no causal relationship since in time they are so remotely placed, that even light rays can not connect them! ,n uantum mechanics cause and effect are only connected by means of statistics! "his purely statistical interpretation, by default, results in a total brea' %ith all previous ideas in physics! (odern physics re*ects determinism (causality) for the microcosmic events, but in so doing it also re*ects it for any other events, generally, %hich are but built up from innumerable micro events! Einstein %as convinced, that behind the %orld of uanta there %as hidden the %ell 'no%n %orld of classical physics (hidden parameters)! -or this reason he conse uently re*ected the uantum theory! 2! (athematics can only be used from no% on, for example, to determine exact values or relationships, but in no case must fictional, abstract structures be EdesignedE %ithout any relationship to reality! /! "he analytical method is not to be used any more, but rather that of synthesis! "he uestion then is. 2o% is space structured, to produce entities such as elementary particles, atomic nuclei, electric fields, magnetic fields, gravitation etc! and ho% do they existR 9! "he goal %ill have been reached in reducing all functional models designed to one functional model %hich then can be used and applied to all of physics! )$%$ Deman0" 3or a <ni3ie0 (/nctional Mo0el 0e %ill no% sho% the most basic demands re uired for such a functional model (there are many more), %ithout using the 'no%ledge gained from the completed theory! 0e have t%o different particles, one # (proton), one I (electron)! Each of these particles %ill repell another of the same 'ind! "he repelling of the #-particles amongst themselves must be e ually as strong as the repelling of the I-particles amongst themselves! 2o%ever, # and I attract each other %ith the same force as the repelling force! =n the outside nothing is noticed of this force, it has been neutraliHed! I is about 2000 times lighter than #, yet its electrical charge is *ust as strong as that of #, yet of opposite polarity! Iesides this there is another third particle ? (neutron), %hich is neither attracted nor repelled by either # or I, nor does it have any electrical charge! 0hen # or I are moving, they generate a

magnetic field at right angles to their direction of motion! ,f # moves, it generates a magnetic field %hich is identical %ith that of I, if it (I) moves in the opposite direction of #! 7i'e%ise I generates a magnetic field, %hich is identical to that of #, if it (#) moves in the opposite direction of I! # and I rotate about their o%n axis and in so doing they also generate a magnetic field! ,f # rotates in a certain direction, then it %ill generate a magnetic field that in fact corresponds to that of I, if I rotates in the opposite direction of #! 7i'e%ise I generates a magnetic field, %hich in fact corresponds to that of #, if # rotates in the opposite direction of I! Iesides this, there is the third particle ? (neutron), %hich, though it has no electrical charge, does, ho%ever, generate a magnetic field due to its ErotationE, %hich corresponds to that of I! ,f #, I or ? are moving, a resistance is encountered in the direction of motion, %hich has to be overcome! 0ithout any further influence, these particles move uniformly in a straight line in the given direction! #ny deviation from this uniform, straight line motion again encounters resistance! ,n order to stop the particles, the same force must be expended, as %as used to accelerate them! #t very high velocities a mass increase seems to be noticed in #, I and ?, %ith simultaneous particle contraction in the direction of motion, as %ell as a slo% do%n of time (dilatation)! #ll three changes start at the same time and increase proportionally %ith uniform intensity in relation to the velocity! 4articles # and ? can combine into atomic nuclei, in %hich case ? can only remain stable inside the nucleus! #t a certain siHe or certain amount of mass bet%een # and ? the nucleus becomes unstable (radioactive)! "his limits the number of particles # and ? in the nucleus! #mong the particles #, I and ? there is also a small attractive force %hich is identical %ith that of gravitation! "hese fe% examples may be impressive, but they are only a fraction of the demands re uired for a functional model! ,t seems unli'ely that in past publications the relatively simple functional model presented, did in fact perfectly fulfill all these highly complex and seemingly contradictory demands! Ieyond this, it is the only solution of a functional model, that is possible, as has been found out in more than /0 years of research! Da"ic 6ro'lem" #gainst expectation, the main difficulty %as found, not in the complication of the problem, but on the contrary, in the fact that nature EfunctionsE rather simply! "his is according to the principle. E"his is as simple as is possibleTE (an thin's much too complicated! "he reason is, that a very simple solution of a difficult problem ma'es tremendous demands on the thin'ing apparatus! 2o%ever, a complicated, elaborate solution of the same problem does not strain the brain at all! "herefore it is terribly difficult to find terribly simple solutions! (having uoted 4aul )cherrer)! 4resent physics offers these complicated, elaborate solutions to problems, even in totally abstract form! "hus it %as, at the beginning, a rather troublesome path to represent a concrete, realistic functional model based on all the connected facts, of %hich a partial field of physics consists! Iut the fact alone that such functional models could be realiHed (at first only for fe% partial fields of physics), %as enough motivation to continue the %or'! "o this must be added that these models did %ithstand any criticism, and so far no one has been able to refute even the smallest detail! ,n the course of time a specific thought model developed from the individual functional models constructed, %hich made further %or' essentially easier! ?onventional physics also has its o%n thought model!

#fter the basic functional models had been constructed %ith great effort, it %as found to be fairly simple to reduce these to one fundamental model, for not once %as there a choice among several possibilities! ,nside the frame%or' of this functional model, there is al%ays only one specific solution possible! "his ma'es it logically and factually conse uent, since real events in nature agree exactly %ith this unified theory, and this all the more, as literally every single, physical function can be reduced to pressure and counterpressure! "his is simple and it can not be simpler! (o/n0ational 6rereI/i"ite" "he entire contents of the universe consists of an ideal gas, %hich is highly degenerated %ithin high density Hones! >ensity and pressure of this medium are extremely high, even if compared to the proportions inside the atomic nucleus! "his gas consists of uniform particles called EspaceuantaE ()O)! "he volume of these )O is many orders smaller than elementary particles! #ll elementary particles and force fields consist of these )O! ?ompared to the normal )O-density (static medium pressure) positive elementary particles constitute Hones %ith smaller )O-density (lo% pressure Hone) and negative elementary particles are Hones %ith greater )O-density (high pressure Hones)! I0eal5 "trongl, 0egenerate0 Ga" "he concept of an ideal gas is found in connection %ith the change of volume of gases! ,f this volume change is indirectly proportional to the pressure, %hich is imposed on an enclosed gas, then it is called an ideal gas! (7a% of Ioyle(ariotte)! 2elium, a real gas, is considered an ideal gas at a sufficient distance from the condensation point! 0ater vapor, ho%ever, has an approximately 10F higher coefficient of expansion and can therefore not be called an ideal gas! #s a conse uence of the e uation of state it is also true, that the volume of an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature, as long as the pressure does not change (7a% of +ay-7ussac)! ,f a gas is heated it %ill expand if no extra pressure is exerted on the piston at the same time! (atter is called degenerated if it is totally ioniHed, that is, if the positive and negative particles are not coupled together! 0e 'no% about so-called EfreeE electrons in a metal! ,f those electrons %ere bound to the atomic nuclei, then the metal %ould not be able to conduct electricity! Iy analogy. ,f in a gas all electrons are free, then the gas is called degenerated and often called a plasma! )ince the atomic nuclei and electrons surrounding them are independent of each other, one can not tal' about a common temperature any longer, %hich means, the concept of temperature has no more meaning! 7ocal pressure differences %ithin a medium can only be 'ept up by out%ard energy input! -or the existence of elementary particles it is therefore absolutely re uired to have a permanent energy supply! "herefore %e postulate the introduction of a central oscillator (spherical transmitter of Hero order), %hich transmits longitudinal, mechanical oscillations, %ith a fre uency of about 102/ 2H, to the )O-medium! "hese progressive %aves are reflected at the periphery of the universe! #p-erical O"cillator o3 Oero Or0er

(ost sonic transmitters (oscillators) can be classified in three basic types, depending on the type of direction of propagation, %hich are spherical transmitters of Hero, first and second order! "he spherical transmitter (or radiator) of Hero order, also called Eacoustic monopoleE, can be represented by a pulsating sphere! "his is a sphere %hich periodically changes its radius! "he generation of sound therefore depends on a periodic change of volume! "hus sound propagates uniformly and symmetrically in all directions! 7ongitudinal and "ransverse 0aves 7ongitudinal %aves can best be described as compressions and rarefactions of a medium, %hich due to mutual repulsion of the particles propagate %ith the so-called signal velocity! "he %aves are caused by a one time or periodic displacement of a particle or that of a spherical oscillator! ,f it is a periodic displacement, then the particles oscillate about their position of rest by periodically moving in the direction of propagation of the %ave or against it! ,f the original oscillation is harmonic, then %e have a sine %ave! )ound %aves are typically longitudinal %aves! "he signal velocity of sound is that velocity %hich depends on the medium! "ransverse %aves are %aves in %hich the particles move at right angles to the direction of advance of the %ave! ,n these %aves the crests and the valleys of the %ave alternate! "he point behind the crest of the %ave, %here no displacement occurs, corresponds to the Hone of greatest compression! "he corresponding point behind the valley in the %ave is the Hone of greatest rarefaction in longitudinal %aves! 0aves on the surface of a li uid are typically transverse %aves! Electromagnetic %aves also belong to the transverse %aves! "heir signal velocity is e ual to the velocity of light! ?onse uently, standing %aves ()0) are generated, %ithout gaps, in the entire space bet%een the central oscillator and the periphery of the approximately spherical universe! )tanding %aves are the result of interference bet%een t%o coherent, opposing %aves of e ual fre uency and amplitude! -or the existence of elementary particles and force fields (such as gravitation) it is absolutely re uired, that the amplitude pressure of the )0 %ill be significantly higher than the static )O-medium pressure! "his results in an asymmetry, because the amplitude pressure of the lo% pressure phase can only go to a Hero value, %hile in the high pressure phase it can reach any value! "his causes an oscillation, the negative half-%ave of %hich has a smaller amplitude than the positive half-%ave! "his, amongst other things, ma'es the signal velocity ]c5 dependent on the pressure of the amplitude! 0e are specifically dealing here %ith mechanical, longitudinal %aves (comparable to ultra sonic %aves of extremely high fre uency), %hich contrary to electromagnetic %aves, can assume any energy values %hile remaining at the same fre uency! 6rogre""ive an0 #tan0ing Wave" "%o %aves, %hich are simultaneously traversing the same medium in opposite directions %ill superimpose upon a standing %ave, provided that both %aves agree in amplitude, fre uency and %avelength! (ost often such standing %aves originate if a longitudinal, one-dimensional (linear) %ave or a transverse, three-dimensional, spherical %abe reaches superposition %ith itself after it has been reflected! # reflection results %hen entering into a thinner medium, as %ell as %hen entering a denser medium! ,f no reflection %ith above conditions is observed, then one calls it a progressive %ave! "he amplitude of the standing %ave is t%ice as great as that of a progressive %ave! "he fre uency of 102/ 2H yields the elementary length of 10 -1/ cm, and li'e%ise %e have the elementary time period of 10 -2/ seconds!

#ignal !elocit, XcC "he velocity of propagation of %aves is also called signal velocity! ,t depends on the type of %ave, and sometimes also on the %ave length, but it al%ays depends on the medium %hich oscillates, respectively on the medium through %hich the electromagnetic %ave travels! )urface %aves can be very slo%, %hile pressure %aves range from 1;0-5900 meters 3 second! Electromagnetic %aves all have approximately the velocity of light! ,f dispersion sho%s up, then it is better called group velocity due to the different signal velocities found %ith different %ave lengths! Mec-anical an0 Electromagnetic Wave" .Di33erence1 0hile in mechanical %aves particles of matter are oscillating, the propagation of electromagnetic %aves is not bound to matter! ,ts signal velocity, contrary to that of mechanical %aves, is nearly constant in different media and almost one million times greater! "he potential and 'inetic energy (energy of motion) of the mechanical %ave corresponds to the average electrical, respectively the average magnetic energy density of the electromagnetic %aves! "he total energy density for both types of %aves is proportional to the s uare of the amplitude! "he outstanding difference bet%een the t%o types of %abes, ho%ever, is this. "he energy density of electromagnetic %aves has a fixed relationship to the oscillation fre uency! (echanical %aves, ho%ever, can assume any energy value at any fre uency! ,nterference ,f several %aves traverse a medium, superposition ta'es place, %hich is called interference! "his calls for the principle of the undisturbed superposition (superposition principle), %hich means, that at any place and any time, the momentary displacements of the %aves involved, may be added to obtain the resulting displacement! "hese resulting displacements may be positive or negative, %hich can also result in extinguishing the %aves! "he maximum total amplitude corresponds to the greatest possible displacement, %hich can be caused by the interference at a certain place at a certain time! Even light %aves can interfere, provided they are coherent! #tatic Me0i/mF6re""/re # pressure exerted on a li uid or a gas, distributes over the entire medium in all directions %ith e ual force! =r. ,nside, as %ell as at the boundaries of a resting medium, %hich is not sub*ect to external forces, the same pressure exists every%here! "his is the static pressure of the medium! "his all around pressure distribution is explained by the easy displacement of the light-%eight particles in li uids and gases! Co-erence ,t is has been found, that several light sources in a room %ill never extinguish by interference or sho% any intensity patterns! "he reason for this is, that different types of light sources generally are incoherent! ,f light %aves from the same %ave train are split by reflection, refraction or diffraction then the %aves thus generated are called coherent! =nly these types of %aves are capable of interference! 7aser light allo%s extreme coherence %hich is important in holography!

#o/n0 Wave" )ound %aves are mechanical, longitudinal %aves! =riginating from a sound source, an oscillating body, they travel in solid bodies, li uids and gases in the form of pressure variations (pressure %aves)! "he human ear usually can hear fre uencies from 1:000 - 20000 2ertH! 2igher fre uencies are designated as ultrasound, lo%er ones as infrasound! "he amplitude corresponds to the loudness, the fre uency of the tone or the pitch, and the shape of oscillation to the overtones or harmonics! "he velocity of sound reaches from 1;0 meters 3 second (in the noble gas \enon) to over 190/ m 3 s (in %ater at Hero degrees ?elsius) to 5900 m 3 s (in uartH glass)! ,n dry air of Hero degrees ?elsius the velocity is //2 meters 3 second! elation"-ip (reI/enc, F O"cillation Energ, Energy is transported in every %ave as oscillation energy, %hich is passed on from particle to particle of the medium! )tanding %aves are an exception, the energy of %hich remains in the same place and is not transported! #t the Hero point a particle has maximum velocity and maximum 'inetic energy! #t the valley (return point) it has no velocity, but maximum potential energy, is proportional to the s uare of the amplitude! "his means if the amplitude (loudness or volume in acoustics) is doubled, the energy %ill increase fourfold! ,f the energy for a small unit volume is calculated, %hich is the energy density, then it is found that it also is proportional to the fre uency of a %ave! ,f therefore the fre uency of a %ave is doubled, 'eeping the same amplitude (in acoustics this means one octave higher), then the energy density increases fourfold! De3inition o3 t-e Electric (iel0 #ll positive and negative elementary particles, being resonators, are forced to carry out radial pulsations in rhythm %ith the central oscillator (102/ 2H), thus generating progressive %aves, %hich are identical %ith the electric field of the respective particle! 1egative particles (high pressure Hones) reflect pressure as pressure and lo% pressure as lo% pressure! 4ositive particles (lo% pressure Hones) ho%ever, reflect pressure as lo% pressure and lo% pressure as pressure, %hich results in a phase displacement of 180! Iet%een negative particles on the one hand and positive particles on the other hand, interference causes t%ice as high a pressure as can be found outside the particular particle! "his is identical %ith the repulsion of li'e charges! <esonators # resonator is a device %hich can be excited to resonant oscillations! )ome resonators are used to ma'e acoustical measurements! +as filled hollo% spaces, of any shape (especially a sphere) %ith a nec' for an opening are resonators comparable to a spring to %hich a mass is attached!"he oscillation of the spring corresponds to the periodic change of volume of the gases in the sphere! "he mass of gas in the nec' is being moved bac' and forth! ,t can be sho%n, that such a sphere has a precisely definable resonant fre uency %hich depends on the volume of gas, the dimensions of the nec', as %ell as the velocity of sound in that particular gas! ,f many of those resonators of different siHe are lined up in a ro%, it is possible to ma'e acoustical analyses, %hich are the records of the fre uency portions of an acoustic %ave! "here are also resonators for electromagnetic %aves! # %ell 'no%n example is the optical laser! >ue to the phase displacement of 180d , ho%ever, a compensation (extinction) occurs bet%een

negative and positive particles resulting in lo%er pressure compared to the pressure outside the particle! "his is identical to the EattractionE of unli'e charges! "he particles of course are not EattractedE but pushed together! Di33erent Action" o3 e3lection .p-a"e 0i"placement1 o3 Longit/0inal Wave" an0 Tran"ver"e Wave" Longit/0inal 2ave". ,f a stiff spring is elastically supported and brought to oscillation by pulling it do%n briefly, then a compression of the spiral %indings %ill transmit do%n%ard to the end of the spring! 0hen the compression has reached the end it runs out freely! # subse uent rarefication (loosening) of the %indings runs bac' up! "he reflection at the free or Esoft E end turns the compression into a rarefaction, %hich is called a phase shift or phase displacement of 180 degrees! ,f the spring is held tight at the lo%er, the free end, then the compression is reflected and runs bac' as a compression! ,n other %ords, the compression is not follo%ed by a rarefaction, but another compression! # rarefaction %ill run bac' as a rarefaction! "he reflection at the firm or EhardE end %ill reflect a compression as a compression, and a rarefaction as a rarefaction! "ransverse %aves. ,f a horiHontally supported rope is fastened flexibly at one end and the other end is made to oscillate by an up%ard thrust, then a %ave crest %ill move to the other end of the rope! )ince the rope is freely movable it can let the %ave crest oscillation move up%ard freely! ,t is as if this end of the rope is sub*ected to an up%ard thrust, %hich runs bac' as a %ave crest! # %ave trough (valley) arriving %ill run bac' as a trough! "he reflection at the free or EsoftE end sends a %ave crest bac' as a %ave crest and a %ave trough is reflected as a trough! ,f, ho%ever, the rope is fixed at the end, then the rope end is not able to carry out an oscillation vertically to the direction of the rope! ,f therefore a crest arrives, then the previous rope particles can not fully carry out the motion imparted to them, since the fixed end of the rope exerts a pull do%n%ard on them, %hich results in a motional impulse that also goes do%n! "his causes a %ave trough to be formed %hich moves in the opposite direction! -or the same reason an arriving %ave trough runs bac' as a %ave crest! # reflection at the firm or EhardE end sends a %ave crest bac' as a %ave trough and a %ave trough is reflected as a %ave crest! "his reflection action is called phase shift or phase displacement of 180 degrees! "he electrostatic repulsion and EattractionE is based on t%o criteria. 1! #ll positive elementary particles pulsate in the same phase position! #ll negative particles pulsate in the same phase position! 2! Iet%een positive and negative elementary particles exists a phase displacement of 180R! 4rogressive %aves generated by positive and negative elementary particles (%hich are resonators), do not only interfere %ith each other, thus causing the Eelectric fieldE, but also interfere %ith the )0! "here is a superposition of the reflected component of the )0, arriving from the outside, %ith the negative particles! "his causes a high pressure along the axis of incidence, %hich reaches its maximum value right at the particle and then decreases %ith the s uare of the distance! "he reflected portion of the component of the )0, (being 180d out of phase) and arriving from the outside, interferes %ith the positive particles! "his causes a lo% pressure in the axis of incidence (by extinction), %hich reaches its maximum value right at the particle and then decreases %ith the s uare of the distance! "his interference %ith )0 only

happens, if the respective electrical charges are not compensated! 7o% pressure or high pressure are thus only depending specifically on the %ave! "he static pressure of the medium is not changed! "his can be stated as follo%s. # positive electrostatic field causes a lo% pressure! # negative electrostatic field causes a high pressure! De3inition o3 t-e Die3el0FDro2n E33ect Iased on a proposal by 4rof! 4aul Iiefeld (former fello% student of Einstein in burich), the physicist "o%nsend Iro%n carried out an experiment in 1@2/ as follo%s. # high voltage plate condenser %as charged and suspended horiHontally, being free to move! "o%nsend Iro%n observed that the condenser started to move on its o%n in the direction of the positive pole (lo% pressure) sustaining a constant thrust! 0hen the condenser %as vertically fastened to a beam scale a %eight increase sho%ed if the positive pole (lo% pressure) %as pointing do%n! ?orrespondingly a %eight loss occurred %hen the negative pole (high pressure) %as pointing do%n! "he intensity of the effect %as determined by the siHe of the pole plate areas, the voltage level and the polariHation capability of the dielectric! "he exact explanation for the event of this effect %as given, in detail, under the title. De3inition o3 t-e Electric (iel0! "herefore, the Iiefeld -Iro%n Effect has nothing to do %ith gravitation! ,t is a pure effect of the electric field! >ielectric # dielectric is a non-conducting substance, %hich is placed bet%een t%o oppositely charged plates (for instance in a plate condenser)!"his changes the field strength bet%een the plates! "he type of change is described by a characteristic of the dielectric, called permittivity (dielectric coefficient)! 6acuum and air have a minimum permittivity of one (1)! 0ater has the highest permittivity (about 80)! J # Ia"i=/ crystal can have a value of 2000, if the electric field is perpendicular to the principal axis of the crystalK! "he Iiefeld-Iro%n Effect directly proves the pressure decrease in the direction of the positive electric charge and that of pressure increase in the direction of the negative electric charge! "his, in turn, is an absolute, basic re uirement for the origin of a space uantaflux ()O-), respectively that of a magnetic field! (4lease see the follo%ing definition of the magnetic field)! "his advances the Iiefeld-Iro%n Effect to one of the most important, fundamental effects of physics! De3inition o3 t-e Magnetic (iel0 ,f a negative particle ( e!g! electron) is moved it %ill create a high pressure Hone at right angles to its direction of motion! Iehind the negative particle the previous high pressure (caused by the presence of the particle) %ill decrease! "his causes a pressure difference, %hich is again e ualiHed by the space uanta flux ()O-)! "his )O- is identical %ith the Emagnetic fieldE and, %ith a negative particle, flo%s counter to the particle direction! (-ig! 1)! ,f a positive particle is moved, it creates at right angles to its direction of motion a lo% pressure Hone! Iehind the positive particle normal pressure %ill build up again! ep/l"ion o3 Oppo"ite (lo2" ,n oppositely directed flo%s, particles in the boundary layers of the t%o flo%s hit each other

slightly out of line ( such as t%o billiard balls in a non-centered stro'e)! "hus the particles sustain an impulse %hich drives them apart! =ppositely directed flo%s therefore can not mix and %ill push each other aside (repulsion)! 4ressure >ecrease in -lo%s # flo% contains t%o pressure components. "he static pressure of t*he medium and the dynamic pressure caused by the flo%! "he static pressure corresponds to the potential, and the dynamic pressure to the 'inetic (motional) energy of the medium! )ince the energy of a stationary flo% remains constant, this also is valid for the total pressure, %hich is made up of the dynamic and static pressure! ,f a resting medium is caused to flo% (by opening a valve), then a dynamic pressure results and thus the static pressure of the medium decreases, in order to 'eep the total pressure the same! (7a% of Iernoulli)! "his pressure decrease sho%s its effect at right angles to the direction of flo%! "he principle is used technicalls in many spray cans and atomiHers, as %ell as in so-calles venturi pumps or hose end sprayers! "his causes a pressure difference %hich again e ualiHes as )O- (magnetic field)! "his )O- for the positive particle flo%s in the same direction as the particle itself! (-ig!2)! In0/ction >uring induction the primary current produces an )O- opposing the direction of motion of the electrons! ,n the direction of flo% a stagnation point develops %ith the free electrons of the secondary coil, %hich shifts the electrons in the flo% direction to one end of the coil, as far as the electrostatic repulsion (negative pole) %ill allo% it! #t the other end of the coil this causes a deficiency of electrons (positive pole)! "hus an electric voltage can be measured at the ends of the coil! (oving electrons also generate a high pressure at right angles to their direction of motion! Iehind the electrons the previous high pressure %ill again decrease! "his pressure difference e ualiHes %ith a secondary-)O-, %hich is opposing the primary-)O-! "hese t%o )OT-e 6roce"" o3 In0/ction # voltage %ill be induced in a coil, if the magnetic flux penetrating it does change! # similar action occurs %hen moving a conductor across a magnetic field! "his process is called induction! ,f the conductor loops are closed the induced voltage %ill generate an induction current! "he prere uisite of induction is al%ays a momentary change of the magnetic flux, %hich can be achieved by changing the magnetic field, or moving the conductor %ithin the field! "he induction voltage, respectively the induction current, in a closed loop al%ays acts against the generating flux change (7enH5s 7a%)! 0ith an increase in the magnetic flux the induced current flo%s against the direction %hich is derived from the so-called cor' scre%-rule (right hand rule)! !!! direction of electron motion high pressure Hone pressure decrease normal pressure )O- space uanta flux (ig$ %$ #G( o3 moving5 negative c-arge .electron1 0irection o3 proton motion lo2 pre""/re Jone pre""/re increa"e #G( "pace I/anta 3l/+ (ig$ )$ #G( o3 moving5 po"itive c-arge .proton1

,f the primary-)O- remains constant, then the resistance of the conductor, as %ell as the electron stagnation at one end of the coil (repulsion of li'e charges), %ill cause the secondary electrons to slo% do%n until they stop! "his has decreased the secondary-)O- and no% a stationary (primary)O-) %ill form around these electrons, %hich %ill have symmetrical pressure points at the front and the bac'! "here is no voltage to be measured at the coil ends at that moment! (-ig! 9)! )tationary -lo% (4ressure 4oints) # flo% (flux) means a motion of li uid or gases! "he cause of a flo% are, for example, gravitation or pressure differences! ,n order to designate the direction of motion of the flo% one uses streamlines! ,f the paths of the individual particles agree %ith these streamlines, and if the streamlines 'eep the same shape for some time, then the flo% is called stationary! ,f an ideal (frictionless) li uid flo%s around a sphere, then a stagnation point is formed at the foremost point of contact! #t this point the flo% velocity becomes Hero and simultaneously a maximum pressure builds up at that point (pressure point)! )tarting at this point the flo% %ill split, flo% around the sphere and form another analogous point on the opposite side 180d a%ay! "he flo% velocity %ill increase and reach its maximum value at the e uator of the sphere, then decrease until it slo%s to a standstill at the opposite stagnation point!"he pressure decrease inside the flo% (at right angles to the flo%) around the sphere, %ill reach its maximum value at the point of the maximum velocity, %hich is at the e uator of the sphere!"he forces acting on the sphere at the t%o stagnation points or pressure points are of e ual magnitude, but oppositely directed, thus compensating to Hero (see also 12!@ in the +lossary)! 1o forces %ill act on a sphere submerged into the (constant) flo% of an ideal li uid! =n the other hand, a sphere %ill not be sub*ect to any resistance, of it moves %ith a constant velocity (uniformly-straight) through a resting, ideal li uid or a resting, ideal gas! !!!secondary primary pressure point (ig$*$ #G( at Clo"ing Circ/it 3or 6rimar, C/rrent "econ0ar, primar, pre""/re point (ig$4$ #G( at con"tant 6rimar, C/rrent ,f the primary current is s%itched off, thus decreasing the primary)O-, the rear pressure points of the secondary-electrons %ill be relieved first and then they receive an impulse from the front pressure points in the opposite direction (compared to the initial current s%itched on)! #gain the electrons are pushed to one of the coil ends (negative pole), as far as the electrostatic re*ection pressure %ill allo%! "his causes a deficiency of electrons at the other end (positive pole)! # voltage can no% be detected at the ends of the coil! "he moving secondary-electrons themselves create a high pressure at right angles to their direction of motion! Iehind the electrons the previous high pressure builds up until it reaches normal pressure! "he pressure difference e ualiHes %ith a secondary-)O- in the same direction as that of the primary-)O-! Iet%een both of these )O-, flo%ing in the same direction, a lo% pressure builds up, %hich due to the static pressure of the medium %ill push them together (EattractionE)! ,n the primary coil %e see, analogous to this, the decrease of the primary-)O- %ith a simultaneous, so-called brea' surge! (-ig!5)! #el3FIn0/ction ,f an electric voltage is applied to the ends of a conductor (for example a coil), then the free

electrons %ill move in the direction of the positive pole, and generate an )O- opposite to the direction of motion! Each free electron %ill hinder ad*acent electrons due to the structure of its o%n specific )O- (opposite to the direction of motion)! "his %ill achieve a common flux %ith symmetrical pressure points in the front and the bac' of the electrons! 0hen the current is turned off the )O- decreases again by relieving the front pressure points first! secondary primary pressure point (ig$A$ #G( 2-en "2itc-ing o33 primar, c/rrent "he rear pressure points no% impart an impulse to the free electrons %hich is identical %ith the brea' surge! )elf-,nduction ?hanges of the magnetic flux induce a voltage not only in another conductor, but also in the coil itself %hich produces the magnetic field! "his phenomenon is called self-induction! ,n this case the voltage generated by self induction opposes the change of current in the coil, %hich first caused the induction! Magnetic EAttractionE an0 ep/l"ion "he magnetic EattractionE and repulsion follo%s the Iernoulli 4rinciple. -lo%s traveling in the same direction ()O-) EattractE -lo%s traveling in opposite directions ()O-) ErepelE "he pressure decreases in any flo% at right angles to its direction of motion! "his is also true for the )O-! "he static )O-medium pressure acts as a radially, in%ard directed force on any )O- (e!g! pinch effect, -ig!:)! "%o )O- in the same direction do not EattractE each other, but they are pushed together by the static )O-medium pressure! -ield lines used before are an exact cross section through the )O- (disregard vector arro%s) and are identical %ith e uipotential surfaces! "hey are an excellent help to represent the exact path and the local intensity of the )O-! "he magnetic field of a cylindrical bar magnet consists of the )O- revolving, in a circle, around the cylinder axis! ,n any sector of such a circular flux there is at 180R on the opposite side a sector in %hich the flo% is of opposite direction! J"his is more easily seen if the circle is really smallK! )ince opposing flo%s repel, this causes an expansive pressure, %or'ing from the inside to the outside on the entire circular )O--flo%! "his pressure %ants to divert the flo%, as is %ell seen in the field lines of a bar magnet, especially at the poles (-ig! ;)! =n the other hand, the static pressure of the medium exerts a radial pressure from the outside on the )O- trying to compress it at right angles to the direction of flo% (a) (b) -ig! : 4inch-Effect Electrodynamic effect of current surges (200 000 #, period of discharge /0 ms)! (a) copper sheet /00 x ;5 x 0!2 mm$ (b) copper tube /00 mm long, diameter 15 mm, %all thic'ness 0!/ mm$ (c) bas'et antenna %ith 8 %ires ea

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T-e EMon"tein E33ectE E+periment F Te"t" eport

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0231;3@8 E , used doHen small -eIa permanent magnets, located in a plastic ring! # motor from old 2>> 5E %as used! <ing %ith magnets %as centered and fixed bet%een t%o alluminium dis's! "his design speeded up to :000 rpm, then po%er %as s%itched off and time up to a total stop %as measured! E E -or effect strengthening, , have decided to increase the siHes and %eight of a magnet! , have found a -eIa magnet %ith a external diameter 11 cm!, internal diameter 9,5 cm! and thic'ness 1,5 cm! "he magnet placed horiHontally, northern pole up%ards! #ll design %as centered and clamped above by alluminium plate for increase of rigidity! "he speed of rotation %as defined by the fre uency-meter and 2all sensor incorporated in a motor!E ?omment. magnet siHe. >S:1mm, dS29mm, hS9mm >istance bet%een magnet and metallic des' of the motor - 95mm

?ooper foil thic' - 0!1mm Cnfortunately, (onstein Effect %as not confirmed, all results may be explained by aerodynamics and vibration effects! Experiments %ith big magnet to be continued!!!( -eb 10, 1@@8 ) )ergei (! +odin ser*ioaglasnet!ru

6a/l MON<# DPermanen Magne Mo ors 000 >uil) .neD

4aul (onus, I)EE, I)# 4ublished by the #uthor (?leveland =2 1@82) ?opyright 1@82 by 4aul (onus

"o all those %ho 'no% that the impossibilities of yesterday are the facts of today, and firmly believe that the impossibilities of today %ill be the realities of tomorro%! --- *aul Mo%u"

Content"
(ore2or0 Intro0/ction %$ W-at Mo/ M/"t 7no2 De3ore Mo/ #tart Wor4ing )$ A'o/t t-e Material" *$ 6ermanent Magnet Linear Motor 4$ 8o2 it Wor4" A$ T-e Tilte0 Trac4 Linear Motor 6$ 8o2 Can We emove a Magnetic Loa0 3rom a 6ermanent Magnet Trac4? &$ T-e O"cillating 6ermanent Magnet Motor 8$ T-e Circ/lar Trac4 Motor$ Ca"ca0ing t-e #tage" 9$ T-e W-eel a" a otor %0$ Electronic Circ/it" 3or Driving an0 Timing %%$ 6o""i'le Energ, e"o/rce" %)$ Concl/"ion" %*$ Di'liograp-,

(ore2or0
, %as not searching for perpetual motion! ,f you thin' so, , must disappoint you! #s an electrical engineer do%n to earth, and a long time research %or'er, , %as very %ell a%are, that there could be no such thing as perpetuum mobile! Gou canUt cheat the la%s of nature! Gou can build a ne% type of prime mover, a ne% motor, or any mechanical device %ith one condition. the driving energy must come from some%here! , %ill discuss the energy sources in ?hapter 11 of this boo'! 0e cannot produce energy! 0e can only transform it from one form to another! 2o% %ell %e can transform is called efficiency! , have been loo'ing for ne% and more efficient transformation possibilities! 2o% , succeed, %ill no% be presented to you! ,f you have an in uiring mind, and you %ill use my results and create more and practical machines, after first %or'ing them out on paper! #ll are uni ue, and %or'ing perfectly! ,n exposition , %ill be very critical of myself! ,f you %ill follo% my guiding principles, you must succeed! ,n case of failure, loo' for cause in yourself! -or some explanations , must use mathematics! , have tried to curb it to a minimum! ,f you are not mathematically inclined, please s'ip over the calculations! "his %ill not affect you final %or'! # practically minded person can succeed as %ell %ithout it!

-inally , %ill be very happy if , %ill$ hear from you! #nd no% to %or'T 3$e )ut$o

Intro0/ction
"he idea of getting something for nothing is as old as manUs discovery of the basic rules of elementary mechanics! "he invisible magnetic forces, %hich had provo'ed the in uiring minds, played a substantial role in this heretofore unsuccessful, fruitless hunt! 0hen an ordinary horseshoe or bar magnet can catch a piece of iron, and hold it %ith astonishing force, the uestion is obvious, could not the same force provide useful %or' %hich %ill cost nothing beyond the price of the magnetR , cannot give you a straight ans%er! ,t could be an irresponsible tal', and eventually the upcoming generation could ridicule me! (oreover , cannot discredit my o%n %or', %hich results , no% %ant to submit to you! 2o%ever, , o%e to you some explanations before %e start on the dilettanteUs esoteric, but for the physicist or engineer, uite clear %orld of magnetism! (agnetism is a natural phenomenon %hich is governed by the 'no%n, or perhaps some as yet un'no%n, natural la%s! -irst of these is the basic and universal la% of conservation of energy! "he energy conservation la% is the pillar of the universe! Energy cannot be created and cannot be destroyed! 1o person has ever succeeded in doing it and no person ever %ill! "he one thing %e can do is transform energy from one state to another! "his is %hat , did %hen , created my motors! ,t is a %ell 'no%n scientific fact that the permanent magnets are storehouses of energy, %hat %e put in by magnetiHation! #t least %e must be able to recover part of this energy if the conservation la% is to be upheld! , must %arn you to be very critical of learning devices %hich are described else%here or even patented! "he inventor can mislead you, perhaps not %illingly, but by his o%n credulity or misunderstanding! "his has been my experience! , have studied, rebuilt and tested doHens of inventions %hich turned out to be %orthless! , %ant to spare you from any frustration or %hat is %orse, %asting money and time! , %ould li'e to suggest that you not try to start %ith the most advanced forms of my motors! #lthough they have been running at my laboratory a long time, they are far from finished! "hey need a lot of experience and 'no%ledge of electro-mechanics in design %or' and a %elle uipped %or'shop for electronic impulse techni ues! # good example is my timer-device, %hich %ill be difficult to build and correctly ad*ust %ithout a good storage-oscilloscope! Gou need not use the same building materials , did! #ny non-magnetic material %ill %or', perhaps even %ood! Ialsa %ood, the building material of airplane model builders %ill serve very

%ell! Gou can use any type of magnets depending on your financial limitations! "his uestion %ill be dealt %ith in detail in ?hapter 2! , am of the opinion that the best %ay to start is to build the simplest form of my motors, i!e!, the single-sided double action linear motor! ,t is also the cheapest! #fter you become thoroughly familiar %ith its %or'ing principles and rules, you can go further! 0ho 'no%s, you may get ideas and create something ne% and uite different from my motors! "he principle is given by me, the remainder depends on your ingenuity! ,f you need more information, please loo' up the bibliography at the end of this boo'! , am convinced it %ill help you! -inally please excuse my form of expression! (y choice of %ords %as a difficult one! "his boo'let %as intended for use by a %ide range of readers, by experts as %ell as by hobbyists! "he expert %ill be able to read beyond the lines! "he hobbyist or amateur-scientist on the other hand %ill be able to understand it %ithout difficulty!

C-apter % W-at Mo/ M/"t 7no2 De3ore Mo/ #tart Wor4ing

,n everyday language matter is either magnetic or non-magnetic! (agnetism is a property possessed by certain materials! #ctually all materials react in some slight degree to a magnetic field! ?haracteristic of magnetic behavior of materials is its permeability and coercivity! "he first is the measure, ho% much better a given material is than air as a path for magnetic lines of force! ,ts symbol in mathematical formulas is u (the +ree' letter of (u)! "he second, the coercivity, is the measure of the resistance of the material against demagnetiHing forces! 2igher coercivity materials need higher demagnetiHing force! "he magnets are divided into t%o different classes. permanent magnets, %hich are magnetic materials so strongly magnetiHed that they retain the magnetism indefinitely, and electromagnets, %hich are temporary magnets consisting of a solenoid %ith an iron core and a magnetic field exist only %hile current flo%s through the solenoid! Gou %ill %or' %ith both of these magnets! "he areas of a magnet %here the magnetism seems most concentrated are called 4oles! "he north-see'ing end of the bar magnet is called the 1orth pole of the magnet (1) and the other end is called the )outh pole ())! <egarding the magnetic forces, li'e poles repel, unli'e poles attract each other! Either pole attracts unmagnetiHed magnetic material!

# magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field! "his is a region of space %here the effects of magnetism can be detected! ?haracteristic of each magnet is the strength of field %hich it generates, or field intensity, 2! #nother characteristic of the magnetic flux (+ree' letter 4hi), and flux density I %hich is the number of lines of force per unit area! (athemathically the above characteristics can be %ritten,

(1) I S 4hi 3 # and (2) 4hi S I!# %here # is the area of the region! 4lease 'eep in mind these simple correlations! #nother important characteristic of a magnet is the magnetic induction or flux %hich remains in a magnetic circuit after the removal of an applied magnetiHation force! "his is the so-called remanence, its symbol is Id! "he magnetiHation force or magneto-motive force (mmf) %hich is analogous to the electro motive force of electric circuits (emf) of magnets is given in #mpere-turns! "he symbol of magneto-motive force is ( and abbreviation (mmf)! Gou must remember that each permanent magnet could be replaced by its counterpart, an electromagnet %ith an ade uate coil, that is to say #mpere-turns, %hich produce the same flux phi as the permanent magnet! )ome times this is a very important simplification of calculations! ,n mentioning the analogy of magnetic and electric circuits, each magnetic circuit has a resistance against the magnetic flux, li'e the resistance of an electric conductor against current flo%! 2ere it is called reluctance! ,ts symbol is < and is mathematically expressed.

(/) < S ( 3 4hi 0hen a volume of magnetic material is magnetiHed, energy is expended! 0hen the magnetiHing force is removed a portion of the energy is returned to the source of energy! 4art of the energy, because of molecular friction in magnetiHed material is converted to heat! "his heat is a %aste of po%er and is termed hysteresis loss! -or a magnetic material, the curve sho%ing t%o values of magnetiHing flux density I, as a function of magnetic force, or in other %ords, of magnetic strength 2, one value %hen the magnetiHing force is increasing and the other %hen it is

decreasing, is called the hysteresis loop of the material! "he hysteresis curve in other %ords represents the magnetic history of material! # typical hysteresis loop of a magnetic material is on -igure 1! (ig/re %

"he most important part of this I-2 loop is the left hand upper uadrant! "he line =-I gives a picture of residual magnetism, or retentivity! -or permanent magnets the manufacturers normally enclose this part of loop %hich can tell the consumer %hat he can expect from a given magnet! "he t%o pole magnetism phenomenon sho%s that there must exist some symmetry in field form and conse uently a symmetrical energy distribution in each magnet! "he energy that %e put into one magnet by magnetiHation, (9)

%here 6 is the volume of the magnet, I is the flux density (r the permeability of material and (o is the permeability of air! #ll permanent magnets or permanent magnet systems, relative to the stored energy in the system, have a symmetry point or better yet a symmetry %all, %here the polariHation of domains changes by 180h! "his must not necessarily be identical %ith the symmetry axis or point of the system! "his fact has a very important conse uence! Iecause the symmetrical energy distribution of magnetic forces (attractive or repulsive) depending on this symmetrical energy distribution to introduce a magnetic material ob*ect to the field, %ill produce as much %or' as %ill be re uired to remove that ob*ect from the field! "here can be no energy gain, no matter if one magnet, or a system of multiple magnets mutually positioned in %hatever manner is involved! "herefore by

calculations of movement of any ferromagnetic material of arbitrary shape in a magnetic field, the effect of the energy of the %hole system must be considered! "his point is %here most mista'es occur for many investors and hobbyists %ho thin' that an unsymmetrical positioning of magnets can produce perpetual motion! "his mista'e is sometimes made by the 4atent =ffices also granting patents for e uipment %hich cannot %or'! "he force exerted by one magnet to another divided by a gap of area #g is. (5)

-or a given magnet or system of magnets (a magnetic trac'), %e can plot the curve of this force in a diagram! 2e force curves give us a proper vie% of ho% this magnet can perform usable %or'! )uch curves are depicted for a bar magnet in -igure 2! "hey are the so-called forcedistance diagrams %hich give us a perfect image if driving po%er along the considered magnet! (ig/re )

-igure 2 sho%s that the force distribution to the Hero force point is symmetrical along the %hole magnet! "he shaded areas under the force curves are proportional to the energy distribution along the magnet! ,f a magnetic ob*ect %ill enter into this system field from one pole side %ith a 'inetic energy "o, after passing the field, it %ill possess the same energy as %hen entering! "his is no energy gain! =n the contrary, the energy %ill be less if the frictional forces %ill be considered! ,t %ill be very edifying to loo' at an example, %here there is no one single magnet, but a certain magnetic rac', composed of multiple magnets positioned %ith progressively increasing gaps in bet%een them! )ee -igure /. (ig/re * :

-rom -igure / it is apparent that the Hero point in this case is shifted to the left! ,t is no longer in the symmetry axis of the system if geometrical symmetry is considered! "he maximum values of the magnetic forces are different! 1evertheless the shaded areas, %hich represent the energy on both sides from the Hero force point are the same in magnitude! ?onse uently there is again no net energy gain by any magnetic ob*ect passing through the field! "he same is valid for a mechanism %hich may %or' by shading the magnetic field! ,t could be done by ferromagnetic materials only %hich must be introduced and again removed from a certain field! 2o% %e can overcome the above difficulties %e %ill discuss by constructing my motors!

C-apter ) A'o/t T-e Material"

.A1 Magnet"= "he magnets are divided into t%o main groups. permanent magnets and electromagnets! Iuilding my motors, you %ill %or' %ith both sorts! "he electromagnets %ill be discussed in ?hapter :! "he permanent magnets can be divided into three main groups. metal, po%der and ferrite groups! ,n the first group fall the hard steel and cast alloy magnets! "hey are sold under different commercial names. #lnico, 4ermaloy, ?unife, (artensitic )teel, etc! "he common characteristic

of these metal magnets is the very high cost! "he cast alloys must be ground to siHe %hile the hard steels are readily machined! "hey have high field intensity and are able to produce high flux! "heir disadvantage is that they are very sensitive to external demagnetiHing forces! Cnder mechanical influences li'e sha'ing oir hammering, they rapidly loose their magnetiHation! "hey need a soft iron 'eeper across their poles, or they %ill very soon dissipate the stored energy to the surroundings! ,mproperly polariHed external magnetic fields could destroy them in a matter of seconds! Iriefly, they are suitable, clean, but expensive and need expert handling! , very seldom use metal magnets for my experiments! (y main use of them %as for field ad*ustments and removing loads from my permanent magnet trac's! =f the second group, the most important are the rate-earth magnets! ,f you need very high po%er and small siHe you must use them! "hey are the smallest siHe giants among all the magnets produced today! "hey offer performances that some years ago engineers and technicians %ould never have dreamt! "hey are almost immune to self demagnetiHation and have an unusually high energy output! 2ey are specified mainly for rotor applications, especially %here the rotor must run up%ards on a slope! =f the rare-earth magnets the most common used and 'no%n are the ?obalt-rare earth magnets, such as the ?rucible (agnetics )rucore-12 series! "hey are available in ring, dis', s uare or arc forms! "heir price high and for higher performances they are indispensable! Cnfortunately, experimentation in magnetics is a costly business! "he lo% energy plastic bonded iron po%der magnets include first the rubber flexible magnets! "hey can successfully replace the Iarium-ferrite ceramic magnets %hich %ill be discussed later! "hey are cheap, easily %or'able and can be bent into any shape! "he energy stored in a volume unit is comparable %ith those of Iarium-ferrite magnets! "hey are suitably stable, not sensitive to external fields and other demagnetiHation effects li'e rough mechanical handling! "he only disadvantage of flexible rubber magnets is that they are produced as flats of a maximum thic'ness of 0!250 inches, magnetiHed through thic'ness! -or higher energy re uirements, therefore, they must be put as layers for the necessary thic'ness! (y permanent magnet trac's need a magnetiHation through the %idth! 1evertheless, lately , use this type of magnets almost exclusively! "he %or' horses of permanent magnet trac's are the ferrite magnets! "he most commonly used are the Iarium-ferrite ceramic magnets! "hey are readily available, reliable and cheap! Gou can buy them in almost any desired form! Gou %ill mostly need rectangular and ring magnets %ith holes! "he Iarium-ferrite ceramic magnets are very stable and are almost immune to demagnetiHing forces, also! "hey have good po%er output and are easily mounted! ?oupling up ma'es possible construction of any desired trac' siHe! "heir only disadvantage is brittleness! "hey must be handled %ith care! "he Iarium-ferrite ceramic magnets are produced as isotropic %hich means that their magnetic properties are the same value along their axes in all directions! "hey can also be anisotropic, %hich means they have better magnetic characteristics along one axis than any other! ,t is obvious that for permanent magnet trac's the anisotropic magnets are better because they have a

certain flux concentration in one direction inherently! #nother interesting properly of Iariumferrite magnets is that they have an almost straight line demagnetiHation characteristics! ,n designing and building permanent magnet motors, the selection of proper type of magnet is important! Gou can save or lose money for no reason at all! #t the end of this boo' you %ill find sources %here you can buy any 'ind of magnet for your construction! .D1 Ot-er Con"tr/ction Material= -or connecting, supporting and holding your magnets you %ill need different magnetic and nonmagnetic materials! "he magnetic materials are the so-called soft magnetic materials %hich become magnetic only after contact %ith a permanent magnet or magnet field! =rdinarily cold-dra%n steel is generally used because of its lo% cost and general availability! Gou %ill use mainly flats and strips! 2ere the only re uirement you must comply %ith is that the material must be %ell cleaned! "he surfaces that %ill be in contact %ith magnets must be %ell sanded! Gou must not forget. better contact, better performance! =ther than contact surfaces must be protected against corrosion by covering %ith a suitable paint! , suggest that prior to cutting or machining soft magnetic materials that you %ill use for electromagnets as core material, that you heat it up to cherry-red and let it cool do%n slo%ly! 0ith this heat treatment, the steel %ill be softer and better usable as core material! -or fastening, brass material and scre%s must be used exclusively to avoid unnecessary flux lea'ages! # steel scre% flux lea'ages! # steel scre% through a hole in ceramic magnets is li'e a shorted electric circuit! Gou must absolutely avoid them! ?overing materials for trac's, plastics must be used! =ne 138 inch plexiglass sheet %ill do it! Gou can use material other than 4lexiglas but the friction relations %ill be changed! 1onmagnetic metal sheets, li'e aluminum, brass, etc!, are more expensive and have the disadvantage of slightly %ea'ening the magnetic flux and are expensive! 4lastic material is more transparent for magnetic flux! -or rotor (roller) coverage you can use a plexiglass tube of 1 and 138 inch ,>, although covering is not absolutely necessary! "he ceramic magnet rings have a hard and ideally smooth surface! ,f properly ad*usted they %ill run %ell %ithout any cover also! Irac'ets, feet, supports could be made from any non-magnetic material! "he best again are plexiglass or aluminum! 4lexiglass could be very easily glued together and aluminum can be bent into any shape! "he beauty of my advanced types of permanent magnet motors is that they can be built from any non-magnetic material! Except for the shaft, electromagnet and ceramic magnets, the %hole motor could be built from %ood! ,f Ialsa %ill be used, your motor %ill be bantam %eight!

C-apter * T-e 6ermanent Magnet Linear Motor

"his motor is a single sided double action motor! "he propulsion is primarily from the interaction of the fields of the moving magnet and the trac'! "he theory of ho% it %or's %ill be discussed in the next chapter! "his chapter %ill give instructions on ho% to build it! )ee -igure 9! (ig/re 4

"he permanent magnet trac' 1 of the motor is built from ceramic Iarium-ferrite permanent magnets such as ,ndiana +eneral ,ndex 1---1201! Gou %ill need /1 x 5 totaling 155 pieces! Each magnet measures 1 x /39 x /31: inch thic'! "he magnets %ill be set up in bloc's of 5 pieces, 1 pole facing ) pole! ,t is impossible to set them up differently because the magnet %ill automatically *ump to the correct direction! "%o flat bars, /39 x 139 inch, from cold dra%n steel %ill be cut to / inch lengths! #fter thoroughly sanding all surfaces, the medians of the flat bars %ill be divided and mar'ed by 1 inch distances! "he first mar' starts from 132 inch from one end of bars! "he mar'ings %ill be /31: inch clearance holes!

"he five magnet bloc's %ill no% be sand%iched bet%een the t%o flats all oriented in the same manner, so that one of the flats of soft iron %ill be a 1 magnetic pole! -or fastening use /31: x 1 and /39 inch length brass bolts! Iecause li'e manner oriented magnet bloc's repel each other, the setting is difficult! "he best %ay is to start %ith the t%o end bloc's and after fastening %ith bolts to push one bloc' after the other into the gap! Ie careful, if you reverse only one of the bloc's, %hat can happen very easily is, because the reversed polarity bloc's attract each other, your trac' %ill not %or'! #fter fastening all bloc's %ith bolts, the driving part of your trac' is ready! =ne flat %ill no% be the 1 pole and the other an ) pole! "hree inches from both ends of flats holes %ill be drilled and threaded for 531: inch bolts! "hey %ill carry the trac' on brac'ets! "he bolts %ill pass through 1 inch long spacers and %ing nuts! "he trac' top %ill be covered by a 138 inch thic' and /:-132 x / inch plexiglass sheet! =ne end of the sheet %ill be flush %ith the end of the trac'! "he other end extends beyond the trac' by 5-132 inches! Ieneath the trac' a similar sheet /1 x / inch %ith both ends flush %ith the trac' end %ill be fastened! -or fastening you can use small 9-90 x 1 inch brass scre%s! "he trac' carrying brac'ets %ill be cut from 138 inch thic' aluminum sheet! )iHes see -igure 9, labels 9 and 5! ,f you do not have a piece of aluminum sheet at hand, a piece of plastic or %ood %ill do also! =f course, you must comply %ith the siHes as given in -igure 9! "he t%o brac'ets on front, labeled 9, must have a t%o inch long split for the holding bolts, enabling the ad*ustments of trac' to%ards the horiHontal plane! #s base plate a 91 x : x 132 inch ply%ood can serve! "he brac'ets of the trac' could be fastened by %ood scre%s to the base plate! ,f you desire a better appearance of your %or', you can paint your base plate and brac'ets! "he rotor (roller) %ill be constructed from three pieces of ceramic magnet rings, such as ,ndiana +eneral ,ndex 1---190/! Each one is one inch in diameter and 139 inch thic' at its center point having a hole of /38 inch diameter pushed through their central holes! "he roller must be clean and %ell ad*usted to avoid %obbling on the trac'! ,t must run smooth and noiselessly! 1oisy running means poor alignment, the roller has some eccentricity! <emember that any other similar circular motion re uires po%er, and this %ill be ta'en from the 'inetic energy of the rings! "herefore, there are losses %hich, if of substantial magnitude, can disturb the proper functioning of your motor! ,f you %ant to avoid this 'ind of trouble, you can press the three tings, after previously ad*usting on its shaft, into a plastic tube of 1-138 inch ,> and 1-139 inch =>! "he ends of the tube can be cut by both ends about 138 inch longer and covered %ith a round piece of plexiglass sheet! #lthough the above measures are not absolutely necessary, the motor %ill %or' %ell using uncovered roller also! ,f you still %ant to use a covered roller, it %ill be necessary to finish off the far end of the trac' %ith a small plexiglass plate positioned high enough so that it %ill not prevent the free passage of the roller beyond the trac', but it %ill prevent it from falling off the trac'! "he tube cover therefore represents a gap bet%een the trac' end and the roller magnets

%hich in turn %ea'ens the attractive force bet%een them! 0hat can happen if this is the case, you %ill learn in the next chapter! ,f you are less pretentious, you can build a simple trac' using flexible rubber magnets li'e /( 4lastiform Irand, or other products! )ee -igure 5! (ig/re A

"%o pieces of soft iron strips, labeled 2 in -igure 5, measuring 132 x /39 x 2: inch length, %ill be cut to siHe! =n the one end of both flats %ill be a part of 139 inch %idth in depth of 2-139 inch cut off! #fter assembling this %ill form a for', one inch %idth, for catching the roller! ,n bet%een the t%o flats %ill be sand%iched t%o strips of permanent rubber magnets of t%o feet length! "hus each of the rubber magnets measures 132 x 139 x 29 inches in length! "he magnets are magnetiHed through its thic'ness! Ioth together %ill form a s uare cross-section bar of 132 by 132 inch siHe! =ne bar surface %ill be polariHed as 1 pole and the other as ) pole! #fter setting the magnets bet%een the flats, the %hole trac' %ill be held together merely be magnetic forces$ no fasteners %ill be needed! "he top of the trac' could be covered by a 138 inch thic' plexiglass sheet, labeled : in -igure 5, of 2 x 2@ inch in siHe! =ne end of this glass cover %ill be set flush %ith the far end of the trac'! "he other end extends beyond the trac' about / inches! "he bottom cover of siHe 29 x 2 inches, %ill be set flush %ith the far end of the trac'! "he other one %ill extend about 139 inch beyond the rubber magnet over the for' part of the trac'! -or fastening the covers to the trac', small scre%s (brass) 9-90 one inch long, may be used! "he positioning of the trac' carrying bolts and brac'et siHes, you may find in -igure 5! "he roller is the same three ring magnet as %as described for the /1 inch trac'! >espite its simplicity and lo% cost, this small motor %ill perform %ell, of course %ith less po%er than the /1 inch ceramic magnet trac'! #fter finishing the assembly %or', the surfaces of glass coves must be cleaned thoroughly using a good plastic cleanser! "he finished motors must be set horiHontal on a suitable tabletop and they %ill be ready for running!

C-apter 4 8o2 It Wor4"

,t is a %ell-'no%n fact that the purely magnetic forces cannot be used to provide continuous motion! # permanent magnet can perform %or' only.

(a) if mechanical %or' %ill be used for replacing the magnet to repeat the cycle$ (b) ,f an external force field %ill interact to restore the initial state$ (c) ,f electromagnetic force %ill be used %hich %ill change the permanent magnet field conditions! "he first condition is generally 'no%n! "his is for example %hat %e do %hen %e lift a piece of iron from the table by a permanent magnet! ?lassical examples are the permanent magnet chuc's! "he second condition is %idely used in >? permanent magnet motors or in #? reluctance or hysteresis motors! "he third condition is some%hat less 'no%n! "he most common example is a permanent-electro chuc'! "he impossibility of creating continuous motion by using purely magnetic forces %as already discussed in ?hapter 1! "he cause is the symmetry la%! 2o% can %e overcome the symmetry la% and create uni- or bi-directional motion merely by using permanent magnetsR "he aforesaid symmetry la% and energy conservation la% enables us to use these phenomena under certain circumstances, for generating unidirectional or bi-directional motion! "o understand the function of the 4ermanent (agnet 7inear (otor, %e may discuss the forcedistance characteristic curves of the trac'! "hey are similar to -igure 2 and are depicted in -igure : for our trac'! (ig/re 6

(ig/re &

"he roller is placed at the launching point of trac' # and held there! #t this point the roller has a potential energy, represented by pulling po%er 4 bet%een trac'-roller separated by a gap g of area # (s uare meter)$ E uation (5b)! (5b)

-rom the force distance curves in -igure :, it is apparent that this force is symmetrical to the symmetry axis of the trac'! #fter releasing, influenced by the trac'Us attractive po%er, the roller %ill start rolling to%ard the trac'! )ince both the magnetic force on the roller and the rollerUs %eight constrain the roller to remain on the plexiglass cover! "he horiHontal propulsion on the roller comes from the interaction of its magnetic field %ith the change in the magnetic field through %hich it passes! "he %or' done moving the roller along the first half of the trac' is. (:) 01 S 41 s1 "his %or' %ill be e ual to the %or' done along the second half of the trac' %here the roller, because of the change of the direction of magnetic forces, %ill be decelerated. 01 S 02 (;) 41 s1 S 42 s2 "he roller %ill be accelerated from starting point # to%ard the end of trac' I, and it continues to accelerate propelled by the trac' forces to%ard the midpoint ?! #s the roller approaches this point, the propelling force diminishes and finally vanishes! 2o%ever, the roller does not stop at the point ?, %here the field because of the momentum it possesses! =vershooting the point ?, the

roller continues to%ard the far end of the trac' and gradually decelerates! ,ts potential energy at point # %as changed by its acceleration to 'inetic energy! -rom point ? it started changing bac' again to potential energy! "o point > it arrives possessing 'inetic energy gained in section #-?, less the energy losses by rolling friction on the trac' surface Er, and by introduction Ei! "hus,

)uppose that the plexiglass covering of the trac' extended beyond the point >! "hen the roller because of its momentum %ill overshoot the trac' end a t >, and continue to move to%ard point E until its 'inetic energy vanishes! ,t %ill come to stop %hen.

,f the losses Er and Ei are significant, then the roller %ill stop at a distance beyond the point >, e ual to distance #-I on the launching pad! #fter stopping, it %ill start moving bac' to%ards the neutral point ? and the cycle %ill be repeated! "he roller %ill oscillate to and fro over the trac' until the energy %ill be exhausted by the losses! ,f the rigid support at point > %ill be removed by cutting the glass over flush %ith the trac' end, the roller, %hen reaching this end %ill drop because of its o%n %eight! ,t %ill lose potential energy in the earthUs gravitational field, Eh S mgh, %hich %ill be transformed to 'inetic energy "h! "hus its 'inetic energy beneath the trac' at point >5 %ill be.

1o% there are t%o possibilities. (1) "he momentum of the roller beneath the trac' at point > %ill be larger than the pulling po%er of the trac' and it %ill fall do%n from the trac'! (2) "he momentum of the roller %ill be smaller than the pulling po%er of the trac' and the roller %ill be held only the plexiglass sheet beneath the trac'! ,n section >5-?5, it %ill be accelerated bac' to%ard the launching end, arriving to the point I5 %ith 'inetic energy.

,f the energy, i!e!, the momentum of the roller is sufficient, it %ill run around the end I5 and crash into the launching section %here the motion %ill cease! )ee -igure ;! "he frictional resistance beneath the trac' is less than that on the top of the trac'! "he frictional resistance 4c of a rolling cylinder. 4c "op S ' 3 r !+

depends besides the radius of cylinder and the friction coefficient ! as %ell as on the %eight of cylinder +! "herefore.

%here 4 is component of the magnetic forces, vertical to the trac' surface! "he system as described is %or'ing as a single-sided, double-action permanent magnet linear motor, %ith interrupted cycle! "he picture of the experimental model is -igure 8. (ig/re 8

"his type of permanent magnet linear motor %as built by me in different forms and lengths and %ith different types of magnets! #ll are %or'ing perfectly, %ithout any trouble! "he correct leveling and the correct setting of starting point # are important to its operation! ,f the gap bet%een point #-I is too small, the roller cannot pic' up sufficient energy and %ill be returned from point > %ithout dropping belo% the trac'! "he same thing %ill happen if the trac' is not leveled correctly! Gou can perform many experiments %ith this simple motor! # very interesting one is the follo%ing. "he trac' %ill be leveled! "he roller after releasing from launching point # %ill run around the trac' and crash into the space beneath point I! 1o% to the trac' %ill be given a slight elevation by ad*usting the front brac'ets! "he roller must no% overcome a small slope! ,t must al%ays be started from the same distance from point I! "o ensure this condition, a piece of small %ood or plexiglass bar could be put across the launching pad of the motor at point # and fastened by a piece of mas'ing tape! "he roller could be started from this %ooden bar, thus al%ays the same distance from I! "o ensure this condition, a piece of small %ood or plexiglass bar could be put across the launching pad of the rotor at point # and fastened by a piece of mas'ing tape! "he roller could be started from this %ooden bar, thus al%ays the same distance from I! "he elevation %ill be slightly raised each time! #t one point the slope %ill be too high and the roller %ill not be able to overcome it! ,t %ill be returned from 4oint > %ithout dropping belo% trac'! Gou %ill allo% the roller to run do%n until it %ill overshoot point I! Iefore it %ill come to a stop, you %ill catch it and uic'ly put it bac' to the starting mar' and release it! "he second time the roller %ill overrun the slope %ithout difficulty and on the bottom surface %ill return to point

I! Gou can repeat this experiment many times and you %ill notice that if the roller is launched after running bac', it %ill possess more energy than at the first time! , discovered this fact by experiment action! "he explanation of this seemingly peculiar phenomenon is straightfor%ard! "he energy conservation la% teaches us that energy could not be lost! #t the start, the roller possesses a certain intrinsic magnetic energy! ,t is inherent %ith its magnetiHation! Iy running over the magnetic trac', %hich has a larger field strength, i!e!, higher energy content than the roller, the roller %ill be further magnetiHed! ,t %ill pic' up energy from the trac'! ,n engineering language, its %or'ing point on the magnetiHation curve %ill be steadily changed! # good analogy is the magnetiHation of a steel bar by rubbing %ith a permanent magnet! #fter removing the roller from the field of the trac', the energy gained by induction %ill not be dissipated instantly! "here is a certain relaxation effect! # short time delay is needed until the magnet %ill return to its uasi-steady magnetiHation level! ?onse uently, in a short time the field of the roller, i!e!, the flux that it produces, %ill be stronger than it %as before passing the trac' field! Iecause the attractive po%er (E uation 5) depends on the s uare of the flux density, the second time a larger force %ill interact %ith the trac' field, the acceleration of the roller %ill be greater! 0ith increased acceleration, the momentum of the roller %ill be increased also! "hus, the roller %ill possess more 'inetic energy to overrun the slope! , have no 'no%ledge that this phenomenon %as utiliHed else%here before this time! 4erhaps you %ill develop some ne% applications! "hin' about itT "his single-sided, double-action permanent magnet motor has perplexed not only ordinary people, but professors of physics and engineers as %ell! #t first glance, it resembles something bordering on the impossible! "his principle and model can serve as a basis for manufacturing doHens of different toys, %here unidirectional or bi-directional motion is re uired! ,t is simple to build, clean, safe and needs no external po%er source! ,t is the first 'no%n successful permanent magnet motor! ,t is an excellent teaching aid for schools! -urther, it can serve as a carrier for short distances! "he distance could be extended by cascading stages as you %ill learn in ?hapter 8!

C-apter A T-e Tilte0 Trac4 Linear Motor

-rom the point of vie% of physics, the uestion no% is. can %e increase the 'inetic energy of the roller so much as to overcome the attractive forces of the trac' and escape from its fieldR ,n the previous chapter, %e mentioned that if the 'inetic energy of the roller at point >5 %ill be larger than the attractive force of the trac', it %ill drop do%n from the trac'! Iy applying a propelling force, the 'inetic energy of the roller is the function of its mass and the s uare of its velocity! Iy using modern magnetic materials such as Iarium-ferrite or rare-earth magnets, the magnetic forces could be substantially increased! ,n this case, the mass of the roller could also be increased! "he result %ould be that by using the earthUs gravity as an external force, the roller %ill run do%n from the trac' and out of the magnetic field! Iy proper matching of the components, the rotor can gain potential energy %hich can be used for removing it from the trac'! "o overcome higher elevations, progressively larger accelerations are re uired in the initial launch to get the roller to the far end of the trac'! Iesides stronger trac' field, it is necessary to shift the e uilibrium point of the trac' a%ay from the midpoint, to%ard the far end of the trac'! "hus, the roller %ill be accelerated for a longer time! "he shifting of the e uilibrium point can be done by adding an auxiliary trac' %hich is mounted over the far end of the main trac' (double-sided motor), %here deceleration of the roller %ill ta'e place %ithout this trac'! )ee -igure @! (ig/re 9

"he added auxiliary trac', as is apparent from -igure @, %ill shift the e uilibrium point by a distance >s from ?1 to ?2, to%ard the trac'Us far end! "he conse uence is that the roller can accelerate for a longer time on the main trac' and its momentum %ill be greater! "hus it can climb a slope and gain larger potential energy in the earthUs gravitational field, Eh! #fter rounding the far end of the trac' at >, it %ill return to the launching end, rolling along the trac'Us bottom surface! ,t %ill gain speed during its descent and at point IU %ill fall from the trac' and run out from the trac' field!

"his system e uipped %ith an auxiliary trac' is e uivalent to a double-sided, double-action linear motor %ith an interrupted %or'ing cycle! Gou can build it in the same manner as the single-sided, single-action motor! "he dimensions of the tilted plane motor can be seen in -igure 10! (ig/re %0

-or the main trac', use t%o soft iron strips of /: x 1 x 139 inch siHes! "hey %ill be divided for 9: magnets per /39 inch distances! "he first hole %ill be /38 inch from end of flats! "he magnets in five piece bloc's %ill be sand%iched no% %ith its %idth parallel %ith the strips! -or a total of 9: bloc's per 5 pieces, you %ill need 2/0 magnets held in place by means of /31: x 2 inch brass scre%s! "he auxiliary trac' %ill be built sand%iching 18 bloc's of the same magnets bet%een t%o soft iron strips 1 x 132 x 19 inch lengths! Gou %ill need a total of ;0 magnets! "he polarity of both trac's must be the same as %as described by the single-sided motor! 0hen the auxiliary trac' is positioned over the main trac', they must repel each other! -or the base plate you can use a /39 inch thic' ply%ood plate 98 x 10 inches in siHe! "he brac'ets could be built from /!8 inch thic' plexiglass sheet or from ply%ood! "he auxiliary trac' must be ad*ustable at both ends, the main trac' by the far end! Gou must be able to change the elevation! ,n positioning, care must be ta'en to put the auxiliary trac'Us median exactly parallel %ith the median of the main trac'! #s a roller, / pieces of cobalt rare-earth magnets of type ?rucore "-250 %ill be used! "he rareearth magnet rings %ill be pushed through a plexiglass ring machined to siHe as it is given in -igure 10! "he rare earth magnets are very brittle! "hey must be handled very carefully,

other%ise they %ill brea' merely by slight forcing through the plexiglass! "he ends of the ring could be closed by t%o plexiglass covers %hich %ill be glued in position! "his tilted plane motor can be operated the same %ay as the single-sided motor! "he auxiliary trac' must be ad*usted by trial and error method! Gou must set it as lo% as possible, %ithout loc'ing the roller! <emember, the attractive force of the trac' changes %ith the s uare of the distance! # parallel setting %ith the main trac' may not necessarily be the best! ,t must be ad*usted until the best acceleration %ill be obtained! (y motor made to indicated siHe, is able to overcome a slope one inch per foot! "he performance depends on the roller magnets, the smoothness of the surfaces, but mainly from correct ad*usting of mutual positions of the trac's! "here is a possibility to use Iarium-ferrite rollers from the single-sided motor! "he performance %ill be, of course, substantially changed! (y motor %as built and used for roller speed measurements! -or this purpose, it %as fitted apart %ith magnetic s%itches at t%o inches distance! "he time data %as transferred to a small computer and evaluated! "he trac' performance %as calculated for the acceleration and roller %eight and trac' elevation! -or simplifying the measurements, the motor %as completed %ith an automatic roller return mechanism! "his consisted of a plexiglass catcher covered %ith t%o small pieces of plastic foam to protect the plexiglass from the impact of the falling roller! # motor attached to the catcher rotates it up%ard so that the roller is deposited on the launch site again! "he %hole *ourney up the tilted trac' and do%n along the underside is repeated! "his motion is perpetual as long as the motor redeposits the roller on the launch site! "he photo of the motor is seen in -igure 11. (ig/re %%

1o% %e can pose a logical uestion. ?an one build a device of this sort in %hich the roller %ill continually roll around the trac' %ithout any assistance from an outside agentR ,s it possible that once the roller is launched it climbs the tilted trac', returns along the underside and then, because of its descent, has sufficient energy to round the bottom side to repeat the cycleR 2ard-core physicist %ill say a straight noT ,t %as my opinion also, but today , cannot give you a straight ans%er! "his is a toy of force vectors! "he motor is a complex energy system %here not only the magnetic, but also the inertial and gravitational forces are also involved in the operation!

"he first and the last are %or'ing as a simple exchange mechanism! Iut in the third, the inertia is form dependent also! "his fact and other possibilities regarding the ne% and rapidly gro%ing science and materials of the permanent magnet industry are urging us to be cautious %ith our statements! , leave this puHHle up to you! # fe% years ago my motors, prior to the discovery of ferrite ceramic magnets, belonged to the realm of impossibility! ,n the next chapter you %ill earn more about the removing one load from a magnetic trac'! 2ere , must %arn you, be careful before you ma'e any decision! Gou must al%ays differentiate bet%een po%er and energy! "he energy must come from some%here!

C-apter 6 8o2 Can We emove A Magnetic Loa0 (rom A 6ermanent Magnet Trac4?

,f a magnetic motor of the linear sort is to be employed in transporting material, the load probably %ould have to be removed from the trac' at some point! "here are several %ays in %hich this could be done. (a) by using external mechanical force$ (b) by using an external magnetic field$ (c) by using the rotorUs inertia and the earthUs gravitational forces$ (d) by using electromagnetic forces! "o remove a roller or a load from a permanent magnet field using external mechanical force is straight for%ard! ,t needs no further explanation! Csing a permanent magnet field to remove a load from a permanent magnet trac' is possible only to transfer the load to this, i!e!, to the removing field! ,f %e %ant to remove it %ithout being caught by this external magnetic field, it is necessary to use an additional external force field of non-magnetic origin! "his could be the earthUs gravitational field! "he principle is depicted in -igure 12! ,t %or's as follo%s. (ig/re %) : emoving a rotor 3rom a permanent magnet trac4 ', /"ing an a/+iliar, permanent magnet an0 t-e eart-Y" gravitational 3iel0$

"he 'inetic energy of the rotor, passing the trac' end is. "S 132 (!v2, #nd the force of inertia -i S (!v, 0here v is the linear velocity and ( mass of the rotor! )uppose this to be -i Z -m! "he rotor %ill continue in its linear motion decelerated by the force of the magnetic trac' -m! 0hen -i becomes Hero, the velocity v of the rotor in non-presence of other forces also becomes Hero! 1o% under the influence of the trac' forces -m, the rotor %ants to move bac' to%ard the trac' 1! Iut the rotor / is under the influence of the earthUs gravitational force + also! ,f - Z + the trac' %ill pull bac' the rotor! "his %ill fall beneath the trac' and %ill be accelerated bac'%ards, as %as described in ?hapter 9! ,f %e %ant to remove the rotor from the field of the trac', it is evident that -i Z -m! "his is possible only if %e raise the rotor velocity v! "he velocity is limited by the rotor and trac' masses, by the interacting magnetic forces, by the friction and eventually by the elevation of the trac'! "hus, the only possibility is, in these given parameters, to decrease -m! ,t %ould be realiHed by adding an additional magnetic field -m, %hich is polariHed in such a %ay that it %ill counteract the trac' forces and result in a magnetic force -r S -m S -5m! "his could be provided by a properly positioned permanent magnet 2 of re uired flux density as is sho%n in -igure 12! "he positioning of the auxiliary magnet 2 %ill be dependent on the desired path of the rotor after removal$ )ee -igure 1/! (ig/re %*

(ig/re %4

"his method is possible only if the rotor %ill lose potential energy +!h %ill increase its 'inetic energy! ,f the trac'-rotor combination of masses and magnetiHations %ill give the rotor a higher speed, i!e!, more 'inetic energy, %e can remove it from the trac' field by merely using the earthUs gravitational force! "he only criterion is that the magnetic field gradient on the end of the trac' must be modified in such a %ay that it %ill be lo%er than the normal non-modified field! "he simplest physical realiHation of this method is depicted in -igure 19!

"he permanent magnet trac' %ill be extended by a soft-iron %edge, %hich %ill form an inclined plane! "he %idth of the %edge must be as %ide as the trac' or slightly %ider! "he length must be calculated in such a %ay that for the path of the rotor the value of + %ill be larger than that of the -m! "he magnetic field lines, because of the lo%er reluctance of the iron, %ill be more dense in iron than in the air! "he flux %ill be shunted on the trac' end! Iecause of the decreasing mass distribution of the %edge, the field gradient of the magnetic forces induced in the iron %ill be changed in relation of the angle! ,f the angle is correctly calculated, the rotor driven do%n by the earthUs gravitational force on the inclined plane %ill gain 'inetic energy, i!e!, speed up and roll out from the magnetic field of the trac'! 2ere again the potential energy of the rotor +!h %ill be changed to 'inetic energy! "he removal from the field %ill be done at the expense of potential energy! "his is a very simple %ay to remove a rotor (load) from a permanent magnet trac', but it must be emphasiHed that it %ill %or' only if it is allo%ed to overcome the magnetic forces! #n improved method invented by me for removing a rotor (load) from a permanent magnet trac' is in -igure 15! Iy this method part of the magnetic force field of the trac' is combined %ith the earthUs gravitational field and by %ay of a tilting plane and lever action 'ic's a%ay the rotor from the trac' field! (ig/re %A : Dalance0 Tilte0 planet otor emover

(ig/re %6 : Mec-ani"m o3 t-e Dalance0 Tilte0 6lane emoving

"he mechanism is arranged as follo%s$ see -igure 1:! "he end of the permanent magnet trac' : is outfitted %ith a tilting plane 1 from non-magnetic material (plastic, brass, aluminum, etc!)! "his plane is firmly connected to shaft / supported by t%o brac'ets ; in such a %ay that the holes 2 in the brac'ets serve as bearings for the said shaft %hich can turn freely in these bearings! "he shaft / is longer than the %idth of the trac' and is bent @0 degrees in such a %ay that it forms a C-shape! Ioth ends of this shaft are outfitted by counter%eights 9! "he plane 1 is positioned to the trac' end in such a %ay that the shaft / is level or slightly lo%er than the upper surface of the trac'! "he mechanism %or's as follo%s, see -igure 1;! (ig/re %& : (/nctioning o3 t-e Tilte0 6lane otor emover

"he inclined plane 1 in absence of rotor 5 is held by the t%o counter%eights 9 in a horiHontal position! #cting on a rotor are -m the m!m!f! of the trac', -i the inertial force and + the earthUs gravity! "he friction forces are neglected! 1o% the relation of forces are + Z -i Z -m! "he rotor driven by the inertial force %ill enter the tilting plane 1 and %ill move a%ay from the trac' end! #t the beginning the tilted plane 1 is + Y ( +5 x ? )! "he rotor %ill move further a%ay from the trac' and come to a distance %here ( + A -m ) Z ( +5 x l )! ?onse uently by the lever action, the tilting plane %ill start to tilt do%n%ards! "his movement %ill be supported by the mmf of the trac' also %hich %ill pull the rotor to%ard the trac' end! "he tilting angle and conse uently the influence of + on the rotor %ill increase! ,t %ill lose potential energy and gain 'inetic energy until the tilting plane and the rotor reach the base supporting plane %here the force situation %ill be changed! "he gravitational force + %ill be eliminated by the counteraction of the supporting base plane! "he magnetic force -m %ill be %ea'er than the action of the gravitational force on the t%o counter%eights 9 by lever arm 1 and the angle! "hus, -m Y +x 1 x cos angle! "he counter%eights conse uently %ill start to move do%n%ards and by lever action %ill overcome at the already %ea'ened mmf of the trac' and the friction forces! "he tilting plane by its edge %ill 'ic' a%ay the rotor from the force field of the magnetic trac'! "he mechanism %ill %or' li'e some height multiplier! "he mmf %ill help to get the rotor out from its range e ual to a higher potential energy lost in the earthUs gravitational field, %hich corresponds to its actual height loss h! ,t is necessary to remar' that the described mechanism is inherently a toy of force vectors, and its parameters must be carefully computed, other%ise it %ill not %or'! )hifting the counter%eights 9 along the shaft arm /, i!e!, changing the lever arm 1, gives us a certain possibility of ad*ustments, but not necessarily enough to correct malfunctioning! "his experimental mechanism %as built and tested by me and found %or'ing smoothly! "he conditions to assure proper functioning of all the above mechanisms are.

(a) "he roller must possess enough 'inetic energy to overshoot the trac' end by such a distance that the gravitational pull on the roller %ill be higher than the attractive force of the trac'! "he movement on an inclined plane must be considered! "he plane angle to the horiHontal %ill substantially influence the for%ard component of the inertial force! (b) "he mass of the roller (or of any moving load) must be ade uate to fulfill conditions in (a)! (c) "he potential energy lost by dropping the roller heights must be larger than the 'inetic energy that the roller %ould be able to gain from the magnetic field moving bac'%ards from its momentum position to%ard the trac' end! "his is a very important rule! Gou %ill learn it by experience! ,t is the 'ey to your success! ,f a sufficient height loss can be allo%ed, the removal of the load is no problem! #nother possibility of removing a rotor (load) from a permanent magnet trac' is using electromagnetic forces! "his is the most sophisticated and convenient %ay! ,t gives us a means for ad*usting the 'inetic energy of the rotor by and after removal from the trac' as re uired! #lthough from the point of vie% of energetics, it is not the most economical and efficient %ay, its usefulness and advantages cannot be doubted! "his method, %hich , invented, tested and used is as follo%s, see -igure 18. (ig/re %8 : emoving t-e otor 3rom a 6ermanent Magnet Trac4 ', <"ing Electromagnetic (orce"

"he permanent magnet trac' 1 described and built according to -igure 1 is outfitted at its end by a magnetic s%itch / and a properly dimensioned electromagnet 9 %hich could be positioned as a part of the trac', or could be placed a certain distance a%ay from the trac' end, according to the purpose and form of the trac'! "he magnetically operated s%itch (reed, magnetic pic'up, or a 2all-effect s%itch) 2 and the coil of the electromagnet 9 are connected to a po%er supply and time 5! ,t %or's as follo%s. "he decelerating field moving rotor 2 at the trac' end 1 at the moment %hen it passes the magnetic s%itch /, sends out an electric impulse to the po%er supply-timer 5 and starts it! "he

triggered timer sends out a current impulse from the po%er supply, %hose amplitude and duration is set exactly by the timer! "his current impulse excited the coil of the electromagnet 9! "he electromagnetic field of the excited coil counteracts %ith the field of the trac', of the current flo% direction is correctly set! "his %ill cause a momentary %ea'ening of the trac' field! "he rotor, driven by inertia, %ill be able to pass the field! Iy properly setting the amplitude and duration of the current impulse, %e can ad*ust the mmf acting upon the rotor and set its speed as re uired! #d*usting the speed of the roller is sometimes necessary! ,n motors %here the roller is running on a circular trac', %ithout speed ad*ustment, it can roll out o the trac' and a%ay! "he same can happen %ith the oscillating motor also! "he coil siHes and building steps %ill be discussed for the referred motors! "he driving electronics, schemes and function re uire a separate ?hapter 10! ?onclusions of the rotor removal modes obviously indicate that to introduce a roller onto a trac' is more easily accomplished than to remove it from the trac'! #bout this sub*ect, you cannot find too many references in classic literature, including the patent literature! , am virtually a pioneer in this discipline! (y suggestions are not necessarily the only ones, but they proved to be valid and could serve as a starting point for you! (aybe you %ill be able to find other and better methods for your purposes! 1evertheless, it must be emphasiHed that for any practical use, the permanent magnet motors, especially the linear motors, must be individually calculated and specifically designed! "he same is true for method of removal! "he purpose %ill dictate the method!

C-apter & T-e O"cillating 6ermanent Magnet Motor

"he self-oscillating induction linear motor is common in industrial uses! =scillatory motion is %idely re uired by textile, machine-tool and other industries! "hey are mostly the bac'-to-bac' induction motors, or the older type mechanically s%itched motors, using all of those purely electromagnetic forces! #n #? linear induction motor has self-starting properties! (y permanent magnet oscillating motor is inherently not self-starting, but it could give more economical performance!

(y type of permanent magnet oscillating motor differs from any currently 'no%n motors in that it ma'es use of the direct magnetic pull! "he best analogy of the oscillating principle of these motors is a piece of iron %eight, siHed bet%een t%o coil springs! )ee -igure 1@. (ig/re %9 : Analog, o3 t-e O"cillating Motor

,f the oscillation of the system depicted in -igure 1@ is started by pulling the iron %eight 1 to any side and released, the %eigh %ill oscillate %ith progressive damping! # s%itched electromagnet 9 %ill be positioned near the oscillating %eight! "he electromagnet %ill be s%itched to a current source al%ays at the moment %hen the iron %eight approaches the electromagnet! "he electromagnet %ill be energiHed %ith a short current impulse and the induced field %ill pull the iron %eight to%ard the electromagnet! "his pulling force %ill act only for a short time and supply to the oscillating %eight a small amount of energy, *ust enough to replace the losses by material and air resistance! "he system %ill oscillate %ith sustained amplitude forever, supposing the coil be supplied %ith electrical energy!, this is the basic principle of most electrically excited oscillatory motions! ,n my motor the spring is replaced by the magnetic field of a permanent magnet trac'! )ee -igure 20! (ig/re )0 : 6rinciple o3 6ermanent Magnet O"cillating Motor

# permanent magnet trac' 1, similar to those of previously described linear motors, is covered by a plexiglass sheet :! #t one end of the trac' is placed an electromagnet 2, %hich is connected to an electronic timer and po%er supply 5! "he time is triggered by a magnetic s%itch /, %hich is operated by the magnetic field of the roller 9! 0henever the roller passes the s%itch, the magnetic field at the site is altered momentarily! #fter a short time delay the timer allo%s direct current to flo% through the electromagnet 2 *ust as the roller approaches the end of the trac'! "he field of the trac' and the friction of the roller on the trac' surface both are slo%ing the rollerUs movement at this end! 2o%ever, the field of the electromagnet, due to the current impulse, pulls the roller to%ard the electromagnet! "he field of the trac' acts as the springs in the -igure 1@! 0ere this additional field generated temporarily by the electromagnet not present, the roller %ould merely roll bac' and forth %ith dampening amplitude, until it lost all the energy in its motion and %ould stop! "he purpose of the electromagnet is to supply some additional energy on each cycle! "he current pulse height and duration is ad*ustable by the timer! "he amount of this current is ad*usted so that the energy it supplies the roller matches the loss of energy the roller experiences during the cycle! "he result. the roller cycles indefinitely! Gou can build this permanent magnet oscillating motor as follo%s. )ee -igure 21! (ig/re )%

"%o soft iron strips 1 x 139 cross section %ill be cut into 12 and 132 inch lengths! #fter sanding, the strips %ill be mar'ed for 1: holes of 131: inch clearance diameter! "he first hole is set /38 inch from one end of the strips! "he holes of one of the strips %ill be on one side counter-sun', for heads of flat-head brass scre%s, /31: x 2 inch length! "%o pieces of %ooden bars, one of 1 x 1 inch and the other 2-132 x 1 inch cross-sections, %ill be cut to 12-132 inch lengths! "hey %ill be fastened to a 2/ x ; x /39 inch ply%ood base plate, as mar'ed in -igure 21! -or the 12-132 inch long trac', you %ill use a total of 80 flat ceramic magnets! "he magnets %ill be set up as bloc's of 5 pieces and sand%iched bet%een the strips in the same %ay as %as described for the singlesided linear motor! =ne of the strips %ill be polariHed again as 1 pole and the other as ) pole! "he strips %ith the magnets %ill be positioned upon the 2-131 inch %ooden bar and by the brass %ood scre%s fixed it to the 1 x 1 inch bar as depicted in -igure 21, cross-section #-#5!

"he electromagnet is of soft iron construction made from t%o pieces of 2-132 x 2 x 132 inch thic' soft iron flat bars! #ll sides of the t%o plates must be sanded and one surface 2-132 x 2 inch %hich %ill be the top surface, must be polished! "he core bet%een the t%o plates, a 1-139 x /39 x 1 inch length iron bloc', must also be sanded and the t%o ends ad*acent to the end plates polished! "he contact surfaces of the core on the side plates must be polished also! <emember, any air gap, even the smallest, represents higher resistance for the magnetic flux, i!e!, higher reluctance and obviously unnecessary losses! #ll three pieces of the electromagnet %ill be scre%ed together %ith a /38 x 20-/39 inch long flat head machine scre%! "%o small holes of 13: inch diameter %ill no% be drilled to one of the side plates for passing the magnet %ires! "he positioning of these holes is seen in -igure 21! =ne must be right by the core and the other one on the upper corner of the side plate! Iefore starting to %ind, the core must be covered by one layer of electrical plastic tape! "he side surfaces %hich %ill be in contact %ith the coil %ires, in vie% in contact %ith the coil %ires, in vie% of the lo% voltage used for excitation, must not be covered! "he electromagnet is an unusual construction, %here the iron material itself %ill serve as coil form! "his has an advantage that the direct contact of coil %ires %ith the iron %alls of the magnet, the coil %ill be better cooled! #lthough relatively small currents are used, the %arming up of the magnet %ill be moderate also! "he coil of the electromagnet consists of 2000 turns of D28 enameled magnet %ires! #fter finishing the %inding, the coil could be covered %ith one or t%o layers of electrical plastic tape! 7eave enough long lead %ires %hich could be soldered directly to the banana *ac' terminal after positioning the magnet to the trac'! "he resistance of the finished coil %ill be about :0 ohms! "he electromagnet must be positioned 132 inch from the trac' end! ,t could be held in place by means of four small plexiglass bars fastened to the base plate by small brass %ood scre%s! "hey %ill form a small cage into %hich %ill fit the electromagnet! #fter covering the trac' surface and the electromagnet by a 138 inch thic' plexiglass sheet, the %hole construction %ill be held firmly together! "he ends of the cover glass %ill be curved slightly up%ards by means of t%o %ooden bloc's to prevent the eventual runoff of the roller! =n the cover glass about 2-/38 inch from the electromagnet end of the of the trac' and about 132 inch of side, a magnetic reed s%itch, such as <adio )hac' 2;5-802 or e uivalent, %ill be positioned, by drilling t%o small holes for the lead %ires of the s%itch! "he lead %ires must be soldered to the s%itch and after pushing through the small holes in the cover glass, the s%itch %ill be held in place by t%isting the lead %ires right belo% the s%itch! # piece of 138 inch thic' plexiglass %ith 9 banana *ac's %ill be a convenient supplement to the system! ,t could be fastened to the base plate, and the lead %ires from the coil and magnetic s%itch to be soldered to the banana *ac's! -or the roller, the same / ring barium-ferrite magnets %ill be used! "he roller must be prepared as it %as described for the single sided linear motor! "he "imer-4o%er supply is described and discussed in ?hapter 10! "he timers are the same for all my motors, therefore it could be connected to the motor at the corresponding banana *ac's! ?oil leads to the output posts for the coil, and s%itch leads to the s%itch posts, by proper

extension leads %ith banana plugs! #fter plugging in to a 120 6 #? %all receptacle, the timer is ready for turning on! "he motor could be set horiHontally and started! Gou can start it by putting the roller on the glass cover at the end opposite the electromagnet and releasing it! "he trac' %ill pull it instantly to%ard it Hero force point! #fter overshooting the Hero point the roller %ill pass the magnetic s%itch! # short flash on the timerUs indicator light %ill sho% that the system is %or'ing! "he energiHed electromagnet %ill pull the roller off from the tac' and the cycling %ill be started! "he timer must be ad*usted correctly! ,t %as a built-in 10-turn potentiometer, %hich controls the pulse length and current in the coil of the electromagnet! ,f the current --- and conse uently the field of the electromagnet --- is too small, then the rollerUs motion soon damps out! ,f the field is too large, the roller is pulled so vigorously by the electromagnet that it shoots off the trac'! "his type of oscillating permanent magnet motor %as constructed and built by me for special purposes, such as for the measuring of the rolling friction of the roller on the trac' surface! 4hoto of the motor, see -igure 22! (ig/re ))

=bviously the motor in the presented form is not too efficient! "he same system for technical applications could be constructed as a pendulum %ith a small air gap! "his %ill improve the efficiency substantially! <emember, ho%ever, the system is not self-starting! , have not yet contemplated the technical applications of this type of permanent magnet motor!

C-apter 8 T-e Circ/lar Trac4 Motor5 Ca"ca0ing t-e #tage"

"he permanent magnet trac' could be built in any shape! "he roller %ill al%ays follo% the trac' median and %ill be held there by magnetic forces! "he trac' could be provided in normal mode %hen the roller runs on the top surface, or inverted mode %hen the bottom surface is used as driver and guiding path! =r it could also be a combination of both! =n the bottom surface as %as discussed in ?hapter 9, the friction is less than that on the top surface! "he roller is hung up by the magnetic forces! )uch an inverted motor %ill be more efficient than a normal mode %hich is understandable in vie% of the reduced friction! ,f the dimensioning of the magnets and roller is correct, %e can 'eep the friction forces to a minimum value on the inverted motor! #s a matter of fact, there the friction forces %ill be inversely proportional to the %eight of the roller, so far as the trac' forces %ill be able to 'eep the roller hanging safely on the trac'! "his arrangement gives to the pro*ectors of high speed railroad some ideas %orth thin'ing about! Cntil the present, , have not built such an inverted trac'! , have studied the performances and characteristics of my normal circular motors only! "his circular motor is the most astonishing and amusing of all my motors! "he rollers accelerates by an invisible force, %hips around a curved trac', is set free once again, and then %ith a sudden *er' is recaptured by the invisible force! ,ts path is only about 23/ of the %ay over the magnetic trac'! #bout 13/ is running along a free surface %here there are no magnets! "his is to the casual observer uite mesmeriHing and mysterious! #lthough it is no mystery, if %e realiHe that the empty space, though substantially distant from trac' ends, is filed %ith a magnetic force field %hich in turn influences the rollerUs movement! "o direct the rollerUs path as desired is a matter of arrangement of the magnetic force lines, or, if you li'e, the for%ard component of the force field vector! Iecause the magnetiHation and %eight of the rollers are different, one short part of the trac' is ad*ustable to balance these differences! (y first circular motor had a 12 foot long oval shaped trac' %ith one 180 degree circular return bend! "his trac' %as too long for transporting and handling! , have shortened it piece by piece! (y present small trac' has about one foot diameter and about t%o feet length! "his is a very handy siHe to transport and demonstrate! ,f you %ant to study its function, this siHe is also sufficient! =ther%ise, there is no limit to the trac' length! Iy cascading the stages, you can build any desired length and shape! Gou can cascade about four permanent magnet sections each ending %ith an electromagnet for releasing the roller to the next stage! 0e %ill discuss the rules and possibilities of cascading further! Iefore %e discuss the function of a permanent magnet circular motor, here are the parameters and the instructions to build it! Gou must start %ith the building and assembling of the circular section! )ee -igure 2/! (ig/re )*

-rom a 1; x 8-132 x 1 inch thic' ply%ood cut out half a circle %ith a ; inch radius, labeled 9 in -igure 2/! "%o strips from a D1@ soft iron sheet, one 22 x 1 inch and the other 1@ x 1 inch %ill be divided on its medians for 22 holes! "he divisions on the 22 holes! "he divisions on the 22 inch long strip %ill be per 1 inch, %hereas on the 1@ inch long strip, about ;38 inch! "he 22 inch long strip %ill be the outer side of the trac' and serve as flux concentrator, %hile the 1@ inch long strip %ill be the inner side of the circular trac'! Gou %ill need a total of 110 pieces of flat permanent magnets for the circular section such as ,ndox 1---1201, 5 per bloc' sand%iched bet%een the t%o strips! "hey %ill be polariHed in such a

%ay that the outer strip %ill be the 1 pole and the inner strip %ill be the ) pole! Iefore sand%iching the magnet bloc's the strips must be bent to half-circle form! Iecause inserting the magnetic bloc's to these circular strips is difficult, the best %ay is to start %ith the t%o end bloc's and a middle bloc', press the trac' into the ply%ood form and fasten it %ith /31: x 2 inch brass %ood scre%s! ,nserting the other bloc's %ill be uite easy! "he upper side of the trac' must be exactly in level %ith the upper face of the ply%ood support! "his arrangement represents the circular section of the motor! #fter finishing and chec'ing all magnets for correct polarity, the circular section %ill be mounted upon a 25 x 18 x k inch thic' ply%ood base plate by using four legs 1 x 1 x 1 inch of %ood or plexiglass! )ee -igure 2/! "he straight section (labeled /) consists of 11 bloc's if flat magnets, per 5 pieces in each bloc', %hich are sand%iched bet%een t%o soft iron strips, 1 x N x 8-132 inch in length! "he divisions on strips %ill be per ;38 inch for /31: inch diameter holes! "he section %ill be supported by a 1 x 1 inch s uare %ooden bar, 8-132 inch in length by means of /31: x 2 inch brass %ood scre%s! #fter finishing, it %ill be provided on both ends %ith t%o legs 1 x 1 x 1 inch! =ne leg by the starting end %ill be rigidly fixed to the supporting %ooden bar, %hile the second one %ill hold the section in line %ith the circular trac', serving also as holder for a 139 x 2-132 inch long brass bolt %hich %ill act as a pivot, labeled 10, for turning the section to%ard or from the middle point of the trac's! "his straight section %ill be mounted about k inch distant from the circular section end! "he positioning or ad*usting of the straight section is necessary for smooth running of the roller, other%ise centrifugal force can turn over and stop it! "he electromagnet, labeled :, is of the same construction as it %as described for the oscillating motor (see -igure 21)! "he electromagnet %ill be positioned to the exit end of the circular section, %ith a gap of about k inch! "he upper side of the electromagnet %ill be level %ith the surface of the circular section! #fter fastening it in position similarly as %as done %ith the oscillating motor, the %hole surface of the motor %ill be covered by a 138 inch thic' and 29 x 1; inch siHe plexiglass sheet! #t the opposite end from the permanent magnet trac', %here there is no support for the cover, it %ill be propped up by t%o legs of 1 x 1 x 2 inch and scre%ed do%n to the base plate by brass %ood scre%s! "he magnetic s%itch, such as <adio )hac' 9@-985, %ith contacts closed %hen the magnet engages, %ill be positioned about 9 inches in from the end of he circular section, behind the electromagnet and about 132 inch a%ay from the flux concentrator strip! 2e best positioning must be found by trial and error setting of the timer, %hich supplies the current to the coil of the electromagnet, from the field strengths of the trac' and roller magnets, the speed of the roller passing the s%itch! -or my trac' the best setting %as as is mar'ed in -igure 2/! "he setting must be done %ith care! Iy setting the s%itch too close to the trac', it %ill be excited from the trac' field and the contacts %ill be closed! "his inhibits the functioning of the motor! "he timer %ill be bloc'ed in the absence of current pulse, and the roller %ill not be removed from the trac' but %ill be driven bac' by the magnetic field to%ard the neutral point!

"he roller is the same /-ring ceramic permanent magnets as for the previous motors! "he leads of the magnetic s%itch and the soil of the electromagnet %ill be soldered to the small terminal @ %ith banana *ac's! Iefore the motor is connected to the timer, the surface of the cover glass must be %ell cleaned %ith some good plastic cleanser! "he cleaned and completed motor %ill be put on a possible horiHontal table! "he timer leads %ill be connected to the terminal, and the timer po%er supply plugged into a 120 6 #? %all soc'et! "o start the motor, the roller must be put about / inches from the starting end of the linear section, upon the glass cover and released! ,f the roller after the releasing %ill suddenly turn on its vertical axis, the polariHation is %rong! "he start must be repeated by putting the roller %ith the correct polarity upon the glass cover! "he released roller %ill be pulled instantly to%ard the linear section of the trac'! ,t %ill accelerate onto the trac' and to%ard the e uilibrium point, and it %ill continue past the last blac's of magnets in the section! =nce it passes the last bloc', it *umps over the narro% gap bet%een the linear and curved section! "here it %ill be again accelerated and pulled onto the circular trac'! #gain it accelerates to%ard the e uilibrium point of the section, overshoots it, and emerges from the other end of the section! Iefore it has a chance to be pulled bac' onto the circular section, it rolls over the electromagnet, triggered by the magnetic s%itch on the trac'! "he pulse of >? creates a temporary magnetic field that pulls the roller to%ard the electromagnet, eliminating for a short time the trac'Us bac'%ard forces! "he electromagnet %or's in a figurative sense, li'e a gate, %hich opens for releasing the roller from the trac' field! "he pull of the electromagnet also supplies fresh energy t the roller, ad*usting its speed to the re uested level! "he roller overshoots the electromagnet, %hose field vanishes as the pulse supplied it turns off! "he roller continues to roll out over the plane of plexiglass cover! "he magnetic field of the linear section guides it to%ards the initial starting point! #s it moves closer to the initial linear trac', it is accelerated onto the trac' again! "he %hole cycle is repeated! -or correct operation of the motor, the timer must be appropriately set and connected to the motor! ,f the field direction of the electromagnet %ill be opposite as is re uired, it %ill not support the rollerUs for%ard movement, but on the contrary, %ill retard it! "he roller %ill be shot bac' onto the circular trac'! ,n this case, the leads of magnets must be inverted! ,f the timer is not correctly set and the energiHing impulse is too long, the roller %ill gain excess 'inetic energy from the field of the electromagnet and its velocity %ill be too high! "he higher centrifugal force in this case %ill overcome the trac'Us magnetic forces and the roller %ill run off the trac'! ,f the impulse is too short, the roller %ill not be released from the trac' and %ill run bac'%ards from the magnetic end! "he correct ad*ustments need time and patience! ,t could be ad*usted at the built in ten-turn potentiometer of the timer! "he ad*usting of the pulse length must be made until the roller runs smoothly from the electromagnetic field and turns to%ard the starting point! ,f you have access to a good storage oscilloscope, this can help you very substantially! =n the scope display screen you can see and measure the exact length and form of the gating impulse! #fter correct setting, mar' the potentiometer for the future! ,f the timer %as

once %ell ad*usted, the difference in case of changing the motor position or roller is only very slight! ,t %ill probably be necessary to ad*ust the straight section of the trac' also! "his is so if the roller %ill *er' around its vertical axis before entering the accelerating field or %ill turn over and stay caught on the end of linear section! ,f this is the fall, the linear section must be pushed either to%ard the middle of the trac' or a%ay from it, until the roller %ill enter the field smoothly! "here is a further possibility ho%ever, the influence of the horiHontal setting of the cover glass! ,f all of your efforts %ill not succeed and the roller %ill still run off the cover glass, the corner of the motor, %hich is opposite to the linear section, must be slightly elevated! "he roller %ill be forced to run up a small slope and its speed %ill be reduced! )ometimes it helps to slightly prop up the foot of the linear section! "hey are all only emergency measures$ if the timer is properly set, all of these steps %ill not be necessary! Eventually, you must learn ho% to operate this motor %ithout trouble as , did it! ,f you %ill, , am sure you %ill be an expert very soon! "his small motor can drive to% or more rollers also! 2o%ever, more rollers need a longer trac' %hich is obvious! ,t is really an astonishing spectacle ho% the roller chase each other! ,nevitable in %eight and magnetiHation the rollers differ! #s a conse uence, one roller %ill run faster than the other one, and in a short time, %ill catch the slo%er one! 2ere is an open field for your experimentation! "his small siHe portable trac' %ill give you many possibilities to study its %or'ing principles! "he photo of this small circular trac' motor is in -igure 29! (ig/re )4 : T-e Circ/lar Trac4 Motor

,f you %ant to build a longer trac' there is no technical limit! "he limitations are only your access to proper space and the financial costs! Gou can build a trac' of any length, any shape and any desired po%er!

"he length of the trac' could be extended by cascading stages! =ne stage can consist as much as four permanent magnet sections, follo%ed by an electromagnet for gating the roller! "he cascading of permanent magnet sections need some explanations! )ee -igure 25! (ig/re )A

Gou can put t%o, three or even four sections of permanent magnet trac's together in series! "he length of the individual section is determined by the strength of the field produced by the section, i!e!, siHes and numbers of magnets in blac's! #nother factor is the siHe and %eight of the roller (or if you use different load, the mass of this load)! -or starting your experiments, you can use linear sections of trac's, as %as described for single sided linear motors, and for circular sections as %as described above! Each of the stages must be follo%ed by an electromagnet! Gou can use the same type as %as described for the oscillating motor! "he magnets could be driven by one timer, %hich is completed by a se uencer! Each magnet can also be driven by its o%n timer

%hich is obviously a more expensive solution! "he positioning of the magnetic s%itches is the same as %as already described above! ,f you %ant to build a longer trac' there is no technical limit! "he limitations are only your access to proper space and the financial costs! Gou can build a trac' of any length, and shape and any desired po%er! "he length of the trac' could be extended by cascading stages! =ne stage can consist of as much as four permanent magnet sections, follo%ed by an electromagnet for gating the roller! "he cascading of permanent magnet sections needs some explanation! )ee -igure 25! Gou can put t%o, three or even four sections of permanent magnet trac's together in series! "he length of the individual section is determined by the strength of the field produced by the section, i!e!, siHes and numbers of magnets in bloc's! Gou can put t%o, three, or even four sections of permanent magnet trac's together in series! "he length of the individual section is determined by the strength of the field produced by the section, i!e!, siHes and number of magnets in bloc's! #nother factor is the siHe and %eight of the roller (or if you use different load, the mass of this load)! -or starting your experiments, you can use linear sections of trac', as %as described for single sided linear motors, and for circular sections as %as described above! Each of the stages must be follo%ed by an electromagnet! Gou can use the same type as %as described for the oscillating motor! "he magnets could be driven by one timer, %hich is completed by a se uencer! Each magnet could be driven by one timer, %hich is completed by a se uencer! Each magnet can also be driven by its o%n timer %hich is obviously a more expensive solution! "he positioning of the magnetic s%itches is the same as %as already described above! "he cascading of stages has t%o main rules. (1) "he gaps bet%een the individual stages must be progressively narro%er, see -igure 25! "he first gap %hich is the %idest must be follo%ed by a narro%er gap! "hus # Z I Z ? Z >! (2) "he field intensity of each section must be more or less the same or progressively higher as that of the previous section! "he rules can be explained as follo%s$ see -igure 2:. (ig/re )6

,n gap g bet%een t%o permanent magnet trac' sections , and ,, by examining the force-distance curves, it %ill be apparent that they form a %ell #-=-I, %ith a deep point =! 4oint = is a neutral force point! "he roller arriving at point # must possess sufficient 'inetic energy to overrun the force barrier represented by curve #-=! ,n this gap section it %ill lose energy! ,n the section from neutral point to the trac' ,,, 4oint #I it %ill gain energy again and be accelerated! 0hile running the trac's, the roller suffers energy losses by friction and induction! ,f the field strength of each section is e ual, the roller arrives at each gap possessing less 'inetic energy as it had at the previous gap! ?onse uently it %ill only be able to override a smaller force barrier as the previous one! Iy e ual field strength of both trac' sections, this force barrier represented %ith curve #-=, depends on the gap %idth, g! 1arro%er gap means higher neutral point = and shorter slope #-=! #fter passing the neutral point = the pulling force of the next section, represented by curve =-I, %ill accelerate the roller to%ard the neutral point of the next section! Iy combination of field intensities and gap %idth, the roller can be driven over several sections for longer distances! Iy using one long single section, the driving distance %ill be much shorter! "his is a very important fact! (y first trac' similar to the one stage trac' in -igure 25 %as 12 feet long! )ometimes it is necessary to shift the neutral point slightly to some direction, usually to the for%ard direction! ,n addition to the method already discussed, %hen using double sided motor, there is another possibility, shunting a certain section of the trac' %ith a piece of soft iron bar or plate! 2o% shunting influences the positioning of the neutral point is sho%n in -igure 2;! (ig/re )&

#s a rule, shifting the neutral point by shunting a part of trac' by a soft iron bar, the follo%ing is true. "he neutral point of the system %ill al%ays be shifted to%ard the opposite direction from the shunted half! "his is a point %here most inventors ma'e mista'es! "hey thin' if a part of the magnetic trac' is shunted, the rotor or roller %ill run to%ard this shunted part$ ho%ever, the opposite is true! "his fact is a straight conse uence of the symmetry la%R ?onfusingR 2ere must be mentioned yet the possibilities for diminution of rolling friction! "he case of an inverted trac' %as already discussed! ,f %e cannot use an inverted trac', the uestion is, does some other %ay exist to reduce the rolling friction of a roller running one the upper surface of a permanent magnet trac'R ,n ?hapter 9 it %as mentioned that the rolling friction depends, besides the surface conditions, on the %eight of the roller and the magnitude of the vertical component of magnetic forces! "he %eight of the roller cannot be changed! "he magnitude of the vertical component of the magnetic forces %hich held the roller on trac', could be altered by changing the distance of the roller from the trac' surface! "he force changes by the s uare of distance! "he ans%er is do%n%ard curved trac', covered by a rigid supporting plate, in our case %ith a sheet of plexiglass! )ee -igure 28! (ig/re )8

Iy using a curved trac', the vertical component of the trac' force at end # diminishes! ,ts numerical value %ill be lo%est if a symmetrical curvature is considered over the neutral point ?! #fter passing the neutral point this component again increases and %ill have the original value at exit point I! "his method %as used by some inventors experimenting %ith permanent magnet trac's, %ithout any explanations or misleading ones, if any!

Gou no% have an overall vie% of ho% you can build a circular trac' motor and at the same some ideas of further possibilities! "he modifications and uses have no limit! Gou can drive a train around a curved trac' using the principle and rails$ or you can use it for driving toy automobiles over a flat table, controlled and driven by invisible forces! Gou can build a cheap trac' of any shape by using flexible rubber or plastic magnets! 0hatever your decision, there is an open gate for the exploitation of your ingenuity! ?ould this principle be a part of the transportation of the futureR 0hy notR "he principle and theory, supported by successful experiments and models, are given! Iefore finishing this chapter, , %ould li'e to tell you something about the efficiency of this type of motor! >irect measuring the efficiency is very difficult! "he motor does not perform any other %or' in a physical sense as in its overcoming of the frictional forces and the losses by induction! "hey are very substantial if %e ta'e into account the small diameter of the roller and the ration of the rolling surface to the %eight of the roller! <egarding the strong magnetic field of the trac', the vertical component of these forces %ill be strong also "his force must be added to the earthUs gravitational force because both together %ill give us the %eight, %hich must be considered for friction! "he magnetic forces are usually larger than the gravitational pull! ?onse uently, they %ill increase the resistance of friction substantially! "hese parameters give us a dim picture regarding the efficiency! Iut %e must loo' at the other parameters! "he only external po%er that %e must use is the gating impulse at the end of the stages for removing the roller from the trac' field! "his impulse is al%ays the same magnitude, i!e!, the same po%er, regardless ho% long the stage is! "his fact emphasiHes the importance of a possible long stage! "he removing impulse of the described small circular trac' motor is by /0 6, 0!5 # current and 0!2 second of duration! "his gives us a po%er consumption of about / %atts! "he pulse form is a s uare %ave! "hat is all the energy that need be supplied the roller to escape from the magnetic field, regardless if the trac' is t%o feet or 20 feet long! ,t is really astonishing, is it notR 1o other type of linear motor has similar characteristics! 2erein lies hidden the efficiency of my motor!

C-apter 9 T-e W-eel a" a otor

)tudying the circular motor the uestion is straight for%ard. ?ould a %heel be used as a rotorR "he circular trac' could after all be positioned around it as a stator! 0ill this motor %or'R 0hat %ould be the characteristics of such an arrangementR , am sure that after reading the previous chapters, you realiHed that a motor employing purely permanent magnets belongs to the dream %orld of %ould-be inventors! 1o %or'ing model has until no% been heard of! "here must al%ays be an external energy source %hich supplies energy to the motor! (y %or' %as inspired by the %or' of Bapanese engineers of the firm of &ure-"e'o! "hey %ere already %or'ing for some time on a ne% type of electric motor, a >? motor, %ith a permanent magnet aided %or'ing cycle! "hey nic'named the motor as (agnetic 0an'el because the motorUs %or'ing principles resemble those of a 0an'el type rotary engine! "his motor design %as already discussed in popular magaHines! Gou can find it, for example, in the Bune issue of the 1@;0 *opula S+ie%+e Ma&a?i%e! "he motor has a permanent magnet stator (trac') %ith a :0h gap and a permanent magnet motor! "he magnets are %or'ing in a repulsion configuration! "he stator is not a circle but a section of a spiral, its radius gradually expanding in the direction of the rotation! "hus the rotorUs eccentric inner curve encloses a %edge shaped space bet%een it and the spinning rotor! "he rotor %ill move to%ard gradually %ea'ening force field! 1o% %e 'no% the magnetic forced is changing %ith the s uare of the distance! 1evertheless, not even the Bapanese engineers %ere able to overcome the %ell 'no%n symmetry la%! "he change in spacing of the stator magnets around the rotor, although it aids the rotor in its movement, results in no net energy gain from the statorUs permanent magnets! Gou already 'no% %hyT "hus, it %as necessary to use some external energy source to enable the rotorUs continuous motion! "he Bapanese engineers put an electromagnet into the :0h gap %hich is s%itched at the instant %hen the rotor is in position %here it needs a 'ic' to overcome the statorUs repulsion force and to enter the repulsing field! )cientific explanation of the %or'ing principle of this Bapanese motor %as not yet published! Iecause the %or'ing principle of the Bapanese motor %as directly tied to my research of permanent magnet aided motion, , have decided to investigate it thoroughly from the standpoint of electrodynamics and energetics! "he uestions %ere. (1) 0hat is the basis of the Bapanese engineersU claim of high efficiency of the systemR (2) 0hat is the demagnetiHation rate of the ceramic magnets used %or'ing in repulsion mode and in the high centrifugal field of the rotorR "he advantage of pigmy %eight of the motor against a comparable conventional made electromotor of the same performance further reducing the expensive copper material costs, %as clearly evident to me! , %as convinced that this type of motor is not *ust an engineerUs plaything! (y opinion %as supported by my earlier experiments %ith linear motors!

, had built three experimental models. (a) "he first %as a true copy of my circular trac' motor %ith a balanced single magnet rotor %or'ing in attraction mode, arranged on a plastic %heel as rotor! (b) "he second %as a t%o-magnet rotor arranged on a %heel %or'ing in repulsion mode, or in attraction! (c) "he third model %as a %heel as rotor e uipped %ith five permanent magnets on its circumference %ith a moderately eccentric stator! "he magnets are %or'ing in repulsion mode! ,n the models a and b, the driving electronics and the electromagnets used are the same as %as described by the circular and oscillating motor! (odel c is e uipped %ith a more sophisticated driver system %hich is still under investigation! ,t is far from finished! (y goal %as pushing do%n the losses to the minimum! "his pro*ect is still in progress! "his motor is not ready yet for amateur building! 1evertheless, , %ill give to you a revie% of %hat the result is up to no%, even though the research is not finished! ,f you %ant to be engaged in experimentation %ith this type of motor, you can use my experiences and this can save you some frustration and money! (y first model needs no detailed description! ,t is merely a version of my circular trac' motor! "he difference is that the rotor is not running on the trac' surface, but is fastened on the circumference of a horiHontally mounted plastic %heel %hich can turn around a vertical shaft! "he %heel is balanced by a nonmagnetic counter%eight (a piece of plastic bloc')! Gou can reproduce it very easily! , %ant to present to you a detailed description of my second model! "his is also very easy to build! ,t is a universal model %hich can serve for many experiments! "he positioning and polariHation of the magnets is readily changeable! Gou can build it as follo%s ()ee -igure 2@). (ig/re )9

# 132 inch thic' plexiglass sheet %ill be cut to 1; x 1; inches, label 2! "%o corners %ill be cut of, as given in -igure 2@, and provided %ith t%o brac'ets of 1 x 1 inch plexiglass bar, label 5! Exactly in the middle of sheet and 8-538 inch from the bottom of the sheet %ill be put a mar'ing %ith a center punch! "his mar'ing %ill be the center of a ;-132 inch radius circle! "he circle %ill be divided, starting from the upper middle point, by one inch intervals, both to the right and left hand sides from this middle point! "he mar'ings %ill be drilled for /31: inch holes for fastening the stator magnets! # total of 99 holes concentric to the middle of the ;-132 inch radius circle, %ill be drilled! #fter completing the drilling a 9 inch diameter hole %ill be cut in the plate, right in the middle of the circle! "he motor shaft %ill pass through this hole! # /39 inch thic' 20 x 12 inch ply%ood sheet %ill serve as a base plate for the motor, label 9! "he rotor %heel is a /38 inch thic' plexiglass! ,t %ill be cut at first by a *ig or band sa% to rough siHe and machined to an exact diameter of 1/ inches! #fter machining, a circle of :-138 inch radius %ill be dra%n from the center and divided into one inch intervals, mar'ed and drilled for /31: inch holes! "his %ill total /8 holes for fastening the rotor magnets! "he center of the %heel %ill be drilled for a /38 inch diameter aluminum rod :-132 inch in length! "he ends of the shaft %ill be turned do%n to cones and the cones polished! 2igh polish is important to achieve minimum friction! "he shaft %ill turn in its "eflon bearings on its conic ends! "hat is a common method for diminishing friction! "he shaft is held in the %heel center by t%o plexiglass bushings machined from a piece of 2 inch diameter plexiglass rod! "he bushings have /38 inch diameter center holes for the shaft and a :/2 threaded radial hole for a set scre%! "he bushings %ill be glued to the %heel from both sides! "he teflon bearings %ill be held by t%o brac'ets, label /, from /39 inch thic' plexiglass! "he bottom ends of brac'ets are mounted on t%o 1 x 1 in cross-section plexiglass bars %hich are glued to the brac'ets and have t%o holes for %oodscre%s for fastening to the base plate! "he upper ends of the brac'ets have a 132 inch diameter hole, its center 8-538 inch up from the bottom, for carrying the "eflon bearing bolts! "he "eflon bearing bolts are machined from a /39

inch diameter "eflon rod! "he rods are turned do%n to 132 inch diameter in 2 inch lengths and provided by 132 x 1/ #merican standard coarse thread! "he ends of the "eflon bolts %ill be machined flat and drilled %ith a countersin' to about 139 inch in depth, for receiving the conic shaft ends! "he "eflon bolts are held and ad*usted in brac'ets by t%o 132 x 1/ siHe brass nuts! )ee >etail # in -igure 2@! "he driving electromagnet is the same as in -igure 21! ,t %ill be fastened exactly at the middle line of the %heel by means of small plexiglass bars! "he cage of bars must hold the electromagnet firmly, other%ise it %ill clin' as the motor runs! "he %hole assembly %ill be arranged on the base plate as is indicated in -igure 2@ and completed %ith a small terminal strip, label 10, containing four banana *ac's! "he leads for the magnetic s%itch must be cut long enough to ma'e possible proper positioning of the magnetic s%itch! "he mar'ed positioning of this s%itch is only informational, the correct location must be found experimentally! , %ill come bac' to this problem in discussing the operation of the motor! "he setting of the rotor magnets. "he rotor %ill employ t%o bloc's of ceramic magnets, / pieces per bloc'! ,n mounting the bloc's to the %heel, it is no matter %hich pole faces to%ard the %heel! ,t could be either the 1 pole or the ) pole! "he magnet bloc's %ill be fastened to the %heel by using /31: x 1-132 inch brass bolts! "he only rule for setting of rotor magnets that you must follo% is that both of the bloc's must be polariHed in the same directions! ,f the one is 1 pole faced to%ard the %heel, the second must be faced exactly the same %ay! #t first you may set only one bloc' and on the opposite side of the %heel put a piece of plastic material of the same %eight as the magnet bloc', as a counterbalance! #nd no% you must choose bet%een t%o possibilities. attractive or repulsive %or'ing modeR ,f you decision is to use attractive %or' mode, the stator magnets must be set in such a %ay that they %ill attract the rotor magnets! "he stator magnets %ill be fastened to support %ith /31: inch brass scre%s also, label 2! )etting the / piece magnet bloc's you can start from the right hand magnet side! )et up 5 or : bloc's and lay do%n the motor %ith its %heel in horiHontal position! "urn the %heel %ith its magnet to%ard the stator magnets and observe if there is attraction present! ,f you cannot achieve attraction, reface the stator magnets! )et all of the bloc's the same %ay! Gou must again ta'e care not to reverse the polariHation of any bloc' because as by the linear motor, only one %rongly polariHed bloc' can disturb the course of the symmetry curve and ruin your %or'! ,f you have approximately a uadrant ready %ith the motor still in horiHontal position, turn the rotor magnet about / inches a%ay from the stator end and release it! "he rotor %ill be instantly pulled to%ard the stator and accelerated! 4assing the neutral point of the already set stator, it %ill overshoot the opposite end of the stator and the electromagnet by a certain distance! (ar' it and continue %ith the setting of additional bloc's! #fter setting t%o or three ne% bloc's, repeat the experiment! =bserve that by releasing the rotor magnet al%ays from the same / inches distance, %hen the distance of overshooting %ill be the greatestR "his %ay you can find the optimal length of your stator!

#fter finding this optimal length, you can set the second bloc' of rotor magnets after removing the counterbalance and restore the motor and its %heel to vertical position! ?onnect the banana *ac's to the corresponding binding posts of a timer-po%er supply the same %ay as it %as described by the circular motor! 4lug in the timer to a 120 6 #? %all receptacle! 4ut the magnetic s%itch at your left hand behind the stator plate, label 2, and hold it there in position! 0ith your right hand no% turn the %heel cloc'%ise and %atch the signal light of the timer! 0hen you observe a flash at the moment %hen the rotor magnet approaches the s%itch, the system is %or'ing! ,n the same time you must electromagnet! ,f you experience not a pulling, but a pushing impulse, the leads of the electromagnet must be reversed! "he magnetic s%itch must be positioned far out from the field of the electromagnet because if it is too close, the field of he electromagnet could influence the s%itch and by magnetic feedbac', %ill close and stay closed! ,n fact, the magnetic s%itch needs a po%erful impulse merely for closing! #fter it is closed, a relatively %ea' field can hold it in this position! ,f this happens, the s%itch must be replaced! "he proper location sometimes re uires time and patience! "he s%itch can be fastened by a piece of electric plastic tape into proper position! 1o% rotate the %heel cloc'%ise %ith a po%erful push! ,f the %heel started after releasing speeding up %ith steady flashing of the timerUs signal light, the system is %or'ing properly! Gou can no% set the speed of rotation by the 10-turn potentiometer until the motor turns %ith its highest speed! Gou must try to relocate the s%itch and change the timerUs setting until yu find optimal %or'ing conditions! ,f you perceive friction %hile turning the %heel, you must ad*ust the bearing bolts and chec' to see if some of the magnets are not loose and rubbing the rotor of the stator! #lthough the experts say that "eflon needs no lubricant, , can recommend the use of a good silicon oil! 4lease use a fe% drops! ,t %ill substantially reduce the friction of the shaft in "eflon bearings! ,f silicon oil is not available, some drops of (obil-=ne %ill do! "he lo%est possible friction is essential for the correct operation of the motor! Gou can modify the positioning of the stator or rotor magnets at %ill! Gou can shift the ends, change the length, change the number of magnets in the bloc's, etc! )ee %hich mode of operation is better. attraction or repulsionR ,f you change the mode of operation, do not forget changing the current flo% direction in the electromagnet! 0hen the trac' is set for attraction, the electromagnet must be set for attraction also! ,f you choose repulsion mode, the electromagnet must be set for repulsion! "%o important things to remember. these systems are inherently not self-starting systems, and the inertial momentum of the %heel plays a substantial part in the %or'ing principle! "he comparable Bapanese motor must be started by using a regular starter motor! =bviously the motor has better efficiency %ith a higher <4(! ,n the described motor you %ill probably be limited by the mechanical properties of the magnetic s%itch! "he upper limit is normally in the thousands of <4(! #t average, that is about 1000 <4(, the mini-s%itch %ill %or' perfectly! -or higher <4( or for multiple pole rotor solid state s%itch, the so-called 2all Effect s%itch must be used!

"his motor is of a foolproof construction! ,t has a negative tor ue-current characteristic! ,t can run %ith constant <4( only of the load and the tor ue of the motor are in e uilibrium! Cnder a higher load the motor %ill slo%ly %ind do%n and stall! ,f it is not running it ta'es no current! "hus by overloading it cannot overheat and burn! =f course, it must be mechanically started! 0hat is the performance of this motorR ,f everything is correctly made and set, the motor %ill ta'e at no load condition about 18-22 %atts! ,f it %ill be driven by higher energy input, it must be loaded by some bra'ing e uipment, such as the 4ony-bra'e, %hich can also be used at the same time for measuring the output po%er! >o not expect high efficiency! "he air resistance, the socalled ventilation losses, and the losses by induction %ill decrease the efficiency! 4robably you %ill propound the uestion, %ill the motor %or' %ithout the stator magnetsR =f course it %ill, but %ith changed performance! -or the first instant it %ill change to the better! "herefore, %hat is the importance of this stator if instead of improving of this stator if instead of improving it %orsens the performance! 2ere %e come to the root of the matter! #t a lo% <4( the stator %ill %or' as a bra'e! Iut if its length and neutral point setting is correct and the neutral and magnetic mass of the rotor is properly chosen at a higher <4( it %ill support the rotation as dies the Bapanese motor! "he uestion is, from %here comes this energyR ,t is ta'en from the spin energy of the unpaired electrons in magnets! "o explain this energy exchange mechanism is not a simple matter! "his belongs to the relativistic and uantum physics and certainly goes beyond the concepts and purposes of this boo'let! ,f you are interested, you can find some explanations by studying >iracUs concept of exchange energy and the inter-atomic alignment of spins! "he topic %ill be sub*ect of further investigation! -or easier understanding, the stator can push r pull the rotor in a section as much as /00h ! -or removing, if the %or'ing mode is attractive, or for 'ic'ing to the field, if the %or'ing mode is repulsive, only a short impulse is necessary! <emember %hat %as said by cascading the permanent magnet trac' stages! "he main losses of conventional electric motors are heat losses, %hich are composed of coil losses by BouleUs heat, ,g2<, and by hysteresis losses in ferromagnetic materials! ,n pulsed systems these losses have a minimal value! "he electromagnets come in small siHes, %hat is obvious is that a coil of the same field strength could be dimensioned far smaller %ith a pulsed current than for a steady current! ,f an electromagnet coil is rated for steady current of one ampere, it can carry a pulse current of 100 #, provided the mar' to space ratio is 1.109! "he ,2< loss in the coil %ill be the same in both cases, but during the pulse the magnetic field %ill be 1000 times as great! "his is a significant advantage of pulsed systems! "he magnetiHation of the rotor magnet is changing steadily during the %or' cycle! ,t is %or'ing under recoil conditions! ,t %ill possess a higher magnetiHation rate upon entering the field of the electromagnet that by entering the stator field! <emember the experiment described %ith single-sided double action linear motor! 2ere there is no demagnetiHation effect as by conventional permanent magnet motors! =n the contrary, here there is a magnetiHation effect, %hich rene%s the original field strength of the rotor magnets! "he magnetic induction depends besides other factors, also from the mutual speed of magnetiHed and magnetiHing ob*ects! "his is also a factor of the %or'ing principle! (a'e no mista'e, all of these factors can only improve the efficiency of the motor, %hich can approach a ratio of one, but can never surpass it! 2igher efficiency than one means that you can get more energy out than you put in, %hich is impossible

because of the energy conservation la%! )uch a machine %ould be a perpetual mobile %hich is nonsense! ,t is something else if %e can use energy that is free, but it must come from some%here! (y latest model is a motor %here the losses are 'ept at a very lo% level! =f course, for not so lo% %hat is possible by contemporary technics! 1evertheless, at a very lo% friction suspension %ith a small but very efficiently pulsed electromagnet %here the ferromagnetic material is only 1-132 cm/ in volume and %ith a sophisticated electronics system, my motor needs an unbelievably lo% 80 milli%atts po%er to sustain a 1900 <4(! "he average electrical noise, mostly from :0 cycle po%er lines, is sometimes and at some locations as high as 2 %atts! "his is all the energy that my latest motor needs! ,t can pic' it up and use it! =f course, it %ill not generate po%er, but %ill perform gallantly under no load conditions! ,t is a very fascinating demonstration and teaching aid! "his motor is in the very early stage of development %ith many properties at present not uite clear! -urther investigation is called for! #fter finishing my research %or', it %ill be published in a separate boo'! 2ave , proposed perpetual motionR =f course not! Iut today , am able to build a motor %hich can run for centuries to the delight of its o%ners! "he service %ill not bother me! ,t could be the business of my very distant descendants! "he possibilities are here! #s a summary. "he described permanent magnet motors have the follo%ing curiosities. (1) "he efficiency of the system could be very high, approaching in some cases one! (2) "hey could be built of any material, even from %ood! (/) "he only iron material used is a small piece of electromagnet core, %hich can be replaced by a ferrite core also! 0hat do you thin', are these motors %orth further developmentR "hin' about itT "he photo of the latest model is sho%n in -igure /0! (ig/re *0 : T-e W-eel a" otor

C-apter %0 Electronic Circ/it" 3or Driving an0 Timing

#ll of the described motors %hich use an electromagnet for gating the rotor (roller), need a driver circuit %hich *ust as the rotor sensing s%itch closes, sends out a current impulse of precise amplitude and duration to energiHe the electromagnet! 2e correct functioning of the driver circuit is essential! ,f the current pulse in the electromagnet is too short, the roller %ill be returned from the trac' and to%ard the neutral point of the trac'! ,f it %ill be too long, the rollerUs speed %ill be too high and %ill run off the trac'! "he duty of the timer is to set the length and the height of the driving pulse as is necessary, depending on the parameters of trac' and roller! (y design is a universal timer %hich fits to all motors and its construction is as simple as possible! ,f you are not electronically minded, some of your radio-amateur friends can help you! "he performance of the timer-po%er supply may exceed the normally re uired po%er that the motor needs for its %or', but the reserve it has is al%ays advantageous if somebody %ant so to build some device other than as described! Iesides the said properties, , also emphasiHe the ease of construction! ,f you are ualified in electronics, you can alter the follo%ing simple scheme and build timers and drivers according to your imagination and needs! #s an alternate possibility, you can use mechanical s%itching devices as %ill be further discussed! "he timer-po%er supply of my construction is divided into t%o parts. "he timer itself %ith the po%er s%itching transistor and the po%er supply %hich provides the necessary voltages and current for the timer and its s%itching part! "he schematic diagram of the timer-po%er supply is in -igure /1! "he parts list is belo%. (ig/re *% : 6o2erF#/ppl, Timer Circ/itr,

6art" Li"t <1 S 1 (, 139 0 <esistor <2 S 10 (, 139 0 <esistor </ S 1 &, 132 0 <esistor <9 S 220 =hm 132 0 <esistor <5 S :8 =hm 132 0 <esistor <: S 100 &, 10-turn potentiometer <7 S 15 & 132 0 <esistor ?1 S 1000 p-, 50 6 >? ?apacitor ?2 S 0!01 u-, 50 6 >? ?apacitor ?/ S 0!01 u-, 50 6 >? ?apacitor ?9 S 1 u-, 50 6 >? ?apacitor

?5 S 9;00 u-, /5 6 >? ?apacitor ?: S 9;00 u-, /5 6 >? ?apacitor ?; S 0!// u- or 0!22 u-, 250 6 ?apacitor ?8 S 0!1 u-, 250 6 ?apacitor O1 S 0!1 u- 250 6 ?apacitor ,?1 S 555 "imer ,?2 S 50 6 4,6 : # -ull 0ave Iridge <ectifier ,?/ S 50 6 4,6 1 # -ull 0ave Iridge <ectifier >1 S 900 4,6 / # )ilicon >iode 7E> S 7ight Emitting >iode ,?9 S ;815, 15 6 6oltage <egulator (!)! S (agnetic (ini <eed )%itch )01 S )tandard "oggle )%itch -1 S ?lip-in -use holder -use S 1!5 # )!I! "1 S 4o%er "ransformer 120-/: 6?" 1# (iscellaneous. 4? Ioard, 0ire, Ianana Bac's, )cre%s, (etal ?abinet! "he timer part of the driver is a mechanically triggered monostable, employing a 555 ,? time! -igure /1, upper diagram! "he 555 timer is triggered by a magnetic mini reed s%itch (!)! 4rior to the actuation of the s%itch by the magnetic field of the passing roller, the capacitor ?9 is charged to 15 6 through <:! "he potentiometer <: is a 10-turn type, its setting determines the output pulse %idth! Iy the closing of the magnetic s%itch (!)!, ?9 discharges rapidly through </, creating a short negative spi'e! "he resultant negative spi'e is then passed through ?1 to the 555 as a trigger pulse! "his fires the monostable, generating an output pulse of %idth " S 1!1 x <: x ?9! Cpon release of magnetic s%itch (!)!, ?9 recharges to A15 6, and the circuit a%aits the next s%itch actuation! "he time constant and circuit arrangement of the trigger circuitry are chosen for a single trigger and output pulse, for each s%itch closing only! -urthermore, the circuit %ill not trigger on s%itch release and %ill produce only one pulse regardless of ho% long (!)! is closed! "he circuitry %ill also retrigger as fast as (!)! can reactivate! "he output pulse through voltage divider <9-<5 is passed to a po%er transistor O1 %hich functions as a booster amplifier! "ransistor O1 %ill be on %hen the timer output is high! "he

21:055 141 >arlington transistor can handle up to 5 #mps current and :0 6! 0ith this circuit the timers positive voltage 6 should be A15 6 to ensure ade uate base drive for O1! "he coil of the electromagnet 71 is directly connected to the collector circuit of O1 and to the A/: 6 po%er supply! Iecause of the inductive load 71, the circuit uses a reverse clamping diode >1 to protect the circuit! 4arallel %ith coil 71 is connected an 7E> of green color for indicating the action of the circuit! 7E> flashes %hen the coil 71 is energiHed! 2e resistor <7 'eeps the current of the diode at a permissible level! "he po%er supply employs a transformer "1 %hose secondary current is rectified by heavy-duty bridge ,?2 and filtered by capacitors ?5-?: connected in series! "his is necessary because the noload voltage of the /: 6 po%er supply %ill be higher than /5 6 %hich is the operating voltage of a single capacitor! "1 is center tapped and from the center is ta'en the current of about 1;!5 6, rectified bvy full bridge rectifier ,?2, and stabiliHed to A15 6 for timer circuitry by ,?9! -or building both circuits, t%o 9-132 x 2-139 inch perforated boards are used! "he transformer and both filter capacitors ?5-?: are directly mounted on the base plate of the cabinet! "he 10turn potentiometer is a printed circuit type for scre%driver setting! ,t is accessible through a 139 inch hole in the left side of the cabinet cover! "he picture of the "imer-po%er supply as assembled is -igure /2! (ig/re *) : A""em'le0 TimerF6o2er #/ppl,

-or chec'ing the function of the finished circuits, the magnetic (!)!, could be replaced by a pushbutton s%itch 1= of any type! #fter connecting the "imer to the 120 6 #? po%er line, the line s%itch )01 in =1 position, by pushing the push-button s%itch, %hich replaces (!)!, a short flash of 7E> must be observed! "his is the signal that the circuitry is %or'ing! # storage oscilloscope %ill be connected to the banana *ac's for the coil output! "he scope trigger mode %ill be set to single shot and store! Iy pushing the pushbutton s%itch, the driving pulse %ill trigger the scope and the pulse form and %idth %ill be stored on the scopeUs display tube and can be easily measured! )tarting %ith the lo%est resistance value of the 10-turn pot <: and the corresponding shortest pulse duration, it is possible to plot the timer characteristics. pot meter turns vs pulse length, for the entire 1-turn range! "his %ill be a very valuable help for further experiments! 2o% to operate the "imer-4o%er supply in connection %ith the proper motor %as discussed by the description of the motors! "he discussed driver circuitry is sturdy and if properly built, reliable! ,t needs no special operating instructions! "he "imer-4o%er supply is not the only possibility for driving the plastic %heel motor! ,f you are unpretentious and do not re uire accurate measurements, you can build more simple driving systems for the %heel! )ome alternate drivers are sho%n in -igure //! # simple relay-type driver consists of a /5 6 >? po%er supply (battery or any other type) able to deliver about 1 # current, and a >? relay, %hich has a coil rated about 12 6 or less! "he current of the coil could be ad*usted by a proper resistor <! "he relay %ill be directly driven by the magnetic s%itch (!)! "he parts are connected according to the schematic in -igure //! "his type of driver %ill give you a s uare %ave pulse, %hose length %ill be controlled by the <4( of the motor! 0ith regard to the relay, it cannot be used for higher <4(! "o connect the driver to the coil of the electromagnet the rules are the same as discussed earlier! ,t must be realiHed that this type of driver %ill not be too uiet and %ill have only a short lifetime! "he s%itching contacts of the relay, because of the heavy spar'ing, %ill be burnt out in a short time! ,t is possible to reduce the spar'ing by connecting from an automobile ignition system parallel %ith the contacts! "his can extend the lifetime of the contacts! "he improvement of efficiency of relay type driving system can be achieved by connecting the electromagnet and a capacitor as a parallel-resonant circuit! "he resonance must be calculated for a chosen <4(, therefore repetitive fre uency of driving pulses respective its higher harmonics! "he schematic of a tuned driver is in -igure //! Gou can also try a series resonant circuit! ,n both cases, %hen changing the capacitors, the <4( of the motor must be noted! "he procedure is similar to that of the #? induction motors for improving the po%er factor!

#nother simple arrangement for pulsed driving is a mechanical s%itch driven by the motor! )ee -igure //! "hey are really t%o s%eep-contacts driven by the motor shaft! "he shaft of the motor %ill be provided by a plastic cylinder about one inch long and one inch diameter! "he cylinder consists of one, t%o, or as many copper stripes in a groove as the number of rotor magnet bloc's! "he surface of the stripes must be flush %ith the cylinder surface to ensure a smooth vibrationless operation! "hey must be firmly glued to the cylinder body! "he %idth of the stripes determines the pulse %idth! "he slipping contact strips are held on a brac'et from plastics! "he brac'et length is ad*usted to the shaft height! "he fastening of the plastic cylinder position is provided by a small set-scre%! "his ma'es it possible to position the cylinder for the best <=(! ,f you built an electronic "imer-4o%er supply, , recommend that you build a simple relay type also! 0ith the t%o drivers it is possible to perform a very interesting experiment, as follo%s. -irst, you may hoo' up the electronic driver to the motor as %as previously discussed! Iet%een the coil of the electromagnet and output *ac's of the driver connect a %att-meter! )tart the motor and at the maximum <4( measure the input po%er! (ar' it and no% change the electronic driver to the relay type system %ithout any capacitor! "he %att-meter must be connected again

for measuring the input po%er! #t the same <4( as before %ith the electronic driver, measure the input po%er again! ?ompare it %ith the previous measurement! Gou %ill be astonishedT "he measured po%er input, %ithout other%ise changing the mechanical conditions of the motor, such as <4( and friction, %ill be about 13/ as %as measured %ith the electronic timer! 4lease donUt misunderstand, you must measure in both cases the input po%er from drivers to the coil of the electromagnet of the motor, not to the po%er supplies! Iy using the relay driver, the contacts must be spar'ing intensively! 1o% bypass the contacts of the relay %ith a high voltage capacitor as above! "he spar'ing %ill diminish! (easure again the input po%er to the coil! "he result %ill be almost the same as %as measured using the electronic driver! 0hat happens hereR #t the present time , have no satisfactory explanation! "his astonishing phenomenon needs further investigation, by using tighter controls than those available to me! 0hat the connection bet%een the spar's and energy input is, %e donUt 'no% yet! Gou can find many other %ays of driving, using transistors as drivers, thyristors, or for very small performances, 2all s%itches or direct magnetic reed s%itches! ,t all depends on your motor siHes! "he efficiency is a function of the mass siHe and load, i!e!, friction, and from the construction! "here is no limit to asserting your imagination! "he basic paths , have paved for youT

C-apter %% 6o""i'le Energ, e"o/rce"

(y previously described motors are not perpetual motion machines! "hey need an external energy source! "his source can be supplied. (1) from po%er lines, 120 or 220 6 #?$ (2) from any type of battery, dry cells or rechargeable, %hich can supply the re uested voltage and current$ (/) from solar cells$ (9) from thermal energy converter$ or (5) in some areas, from the surrounding by induction (motors %ith minimal mechanical losses)! Energy from the po%er line is obvious! ,t must be transformed to re uired voltage, rectified from #? to >?, and processed by the driver circuitry! ,t is %hat any po%er supply can do! Csing batteries is the cleanest but also the most expensive %ay! "he lifetime of the normal dry cell is short! "hey need fre uent replacement! ,f you %ill use batteries, the po%er supply part of the timer %ill be unnecessary! Gou can connect the batteries directly to the A15 6 (A12 6 %ill do

it also), and /: 6 terminals of the timer! Iy changing the %ire siHes and ampere turns of the coil of the electromagnet, it is possible to use voltage lo%er than /: 6! "he coil must be dimensioned in accordance %ith the voltage and po%er demand of your motor! Iy a scheduled longer experimentation, rechargeable batteries are not a bad solution, and in soeminstances are more economical! -or accurate measurements, batteries are inferior as a po%er line eliminator but obviously safer! "he solar cell represents a free energy source! # small solar po%er supply %ith storage batteries can realiHe your dream to%ard a free energy source, and can drive your motor permanently! ,n the planning of a solar po%er supply, the factor of po%er demand is important! ,t must be capable of delivering the pea' current demand! ,f you %ant to build your motor for example for driving a fan for uninterrupted day and night operation, the solar cells must be dimensioned for t%ice the motor po%er demand! "hus, by day it %ill drive the motor and charge the storage system! #t night, ho%ever, the motor %ill use the energy stored in the batteries! "he solar po%er supply consists of a solar panel composed of individual solar cells, the charging circuitry and the storage batteries! "e schematic of a simple system is in -igure /9! (ig/re *4 : A #imple #olar 6o2er #/ppl,

"he solar panel supplies energy to the motor ( through the diode >1! "his diode is an important part of the charging system! ,t is possible, because of full charge or lo% illumination, that the battery voltage %ould exceed the charging source voltage! 0ithout the diode in the circuit, the battery %ould then discharge into the solar source! "his is avoided because in the event of high battery voltage, the diode is reverse biased, the anode becoming more negative than the cathode! "he diode %ill bloc' the reverse current! "he common characteristics of my motors are that if they are not running, they represent an open circuit for the po%er supply! "hey ta'e no current from the supply %hich is thus automatically disconnected! "his type of motor is foolproof because in the light of its negative current-tor ue characteristics, it cannot bur out! ,f it is overloaded it %ill simply stall and the po%er supply is

automatically disconnected! 0hen not running there is no current flo% in the coil of the driving magnet! "his is true for relay type drivers also! "he silicon solar cells come in a variety of shapes and siHes! "hey could be assembled and connected in various series and parallel combinations to obtain desired voltage and current capability! ?ells as large as 9 inch diameter are available capable of delivering 2 amps at 0!92 6! 2ence, uite a large group of cells must be %ired in series to obtain a reasonable output voltage! ?ells in parallel increase the current capability! , might suggest that after assembling the cells, you should cover them %ith a sheet of glass! "he life of the cells %ill be substantially extended %ithout substantial changes in performance! "he cleaning of the panel %ill be easier also! # solar panel could be built into the base plate of the motor! ,f it %ill be covered by an opa ue sheet of %hite plastic, the performance of the cells %ill be decreased only about 20F, but the cells %ill be concealed from the vie%er %ho %ill admire your creation, %or'ing seemingly %ithout any energy supply! ,f you %ant to build a solar po%er supply of any 'ind, consult the bibliography at the end of this boo'let! "here you %ill find excellent sources of information! )ome manufacturers are producing today %atches and cloc's %hich can run years %ithout any care of energy supply! "hey are using thermal energy %hich is supplied by the body heat of the %earer or in the case of cloc's, the temperature differences inside and outside of the building! "his too is a good idea for supplying free energy to your motor! ,t is possible to convert thermal energy directly into electrical energy by means of thermocouples, %ith no machinery and nonmoving parts! # thermocouple is made by *oining alternate lengths of electrical conductors or semi-conductors of different 'inds, and heating one *unction and cooling the other! "his produces a potential difference and generates current, i!e!, electric energy! "hermocouples of unli'e metals have voltages of 20-:0 microvolts per degree, and semiconductors may have voltages of 1 mv per degree! "he thermocouples are arranged in series and parallel in so-called thermo-electric modules! "he modules can be used thermoelectric generators! (odules are built in all possible siHes and performances, by many manufacturers and laboratories! "he sources are listed at the end of this boo'! ,n this section , %ould li'e to describe an exotic and slightly 'no%n thermal energy converter %hich eventually could be a candidate for free energy! "his is an energy converter , discovered some years ago using %ater! ,t is probably the simplest generator of electricity in the %orld! -or building it you need a piece of rag, %ater and t%o electrodes for collecting the electricity! "he schematic of the 0ater Energy ?onverter is in -igure /5! "he direct energy converter using %ater %or's as follo%s. 0hen %ater diffuses through a porous media and evaporates from the surface, the material cools! ,f a metal electrode is attached to the end undergoing evaporation, a thermal gradient occurs bet%een the electrode and %ater! Iecause the %ater and the electrode are dissimilar conductors, the thermal gradient creates a )eebec' emf! 0hen the system absorbs energy from the

surrounding by means of convection or radiation heat transfer, the energy is converted to electric current! (ig/re *A : #c-eme o3 t-e Water Energ, Converter

"he produced is not too great! "he converter is more of a curiosity! "he value of the current and voltage is dependent on the area of the absorbing surface, but the energy is abslyutely free! "he rag electricity generator is, and probably %ill be, the %orldUs cheapest thermal energy converter for a long time! "he performance could be substantially increased by using as porous material a good lamp %ic' fabric %hich prepared before using by chlorophyll extract! ,f you are interested, %rite me please! , %ill be delighted to send you at nominal cost more detailed information %ith my theoretical explanation! "he picture of a /-stage %ater energy converter is in -igure /:! (ig/re *6 : Water Energ, Converter

#nother energy source %hich is also free is the omnipresent electromagnetic radiation produced mainly by the :0 2H house current po%er lines! ,ts intensity is dependent on the location and it has a value of from a fe% micro%atts to as much as /-5 %atts, if in the vicinity of high voltage po%er lines! "he phenomenon is %ell 'no%n to the builder and maintenance men of (=)-E" and ?(=) devices! ,t is the curse of the ?(=) input burglar alarms and of any fine current measurement devices in the range of millivolt potentials! "he construction of good electronics e uipment to pic' up these po%ers is not an easy tas'! ,t is absolutely not a hobby *ob! ,t needs sophisticated electronic measuring e uipment and not easy to obtain parts such as tunnel diodes, extremely small for%ard resistance rectifiers, etc! , have such a circuitry in my latest model motor %hich is currently under investigation! )ometimes it performs %ell and sometimes not! ,t depends on the location of the motor! ,t is tuned to the :0 2H radiation %hich has a very limited range! "he motor %as running continuously in my laboratory for / months during the summer! =nce in the fall it stalled! ,t %as necessary to charge the system directly from a po%er line after itUs stalling! ,t %ould be a help of the pic'up coil (antenna) %ere directional and aimed to%ard the direction of most intensive radiation! Cnfortunately, my antenna is built in at the base plate of the motor and therefore could not be rotated! ,f you %ant to experiment %ith similar systems, thin' t%ice! Gou must realiHe that such an experimentation needs a lot of 'no%ledge of electronics and radio technics! ,t is a very time-consuming and costly e uipment, and the results are al%ays uncertain! -urthermore, you must realiHe that both of my latest energy sources are intended exclusively for experimentation but no %ay for po%er production! Gou should be happy if you can overcome the frictional and other losses in your motor!

"here are many other more or less esoteric energy sources %hich are probably available in certain ranges, considering the fact that the pulsed motors need less energy than the conventional permanent magnet direct current motors! )uch energy sources are, for example, the atmospheric electricity and the radiant energy from the outer space! "hey are truly neglected by the scientific establishment %hich does not mean that they are not %orth investigating! "here are again no limits to your imagination!

C-apter %) Concl/"ion"

, come to the end of my boo', %herein is presented part of my %or' aimed to%ard the investigation of permanent magnet generated and aided motions! "he described motors are byproducts of this research! "hey %ere built and served for proof of the theoretical speculations! 0ith this publication, my %or' is far from finished! (y intention is to continue in investigation, especially is to continue in investigation, especially the interactions of rotation generated inertial fields, respective the changing of momentum of inertia if such a thing is present! #ccording to the linear vector theory of inertial fields, it may be possible! , am %or'ing alone %ithout any funding or financial help, using my free time and my o%n financial resources! Experimentation %ith permanent magnet devices is not uite a cheap business! ,t calls for a lot of sacrifice! >espite these facts, , do not consider my achievements as my sole property! "hey belong to all man'indT (y goal %as to arouse the interest of as many people as possible, to start a ne% engineering discipline, the perma-energetics! "he future belongs to the efficient! 1obody can change this trend of developmentT 0hat seems to be today impossible, could tomorro% be a reality! 2istory teaches us that, no matter %hether somebody li'es it or notT ,f my present %or' can only slightly improve the energy situation of the %orld and at the same time inspire others to %or', my endeavor %as not %astedT "his %as the purpose of my present publication and the publication of 4rof! >r Bearl 0al'er in the 1@82 (arch issue of the )cientific #merican!

Gou can start %here , have finished! 1evertheless , must %arn you, if you intend to patent something of the motors described in this boo', it %ill hardly be possible! 4robably you %ill not fulfill the re uirement of the prior art! Iut if you %ill build something ne% by using the principles presented in your %ay to get a patent! Gou %ill be able to patent your ne% ideas! -inally , %ould li'e to clear up the uestion of responsibilities! , give you no %arranty that your %or' %ill succeed! Gour %or' is solely at your o%n ris'! , ta'e no responsibility, in any respect, for failure or accident that you can meet %ith my motors! , do not guarantee you a success! "his depends on you! (y motors %ere demonstrated to many experts, and publicly as %ell, under the sponsorship of the ?leveland )tate Cniversity ?hapter of the prestigious #merican )ociety of (echanical Engineers!

Di'liograp-,

Bames <! ,reland. 1e a#i+ *e #a%e%t Ma&%et Moto "$ (c+ra% 2ill, 1G, 1@:8 4ar'er and )tudders. *e #a%e%t Ma&%et" a%2 3$ei )ppli+atio%$ 0iley and )ons, 1@:2! >! 2adfield. *e #a%e%t Ma&%et" a%2 Ma&%eti"#$ 0iley and )ons, 1@:2 #! )chure. Ma&%eti"# a%2 0le+t o#a&%eti"#$ <ider 4ubl!, ,nc, 1G, 1@5@ 2erbert 0oodson and Bames 0elcher. 0le+t o#e+$a%i+al /y%a#i+" (4art , 3 ,,)$ 0iley and )ons, 1G 1@:8 +!<! 4olgreen. New )ppli+atio%" o' Mo2e % Ma&%et"$ (acdonald, 7ondon, 1@:: E! <! 7aith%aite. * opul"io% .it$out .$eel"$ English Cniv! 4ress, 7ondon, 1@:: E! 7aith%aite. 5%2u+tio% Ma+$i%e" 'o Spe+ial *u po"e"$ ?hem! 4ubl! ?o!, ,nc!, 1G 1@:: -enimore Iradley. Mate ial" 'o Ma&%eti+ Fu%+tio%"$ 2ayden Ioo' ?o!, 1G 1@;1 >!)! 4arasuis. Ma&%eti"#$ 2arper and Irothers, 1G, 1@:1! <!<! Iirss. 0le+t i+ a%2 Ma&%eti+ Fo +e"$ #merican Elsevier 4ubl! ?o!, 1G 1@:8!

(alcolm (c?raig. *e #a%e%t Ma&%et" i% 3$eo y a%2 * a+ti+e -orest (ims. 0%&i%ee " Noteboo!$ <adio )hac' <udolf -! +raf. /i+tio%a y o' 0le+t o%i+"$ <adio )hac', 1@;9 Ed%ard (! 1oll. .i%2@Sola 0%e &y$ 2o%ard )ams and ?o!, ,nc!, ,ndianapolis! -arrington >aniels. /i e+t >"e o' t$e Su%" 0%e &y$ Iallantine Ioo's! Bearl 0aler. Moto " i% .$i+$ Ma&%et" )tt a+t 4t$e Ma&%et" i% )ppa e%t *e petual Motio%$ )cientific #merican, (arch 1@82!

Nicolae MO A < Magnetic Energ, Engine

Nicolae Morar/C" Magnetic Energ, Engine
', L/cian CoJma 1icolae (oraru invented the Emagnetic energy engineE from 1@:@-1@;/ as the Erotative magneto-levitated engineE, and in 1@@2 as the Epure magnetic energy engineE! "he text of <omanian patent <=10@905 is incomplete and presents *ust an principle! "he engine has t%o stator magnets %hich form an perfectly closed magnetic circuit, the magnetic field lines being closed into the circular Eyo'eE $ the magnet" are arcF"-ape0 an0 t-eir polariJation i" vertical - they are not EfreeE, but enclo"e0 ', t-e IronF#ilici/m ,o4e", also arcshaped and forming in ensemble an perfect circle! ,n that %ay the magnetic field-lines have a certain %ay and direction of displacement into the closed circular magnetic circuit bet%een the t%o stator Epolar piecesE, it is an Eair gapE - the only region of this magnetic circuit %here the magnetic field lines goes through the air! ,n the space of the air gap, (oraru placed the rotor 0evice F 2-ic- -a" no 2in0ing5 coil"5 etc5 an0 it i" not an magnet!!! ,t is an ensemble of arcF "-ape0 element" 3rom (eF#i5 %hich form an EmagnetoFreactive circ/itE, similar as the classic turbines in the %ater or %ind flo%ing!!! "he Emagnetic t/r'ineE is put in the Eflo%ingE of magnetic field lines %hich are closed in the circular magnetic circuit! Efficiency is at least ;-8 24 3 &g of magnetic circuit!!! #n 100 &g engine, (the general mass of an complete classic combustion engine!!!) could generate at least 800 24, but it should be very compact, %ith a very simple scheme and !!! %ith no consumption! ,t uses the pure magnetic energy!!!

omanian 6atent O %09A04

U 6D( Engli"- V U 6D( omanian V

T-oma" 8enr, MO AM a0iant Energ, eceiver The Sea o9 !nerg" U E+cerpt" V

E+cerpt" o3 tec-nical 3actoi0" 3rom=

The Sea o9 !nerg"

U (rom t-e original The Sea o9 !nerg" in 6hich he !ar h ,loa s 00 1@;8 Edition. ?osray <esearch ,nstitute, )alt 7a'e ?ity, C" K ',

T-oma" 8enr, Mora,

Ta'le o3 Content"

Intro0/ction (ore2or0 C-apter % : Earl, ,ear" C-apter ) : a0iant Energ, in Earne"t C-apter * : (rienemie" C-apter 4 : Mora, 6ro0/ct" Compan, C-apter A : 6atent" C-apter 6 : Government #/pport C-apter & : A Ne2 Era o3 Energ, C-apter 8 : eaction" ', Mean" o3 Electron E+citation C-apter 9 : Di""ociation o3 Matter C-apter %0 : Energ, ', e"onance C-apter %% : Concl/"ion e3erence" Appen0i+ I Appen0i+ II Appen0i+ III Appen0i+ I! Appen0i+ ! Appen0i+ !I (ig/re"

Intro0/ction
U 4t- E0ition V ADIANT ENE GM --- "he term (oray has used to describe that source of energy coming from the cosmos to earth and radiating from the earth bac' from %hence it came! "his is the energy the (oray device captures and could be described as those particles of energy pervading all space! ,n the evolution of energy and the evolution of matter these particles of matter and energy (one and the same) manifest under certain conditions as pure energy and under others as pure matter! <adiant Energy from the cosmos, li'e radiant particles of matter, being composed of an infinitesimal uantity %hose behaviors are described by mathematical e uations similar to those used for describing electrical %aves, 'eeping in mind to differentiate bet%een %avelength and fre uency! <adiant Energy is particles of energy, *ust as light is %avelengths and particles are comparable to the electron and magneton. a ring of negative electricity traveling in a vortex %ith the speed of light, streams of energy uanta, each uantum having energy and momentum %here the electron revolves around the proton at a distance e ual to the electron radius! "o summariHe. <adiant Energy as herein used is that energy existing in the luminiferous medium of the universe, 'inetic and exercised in %ave transmission and rendered sensible by conversion of its energy into a detectable fre uency! ,n the final analysis, <adiant Energy is a means of using the energy released by the fissionable reactions ta'ing place in the stellar crucibles of the universe!

C-apter % T-e Earl, Mear"

Jp! 20K E, started my experiments %ith the ta'ing of electricity from the ground, as , termed it, during the summer of 1@0@! Iy fall of 1@10 , had sufficient po%er to operate a small electrical device, and , made a demonstration of my idea to t%o friends!!! "his demonstration in the early stages consisted of operating a miniature arc light!!! ,t soon became evident that the energy %as not static and that the static of the universe %ould be of no assistance to me in obtaining the po%er , %as see'ing!!! >uring the ?hristmas 2olidays of 1@11, , began to fully realiHe that the energy , %as %or'ing %ith %as not of a static nature, but of an oscillating nature! -urther , realiHed that the energy %as not coming out of the earth, but instead %as coming to the earth from some outside source! "hese electrical oscillations in the form of %aves %ere not simple oscillations, but %ere surgings --li'e the %aves of the sea --- coming to the earth continually, more in the daytime than at night, but al%ays coming in vibrations from the reservoir of colossal energy out there in space! Iy this time , %as able to obtain enough po%er to light the old 1:-candlepo%er carbon lamp for about one half capacity, and , did not seem to ma'e any further improvement until the spring of 1@25!E Jp! 21K ,n 1@12 he %as called to go on a mission for the ?hurch of Besus ?hrist of 7atter->ay )aints, and under a visitor5s visa %as allo%ed to enter )%eden during the Exhibition of 1@12 in )toc'holm!!! ,n his noteboo', dated 1ovember 1, 1@1/, 2enry included a memo that he had obtained material from a railroad car at #bisco, )%eden the previous summer, and material from the side of a hill! 2e made electric tests of these materials, ta'ing them home to try each as a detector for his energy machine! "ests indicated that this soft, %hite stone-li'e substance might ma'e a good Evalve-li'e detectorEd! J d "his Evalve-li'e detectorE is %hat led 2enry to do research in semi-conductive materials, and from this soft %hite stone he developed his first (oray valve and the (oray valve that %as used in some of the early <adiant Energy devicesK Jp! 22K E)ilver %ire used on stone ma'es a rectifier!E

C-apter ) a0iant Energ, In Earne"t

Jp! /1K 2enry (oray demonstrated that energy %as available by its actions on a resistive load, such as a flat-iron or a space heater, and by lighting lights! # resistive load is directly proportional to the amount of energy delivered to it! ,n heating a heater or lighting a light, the number of %atts produced can be calculated as e ual to the number of %atts consumed! "his energy is fed into a load to give either heat3light, or po%er! # motor can be operated but must be

designed for high fre uency! "he <adiant Energy device operation is sho%n in -igure 59, in %hich he used an antenna and a ground connected to his solid state <E device!!! 2e %as able to sho% that none of the energy came from %ithin his device! ,nternally the device %as electrically dead %hen it had not been connected and tuned to the antenna! 0hen his device %as set up, he could connect it to an antenna and ground, and by priming it first and then tuning it as he primed it, the device %ould dra% electrical energy! "his high fre uency electrical energy produced up to 250,000 volts and it lighted a brighter light than %itnesses had ever before seen! 2eavy loads could be connected to the device %ithout dimming the lights that %ere already connected to it! "his device %or'ed many miles from any 'no%n source of electrical energy! )uch as transmission lines or radio! "he device produced up to 50,000 %atts of po%er and %or'ed for long periods of time!!!! 2e assumed at first that this energy %as electromagnetic in origin$ ho%ever, he never claimed that it %as electromagnetic in nature! 2e assumed at first that this energy came from the earth! Iut later he believed it %as from the universe! -inally he began to believe that it %as present throughout all space, intermolecular space as %ell as terrestrial and celestial space! 2e did not necessarily understand ho% his detectors operated, only that if he very carefully built the device according to his calculations, it %or'ed! 2e %as able to demonstrate the existence of an energy that today, though it has not been identified or proven, has been theoriHed by many researchers!!! Jp! /2K #s early as 1@09, 1icola "esla, experimenting %ith #? currents of high potential and high fre uency, said. EEre many generations pass, our machinery %ill be driven by a po%er obtainable at any point in the universe!!! "hroughout space there is energy! ,s this energy static or 'ineticR ,f static, our hopes are in vain$ if 'inetic --- and this %e 'no% it is for certain --- then it is a mere uestion of time %hen men %ill succeed in attaching their machinery to the very %heel%or' of nature!E J p! /5K "he follo%ing is Jexcerpted fromK a boo'let printed about 1@/2, entitled EIrief 2istory of (oray <adiant >eviceE. "he largest instrument being about : inches high and circular in shape and about 8 inches in diameter!!! 0e %ent out on the roof of the chic'en coop carrying the device on a small drafting board, erected an antenna upon the roof of the coop, the antenna being about 100 feet from the house! 0e pulled the main line s%itches in the house before going out upon the roof! (r Budd had me move the drafting board from place to place and , also had him examine the inside of the coop for hidden e uipment! , then put the machine together in his presence and the device %as then started! (r Budd timed me to see ho% long it %ould ta'e to bring in the light! , %as able to light-%att type ?+E lamp to full capacity and also to heat to the siHHling point an old style 2otpoint electric flat iron %hich consumed :55 %atts! (r Budd as'ed me to ta'e off the antenna! "he light %ent out! ,t %as connected again and the light reappeared! 0e drove a ne% ground at a spot selected by (r Budd, made a connection over to a ne% ground and the light burned dim but came brighter and brighter as the ne% ground %as driven deeper and deeper!!!!! Jp! /:K 0henever the ground or antenna is left disconnected too long the device becomes electrically dead and must be retuned in order to obtain the energy!!!!!

J p! /;K >r Eyring found no fault %ith the demonstration and the %orst that he could say about it %as that it might be induction, but that if , %ould ta'e the device out in the mountains a%ay from all po%er lines, a distance of / or 9 miles, and it %ould then operate he %ould then ac'no%ledge that it could not be induction and that his theory %as %rong and mine right!!! #t last they decided to go up Emigration ?anyon, as there are no po%er lines in that canyon!!! #ll three gentlemen %ere very %ell satisfied and pleased %ith %hat they sa%!!! Jp! 90K E"he antenna %ire %as put up %ithout any aid or instructions %hatever from (r (oray, except that he suggested that the %ire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the center! "his %as done and the %ire then appeared to clear the ground by about ; or 8 feet at its lo%est point! "he ground pipe %as of 132-inch %ater pipe consisting of t%o sections! "he lo%er section %as pointed at the end to ma'e its driving into the cree' bed easy! ,t %as about : feet long and after being driven do%n about 5 feet the second section, %hich %as about 9 feet long, %as scre%ed on %ith a %rench and the pipe further driven do%n until it struc' a hard ob*ect!!! , *udge about ; feet of pipe %as in the ground! "he antenna %ire %as insulated from the poles %ith t%o glass insulators about : inches long and having holes in both ends! # piece of %ire about 2 feet long connected each insulator %ith the pole! "he lead-in %ire %as fastened to the antenna %ire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole! , helped (r (oray solder the connectionJsK!!! , stepped the distance bet%een the t%o antenna poles and estimated it to be 8; feet!!! (r (oray5s e uipment, aside from the antenna and ground %ires, consisted of a bro%n box about the siHe of a butter box, another unpainted box slightly smaller, a fiber board box about :E x 9E x 9E, %hich (r (oray referred to as containing the tubes! #nd a metal baseboard about 19E x 9E x 1E containing %hat appeared to be a magnet at one end, a s%itch near the middle and a receptacle for an electric light globe at the other end! "here %ere also several posts for connecting %ires on the baseboard!!! 0hen all of the %ires connections %ere made and everything %as in readiness (r (oray began tuning in!!! Iefore tuning in he placed the 'ey on the post. he said it %ould be in contact %ith %hile the light burns but no light appeared! "he tuning in consisted of stro'ing the end of a magnet across t%o metal pro*ections protruding from %hat , referred to above as being a magnet! #fter tuning in for slightly more than 10 minutes the 'ey %as put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately!!! (r (oray put the 'ey on the operating post t%o or three times before during the tuning in operation but no light appeared!!! 0e allo%ed the light to burn for 15 minutes!!!!! "he brilliancy of the light, a 100-%att globe!!! %as about ;5F as bright as a 100-%att globe connected to an ordinary house soc'et in my opinion! ,t %as an even light, %ithout fluctuations of any 'ind! 0hile the light %as burning (r (oray disconnected the antenna lead-in %ire from the apparatus and the light %ent out! 2e connected it again and the light appeared! 2e also disconnected the ground %ire and the light %ent out! 2e then connected it and the light appeared again!E

Jp! 92K J,n another demonstrationK, , J"! (orayK opened the device and let them see everything except one small part that , %as able to place my hand over and hide in my fist! "his part , cut off and put in my vest poc'et! Everything else , let them examine to their hearts5 content! E,f that part is able to ma'e such po%er itself it5s some device and %orth selling! )uch a battery %ould be %orth%hileE, %ere some of the remar's passed!!! Jp! 98K =n several occasions >r (oray %ould disconnect the antenna %ire momentarily, but not long enough to lose the light! ,n disconnecting and connecting the antenna %ire a flash of electricity could al%ays be seen at the connecting point!!! Jp! 9@K )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah, =ctober 10, 1@28 M "o 0hom ,t (ay ?oncern. Ielo% is a report of my observation of the (oray cosmic energy device! "he aerial used is about 200 feet long and is about 80 feet above the ground. the %ire is a copper cable approximately a fourth inch in diameter, and %ell insulated! "he ground is the %ater pipe in the basement of >r (oray5s home! "he device %as assembled in a trun' through the sides of %hich %ere holes for the connections to ground and to the antenna and for observation$ the said holes %ere about one-half inch in diameter! "here %ere t%o boxes about 10 by 20 by 9 inches, one on top of the other$ both %ere closed and the covers fastened %ith scre%s! =n the upper box %as lying an insulating panel about an inch thic' by 15 inches long and / inches %ide$ it is of slate or hard rubber or some material of similar appearance! =n this %ere t%o binding posts that %ere connectible by means of a small s%itch$ also mounted on this panel is a body about 2-132-inches s uare, %rapped in friction tape, from %hich protrude t%o poles about 139-inch in diameter, apparently of sift iron! # double receptacle for light globes %as connected in the circuit! ,n one of %hich %as a 20-%att globe, and in the other a 100 %att globe!!! >r (oray then too' a magnet, %hich %as a very broad, short limbed C, and began to stro'e one pole of it on the poles in the taped body. (r Bensen placed his fingers on the binding posts several times, and at last received a rather vigorous shoc'$ (r (oray then thre% the s%itch and the globes lighted!!! #s a further proof that the conversion of the energy %as due to the mechanism in the box, >r (oray hit the table on %hich the trun' %as standing, a moderate blo% %ith a hammer %hereupon the light flic'ered and %ent off, due to the detector being sha'en out of ad*ustment! "he boxes in %hich the mechanism had been hosed during the test %ere opened and the contents examined$ there %ere condensers, the detector, a transformer, and t%o tubes in them but nothing else! 1othing that in the least resembled a battery! ,t is to be noted that after a total run of 158 hours the device supplied :/5 %atts$ inasmuch as a horsepo%er is but ;9: %atts this e uals 0!8;8 of a horsepo%er or slightly more than ;38 horsepo%er! "his alone is sufficient to dispose of any suggestion of a battery!!!

Jp! 59K "o #ll 0hom ,t (ay ?oncern (Bune 25, 1@2@). ,t is no% more than 2 years since , first became ac uainted %ith >r "! 2! (oray and the %or' he is carrying on, and in tat time he has demonstrated inventive ability of an exceptional order! 4erhaps the most %onderful of his inventions is a device %hereby he is able to dra% electric po%er from an antenna! "his energy is not derived by induction from po%er lines, as has been suggested by some, nor is it derived from radio stations, as has been demonstrated by ta'ing the apparatus more than 2: miles from the nearest po%er line and over a hundred miles from the nearest radio station and sho%ing that it operates *ust as %ell as any%here else! "his device %as sub*ected to an endurance test in %hich it %as operated continuously for a %ee', and at the end of that time a 100-%att lamp %as lighted simultaneously %ith the heating of a 5;5 %att standard 2otpoint flat iron, ma'ing a total of :;5 %atts$ it is very evident that no batteries could sustain such a drain as this! 2e has also invented a very sensitive sound detector %hereby it is possible to hear conversations carried on in an ordinary tome of voice at a distance of several bloc's! 2e has also %or'ed out numerous radio hoo'ups %hich eliminate many of the parts no% considered necessary for good reception, yet there is no diminution in uality or volume$ in fact, there is a notable elimination of interference from static %hen some of these are used! 2e has devised a means by %hich he is able to measure %ith some degree of accuracy the energy evolved during mental activity$ that is, he gets definite, variable deflections of the needle of a sensitive galvanometer %hich appeared to be related to the vigor of mental activity! "here are a great many other e ually remar'able things that he has done, such as reducing old rubber from truc' tires to the state of a viscous fluid %hich is readily vulcaniHable %ithout the addition of smo'e sheet as is necessary %ith other processes$ also a high fre uency therapeutic device, and numerous other devices %hich sho% great ingenuity! )igned, (urray =! 2ayes, 4h>! Jp!55K Gou as'ed some uestions at that time that , could not ans%er on account of my lac' of 'no%ledge, both of science and the detail construction of the machine of >r (oray5s that %e %ere tal'ing about! "here %as one thing in particular that you as'ed about and that , 'no% , did not ma'e clear in my ans%er, and that %as in regard to the setup of the six 100-%att lamps! Gou as'ed if they %ere set up in multiple or series, and this uestion %as especially brought up as %e %ere referring to the very small %ire, %hich a 1! 50, %hich , stated %as used in connection %ith the operation of said lamps! )ince my return to )alt 7a'e, , have gone over this matter and find that the : lamps are set up in parallel and the small %ire is used as the current enters the tube prior to and connecting %ith the step-do%n transformer, this ta'ing the terrific high voltage to the transformer! ,n other %ords, , am trying to say to you that this is a terrific high voltage, and %e are using the %ord EterrificE because it has been demonstrated that this is an exceedingly high voltage because it %ill J*umpK through an arc flash at least : inches and in excess!

#nother thing that you as'ed me about %as the measuring of the voltage or amperage, and , 'no% , did not ans%er to your satisfaction! 2o%ever, , must no% state that Ethe fre uency is so high that , have no instrument in my laboratory that is able to measure the amperage or the voltage at this fre uencyE >r (urray 2ayes has examined most carefully and 'no%s the construction of >r (oray5s machine, 'no%s the theory in detail, has practically prepared the papers for patent applications!!!

C-apter * (rienemie"
Jp! :5K >r (ilton (arshall %as attempting to identify the material that he called his E)%edish )toneE! 0hen he described the action of his germanium mixture to the t%o physicists J?arl Eyring and 2arvey -letcherK, they 'ne% that the entire composition of the )%edish )tone had no been properly identified!!! Jp! ::K >r (oray!!! described the radio detector he had developed!!! 2e compared it to %hat %as commonly 'no%n as the crystal of a crystal set! 2o%ever, his detector %as superior since it could drive a loudspea'er %ithout the use of a battery!!! 2e used the most easily demonstrated device, the germanium diode, that %or'ed on the same principle as the radium to illustrate ho% he thought the <adiant Energy >etector %or'ed!!! 2enry originally built the radio simply for that purpose --- to sho% ho% he %as able to pic' up signals %ith a solid-state device sufficiently strong that they %ould drive a loudspea'er, %hich %as something unheard of in that day!!! 2is circuit did not have batteries, as it %as very similar to the old crystal-set circuitry! -igure 1;, sub-figure /, sho%s ho% the original germanium valve %as used and ho% it %or'ed in the radio circuit! "he earliest dra%ings and descriptions of the (oray 6alve are found in a s%orn certificate dated 1ovember 19, 1@2;, %here he describes a germanium compound using the %ords Epure germaniumE (-igure 19)! J<e-purified 5 timesK ,n 1@/;, in order to protect his interest in the germanium valve, he %rote an affidavit and had this affidavit %itnessed (-igure 15)! "his affidavit refers to certain dra%ings and descriptions found in patent application 550:11!!! , have made copies of the patent application that applied to the description found (-igure 8 L @, patent application 550:11, enclosed) (-igure 1:)! "he <adiant Energy >etector, even today %ith the advanced state of the art of semi-conductors, is considered by our research organiHation to be proprietary and still of great value! 4arts of the certificate (-igure 15) have been removed to protect these interests! ,t must be noted that the detector described in -igure 15 is also superior to most germanium semi-conductors 'no%n today because of some of the doping material used! "hat this bipolar device is truly a transistor %as verified by examination of the complete notes by 0arren )immonds, 4h>, of )alt 7a'e ?ity!

Jp! 10:K "he reader must realiHe that , use the %ord EtubesE loosely! Iasically my father5s EtubesE %ere solid-state devices! Jp! 111 K "he device %as housed in a %ooden box something li'e 12E by 18E, %ith an antenna and a ground going into it! 0ires leading out of the box led to a ban' of some forty 100-%att light globes and to an electric iron! (y uncle touched a s%itch at the top of the box %ith a hand electrostatic plate and the globes all lighted brilliantly! 0e all noted that the bulbs burned cold except each had a hot spot about the siHe of a dime on the top slightly off center! , also recall that , could turn the lights on and off by approaching and retreating to and from the device, either %ith my %hole body or my hand! ,f my memory is clear, the machine had to be tuned %ith a dial to be placed in this condition! J?hester (! "odd, (arch 1@, 1@;1K Jp! 119K >avid +ardner #ffidavit. "he gentleman %ho had invited me to the demonstration mentioned a contrivance that >r (oray had also invented %ith %hich he could pic' up sounds %ithout them being broadcast from a radio sending station! 2e said that he had heard a demonstration of this device! , as'ed if , might hear it also$ he called >r (oray over and as'ed if , might see a demonstration of the Esound pic'up deviceE, and , %as granted the privilege! "here %as an old radio box of conventional design %ith t%o headphones plugged into the box! >r (oray tuned the device by turning the 'nob in front! 2e handed me one set of headphones and one set to my nephe% (r ?lar' +ardner$ he then arranged for three people to %al' out of the house into the street and carry on a conversation to %hich %e %ere tuned!!! , %as sure , %as listening to these three men! , remember distinctly it %as raining at the time and , could hear the patter of the rain on the pavement as they %al'ed! , remember them saying they had better hurry bac' into the house lest they get %et! ,n the course of their return, , %ondered if , might hear other people tal'ing, and despite the advice of >r (oray not to fool around %ith the tuning device, , moved the 'nob slo%ly and heard very distinctly the sounds of a railroad station. the %histle of a train, and a porter or the station master at his station saying, E#ll aboardE! "he nearest station to the receiving set %ould have been a minimum of 5 miles!!! , 'no% that the people on the street had no transmitting device or any other instrument %ith them! "hey %ould not believe me %hen , told them %hat , had heard, but they said , %as repeating their conversation! Jp! 122 K 7ater, after he had examined the transformer of the device, he stated that %ith the amount of amperage he had seen ta'en from the device %as positive proof that the current developed by or in the machine %as different than in any in use today! Iecause the transformer %ould have burned up %ith normal current, yet the transformer sho%ed no signs of even ever having been %arm! 2e %as informed by >r 2ayes that the transformer had been in use under the same type of strain for many tests in the past!!! ,t %as >r &nudsen5s fault that the detector burned out because of the excessive inductive 'ic'bac' he sub*ected the device to by thro%ing the main s%itch in and out so fast and often that

this continual brea'ing of the circuit built up an inductive 'ic'bac', %hich %ould Eblo%E any electrical circuit!!! Jp! 12:K 7etter from E! +! Bensen ((arch 21, 1@/8) M 1umber 1 condenser (-igure 52) consisted of t%o small sheets of about /0 gauge aluminum separated by but ma'ing contact %ith a piece of one- uarter inch thic' plate glass! "he plate glass %as larger than the aluminum sheets and overlapped them! 1umber 2 condenser!!! had the capacity of 0!025 mfd! ,t %as a commercial condenser!!! manufactured by ,gred ?ondenser L (fg! ?o!

0ith the :0 %att (aHda 7amp and the t%o condensers attached to the antenna and the antenna and ground attached to the box containing your <adiant Energy e uipment in the manner sho%n in the s'etch, the 100-%att (aHda 7amp on the secondary or output side %as lighted! Cnscre%ing the :0-%att (aHda lamp from its soc'et caused the 100-%att amp to go out, but it immediately lighted %hen the :0-%att lamp %as scre%ed in its soc'et! "he :0-%att lamp did not light under any condition or hoo'up! )horting the antenna and ground by placing a %ire across them, caused the 100-%att lamp to go out! )imilar shorting %ith the hands also caused the 100%att lamp to go out! 1o electricity could be felt %hen shorting %ith the hands! ,f either the ground or the antenna %ires %ere disconnected from the box, the 100-%att lamp %ould go out! 1either of the condensers or the :0-%att lamp on the primary side of the box %ere necessary but %ere simply put on to sho% that the high fre uency po%er %ill *ump or pass through the condensers!!!

C-apter A 6atent"
Jp! 1:1K "he original patent application %as first filed in 1@/1! "his application %as re*ected on a number of bases! -irst (-igure 1;), EIecause no means %as provided for causing the cathode to emit an appreciable number of electrons, the current produced in the cathode by the antenna %ill not heat the cathode to a temperature at %hich an appreciable number of electrons per second are

emittedE (,n other %ords, according to "homas E! <obinson, ?ommissioner of 4atents, a solid state device, a transistor, cannot possible %or')! )econd, because E1o natural source of electric %ave energy is 'no%n to the Examiner and proof of the existence of such a source is re uiredE! ,n other %ords, it %as not enough for (oray to demonstrate the effect of the energy source$ he also had to identify it, %hich he could not do!!! Jp! 18:K ,n 1@92, shortly after 0orld 0ar ,, began for the Cnited )tates, 2enry moray attempted to rebuild a <adiant Energy >evice, using the remaining bit of %hat %as 'no%n as the E)%edish )toneE! "his material, %hich %as the heart of his original <E detector, he had never been able to duplicate, and the shortage of this material limited the amount of po%er he could dra%! ?onse uently, in the large unit, he developed a second detector that forced him into extensive research involving nuclear materials and radioactive reactions! 2e became deeply involved in the study of synthetic radioactivity as described by +ustave 7eIon in his boo', 3$e 0volutio% o' Matte Jp! 188K "he years slipped by and from time to time 2enry and , %ould discuss his notes and go over the dra%ings! 2e spent most of his time Jca! 1@50K %or'ing on %hat he called the EcounterbalanceE to eliminate the need for an antenna!!! Jp! 1@0K ,n fact, %e have recently been informed that none of the original patent applications that 2enry made are any longer available at the C) 4atent =ffice! #lthough their file *ac'ets are there, the contents and applications themselves are gone!!!

C-apter & T-e #ea o3 Energ, in W-ic- t-e Eart- (loat"Z

Jd Natu e o' .o l2 & o' Ma%, ?hicago ,nst! of "echnologyK by Dr T$ 8enr, Mora,$ #$ #c$ J"his %as the original ?hapter 1 in a boo' called 6eyo%2 t$e Ai&$t -ay", %hich is out-of -print and no longer available! "he last 'no%n copy %as stolen from >r moray5s laboratory!!!K A Ne2 Era In Energ,= 6o2er 3rom t-e Co"mo" an0 t-e Eart-$ >r 1i'ola "esla said over :0 years ago. EEre many generations pass, our machinery %ill be driven by a po%er obtainable at any point if the univers!!!e throughout space there is energy! ,s this energy static or 'ineticR ,f static our hopes are in vain$ if 'inetic --- and this %e 'no% it is, for certain --- then it is a mere uestion of time %hen men %ill succeed in attaching their machinery to the very %heel%or' of nature!Edd Jdd 1i'ola "esla. 0=pe i#e%t" wit$ )lte %ati%& 1u e%t" o' Hi&$ *ote%tial & Hi&$ F e<ue%+y, 1@09K

1i'ola "esla %as not referring to atomic or nuclear energy, but to the energy %hich is continually bombarding the earth from outer space! Enough energy is coming to the earth to light over 1!5 million (1,:@/,:00) 100-%att lamps for every human being on the earth today! 1o fuel of any 'ind need be ta'en as a dead load as this energy can be Epic'ed-upE directly by ocean liners, railroads, airplanes, automobiles, or any form of transportation! 2eat, light and po%er can be made available for use in all 'inds of buildings and for all 'inds of machinery! #n example %ould be to pump %ater onto the desert lands, the po%er source being only a fraction of the %eight of any steam plant or any 'ind of engine in use today and all this at a fraction of the current cost! # %ild dreamR 1oT ,t5s a proven practical reality, as hundreds of people 'no% %ho have %itnessed the (oray <adiant Energy invention --- po%ered from the cosmos! "his is cosmic energy! ddd Jddd >r (oray %as not referring to ?osmic <ays! =ne must read further and contemplate his hypothesis regarding energy from %ithin the atom!K "he total energy involved in EcosmicE radiations is very large! "he mechanism of its generation involves a basic relationship %ith the total structure and action of the universe! "oday it is believed that cosmic radiation consists primarily of protons and some heavier nuclei! #t times this cosmic energy pac's a %allop of around 100 uadrillion volts! ?oming continuously %ith slight variations in time, the radiations have a uniformly directional isotropy! "he earth is, therefore, surrounded in an atmosphere of radiation %ith cosmic rays coming continually to the earth from all directions, although there may be a slight deflection of the %ea'er rays by the earth5s magnetic field! "here is every indication that our sun is not the source of any appreciable amount of this radiation! "he origin, therefore, is from the universe as a %hole! "he total energy of cosmic radiation is more than the entire luminous output of all the stars and nebulae of the universe combined! Cnlimited po%er is being delivered to everyone5s doorstep! "he (oray <adiant Energy discovery, using radiations from the cosmos as its po%er source, gives the greatest amount of energy per pound of e uipment of any system 'no%n to man! Electrical po%er through an electric motor or an electric *et far exceeds any form of energy in any engine in the delivery of po%er! "here is no dead center of lost motion in an electric motor nor loss of push in an electric *et! #lso, the starting tor ue is much higher in the electrically po%ered engine than in the combustion engine! 2arnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man! -urthermore, it is possible to utiliHe this vast source of energy from the universe %ithout a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the %ater, under the %ater, or even underground! ,f one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator --as electricity is not made by the generator --- but is merely an electrical pump, the (oray <adiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump. that is, a high speed

electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations %hich causes a pumping action or surging %ithin its circuitry! "o account for the propagation of heat and light --- t%o of the forms of <adiant Energy --- man has postulated the existence of a medium filling all space! Iut, the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the only evidence in favor of the existence of such a medium! Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena and gravitation itself point in the same direction! #ttractions and repulsion ta'e place bet%een electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents! 7arge masses may be set in motion in this manner, ac uiring 'inetic energy! ,f an electric current is started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all very closely neighboring conductors! "o originate a current in any conductor re uires the expenditure of energy! 2o%, then, is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductorsR ,f %e believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy --- that is, is %e believe that %hen it disappears at one place and reappears at another it must have passed through the intervening space and, therefore, have existed there someho% in the meantime --- %e are forced to postulate a vehicle for its conveyance form place to place! 0hen a particle is electrified, %hat one must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent$ %or' has been done! "he result is an electrified state of the particle! "he process of electrifying a conductor is, therefore, the storing of energy in some %ay in or around the conductor in some medium! "he %or' is spent in altering the state of the medium, and %hen the particle is discharged, the medium returns to its original state, and the store of energy is disengaged! )imilarly, a supply of energy is re uired to maintain an electric current, and the phenomenon arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the circuit! ,t used to be that an electrified particle or body %as supposed to have something called EelectricityE residing upon it %hich caused electrical phenomena! #n electric current %as regarded as a flo% of electricity traveling along a %ire (for example), and the energy %hich appeared at any part of a circuit (if considered at all) %as supposed to have been conveyed along the %ire by the current! Iut, the existence of induction and electromagnetic interactions bet%een bodies situated at a distance from each other leads one to loo' upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of these electrical phenomena! ,n fact, it is the storehouse of the energy! ,t is upon this basis that (ax%ell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of an electric field in terms of electric and magnetic forcesd! "he medium around an electrified body is charged %ith energy and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the electrified body or conductor! 0hen %e spea' of the charge of an electrified conductor %e are referring to the charge of energy in the medium around it, and %hen %e tal' of the electric flo% or current in the circuit %e are referring to the only flo% %e 'no% of, namely, the flo% of energy through the electric field %ithin the %ire! Jd )to#i+ *$y"i+", 4hysics )taff Cniversity of 4ittsburgh, 2nd Edition, ?h! 6,,,, Bohn 0iley L )onsK

"he %or' in producing the electrification of a conductor is spent on the medium and stored there, probably as energy of motion! "o denote this %e shall say that the medium around the conductor is polariHed, this %ord being employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have been altered in some manner and to a certain extent depending on the intensity of the charge! ,f the charge is negative the polariHation is in the opposite sense, the t%o being related, perhaps, li'e right-handed and left-handed t%ists or rotations! 1o% consider the case of a body charged alternately, positively and negatively in rapid succession! "he positive charge means a positive polariHation of the medium, %hich begins at the conductor and travels out through space! 0hen the body is discharged the medium is once more set free and resumes its former condition! "he negative charge no% induces a modification of the medium or polariHation in the opposite sense! "he result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the medium at any point becomes polariHed alternately in opposite directions, %hile %aves of opposite polariHations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from the source or agent supplying the electrification! 2ere, then, %e have a periodic disturbance of some 'ing occurring at each point, accompanied by %aves of energy traveling out%ards from the conductor! "he phenomenon of interference leads to the conclusion that light is the result of periodic disturbances or vibrations of the medium, but as to the nature of these vibrations, as to the exact nature of the periodic changes or %hat it is that changes them, %e possess no 'no%ledge! 0e 'no% that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state or vibrations of the medium, and if the charge is varied periodically and %ith sufficient rapidity, %e have a vibration at each point analogous to, perhaps identical %ith, that %hich occurs in the propagation of light --- a combination of %ave and particle properties! "his then is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vibration! ,n the older elastic-solid theory, the light vibrations %ere supposed to be actual oscillations of the elements or molecules of the medium about their positions of rest, such as ta'es place %hen %aves of transverse disturbance are propagated through an elastic solid! )uch limitation is un%arranted to some extent, but one cannot afford to entirely disregard the particle theory of light either! # combination of the theories has merit! 0e 'no% that the change, disturbance, vibration, polariHation, or %hatever %e %ish to term it, is periodic and transverse to the direction of propagation! "he electromagnetic theory teaches us nothing further as to its nature, but rather asserts that %hatever the charge may be, it is the same in 'ind as that %hich occurs in the medium %hen the charge of an electrified body is altered or reversed! ,t reduces light and heat %aves to the same category as %aves of electrical polariHation! "he only uality of the later re uired to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alteration! "hese speculations %ere given the strongest confirmation by experiments of 4rof! 2ertH many years ago! 0hen a resilient substance is sub*ected to strain and then set free, one of t%o things may happen! "he substance may slo%ly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of e uilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations! )omething of the same sort may also occur %hen an electrified capacitor is discharged! ,n ordinary language, there may be a continuous flo% of electricity in one direction until the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur! "hat is, the first flo%

may be succeeded by a bac'rush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something li'e recoil had set in! "he capacitor thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs, accompanied by a second bac'rush, the oscillation going on until all the energy is either completely radiated or used up in heating the conductors or performing other %or'! 0hen capacitors are filled %ith energy captured by the (oray <adiant Energy device and then discharged through a circuit of proper impedance, reactance and inductance, thereby synchroniHing the oscillation of the device %ith those of the universed, electrical inertia is set up! ,n the reversal of the current, the capacitors are charged, discharged and recharged slo%ly until the energy stored in them is radiated in 'inetic energy through the device, and this energy can be 'ept alive indefinitely by establishing resonance %ith the oscillations of the universe! J d 6ery often >r (oray interchanged the %ord universe %ith matter! K ?onsidering oscillations from a mechanical, electrical and mathematical point of vie%, %e find that electrical resistance is the same as mechanical friction and current is comparable to mechanical velocity! ,nertia and inductance may then be considered analogous terms! ,n mechanics the greater the inertia of a body, the longer it %ill stay in motion! ,n the <adiant Energy device5s resistance-inductance-capacity (<E? or <7?) circuit, the greater the electrical inductance, the longer the current continues to flo% once it is established by synchroniHation %ith cosmic surges! Expressed mathematically, the e uations are the same for electrical or mechanical phenomena! "hat is, <Y s uare root 97 3 ?, %here < is the resistance in ohms, 7 is the inductance in henries, and ? is the capacitance in farads! 0hen this is true, an oscillatory discharge %ill occur and a very po%erful inductance inertia %ill assert itself! -or lo% values of <, the fre uency of the oscillations can be sho%n by f S 132 pi s uare root ?7! "he rapidity of the oscillations5 fre uencies are governed by the capacitance and inductance! ,n the vibrational forces of the universe, %e find the 'ey to the source of all energy! 2o% %e can utiliHe this energy for modern industry %ithout being limited to mechanical prime movers is the uestion! #nd, the ans%er may in an energy generator, balanced so as to oscillate in synchroniHation %ith the oscillations of the universe! >r <oss +unn, a civilian scientist for the C) 1avy, stated years ago that the earth is a huge generator, generating over 200 million amperes of electric current continuously! -or example, the aurora borealis is considered to be a very large definite electrical phenomenon produced by the passage of electric charges through the rarified gases of the higher atmosphere! "he earth has since been sho%n, by >r +unn and others, to have a negative charge amounting to 900,00 coulombs! Get, six feet above the ground the air is charged %ith more than 200 volts --- positive %ith respect to the ground! ,t is 'no%n that air conducts electricity a%ay from charged ob*ects! "his being true, ho% does the earth, a charged ob*ect and exposed as it is to the surrounding atmosphere, maintain its chargeR ,f the air conducts electricity, the earth5s charge must be constantly passing into the atmosphere!

#nd it has been calculated that the earth has a continuous discharge into the atmosphere of 1800 amperes! #t this rate, the earth %ould lose @0F of its charge into the air in one hour, yet the earth5s charge does not diminish! 0here does the earth5s source of energy come fromR "he conversion of matter to energy in the stars is accepted, and, reasoning from %hat occurs in radioactive disintegration during %hich energy %ave are radiated, one may conclude that energy %aves of very high fre uency are sent out from the stars (one of %hich is our sun)! 1o%, of course, the conversion of energy into matter must e ually be accepted! ,t has been found that ioniHation, %hich could be the medium for the flo% of energy, increases %ith altitudes instead of decreasing! )ince the source of energy is the universe, the generation of energy by rotary action and by all prime movers is an effect and not a cause! =scillatory energy action, be it in a 7eyden *ar or another man-made capacitor, or in %hat %e may call natural capacitors, behaves the same! "he oscillations %ill continue until they have reach their cycle of height and then there %ill be a bac'rush returning to %here the oscillations originated! Every oscillation, %hether large or small, is completed during the same interval of time! "hese oscillations all prove the same great fact, that they are governed by the same cycle of time, completed during the same interval of time! 0aves of energy have a regular beat note, coming and going as the %aves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order --- coming to the earth from every direction %ith a definite rhythm! Energy has a definite elastic or resilient rigidity and density, %hich is sub*ect to displacement and strain! 0hen strain is removed, the medium %ill spring bac' to its old position and beyond, surging bac' and forth, and %ill continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up! ,f the internal impedance is too great, there %ill be no oscillations, but it %ill merely slide bac' in a dead beat to its unrestrained state! Iy cutting do%n resistance to a minimum and synchroniHing the resilient ionic actions of the (oray device %ith the %ave actions of the universe, periods of oscillation can be made to come uic'er and uic'er until inertia asserts itself, thus lengthening out the time of final recovery! "his is done by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillations and prolonging the vibrations by capturing the in oscillatory action! 0hen the recovery becomes distinctly oscillatory, a harmonic pattern is initiated and the oscillations continue, resonance thereby being established %ith the universe! ,n the universe %e see the same la%s being obeyed as in our laboratories! #s one traces do%n to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the atom, one finds that matter does not exist at all as the realistic substance %hich %e have supposed it to be! "here at the very foundation, it consists of nothing more than energy charges emitted at various %avelengths or fre uencies! ,t is becoming more and more certain that the apparent complexity of nature is due to our lac' of 'no%ledge! #nd, as the picture unfolds, it promises a marvelous simplicity! =ne of the most marvelous relationships that has ever been revealed in the entire science of physics is that bet%een light and electricity and the existence of electronics in atoms of matter! &no%ing %hat %e do at the present time %ith regard to the structure of atoms, this relationship is not uite so surprising! 2o%ever, considering the total absence of this 'no%ledge about a half

century ago, the discovery that light, and radiation in general, are vibratory phenomena %as revolutionary! )pea'ing of radiation, <adiant here means proceeding from a center in straight lines in every direction! Energy is internal and inherent! EEnergy is defined as a condition of matter in virtue of %hich any definite portion may affect changes in any other definite portionE! "his %as %ritten in 18@2, and discoveries since confirm it! Energy then is a state of matter, or rather, the result of a particular state or condition in %hich matter may be %hen any observed phase of energy appears! ,n addition to possessing 'inetic energy, the atom is capable of absorbing energy internally! "his internal energy is associated %ith the configuration of the particles of %hich the atom is composed! Cnder ordinary conditions an atom is in %hat is 'no%n as a state of e uilibrium in %hich there is neither a giving off nor absorbing of energy! Iut, the internal energy of the atom can be altered! 0hen the internal energy of the atom exceeds that of its normal state it is said to be excited! Excitations may be caused in several %ays, e!g!, the collision of an atom %ith rapidly moving positive or negative particles or the brea'ing of lines of force in an electromagnetic generator! &inetic energy is released %hen excitation causes a particle to give up some or all of its 'inetic energy to the atom during collisions! "his is ta'ing place in the universe all the time! "he electric motor and generator %ould never have been discovered if a dielectric (insulation) had not been discovered! ,f one discovers a dielectric valve for the energy of the universe, one has the ans%er to harnessing the energy of the universeT # limiting case of excitation is ioniHation, %herein energy is absorbed by the atom sufficiently to allo% a loosely bound electron to leave the atom, against the electrostatic forces %hich tend to hold it %ithin the atom! #n atom %hich has given up one or more electrons is said to be ioniHed! ,t is possible that ioniHation, i!e!, excitation, may ta'e place in successive steps through absorption of uanta energy! "he return of an ioniHed atom to a state of lo%er energy is associated %ith electromagnetic radiation! #lso, from the process of ioniHation, electrical energy may become associated %ith the vibrational forces of the universe coming into the earth as cosmic radiation! "he higher the fre uency, the greater the ioniHation or excitation, a form of energy %hich is 'inetic in nature! "here are tremendous energies coming to the earth from outer space! "hese energies are only different manifestations of the energies %e see in operation all around us! ,n most cases %e are not even a%are of their existence! E"hey penetrate everything including our o%n bodies! Every one of us is alive by virtue of these energies! Every part and particle of the universe is alive %ith them! "he generators that no% furnish our electric po%er do not create or originate any po%er or electricity$ they merely direct, pump, the existing energy or electricity!Ed Jd )2va%+e" o' S+ie%+e, 0atson >avis, 1@/9K #s in musical notes of high and lo% E?E, the vibrational rates (fre uencies) are different, but all E?E notes are essentially the same (harmonically related)! "his is the foundation upon %hich much of my investigation of vibratory phenomena is based! ,t has been agreed that all forms of matter are vibrating at a particular rate of fre uency! #nd, so it is %ith the various forms of energy ---heat and light, magnetism and electricity! "hese are but forms of vibratory motion connected %ith and being generated from the same source, the

universe! (atter vibrates at a particular rate, according to its character, and may be transmitted into other substance by lo%ering or raising its rate of fre uency! ,f the fre uency is raised high enough, the molecules %ill separate and the atoms become free! <aising the fre uency still higher, the atoms resolve themselves into their original components! (atter then becomes a form of energy! -re uencies may be developed %hich %ill balance the force of gravity to a point of neutraliHation! =ne can then go beyond the force of gravitation! Cnderstanding the principles of vibration is truly understanding energy! ,n gamma rays, %e find potentials %hich are e uivalent to as much as 1,000,000 volts, yet their %ave lengths are not the shortest 'no%n! ,n octaves still higher lie rays %hich are 'no%n as cosmic rays! 0ho can dra% a definite line and say ho% much higher other octaves exist than those 'no%s as the cosmic raysR =ur starting point from the discovery of these different %aves %as electrical conductivity of the air, and it has been found that this conductivity is *ust as strong by night as by day! <adiations emitted by the sun can scarcely be the sole cause of this energy! #ll space is saturated %ith vibration, energies, %hich are no doubt electrical in character! "he relation of matte to energy and energy to matter then becomes the potential of the universe --one continuous series of oscillations! #toms maintain an e uilibrium by oscillations, rotations, attractions and repulsions, but this does not interfere %ith a transformation of e uilibrium, %hich, %hen the transformations of e uilibrium are rapid enough, become energy, i!e!, matter is turning into energy and energy into matter! "here can be no generation of electrical current and no 'inetic energy if there is no disturbance of e uilibrium, i!e!, change of potential or change of energy levels! 0hen one thin's of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us moving %ith the speed of bullets and stri'ing us and everything else at this speed, one can form some idea of the agitation ta'ing place here and in the universe! "he oscillations from outer space are emitting electromagnetic %aves of many %avelengths and fre uencies! "he (oray device is so constructed that the fre uency is very much lo%er on the secondary side than on the primary side, and almost complete resonance is established! , am convinced that the energies from the universe are active radiations produced by the evolution of matter into energy and energy into matter!d Jd #t this point >r (oray observed the discoveries of the early agents to be paralleling some of his o%n ideas! "hen he %ent on to uote several past releases of the day (1@:0)K >r #nderson5s cloud chamber at ?alifornia ,nstitute of "echnology in %hich the positron %as discovered has furnished much information about cosmic ray energies! 2e found that some positrons are born of cosmic rays smashing into matter! "he cosmic ray energies deduced from the trac's left in the #nderson cloud chamber range from 100 volts to / billion volts! "he 7emaitre-6allarts theory together %ith >r Bohnson5s asymmetry measurements, give definite values for the energy of half of the cosmic radiation, and sho%s it continuously distributed bet%een 5 billion and 50 billion volts!

"he figure of 100 billion volts is a result of >r 0! &olhorster5s measurement of penetrating radiation in the depths of the )trassfurt salt mines! 2e found that the minimum energy of these rays had a penetration %hich %as greater than ever before demonstrated! >r #xel ?orlin of )%eden5s 7und =bservatory found radiation that still had energy after passing through some%hat greater depths and, therefore, the voltage figures can be made even higher! Energies of 100 billion volts or more are indicated by the great bursts set off by cosmic ray collisions, called the stosse, %hich have been observed particularly in +ermany! "he (oray <E devices have %or'ed e ually %ell in deep mines, under %ater or high in the mountains and in an airplane! ,t is about 100 years since science began to consider light, heat, magnetism, galvanism, and electricity as natural forces! ,n the early part of the 1@th century school boo's termed these things Eimponderable substancesE! "he corpuscle theory of light %as taught, the sun %as supposed to provide an endless supply of those corpuscles! #fter the corpuscle theory faded, scientists turned to the %ave theory, but even that %as based on a crude concept of movement of the ultimate principles or atoms, of matter! "he electron theory has superceded the earlier ones no%, and %hile the electron theory explains the observed and theoretical EfactsE better than the previous concepts did, could it be that, as the greater light of 'no%ledge leads us on, the electron theory in turn %ill fall short of providing EabsoluteE 'no%ledgeR "he Einstein "heory may stand in need of revision or amendment$ or, in time, it may *oin the theories of corpuscles and %aves on the bac' shelf!

C-apter 8 eaction" D, Mean" O3 Electron E+citation

Jp! 20@K # specific case in %hich the electric field performs the double function of molecular excitation and the creation of intermolecular and atomic ions is being given by the system used by the inventor! ,t is a system utiliHing the principles of the %ire corona %ith a concentric cylinder at different pressures! "he system is modified in conformity to the concept that chemical reactions must ta'e place %hen the oppositely charged molecular ions from an appropriate activated catalyst are accelerated against one another in the %ire corona! ,t consists of a cylinder made of a suitable catalyst from %hich positive ions are emitted! "he reactants (gases) streaming through the chamber parallel to the length of the %ire attain the polarity of the negative molecular ions by the high electric field close to the %ire! #s these negative molecular ions are accelerated at the right angles to the %ire in the direction of the electric field to%ard the positively charged catalyst cylinder, they are met by an avalanche of onrushing atomic ions from the catalyst! # certain amount of reaction ta'es place in that instant, 10-8 seconds! 2o%ever, some of the negative molecular ions outside the mean free path of the positive atomic ions are free to rush headlong to%ard the positive cylindrical field %here they are neutraliHed, and instantly given a positive charge by the avalanche of outrushing positive ions! "hese positive molecular ions are accelerated bac' into the field and collide against the negative molecular ions coming from the direction of the negative electrode corona! "his melee continues until the reaction has come to a

point %here the individual participants are either all gone or the mixture is outside of the electric field. bac'rush oscillations! "he (oray apparatus combined %ith other e uipment, consists of a combination of specially constructed tubes %hich %e %ill refer to as valves, Epressure transmittersE, interceptors and oscillators! "he valves are not rectifiers in the sense that they operate as radio valves in changing #? or 2- to >?! "hey have an actual valve action in stopping the Eflo%E of energy %hich may be thought of as oscillatory action similar to the %aves of the sea, %ithout rectification, from returning to the outer circuit, much as a retaining %all could stop the %aves of the sea from returning! "he other modalities and EtubesE of the device are e ually uni ue in their performance! #lthough no ne% la%s of energy are being advanced or claimed as having been discovered, the application in the method of utiliHation of the energy throughout space is uni ue in that EgenerationE is accomplished by oscillatory utiliHation rather than by the conventional prime mover! "hese detector tubes have a synchroniHed pull %ith the specially developed oscillators of high faradic capacity and provide a means through %hich oscillating energy may pass to specially constructed valve oscillators %hose relation to the first stage valve is such as to permit oscillations to come in from but not return to the outer circuit %ith an automatic variable relation to the oscillations from the universe, and capable of setting up %ithin their circuits initial oscillations %hich coincide %ith the oscillations of the universe! )pecial provision is provided to stop <E tubes from becoming bloc'ed in their dissipation of the charges created by the oscillations that continually accumulate based on the oscillatory capacity bac'rush effect common to capacitors an herein applied in vacuum tubes! "his action of these devices has the effect of enlarging and prolonging the time of charge and discharge of the capacitors and the capacity energy in the circuit to an appreciable interval in perfect harmony %ith the natural energy %ave through the interceptor5s valves and oscillators in the circuit %hich set up in the circuit electrical pulsations corresponding to the energy %aves captured by the interceptor and again 'ept from returning to the second outer circuit by Emulti-%alledE valves! "he final tubes act as energy pressure transmitters %ith a means to prevent EshuntingE condensation by a special form of EgetterE! "his stops condensation accumulating at the base of the tubes %hich %ould bloc' their ionic action! =ne must EsplitE the energy discharge band into lines of variation (call this %hat you %ill), lines of energy or lines of light beyond the Elight raysE! "he oscillations, therefore, do not become simple oscillations but through the action of the universe set up an energy flo% %hich might be referred to as the assertion of inertia! 0hen inertia sets in, the action %ill continue because of the oscillations of the cosmos, other%ise one %ould have a complete dissipation of energy and no oscillations! "he oscillation %ill vibrate during the same period of time regardless of the potential, but the rate of vibration of the device depends on the EcapacityE of its modalities, i!e!, condensers, etc!!! Jp! 212K 4ut together in pure energy resonance certain energy responding apparatus %hich synchroniHe %ith the resonance of certain vibrations in the universe, and %hat do you haveR Cseable energy from the universe! "his energy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and tides of the sea! "he <E tubes received this energy in surges %hich may last only a fe% microseconds by the pressure and current in those surges are so strong that sufficient

energy is delivered to the e uipment in resonance to be useable in multiples of flashes and in a magnitude %hich competes %ith the light of day! <emember resonance and pressure can do a lot to amplify energy! #lso remember that the vibrations going out from the sources in the universe must also return to their sources! 1othing is lost! "here is only a lo%ering of potential li'e %ater over the %heel! "he <E tubes present no ne% la%s of physics! "hey simply expand the application of 'no%n la%s thereby obtaining results not at first deemed possible! "his is the history of science! <E tubes possess greater ability to obtain EsaturationE and thus charge the accompanying capacitors or condensers at a more steady rate! 0hen a certain voltage is reached, ioniHation occurs in the gases of the discharged tube ad causes the condensers of the valve circuit to discharge into other condensers of the valve circuit to discharge into other condensers of the oscillators and the other modalities of the circuit! 0hen ioniHation in the preceding tubes is no longer possible because of the reduced voltage, the process starts all over again! "he first valve passes vibrations of energy into an oscillatory circuit$ ioniHation sets in, a discharge occurs, and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators! "he process is repeated from the first stage on to the second stage, on to the third and so on, much li'e a buc'et brigade! "hat is %hy , as'ed years ago, E?annot a steady flo% of %ater be obtained from the %aves of the sea or energy from the vibrations of the cosmosRE!!! 0hen a vibration of any 'ind stri'es a boundary bet%een t%o media of different vibratory impedances at an angle of less than @0 degrees, a transformation of the vibratory rate may be changed into another vibratory rate! "he <E device therefore %ill continue to capture energy by resonance, or call it %hat you %ill, as long as the E'eep aliveE vibration of the cosmos continues to oscillate the various stages of the valves and oscillators in the circuit! )imple, is it notR Bust a case of the trapping of energy %hich is every%here present in the primary circuit and causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits through a bloc'ed circuit of no return! =ur experiments have proved that there is an energy %hich exists in the universe %hich, by proper development of e uipment, can be made available for commercial use!!!

C-apter %0 Capt/re o3 Energ, ', e"onance

Jp! 291K )uch an energy transformer or converter has been built! ,t has been operated, at full load continuously %ith no expenditure of fuels of any type, %ithout a mechanical prime mover, 'ept alive by the oscillations of the energies from the cosmos$ an energy converter, or transformer, %hich %ould be capable of converting the high fre uency, high level energy of the cosmic radiation into current of usable fre uency and voltage! Iasically the theory of operation is as follo%s. =scillations are started in the first stage or circuit of the device by exciting it %ith an external energy source! "he circuit is EtunedE until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling to the cosmic %ave fre uencies! "he reinforcing

action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the pea' pulses EspillE over into the next stage through a special detector or valve %hich prevents the return or feedbac' of energy from succeeding circuits! "hese EpulsesE drive this stage, %hich oscillates at a lo%er fre uency and is again reinforced by harmonic coupling %ith the ever present cosmic %aves! "he second stage drives a third stage, and additional stages are coupled until a suitable po%er level at a useable fre uency and voltage is obtained by means of special transformers ()ee schematic dra%ing of <E device)!

J "he hand%riting at the top of the dra%ing states. E(ore than one (oray valve may be used! "hey may be used as rectifiers or oscillators! "he stone of this valve or stones are made of purified germanium mixed %ith various substances as explained else%here! ?are must be used in alloying germanium %ith other substances as too much other matter added increases conductivity and germanium looses its properties as !!! E2ave used E(oray leadE!!! as 'eeping valve at slightly raised temperature!!!E

"he other notes concern conventional electronics (amplifiers, Lc)! "he second page of these notes includes the follo%ing details. E"he (oray 6alve and circuit (sho%n in the dra%ing figures 1, 2, and /) %ere there decribed in more detail! "he valve %as a metal envelope 1/5 to %hich bismuth %as attached at 1/: by fusing!!! J(olybdenum RK sulfide being separated from case 1/5 at point 1/2! 4ortions of +ermanium %ere used at point 1/0 JRK bet%een 1/:, 1/; and 1/8E! "hese elements and compounds are discernable in the other%ise nearly illegible hand%riting. +ermanium, ,ron )ulfide (-e)), (olybdenum )ulfide ((o)), Iismuth, and Cranium! "he reference to E(oray leadE is connected %ith (oray5s <# 6atent 9 )54605&0& (EElectrotherapeutic #pparatusE), %hich states. E"he invention has been described in the foregoing %ith sole reference to its use for therapeutic purposes! ,t should be noted, ho%ever, that inorganic matter may also be treated to advantage pursuant to the method and %ith the apparatus of the invention! ,t has been found that metals, for example lead, have changed physical properties after treatment in accordance %ith the above!!!E K

J "he text that accompanies this dra%ing states. E"he (oray germanium mixture gives certain uni ue results in functioning as a valve and as a booster (amplifier)! (ade in form of rounded stones or pellets compressed under high pressure adn fused! ?ombination contains bismuth, iron sulfide,pure germanium metal, J!!!K, triboluminescent J!!!K fastened to envelope %ith pure tin in place of solder (Iismuth pellet fused to side)! +ermanium mostly J!!!K float bet%een other pellets but ma'ing firm but needlepoint -li'e contact! hvae used silver too, %hich has some of the properties of germanium! +ermanium %or's best %hen impurities are introduced!!!E K

=nce the machine is in operation and delivering po%er, it does not re uire any continuance of the excitation forces necessary to start it! "he oscillations are sustained as long as it remains properly tuned and the external circuit is completed through a suitable load! "he special tubes %hich appear to be the 'ey to the success of this device are ionic cold cathode tubes %hich re uire no external po%er sources!! Jp! 299K "he follo%ing guidelines delineate %hat one must do to duplicate >r (oray5s <adiant Energy >evice. (1) 0hen the primary side of the device is disconnected, a spar' e uivalent to 225,000 volts must be dra%n bet%een the t%o disconnected terminals! (2) Iy disconnecting the antenna and re-connecting immediately, the lights must stay on! ,f the lights are allo%ed to die, ho%ever, re-connecting the antenna %ill not reestablish the connection and the unit becomes completely electrically dead! (/) "he energy produced must be high fre uency! (9) "he device must be operable at a distance of more than 50 miles from po%er lines or radio stations! (5) "he light of a 100 %att lamp must be %hiter and brighter than the ordinary 100 %att lamp %ithout burning out after 15; hours of operation!

(:) 0hen a heavy load is connected to the device %hile in operation, after already draining as much as 9 'ilo%atts, the present load must not decrease nor the lights flic'er! (;) # duplicate shunt test, li'e that made by 7ovesy, %ith number 50 %ire must be successful! (8) )mall number /0 %ire should be used for all circuits! (@) #t least 10,000 %atts and up to 50,000 %atts of po%er must be produced in a box not %eighing more than :0 pounds! (10) #s the ground %ire is driven deeper, the amount of po%er must increase! (11) 1one of the components of the device must heat! (12) 1o moving parts may be included! (1/) "he device must be absolutely silent! (19) Iy tuning the circuit by the use of variable capacitors, the lights must come on! (15) # resistive load of :00 %atts must be brought to full heat in less than 2-132 minutes! (1:) #fter 158 hours of operation, the unit must still be running and no parts of the device be heated! (1;) "he test performed by >r &nudson must be duplicated! (18) )mell of Hone should be present during the operation! (1@) 1o heated cathodes or bias po%er supply must appear! (20) #ll of the above must be present at the same time! "he fact remains that 2enry (oray demonstrated under the above conditions on numerous occasions, up to 50,000 %atts of po%er! "he device al%ays sat on a table %here it %as easily examined by anyone coming into the room, so that it could be seen that the only %ires entering the device %ere the antenna and the ground!!!

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,n %riting this very short account of the oscillating theory of the (oray E<adiant EnergyE discoveries, one can only touch the high spots as many large boo's %ould have to be %ritten to even in a small %ay cover the sub*ect! #ll %ho may read this may not understand me, as , may fail to explain myself as fully as , might desire! "here have been truly great men %ho %ere unable to express themselves so that men of their time understood their inner meaning! -ran'lin, -araday, ?avendish and others gave to the %orld, their ideas in a form unintelligible to many learned ones of their day, yet their theories have since become 'no%n facts! ,t is hard to rid ourselves of inherited ideas %hich so completely, although perhaps unconsciously control our line of thought! #nother difficulty %hich has hindered man in forming a true picture of the ob*ective %orld is that mixed blessing i egotism! ,n early centuries he could not escape from the false assumption of his o%n preeminent importance, and these same shac'les are still pre*udicing the observations of most persons! ,n reference to electrons, protons, and ions. ,t is my theory in using these terms that they are portions of ether, that by some un'no%n means have become dissociated here and there and become electrically charged, and these innumerable infinitesimal particles of electrified ether constitute (by the forces they exert and the disturbances they originate) the substratum of %hat our senses term as matter! (atter is susceptible to motion! Ether is susceptible to stress! #ll energy appertains either to matter or ether, and continually passes from one to the other, thus producing 'inetic energy! "here at its very foundation matter consists of electrical charges %hich governs the very motion of celestial bodies! "here are ample %ritings ac'no%ledging that there is unlimited energy in the Cniverse but to say one is able to tap this supply is another matter! ,f , tell you there is %ater, good cold %ater, in a glass on your table, but you cannot drin' it for a million years, %hat %ould you thin'R Gou 'no% ho% to get the %ater out of a glass! 0ell, it is as easy to tap this energy no% out in space as it %ill be a million years from no%! ,f it can be done then, it can be done no%! #n electric generator pumps it out of the great store house! 0hy not syphon itR -or me to go into a technical account of ho% to syphon, %ould mean the %riting of volumes! "he %hole thing might be said in the fe% %ords of 1i'ola "esla. E"hroughout space there is energy! ,s this energy static or 'ineticR ,f static our hopes are in vain. if 'inetic and this %e 'no% it is for

certain, then it is a mere uestion of time %hen men %ill succeed in attaching their machinery to the very %heel%or' of nature!E "his , have been able to do through the use of certain oscillators that , have made and of %hich doctors of science have said are the most po%erful devices 'no%n to science today! 0ith the use of these oscillators and the oscillating effect of condensers %hich , have sometimes explained in the follo%ing %ay to those %ho are not ac uainted %ith the bac'-rush effect of condensers, and %hich may serve to ma'e my point no%! 0hen an elastic substance is sub*ected to strain and then set free, one of t%o things happens! "he substance may slo%ly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of e uilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations! )omething of the same sort may also occur %hen an electrified condenser is discharged! ,n ordinary language there may be a continous flo% of electricity in one direction until the discharge is completed, or if proper use of the condensers are made an oscillating discharge may occur! "hat is, the first flo% may be succeeded by a bac'rush, as if the first discharge had over run itself and something li'e a recoil set in! "he condensers thus become more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs accompanied by a second bac'-rush, the oscillations going on until the energy is either radiated or used up in the heating of the conductors! #nd if your device %ill oscillate in harmony %ith the oscillations of the Cniverse, or in other %ords, if the device is capable to synchroniHation %ith the vibrations of that energy through space then the oscillations %ill go on forever! 1o one can call such an arrangement perpetual motion any more than one can call the motion of the earth perpetual motion! (y device oscillates because of the oscillations of the Cniverse! -or those %ho do not happen to agree %ith me on the bac'-rush effect of condensers , %ill go into the matter in detail later in this boo'let, although in so doing %ill repeat some of the matter given here! , cannot give a technical account of my device %ithout disclosing too much, but it has been pronounced as scientifically, electrically and mechanically sound and correct by noted men of science, and the device %ill do all that has been claimed! , can use it on any home %ith the regular system of %iring! 1o change of %iring being necessary! ,t might not be out of place to no% give a fe% notes ta'en from my diary of the year 1@18, but first , %ill add that in explaining this theory to a %ell 'no%n and noted #merican scientist, he said, EGou go in your theory bac' of the la% of gravitation!E 0e may readily ta'e it for granted that a perpetual light, li'e perpetual motion, is an impossibility! , say that because , do not believe in perpetual light or motion, %hich, in a sense, is one and the same thing as getting something for nothing! ,n this day and age it is not %ell to say anything is impossible, but getting something for nothing goes beyond my conception of thought! 0hat , have done in my %or' has been and perhaps rightfully called Eradical!E 1evertheless, of the great number of learned men %ho have seen and heard of my %or', not one has been able to disprove my claims, theories or discoveries! #mong those in uestion have been some of #merica5s foremost in science, although they have spent hours, even days on my theory and claims! 2ence this further explanation of the (oray theory, on %hich (oray has spent his time from boyhood!

Extracts from the notes follo%, although they may in a %ay repeat %hat has already been given, but are repeated in order not to brea' the line of thought! , fully realiHe that %hatever the difficulties in discovering ne% truths, there are still greater difficulties in getting them recogniHed, for as (ar' "%ain said, Eit ta'es t%enty years to get a ne% idea fixed in the human mind,E and , should be armed %ith scant philosophy if , remained for long surprised at the attac's of some, or the exasperation of a certain number of %orthy people, and at the silence of the greater number of scholars, %ho have heard of my experiments! "he theories herein contained are not ne% in the main, nor are they contrary to ideas that science has accepted today! "hey are, ho%ever, original %ith me in their practical adoption, and %hen 1 first advanced them years ago they %ere E'illed,E as it %ere, by those %ho heard them before they got very far! Ie that as it may, , have ta'en energy from space and found a means of using it! 2eat, light, etc!, are not things in themselves, but sensations or effects produced by this mysterious energy directly or indirectly! Electricity is vibrations of radiation! 0here ether (or if you do not li'e that name EetherE call it %hat you %ill) is uiescent, %e see nothing! 7ight causes vibrations of this EetherE and it is these vibrations %hich cause our eyes to detect! #ll substances are really combinations of one primordial substance, i! e!, electricity, or, in other %ords, electricity is specifically modified ether! Electrons in motion go to constitute an electric current! Ether %aves in motion go to constitute an electric current! 0hat electricity is to matter, so is electric force to common mechanical force, and electrical inertia to common inertia i , mean the ratio of force to acceleration! 4erhaps electric inertia might be defined as the ratio of electric motive force to the acceleration of electric displacement! ?ould it be that ionic charges in a concentrated and an individual form are performing vibratory excursions, propelled by some great generator out there in space, this great generator being the reservoir of colossal energy, sending out vibrations of electrical energy in every directionR "hese vibrations being pic'ed up by another planet or star, or call it %hat you %ill! 0e %ill call it EI,E referring to the great generator as E#!E EIE in turn acting as both a receiver and retransmitter of these rays of energy to another body, star or planet, %hich %e %ill call E?!E "his E?E %e %ill refer to as the distribution point to other %orlds, suns and stars of this Cniverse or group to %hich our %orld belongs, it being this energy generated from E#,E directed to E?E by EIE that gives energy to our sun and ma'es our o%n earth rotate and move in its orbit %ith other bodies of our group! "he suns, in and of themselves, have no po%er or energy, being nothing more than %hat the electrodes are to the arc lamp %ithout the po%er from the generator! "hese %aves of energy coming from E#E , have proven have a regular beat note of time, coming and going as the %aves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order of time, coming to the earth from every direction, stronger in the day time than at night, but al%ays coming %ith a regular beat note that might be referred to as the -ather of "ime, the )ire of +ravitation! "his energy has a definite elastic rigidity and density, %hich is sub*ect to displacement and strains! 0hen the strain is removed, this medium %ill spring bac' to its old position and beyond,

surging bac' and forth as the %aves of the sea, and %ill continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up! ,f the internal impedence is too great, there %ill be no oscillations, but it %ill merely slide bac' in a dead beat to its unrestrained state! Iy cutting do%n the resistance to the minimum and by synchronous actions of a device %ith the actions of the +reat +enerator of the Cniverse, recovery %ill be uic'er and uic'er until inertia %ill assert itself and lengthen out the time of final recovery by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillation and thus prolonging the vibrations by oscillation! 0hen the recovery is distinctly oscillatory and harmonics set in the oscillations %ill go on forever because of the potential obtained from the +reat +enerator! #s , said, these electric oscillations are not simple oscillations, but surgings %ith a definite beat note, the surgings being of a very high fre uency, and if %e 'ne% of a speed greater than that of light, , %ould say their speed exceeds that of light (based on 18:,000 miles per second)! 1o%, one %ill as', ho% can you get a steady light from such surgings having so great an amount of energy at such a terrific potentialR ?ould not a steady flo% of %ater be obtained from the surgings of the seaR Electricity in its primitive form or natural state is deprived of all affinity! 0e spea' of generating electricity. "o be exact, %e only transfer it from one place to another (pump it, if you please)! 0e cannot generate it because %e can neither create nor destroy it! #fter %e have used it to light our homes or do other %or', it is li'e %ater over the %heel i no less %ater, only the lo%ering of potential! "he electricity has only sun' bac' from %hence it came, ready and %aiting for nature or man to raise its potential, %hen it again is ready to do man5s bidding, or in other %ords in the evolution of energy it gradually sin's bac' into the ether from %hich it came as it is naturally very slo%ly but steadily being liberated from the ether! (an may by proper means ma'e the process of liberation rapid rather than the natural slo% %ay of nature! , fully realiHe elements maintain an e uilibrium by rotations, attractions and repulsions but this does not interfere %ith a transformation of e uilibrium, %hich %hen the transformations of e uilibrium are rapid enough become heat, light and electricity! "here can be no production of current electricity %ithout an interruption of e uilibrium! 0hatever the uantity of electricity it %ill produce no energy if there is no disturbance of e uilibrium, that is to say change of potential or electrical level! 0hen one thin's of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us are moving %ith the speed of bullets and stri'ing us and every thing %ith this speed one can form some idea of the agitation ta'ing place in the ether! "he oscillations of the Cniverse are a part of this acitation! "hese oscillations of these electrons, protons, etc!, out there in space are emitting electro magnetic %aves of many %ave lengths and fre uencies! #ll , have been able to use have been in their unchanged state of very short %ave length, and of a very high fre uency! ,n the (oray device %e have one fre uency on the high voltage or primary side, and for commercial purposes the device is so constructed that the fre uency is very much lo%er on the secondary side!

, %ill no% go on the account promised above on the bac'-rush effect of condensers and electromagnetic radiation! Iut first let me state that all radiant energy is no% believed to possess mass or something e uivalent to it! (ass and radiant energy are even considered to be interchangeable! #nd in my attempts to measure the %ave length of the current obtained the diffraction gratings %hich are used to determine %ave length of other radiations %ere of no use! "his boo'let is getting too long so , must close %ith the account promised above! Electromagnetic a0iation Ether demanded by Electric 4henomena i an Electric ?harge a ?harge of Energy and an Electric ?urrent a -lo% of Energy. "o account for the propagagtion of heat and light i that is, of radiant energy i %e have postulated the existance of a medium filling all space! Iut the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the only evidence %e have in favor of the existence of an ether! Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena (and gravitation itself) point in the same direction! ,t is a matter of common observation that attractions and repulsions ta'e place bet%een electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents! 7arge masses may be set in motion in this manner and ac uire 'inetic energy! ,f an electric current be started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all neighboring conductors$ yet there is no visible connection bet%een the circuit and the conductors! "o originate a current in any conductor re uires the expenditure of energy! 2o% then is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductorsR ,f %e believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy i that is, if %e believe that %hen it disappears at one place and reappears at another, it must have passed through the intervening space, and therefore have existed there someho% in the meantime i %e are forced to postulate a vehicle for its conveyance from place to place, and the vehicle is the ether! 0hen a body is electrified, %hat %e must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent$ %or' has been done, and the result is the electrified state of the body! "he process of electrifying a conductor is therefore the storing of energy in some %ay in, or around, the conductor in some medium (the ether)! "he %or' is spent in altering the state of the medium, and %hen the body is discharged the ether returns to its original state, and the store of energy is envolved! )imilarly a supply of energy is re uired to maintain an electric current, and the phenomena arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the ether around the circuit! -ormerly an electrified body %as supposed to have something called electricity residing upon it %hich caused the electrical phenomena, and an electric current %as regarded as a flo% of electricity travelling along the %ire, %hile the energy %hich appeared at any part of the circuit (if considered at all) %as supposed to have been conveyed along the %ire by the current! "he existance of induction, ho%ever, and electromagnetic actions bet%een bodies situated at a distance from each other, lead us to loo' upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of the phenomena! ,t is, in fact, the storehouse of the energy!

Cpon this basis (ax%ell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of the field in terms of the electric and magnetic forces! "he ether around an electrified body is charged %ith energy, and the electrical phenomena are manifestations of this energy, and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the conductor! 0hen %e spea' of the charge of an electrified conductor %e refer to the charge of energy in the ether around it, and %hen %e tal' of the electric flo% or current in a circuit %e refer to the only flo% %e 'no% of, viH!, the flo% of energy through the electric field into the %ire! 4olarisation of the Ether i Electric 0aves. "he %or' spent in producing the electricification of a conductor is spent on the ether and stored there, probably as energy of motion! "o denote this %e shall say that the ether around the conductor is polarised, this %ord being employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have been altered in some manner by the %or' done on it i that is, by the energy stored in it! ,n the case of a conductor possessing %hat is termed a positive charge, the ether around it is polarised in a certain manner and to a certain extent depending on the intensity of the charge! ,f the charge be negative the polarisation is in the opposite sense, the t%o being related, perhaps, li'e right-handed and left-handed t%ists or rotations! 1o% consider the case of a body charged alternately, positively and negatively, in rapid succession! "he positive charge means a positive polarisation of the ether, %hich begins at the conductor and travels out through space! 0hen the body is discharged the ether is once more set free and resumes its former condition! "he negative charge no% entails a modification of the ether or polarisation in the opposite sense! "he result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the ether at any point becomes polarised alternately in opposite directions %hile %aves of opposite polarisations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from 5the source or agent supplying the electrification! 2ere, then, %e have a periodic disturbance of some 'ind occurring at each point, accompanied by %aves of energy travelling out%ards from the conductor! "he phenomena of interference lead to the conclusion that light is the result of a periodic disturbance, or vibration, of the ether, but as to the nature of the vibiration i that is, as to the exact nature of the periodic change i or %hat it is that changes, %e possess no 'no%ledge! -rom the foregoing %e see that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state, or vibrations of the ether, and if the charge be varied periodically and %ith sufficient rapidity, %e have a vibration at each point analogous to, and perhaps indentical %ith, that %hich occurs in the propagation of light! "his, then, is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vibration! ,n the older or elastic-solid theory, the light vibrations %ere supposed to be actual oscillation of the elements of molecules of the ether about their positions of rest, such as ta'es place %hen %aves of transverse disturbance are propagated through an elastic solid! )uch a limitation is, ho%ever, un%arranted! #ll %e 'no% is that the change, disturbance, vibration, polariHation, or %hatever %e %ish to term it, is periodic and transverse to the direction of propagation! "he electromagnetic theiry teaches us nothing further as to its nature, but rather asserts that %hatever the change may be, it is the same in 'ind as that %hich occurs in the ether %hen the charge of an electrified body is altered or reversed! ,t

reduces light and heat %aves to the same category as %aves of electric polariHation$ the only uality of the latter re uired to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alternation! "hese speculations have received the strongest confirmation by the important experiments of 4rofessor 2ertH! Iefore describing them %e shall consider the mode of discharge of a condenser! "he theoretical investigation %as given by )ir 0illiam "homson (7ord &elvin) as early as 185/ (4hil! (ag! Bune, 185/)! 4"+illati%& /i"+$a &e. 0hen any elastic substance is sub*ect to strain and then set free, one of t%o things may happen! "he substance may slo%ly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of e uilibrium, and cause it to execute a series of oscillations! )omething of the same sort may also occur %hen an electrified condenser such as a 7eyden *ar is discharged! ,n ordinary language there may be a continuous flo% of electricity in one direction till the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur i that is, the first flo% may be succeeded by a bac'-rush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something li'e recoil had set in! "he *ar thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs, accompanied by a second bac'-rush, the oscillation going on till all the energy is either radiated or used up in heating the conductors! 7et O be the charge of the *ar at any instant, ? its capacity, < the resistance of the circuit, and 7 its coefficient of self-induction! "hen if , be the intensity of the current and E the electromotive force, %e have the e uation i , ,n this case , and ! "he solution to this e uation is , %here u end u5 are the roots of the e uation , or ! "herefore

! 0riting

so have

and , %here # and I are constants determined by the initial conditions, viH! that initially %e have O S O0, and , S 0, %hich give , and or , and 2ence at any time %e have ! ,

! ?onse uently the current at any instant is

! 2ence if a be real i that is, if %e have Hero as the time increases! ,f, ho%ever, %e have --- the uantity O %ill gradually diminish to

, then a %ill be imaginary, and %riting

, the above formulas become at once

, and

! ,n this case the current starts from Hero and rises to a maximum$ it then falls to Hero and becomes reversed, after %hich 1t passes through a series of oscillations! "he discharge therefore does not ta'e place in a single flo% from one coating to the other, but a bac'-rush sets in, and a series of currents, or oscillations! occur alternately in opposite directions!

"he current attains its maximum intensity %hen (maximum current) "he Hero value of the current is reached %hen (Hero current) and conse uently the charge at the same time is at its maximum, for %e have ! "hus the charge oscillates bac'%ards and for%ards, attaining positive and negative maxima after the lapse of e ual intervals , the time of a complete oscillation being

,f the resistance be small compared %ith the reciprocal of the capacity %e may use the approximate formula ! J ,f the capacity be expressed in electrostatic measure and the self-induction in electromagnetic,

this expression ta'es the form

%here v is the velocity of light! K , they are therefore

"he successive maximum charges occur %hen , S 0, or

! "he uantities therefore diminish in geometrical progression, and the energy of the charge diminishes correspondingly on each oscillation, being lost by radiation into space, or in heating the circuit, or both! 0hether the discharge is continuous or oscillatory therefore depends on %hether 97 is less or greater than ?<2, and an oscillatory discharge may be obtained either by increasing 7 or sufficiently diminishing ? and <! "hese predictions of analysis have been confirmed, as "homson suggested, by examining the spar', during discharge, by means of a revolving mirror! ,n -eddersen5s experiments the image of the spar' in a revolving mirror %as vie%ed through a telescope! 0hen the resistance of the circuit %as high the spar' %as merely dra%n out in %idth , that is, at right angles to its length$

but %hen the resistance %as sufficiently reduced, so that the oscillating discharge might occur, the band %as reduced to a bro'en image consisting of a series of strips, each strip corresponding to a discharge! -or an account of the researches made in this department see 0iedemann5s Ele'tricitat, vol! iv! pp! 1;;, etc! ,n closing let me say to the scientific men %ho are, should %e say, s'eptical but not antagonistic to the (oray presentation and demonstrations! >o you believe that the demonstrations claimed to have been made by (oray have been madeR ,f you do, %hy are they not enough to convince any manR ?an you point out one %ay that they could have been fa'ed that has not been overcome in the demonstrationsR ,f you do not believe the demonstrations have been made as claimed, go and tal' %ith those %ho have %ritten the letters! "here are too many reliable men %ho %ill tell you that they sa% %hat is claimed and that the thing is as claimed! 1o% if you do accept the letters as genuine, %hat is the uestionR (oray fooled those for %hom he has demonstratedR (an alive, (oray must be some fa'e to fool such electrical engineers and other electrical experts together %ith the one hundred or more intelligent men for %hom this thing has been demonstrated more than one hundred times! Every demonstration has been the same, and unless one is so pre*udiced that he is bound he %on5t believe, ho% are you going to get around %hat has been doneR ,f you %on5t believe, in fair mindedness you ought to be %illing to point out %hy you do not! ,f you say because it is not in harmony %ith science, %hat does that proveR 1othing! 0hat is )cienceR ,s the %orld not every no% and then forced to change its la% on science, as %e 'no% them, to agree %ith proven factsR )aying a thing %on5t %or' %hen it has been %or'ing for many years is a rather strange %ay to ans%er a uestion! "he fact remains these demonstrations have been given! 1o sane man can say they have not! 1o% then if they are not fa'ed then they are %hat is claimed for them! ,f they are fa'e, should not the type of men %ho have made such detailed investigations been able to detect the fa'eR "he accounts of these demonstrations have been stated in such clear, plain language that you %ho have any scientific training can see the demonstration *ust as clearly in your mind5s eye as if you had the machine before you! 2ere are t%o poles, one %ire for an antenna %ith insulators at each end! # ground is driven and one %ire run over from that! "he antenna %ire and the ground %ire are connected to the (oray device! #ll is complete$ every part of the device is tested. no energy is there! "he device is tuned and the antenna and ground in connection become alive %ith a very high fre uency current and the things are done that the letters claim! 0hat are you going to do about itR >o you not thin' that in fairness, unless you can point out one %ay in %hich that energy could have gotten there except as claimed for by (oray, that it is your duty to say, E"he demonstrations as given establish this thing as a fact in spite of all our o%n ideas!E ,f this thing has been done in such a %ay that it is impossible for a man to fa'e, then is it not a factR #nd if no man can point out one %ay that it could be fa'e then %hatR (oray5s ans%er is that as soon as any man can give one point that has not been covered, that leaves any room for doubt, then %ill he be %illing to overcome that point! Iut if you cannot point out any %ea' points, and no one can, then there are none! Every point has been covered is the claim of the inventor! 0hy should he give Eside sho%sE to any one unless they can point some ne% point %hich they can see has not been covered by %hat has been doneR Bust to satisfy each man by letting him see %ith no ob*ective in sight is %orse than %asted effort!

(en of science, if you %ill deal in facts, (oray %ill %elcome your ob*ections, but he can demonstrate until >ooms >ay, he can %rite until the same and tal' theory until %e come to the point one >octor of )cience did %hen he said that one hundred divided by one hundred fifteen e uals three! #ll of that %ill not overcome the fact that these demonstrations have been given! "hey are facts and doubt %ill not overcome facts! ,t ta'es more facts! "he facts re uired are dra%ings and explanations on some possible %ay these demonstrations could be anything but %hat is claimed by the inventor! #nd gentlemen, until this is done you cannot in reason expect (oray to ta'e you seriously as he has loo'ed in vain for a certain fe% to o'ay this! 0hen an instrument is in every section of this %orld of ours, maybe these last >oubting "homases %ill have to give in! Iut, gentlemen, if you have no foundation for your claims that it can5t be done, %hy try to build %ithout a foundationR >oubt is no foundation upon %hich to build against a foundation of facts upon %hich a house of facts is built!

)tars give an idea of %here the antenna and ground has been disconnected in the accounts gives of the demonstrations, and in each case the lights go out and a heavy brush discharge leaps many inchs bet%een the points of disconnection! ,f the connection is again made at once, the light again appears, but if the connection is not made the device becomes electrically dead, and must again be tuned in and the oscillations started before the device %ill operate! )tandard light globes and beating appliances are used! 1o change of house %iring is necessary! )uch demonstrations have been made miles a%ay from all po%er lines, and on antennas erected by those for %hom demonstrations %ere being made!

2989 )outh -ifth East "elephone 2yland 8:8 (oray )cientific 7aboratories >r! "! 2! (oray )#7" 7#&E ?,"G, C"#2 +entlemen. #t the time of this %riting another year of research is about to close on my efforts %ith E<adiant Energy!E >uring the year the capacity of this discovery has been increased over 2000 times %hat it %as a year ago and greatly simplified! >uring the past five years many men of )cience have come from foreign countries and from the east and %est and have been given demonstrations and not one of them has been able to find any fault %ith %hat they have heard or seen! 1ames of these >octors of )cience %ill be furnished upon re uest! "hese men have had the device opened for their inspection and have pronounced the demonstrations %onderful, that the current is high fre uency, the color of the light different, that the device carries over six times as much current %ithout even getting slightly %arm as any other electrical device of li'e construction 'no%n to man today could do %ithout bursting into flame! "hat the tubes used are far more po%erful than anything 'no%n to science today! "he dra%ings, circuits and theory have been pronounced by leading men of science as scientifically, electrically, mechanically sound and correct! , %elcome and invite any man or group of men to meet me and dispute my claims or sho% even any slight inconsistencies in my discoveries or the theory upon %hich they are based! #ll have stood the severest tests o f inspection and being based on facts %ill stand every test that can be devised! "his statement is made %ithout reservations of any 'ind %hatsoever! 6ery truly yours$ ()igned) "! 2! (=<#G!

#a)ian !nerg" 000 ,or >e"on) he /igh #a"s /ies he Secre o9 he Uni$erse 000 The !$olu ion an) Transmu a ion o9 he 2 om
J "hird Edition, 1@95 K ?ompiled for the 7ayman from Excerpts of the 0ritings of ><! "! 2E1<G (=<#G

<E)E#<?2 ,1)","C"E, ,1?! )#7" 7#&E ?,"G, C"#2

"he 0ords E<adiant EnergyE and E>r! (orayE have been synonymous for the past t%enty years! "he reader should bear in mind that most of the ideas as set forth in the follo%ing pages, as also later date, %ere first given to the %orld by >r! (oray from 1@11 to 1@/1, and therefore should be read %ith that thought in mind! ,n the past %e permitted ourselves to be put on the defensive in our attempts to prove our stand! "his %as a mista'e, as "<C"2 should never be put on the defensive! "he system of instruction of the -ar East rather than that of the 0estern 0orld should be used in advancing ne% discoveries of truth! ,n the -ar East the teacher does not stop to prove each theory or fact! "he message is delivered %hether his hearers agree %ith him or not! 2e does not care %hether they all agree %ith him or not, for he feels sure those %ho are ready for the truth he teaches 5rill recogniHe it, and for the others, if they are not prepared to receive the truth$ no amount of argument %ill help matters! "he Eastern teacher 'no%s that much of his teaching is but the planting of seed %hich %ill gro% and be recogniHed only after the lapse of time! 0e do not, mean that anyone should blindly accept everything presented to him, but history, repeating itself, does prove that man'ind goes on from one generation to another blindly closing its mind to ne% lines of thought only because he does not or %ill not! understand or grasp the situation and the la%s involved! Bust as those %ho!should have 'no%n better re*ected the telephone as impossible because, to uote, E,t is impossible to transmit the human voice over a copper %ire!E "hat %as true %hen the telephone %as discovered by Bosia ?oppersmith, it is true today and it %ill al%ays be true! ,t is impossible to transmit the human voice over a copper %ire! Get in spite of that, the telephone does %or'! =ne might even go so far as to state there is no such thing as a human voice, yet man transmits his thoughts to one another by %hat %e commonly refer to as EspeechE and EhearingE in spite of the fact that man5s vocal chords are not transmitters of other than mechanical vibrations and all the so-called sound originates in the s'ull of the hearer and not in the vocal chords of the spea'er! #s %e as'ed the uestion over fifteen years ago, %e repeat that uestion no%. E0hy should man %aste his time and efforts in trying to split the atom %hen nature is doing it all the time for us out in spaceRE 0hy not use the energy offered us in place of %orrying about %hy grass is green in the hope it %ill discover for us a ne% source of energy %hich has been sitting on our doorsteps since the 0orld beganR "he salt of the earth is energy and the evolution of matter and the evolution of forces in the process of the creation of all things! Iy the proper uses of these natural la%s of energy and matter, matter is turned into energy! "hat is something %e all agree can be done, but do %e

understand that man can by the proper use of these same la%s ta'e energy and reverse the process and change energy into matter! ,t is not a uestion of finding ne% elements, but of being able to use energy and matter in %hatever %ave length one finds them and of changing them to any desired %ave length or fre uency by letting nature do our Eatom splittingE for us! ,t is cheaper, faster, more sure, and the potential possibilities far exceed any puny efforts of man! , say puny, for, %hile man may discover ne% means of causing explosions and of creating explosives, he has not and cannot split the atom! ,t is merely a uestion of a change in form, no less matter and no less energy! 0e separate energy only to have it *oin else%here! ,f %e can split the atom actually, %e %ill have split the chain that holds the cycle of the Cniverse together and, li'e one drop of gasoline exploding all the other drops of gasoline near it, so %ill the chain of atoms, go right on splitting every other atom of the Cniverse, and that cannot be done any more than one can compress %ater! ,n the laboratories of the Cniverse %e find the !uranium and radium series changing from uranium to radium, radium into radon and radium #, I, ?, ?, > (radio lead), radium E, -, and finally into lead, and if %e follo% the process, lead into gold and so on! ,n the laboratory %e have changed lead into gold and by reversing the process changed lead into polonium or radium -! ,f this step can be ta'en either %ay, is there any reason %hy further steps cannot be ta'enR "his is not a case of splitting the atom, but merely of addition, multiplication, division and subtraction of the combinations of the atoms, but not the brea'ing into of the chain of the Cniverse! ,t is plain evolution of matter and evolution of forces and there is no need in highly overestimating the accomplishment under false interpretation of the facts! #s fre uency or oscillations is the basis of the existence of all animal, vegetable and mineral matter, one could explode matter from any distance to %hich the proper oscillation could be transmitted! =ur experiments have proven to our complete satisfaction that stores of ammunition on the land, in the air or on the sea can be thus destroyed! =ur experiments have also satisfied us that gravity is a'in to, if not an electrical oscillation so %ell balanced that %e might, for the lac' of a better name, almost call it a E0attless currentE until some force is exerted to oppose its potential and then gravity opposes such force! "his means gravity can be controlled and unlimited advancement made in air navigation, %ith the only concern left being air speed and momentum! "here is much of value to be developed in fields!that have not even been touched and about %hich very little is 'no%n in research in the atomic nucleus! 0e have made some astounding discoveries in artificial radioactivity set up, not by the usual expensive method %ith the cyclotron, but by the (oray method! # ne% %orld is to be entered through ultra sonics, hyper and ultra high fre uency currents created through the use of certain tube discoveries %or'ing in ioniHations as %ell as electronic action! "oo little %or' has been done %ith rays or fre uencies around 10: to 10/ #! C!, no doubt, because the mechanical means used in %or'ing in this field has been attempted %ith practically

the same type of e uipment used in the one-meter field! 0e might as %ell try to carry %ater in a sieve! ,t is my belief that "elevision also %ill never be a complete commercial success until the method of approach is changed to a celestial %ave rather than the present approach! =ne should not enter these experimental fields in the gamma band %ithout the proper protection, for one %ill be ris'ing his life in this %or' %ithout a proper absorber! 0ater, the common means of protection, has proven of little value as an absorber in most of our investigations! 1either has boric acid %ater or hydrogen gas proven too satisfactory as an absorber! ,n )eptember, 1@9/, a letter %as %ritten by us on transmutation of metals to some parties interested in mercury experiments, part of %hich letter follo%s. ,n the reducing of colloids from a non-crystalline state to a crystalline state, the current and rays used must be such as to produce a synchronous action! ,t is %ell 'no%n that colloidal EsolutionsE do not obey the solution la%s. the alterations of the boiling and freeHing points are inappreciable and the osmotic pressures very small! # colloidal solution is, in reality, a disperse system, and in the case of attempting to E'noc' do%nE the suspended metallic colloid one must cause %hat might be called coagulation and precipitation of the metallic colloid found in metallic sulphides, chlorides or salts of a metal in a non-crystalline form to a coagulated and crystailine state! 1o%, %hatever fre uency of current used and %hatever ray or rays used, the fre uency of the current and the %ave length of the ray or rays used should harmoniHe so as to blend or synchroniHe %ith the natural fre uency or %ave length of the substance treated so as to produce the synchronous action that %ill set up a vibration for %hich %e might EcoinE an expression and call this action a Esuper-ultra sonic reactionE bet%een the fre uency of current, the %ave length of the ray, and the vibratory rate of the substance treated to cause the desired metabolic or catalystic reaction %hich %ill result in, , am convinced, a complete change in the mode of mining! "hat the mining of the future %ill not be done in the crude %ays of the past! (an5s %or' %ith animals, vegetables, fruits, flo%ers, and all sorts of animal and vegetable life has sho%n that he can improve on the things that nature produced! (an must first go to nature to learn, but then he must learn to improve over nature5s %ays! , am positively convinced that man can improve nature5s mineral deposits by ma'ing EcolloidsE Egro%,E if one does not ob*ect to such an expression! =r, in other %ords, speed up nature5s action and obtain the same or better results in a fraction of the time ta'en by nature! ,n the catalystic production of metals from Ecolloids,E one must remember that li'e begets li'e, and one cannot obtain copper from the EsaltsE of some other metallic deposit! ,n the catalystic production of metals from colloids one must not confuse this process %ith the evolution of forces and the evolution of matter, the former being the process of Egro%ingE from colloids, the latter the actual phenomena of energy becoming matter and matter, energy! "his still is not a process of splitting the atom, but changing the arrangements of them!

"he real test of science in modern destruction lies not in the explosion of matter by matter or matter by energy$ but energy by energy, EsuperE ultra sonics against the vibrations of matter! GENE AL #TATEMENT ?ompiled in 7os #ngeles, ?alifornia, Banuary, 1@/@, from (oray notes and printed boo'lets %ritten by >r! (oray from 1@1/ to 1@2:! )ee EIeyond the 7ight <aysE and other publications! "his account may lac' continuity! "his account %ill endeavor to give a brief explanation of the (oray <adiant Energy device %hereby it is possible to utiliHe the vast source of energy of the universe %ithout a prime mover through the splitting of the atom by the action of the universe not man-made splitting of the atom! "he (oray device is not perpetual motion, but it utiliHes energy that already exists and transforms it into useful forms! #n electrical generator is in the true sense not a generator, as it creates nothing! Electricity is not made by the generator, it is merely pumped! -rom that standpoint, an electric generator might be referred to as an electric pump and the (oray <adiant Energy as a high-speed oscillating atom turbine! =n page seventeen of the E1ature of the 0orld and of (anE (compiled by the technical staff, ?hicago ,nstitute of "echnology), %e find it states that our planet is receiving energy from the sun continuously at the rate of 1:0,000 horsepo%er per inhabitant of the earth at the present time! "he follo%ing is ta'en from EExperiments %ith #lternate ?urrents of 2igh 4otential and 2igh -re uency,E by 1i'ola "esla, page fifty-eight, %ritten in 1@09. EEre many generations pass our machinery %ill be driven by po%er obtainable at any point in the universe i ,s this energy )tatic or &ineticR ,f )tatic, our hopes are in vain$ if &inetic, and this %e 'no% it is for certain, then it is a mere uestion of time %hen men %ill succeed in attaching their machinery to the very %heel %or' of nature!E "he aurora borealis is considered to be very definitely an electrical phenomenon produced by the passage of electric charges through the rarefied gases of the higher atmosphere! "he conversion of matter to energy in the stars is no% very generally accepted as demonstrated, and reasoning from %hat occurs in radioactive disintegration, during %hich energy %aves are radiated, %e may conclude that energy %aves of very high fre uency are sent out from the stars, one of %hich is our sun! #s in the reception of radio %aves, so in this case the circuit is a tuned arrangement to respond to the particular %ave fre uency EoscillationsE %hich it is desired to intercept! >r! (oray uses a EvalveE to prevent return of the energy to the outer circuit and force it to go through the po%er application circuit!

Experiments have been made at different places many miles a%ay from all po%er lines, one experiment being given at a point more than 50 miles from all po%er lines, and 2: miles from even a farmer5s telephone! "he places for these experiments %ere selected by the members of the parties ma'ing the test and not by the inventor, and the places %ere not prearranged but selected by them as they drove along in their o%n car, not the car of the inventor, loo'ing for a place to ma'e the test! "he device on an endurance test %as operated under standard <! <! seals for a total of 15; hours and 55 minutes, %hen the seals %ere bro'en and the device put under severe strain and tests made for about an hour longer and then shut off! ?lose examination of the device disclosed that all parts %ere in perfect shape and could have been run indefinitely! >uring the entire test the lights burned evenly and brightly %ithout flic'ering and there %as no change in the brilliancy from day to day! "he uantity of current passing through the secondary of the transformer is sufficient to burn up %ire of that siHe if ordinary current %ere used, yet there is no heating of the transformer even though there is no circulation of air through it to cool it, as it is completely enclosed! #ll parts of the machine run absolutely cool, regardless of the length of time operated! ,t ma'es no difference %hether one fifty-%att lamp is used or %hether fifty or more of them are connected to the machine, the draft of current is adapted to the load! "here is not a sound from the machine %hen in operation, there being no moving parts! ,n 1@/1 an experimental demonstration %as made in the presence of a nationally 'no%n physicist, a professor in one of the greatest universities of the country, at %hich time he noted and mentioned the follo%ing. E"hat %hen the oscillators are connected in the circuit, the condensers fill slo%ly, and the longer the current is applied to charge them, the greater the charge they ta'e, up to their maximum for the applied voltage, much as in filling a buc'et by pouring the %ater into it, instead of ta'ing the charge practically instantaneously, as is ordinarily the case %ith condensers!E E"hat the lights on one spot are much hotter than is ever the case %ith any current used at the present time, due to the incandescence of the gas in the globes under the influence of the very high fre uency that the rest of the globe remained cool!E E"hat the siHe of %ire in the transformer could not carry the amperage passing through it %ithout burning up, if ordinary current %ere used, yet the %ires remained absolutely cool no matter ho% long the machine operated!E E"he above points sho% that there is developed something %hich is entirely out of the ordinary, and cannot be accounted for on the basis of induction from existing po%er lines or current from batteries!E

,n later experiments tests %ere made successfully %hile the device %as set up in a moving automobile! Ieginning in!1@25 many men of science have come from foreign countries and from the East and 0est and have %itnessed experimental demonstrations and not one of them has been able to find any fault %ith %hat they have seen or heard! 1ames of these men of science %ill be furnished upon re uest! "hese men have had the device opened for their inspection and have pronounced the experiments %onderful, that the current is high fre uency, the color of the light different, that the device carries many times as much current %ithout even getting slightly %arm than any other electrical device of li'e construction 'no%n to man today could do %ithout bursting into flames! "hat the tubes used are far more po%erful than anything 'no%n to science today! "he dra%ings, circuits and theory have been pronounced by leading men of science as scientifically, electrically, mechanically sound and correct! ,t is generally accepted no% by science, and >r! (oray5s device proves, there is energy coming from some%here, that the earth is surrounded by such a field of energy! "his energy, or as >r! (oray explains it i these oscillations of Energy, are pic'ed up by the device through the oscillators, or neutron bombardment! #s stated, these surgings or oscillations of Energy coming and going as the %aves of the sea are pic'ed up by the (oray >evice because the (oray >evice is tuned to oscillate in harmony %ith the oscillations of the universe! Every oscillation, %hether large or small, is completed during the same interval of time! "he beat note of time, the heart beats of life, the oscillations of the Cniverse all prove the same great fact that oscillations are all governed by the same cycle of time, completed during the same interval of time, and as , stated before, these %aves of energy have a regular beat note of time, coming and going as the %aves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order of time, coming to the earth from every direction %ith a regular beat note that might be referred to as the -ather of "ime, the )ire of +ravitation! "his energy has a definite elastic rigidity and density, %hich is sub*ect to displacement and strains! 0hen the strain is removed, this medium %ill spring bac' to its old position and beyond, surging bac' and forth as the %aves of the sea, and %ill continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up! ,f the internal impedence is too great, there %ill be no oscillations, but it %ill merely slide bac' in a dead beat to its unrestrained state! ?utting do%n the resistance to the minimum and by synchronous actions of the device %ith the actions of the Cniverse, recovery %ill be uic'er and uic'er until inertia %ill assert itself and lengthen out the time of final recovery by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillation and thus prolonging the vibrations by oscillation! 0hen the recovery is distinctly oscillatory and harmonics set in the oscillations %ill go on forever because of the oscillations of the Cniverse! #s , said, these electric oscillations are not simple oscillations, but surgings %ith a definite beat note of the evolution of matter and the evolution of energy! ,t is not claimed that all of >r! (oray5s theories are proven, but it is claimed that the device %or's! "he results are certain and that in the absence of better explanation as given in the 1@/1 edition of EIeyond the 7ight <ays,E >r! (oray5s explanation is as good as any!

,n explaining this theory in 1@2@ to a %ell-'no%n and noted #merican )cientist, he remar'ed, EGou go in your theory bac' of the la% of gravitation!E 0e may readily ta'e it for granted that a perpetual light, li'e perpetual motion, is an impossibility! , say that because , do not believe in perpetual light or motion, %hich, in a sense, is one and the same thing as getting something for nothing! ,n this day and age it is not %ell to say anything is impossible, but getting something for nothing goes beyond my conception of thought! 0hat , have done in <adiant Energy has been and is perhaps rightfully called Eradical!E 1evertheless, of the great number of learned men %ho have seen and heard of my %or', not one has been able to disprove my claims, theories or discoveries! #mong those in uestion have been some of #merica5s foremost in )cience, although they have spent from many hours to days on my theory and claims and test demonstrations! 2ence this further explanation of the (oray theory, on %hich (oray has spent his time from boyhood! "he facts and theories herein contained are not contrary to ideas that science has no% accepted! "hey are, ho%ever, original %ith me in application and %hen , first publicly advanced them in 1@25 they %ere E'illedE as it %ere by those %ho heard them before they got very far! Ie that as it may, , have ta'en E<adiant EnergyE and found a means of using it! 2eat, light, etc!, are not things in themselves, but sensations or effects produced by this E<adiant EnergyE directly or indirectly from matter! Electricity is vibrations or radiation! 0here ether (or if you do not li'e that name, call it %hat you %ill) is uiescent, %e see nothing! 7ight causes vibrations of this EetherE and it is these vibrations %hich cause our eyes to detect! #ll substances are really combinations of one primordial substance, i! e! electricity, or, in other %ords, electricity is specifically modified ether! Electrons in motion go to constitute an electric current! Ether %aves in motion go to constitute an electric current! 0hat electricity is to matter, so is electric force to common mechanical force, and electrical inertia to common inertia! Iy inertia, , mean the ratio of force to acceleration! 4erhaps electric inertia might be defined as the ratio of electric motive force to the acceleration of electric displacement! Ielo% %ill be found some excerpts from some )cientific boo's! E)S3-4N4MBE, by <obert 2! Ia'er, 4h! >! 4rofessor of #stronomy, Cniversity of ,llinois, page /0/. E#nother problem relates to the apparent lavish expenditure of this radiation! =f all the energy that pours forth from the sun, less than one part in 200 million is intercepted by the planets and their satellites! "he remainder spreads through interstellar space %ith little chance, so far as %e can 'no%, of being recovered! "he suggestion that the sun shines only in the direction of material that can intercept it ma'es an appeal from the point of vie% of economy, but appears to have little else to recommend it! ,t %ould seem that nature is s uandering its resources of energy so prodigally that it must end in ban'ruptcy$ but %e doubtless have at present an imperfect account of the situation!E

EF4>N/)354NS 4F 3H0 >N5I0-S0E by (! 7uc'iesh, >!)s! >irector of 7ighting <esearch 7aboratory, +eneral Electric ?ompany, printed in 1@25, page 6. E,n the far-off stellar crucibles %e see the same la%s being obeyed as in our laboratories! #s %e trace do%n to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the extremely minute atom %e find that apparently it does not exist at all as the realistic matter %hich %e have supposed it to be! "here at its very foundation it seems to consist of electric charges %hich probably simulate the motions of celestial bodies d d d! ,t is becoming more and more certain that the apparent complexity of nature is due to our lac' of 'no%ledge! #s the picture unfolds it promises a marvelous simplicity!E #gain uoting from EF4>N/)354NS 4F 3H0 >N5I0-S0,E by >r! 7uc'iesh of +eneral Electric, pages 91-9/. E"he great success of the atomistic principle as it is involved in the 'inetic theory of matter is one of the %onders of the modern scientific age! ,t is to be expected that it has found other applications e ually fascinating and promising! ,t is no% being pressed further into the service of explaining the structure of mattereE E0hen (ax%ell (18;/) propounded the electromagnetic theory of light (radiation), his achievement %as epochal! "he exact manner in %hich the radiant energy traversed space %as not 'no%n, and the exact epochal event %as the founding by 4lanc' (1@00) of the uantum theory! 2ere %e have the atomistic principle applied to energy instead of being confined to the material of the universe as it had been! ,n other %ords, in the uantum theory %e have the atomistic idea applied to physical processes! 0e no% have the atom of matter, the atom (electron) of electricity, and the atom ( uantum) of action (a product of energy and time)! 4lanc' assumed the emission of radiation (from the sun, a lamp filament, etc!) to occur discontinuously! 2e conceived elements of energy of e ual magnitude analogous to the e uality of electrons, or atoms of a given element! <adiation or radiant energy is emitted of various %ave lengths or fre uencies %hich must be ta'en into account in la%s of radiatione 1o% the physicist uses uanta as commonly as he does electrons and atoms and molecules! Iodies are built of molecules, the molecules of atoms, and the atoms of electrons (and protons)! 2ere %e see the atomistic principle applied to EmaterialE (matter) and then to electricity (0hat shall %e call itR)! -inally, a physical process i the radiation emitted by the electrons i is divided into uanta! 0ith such pictures of the universe being constructed %e may cease to be surprised at anything, but our interest and admiration %ill gro%! 0ill %e ever get to the final foundationRE E=ne of the most marvelous relationships that has ever been revealed in the entire science of physics ! is that bet%een light and electricity! &no%ing %hat %e do at the present time in regard to the structure of atoms, this relationship is not uite so surprising! 2o%ever, considering the total absence of 'no%ledge a half century ago, pertaining to the existence! of electrons in atoms of matter, the sudden revelation that light (and radiation in general) %as an electrical phenomena %as very startling and revolutionary! Even today these persons %ho are unfamiliar %ith fundamental physics find it difficult to believe that energy traveling from yonder star to the eyes is electromagnetic in nature! Iut that it is so has been amply proved! "he atom in those distance stellar crucibles having moving electrons %hich are emitting electromagnetic %aves of many

%avelengths or fre uencies! 2ere on Earth %e have many 5receiving stations5 %hich are tuned to certain ranges of %avelengths!E E-)/5)N3 0N0-,BE by Edgar 7ucien 7ar'in, >irector 7o%e =bservatory, Echo (ountain, ?alifornia, printed in 1@0/, on page 1;. E<adiant here means proceeding from a center in straight lines in every direction! Energy is internal and inherent! 4rofessor Iar'er, E4hysics,E page 9, says. 5Energy is defined as a condition of matter in virtue of %hich any definite portion may effect changes in any other definite portion!5 "his %as %ritten in 18@2, and discoveries since confirm it! Energy then, is a state of matter, or, rather, the result of a particular state or condition in %hich matter may be %hen any observed phase of energy appears!E "he )C1 42="= )E<6,?E )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah >r! "! 2! (oray )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah! -eb! 2:, 1@90 >ear )ir. 0e %ish to than' you for the recent business you have given us, and hope %e may have the pleasure of serving you again! -or your information %e %ish to state that in all cases %here natives included any of your lights %e found them to be of greater intensity than ordinary illumination! "hey seem to burn in the negative to such a degree that %e found it necessary to cut special mas's to hold bac' the immediate area of illumination in order to obtain any outline of the globes %hatever! 0e found the average negative re uired about ten times the normal exposure !in the areas %here lights %ere used! "his is especially interesting as in photographing ordinary lights %hen shining directly into the lens of camera the light outline can be plainly seen even, though the negative is dense at point of illumination and in the case of your lights the!only detail possible to obtain had to be brought out through holding bac' dense area as mentioned above! 6ery truly yours, "2E )C1 42="= )E<6,?E Iy >! <! )ilvers! 2ave other letters from expert photographers %hich all sho% the activity of the rays by the %ay they burned into the photographic film! ddd =ne hears a great deal about the %or' being done by the cyclotron or atom-smasher, from the first one constructed by >r! ?! E! 7a%rence at the Cniversity of ?alifornia to the sixteenth 5#merican cyclotron no% under construction at the Cniversity of ,llinois! "he Cniversity of

,llinois already had a small one, the second one built in the %orld$ but this ne% one$ %hich %ill be ready about #pril or (ay of 1@92, and %hich %ill have ta'en many many months to construct, %ill have six huge iron castings %eighing :0 tons! =ne section %ill have t%o miles of copper tubing %ound into a doHen flat coils! 2undreds of thousands of dollars are being spent for apparatus %ith %hich to effect transformations and many of the greatest scientists are giving their entire time to this %or'! #ll this time and money could be saved if %e %ould but realiHe the fact that nature is splitting atoms all the time for us! "hat is the source of energy of the Cniverse being given to us free of charge! "he ?arnegie ,nstitution of 0ashington, >! ?!, has its #tomic 4hysics 7aboratory! #t 2arvard Cniversity mercury has apparently been turned into gold by the cyclotron! "his experiment %as reported in 0ashington to the #merican 4hysical )ociety by >r! )herr and 4rofessor Iainbridge! "he report sho%s, ho%ever, that the amount of gold obtained %as so exceedingly minute that its presence %as sho%n only by an indirect method! -urther, it is in a form of gold that vanishes rapidly! ,t decays li'e radium! 0ith one form detected, after 98 minutes half of a given amount %as gone$ after another 98 minutes half of %hat remained %as gone and so on! =ther!forms lasted but a fe% days! )mall amounts of platinum %ere also formed by transmutation of mercury! # tiny amount of gold %as! mixed %ith about a pound of the bombarded mercury as a bait to dra% the transmuted gold atoms together! =ne can see, therefore, that transmutation of metals is an 5accomplished fact, something %hich t%enty years ago %ould have been called impossible by the same institutions that are spending so much time and money today on this research! )o again it is %ith great satisfaction that the <esearch ,nstitute and its predecessor, the (oray )cientific 7aboratories, sees that the %or' it has been doing and for %hich it %as called all sorts of 'ind (R) names is being follo%ed by others! 0e say follo%ed by others advisedly, because as early as 1@11 the personnel %hich is no% a part of the <esearch ,nstitute, advanced as facts, discoveries of rays of the universe and of natter, %hich today are being substantiated in the greatest institutions of the %orld! #s early as 1@25, by a method far less complicated and expensive, the (oray )cientific 7aboratoies, the fore-runner of the <esearch ,nstitute, changed common lead so that it could be heated to a %hite hot heat before melting! =ther treated lead %hich contained no precious metals before treatment assayed as follo%s. (ay 28, 1@90, from one ounce of lead treated at )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah, and assayed at the IoaH (ine, 1orris, (ontana, assayed /5c in gold! -ive ounces of untreated soil assayed blan' %hile the same amount of treated soil assayed at the rate per ton of X122!50 in gold! Buly 25, 1@90, an assay %as made by the Cnion #ssay =ffice of )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah, from about 50 c!c! of treated artesian %ater (untreated %ater had no precious mineral content) assayed at the rate per ton of X10!50 in gold, X2!:/ silver! )ample serial 1o! 881@/! "est serial 1o! ;20@ made

Buly 2;, 1@91, on another sample treated, assayed ;0c in gold and 9/c in silver! ,t must not be understood that this %as done on a commercial basis but in the laboratory *ust as the results given above that %ere obtained at 2arvard! "he only difference %as that the gold, silver and platinum obtained at the <esearch ,nstitute %as not in such tiny amounts that their presence could only be detected by indirect methods, but that they %ere in great enough uantities that they could be assayed! "hey could be milled and separated from the other metals and could be %eighed! -urthermore, none of these precious metals vanished, but still exist and can be examined by anyone! ,n #merica and abroad, especially in +ermany, scientists have devised the thermal diffusion method %hich has proven to be one of the most efficient methods of separating the different forms of isotopes of the elements! 0ith this method scientists have separated not only the isotopes of chlorine, but those of neon, 'rypton and others, but again this is an expensive process! Iy the methods used in the laboratories of the <esearch ,nstitute very interesting results have been had %ith copper, lead, aluminum and magnesium! # cheap alloy %hich blends %ell %ith other metals has been experimented %ith, the commercial price %ill be much less than magnesium, yet the atomic %eight is about the same after it is fused by special rays and fre uencies of a <adiant Energy device developed in the ,nstitute laboratories! )uccessful experiments %ere also carried on in 1@90 to greatly increase the radioactivity of carnotite, uranium and other radio-active substances! "his method brings results heretofore not obtained by any other method! ddd 2olly%ood, ?alif!, (ay 20, 1@92! >ear (r! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0ith reference to our recent conversations and as a means of clarifying my position, let me repeat some of the statements , have made to you! #t that time and other times , %rote you, among other things, the follo%ing, %hich , %ill again repeat. E,t is recogniHed that in addition to possessing 'inetic! energy, the atom is capable of absorbing energy internally! "his internal energy %ould seem to be associated %ith the configuration of the particles of %hich the atom is composed! 0hile under ordinary conditions an atom is in %hat is 'no%n as the normal state, or the state in %hich %e find matter apparently neither giving off, nor absorbing energy! "he internal energy of the atom can be altered$ for %hile under ordinary conditions an atom is in %hat is 'no%n as the normal state, %hen the internal energy of the atom exceeds that of its noraml state it is said to be excited! Excitations may be caused in several %ays, among %hich is the collision of the atom %ith rapidly moving positive or negative particles, or as in the brea'ing of the lines of force in the modern electromagnetic generator, %hich , prefer to call an electric pump, for the electric generator does not create the electrical energy any more than the %ater pump creates the %ater! &inetic energy is given up, or, in other

%ords, this excitation causes these rapidly moving particles to give up some or all of their 'inetic energy to the atom during the collision! # limiting case of excitation is ioniHation, in %hich energy is absorbed by the atom sufficiently to allo% a loosely bound electron to leave the atom against the electro-static force %hich tends to hold it %ithin the atom! #n atom %hich has given up one or more electrons is said to be ioniHed! ,t is possible that ioniHation, or in other %ords excitation, may ta'e place in successive steps through absorption of uanta energy, or, in other %ords, through the evolution of matter and the evolution of forces, matter is continuously changing into energy and energy continually changing into matter! "he return of an ioniHed atom to a state of lo%er energy is associated %ith electromagnetic radiation! )o also from the process of ioniHation %hich may result from a number of causes, and the one %e are interested in is through cosmic radiation, electric energy becomes associated %ith the oscillation or sonic of the universe! "he higher the fre uency, the greater the ioniHation or excitation! =r, as , have stated before, matter is susceptible to motion$ the universe continually changing into energy and energy into matter! #ll energy appertains either to matter or excitation of energy and continually passes from one to the other, or in other %ords, continually possessing 'inetic energy! "here, at its very foundation, matter consists of an electric charge %hich governs the very motion of the planets and suns! , consider gamma rays or radio activity an electrical action only of a different rate of vibration! ,f one, therefore, sets up a sonic oscillation, a sonic oscillation existing in the realms beyond the light rays, one %ill be in harmony %ith the oscillations of the universe, the energy that is coming to this earth continuously, oscillating bac' and forth in a definite sonic! )ome call it radio activity! <elativity theory suggests that radiation of any large amount of energy is accompanied by a li'e loss of mass! "his loss of mass is given up as the loss of energy! ,f in the formation of an amount of energy %e have an accomplished loss of mass, as has been explained by astro-physicists to account for the radiant energy of the sun and the stars, it is e ually reasonable to believe that energy in returning bac' to the source from %hence it came, is capable of again creating mass, and through this process %e have a lo%ering in the potential %ith no less mass and no less energy! "he energy used to drive any of our great po%er systems has not been absorbed, it merely sin's bac' to the place from %hence it came, as %ater over a %heel! "here is nothing about this that suggests, perpetual motion, but it is merely a case of the evolution of matter and the evolution of forces! "his might be called the economy of the universe, for if it %ere not so, nature could be accused of s uandering her resources of energy so prodigally that nature %ould eventually end up in ban'ruptcy, but doubtless in our present theories, %e have a very imperfect account of the situation! ,f %e reverse our imagination on %hat the telescope has taught us of the stellar universe, %e %ill find that beyond the microscope %e have the particles of %hich everything about us consists, obeying every la% that is found every%here from stellar space to atomic space! 0e find bodies in motion and %hen %e thin' ho% small the proton and electron are, and yet obeying the same la%s of the universe, %e may see the economical uselessness of science trying to crac' the atom, %hen nature, or call it %hat you %ill, is accomplishing the same thing for us in stellar and interstellar spaces! 0hy do something nature is already doing for usR 7et5s use %hat nature offers

as , first suggested in 1@2: and again in 1@/1! ,n the great laboratories of the universe %e are having done for us something that far excells in its performance anything that %e may hope to accomplish in our laboratories! 0hy try to do in our small %ay something %hich nature is already doing for usR -rom this conception %e might see that >emocritus came close to a great scientific truth in his bold statement, %hen he declared that all physical phenomena reduced itself to one single item i motion, or, as %e might repeat, the sonic of the universe! 7et me repeat, do not forget the atom is but a counterpart of the universe itself, and that light and other radiations exert a mechanical pressure upon every ob*ect they stri'e, and that all these radiations are essentially electrical in their character! "here is a brea'ing do%n and a building up of the atom continuously, and it is the evolution of matter and forces %hich is producing, eternally, unlimited po%er! (ay it not yet be sho%n that the dissipated energy %hich results from so much transformation of matter %hich has heretofore been unavailable i or %e should say unused by us %here it has only appeared to be unavailable i should no% become available to us as an unlimited source of po%er through the (oray discoveries of application of these forces R ,n the +amma <ays %e find potentials %hich are e uivalent to as much as 2,000,000 volts, yet their %ave lengths are not the shortest 'no%n to physicists! ,n octaves still higher lie rays %hich are 'no%n as ?osmic <ays! 0ho can dra% a definite line and say ho% much higher other octaves exist than those of 'no%n ?osmic <aysR =ur starting point for the discovery of these different rays %as electrical conductivity of the air! ,t has been discovered that conductivity is *ust as strong by night as by day, so that radiations emitted by the sun can scarcely be the cause of this energy! (ay %e not, then, accept the theory that the sun, in and of itself, has no energy, but is merely a rebroadcaster of the great generator i the sonic of the universe itself R "hat these t%o, then, matter and energy, are possibly one, is the sum total of all that has been found out during the centuries of constant research, to be *udged by that small portion of the universe %hich is visible to man, %ho is only armed %ith his infinitesimal telescopes, or %ith the most po%erful spectroscopes ever made by man! ,t is the belief of the %riter that all space is saturated %ith energies %hich are doubtless electrical in their ultimate energies or very closely allied to electrical action! "he relation of matter to energy and energy to matter then becomes the potential of the universe, one continuous series of oscillations, oscillating to and fro li'e a great pendulum across the universe! =ne might as', E2o% can one get a steady source of energy from such surgesRE ?ould not a steady flo% of %ater be obtained from the surgings of the sea R "he history of every ma*or scientific discovery has proven that argumentation on the merits of a discovery, %hen *udged by private interpretation of the scientific facts in uestion, has proven them all impossible and their discoverer a charlatan! "he above, %ith all of the other data %hich has been furnished you in the past, such as my general statements on "ransmutation of (etals$ Electricity in (edicine$ the 4atent )ituation$ the 4ictures$ and the +eneral )tatement on <adiant Energy$ Electromagnetic <adiation, %ritten in 7os #ngeles in 1@/@, %hich contains some uotations from my pamphlet, EIeyond the 7ight

<ays,E %hich %as %ritten many years ago and printed in 1@/1, should be of sufficient help to you in forming a conception of the facts! ,f you should need additional information, do not hesitate to re uest the same! , %ould li'e to further clarify another point! , have not come to you, nor to anyone, trying to peddle <adiant Energy! Gou came to %e in regard to <adiant Energy, and , have tried to help you to understand my conceptions and the facts surrounding the discoveries , have made! ,f the %orld %ants %hat they have to offer in <adiant Energy, "ransmutation of (etals, Cltra )onics, and Electro-"herapy, and the other 'indred discoveries that , have made, , am more than %illing to help them to do so! ,f not, , can and %ill %or' out every problem by myself! 0ith 'indest regards! (ost sincerely yours, "! 2enry (oray, ddd (ay 20, 1@92! <E)E#<?2 ,1)","C"E, ,1?! )alt 7a'e ?ity, Ctah #pril 1;, 1@92! >ear (r! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Gour 'ind letter of #pril 19, special delivery, came last night! 7etter %riting is such an unsatisfactory method of trying to put one5s ideas over, that , hesitate in trying to express myself by letter, but this may serve to revie% some points in our minds, %hich, ho%ever, from the conversations %e have had, , feel are fully understood by you! #s to an explanation of my theories of %hy the (oray discoveries of <adiant Energy have given the results demonstrated, , have in the past given many complete accounts to men of science and others! "he data you have had from me goes into considerable detail proving the fact that the device does all that is claimed for it! 1aturally no attempt has been made to give, nor %ill such information be given, as to %hy or ho% the results are obtained! , feel that you readily appreciate the fact that from a standpoint of la% and public use patentability and a general safety standpoint, there is a definite disadvantage in disclosures up to the time %hen one has on file in the Cnited )tates and desired -oreign ?ountries all applications %hich it is desired to file! 2o%ever, the important thing is that the machine or device operates and therefore at this time theories of operation are unimportant! -or instance, the explanation of the Ebac'-rushE effect of condensers should be sufficient to satisfy anyone as to the operation of the condensers in acting as reservoirs for the distribution, of energy! "his is e ually true of the statements about the device oscillating in harmony %ith the oscillations of the universe, in face of the evidence of operation %hich is no% in your possession, and the data you turned bac' to me!

"he conversion of matter to energy in the stars is no% very generally accepted as demonstrated, and reasoning from %hat occurs under radio active disintegration, during %hich energy %aves are radiated, %e may conclude that energy %aves of very high fre uency are sent out from the stars, one of %hich is our sun! #s in the reception of radio %aves and radio active %aves, so in this the circuit is tuned and by the right arrangement of our o%n type of special oscillators, fre uencies are reduced so they may be made to respond to the right arrangements of inductances and capacities and of a special EvalveE of our o%n construction, to prevent the return of the po%er to the outer circuit and force it to go through the po%er application circuit! =rdinarily %hen a potential is applied to the terminals of a condenser, a full charge is ac uired almost instantaneously, but %ith the (oray oscillators filling up some%hat as %hen %ater is poured into a buc'et, the longer the energy is applied, the greater the charge ta'en, up to the maximum capacity for the given potential and fre uency! "his %as explained in the data you had, that these oscillations of energy are pic'ed up by the (oray device and, as stated, these surgings or oscillations of energy are coming and going in a regular beat note of time! "his energy has a definite elastic rigidity and density %hich is sub*ect to displacement and strains! 0hen the strain is removed, this energy %ill surge bac' and forth as the %aves of the sea and %ill continue to oscillate as long as the internal impedence is 'ept %ithin certain limitations and by synchronous actions of the device %ith the actions of the universe, recovery %ill be uic'er and uic'er until inertia asserts itself and the action %ill become distinctly oscillatory and harmonics set in! "hen the oscillations of the device %ill continue %ith the oscillations of the universe! #s stated, these oscillations are not simple oscillations, but surgings %ith a definite beat note, elastic rigidity and density! "he leaflets you re uested are being sent you under separate cover! (ost sincerely yours, "! 2enry (oray, ddd OC=",1+ -<=( EIEG=1> "2E 7,+2" <#G)E (-irst 0ritten in 1@28 from 1otes of 1@1/ to 1@18 and -irst 4rinted and 4ublished in 1@/1) ,n %riting this very short account of the oscillating theory of the (oray E<adiant EnergyE discoveries, one can only touch the high spots as many large boo's %ould have to be %ritten to even in a small %ay cover the sub*ect! #nother difficulty %hich has hindered man in forming a true picture of the ob*ective %orld is that mixed blessing i egotism! ,n early centuries he could not escape from the false assumption of his o%n preeminent importance, and these same shac'les are still pre*udicing the observations of most persons! ,n reference to electrons, neutrons, protons, and ions. ,t is my theory in using these terms that they are the energy of the universe, that by some un'no%n means have become disassociated

here and there, and these innumerable infinitesimal particles of electrified particles constitute (by the forces they exert and the disturbances they originate) the substratum of %hat our senses term as matter, and by nature splitting matter the energy of the universe is born! (atter is susceptible to motion! Ether is susceptible to stress! #ll atoms appertain either to matter or energy, and continually pass from one to the other, thus producing 'inetic energy! "here at its very foundation matter consists of electrical charges %hich govern the very motion of celestial bodies e i! e!, radio active radiations of energy and matter! "he evolution of matter and the evolution of forces (energy)! "here are ample %ritings ac'no%ledging that there is unlimited energy in the Cniverse, but to say one is able to tap this supply is another matter! ,f , tell you there is %ater, good cold %ater, in a glass on your table, but you cannot drin' it for a million years, %hat %ould you thin'R Gou 'no% ho% to get the %ater out of a glass! 0ell, it is as easy to tap this energy no% out in space at it %ill be in a million years from no%! ,f it can be done then, it can be done no%! -or me to go into a technical account of ho% to harness this energy, %ould mean the %riting of volumes! "he %hole thing might be said in the fe% %ords of 1i'ola "esla. E"hroughout space there is energy! ,s this energy static or 'ineticR ,f static our hopes are in vain$ if 'inetic and this %e 'no% it is for certain, then it is a mere uestion of time %hen men %ill succeed in attaching their machinery to the very %heel%or' of nature!E "his , have been able to do through the use of certain valves and oscillators that , have made and of %hich doctors of science have said are the most po%erful devices 'no%n to science today! 0hen an elastic substance is sub*ected to strain and then set free, one of t%o things happens! "he substance may slo%ly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of e uilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations! ,n ordinary language there may be a continuous flo% of energy in one direction until the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur! "hat is, the first flo% may be succeeded by a bac'-rush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something li'e a recoil set in! "he device thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs accompanied by a second bac'-rush, the oscillations going on until the energy is either radiated or used up in the heating of the conductors! #nd if your device %ill oscillate in harmony %ith the oscillations of the Cniverse, or in other %ords, if the device is capable of synchroniHation %ith the vibrations of that energy through space, then the oscillations %ill go on forever! 1o one can call such an arrangement perpetual motion any more than one can call the motion of the earth perpetual motion! (y device oscillates because of the oscillations of the Cniverse caused by the disintegration of matter! Extracts from the notes made in 1@18 follo%, although they may in a %ay repeat %hat has already been given, but are repeated in order not to brea' the line of thought! , fully realiHe that %hatever the difficulties in discovering ne% truths, there are still greater difficulties in getting them recogniHed, for as (ar' "%ain said, E,t ta'es t%enty years to get a ne% idea fixed in the human mind,E and , should be armed %ith scant philosophy if , remained

for long surprised at the attac's of some, or the exasperation of a certain number of %orthy people, and at the silence of the greater number of scholars, %ho have heard of my experiments! 2eat, light, etc!, are not things in themselves, but sensations or effects produced by radiant energy directly or indirectly! 0e spea' of generating electricity. "o be exact, %e only transfer it from one place to another, (pump it, if you please)! 0e cannot generate it because %e can neither create nor destroy it!! #fter %e have used it to light our homes or do other %or', it is li'e %ater over the %heel i no less %ater, only the lo%ering of potential! "he electricity has only sun' bac' from %hence it came, ready and %aiting for nature or man to raise its potential, %hen it again is ready to do man5s bidding, or in other %ords in the evolution of energy it sin's bac' from %hence it came as it is naturally very slo%ly but steadily being liberated from the ether! (an may by proper means ma'e the process of liberation rapid rather than the natural slo% %ay of nature! , fully realiHe elements maintain an e uilibrium by rotations, attractions and repulsions, but this does not interfere %ith a transformation of e uilibrium, %hich %hen the transformations of e uilibrium are rapid enough become heat, light and electricity, or matter is turning into energy and energy into matter! "here can be no production of current electricity %ithout an interruption of e uilibrium! 0hatever the uantity of electricity it %ill produce no energy if there is no disturbance of e uilibrium, that is to say change of potential or electrical level! 0hen one thin's of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us moving %ith the speed of bullets and stri'ing us and everything %ith this speed, one can form some idea of the agitation ta'ing place in the Cniverse! "he oscillations of the Cniverse are a part of this agitation, although some of them are from !0: to !0l #ngstrom units and shorter, they may be made to do the bidding of man! "he oscillations of these electrons, protons, etc!, out there in space are emitting electromagnetic %aves of many %ave lengths and fre uencies! ,n the (oray device %e have one fre uency on the high voltage or primary side, and for commercial purposes, the device is so constructed that the fre uency is very much lo%er on the secondary side! , %ill no% go on to the account promised above on the bac'-rush effect of condensers and electromagnetic radiation! Iut first let me state that all radiant energy is no% believed to possess mass or something e uivalent to it! (ass and radiant energy are even considered to be interchangeable! , am convinced it is active radiations produced in nature5s cyclotrons by the evolution of matter into energy and energy into matter! Ether demanded by Electric 4henomena i an Electric ?harge a ?harge of Energy and an Electric ?urrent a -lo% of Energy. "o account for the propagation of heat and light and other radiant energy i %e have postulated the existence of a medium filling all space! Iut the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the! only evidence %e have in favor of

the existence of such a medium! Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena (and gravitation itself) point in the same direction to gamma rays and the splitting of the atom by nature, the evolution of matter and the evolution of forces, or, in other %ords, matter turning into energy and energy into matter! ,t is a matter of common observation that attractions and repulsions ta'e place bet%een electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents! 7arge masses may be set in motion in this manner and ac uire 'inetic energy! ,f an electric current be started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all neighboring conductors$ yet there is no visible connection bet%een the circuit and the conductors! "o originate a current in any conductor re uires the expenditure of energy! 2o% then is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductorsR ,f %e believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy i that is, if %e believe that %hen it disappears at one place and reappears at another, it must have passed through the intervening space, and therefore have existed there someho% in the meantime i %e are forced to postulate a Cniverse filled %ith matter and energy! 0hen a body is electrified, %hat %e must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent$ %or' has been done, and the result is the electrified state of the body! "he process of electrifying a conductor is therefore the storing of energy in some %ay in, or around, the conductor in some medium! "he %or' is spent in altering the state of the medium, and %hen the body is discharged the medium returns to its original state, and the store of energy is involved! )imilarly a supply of energy is re uired to maintain an electric current, and the phenomena arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the circuit! -ormerly an electrified body %as supposed to have something called electricity residing upon it %hich caused the electrical phenomena, and an electric current %as regarded as a flo% of electricity travelling along the %ire, %hile the energy %hich appeared at any part of the circuit (if considered at all) %as supposed to have been conveyed along the %ire by the current! "he existence of induction, ho%ever, and electromagnetic actions bet%een bodies situated at a distance from each other, lead us to loo' upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of the phenomena! ,t is, in fact, the storehouse of the energy! Cpon this basis (ax%ell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of the field in terms of the electric and magnetic forces! "he ether around an electrified body is charged %ith energy, and the electrical phenomena are manifestations of this energy, and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the conductor! 0hen %e spea' of the charge of an electrified conductor %e refer to the charge of energy in the ether around it, and %hen %e tal' of the electric flo% or current in a circuit %e refer to the only flo% %e 'no% of, viH!, the flo% of energy through the electric field into the %ire! 1o% consider the case of a body changed alternately, positively and negatively, in rapid succession! "he positive charge means a positive polarisation of the ether, %hich begins at the conductor and travels out through space! 0hen the body is discharged the ether is once more set free and resumes its former condition! "he negative charge no% entails a modification of the ether or polarisation in the opposite sense! "he result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that

the ether at any point becomes polarised alternately in opposite directions %hile %aves of opposite polarisations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from the source or agent supplying the electrification. 2ere, then, %e have a periodic disturbance of some 'ind occurring at each point, accompanied by %aves of energy travelling out%ards from the conductor! "he phenomena of interference lead to the conclusion that light is the result of a periodic disturbance, or vibration, of the ether, but as to the nature of the vibration i that is, as to the exact nature of the periodic change i or %hat it is that changes, %e possess no 'no%ledge! -rom the foregoing %e see that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state, or vibrations, and if the charge be varied periodically and %ith sufficient rapidity, %e have a vibration at each point analogous to, and perhaps identical %ith, that %hich occurs in propagation of light and of other vibrations higher than the gamma rays and beyond!

A #8O T T EATI#E ON AL68A5 DETA5 GAMMA AM T8E A6M . %946 1 ', D $ T$ 8EN M MO AM )cience ac'no%ledges that bombardment of matter by s%ift moving alpha particles has proven a po%erful method of studying artificial transformation of the nucleii of a number of the ordinary elements! Evidence is also accumulating that by this method %e are able to cause a disintegration of a nucleus of greater mass by capture of the colliding alpha particle! "he above la% applied to therapy and other scientific investigation is not beyond possibility! "hrough the treatment of the cells of the human body artificial transformation or disintegration may ta'e place! "he disintegration of fungi and cells gone %ild in the body is of value in therapy! 1ature can then rebuild %ith ne%, healthy tissue and cells! "hat is %hat is attempted in <adium and \-<ay therapy and %ould be accomplished if it %ere not for the destructive effects of radium and \-ray to living cells! Iy proper screening and applications of proper amounts of the fast moving alpha rays as also gamma rays and treatment by beta rays (%hich are electrical in nature) one can obtain beneficial effects in many cases! 6aluable results can be had in therapy on living cells if there is no destruction of cells or tissue in trying to effect a cure! Iecause the fundamental radioactive process does not originate in the electronic structure of the surface of the atom, but in the center of the atom, deep therapy is possible over a long period of time %ith the (oray ?osray applicators! ,t is an accepted fact that the length of day and night is a very important factor in the gro%th and development of most plants! "he more sensitive plants normally attain their flo%ering and fruiting stages only %hen the length of day falls %ithin certain limits! )ome respond to a long day %hile others respond to a short day! "hat is %hy %e have early and late maturing species depending on the length of day to %hich they are exposed! #nimal cells react also to light rays and to rays beyond the light rays! ,n this fact %e have the basis for light and ray therapy in the

treatment of human tissue and cells, the biological effects from radiations to both animal and vegetable cells! "here are also effects from radiations on mineral matter! <adiations effect pigments, bacteria, fungi and enHymes! <adiations induce chromosonial aberrations in animals! =ne %ill find a real field for therapy advancement in the study of radiation absorptions of tissues and the study of mutations in animal matter! (odern living a%ay from natural radiations, because one is indoors so much of the time a%ay from natural radiations, necessitates artificially supplying various rays! ,n ray therapy, the problem is generally that of treating diseased tissue belo% the s'in! "here are t%o important problems. -irst, ho% to effect relief %ithout in*ury to the s'in, healthy cells and intervening tissue! )econd, ho% to measure correctly the depth dose delivered to the diseased tissue! 0ith the (oray ?osray ray applicator one may disregard the second problem because that problem does not exist %ith these applicators! "he first problem is a uestion of time as the rays from these applicators %ill penetrate through the human body (proven by +eiger (uller ?ounter tests)! "hese applicators5 rays %ill also penetrate 132-inch thic'ness of lead! "he above is given to sho% the penetrating po%er of the rays from, these applicators, and yet they %ill not in*ure healthy tissues because, of 5the internal phantom characteristics built into these applicators as a patented feature, and the nature of the active material used! "he value in therapy of #lpha, Ieta and especially +amma rays in the treatment of epithelial cells and malignancy is too %ell 'no%n to ta'e the time and space here to go into the sub*ect! 2o%ever, their destructive ualities have been their great dra%bac', destroying, the healthy surrounding tissue %hile treatment is being made of the ailing cells and tissue! 1o special shielding protection is necessary %ith the (oray ?osray applicators! "hese applicators may be had in any shape and siHe to best conform to the application to %hich they are to be put! "oo little attention has been paid to the, therapeutic value of beta, rays! ,n most cases great care has been used to filter these out! "he (oray method, by proper application, ma'es use in some cases of these beta rays to the value of the tissue under treatment! ,n all forms of gamma ray therapy doses are expressed in <oentgens or E<E! ,n other %ords, the uantity of gamma radiations received in one hour at a distance of one cm! from a source containing 1 milligram of radium in a 0!5 mm! platinum envelope may be regarded as approximately eight roentgens, or eight E<Es!, )uch procedure, means the application of such therapy re uires the close supervision of an expert! 0ith the (oray ?osray applicators no close supervision is necessary as these applicators are not so severe in their reaction, yet they have deep penetrating properties, as explained, and ray therapy value %ithout the danger to the surrounding tissue! ,t has been the purpose of this leaflet to explain in a non-technical %ay a little of the science of radioactive phenomena so that users and prospective users of (oray ?osray ray applicators (?osray being a trade mar' name) %ill have some idea of the rays these applicators give off! ,n the disintegration of these applicators, alpha, beta and gamma rays are emitted! "he alpha and beta emanaions are really charged particles, since they may be actuated by electric fields! +amma rays, li'e heat, light and \-rays are electromagnetic %aves! #lpha particles are

positively charged helium atoms, but possess much greater. energies than the ordinary positive particles! Ieta particles are the same cathode particles or are electrons, but are much more active, having the highest velocities of any substance 'no%n! "he half life of these ?osray applicators is about 1:00 years, so one can see they %ill be of therapy value through several generations of man'ind in the treatment of epithelial cells and malignancy %here heretofore <adium and \-rays have been the recommended treatment! "hese applicators are the discovery and invention of Bohn Eugene and <ichard <! (oray! -or further information %rite <E)E#<?2 ,1)","C"E! ,1?! )alt 7a'e ?ity 5, Ctah

La2rence NEL#ON Electron Trap

-ttp=>>pe"n$com>)006>%0>%6>9A004)&K a/enKtopK3ive> E+cerpt 3rom=

E(ive o3 t-e Mo"t 6romi"ing Clean Energ, Tec-nologie"E

',

7ennet- M$ a/en
( 4alo #lto, ?#, C)# ) La2rence Nel"onC" EElectron TrapE FFF E7a%rence 1elson visited 1E<7 in 200/ and demonstrated his invention to 1E<7, at a time %hen , %as %ith 1E<7! , %or'ed %ith 7a%rence for one month and successfully replicated his invention under his supervision, documenting more energy output than the input! 7i'e 4#+> (belo%), his Eelectron trapE is a vacuum tube technology that derives its energy from the vacuum continuum of space! E7a%rence told me recently that he has a 1000 %att electric generator running in his laboratory right no%, using only 200 %atts of electricity input! 2e is also close to commercialiHation, but li'e the others, lac's business experience and funding! E2e is a scientist, a degreed physicist, and he 'no%s %hat he is doing! E2e is not see'ing public exposure but is eager to find funding for his pro*ect! 4lease do not promote his %ebsite unless it is done privately for serious interest in funding his company! 2is device can be as big or even bigger than the ?orrea 4#+>, in my opinion!E

<#6 9 6546A596A Met-o0 an0 #,"tem 3or Energ, Conver"ion <"ing a #creene0F(reeFElectron #o/rce La2rence NEL#ON . 6F06F)00) 1 ?lassification. - international. -29B/300$ +21&1300$ 201B/300$ 202111300$ -29B/300$ +21&1300$ 201B/300$ 202111300$ (,4?1-;). 201B2@3@8$ - european. -29B/300$ +21&1300$ +2221302$ 201B/300$ 202111300I #pplication number. C)200108225;@ 20010//0 4riority number(s). C)200108225;@ 20010//0$ C)200002599/04 20001211$ C)1@@@0/58;9: 1@@@0;21$ C)1@@800@/;8@4 1@@80;2/$ C)2001025@@:;4 20010102

A'"tract --- # method and device for providing po%er to a load are disclosed! # beam of free electrons is directed from a free-electron source, such as an electron gun, into an enclosing conductive surface! "he free-electron source includes a cathode, %hich is maintained at a negative voltage %ith respect to the enclosing conductive surface! # region around the freeelectron source is maintained in a vacuum! "he system is configured to s%itch over a time period bet%een t%o configurations! ,n the first configuration, the enclosing conductive surface is isolated from a ground! ,n the second configuration, the enclosing conductive surface is in electrical communication %ith the ground! ?apacitive energy is discharged from the enclosing conductive surface %hen in the second configuration %ith an electrical circuit arrangement and provided to the load!

<#6 Appln$ 9 )00% 0404*4 (ree Electron Con0en"ation !oltage Gain Device La2rence NEL#ON . %%F%AF)00% 1 ?lassification. - international. 201B/300$ 201B/300$ (,4?1-;). 201B21300$ - european. 201B/300

A'"tract --- "he present invention provides a method and apparatus useful for providing a voltage gain as %ell as for generating energy! "he anomalous lac' of repulsion observed bet%een unbound electrons is exploited by the apparatus, %hich comprises an electron gun and a capacitor %hich is charged by free electrons and is discharged by a circuit! "he preferred embodiment additionally comprises a magnetic bottle %hich is activatable!

Ho"ep- NEWMAN G,ro"copic Magnetic 6article Motor

7eel,Net$com FFF

Ne2manC" G,ro"copic T-eor,

"he theoretical basis of Boe 1emans5 <evolutionary Energy (achine challenges many accepted la%s of physics! "he starting point for understanding 1e%man5s ideas is his assertion that the fundamental building bloc' of all matter is the gyroscopic particle, an infinitesimal unit of matter that spins li'e a gyroscope! 1e%man claims that the mechanics of magnetism and electricity, %hich have never been fully explained, can be described in terms of ho% gyroscopic particles react and interact! "he idea that a single type of particle is responsible for the forces at %or' in the universe is an old one, yet some of the latest research in physics involves the investigation of particles!

1e% and smaller particles %ith previously un'no%n properties are being discovered on a regular basis! 1e%man5s theories also depend heavily on the idea that all matter is concentrated energy, %hich can be released if one has a mechanism for unloc'ing it! "hat notion is at the heart of Einstein5s %or' and the e uation E S mcg2, then the argument that he is trying to patent a perpetual motion machine has no merit! "heoretically, 1e%man5s machine could run indefinitely, but --- according to him --- not because it is ?<E#",1+ energy to run itself, but because it is converting matter to energy! ,n radically oversimplified terms, this is %hat happens %hen Boe 1e%man thro%s the s%itch on the <evolutionary Energy (achine. 1) #n electrical current is sent through a long (miles long) coil of copper %ire, magnetiHing it and creating a strong magnetic field! 2) 1e%man describes the mechanics of the magnetic field as Eshells of forceE composed of gyroscopic particles that move in a spiral pattern around the %ire! =riginally ,1 the %ire, the particles expand out%ard and thus create the magnetic field! /) 0hen the particles form a magnetic field, 1e%man says, they are traveling at the speed of light in t%o directions --- in the spiral pattern around the %ire, and in their o%n normal gyroscopic spin! "his gives him the right side of the E S mcg2 e uation$ the particles (mass) multiplied by the speed of light s uared! 9) "he machine operates in pulses$ that is, the electrical current is continually turned on and off! "his causes the magnetic field --- in other %ords, the gyroscopic particles --- to expand and collapse! 5) 0hen the trillions of gyroscopic particles that have been released collapse bac' into the %ire, some of them collide %ith other gyroscopic particles! Iecause of the nature of the gyroscopic spin, the collisions cause the loose particles to bounce off at right angles$ those particles emerge at one end of the %ire as electrical energy!

2 lan a 5ournal0+ons i u ion .&F%*F861

Will Ho"ep- Ne2manC" Energ, Mac-ine evol/tioniJe t-e Worl0?

',

aa0 Ca2t-on
#ta33 Writer 7C?E>#7E, (iss! - ,n the piney %oods south%est of this south%est (ississippi to%n, off the bro'en blac'top and t%o miles do%n a rutted sand and dirt road, through three gates, past the E&eep =utE and EIe%are of the >ogsE signs, smac' in the middle of no%here, sits Boseph 0estley 1e%man, a man %ho says he can change the %orld! ,n this land %here heat devils beat from the ground in %aves, 1e%man says he can bring %ater to the desert places of the %orld, eliminate poverty, and improve the uality of everyone5s life! ,f only 1e%man5s enemies %ill let him! 1e%man does not loo' the part of a savior! 2e sports hair %aved across his head in the style of a Iaptist deacon! ,n the heat 1e%man is calm, cool and certain! 2e carries a gaHe direct as a laser! 2e says, E0hat , have done %ill revolutioniHe the %orld!E 0hat has Boe 1e%man doneR 2e has built the <evolutionary Energy (achine! 2is government, 1e%man5s proclaimed enemy, says his machines are frauds! 1ot so, says 1e%man! ,nstead they are the bootstraps by %hich man'ind can pull itself up! #cross the tidy, tile-floored %or'shop from 1e%man sits a coppersheathed canister the height and diameter of a fire hydrant! #t the far end of the %or'shop, s%addled in miles of copper %ire, is another machine, a @,000pound version the siHe of a five-person hot tub, its circular rim topped %ith a circle of light bulbs! "hese are t%o of 1e%man5s <evolutionary Energy (achines, %hich he 'no%s %ill free the %orld from drudgery and ma'e the -irst, )econd, and "hird 0orld as one! ,t is these machines and others li'e them, using 1e%man5s same revolutionary theory, that 1e%man claims produce more energy than they consume! "hat %ould allo% men to light cities for pennies, po%er cars %ithout pollution or gasoline, drive machines to ma'e salt %ater fresh! Iut it is his o%n government, represented by the 1ational Iureau of )tandards and the C!)! 4atent =ffice, that 1e%man says is his and man'ind5s foe! ,t is his o%n government that 1e%man claims has %aged a seven-year %ar to 'eep his invention from improving the %orld! E#ll , am doing is opening doors,E 1e%man says! "he government, through its un%illingness to grant him a patent, says 1e%man5s machine, %hich he has invested about X;00,000 in developing and defending, does not do %hat he claims! E"he 1I) results sho% that the device behaves in a manner %hich is entirely consistent %ith the %ell-established la%s of physics,E says the report, released Bune 2:! "he E%ell-establishedE la%s of physics say a machine cannot put out more energy than it consumes! Government report Xa moc4er, o3 T/"ticeC FFF

1e%man says he 'ne% %hat the 1I) report %ould sho%! #s a matter of fact, so certain %as 1e%man that he issued a press release before the report became public saying it %as a Emoc'ery of *ustice!E "he inventor says he is certain his machine %or's, can demonstrate that it %or's, and is %illing to defend his machine in public debate against anyone from the 1I) or the C!)! 4atent =ffice or any university or anyone %ho claims to 'no% %hat he is tal'ing about! 1e%man has ta'en his <evolutionary Energy (achine on the road, demonstrating it in the 7ouisiana )uperdome and in #tlanta! ,n each place he challenged an expert on physics to debate his theories in public! 1obody sho%ed up! 1e%man, %ho %as raised in (obile, dropped out of high school and left home at 15, %ent in the armed services, roughnec'ed in the oil fields, got a degree in accounting and economics, and decided - in his early 20s, after casting around through several *obs - that he %anted to be an inventor! =ver the course of the next t%o decades he registered patents for several inventions --- a machine to pic' oranges, plastic barbells, a ne% type of 'nife --- and pursued his self-taught odyssey into electromagnetics! Etched in the concrete of 1e%man5s %or'shop %al'%ay is EOuestion A "hin'ing S "ruth!E 1e%man says that because he is not burdened by conventional teachings, his mind is free to challenge uestions %ithout the constraints conventional physicists place on themselves! 1e%man already has %on over a number of physicists, electrical engineers and chemists %ho have seen his <evolutionary Energy (achine and heard his explanation! >r! <oger 2astings, a physicist %ith )perry-Cnivac ?orp!, has conducted hundreds of tests on 1e%man5s machine! 2is opinionR E"he future of the human race may be drastically uplifted by the large-scale commercial development of this invention,E he says! #nd 1icholaos "soupas, a physicist %ho %or's at Iroo'haven 7aboratory in 1e% Gor' and once taught at Gale Cniversity, said, E, 'no% for a fact that many scientists consider his invention unorthodox and unacceptable, possibly because his theories do not fully comport %ith today5s university teachings! 2o%ever, (r! 1e%man has demonstrated that his invention %or's the %ay it claims! "he 4atent =ffice should not have denied him a patent!E Iut the 4atent =ffice did! 1e%man applied for a patent for his machine (arch 22, 1@;@! ,n Banuary 1@82 the 4atent =ffice denied him the patent, claiming his invention Esmac'ed of perpetual motion!E 1e%man appealed the ruling and in 1@8/ filed suit against the 4atent =ffice! -ederal >istrict Budge "homas Bac'son, %ho %as hearing the case, appointed a special master to evaluate 1e%man5s machine! "he special master, 0illiam )chuyler Br!, a former commissioner

of the C!)! 4atent =ffice, concluded that the machine did %hat 1e%man claimed and recommended that a patent be granted! Bac'son, in an action that many people familiar %ith similar patent cases claim %as almost unheard of, refused to accept the recommendation of )chuyler and sent the issue bac' to the 4atent =ffice for more study! ,n =ctober 1@85, Bac'son ordered 1e%man to turn his machine over to the 1I) for testing! Bac'son5s order also prevented 1e%man or any of his representatives from attending the tests! Iut %hen the /0-day period passed and the machine had not been tested, 1e%man5s attorney, Bohn -lannery, attempted to retrieve the machine! Bac'son ordered it impounded! #fter finally testing it, the 4atent =ffice on Bune 2: issued a report claiming that the machine does not do %hat 1e%man says it %ill! E"he Iureau of )tandards is coming into this tainted,E 1e%man says, noting that he still has not recovered the machine the 1I) has had since 1@85! E, have spent 21 years %or'ing on this machine and seven trying to get it patented! , am devoted to this!E 0hy give a%ay a billion-dollar theoryR )o devoted is he that he has %ritten a boo' outlining the secret of his machine! "he red-covered, hard-bound boo' is titled in gold. EBoseph 1e%man5s <evolutionary Energy (achine!E ,nside, the pages are pac'ed %ith diagrams, e uations, theories and philosophies on the po%er of electromagnetics! E#nyone %ith any 'no%ledge of electromagnetic energy can read this boo' and build a machine,E 1e%man says! "hey also can study 1e%man5s theories about ho% the %eather can be controlled by directing electromagnetic energy and ho% 1e%man believes the present educational system trains originality out of children! 0hy %ould someone develop a theory that he claims %ill change the %orld, a theory %orth billions of dollars, and then give it a%ay in a boo'R EIecause the technical process is 10,000 times more important than the machine itself,E 1e%man says! 2e points to his head! E,f , 'eep the 'no%ledge up here, %hat %ill happen to it if something happens to meR ,f you understand the technical process, then you don5t *ust copy %hat , have done, you can apply it in many different %ays!E 1e%man5s machine, if it %or's, truly could change the face of the %orld! Energy %ould be dirt cheap and non-centraliHed! (ultinational oil cartels %ould be restructured or collapse! Ctility companies that have invested billions in nuclear energy %ould see the plants as costly millstones, dragging them into ban'ruptcy! +reat stoc'piles of coal, as %ell as the companies that mine it, %ould lie almost useless! )o it is little %onder that 1e%man, %ho says he has gotten mysterious, anonymous threatening

telephone calls lately, thin's there is a tremendous conspiracy, %orld%ide in scope, to prevent his invention from coming into %idespread usage! E(y machine is a threat in terms of changing the financial structure and the po%er structure of the %orld,E he says calmly! E, believe this conspiracy goes all the %ay to the president!E 1e%man has %ritten every president since 7yndon Bohnson stating that this ne% energy technology %as on the horiHon! (ost of his letters %ent unans%ered, presumably ignored! 2o%ever, in 1@8/ 1e%man sent <eagan a pac'age of material about his machine! ,n a letter he as'ed the administration5s help Efor the people of the %orld!E ,ncluded in the pac'age %as a videotape of the machine that had aired on a 1e% =rleans television ne%s sho%! 1e%man got the pac'age bac' %ith a form letter indicating that it had not been opened! Iut %hen he opened the pac'age to file the material, 1e%man found something he had not included! E"here %as a video revie% sheet from an office in the 0hite 2ouse,E 1e%man says, sho%ing the sheet! E,t indicated that not only had the pac'age been loo'ed at, but it had been loo'ed at rather closely!E "he revie% sheet states, among other things. E)ome scientists believe this invention could change the %orld!E E0hen , called to find out %hat the revie% sheet %as all about, the fello% at the 0hite 2ouse %as furious that , had seen it,E 1e%man says! E"hey %anted to 'no% ho% , had gotten hold of a copy of that sheet!E # 0hite 2ouse spo'esman said hundreds of videos are received by the 0hite 2ouse annually and that many of them are revie%ed by volunteers! E0hat is on the revie% sheet is not the opinion of anyone on the 0hite 2ouse staff,E the spo'esman said! E,t is merely a revie% of %hatever is on the tape!E X6eople are traine0 not to accept c-angeC FFF Iut 1e%man is sure that a conspiracy exists! 2e leans bac' in a chair in his %or'shop and ruminates! E,t5s strange that they are capping all these oil %ells no%,E he says! E"he reasons they are giving, the dropping prices and such, are the same ones you5ve heard for three, four years! , don5t see one factual piece of evidence for this to be happening! E,5ll bet in the last t%o years, if you could find out %ho5s buying the copper mines, %ho5s buying material for magnets! ! ! ,5d bet you anything that %hen the %ash is out, the oil companies have bought them!E

1e%man says his machine is not a perpetual motion machine and that it does not create energy, t%o claims that have hurt its image! ,nstead, it is a ne% %ay of tapping the electromagnetic energy field that is already there! 6ery simply put, the machine %or's li'e this. 4o%er is used to rotate t%o magnets %rapped in copper %ire! "he rotating magnets and the atoms that align %ithin the copper %ire create an electromagnetic field that can be tapped! "he revolutionary aspect of the machine is that the amount of energy needed to align the atoms and rotate the magnets creating the energy field is less than the energy created! )o there is a net gain in po%er created! "heoretically, %ith 1e%man5s technology you could produce an unlimited, self-perpetuating source of pollution-free energy! E, expect to have one of these machines running a car %ithin six months,E 1e%man says matterof-factly! "he fight for a patent for the <evolutionary Energy (achine has become more than a fight to get an invention patented! 1e%man says the battle %ith the government has given him a ne% insight into the %ay people are taught to thin' in this country! "he battle has defined for 1e%man a philosophy! E4eople have been trained, are being trained, not to accept change,E he says! E(y po%ers of reason are greater than many people5s because my feet are not bound by traditional thought! 1e%man sits bac' and loo's out the %indo% of his %or'shop, past his <evolutionary Energy (achine, out into the pine trees! E"o be a good scientist, you have to be a humble person! Gou have to believe that you don5t 'no% everything,E he says!

U <n4no2n Title > 6/'lication V

',

Warren E$ Lear,
#4 )cience 0riter

0#)2,1+"=1 (#4) -- +overnment engineers say a bac'%oods inventor5s amaHing energy machine has a number of uni ue features but lac's a critical one -- it doesn5t %or'!

"he 1ational Iureau of )tandards said "hursday that more than t%o months of court-ordered testing has failed to prove Boseph 0! 1e%man5s claims that his controversial machine produces more energy than it consumes! E#t all conditions tested, the input po%er exceeded the output po%er,E the government5s standards-setting agency said in a report! E"hat is, the device did not deliver more energy than it used!E 1e%man, %ho terms himself a self-educated, bac'%oods inventor from 7ucedale, (iss!, %ho used common sense to come up %ith his machine, immediately re*ected the test results as biased and meaningless! "he agency by its o%n admission used unconventional instruments and methods to reach its conclusions, said 1e%man, %hose uest for a government patent has attracted national attention! E, do not accept these results at all,E 1e%man said in a telephone intervie%! E, predicted this decision! ,t5s *ust another example of the in*ustice ,5m fighting against!E "he bureau5s report said that because of unusual electrical characteristics of the machine, it had to design a test plan and combination of instruments specifically for 1e%man5s non-standard device! Iut it said it carefully chec'ed the instruments to assure the accuracy of the tests! 1e%man said he %ould not accept results coming from unconventional testing that could not be repeated by others! E,f , built my o%n test e uipment and said that it proves my machine %or'ed, no one %ould give me much credit, no one %ould believe me,E 1e%man said! EIut that5s %hat the Iureau of )tandards has done and they expect people to believe them!E "he inventor has been trying for six years to get the C!)! =ffice of 4atents and "rademar's to issue a patent on an energy machine that defies accepted la%s of physics! 4atent examiners say the invention loo's li'e yet another proposal for a perpetual motion machine, one that %ould produce more energy than it uses so that, theoretically, it could run forever! "his has been the goal of inventors for centuries, but conventional science says it is impossible! 1e%man contends his device is not a perpetual motion machine, but a revolutionary energy source that uses the previously un'no%n magnetic properties of copper coils to release more energy than it consumes! C!)! >istrict Budge "homas 4! Bac'son, presiding over 1e%man5s suit against the patent office, ordered a ne% trial date after getting results of the tests he ordered from the bureau!

Bohn 4! -lannery, 1e%man5s la%yer, said Bac'son set >ec! 8 as the date for a non-*ury trial to determine if the inventor %ill be a%arded the patent! -lannery said he as'ed the *udge to permit 1e%man to examine the special e uipment used to test the energy machine, but that Bac'son refused to order it! ,f the 4atent =ffice does not allo% examination of the test devices, -lannery said, he %ould see' another court order to do so! "he Iureau of )tandards said that during the testing, it found that 1e%man5s device Ebehaves in a manner %hich is entirely consistent %ith %ell-established la%s of physics!E # device %ould be called 100 percent energy efficient if it simply transmitted all the energy coming into it bac' to the outside, the report said, and it %ould have to sho% an efficiency of greater than 100 percent to ma'e more po%er than it consumed! "he bureau said the efficiency of 1e%man5s machine ranged bet%een 2; percent and :; percent, depending upon the test being run! 1ever did the energy coming out of the machine exceed the battery po%er going into the device to get it running, the report said!

A De"cription o3 t-e Ne2man Motor

',

oger 8a"ting"5 6-$D$

"his document is intended to provide information regarding the energy device invented by (r! Boseph 1e%man of 7ucedale, (ississippi! , have prepared the material in response to numerous re uests for information! "he number of these re uests has increased dramatically since 1e%man5s public demonstration of his motor at 0ashington, >!?!, in (ay, 1@85! "his paper provides a personal history to date of my involvement %ith 1e%man, presents data %hich %as ta'en at the 0ashington demonstration, provides an analysis of the data, and presents my current thoughts regarding a mathmatical description of 1e%man5s motor! 2,)"=<G , first met (r! 1e%man in )eptember, 1@81! 1e%man is an inventor, and he had travelled to (innesota to present a toy invention to "on'a "oys ?orp! (y brother, Bohn, %as at the time in charge of ne% products for "on'a, and he intervie%ed 1e%man! Bohn and Boe %ound up discussing their respective theories of matter and energy, and Boe5s motor! #t that time, Boe %as loo'ing for people to verify the operation of his motor for the patent office! 2e invited Bohn to 7ucedale, but Bohn said that his brother (me) had a 4h!>! in physics, and therefore better credentials to offer for the testing of a motor!

(y first reaction to the ne%s of 1e%man5s energy producing motor %as uite negative! , had been a professor for four years, and had encountered several people %ith E%orld savingE energy devices %hich they %anted evaluated by the Cniversity! ,n all cases such devices had proven to be inoperative as net energy producers! 1e%man offered to fly me to 7ucedale to test his motor, and , responded that he %ould be %asting his money and our time because , %ould certainly prove him %rong! 2e insisted, and , complied! "he motor that , sa% on that first visit %as a monument to <ube +oldberg, and to an incredible personal effort at building such a large device! ,t consisted of five thousand pounds of D5 gauge %ire %ound as a solenoid! 0ithin the solenoid, a :00 pound ceramic magnet rotated on uestionable bearings! "he bearings %ere mounted in a %ooden structure! =n the shaft of the rotor %as a mechanical commutator consisting of three home made %heels, and brushes %hose tension %as ad*usted %ith rubber bands! "he commutator received its po%er from a ban' of six volt lantern batteries! #s the huge magnet rotated, the %hole structure crea'ed and groaned! #t that time, 1e%man %as ta'ing energy output from a secondary coil %rapped around the motor primary solenoid! , measured the voltage and current input simultaneously on an oscilloscope! "he output load %as a resistor, and , similarly measured the output voltage and current! (ultiplying voltage and current to find po%er, , determined that the motor %as about @0F efficient! 1e%man claimed that his motor %as not performing up to par on that day, and said that he %ould as' me bac' %hen he had the device tuned up properly! #lthough , had proven that the motor at that time %as not producing a net energy gain, several aspects of 1e%man and his motor %ere fascinating! -irst, the motor %as not designed efficiently! 7arge mechanical losses %ere evident, and a @0F efficiency seemed highly unusual! )econd, the huge magnet %as rotating at some :0 <4( %ith an input po%er of only a fe% %atts! -inally, 1e%man himself, %hile unconventional, seemed highly intelligent, definately a creative thin'er, and intensely dedicated to his scientific %or'! 2e informed me that he had evolved his theory and filed for a patent before he had built a prototype motor! (, %ill discuss his theory later!) , travelled again to 7ucedale and indeed 1e%man had tuned up his motor! -rom that point fore%ard , consistantly measured efficiencies in excess of 100F! #t this point , began an effort to attract scientific interest in 1e%man5s motor, and to aid him in obtaining a patent! , %rote several affidavits and documents describing my measurements and generally supporting 1e%man5s efforts! , have spent countless hours of my spare time over the past four years on this effort, %ithour renumeration! ,t ta'es little immagination to understand the benefit to the human race %hich %ould result from an economical device %hich generates energy %ith no external input! ,n my opinion, 1e%man5s motor has performed %ell enough that the scientific community should be sho%ing great interest! =ver the years, a number of generic uestions have repeatedly been as'ed! ,s there a hidden energy sourceR "he device can be vie%ed from all sides, and there are no external connections! "he motor has been transported across country, and %or's e ually %ell at all locations! "he motor has been duplicated by at least one other person, %ho claims that it %or's! 1e%man %ould not be acting in his o%n self interest to simultaneously invite publicity and commit fraud! ,t is generally 'no%n that 1e%man is sincere and honest!

0hy isn5t the motor running itself %ithout the need for batteriesR 0hile in concept the motor should be capable of running itself %ithout batteries, the technological problems have not been solved %hich %ould allo% such operation! ,n a sense, ho%ever, the motor does run itself! "he motor has sho%n the capacity to charge up the batteries %hich provide voltage to the motor! "ests have been run in %hich up to 15 amp-hours of output have been dra%n from the motor, and in %hich the six volt lantern batteries po%ering the motor have sho%n no evidence of an energy loss (the battery condition %as verified in the labs of <ay-=-6ac Iattery ?o!)! "ests have been run in %hich apparently dead batteries have been connected to the motor! "he motor has charged up these batteries to the point %here they can po%er other devices! "he same batteries can be drained do%n (e!g! through a resistor), then be re-connected to the 1e%man motor and be charged up %hile they run the motor! 0hy isn5t 1e%man5s motor po%ering a home or autoR ,n my opinion such a demonstration %ould convince all s'eptics, and create a great demand for the motor! 1e%man has proceeded in this direction! 2e has built at least four prototype motors to study the effect of varying motor parameters! 2e has steadily improved upon his large prototype, and has succeded in generating up to about 200 %atts of po%er! Iy contrast, an average home re uires one to three thousand %atts on the average, %ith pea' demands of up to 20 thousand %atts! ,n this regard, it %ould be extremely helpful for establishments %ith high tech capabilities to aid Boe in scaling up the motor output! 2is approach has been to reduce the physical siHe of the motor to ma'e it economical, and the output po%er! 2is greatest technical problem has been high voltage s%itching! 0hy does 1e%man 'eep his technical process a secretR "his uestion %as ans%ered at 0ashington in (ay, %hen 1e%man revealed the construction details of his motor to the public! 2e has published a boo' (E"he Energy (achine of Boseph 1e%manE, available from 1e%man 4ublishing, <t! 1, Iox 52, 7ucedale (ississippi /@952), in %hich he describes his theory and his motor! Boe had 'ept the process secret to avoid patent infringement! #lthough his patent is still pending in the C!)!, it has issued in other countries! 4resumably his patent rights %ill be protected in the C!)!, although it should be noted that his motor is being copied by others, so that issuance of his patent in the C!)! is of immediate importance! +arland <obinnett of ?I) ne%s in 1e% =rleans has run a number of reports on 1e%man5s struggle %ith the C!)! 4atent office! , do not fully understand %hy the scientific community in this country has not sho%n more interest in 1e%man5s motor! 2e has had support from about /0 independent scientists and engineers, most of %hom o%n their o%n engineering or consulting firms! 2e has also received some financial support from investors, %ho represent a range of interests, including oil and electrical po%er interests! , 'no% of no one %ho has observed 1e%man5s motor and ta'en measurements %ho has been able to sho% that his claims are invalid! =n the contrary, most observers come in as s'eptics, and leave as believers! =ver the years my colleagues have consistantly provided me %ith arguments uestioning the validity of my measurements! , have responded to these uestions by modifying the measurement proceedures and creating ne% tests! ,n all cases the 1e%man device has passed the tests to my satisfaction! ,n my opinion, 1e%man has at least discovered some interesting and unusual ne% phenomena, and at most has discovered a process %hich %ill end man5s dependence upon limited and polluting energy resources!

Ne2manC" T-eor,
',

oger 8a"ting"5 6-$D$

"ranscribed Iy +eorge 0! >ahlberg 4!E!

, do not intend to recapitulate the theory presented in 1e%man5s boo', but rather to briefly provide my interpretation of his ideas! 1e%man began studying electricity and magnetism in the mid-1@:05s! 2e has a mechanical bac'ground, and %as loo'ing for a mechanical description of electromagnetic fields! "hat is, he assumed that there must be a mechanical interaction bet%een, for example, t%o magnets! 2e could not find such a description in any boo', and decided that he %ould have to provide his o%n explanation! 2e came to the conclusion that if electromagnetic fields consisted of tiny spinning particles moving at the speed of light along the field lines, then he could explain all standard electromagnetic phenomena through the interaction of spinning particles! )ince the spinning particles interact in the same %ay as gyroscopes, he called the particles gyroscopic particles! ,n my opinion, such spinning particles do provide a ualitative description of electromagnetic phenomena, and his model is useful in understanding complex electrical situations (note that %ithout a pictoral model one must rely solely upon mathematical e uations %hich can become extremely complex)! +iven that electromagnetic fields consist of matter in motion, or 'inetic energy, Boe decided that it should be possible to tap this 'inetic energy! 2e li'es to say E2o% long did man sit next to a stream before he invented the paddle %heelRE! Boe built a variety of unusual devices to tap the 'inetic energy in electromagnetic fields before he arrived at his present motor design! 2e li'es to point out that both (ax%ell and -araday, the pioneers of electromagnitism, believed that the fields consisted of matter in motion! "his is stated in no uncertain terms in (ax%ell5s boo' E# >ynamical "heory of the Electromagnetic -ieldE! ,n fact, (ax%ell used a dynamical model to derive his famous e uations! "his fact has all but been lost in current boo's on electromagnetic theory! "he uantity %hich (ax%ell called Eelectromagnetic momentumE is no% refered to as the Evector potentialE! +oing further, Boe realiHed that %hen a magnetic field is created, its gyroscopic particles must come from the atoms of the materials %hich created the field! "hus he decided that all matter must consist of the same gyroscopic particles! -or example, %hen a voltage is applied to a %ire, 1e%man pictures gyroscopic particles (%hich , %ill call gyrotons for short) moving do%n the %ire at the speed of light! "hese gyrotons line up the electrons in the %ire! "he electrons themselves consist of a s%irling mass of gyrotrons, and their matter fields combine %hen lined up to form the magnetic lines of force circulating around the %ire! ,n this process, the %ire has literally lost some of its mass to the magnetic field, and this is accounted for by Einstein5s e uation of energy e uals mass times the s uare of the speed of light! #ccording to Einstein, every conversion of energy involves a corresponding conversion of matter! #ccording to 1e%man, this may be interpreted as an exchange of gyrotrons! -or example, if t%o atoms

combine to give off light, the atoms %ould %eight slightly less after the reaction than before! #ccording to 1e%man, the atoms have combined and given off some of their gyrotrons in the form of light! "hus Einstein5s e uation is interpreted as a matter of counting gyrotrons! "hese particles cannot be created or destroyed in 1e%man5s theory, and they al%ays move at the speed of light! (y interpretation of 1e%man5s original idea for his motor is as follo%s! #s a thought experiment, suppose one made a coil consisting of 18:,000 miles of %ire! #n electrical field %ould re uire one second to travel the length of the %ire, or in 1e%man5s language, it %ould ta'e one second for gyrotons inserted at one end of the %ire to reach the other end! 1o% suppose that the polarity of the applied voltage %as s%itched before the one second has elapsed, and this polarity s%itching %as repeated %ith a period less than one second! +yrotons %ould become trapped in the %ire, as their number increased, so %ould the alignment of electrons and the number of gyrotons in the magnetic field increase! "he intensified magnetic field could be used to do %or' on an external magnet, %hile the input current to the coil %ould be small or nonexistant! 1e%man5s motors contain up to 55 miles of %ire, and the voltage is rapidly s%itched as the magnet rotates! 2e elaborates upon his theory in his boo', and uses it to interpret a variety of physical phenomena! <E?E1" >#"# =1 "2E 1E0(#1 (="=< ,n (ay of 1@85 Boe 1e%man demonstrated his most recent motor prototype in 0ashington, >!?!! "he motor consisted of a large coil %ound as a solenoid, %ith a large magnet rotating %ithin the bore of the solenoid! 4o%er %as supplied by a ban' of six volt lantern batteries! "he battery voltage %as s%itched to the coil through a commutator mounted on the shaft of the rotating magnet! "he commutator s%itched the polarity of the voltage across the coil each half cycle to 'eep a positive tor ue on the rotating magnet! ,n addition, the commutator %as designed to brea' and rema'e the voltage contact about /0 times per cycle! "hus the voltage to the coil %as pulsed! "he speed of the magnet rotation %as ad*usted by covering up portions of the commutator so that pulsed voltage %as applied for a fraction of a cycle! "%o speeds %ere demonstrated. 12 <!4!(! for %hich 12 pulses occured each revolution$ and 120 rpm for %hich all commutator segments %ere firing! "he slo%er speed %as used to provide clear oscilloscope pictures of currents and voltages! "he fast speed %as used to demonstrate the potential po%er of the motor! Energy outputs consisted of incandescent bulbs in series %ith the batteries, flourescent tubes across the coil, and a fan po%ered by a belt attached to the shaft of the rotor! <evelent motor parameters are given belo%. ?oil %eight . @000 lbs! ?oil length . 55 miles of copper %ire ?oil ,nductance. 1,100 2enries measured by observing the current rise time %hen a >!?! voltage %as applied! ?oil resistance. ;;0 =hms ?oil 2eight . about 9 ft! ?oil >iameter . slightly over 9 ft! ,!>!

(agnet %eight . ;00 lbs! (agnet <adius . 2 feet (agnet geometry. cylinder rotating about its perpendicular axis (agnet (oment of ,nertia. 90 'g-s !m! ((!&!)!) computed as one third mass times radius s uared Iattery 6oltage. 5@0 volts under load Iattery "ype . )ix volt <ay-=-6ac lantern batteries connected in series # brief description of the measurements ta'en and distributed at the press conference follo%s! 0hen the motor %as rotating at 12 rpm, the average >!?! input current from the batteries %as about 2 milli-amps, and the average battery input %as then 1!2 %atts! "he bac' current (flo%ing against the direction of battery current) %as about -55 milli-amps, for an average charging po%er of -/2 %atts! "he for%ard and reverse current %ere clearly observable on the oscilloscope! ,t %as noted that %hen the reverse current flo%ed, the battery voltage rose above its ambient value, varifying that the batteries %ere charging! "he magnitude of the charging current %as verified by heating %ater %ith a resistor connected in series %ith the batteries! # net charging po%er %as the primary evidence used to sho% that the motor %as generating energy internally, ho%ever output po%er %as also observed! "he 55 m-amp current flo%ing in the ;;0 ohm coil generates 2!/ %atts of heat, %hich is in excess of the input po%er! ,n addition, the lights %ere blin'ing brightly as the coil %as s%itched! "he bac' current from the coil s%itched from Hero to negative several amps in about 1 millisecond, and then decayed to Hero in about 0!1 second! +iven the coil inductance of 1100 henries, the s%itching voltages %ere several million volts! ?uriously, the bac' current did not s%itch on smoothly, but increased in a staircase! Each step in the staircase corresponded to an extremely fast s%itching of current, %ith each increase in the current larger than the previous increase! "he %idth of the stairs %as about 100 micro-seconds, %hich for reference is about one third of the travel time of light through the 55 mile coil! (echanical losses in the rotor %ere measured as follo%s. "he rotor %as spun up by hand %ith the coil open circuited! #n inductive pic'-up loop %as attached to a chart recorder to measure the rate of decay of the rotor! "he energy stored in the rotor (one half the moment of inertia times the s uare of the angular velocity) %as plotted as a function of time! "he slope of this curve %as measured at various times and gave the po%er loss in the rotor as a function of rotor speed! "he result of these measurements is given in the follo%ing table. <otor )peed 4o%er >issipation 4o%er3()peed ) uared) radian3sec --- %atts --- %atts3(rad3sec)g2 9!0 --- :!/ --- 0!/@ /!; --- 5!8 --- 0!92 /!/ --- 5!0 --- 0!9: /!0 --- /!5 --- 0!/@ 2!1 --- 2!0 --- 0!95 1!; --- 1!2 --- 0!92 1!2 --- 0!; --- 0!9;

"he data is consistant %ith po%er loss proportional to the s uare of the angular speed, as %ould be expected at lo% speeds! 0hen the rotor moves fast enough so that air resistance is important, the losses %ould begin to increase as the cube of the angular speed! Csing po%er S 0!9/ times the s uare of the angular speed %ill give a lo%er bound on mechanical po%er dissipation at all speeds! 0hen the rotor is moving at 12 rpm, or 1!/ rad3sec, the mechanical loss is 0!; %atts! 0hen the rotor %as sped up to 120 rpm by allo%ing the commutator to fire on all segments, the results %ere uite dramatic! "he lights %ere blin'ing rapidly and brightly, and the fan %as turning rapidly! "he bac' current spi'es %ere about ten amps, and still increased in a staircase, %ith the %idth of the stairs still about 100 micro-seconds! #ccurate measurements of the input current %ere not obtained at that time, ho%ever , %ill report measurements communicated to me by (r! 1e%man! #t a rotation rate of 200 rpm (corresponding to mechanical losses of at least 1@0 %atts), the input po%er %as about : %atts! "he bac' current in this test %as about 0!5 amps, corresponding to heating in the coil of 1@0 %atts! #s a final point of interest, note that the O of his coil at 200 rpm is about /0! ,f his battery plus commutator is considered as an #!?! po%er source, then the impedance of the coil at 200 rpm is 2/,000 henries, and the po%er factor is 0!0/! ,n this light, the predicted input po%er at ;00 volts is less than one %attT (#"2E(#",?#7 >E)?<,4",=1 =- 1E0(#15) (="=< )ince , am preparing this document on my home computer, it %ill be convenient to use the Iasic computer language to %rite do%n formulas! "he notation is d for multiply, 3 for divide, g for raising to a po%er, and , %ill use -dot to represent a derivative! 1e%ton5s second la% of motion applied to 1e%man5s rotor yields the follo%ing e uation. (,d"2-dot-dot A +d"2-dot S &d,d),1("2) (1) %here (, S rotor moment of inertia "2 S rotor angular position (radians) + S rotor decay constant & S tor ue coupling constant , S coil current ,n general the constant + may depend upon rotor speed, as %hen air resistance becomes important! "he term on the right hand side of the e uation represents the tor ue delivered to the rotor %hen current flo%s through the coil! # constant friction term %as found through measurement to be small compared to the "2-dot term at reasonable speeds, but can be included in the EconstantE +! "he e uation for the current in the coil is given by. 7d,-dot A <d, S 6("2) - &d("2-dot)d),1("2) (2) %here 7 S coil inductance , S coil current < S coil resistance 6("2) S voltage applied to coil by the commutator %hich is a function of the angle "2 & S rotor induction constant

,n general, the resistance < is a function of voltage, particularly during commutator s%itching %hen the air resistance brea's do%n creating a spar'! 1ote that the constant & is the same in e uations (1) and (2)! "his is re uired by energy conservation as discussed belo%! "o examine energy considerations, multiply E uation (1) by "2-dot, and E uation (2) by ,! 1ote that the last term in each e uation is then identical if the &5s are the same! Eliminating the last term bet%een the t%o e uations yields the instantaneous conservation la%. ,d6S<d,g2 A +d(",-dot)g2 A !5d7d(,g2)-dot S!5d(,d(("2-dot)g2)-dot ,f this e uation is averaged over one cycle of the rotor, then the last t%o terms vanish %hen steady state conditions are reached (i!e! %hen the current and speed repeat their values at angular positions %hich are separated by /:0 degrees)! >enoting averages by Y Z, the above e uation becomes. Y,6Z S Y<d,g2Z A Y+d("2-dot)g2Z (/) "his result is entirely general, independent of any dependences of < and + on other uantities! "he term on the left represents the input po%er! "he first term on the right is the po%er dissipated in the coil, and the second term is the po%er delivered to the rotor! "he efficiency, defined as po%er delivered to the rotor divided by input po%er is thus al%ays less than one by E uation (/)! "his result does re uire, ho%ever, that the constants & in e uation (1) and e uation (2) are identical! ,f the constant & in e uation (2) is smaller than the constant & appearing in e uation (1), then it may be varified that the efficiency can mathmatecally be larger than unity! 0hat do the constants, &, meanR ,n the first e uation, %e have the tor ue delivered to the magnet, %hile in the second e uation %e have the bac' inductance or reaction of the magnet upon the coil! "he e uality of the constants is an expression of 1e%ton5s third la%! 2o% could the constants be une ualR ?onsider the se uence of events %hich occur during the firing of the commutator! -irst the contact brea's, and the magnetic field in the coil collapses, creating a huge for%ard spi'e of current through the coil and battery! "his current spi'e provides an impulsive tor ue to the rotor! "he rotor accelerates, and the acceleration produces a changing magnetic field %hich propagates through the coil, creating the bac' emf! )uppose that the commutator contacts have separated sufficiently %hen the last event occurs to prevent the bac' current from flo%ing to the battery! "hen the bac' reaction is effectively smaller than the for%ard impulsive tor ue on the rotor! "his suggestion invo'es the finite propagation time of the electromagnetic fields, %hich has not been included in E uations (1) and (2)! # continued mathmatical modeling of the 1e%man motor should include the effects of finite propagation time, particularly in his extraordinary long coil of %ire! , have solved E uations (1) and (2) numerically, and note that the solutions re uire finer and finer step siHe as the inductance, moment of inertia, and magnet strength are increased to large values! "he solutions brea' do%n such that the motor Eta'es offE in the computer, and this may indicate instabilities, %hich could be mediated in practise by external pertubations! , am confident that (ax%ell5s e uations , %ith the proper electro-mechanical coupling, can provide an explanation to the phenomena observed in the 1e%man device! "he electro-mechanical coupling may be embedded in the (ax%ell e uations if a unified picture (such as 1e%man5s picture of gyroscopic particles) is adopted!

Science .%0 (e'$ %98415 pp$ A&%FA&)

Ne2manC" Impo""i'le Motor

3$e pate%t o''i+e 2oe" %ot believe t$at Jo"ep$ New#a% $a" built a &e%e ato t$at i" #o e t$a% 100 pe +e%t e''i+ie%t, but New 4 lea%" 2oe". ',

Eliot Mar"-all
#t least one physicist in 7ouisiana s%ears that the ?I) 1e%s anchorman >an <ather %as smiling on @ Banuary %hen he reported that an inventor near 1e% =rleans has built a generator that defies the second la% of thermodynamics! =thers did not see any smile! 0hat they did see, to their surprise, %as an earnest but fantastic ne%s story that has been running on 1e% =rleans5 biggest television channel being repeated over the net%or' ne%s! "he story is about an inventor, a self-educated (issisippian named Boseph 0esley 1e%man! 2e %as pleased %ith the ?I) broadcast because it ma'e help him in a fight %ith the C!)! 4atent and "rademar' =ffice, %hich has denied him a patent on the grounds of his latest invention, Esmac's of a perpetual motion machineE, meaning by definition it cannot do %hat it claimed! =n 25 Bune, the C!) >istrict ?ourt for the >istrict of ?olumbia %ill hear a suit 1e%man has brought against the patant office arguing that his device does not aim at perpetual motion but converts mass to energy in a finite but very efficient manner! 2e simply %ants a patent! 1e%man5s invention is hard to describe, partly because its behavior seems to be at odds %ith the la%s of physics and partly because the details are being 'ept secret %hile the ligation goes on! 1e%man says his o%n theory of magnetism is E10,000 times more importantE than the invention itself, %hich be built to demonstrate the concept! 2e claims to have discovered the mechanical principles of a gyroscopic particle of matter that orbits in a magnetic field much as an electron orbits in an atomic shell! )everal readers of his theory say it is incomprehensible and %ould not get attention %ere it not for the illustrative devices! "he patent 1e%man see's is for an EEnergy +eneration )ystem 2aving 7arger =utput than ,nputE! "hose %ho have seen it say it is a crude direct current motor po%ered by a ban' of lantern batteries %ith a heavy, rotating magnet at its center! <eadings of the machine5s performance, li'e those of >an <ather5s expression, depend on the reader! #s a result of the "6 coverage, the people of 1e% =rleans may be convinced that 1e%man has invented a simple device that produces more energy than it consumes and could end the %orld5s energy s abbles if only an arrogant scientific community %ould pay attention! "hat is 1e%man5s message! ,t has been ta'en up and broadcasted in a sort of crusade by +arland <obinette, the evening ne%s anchorman at the ?I) affiliate in 1e% =rleans, 007-"6! 7ast autumn <obinette aired an eight-part series on 1e%man5s device, charging that *ealous academics and frightened executives tried to stifle information about it! <obinette concedes that

his intense coverage of 1e%man5s began on a slo% ne%s day %hen he %as loo'ing for a cute sho%-closer! 2e claims he %as s'eptical at first and sa% 1e%man5s invention as a curiosity! Iut the story soon gre% into a Emonster that , couldn5t let goE %hen 1e% =rleans vie%ers, facing a 200 percent increase in utility rates, demanded to 'no% more! -urthermore, a (issisippi state energy offical and a credible scientist had recently vouched for 1e%man5s claims! <obinette says that since he began reporting on the invention, no one has come for%ard to rebut 1e%man! 2e challenges people to come to Eget this story off my bac'E! 1e%man has benefited from the television coverage and from several %eighty endorsements! -or example, the television engineers %atched him! 7ast year, <obinette dragged t%o reluctant engineers on 007-"6 staff to 1e%man5s garage in 7ucedale, (issisippi!, about 2 132 hours from 1e% =rleans! "hey %erde sceptics at first, but, after loo'ing at oscilloscope readings and %atching the machine recharge batteries, they agreed %ith their anchorman that the claims seemed valid! Engineer <alph 2art%ell described the tests he ran! 0hen he arrived at 1e%man5s 2ouse, he connected some %ea' penlight batteries he had brought along to a small conventional motor in 1e%man5s bac' yard! ,t %as allo%ed to run until the batteries %ere drained of po%er, ta'ing about 1 minute! 2e then moved the dead batteries over to the smallest of 1e%man5s demonstration motors, connected them as a po%er source, and started this motor spinning! ,t ran until it %as time for the camera cre% to leave, for something bet%een 1 ans 2 hours! -inally, the batteries %ere ta'en fram 1e%man5s machine bac' to the conventional motor and reconnected! "his time the motor ran for about / minutes! 2art%ell ran annother experiment on a large device and concluded that it also appeared to generate more po%er than it used! =ther measurements %ere ta'en %ith oscilloscopes and current meters, but these readings have been uestioned! #fter signing a confidential pledge, 2art%ell %as allo%ed to examine the machine5s inner %iring! 2e is certain that there is no hidden source of energy! #lthough he feels uncomfortable about it, he says he could not disprove 1e%man5s claim and %ould li'e to see a universtity run a controlled test! 1e%man5s 'ey endorsement comes from <oger 2astings, a solid-state physicist for the )perry Cnivac ?ompany in (inneapolis! # colleague %ho 'ne% him as a postdoc fello% at the Cniversity of 6irginia says 2astings %as regarded as an adventurous and excellent theorist! 2asting5s brother, a screener for ne% ideas for "on'a "oys, met 1e%man %hen he submitted an invention to "on'a! #lthough sceptical, 2astings (the physician) %as persuaded to ma'e a trip to 7ucedale! E, used to teach physics at 1orth >a'ota CniversityE, says 2astings, Eand %e %ould get three or four people a year %ho had some 'ind of device that %as going to save the %orld! , assumed it %as the same!E 1e%man tal'ed 2astings into fly do%n for a visit any%ay! 2e returned five times, testing and retesting the motors, until he %as satisfied that he had made no mista'e! 2e eventually signed an affidatvit describing the invention in detail and stating une uivocally that it runs at greater than 100 percent efficency, producing more po%er than it consumes! E,5m stic'ing my nec' out,E he says, Ebecause this is an important issue that should be resolved!E

Endorsements such as this are essential for the credibility of the patent application! #lthough 1e%man has read the %or's of the great electrical thin'ers (ichael -araday and Bames ?ler' (ax%ell, he is not proficent in math or physics! 1e%man is collecting seval more endorsements! 2e claims to have %on the bac'ing recently of, a +eman aerospace engineer and a liaison officer bet%een the 1ational #eronautics and )pace #dministration (1#)#) and the European space consortium! +erald (iller, a mechanical engineer, student of advanced physics, and electical industiy consultant in ?alifornia, has inspected the devices and says, E, sa% things that , cannot explain in conventional terms!E 2e found that the device produced more energy than it used, adding, E, am absolutely certain that there is no hidden energy source! (ilton Everett, a mechanical Engineer and director of the biomass program for the (issisippi >epartment of Energy and "ransportation, says, E, thin' Boe has discovered something that the %orld is going to benefit from! ,t5s nor a perpetual motion machine$ it converts mass to energy!E Excluding inverstors, 1e%man claims to have about 2; such endorsers! Iut there have been and continue to be prominent doubters! =ddly, "6 anchorman <obinette has given little attention or credence to the only thorough analysis ever performed on 1e%man5s device! ,t %as aranged by Everett (before he became a full convert to 1e%man5s cause) and %as paid for by the (issisippi energy department! "%o electrical engineers from (issisippi )tate Cniversity (()C), --- &arl ?arlson and >onald -itHgerald --- tested one of the 1e%man5s devices last (arch! "he conditions %ere unfavourable, because the motor 'ept brea'ing do%n every Ecouple of minutes,E says ?arlson, as a huge spar' from the induction coil shorted out a s%itch on the commutator! "hus, %hile it %ar fairly easy to measure the po%er going in, it %as not easy to tell %hat %as coming out! 1e%man has built a smaller, less uir'y motor since then! "he pattern on the oscilloscope at the output end of a cycle %as difficult to read because as one observer says, the discharge spar' appeared as Ea bright flashE or Ea messE on the face of the screen! 1e%man s%eeps this point aside as a uibble, saying it merely indicates his machine5s tremendous po%er! "he efficiency claimed for this device is any%here from the impossible (slightly over 100 percent) to the fantastic (800 percent and up)! # normal electric motor may be 80 percent efficient, ?arlson says, and transformers are generally in the @05s! ?arlson and -itHgerald found that 1e%man5s machine %as bet%een 55 and ;: percent efficient, based on their reading of the most favourable oscillograms! "hey %rote that they found Ean output %hich is definitely less than the input!E 2o%ever, they hedged by saying it %as impossible to measure the mechanical energy lost in the machine, %hich could affect the rating! "hey declined to call 1e%man5s invention a brea'through but reported that it %as rema'ably efficient given its Eobvious crude configuration!E ,n a standard tag line, they %rote that Efurther investigation is in order!E 1e%man reads this ualified re*ection as a ualified endorsement, explaining %hen it comes to praising ne% discoveries, academisc are mean! 2e spea's of ?arlson and -itHgerald %ith harsher ad*ectives! "he physics faculties of 7oyola and "ulane Cniversities, both in 1e% =rleans, have protested <obinette5s reports! >aniel 4urrington, "ulane5s physics chairman, says. E0e all dispute it! # number of us have told him J<obinetteK %e thin' %hat he5s doing is irresponsible! , tal'ed to him

for about 2 hours about the principles involved!E ?arl Irans, a theorist at 7oyola, %rote <obinette a t%o-page letter of protest! E,t5s *ust sensational *ournalism! ,n our opinion, it5s not %orth the cost,E to try to ta'e the measurements that %ould end the discussion! >avid &eiffer, an experimental physicist at 7oyola, along %ith other faculty member, offered to chec' 1e%man5s device if he %ould bring it to the laboratory! (1e%man5s patent attorney is a physics graduate of 7oyola!) Iut in the preliminary tal's, &eiffer says, 1e%man insisted that he be present during the entire procedure! "hen he and &eiffer got into an argument! 1e%man pac'ed up and left, never to return! "he 7oyola physicist also sought to advise 007-"65s engineers on testing the device, but this proved to be a touchy proposition, because 007 is o%ned by 7oyola and %as originally founded by 7oyola5s physics department! 1o one %anted the advice to be interpreted as pressure! E, have a fairly good reputation here,E <obinette says of his science reporting, Eand this thing *ust has the potential to ma'e me loo' li'e an absolute ignoranmus! )o ,5ve tried desperately to disprove this and all ,5ve done so far is get more and more people %ho are convinced!E 0hat about the negative conclusion reached by the ()C engineersR <obinette maintains (li'e 1e%man and Everett) that %hile the engineers %ere testing the machine, they agreed that it %as producing more energy than it used! Iut E%hen they %ent bac', they %rote an ambigous response that didn5t say it didn5t %or' and didn5t say it did!E <obinette mentions that the ()C engineers are retired, as though to diminish their reliability! 2e finds it Every surprising that they never called to challenge his report, %hich gave the 1e%man-Everett version of events! )ome %ho might other%is voice scepticism seem to sypathiHe %ith 1e%man because of the %ay the patent office rebuffed him! ,n court filings, the patent office concedes that 1e%man is correct that it re*ected his claims %ithout fully reading the documents he submitted$ that his application %as handled by an examiner --- >onovan >uggan --- %ho seems to specialiHe in re*ecting perpetual machines$ that >uggan said he %ould not allo% a patent on 1e%man5s device, no matter ho% much supportive evidence %as submited$ that the office officials never tested the 1e%man device for efficacy and refused to observe oscilloscope readings of its input and output$ and finally, that the office issued a patent 1@;@ to a man named 2o%ard Bohnson for a perpetual motion machine that Bohnson since then agreed is inoperable! ,f there %ere an association of militant patent re*ectees, 1e%man5s battle %ith the patent office could be its rallying cause! Iut there is no such association! 2o%ever, 1e%man has done reasonably %ell attracting attention by himself, especially in 1e% =rleans! ,n a fe% months, he %ill get his day in court!

Science .%6 Nov$ %98415 p$ 8%&

An En0le"" #iege o3 Impla/"i'le Invention"

',

$ He33re, #mit-

,n the modern %orld of commerce, the C!)! patent and trademar' office is a street-corner cop %ith the po%er to arrest the development of any product that promises the impossible! ,ts boo' of statutes contains the basic la%s of physics, the axioms of mathematics, the fundamental principles of mechanical engineering! 0ith particular enthusiasm, its employees serve as guardians of the public in a never-ending battle against mechanical devices allegedly capable of perpetual motion! "his, at least, is ho% they see themselves! ,nventors such as Boseph 1e%man are more apt to vie% them as Ea bunch of narro%-minded people %ho have conducted themselves outside the federal la% and the human raceE! -or more than 5 years, 1e%man, 98, has been frustrated in his efforts to obtain a patent for an EEnergy )ystem 2aving 2igher =utput "han ,nputE! ,n 1@82, the patent office told him that because such a device is simply infeasible, his application %as denied after something less than a comprehensive, time-consuming revie% (S+ie%+e, 10 -ebruary 1@89, p! 5;1)! <ecently, ho%ever, %ith the help of some unexpected scientific endorsements, 1e%man persuaded the C!)! >istrict ?ourt in 0ashington, >!?!, to order that his application be granted a full revie% by an examiner --- in short, a second chance! 1e%man believes that the decision is a slap in the face for the patant office and a partial vindication of his claims! #ctually, the dispute reveals ho% easy it can be for inventors to *er' the patent office around! "he ruling, made by Budge "homas Bac'son on /1 =ctober, places the office in the difficult position of determining %hether 1e%man5s Eenergy generation systemE -- a po%erful electric motor -- is ade uately described in his application, and %hether it is similar or identical to motors %ith existing patants! 1either topic %as given serious consideration on the first go-around, for reasons the patent office believes obvious! "he decision resulted from an unusual hearing in %hich a phalanx of attorneys in 1e%man5s employ repeatedly cited patent case la%, %hile Bere )ears, deputy solicitor in the patent office, repeatedly invo'ed the second la% of thermodynamics! ,n its essence, that la% states that the energy produced by a mechanical device such as 1e%man5s %ill al%ays be less than the energy needed to operate it! ,n addition to basing the case on Eall of recorded scienceE, as )ears put it, he relied heavily on an affidavit from Bacod <ainbo%, a former chief research engineer at the 1ational Iureau of )tandards and %ell-'no%n debun'er of perpetual motion machines! <ainbo% has several ob*ections to the patent application, but his primary claim is that the motor5s output of energy has been measured incorrectly! #lthough he has not seen the device or tested himself, he is %illing to bet Eany moneyE that it operates at %ell under 100 percent efiicency! #s strong as the gouverment5s argument %as, it %as sharply undercut by t%o affidavits! =ne %as %ritten by (ort bimmerman, the president of ?ommercial "echnology, ,nc!, in >allas! bimmerman said his 900-person firm Ehas independently !!! constructed, operated, and tested several crude prototype devices based on the 1e%man invention, and has confirmed for itself that these prototype devices %hich embody the 1e%man invention operate and produce po%er as

claimed by 1e%manE at more than 111 percent efficiency! bimmerman %as enthusiastic enough to purchase an option for the right to manufacture and sell 1e%man5s motor in north "exas! (<ecently, he told S+ie%+e that the motor Eneeds further development for practical utiliHation, and %e5re not completely convinced that %e can get there!E) "he second affidavit %as prepared from 7a%rence E! 0harton, a physicist in the 7aboratory -or #tmospheric )ciences at the +oddart -light )pace ?enter in (aryland! ,nitially, 0harton, %ho volunteered his services to the patent office as a sceptic of 1e%man5s claims, vigorously attac'ed bimmerman5s statement! )hortly before the court hearing, ho%ever, he recanted some of his arguments, and declared that the motor5s efficiency Eis in substantial excess of 100 percentE and perhaps as high as :00 percent, if 1e%man5s measurements are correct! "he change of heart came, he said, after 1e%man argued %ith him in a long telephone conversation! Ioth of these statements apparently made a strong impression on 0illiam )chuyler, an attorney and one-time commissioner of C!)! patents %ho %as appointed by the *udge as a Especial masterE to help resolve some of the technical disputes! ,n his report, )chuyler agreed that the operation of 1e%man5s motor Eseems clearly to conflict %ith recogniHed scientific principles relating to thermodynamics and conservation of energy!E Iut he insisted ther %as an Eover%helmingE evidence that the motor5s output energy exceeded the external input energy, adding that Ethere is no contradictory factual evidence!E 2e %ent so far as to state that 1e%man %as entitled to a patent as long as it did not conflict %ith any existing patents! #ll of this came as a great shoc' to )ears! ,t %as he, not 1e%man, %ho nominated )chuyler! E0e felt reasonably safe %ith a person of his bac'ground,E he explains! ,n a final pleading to the *udge, )ears as'ed, E0hy are %e still paying po%er bills if 1e%man has actually achieved his claimsR "he ?ourt should exercise some common sense and refrain from *oining those %ho apparently believe in the tooth fairy!!! (anifestly, this court has no po%er to abrogate a natural la%!E ,n his ruling, Budge Bac'son accepted the ma*or points of )chuyler5s report, but said he %as un%illing to conclude as yet that 1e%man has produced a Etruly pioneering invention!E "hat decision a%aits aanother hearing, no% set for Banuary! )ears denies that this decision has any implications for the general patent revie% process! Iut one effect may be to bar the office from dealing summarily %hith such unusual claims in the future -- a development that could sharply increase the examination delays experienced by inventors %ith more plausible claims! "o 1e%man, the dispute has become a crusade! 2aving spent thousands of dollars already in la%yer5s fees, consulting fees, and court costs, he %ill soon pay to publish a boo' describing both his invention and the patent fight! 2e says that Ethe %orld is fortunate that ,5m not afraid of a ruc'us, , intend to fight this untill hell freeHes over!E

Science .H/l, %%5 %98615 !ol$ )**

Ne2manC" E Energ, O/tp/tE Mac-ine 6/t to t-e Te"t

',

MarTorie #/n

0hat5s a device %ith a battery pac', a magnet, and a coil %ired togetherR -or the past : years, Boseph 1e%man, an inventor from (ississippi, has been loudly proclaiming that it5s a revolutionary machine %hich produces more po%er than it uses! "he 1ational Iureau of )tandards recently issued its o%n verdict after analyHing 1e%man5s machine. E,n none of tests did the device5s approach 100F!!!! =ur results are clear and une uivocal,E the bureau said! 1e%man has gone to great lengths to try to %in a patent on his energy output machine! 0hen the C!)! 4atent and "rademar' =ffice indicated in 1@89 that the device did not %or', 1e%man sued the agency! 2e hired a publicist, and the media often portrayed him as an underdog pitted against the scientific establishment! "hen the court ordered 1e%man to submit the machine to the 1ational Iureau of )tandards for testing! 1e%man reluctantly complied! # physicist and t%o electrical engineers from the bureau tested the machine in a variety of %ays to measure its energy input and output and used instrumentation that is common in research engineering laboratories! "he sole po%er source of the device %as 11: @-volt batteries! #ccording to the test results, the device5s efficiency ranged from 2; to :;F, depending on the voltage, the po%er dra%n from the device, and the condition of insulating tape on one of the parts! ("he tape 'ept burning from spar's generated by the machine, %hich caused the efficiency to drop and had to be replaced fre uently!) #ccording to Bohn 7yons, director of the bureau5s 1ational Engineering 7aboratory, the device basically converted direct current to alternating current! 2e noted that there are several machines already on the mar'et that do the same thing, but they run at @0F efficiency or higher! 1e%man had court permission to observe the bureau5s tests, but never appeared for any of the experiments, %hich %ere conducted bet%een (arch and Bune! 2is spo'esman Evan )oule said 1e%man %ill as' the court to order the testing of the test e uipment! 1e%man said in an intervie%, E, have no respect for the 1ational Iureau of )tandards! "his is a conspiracy against me!E "he testing cost the bureau X;5,000, %hich it hopes to recoup from the patent office! "he patent office %ill submit the results to C!)! >istrict ?ourt for the >istrict of ?olumbia, %hich %ill try the case in >ecember!

Mea"/rement ; Anal,"i" o3 Ho"ep- Ne2manC" Energ, Generator

',

Dr$ oger 8a"ting"5 6-$D$

A'"tract : "he author has made numerous measurements on the Energy (achines developed by Boseph 1e%man of 7ucedale, (ississippi! "he machines are large, air core, permanent magnet motors! "he most important design rule specified by the inventor is that the length of %ire in the motor coil be very long$ preferably long enough so that the s%itching time bet%een current reversals is shorter than the time re uired for propagation of the current %avefront through the coil! 6arious models contain up to 55 miles of %ire, %ith air core coil inductances of up to 20,000 2enries! "he permanent magnet armatures have very large magnetic moments! "hus the motors exhibit high tor ue %ith lo% current inputs! "he motors generate large bac' current spi'es consisting of pulsed rf in the 10-20 (2H fre uency range! "hese spi'es provide large mechanical impulses to the rotor, energiHe fluorescent tubes placed across the motor, and tend to charge the dry cell battery pac'! "he total generated energy --- consisting of mechanical %or', mechanical friction, ohmic heating, and light --- is many times larger than the battery input energy! 1e%man5s theories and machines %ill be described! (easurements indicating net energy gain from the devices %ill be presented! # phenomenological mathematical description of the motor %ill also be presented! -inally, the author %ill present his personal impressions of 1e%man5s %or'! Ne2manC" T-eor, FFF Boseph 1e%man is an inventor %ho lives and %or's at his home in 7ucedale, ()! 2e became interested in electromagnetic energy some 25 years ago, and began a self-study program! #fter searching standard texts for a mechanical description of electromagnetic interactions, he concluded that no such description existed! 1e%man decided that he %ould have to generate his o%n mechanical theory of electromagnetism, and over the follo%ing several years he evolved his gyroscopic particle theory! "his theory, or model states that all matter and energy is composed of a single elementary spinning particle %hich al%ays moves at the speed of light! "he gyroscopic particle has mass, and it can neither be created or destroyed! #ll energy conversions, in this theory, involve an exchange of gyroscopic particles! E S mcg2 is the expression of this concept, and simply represents an accounting of gyroscopic particles during an energy conversion! Electric and magnetic fields consist of gyroscopic particles flo%ing at the speed of light along the field lines! 0hen an electric or magnetic field is created, the particles initially come from the materials %hich energiHed the field! -or example, %hen a battery is connected to a %ire, gyroscopic particles flo% at the speed of light do%n the %ire, and they tend to align the gyroscopic particle flo% fields of the electrons in the %ire! "he electricgyroscopic particle flo% field extends outside the %ire creating the circumferential magnetic field of the %ire! "he energy in the magnetic field is 1mcg2, %here 1 is the number of particles in the field, and m is the mass of an individual particle! "his energy, or these particles, came from the electrons of the copper!

"hus, 1e%man considers the current flo%ing in the %ire to be a catalyst %hich energy to emanate from the atoms of the %ire! 2e claims that he has developed a mechanism %hereby field energy can be pumped out of the copper atoms in the %ire, thereby reducing their mass %ithout consuming the voltage source %hich has supplied the catalytic current flo%! )ince the mass is consumed totally, there is no pollution in this process! =ne gram mass, if totally consumed,could supply enough energy to po%er a home for one thousand years! 1e%man describes his theory and its applications in his boo', "2E E1E<+G (#?2,1E =- B=)E42 1E0(#1 J1K! De"cription o3 Ne2man Motor" FFF 1e%man5s motors may be described as t%o-pole, single phase, permanent magnet armature, >? motors! "hat is, the armature consists of a single permanent magnet %hich either rotates or reciprocates %ithin a single coil of copper %ire! "he coil is energiHed %ith a ban' of dry cell, carbon Hinc batteries! ,n the rotating models, %hich %ill be emphasiHed in this paper, the battery voltage to the coil is reversed each half cycle of rotation by a mechanical commutator attached to the shaft of the rotating armature! (otor operation is sensitive to the angle at %hich the voltage is s%itched, and this is optimiHed experimentally! =n some models, the commutator also interrupts the voltage several times per cycle, creating a pulsed input to the coil! "he coils are constructed %ith a very large number of turns of copper %ire! ,n all models, the coil inductive reactance is much larger than the coil resistance at operating speed! 2o%ever, the coil resistance is large enough so that even in the loc'ed rotor condition, very little current flo%s through the coil! "he motors typically dra% less than ten milliampere so that small capacity batteries (e!g!, @ volt transistor batteries) can be used in series for the po%er supply! )elf resonant fre uencies (fre uency at %hich the coil inductive reactance e uals the coil distributed capacitive reactance) are typically on the order of the armature rotation fre uency! "he permanent magnet armature is very strong, and ",+2" ?=C47,1+ "= "2E ?=,7 is emphasiHed in 1e%man5s later models Jemphasis addedK! 2is early models used up to ;00 pounds of ceramic magnets, %hile later models used smaller armatures made %ith po%erful neodymium-boron-iron magnets! "he commutator is protected by fluorescent tubes placed across the motor! Enough tubes are placed in series so that the battery voltage %ill not brea' them do%n! 0hen the coil is s%itched, the tubes are lit by the resulting high voltage, minimiHing arcing across the commutator! 1e%man5s motors exhibit the follo%ing extraordinary characteristics. 1) 2igh tor ue is realiHed %ith very little input current and very little input po%er! "he battery input po%er is typically several times smaller than the measured frictional po%er losses occurring %hen the armature rotates at its operating speed! 2is motors are at least ten times more efficient than commercial electric motors (perform the same %or' %ith one tenth the input po%er!) 2) "he batteries last much longer than %ould be expected for the current input! ,t has been demonstrated that EdeadE dry cell batteries %ill charge up %hile operating a 1e%man (otor, and subse uently be able to deliver significant po%er to normal loads (e!g!, lights)! "he batteries fail by internal shorting rather than be depletion of their internal energy!

/) )ignificant rf po%er is generated by the motor (primarily in the ten to t%enty megahertH range)! "he rf is a high voltage relative to ground, and %ill light fluorescent or neon tubes placed bet%een the motor and ground in addition to lighting the tubes placed across the motor coil! "he rf current flo%s through the entire system, and has been measured calorimetrically to have an rms value many times larger than the battery input current! E\4E<,(E1"#7 >#"# # large amount of data has been collected by many individuals on the various 1e%man (otors! 0hile 1e%man5s most recent prototypes are perhaps the most interesting because of their reduced volume, , %ill present data on his original prototype large machine %hich has been more extensively investigated! (easured motor parameters are listed belo%. ?=,7 4#<#(E"E<). 0eight !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! @,000 pounds ?opper 0ire 7ength !!!!!! 55 miles ?oil ,nductance !!!!!!!!!!!!! 1,100 2enries ?oil <esistance !!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;;0 =hms ?oil ,nside >iameter !!!!!! 9 feet ?oil 2eight !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9 feet <="=< 4#<#(E"E<). <otor 0eight !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;00 lbs! ceramic magnets <otor 7ength !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9 feet (oment of ,nertia !!!!!!!!!!!!!! 90 &g-s !m! (agnetic (oment !!!!!!!!!!!!! 100 "esla-cu!in I#""E<G 4#<#(E"E<). Iattery "ype !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! : 6olt <ay-=-6ac 7antern "otal )eries 6oltage !!!!!!!!!! 5@0 6olts >G1#(,? 4#<#(E"E<). "or ue ?onstant !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15,900 oH! in!3amp >rag ?oefficient !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0!005 0atts3s !rpm! O at 200 rpm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /0 4o%er -actor, 200 rpm !!!!!! 0!0/ "he tor ue constant %as measured at >? and agrees %ith calculations! "he drag coefficient %as measured by plotting the motor speed versus time after disconnecting the batteries! ,t %as found that the decay is exponential %ith the drag tor ue being proportional to the angular speed! 0ith the motor operating at 200 rpm, the follo%ing measurements and calculations %ere obtained.

<E)C7"). 200 <4( at 5@0 6=7") Iattery ,nput ?urrent !!!!!!!!!!!! 10 milliampere Iattery ,nput 4o%er !!!!!!!!!!!!!! : 0atts <otor -rictional 7osses !!!!!!!!!! 200 0atts <- ?urrent (rms) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 500 milliampere <- =hmic 7osses in ?oil !!!!!!!!!! 1@0 0atts #dditional 7oads !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! -luorescent "ubes ,ncandescent Iulbs -an (belt driven) "he frictional losses are computed from the measured drag coefficient! "he ohmic losses are computed from the coil resistance! 0ithout considering the additional loads, it is seen that the output energy of the machine exceeded the input by a factor of :5T =scillograph photos sho% that the current %aveform is dominated by the very large spi'e %hich occurs %hen the magnetic field of the coil collapses! "he leading edge of this spi'e is sho%n in -igure 1! "he staircase current rise is typical of the 1e%man (otors, %ith the %idth of the stairs in all cases being approximately e ual to the length of the coil %inding divided by the speed of light! #lthough the average current in the spi'e is at >?, the actual current %aveform under the stairs is pulsing at a fre uency of about 1/ megahertH! "he time average current in the %aveform agrees %ith the calorimeter measurement of the rf current! (ig/re % J1ot sho%nK! <eproduction of oscillographs sho%ing 1e%man (otor s%itching current spi'e! )pi'e leading edge is sho%n %ith the magnified time base in second and third oscillograph! <otor speed %as 120 rpm! 42E1=(E1=7=+,?#7 "2E=<G # phenomenological theory of operation is suggested here, %hich involves the follo%ing se uence of events. 1) "he battery is s%itched across the coil and a current %avefront (gyroscopic particles) propagates into the coil at a speed determined by the coil5s propagation time constant! 2) Iefore the %avefront completes its *ourney through the coil, the battery voltage is s%itched open! #t this point the coil contains a charge e ual to the current times the on-time! /) 0hen the s%itch is opened, all of this charge leaves the coil in a very short time, creating a very large current pulse in the coil! 9) "he magnetic field generated by this current pulse (gyroscopic particle flo%) propagates out to the permanent magnet armature, and gives it an impulsive tor ue!

5) "he magnet accelerates, and the resulting magnetic field disturbance of the permanent magnet is propagated bac' to the coil, creating a bac'-emf! 2o%ever, by the time this occurs, the s%itch is open so that the bac' emf does not impede the current flo%ing in the battery circuit! "hese notions agree ualitatively %ith the measured %aveforms! #fter one-half cycle of rotation, a charge on the order of 0!01 ?oulombs %ill be contained %ithin the coil! -rom the oscillograph this is seen to be dumped in a fe% milliseconds, creating a current of several amps! "his current continues to flo% for some ten milliseconds before decaying to Hero! 1e%man5s (otor can be described by the follo%ing set of e uations. (1) BR A -(R) S &(sub t), sin (R) (2) 7, S <, S 6(R) - &(sub i)R sin (R) %here. B S <otor (oment of ,nertia - S -riction and 7oad "or ue &(sub t) S "or ue ?onstant , S ?oil ?urrent 7 S ?oil ,nductance 6 S #pplied 6oltage &(sub i) S ,nduction ?onstant R S <otation #ngle "he first e uation is 1e%ton5s second la% applied to the rotating magnet, the second is the coil current circuit e uation! "he voltage is the value applied to the coil %ithin the commutator! ,f the first e uation is multiplied by R and the second e uation is multiplied by ,, and both e uations are averaged over one cycle, the sum of the resulting e uations gives. (/) Y,6Z S YR-Z A Y,g2<Z A (&(sub i) - &(sub t) YR,sin R) %here the brac'ets indicate a time average over one cycle of rotation! "he term on the left is the po%er input! "he first t%o terms on the right represent the mechanical po%er output (combined frictional losses and load po%er), and the ohmic heating in the coil %indings! "he last term is Hero if the tor ue constant is e ual to the induction constant, as %ould be the case in a conventional motor! 2o%ever, as postulated above, if the induction constant is smaller than the tor ue constant, the last term supplies the negative po%er! "o vie% this another %ay, assume that the input voltage, through the commutator action varies as 6 S 6(sub o)sin (R)! ,f %e also assume that the rotor angular speed, R, is nearly a constant, %, the follo%ing expression applies for the motor efficiency.

Y%-Z &(sub t)%Y,sin RZ &(sub t)% (9) E S ^^^^^^ S ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ S ^^^^^^^^^^^ Y,6Z 6(sub o)Y,sin RZ 6 (sub o) "he follo%ing t%o e uations can no% be solved for the presumed constant motor speed. (5) 7, A <, S (6(sub o) - &(sub i)%)sin(%t) (:) Y-(%)Z S &(sub t)Y, sin(%t)Z "he solution depends upon the details of the mechanical load function, -(%)! ,f, ho%ever, the tor ue constant and voltage are both very large (as they are in 1e%man5s (otor), then the angular speed is approximately J2K. 6(sub o) % apr!S ^^^^^^^^^^ &(sub i) and the expression for the efficiency becomes. &(sub t) E apr!S ^^^^^^^^^^ &(sub i) ,f the tor ue and induction constants are e ual, the motor is nearly one hundred percent efficient! ,f the tor ue constant exceeds the induction constant, the efficiencyd exceeds 100F! Jd1ote. the 4<=>C?",=1 efficiency can exceed 100F the ?=16E<),=1 efficiency cannot exceed 100FK ?=1?7C),=1). Boseph 1e%man has demonstrated that his "heory is a useful tool by %hich predictions of circuit function can be made %ithout mathematics! -or example, his gyroscopic particles interact as spinning particles (through the cross product of their spins), and this ualitatively describes magnetic induction! ,n complicated electromagnetic systems, exact solutions to (ax%ell5s e uations may be difficult or impossible to obtain, %hile a phenomenological mechanical picture can be visualiHed to give ualitatively correct results! (echanical models of electromagnetic interactions %ere considered essential by scientists of the 1@th century! (ax%ell originally derived his famous e uations by using a mechanical model of the electromagnetic field, and stated the follo%ing J/K. E"he theory , propose may therefore be called a theory of the electromagnetic field because it has to do %ith the space in the neighborhood of the electric or magnetic bodies, and it may be called a dynamical theory because it assumes that in that space there is (#""E< ,1 (=",=1, by %hich the observed electro-magnetic phenomena are produced !!!! ,n spea'ing of the energy

of the field, , %ish to be understood literally. #77 E1E<+G ,) "2E )#(E #) (E?2#1,?#7 E1E<+G!!E JEmphasis added!K <egarding Boseph 1e%man5s (otor, , have no doubt about its performance or about the profound importance of its future applications! dd#" "2,) ",(E ," #44E#<) "2#" "2E -,<)" #447,?#",=1) 0,77 IE <E47#?E(E1") -=< E\,)",1+ E7E?"<,? (="=<)! JEditor. Emphasis added!K <egarding a rigorous mathematical description of the underlying phenomena, it is clear that much effort, both theoretical and experimental, %ill be re uired to achieve this end! <E-E<E1?E). J1K "2E E1E<+G (#?2,1E =- B=)E42 1E0(#1, Boseph 0! 1e%man author, Evan )oule, editor! Boseph 1e%man 4ublishing ?ompany, <t 1, Ix 52, 7ucedale, () /@952 J1st Edition published in 1@89!K J2K "he precise condition for this approximation to be valid is that the loc'ed rotor tor ue be much larger than the applied mechanical tor ue at speed multiplied by one plus the s uare of the ratio of inductive reactance and resistance! "his condition applied to some of 1e%man5s (otors, and in particular to the most recent small volume devices! ,n the larger motors the voltage is applied %ith a phase shift chosen to optimiHe efficiency, and it can be sho%n that E uation 8 still applies in the limit of large inductance! J/K # >G1#(,?#7 "2E=<G =- "2E E7E?"<=(#+1E",? -,E7>! Bames ?ler' (ax%ell, "!-! "orrance, ed!, )cottish #cademic 4ress 7td!, Edinburgh (1@82)! J-rom (ax%ell5s 4resentation to the <oyal )ociety, 18:9)! "he above %as %ritten by >r! <oger 2astings, 4h!>!, in 1@8; for apresentation before a 1ational ?onference of the ,nternational "esla )ociety! #I=C" "2E #C"2=<. >r! <oger 2astings has a 4h!>! in 4hysics, Cniversity of (innesota, 1@;5$ () in 4hysics, Cniversity of >enver, 1@;1$ I) in 4hysics, Cniversity of >enver, 1@:@! >r! 2astings %as a 4ostdoctoral -ello% at the Cniversity of 6irginia, 1@;5-;; %ith research in organic superconductors and the physical properties of solutions of macro-ions and viruses! ?urrently, >r! 2astings is a 4rincipal 4hysicist %ith the C1,)G) ?orporation! #s a consultant, >r! 2astings also designs electric motors for other corporations! d"he latest commutator design enables higher voltages to be utiliHed! NoteH "he above article %as %ritten several years ago! "he principles described above are generally applicable Eacross the breadth of the technology!E 2o%ever, considerable

improvements to the commutator design have been made in the recent past! "hese improvements are intended to actually reduce the intensity of the spar'ing by distributing the physical connections over a %ider area! "he reader should bear in mind that there are "0= totally different design systems (but many sub-configurations %ithin each basic design). there is one commutator design %hen the energy machine is intended to function as a +E1E<#"=< and a totally different commutator design %hen the energy machine is intended to function as a (="=<! "he latest design improvements to the commutator system apply to the machine operating as a (="=<! )ubse uent tor ue can be utiliHed for mechanical systems or can be used in con*unction %ith a conventional generator!

Ho"ep- W$ Ne2man= #o/t- A3rican 6atent Application 9 8*%5)96 EEnerg, Generation #,"tem -aving 8ig-er Energ, O/tp/t T-an Inp/tE
Dac4gro/n0 o3 t-e Invention= %$ (iel0 o3 t-e Invention : "he present invention relates generally to devices or systems (including methods for generating useable energy such as for example electrical energy from electromagnetic fields, electrical energy or electromagnetic fields from matter, and more particularly to devices or systems (including methods) for producing electrical current flo% for use as electrical po%er, and magnetic fields of force %hich cause motion (obvious %or'), or electrical current flo% or for increasing electromagnetic potential energy available for use or mechanical energy available for use! )$ 6rior Art : "here have been many devices proposed over the years for producing electrical energy, %ith mechanical friction, thermo-electricity, photoelectricity, pieHoelectricity, electrochemistry and electromagnetic induction being the chief forms of primary energy capable of producing electricity! =f these, the only significant source of commercial electrical po%er has been the mechanical actions of electric generators, and for mobile po%er the chemical action of batteries has been important! Cseable motion has resulted from the interactions bet%een the input of electrical energy and the magnetic and3or electromagnetic fields of force (electric motors) and heat or light as a result of input of electrical energy through conventional mechanical systems, heaters, lightbulbs, etc! #ll of the prior art systems are designed according to rigid mathematical la%s taught both in physics and electrical engineering that coincide %ith the hypotheses rigidly accepted by the industrial and scientific communities concerning the )econd 7a% of "hermodynamics (1850)!

-rom the foregoing generally accepted hypothesis it has also been generally accepted and rigidly taught in physics and electrical engineering that the electric current flo%ing in a closed circuit from a battery, electrical generator, etc!, is used up in the mechanical device being operated by this flo% of electric current, and that all such electric current producing systems %ould only put out at most %or' e ual to the %or' initially put into the system, or in accordance %ith generally accepted la%s stating that a particular electrical system %as only capable of a given output of energy and no ore! "hese beliefs have till this date remained rigid in both the industrial and scientific communities in spite of proof of EinsteinUs e uation of E S (?2! 1uclear reactors convert matter into useable electromagnetic energy in the form of heat, %hich converts %ater into steam to turn conventional turbines for production of electric current by conventional electrical generating means! "his system is extremely inefficient, using less than 1F of the energy of the atom and producing a deluge of contaminated materials that have caused a serious problem of safe disposal! #dditionally, the basic electrical generators in use throughout the %orld today utiliHe the principle of causing relative movement bet%een an electrical conductor (for example a rotor) and a magnetic field produced by a magnet or an electromagnet (for example a stator), all using the generally accepted hypothesis that the greater the electrical conductivity of the material being moved through the field, the more efficient %ill be the electrical generation! -rom the foregoing generally accepted hypotheses, it also has been generally accepted that there should al%ays be movement bet%een, for example, the rotor and stator elements, and that only generally accepted electrical conductors, that is materials %ith high electrical conductivity, %ill effectively serve in an electrical generation system! 2o%ever, in one of the systems ((ig/re *) of the present invention, electrical generation can occur %ith the relatively static elements and %ith materials that are not generally considered to be of high electrical conductivity, although of course the present invention li'e%ise can utiliHe relatively moving elements as %ell as materials of generally accepted high electrical conductivity, if so desired, as occurs in the systems of the present invention illustrated in (ig/re A and (ig/re 6! "he prior art has failed to understand certain physical aspects of matter and the ma'eup of electromagnetic fields, %hich failure is corrected by the present invention! Drie3 De"cription o3 Dra2ing"= -or a further understanding of the nature and ob*ects of the present invention, reference should be had to the follo%ing detailed description, ta'en in con*unction %ith the accompanying dra%ings, in %hich li'e parts are given li'e reference numerals and %herein. (ig/re % is a schematic, side vie% in generaliHed, representational form of a first embodiment of an electrical generator based on the principles and guidelines of the present invention!

(ig/re ) is a close-up vie% in general form of an electrical charge pic'up element that can be used in the generator illustrated in (ig/re %! (ig/re * is a schematic vie% in generaliHed, representational form of a second embodiment of an electrical generator based on the principles and guidelines of the present invention! (ig/re 4 is a schematic vie% in generaliHed, representational form of the negative and positive particles exhibiting gyroscopic actions that emanate from a magnet to form an electromagnetic field! (ig/re A and (ig/re 6 are schematic vie%s in generaliHed, representational form of third and fourth embodiments of a combined electrical generator and motor utiliHing a static, relatively large coil energiHed by a relatively lo% current driving a rotatable magnet, %herein the embodiment of (ig/re A the rotatable magnet is positioned along side of the coil and in the embodiment of (ig/re 6 the rotatable magnet is positioned %ithin the open core of the coil! Detaile0 De"cription o3 6re3erre0 Em'o0iment" Da"ic 6rinciple" ; G/i0eline" : ,n accordance %ith the principles of the present invention and as generally illustrated in (ig/re *, an electromagnetic field 10 comprises flo%s of uanta or particles 20, /0 of electrical energy flo%ing from each of the poles 21, /1 of a magnet (or electromagnet) 90 to the other pole, follo%ing the Elines of forceE 11 of the electromagnetic field! "hese particles 20, /0, believed to be traveling at the speed of light, are al%ays coming out of one end 21, /1, respectively, flo%ing from a relatively high-energy source to a lo%-energy source! "hese particles 20, /0 are, it is believed, negative and positive charges and have a spin producing a gyroscopic motion and follo% the mechanical la%s of gyroscopic action! "he mass of each of the particles 20, /0 e uals the energy of the particles divided by the speed of light s uared! "he peripheral speed of the gyroscopic particles is believed to be the speed of light! -or purposes of illustration only and as a matter of nomenclature, the positive charge particle 20 is going in one direction (1 to )) %ith a cloc'%ise spin, and the negative particle /0 is going in the opposite direction %ith a counter-cloc'%ise spin! =f course, if a particle such as 20 or /0 is flipped around 180 degrees, it becomes the opposite charge or type of particle! "he electromagnetic field 10 is thus the orderly flo% of the positive and negative charges 20, /0, moving at the speed of light from the north and south poles 21, /1, to the south and north poles /1, 21, respectively, and follo% the paths of %hat is termed in the art as the lines of force 11 of the electromagnetic field 10! #s is 'no%n from the la%s of gyroscopes, a gyroscopic particle or body moves at right angles to the direction of an applied force! "herefore, %hen a force is applied to the electrical energy particles 20,/0, they %ill move at right angles to that force!

,t should also be noted from 'no%n gyroscopic la%s that the electrical energy particles 20, /0, %hen they move %ith their gyroscopic axis straight into an ob*ect, tend to 'noc' that ob*ect straight, but if that ob*ect hits the particles at an angle to the axis other than at Hero or 180 degrees, the particles are moved off at an angle from the straight! #dditionally, it is noted that a magnetic field caused by a current flo%ing through a %ire comes from negative and positive particles, such as 20, /0, %ith a net flo% of such particles going in the same direction but %ith opposite spin! ,n the system and method of the present invention, the foregoing principles serve as guidelines in the present invention! <eference is further had to pages >>2/ through >>2; of the >isclosure >ocument and to 4age 8, 7ine 2: through 4age 11, 7ine 2/ of the prior #pplication )erial number 25,@0; and its -igures ;-10! -rom the foregoing disclosures, many different devices, structures, and methods are possible to embody the principles and guidelines of the system of the present invention, %hich in general %ill utiliHe a material or substance or structure to place a force at the proper angle to the gyroscopic particles 20, /0 %herein the particles 20, /0 follo% a path or paths %hich do not cancel one another out, thereby producing electrical current at appropriate outputs for further use or for increasing available potential electrical for ultimate use (ir"t Em'o0iment .(ig/re %1 : =ne possible, exemplary embodiment using the principles of the system of the present invention is schematically sho%n in the generaliHed illustration of (ig/re %! #s illustrated in (ig/re %, there is provided an electrical current generator 100 comprising an outer 'eeper housing 115 and an inner, pressure-containing, closed housing 11: supported therein by insulated supports 105! # vacuum exists in the area 10: bet%een the t%o housings 115, 11:, %hich vacuum is regulated and induced by means of the vacuum line 109 %ith its gauge 10; and its control valve 108! "he outer housing 115 acts as a 'eeper for magnetic fields of force, and can be made for example of soft iron, %hile the vacuum in area 10: prevents the lea'age or discharge of static electrical charges that might build up on the exterior of the inner housing 11:! # gas or gas-li uid mixture 11; %hich may also include solid particles such as for example lead or brass filings, is included %ithin the inner housing 11: surrounding a series of aligned magnets 120 carried by insulating braces or supports 121 and producing a high, combined electromagnetic field! "he magnets 120, %hich can for example be cryogenic magnets, have their EnorthE and EsouthE poles aligned (as illustrated by the E1nE and E)sE) so that their magnetic fields reinforce one another! "he level of the gas or gas-li uid mixture 11; in the housing 11: is regulated by means of the line 122 %ith its gauge 12/ and control valve 129! Electric current output %ires 11@ are provided

and extend do%n to electrically connect %ith a %ire pic'-up system 118 (sho%n in close-up in (ig/re )), %hich can for example be in the form if very small %ires forming a closely spaced net%or' or mesh or of a porous conducting metal body or sheet, located in and extended throughout the fluid 11; in the housing 11:! ,t is noted that a thimbleful of gas contains a fantastically large number of extremely tiny bodies that are in continuous, random motion moving at extremely high speeds! 2ence, the fluid 11; continuously applies a force to the gyroscopic particles (analogous to particles 20, /0 of (ig/re *) moving at the speed of light in the high electromagnetic field (produced by the magnets 120) as they continuously collide %ith each other, %hich results in the fluid 11; becoming electrically charged! "he charged fluid 11; discharges its electrical charge to the pic'-up %ire net%or' 118 positioned in the fluid, and the electric current so produced and generated is ta'en off for use via the electrical output %ires 11@! #s an alternative to having internally contained magnets 120, the electromagnetic field needed in the fluid 11; could be produced by a source located outside of the confines of the fluid 11; as long as the significant field %as produced %ithin the fluid 11;! #econ0 Em'o0iment .(ig/re *1 : # further exemplary, generaliHed embodiment utiliHing the principles of the system of the present invention is sho%n in schematic form in (ig/re *! "he electrical current generator 200 of (ig/re * comprises an extended member 201 of a special material having its atoms especially aligned to produce electric current %hen positioned in an electromagnetic field but %hich does not on its o%n exhibit any substantial magnetic field outside of its boundary surfaces but substantially contains the filed %ithin itself! "his is in contrast to EmagneticE materials %hich li'e%ise have atom alignment but %hich also exhibit or produce a substantial magnetic field in the area surrounding it! "he generator 200 further comprises for example t%o magnets 202, 20/, %ith their north and south poles facing each other, %ith the member 201 positioned bet%een them, and %ith the three elements 201-20/ held static %ith respect to each other! Iecause of the special nature of the material of the member 201 and its special atom alignment, it %ill produce a direct current through output line 209 as a result of the gyroscopic actions of the particles of the electromagnetic field 205 produced by the facing magnets 202, 20/, on the specially aligned atoms in member 201, %hich phenomenon occurs even %hen and even though the member 201 is completely static %ith respect to the magnets 212, 20/! ,t may be desirable in some applications, ho%ever, to allo% or produce some relative movement bet%een the generator elements 201-20/! "he output line 209 extends to an appropriate EloadE 20: for using the electrical current generated by the generator 200! # return line 20; completes the circuit bac' to the member 201! Iased on experiments to date, it is believed that brass and lead are materials that can have their atoms especially aligned to interact %ith the gyroscopic particles (analogous to particles 20, /0)

flo%ing bet%een the magnets 202, 20/ and %ill substantially contain %ithin their surface boundaries the magnetic field produced by the aligned atoms or molecules! 0ith respect to producing the proper material %ith atom alignment for the member 201, it is noted that most materials seem to align their atoms in random directions %hen formed by conventional methods of production! ,t can be observed, ho%ever, that certain materials can be made magnetic by putting the material in an electromagnetic field %hile cooling from a temperature of around 1000 degrees ?! "he magnetism is the result of atom alignment of the material in a given direction ()ee pages >>1@ through >>21 of the >isclosure >ocument)! #ll materials are affected so as to align parallel or across lines of force %hen in a po%erful electromagnetic field! #ccordingly, if a material %hile being formed is cooled in an extremely po%erful electromagnetic field, the atoms of the material %ill ta'e on a particular alignment! "he atom alignment direction could be varied depending on %hether the electromagnetic field %as aligned %ith the material or at a @0 degree angle to the material! "his %ould result in the atoms of a material having their particular electromagnetic spin direction primarily along the same axis! (erely having atom alignment, ho%ever, is not sufficient! #dditionally the material for the invention should be such that it exhibits very little if any magnetic field in the area surrounding it! "hus it should be noted that the exterior electromagnetic field that occurs from the atom alignment of the conventional magnet is not duplicated in the material of the invention, because the electromagnetic energy resulting from atom alignment in the material of the invention %ill be primarily contained %ithin the boundaries of the material! ,t is believed that lead, made superconductive by immersion in a bath of li uid helium, for example, is such a special material and cold serve as the material for member 201! "his then results in having a material that %ould place a force at the proper angle on the gyroscopic type particles moving in the electromagnetic field so as to cause an E(- to be produced even %hen the material %as sitting still ()ee also the first paragraph of page >>2/ and paragraphs 9, # through E, of page >>1@ in the >isclosure >ocuments)! ,t is believed that high, contained pressures, as %ell as other methods, can also probably produce atom alignment as the atoms of a conductor or any material %ill react to sufficient external force ()ee the first paragraph of page >>/5 of the >isclosure >ocument)! "his possibility also is indicated by the fact that hard 'noc's or impacts %ill demagnetiHe a magnet! "he proper procedure of material production in achieving atom alignment %ith internally contained fields of force %ill cause the controlled release of electrical energy in electromagnetic fields of force %hen the material of the invention is placed in the lines of force of the electromagnetic field! T-ir0 ; (o/rt- Em'o0iment" .(ig/re A ; (ig/re 61 : A$ elate0 6rinciple" : (1) 1umerous scientific tests and experiments made by the inventor indicate that the magnetic field resulting from an electrical current flo%ing through a conductor is the result of atom

alignment %ithin that conductor at an extremely fast speed %ith an ability to reverse atom alignment *ust as rapidly %ithout the magnetic hysteresis associated %ith conventional materials considered EmagneticE! 4rior to this time it has been believed and taught by the scientific community that the magnetic field associated %ith an electric current carrying conductor %as the result of the electric current itself and not of the conductor material, for example copper, %hich %as considered to be Enon-magneticE! Even the inventor %as influenced and misled by these teachings and attempted to mechanically explain and *ustify the prior teachings, as is seen on page >>2; of the >isclosure >ocument, %hich is an important part of this patent application! #s taught in the present invention, ho%ever, %hat mechanically happens is that the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the electric current moving in a conductor interact %ith the electromagnetic ma'eup of the atoms of the conductor, causing them to align extremely rapidly, thereby then releasing some of their electromagnetic ma'eup in the form of a magnetic field exactly as explained in great detail for conventional magnetic materials in the >isclosure >ocument! "his is easily proven and understood by ta'ing for example a siHe 19 gauge conductor one foot long, %inding it into a coil, and connecting the coil to a meter and a 1!5 volt battery! "he total current registered on the meter %ill be 1!5 volts and the strength of the magnetic field created from the short conductor %ill be extremely small! 1ext, the same type of test is run again but %ith the length of the conductor increased to 2000 feet, for example! "he total current registered on the meter %ill no% be considerably less, but the strength of the magnetic field given off from the conductor %ill no% be extremely largeT "his sho%s that the magnetic field is not from the electric current flo%, but is the result of the interaction of the gyroscopic particles that ma'e up the electric current interacting %ith the atoms of the conductorT "his causes the gyroscopic particles of the electric current not to be able to ma'e the circuit bac' to the battery so uic'ly, and therefore the meter sho%s less current used! "he magnetic field is the result of the atom alignment of the conductor! "he more atoms in a conductor (up to a point), the stronger the magnetic field produced from a given amount of electric current input! #gain, this is proven by changing the diameter of the conducting %ires and, %ith the lengths being the same, the strongest magnetic field %ill result from the conductor %ith the largest diameter! "he reason for this is that there are more conducting atoms to interact %ith the gyroscopic particles of the electric current moving through the conductor, %hich results in a greater number of conducting atoms being aligned, thereby then releasing some of their electromagnetic ma'eup, exactly as has been explained in great detail in the >isclosure >ocument as being possible for all matter! ,f the magnetic field produced %as strictly based on the amount of current going through a conductor, as taught in the prior art, then the strongest magnetic field %ould result %hen current %ent through a large diameter and short length conductor, because the current flo% through the entire circuit is greatest at that time! 2o%ever, experiments prove that the shorter a conductor is made, the greater the current flo% through the entire circuit and the less strength of the magnetic field surrounding that conductor! "he longer that same conductor is made (up to a point), the

greater the magnetic field surrounding the total mass of the conductor and the less current that ma'es the complete circuit of the entire system! <eason. more atomsT (2) 1umerous scientific tests and experiments made by the inventor also indicate that the magnetic field created %hen an electric current moves in a conductor does not use up measurable energy %hen performing obvious or unobvious %or', force or po%er! "his is true no matter ho% strong or ho% immense the po%er of the motor or electromagnets is! <eason. the magnetic field coming from the conductor is the result of extremely uic' atom alignment %ithin that conductor! "herefore the energy in the magnetic field is the energy that ma'es up the atom of the conductorT "his energy is literally EinsteinUs e uation of E A (?2, and therefore the energy is believed to be moving at the speed of light! "his energy use cannot be measured by todayUs measuring instruments! "his has been explained in great detail in the >isclosure >ocument and is believed to be true of all matter! (/) "he same is true for the electric current that comes from a conventional battery! "he electromagnetic energy coming from the battery is the energy that ma'es up the atoms of the material of the battery! #gain, this energy use is not measurable by todayUs measuring instruments! Electric meters of all types are simply mechanical devices that measure the amount of electric current that comes into that instrument! "hey do not measure the amount of mass that has been converted into electromagnetic energy! 4resent techni ue in science states that the electric energy flo%ing from a battery is used up in the device operated by that flo% of electric current! "his is not true at allT "he electromagnetic energy released from the atom ma'eup of a battery has a relatively infinite capacity to do obvious %or', force, or po%er! "his is easily proven even %ith a small motor and a 1!5-volt battery! 0ith a battery connected to the motor to operate it and %ith a meter to ta'e readings, the motor is then physically stopped from turning by holding or restraining the shaft! #t that moment the motor is performing no obvious %or', force or po%er, but the meter %ill register a greater flo% of current! "he magnets of the motor can be ta'en out and the reading %ill be the same! ,f the electricity %as being used to operate the motor, the meter %ould register more current %hen the motor %as running! "he electric current not only %ill operate the motor but, once it flo%s through the complete circuit bac' to the battery, it also does additional %or' based on -aradayUs 7a%s of Electrolysis %ithin the battery itself! 0hat has happened is that the electromagnetic energy released from the atoms of the material of the battery, once they have completed the circuit, then ta'e a Eshort cutE and move large pieces of the mass of one material of the battery over to the other material of the battery! "he inventor has stated and sho%n throughout the >isclosure >ocument that the effect of gravity %as the unobvious effect of electromagnetic energy! =nce the materials of the battery have combined, the extreme desire for the t%o materials to merge is physically reduced! "hese materials %ill attempt this merger in any %ay possible and, if the electric current initially released from a battery is not allo%ed by mechanical means to complete the circuit bac' %ithin itself, the electromagnetic energy then in the mechanical means %ill perpetually (in a relative, theoretical sense) perform obvious %or', force or po%er! "he reason. the force that initiated this flo% of current (electromagnetic ma'eup of atoms of material) is constant, similar to hydraulic

pressure, %ith the noticeable exception that it is moving (it is believed) at the speed of light and %ill interact %ith the electromagnetic ma'eup of the atoms of other materials, causing them to release some of their electromagnetic ma'eup in the form of a magnetic field! "his then multiplies the capacity for doing obvious or unobvious %or', force or po%er, %hich can then react %ith another conducting coil or %ith the electromagnetic energy %ithin the magnetic field or a conventional magnet and multiply this effect even further, on and on for a relatively unlimited source of energy! "he same is true in not letting the current get bac' to a conventional generator! ,f a mechanical means is set up so that the electric current is EtrappedE %ithout completing a circuit, the gyroscopic particles of the current have a capacity for continuous %or' %ithout increasing the po%er input into the generator system! ,f, ho%ever, the circuit is complete and the electric current moving in the system does absolutely no obvious %or', po%er or force, the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the current and retuning to the generator %ill then increase the need for more po%er input into the system! "he reason is in the opposing effect of magnetic fields as defined in 7enHUs 7a%! "his la% is simply an observation of this effect, %hich before no% has never been fully understood! 9! 1umerous scientific tests and experiments made by the inventor also indicate that there is a correlation bet%een the electromagnetic spin orientation of the atoms of non-conductors, semiconductors, and conductors, and the varying results achieved %ith an electric current in attempting to move through these materials, or %hen moving these materials through a magnetic field attempting to induce electric current! "he gyroscopic particles in a moving electric current interact %ith the atoms of the material through %hich the current is moving! Each atom can efficiently interact %ith only an exact amount of electric current, and if exceeded, there is an interruption of orderly movement! "hen the angle of release of the gyroscopic particles from the atoms are such that the electromagnetic release of the gyroscopic particles are such that the electromagnetic release from these atoms are in the form of heat, exactly as explained in great detail in the >isclosure >ocument! "his effect is easily observed by the fact that the resistance decreases relative to an increase of the crosssection of the material! <eason. more atoms are %ithin that given area, and for a fixed input of electric current there are more atoms to receive and interact efficiently %ith the gyro-particles ma'ing up the electric current! #gain, the same is true for resistors designed for deliberately producing heat! )uch resistors are not materials that are considered to be good conductors of electric current! ,t is stated and sho%n in great detail in the >isclosure >ocument that the electromagnetic spin orientation of the atoms of a non-conductor are different from that of conductor atoms, and therefore different results %ill occur from the same inputs of electromagnetic energy! "his is easily seen by the fact that, in a resistor, for a given amount of electric current input, the heat release increases as the diameter increases! 0hat that means is that the property of resistance has decreased! =n a conductor it is *ust the opposite! ,f the diameter is increased the resistance is decreased, but so is heat release! #gain, this is an indication that the gyro-particles in the electric current movement interact %ith each atom of the material!

"his same effect sho%s up again in conventional electrical induction from a conductor interacting %ith a magnetic field! Experiments by the inventor have indicated that the property of conventional induction is the result of the same property of resistance! ,f one increases the diameter of a conductor, lengths staying the same, one decreases the amount of electric current relative to the total number of atoms %ithin the conductors under consideration! =r, if one ta'es a given number of %ires of the same diameter and length and moves a magnet across them, the current produced %ill be considerably less than if one ta'es the same diameter %ire, but only one %ire, and increases its length considerably and then forms it into a coil forming the same number of %ires on any one side and then moves the same magnet across only one side of that coil$ the electric current generated %ill then be considerably greater! <eason. the property of resistance! "his is a mechanical effect %ithin the gyroscopic electromagnetic ma'eup and orientation of the atoms of all materials that have the mechanical ability to perform a given tas' efficiently up to a point concerning input of additional electromagnetic energy and then mechanically causes varying results once this threshold is exceeded! "his and all other thoughts and innovations in this and the previous disclosures of the previous application and the >isclosure >ocument previously put forth sho% that there are many different mechanical %ays to release a relatively unlimited source of energy from electromagnetic energy that ma'es up all matter and %hich results from this invention! D$ Wor4ing 6rotot,pe" : (ig/re A and (ig/re 6 illustrate rough %or'ing prototypes of this aspect of the invention! "hese embodiments are only relatively inefficient prototypes built by hand for the purpose of demonstrating the invention! ,t should be self-evident that the prototypes by various mechanical means and designs can easily be made extremely efficient, and the illustrated embodiments are being presented only for general representational purposes! #s is illustrated in (ig/re A, there is provided a combined electrical current generator and an electromagnetic motor comprising a rotatable mounted permanent magnet 200, a battery 201, brushes and commutator 202, bearings 20/ and po%er, mounting shaft 209, and a first, primary magnetic producing coil 205 and a secondary electrical producing coil 20:! "he t%o coils 205 and 20: are *uxtaposed together in parallel disposition %ith concurrent core center lines, %ith the magnet 200 positioned alongside of coil 205 at or near its core center line %ith the rotational axis of the shaft 209 positioned orthogonally to the center line! ,n the prototypes a very small battery 201, for example siHe E1E of 1!5 volts is used! 0hen the circuit is completed, the battery 20 converts an immeasurable amount of its mass into electrical current (gyroscopic particles moving at the speed of light) %hich goes through the commutator and brushes 202, and then enters magnetic producing coil 205 made for example from insulated D19 or D15 gauge copper %ire %ith the total %eight of the coil 205 being for

example ;0 to @0 pounds! "his causes the atoms of coil 205 to align extremely fast and then release some of their electromagnetic ma'eup (gyroscopic particles) in the form of a magnetic field! "his field then interacts %ith the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the magnetic field coming from the atoms of the material of the permanent magnet 200! "his causes magnet 200 to attempt to align its magnetic field movement %ith the magnetic field movement coming from the atoms of coil 205, resulting in the rotation of magnet 200 and the shaft 209 to %hich it is attached! "his then changes the position of the commutator and brushes 202 relative to each otherUs initial positions, %hich then causes the electric current coming from battery 201 to be going in the opposite direction into coil 205, causing the atoms of coil 205 to extremely uic'ly reverse their alignment and the polarity of their magnetic field that they are emitting! "he reversed field then interacts again %ith the magnetic field of permanent magnet 200, causing it to rotate further! "his process is then continuously repeated, producing continuous rotation of the shaft 209 %hich can be used as a source of motive po%er in many different %ays! # po%er belt %heel 20;, for example, using a continuous 6-belt is illustrated as a general representation of this motive po%er source for producing useful, obvious %or'! ,n a prototype test run %ith a small 1!5- volt type E1E battery, the shaft 209 and the magnet 200 rotated at a high speed for approximately 12 hours before running do%n! Iy improving the particular design features of the prototype and by using longer lasting batteries, the rotation time of the shaft 209 can be greatly increased to a theoretical point approaching EperpetualE for all practical purposes! #t the same time, the alternating magnetic field produced by coil 205 induces into coil 20: electrical induction %hich then causes coil 20: to produce an alternating current across its EloadE, %hich current can be made to exceed the conventional output of battery 201! "he battery source 201 can be replaced as needed! ,t is very important to understand that the longer the length of the conducting %ire in coil205, the stronger %ill be the magnetic field and the less electric current that %ill complete the circuit and get bac' into the battery and destroy the mechanical source of the electrical current! "his effect can be increased further by increasing the diameter of the conducting %ire in coil 205 and then greatly increasing its length still further in the coil! <eason. the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the electric current interact %ith the atoms of coil 205! "he more atoms in coil 205, relative to length, the longer it ta'es the gyro-particles of the electric current to influence them and get out the other end of the coil! ,t is then easily seen that if the direction of the current into coil 205 is then reversed, this then further increases this lag time! <eason. "he gyroscopic particles have inertia and are believed to be moving at the speed of light and are interacting %ith the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the atoms of conducting coil 205! "hese atoms also have inertia, and %hen the direction of current is reversed into coil 205, the incoming current then collides %ith the current already in coil 20: going in opposite directions! "his causes a brief hesitation during the time the current already in the coil is being forced to reverse its direction of the atoms %ithin coil 205 that have already been influenced to become aligned! "his causes a constant force throughout the circuit, but does not allo% very much current to get bac' into the battery 201 to destroy the mechanical means that initiated the release of electric current in the first place!

"herefore, it should be further understood that the faster the current direction reverses into the coil 205, the more efficiently the matter of battery 201 is converted into pure electrical energy (E S (?2) %ithout the destruction of the mechanical situation that initiates the electrical current release! ,t is also important to understand that the stronger the magnetic field coming from the mass of magnet 200, the greater %ill be its rotational speed! #dditionally, the greater the magnetic field coming from the mass of coil 205, the greater %ill be the rotational speed of magnet 200 and, up to a point, the greater the electric current input from battery 201, the greater %ill be the percentage of the atoms ma'ing up coil 205 that are aligned! "his probably has the same relationship as does achieving atom alignment in conventional magnetic materials! =nce complete atom alignment is reached in coil 205, no amount of current %ill cause those atoms to increase the strength of the magnetic field emitting from those atoms! "herefore, it should be clear that for a given input of electric current from battery 201, the most efficient design is one in %hich most of the atoms of coil 205 are influenced to atom alignment by that given electric current, %hich means increasing the diameter and the length of the conducting %ire of coil 205 to the point that the strength of the magnetic field produced is sufficient to cause rotation of the magnet 200 to a speed that allo%s none or at least very little of the electric current that initially comes from the battery 201 to complete the circuit and get bac' into battery 201 and destroy or reduce the mechanical effect that induced the conversion of the matter of the battery 201 in electric current in the first place! #gain this desired effect can be increased by increasing the strength of the magnetic field given off by the atoms of the permanent magnet 200! ,n the second embodiment of -igure :, the structure and operation of the prototype is substantially identical to that of (ig/re A %ith the ma*or exception being that the magnet /00 and shaft /09 elements (and related sub-elements /02, /0/, and /0;) are positioned inside of and %ithin the core of the primary coil /05, as compared to the placement of the magnet 200 and shaft 209 elements next to and along side of the coil 205 of (ig/re A! "herefore, for purposes of brevity, a detailed description of the elements of (ig/re 6 %ill not be repeated, but it is noted that the corresponding and analogous elements and sub-elements are similarly numbered in (ig/re A and (ig/re 6! ,t is also important to again stress the fact that the prototype designs sho%n are presented simply to prove the correctness of the invention, and it should be clear that the invention can be made extremely more efficient by utiliHing all of the magnetic field produced by coil 205 and designing the magnet 200 of a shape and strength that efficiently interacts %it the ma*ority of the magnetic fields from coil 205! "he illustrated prototypes are relatively highly inefficient in this regard, but even so, the results of the invention itself greatly exceed the prior art as to the use of electric current from %hatever source and interaction %ith an electric motor or %hatever %or' %as conventionally performed! "he applicant feels it is very important to again stress that, in building many varying designs of this invention, consideration must be given to the fact that the energy in the field of force of any

type of magnet is the energy that ma'es up the atoms of the material from %hich it comesT "his energy is a real entity %ith (it is believed) a gyroscopic action! ,t is literally EinsteinUs e uation of E S (?2! #nd it is believed that this energy moves at the speed of light and ma'es up all matter, and that this energy has a constant pressure effect bac' to the atoms of the material from %hich it came, similar to hydraulic pressure! "his effect is additionally more fully understood by stating the follo%ing results obtained from experimentation by the applicant in the process of this invention! (a) 0hen the system is initially attached to a 1!5 volt siHe 1 battery 201 or /01 and the magnet 200 or /00 and related rotation entities are placed close to or in the center of coil 205 or /05, the follo%ing results are observed. ,f the electric current produced in coil 20: (/0:) is then fed bac' into coil 205 (/05) in accordance %ith proper polarity, the rotation speed of magnet 200 (/00) %ill then accelerate! ,f fed bac' into coil 205 (/05) in %rong polarity, the rotation speed of magnet 200 (/00) %ill slo% do%n! "his proves that the total force from coil 205 (/05) interacting %ith the magnet 200 (/00) is greater %hen the electrical energy from coil 20: (/0:) is fed bac' into coil 205 (/05) than %hen only the initial electrical energy from battery 201 (/01) is fed into coil 205 (/05)! 0hen t%o or three batteries are electrically connected together in series so as to create for example three or four and one-half volts of electrical input, this effect is multiplied! <emember that, up to a point, the greater the electrical input, the greater the percentage of atom alignment %ithin the coil 205 (/05)! "his further proves that the electric current produced in coil 20: (/0:) is a result of the gyroscopic particles of energy released from the magnetic fields that came from the electromagnetic ma'eup of the atoms of coil 205 (/05), and is not part of the initial electrical energy released from the atoms ma'ing up the materials of battery 201 (/01)T "he coil 20: (/0:) can be ta'en out of the system, or its electrical current fed a%ay from the system, and the rotational speed of the magnet 200 (/00) %ill not observably change! "he rotational speed of the magnet 200 (/00) %ill noticeably change, ho%ever, %hen the electric current from coil 20: (/0:) is fed bac' into coil 205 (/05)T 1o% a different result. (b) 0hen the electric current from battery 201 (/01) becomes %ea'er to the point that the magnetic field coming from coil 205 (/05) has %ea'ened and shrun' allo%ing the magnetic field of the rotating magnet 200 (/00) to expand and then noticeably induce electric current into coil 20: (/0:) and into coil 205 (/05), then reverse results are observed! 0hen the magnetic field from coil 205 (/05) is large, then the magnetic field from magnet 200 (/00) is retainedT ,f coil 20: (/0:) is then short-circuited, the rotation of magnet 200 (/00) %ill noticeably slo% do%n!

,f the electric current from coil 20: (/0:) is fed bac' into coil 205 (/05) in %rong polarity, the rotation of the magnet 200 (/00) %ill stop! ,f fed bac' into coil 205 (/05) in correct polarity, the rotation of the magnet 200 (/00) %ill slo% do%n! #t that point, the rotation of the magnet 200 (/00) %ill not accelerate, no matter ho% connectedT "hese results sho% that, at this time, the magnetic field from magnet 200 (/00) noticeably induces a current in coils 20: (/0:) and 205 (/05) that opposes the rotation of the magnet 200 (/00)! "his effect has already been mechanically explained, and it has been sho%n that 7enHUs 7a% %as simply an observation of that mechanical explanation! "hese results further demonstrate that the expanding and collapsing magnetic fields from coil 205 (/05) and 20: (/0:) do not noticeably affect each other detrimentally because the resulting magnetic fields from all the coils are the results of fluctuating atom alignment %ithin the coilsT <emember, the gyroscopic energy particles ma'ing up the magnetic fields have a hydraulic pressure effect bac' to the atoms from %hich they came! #lso remember that the atoms ma'ing up the material of the permanent magnet 200 (/00) are stationary as to atom alignment directionT "herefore, the pressure effect resulting from an opposing field that the magnet 200 (/00) induced is immediate, as is hydraulic pressure! "he magnetic field emitted from the atoms of coil 205 (/05), relative to induction into the atoms of coil 20: (/0:), ho%ever, are fluctuating and out of step, so to spea', and therefore in harmony %ith each other! "he pressure effect from the induction of coil 205 (/05) into coil 20: (/0:) is an action of the atoms of coil 205 (/05) and bac' into the atoms of coil 20: (/0:)! "his action is seen again %hen the invention is hoo'ed into 115 volt #?, and battery 201 (/01) is not used! "he magnet 200 (/00) %ill not rotate even though the magnetic field from coil 205 (/05) is strong and is alternating! <eason. "he fluctuating magnetic field is so fast that the inertia mass of magnet 200 (/00) cannot get started in one direction before the magnetic field from coil 205 (/05) has reversed, thereby causing magnet 200 (/00) to vibrate only microscopically at :0 cycles per second! #nd, if a :0-%att bulb is connected to the system of coil 205 (/05), it %ill light only dimly, and there is a lag time of t%o or three seconds before it lights! ,f then coil 20: (/0:) is connected to a meter, there is a reading of 9@ volts, and if the meter is replaced by another :0-%att bulb, it %ill light only extremely dimly! "he :0-%att bulb connected to coil 205 (/05), ho%ever, %ill no% become noticeably brighterT "his again sho%s that the action and reaction results of the atoms of the coils are not noticeably detrimental to each other because of the lag time (out of step, so to spea') resulting in reinforcing the flipping atom alignment of the coils! -rom this further explanation of the invention it is seen that desirable results may be obtained by the follo%ing.

-or example, in (ig/re 6 the magnet /00 may be of a design and3or be located at a distance from the inside diameter of coil /05 and coil /0:, %hereby the ma*ority of the magnetic field from the magnet /00 do not cut the conducting loops of coil /05 or /0:! Get the alternating magnetic field produced by coil /05 should efficiently have the ma*ority of its gyroscopic particles interacting %ith the ma*ority of the gyroscopic particles ma'ing up the magnetic field of the permanent magnet /00, but not directly reacting %ith the atoms ma'ing up coil /05, or magnet /00T 0hen the magnetic lines of force of the magnet 200 (/00) cross at right angles %ith the conducting %ires of coil 205 (/05), 20: (/0:), a bra'ing action is incurred! ,t should be noted that, as the inner diameter of coil 205 (/05) increases, the percentage of time of bra'ing effect decreases! #long this same line of instruction, the commutator segments 202 (/02) can be made of a large diameter and the area of brushes made small, %hereby, %hen the brushes cross over the gaps in the commutator segments, there %ill be no short circuit at any tie directly bac' to the battery 201 (/01)! Iy combining the slip rings and brushes (the slip rings can be made of a small diameter) to the side or sides of the brushes and commutator segments 202 (/02), then battery 201 (/01) does not have to rotate %ith magnet 200 (/00)! "he no! 19 and 1o! 15 gauge copper insulated %ire of ;0 and @0 pounds (/1!5 and 90!5 'ilograms) used for the motor coil 205 (/05) and the generator coil 20: (/0:) respectively in the first hand-made prototypes of the embodiments of (ig/re A and (ig/re 6 for demonstration purposes only, come in standard buc'ets of varying %eights from %holesale outlets! ,t %as then %ound in coils as sho%n and, as taught, the more conducting %ire sued, the better the results! "he magnets 200 and /00 %ere each initially about a 2-132 inches (:!25 cm) cube and can be any siHe and strength desired! ,n a further, rough, hand built demonstration, %or'ing prototype of the invention of the type illustrated in (ig/re 6, the primary motor coil /05 %as made of 1o! 5 gauge copper %ire in a single, continuous %ire form %eighing approximately 9,100 pounds (1,895 'g!) %ith a coil lop diameter of 9-132 feet (1/5 cm), %hile the secondary or generator coil /0: %as made of 1o! 29 gauge copper %ire in a single, continuous %ire form %eighing approximately /00 pounds (195 'g) %ith the same, approximate loop diameter of 9-132 feet (1/5 cm) %ith both coils /05, /0: coincidently forming a cylinder of approximately /0 inches (;5 cm) in length! "he coils /05, /0: %ere built around a cylindrical fiberglass core body of approximately 200 pounds (@0 'g) having a vertical longitudinal center-line axis! "he rotating magnet /00 %as made up of six separate parallel cylindrical magnetic columns spaced and disposed about the periphery of a hollo% cylindrical fiberglass surface of approximately 20 inches (50 cm) diameter! Each column %as /0 inches (;5 cm) long and %as composed of a stac' of ;0 individual ceramic ring magnets in disc form as made by Bobmaster (agnets (<andallsto%n, (> 211// C)#)! Each disc had a thic'ness of ;31: inch (1!0@/;5 cm), an inner diameter of one inch (2!5 cm) and an outer diameter of 9 inches (10 cm)! "he discs %ere stac'ed and secured together in 9-inch (10 cm) diameter fiberglass tubes longitudinally mounted

on the inner surface of the 20-inch (50 cm) diameter fiberglass cylinder! "he composite magnet /00 had a total %eight of approximately 900 pounds (180 'g) and a total length of /0 inches (;5 cm) and an approximate diameter of 20 inches (50 cm)! "he magnet /00 %as mounted for rotation on a horiHontal shaft /09 extending across the hollo% core of the coils /05, /0: crossing through the center point of the longitudinal center-line of the cylinder and orthogonal to the longitudinal center-line of the magnet /00 for rotation %ithin the open center area of the cylindrically disposed coils /05 and /0: %ith the longitudinal center-lines of the coils being vertically disposed! 0ith a >? battery source /01 of t%o 12-volt lantern batteries and seventeen :-volt lantern batteries all ins series (totaling 12: volts), a measured voltage of 12: volts and a measured current of @@ milliamps %as noted in the primary coil /05! ?oncurrently a voltage reading of :90 volts and an amperage measurement in excess of 20 milliamps %ere noted in the secondary or generating coil /0:, %ith the magnet /00 rotating at a speed of 120 rpm! "hus the system %as outputting and producing in the generating coil /0: useable electricity in excess of 102 F of that being input in the motor coil /05T "his excess useful electrical energy of course is in addition to the further useful mechanical energy available at the exemplary drive ta'eoff /0; on the rotating shaft /09, on %hich the 900-pound, /0-inch long magnet /00 %as rotating at 120 rpmT "hus the invention, by utiliHing the energy of the gyroscopic particles in the magnetic field, produces a greater energy output than the energy input to the system, thus producing results beyond presently accepted scientific teachings of the %orld! "his prototype achieves exactly %hat has already been described in great detail in applicantUs prior patent applications! ,n this prototype there %as simply used a stronger magnet and a larger diameter conducting %ire of great length that has a considerably greater number of atoms aligned %hen current is put into the system, and used a greater number of atoms in the generator coil of fine diameter conducting %ire! 0hile the results of the energy released from this particular prototype is highly impressive to others, applicant still has only scratched the surface of the energy that can be released using the principles of the present invention! #gain, as has already been stressed, the most efficient design is one in %hich the least amount of input of current causes the greatest amount of atom alignment! "his data does not constitute any departure from the applicantUs previous %or', but is only to further document that %hich has already been stressed in the prior patent applications! 6arying the >? voltage for the battery source /01 sho%s that obvious efficiency %ill continue %ill continue to rise as the voltage input goes upT #lso, the leverage factor advantage of the invention, combined %ith the inertia of the 900-pound magnet /00 rotating at 120 rpm (even %hile causing the electrical generator to put out over 100F of energy input) proves the invention to be greatly over 100F efficient even at this slo% rpm!

,t is contemplated that the next prototype %ill use super-conducting type material for the coil /05 %ith a magnet /00 having a magnetic material comparable to that of cryogenic-type magnet relative to percentage of atom alignment or siHe! "his %ill result in the siHe of the invention being much smaller and yet %ith the available %or' output being much greater than the prototype *ust described! <eason. "he most efficient type design is one %hereby the least amount of current input into the motor coil produces the greatest atom alignment of said motor coil and having rotatable magnet also comparable in strength, relative to siHe! "he invention can be made %ithout using the coil 20: (/0:) and producing *ust useful mechanical energy! ?oil 20: (/0:) can be merged or %ound %ith coil 205 (/05)! "he magnet 200 (/00) can be an electromagnet, a permanent magnet, a cryogenic magnet, or any magnet! "he design of magnet 200 (/00) can create a strong but retained magnetic field! "he design of coil 205 (/05) can be used to further retain the magnetic field of magnet 200 (/00)! #lternating current can be used in place of the >? battery 201 (/01), if the magnet 200 (/00) is designed accordingly! "he coils 205 (/05) and 20: (/0:) may be made up of several coils rather than a single coil! "he magnet 200 (/00) may be made up of several individual magnets rather than from *ust a single magnet! -rom the foregoing it should be understood that, unli'e the teachings of the prior art, the follo%ing is desired in the design of the coil 205 (/05) under the principles of the present invention. (a) ?urrent initially flo%ing into and through the coil should be small compared to the energy output of the system$ (b) # relatively large diameter %ire or its e uivalent is used for the coil$ (c) # relatively large number of coil loops or coils is used$ (d) # relatively long, continuous length of coil %ire or its e uivalent is used$ and (e) "he greatest magnetism for a given mass of the magnet 200 (/00) is desired but may be designed to that the magnetic lines of force %ill not cut the coils at a right angle!

"he present invention applies to any mechanical device that is operated by electrical energy! ,n accordance %ith the principles of the present invention, the mechanical device should be designed %herein the electrical current as much as is feasible cannot get bac' to its source, but the circuit is completed %hereby the pressure force is constant throughout the system! 0hat has been invented, built and disclosed is an invention of immense importance to the %ellbeing of the entire %orld! "here %ill be many devices built from %hat has been sho%n and taught! ,t should no% be 'no%n that all matter is made up of electromagnetic energy and that there are many mechanical %ays to release this energy, as has been stated throughout the five prior related patent applications hereof and the >isclosure >ocument! #ll of these future developments %ill be as a result of the present invention, %hich releases energy above and beyond conventional energy release mechanisms prior to this invention ?laims M 0hat is claimed is. (1) #n electrical energy generation system for generating useable electrical energy, comprising. a source of at least one magnetic field$ useable electrical energy output means associated %ith said magnetic field for ma'ing available for sue the useable electrical energy generated in the system$ and application means associated %ith said magnetic field for applying an ade uate force at the proper angle to the gyroscopic type energy particles ma'ing up said magnetic field to cause said gyroscopic type energy particles to follo% a desired direction producing useable electrical energy at said output means, the amount of said useable electrical energy being greater than the amount of any external energy input to said source and said application means! (2) "he system of ?laim (1), %herein said application means comprises magnetic means for producing a magnetic field and a closed housing associated there%ith containing a fluid in the magnetic field produced by said magnetic means, said fluid becoming charged as a result of its interaction %ith the gyroscopic type energy particles ma'ing up said magnetic field! (/) "he system of ?laim (2), %herein said magnetic means is a series of aligned magnets positioned centrally %ithin said housing but electrically insulated therefrom! (9) "he system of ?laim (2), %herein there is included a further, 'eeper housing surrounding said closed housing and electrically insulated therefrom, said 'eeper housing tending to 'eep and concentrate the magnetic field produced by said magnetic means %ithin it! (5) "he system of ?laim (2), %herein said output means includes a net%or' of metallic surfaces immersed in said fluid to pic' up the electrical charges on said fluid!

(:) "he system of ?laim (1), %herein said application means comprises a member having its atoms aligned to produce a net magnetic field %hich is at least substantially contained %ithin the surface boundaries of said member! (;) "he system of ?laim (:), %herein said member is positioned in operative association %ith at least one magnet, and said member and said magnet are held static %ith respect to one another! (8) #n energy generation system for generating useable energy, comprising. at least one mass of material producing a source of at least one magnetic field$ useable energy output means associated %ith said magnetic field for ma'ing available for use the useable energy generated in the system$ alignment means associated %ith said mass for causing at least some of the atoms of said mass to alternately align and disalign, releasing some of the internal energy ma'ing up the affected atoms of said mass$ and utiliHation means for utiliHing some of the energy released from the affected atoms of said mass producing useable energy at said output means, the amount of said useable energy being greater than the amount of any external energy input to said mass, said alignment means and said utiliHation means! (@) #n energy generation system for generating useable energy, comprising. at least one mass of material producing a source of at least one magnetic field$ useable energy output means associated %ith said magnetic field for ma'ing available for use the useable energy generated in the system$ alternating electric current means associated %ith said mass for producing an electric current in said mass in an alternating direction, causing an alternating magnetic field to encompass said mass$ and current retarding means associated %ith said mass for at least partially entrapping said electric current in said mass an effective amount for producing useable energy at said output means of an amount greater that the amount of energy input into said mass from said alternating electric current means! (10) "he system of either one of ?laim 8 or @, %herein. the energy generation system comprises an electrical energy generation system$ and said useable energy output means comprises an electrical po%er output means! (11) "he system of either one of ?laims 8 or @, %herein.

the energy generation system comprises a motion generation system$ and said useable energy output means comprises useable motion output means! (12) "he system of ?laim (@), %herein said current retarding means includes at least one coil of %ire of effective siHe having an effective number of turns of %ire of an effectively large diameter and an effectively great length for at least partially entrapping said electric current! (1/) "he system of ?laim (@), %herein said current retarding means includes a rotary magnetic mass designed to react said alternating magnetic field encompassing said mass of material, said alternating magnetic field reversing no faster than the atoms of said mass of material can flip and realign$ said rotary magnetic mass being made long to ad*ust to this re uirement, the distance of the arc of circle traveled by the ends of said rotary magnetic mass being great$ great leverage from said alternating magnetic field of said mass of material being applied to said rotary magnetic mass, and, in addition to the increased distance of arc traveled by the ends of said rotary magnetic mass before the magnetic field of said mass of material reverses, greatly increasing the time in %hich a maximum force is exerted by the gyroscopic type energy particles moving in a magnetic field coming from the maximum number of atoms aligned in said mass of material, causing a longer time of acceleration of said rotary magnetic mass before the atoms of said mass are re uired to reverse! (19) "he method of generating suitable useable energy, comprising the steps of. (a) providing a magnetic device that has a material mass into %hich an electrical current is introduced, %hich results in causing pertinent atom alignment %ithin said material mass, thereby releasing some of the electromagnetic energy ma'ing up the atoms of said material mass in the form of a magnetic field, causing the gyroscopic type energy particles of said magnetic field to then interact %ith the gyroscopic type energy particles ma'ing up a magnetic field coming from the atoms of a different material mass$ and (b) having the magnetic device then cause a release of useable energy through at least one po%er outlet and resulting in producing a greater energy output than external energy input to the device! (15) "he method of ?laim (19), %herein the material mass into %hich the electric current is introduced is a superconducting material, and said separate magnetic mass is at least e uivalent to a cryogenic magnet! (1:) "he method of ?laim (19), %herein step (a) is achieved by the step of having said material be a conducting material and said separate magnetic mass be of any desired configuration of strength or type! (1;) "he method of ?laim (19), %herein the material mass(es) are made of a material or substance that allo%s for extremely fast atom alignment %ithout the delay or conventional degrees of hysteresis loses normally associated %ith conventional iron atom alignment! (18) # method of generating useable electrical energy from a source of at least one magnetic field, comprising the follo%ing step.

applying an ade uate force at the proper angle to the gyroscopic type energy particle to follo% a desired direction producing useable electrical energy at an output means of an amount greater than the amount of any external energy input to the system! (1@) "he method of ?laim (18), %herein there is further included the step of. maintaining all of the elements of the system in fixed locations %ithout any normal, visible movement ta'ing place %ithin the system! (20) # device that increases the availability of useable electrical energy or useable motion, or both, from a given mass or masses by a device causing a controlled release of, or reaction to, the gyroscopic type energy particle ma'ing up or coming from the atoms of the mass or masses, %hich in turn, by a properly designed system, causes an energy output greater than the energy input! (21) "he method of producing useable energy, comprising the follo%ing steps. (a) inputting energy into a device from an external source$ (b) having electrical current flo% %ithin said device$ and (c) utiliHing the internal electromagnetic energy of at least some of the matter in the device to add to the energy being input to the device from the external source to produce useful energy for use outside of the device having an amount greater than the energy being input to the device! (22) # method for generating useable energy from at least one mass of material producing a source of at least one magnetic field, comprising the follo%ing steps. (a) producing an electric current in said mass in an alternating direction, causing an alternating magnetic field to encompass said mass$ and (b) at least partially entrapping an effective amount of said electric current in said mass for producing useable energy at said output means of an amount greater than the amount of energy input to said mass from said alternating electric current means! (2/) "he method of ?laim (22), %herein in step (b) there is included the step of providing a separate magnetic source positioned so that its magnetic lines of force avoid significantly cutting the material through %hich the electrical energy flo%s, avoiding a bra'ing effect that %ould retard the desired motion of said magnetic source! (29) "he method of ?laim (22), %herein in step (b) there is included the step of. (c) retarding the flo% of current through said mass to a very great extent, producing at most a relatively small negative current flo% through said mass!

(25) "he method of ?laim (29), %herein step (c) is achieved at least in part by a step of providing at least one relatively large coil of %ire having a relatively large number of turns of %ire of a relatively large diameter and a relatively great length! (2:) "he method of ?laim (29), %herein step (c) is achieved at least in part by the step of utiliHing a retaining means by %hich the electric current is at least mostly retained %ithin at least one member outside of the source of said electric current and then, as a result thereof, is capable of producing a continuous electromagnetic product! (2;) # method for generating useable energy from at least one mass of material producing a source of at least one magnetic field, comprising the follo%ing steps. (a) causing at least some of the atoms of said mass to alternately align and disalign, releasing some of the internal energy ma'ing up the affected areas of said mass$ and (b) utiliHing some of the energy released from the affected atoms of said mass, producing useable energy at an output means of an amount greater than the amount of any external energy input to the system!

Pie Pian Ning, e

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Energ,F#torage Mem'rane

222$"cience0ail,$com

Novel Energ,F#torage Mem'rane= 6er3ormance #/rpa""e" E+i"ting ec-argea'le Datterie" an0 #/percapacitor"
# team from the 1ational Cniversity of )ingapore5s 1anoscience and 1anotechnology ,nitiative (1C)11,), led by principle investigator >r \ie \ian 1ing, has developed a novel energystorage membrane! Electrical energy storage and its management are becoming urgent issues due to climate change and energy shortage! Existing technologies such as rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are

based on complicated configurations including li uid electrolytes, and suffer from difficulties in scaling-up and high fabrication costs! "here is also gro%ing public concern and a%areness of the impact of traditional energy sources on the environment, spurring a continued search for alternative, green, sustainable energy sources! Co"tFe33ective an0 environmentall,F3rien0l, <ecognising the issue, >r \ie and his team have developed a membrane that not only promises greater cost-effectiveness in delivering energy, but also an environmentally-friendly solution! "he researchers used a polystyrene-based polymer to deposit the soft, foldable membrane that, %hen sand%iched bet%een and charged by t%o metal plates, could store charge at 0!2 farads per s uare centimeter! "his is %ell above the typical upper limit of 1 microfarad per s uare centimetre for a standard capacitor! "he cost involved in energy storage is also drastically reduced! 0ith existing technologies based on li uid electrolytes, it costs about C)X; to store each farad! 0ith the advanced energy storage membrane, the cost to store each farad falls to an impressive C)X0!:2! "his translates to an energy cost of 10-20 %att-hour per C) dollar for the membrane, as compared to *ust 2!5 %atthour per C) dollar for lithium ion batteries! >r \ie said. E?ompared to rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors, the proprietary membrane allo%s for very simple device configuration and lo% fabrication cost! (oreover, the performance of the membrane surpasses those of rechargeable batteries, such as lithium ion and lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors!E "he research is supported by grants from the )ingapore-(," #lliance for <esearch L "echnology ()(#<"), and 1ational <esearch -oundation! >r \ie and his team started %or' on the membrane early last year and too' about 1!5 years to reach their current status, and have successfully filed a C) patent for this novel invention! "he discovery %as featured in Energy L Environmental )cience and highlighted by the international *ournal 1ature! 4otential applications. -rom hybrid vehicles to solar panels and %ind turbines "he membrane could be used in hybrid vehicles for instant po%er storage and delivery, thus improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emission! 4otentially, hybrid cars %ith the membrane technology could be po%ered by the energy stored in the membranes in con*unction %ith the energy provided by fuel combustion, increasing the lifespan of car batteries and cutting do%n on %aste! "he membrane could also be integrated into solar panels and %ind turbines to store and manage the electricity generated! Energy provided through these sources is prone to instability due to their dependence on natural factors! Iy augmenting these energy sources %ith the membrane, the issue of instability could potentially be negated, as surplus energy generated can be instantly stored in the membranes, and delivered for use at a stable rate at times %hen natural factors are

insufficient, such as a lac' of solar po%er during night-time! Ne+t #tep "he research team has demonstrated the membrane5s superior performance in energy storage using prototype devices! "he team is currently exploring opportunities to %or' %ith venture capitalists to commercialise the membrane! "o date, several venture capitalists have expressed strong interest in the technology! E0ith the advent of our novel membrane, energy storage technology %ill be more accessible, affordable, and producible on a large scale! ,t is also environmentally-friendly and could change the current status of energy technology,E >r \ie said! Ho/rnal e3erence"= \ie \ian 1ing! Energy technology. )upersiHing a supercapacitor! 1ature, 9;;, @$ 01 )eptember 2011 >=,. 10!10/839;;00@c \ian 1ing \ie, &ian &eat 7ee, BunHhong 0ang, &ian 4ing 7oh! 4olariHable energy-storage membrane based on ionic condensation and decondensation! Energy L Environmental )cience, 2011$ 9 (10). /@:0 >=,. 10!10/@3?1EE018912

-ttp=>>222$n/"$e0/$"g>ilo>3ac/lt,>N (K6OCKA2ar0ee"K6OCA$-tml

A #/percapacitive Energ, #torage Device Da"e0 On 6roprietar, Nanomaterial"

,n the fight against environment pollution and global %arming, clean energy generation and storage is vital to the sustainability of )ingapore! )upercapacitors are the ma*or energy storage devices due to their extremely high capacity in storing electric charges and energy! "hey are superior to batteries because their po%er density is up to 100 times that of batteries! #s clean energy sources, supercapacitors have important applications in electric vehicles and consumer electronic devices including i4ods and i4hones! "he increasing concerns on energy and environment call for ne% generation supercapacitors %ith improved performances and reduced

costs! "his pro*ect aims to use the research teamUs patent-pending nanomaterial to develop novel supercapacitors for energy storage and management! ,n contrast to commercial supercapacitors containing li uid electrolyte, our recently invented superhydrophilic nanomaterial allo%s for a different mechanism of energy storage, and thus create the possibility of a ne% type of solid-state supercapacitor! #ccording to our bac'ground ,4, the preliminary performance of the proposed supercapacitor is comparable to that of commercial carbon-based devices! (oreover, it has a lot of space for further improvement by optimiHing the chemical compositions of the active nanomaterials! "o convert the bac'ground ,4 into a commercial reality, further <L> %or' is proposed in this pro*ect to deliver a ne% generation supercapacitor %hich has mar'et viability o%ing to its simpler configuration, lo%er cost, and higher performances! image Dr$ Pie Pian Ning5 6I5 La' Manager5 N<# Nano"cience ; Nanotec-nolog, Initiative [ NanoCore5 N<# >r! \ie received his 4h> degree in ?hemistry from 1ational Cniversity of )ingapore! 2e is currently 7ab (anager34rinciple ,nvestigator %ith 1C)11,-1ano?ore! >r! \ie has more than ten yearsU experience in nanoscience and nanotechnology! 2is research interest is in advanced nanomaterials for energy and environment sustainability! #s principle author, >r! \ie has published more than 90 scientific papers since 2000! 2e also served as revie%er for premier *ournals including #dv! (ater!, #dv! -unct! (ater! and )mall, etc! 2is current research effort is focused on the development and commercialiHation of his patent-pending nanomaterial in the %ater and energy mar'et! -ttp=>>ilo$tec-nolog,p/'li"-er$com>tec-nolog,>&&9* 832@32011

6olariJa'le IonFCon0/cting Mem'rane 3or Energ, #torage

Tec-nolog, Overvie2 # highly polariHable ion-conducting energy-storage membrane capacitor demonstrates simplicity, easy device scaling up and lo% fabrication cost for electrical energy storage! "his material system also presents a high cycle life at maintained performance! "he membrane-based capacitor can have an average capacitance of M0!2 -3cm2, energy of 0!// B3cm2 and charge of 0!/@ ?3cm2 across various constant resistances from 1!2 to 8!0 'R! ,t can be seen that a linear increase of membrane area corresponds to a scaling factor of 0!2 -3cm2 in capacitance! "his demonstrates that simple massive device scalability is readily achieved due to the linear relationship as established in -ig 1!

(ig/re %= Capacitance o3 mem'rane piece" 2it- 0i33erent area A$ In"et= !ariation o3 capacitance a" a 3/nction o3 c-argeF0i"c-arge c,cle"$ Tec-nolog, (eat/re" "he material system exhibits large open voltage (/!06) as sho%n in -ig! 2!

(ig/re )= Compari"on o3 co"t per (ara0 'et2een mem'raneF'a"e0 an0 0o/'leFla,er capacitor 2igh polariHation current at 105 times higher than that of typical dielectric polariHation! -ig! 1 sho%s a polariHation current of M250 m#3cm2 at 10 6! (embrane-based capacitor incurs lo%er cost in storing energy at X0!:23- than that of doublelayer capacitors at a rate of MX;!03- as seen in -ig! /!

(ig/re *= Di"c-arge voltage !.t1 o3 t-e 0evice /n0er con"tant c/rrent >urable, negligible capacity fading after 1000 cycles at room temperature! A0vantage" )implicity in massive scale-up +ood cycle life, high ion conductivity and polariHability 7o% cost of energy storage Application" Energy-storage$ )upercapacitor$ Iattery$ -uel ?ell$ >ata storage -ttp=>>222$material"vie2"$com>0etail">ne2">%)9%%)*>WaterF lovingKelectro0e"K"toreKmoreKc-argeKIonicKcon0/ctivit,KinK"/percapacitor"$-tml

WaterFloving electro0e" "tore more c-arge= Ionic con0/ctivit, in "/percapacitor"

by Henn, Ma-one, 2011-0;-1@ i#a&eH .ate -lovi%& ele+t o2e" "to e #o e +$a &eH 5o%i+ +o%2u+tivity i% "upe +apa+ito " # ne% type of electrode material for supercapacitors that, for the first time, predominantly exploits ionic conductivity is reported online in the Bournal of 4olymer )cience. 4olymer 4hysics! ?ompared to conventional electrode materials, %hich re uire large surface areas and high porosities, lead researcher \ian 1ing \ie explains that the ne% hydrophiliHed polymer net%or' uses ion-conducting channels for fast ion transport and charge storage!

)upercapacitors have an extremely high energy density compared to regular capacitors and can be charged and discharged repeatedly %ithout degrading li'e batteries do! "heir high capacitance and stability in electrolyte solutions could ma'e them ideal for applications li'e uninterruptable po%er supplies and hybrid cars! "he polymer net%or' that \ie and his colleagues use includes 4))2 (poly(styrene sulfonic acid))! 4))2 has a high density of sulfonic )=/- groups, %hich attract a large amount of %ater, creating hydrated paths %ith increased ionic conductivity! #ccording to the authors, previous publications emphasiHed only the importance of electronic conductivity and surface area in high capacitance charge storage! -or supercapacitor electrode material, Vboth electronic and ionic conductivity of the material are important in terms of high capacitance charge storage! ,t is this %or' that, for the first time, points out the significance of ionic conductivity in supercapacitive energy storage,W says \ie! ,n their experiments, the researchers prepared 4E>".4))2 films on a graphite substrate and tested both their capacitive behavior as %ell as their stability in electrolyte solutions! )ince electrode materials for supercapacitors are often soa'ed in li uid electrolyte, good stability is needed! "he authors explain that the net%or' exhibits excellent stability due to the cross-lin'ing of sulfonic groups in 4))2, %hich stops it from dissolving! -rom a practical standpoint, \ie says V"his is an added advantage in device fabrication and operation, as in current supercapacitors, insulating binders have to be added to ensure the adhesion of electrode materials on the collector surfaces!W ,n this %or', \ie and co%or'ers demonstrate that hydrophiliHer-based ionic conductivity can greatly improve supercapacitor performance! ,n the future, they plan to Vcombine the ionicconduction net%or' to other electronic-conduction materials, and thus to develop composite materials for better device performanceW! Macromolec/lar C-emi"tr, an0 6-,"ic" !ol/me )%%5 I""/e )05 page" )%8&[)%9)5 Octo'er %A5 )0%

A Nano"egregant Approac- to #/per2etta'le an0 WaterFAttracting #/r3ace"

1! \ian 1ing \ie1,d, 2! )haron \iaodai 7im2, /! GuHhan 0ang2, 9! \ingyu +ao2, 5! &ian &eat 7ee1, :! ?horng 2aur )o%2, ;! \iaohong ?hen/, 8! &ian 4ing 7oh1,/, @! #ndre% "hye )hen 0ee1,2

A'"tract # simple and economical approach to the preparation of superhydrophilic and %ater-capturing surfaces is reported! ,n this method, a common polymer a ueous blend is drop-cast onto a substrate, and the natural drying of the a ueous drop allo%s for the formation of phasesegregated nanosegregants bet%een the bul' film and substrate surface! "he nanosegregant is then exposed by dissolving the bul' film using %ater! "he nanosegregant is stable, %aterinsoluble and optically transparent, and exhibits superhydrophilicity %ith a minimum contact angle belo% 10h! ,t also displays strong %ater-attracting ability! "he mechanism of super%ettability and %ater-capturing behavior is discussed in terms of the self-organiHation and functional group of the nanosegregant!

WO )0%%08&4A8 #<6E 8MD O68ILIC AND WATE FCA6T< ING #< (ACE#
2011-0;-21 ,nventor(s). \,E \,#1 1,1+ J)+K$ 7=2 &,#1 4,1+ J)+K A (\,E, \,#1 1,1+, $ 7=2, &,#1 4,1+) #pplicant(s). C1,6 ),1+#4=<E J)+K$ \,E \,#1 1,1+ J)+K$ 7=2 &,#1 4,1+ J)+K A (1#",=1#7 C1,6E<),"G =- ),1+#4=<E, $ \,E, \,#1 1,1+, $ 7=2, &,#1 4,1+) ?lassification. - international. ?0@&/300$ ?0@&/318$ 201+9319 A'"tract # coated substrate includes a substrate and a coating containing a %ater insoluble polymer and a %ater soluble polymer, the t%o polymers, due to different %ater affinity, forming a nanosegregant on the substrate! #lso disclosed are a method of preparing the above-described coated substrate and the use of this coated substrate in a solid-state supercapacitor! De"cription DAC7G O<ND O( T8E IN!ENTION "ypically, superhydrophilic surfaces have a %ater contact angle of less than 25Jdeg!K and %atercapturing surfaces retain %ater as a uniform film having a thic'ness of millimeters! (any techni ues have been developed to prepare superhydrophilic surfaces! )ee ,!4! 4ar'in et! al!, B! (ater! ?hem! 2005, 15, 1:8@! -or example, superhydrophilic surfaces are obtained by C6irradiation of oxide semiconductor films such as "i02 and bn=! ,n this method, the superhydrophilicity, induced by photon-generated short-lived charges, gradually disappears %ithout continuous C6 illumination! )ee, e!g!, \!(! 7i et! al!, ?hem! )oc! <ev! 200;, /:, 1/50, #! 7afuma et! al!, 1at! (ater! 200/, 2, 95;! # method has been devised for producing %ater-capturing surfaces that mimic the %ater harvesting %ing surfaces of the 1amib >esert beetle! )ee 7! bhai, 1ano 7ett! 200:, :, 121/! "his

method is not suitable for large-scale production as it involves layer- by-layer multi-step patterning and deposition of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components! =f note, superhydrophilic surfaces do not necessarily possess %ater-capturing capacity! )urfaces that are superhydrophilic and3or %ater-capturing have many industrial applications! )uperhydrophilicity prevents fog formation, as condensed %ater spreads across a superhydrophilic surface! =n the other hand, %ater-capturing surfaces can be used to dra% %ater from de% in arid areas! # surface that possesses both superhydrophilicity and %ater-capturing capacity is ideal for use in a solid-state supercapacitor! "here is a need for cost-efficient methods of preparing enduring superhydrophilic and3or %atercapturing surfaces! #<MMA M O( T8E IN!ENTION =ne aspect of this invention relates to a coated substrate having a surface that possesses both superhydrophilicity and %ater-capturing capacity! "he coated substrate includes (i) a coating having a %ater insoluble polymer and a %ater soluble polymer, and (ii) a substrate covered by the coating! "he t%o polymers, due to their different %ater affinity, form a nanosegregant having a thic'ness of 1-10 nm (e!g!, 1-5 ran)! (ore specifically, in the nanosegregant, the %ater insoluble polymer adheres onto the substrate and the %ater soluble polymer adheres onto the adhered %ater insoluble polymer! "he nanosegregant has a %ater contact angle of 0-25Jdeg!K (e!g!, 5-20Jdeg!K) and a capability to capture a %ater film having a thic'ness of 0!1-10 mm (e!g!, 0!5-/!0 mm)! "he coating can further include, on top of the nanosegregant, a conductive non- nanosegregant film containing the same %ater soluble polymer and the same %ater insoluble polymer! Cnli'e the nanosegregant, this film, having a thic'ness of 0!9-500 JmuKJpiKJiotaK, does not exhibit either superhydrophilicity or %ater-capturing capacity! "he %ater soluble polymer contains identical or different hydrophilic and hygroscopic groups, e!g!, carboxylic groups or sulfonic groups! #n example of such a %ater soluble polymer is poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (E4))2E)! "he %ater insoluble polymer, on the other hand, contains identical or different electrically conductive groups, e!g!, aniline groups or thiophene groups! #n example of such a %ater insoluble polymer is poly(/,9-ethelynedioxythiophene (E4E>"E)! ,n one embodiment of the above- described coated substrate, 4))2 and 4E>" are used as a %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer, respectively, at a ratio of 2!5 . 1 to 20. 1 by %eight (e!g!, :.1 by %eight)! #nother aspect of this invention relates to a method of preparing the coated substrate depicted above! "he method includes at least three steps. (i) providing an a ueous dispersion containing a %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer, (ii) applying the a ueous dispersion onto a surface of a substrate, and (iii) allo%ing the applied a ueous dispersion to dry to form on the surface of the substrate a nanosegregant, due to different %ater affinity of the t%o polymers! "he

excess applied polymers form a non-nanosegregant film, %hich is mentioned above! "he method can further include, after step (iii), a step of removing the excess applied polymers to expose the nanosegregant! "he coated substrate of this invention can be a positive electrode having a coating that includes both a nanosegregant and a non-nanosegregant film! "his coated positive electrode can be used to ma'e a solid-state supercapacitor! )uch a solid-state supercapacitor includes (i) a positive electrode, (ii) a negative electrode, (iii) a nanosegregant, as described above, formed from an a ueous dispersion that contains an ioniHable %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer due to their different %ater affinity of the t%o polymers, and (iv) a conductive film, as described above, containing the %ater soluble polymer and the %ater insoluble polymer! "he nanosegregant is disposed bet%een the positive electrode and the film, and the film is disposed bet%een the negative electrode and the nanosegregant! "he details of one or more examples of the invention are set forth in the description belo%! =ther features, ob*ects, and advantages of the invention %ill be apparent from the detailed description of the examples and also from the dra%ings and the appending claims! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# "he dra%ings are first described! (ig$ % is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of preparing a superhydrophilic and %atercapturing surface!

(ig$ ) is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of preparing a solid-state supercapacitor!

DETAILED DE#C I6TION O( T8E IN!ENTION 0ithin the scope of this invention is a substrate having a coating made of a %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer! "he coating includes a nanosegregant (%ith a thic'ness of 1-10 nm) containing the t%o polymers and, optionally a conductive non-nanosegregant film (%ith a thic'ness of 0!9-500 JmuKJiotaKJetaK) also containing the t%o polymers! "he nanosegregant unexpectedly exhibits both superior superhydrophilicity and superior %atercapturing capacity! "he substrate can be a metal, an insulator, a semiconductor, a polymer, or a combination thereof! Examples of a metal include gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, lead and alloy (i!e!, stainless steel)! Examples of an insulator include )i02, %ood, porcelain, clay, alumina, silicon, and paper! Examples of a semiconductor include silicon, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, silicon nitride, indium sulfide, Hinc oxide, and diamond! Examples of a polymer include 4 6?, "eflon, polycarbonate, polyester, nitrocellulose, polyethersulfone, and polypropylene! "o prepare a coated substrate of this invention, one applies onto the surface of a substrate an a ueous dispersion including a %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer! #n artisan can mix the t%o polymers in %ater to obtain this dispersion, or purchase it from a commercial supplier!

"he term E%ater soluble polymerE refers to a polymer that contains identical or different hydrophilic and hygroscopic groups (e!g!, carboxylic groups and sulfonic groups), %hich ma'e the polymer soluble or dispersible in %ater! Each of the groups can exist in the form of an acid (e!g!, carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid), or in the form of a salt (e!g!, carboxylate and sulfonate)! 1ote that %hen the %ater soluble polymer is used to prepare a supercapacitor as discussed belo%, such a polymer must also be ioniHable! "he term E%ater insoluble polymerE refers to a conductive polymer that does not contain ioniHable or strong polar groups, but contains identical or different electrically conducting groups (e!g!, aniline groups and thiophene groups)! Each of the groups can exist in the form of an unsubstituted group (e!g!, aniline and thiophene), or in the form of a substituted group (e!g! substituted aniline and substituted thiophene)! ,t is critical that the t%o polymers can be %ell dispersed in %ater as nanoparticles (e!g!, a diameter of 20-120 nm) so as to form an a ueous dispersion! "he ratio bet%een the %ater soluble polymer and the %ater insoluble polymer varies! ,t affects the properties of the nanosegregant and the film prepared from the t%o polymers, e!g!, superhydrophilicity, conductivity, and %ater-capturing capacity! =ne can apply the a ueous dispersion onto a substrate by drop-casting! =ther methods include, but are not limited to, spin coating, spray coating, roller coating, flo% coating, roll-to-roll coating, and electrospinning! =nce an a ueous dispersion has been applied onto a substrate, it is left to dry! >uring this process, the %ater soluble polymer and the %ater insoluble polymer undergo phase segregation! #s a result, a nanosegregant forms on top of the substrate and a conductive non-nanosegregant film forms on top of the nanosegregant! "he conductive film can be %ashed a%ay to expose the nanosegregant! >ue to the intermolecular reorganiHation, the nanosegregant adheres strongly to the substrate surface! ,t has been found that nanosegregants formed on various substrates remain on the substrates surfaces even after boiling in %ater or other common solvents! "he phase segregation is driven by the different %ater affinity of the %ater soluble polymer and the %ater insoluble polymer! "he t%o polymers segregate themselves on the substrate surface to reach a thermodynamic e uilibrium in order to minimiHe the +ibbs free energy of the %hole system! "he nanosegregant thus formed, not soluble in %ater, has a thic'ness of 1-10 nm! =ptionally, it also has a nanometer length and a nanometer %idth, e!g!, 20-150 nm! "hese dimensions can be measured by an atomic force microscope (#-()! )ee \! 1! \ie, et! al!, (acromol! ?hem! 4hys, 2010, 211, 218;! ,t exhibits t%o unexpected superior features! -irst, it transforms various substrate surfaces into superhydrophilic surfaces %ith %ater contact angles of 0-25Jdeg!K, regardless of the %ater %ettability of the substrate surfaces! )econd, the nanosegregant demonstrates a strong %ater-capturing capacity! 0ith a thic'ness of nanometers, it is capable of capturing a %ater film having a thic'ness of 0!1-10 mm! ,n one embodiment, the density of the hydrophilic and hygroscopic groups contained in the %ater

soluble polymer are in the order of 10 groups3cm in the segregant and the density of the electrically conducting groups contained in the %ater insoluble polymer are also in the same order! 0hen 4E>" is used as a %ater insoluble polymer and 4))2 is used as a %ater soluble polymer, the nanosegregant thus formed contains both 4E>" and 4))2! "he sulfonic acid groups contained in 4))2 are distributed on the nanosegregant surface and provide the strong hydration force for %ater-capturing after the above-described phase segregation! 4revious calculations have sho%n that one sulfonic acid group can capture five %ater molecules to form a JEtaK502YAZ hydronium nanocluster! )ee 2! (! 7i, et! al!, 4olymer ,nternational, 2001, 50, 921-928! "he hydronium nanocluster is much more stable than bul' %ater because the hydrogen bond length of the nanocluster is significantly shorter than that of bul' %ater! "he JEtaK502YAZ nanocluster forms the first hydration shell surrounding the sulfonic acid group and provides the base for further %ater upta'e through proton derealiHation and hydrogen bonding! "hus, a nanometerthic' nanosegregant can transform various substrate surfaces into superhydrophilic surfaces, and it can also capture a %ater film having a thic'ness of millimeters! "he conductive non-nanosegregant film contains the same %ater soluble polymer and the same %ater insoluble polymer in the nanosegregant! #s the t%o polymers in the film do not undergo phase segregation, the film, does not exhibit either superhydrophilicity or %ater-capturing capacity! "he thic'ness of the film (0!9-500 JmuKJpiKJiotaK) can be determined based on measurement by an #-( or surface profiler! 0hen the above-described coated substrate is used as a positive electrode having a coating that includes both the nanosegregant and the conductive non-nanosegregant film, a negative electrode is attached to the film to form a supercapacitor %ith an electrode3film3electrode sand%ich configuration! Ioth the nanosegregant and the %ater absorbed in the film contribute to the supercapacitive behavior, %hich can be explained by a nanosegregant-mediated charge storage mechanism! "he nanosegregant is superhydrophilic as it is negatively charged, attributable to the ioniHable and hygroscopic groups (e!g!, )0/YEZ sulfonic groups) in the %ater soluble polymer! "he nanosegregant containing immobile hygroscopic groups is surrounded by mobile 2YAZ ions (due to electrostatic interactions), and also by hydration %ater (due to its superhydrophilicity)! 0hen the positive electrode is charged, 2YAZ cations are forced to move through the film to%ards the negative electrode! #t the same time, the absorbed hydration %ater is dissociated into 2YAZ and =2YEZ ions by the charging voltage, %hich move in opposite directions! 0hen the supercapacitor is fully charged, 2YAZ cations accumulate near the negative electrode, %hile =2YEZ (and )0/YEZ) anions are located in the vicinity of the positive electrode! "his ionic relocation generates an internal field that holds the positive charge near the negative electrode and the negative charge near the positive electrode, thus achieving charge storage in the supercapacitor! #ccording to this mechanism, the negatively charged nanosegregant (e!g! =2YEZ and )=/YEZ) on the positive electrode dictates that the electrode is positively charged! "his is in agreement %ith the observation that the supercapacitive behavior only ta'es place on the positive electrode and the influence that small 2YAZ cations can move through the film due to their high mobility in the film! ,n contrast, negatively charging the electrode coated %ith a nanosegregant re uires the movement of =2YEZ anions through a thic' film, %hich is not favorable due to the

poor mobility of =2YEZ anions in the film! "he film, %hich does not contain a nanosegregant, *ust acts as a typical conducting media for its electronic and ionic conductivity! "he high ?s (e!g!, about :5 m-3cmY2Z as sho%n in an example belo%) of the supercapacitor is related to the large surface area of the nanosegregant! "he nominal surface area of the nanosegregant is estimated to be at least Z10 m 3g! "he density of the hygroscopic groups on the nanosegregant surface is also very high, %hich explains the strong hydration force for the %atercapturing behavior! "he strong electrostatic field of the nanosegregant generates a large counterion (2YAZ) Hone and attracts thic' shells of hydration %ater! "herefore, the supercapacitive characteristic of the supercapacitor is attributable to the formation of an electric double layer around the nanosegregant under a charging voltage! "he absorbed hydration %ater provides mobile 2YAZ cations for charge storage! "hus, the supercapacitive behavior disappears %hen the absorbed %ater is removed! # supercapacitor of the invention can further include in the nanosegregant and the film, a carbon-based nanomaterial that has a high surface area (e!g!, 2000 mY2Z3g) and a high electric conductivity (e!g!, 10Y9Z )3cm)! +raphene is an example of such a nanomaterial! )pecifically, graphene po%ders or fla'es can be added into an a ueous dispersion of a %ater soluble polymer and a %ater insoluble polymer! "his a ueous dispersion is then used to form a supercapacitor by the same method described above! "he supercapacitor thus prepared exhibits even higher energy storage capacity! "he coated substrate provides numerous other industrial applications, e!g!, anti- fogging mirrors and traffic signs, self-cleaning devices and %ater-harvesting devices! 0ithout further elaboration, it is believed that one s'illed in the art can, based on the disclosure herein, utiliHe the present invention to its fullest extent! "he follo%ing specific examples are, therefore, to be construed as merely descriptive, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any %ay %hatsoever! #ll publications cited herein are incorporated by reference! 6reparation o3 "/per-,0rop-ilic an0 2aterFcapt/ring "/r3ace" # 4E>".4))2 polymer blend (?7E6,=)("() 4, 2eraeus ?levios +mbh, +ermany, %3% 1.:), as an a ueous dispersion, %as used to prepare superhydrophilic and %ater-capturing surfaces! ,n the dispersion, the t%o polymers form nanoparticles, each having a diameter of 20-110 nm! ,t had a combined polymer concentration of 1!0-/!0 F by %eight! #s illustrated in -ig! 1, a 4E>".4))2 a ueous drop %as first cast onto the surface of a )i substrate and left to dry at ambient temperature for about / hrs! >uring the drying process, the t%o polymers formed a 4E>".4))2 nanosegregant on the substrate and a 4E>".4))2 film on top of the nanosegregant! #s discussed belo%, #-( methodology confirmed the formation of both the nanosegregant and the film! "he film %as then removed by gently rinsing it %ith deioniHed %ater to expose the nanosegregant! "he %ater contact angles of the )i surface, both bare and nanosegregant-covered, %ere measured in a manner similar to that described in )! 2! 7u, et! al!, 7angmuir 200@, 25, 1280:! "he %ater

capturing capacity of the nanosegregant %as estimated by measuring the average thic'ness of the absorbed %ater film! "he average thic'ness %as obtained by measuring both the %eight of the %ater captured film and the siHe of the %ater captured film! "he measurements sho% that the nanosegregant %as superhydrophilic (exhibiting a minimum %ater contact angle of 8Jdeg!K) and possessed a great %ater-capturing capacity (retaining a %ater film as thic' as /!0 millimeters! 0hen the drying process %as expedited, i!e!, fast drying in vacuum for several minutes, no nanosegregant could be observed after the film %as rinsed off! "his indicated the importance of the drying process during the nanosegregant formation! 0hen the 4E>".4))2 a ueous drop %as left to dry at ambient temperature for more than / hrs, e!g!, 9!0 or 5!0 hrs, the superhydrophilicity and %ater-capturing capacity of the nanosegregant remained about the same! #-( images revealed that the nanosegregant had a round or elongated shape! "he average %idth and height of the nanosegregant %ere -;0!0 and -2!9 ran, respectively! "he maximum length of the elongated nanosegregant %as -1:5 nm! "he thic'ness of the film %as determined to be -1!2 JmuKJpiKJiotaK based on measurement of the height difference bet%een the film-covered )i surface and the nanosegregant-covered )i surface! "he film had the same %idth and the length as the segregant! )ee \! 1! \ie, et! al!, (acromol! ?hem! 4hys, 2010, 211, 218;! "he film %as removed by %ater in seconds! "he nanosegregant, on the other hand, remained on the )i substrate after immersion in %ater for half a year! ) 2p core level spectra %ere compiled from the film and nanosegregant by using photoelectron spectroscopy (4E)) in the manner described in \! 1! \ie, et! al!, #?) 1#1= 200@, /, 2;22$ \! 1! \ie, et! H\!(acromol! ?hem! 4hys, 2010, 211, 218;! -or the film, there %ere t%o pea's located at 1:/!5 and 1:;!8 e6! "he pea' at 1:/!5 e6 arose from the thiophene ring of 4E>", and the pea' at 1:;!8 e6 originated from the sulfonic group (<-)(S0)2-=2) of 4))2! )ee +! +recayns'i, et! al!, "hin )olid -ilms, 1@@@, /59, 12@-1/5! "he ) 2p core level spectrum of the nanosegregant also consisted of t%o pea's corresponding to the 4E>" and 4))2! 2o%ever, the t%o pea's of the nanosegregant %ere systematically shifted to%ards higher binding energy (by -1!9 e6)! "his %as attributable to the charging of the nanosegregant, as such a shift %as also observed in the 4E) measurement for other core levels including ? , s and )i 2p! "he charging phenomenon indicated that the nanosegregant %as more insulating than the film! =ther than )i, four additional substrates, i!e!, #u, glass, mica and plastic transparency, %ere also used to prepare a nanosegregant on their surfaces by the same method described above! "he %ater contact angles of bare and nanosegregant-covered substrate surfaces %ere measured and the measurement results are listed in "able 1 belo%! "able 1 belo% sho%s that, regardless of %ater %ettability of the surfaces of these substrates, the nanosegregant transformed all of them into superhydrophilic surfaces %ith %ater contact angles in the range of ;Jdeg!K to 20Jdeg!K!

Ta'le %

>ue to its superhydrophilicity, the nanosegregant sho%ed an anti-fogging effect! # glass substrate %ith a nanosegregant on its surface %as placed above a %ater boiler that generated %ater steam! 0hen the %ater steam condensed onto the glass substrate, it formed a uniform %ater layer on the nanosegregant-covered surface and droplets on the bare glass surface! ,n other %ords, the nanosegregant-covered surface remained transparent and the bare glass surface %as foggy! =ther than the superhydrophilic feature, the %ater-capturing capacity of the 4E>".4))2 nanosegregant %as also tested! # )i substrate %ith a nanosegregant on its surface %as dipped into %ater for a fe% seconds! # %ater film, having a thic'ness of millimeters, %as formed exactly %here the nanosegregant %as located, indicating that the nanosegregant retained a great amount of %ater! )imilar %ater-capturing behavior %as also observed for a nanosegregant on a #u surface! "he shape of the nanosegregant %as purposely made irregular! #fter being dipped into %ater, the nanosegregant captured a %ater film that had exactly the irregular shape! "he other three coated substrates listed in "able 1 also exhibited such %ater-capturing capacity! 6reparation o3 "oli0F"tate "/percapacitor" #s sho%n in -ig! 2, an a ueous drop of 4E>".4))2 blend described above %as cast onto a #u substrate and left to dry at ambient temperature! #s a result, a 4E>".4))2 film and a 4E>".4))2 nanosegregant %ere formed, %ith the nanosegregant disposed bet%een the #u substrate and the film! #-( images sho%ed that the nanosegregant had an elongated structure, pac'ed densely on the #u surface and having a length of 50-120 nm and a height of 1!5-/!8 ran! ,n contrast, surface profiling indicated that the film %as much thic'er, i!e!, having a height of about 100 JmuKJiotaKJetaK! -inally, #g glue %as pasted on the film, thus forming a #g34E>".4))23#u supercapacitor!

?urrent-voltage (,6) curves %ere compiled from this supercapacitor by scanning the #u electrode voltage in the form of 0-Z8-Z0 6 at different scan rates! "he ,6 curves %ere characteriHed by strong hysteresis bet%een the for%ard (0-Z8 6) and reverse (8-Z0 6) currents! "he hysteresis depended on the voltage scan rate v$ namely, the higher the v, the greater the hysteresis! "his behavior is indicative of charge storage in the supercapacitor! Iy integrating the area #*, (the active area of #g electrode %as M1!0 mmY2Z) of the hysteresis and employing the e uation O S gYhZ3v, the typical amount of charges O stored in the supercapacitor %as estimated to be about 19!9 m?! "he supercapacitor %as also charged by a constant current of 2!0 m# for 20 minutes %ith a charging voltage of 5!0 - 8!0 6 applied to the #u electrode! ,t %as then discharged to measure the po%er and the energy delivered by the supercapacitor! "he fully charged supercapacitor sho%ed a typical open-circuit voltage 6oc of 1!85 - 2!2 6! Cnder a discharge current of 1!0 m#, the voltage of the supercapacitor dropped from 2!0 6 to 0!02 6 %ithin 1!2 s! "he discharge time increased to 1//5 s %hen a much smaller discharge current of 0!001 m# %as used! "he discharge current %as also detected %ith a constant resistance < connected %ith the supercapacitor! 0hen < %as 5!0 , >, the initial current %as -0!9 m# and the discharge completed in @!2 s! 0hen < %as 1000 i-J=megaK, the initial current %as in the order of several JmuKJ#lphaK and the discharge too' -2000 s! # <agone plot %as constructed for the supercapacitor using data obtained in the constant current and resistance methods described above! "he <agone plot sho%s that the energy density %as uite stable (-/!5 0!h3g) during the entire discharge period! "he maximum po%er density %as 1 1000 03'g, comparable to that reported for electrolyte solution-based supercapacitors! )ee, e!g!, I! E! ?on%ay, Electrochemical )upercapacitor s. )cientific -undamentals and "echnological #pplications, &lu%er #cademic34lenum 4ublisher, 1e% Gor', 1@@@$ #! )! #rico, et! al, 1ature (ater! 2005, 9, /::! "able 2 belo% lists the capacitance ?, output energy E, specific capacitance ?m specific capacitance ?s, and energy density Em of the supercapacitor using the data obtained by the above-described constant current and resistance methods! "he ?m, ?s, and Em %ere obtained by normaliHing the ? and E to the 4E>".4))2 film mass of the supercapacitor! "he mass of the film %as determined by peeling off the film and %eighing it %ith a microbalance! ,t %as about 0!1 mg for the film %ith an area of 1!0 mm ! "he m and Em %ere about :!5 -3g (or ?s %as :5 m-3cm ) and /!5 0!h3'g, respectively! ,n addition, the fully charged supercapacitor %as used as an energy source to po%er a digital thermometer (1!5 6, 0!0: m#) for durations of up to :0 s! #s listed in "able 2, the energy delivered to the thermometer and the corresponding capacitances %ere in agreement %ith those obtained in constant current and constant resistance methods! Ta'le )

"his supercapacitive behavior %as found to depend on presence of %ater in the film! )ome %ater remained in the film as the supercapacitor %as prepared and measurement %ere performed both at ambient temperature! 0hen the supercapacitor %as placed in a vacuum chamber to remove absorbed %ater, it %as found to lose the charge storage function$ namely, the ,6 curve of the film sho%ed no hysteresis! =nly a negligible open circuit voltage (6oc) of 0!/ 6 and a short circuit current (;)?) of 0!2 JmuKJ#lphaK %ere observed after fully charging the supercapacitor at 2!0 m# for 20 minutes! "hese results %ere in sharp contrast to a 6JinfinityK of 1!8@ - 2!2 6 and a ;)? of 0!8 - /!0 m# as observed %ith the film having absorbed %ater! "he supercapacitive behavior %as found to also depend on presence of a nanosegregant! ,n a control experiment, a thin layer (M20 nm) of 4E>".4))2 %as first formed on a #u surface by fast drying the layer in vacuum for several minutes! 1o nanosegregant %as formed as the drying process %as too short! "his %as confirmed by lac' of the superhydrophilicity of the surface covered by the thin layer! #n a ueous drop of 4E>".4))2 blend %as then cast on top of the thin layer to form a control film! "he control film also did not contain a nanosegregant! ,6 curve compiled from the control film sho%ed almost no hysteresis due to absence of a nanosegregant! #fter charging the supercapacitor at 2!0 m# for 20 minutes, a 6oc of 0!/0 - 0!90 6 and a ,sc of 0!1 - 1!0 JmuKJ#lphaK %ere observed, indicating the lac' of the supercapacitive behavior in the device containing the control layer and the control film! ,n addition to #u, transparent fluorinated tin oxide (-"=) conducting glass and graphite %ere also used as the positive electrodes to prepare supercapacitors! "able / belo% lists the capacitance ?, output energy E, specific capacitance ?m, ?s and energy density Em of these three supercapacitors having different substrates! Ta'le *

"able / sho%s that ?s %as in a range of :5 - :8 m-3cm and Em %as about /!5 0!h3'g for all three different supercapacitors, indicating that they had consistent supercapacitor performance! (ore supercapacitors %ere made by the follo%ing method! +raphene po%ders or fla'es %ere added into the 4E>".4))2 a ueous dispersion, this a ueous dispersion %as then used to form a supercapacitor by the same method described above! "his ne% supercapacitor sho%ed an increase of energy storage capacity by 5-15F! OT8E EMDODIMENT# #ll of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination! Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, e uivalent, or similar purpose! "hus, unless expressly stated other%ise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of e uivalent or similar features! -rom the above description, one s'illed in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and %ithout departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can ma'e various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions! "hus, other examples are also %ithin the claims!

6ro3$ (ranci" E$ NI68E ElectroFGravitic E+periment"

=H Times .%9 #ept$ %9%&1 !lec rical !Gperimen er .Marc- %9%81 TransB 2ca)B SciB S B /ouis PPIII .41= %&*F%&6 .H/l, )85%9%61

TransB 2ca)B SciB o9 S B /ouis PPIII .41= %&&F%9* .H/l, )85 %9%61 TransB 2ca)B SciB o9 S B /ouis PP!II= *8*F*8& .Marc- )5 %9)01

=e* Hor@ Times .%9 #eptem'er %9%&1

E6ro3e""or Tell" o3 Electrical Te"t" T/rning Attraction Into ep/l"ion$E

# ne% theory as to gravitation %ill be announced soon before the )t! 7ouis #cademy of )ciences by 4rofessor -rancis E! 1ipper, retired head of the >epartment of 4hysics of 0ashington Cniversity! E,t %ill be sho%n that gravitational attraction bet%een masses of matter not only has been diminished into Hero, but has been converted into repulsion %hich is more than t%ice as great as normal attraction!E New , avitatio% 3$eo y J 4rofessor 1ipper made his experiments %ith bodies suspended horiHontally to%ard each other! Iy introducing electricity into the atmosphere he converted normal attraction into repulsion! E,f electricity can alter the gravitational attraction of the bodies used in my experiments,E he said, Ethe same force can alter the earth5s attraction! ,f the negative electricity could be dra%n from the earth5s surface, gravitational attraction suddenly %ould cease and the cohesion of the earth5s surface %ould be disastrously affected!E

!lec rical !Gperimen er .Marc- %9%81 ECan Electricit, De"tro, Gravitation?E ,s it possible to nullify, and further to even reverse, the effect of gravity by electricityR "his scientific conundrum seems about to be solved, at least to a certain extent! "o begin %ith, everybody is familiar %ith that la% of physics %hich states that Eall particles of matter attract each other %ith a force %hich is greater the nearer the particles are togetherE, and to be still more definite, 1e%ton5s la% says that bodies behave as if every particle of matter attracted every other particle %ith a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s uare of the distance bet%een them! ,t is the gravitational attraction bet%een the earth and the bodies upon it %hich causes the latter to have %eight! "his fact is often lost sight of and should be %ell understood by every student! "o ma'e the matter more clear let us imagine that a man5s body is (as by flying, *umping, diving from a high point, etc!) for the moment separated from the surface of the earth! #s soon as the mass of the body is separated from the earth, gravitational attraction is set up bet%een the t%o masses! "he

earth pulls the man5s body, and also his body pulls the earth, but as the mass of the earth is infinitely greater, its movement cannot be detected! "he scientists of today believe that in some mysterious %ay the minute electrical charges existing on the particles ma'ing up molecules and atoms are definitely lin'ed up and concerned %ith such basic phenomena as gravitation! )ince all bodies are made up of atoms it %ould seem to logically follo% that the forces of gravity must depend in some %ay upon attractions %hich atoms exert upon each other, and due to the fact that the atoms are separated, at least in solids and li uids, by extremely small distances, %e might expect these inter-atomic forces to be relatively more po%erful than are those of ordinary gravitation! Cntil recently, ho%ever, the mystery lin'ing this inter-atomic activity %ith the force of gravitation baffled all attempts at solution, although many scientists had tac'led it! Iut at last experimental proof has been forthcoming through the untiring labors of 4rofessor -rancis E! 1ipher, of the )t! 7ouis #cademy of )cience! ,n a pamphlet issued 1ovember 8, 1@1;, 4rof! 1ipher supplies experimental evidence that gravitational attraction can not only be suspended or nullified by the electrical current, but it actually can be transformed into Egravitational repulsionET #ll during the summer of 1@1;, 4rof! 1ipher had his apparatus in almost continuous operation, and the experiments have been repeated time and again, al%ays %ith the same result! 4rof! 1ipher5s mechanical apparatus resembled that used in the E?avendish experimentE, by %hich it %as first experimentally proved that 1e%ton5s la% of universal gravitational attraction applied to small bodies in their action upon each other at short distances, *ust as %ell as it did to small terrestrial bodies under the influence of the earth! "his apparatus consists of a delicate torsion suspension fiber ((ig/re * L (ig/re 4), a light, rigid arm at the lo%er end of the fiber suspension, and at either end of this bar t%o small lead spheres of 'no%n mass! "%o e ual large balls of solid lead are placed close to the small suspended spheres in the manner sho%n! 1o%, remembering our la% of physics stated above -- that every body in space attracts every other body proportionally to their respective masses and inversely as the distance bet%een them -- then it is evident that %hen this apparatus is set up, that the small suspended spheres %ill be slightly attracted by the larger, stationary balls! "his condition is represented in (ig/re %! Iefore connecting any form of electric current to the modified ?avendish apparatus, 4rof! 1ipher too' special precaution to carefully screen the moving element from any electrostatic or electromagnetic effects! 2is apparatus briefly consists of t%o large lead spheres ten inches in diameter, resting upon heavy sheets of hard rubber! "%o small lead balls, each one inch in diameter, %ere no% suspended from t%o sil' threads, stationed at the sides of the t%o large lead spheres, from %hich they %ere separated by a little distance! (oreover, the suspended balls %ere insulated elaborately from the large spheres by enclosing them first airtight in a long %ooden box, %hich %as also covered %ith tinned iron sheets as %ell as cardboard sheets! "here %as, furthermore, a metal shield bet%een the box and the large metal spheres! "he large metal lead spheres no% exerted a certain gravitational pull upon the suspended small lead balls as indicated in (ig/re %, and the small lead balls %ere slightly pulled over to%ards the large spheres!

,n his first experiments 4rof! 1ipher applied a high tension current from a static machine to the large lead balls ((ig/re ))! 1o difference %as noted %hether the positive or negative terminals %ere applied! ,n one of these experiments the masses %ere ErepelledE (normal gravitational attraction had been nullified and changed to repulsion) by a force nearly t%ice as great as the initial gravitational repulsion! "he effect is sho%n in (ig/re *! ,n further experiments 4rof! 1ipher decided to chec' his results! "o do this he replaced the large solid lead spheres %ith t%o metal boxes, each filled %ith loose cotton batting! "hese hollo% boxes (having practically no mass) rested upon insulators! "hey %ere separated from the protective screen by sheets of glass and %ere grounded to it by heavy copper %ires! "he metal boxes %ere then charged in every %ay that the solid lead spheres had been, but not the slightest change in the position of the lead balls could be detected! "his %ould seem to prove conclusively that the ErepulsionE and Egravitational nullificationE effects that he had produced %hen the solid balls %ere electrically charged %ere genuine and based undoubtedly on a true inter-atomic electrical reaction, and not upon any form of electrostatic or electromagnetic effects bet%een the large and small masses! ,f they had been, the metal boxes, %ith no mass, %ould have served as %ell as the solid balls! #nother interesting experiment %as conducted %ith lo% fre uency alternating current applied to the large lead spheres! )pring contact brushes %ere fastened to the %ooden bloc's supporting the large spheres as sho%n in (ig/re 4, one brush on either side of the ball! "his permitted sending current through the ball from one side to the other! -irst, a direct current of 20 amperes as sent through the t%o large masses, but no effect on the suspended masses could be detected! 1ext, an alternating current of 20 amperes %as sent through the t%o masses ()ee (ig/re 4), %ith the result that the gravitational attraction %as uic'ly reduced to Hero, and not only that but in 15 to 20 minutes the small lead spheres had moved over one-half as much to the opposite direction as the distance they had been attracted originally to%ards the large masses! "hus gravitation had not only been completely nullified, but it %as actually reversed!

(ig/re %= EAttractiveE e33ect o3 gravit, 'et2een large ; "mall ma""e"$ No c/rrent$

(ig/re )= Gravitational rep/l"ion ca/"e0 'et2een large ; "mall ma""e"$ C/rrent on$

(ig/re *= Nip-erC" e+periment 2it- t2o metal 'o+e" 3ille0 2it- cotton .no ma""1$ No gravitational c-ange 2it- or 2it-o/t c/rrent$

(ig/re 4= W-en )0 amp" AC 2a" pa""e0 t-ro/g- t-e large 'all"5 t-e gravitational attraction 2a" re0/ce0 to Jero an0 ma0e negative$ T-i" rep/l"ion 2a" A0L o3 t-e normal attraction$

TransB 2ca)B SciB S B /ouis, pp$ %6*F%&A .H/l, %9%61

EGravitation ; Electrical ActionE

by (ranci" E$ Nip-er ,n former publications the present %riter has suggested an intimate relation bet%een gravitation and electrical action! (d1) (d1. * o+. )#e . *$il. So+. *$ila2elp$ia 52. 28/-:$ S+ie%+e ()ept! 1, 1@11), pp! 282-/$ 0=pe i#e%tal Stu2ie" i% 0le+t i+ity & Ma&%eti"#, pp! 1@-29! "here can be no doubt of the truth of the statement, that the attraction bet%een any t%o masses of matter, depends not only upon the amount of matter in the t%o masses, and their distance from each other, but also upon their electrical condition! #ssume that t%o spheres, having radii <1 and r2, composed of metal having a density p, and distant from each other , have electrical charges O1 and O2, the spheres having a common potential I! their attraction for each other %ill be. (1)

2ere G is the 1e%ton constant of gravitation as it %ould be determined if electrical action %ere eliminated, or if I %ere Hero absolute! "he absolute Hero in I %ould be the common potential of the t%o bodies, under the condition assumed in E ! (1), %hen their attraction for each other is a maximum! "he gravitation constant has been determined by methods, %hich it %as assumed made it unnecessary to consider the electrical condition of the t%o bodies! 1evertheless the results have been very unsatisfactory! ,n his presidential address before the #merican (athematical )ociety in >ecember 18@@, <!)! 0ood%ard (d2) referred to this constant as being one of the constants of the solar system %hose determination %as in a most unsatisfactory condition, as regards precision! (d2. 6ulleti% )#e . Mat$. So+. ,, :. 15/) ,f the masses are capable of acting upon each other electrically, and the final term in E ! (1) is omitted, that e uation might be %ritten. (2)

,n this e uation an error of = per cent in the value of G %ould result! Iy (1) and (2).

,f 6 is measured in volts. (/)

-or purposes of illustration, assume that G S :!:5;: x 10-8 and that of <1 S 101, <2 S 1 and p S 11!/5$ then. I S /!:8 s uare root of = ,f the common potential of the t%o spheres differs from absolute Hero by /!:8 volts, the value of & %ould be in error by one per cent of the above value, %hich is that of Ioys, unless ade uate means are ta'en to eliminate the effects represented by the final term of E ! (1)

,f I %ere 8!2/ volts an error of 5F %ould result! ,f I %ere /:!8 volts, the t%o spheres %ould have no attraction for each other, although both %ould be attracted by the earth, even if it had the same potential! "he attraction of the earth for a gram of lead %ould then be by (1). # S @81 - 0!000,000,000,00:! "he acceleration of a falling body %ould be practically unchanged, and %ould not depend upon the density of the matter of %hich it is composed, as it %ould apparently be under the conditions assumed in E ! (1)! <ainbo%s falling through an overcharged thundercloud (d/) %ould repel each other! #fter the diverging branches of a flash of lightning have penetrated the cloud a ne% condition has arisen! =vercharged drops of %ater along the lines of the intricate system of branches of the discharge, have delivered their overcharge to the cloud at the other end of the long flash! "hese drops are intimately commingled %ith drops %hich are outside of the drainage lines! "he value of I for these t%o groups of drops no% have opposite signs! "he final term in e uation (1) then becomes positive, as applied to these groups, and it is much greater than the gravitation term! "hese drops coalesce as they fall to earth and a brief dash of unusually large drops of rain follo%s! (d/. "he %ord overcharged, or super-charged, %as in common use more than a century ago, %hen the one-fluid theory %as in general favor!) (d9. )ee 1ipher. E# -lash of 7ightningE, *opula S+ie%+e Mo%t$ly, Ban! 1@12. p! ;:$ 1ipher. 0=pe i#e%tal Stu2ie" i% 0le+t i+ity & Ma&%eti"#, pp! 1:-1;)) ,n former papers above referred to, an experimental study of explosive effects due to a discharge from a large condenser through a small lead %ire %as discussed! "he %ire %as sealed %ithin a glass tube filled %ith coal oil! "his %or' has been continued in a modified form! -our uarter ampere %ire fuses of lead %ere placed in multiple across a gap, 5 cm in length in a line leading from either terminal of an influence machine to a %ater-pipe system! "he other terminal %as grounded on a gas pipe! "he lead %ires %ere clamped bet%een the leaves of t%o small brass door hinges, one lead of each hinge being soldered to one of the ends of the rods at the gap! Iet%een the gap in %hich the leaves %ere mounted and the ground %as placed a large battery *ar filled %ith 9 liters of a solution of common salt! "he %ire %as parted at this point, and the ends %ere immersed in this solution %hich thus formed part of the ground circuit! =ne of the %ires penetrated the li uid to a depth of about half a cm! Iet%een the gap in %hich the %ires %ere mounted and the machine %as a spar' gap, bet%een 'nobs of e ual radius! "he condenser consisted of 90 large sheets of glass (/: x /:E) having upon them 2 x 90 s ft of tinfoil! "he machine %as driven by a single-phase electric motor! Ielo% the lead %ires a sheet of %hite paper %as laid upon a plate of glass! ,t %as found that there %as a mar'ed difference bet%een the effect of the positive and the negative discharge, or the compression %ave, %ould cause the lead %ire to fuse and drop in hot globules upon the paper belo%! "he effect upon the paper is sho%n in 4late \7,6, -igure 1! J1ot availableK

0ith the same ad*ustment, the positive discharge/ causes the lead %ires to rise in a cloud of dust! ,f the paper %ere placed / cm belo% the %ires, it %ould usually be practically unaffected %hen the positive discharge %as used! ,n a fe% cases, as in -igure 2, it %as slightly discolored by the lead fumes! =f course the discharge could be made greater, so that either discharge %ould cause the lead to be dissipated in a cloud! ,t could be made less, so that fused metal %ould fall upon the paper %hen the positive terminal %as connected %ith the ground containing the %ire! ,n all cases the cloud effect %as the more mar'ed in the case of the positive discharge, and the fused metal falling upon the paper %as less mar'ed! ,n case of the positive discharge there is of course a heat effect! 4art of the result is due to this cause! Iut if %e are to consider the positive terminal as an exhaust terminal, into %hich the negative electrons are suddenly drained and thence into the positive sheets of the condenser, %e may explain the result as an explosive condition %hich is suddenly impressed upon the lead! 0hen deprived of negative corpuscles, each atom repels every other! "he negative term in uestion (1) has become very much greater than positive, %hen applied to inter-atomic attraction under these conditions! "he negative discharge, %hich is to be regarded as a compression %ave could not give a supercharge to atoms %ithin the %ire, causing them to repel each other! "he super-charge is on the outside of the %ire! "he one-fluid theory seems to furnish a more rational explanation of these phenomena than the t%o-fluid theory, as in the case in the phenomena of the ?roo'es tube! )ome %or' has been done in the examination of the effect of the electrification of air %ithin a glass vessel, upon the pressure of the air on the %alls of the containing vessel! # large /-nec'ed 0olff5s bottle %as used, the / openings being provided %ith rubber stoppers %hich had been treated %ith vacuum %ax! "he bottle had a volume of @!: liters! "hrough the central stopper %as passed a copper %ire to %hich %ere attached 150 pins %hose heads %ere soldered to one of its faces! "his many pointed terminal could be placed directly in front of either of the large 'nobs of the machine, at a distance of 10 cm, the other 'nob, or terminal, being grounded! # C-shaped %ater gauge %as mounted in another stopper of the flas'! ,n the third stopper of the flas' a tube %ith a bulb containing calcium chloride %as mounted, this tube being provided %ith means for connecting the confined air %ith the outer air! "he condensers %ere %holly removed from the machine! "he glass bottle %as placed upon a sheet of heavy plate glass! 0hen the discharge-'nobs of the machine %ere near enough together so that the brush discharge bet%een them %as accompanied by faint disruptive effects, the pressure %ithin the flas' could be increased by about 2 gr-%t per s cm, the effect of the negative electrification being some%hat greater than that of the positive! 0hen the 'nobs %ere far enough apart to prevent disruptive discharges, no luminous effects being observed %ithin the flas', the change in pressure due to either terminal %as reduced to 1 and 2 mm as sho%n by the %ater gauge! #fter the pressure due to electrification of the air had reached a final limit, a transfer of the may pointed collector of the front of the other terminal, %ould result for a time in a slo% decrease in pressure, and then in a

slo% increase to the former limit! "he decrease in pressure did not begin until the discharge from the other terminal had begun! 2eat effects had been practically eliminated! ,f the gas contains moisture a permanent decrease in pressure at once results, due to condensation of vapor upon the sides of the vessel! "hese results seem to indicate that there is an electrical condition of the gas, for %hich the Ioyle+ay-7ussac constant is at a minimum! 0hen this condition is reached, the second term of e uation (1) is Hero, as applied to molecules of gas! #n attempt has been made to determine %hether or not the value of the gravitational term of E ! (1) can be affected by electrical action, %hen the effect represented by the final term is eliminated! "he apparatus used %as a modified form of that used by ?avendish! "he suspended masses consisted of 2 lead tubes, each being about 15 cm length, each having a mass of 50 grams! "hey %ere mounted around the ends of a bras tube @1 cm in length, and having a mass of /0 gr! "his tube %as suspended upon 2 loosely t%isted threads of sil' fibers, 180 cm length, %hose distance apart %as approximately 0!9 cm, the t%ist %as removed from these threads by hanging upon each a mass of :5 grams! "his formed a very sensitive bifilar suspension! "he suspended masses %ere %holly surrounded by a metal shield of rectangular form 10 x 12!5 cm in cross section! "he suspension fibers %ere enclosed in a metal tube, having a torsion head at the top, thus providing means for properly ad*usting the position of the brass tube! "he ends of the rectangular shield %ere provided %ith metal caps, fitting closely into its ends! "hey entered the shield a distance of 2!5 cm! #n opening at the middle of the shield, in front of a mirror mounted upon the suspension %ire, served for observation of position by means of a telescope and scale! "his opening %as covered by a sheet of glass %hich %as sealed to the shield by means of sealing %ax! "he %indo% %as covered %ith a metal %ire screen having about 5 %ires per running cm! "he mirror %as observed through this %ire screen, the telescope being focused upon the scale at the telescope! # change of one scale division represented a change of 2!/: minutes of arc in the position of the suspended tube! "he suspended masses and the brass tube on %hich they %ere mounted %ere surrounded by sheets of asbestos paper, %hich fitted into the caps at the ends of the shield, and fitted loosely the interior of the shield! "hese t%o linings formed extensions of the end caps and %ere intended to prevent a convection of the air %ithin the shield! "he larger masses each consisted of t%o 50-pound %eights placed one upon the other and mounted upon heavy columns of rubber! "hey %ere separated from the metal shield by a space of about 2 cm! ,n this space %as placed a sheet of paper and / layers of asbestos paper! "he shield %as mounted upon a heavy piece of timber and rested directly upon a sheet of glass! ,t %as also %rapped %ith asbestos paper! "he long suspension tube %as held in stable position by / heavy sil' cords attached to surrounding cases, and loaded %ith a series of distributed masses varying from 50 to 100 grams each! "he metal shield %as loaded %ith t%o 10-pound masses of iron and its sides %ere clamped %ith %ooden clamps in order to uiet any vibrations in the shield! "he large iron masses and the metal shield %ere connected %ith each other by large copper %ires, leading to a spar'-'nob mounted upon a massive table! "he floor of the room %as of reinforced concrete! "he discharge terminal %as connected %ith the influence machine in an ad*oining room, by means of brass rods hung upon sil' cords! "he machine %as operated by a

synchronous electric motor! "he discharge 'nobs at the machine %ere separated so that no disruptive discharges %ere possible! =ne terminal of the machine %as grounded! "here %ere no condensers on the machine terminals! "he time interval of a to and from vibration of the suspended masses %as 985 seconds! 0hen at rest there appeared to be no disturbance of any 'ind! "he reading %ould sometimes remain constant for hours! #t other times the reading slo%ly changed! ,t often varied throughout a day through 20 scale divisions! ,t %as found that the large masses appeared to attract the suspended masses %ith a varying force, even %hen the former %ere hung from the ceiling above! )ometimes they appeared to repel the suspended masses! "hese varying effects %ere finally traced to very moderate changes in the temperature of the room! ,t %as found that the flame of a %ax candle, placed 19 inches from either of the suspended masses, exerted a mar'ed apparent attraction for them! 0hen a sheet of glass and t%o sheets of asbestos paper %ere placed bet%een the candle flame and the metal shield, it being provided %ith a %rapping of asbestos paper in addition to the inside lining of the same material, an apparent attraction resulted! -luctuations in the flame of the candle due to the condition of the %ic' produced observable effects! 0hen the outer %all of the screen %as rising in temperature more rapidly on one side of the suspended mass than on the opposite side, this mass moved to%ards the %armer side! "his %as apparently due to the convection effect of air %ithin the lining of the metal screen! "he suspended rod bearing the small masses %as belo% the central axis of the enclosing shield! ,f one side of the shield %as %armer than the opposite side the suspended rod %ould be in a slo%ly drifting current of air, %hich %ould urge it to%ards the %armer side of the screen, or a%ay from the colder side! "he temperature of the large masses lagged behind that of the screen in the small daily changed in the temperature of the room! "he effect of a noiseless discharge from the pin-point terminal into the air around the 'nob connected %ith the screen and the large masses, %as to produce an apparent decrease in the attraction of the large masses for the suspended masses! "his result %as obtained %hen no trace of disruptive discharge could be detected! #fter the extreme displacement thus produced had been reached, the distance bet%een the pin-point terminal, and the 'nob connected %ith the shield and the large masses, %as increased from 15 to about @0 cm, the charged bodies being then grounded! "his %as done by means of a fine %ire attached to an insulated rod, %hich could be laid upon the floor of the room, or lifted into contact %ith a rod, one end of %hich rested upon one of the large masses! "he pin-point terminal %as meantime made to face another grounded conductor! "he suspended masses then s%ayed to the other extreme position during the next four minutes! Iy a repetition of this operation, the arc of vibration could be increased from 1 or 2 scale divisions to 2: in the interval of an hour! "he average of the extreme readings of consecutive vibrations, usually sho%ed slo% progressive changes of 2 to 5 scale divisions per hour! )ometimes the average reading sho%ed a decrease and sometimes an increase! "he results %ere of the same order of magnitude %hether the masses %ere connected %ith the negative or %ith the positive terminal of the machine, although most of this %or' has been done by the positive EdischargeE! ,t %as suspected that this result might be due to a slight rise in the temperature of the %alls of the metal shield! ,f this %ere the case it must be assumed that %hile the gap at the pin-point terminals

%as least, the rise in temperature %as least in that part of the sides of the metal screen facing the large external masses! ,n order to examine this influence, a delicate air thermometer %as extemporiHed! "he bulb consisted of an oil-can having a capacity of 9!5 liters (1 gal)! ?onnected by a rubber hose %ith the noHHle of the can %as a horiHontal tube of glass, having a length of ;5 cm and an internal diameter of 0!;: mm! 0ithin this tube %as a short column of %ater, serving as an index! "he entire device %as insulated upon glass supports! # candle flame 20 inches distant from the can %as electrified and in electrified contact %ith the large masses and shield, no change in the position of the index column could be detected %hen observed by means of a telescope! "he large masses %ere then %holly enclosed in t%o metal boxes, from %hich the masses %ere insulated! "he masses rested upon rubber bloc's placed upon the bottom of the boxes, and each box %as mounted upon rubber bloc's %hich rested upon plates of glass! "he masses %ere in the same position as in the %or' described above! "he boxes %ere separated from the shield, enclosing the suspended masses by the plates of glass and the asbestos paper! "he t%o metal boxes and the metal shield %ere then electrified precisely as has been done before! ,t %as then found impossible to increase the arc of vibration of the suspended masses, although the operation %as continued for several hours! ,f the former results had been due to heat effects, they should have produced the same results in this case! "he large masses %ere removed from the enclosing boxes! "he empty boxes and screen %ere then electrified as before! 1o change in the amplitude of vibration could be produced! "hese results seem to indicate clearly that gravitational attraction bet%een masses of matter depends upon their electrical potential due to electrical charges upon them! "o assume a special case, such as exists %hen the gravitation constant is being determined, 1e%ton5s la% holds only %hen the common potential of the t%o bodies is such that their gravitational attraction for each other is at a maximum! ,f the t%o masses are not separated by a metal shield and their common potential is that of the earth, these masses and their common potential is that of the earth, these masses %ill repel each other by a force represented by the final term in E ! (1) and the value of G %ill also be diminished, if the above conclusions are correct! ,f the t%o masses are separated by a metal shield, this final term %ill be eliminated, but the value of G %ill be diminished and may seem to be variable, if there are local variations in the potential of the earth! Iy ad*usting the potential of the attracting masses by %ell 'no%n means %e may hope that the real value of G and the absolute potential of the earth may be determined! "his is a problem for the future to solve! ,n the %or' discussed in this paper an effort has been made to eliminate heat effects from all sources! ,t may be that alternating discharges from a high potential transformer %ould produce more mar'ed effects than have been observed by the methods above described! "he surging of negative electrons %ithin the large attracting masses %ould be greatly increased! "his %ould also involve heat disturbances, the effect of %hich %ould cast a doubt upon the results! Cnder the conditions in %hich this %or' %as done the amplitude of vibration of the suspended masses sometimes changed in a %ay that seemed to discredit the above conclusions! ,t %as finally found that variations in the illumination of clouds in the northern s'y produced mar'ed effects upon the

position of the suspended masses! "he apparatus %as fifteen feet distant from five large %indo%s in the north %all of the room! "he variation in radiation from such clouds %as occasionally follo%ed by a mar'ed change in the amplitude of consecutive vibrations! #fter such disturbances and others not here referred to had been eliminated, there still remained distinct evidence that the value of the gravitation constant as it has been determined, is dependent upon the electrical potential of the attracting masses, %hen the effect represented by the final term in e uation (1) is %holly eliminated by a metal screen! 4lans are no% being prepared %hich %ill, it is hoped, result in a determination of the change %hich can be produced in the value of the gravitation constant, by electrification of the larger masses! -igure 1. -usion of lead %ire by negative discharge! J1ot availableK -igure 2. Explosion effects due to positive EdischargeE! JE65s R 1ot availableK

TransB 2ca)B SciB o9 S B /ouis PPIII .41= %&&F%9* .H/l, )85 %9%61

Gravitational ep/l"ion
by

(ranci" E$ Nip-er
,n a former paper published by the #cademy on Buly the follo%ing passage may be found. (d1) (d1. 3 a%". )+a2. o' S+i. o' St. Aoui", \\,,, (9). 1;/-1;:$ Buly 28, 1@1:) E"hese results seem to indicate clearly that gravitational attraction bet%een masses of matter depends upon electrical potential due to electrical charges upon them!E Every %or'ing day of the follo%ing college year has been devoted to testing the validity of the above statement! 1o results in conflict %ith it have been obtained! 1ot only has gravitational attraction been diminished by electrification of the attracting bodies %hen direct electrical action has been %holly cut off by a metal shield, but it has been made negative! ,t has been converted into a repulsion! "his result has been obtained many times throughout the year! =n one occasion during the latter part of the year, this repulsion %as made some%hat more than t%ice as great as normal attraction! "he large masses used in this %or' %ere spheres of lead ten inches in diameter! "hey %ere mounted upon bloc's of dry %ood, %hich %ere mounted upon caster-roller bearings! "he %heels rested upon heavy sheets of hard rubber! "he suspended masses %ere t%o spheres of lead, having a diameter of one inch, mounted upon the ends of a brass tube! "heir distance apart, from center to center, %as @1!5 cm! "hey hung upon t%o unt%isted threads of sil' fibers, forming a bifilar suspension! "he length of the threads %as 1;@ cm, and the distance bet%een them %as about /!9 mm! 1ear the top of the long metal cylinder enclosing these suspension fibers, %as a lateral

brace formed of t%o bars of hard rubber, about /0 cm in length! "he ends of these bars formed a right angle against %hich the vertical suspension cylinder %as pulled! "hese rubber bars formed the ends of t%o long bars of %ood attached to the tops of instrument cases along ad*oining sides of the room! "he bars %ere also supported by a framed structure! )il' cords attached to the cases ran along the t%o bars and %ere tied to the suspension cylinder! 0eights distributed along these cords served to hold the cylinder against the ends of the rubber bars! 6ibrations of the suspension cylinder %ere thus %holly eliminated! "he torsion head forming the top of the cylinder %as provided %ith a rod %hich extended radially out%ard to a distance of about 20 cm! Iy this means the torsion head could be turned in order to put the suspended masses into vibration! "he top of the suspension cylinder had a similar rod clamped to it having an up%ard pro*ecting stop, by means of %hich the torsion head could be returned to the original position! ?hange in the temperature of the air %ithin the shield resulting in a change in volume %as provided for by the outflo% or inflo% around the torsion head! "he enclosing case %as of the general form used by ?avendish! ,n the early part of the year it %as formed %holly of metal! ,t rested upon insulating bloc's of rubber, %hich %ere mounted upon t%o long pieces of timber having a cross section of 9x9 inches! "hese timbers rested upon a massive table, %hich %as on a floor of reinforced concrete %ithin a building having granite %alls! #t the central part of the metal shield the dimensions %ere 5x5 inches! # narro% slit on one side covered by a small plate of glass sealed to the shield, served for observing the movement of the suspended masses by means of a telescope and scale! #t the outer ends of the shield, the lateral dimension %as about 15 inches! "his form %as chosen in order that the suspended masses and the brass tube upon %hich they %ere mounted could be inclosed by a cylinder of copper %ire gauHe, bet%een %hich and the outer screen %as very loosely pac'ed cotton fiber! # thin layer of cotton %as placed at the ends of the screen, being also held in place by %ire netting! "his %as designed to diminish convection effects! "he body of the observer %as %holly belo% the level of the table! <adiation of heat from the head to the screen %as cut off by sheets of heavy cardboard! "he t%o rooms used for this %or' %ere %holly disconnected from the heating system of the building! >uring the day the temperature of the large masses %as usually slightly lo%er than that of the shield around the suspended masses! "his temperature difference never exceeded 1!5h ?! "he large masses %ere placed at the ends of the screen or shield in line %ith the rod upon %hich the small masses %ere mounted, in order to determine their effect upon the time of vibration of this bifilar pendulum! "he large masses and screen %ere in direct metallic connection, and the air around them %as electrified by a discharge from pin-points! # disc armed %ith 150 pins %as placed %ith the pin-points 9 cm! from each of the large masses! # noiseless discharge %as delivered from the points of the pins! 7et 3 represent the time of vibration %hen the masses %ere a%ay! 7et 31 represent the time of vibration %hen the masses are in place! 7et 32 S the time %hen the masses and screen are electrified! "hen.

(1)

2ere # is the suspended mass, 22 the distance bet%een the t%o sil' fibers on %hich it is suspended, and l their length! 5 is the moment of inertia! 0hen the large masses are in place. (2)

2ere / is the directive constant of E ! (1), b the distance bet%een the centers of the t%o suspended masses #:, and, and the distance bet%een the suspended masses and the large masses M! "he e uivalent of the brass rod is included in #:! 0hen the large masses are electrified, if the time of vibration is increased to 32 and %e assume that this is due to a decrease in the value of the gravitation constant ,, then. (/)

-rom these e uations. (9)

"he time of vibration %as determined by means of a chronograph belonging to the department of astronomy of the Cniversity! "he 'ey %as snapped %hen the mean reading passed the cross-hair of the telescope! "he mean reading %as obtained from the reading of the four extremes of the

t%o complete vibrations %hich immediately preceded! "he values here given are the mean of six complete to and fro vibrations and the probable error does not in any case exceed 0!25 sec! =bservations (arch 10, 1@1:. 3 S :2/!0 sec! 31 S :19!5 sec! 32 S :25!0 sec! Iy E ! 9, %3100 S 1!2/ 0hen 3 %as determined the temperature of the air the room %as 15!5h ? S ta! "he temperature of the screen %as t8S 15!2h ?! 0hen 31 %as determined, ta S 1;!9h ? t8 S 1;!9h ? "he temperature of the t%o large masses %as 1:h and 1:!:h! "hese values %ere determined by means of four thermometers reading to tenths of a degree! "he bulbs %ere placed in contact %ith the masses, and covered %ith a layer of cotton batting! 0hen the readings for 32 %ere finished, 3a S 18!0h ? 38 S 1;!@h ? "he temperature of the large masses %as 1;!;hand 1;!8h! =n a former occasion, %hen the bifilar suspension different, it %as found that placing metal vessels containing a liter of %ater having a temperature of 28h ?! at the beginning of the experiment, and 29h at the close, in positions occupied by the large masses, the temperature of the air and shield being 1/h,8, the value of 3 %as increased from :99!2 sec! to :52!5! "he %arm vessels %ere in contact %ith the shield! 0hen the metal vessels contained %ater and ice, temperature of the air and shield being 12!0h, the value of 3 %as decreased by 25 seconds! "hese results seem to indicate clearly that convection of the air %ithin the shield had no material effect upon the values of the uantities used in computing the value of % in E ! 9! ,t apparently follo%s that the value of the gravitational constant %as made negative by the process described! #ttraction %as converted into a repulsion! "he influence machine %as

unusually active by reason of fresh dry material in the case in %hich it %as enclosed! =n other days the value of , %as decreased by 1:, 2/, 2;, :@, ;;, 1/9 and 189 per cent of its initial value! ,t is not claimed that these are results of any high degree of precision! >uring the first %ee' %hile the bifiar method above described %as being tested, the time of vibration during a period of t%o hours %as found to be very constant! -or example, in the first determination made on =ctober 2/, the mean position of the suspended masses %as determined from readings of the extremes for several vibrations! "he 'ey %as then snapped for six readings %hile the mean reading passed the cross-hair of the telescope! "he mean reading %as determined in each case by a computation from previous readings! ,t %as found to be very constant! #fter lunch the same operation %as repeated! "his gave six readings of the time interval of ; complete to and fro vibrations, %ith data for determining the probable error of the mean! "he result %as :5/!95 A0!0:2 seconds! "he probable error %as sometimes three times as great as the above value and the mean value varied from the above value on other days by bet%een one and t%o seconds! #n error in the value of n might amount to three or four per cent! "he cause for the variations proved to be a difficult problem! "he sil' threads %ere very loosely %ound, and before they %ere put in place a %eight e ual to half the %eight of the entire suspended mass %as hung upon each of them for several days! "hey then seemed to be in permanent condition! "he brea'ing stress %as about five times that %hich %as thus applied to them! "he causes for the variation in the time of vibration %ere thought to be possibly due to a brea'ing of some of the fibers in the threads %hich might result in an entanglement bet%een the t%o threads, or %hich might result in an une ual division of the load bet%een them! ,t %as sought to eliminate the former source of error by applying vaseline to the threads! "his did not appreciably change the result! ,t %as finally decided to chec' the results above described by placing the large masses on alternate sides of the suspended masses and observing the deflection doe to gravitational attraction! ,n order to maintain e uality of stresses in the t%o threads, %hich had been hung around a hoo' attached to the torsion head, they %ere hung around a pulley, having a diameter of one inch! Ielo% %ere t%o ad*ustable pulleys! "he threads approached each other around these t%o pulleys, and their distance apart could be so varied as to ma'e the threads parallel %ithin the suspension cylinder! "he metal shield before described %as replaced by one having e ual %idth from end to end! "he top, bottom and ends %ere of %ood 138 inch in thic'ness! # s'etch of this %ood frame is sho%n in vertical section in (ig/re %! (ig/re % :

"his %ood frame %as varnished %ith shellac and the points of contact of its parts %ere closed! "he sides this frame %ere each closed by t%o layers of heavy cardboard outside of %hich %as a sheet of flexible tinned iron! "hey %ere clamped to the %ooden frame by means of %ood bars scre%ed to the bottom, top and ends! "he edges of the cardboard %ere then scaled by means of bees%ax applied by means of a hot iron! "he entire device as thus described %as then enclosed by a metal shield! # cross section through one of the suspended masses is sho%n in (ig/re )! (ig/re ) :

"his outside metal shield %as not air-tight! ,t %as formed of sheets of flexible tinned iron, the parts of %hich overlapped! "hey %ere tied in place by %indings of t%ine! ,t %as considered an advantage to allo% convection currents %hich might form in the layer of air bet%een the t%o sheets of metal forming the sides of the enclosing case some opportunity to escape into the outer air! "he large masses M %ere thus separated from the suspended masses #: by t%o superposed sheets of cardboard and a sheet of metal, %hich %ere clamped and sealed to the %ood frame of (ig/re %, a layer of air about 038 inch thic'ness, and the outer sheets of metal, forming part of the metal shield enclosing the entire device! Ioth of the masses M, and the shield around the suspended masses, %ere insulated as before described! "he large masses and the shield around the suspended masses %ere connected by means of large copper %ires! Iet%een the masses M, and the shield %ere sheets of glass, not sho%n in (ig/re )! ,n the %or' to be described, the air around the large masses and screen %as electrified by a noiseless discharge from 800 pin points %hich %ere mounted in strips of metal hung upon insulated metal rods three feet from the large masses and screen! # s'etch of this arrangement as sho%n in (ig/re *! "he sheets of metal %hich carried these pins %ere punched %ith small holes, through %hich the pins %ere inserted and the heads %ere then soldered to the sheets of metal, %hich %ere then hung upon the insulated rods by metal hoo's! #t one end this line of rods terminated in a disc of metal upon %hich 150 pins %ere mounted! -acing this disc %as a duplicate, the points of the pins in the t%o discs being three or four inches apart! "his last named disc %as directly connected %ith one terminal of an influence machine in an ad*oining room, the other terminal being grounded on a %ater pipe! "here %ere no condensers attached to the

machine, and the 'nobs %ere %idely separated! "here %ere no gaps in the line of conductors! "he machine %as enclosed in a glass case containing drying material, and it %as driven by a single-phase motor! 4lacing the large masses in the position sho%n in (ig/re * at the time %hen the %or' to be described began, increased the scale reading by 0!90 cm! (ig/re * :

#n illustration of the results obtained is sho%n 6late PL!! ,n each case the masses had been grounded during the preceding night! "he scale %as displaced in order that the t%o diagrams might be sho%n on the same plate, %ithout interference! =n the lo%er diagram the arrangement of apparatus %as as sho%n in -igure /! "he hour of the day is laid off upon the horiHontal axis! "he scale reading in cm! is along the vertical axis! =ne mm represents an angle of 2!: minutes of arc! "he negative terminal %as applied at @./8 a!m! =n the diagram the arro% indicates the time! #t 10.12 a!m! the terminals %ere reversed, an operation %hich re uired a fe% seconds of time! #t 11./0 the machine %as disconnected! "here %as evidence sho%n in the drop in the reading at 11.20 that the reading %ould begin to decrease! "he upper diagram of this plate sho%s results obtained on (ay 9! 2ere the positive terminal %as first applied at @./5 a!m! "he terminals %ere reversed at 10.29 and the machine %as stopped at 11 .20, the readings being continued to 12.05 p!m! ,n this %or' the conductors upon %hich the 800 pins %ere supported %ere directly connected %ith the large masses and shield! 0hen direct contact %as made bet%een the pin-conductors and the large masses, the changes too' place more rapidly than %hen the air surrounding the masses %as supercharged %ith negative corpuscles emitted from the pin points, or %hen the reverse action too' place, this alone being depended upon to change the potential of the masses! "he most interesting feature of this %or' is the complete elimination of the possibility that the apparent decrease in the attraction bet%een these masses %as due to the convection currents of air resulting from heat effects! <eversing the terminals %ould not reverse the heat effects!

"he possibility that one terminal of the machine produced greater heat effects than the other, the deflecting effect being decreased %hen the terminal producing the lesser heating effect %as applied is also eliminated! ,t matters not %hich terminal is first applied! "he result is the same, and has been obtained many times! >uring the afternoon of (ay 9 the operation represented in the upper curve of 4late \76 %as repeated, the positive terminal being first applied! # result of precisely the same 'ind %as obtained! "he upper curve of 6late PL! also means that the gravitational attraction bet%een the masses at @./5 a!m! had been decreased by about 110F at 10.10 a!m! +ravitational attraction had been decreased to Hero, and had then been converted into a repulsion! #n hour later it had regained its initial value! =n the afternoon of Bune 1, 2./0 p!m!, it %as decided to change the electrical condition of the suspended masses! =ne of the end caps forming the outer metal shield of -igure 2 %as removed! # hole %hich had been bored through the %ood frame, and %hich had been closed by a rubber stopper, %as opened! # glass tube %as passed through the opening, about t%o centimeters beyond the inner surface of the %ood frame! # copper %ire to the end of %hich the head of a pin had been soldered, %as passed through the tube, the point of the pin pro*ecting slightly beyond the end of the tube! "he %ire %as about six inches in length! "he apparatus %as arranged as sho%n in (ig/re *! "he positive terminal of the machine %as used in draining negative corpuscles from the air %ithin the shield around the suspended masses! # slo% change of 1!2 cm! or 12 scale divisions in the scale reading %as produced! "he terminal %as disconnected %hen this deflection had been produced and the machine %as stopped! "he tube %as removed, the end cap of metal %as replaced and the large masses and shield and the pin-point conductors %ere grounded until the next day! "he mean rending had not been appreciably changed! #t 10.25 a!m!, Bune 2, readings %ere ta'en until 10.9/ a!m! "he suspended masses %ere at rest! "he positive terminal %as then applied! "he result is sho%n in 4late \76,! "he arrangement of the apparatus %as that sho%n in (ig/re *! # sudden decrease in the attraction occurred! ,t %as so sudden that forced vibrations %ere impressed upon the suspended masses! "he vibrations %ere small, and only occasional readings of consecutive extremes %ere recorded! #t 2.20 p!m! the terminals %ere reversed and at 2./2 p!m! direct contact of the pin-point conductors and the large masses and shield %as made! "he attraction at once increased very rapidly! "he absolute Hero of potential %as reached and passed in a less time than that of a semi-vibration! -orced vibrations %ere impressed upon the suspended masses as the attraction began to decrease! "hese vibrations %ere observed, and the extremes %ere read until /./0 p!m! "he masses %ere then being repelled by a force nearly t%ice as great as the initial gravitational attraction! >irect contact bet%een the discharge points %as removed, but the masses %ere not grounded! =n (onday, Bune 9, at @.20 a!m!, the masses %ere vibrating over a very small arc (about one scale division)! <eadings %ere ta'en at some of the extremes of vibration, %hich %ere sufficient in number to sho% that the mean reading %as constant until 11 a!m! "hese readings are represented in 4late \76,,! "he masses %ere still repelling each other, %ith a force about 50 per cent greater than the initial attraction on the

morning of Bune 2! "his conclusion seemed beyond belief at the time but subse uent results on that day seemed to ma'e it a necessary conclusion! #t 11.0/ a!m! the positive terminal %as applied and direct contact bet%een the large masses and the pin-point conductors of (ig/re * %as made! "he time is represented by the arro% mar'ed A>? on 4late \76,,! #t once the attraction began to increase! "he masses %ere s%aying in the opposite direction at the time %hen contact %as made! # maximum reading %as obtained at 11.18 a!m! and the masses s%ayed in the opposite direction during the next 19 minutes! -orced vibrations %ere again impressed upon the suspended masses, but they %ere less violent in character than those at the close of the observations$ represented in 4late \76,! #t 12 observations %ere discontinued until 12.98 p!m!, %hen the reading sho%ed only a slight decrease! #t 1.00 p!m! the terminals %ere reversed and the direct contact %as removed! "he conditions then %ere as represented in (ig/re *! #t this time the apparent decrease in the initial attraction %hich existed at the beginning of the observations on Bune 2, %as about /90 per cent! ,n other %ords the apparent repulsion %as then more than t%ice the initial attraction! "his conclusion seems to be fully *ustified by the amaHing increase in the attraction %hich at once resulted! #t 1.5/ p!m! direct contact bet%een the pin-point conductors and the shield and large masses %as made by dropping a %ire into position! ,t %as removed at 2.02 p!m! -orced vibrations %ere again impressed upon the suspended masses! "he machine %as stopped at 2.1@ p!m! and , %as called a%ay for an bour! # fe% readings ta'en bet%een /.12 and /.22 p!m! sho%n at the close of 4late \76,, indicate that the attraction had then approached closely to the initial value on the morning of Bune 2! ,t %ill of course be understood that no attempt has been made to secure results of precision in this %or'! "he only aim has been to determine %hether or not it %ould be *ustifiable to construct the much more expensive apparatus %hich %ill be re uired for such results! "he suspended masses must be capable of being electrified independently and the enclosing %alls must surround them in symmetrical form, so that their inductive action %ill not produce deflection of the surrounded masses! ,f they are suspended in highly rarefied air, it may be necessary to use a metal %ire rather than a uartH fiber, %hich must then be attached to an insulated torsion beam! # modified form of the apparatus used by Ioys %ill be re uired! "he necessity for such a construction seems to be *ustified by the evidence already obtained, that if the potential of either of the attracting masses ( and m5 is Hero absolute, gravitational attraction bet%een them %ill not be affected by varying the potential of the other mass! "he gravitation, constant as it has been determined by methods %hich made use of some form of the (itchell-?avendish apparatus, %ould have a maximum value %hen either or both of the masses had a potential of Hero absolute! 1eglecting the inductive effect %hich electrified masses have upon each other, it is possible that the amended e uation for gravitational attraction bet%een them is.

,t seems possible that the effect of the charges O and O5 upon gravitational attraction bet%een the masses m and m5 may be a surface effect! ,f so the values of O and O5 may be replaced by <6 and <565, %here < and <5 are the radii of the t%o masses and 6 and 65 their potentials due to those charges!

"he above e uation may also be %ritten.

2ere it is assumed that the masses are so electrified as to diminish their normal attraction for each other by n per cent! -rom these t%o e uations the values of m and m5 being replaced by their values in terms of volume and density!

,f this e uation really represents the conditions imposed upon the masses, it appears that for any given decrease in gravitational attraction the potentials of the masses must be directly proportional to the surface areas of the masses! )mall planets having high and perhaps varying potentials might not follo% 1e%ton5s la%! "he value of % %ould be large and variable! ,n the %or' represented in 4late \76,, if %e assume that %hen n %as l00, the attraction bet%een the masses being reduced to Hero, the potential of the large masses %as /0,000 volts, or 100 E!)!?!+!)! units, and that of the suspended masses %as 10 volts or 13/0 E!)!?!+!)! unit, then the last e uation %ould give for G5. G5 S 1:5800 G "his result is based upon assumptions and estimates! =ne inference may be dra%n from it! "here is nothing here to indicate that the force %hose action is represented by 1e%ton5s term, should not be the main factor in determining the motion of the masses in our planetary system! "he large masses represented in (ig/re % %ere replaced by boxes of metal, filled %ith loose cotton batting! "hey rested upon insulators! "hey %ere separated from the screen by sheets of glass, and %ere put in metallic contact ,vith it by means of copper %ires! 4recisely the same treatment %as applied to this system as %as given %hen the large masses %ere in place! 1o change in the position of the suspended masses could be detected! "he large masses being in position as before described, spring contact brushes %ere fastened to the bloc's of %ood upon %hich the large masses rested! "hey made contact %ith the large masses at points mid%ay bet%een the top and bottom of the spheres! # direct current of 20 amperes %as sent through the t%o large masses! "he axis of the line of flo% %as in one case practically coincident %ith the line through the centers of gravity of the t%o masses nearest to each other! "he direction of flo% %as either from the outside contact, to the one nearest the screen, or the reverse, the direction of flo% being reversible by means of a double s%itch! "he screen %as insulated from the t%o large spheres! 1o effect upon the suspended masses could be detected! ,f any effect %as produced it %as very small! "he large masses %ere turned @0h in position, %ith a li'e result!

#n alternating current of 20 amperes %as applied! 1o effect could be detected %hen the masses %ere in the latter position! 0hen the lines through the points of contact %ith the brushes %ith the large spheres %as coincident practically %ith the line through the centers of gravity of the t%o masses nearest to each other, the gravitational attraction %as uic'ly reduced to Hero, and made negative! 0hen the double s%itch %as opened, so that the large masses %ere %holly separated from the source, and the masses %ere grounded it re uired bet%een t%o and three hours for the large masses to recover from the shoc' %hich they had received! "his has been repeated many times, %ith no discordant results! ,t may be that the parts of the large spheres %hich are most affected by the alternating current are those parts near the brushes! ,f there are heat effects, they tend to oppose the observed effect! Iurning candles replacing the large masses cause a change in reading in the opposite direction from that of the alternating current, the glass plates being removed! "his is due to convection currents %ithin the screen! "he %or' here described has been done in a private laboratory in the second story of Eads 2all, no% occupied by the physics department of 0ashington Cniversity! (y than's are due to the ?arnegie ,nstitution of 0ashington for meeting the expense of this %or'!

6late PL!= !ariation in Gravitational Attraction

4late \76,. 6ariation in +ravitational #ttraction J1ot availableK 4late \76,,. 6ariation in +ravitational #ttraction J1ot availableK

TransB 2ca)B SciB o9 S B /ouis PP!II= *8*F*8& .Marc- )5 %9)01

Ne2 Evi0ence o3 a elation Det2een Gravitation ; Eelctrical Action5 ; o3 Local C-ange" in t-e Electrical 6otential o3 t-e Eart-$
by (ranci" E$ Nip-er ,n the %or' to be here described, the apparatus used %as a modified form of that used by ?avendish, as sho%n in the former paper, published by the #cademy of )cience of )t! 7ouis, 6ol! \\,,,, pp! 18/-185! "he %ood frame %as in this case covered %ith tin-foil, %ithin and %ithout! "he sheet metal forming the sides of the shield %ere clamped to the %ood frame, by bars of %ood %hich %ere also covered %ith tin-foil! #ll *oints %ere sealed %ith %ax before the tin-foil %as put in place! "he %hole shield %as then surrounded by t%o end caps of metal %hich meet at the middle or the shield and are scaled together by means of tin-foil! # layer of air %as thus formed bet%een the t%o metal shields surrounding the suspended masses! Either of these t%o metal shields %as considered ample protection to prevent the suspended masses from being acted upon electrically by the large masses! "he layer of air bet%een the t%o shields %as designed to diminish convection effects %ithin the shield due to changes in the temperature of the room, and changes in the temperature of the air %ithin the room %ere made as small as possible by cutting off all sources of artificial heat! ,t did not usually vary more than 1!5 degrees ?! during the day! "he temperature %as determined by means of a thermometer placed near the large masses! "he reading %as by means of a telescope! "he reading could be made accurately to tenths of a degree ? and hundredths of a degree could be estimated %ith fair precision! "he air %ithin the shield %as electrically charged by means of a %ire armed %ith a pin %hich %as thrust through the end of the shield about an inch above the level of the suspended masses, and %as sealed in place! "he inner end of the tube %as dra%n to a small diameter, being only large enough to admit the end of the pin! "his could be %ithdra%n at any time and the outer end of the tube could be covered %ith a metal tube %hich %as closed %ith a metal plug at its outer end! ?onvection effects, due to changes in temperature, have been very carefully studied! 0hen the masses have not been electrically charged for several days, the rise in the temperature of the room during the day caused a very slo% increase in the scale reading %hich determined the position of the suspended masses! "his change in position decreases the distance bet%een the suspended masses and the large masses! 0hen a door opening into the hall%ay %as opened for four minutes this change is larger and more abrupt! 0hen an outside %indo% %as opened, admitting cold air, a sudden decrease in the reading results! "he room containing the apparatus %as al%ays entered from an ad*oining room, from %hich heat from the heating system %as %holly cut off! ,n order to decrease convection effects, the large masses and shield %ere covered on all sides %ith a pile of cotton batting, forming a layer of about : to 8 inches thic'ness! "his %as permissible by reason of the fact that the electric machine in the ad*oining room %as discarded as a source of electricity! ,t %as replaced by the earth, %hich had been found to be e ually effective,

and %hich has a much greater capacity! "he large masses and shield, and %hen necessary, the in*ection pin %ere connected by %ire %ith a copper lightning rod on the outside of the building! "his rod formed the ground connection for a steel to%er used for %ireless! ,ts top %as 100 feet above the ground! "his to%er is mounted upon the roof of the physics building, the %alls of %hich are red granite! "he room containing the apparatus is on the second floor of this building, and belo% the to%er! "%elve copper %ires about ten feet in length %ere soldered to the lo%er part of the lightning rod, and spread over the ground, their ends being in*ected a fe% inches into the soil! "he %ire leading from the masses %ithin the building to the rod %as also soldered to it! ?onnected %ith this %ire %ithin the room containing the gravitating masses %ere metal rods surrounding the apparatus %hich %ere hung sheets of metal to %hich %ere attached about one thousand pins! )mall holes %ere punched through the metal, the pins %ere inserted, and the heads %ere soldered to the metal, "his %as intended as a means to put all of the air in the room in an electrical condition as near uniform as possible! 0ith such an apparatus a determination of the gravitation constant %ould be utterly impossible, the position of the suspended masses changes from day to day and from night to day by greater amounts than %as at any time possible %hen the plate glass machine %as used for the electrification of the masses! "heir position depends upon the %eather and upon the moisture in the surface of the earth! "he changes %ere often greater than %as ever caused by the removal or replacing of the large masses! <esults obtained on >ecember 12 last are alone sufficient to establish the fact that enormous local changes in the earth5s potential are constantly occurring, and that these changes produce variations in gravitational attraction bet%een the large masses and the suspended masses! =n >ecember 5 and : over an inch of rain and sleet fell, and on >ecember 8 and @ there %as a light fall of sleet! "he minimum temperature gradually fell from 28h on the 5th to 1h on the 10th! "he ground %as covered %ith a thin layer of ice and sno% on the 12th! =n that day the morning temperature %as 20h but rose to 5:h! "he ground around the lightning rod bet%een the building and a %al' about 12 feet from the building %as very dry, having been shielded by the building! >uring the forenoon the large masses and the in*ection pin for electrification of the air %ithin the shield %ere connected %ith the lightning rod! Iet%een 8.50 a!m! and 11.95 p!m! the scale reading decreased very slightly but %ith no vibrations! "he temperature of the air around the shield increased by 1!5h ?! "he in*ection pin %as then %ithdra%n and the glass tube %as covered %ith the metal cap! 6ibrations of the suspended masses at once began! "he scale reading varied through about three divisions of the scale! "his amplitude had diminished to about t%o divisions of the scale at 1.20 p!m! "he time of a complete vibration %as about @ minutes! "he froHen ground outside of the %al' %as then covered %ith a thin layer of %ater! Eight buc'ets of %ater %ere splashed over the ground around the lightning rod, covering the area over %hich the copper %ires %ere spread, this %et area thus formed being finally connected %ith the %et ground beyond the %al'! "he scale reading abruptly diminished during the next three vibrations! "he change in the average reading %as about 80F of the change formerly produced by the removal of the large masses to a position of no deviation in the position of the suspended masses!

"his determination of the deviation, due to the large masses, %as obtained before electrification of the mass %as begun! "hey %ere, ho%ever, then above the surface of the earth, and sub*ect to the inductive action of the atmosphere! "he results described in this paper indicate that the disturbances here discussed %ould be greatest if the %or' %ere done on a barren island, in a building above the level of the surrounding %ater! ,t is under such conditions that the phenomenon 'no%n as )t! Elmo5s fire is commonly observed! =n land each blade of grass and the leaves of trees have a function similar to that of the masts of ships provided %ith lightning protection! "hey are individually less effective, but they are far more numerous! ,n order to eliminate these disturbing effects the %or' should be done in a room belo% the surface of the earth the %alls, ceiling and floor being of metal! ,nsulate copper %ires %ithin copper tubes should be connected %ith the masses! "hose connected %ith the suspended masses should terminate in a cup of mercury! # flexible chain of metal attached to the middle of the bar carrying the suspended masses, should be provided at its lo%er end %ith a fine platinum %ire, ma'ing contact %ith the mercury surface! "hese protected copper %ires should be grounded in a %ell of %ater! "he %ater in this %ell must be protected from any inductive action of the atmosphere!

Mic-ael OGNMANO! Electrical 6o2er 6ac4

-ttp=>>222$panacea/niver"it,$org>D*'$p03 E+cerpte0 3rom 6atric4 H$ 7ell, = The Prac ical 8ui)e o 9ree !nerg" %e$ices 000 # patent application C) /,;::,0@9 (sho%n in detail in an accompanying document) gives the details of an interesting device! 0hile it is only an application and not a full patent, the information implies strongly that (ichael built and tested many of these devices! 0hile the po%er output is lo%, the design is of considerable interest! ,t is possible that the device %or's from pic'ing up the output from many radio stations, although it does not have anything %hich is intended to be an aerial! ,t %ould be interesting to test the device, first, %ith a telescopic aerial added to it, and second, placed in an earthed metal box! "he device is constructed by casting a small bloc' of a mixture of semiconductor materials such as )elenium %ith, from 9!85F to 5!5F "ellurium, from /!@5F to 9!2F +ermanium, from 2!85F to /!2F 1eodymium, and from 2!0F to 2!5F +allium! "he resulting bloc' is shaped %ith a

dome on one face %hich is contacted by a short, pointed metal probe! 0hen this arrangement is fed briefly %ith an oscillating signal, typically in the fre uency range of 5!8 to 18 (hH, it becomes self-po%ered and can supply electric current to external e uipment! "he construction is as sho%n here . 4resumably the output po%er %ould be increased by using full-%ave rectification of the oscillations rather than the half-%ave rectification sho%n! (ichael says that increasing the dimensions of the unit increases the output po%er! "he small unit sho%n in this example of his, has been sho%n to be able to provide flashing po%er for an incandescent lamp of up to 250 m# current re uirement! 0hile this is not a large po%er output, it is interesting that the output is obtained %ithout any apparent input! (ichael speculates that the very short connecting %ires may act as radio reception aerials! ,f that is the case, then the output is impressive for such tiny aerials!

-ttp=>>v*$e"pacenet$com>p/'licationDetail">'i'lio? 7C@A;0ate@%9&*%0%6;N @*&66094A;DD@E6ODOC;locale@enKE6;CC@<#;(T@D #EMICOND<CTO COM6O#ITION# <#*&66094 1@;/-10-1: ?lassification. - international. 205I/@30@$ 205I/@300$ (,4?1-;). 201I1300 - European. 205I/@30@ A'"tract -- # resonance oscillator electric po%er pac' for operating a flash lamp, for example, or other electrically operated device, operates %ithout moving mechanical parts or electrolytic

action! "he po%er pac' is contained in a cylindrical metal envelope and in a preferred embodiment is coupled to a relaxation oscillator and an incandescent lamp! 0ithin the envelope, and insulated therefrom, is a semiconductor tablet having a metal base connected to the external circuit! # metal probe ma'es contact %ith a point on the semiconductor tablet and also %ith a cylindrical ferrite rod axially aligned %ith the envelope! 0ound about the ferrite rod are concentric helical coils designated as a primary %ith many turns and a secondary %ith fe%er turns than the primary! "he primary coil is connected at one end to the probe and at the other end to the secondary coil! "he leads from the secondary coil are connected to the relaHation oscillator by %ay of an ad*ustable capacitor! =scillation %ithin the envelope is resonance amplified, and the induced voltage in the secondary coil is rectified for application to the relaxation oscillator and lamp! )elenium and germanium base semiconductor compositions including "e, 1d, <b and +a in varying proportions are used for the tablet! Dac4gro/n0 ,n many situations it is desirable to have a source of electric po%er that is not dependent on %ires from a central generating station and, therefore, portable po%er supplies having no moving parts have been primary or secondary electrolytic cells %hich generate or store electrical energy for release by chemical action! )uch batteries have a limited amount of contained energy and must often be replaced at fre uent intervals to maintain e uipment in operation! "hus, as one example, flashing lights are no% commonly used along high%ays and other locations to %arn of dangerous conditions! "hese flashing lights in remote locations are typically oncandescent or gas discharge lamps conected to some style of relaxation oscillator po%ered by a battery! "he batteries have a limited lifetime and must be periodically replaced, typically each 250-/00 hours of operation! "his involves a rather large labor cost and additional cost for primary cells or for rechargin secondary cells! it is desirable to provide an electric po%er pac' capable of providing a sufficient uantity of electrical energy over a prolonged period of time so that the re uirement of periodic replacement of the electrolytic cells can be avoided! )uch a po%er pac' is valuable even if appreciably more expensive than batteries because of the greatly reduced labor for periodic replacement! Drie3 #/mmar, o3 t-e Invention "here is provided in practice of this invention according to a presently preferred embodiment semiconductive compositions selected from the group consisting of selenium %ith from 9!85 to 5!5F tellurium, from /!@5 to 9!2F germanium, from 2!85 to /!2F neodymium, and from 2!0 to 2!5F gallium$ selenium %ith from 9!8 to 5!5F tellurium, from /!@ to 9!5F germanium, from 2!@ to /!5F neodymium, and from 9!5 to 5!0F rubidum$ and germanium %ith from 9!;5 to 5!5F tellurium, from 9!0 to 9!5F neodymium and from 5!5 to ;!0F rubidium! Dra2ing" "hese and other feratures and advantages of the invention %ill be appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the follo%ing detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment %hen considered in conenction %ith the accompanying dra%ing %herein.

(ig$ % illustrates in exploded schematic a flashing lamp connected to an electric po%er supply constructed according to the principles of this invention$

(ig$ ) illustrates in longitudinal cross section the po%er pac' of -ig! 1$ and

(ig$ * is an electric circuit schematic of the system!

De"cription -ig 1 illustrates schematically a typical flashing lamp having a po%er supply constructed according to principles of this invnetion! #s illustrated in this presently preferred embodiment an electric po%er pac' 5 is electrically connected to a relaxation oscillator circuit (sho%n only schematically) on a conventional printed circuit board :! "he po%er pac' 5 and printed circuit board are mounted in a metal box ; having a transverse partial partition 8 defining a space for the po%er pac' and another space for the printed circuit board %hich is supported a%ay from contact %ith the box by any convenient insulator! 4referably these elements are potted in palce in a conventional manner! # cover @ having mounting ears 10 is riveted on the box after assembly! # small terminal strip 11 on one side of the box ; provides eelctrical contacts for connection to a load such as an incandescent lamp (not sho%n in -ig! 1)! "he lamp provides a flash of light %hen the relaxation oscillator s%itches! #lthough the described system is employed for a flashing lamp, it %ill be apparent to one s'illed in the art that this is only exemplary and other applications can be made! "he electric po%er pac' 10 is illustrated in longitudinal cross section in -ig 2 and has dimensions as set out here after! "hese dimensions are exemplary of the illustrated embodiment for operating a conventional flasher lamp, and it %ill be apparent that other dimensions may be employed for other applications! in particular, the dimensions may be enlarged in many circumstances in order to obtain some%hat high po%er levels and different voltage or current levels! "he po%er pac' comprises a cylindrical metal tube 1: having closely fitting metal caps 1; at each end, %hich are preferably sealed to the tube after the internal elements are inserted in place! "he metal tube 1: and caps 1;, %hich are preferably of aluminum, thus form a closed conductive envelope %hich in a typical embodiment has an inside diameter of about 0!8 inch and a length of about 2-139 inch!

(ounted %ithin one end of the envelope is a plastic cup 18, the dimensions of %hich are not extremely critical$ ho%ever, a %all thic'ness of at least 131: inch is preferred! (ounted %ithin the plastic cup 18 is a semiconductor tablet 1@ having a flat base and some%hat domed opposite side! "he composition of the semiconductor tablet 1@ is set out in greater detail hereinafter! "ypically, the semiconductor tablet has a mass of about /!8 grams! # metal dis' 21 is positioned beneath the base of the ablet 1@ in the cup 18, and is preferably adhesively bonded into the cup! "he metal dis' is tightly fitted to the base of the tablet so that good electrical contact is obtained over a subtatntial area of the semiconductor! #n ear 22 on one edge of the dis' is soldered to a lead %ire 2/ %hich extends through a short insulating sleeve 29 in a hole in the side of the metal envelope! "he insulating sleeve 29 assure spacing of the lead %ire 2/ from the tube 1: and prevents accidental damage to the insulation in the lead %ire %hich could lead to shorting to the metal case! 4referably, the insulating sleeve 29 is sealed %ith a small amount of plastic cement or the li'e in order to maintain clean air %ithin the cylindrical envelope! "%o other openings for leads through the tube 1:, as hereinafter set forth, are also preferably sealed for maintaining cleanliness %ithin the envelope! # pair of circular metal dis's 2: are fitted %ithin the tube 1: and preferably cemented in place to prevent shifting! the t%o dis's 2: are e ually spaced from the oppsoite ends of the envelope and are spaced apart a little over 1!15 inch! each of the dis's 2: includes a central aperture 2;, and there are a plurality of holes 28 extending through the dis' in a circular array mid%ay bet%een the center of the dis' and its periphery! "he holes 28 are preferably in the siHe range of about 0!010 to 0!0:0 inch, and there are 12 on each dis' on /0 degree centers around the circle! "he t%o dis's 2: thus divide the interior of the cylindrical envelope into three chambers, and the pattern of holes 28 provides communication bet%een the chambers and affects the electrical properties of the cavity! ,t is believed that the pattern of holes affects the inductive coupling bet%een the sevarl caviteis %ithin the envelope for influencing oscillations therein! #lthough an arrangement of 12 holes on /0 degree centers has been found particularly advantageous in the illustrated embodiment, it is found in other arrangements that a pattern of 20 holes on 18 degree centers or a pattern of 8 holes on 95 degree centers, provides optimum operation! ,n either case, the circle of holes 28 is mid%ay bet%een the center and the periphery of the dis'! (ounted bet%een the dis' 2: is a palstic spool 2@ having an inside distance of 1!1 inch bet%een the ends! the plastic spool 2@ is preferably relatively thin %alled and has an internal bore diameter of 138 inch! # plastic mounting plug /1 is inserted through the central aperture 2; of one of the dis's 2: remote from the semiconductor table 1@, and into the bore of the spool 2@! "he plastic plug /1 is preferably cemented in place to the dis' 2: for holding the assembly together! #lso mounted %ithin the bore of the spool 2@ is a cylindrical ferrite core /2 about 138 icnh diameter and /39 inch long! #lthough a core of any magnetic ferrite is preferred, other ferromagnetic materials having similar properties can be employed if desired! "he core /2 is in electrical contact %ith a metal probe // about 139 inch long! 2alf of the length of the probe // is in the form of a cone ending in a point /9 in contact %ith the domed surface of the semiconductor tablet 1@, thereby ma'ing electrical contact %ith the semiconductor in a relatively small point!

Electrical contact is also made %ith the probe // by a lead /: that passes through one of the holes 28 in the dis' 2: nearer the semiconductor tablet and thence to a primary coil /; %ound on the plastic spool 2@! "he primary coil /; is in the form of 800 to 1000 turns %ound along the length of the spool, and the lead 28 at the opposite end of the coil /; is soldered to one of the external leads /@ of the po%er pac'! "his lead /@ proceeds through one of the holes 28 in the dis' remote from the semiconductor tablet 1@ and through an insulated sleeve 91 in the metal tube 1:! "he lead /@ is also connected to one end of a secondary coil 92 %hich is in the form of 8 to 10 turns around the center portion of the primary coil /;! # thin insulating sheet 9/ is preferably provided bet%een the primary and secondary coils! "he other lead 99 from the secondary coil passes through one of the holes 28 in the dis' nearer the semiconductor tablet and thence through an insulating sleeve 9: through the %all of the tube 1:! -ig / illustrates schematically the electrical circuit employing an electric po%er pac' constructed according to the principles of this invention! #t the left-hand side of -ig / the arrangement of eleements is illustrated in a combination of electrical schematic and mechanical positions %ithin the tube 1: for ready correlation %ith the embodiment illustrated in -ig 2! "hus, the semiconductor tablet 1@, probe //, and ferrite core /2 are sho%n in both their mechanical and electrical arragnement, the core being inductively coupled to the coils /; and 92! "he lead 2/ from the metal base of the semiconductor tablet 1@ is connected to a variable capacitor 9;, the other side of %hich is connected to the lead 99 from the secondary coil 92! "he lead 99 is also connected to a rectifying diode 98 shunted by a high resistance resitor 9@! ,t %ill be seen that the variable capacitor 9; is in a tan' circuit %ith the inductive coils /; and 92 %hich are coupled by the ferrite core /2, and this circuit also includes the semiconductor tablet 1@ to %hich point contact is made by the probe //! "he mechanical and electrical arrangment of these elements provides a resonant cavity in %hich resonance occurs %hen the capacitor 9; is properly trimmed! "he diode 98 rectifies the oscilaltions in this circuit to provide a suitable >? for operating an incandescent lamp 50 or similar load! "he rectifying diode 98 is connected to a complementary symmetry relaxation circuit for s%itching po%er to the load 50! "he diode is connected directly to the collector of a 414 transistor 51 %hich is in an inverted connection! "he emitter of the 414 transitor is connected to one side of the load by %ay of a timing resistor 55! "he base of the transistor 51 is connected by %ay of a resistor 52 and a capacitor 5: to the collector of an 141 transitor 5/, the emitter of %hich is connected to the other side of the load 50! "he base of the 141 transitor 5/ is coupled to the diode by a resistor 595! "he emitter of the 414 transistor 51 is fed bac' to the base of the 141 transistor 5/ by the resistor 55! ?urrent flo% through the lamp 50 is also limited by a resistor 5; %hich couples one side thereof and the emitter of the 141 transistor 5/ to the t%o coils /; and 92 by %ay of a common lead /@! "he electrical po%er pac' is believed to operate due to a resonance amplification once an oscillation has been initiated in the cavity, particularly the central caivity bet%een the dis's 2:! "his oscillation, %hich apparently rapidly reaches amplitudes sufficient for useful po%er, is then half %ave rectified by the diode 98 for use! 0ith such an arrangement, a voltage level of several volts has been obtained, and po%er sufficient for intermittent operation of a lamp re uiring about 1;0-250 milli%att has been demonstrated! the resonant amplification is apparently due to the

geometrical and electrical combination of the elements, %hich provide inductive coupling of components in a suitable resonant circuit! "his amplification is also, at least in part, due to uni ue semiconductor properties in the tablet 1@, %hich has electronic properties due to a composition giving a uni ue atomic arrangement, the exact nature of %hich has not been measured! "he semiconductor tablet has electronic properties %hich are determined by the composition and three such semiconductors satisfactory for use in the combination have been identified! ,n t%o of these, the base semiconductor material is selenium provided %ith suitable dopant elements, and in the third, the base element is germanium, also suitably doped! "he semiconductor tablets are made by melting and casting in an arrangement that gives a large crystal structure! ,t has not been found necessary to provide a selected crystal orientation in order to obtain the desired effects! # preferred composition of the semiconductor includes about 5F by %eight of tellurium, about 9F by %eight of germanium, about /F by %eight of neodymium, and about 9!;F by %eight of rubidium, %ith the balance of the composition being selenium! )uch a composition can be made by melting these materials together or dissolving the materials in molten selenium! #nother highly advantageous composition has about 5F by %eight of tellurium, about 9F by %eight of neodymium, and about 2!29F by %eight of gallium! ,n order to ma'e this composition, it is found desirable to add the very lo% melting gallium in the form of gallium selenide rather than an elemental gallium! # third suitable composition has about 5F by %eight of tellurium, about 9F by %eight of neodymium, about :F by %eight of rubidium, %ith the balance being germanium! "he preferred compositions set forth hereabove are not absolute and it has been found that the level of dopant in the compositions can be varied %ithin limits %iothout significant loss of performance! "hus, it is found that the proportion of tellurium in the preferred composition can range from about 9!8F to about 5!5F by %eight, the germanium can range from about /!@F to 9!5F$ neodymium can range from about 2!@F to /!5F by %eight$ and rubidium can vary from about 9!5 to 5!0F by %eight! "he balance of the preferred composition is selenium, although it has also been found that nominal impurity levels can be tolerated and no great care is re uired in preventing minor contamination! "he other selenium base composition useful in practice of this invention can have a tellurium concentration in the range of from about 9!85 to 5!5F by %eight$ neodymium in the range of about 2!85 to /!2F by %eight$ and gallium in the range of from about 2!0 to 2!5F by %eight! #s in the preferred composition, the balance is selenium and nominal impurity levels can be tolerated!! ,t is preferred to add the gallium in the form of gallium selenide %ith a corresponding decrease in the selenium used to ma'e up the composition! "he above selenium base compositions are easier to ma'e and less expensive than the germanium base composition and are therefore preferable for most applications! ,t is found that these are particularly suited for relatively small semiconductor tablets up to about 1 inch or less! -or relatively large tablets, it is preferred to use the germanium base composition!

"he germanium base composition has a tellurium level in the range of from about 9!;5 to 5!5F by %eight$ neodymium in the range of from about 9!0 to 9!5F by %eight$ and rubidium in the range of from about 5!5F to ;!9F by %eight! ,t is also found that it of greater importance to maintain purity of the germanium base compositions than the selenium base compositions! #lthough the exact purity levels have not been ascertained, it is in excess of @@F! ,t has been found that it is not necessary to have single crystals in the semiconductor tablets and any convenient grain siHe in excess of about 1 mm appears satisfactory! ,n the above compositions, %hen the recited ranges are exceeded, oscilaltion in the po%er pac' drops off rapidly and may cease altogether! "he reasons that these compositions are satisfactory in the arrangemnt providing resonance amplification has not been determined %ith certainty! it is possible that the semiconductor serves as a source of electrons for providing an oscillating current in the circuit! "his is, of course, combined %ith a relatively large area contact on another area! #ny resonant current in the coils %ound on ferrite rod induces a varying magnetic field in the resonant cavity, and the electrical connection bet%een the ferrite rod and the metal probe provides a feedbac' of this oscilation to the semiconductor tablet! ,t should particularly be noted that the oscilation in the circuit does not commence until it is initiated by an oscillating signal! ,n order to accomplish this, it is only necessary to apply a fe% millivolts #? for a fe% seconds to the semiconductor tablet and the associated coils coupled thereto! "he initial signal applied to the base of the semiconductor tablet and the lead /@ is preferably in the fre uency of 5!8 to 18 (2H, and can be as high as 150 (2H! )uch a signal can be applied from any conventional source and no great care appears necessary to provide a single fre uency signal or eliminate noise! =nce such energiHation has been given the circuit, and oscillations initiated, it does not appear to again be necesary to apply such a signal!"his is apparently due to the feedbac' provided by the ferrite rod to the probe ma'ing point contact %ith the semiconductor! Energy is, of course, dissipated in the lamp, or other utiliHation device, as the combination operates! )uch energy may come from the deterioration of the semiconductor tablet as oscilaltions continue$ ho%ever, if there is such deterioration it is sufficienyly slo% that a po%er source may be operated for many months %ithout attendance! )uch a source of energy may be augmented by ambient <- radiation coupled into the resonant cavity by the external leads! "his is a surprising phenomenon because the leads are small as compared to %hat %ould normally be considered an ade uate antenna, and it is therefore postulated that stimulated amplification may also be a conse uence of the uni ue electronic configuration of the semiconductors having the above-identified compositions! #lthough only one embodiment of electric po%er pac' constructed according to the principles of this invnetion has been described and illsutrated herein, many modifications and variation %ill be apparent to one s'illed in the art! "hus, for example, a larger po%er pac' may be axially arranged in a cylindrical container %ith various electronic elements arranged in the annular space therebet%een! it is, therefore, to be understood that %ithin the scope of the appended claims the invnetion may be practiced other%ise than as specifically described!!!

Ha"on OLI!E AC #olar Generator

-ttp=>>ac"olargenerator$com Contact = #tan Wi0o2" Inventive e"earcDiv$ #$ $ Wi0o2" Co$ Inc$ 800F*A&F6)90 Ha"on Oliver ; AC #olar Generator

Inventive e"earc-, a >ivision of )! <! 0ido%s ?ompany, ,nc!, of ,ndiana, has patented a %ay to generate #? po%er directly from a solar panel! 0hy is this so importantR ,t ma'es it possible

to simply hoo' the solar panels directly into the po%er grid %ithout the need for expensive >? to #? po%er conversion e uipment! "his invention, %hen commercialiHed, %ill ma'e the cost of solar po%er more practical and affordable! 0eUve heard about the promise of cheap solar energy no% for decades! GouUd thin' by no% that at least in the %orldUs sunniest areas all the cities %ould be supplementing their po%er %ith clean rene%able solar po%er! )adly this is not the case! 2ereUs the problem! )olar panels today produce >? po%er %hich has to be converted to #? to be used by by most homes and businesses! "he price of solar panels combined %ith the price of inverters, phase synchroniHers, installation and maintenance has made the price of solar prohibitive! #dd to that the loss of po%er from the different components used in the >? to #? conversion process and it becomes even more unattractive! Iut %hat if there %as a better %ayR 1early a century ago a battle bet%een t%o of #mericaUs most influential inventors decided the po%er %e use today! "homas EdisonUs inventions generated and utiliHed >? po%er and 1i'ola "eslaUs inventions used his ne%ly discovered #? po%er! "eslaUs #? eventually %on out because it could be transfered over long distances more efficiently! Ha"on Oliver, lead inventor for ,nventive <esearch is not the typical researcher$ heUs an automotive master mechanic from ,ndiana %ho more than a decade ago developed a passion for the inventions of "esla! 2e loo'ed for clues from ho% po%er is generated today to come up %ith their ne%est invention, the #? generating solar panel! "oday #? po%er is produced for the po%er grid by #? generators! "he generators are po%ered by mechanical energy provided by %ater turbines (hydro-electric) or steam turbines po%ered from coal, natural gas or nuclear fuel! "he mechanical energy rotates the coils of the generator in a magnetic field to produce voltage! Iecause the conductor coil of the generator flips direction during rotation in the magnetic field the resulting voltage produced is sinusoidal or #?! ,nventive <esearch replicated this sinusoidal voltage by mechanically manipulating alternate ban's of solar cells to turn off and on! "hey spent many years years developing this technology! "hey call it the #? )olar +enerator! ,tUs so simple and practical you %onUt believe it hasnUt been done before, but it hasnUt! ,nventive <esearch and their attorneys did an exhaustive patent search to ma'e sure of that! "he process ,nventive <esearch used to do this is simple but pure genius in its application! Bason arranged modified standard solar cells into a circular pattern mounted on a base! 2alf of the cells are %ired in one circuit and half in another circuit (ounted above the solar cells is a spinning dis' po%ered by a >? electric motor! "he >? motor gets its po%er from four small >? solar cells mounted in the corners of the base! "he dis' has portals cut into it allo%ing light to pass through to every other solar cell belo% it! #s the dis' spins each of the ban's of solar cells is alternately exposed to light and alternately produce po%er! 0hen the portal is half %ay bet%een the t%o cells the voltage cancels and drops to Hero!

"he resulting voltage is sinusoidal or #?! ,t can even be configured to produce three phase #? po%er!!! ?ombining the phase matching %ith the alternating current generation is %hat allo%s the #? solar generator to create #? po%er %ithout the losses and cost associated %ith the #? to >? po%er conversion process! =ther benfits include. l +enerates free energy from the sun l 1on-polluting energy reduces emissions. 2as no direct impact on the environment l ,tUs easily scalable l +rid-"ie systems allo% you to sell excess electricity bac' to the utility l ?an be installed and operated any%here including areas of difficult access and remote locations l 2elps get us off dependence on foreign oil l 46 cells ma'e no noise and give off no exhaust "his is truly a transforming technology! "he #? solar generator has the potential to reduce the use of fossil fuels tremendously if you *ust imagine them installed photovoltaic solar po%er centers around the country generating supplemental po%er for the grid! ,nventive <esearch is expecting to receive the final patents later this year! ,f you are interested in licensing or purchasing the patents for this technology you can contact )tan 0ido%s at ,nventive <esearch a division of )!<! 0ido%s ?o! ,nc! at 800-/5;-:2@0 WO)0%00*68%% <#)0%00&)8)* DE!ICE5 #M#TEM AND MET8OD (O DI ECTLM GENE ATING ALTE NATING C< ENT ELECT ICITM ( OM 68OTO!OLTAIC CELL# ,nventor. =7,6E< B#)=1 #77E1 E?. ,4?. 201725300$ 201725300 A'"tract -- # device, system and method for generating alternating current (a3c) electricity directly from photovoltaic cells utiliHe an array of photovoltaic cell pairs that are each connected in anti-parallel to form an a3c *unction! "he system, device and method mechanically gradually exposes and shades photovoltaic cell pairs to sunlight to generate alternating current electricity at an a3c *unction of the solar cell pairs! +radually and alternately exposing and shading the t%o anti-parallel connected solar cells of each solar cell pair causes the amplitude and polarity of the electricity at the a3c *unction to gradually rise and fall to produce alternating current electricity! "he gradual, alternating exposure and shading of the t%o anti-parallel solar cells is accomplished by mechanically covering and exposing the solar cell pairs! "his is efficiently accomplished by a rotating segmented disc positioned over an array of solar cell pairs! De"cription

DAC7G O<ND O( T8E IN!ENTION (iel0 o3 t-e Invention "he present invention relates to photovoltaics (i!e! technology and research related to the application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity for practical use) and, more particularly, to devices, systems and methods for generating alternating current electricity from photovoltaic cells! Dac4gro/n0 In3ormation "he demand and need for clean and rene%able energy is becoming more urgent as earth undergoes global climate changes! +eneration of electricity from coal produces over 50F of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year! ?oal and other fossil fuels %ill also eventually run out! "he hydroelectric po%er generation of electricity is limited to places %here there is an ade uate %ater source! 1uclear energy for the creation of electricity has the dra%bac' of creating nuclear %aste! 2o%ever, one type of clean rene%able energy is solar energy or sunlight! )olar energy is a constant source of clean energy that can shine on all areas of the surface of the planet! )olar energy or sunlight can be converted into electricity by a photovoltaic cell! # photovoltaic cell 'no%n as a solar cell captures and converts sunlight into electricity! # solar cell is made from a semiconducting material (a semiconductor) such as silicon that absorbs the sunlight %hich generates a flo% of electricity through the solar cell! Iecause of the properties of semiconductors, positive and negative terminals of the solar cell are static and electron flo% from a solar cell is uni-directional (i!e! the electricity can only flo% in one direction)! "hus, as %ith all photovoltaic cells, the solar cell produces only direct current (d3c) electricity! "he problem %ith direct current electricity is that direct current electricity is difficult to transmit any appreciable distance, %hich limits its use! "hus, alternating current electricity is more usable than direct current electricity! (oreover, most electrical devices utiliHe alternating current (a3c) electricity! 6arious prior art devices have attempted to provide suitable alternating current electricity from photovoltaic or solar cells! -or instance, C!)! 4atent 1o! 9,0;5,0/9 issued to Iutler on -ebruary 21 , 1@;8 (hereinafter, EIutlerE) provides a solar converter for producing variable amplitude alternating current %aveforms directly from solar energy by using a photo-voltaic cell ban' array formed of a plurality of %eighted photo-voltaic segments! # multi-sided high speed, rotating and light concentrating concave mirror system provides light on and past the %eighted segments of the photo-voltaic ban' to produce instantaneous output %hich are proportional to the number of cells scanned in each segment! # simulated alternating current (a3c) %aveform is produced by suitable arrangement of the photo-voltaic segments! "he simulated a3c %aveform of Iutler and its fragile manner (glass mirrors) of producing the simulated a3c %aveform by the high speed rotating mirror is not efficient! (oreover, Iutler is not easily scalable to produce larger voltages3amperes nor is it relatively maintenance free! ,n C!)! 4atent 4ublication 1o! 2005300/9;50 by <abino%itH published -ebruary 1;, 2005 (hereinafter, E<abino%itHE), a solar cell alternating current generator is provided that uses a dynamic spinning ensemble of minimirrors to both concentrate and modulate rays from the sun onto a photovoltaic collector array!

"he focusing and superimposed spinning action produces single phase and multiphase alternating current electricity! "he problem %ith <abino%itH is again, the use of glass mirrors, the need for focusing the mini-mirrors and maintain their high speed spinning is not efficient! ,n C!)! 4atent 1o! :,;;9,2@@ issued to -ord on #ugust 10, 2009 (hereinafter, E-ordE), a solar alternating current electricity generator is provided that utiliHes a rotating, partitioned array of photovoltaic cells! ?ontact brushes and %iring are provided to transfer the electric current to an applied load! "he dra%bac' to -ord is the need for contact brushes and %iring to generate the alternating current electricity! (oreover, the rotating photovoltaic cell vanes of -ord are not efficient! ,n C!)! 4atent 1o! 9,;28,8;8 issued to #nthony on (arch 1 , 1@88 (hereinafter, E#nthonyE), a solar energy electric generating system is provided for space vehicles %hich directly generates alternating current from ambient light %ithout po%er conversion! 7ight incident to photocell arrays is mechanically or electrically gated to produce fluctuating direct current (d3c) electricity! # number of transforming devices are provided to convert the fluctuating d3c current to alternating current (a3c)! "hrough variation of the fre uency and duty cycle of the pulsing output voltage, fre uency and phase relative to a reference may be controlled! 2o%ever, %ith the #nthony solar energy electric generating system, the mechanical gating provides a s uare %ave that is then conditioned to provide an alternating current %aveform! 7ast, in C!)! 4atent 1o! 9,5;;,052 issued to )chutten et al! on (ach 18, 1@8: (hereinafter, E)chuttenE), an alternating current solar cell is provided by connecting solar cells (431 *unctions) in anti-parallel bet%een a pair of main terminals! 7ight is provided alternately on the 431 *unctions through a mirror system that splits the beam and causes the split beam to impinge on the 431 *unctions! ,t is clear from the above that the prior art devices for generating alternating current electricity directly from photovoltaic or solar cells are complicated, difficult to align and maintain, and cannot provide ade uate scaling for small and large a3c current production! ,n vie% of the above, it is desirable to have a solar po%ered alternating current (a3c) electricity generator, system and method that produces single or multi-phase a3c electricity that is simple, efficient and easily scalable in voltage and3or amperage! #<MMA M O( T8E IN!ENTION "he present invention is a system, device and method for directly generating alternating current electricity from photovoltaic cells! "he system, device and method mechanically gradually exposes and shades photovoltaic cell pairs connected in anti-parallel to sunlight to generate alternating current electricity at an a3c *unction of the solar cell pairs! +radually and alternately exposing and shading the t%o anti-parallel connected solar cells of each solar cell pair causes the amplitude and polarity of the electricity at the a3c *unction to gradually rise and fall to produce alternating current electricity! "he gradual, alternating exposure and shading of the t%o antiparallel solar cells is accomplished by mechanically covering and exposing the solar cell pairs!

,n particular, %hile one solar cell of an anti-parallel connected solar cell pair undergoes gradual exposure to sunlight from 0F exposure (100F shaded) of the solar cell electricity generating area to 100F exposure (0F shaded) of the solar cell electricity generating area, the other solar cell of the solar cell pair undergoes gradual shading from sunlight from 0F shaded (100F exposure) to 100F shaded (0F exposure)! )uch gradual, alternating exposure and covering of each solar cell of each anti-parallel connected solar cell pair is periodic! "he rate of exposure and shading determines fre uency! ,n one form, a rotating disc situated over the solar cell pairs has spaced apart openings forming coverings bet%een each opening to alternately expose and shade the solar cell pairs during rotation! # direct current motor is utiliHed to rotate the segmented disc! "he motor is preferably po%ered by separate solar cells! "he present invention also provides a phase synchroniHer for maintaining a desired alternating current fre uency! "he phase synchroniHer controls the motor to control rotation of the segmented disc! "he present invention ma'es solar energy a viable, cost effective, environmentally friendly option for residential and3or commercial use! "he present invention is capable of being used on a minute, small or large scale through appropriate scaling the solar cell a3c electricity generator and3or the use of a plurality thereof! )olar cell a3c electricity generator arrays can easily produce the po%er e uivalent to an average po%er plant today, %hile being environmentally friendly enough to be located proximate a playground, school or in any urban environment! 7arge scale solar cell a3c electricity generator arrays can be easily set up even in the most remote places in the %orld! "he present invention reduces the need of other forms of po%er! (oreover, the present solar cell a3c electricity generator can be set up and used any%here! ,t is thus an ob*ect of the present invention to produce alternating current electricity of specific fre uencies, single or three phase, from solar cells in a cost efficient and simple manner! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# "he above mentioned and other features, advantages and ob*ects of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, %ill become apparent and the invention itself %ill be better understood by reference to the follo%ing description of an embodiment of the invention ta'en in con*unction %ith the accompanying dra%ings, %herein. (ig$ % is a perspective vie% of a photovoltaic alternating current (a3c) electricity generator fashioned in accordance %ith the principles of the present invention$

(ig$ ) is a lo%er perspective vie% of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 ta'en from another side of the generator$

(ig$ * is a perspective vie% of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 %ith the rotating dis' thereof removed$

(ig$ 4 is a perspective vie% of the rotating dis' of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ A is a schematic vie% of the underside connections of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 6 is a diagram illustrating the anti-parallel connection of a photovoltaic cell pair as used in the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ & is a diagram illustrating the parallel connection of an exemplary photovoltaic cell pair array as may be used in the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 8A is a first diagram in a se uence of representative diagrams illustrating the manner of generating a3c electricity from a photovoltaic cell pair of a photovoltaic cell pair array of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 8D is a second diagram in the se uence of representative diagrams illustrating the manner of generating a3c electricity from a photovoltaic cell pair of a photovoltaic cell pair array of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $ -ig! 8? is a third diagram in the se uence of representative diagrams illustrating the manner of generating a3c electricity from a photovoltaic cell pair of a photovoltaic cell pair array of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 8D is a fourth diagram in the se uence of representative diagrams illustrating the manner of generating a3c electricity from a photovoltaic cell pair of a photovoltaic cell pair array of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 8E is a fifth diagram in the se uence of representative diagrams illustrating the manner of generating a3c electricity from a photovoltaic cell pair of a photovoltaic cell pair array of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $

(ig$ 9 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary phase synchroniHer as used in the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1 $ and

(ig$ %0 is a flo% chart illustrating a logic diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the phase synchroniHer of the photovoltaic a3c electricity generator of -ig! 1!

7i'e reference numerals indicate the same or similar parts throughout the several figures! # description of the features, functions and3or configuration of the components depicted in the various figures %ill no% be presented! ,t should be appreciated that not all of the features of the components of the figures are necessarily described! )ome of these non discussed features as %ell as discussed features are inherent from the figures! =ther non discussed features may be inherent in component geometry and3or configuration! DETAILED DE#C I6TION O( AN EMDODIMENT O( T8E IN!ENTION <eferring to -igs! 1-5, there is depicted various vie%s of an exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic alternating current (a3c) electricity generator, generally designated 10, fashioned in accordance %ith the present principles! "he photovoltaic a3c generator 10 is embodied as a solar cell a3c electricity generator 10, but it should be appreciated that a photovoltaic a3c electricity generator fashioned in accordance %ith the present principles may use photovoltaic cells other than solar cells! "he solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 has a base, frame or other mounting structure 12 (Ebase 12E) that supports the various components thereof! "he base 12 may be formed of %ood, plastic or other suitable material %hich is preferably, but not necessarily, a non conducting material! ,t

should be understood that %hile the base 12 is sho%n as a box or a box-li'e structure, the base may be a substrate, board or other suitable mounting or supporting structure! "he base 12 includes an alternating current (a3c) electricity production portion 19 formed by a dis' 15 and a plurality of photovoltaic or solar cells 20 (hereinafter, Esolar cells 20E)! #s best seen in -ig! /, the plurality of solar cells 20 is arranged in a generally circular array 21 on an upper surface 1/ of the base 12! ,t should be appreciated that arrays other than circular may be used %ithin the present principles! ,t should also be appreciated that %hile the solar cells 20 are sho%n as rectangles, the siHe and shape of the solar cells 20 may be other%ise, such as truncated conical, triangular, polygonal or s uare! #s best seen in -ig! 9, the disc 15 has a generally flat body made of a sunlight bloc'ing material that is generally the circumference of the solar cell array 21 in order to extend over the solar cell array 21 %hen in use (see, e!g!, -igs! 1 and 2)! "he disc 15 is also preferably made of a light%eight material that resists %arping or is not susceptible to %arping! "he disc 15 is preferably reflective either inherently or via a coating, film, overlay or the li'e! ,t should be appreciated that the disc 15 may be partially reflective or non-reflective if desired! "he disc 15 has a plurality of cutouts, openings, %indo%s or the li'e 1: (Ecutouts 1:E) formed thereabout! "he siHe and shape of the cutouts 1: generally correspond to the siHe and shape of the solar cells 20 and particularly is siHed and shaped to allo% total exposure of a solar cell 20 to sunlight %hen the cutout 1: is positioned over the solar cell 20! "he cutouts 1: are situated and spaced on the disc 15 so as to define a plurality of covers, coverings, bloc's or the li'e 18 (Ecoverings 18E)! "he coverings 18 are siHed and shaped to completely cover or bloc' a solar cell 20 %hen the covering is over the solar cell 20! "he cutouts 1: and coverings 18 are alternately radially situated about the disc 15! "he number of cutouts 1: corresponds by 1 32 to the number of solar cells 20 so that the number of coverings 18 corresponds by 132 to the number of solar cells 20! "herefore, %hen the disc 15 is situated on frame 12 and over the solar cell array 21 , the cutouts 1: and coverings 18 expose 132 of the total solar cell array area and cover 132 of the total solar cell array area! #s the disc 15 rotates over the array 21 of solar cells 20, the cutouts 1: and coverings 18 continuously gradually expose and cover the array of solar cells! "he disc 15 is rotated over the solar cell array 21 by a direct current motor 2: (see, e!g!, -ig! /) that is supported by the base 12! <otation may be either cloc'%ise or countercloc'%ise! # countercloc'%ise rotation of the disc 15 is represented in the figures by the curved arro%(s)! "he motor 2: is coupled to a phase synchroniHer 90 via a motor connection 99 (see -ig! 5)! "he phase synchroniHer 90 provides control3control signals to the motor 2: for varying the rotational speed of the disc 15! <otational speed of the disc 15 determines the fre uency of resultant alternating current(s) from the solar cell a3c electricity generator 10! #dditionally, the phase synchroniHer 90 determines phase of the resultant a3c electricity relative to a predetermined phase or phase value (e!g! :02H) and causes the motor 2: to speed up or slo% do%n if necessary! "he motor 2: is po%ered by photovoltaic (solar) cells 22 that are situated on the base 12 so as to be continuously exposed to any sunlight! #s best depicted in -ig! 5, the solar cells 22 are connected via connectors 2/ to provide the proper voltage and amperage to the motor 2: and motor controller of the phase synchroniHer 90) for properly operating the motor 2: for rotation of the disc 15! ,f desired, rechargeable batteries 28 may be connected to the phase synchroniHer 90 that charge

%ith energy from the solar cells 22 and provide startup energy for the motor 2:! "he solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 may include a po%er on3off s%itch 11 for ma'ing the solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 operable or not operable! #lternately, or in addition, the solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 may include a light sensor 92 (sho%n in -ig! 5) that senses %hen sunlight is present to then turn on the solar cell a3c electricity generator 10! =ther configurations may be used! #s can be discerned from -igs! 1 and 2, rotation of the disc 15 causes the cutouts 1: and coverings 18 to alternately expose and cover ad*acent solar cells 20! "he faster that the solar cells 20 are exposed and covered (rotation speed of the disc 15), the higher the fre uency of a3c electricity produced! "he slo%er that the solar cells 20 are exposed and covered (rotation speed of the disc 15), the lo%er the fre uency of the a3c electricity produced! )ince the solar cells are %ired in anti-parallel, an alternating current is generated bet%een the a3c *unction of the solar cell pairs as the solar cell pairs are alternately, gradually exposed and covered! #lternately stated, the total solar cell area of a solar cell pair comprises 100F %here one solar cell of the solar cell pair defines 50F of the total area and the other solar cell of the solar cell pair defines the other 50F of the total area! "he one solar cell of an anti-parallel connected solar cell pair undergoes gradual exposure to sunlight from 0F exposure (100F shaded) of the solar cell electricity generating area to 100F exposure (0F shaded) of the solar cell electricity generating area, the other solar cell of the solar cell pair undergoes gradual shading from sunlight from 0F shaded (100F exposure) to 100F shaded (0F exposure)! )uch gradual, alternating exposure and covering of each solar cell of each anti-parallel connected solar cell pair is periodic! "his periodic se uence is illustrated in -igs! 8# through 8E! -igs! 8# through 8E are a representation of the manner in %hich t%o solar cells of a solar cell pair are alternately, gradually exposed and covered to produce an a3c %aveform! "he principles of the present invention are applicable to any connection configuration of solar cell pairs, %hether opposite one another as in -igs! 8# through 8E, or ad*acent one another as in -ig! /! -ig! 8# is an arbitrary beginning to the se uence %herein there is represented a negative current at the output terminals #out and Iout of the solar cell pair, at its pea' negative amplitude! ,n -ig! 8#, solar cell 2=I of a solar cell pair is 100F exposed (0F covered) %hile solar cell 2=# is 0F exposed (100F covered)! 4articularly, a cutout 1: is fully over the solar cell 2=I thus fully exposing solar cell 2=I, %hile at the same time, a covering 18 is fully over the solar cell 2=# thus fully shading (covering or bloc'ing) the solar cell 2=#! # pea' negative current is thus provided at output terminals #out and Iout %hich is sho%n on the graph of -ig! 8# as current point is#- ,n -ig! 8I of the se uence, the rotating disc 15 has moved slightly countercloc'%ise such that the opening 1: that %as totally exposing the solar cell 2=I is no% exposing only 132 (and3or covering 132) of the area of the solar cell 2=I, %hile the covering 18 that %as totally shading the solar cell 2=# is no% covering only 132 (and3or exposing 132) of the area of the solar cell 2=#! "his results in a Hero (0) current at the output terminals #out and Iout as sho%n on the graph of -ig! 8I as current point isI- ,t should be appreciated that the rotational movement of the disc 15 from point sho%n in -ig! 8# to that sho%n in -ig! 8I gradually exposes and covers the solar cells, as described above, to create the gradual and not stepped a3c %aveform as depicted in the graph of -ig! 8I!

,n -ig! 8? of the se uence, the rotating disc 15 has moved further slightly countercloc'%ise! ,n -ig! 8?, solar cell 2=# of a solar cell pair is no% 100F exposed (0F covered) %hile solar cell 2=I is no% 0F exposed (100F covered)! # cutout 1: is fully over the solar cell 2=# thus fully exposing solar cell 2=#, %hile at the same time, a covering 18 is fully over the solar cell 2=I thus fully shading (covering or bloc'ing) the solar cell 2=I! # pea' positive current is thus provided at output terminals #out and I0Ct %hich is sho%n on the graph of -ig! 8# as current point i8?! #gain, it should be appreciated that the rotational movement of the disc 15 from point sho%n in -ig! 8I to that sho%n in -ig! 8? gradually exposes and covers the solar cells, as described above, to create the gradual and not stepped a3c %aveform as depicted in the graph of -ig! 8?! ,n -ig! 8> of the se uence, the rotating disc 15 has moved further slightly countercloc'%ise such that the opening 1: that %as totally exposing the solar cell 2=# is no% exposing only 132 (and3or covering 132) of the area of the solar cell 2=#, %hile the covering 18 that %as totally shading the solar cell 2=I is no% covering only 132 (and3or exposing 132) of the area of the solar cell 2=I! 0hile opposite to that of -ig! 8I, this results in a Hero (0) current at the output terminals #out and Iout as sho%n on the graph of -ig! 8> as current point i8>! #gain, it should be appreciated that the rotational movement of the disc 15 from point sho%n in -ig! 8? to that sho%n in -ig! 8> gradually exposes and covers the solar cells, as described above, to create the gradual and not stepped a3c %aveform as depicted in the graph of -ig! 8>! 7astly, in -ig! 8E of the se uence, the dis' has moved further countercloc'%ise such that a cutout 1: has moved fully over solar cell 2=I such that solar cell 2=I is again 100F exposed (0F covered) %hile a covering 18 has again moved fully over the solar cell 2=# such that the solar cell 2=# is 0F exposed (100F covered)! 4articularly, the cutout 1: is fully over the solar cell 2=I thus fully exposing solar cell 2=I, %hile at the same time, a covering 18 is fully over the solar cell 2=# thus fully shading (covering or bloc'ing) the solar cell 2=#! # pea' negative current is thus again provided at output terminals #out and Iout %hich is sho%n on the graph of -ig! 8E as current point i8E- #gain, it should be appreciated that the rotational movement of the disc 15 from point sho%n in -ig! 8> to that sho%n in -ig! 8E gradually exposes and covers the solar cells, as described above, to create the gradual and not stepped a3c %aveform as depicted in the graph of -ig! 8E! -ig! 8E completes a full cycle of the a3c %aveform! <eferring bac' to -ig! /, the total number of solar cells 20 must be an even number since t%o solar cells 20 are utiliHed to provide a solar cell pair having a single a3c *unction! (ultiple solar cell pairs are connected together to increase the voltage or amperage depending on the connection! ?onnection of all of the solar cell pairs of the array 21 produces a single phase a3c %aveform! "he solar cell pairs may use three connected ban's of solar cells pairs to achieve a three-phase a3c %aveform! ,n -ig! /, since the total number of solar cell pairs is fifteen (15) they all can be connected to form a single phase a3c %aveform, or they can be divided into three (/) ban's of five (5) solar cell pairs each to achieve a three-phase a3c3 %aveform! <eferring additionally to -ig! :, a solar cell pair :: of solar cells 2=# and 2=I is sho%n! #s can be seen, the solar cell pair :: is connected in anti-parallel to provide an a3c *unction (i!e! t%o a3c output terminals #out and Iout)- 4articularly, the positive terminal of the solar cell 2=I is

connected to the negative terminal of the solar cell 2=#, %hile the positive terminal of the solar cell 2=# is connected to the negative terminal of the solar cell 2=I! ,t should be appreciated that -ig! : is illustrative of the manner in %hich solar cell pairs :: are connected and form an a3c *unction! =ther configurations are contemplated! ,n -ig! / for example, t%o ad*acent solar cells 20 are connected in anti-parallel to provide a solar cell pair such that *unctions :0 and :1 (as seen in -igs! / and 5) correspond to the t%o a3c output terminals #out and Iout# single solar cell pair :: may be used to create a3c electricity utiliHing an appropriately fashioned rotating disc! # single solar cell pair %ould thus produce a single phase a3c %aveform! "hree, single solar cell pairs can produce a three-phase a3c %aveform! (ultiple, single solar cell pairs can produce a multi-phase a3c %aveform! 2o%ever, to generate a :0 2H a3c %aveform, the disc (having only a single cutout) %ould have to spin at a rate of sixty revolutions per second! "herefore, multiple solar cell pairs may be connected together to provide a single a3c *unction! "his allo%s voltage and amperage to be increased as desired since the number of such series or parallel connected solar cells is unlimited, as %ell as slo% do%n the rate of revolution of the disc 15! <eferring to -ig! ;, the array 21 is sho%n connected for a single phase a3c %aveform %herein any number of solar cells represented by solar cells 20#i, 20#2, 20#/, 20#9, 20#5 through 20#n are coupled to form the single a3c *unction terminal #out, %hile any number of solar cells represented by solar cells 20I1, 20I2, 20I/, 20I9, 20I5 through 20In are coupled to form the single a3c *unction terminal IoutZ thereby forming a Esolar cell pairE! "he solar cells 20 are sho%n connected in parallel to increase the amperage and maintain the voltage! ?onnecting the solar cells 20 in series %ould increase the voltage and maintain the amperage! ,n -ig! /, the solar cell array 21 is %ired to produce single phase a3c electricity! Each solar cell pair of the array 21 has the first and second a3c *unctions :0, :1 %hich can be seen in -ig! 5 to be connected to provide a single a3c *unction 5:, 58! #s such one of the output terminals 9:, 98 %ould provide the single phase a3c electricity! "he connections 29 to and from the phase synchroniHer 90, as best discerned in -ig! 5, provide a3c output from the phase synchroniHer and signal input to the phase synchroniHer! "erminals 9: and 98 provide a3c electricity output! "erminal 51 provides a shared signal input, %hile terminal 52 provide a commercial signal input! "hese can be used by the phase synchroniHer to regulate the present a3c generator! -ig! @ is a schematic of an exemplary embodiment of the motor control portion of the phase synchroniHer 90! (otor speed is controlled in order to ad*ust the rotation rate of the disc 15 to provide a correct phase! #s discerned in -igs! 2 and /, the present solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 includes three (/) photo or opto transistors /0, /2, and /9 that are situated proximate one solar cell 20! 4articularly, a first phototransistor /0 is positioned ahead of the solar cell 2=p (see -ig! /) as per countercloc'%ise rotation of the disc 15! # second phototransistor /2 is positioned at the middle of the solar cell 2=p, %hile a third phototransistor /9 is positioned at the end of the solar cell 2=p! "he first, second and third phototransistors /0, /2, /9 %or' to provide a signal to control the motor %hich controls the rate of rotation of the disc 15 %hich controls the fre uency of the generated a3c electricity! #lthough :0 2H is sho%n as an input (a predetermined operating fre uency) to the phase synchroniHer, other fre uencies can be

generated and synchroniHed by the present solar cell a3c electricity generator 10! "he inputted signal provides po%er for the phototransistors /0, /2, /9 through transistor "i ! "he phototransistors detect phase of the %aveform through rotation of the disc 15 and, particularly the cutouts 1: and3or the coverings 18 relative to the phototransistors /0, /2, /9! "he phototransistor /0 provides a slo% phase signal, the phototransistor /2 provides an in-phase signal, %hile the phototransistor /9 provides a fast phase signal! "he phototransistors provide their signals to the signal conditioning net%or' "1 %hich, in turn, provides a signal to the motor 2:! 4hototransistor /0 connects through transistor "2, %hile phototransistor /9 connects through transistor "/! #n in-phase 7E> :8 is provided for indicated %hen the %aveform is in phase! #s %ell, a ban' of 7E>s ;;0 may be provided to provide visual indication of phase! ,t should also be appreciated that the resistor <i and <2 may be variable resistors if desired to provide ad*ustment to the signal conditioning net%or' "1! -ig! 10 is a flo% chart 100 of an exemplary manner of operation of the present solar cell a3c electricity generator 10! "hrough use of the photocell 92, the light intensity is chec'ed via the light sensor 102! ,f there is lo% light or no light, the generator 10 goes into a timed standby 109! #t the end of the standby period, light intensity is chec'ed again 102! ,f there is sufficient light, the phase choice is started 10:! ,t should be appreciated that the chec' light intensity portion may be excluded %hen there is a s%itched on and off! #fter the start of phase choice 10:, it is determined %hether a commercial signal is detected 108! ,f no, then it is determined %hether it is a shared signal 110! ,f yes then on to motor control 119! ,f no, then it is determined %hether the signal is an internal signal 112! (otor control 119 is then started if it is! ,f a commercial signal is detected at 108, then motor control 119 is started! =nce motor control is started, it is determined %hether phase match is reached 11:! ,f yes, then the generator 10 %ill connect to a load 118! ,f no, then phasing is ad*usted 120! "hereafter, it is determined %hen phase match is reached in order to connect to load 118! #lso, there may be a periodic chec' or ongoing chec' to determine phase match %ith a possible disconnect of the load if phase match is not occurring! ,t should also be appreciated that the present solar cell a3c electricity generator 10 may be one of a plurality of solar cell a3c electricity generators that can form a po%er station or any %attage assembly! # plurality of solar cell a3c electricity generators may be connected as desired to provide various po%er configurations! 0hile the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the dra%ings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only a preferred embodiment has been sho%n and described and that all changes and modifications that come %ithin the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected!

#era3ino O LANDO Atmo"p-eric Electric Generator

GD)*%)4& .A1 Improvement" in an0 relating to improve0 mean" 3or /tiliJing electroFmagnetic ra0iation an0 atmo"p-eric electricit, 3or tran"mitting an0 generating po2er

1@25-09-02 ,nventor(s). )E<#-,1= =<7#1>= A ()E<#-,1= =<7#1>=) ?lassification.- international. 205-;300$ 205-;300- European. 205-;300 A'"tract -- #erials and li'e radiating and receiving conductors! Energy in the form of electromagnetic %aves, or electrostatic charges in the ether, is absorbed by or radiated from a

net%or' of metallic conductors utiliHed in combination %ith an impinging stream of <oentgen rays! "he aerial net%or' consists of a rhomboid of fine %ires a supported by a central conductor b, %hich is earthed at m! # motor or other receiving apparatus is connected bet%een the points d, e! <oentgen rays from a discharge tube c are stated to form an ioniHed beam of air %hich increases the absorption of energy by the net%or' a! # magnet m deflects any electron emission a%ay from the path of the rays! <mpro$emen s in an) rela ing o <mpro$e) Means 9or U iliAing !lec ro0magne ic #a)ia ion an) 2 mospheric !lec rici " 9or Transmi ing an) 8enera ing Po*erE ,, )E<#-,1= =<7#1>=, =!>!?!, - sub*ect of the 'ing of +reat Iritain, of Iirchircara, (alta, do hereby declare the nature of this invention to be as a follo%s. 0e %ere accustomed to combine the idea of electricity %ith that of %ire conductors, and everybody 'ne% that for the transmission of electrical energy it %as necessary to ma'e an exclusive use of metallic %ires! Iut at the present time it is no longer thought necessary to use these means for the transmission of electrical energy, so much so that both electrostatic and electro-magnetic inductions are actions %hich are transmitted through the air, and although their fields of action are very limited, nevertheless they are clear proof that electricity can be transmitted not only through %ires, but also through the ether, %hich is to be found in the air, and, as a proof of this, %e may adduce the phenomenon of %ireless telegraphy! ,t is 'no%n that this phenomenon is due to electrical current most rapidly alternated produced by apparatuses in %hich oscillatory electrical discharges are produced! "hese oscillatory discharges, %hich are the reciprocating motions of electricity, are not onlv limited to the system of the apparatuses in %hich they are produced, but, as the electrical spar' causing them explodes in the air, they are a phenomenon %hich occurs in the ether met %ith in the air, conse uently, %herever the spar' occurs, it produces in the ether periodical motions %hich get spread spherically all round in all directions so far as they are not obstructed by some obstacle, and, therefore, it is inferred that the electrical %aves are nothing but an electromotive force transmitted from one point to another by means of the ether! #bove all, it is clear that the action of these oscillations at a distance is bound to be greater, the greater the energy employed in this oscillatory motion happens to be! 0e 'no% that the uantity of electrical energy %hich can be communicated to a conductor or to a system of conductors depends on its capacity! "he smaller the conductor is, the less is its capacity, and, therefore, the smaller is the energy of the oscillations %hich are produced in it %hen, after having been charged, it is discharged through the medium of the spar'! ,n fact the period ot these electrical oscillations increases proportionately to the s uare root of the capacity of the oscillatory system! ?onse uently the above consideration %arns us to use a system of conductors of great capacity in order to obtain extremely long %aves, for the latter set in motion a uantity of energy greatly superior to that induced by short %aves!

1o% as these %aves are propagated spherically all round in space in all directions, ho%ever much one tries to render the apparatuses po%erful, it al%ays remains true that the electrical energy transmitted in space is an electromotive force dispersed in all directions, in a sirmilar %ay to the luminous %aves issuing from a lighted splinter, %hich spread through the ether in all directions, and in the same %ay as these, their intensity decreases as the distance inereases, and, ho%ever great the energy sent forth by the generating station of %ireless telegraphy to the receiving station may be, only a very slight fraction of the transmitted energy reaches it$ first on account of the loss of intensity due to the distance from the source, and, secondly, because the electrical energy employed in these apparatuses is due to a pure phenomenon of resonance! c "he same thing happens here as %hen a tuning for', tuned to # (1a) pitch, is sounded in the vicinity of a pianoforte note having the same # sound, %hen the latter in its turn is caused to vibrate and emit sound! 1obody, of course, refuses to recogniHe the great difference existing bet%een the intensity of sound emitted by the tuning for' and that felt by vibration! "herefore in order to succeed in solving the problem of %ireless traction, setting aside the apparatuses in %hich the phenomena of resonance are produced, it is necessary to have recourse to other contrivances, having the property opf intercepting, or of better absorbing, in great uantities, the electrical energy dispersed in space, causing it to flo% in a desired direction or to flo% to%ards a re uired point, %hich amounts to saying that it is necessary to construct an invisible conductor in space %hich may serve as a path to these %aves, and to concetrate them at any point that may be re uired! "he possibility of constructing such an apparatus results from the scientific proofs , am about to submit %hilst unfolding my ideas! <oentgen rays, among other marvelous properties, possess one %hich is of greatr physical interest, that is, these rays discharge very rapidly the electrified bodies they meet %ith! ,n order to prove in a simple %ay this fact it %ill suffice to use a gold-leaf electroscope %hose leaves are electrified %ith an ebonite rod, or %ith rubbed glass! #s soon as the <oentgen rays are produced in its vicinity, the gold leaves, at first ready to diverge and retain this position, no% instantaneously fall do%n, %hich is a sure proof that the air loses its insulation properties and becomes a conductor! "he fact that the air traversed by these rays becomes a conductor, says 4rof! +raetH, is explained by admitting that o%ing to them, the molecules of air split up, giving origin to very small particles, some of %hich are charged positively, and others negatively! ,t is therefore asserted that the air is ioniHed by these rays$ the free ions in the vicinity of a charged body can become united to this electricity, and, therefore, can discharge it, and conse uen tly this ioniHed air possesses a certain conductivity in such a %ay that if from any cause there is a difference of potential existing bet%een t%o points in the air, an electric current is bound to pass, same as happens in a saline solution! #nother property of great importance %as observed %hen it %as rendered possible to conduct to the outer side of a ?roo'es5 tube cathodal rays, the negative electrons, %hich in electrolytic phenomena are inseparable from matter, are freed from the latter

and subsist free, from %hich reason, o%ing to the high tension obtained in ?roo'es5 tubes, they depart from the cathode %ith a velocity of about 13/ that of light, and they act as if they carried a%ay %ith them negative electricity, and conse uently every body met %ith by the cathodal rays becomes electrified negatively! "he apparatus proposed by me to intercept, or rather absorb in great uantities, the electric %aves and to profit by it in its application to electrical po%er generation, %ill consist of an assemblage of fine copper %ires, in several layers, one inside the other, laid out in the form of a flat rhombus, of %hich one diagonal is remar'ably greater than the other! "he %ires of the several layers are relatively staggered! "he t%o extremities of all these %ires are paced in communication %ith the central main %ire the latter to have such a section as to allo% of a resistance %hich may correspond exactly to the one offered by all the %ires, ta'en as a %hole! Cnderneath in the center of this apparatus, is placed a ?roo'es5 tube capable of producing rays in great uantities! "he position of this tube is determined so as to allo% of the copper %ires being traversed by the rays throughout all their extension! "he superficies of the apparatus %ill be proportioned to the extent to %hich the rays are pro*ected, %hich extension %ill depend on the form and siHe of the platinum cone existing at the center of the tube! "he above-mentioned tube if of the "homson model, %ould be highly suited to the predetermined ob*ect$ here the negative charge is transmitted to t%o diametrically opposed points, adn in the inner part, the cathodes are represented by t%o specular and concave aluminum conductors, %hilst in the center of the tube is to be found the anode formed by the platinum cone receiving the positive charge! 0hen the current is discharging to%ards the tube, the cathodal rays stri'e the platinum cone at their focus respectively on each side, and thus large uantitites of rays are pro*ected in straight lines perpendicularly to the superficies of the tube! "he phenomena to be verified in this apparatus are the follo%ing .-"he rays emanating from the tube, %hen it is placed in the above-mentioned position, %hilst they stri'e the surrounding air rendering it ioniHed and conse uently conductive, must at the same time traverse the copper %ires impregnating them %ith negative electricity! "he extent of the layer of ioniHed air and the intensity of the negative charge %ill undoubtedly depend on the greater or lesser po%er of the apparatus in %hich the <oentgen and cathodal rays are generated! "he electric %aves sent continually by the generating station %ith the rapidity of light in all directions, must on their %ay through space meet %ith the obstacle, so to say, %herever it may be, formed by the conductivity of the ioniHed air through the action of the <oentgen rays pro*ected by the tube, and attracted and absorbed by this conductivity of the air, they produce in the space struc' by the rays a true aerial conductor, %hich gets charged %ithout interruption %ith electricity, for as the air is a non-conductor, only the layer struc' by the rays becomes charged %ith electricity, and the air %hich surrounds it must retain its insulating properties! 0ith respect to electric %aves absorbed by the ioniHed air, 4rof! 0imbledon 2ill says. EElectric %aves suffer the least absorption %hen travelling through a non-conductive medium

li'e ether! (arconi observed in 1@02 that signals that carried 1500 or more miles at night-time, %ould not carry for about ;00 miles in the day! "he action of daylight is responsible for the greater absorption$ sulight produces partial ioniHation of the atmosphere, and renders it conductiveE! -rom %hat %e have said before, it is inferred that the air ioniHed by the <entgen rays should absorb electric %aves in a greater uantity, as its conductivity is extraordinarily greater than %hen it is ioniHed through the action of solar rays! ,n fact it has been proved above that electrified bodies %hen discharged in the vicinity of the <oentgen rays, %hilst this never happens through the action of solar rays, for if such a thing could occur, as the sun5s rays stri'e all day long the atmosphere, the properties of the static electricity %ould not have been discovered, because %e should never have been able to have a body charged %ith electricity! "he rays pro*ected by the tube in lines perpendicular to the superficies of the tube, present to our sight the form and siHe of the inviisble conductor produced by the ioniHation of the air %hich attracts and absorbs continually the electric energy$ this electric energy, being bound to foll%o the course formed in the air by the pro*ection of the rays, must necessarily come into contact %ith the %ires charged negatively through the action of the rays themselves, and here then ta'es place the meeting of the t%o conductors charged %ith t%o 'inds of electricity, for it is laid do%n as a la% that t%o different conductors have al%ays different potentials, namely a positive and a negative potential! "he difference of potential causes the negative electrons of the ioniHed air to be urged on to%ards the positive conductor, %hilst the positive ions are attracted by the negative conductor! ,n contact %ith the t%o conductors they give up their charegs, thus originating the electric current! "he magnitude of this current %ill depend on the greater or lesser ioniHation of the air! "he greater the difference of potential bet%een the t%o conductors, the uic'er the electrons and ions %ill be displaced, this communicating for each unit of time greater charges to the t%o conductors! "he magnitude of this current %ill depend on the greater or lesser ionisation of the air! "he greater the difference of potential bet%een the t%o conductors, the uic'er the electrons and ions %ill be displaced, thus communicating for each unit of time greater charges to the t%o conductors! ,n the apparatus, the positive or highest potential corresponding to an excess of electricity ought to be found in the invisible conductor formed by the ionised air, because the poteintial of a conductor is inferred from the relation bet%een the capacity of the conductor and the uantity of electricity it possesses, and therefore it follo%s as a conse uence that the negative or lo%er potential corresponding to a deficiency of electricity ought to be found in the bundle of %ires! # difference of potential bet%een t%o charged conductors has as a conse uence that %hen these t%o conductors are put into communication a flo% of electricity is produced through the bodies *oining together the t%o points of different potential, that is, an electric current is produced, or rather, an electromotive force from the higher potential to the lo%er$ therefore, according to this other la%, the electricity found in the conducting air, %hich is at the highest potential, should

pass over the metallic conductors of the apparatus, %hich are at the lo%er potential! ,t has also been said that the current is produced through the %ires uniting together the t%o points at different potentials! ,n this apparatus, o%ing to the nature of one of the conductors, such as the ioniHed air, because the air by itself, as can very easily be understood, supplies this defect, as the electricity %hich it possesses is in continuous contact %ith the other electricity produced continually in the %ire$ therefore, as electricity flo%s %ith greater ease through metallic conductors! than through any other conductor, then the recombining of the t%o electricities, one of the ioniHed air, and the other of the %ire, cannot occur through the medium of the air, but runs over the bundle of the metallic %ires, and generates in these an electric current$ the greater the difference of potentials, the greater %ill be also the flo% of electricity from one point to the other! )o long as the difference of potentials is maintained al%ays constant, a true electric current is produced in the conductors, as can be experimented %ith an electrostatic machine! ,n fact, through the rotation of the machine, to one fo the conductors is commiunicated positive electricity, and the other negative electricity, that is, a difference of potential is constantly maintained bet%een them, %hence the t%o electricities flo% continuously in the %ire, or in the %ires, and an electric current is produced! ,n the apparatus the t%o electricities, namely that of the air and that of the %ires, both produced %ithout interruption through the action of the rays pro*ected by the tube, finding themselves in continual contact %ith each other, the difference of potential is maintained constatn, and provo'es, as already proved above, the passage of electricity through the %ires, or else the electric current! ATMO#68E IC ELECT ICITM ,n addition besides the electric %aves, also atmospheric electricity, for the same reason ought to ta'e part in the phenomenon, and be absorbed by the apapratus! ,n fact the atmosphere is in an electric state al%ays and every%here, so much so that the differences of potential even bet%een localities not very far from one another is sometimes considerable! 0hen it is fine %eather, the air is usually electrified positively, and the earth naturally is negatively electrified by induction! "he free electricity of the atmosphere is in greater uantity in high regions! ,t undergoes vaariations of a relative periodicity during daytime, and the seasons! 0ith regard to %hat , state, %hat is asserted by an #merican science *ournal! )cience adn ,nvnetion ( (ay 1@21) is uite to the purpose! E,t is said that >r 4lauson, a german scientist, has sucessfully demonstrated that if %e send up metal surfaced balloons and tap the electrical energy from the atmosphere at a level of 1000 feet or more, %e shall be able to realiHe an average of 200 hp per s uare meter, an area e uivalent to /!28 s uare feet! ,t is even claimed that in his latest experiments, as great a uantity of electrical energy as 900 to 500 hp has been realiHed per s uare meter! Cnder normal conditions, the potential gradient, as it is called, of the atmosphere increases %ith comparative regularity as %e rise above the surface of the ground, the atmospheric potential per foot or per meter varies also, as may be %ell imagined, %ith the season of the year, and the potential or voltage has been found

to average 100 volts per meter (/!28 s uare feet) in the summer months, %hile during the cold %inter seasons the potential gradient rises to as high as /00 volts per meter!!!E "he same scientific *ournal ((arch 1@22) ma'es the follo%ing remar's . -E"he amount of electrical po%er that resides in our atmosphere is astounding! 2err 4lauson found in hsi experiments that a single balloon sent aloft at a height of /00 yards gave a constant current of 900 volts of 1!8 amperes, or in 29 hours, 1;-139 'ilo%atts T Iy using t%o balloons in connection %ith a special condenser battery, the po%er obtained %as 81-132 'ilo%atts in 29 hours T "he actual current delivered %as :!8 amperes at 500 volts!!!E 1o% it is %ell 'no%n that x-rays are effective at a distance of almost /0 feet according to a statement by the -rench #cademy of #rts and )ciences %ith the follo%ing %ords. -E\-rays produce electrons on their passage through the air$ these electrons are definite entities, and as they leave atoms, they may traverse matter or pass through teh air in a stright path, and by their coming in collision %ith the atoms of the air, they render it a conductor of electricity! it is true that screens of lead suffice to protect the operators from the evil effects of x-rays, but operators are sometimes careless, and then the rays are effective at a distance of almost /0 feet!E )upposing therefore the air ioniHed by the rays to be 5 s uare meters, such an area at an altitude of 1000 feet, according to the latest experiments by >r 4lauson, should effect a force e uivalent to 5 x 200 S 100 up to 5 x 500 - 2500 hp! "herefore %henever the apparatus at an altitude of several meters from the ground is capable of absorbing from an area of 5 s uare meters as much electricity as is re uired to realiHe a force of 1F in comparison to that obtaiend at an altitude of 1000 feet from the earth, it should give a result of a force from 10 to 25 hp! INTEN#ITM O( ELECT IC WA!E# #ll physicists, among %hom may be included 2ertH and -araday, admit that electric and luminous %aves are identical, that is, oscillations of the ether of varying length! "he luminous %aves acting on sight, have a length varying from 9 to ; ten thousandth of a millimetre, according to the various colours, %hilst the longer %ave of 90-50 ten thousands of millimetres sho% themselves only for technical properties in apparatuses suited to this ob*ect. Electric %aves are much longer, for they measure from several centimetres, to thousands of metres, but the difference bet%een these t%o 'inds of %aves is only in length! "a'ing this for granted, %e may state that electric %aves before a very short duration of oscillation appear to us as light$ %hile electric %aves of a great duration of oscillation do not manifest themselves to us as light, but o%ing to their effects of induction sho% themselves as electric %aves! ,f all this be true, (and all conse uences therefrom can be verified) it can surely be possible to obtain by means of electric %aves the same phenomena as %ith luminous %aves, and the la%s ruling the latter can be applied to the former! #nd this 2ertH proved by experiments!

1o% physics teach us that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the s uare of the distance from the source, that is to say, it decreases %ith the s uare of the distance from the source, that is from the distances!!!! 1, 2, /, the intensity of light is proportional to the numbers!!!! 1, l3, etc!, and this occurs because light gets spread in all directions over spherical surfaces of a radius increasing %ith the distance! )pherical surfaces %ith rays !!!! 1, 2, / etc! have a magnitude proportional to the numbers!!!! 1, 9, @ etc!, that is, spherical surfaces increase %ith the s uare of the rays! "herefore as the intensity of the light has to be communicated to ether %aves %hose superficies increase at the s uare of the distance, each of them receives a part of the former (that is of light) %hose magnitude decreases in the same measure! )ince luminous and electric %aves, according to the above adduced proofs, are identical, the enunciated la% of the intensity of light may be applied (ta'ing into consideration the multiform variations of the atmosphere) to the intensity of electric %aves! >ated this /rd day of Banuary, 1@29! )E<#-,1= =<7#1>=, Iirchircara, (alta! COM6LETE #6ECI(ICATION$ ,mprovements in and relating to ,mproved (eans for CtiliHing Electro-magnetic <adiation and #tmospheric Electricity for "ransmitting and +enerating 4o%er! ,, )erafino =<7#1>=, of 9;, ?hurch )treet, &ensington, 0! 8, Iritish sub*ect, late of Iirchircara, (alta, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in %hat manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the follo%ing statement. (y invention relates to an improved means of absorbing electro-magnetic energy from the ether! "he electro-magnetic energy may be of the form of electromagnetic %aves radiated from some radio transmitting station or from the electrostatic charge in the atmosphere! #ccording to my invention , provide an arrangement of metallic conductors, preferably in the forum of a net%or' beneath %hich , introduce a source of \-rays and from this source , pro*ect the rays up%ards through the conductors! ,t is 'no%n that a beam of \-rays causes the air penetrated by such rays to become ionised and conse uently conducting for a distance dependent on the strength of the rays! , am a%are that in con*unction %ith the \-rays emitted by the \-ray tube are certain other rays called cathodal rays %hich carry %ith them negatively charged electrons %hich cause all bodies they meet to become charged %ith negative electricity! #ccording to my invnetion , find that %hen electromagnetic %aves stri'e th region of the ioniHed air enveloping the net%or' of conductors, produced by the x-rays pro*ected into the net%or', the arrangement is fouind to be e uivalent to a conductor of great height, but %hen the source of ioniHation is removed practically no absorption of energy ta'es place in the conductors!

"he function of the ionisation being to increase the small superficial area of metal exposed for the purpose of absorbing electromagnetic energy by rendering the air surrounding the conductors conductive to the passage of electromagnetic energy from a source of \-rays or other rays capable of producing ionisaHtion! ,n this invention it is found desirable to arrange the siHe of net%or' to suit the strength of the source of ionisation or conversely to arrange the strength of the source of ionisation to suit the siHe of net%or'$ it being desirahble to fill the field of ionisation %ith conductors up to an intensity of ionisation %hich may be determined by experiment! ,t is also found desirable in the case of \-rays to prevent the rays from scattering by shaping the electrode and surrounding the tube by a metal vessel %ith an ad*ustable aperture! )hould it be found desirable, the cathodal rays previously referred to may be prevented from stri'ing the net%or' of conductors by deflecting them by the aid of a magnet! "he invention is illustrated by %ay of an example in the accompanying dra%ing in %hich. -ig! (1) sho%s the net%or' of conductors in plan and elevation! -ig! 2 sho%s the electrical circuit! ,n carrying my invnetion into effect according to the apparatus illustrated, the nmet%or' of conductors sho%n in -ig! 1 consists of a number of fine copper %ires (a) communicating %ith a central conductor (b)! ,n -ig! 2 a source of x-rays (c) is sho%n beneath the arrangement of conductors (a) the details of %hich are sho%n in -ig! 1! "hese conductors @a) may for convenience be connected to a terminal (d) to %hich the apparatus to be actuated may be connected through another terminal (c) to the earth! "he magnet (m) may be introduced for the purpose of deflecting the cathodal rays (f) previously referred to! ?laims . -- J 1ot included here K

#tep-en 6AT IC7 >> T-oma" DEA DEN5 e

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Motionle"" Electromagnetic Generator .MEG1

(+raphic by B! 7! 1audin) ,n (arch 2002, )tephen 7! 4atric', "homas E! Iearden, Bames ?! 2ayes, &enneth >! (oore, and Bames 7! &enny received <# 6atent 9 65*6)5&%8 for the (otionless Electromagnetic +enerator ((E+), a scalar energy device that produces over-unity (#&# E-ree EnergyE)$ in conventional terms, the device has a ?oefficient of 4erformance (?=4) of 5!0! ,n an update published on http.33%%%!cheniere!org --- "om Iearden5s %ebsite --- he states. E!!!0e have no% secured an agreement %ith the 1ational (aterials )cience 7aboratory of the 1ational #cademy of )cience in a friendly foreign country, to do the necessary advanced research to finish the (E+ for scale-up and commercial production! "he first commercial units should be rolling off the production lines in about one year, and %e expect them to be closedloop self-po%ering systems of about 2!5 &0 output, but modular!!! E# marvelous and very rigorous revie% by (yron 0! Evans, %ho has some :00 papers in the hard literature, %ill be in the forthcoming second edition of Mo2e % No%li%ea 4pti+", 0iley, 2001! , also have a paper on the (E+ in one of the three volumes, and a second paper on the principles for extracting E( energy from the vacuum!!! E,n (agnetic Energy 7imited, all business discussions and arrangements are ta'en care of by >r! 7ee &enny, (anaging 4artner! "here are five of us %ho are co-inventors of the (E+, and t%o of the others are really the principal inventors! E7ee &enny can be reached by E-mail at.*l'ennyaingr!com!E "he (E+ has been replicated by B! 7! 1audin and other experimenters %orld%ide! )ome experimenters (i!e!, digiadigitoxin!dhs!org) claim that the claims of over-unity made by 4atric',

Iearden, 1audin, and others are based on incorrect measurements! 1audin does not ac'no%ledge negative feedbac'! "heir opinions are online at. %%%!phact!org3e3H3bearden and

# paper on the sub*ect has been published in Fou%2atio%" o' *$y"i+" Aette " 19 (1) 88-@9 (2001)$ EExplanation of the (otionless Electromagnetic +enerator %ith =(/) ElectrodynamicsE, by 4! &! #nastasovs'i, et al! "he paper is online at. http.33cheniere!nii!net3references3foundF20phys F20letters3noF201F2020013p01!htm B!! 1audin5s (E+ 4ro*ect is. http.33*naudin!free!fr3html3meg!htm #n explanation of the (E+ %ith )ach5s =(/) Electrodynamics. http.33%%%!cheniere!org3references3sachs=/!pdf Iearden, et al!, have published an explanatory paper, E"he (otionless Electromagnetic +enerator. Extracting Energy from a 4ermanent (agnet %ith Energy-<eplenishing from the #ctive 6acuumE, %hich %as posted for a %hile on the >ept! of Energy %ebsite! ,t can be found on http.33%%%!cheniere!org, Iearden5s %ebsite! "his email letter from Iearden appeared on the internet in (ay 2005 ()ource. http.33cheniere!org3correspondence3051:05!htm ) >ate. (on, 1: (ay 2005 12.11.01 -0500 >ear +ary, "he five inventors of the (E+ are as frustrated as anyone elseT 0eUve sun' our money and enormous time in this effort for some 10 to 12 years! )o %e have our o%n money and s%eat and %or' %here our mouth is! ,t hasnUt been funded by selling stoc' to the namve public etc!

0e are not out of engineering development of the (E+ yet, and to get through it and into full production engineering %ould re uire about X10 to X12 million --- money %e personally do not have! )o far, %eUve not obtained the necessary financing! 0e did sign one financial deal, only to have our last %or'ing demonstrator promptly destroyed by the ne% fol's in three days, against all our instructions! )o %e had to legally declare that agreement null and void! Engineering the (E+, it should be clear, ,) 1=" BC)" 1=<(#7 E7E?"<,?#7 E1+,1EE<,1+! 0eUve made that point many times, and specified exactly ho% the machine %or's! Get the biggest problem is that almost all of the venture capitalists are either EEs themselves, or employ as their second or third in command an EE, often %ith a 4h!>! in EE! #nd there the problem is that one cannot get across to the EEs that the (E+ is not *ust a transformer, and that E-field radiations really do arise freely from the space *ust outside the core, re-radiating bac' into the core %ith a multitude of absorbed and reradiated signals of all sorts of phases! Cnless this dense signal environment and its phasing is carefully ad*usted so that the phases are generally additive, ?=4 Z 1!0 is not possible, obviously, since it means no effective N03 energy input occurs from the activated external environment, even though A43S of excess energy is being radiated bac' into the (E+! =ne doesnUt see' and cannot use *ust a EnoiseE energy input from that external environmentT =ne must have some coherence, so that the external environment inputs some u"able free E( energy! )o to go from the business of slo%, painful hand ad*ustment of the phasing to automatic optimiHation is certainly a EdoableE, but it i" %ot a "i#ple 00 p oble#! ,n aerospace, our team (%ho are all aerospace engineers %ith substantial and lengthy experience in nonlinear systems) has %or'ed for several decades on such problems, and %e do 'no% ho% to solve it and finish the product so that itUs ready for full production engineering! Iluntly, electrical engineers 2o %ot 'no% ho% to solve the problem and finish the unit, unless theyUve studied and %or'ed %ell beyond electrical po%er engineering! "he (E+Us operation cannot even be modeled in the standard ?E(3EE model! Iut the EEs %ith venture capitalists (and some of our ma*or national laboratories also, by the %ay) donUt seem to be able to comprehend something that is already %ell-'no%n in aerospace, in chaotic systems %or', and in dense signal environments %or'! 7et me spea' very plainly! "hat lac' of understanding of such systems, and the use of a horribly fouled old electrical engineering model in our po%er engineering, is %hy nationally %e have a horribly vulnerable centraliHed electrical po%er distribution and EcontrolE system that violates almost every principle of multiloop servomechanism control theory in the boo'! ,t isnUt *ust an EE problem$ itUs a multiloop servomechanism control problem! =ur national centraliHed electrical po%er system is so fragile and so vulnerable that even a small portable E(4 %eapon (a EshooterE, as commonly 'no%n in the trade), really good hac'ers, and many other simple things can 'eep it surging out of control and collapsing indefinitely %ith ridiculous ease! ,f one %ishes a more accurate grasp of the energy situation, see (att )immonsU presentations do%nloadable from the )immons ,nternational %ebsite! "here you get the truth, not political fiction, and by one of the firms that %idely funds energy pro*ects %orld%ide! -urther, a single scalar interferometer can lay the entire system do%n at %ill, and 'eep it do%n forever! )ince

even the Bapanese Ga'uHa have such interferometers and have been using them since early 1@@0 to engineer the %eather over our heads (see )cott )tevensU %ebsite for a meteorologistUs beautiful presentation of the resulting %eather engineering phenomena), obviously some%here along the line they are going to devote one of those interferometers to do%ning the entire C!)! electrical po%er system and 'eeping it do%n! #nd %hen that happens, there isnUt going to be any functioning centraliHed electric po%er in the C!)! from then on, period! Easy to surmise the catastrophic economic collapse that then %ill ensue, paralyHing and defeating the Cnited )tates %ithout a single missile, nuclear bomber, nuclear submarine, etc! =ur fello%s do 'no% about scalar interferometers, %eather engineering, and the %or's --- but they 'eep it so closely loc'ed up that most of our decision ma'ers are not a%are of it, even though )ecretary of >efense ?ohen %as briefed on it and publicly confirmed such %eapons in #pril 1@@;! (ean%hile, our present national po%er system and national energy policy are *ust a great disaster %aiting to happen! 0e do continue in our search for the necessary funding, %ith a financial arrangement %e can tolerate, and %ith a financial partner %ho can understand that he cannot *ust run in some good EEs and build a (E+ and turn them out li'e pretHels! =r in fact that cannot be done %ith any other legitimate ?=4Z1!0 system, %ithout the proper completion of Engineering >evelopment and then 4roduction Engineering! 0e thin' %e are again getting close to obtaining the necessary capitaliHation for the (E+, but %ill *ust have to %ait and see ho% it turns out this time around! Iest %ishes, "om Iearden

U 6-oto ', Marcia #toc4ton \ae0it/aQ-/g-e"$net] 5 )00%B <"e0 2it- 6ermi""ion V C-eniere 6re""C" "tore 3or 'oo4" an0 D!D" i" at -ttp=>>c-eniere$org>"ale">onlineF"tore$-tm$

<# 6atent 9 65*6)5&%8

Motionle"" Electromagnetic Generator

6atric4 5 e al$ ((arch 2:, 2002) A'"tract : #n electromagnetic generator %ithout moving parts includes a permanent magnet and a magnetic core including first and second magnetic paths! # first input coil and a first output coil extend around portions of the first magnetic path, %hile a second input coil and a second output coil extend around portions of the second magnetic path! "he input coils are alternatively pulsed to provide induced current pulses in the output coils! >riving electrical current through each of the input coils reduces a level of flux from the permanent magnet %ithin the magnet path around %hich the input coil extends! ,n an alternative embodiment of an electromagnetic generator, the magnetic core includes annular spaced-apart plates, %ith posts and permanent magnets extending in an alternating fashion bet%een the plates! #n output coil extends around each of these posts! ,nput coils extending around portions of the plates are pulsed to cause the induction of current %ithin the output coils! ,nventors. 6atric45 #tep-en L$ (2511 0oodvie% >r! )E!, 2untsville, #7 /5801)$ Dear0en5 T-oma" E$ (2211 ?ove <d!, 2untsville, #7 /5801)$ 8a,e"5 Hame" C$ (1:02: >eaton >r! )E!, 2untsville, #7 /580/)$ Moore5 7ennet- D$ (1;09 (ontdale <d!, 2untsville, -7 /5801)$ 7enn,5 Hame" L$ (@25 "ascosa >r!, 2untsville, #7 /5802) #ppl! 1o!. :5:/1/ M -iled )eptember :, 2000 ?urrent C!)! ?lass. //:3219 M ,ntern5l ?lass. 201- 02;329 -ield of )earch. /:/31:,29,25,2:,5:!0:,5:!08,1//,1/9 //:315,110,155,1;;,180,21/,219,221,222 e3erence" Cite0 .<$#$ 6atent Doc/ment"1 : 2,15/,/;8 (#pr!, 1@/@), &ramer (1;13@5) M 2,8@2,155 (Bun!, 1@5@), <adus, et al! (/29311;) M /,0;@,5/5 (-eb!, 1@:/), )chultH (/1;3201) M /,1:5,;2/ (Ban!, 1@:5), <adus (/9031;9) M /,228,01/ (Ban!, 1@::), =lson, et al! (/9031;9) M /,259,2:8 ((ay!, 1@::), <adus, et al! (/1;319) M /,/1:,519 (#pr!, 1@:;), <adus, et al! (//532@1) M /,/:8,191 (-eb!, 1@:8), )ubieta-+arron (/2/399) M /,/@1,/58 (Bul!, 1@:8), Irat'o%s'i, et al! (//5321) M /,95/,8;: (Bul!, 1@:@), <adus (;/3191) M /,51;,/00 (Bun!, 1@;0), (c(urray! M /,5:@,@9; ((ar!, 1@;1), <adus (/9031;9) M /,5@@,0;9 (#ug!, 1@;1), #dams! M 9,00:,901 (-eb!, 1@;;), de <ivas (/2/3@2) 9,0;;,001 (-eb!, 1@;8), <ichardson (/2/3@2) M 9,/::,5/2 (>ec!, 1@82), <osa, et al! (/:/3:@) M 9,982,@95 (1ov!, 1@89), 0olf, et al! (/:/312@) M 9,559,529 (1ov!, 1@85), <adus (//;3/) M 9,85/,::8 (#ug!, 1@8@), Iloom (//:3219) M 9,8:9,9;8 ()ep!, 1@8@), Iloom (/:/31:) M 9,@09,@2: (-eb!, 1@@0), 4asichins'y* (/2/3/:2) M 5,011,821 (#pr!, 1@@1), (c?ullough (50531) M 5,221,8@2 (Bun!, 1@@/), )ullivan, et al! (/2/3/:2) M 5,295,521 ()ep!, 1@@/), )preen (/:/3/;) M 5,/2;,015 (Bul!, 1@@9), 2ac'et (5053211) M 5,//5,1:/ (#ug!, 1@@9), )eiersen (/:/312:) M 5,:@9,0/0 (>ec!, 1@@;), )ato, et al! (/2/3282) Ot-er e3erence" :

<aymond B! <adus, E4ermanent-(agnet ?ircuit using a ]-lux-"ransfer] 4rinciple,E 0%&i%ee ": /i&e"t, 29(1-:) Ban!-Bun! 1@:/, p! 8:! <obert =52andley, Mo2e % Ma&%eti+ Mate ial", * i%+iple" a%2 )ppli+atio%", Bohn 0iley L )ons, ,nc!, 2000, pp! 95:-9:8! <obert ?! 0east, Editor, 1-1 Ha%2boo! o' 1$e#i"t y a%2 *$y"i+", 1@;8-1@;@, p! I-50! 2oney%ell!com %eb site, Eamorphous metalsE! 4rimary Examiner. 1guyen$ (atthe% M #ttorney, #gent or -irm. -riedland$ 1orman De"cription : %$ (iel0 o3 Invention : "his invention relates to a magnetic generator used to produce electrical po%er %ithout moving parts, and, more particularly, to such a device having a capability, %hen operating, of producing electrical po%er %ithout an external application of input po%er through input coils! )$ De"cription o3 t-e elate0 Art : "he patent literature describes a number of magnetic generators, each of %hich includes a permanent magnet, t%o magnetic paths external to the permanent magnet, each of %hich extends bet%een the opposite poles of the permanent magnet, s%itching means for causing magnetic flux to flo% alternately along each of the t%o magnetic paths, and one or more output coils in %hich current is induced to flo% by means of changes in the magnetic field %ithin the device! "hese devices operate in accordance %ith an extension of -araday5s 7a%, indicating that an electrical current is induced %ithin a conductor %ithin a changing magnetic field, even if the source of the magnetic field is stationary! # method for s%itching magnetic flux to flo% predominantly along either of t%o magnetic paths bet%een opposite poles of a permanent magnet is described as a Eflux transferE principle by <! B! <adus in Engineer5s >igest, Bul! 2/, 1@:/! "his principle is used to exert a po%erful magnetic force at one end of both the north and south poles and a very lo% force at the other end, %ithout being used in the construction of a magnetic generator! "his effect can be caused mechanically, by 'eeper movement, or electrically, by driving electrical current through one or more control %indings extending around elongated versions of the pole pieces 19! )everal devices using this effect are described in C!)! 4at! 1os! /,1:5,;2/, /,228,01/, and /,/1:,519, %hich are incorporated herein by reference! #nother step to%ard the development of a magnetic generator is described in C!)! 4at! 1o! /,/:8,191, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, as a device including a permanent magnet in combination %ith a transformer having first and second %indings about a core, %ith t%o paths for magnetic flux leading from each pole of the permanent magnet to either end of the core, so that, %hen an alternating current induces magnetic flux direction changes in the core, the magnetic flux from the permanent magnet is automatically directed through the path %hich

corresponds %ith the direction ta'en by the magnetic flux through the core due to the current! ,n this %ay, the magnetic flux is intensified! "his device can be used to improve the po%er factor of a typically inductively loaded alternating current circuit! =ther patents describe magnetic generators in %hich electrical current from one or more output coils is described as being made available to drive a load, in the more conventional manner of a generator! -or example, C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,00:,901, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes an electromagnetic generator including permanent magnet and a core member, in %hich the magnetic flux flo%ing from the magnet in the core member is rapidly alternated by s%itching to generate an alternating current in a %inding on the core member! "he device includes a permanent magnet and t%o separate magnetic flux circuit paths bet%een the north and south poles of the magnet! Each of the circuit paths includes t%o s%itching means for alternately opening and closing the circuit paths, generating an alternating current in a %inding on the core member! Each of the s%itching means includes a s%itching magnetic circuit intersecting the circuit path, %ith the s%itching magnetic circuit having a coil through %hich current is driven to induce magnetic flux to saturate the circuit path extending to the permanent magnet! 4o%er to drive these coils is derived directly from the output of a continuously applied alternating current source! 0hat is needed is an electromagnetic generator not re uiring the application of such a current source! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,0;;,001, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes a magnetic generator, or dc3dc converter, comprising a permanent magnet having spaced-apart poles and a permanent magnetic field extending bet%een the poles of the magnet! # variable-reluctance core is disposed in the field in fixed relation to the magnet and the reluctance of the core is varied to cause the pattern of lines of force of the magnetic field to shift! #n output conductor is disposed in the field in fixed relation to the magnet and is positioned to be cut by the shifting lines of permanent magnetic force so that a voltage is induced in the conductor! "he magnetic flux is s%itched bet%een alternate paths by means of s%itching coils extending around portions of the core, %ith the flo% of current being alternated bet%een these s%itching coils by means of a pair of transistors driven by the outputs of a flip-flop! "he input to the flip flop is driven by an ad*ustable fre uency oscillator! 4o%er for this drive circuit is supplied through an additional, separate po%er source! 0hat is needed is a magnetic generator not re uiring the application of such a po%er source! C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,@09,@2:, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes another magnetic generator using the motion of a magnetic field! "he device includes an electrical %inding defining a magnetically conductive Hone having bases at each end, the %inding including elements for the removing of an induced current therefrom! "he generator further includes t%o pole magnets, each having a first and a second pole, each first pole in magnetic communication %ith one base of the magnetically conductive Hone! "he generator further includes a third pole magnet, the third pole magnet oriented intermediately of the first poles of the t%o pole electromagnets, the third pole magnet having a magnetic axis substantially transverse to an axis of the magnetically conductive Hone, the third magnet having a pole nearest to the conductive Hone and in magnetic attractive relationship to the first poles of the t%o pole electromagnets, in %hich the first poles thereof are li'e poles! #lso included in the generator are elements, in the form of %indings, for cyclically reversing the magnetic polarities of the electromagnets! "hese

reversing means, through a cyclical change in the magnetic polarities of the electromagnets, cause the magnetic flux lines associated %ith the magnetic attractive relationship bet%een the first poles of the electromagnets and the nearest pole of the third magnet to correspondingly reverse, causing a %iping effect across the magnetically conductive Hone, as lines of magnetic flux s%ing bet%een respective first poles of the t%o electromagnets, thereby inducing electron movement %ithin the output %indings and thus generating a flo% of current %ithin the output %indings! C!)! 4at! 1o! 5,221,8@2, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes a magnetic generator in the form of a direct current flux compression transformer including a magnetic envelope having poles defining a magnetic axis and characteriHed by a pattern of magnetic flux lines in polar symmetry about the axis! "he magnetic flux lines are spatially displaced relative to the magnetic envelope using control elements %hich are mechanically stationary relative to the core! -urther provided are inductive elements %hich are also mechanically stationary relative to the magnetic envelope! )patial displacement of the flux relative to the inductive elements causes a flo% of electrical current! -urther provided are magnetic flux valves %hich provide for the varying of the magnetic reluctance to create a time domain pattern of respectively enhanced and decreased magnetic reluctance across the magnetic valves, and, thereby, across the inductive elements! =ther patents describe devices using superconductive elements to cause movement of the magnetic flux! "hese devices operate in accordance %ith the (eissner effect, %hich describes the expulsion of magnetic flux from the interior of a superconducting structure as the structure undergoes the transition to a superconducting phase! -or example, C!)! 4at! 1o! 5,011,821, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes an electric po%er generating device including a bundle of conductors %hich are placed in a magnetic field generated by north and south pole pieces of a permanent magnet! "he magnetic field is shifted bac' and forth through the bundle of conductors by a pair of thin films of superconductive material! =ne of the thin films is placed in the superconducting state %hile the other thin film is in a non-superconducting state! #s the states are cyclically reversed bet%een the t%o films, the magnetic field is deflected bac' and forth through the bundle of conductors! C!)! 4at! 1o! 5,/2;,015, %hich is incorporated herein by reference, describes an apparatus for producing an electrical impulse comprising a tube made of superconducting material, a source of magnetic flux mounted about one end of the tube, a means, such as a coil, for intercepting the flux mounted along the tube, and a means for changing the temperature of the superconductor mounted about the tube! #s the tube is progressively made superconducting, the magnetic field is trapped %ithin the tube, creating an electrical impulse in the means for intercepting! # reversal of the superconducting state produces a second pulse! 1one of the patented devices described above use a portion of the electrical po%er generated %ithin the device to po%er the reversing means used to change the path of magnetic flux! "hus, li'e conventional rotary generators, these devices re uire a steady input of po%er, %hich may be in the form of electrical po%er driving the reversing means of one of these magnetic generators or the tor ue driving the rotor of a conventional rotary generator! Get, the essential function of the magnetic portion of an electrical generator is simply to s%itch magnetic fields in accordance

%ith precise timing! ,n most conventional applications of magnetic generators, the voltage is s%itched across coils, creating magnetic fields in the coils %hich are used to override the fields of permanent magnets, so that a substantial amount of po%er must be furnished to the generator to po%er the s%itching means, reducing the efficiency of the generator! <ecent advances in magnetic material, %hich have particularly been described by <obert ?! =52andley in (odern (agnetic (aterials, 4rinciples and #pplications, Bohn 0iley L )ons, 1e% Gor', pp! 95:-9:8, provide nanocrystalline magnetic alloys, %hich are particularly %ell suited forth rapid s%itching of magnetic flux! "hese alloys are primarily composed of crystalline grains, or crystallites, each of %hich has at least one dimension of a fe% nanometers! 1anocrystalline materials may be made by heat-treating amorphous alloys %hich form precursors for the nanocrystalline materials, to %hich insoluble elements, such as copper, are added to promote massive nucleation, and to %hich stable, refractory alloying materials, such as niobium or tantalum carbide are added to inhibit grain gro%th! (ost of the volume of nanocrystalline alloys is composed of randomly distributed crystallites having dimensions of about 2-90 nm! "hese crystallites are nucleated and gro%n from an amorphous phase, %ith insoluble elements being re*ected during the process of crystallite gro%th! ,n magnetic terms, each crystallite is a single-domain particle! "he remaining volume of nanocrystalline alloys is made up of an amorphous phase in the form of grain boundaries having a thic'ness of about 1 nm! (agnetic materials having particularly useful properties are formed from an amorphous ?o-1b--I (cobalt-niobium-boron) alloy having near-Hero magnetostriction and relatively strong magnetiHation, as %ell as good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance! # process of annealing this material can be varied to change the siHe of crystallites formed in the material, %ith a resulting strong effect on >? coercivity! "he precipitation of nanocrystallites also enhances #? performance of the other%ise amorphous alloys! =ther magnetic materials are formed using iron-rich amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, %hich generally sho% larger magnetiHation that the alloys based on cobalt! )uch materials are, for example, -e--I--)i--1b--?u (iron-boron-silicon-niobium-copper) alloys! 0hile the permeability of iron-rich amorphous alloys is limited by their relatively large levels of magnetostriction, the formation of a nanocrystalline material from such an amorphous alloy dramatically reduces this level of magnetostriction, favoring easy magnetiHation! #dvances have also been made in the development of materials for permanent magnets, particularly in the development of materials including rare earth elements! )uch materials include samarium cobalt, )m?o!sub!5, %hich is used to form a permanent magnet material having the highest resistance to demagnetiHation of any 'no%n material! =ther magnetic materials are made, for example, using combinations of iron, neodymium, and boron! #/mmar, o3 t-e Invention : ,t is a first ob*ective of the present invention to provide a magnetic generator %hich a need for an external po%er source during operation of the generator is eliminated!

,t is a second ob*ective of the present invention to provide a magnetic generator in %hich a magnetic flux path is changed %ithout a need to overpo%er a magnetic field to change its direction! ,t is a third ob*ective of the present invention to provide a magnetic generator in %hich the generation of electricity is accomplished %ithout moving parts! ,n the apparatus of the present invention, the path of the magnetic flux from a permanent magnet is s%itched in a manner not re uiring the overpo%ering of the magnetic fields! -urthermore, a process of self-initiated iterative s%itching is used to s%itch the magnetic flux from the permanent magnet bet%een alternate magnetic paths %ithin the apparatus, %ith the po%er to operate the iterative s%itching being provided through a control circuit consisting of components 'no%n to use lo% levels of po%er! 0ith self-s%itching, a need for an external po%er source during operation of the generator is eliminated, %ith a separate po%er source, such as a battery, being used only for a very short time during start-up of the generator! #ccording to a first aspect of the present invention, an electromagnetic generator is provided, including a permanent magnet, a magnetic core, first and second input coils, first and second output coils, and a s%itching circuit! "he permanent magnet has magnetic poles at opposite ends! "he magnetic core includes a first magnetic path, around %hich the first input and output coils extend, and a second magnetic path, around %hich the second input and output coils extend, bet%een opposite ends of the permanent magnet! "he s%itching circuit drives electrical current alternately through the first and second input coils! "he electrical current driven through the first input oil causes the first input coil to produce a magnetic field opposing a concentration of magnetic flux from the permanent magnet %ithin the first magnetic path! "he electrical current driven through the second input coil causes the second input coil to produce a magnetic field opposing a concentration of magnetic flux from the permanent magnet %ithin the second magnetic path! #ccording to another aspect of the present invention, an electromagnetic generator is provided, including a magnetic core, a plurality of permanent magnets, first and second pluralities of input coils, a plurality of output coils, and a s%itching circuit! "he magnetic core includes a pair of spaced-apart plates, each of %hich has a central aperture, and first and second pluralities of posts extending bet%een the spaced-apart plates! "he permanent magnets each extend bet%een the pair of spaced apart plates! Each permanent magnet has magnetic poles at opposite ends, %ith the magnetic fields of all the permanent magnets being aligned to extend in a common direction! Each input coil extends around a portion of a plate %ithin the spaced-apart plates, bet%een a post and a permanent magnet! #n output coil extends around each post! "he s%itching circuit drives electrical current alternately through the first and second pluralities of input coils! Electrical current driven through each input coil in the first plurality of input coils causes an increase in magnetic flux %ithin each post %ithin the first plurality of posts from permanent magnets on each side of the post and a decrease in magnetic flux %ithin each post %ithin the second plurality of posts from permanent magnets on each side of the post! Electrical current driven through each input coil in the second plurality of input coils causes a decrease in magnetic flux %ithin each post %ithin the first plurality of posts from permanent magnets on each side of the post and an

increase in magnetic flux %ithin each post %ithin the second plurality of posts from permanent magnets on each side of the post! Drie3 De"cription o3 t-e Dra2ing" : -igure 1 is a partly schematic front elevation of a magnetic generator and associated electrical circuits built in accordance %ith a first version of the first embodiment of the present invention$

-igure 2 is a schematic vie% of a first version of a s%itching and control circuit %ithin the associated electrical circuits of -igure 1$

-igure / is a graphical vie% of drive signals produced %ithin the circuit of -igure 2$

-igure 9 is a schematic vie% of a second version of a s%itching and control circuit %ithin the associated electrical circuits of -igure 1$

-igure 5 is a graphical vie% of drive signals produced %ithin the circuit of -igure /$

-igure :# is a graphical vie% of a first drive signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$

-igure :I is a graphical vie% of a second drive signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure :? is a graphical vie% of an input voltage signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure :> is a graphical vie% of an input current signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure :E is a graphical vie% of a first output voltage signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure :- is a graphical vie% of a second output voltage signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$

-igure :+ is a graphical vie% of a first output current signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure :2 is a graphical vie% of a second output current signal %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1$ -igure ; is a graphical vie% of output po%er measured %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1, as a function of input voltage$

-igure 8 is a graphical vie% of a coefficient of performance, calculated from measurements %ithin the apparatus of -igure 1, as a function of input voltage$

-igure @ is a cross-sectional elevation of a second version of the first embodiment of the present invention$

-igure 10 is a top vie% of a magnetic generator built in accordance %ith a first version of a second embodiment of the present invention$

-igure 11 is a front elevation of the magnetic generator of -igure 10$ and

-igure 12 is a top vie% of a magnetic generator built in accordance %ith a second version of the second embodiment of the present invention!

Detaile0 De"cription o3 t-e Invention : -igure 1 is a partly schematic front elevation of an electromagnetic generator 10, built in accordance %ith a first embodiment of the present invention to include a permanent magnet 12 to supply input lines of magnetic flux moving from the north pole 19 of the magnet 12 out%ard into magnetic flux path core material 1:! "he flux path core material 1: is configured to form a right magnetic path 18 and a left magnetic path 20, both of %hich extend externally bet%een the north pole 19 and the south pole 22 of the magnet 12! "he electromagnetic generator 10 is driven by means of a s%itching and control circuit 29, %hich alternately drives electrical current through a right input coil 2: and a left input coil 28! "hese input coils 2:, 28 each extend around a portion of the core material 1:, %ith the right input coil 2: surrounding a portion of the right magnetic

path 18 and %ith the left input coil 28 surrounding a portion of the left magnetic path 20! # right output coil 2@ also surrounds a portion of the right magnetic path 18, %hile a left output coil /0 surrounds a portion of the left magnetic path 20! ,n accordance %ith a preferred version of the present invention, the s%itching and control circuit 29 and the input coils 2:, 28 are arranged so that, %hen the right input coil 2: is energiHed, a north magnetic pole is present at its left end /1, the end closest to the north pole 19 of the permanent magnet 12, and so that, %hen the left input coil 28 is energiHed, a north magnetic pole is present at its right end /2, %hich is also the end closest to the north pole 19 of the permanent magnet 12! "hus, %hen the right input coil 2: is magnetiHed, magnetic flux from the permanent magnet 12 is repelled from extending through the right input coil 2:! )imilarly, %hen the left input coil 28 is magnetiHed, magnetic flux from the permanent magnet 12 is repelled from extending through the left input coil 28! "hus, it is seen that driving electrical current through the right input coil 2: opposes a concentration of flux from the permanent magnet 12 %ithin the right magnetic path 18, causing at least some of this flux to be transferred to the left magnetic path 20! =n the other hand, driving electrical current through the left input coil 28 opposes a concentration of flux from the permanent magnet 12 %ithin the left magnetic path 20, causing at least some of this flux to be transferred to the right magnetic path 18! 0hile in the example of -igure 1, the input coils 2:, 28 are placed on either side of the north pole of the permanent magnet 12, being arranged along a portion of the core 1: extending from the north pole of the permanent magnet 12, it is understood that the input coils 2:, 28 could as easily be alternately placed on either side of the south pole of the permanent magnet 12, being arranged along a portion of the core 1: extending from the south pole of the permanent magnet 12, %ith the input coils 2:, 28 being %ired to form, %hen energiHed, magnetic fields having south poles directed to%ard the south pole of the permanent magnet 12! ,n general, the input coils 2:, 28 are arranged along the magnetic core on either side of an end of the permanent magnet forming a first pole, such as a north pole, %ith the input coils being arranged to produce magnetic fields of the polarity of the first pole directed to%ard the first pole of the permanent magnet! -urther in accordance %ith a preferred version of the present invention, the input coils 2:, 28 are never driven %ith so much current that the core material 1: becomes saturated! >riving the core material 1: to saturation means that subse uent increases in input current can occur %ithout effecting corresponding changes in magnetic flux, and therefore that input po%er can be %asted! ,n this %ay, the apparatus of the present invention is provided %ith an advantage in terms of the efficient use of input po%er over the apparatus of C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,000,901, in %hich a portion both ends of each magnetic path is driven to saturation to bloc' flux flo%! ,n the electromagnetic generator 10, the s%itching of current flo% %ithin the input coils 2:, 28 does not need to be sufficient to stop the flo% of flux in one of the magnetic paths 18, 20 %hile promoting the flo% of magnetic flux in the other magnetic path! "he electromagnetic generator 10 %or's by changing the flux pattern$ it does not need to be completely s%itched from one side to another!

Experiments have determined that this configuration is superior, in terms of the efficiency of using po%er %ithin the input coils 2:, 28 to generate electrical po%er %ithin the output coils 2@, /0, to the alternative of arranging input coils and the circuits driving them so that flux from the permanent magnet is driven through the input coils as they are energiHed! "his arrangement of the present invention provides a significant advantage over the prior-art methods sho%n, for example, in C!)! 4at! 1o! 9,0;;,001, in %hich the magnetic flux is driven through the energiHed coils! "he configuration of the present invention also has an advantage over the prior-art configurations of C!)! 4at! 1os! /,/:8,191 and 9,0;;,001 in that the magnetic flux is s%itched bet%een t%o alternate magnetic paths 18, 20 %ith only a single input coil 2:, 28 surrounding each of the alternate magnetic paths! "he configurations of C!)! 4at! 1os! /,/:8,191 and 9,0;;,001 each re uire t%o input coils on each of the magnetic paths! "his advantage of the present invention is significant both in the simplification of hard%are and in increasing the efficiency of po%er conversion! "he right output coil 2@ is electrically connected to a rectifier and filter //, having an output driven through a regulator /9, %hich provides an output voltage ad*ustable through the use of a potentiometer /5! "he output of the linear regulator /9 is in turn provided as an input to a sensing and s%itching circuit /:! Cnder start up conditions, the sensing and s%itching circuit /: connects the s%itching and control circuit 29 to an external po%er source /8, %hich is, for example, a starting battery! #fter the electromagnetic generator 10 is properly started, the sensing and s%itching circuit /: senses that the voltage available from regulator /9 has reached a predetermined level, so that the po%er input to the s%itching and control circuit 29 is s%itched from the external po%er source /8 to the output of regulator /9! #fter this s%itching occurs, the electromagnetic generator 10 continues to operate %ithout an application of external po%er! "he left output coil /0 is electrically connected to a rectifier and filter 90, the output of %hich is connected to a regulator 92, the output voltage of %hich is ad*usted by means of a potentiometer 9/! "he output of the regulator 92 is in turn connected to an external load 99! -igure 2 is a schematic vie% of a first version of the s%itching and control circuit 29! #n oscillator 50 drives the cloc' input of a flip-flop 59, %ith the O and O5 outputs of the flip-flop 59 being connected through driver circuits 5:, 58 to po%er -E") :0, :2 so that the input coils 2:, 28 are alternately driven! ,n accordance %ith a preferred version of the present invention, the voltage 6 applied to the coils 2:, 28 through the -E") :0, :2 is derived from the output of the sensing and s%itching circuit /:! -igure / is a graphical vie% of the signals driving the gates of -E") :0, :2 of -igure 2, %ith the voltage of the signal driving the gate of -E" :0 being represented by line :9, and %ith the voltage of the signal driving -E" :2 being represented by line ::! Ioth of the coils 2:, 28 are driven %ith positive voltages! -igure 9 is a schematic vie% of a second version of the s%itching and control circuit 29! ,n this version, an oscillator ;0 drives the cloc' input of a flip-flop ;2, %ith the O and O5 outputs of the flip-flop ;2 being connected to serve as triggers for one-shots ;9, ;:! "he outputs of the one-

shots ;9, ;: are in turn connected through driver circuits ;8, 80 to drive -E") 82, 89, so that the input coils 2:, 28 are alternately driven %ith pulses shorter in duration than the O and O5 outputs of the flip flop ;2! -igure 5 is a graphical vie% of the signals driving the gates of -E") 82, 89 of -,+! 9, %ith the voltage of the signal driving the gate of -E" 82 being represented by line 8:, and %ith the voltage of the signal driving the gate of -E" 89 being represented by line 88! <eferring again to -igure 1, po%er is generated in the right output coil 2@ only %hen the level of magnetic flux is changing in the right magnetic path 18, and in the left output coil /0 only %hen the level of magnetic flux is changing in the left magnetic path 20! ,t is therefore desirable to determine, for a specific magnetic generator configuration, the %idth of a pulse providing the most rapid practical change in magnetic flux, and then to provide this pulse %idth either by varying the fre uency of the oscillator 50 of the apparatus of -igure 2, so that this pulse %idth is provided %ith the signals sho%n in -igure /, or by varying the time constant of the one-shots ;9, ;: of -igure 9, so that this pulse %idth is provided by the signals of -igure 5 at a lo%er oscillator fre uency! ,n this %ay, the input coils are not left on longer than necessary! 0hen either of the input coils is left on for a period of time longer than that necessary to produce the change in flux direction, po%er is being %asted through heating %ithin the input coil %ithout additional generation of po%er in the corresponding output coil! # number of experiments have been conducted to determine the ade uacy of an electromagnetic generator built as the generator 10 in -igure 1 to produce po%er both to drive the s%itching and control logic, providing po%er to the input coils 2:, 28, and to drive an external load 99! ,n the configuration used in this experiment, the input coils 2:, 28 had 90 turns of 18-gauge copper %ire, and the output coils 2@, /0 had 950 turns of 18-gauge copper %ire! "he permanent magnet 12 had a height of 90 mm (1!5;5 in! bet%een its north and south poles, in the direction of arro% 8@, a %idth of 25!9 mm (1!00 in!), in the direction of arro% @0, and in the other direction, a depth of /8!1 mm (1!50 in!)! "he core 1: had a height, in the direction of arro% 8@, of @0 mm (/!592 in!), a %idth, in the direction of arro% @0, of 1/5 mm (5!/15 in!) and a depth of ;0 mm (2!;5: in!)! "he core 1: had a central hole %ith a height, in the direction of arro% 8@, of 90 mm (1!5;5 mm) to accommodate the magnet 12, and a %idth, in the direction of arro% @0, of 85 mm (/!/9: in!)! "he core 1: %as fabricated of t%o E?E-shaped halves, *oined at lines @2, to accommodate the %inding of output coils 2@, /0 and input coils 2:, 28 over the core material! "he core material %as a laminated iron-based magnetic alloy sold by 2oney%ell as (E"+7#) (agnetic #lloy 2:05)#1! "he magnet material %as a combination of iron, neodymium, and boron! "he input coils 2:, 28 %ere driven at an oscillator fre uency of 8;!5 &2H, %hich %as determined to produce optimum efficiency using a s%itching control circuit configured as sho%n in -igure 2! "his fre uency has a period of 11!95 microseconds! "he flip flop 59 is arranged, for example, to be set and reset on rising edges of the cloc' signal input from the oscillator, so that each pulse driving one of the -E") :0, :2 has a duration of 11!95 microseconds, and so that se uential pulses are also separated to each -E" are also separated by 11!95 microseconds!

-igure :#-:2 are graphical vie%s of signals %hich simultaneously occurred %ithin the apparatus of -igures 1 and 2 during operation %ith an applied input voltage of ;5 volts! -igure :# sho%s a first drive signal 100 driving -E" :0, %hich conducts to drive the right input coil 2:! -igure :I is sho%s a second drive signal 102 driving -E" :2, %hich conducts to drive the left input coil 28! -igures :? and :> sho% voltage and current signals associated %ith current driving both the -E") :0, :2 from a battery source! -igure :? sho%s the level 109 of voltage 6! 0hile the nominal voltage of the battery %as ;5 volts, a decaying transient signal 10: is superimposed on this voltage each time one of the -E") :0, :2 is s%itched on to conduct! "he specific pattern of this transient signal depends on the internal resistance of the battery, as %ell as on a number of characteristics of the magnetic generator 10! )imilarly, -igure :> sho%s the current 10: flo%ing into both -E") :0, :2 from the battery source! )ince the signals 109, 10: sho% the effects of current flo%ing into both -E") :0, :2 the transient spi'es are 11!95 microseconds apart! -igure :E-:2 sho% voltage and current levels measured at the output coils 2@, /0! -igure :E sho%s a voltage output signal 108 of the right output coil 2@, %hile -igure :- sho%s a voltage output signal 110 of the left output coil /0! -or example, the output current signal 11: of the right output coil 2@ includes a first transient spi'e 112 caused %hen the a current pulse in the left input coil 28 is turned on to direct magnetic flux through the right magnetic path 18, and a second transient spi'e 119 caused %hen the left input coil 28 is turned off %ith the right input coil 2: being turned on! -igure :+ sho%s a current output signal 11: of the right output coil 2@, %hile -igure :2 sho%s a current output signal 118 of the left output coil /0! -igure ; is a graphical vie% of output po%er measured using the electromagnetic generator 10 and eight levels of input voltage, varying from 10v to ;5v! "he oscillator fre uency %as retained at 8;!5 &2H! "he measurement points are represented by indicia 120, %hile the curve 122 is generated by polynomial regression analysis using a least s uares fit! -igure 8 is a graphical vie% of a coefficient of performance, defined as the ratio of the output po%er to the input po%er, for each of the measurement points sho%n in -igure ;! #t each measurement point, the output po%er %as substantially higher than the input po%er! <eal po%er measurements %ere computed at each data point using measured voltage and current levels, %ith the results being averaged over the period of the signal! "hese measurements agree %ith <() po%er measured using a "extronic "2);/0 digital oscilloscope! 0hile the electromagnetic generator 10 %as capable of operation at much higher voltages and currents %ithout saturation, the input voltage %as limited to ;5 volts because of voltage limitations of the s%itching circuits being used! "hose s'illed in the relevant art %ill understand that components for s%itching circuits capable of handling higher voltages in this application are readily available! "he experimentally-measured data %as extrapolated to describe operation at an input voltage of 100 volts, %ith the input current being 190 ma, the input po%er being 19 %atts, and %ith a resulting output po%er being 98 %atts for each of the t%o output coils 2@, /0, at an average output current of 12 ma and an average output voltage of 9000 volts! "his means that for each of the output coils 2@, /0, the coefficient of performance %ould be /!99!

0hile an output voltage of 9000 volts may be needed for some applications, the output voltage can also be varied through a simple change in the configuration of the electromagnetic generator 10! "he output voltage is readily reduced by reducing the number of turns in the output %indings! ,f this number of turns is decreased from 950 to 12, the output voltage is dropped to 10:!;, %ith a resulting increase in output current to 0!5 amps for each output coil 2@, /0! ,n this %ay, the output current and voltage of the electromagnetic generator can be varied by varying the number of turns of the output coils 2@, /0, %ithout ma'ing a substantial change in the output po%er, %hich is instead determined by the input current, %hich determines the amount of magnetic flux shuttled during the s%itching process! "he coefficients of performance, all of %hich %ere significantly greater than 1, plotted in -igure 8 indicate that the output po%er levels measured in each of the output coils 2@, /0 %ere substantially greater than the corresponding input po%er levels driving both of the input coils 2:, 28! "herefore, it is apparent that the electromagnetic generator 10 can be built in a self-actuating form, as discussed above in reference to -igure 1! ,n the example of -igure 1, except for a brief application of po%er from the external po%er source /8, to start the process of po%er generation, the po%er re uired to drive the input coils 2:, 28 is derived entirely from po%er developed %ithin the right output coil 2@! ,f the po%er generated in a single output coil 2@, /0 is more than sufficient to drive the input coils 2:, 28, an additional load 12: may be added to be driven %ith po%er generated in the output coil 2@ used to generate po%er to drive the input coils 2:, 28! =n the other hand, each of the output coils 2@, /0 may be used to drive a portion of the input coil po%er re uirements, for example %ith one of the output coils 2:, 28 providing the voltage 6 for the -E" :0 (sho%n in -igure 2), %hile the other output coil provides this voltage for the -E" :2! <egarding thermodynamic considerations, it is noted that, %hen the electromagnetic generator 10 is operating, it is an open system not in thermodynamic e uilibrium! "he system receives static energy from the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet! Iecause the electromagnetic generator 10 is self-s%itched %ithout an additional energy input, the thermodynamic operation of the system is an open dissipative system, receiving, collecting, and dissipating energy from its environment$ in this case, from the magnetic flux stored %ithin the permanent magnet! ?ontinued operation of the electromagnetic generator 10 causes demagnetiHation of the permanent magnet! "he use of a magnetic material including rare earth elements, such as a samarium cobalt material or a material including iron, neodymium, and boron is preferable %ithin the present invention, since such a magnetic material has a relatively long life in this application! "hus, an electromagnetic generator operating in accordance %ith the present invention should be considered not as a perpetual motion machine, but rather as a system in %hich flux radiated from a permanent magnet is converted into electricity, %hich is used both to po%er the apparatus and to po%er an external load! "his is analogous to a system including a nuclear reactor, in %hich a number of fuel rods radiate energy %hich is used to 'eep the chain reaction going and to heat %ater for the generation of electricity to drive external loads! -igure @ is a cross-sectional elevation of an electromagnetic generator 1/0 built in accordance %ith a second version of the first embodiment of the present invention! "his electromagnetic generator 1/0 is generally similar in construction and operation to the electromagnetic generator

10 built in accordance %ith the first version of this embodiment, except that the magnetic core 1/2 of the electromagnetic generator 10 is built in t%o halves *oined along lines 1/9, allo%ing each of the output coils 1/5 to be %ound on a plastic bobbin 1/: before the bobbin 1/: is placed over the legs 1/; of the core 1/2! -igure @ also sho%s an alternate placement of an input coil 1/8! ,n the example of -igure 1, both input coils 2:, 28 %ere placed on the upper portion of the magnetic core 1:, %ith these coils 2:, 28 being configured to establish magnetic fields having north magnetic poles at the inner ends /1, /2 of the coils 2:, 28, %ith these north magnetic poles thus being closest to the end 19 of the permanent magnet 12 having its north magnetic pole! ,n the example of -igure @, a first input coil 2: is as described above in reference to -igure 1, but the second input coil 1/8 is placed ad*acent the south pole 190 of the permanent magnet 12! "his input coil 1/8 is configured to establish a south magnetic pole at its inner end 192, so that, %hen input coil 1/8 is turned on, flux from the permanent magnet 12 is directed a%ay from the left magnetic path 20 into the right magnetic path 18! -igure 10 and -igure 11 sho% an electromagnetic generator 150 built in accordance %ith a first version of a second embodiment of the present invention, %ith -igure 10 being a top vie% thereof, and %ith -igure 11 being a front elevation thereof! "his electromagnetic generator 150 includes an output coil 152, 15/ at each corner, and a permanent magnet 159 extending along each side bet%een output coils! "he magnetic core 15: includes an upper plate 158, a lo%er plate 1:0, and a s uare post 1:2 extending %ithin each output coil 152, 15/! Ioth the upper plate 158 and the lo%er plate 1:0 include central apertures 1:9! Each of the permanent magnets 159 is oriented %ith a li'e pole, such as a north pole, against the upper plate 158! Eight input coils 1::, 1:8 are placed in positions around the upper plate 158 bet%een an output coil 152, 15/ and a permanent magnet 159! Each input coil 1::, 1:8 is arranged to form a magnetic pole at its end nearest to the ad*acent permanent magnet 159 of a li'e polarity to the magnetic poles of the magnets 159 ad*acent the upper plate 158! "hus, the input coils 1:: are s%itched on to divert magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 159 from the ad*acent output coils 152, %ith this flux being diverted into magnetic paths through the output coils 15/! "hen, the input coils 1:8 are s%itched on to divert magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 159 from the ad*acent output coils 15/, %ith this flux being diverted into magnetic paths through the output coils 152! "hus, the input coils form a first group of input coils 1:: and a second group of input coils 1:8, %ith these first and second groups of input coils being alternately energiHed in the manner described above in reference to -igure 1 for the single input coils 2:, 28! "he output coils produce current in a first train of pulses occurring simultaneously %ithin coils 152 and in a second train of pulses occurring simultaneously %ithin coils 15/! "hus, driving current through input coils 1:: causes an increase in flux from the permanent magnets 159 %ithin the posts 1:2 extending through output coils 15/ and a decrease in flux from the permanent magnets 159 %ithin the posts 1:2 extending through output coils 152! =n the other hand, driving current through input coils 1:8 causes a decrease in flux from the permanent magnets 159 %ithin the posts 1:2 extending through output coils 15/ and an increase in flux from the permanent magnets 159 %ithin the posts 1:2 extending through output coils 152! 0hile the example of -igure 10 and -igure 11 sho%s all of the input coils 1::,1:8 deployed along the upper plate 158, it is understood that certain of these input coils 1::, 1:8 could

alternately be deployed around the lo%er plate 1:0, in the manner generally sho%n in -igure @, %ith one input coil 1::, 1:8 being %ithin each magnetic circuit bet%een a permanent magnet 159 and an ad*acent post 1:2 extending %ithin an output coil 152, 15/, and %ith each input coil 1::, 1:8 being arranged to produce a magnetic field having a magnetic pole li'e the closest pole of the ad*acent permanent magnet 159! -igure 12 is a top vie% of a second version 1;0 of the second embodiment of the present invention, %hich is similar to the first version thereof, %hich has been discussed in reference to -igure 10 and -igure 11, except that an upper plate 1;2 and a similar lo%er plate (not sho%n) are annular in shape, %hile the permanent magnets 1;9 and posts 1;: extending through the output coils 1;8 are cylindrical! "he input coils 180 are oriented and s%itched as described above in reference to -igure @ and -igure 10! 0hile the example of -igure 12 sho%s four permanent magnets, four output coils and eight input coils it is understood that the principles described above can be applied to electromagnetic generators having different numbers of elements! -or example, such a device can be built to have t%o permanent magnets, t%o output coils, and four input coils, or to have six permanent magnets, six output coils, and t%elve input coils! ,n accordance %ith the present invention, material used for magnetic cores is preferably a nanocrystalline alloy, and alternately an amorphous alloy! "he material is preferably in a laminated form! -or example, the core material is a cobalt-niobium-boron alloy or an iron based magnetic alloy! #lso in accordance %ith the present invention, the permanent magnet material preferably includes a rare earth element! -or example, the permanent magnet material is a samarium cobalt material or a combination of iron, neodymium, and boron! 0hile the invention has been described in its preferred versions and embodiments %ith some degree of particularity, it is understood that this description has been given only by %ay of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction, fabrication, and use, including the combination and arrangement of parts, may be made %ithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention! Claim" J 1ot included here K

In Di"0ain o3 Gar'age 6-,"ic" . 6D( 1

', #-a2n Di"-op H/ne )00) >ebun's the (E+ !!!

Martin L$ 6E L T-e Gravitic" #it/ation

The 8ra$i ics Si ua ion

(>ecember 1@5:) by Martin L$ 6erl +ravity <and 7td!, :: )loane )treet, 7ondon )!0! 1 "heme of the science for 1@5:-1@;0. )erendipity Einstein5s vie%. E,t may not be an unattainable hope that some day a clearer 'no%ledge of the processes of gravitation may be reached$ and the extreme generality and detachment of the relativity theory may be illuminated by the particular study of a precise mechanismE!

Content" :
I$ Engineering Note on 6re"ent (rontier" o3 7no2le0ge II$ Management Note on t-e Gravitic" #it/ation III$ Glo""ar, I!$ e3erence" Appen0i+ I= #/mmar, o3 To2n"en0 Dro2nC" Original #peci3ication 3or an Apparat/" 3or 6ro0/cing (orce or Motion Appen0i+ II= MoJerC" G/ant/m Mec-anical Approac- to t-e E+i"tence o3 Negative Ma"" ; it" <tiliJation in t-e Con"tr/ction o3 Gravitationall, Ne/traliJe0 Do0ie" Appen0i+ III= Gravit, E33ect" .DeamC"1 Appen0i+ I!= A Lin4 Det2een Gravitation ; N/clear Energ, .De"er an0 Arno2itt1 Appen0i+ != Gravit,>8eat Interaction .Wic4en0en1 Appen0i+ !I= Weig-tFMa"" Anomal, .6erl1 "han's to the +ravity <esearch -oundation for #ppendix ,, - 6, I$ Engineering Note on pre"ent 3rontier" o3 4no2le0ge :

+ravitics is li'ely to follo% a number of separate lines of development. the best 'no%n short term proposition is "o%nsend Iro%n5s electrostatic propulsion by gravitators (details of %hich are to be found in the #ppendix ,)! #n extreme extrapolation of Iro%n5s later rigs appears to suggest a (ach / interceptor type aircraft! Iro%n called this basically force and motion, but it does not appear to be the road to a gravitational shield or reflector! 2is is the brute force approach of concentrating high electrostatic charges along the leading edge of the periphery of a dis' %hich yields propulsive effect! Iro%n originally maintained that his gravitators operate independently of all frames of reference and it is motion in the absolute sense - relative to the universe as a %hole! "here is ho%ever no evidence to support this! ,n the absence of any such evidence, it is perhaps more convenient to thin' of Iro%n5s dis's as electrostatic propulsion %hich has its o%n niche in aviation! Electrostatic dis's can provide lift %ithout speed over a flat surface! "his could be an important advance over all forms of airfoil %hich re uire induced flo%$ and lift %ithout air flo% is a development that deserves to be follo%ed up in its o%n right, and one that for military purposes is already envisaged by the users as applicable to all three services! "his point has been appreciated in the Cnited )tates and a program in hand may no% ensure that development of large siHed dis's %ill be continued! "his is bac'ed by the C) +overnment, but it is something that %ill be pursued on a small scale! "his acceptance follo%s Iro%n5s original suggestion embodied in 4ro*ect 0interhaven! 0interhaven recommended that a ma*or effort be concentrated on electrogravitics based on the principle of his dis's! "he C!)! +overnment evaluated the dis's %rongly, and misinterpreted the nature of the energy! "his incorrect report %as filed as an official assessment, and it too' some three years to correct the earlier misconception! "hat brings developments up to the fairly recent past, and by that time it %as realiHed that no effort on the lines of 0interhaven %as practical, and that more modest aims should be substituted! "hese %ere re-%ritten around a ne% report %hich is apparently based on ne%er thoughts and %ith some later patents not yet published %hich form the basis of current C!)! policy! ,t is a matter of some controversy %hether this research could be accelerated by more money but the impression in +ravity <and is that the base of industry is perhaps more than ade uately %ide! #lready companies are specialiHing in evolution of particular components of an electrogravitics dis'! "his implies that the science is in the same state as the ,?I( - namely that no ne% brea'throughs are needed, only intensive development engineering! "his may be an optimistic reading of the situation. it is true that materials are no% available for the condensers giving higher ' figures than %ere postulated in 0interhaven as necessary, and all the ingredients necessary for the dis's appear to be available! Iut industry is still some %ay from having an ade uate po%er sources and possessing any practical experience of running such e uipment! "he long term development of gravity shields, absorbers, and 5magic metals5 appears at the moment ho%ever to be a basically different problem, and %or' on this is not being sponsored, so far as is 'no%n! "he absorber or shield could be intrinsically a %eapon of a great po%er, the limits of %hich are difficult to foresee! "he po%er of the device to undermine the electrostatic forces holding the atom together is a destructive by-product of military significance! ,n unpublished %or' +ravity <and has indicated the possible effect of such a device for demolition! "he li'elihood of such %or' being sponsored in small countries outside the C!)! is slight, since there is general lac' of money and resources and in all such countries uic' returns are essential! (any people hold that little or no progress can be made until the lin' in the Einstein unified field theory has been found! "his is surely a some%hat defeatist vie%, because although no all

embracing explanation of the relationship bet%een the extraordinary variety of high energy particles continually being uncovered is yet available much can be done to pin do%n the general nature of anti-gravity devices! "here are several promising approaches one of them is the search for negative mass, a second is to find a relationship bet%een gravity and heat, and a third is to find the lin' bet%een gravitation and the coupled particles! "a'ing the first of these. negative mass, the initial tas' is to prove the existence of negative mass, and #ppendix ,, outlines ho% it might be done! "his is (oHer5s approach, %hich is based on the )chroedinger time independent e uation %ith the center of mass motion removed! #s the paper sho%s, this re uires some 100 bev - %hich is beyond the po%er of existing particle accelerators. ho%ever the present <ussian and #merican nuclear programs envisage 50 bev bevatrons %ithin a fe% years and at the present rate of progress in the nuclear sciences it seems possible that the existence of negamass %ill be proved by this method of a Iragg analysis of the crystal structure - or disproved! ,f negamass is established, the precise part played by the subnuclear particles could be uic'ly determined! 0or'ing theories have been built up to explain ho% negative masses %ould be repelled by positive masses and pairs %ould accelerate gaining 'inetic energy until they reach the speed of light and then assume the role of the high energy particles! ,t has been suggested by -errell that this might explain the role of neutrino, but this seems unli'ely %ithout some explanation of the spin ascribed to the neutrino! Get the absence of rest mass or charge of the neutrino ma'es it especially intriguing! ?ertainly, further study of the neutrino %ould be relevant to gravitational problems! ,f, therefore, the aircraft industry regards anti-gravity as part of its responsibilities it cannot escape the necessity of monitoring high energy physics or the neutrino! "here are t%o aircraft companies definitely doing this$ but little or no evidence that most of the others 'no% even %hat a neutrino is! "he relationship bet%een electrical charges and gravitational forces ho%ever %ill depend on the right deductions being dra%n from excessively small anomalies (d#pp! 6,)! -irst clues to such small and hitherto unnoticed effects %ill come by study of the unified field theory! )uch effects may be observed in %or' on the gravithermals, and interacting effect of heat and gravity! 2ere, at least, there is firmer evidence materials are capable of temperature changes depending on gravity! "his, as Ieams says, (see #ppendix ,,,) is due to results from the alignment of the atoms! +ravity tensions applied across the ends of a tube filled %ith electrolyte can produce heat or be used to furnish po%er! "he logical extension of this is an absorber of gravity in the form of a flat plate and the gravitative flux acting on it (its atomic and molecular structure, its %eight density and form are not, at this stage, clear) %ould lead to an increase in heat of the mass of its surface and subsurface particles! "he third approach is to aim at discovering a connection bet%een nuclear particles and the gravitational field! "his also returns to the need for interpreting macroscopic relativistic phenomena at one extreme in terms of microscopic uantum mechanical phenomena at the other! Ieaumont in suggesting a solution recalls ho% early theory established rough and ready assumptions of the characteristics of electron spin before the %hole science of the atomic orbital %as %or'ed out! "hese %ere based on observation and they %ere used %ith some effect at a time %hen data %as needed! )imilar assumptions of complex spin might be used to lin' the

microscopic to the macroscopic! #t any rate, there are some loose ends in complex spin to be tied up, and these could logically he sponsored %ith some expectation of results by companies %ondering ho% to ma'e a contribution! ,f a real spin or rotation is applied to a planar geoid the gravitational e uipotentials can be made less convex, plane or concave! "hese have the effect of ad*usting the intensity of the gravitational field at %ill %hich is a re uirement for the gravity absorber! Ieaumont seemed doubtful %hether external po%er %ould have to be applied to achieve this! but it seems reasonable to suppose that po%er could be fed into the system to achieve a beneficial ad*ustment to the gravitational field, and conventional engineering methods could ensure that the %eight of po%er input services %ould be more than offset by %eightlessness from the spin inducer! "he engineering details of this are naturally still in the realms of con*ecture$ but, at least, it is something that could be %or'ed out %ith laboratory rigs$ and, again, the starting point is to ma'e more accurate observations of small effects! "he techni ue %ould be to accept any anomalies in nature and from them to establish %hat %ould be needed to induce a spin artificially! ,t has been argued that the scientific community faces a seemingly impossible tas' in attempting to alter gravity %hen the force is set up by a body as large as this planet and that to change it might demand a comparable force of similar planetary dimensions! ,t %as scarcely surprising therefore that experience had sho%n that %hile it has been possible to observe the effects of gravity it resisted any form of control or manipulation! Iut the time is fast approaching %hen for the first time it %ill be %ithin the capability of engineers %ith bevatrons to %or' directly %ith particles that it, is increasingly accepted, contribute to the source of gravitation$ and %hilst that in itself may not lead to an absorber of gravity, it %ill at least thro% some light on the sources of the po%er! #nother tas' is solution (d )ee #ppendix ,6) of outstanding e uations to convert gravitational phenomena to nuclear energy! "he problem, still not yet solved may support the Iondi-2oyle theory that expansion of the universe represents energy continually annihilated instead of being carried to the boundaries of the universe! "his energy loss manifests itself in the behavior of the hyperon and &-particles %hich %ould, or might, form the lin' bet%een the microcosm and macrocosm! ,ndeed >eser and #rno%itt propose that the ne% particles are a direct lin' bet%een gravitationally produced energy and nuclear energy! ,f this %ere so it %ould be the place to begin in the search for practical methods of gravity manipulation! ,t %ould be realistic to assume that the &-particles are such a lin'! "hen a possible approach might be to disregard ob*ections %hich cannot be explained at this *uncture until further unified field lin's are established! #s in the case of the spin and orbital theories, %hich %ere naive in the beginning, the techni ue might have to accept the apparent forces and ma'e theory fit observation until more is 'no%n! )ome people feel that the chances of finding such a unified field theory to lin' gravity and electrodynamics are high$ yet thin' that the finding of a gravity shield is slight because of the siHe of the energy source, and because the chances of seeing unnoticed effects seem slender! =thers feel the opposite and believe that a lin' bet%een nuclear energy and gravitational energy may precede the lin' bet%een the Einstein general relativistic and Ouantum "heory disciplines! )ome hope that both discoveries may come together$ %hile a fe% believe that a partial

explanation of both may come about the same time, %hich %ill afford sufficient 'no%ledge of gravitational fields to perfect an interim type of absorber using field lin's that are available! "his latter seems the more li'ely since it is already beginning to happen! "here is not li'ely to be any sudden full explanation of the microcosm and macrocosm$ but one strand after another *oining them %ill be fashioned, as progress is made to%ards uantiHing the Einstein theory! II$ Management Note on t-e Gravitic" #it/ation : "he present anti-gravity situation as one of %atching and %aiting by the large aircraft prime contractors for lofting inventions or technological brea'throughs! ?larence Iirdseye in one of his last utterances thought that an insulator might be discovered by accident by someone %or'ing on a uite different problem$ and in 500 years gravity insulators %ould be commonplace! =ne might go further than Iirdseye and say that principles of the insulator %ould, by then, be fundamental to human affairs$ it %ould be as basic to the society as the difference today bet%een the %eight of one metal and another! Iut at the same time it %ould be %rong to infer from Iirdseye5s remar' that a sudden isolated discovery %ill be the 'ey to the science! "he hard%are %ill come at a time %hen the industry is ready and %aiting for it! ,t %ill arrive after a long period of getting accustomed to thin'ing in terms of %eightlessness, and naturally it %ill appear after the feasibility of achieving it in one form or another has been established in theory! (d Iut this does not mean that harnessed forces %ill be necessarily fully understood at the outset!) "he aim of companies at this stage must therefore surely be to monitor the areas of progress in the %orld of high energy physics %hich seem li'ely to lead to establishment of the foundations of anti-gravity! "his means 'eeping a %atchful eye on electrogravitics, magnetogravitics, gravitics isotopes$ and electrostatics in various forms for propulsion or levitation! "his is not at the present stage a very expensive business, and investment in laboratory manhours is necessary only %hen a certain line of reasoning %hich may loo' promising comes to a dead-end for lac' of experimental data, or only %hen it might be %orth running some laboratory tests to bridge a chasm bet%een one part of a theory and another or in connecting t%o or more theories together! ,f this is right, anti-gravity is in a state similar to nuclear propulsion after the 1E4# findings, yet before the #14 pro*ect got under %ay! ,t %ill be remembered that %as the period %hen the #tomic Energy ?ommission sponsored odd things here and there that needed doing! Iut it %ould be misleading to imply that hard%are progress on electrostatic dis's is presently so far along as nuclear propulsion %as in that state represented by #14! "rue the 1E4# men came to the conclusion that a nuclear-propelled aircraft of a 'ind could be built, but it %ould be only a curiosity! Even at the time of the 7exington and 0hitman reports it %as still some %ay from fruition. the aircraft %ould have been more than a curiosity but not competitive enough to be seriously considered! ,t is not in doubt that %or' on anti-gravity is in the realm of the longer term future! =ne of the tests of virility of an industry is the extent to %hich it is so self confident of its position that it can afford to sponsor <L> %hich cannot promise a uic' return! # closing of minds to anything except lines of development that %ill provide a uic' return is a sign of either a strait-laced economy or of a pure lac' of prescience, (or both)!

#nother consideration that %ill play its part in managerial decision is that ma*or turning points in anti-gravity %or' are li'ely to prove far removed from the tools of the aircraft engineer! # 'ey instrument for example that may determine the existence of negamass and establish posimassnegamass interaction is the super bevatron! ,t needs some 100 bev gammas on hydrogen to perform a Iragg analysis of the elementary particle structure by selective reflection to prove the existence of negamass! "his value is double as much the ne% <ussian bevatron under construction and it is 15 times as po%erful as the highest particle accelerations in the Ier'eley bevatron so far attained! (any people thin' that nothing much can be done until negamass has been observed! ,f industry %ere to adopt this approach it %ould have a long %ait and a uic' ans%er at the end! Iut the negamass-posimass theory can be further developed$ and, in anticipation of its existence, means of using it in a gravitationally neutraliHed body could be %or'ed out! "his, moreover, is certainly not the only possible approach. a brea'through may %ell come in the interaction bet%een gravitative action and heat theory at the moment suggests that if gravity could produce heat the effect is limited at the moment to a narro% range (d )ee #ppendix 6)! Iut the significant thing %ould be establishment of a principle! 2istory may repeat itself thirty years ago, and even as recently as the +erman attempts to produce nuclear energy in the %ar, nobody %ould have guessed that po%er %ould be unloc'ed by an accident at the high end of the atomic table! #ll prophecies of atomic energy %ere concerned %ith ho% uic'ly means of fusion could be applied at the lo% end! ,n anti-gravity %or', and this goes bac' to Iirdseye, it may be an unrelated accident that %ill be the means of getting into the gravitational age! ,t is a prime responsibility of management to be a%are of possible %ays of using theory to accelerate such a process! ,n other %ords, serendipity! ,t is a common thought in industry to loo' upon the nuclear experience as a precedent for gravity, and to argue that gravitics %ill similarly depend on the use of giant tools, beyond the capabilities of the air industry and that companies %ill edge into the gravitational age on the coat-tails of the +overnment as industry has done, or is doing, in nuclear physics! Iut this over loo's the point that the t%o sciences are li'ely to be different in their investment! ,t %ill not need a place li'e 2anford or )avannah <iver to produce a gravity shield or insulator once the 'no%ho% has been established! #s a piece of conceptual engineering the pro*ect is probably li'ely to be much more li'e a repetition of the turbine engine! ,t %ill be simple in its essence, but the detailed componentry %ill become progressively more complex to interpret in the form of a stable flying platform and even more intricate %hen it comes to applying the underlying principles to a flexibility of operating altitude ranging from lo% present flight speeds at one extreme to flight in a vacuum at the other! "his latter %ill be the extreme test of its po%ers! #gain the principle itself %ill function e ually in a vacuum - "o%nsend Iro%n5s saucers could move in a vacuum readily enough - but the supporting parts must also %or' in a vacuum! ,n practice, they tend to give trouble, *ust as gas turbine bits and pieces start giving trouble in proportion to the altitude gained in flight! Iut one has to see this rise in complexity %ith performance and %ith altitude attainment in perspective. eventually the most advanced capability may be attained %ith the most extremely simple configurations! #s is usual ho%ever in physics developments the shortest line of progress is a geodesic, %hich may in turn lead the propulsion trade into many roundabout paths as being

the shortest distance bet%een aims and achievement! Iut aviation business is understandably interested in 'no%ing precisely ho% to recogniHe early discoveries of significance and this +ravity <and report is intended to try and outline some of the more promising lines! =ne suggestion fre uently made is that propulsion and levitation may be only the last - though most important - of a series of others, some of %hich %ill have varying degrees of gravitic element in their constitution! ,t may be that the first practical application %ill be in the greater freedom of communications offered by the change in %ave techni ue that it implies! # second application is to use the %ave techni ue for anti-submarine detection, either airborne or seaborne! "his %ould combine the %idth of horiHon in search radar %ith the under%ater precision of (agnetic #irborne >etection, and indeed it may have the range of scatter transmissions! ?hance discoveries in the development of this e uipment may lead to the formulation of ne% la%s %hich %ould define the relationship of gravity in terms of usable propulsion symbols! Exactly ho% this %ould happen nobody yet 'no%s and %hat industry and government can do at this stage is to explore all the possible applications simultaneously, putting pressure %here results seem to %arrant it! ,n a paper of this 'ind it is not easy to discuss the details of the %ave techni ue in communications, and the follo%ing are some of theories, briefly stated %hich re uire no mathematical training to understand, %hich it %ould be %orth management 'eeping an eye on! ,n particular, %atch should be made of uantitative tests on lofting, and beneficiation of material! Even uite small beneficiation ratios are li'ely to be significant! "here are some lofting claims being made of 20F and more, and the validity of these %ill have to be %eighed carefully! 1eedless to say much higher ratios than this %ill have to be attained! 1e% high-' techni ues and extreme-' materials are significant! 2igh speeds in electrostatic propulsion of small discs %ill be %orth 'eeping trac' of (by high speed one means hundreds of mph) and some of these results are beginning to filter through for general evaluation! 0eight mass anomalies, ne% oil-cooled cables, interesting megavolt gimmic's, novel forms of electrostatic augmentation %ith, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels are indicative, ne% patents under the broadest headings of force and motion may have value, ne% electrostatic generator inventions could tip the scales and unusual %ays of turning condensers inside-out, ne% angular propulsion ideas for barycentric control$ and generally certain types of saucer configuration are valuable pointers to %ays minds are %or'ing! "hen there is the personnel reaction to such developments! (anagements are in the hands of their technical men, and they should be%are of technical teams %ho are dogmatic at this state! "o assert electrogravitics is nonsense$ is as unreal as to say it is practically extant! (anagement should be careful of men in their employ %ith a closed mind - or even partially closed mind - on the sub*ect! "his is a dangerous age. %hen not only is anything possible, but it is possible uic'ly! # %ise -renchman once said you have only to live long enough to see everything 5and the reverse of everything$5 and that is true in dealing %ith very advanced high energy physics of this 'ind! )cientists are not politicians. they can reverse themselves once %ith acclaim - t%ice even %ith

impunity! "hey may have to do so in the long road to attainment of this virtually perfect air vehicle! ,t is so easy to get bogged do%n %ith problems of the present$ and %hilst policy has to be made essentially %ith the present in mind - and in aviation a conservative policy al%ays pays - it is management5s tas' and duty to itself to loo' as far ahead as the best of its technicians in assessing the posture of the industry! Glo""ar, : +ravithermals. alloys %hich may be heated or cooled by gravity %aves (7over5s definition)! "hermisters. materials capable of being influenced by gravity! Electrads. materials capable of being influenced by gravity! +ravitator. a plurality of cell units connected in series. negative and positive electrodes %ith an interposed insulating member ("o%nsend Iro%n5s definition)! 7ofting. the action of levitation %here gravity5s force is more than overcome by electrostatic or other propulsion! Ieneficiation. the treatment of an alloy or substance to leave it %ith an improved mass-%eight ratio! ?ounterbary. this, apparently, is another name for lofting! Iarycentric control. the environment for regulation of lofting processes in a vehicle! (odulation. the contribution to lofting conferred on a vehicle by, treatment of the substance of its construction as distinct from that added to it by outside forces! 7ofting is a synthesis of intrinsic and extrinsic agencies! #bsorber$ insulator. these terms - there is no formal distinction bet%een them as yet - are based on an analogy %ith electromagnetism! "his is a uestionable assumption since the similarity bet%een electromagnetic and gravitational fields is valid only in some respects such as both having electric and magnetic elements! Iut the difference in coupling strengths, noted by many experimenters, is fundamental to the science! +ravity moreover may turn out to be the only nonuantiHed field in nature, %hich %ould ma'e it, basically, uni ue! "he borro%ing of terms from the field of electromagnetism is therefore only a temporary convenience! 7ac' of ?artesian representation ma'es this a baffling science for many people! 1egamass. proposed mass that inherently has a negative charge! 4osimass. mass, the observed uantity - positively charged! )hield. a device %hich not only opposes gravity (such as an absorber) but also furnishes an essential path along %hich or through %hich, gravity can act! "hus %hereas absorbers reflectors

and insulators can provide a gravitationally neutraliHed body, a shield %ould enable a vehicle or sphere to 5fall a%ay5 in proportion to the uantity of shielding material! )creening. gravity screening %as implied by 7ancHos! ,t is the result of any combination of electric or magnetic fields in %hich one or both elements are not sub*ect to varying permeability in matter! <eflector. a device consisting of material capable of generating buoyant forces %hich balance the force of attraction! "he denser the material, the greater the buoyancy force! 0hen the density of the material e uals the density of the medium the result %ill be gravitationally neutraliHed! # greater density of material assumes a lofting role! Electrogravitics. the application of modulating influences in an electrostatic propulsion system! (agnetogravitics. the influence of electromagnetic and meson fields in a reflector! Iosun fields. these are defined as gravitational electromagnetic, N and r meson fields ((etric tensor)! -ermion fields. these are electrons, neutrinos, muons, nucleons, and 6-particles ()pinors)! +ravitator cellular body. t%o or more gravitator cells connected in series %ithin a body ("o%nsend Iro%n5s definition) e3erence" : (ac'enHie. *$y"i+al -eview 2. /21-/9/! Eotvos, 4e'ar L -e'ete. )%%ale% 2e *$y"i! :8. 11-1:(1@22) 2eyl, 4aul <!. S+ie%ti'i+ Mo%t$ly 9;. 115 (1@/8) #ustin, "h%ing. *$y"i+al -eview 5. 9@9-500 (18@;) )ha%. Natu e (#pril 8,1@22), p! 9:2$ * o+. -oy. So+! 102. 9: (=ct! :, 1@22) Irush. *$y"i+al -eview /1 (#). 111/ 0old. *$y"i+al -eview /5. 2@:! (a*orana. )tti2ella -eale )+a2e#ie 2ie Ai%+ei 28. 1:0, 221, /1/, 91:, 980 (1@1@)$ ibid!, 2@. 2/, @0, 1:/, 2/5 (1@20)$ 4hil! (ag! /@. 288 (1@20) )chneiderov. S+ie%+e ((ay ;, 1@9/), @; suppl! p! 10! Irush. *$y"i+al -eview /2. :// 7ancHos. S+ie%+e ;9 (>ec 9, 1@/1), suppl! p! 10! Eddington. -epo t o% t$e -elativity 3$eo y o' , avitatio% (1@20), -leet%ay 4ress, 7ondon! 0!>! -o%ler, et all!. *$y", -ev. @/. 8:1 (1@59)! <!7! #rno%itt L )! >eser. *$y". -ev. @2. 10:1 (1@5/) <! 7! #rno%itt. 6ull. )#e . *$y". So+. @9. ;@8 (1@59) )! >eser. *$y". -ev. @/. :12 (1@59) 1! )chein, >!(! 2as'in L <!+! +lasser. *$y". -ev. @5. 855 (1@59) <!7! #rno%itt L )! >eser. unpublished, Cniv! of ?alifornia <adiation 7aboratory <eport (1@59) 2! Iondi L "! +old. Mo%. Not. -oy. )"t . So+. 108. 252 (1@98)

-! 2oyle. Mo%. Not. -oy. )"t . So+! 108. /;2 (1@98) I!)! >e0itt. New /i e+tio%" 'o -e"ea +$ i% t$e 3$eo y o' , avitatio%$ Essay on +ravity (1@5/) ?! 2! Iondi. 1o"#olo&y, ?ambridge Cniversity 4ress (1@52) -!#!E! 4irani L #! )child. *$y"i+al -eview ;@. @8: (1@50) Iergman, et al. *$y"i+al -eview 80. 81 (1@50) I!)! >e0itt. *$y"i+al -eview 85. :5/ (1@52) )ee, for example, >! Iohm. Eua%tu# 3$eo y$ 1e% Gor', 4rentice-2all, ,nc! (1@51) ?hapter 22! I!)! >e0itt. *$y"i+al -eview @0. /5; (1@5/), and thesis (2arvard, 1@50)! #! 4ais. * o+ee2i%&" o' t$e Ao e%t? Ga#e li%&$ 4%%e" 1o%'e e%+e, 7eyden, (Bune 1@5/) -or the treatment of spinors in a unified field theory see 0! 4auli. )%%ale% 2e *$y"i! 18. //; (1@//)! )ee also I!)! >e0itt L ?!(! >e0itt. *$y"i+al -eview 8;. 11: (1@52) -!7! ?arter. 3$e Eua%tu# Me+$a%i+al 0le+t o#a&%eti+ )pp oa+$ to , avity$ Essays on +ravity (1@5/) 4rof! B!(! 7uttinger. 4% Ne&ative Ma"" i% t$e 3$eo y o' , avitatio%$ Essays on +ravity (1@5/)! Appen0i+ I= #/mmar, o3 To2n"en0 Dro2nC" Original 6atent #peci3ication5 EA Met-o0 o3 an0 an Apparat/" or Mac-ine 3or 6ro0/cing (orce or MotionE : "his invention relates to a method of controlling gravitation and for deriving po%er therefrom, and to a method of producing linear force or motion! "he method is fundamentally electrical! "he invention also relates to machines or apparatus re uiring electrical energy - that control or influence the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation$ also to machines or apparatus re uiring electrical energy that exhibit a linear force or motion %hich is believed to be independent of all frames of reference save that %hich is at rest relative to the universe ta'en as a %hole, and said linear force or motion is furthermore believed to have no e ual and opposite reaction that can be observed by any method commonly 'no%n and accepted by the physical science to date! )uch a machine has t%o ma*or parts # and I! "hese parts may be composed of any material capable of being charged electrically! (ass # and mass I may be termed electrodes # and I respectively! Electrode # is charged negatively %ith respect to electrode I, or %hat is substantially the same, electrode I is charged positively %ith respect to electrode #, or %hat isusually the case, electrode # has an excess of electrons %hile electrode I has an excess of protons! 0hile charged in this manner the total force of # to%ard I is the sum of force g (due to the normal gravitational field), and force e (due to the imposed electrical field) and force x (due to the resultant of the unbalanced gravitational forces caused by the electro-negative charge or by the presence of an excess of electrons of electrode # and by the electro-positive charge or by the presence of an excess of protons on electrode I)! Iy the cancellation of similar and opposing forces and by the addition of similar and allied forces the t%o electrodes ta'en collectively possess a force 2x in the direction of I! "his force 2x, shared by both electrodes, exists as a tendency of these electrodes to move or accelerate in the direction of the force, that is, # to%ard I and I a%ay from #! (oreover any machine or apparatus possessing electrodes # and I %ill exhibit such a lateral acceleration or motion if free

to move! ,n this )pecification , have used terms as 5gravitator cells5 and 5gravitator cellular body5 %hich are %ords of my o%n coining in ma'ing reference to the particular type of cell , employ in the present invention! 0herever the construction involves the use of a pair of electrodes, separated by an insulating plate or member, such construction complies %ith the term gravitator cells, and %hen t%o or more gravitator cells are connected in series %ithin a body, such %ill fall %ithin the meaning of gravitator cellular body! "he electrodes # and I are sho%n as having placed bet%een them an insulating plate or member ? of suitable material, such that the minimum number of electrons or ions may successfully penetrate it! "his constitutes a cellular gravitator consisting of one gravitator cell! ,t %ill be understood that, the cells being spaced substantial distances apart, the separation of ad*acent positive and negative elements of separate cells is greater than the separation of the positive and negative elements of any cell and the materials of %hich the cells are formed being the more readily affected by the phenomena underlying my invention than the mere space bet%een ad*acent cells, any forces existing bet%een positive and negative elements of ad*acent cells can never become of sufficient magnitude to neutraliHe or balance the force created by the respective cells ad*oining said spaces! "he uses to %hich such a motor, %heel or rotor may be put are practically limitless, as can be readily understood, %ithout further description! "he structure may suitably be called a gravitator motor of cellular type! ,n 'eeping %ith the purpose of my invention an apparatus may employ the electrodes # and I %ithin a vacuum tube! Electrons, ion, or thermions can migrate readily from # to I! "he construction may be appropriately termed an electronic, ionic, or thermionic gravitator as the case may be! ,n certain of the last named types of gravitator units it is desirable or necessary to heat to incandescence the %hole or a part of electrode # to obtain better emission of negative thermions or electrons or at least to be able to control that emission by variation in the temperature of said electrode #! )ince such variations also influence the magnitude of the longitudinal force or acceleration exhibited by the tube, it proves to be a very convenient method of varying this effect and of electrically controlling the motion of the tube! "he electrode # may be heated to incandescence in any convenient %ay as by the ordinary methods utiliHing electrical resistance or electrical induction! (oreover, in certain types of the gravitator units, no% being considered it is advantageous or necessary also to conduct a%ay from the anode or positive electrode I excessive heat that may be generated during the operation! )uch cooling is effected externally by means of air or %ater cooled flanges that are in thermo connection %ith the anode, or it is effected internally by passing a stream of %ater, air, or other fluid through a hollo% anode made especially for that purpose! "he gravitator motors may be supplied %ith the necessary electrical energy for the operation and

resultant motion thereof from sources outside and independent of the motor itself! ,n such instances they constitute external or independently excited motors! =n the other hand, the motors %hen capable of creating sufficient po%er to generate by any method %hatsoever all the electrical energy re uired therein for the operation of said motors are distinguished by being internal or self-excited! 2ere it %ill be understood that the energy created by the operation of the motor may at times be vastly in excess of the energy re uired to operate the motor! ,n some instances the ratio may be even as high as a million to one! ,nasmuch as any suitable means for supplying the necessary electrical energy, and suitable conducting means for permitting the energy generated by the motor to exert the expected influence on the same may be readily supplied, it is no% deemed necessary to illustrate details herein! ,n said self-excited motors the energy necessary to overcome the friction or other resistance in the physical structure of the apparatus, and even to accelerate the motors against such resistance, is believed to be derived solely from the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation! -urthermore, said acceleration in the self excited gravitator motor can be harnessed mechanically so as to produce usable energy or po%er, said usable energy or po%er, as aforesaid, being derived from or transferred by the apparatus solely from the energy of gravitation! "he gravitator motors function as a result of the mutual and unidirectional forces exerted by their charged electrodes! "he direction of these forces and the resultant motion thereby produced are usually to%ard the positive electrode! "his movement is practically linear! ,t is this primary action %ith %hich , deal! #s has already been pointed out herein, there are t%o %ays in %hich this primary action can accomplish mechanical %or'! -irst, by operating in a linear path as it does naturally, or second, by operating in a curved path! )ince the circle is the most easily applied of all the geometric figures, it follo%s that the rotary form is the important! "here are three general rules to follo% in the construction of such motors!-irst, the insulating sheets should be as thin as possible and yet have a relatively high puncture voltage! ,t is advisable also to use paraffin saturated insulators on account of their high specific resistance! )econd, the potential difference bet%een any t%o metallic plates should be as high as possible and yet be safely under the minimum puncture voltage of the insulator! "hird, there should in most cases be as many plates as possible in order that the saturation voltage of the system might be raised %ell above the highest voltage limit upon %hich the motor is operated! <eference has previously been made to the fact that in the preferred embodiment of the invention herein disclosed the movement is to%ards the positive electrode! 2o%ever, it %ill be clear that motion may be had in a reverse direction determined by %hat , have *ust termed 5saturation voltage5 by %hich is meant the efficiency pea' or maximum of action for that particular type of motor$ the theory, as , may describe it, being that as the voltage is increased the force or action increases to a maximum %hich represents the greatest action in a negative to positive direction! ,f the voltage %ere increased beyond that maximum the action %ould decrease to Hero and thence to the positive to negative direction! "he rotary motor comprises, broadly spea'ing, an assembly of a plurality of linear motors fastened to or bent around the circumference of a %heel! ,n that case the %heel limits the action

of the linear motors to a circle, and the %heel rotates in the manner of a fire%or's pin %heel! , declare that %hat , claim is. 1! # method of producing force or motion, %hich comprises the step of aggregating the predominating gravitational lateral or linear forces of positive and negative charges %hich are so co-operatively related as to eliminate or practically eliminate the effect of the similar and opposing forces %hich said charges exert! 2! # method of producing force or motion, in %hich a mechanical or structural part is associated %ith at least t%o electrodes or the li'e, of %hich the ad*acent electrodes or the li'e have charges of differing characteristics, the resultant, predominating, uni-directional gravitational force of said electrodes or the li'e being utiliHed to produce linear force or motion of said part! /! # method according to ?laim 1 or 2, in %hich the predominatin force of the charges or electrodes is due to the normal gravitational field and the imposed electrical field! 9! # method according to ?laim 1, 2 or / in %hich the electrodes or other elements bearing the charges are mounted, preferably rigidly, on a body or support adapted to move or exert force in the general direction of alignment of the electrodes or other charge-bearing elements! 5! # machine or apparatus for producing force or motion, %hich includes at least t%o electrodes or li'e elements adapted to be differently charged, so relatively arranged that they produce a combined linear force or motion in the general direction of their alignment! :! # machine according to ?laim 5 in %hich the electrodes or li'e elements are mounted, preferably rigidly on a mechanical or structural part, %hereby the predominating uni-directional force obtained from the electrodes or the li'e is adapted to move said part or to oppose forces tending to move it counter to the direction in %hich it %ould be moved by the action of the electrodes or the li'e! ;! # machine according to ?laim 5 or : in %hich the energy necessary for charging the electrodes or the li'e is obtained either from the electrodes themselves or from an independent source! 8! # machine according to ?laim 5, : or ;, %hose force action or motive po%er depends in part on the gravitational field or energy of gravitation %hich is controlled or influenced by the action of the electrodes or the li'e! @! # machine according to any of ?laims / to 8, in the form of a motor including a gravitator cell or a gravitator cellular body, substantially as described! 10! # machine according to ?laim @, in %hich the gravitator, cellular body or an assembly of the gravitator cells is mounted on a %heel-li'e support, %hereby rotation of the latter may be effected, said cells being of electronic, ionic or thermionic type!

11! # method of controlling or influencing the gravitational field or the energy of gravitation and for deriving energy or po%er therefrom comprising the use of at least t%o masses differently electrically charged, %hereby the surrounding gravitational field is affected or distorted by the imposed electrical field surrounding said charged masses, resulting in a unidirectional force being exerted on the system of charged masses in the general direction of the alignment of the masses, %hich system %hen permitted to move in response to said force in the above mentioned direction derives and accumulates as the result of said movement usable energy or po%er from the energy of gravitation or the gravitational field %hich is so controlled, influenced, or distorted! 12! "he method of and the machine or apparatus for producing force or motion by electrically controlling or influencing the gravitational field or energy of gravitation! Appen0i+ II= A G/ant/m Mec-anical Approac- to t-e E+i"tence o3 Negative Ma"" an0 It" <tiliJation in t-e Con"tr/ction o3 Gravitationall, Ne/traliJe0 Do0ie" : )ince the over%helming ma*ority of electrostatic uantum mechanical effects rely for their existence on an interplay of attractive and repulsive forces arising from t%o types of charge, fe% if any fruitful results could come from a uantum mechanical investigation of gravity, unless there should be t%o types of mass! "he first type, positive mass$ (hereafter denoted a posimass) retains all the properties attributed to ordinary mass, %hile the second type, negative mass (hereafter denoted as negamass) differs only in that its mass is an inherently negative uantity! Iy considering the uantum mechanical effects of the existence of these t%o types of mass, a fruitful theory of gravity %ill be developed! "heory %ill explain %hy negamass has never been observed, and %ill offer a theoretical foundation to experimental methods of detecting the existence of negamass and utiliHing it in the production of gravitationally neutraliHed bodies! "o achieve these results, recourse %ill be made to )chroedinger5s time independent e uation %ith the center of mass motion removed! "his e uation is. -h232nR2oA6o S Eo %here all symbols represent the conventional uantum mechanical uantities! 4articular attention %ill be paid to the reduced mass nS(m1m2)3(m1Am2) %here m1 and m2 are the masses of the t%o interacting bodies! =ne can approach the first obstacle that any theory of negamass faces, namely the explanation of %hy negamass has never been observed, by a consideration of ho% material bodies %ould be formed if a region of empty space %ere suddenly filled %ith many posimass and negamass uanta! "o proceed along these lines, one must first understand the nature of the various possible uantum mechanical interactions of posimass and negamass! ,nserting the conventional gravitational interaction potential into )chroedinger5s e uation and solving for the %ave function o, yields the result that the probability of t%o posimass uanta being close together is greater than the probability of their being separated! 2ence, there is said to be an attraction bet%een pairs of posimass uanta! Iy a similar calculation it can be sho%n

that %hile the potential form is the same t%o negamass uanta repel each other! "his arises from the fact that the reduced mass term in )chroedinger5s e uation is negative in this latter case! "he type of negamass posimass interaction is found to depend on the relative siHes of the masses of the interacting posimass and negamass uanta, being repulsive if the mass of the negamass uantum is greater in absolute value than the mass of the posimass uantum, and attractive in the opposite case! ,f the t%o masses are e ual in absolute value the reduced mass is infinite and )chroedinger5s e uation reduces to (6 - E)o - 0! )ince the solution o - 0 is uninteresting physically, it must be concluded that 6 - E, and, hence, there is no 'inetic energy of relative motion! "hus, %hile there is an interaction potential bet%een the e ual mass posimass and negamass uanta, it results in no relative acceleration and thus, no mutual attraction or repulsion %hile much could be said about the philosophical implications of the contradiction bet%een this result and 1e%ton5s )econd 7a%, such discussion is out of the scope of the present paper, and the author shall, instead, return %ith the above series of derivations to a consideration of the construction of material bodies in a region suddenly filled %ith many posimass and negamass uanta! Iecause of the nature of the posimass-posimass and negamass-negamass interactions, the individual posimass uanta soon combine into small posimass spheres, %hile nothing has, as yet, united any negamass uanta! )ince it is reasonable to assume that a posimass sphere %eighs more than a negamass uantum in absolute value, it %ill attract negamass uanta and begin to absorb them! "his absorption continues until the attraction bet%een a sphere and the free negamass uanta becomes Hero due to the reduced mass becoming infinite! "he reduced mass becomes infinite %hen the sphere absorbs enough negamass uanta to ma'e the algebraic sum of the masses of its component posimass and negamass uanta e ual to the negative of the mass of the next incoming negamass uantum! "hus the theory predicts that all material bodies after absorbing as many negamass uanta as they can hold, %eigh the same very small amount, regardless of siHe! )ince this prediction is in violent disagreement %ith experimental fact, one must conclude that the e uilibrium arising as a result of the reduced mass becoming infinite has not yet been reached! "hat is, assuming that negamass exists at all, there are not enough negamass uanta present in the universe to allo% posimass spheres to absorb all the negamass they can hold! =ne is thus able to explain the experimental fact that negamass has never been observed by deriving the above mechanism in %hich the smaller amounts of negamass that may be present in the universe are strongly absorbed by the greater amounts of posimass producing bodies composed of both posimass and negamass, but %hich have a net positive, variable, total mass! 2aving thus explained %hy negamass has never been observed in the pure state, it is next desirable to derive an experimental test of the existence of negamass through considering the internal uantum mechanical problem of small amounts of negamass in larger posimass spheres! =ne is able to gain much physical insight into this problem by simplifying it to the ualitatively similar problem of one negamass uantum in the field of t%o posimass uanta that are fixed distance apart! -urther simplification from three dimensions to one dimension and replacement of the posimass uanta potentials by s uare barriers, yields a solution in %hich the ground state energy E0 of the negamass uantum in the field of one posimass uantum, is split into t%o energy levels in the field of the t%o posimass uanta! "hese t%o levels correspond to even and

odd parity solutions of the %ave e uation %here Eeven lies higher and Eodd lo%er than E0! "he magnitudes of the differences Eeven-E0 and E0-Eodd depend on the separation distance bet%een the t%o posimass uanta, being Hero for infinite separation and increasing as this separation distance is decreased! )ince the energy of a system involving negamass tends to a maximum in the most stable uantum mechanical configuration, the negamass uantum %ill normally be in state Eeven! 0hen the system is excited into state Eodd, the negamass uantum %ill favor the situation in %hich the t%o posimass uanta are as far apart as possible, since Eodd increases %ith increasing separation distance bet%een the t%o posimass uanta, and the system tends to%ard the highest energy state! "hus independent of and in addition to the attractive posimass posimass gravitational interaction, there is a repulsive uantum mechanical exchange interaction bet%een pairs of posimass uanta %hen the system is in state Eodd! "he result of these t%o oppositely directed interactions is that the t%o posimass uanta are in stable e uilibrium at some separation distance! )ince this e uilibrium occurs bet%een all posimass pairs in an elementary particle, a necessary conse uence of the existence of negamass is that %hen in the first excited state elementary particles have a partial crystal structure! "his theoretical conclusion is capable of experimental verification by performing a Iragg analysis of the elementary particle crystal structure through shining high energy gamma rays on hydrogen! 4art of the gamma ray energy %ill be utiliHed in lo%ering the system from energy Eeven to Eodd, and if selective reflection is observed, it %ill constitute a stri'ing verification of the existence of negamass! #n order of magnitude calculation sho%s that, if the e uilibrium distance bet%een pairs of posimass uanta is one one-millionth the radius of an electron, 100 bev gamma rays %ill be re uired to perform this experiment! 2aving discussed %hy negamass has never been observed, and having derived an experimental test of its existence it is next desirable to develop an experimental method of utiliHing negamass in the production of gravitationally neutraliHed bodies by further consideration of some ideas previously advanced! ,t has been pointed out that if a source of negamass is present, aposimass sphere continues to absorb negamass uanta until e uilibrium is reached as a result of the reduced mass becoming infinite! Iecause the sphere thus produced is practically massless and because the gravitational interaction bet%een t%o bodies is proportional to the product of their respective masses, it follo%s that the sphere is practically unaffected by the presence of other bodies! #nd thus, the problem of ma'ing gravitationally neutraliHed bodies is reduced to the problem of procuring a source of negamass uanta! "his %ill be the next problem discussed! "he binding energy of a negamass uantum in a posimass sphere may be obtained as one of the eigenvalue solutions to )chroedinger5s E uation! ,f the negamass uanta in a body are excited to energies in excess of this binding energy by shining sufficiently energetic gamma rays on the body these negamass uanta %ill be emitted and negamass source %ill thus be obtained! "o estimate the gamma ray energy re uired to free a negamass uantum from a posimass body, certain assumptions must be made concerning the siHe and mass of posimass and negamass uanta! )ince these uantities are extremely indefinite, and since the %hole theory is at best

ualitative, attempting to estimate the energy %ould be a senseless procedure! )uffice it to say that because of the intimate, sub-elementary particle nature of the posimass-negamass interaction, it seems reasonable to assume that uite energetic gamma rays %ill be re uired to brea' this strong bond! "o briefly revie% %hat has been sho%n a uantum mechanical theory of negamass has been developed based on the assumptions that gravitational interactions obey the la%s of uantum mechanics and that all possible interactions of negamass and posimass %ith themselves and each other follo% the %ell 'no%n inverse s uare la%! "his theory explains the experimental fact that negamass has never been observed, and outlines plausible experimental methods of determining the existence of negamass and utiliHing it in the construction of gravitationally neutraliHed bodies! 0hile these experimental methods may perhaps be out of the realm of practicality at the present, there is every reason to hope that they %ill be performable in the future! #t that time, the plausibility of the existence of negamass and the theory behind the construction of gravitationally neutraliHed bodies from it, %ill meet their final tests! #/mmar, 6aragrap- : # uantum mechanical theory of negative mass is developed, based on the assumptions that gravitational interactions obey the la%s of uantum mechanics, and that all possible interactions of negative and positive mass %ith themselves and each other follo% the %ell-'no%n inverse s uare la%! "his theory explains the experimental fact that negative mass has never been observed, and outlines plausible experimental methods of determining the existence of negative mass and utiliHing it in the construction of gravitationally neutraliHed bodies! 4rof! -! (oHer Appen0i+ III= Gravit, E33ect" : "he order of magnitude of the heat given off by an alloy as a result of the separation by gravity tension can be reliably estimated! )uppose %e assume that an alloy of half tin and half lead completely fills a tube 5 meters long and 100 cm2 cross section %hich is maintained accurately at a temperature 2;;h ?! #t this temperature the alloy is li uid suppose next that the tube is raised from a horiHontal plane into a vertical position, i!e! to a position %here its length is parallel to the direction of gravity! ,f, then, the alloy is free from convection as it %ould be if it is maintained at uniform temperature and if it is held in this position for several months, the percentage of tin at the bottom of the tube %ill decrease %hile the relative amount at the top %ill increase! # simple calculation sho%s that the concentration of tin at the top is about one tenth of one percent greater than at the bottom and that approximately one calorie of heat is given off in the separation progress! ,f after several months the tube is again placed so that its length is in a horiHontal plane the tin and lead %ill remix due to the thermal agitation of the atoms and heat is absorbed by the alloy! #nother interesting effect occurs %hen an electrolyte is sub*ected to gravity tension! )uppose a five meter glass tube is filled %ith a %ater solution of say barium chloride and the electrical potential bet%een its ends is measured first %hen the length of the tube is parallel to the

horiHontal and second %hen its length is vertical! "he difference in potential bet%een the t%o ends is practically Hero %hen the tube i horiHontal and approximately eighty five microvolts %hen it is vertical! "his effect %as discovered by >es ?oudres in 18@2! ,f a resistor is attached across the ends %hen the tube is vertical, heat of course is produced! ,f the tube is maintained at constant temperature the voltage decreases %ith time and eventually vanishes! "he effect is believed to result from the fact that the positively charged barium ions settle faster than the lighter negatively charged chlorine ions as a result of gravity tension! ,n conclusion, %e have seen that gravity tension effects an alloy in such a %ay that it gives off heat! "his phenomenon results from the alignment of the atoms and from their separation by the gravitational field, the contribution of the latter being larger than that of the former! #lso, the gravity tension sets up a potential across the ends of a tube filled %ith an electrolyte and this potential %hen applied across an external circuit may produce heat or drive an electric motor to furnish po%er! )everal other small thermal effects possibly may arise from gravity tension in addition to those discussed above but space is not available to consider them in this essay! #lso, studies of the effect of gravitational fields and their e uivalent centrifugal fields upon matter %ill no doubt be of great value in the future! B!0! Ieams Appen0i+ I!= Lin4 Det2een Gravitation ; N/clear Energ, : by >r )tanley >eser L >r <ichard #rno%itt Ouantitatively %e propose the follo%ing field e uations. -'"uv S <uv A!5<guv A ?uv(pq) (!5ruR*u A m A 74uv&uv(\))q S 0 %ith a similar e uation for p! ,n the above, q represents the hyperon %ave functions and p the &-particle uantiHed field operators! "he first three terms in the first e uation are the usual structures in the Einstein +eneral <elativity! "he last term, ?uv is the EcreationE tensor %hich is to give us our conversion from gravitational to nuclear energy! ,t is li'e "uv in being an energy momentum term! ,n the second e uation R*u represents the covariant derivative %hile ru is a generaliHed >irac matrix arranged so that the second e uation is indeed covariant under the general group of coordinate transformations! "he 4uv&uv term %ill automatically include the higher hyperon levels! ?uv is a functional of the hyperon and &-field variables q and p! #s can be seen these e uations are coupled in t%o %ays first the creation term ?uv depends upon the field variables q and p %hile the gravitational metric tensor guv enters through the covariant derivative, etc! 7 is a ne% universal constant giving the scale of the level spacings of the hyperons! <igorously spea'ing the field e uations should be, of course, second uantiHed! -or purposes of obtaining a %or'able first approximation it is probably ade uate to ta'e expectation values and solve the semi-classical e uations! "he creation tensor ?uv must be a bilinear integral

of the p and q fields and may have cross terms as %ell of the form spqq(dx)! "hese e uations %ill indeed be difficult to solve$ but upon solution %ill give the distribution of created energy and, hence, lead eventually to the more practical issues desired! Appen0i+ != Gravit,>8eat Interaction : 7et us suppose that %e have to investigate the uestion %hether gravitative action alone upon some given substance or alloy can produce heat! 0e do not specify its texture, density nor atomic structure$ %e assume simply the flux of gravitative action follo%ed by an increase of heat in the alloy! ,f %e assume a small circular surface on the alloy, then the gravitative flux on it may be expressed by +auss5 theorem and it is 9N(,%here ( represents mass of all sub-surface particles$ the uestion is, can this expression be transformed into heat! 0e %ill assume it can be! 1o% recalling the relativity la% connecting mass and energy. ( S m0 A "3c2 (by Einstein) %here.- " S &inetic energy m S ,nitial mass c S 6elocity of 7ight %e set 9N( S m0 A"3c2 S m0 A (m0v2)32c2 Iut v23c2 is a proper fraction. hence ( S m0 A m032' ,n the boundary case vSc, (Sm0(1A13') for all other cases 9N(Sm0(('A1)3')' 't0! )trictly ( should be preceded by a conversion factor 13' but if inserted, it does not alter results! "hus if gravity could produce heat, the effect is limited to a narro% range, as this result sho%s! ,t merits stress that in a gravitational field the flo% lines lines of descent -- are +eodesics! B!0! 0ic'enden Appen0i+ !I= Weig-tFMa"" Anomal, : "here is a great need for a precise experimental determination of the %eight to mass ratio of protons or electrons! )ince the ratio for a proton plus an electron is 'no%n already, the determination of the ratio for either particle is sufficient! "he difficulty of a direct determination of the gravitational deflection of a charged particle in an experiment similar to the neutron or neutral atom experiment is due to electrical forces being much greater than gravitational forces! -or example, one electron five meters a%ay from a second electron exerts as much force on that second electron as the gravitational field does! "hus stray electrons or ions %hich are al%ays present on the %alls of an apparatus can exert sufficient force to completely mas' the

gravitational force! Even if the surface charges are neglected, image charges of the electron beam itself and self-repulsion in the beam may obscure the gravitational deflection! #n additional problem is the Earth5s magnetic field! Electrons of even a fe% volts energy %ill feel a force due to the Earth5s field a thousand billion times larger than the gravitational deflection! "his last problem is avoided in a static measurement of the ratio such as a %eighing of ioniHed matter! 2o%ever, this last method has the additional difficulty of re uiring a high proportion of ioniHed to unioniHed matter in the sample being %eighed! =f course all these problems can be resolved to some extent$ but it is uestionable if an experiment of either of the above types can be designed in %hich all the adverse effects can simultaneously be sufficiently minimiHed! 4robably a completely ne% type of experiment %ill have to be devised to measure the %eight to mass ratio of the proton or electron! )uch a measurement may detect a deviation from the la% of constant %eight to mass ratio! ,f such an anomaly can be sho%n to exist there is the possibility of finding a material %hich %ould be acted upon in an unusual manner in a gravitational field! (artin 7! 4erl! 1! Cltimately, they go bac' to Einstein5s general theory of relativity (1@1:), in %hich the la% of gravitation %as first mathematically formulated as a field theory (in contrast to 1e%ton5s Eactionat-a-distanceE concept)!

8arr, E$ 6E

IGO

Et-eric Wave Acc/m/lator

4errigo5s invention eventually %as exposed as an apparent fraud, at least in part, but there is still some valid uestion %hether it might have actually %or'ed as claimed! "he storage batteries that %ere found hidden in the demonstration car might have served a legitimate purpose (i!e!, a buffer system, as in many other devices), but apparently didn5t! ,t is certain, ho%ever, that 4errigo had something uni ue$ his device lit bulbs %ith a clearer light than normal electricity (7i'e E!6! +ray L (oray), and the po%er could be transmitted over fine %ires %ithout meltdo%n! 0hile the automobile demonstration %as dubious, he also demonstrated a handheld unit that obviously %or'ed as claimed! 4errigo also demonstrated the device before a federal *udge and patent commissioners in the 2ouse of <epresentatives in 1@1;! 0ould he have dared to fa'e such a presentationR =nly an attempt to replicate the device based on his patent application %ill resolve the uestion! 2ere are all the ne%paper factoids , have been able to accumulate ("han's especially to the &ansas ?ity 4ublic 7ibrary E6ertical -ilesE)!

E+cerpt from unidentified reference (probably by >an >avis).

,n 1@2:, 2arry E! 4errigo claimed to have discovered a method to tap the energy from atmospherics! 2e even had a car %hich he converted to run on electricity that %as generated in his Eetheric %ave accumulatorE! 2e applied for a patent >ecember /1, 1@25, %ith serial number ;8,;15 being assigned! 4errigo5s patent application is considered a classic in patent la% and is listed under the classification of E4erpetual (otion (achines L =ther ,mpossible ,nventionsE! >espite the patent =ffice5s attitude to%ard 4errigo5s invention, there %ere a number of reputable people %ho claimed to have %itnessed his device in action producing useable electric po%er! "he existence of electromagnetic radiation, the modern term, or electric %aves in the ether as it used to be called %as 'no%n by 2ertH, a research scientist %ho discovered the photoelectric effect in 188;! #tmospherics, an electrical disturbance in the atmosphere, %ere 'no%n to produce noises in the early radio telegraph stations, some being strong enough to dro%n out the received signal! 4errigo deduced that here %as a possible source of electrical po%er! #ll that %as needed %as a method of transforming the existing radiation into useable energy! 2e claimed to have developed a mechanism to intercept and collect from the Egeneral ether field electric %ave energyE, and to transform it into useable electromotive force! "he basic method he used %as an antenna arrangement %hich collected and resisted the incoming energy and raised it to a high enough current level %here it could be run through a special electrical transformer to further intensify the available po%er! 4errigo5s antenna %as derived from his experiments %ith various %ire shapes, siHes and arrangements! =ne of his more successful attempts %as to partially pound 100 roofing nails into a board 10 x 10 array and %rap very fine %ire around each nail, ma'ing it a small electromagnet! "hen by trial and error approach he connected the ends of the electromagnets to other nails in such a %ay that there %as a maximum voltage bet%een the %ire and the nail! 2is patent application mirrored this electrical connection scheme in a more refined electromechanical approach! "%o accumulator plates %ere made %ith 100 round protruding 'nobs in a 10 x 10 s uare array! "he accumulator plates %ere then sand%iched together %ith an insulator material bet%een them! "he insulator had 100 holes matching the protrusions on the plates! 4laced in each hole %as a special coil %rapped around a bundle of %ires! =nce the accumulator plates %ere sand%iched, a measurable electrical voltage existed bet%een points ## and II on plates 1 and 2, respectively! # very complicated transformer %as attached to these t%o points! "he plates %ere set on top of the transformer and 4errigo claimed this arrangement enhanced the energy accumulation process! , have no idea of %hat materials the plate or protrusions %ere made! "he patent dra%ing %ould lead one to believe they are the same material! ,t could be a metal Jlead has been mentioned, or galenaK or a non-conductor such as %ood or a combination! "he protrusions %ere connected by the same %iring scheme previously mentioned for the roofing nail model! "he connections %ere different for the t%o plates! Electricit, A" (ree A" Air I" InventorC" Aim

Iansas +i " S ar (-ebruary 2@, 1@1:) M U No Title Availa'le V ,t %ould be a dull night in the 2500 bloc' on 4ar' #venue %hen the emergency ambulance didn5t dash up %ith a pulmotor and revive 2arry E! 4errigo, %ho lives at 2511! (r! 4errigo is an electrical engineer 8 hours of the day and an inventor the other 1:! he has invented a device for collecting electrical energy from the atmosphere! 0ithout dynamo, transformer, generator or aught else, he is enticing a constant current of 1500 volts do%n an aerial resembling a %ireless mast, it is claimed! #ny%ay, he is lighting an 8-room house %ithout visible means of support on the part of the &ansas ?ity Electric 7ight ?ompany! 7ast -riday night %hile tin'ering %ith the apparatus, 4errigo %as made unconscious by an electrical shoc'! 2e %as revived by his family and returned to his %or'! #n hour later he again got in the %ay of the maveric' voltage and this time it re uired the emergency ambulance and a pulmotor to revive him! 7ast night about 11 o5cloc' the E2511 4ar' #venueE call again reached the emergency hospital! EIring the pulmotor, boysE, shouted >r Bames ,! "yree! 4errigo %as revived %ith a fe% minutes %or'! 2e had been tin'ering again!

Iansas +i " Pos ((arch 9, 1@1:) M

EElectricit, (rom T-e AirE

Ien*amin -ran'lin stood in the rain nearly 200 years ago %ith a string of a flying 'ite in his hand! -ran'lin discovered that electricity %as in the air! 2arry E! 4errigo, by night and by day, stands in the little %or'shop behind his home at 2511 4ar' #venue and imprisons electricity! -ran'lin did not 'no% %hat to do %ith his %onderful discovery! 2e did not realiHe ho% %onderful it %as! Iut 4errigo lives in an age %hen electricity has been made to %or' and he 'no%s %hat to do %ith the energy he ta'es from the very atmosphere itself! 4errigo has caught the %ild voltage in the air. has caught and tamed it! 2e 'eeps it in a little box for everybody to use in lighting houses, or running automobiles or machines or street cars, heating homes, coo'ing or primping %ith electric curling irons! Invention ea0, (or General <"e : Bust %hat is in that little box is a mystery! ,t is 'ept sealed, air tight, but no %ires communicate %ith it from %ithout! 4errigo has perfected the invention enough, he says, that it is ready for general use! E#ll that %ould be necessary for one to obtain electricity for domestic purposesE, he explained, Eis to install this little box %here the customary electric meter is placed at home! ?onnect the %ires in the house %ith the box on either side and there you %ill have it! EGou can get any amount of electrical voltage you desire by using the re uired 'ind of transformer! Gou could get enough voltage from the air through that box to light any reasonable number of electrical lamps -- say a hundred or more -- and the current costs nothing! ,t is as free as the air from %hich it comes! #/cce"" Cro2n" 8i" E33ort" : ,t %ould ta'e an expert electrician to tell *ust ho% 4errigo tames the electric currents from the air, and then it probably %ould not be told in language %hich could be understood by the ordinary individual! 4errigo, more than a year ago, concluded through experiments that there is free electricity in the air! -or months he spent his %a'ing hours in %or' and study until one night success cro%ned his efforts! 2e caught the energiHing element! Iut he caught it %ith his bare hands, and paid the penalty by being rendered unconscious from the shoc'! )ince then 4errigo has devoted all his time to improving his discovery and to ma'e it an item in the industrial and home lives of the universe! 2is experiments have been attended by constant danger! -re uently he receives the full force of the heavy voltage he is attempting to control! 2e has made his more delicate tests recently only

in the presence of physicians! 1ot infre uently has the pulmotor been brought into use in order to save his life! Iut 4errigo al%ays goes bac' to his %or'! 8a" Implicit (ait- In Device : )ome day, 4errigo says, that little box of his is going to revolutioniHe the production of energy for transportation as %ell as for domestic use! 0hen he tells of his faith in the device it is not hard to believe that his success is probable! 4errigo has bright red hair and his every movement is characteriHed by some seemingly hidden force, as though the electricity %ith %hich he %or's and plays has become a part of him! #ll his %or'ing life 4errigo has been an electrician and has been accustomed to handling high voltages! #nd (rs! 4errigo, enthusiastic and balancing, is largely responsible for her husbandUs success! ,t is from her that the hard, everyday practical suggestions come %hile her husband sits among his coils and transformers and testing boards, dreaming out some ne% phase of the %or'! (rs! 4errigo suffers too! )ome days she fears, the pulmotors may not prevail! )ome day the monster %ith %hich her husband %restles may overcome him! "hatUs %hy every time 4errigo goes into his %or'shop, he hears the %arning. E2arry, be careful! Cse s%itches instead of your hands!E Iut 4errigo, absorbed in his %or', often forgets, and then -- a blue flame in his hands, a splutter and a pop and the inventor gets a shoc' that sometimes ma'es him unconscious! Iut the little box is there! 2e has done %hat he determined to do! 2e has caught electricity from the air! =thers, of course, have generated it, but 4errigo ta'es only that %hich nature has made!

+ongressional #ecor) (2ouse), >ecember 15, 1@1;, p! /5;-/;2 (Excerpts, pp! /58, /:/) M J1ote M 4errigo demonstrated his device in ?ongress on >ecember 19, 1@1;! 2e %as mentioned during a discussion of2ouse Boint <esolution 1;9 concerning the so-called E+arabedE invention of +arabed "! &! +iragossian, %hich %as claimed to be a free energy generator! +iragossian %anted ?ongress to grant him exclusive rights beyond those granted by 4atent 7a%! 2is invention later %as proved to be impossible, based on erroneous interpretation of gyroscope physics! 4errigo demonstrated his device to sho% that there are other %ays to attain Efree energyE!K (r +arrett. "he purpose of the resolution, %hich by direction of the ?ommittee on <ules , have called up, is to provide for the consideration, under the general rules of practice of the 2ouse, of 2ouse *oint resolution 1;9, ?alendar 1o! ;;, entitled EBoint <esolution for the purpose of promoting efficiency, for the utiliHation of the resources and industries of the Cnited )tates, for lessening the expenses of the %ar, and restoring the loss caused by the %ar by providing for the

employment of a discovery or invention called the 5+arabed5, claiming to ma'e possible the utiliHation of free energyE!!! (r Iorland. # hearing %as had yesterday morning on an invention by a man named 4erigo JsicK, %ho claims to have invented a machine to collect electricity by free energy$ that is, to collect it from the energy of the air! ,n other %ords, his invention is based on the idea, as , gather it, that electricity can be collected from the air, %here it must be collected, by some other means than by the force of a dynamo! 1o%, if this is true --- and , am not enough of a scientist to 'no% --- there may be many devices that are patentable for doing that particular thing, or applying that particular principle! ,f (r +iragossian has a device for utiliHing free energy, his device or machine or appliance is patentable, but the principle of free energy evidently is not patentable under the existing la%! #nybody else %ho produces a better machine for utiliHing free energy is *ust as %ell entitled to use it for the benefit of man'ind as the man %ho first obtains the patent on it! ,n other %ords, %e cannot foreclose that principle! 1o%, %e have got a machine here in the ?apitol --- , undrstand from Budge <om*ue a fe% minutes ago that the machine %hich (r 4erigo had demonstrated before the 4atent ?ommittee had been brought over here! ,t %as sho%n to the 4atent ?ommittee! ,t is in a small box! , have seen it! , %ould not 'no% anything about it! ,t runs a dynamo or motor, and it lights certain lights! ,n other %ords, there is some po%er in that box! 0hat that po%er consists of , have no means of 'no%ing! "he inventor says it contains free energy! ,n other %ords, this device has been brought to a state of completion! ,t is in actual %or'ing order! 1o%, it does seem to me that this bill ought not to be passed at all unless it provides that this committee of scientists shall not only have the po%er but it shall be charged %ith the duty of ascertaining %hether or not this device of (r +iragossian utiliHes the same principle of free energy!! Iansas +i " S ar (Banuary 15, 1@22) M

EMr$ 6errigoC" O2n Conception o3 W-at 8i" Invention Mean" to t-e (/t/reE
"he steam engine %ill be abolished from industry! "rains and trolley cars %ill be operated by free energy! #viators %ill be able to circle the earth %ithout coming to the ground for fuel! "he maximum speed of ocean-going ships %ill be increased from about 2/ 'nots an hour to more than 100, by the conservation of the space and tonnage no% used by mammoth boilers and coal bun'ers! (anila %ill be nearer to &ansas ?ity than )an -rancisco is today! "he trip from 7ondon to Ioston %ill be made in /0 hours! #siatic fruits %ill reach 1e% Gor' fresher than ?alifornia fruits arrive no%!

#luminum, produced cheaply and abundantly by free electricity, %ill replace %ood and steel in the manufacture of ships, buildings, cars and furniture! "he %orld %ill be benefited by the preservation of forests, and great fire disasters %ill end! "he expense of motive po%er in transportation, travel, and communication %ill be eliminated! "he present system of agriculture %ill be changed materially! Every farmer %ill have abundant po%er! Cnderground streams can be reached and ever-pouring %ater %ill be available in all regions! (illions of arid and deserted acres %ill be transformed into productive fields! 1itrogen for fertiliHer %ill be extracted electrically from the air! 2ours of labor %ill be reduced %hile industry and production increases!

Iansas +i " S ar (Banuary 15, 1@22) M U No Title Availa'le V ,magine. %ithout gasoline, or other fuel, %ithout storage batteries or generator, a motor car holding its place in the flo% of traffic on a busy &ansas ?ity street! ,magine. over &ansas ?ity, 1,000, 5,000, 12,000 feet from the ground, an airplane soaring! 0ithout a drop of gasoline or petrol on board, %ithout storage batteries, %ithout generator, %ithout even an engine, it loops and dives and flies a%ay! ,magine. ,n your little cottage or apartment, your big house, electric lights burning steadily! ,magine your %ife in the 'itchen, getting dinner! ,magine you see her turn a snap s%itch beside the oven door and put her potatoes in to ba'e! Get you 'no% that the po%er %ires going into the cottage apartment or house are cut off at the meter and are EdeadE! ,magine. there %ill be no electricity and gas bill at the end of the month! ,magine the motor car, the airplane, the house lights and oven, po%ered and lighted and heated by electricity --- electricity from a little %ooden case 19 inches s uare and %eighing less than @0 pounds! ,s it past all imaginingR #re you a s'eptic and do you point to the %ay the entire country has been fluttered in the past by announcements of fuel made from ashes and gasoline from %ater, and nothing has come from itR Gou may be right to be a s'eptic! Iut the years 2arry E! 4errigo, /000 (ichigan #venue, has spent inventing and perfecting the little machine in the %ooden case entitle him to the attention of the public, especially his neighbors in &ansas ?ity! "he dream outlined above %ill be true %ithin a year, (r 4errigo declares! ,t %ill be realiHed by his invention, he says, a device he calls the 4errigo!

(r 4errigo is an electrical engineer, educated in the (assachusets ,nstitute of "echnology! (ore than 10 years ago, %hile %or'ing in a po%er plant in 4ee >ee, )?, he touched a %ire, EdeadE so far as any connection %ith any source of po%er %as concerned, and found it charged %ith electricity! 2is idea came then! ,f a %ire, suspended in air, gathered atmospheric electricity, %hy couldn5t that electricity be accumulated, condensed and converted into po%erR "elling his o%n story, (r 4errigo said he 'ept the idea in mind constantly, thin'ing out devices, dra%ing s'etches! 2e explained it to (rs 4errigo, and tal'ed over plans %ith her! )he %as enthusiastic, as any good %ife %ould be, %ithout any definite idea of %hat it %as all about! T-e D/il0ing o3 t-e (ir"t Mac-ine : "hen one night, early in 1@15, came the inspiration to act! (r 4errigo lived at 2511 4ar' #venue at the time! )tores and shops %ere closed, but %ith t%o or three strands of copper %ire from the basement, %ith t%o embroidery hoops from (rs 4errigo5s %or' bas'et, %ith a leaf from the dining room table, %ith the bread box from the pantry, %ith a sheet, torn into strips, %ith shingle nails and paraffin, (r 4errigo, %ith (rs 4errigo5s aid, made his first Efree energyE device! #nd it %or'ed! Iefore noon the next day, he said, electric lights %ere burning and a small electric motor %as running from the po%er developed in the crude tangle of %ires on the 4errigo dining room table! "he neighbors came in to see! #mong them %as >r Iert (c>o%ell, a dentist %ith offices at 9/01 (ain )t! E, couldn5t believe my eyesE, >r (c>o%ell said the other day! E, had to be convinced, because the thing %as there in plain sight and , 'ne% 2arry %asn5t getting his po%er from outside, because his house %as not even %ired for electricity! 2e used gas for lights!E EGesE, (r 4errigo put in, E, %as so fascinated %ith the thing , had made that , 'ept that little motor running constantly for t%o %ee's! ,t buHHed and hummed and rattled frightfully, and gave my %ife a headache, but she didn5t complain, and , 'ept it going!E 8an0icap" Were Man, : (r 4errigo5s story from that point on is one of five years of patient, unending %or' to perfect the 4errigo! ,t is one of long days and nights of toil, of sic'ness, failures, lac' of money, the hooting of unbelievers, organiHed opposition, the hearty cooperation of a real helpmate! "he 4errigo basement is piled high %ith coils and plates of many siHes and shapes, steps in the evolution of the present compact design, %hich, (r 4errigo says, %ith the patents virtually proved, is ready for manufacture on a commercial basis!

-rom the pile, (r 4errigo dug out the other day a board, 12 inches s uare, an inch thic', both faces covered %ith shingle nails, set a half inch apart, each extending an inch out of the board! Each nail %as %ound tightly %ith sil'y fine copper %ire, smooth spirals one atop another! "he %ires led from one nail to another, some from top to base, some from top to top, some from base to base, each %ire soldered carefully in place! E(rs 4errigo did all that for meE, (r 4errigo said! E)he %or'ed until long after midnight many nights! "he *ob too' %ee's to complete! "hen the thing %ouldn5t %or'! ,t5s *ust one of a lot of experiments %e put time and money into, only to find it %as not the right thing!E -rom his first crude machine, (r 4errigo, in his search for perfection, evolved may different types! #t first he %or'ed on the idea of an aerial to gather energy! # %or'shop he fitted up %as strung %ith a net%or' of %ires! "he %all %as driven full of nails %ound %ith copper %ire! E"he machines , made out there did the %or'E, (r 4errigo said, Ebut they %ere bul'y and bunglesome and got out of order easily! E=ther things than getting rid of bul' bothered me, too! (y early machines %ere affected by passing air currents! 4o%er %ould increase %hen , fanned the machine or %hen a person %al'ed past it, and decrease %hen the atmosphere %as calm! E"he machine , have no% gives a steady flo% of current, %hether in the basement, 19,000 feet in the air, in a motor car or on a fast moving train! "he copper pegs in the %ooden bloc' do that!E T-e Complete0 Mac-ine : "he 4errigo consists of only four parts. t%o lead plates, a %ooden bloc' and a coil of copper %ire! "he coil that (r 4errigo says %ill deliver 500 horsepo%er is 10 inches across, 9 inches high, of solid copper! -ine copper %ire is %ound smoothly about neat ro%s of copper stays, hardly larger than a toothpic', but longer, as long as the coil is high! "he %ire is connected in many devious %ays! ,n those connections is the secret of the mysterious po%er! "he lead plates for this siHe 4errigo are a foot s uare! =n each plate are 100 spring coils of copper %ire, spaced in ro%s, an inch apart! "he plates appear identical, but are different in the %ay the connections of hair-li'e copper %ire run from one coil to another! "he %ooden bloc' is a foot s uare, also, and an inch thic'! =ne hundred copper plugs run through the bloc', spaced *ust as the coils on the lead plates are spaced! Each plug is a bundle of copper stays, ma'ing a contact! "hat is all there is to the 4errigo, so far as anyone can see! ?omplete, the 500 horsepo%er siHe %eighs 8; and one-half pounds! "here are no moving parts! # 4errigo to operate an ordinary siHe motor car need be no larger than a 1-pound coffee canE, (r 4errigo said! E# siHe to provide all the current needed to heat and light a 5-room house %ill go

into the can! "he different siHes can be made to furnish any desired voltage, and either direct or alternating current, by a slight change in the %iring!E T-e Inventor E+plain" It : "rying to avoid technical terms, difficult business for an engineer, (r 4errigo explained his invention this %ay. E"he device is a generator as truly as the po%er-driven rotary generator in any po%er plant! "hose generators don5t actually 5ma'e5 electricity! "hey condense it from the air! )o does the 4errigo! Iut it does it through the system of %iring, rather than revolutions through a magnetic field! , get my starting point from the air by brea'ing up the ether %aves! "he coils on the lead plates do that! , 'no% %hy they do! ,t5s the %ay they are connected, one from the other! "hat5s my secret! E"hey do brea' up the ether %aves, gathering electricity and conducting it into the big coil underneath! "hat5s the generator! ,ts siHe and the %ay it is %ired determines the voltage, the horsepo%er! =utgoing %ires from this coil ta'e the 5*uice5 %here you %ant it and it is there %hen you %ant it!E (r 4errigo has great plans for his electric 5chore boy5 and great faith in it! E,t %ill replace every other source of po%er, light and heatE, he predicts! E,t means the doom of the steam engine, the end to coal mining, to the cutting of timber for fuel! ,t means petroleum %ill be used only for lubrication! ,t means smo'eless, sootless cities! ,t means chimneys %ill disappear from housetops! ,t means cheap po%er for the farmer, the reclamation of much country that cannot be irrigated no% because po%er is not available!E W-at Ot-er 6er"on" T-in4 : (r 4errigo is able to impart his faith to others, too! "he enthusiasm of persons %ho have seen the device %or' is second only to that of (r 4errigo himself! )!0! -ries, an electrical engineer, and district sales manager here for the Economy -use and (anufacturing ?ompany, sa% the 4errigo first about three months ago! E0hen , heard about the machine through >r (c>o%ell, , told him it couldn5t be doneE, (r -ries said the other day! E,5ve been converted! , don5t 'no% ho% it %or's, but it does! ,ts possibilities are too big to grasp! ,ts use %ill mean a ne% age in industry! , believe (r 4errigo %ill be the most %idely 'no%n inventor in the %orld as soon as his device comes into general use, and he %ill become one of the %orld5s most %ealthy men, *ust from returns %hich already seem assured!E E(r 4errigo gets enough electricity from some%here to 'noc' him unconsciousE, >r =!0! Iutler (/;00 Ienton Ilvd) pointed out! E,5ve been called to his house many times in the last four years to revive him, and once , carried him out of his basement! 2e has %or'ed at his experiments as

long as four days and nights %ithout sleep --- %or'ed until his health is bro'en and his constitution is a bundle of *agged nerves!E E2o% are you going to manufacture your machine and get it on the mar'etRE (r 4errigo %as as'ed %hen he asserted there %as no stoc' for sale and he %as see'ing no financial aid! E<esponsible bac'ers are furnishing all the money , need for experiments, models for the patent office and other %or' ,5m doing no%E, he ans%ered! E#s soon as one final amendment to my patent application is approved ,5ll be ready to permit motor car manufacturers to ma'e the 4errigo in their o%n plants, charging them a small royalty on each machine! "hey %ill be eager for it %hen they see %hat it is! "his %ill provide funds enough in a short time for my associates and myself to being to manufacture the machines for home use! E0e don5t expect to sell the 4errigo! 0e %ill lease them on the same plan the telephone companies use for their machines, charging a monthly rent, probably about X/ for a 5-room cottage siHe! "hat5s cheap enough, isn5t it, for all heat and light and po%erR E,5ve al%ays said , never %ould sell out to any big corporation! (y invention is for the benefit of the poor amn! Even on that basis ,5ll get more money out of it than , can ever use!E T-e 8o/"e-ol0erC" 6oint o3 !ie2 : (r 4errigo explained that it %ill not be necessary for the householder %ho desires the 4errigo installed to buy an expensive electric furnace, electric range or any special e uipment! E# gas range can be %ired through the pipes %hich no% carry gasE, he said! E,t %ill be necessary only to replace the gas burners %ith electric heating plates and install snap s%itches %here the gas valves are no%! # furnace can be fitted in the same %ay, by removing the grate! 1o change %ill be necessary %ith the lights! "he ne% machine %ill be installed %here the meter is no%! "hat5s all!E E0hen one man has a machine, %on5t it be possible for his neighbors to come in, see ho% it %or's, and manufacture their o%nRE (r 4errigo %as as'ed! E1oE, he ans%ered, EEach one %ill be sealed, *ust as the electric meter is sealed! "o brea' the seal %ill put it out of order and the subscriber %ill have to call for a 5trouble5 man! #ny%ay, if a man %ould ta'e one apart he couldn5t put it bac' together again %ithout my dra%ings and blueprints! "hat5s my secret and ,5ll 'eep it!E A Demon"tration : 0hen a visitor expressed a desire to see a machine actually produce light or po%er or heat, (r 4errigo ac uiesced! 2e %ent to the basement and returned almost immediately, bearing a boxli'e affair, mounted on a little platform! # small electric motor, light soc'ets and s%itches %ere on

the platform! "he top of the box %as glass! "hrough it (r 4errigo pointed out parts of the machine inside! (r 4errigo fastened the loose ends of t%o %ires that extended from the box to the connection posts of the motor and pushed a s%itch button! "he motor started at once! "he inventor said he had not changed the machine or even opened the box, %hich %as closed %ith scre%s since he made it five years ago!

Iansas +i " S ar ((arch 2;, 1@22) M

ECanCt <"e 8i" InventionE

6atent La2" 6revent Demon"tration5 8$E$ 6errigo Tell" InI/irer : (iami, =& --- "o 3$e Sta . E,n your paper of Banuary 15 there appeared a %onderful story relating to the invention of 2arry E! 4errigo, an electrical engineer of &ansas ?ity, of a device to generate electrical energy! E=ne got the impression from reading the story that (r 4errigo5s device %as a demonstrated success, that it had been patented, and that he %as practically ready to permit its manufacture as a source of po%er! E,t %as a %hale of a story and interested me, for it seemed if it %ere true that his device %as destined to have as far-reaching influence on the human race in the future as the grain binder and the gas engine had had in the past! E, %rote to various publications devoted to mechanics and electricity, see'ing further information! 1one 'ne% anything about it! =ne said no such device had been patented, another that a vast amount of research and experimentation had been done in an effort to develop such a device and that the only result had been failure! E, %ould li'e to 'no% if (r 4errigo5s device has been patented and if he is prepared at the present time to demonstrate it in a convincing %ay!E "he story of (r 4errigo5s invention %as printed in the )tar as the record of an ambitious and interesting enterprise! "he apparent success of the device %as vouched for by persons %ho had seen the machine in operation and %ere convinced it produced the results (r 4errigo claimed for it! Ouestioned recently as to ne% developments, (r 4errigo said there could be no ne% mechanical developments! E"he machine has been developed to a state as near perfect as , can ma'e it, for t%o yearsE, he said! E, am %aiting for the patent office to ta'e final action! (y applications have been approved and investigation has sho%n no conflicting patents on record! "he rest is simply a matter of

routine %or' in the patent office! #s soon as the final patents are granted ,5ll be ready to manufacture the 4errigo! E, can5t give a demonstration %ithout going to considerable trouble to set the machine up! =f can5t 'eep it set up, nor even use it in my home, because technically that %ould amount to 5commercial use5 and %ould interfere %ith the granting of patent rights!E

(1) 2arry E! 4errigo, the inventor of a Efree energyE device %hich he believes %ill revolutioniHe all industry M

(2) 2ere, 4errigo says, is his secret. the 100 little spring coils of copper %ire brea' up the aether %aves and conduct the electricity they gather into the big generating coil! "here are t%o of these plates, identical in appearance but different in %iring!

(/) "he 100 little bundles of copper stays form the plugs driven through the %ooden bloc' are soldered over the ends, ma'ing them appear smooth!

(9) (r! 4errigo5s first machine, as he remembers it, %as a crude device made from t%o embroidery hoops, a table leaf, bread box and other materials pic'ed up around the house!

(5) "he top of the big coil, sho%ing the ends of the copper stays and the %indings of %ire! "he space separating the t%o parts of the coil are the Efield gapE, (r! 4errigo says!

(:) #t left, a closeup of one of the 100 plugs in the %ooden bloc'!

(;) "he complete 4errigo, %ithout its %ooden case! "he dra%ing %as made from a machine (r! 4errigo made by hand %hich, he says, has developed more than 500 horsepo%er! "he commercial machine %ill be an exact copy of this!

(8) "his is the machine the %riter sa% in operation! ,t %as built by (r! 4errigo 5 years ago for demonstration in 0ashington, %hen the inventor successfully opposed a %ar measure %hich %ould have prevented for a period of 1; years the granting of his patents on any Efree energyE device! "he operation of this machine, on the spea'er5s table in the lo%er 2ouse, is recorded in the +ongressional #ecor)5 Decem'er %A5 %9%&5 page" *69F*8*$ J#ctually, pp! /5;-/;2K

Iansas +i " 5ournal (#ugust ;, 1@2;), page 1 M

E6o2er Dra2n (rom Air 6ropel" A/to Over 7$C$ #treet"E

Inventor Claim" Tin, Motor Will Drive 6lane Aro/n0 Worl05 Doing A2a, WitTran"portation o3 (/el # motor car %as driven 90 miles an hour in &ansas ?ity yesterday on po%er dra%n from the air! # device ma'ing this feat possible %as demontrated after years of rebuffs and failures by its inventors, 2arry 4errigo, 111: Iennington #venue, in the presence of ?ol, 4aul 2enderson, ?hicago, vice president of the 1ational #ir "ransport ,nc!, air mail contractors! E,t is the greatest invention since the stone ageE, %as ?ol! 2enderson5s comment! 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce, %ho sa% the demonstration %ith ?ol! 2enderson, %as enthusiastic over the invention and said he believed it %ould have a great effect on public utilities if it can ever be brought into general use! Coil" Gat-er 6o2er : "he device consists of a plate 19 inches s uare %hich, by a multiple arrangement of connected copper coils, it %as explained, attracts electric current from the air! "he electricity thus trapped passes through a generator and to a regular direct current motor, %hich %as connected to the transmission shaft of the car! (r 4errigo has been %or'ing on the device more than 10 years! "hree years ago he suffered a nervous brea'do%n and has been bac' at his %or'shop only t%o months!

0hile photographers focused their cameras, (r 4errigo and his %ife entered his roadster in %hich the device %as installed! 2e turned a s%itch and the motor hummed! "he inventor sat silent, listening! "hen he thre% in the clutch gently! "he car moved a%ay %ith only the sound of the cogs, %hining softly as they meshed! 2e thre% it into high and sped a%ay! #t the corner of 10th )treet and Iennington #venue, near his home, he stopped the machine %hile movie cameramen ground their machines! "hen he bac'ed it and turned around, stopping in the middle of the street! 7ater (r 4errigo too' the car out for a spin! ,t breeHed along at 90 miles an hour! E%00 H/"t A" Ea",E : E, could ma'e it go 100 miles an hour *ust as easilyE, the inventor remar'ed, Eif it %ere not for the danger of hurting someone!E "he total %eight of the motor, generator and controls is about 8: pounds, according to the inventor! ,n the rear of the car are reduction coils, because the device is five times too po%erful for the %or' of pulling the car, (r 4errigo said! "he proper motor for a <eo car %ill not %eigh more than /0 poundsE, he said! E"he motor to run a ?hevrolet %ill %eigh not more than 10 pounds! #n airplane motor %ould %eigh around 50 pounds, and %ith that motor the air traveler could go around the %orld %ithout %aiting!E ?ol! 2enderson %al'ed around the machine, inspecting it! E0hat it %ould mean to my airplanesE, he said, E--- no %eight for motors, no space for gas, no motor trouble!E 7i'e other spectators, he had difficulty in believing %hat he sa%! "he %or' of bringing the invention to its present state of development has been the story of a lone man %or'ing %ith the un'no%n, usually meeting %ith discouragement! Congre"" Wo/l0nCt Delieve : -ive years ago, the inventor too' one of his electric motors to 0ashington, set the boxli'e contrivance on the spea'er5s stand in ?ongress and ran a motor and five lights %ith it! "hey called it an infernal machine! Even no%, %hen he is see'ing patents for his invention, the patent office refuses to believe the principles he advances are possible! E"he machine has been ta'en up in an airplane 10,000 feet and it operated the same as if it %ere on the groundE, (r 4errigo said! E,t has been tried out in hot places and cold places!E

2e pictures it as po%er for every purpose --- the farm, the factory, the office, doing a%ay %ith coal, gas, cost of %ater po%er and the cumbersome %eight of engines! "he models of the machine no% are being 'ept in ban' vaults! (r 2olland is convinced, after t%o %ee's investigation, that the invention is genuine!

Iansas +i " 5ournal (#ugust 8, 1@2;), p! / M

E6errigo Dream" O3 Ai0ing 8/manit, Wit- Et-er Wave Mac-ineE

Inventor Declare" Generator5 W-en 6atente05 #-all Not De E8ogge0E or E#-elve0E5 D/t Worl0 Will eap Dene3it" O3 C-eap 6o2er$ 2omes lighted and meals coo'ed for a cost of X5 per month$ motor cars operating %ith a uart of lubricating oil about once every six months and a little grease in the rear axles and yet damaging no existing corporations by the %or'ing of these revolutions! "hese are the dreams of 2!E! 4errigo, 111: Iennington #venue, inventor of the 4errigo ether %ave generator! 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce and ?ol! 4aul 2enderson, general manager of the 1ational #ir "ransport, ,nc!, are convinced his invention is practical! (r 2olland, (r 2enderson and ne%spaper men )aturday %itnessed a demonstration in %hich (r 4errigo drove a motor car on electric po%er generated from the air! E,t is too early yet to tal' to manufacturing the inventionE, (r 2olland said yesterday! E"he patent rights must be perfected in both the Cnited )tates and foreign countries! #lso, it must be made clear that nothing %ill be done to demoraliHe present po%er manufacturing!E (r 4errigo5s invention is the result of more than 12 years labor on the part of the inventor! E"%elve years ago , conceived the idea that the generation of po%er from ether %aves %as possible, %hile , %as employed ion the po%er plant at 4ee >ee, 1?, %here some %ires not connected %ith anything that %as 5live5 seemed to be generating po%erE, (r 4errigo said yesterday! E#fter more than a year of experimenting , finally produced light in a bulb about the siHe of those used in flash lights! 1o% in my laboratory , light three /00 %att globes from a %ire no larger than the thread %hich holds the button on a man5s overcoat! E"hree times in my experiments , %as 'noc'ed unconscious because , did not 'no% ho% much po%er it %ould generate!

E"he invention has been tested under all conditions! ,t has been strapped to the running board of a locomotive running bet%een &ansas ?ity and ?hicago, it has been tested in an airplane at a height of 12,000 feet! ,t %ill generate po%er any%here that air circulates! E0ith the invention every home %ill have its o%n po%er plant and all the electricity needed for any purpose can be provided at a roughly estimated cost of X5 per month! E"he &ansas ?ity 4ublic )ervice company, for instance, could afford to install these plants because they %ould eliminate the enormous overhead %hich is the principal expense of such companies!E Ioth (r 4errigo and (r 2olland made it plain that the invention %ill not be permitted to upset the electrical %orld! 1o one %ill be given exclusive rights of its use, they said! E#ny person or any manufacturer can use the invention %ho %ill pay the royalty feesE, (r 4errigo explained! E1o one %ill be permitted to 5hog5 the invention and no one can purchase it and shelve it! E, have no doubt that it %ill bring me more money than (rs 4errigo and , %ill need to supply our simple %ants and , %ant humanity to benefit! E, %ant to see rural sections %hich have remained barren because it cost too much to pump the %ater to irrigate them, spring into bloom! , %ant to see the smallest farm house in the most isolated places %ith its electric lights and stoves$ in other %ords, , %ant humanity to benefit!E E2o% about the gasoline industry if motor cars are to be run %ithout fuelRE he %as as'ed! E"he supply of petroleum is limitedE, he ans%ered! E"here are /0 other purposes to %hich petroleum products can be turned, so the oil producers %ill not suffer!E E?an you explain your invention so that the non-technically trained can understand itRE E"hat %ould be difficult, especially %ithout divulging information that is no% in the patent office$ besides, the generation of po%er al%ays is difficult to explain! EElectric generators have been used in po%er plants for a great many years! 0e all 'no% %hat you have to do to ma'e a generator and %e all 'no% that electricity is its product but %e don5t 'no% very much about %hat really is going on inside that generator!E 0hile the patents for his device still are pending, (r 4errigo is 'eeping his %or'ing models in the vault of a do%nto%n ban' to prevent the possibility of their being copied!

Iansas +i " S ar (#ugust ;, 1@2;) M

EElectricit, 6o2er 3rom Air?E

#n invention that %ill revolutioniHe radically all po%er producing and po%er using machinery of the entire %orld, if in practical use it e uals the miracle of its demonstration, %as given a sho%ing here yesterday to ne%spaper men and 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce! ,t is a device to collect electrical energy from the ether and convert it into a po%erful current of electricity of a type dissimilar in many %ays from the direct or alternating current no% 'no%n to electricians! )o far as could be determined even by the most s'eptical of those %itnessing the demonstration yesterday, the device is exactly %hat 2arry E! 4errigo, the inventor, asserts it to be -- a method for collecting natural electricity from the ether, in unlimited uantity and %ithout cost! More 6o2er T-an Nee0e0 : =ne feature of the demonstration %as the operation of a motorcar by po%er from a small model of the invention! "he engine had been removed from the car and an electric motor substituted! "he device supplied po%er in such uantity that it had to be reduced and yet propelled the car %ith speed and ease!

# detailed examination of the car sho%ed the absence of any possible form of po%er except the inventorUs small device and it is of such an open type that one may see clear through the mass of %ires and coils! =ther demonstrations %ere given %ith other models of the device, %ith the machine and electric lights and motors held in the hands of spectators, yet the device produced current to do any electrical tas' assigned to it! ?ol! 4aul E! 2enderson, general manager of the 1ational #ir "ransport, ,nc!, %as there %ith (r 2olland, being his guest for the day! 2e too' an active part in the testing and enthusiastically %as declaiming the invention as revolutionary! C-eap A" #imilar Motor : "o operate a motor car %ould re uire a model %eighing about 20 pounds, (r 4errigo computes, but he has given no thought the probable cost of building it! 2o%ever, he estimates the cost at no more than an electric motor of the same siHe! # device of the siHe of a coffee can %ould light and heat an average home, he declares, cutting off forever all fuel and lighting bills! #nd one can go on and dream of an electrified %orld %ith free po%er for all industries and operations, increased yields of foods from dry areas that cold be irrigated %ith this free energy, the passing of %ood and coal and oil as fuels! #t first thought, not one of the persons seeing yesterday5s demonstration could give much credence to the inventor5s declaration that his invention %as a %ay to obtain unlimited electrical po%er from the ether %ithout any cost! "here %as not a doubter left as to the success of the demonstration, but the %itnesses could not in any sense ualify as electrical engineers! Electricit, Al2a," In Et-er : #s near as a layman can understand, (r 4errigo5s theory is the revolution of the earth sets up a form of electric currents that are forever present in the ether! 2is theory is to capture those electrical impulses in very much to same %ay that a radio antenna pic's up the programs broadcast from 0>#-! ,nstead of a machine to turn the radio impulses into music, (r 4errigo has a machine to turn the ether5s electrical store into controlled po%er! 2e declares it is really no more mysterious than the fact that an electric dynamo pic's electricity out of the air, although the dynamo must have a po%er to revolve it %hile his device sits perfectly still and seemingly produces many fold more electricity than a dynamo of the same bul'! >emonstrating the different nature of this electricity, (r 4errigo sho%ed ho% high voltage could be transmitted over hair-siHe %ires and light a series of electric lamps although a sufficient po%er

of the %ell 'no%n electricity to light those lamps %ould have melted the small %ires immediately! Clearer Lig-t T-an <"/al : #nd it imparted an unusual glo% to the electric lamps, giving them a clear brilliancy %ith none of the effervescent haHe that surrounds the %ires in a lamp %hen lighted %ith ordinary electricity! (r 4errigo has spent years on his invention! Gears ago he conceived the idea that there %as an unlimited source of electricity in the air that could be harnessed %ith a collector! 2e has not reached the present measure of success %ithout a ro% of hard 'noc's along the %ay! ,n %hatever neighborhood he has lived since moving here 15 years ago, it has been common 'no%ledge that (r 4errigo %as the fre uent victim of electric shoc's that often came near proving fatal! 2e has been revived by pulmotors time and again! "he first model of his device %as constructed %ith ma'eshift material! # leaf from (rs 4errigo5s dining room table %as the basis, %ith the bread box used, sheets torn up and the strips shellac'ed to be used for insulation! Iut as *un'y as it %as, it operated a small motor, and that original model is still preserved and used a s part of his demonstration! #ic4ne"" Dela,e0 8i" Wor4 : ,n 1@22 he got the device to such a point of perfection that he %ent before ?ongress and defeated a %ar-time measure that proposed to give 1;-year rights to another person for a blan'et patent on all free energy devices! "hen three years of sic'ness came, and the invention progressed slo%ly! (rs 4errigo is not electrically inclined, but she has carried for%ard the experiments under his direction and has al%ays been his assistant! (r 4errigo is not offering stoc' for sale and says he has made all necessary arrangements for financing the device %hen it is ready for manufacture!

6-oto Caption= ,n a semi-public demonstration here yesterday of an invention said by its inventor to be able to collect electricity from the ether, in unlimited uantity and %ithout cost, a motor car %as propelled %ith perfect success, then an examination of the car allo%ed to sho% the absence of engine, storage battery or other usual form of po%er! "he upper photograph sho%s under the motorcar hood, engine missing and an electric motor in its place! "he e uipment above the motor is a series of resistance coils, the collection device used being too po%erful for the motor! "he middle photograph sho%s the collector placed on the floor by the driver, a ma'eshift arrangement for the test! Ielo% is (r 4errigo, %ith his %ife, seated in the test car! 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce, is standing on the near side of the car! ?ol! 4aul E! 2enderson, general manager of the 1ational #ir "ransport, ,nc!, stands on the other side! "hey %ere among those attending the demonstration! Iansas +i " Times (#ugust 8, 1@2;) M

EElectricit, 3rom t-e AirE

2!E! 4errigo, a nervous, red-haired little electrician, stood last nigh among a confused display of strange devices in is basement %or'shop at 111: Iennington #venue! 2e %as still a bit haggard from an illness of three years, but is energy, dynamic as that %hich his devices Epic' out of the airE, %as unabated! (r! 4errigo had *ust returned from a conference %ith 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce! E"here are no batteries in this roomE, he said! E"here are no light and po%er %ires! "here is nothing but these unconnected accumulators you see before you!E

=n an old 'itchen chair stood an ob*ect about one and one-half feet s uare, several inches thic'! ,t appeared to consist of t%o parallel metal s uares, separated and held together by numerous pegs %oven around %hich %as a maHe of thin copper %ires! ,t stood on edge, resting against the bac' of a chair! =n the seat of the chair %as a round metallic ob*ect, resembling, at a glance, a huge spring, a foot and a half in diameter, from an alarm cloc'! ,n a mechanical sense it %as in no %ay similar! Iut it might as %ell have been an alarm cloc' spring, for all (r! 4errigo %ould tell of its construction! "he first ob*ect %as the collector, the second the generator! No Moving 6art"5 No W-eel" : 1either had any moving parts! "hey have no %heels! "hey are immobile, simply an arrangement of %ires! =n the to edge of the flat box %as a s%itch! "hence ran t%o %ires, connected %ith forty-five 100-%att standard electric light bulbs! (r! 4errigo pulled the s%itch! "here %as no arc as the contact %as made! "he 95 bulbs flashed brightly and burned %ith a steady %hite glo%! "here %as never a flic'er! 2e turned 99 lights off, leaving one! ,t did not flic'er as the 99 lights %ent off and on! E"his little device, the 4errigo Electric #ccumulatorE, said (r! 4errigo, %ill light 8,000 bulbs as easily as it lights one! , can build one of any siHe, to produce the results that any amount of dynamo electricity %ill produce!E 2e pic'ed up a little narro% box, in the top of %hich %as a pane of glass, through %hich one might see more pegs, more intricate %iring! 2e connected a small electric fan to the poles, and the fan %hiHHed! Te"t" Ever,2-ere D/t <n0er T-e #ea : E"here are s'eptics yetE, he said! E)ome thin' , am pic'ing up lea'ing electricity! "his free energy device has been tested at an altitude of 12,000 feet, on the sea, on deserts, every%here except in a submarine! Every%here it runs smoothly, %ithout fluctuationE! ,n his <eo roadster he had a large motor mounted, the one he demonstrated )aturday to 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce, and ?ol! 4aul E! 2enderson, general manager of the 1ational #ir "ransport, ,nc! (r! 4errigo cra%led into the seat, thre% a s%itch, and a big all-speed motor, standing in the place of the gasoline engine, roared! E<heostat controlE, said (r! 4errigo! E,t %ill run at all speeds! , do not need clutchesE! "here %ere t%o Emystery boxesE in the car, one of %hich pic'ed the electricity out of the ether, the inventor explained, another %hich regulated its intensity! E,t %ill be on the mar'et in the near futureE, (r! 4errigo said! E, cannot say more at this time! ,t %ill be manufactured by a &ansas ?ity company!

E0e do not intend to harm the men %ho produce electrical current by other means! 4erhaps they %ill manufacture and distribute the little units! "he can do it gradually, so there %ill not be a sudden, destructive revolution! "hat is bad economy! "here is to be no monopoly! Iut eventually there %ill be a unit in every home! "here are no moving parts! # unit %ill last a lifetimeE! 4atents %ere pending, (r! 4errigo said! 8i" I0ea %A Mear" Ol0 : "he germ of the invention, (r! 4errigo related, came to him 15 years ago in 4ee >ee, 1?, %hen he %as employed in an electric po%er plant! E#ll of the dynamos %ere offE, he said! E, %as %or'ing on a dead one! , encountered some hot %ires! Get there %as no *uice being produced! ,t gave me an idea! "hree years later , began developing it! , have %or'ed on it since at odd times! #bout 8 or @ years ago , began intensive %or' on it! , demonstrated it experimentally in 1@22! 1o% it is perfected! , %ant the %orld to 'no% it is a realityE! (rs 4errigo came do%nstairs and cautiously proceeded into the %or'shop! E,s the floor too %etRE, she as'ed! E(ight , get a shoc'RE! 2e reassured her! E,Uve been laid out so oftenE, he said, Eno %onder sheUs timidE! "here %as a tremor in (rs! 4errigoUs voice as she spo'e! E,5m so glad it5s all overE, she said! E0e5ve given years of our life to it, (r 4errigo almost has bro'en his health over it! ,t5s done! 0e can rest no%!E (r 4errigo leaned against the %all and tal'ed! E"hin' of %hat it can do for the %orldE, he said! E(oney isn5t all! ,t %ill give the farmer unlimited po%er! ,t %ill drive motor cars, run the %ashing machine, carry an airplane forever! ?an5t you imagine %hat all it %ill doRE )ome one suggested man %ould never have to do another lic' of %or' on earth! E=h, noE, said (r 4errigo! E2e must never uit %or'ing! 2e must %or' on and on and on!E >efinite steps %ere being ta'en to protect not only the inventor but the user and producers of electrical current, (r 2olland said last night, follo%ing a conference at his home! M/"t 6rotect <"er" ; Ma4er" :

(r 4errigo5s invention is so revolutionary in scope that many interests into its manufacture and useE, (r 2olland said! E#ll of these interests, the big producers of po%er and the users of electric current are concerned and ho% these interests along %ith those of the inventor shall be protected is a matte for first consideration!E ,t %as pointed out that there %ere innumerable corporations engaged in the production of electric current and billions of dollars invested in po%er plants, machinery and transmission lines! "he successful use of the 4errigo device %ould ma'e the po%er plant systems of the country obsolete! 1o stoc' %as offered in the invention, (r 4errigo said! #rrangements have been made for financing the manufacture of the device %hen it is ready for the mar'et! E"he parent company %ill be here and the first machines made in &ansas ?ityE, (r 2olland added!

Iansas +i " 5ournal0Pos (#ugust 8, 1@2;) M 2arry 4errigo, 111: Iennington #venue, inventor of a device %hich, he says, dra%s electrical energy from the air, yesterday demonstrated the invention before ?ol! 4aul henderson, vicepresident of the 1ational #ir "ransport, ,nc!, and 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce! "he device %as used to propel a motor car from %hich the motor had been removed at a rate of 90 miles an hour! (r L (rs 4errigo are sho%n in the motor car! (r 2olland stands at the left of the car and ?ol! 2enderson on the right M

(r 4errigo at the %heel, explaining the apparatus to ?ol! 2enderson M

# closeup of the mechanism! #t the left is an ordinary motor! # cog %heel on the motor shaft meshes directly %ith a larger cog on the main drive shaft of the car! "he s uare mechansim at the top is the controlling device M

Iansas +i " S ar (#ugust 8, 1@2;) M

EA Magnet (or Mone,5 TooE

T-e 6o2er (rom Air Mac-ine 8a" Deen Dac4e0 3or %4 Mear" FFF #ome #till Are (ait-3/l to It$ "he Eenergy from airE device demonstrated )aturday by 2! E! 4errigo %hen he seemingly operated a motor car %ith electricity ta'en from the free air, got almost as much attention today %hen investors bobbed up from all corners of the city and told of having bought shares in his device as far bac' as 19 years ago! )o many tales of investing as much as X10,000 in 4errigo5s hope came to light today that the state blue s'y commissioner and the Ietter Iusiness Iureau began an investigation! T-e Inve"tor" Are Intervie2e0 : )everal of the investors in 4errigo5s device %ere intervie%ed by those agencies!

#ll the investors tal'ed to %ere of the opinion that 4errigo %as impractical as an organiHer, to say the least, and that they had been s%indled on a gigantic fa'e or that 4errigo really had some great invention, but %as unnecessarily slo% in commercialiHing it! 4reston "! )toc'ard, blue s'y commissioner, said after tal'ing to a fe% of the investors that he %ould demand a sho%ing of the merit of the apparatus, and %ould uestion 4errigo as to his financing plans, preparatory to issuing a Estop orderE against any more sales of stoc'! (r 4errigo said at the demonstration )aturday that he %as selling no interest or shares in his invention and that he had met expenses %hile experimenting by doing outside electrical %or'! (rs 4errigo, ho%ever, said their financial problems had been met by Eoccasional financing as is al%ays doneE! #s far bac' as 5 years ago, a group of persons %ho had invested met and discussed the possibility of prosecution for the share sales or of ta'ing some action to get control of the device a%ay from 4errigo and find out %hether it really had any merit! No One Co/l0 #ee Mac-ine : Even persons %ho had given him money for a share %ere refused an opportunity to investigate the machine, and the %hole investigation %as dropped at that time! Iut the publicity resulting from his demonstration )aturday brought those investors to the front again today! "here is not one in the lot %ho has seen demonstrations of 4errigo5s devices, and all are convince that he has some radical departure from 'no%n devices, even though it might not be the revolutionary thing he believes he has! "hey %ere given demonstrations at the time they put in X1,000, in some instances, more usually X2,000 and as much as X10,000 in t%o 'no%n cases! "hose persons said today the demonstration )aturday differed from previous demonstrations only in that a motor car %as operated, seemingly %ith more po%er! ,n one instance, that of (rs Ilanche ?asey, the complaint %as made that 4errigo5s device %as being used for no other purpose than to obtain a constant income of subscriptions! )he and her late husband had X2,000 invested, getting in return a contract agreeing to give them 1F of %hatever capital %as issued %hen the device %as mar'eted! "hat contract %as made in 1@20! (rs ?asey said today she %ould be glad to ta'e X1,000 for her contract because she %as convinced 4errigo %as incapable of commercialiHing his invention, even though it is all he says it is!

(rs ?asey said she and >r Bames -!#! ?asey, later to become her husband, %ere in the motor car business together at that time and that they %ent %ith a mutual friend to 4errigo5s house for a demonstration! Little C-ange in #even Mear" : )he told of the details of the demonstration and they %ere identical %ith most of the demonstration )aturday, %hich %as seven years later! (rs ?asey said her husband became enthusiastic and desired to invest, but 4errigo refused to accept any subscription, declaring he had all the money he needed! #t that time he told them, she said, of getting the idea for the device from an old man %ith %hom he had been friendly and that *ust before the aged friend died he passed the secret on to 4errigo! #s they drove a%ay from 4errigo5s home, the inventor rode %ith them, and suggested that it %ould be Ea dirty tric' not to let >r ?asey in on itE, so let them have 1F for X2,000, first pledging them to secrecy! (rs ?asey said that a short time after%ard 4errigo came to >r ?asey and herself, offering another 1F share for X25! "hat created suspicion and they investigated among their friends, finding many others had bought shares and had been s%orn to secrecy as they had been! (rs ?asey said the decision she and her friends reached %as that 4errigo most certainly did have some unusual electrical device, but that his failure to put it on a commercial basis must mean that it %as really %hat it %as set up to be! "hen, she said, they attempted to investigate and learn %hether some commercial use could be made of %hatever 4errigo did have, but that line %as bal'ed by his refusal to let anyone investigate! (rs ?asey offered her contract for perusal today, expressing %illingness that it should be published so other investors could ma'e comparison! 2er contract. "his agreement made and entered into by and bet%een 2!E! 4errigo of &ansas ?ity, (=, hereafter called first party, and Bames -!#! ?asey and Ilanche ?! Ellis of &ansas ?ity, (=, hereafter called second parties, %itnesseth, that. 0hereas, 2! E! 4errigo has invented a device, apparatus or machine for extracting electricity out of the air, 'no%n as an electric accumulator$ and, 0hereas, it is the intention of the said 2!E! 4errigo to have said electric accumulator protected by patent either through the patent office or by grant direct form ?ongress$ and,

0hereas, it re uires additional money for the development of said invention and dra%ing of plans and maps to be submitted to the patent office and for traveling expenses$ and, 0hereas, the second party is desirous of having an interest in said corporation %hen so formed, no%, therefore, it is agreed as follo%s. )even hundred and fifty (X;50) dollars to be paid on the 20th day of #pril, 1@20, the receipt of %hich is hereby ac'no%ledged and the balance to be paid in monthly payments of t%o hundred and fifty (X250) dollars each, to be paid on the 20th day of each succeeding month thereafter, up to and including the 20th day of )eptember, 1@20, the first party %ill issue to the second party an amount of the capital stoc', no matter %hat the capital stoc' may be! "hat is to say, that the second parties shall receive only one percent (1F) of said capital stoc' by reason and virtue of this contract! 2! ,t is clearly understood and agreed, ho%ever, that said first party shall not be liable for damages to second parties in the event that said 2!E! 4errigo fails to obtain the patent either from the patent office or through ?ongress! /! )aid second parties fully appreciating and understanding the large possibilities of said invention and also appreciating the fact that said t%o thousand (X2,000) dollars is but a small consideration to be paid for the rights granted here%ith, therefore, it is understood and agreed that in the event no patent is allo%ed or granted on said device, apparatus or machine that said first party may retain in the consideration herein paid and shall not be liable to said second parties in any manner %hatsoever! 2!E! 4errigo, -irst 4arty! Bames -!#! ?asey, Ilanche ?! Ellis, )econd 4arties! Inve"t A3ter One Call : #nother instance of an investor buying after one demonstration %as that of a ?hicago physician, >r 7ouis 7yn 0all, %ho put X2,000 in for stoc' %hen he %ent %ith a friend to call at the 4errigo home! "he very first investor %as +eorge Ireting (;01 0! /2nd )t)! (r Ireting said he put money into the deal as early as 1@1/! 2is contract, he said, %as different from the one given (rs ?asey, in that it specified 4errigo should use the money for living expenses, experimental %or' and anything necessary in developing the device! Mr Dreting Not Di""ati"3ie0 : (r Ireting %as not dissatisfied %ith his investment! 2e expressed confidence that 4errigo actually has something that %as revolutionary and that he %as moving to%ard a patent and commercialiHation as rapidly as possible!

# conference of a group of investors in the pro*ect some time ago to attempt something that %ould speed up action %as mentioned by (r Ireting, but the movement %as dropped %hen it %as found 4errigo did have an application of some sort in the patent office! # rough estimate of the amount of stoc' sold that he 'ne% about %as made by (r Ireting and put the figure at X/0,000 to X90,000! "he blue s'y commissioner %as able to name several stoc'holders that %ere strangers to (r! Ireting, ho%ever! 1o one of the investors %as able to estimate %hat percent his total valuation of the device has been sold already by (r 4errigo, and the varying percent of his valuation he gave for a given amount of money %ould ma'e it impossible to ma'e a reasonable calculation! #nother thing coming to light today as a result of the publicity attending the demonstration %as a shado% of uestion thro%n on the instances in %hich 4errigo told of being shoc'ed into insensibility %hile experimenting %ith his device! Tol0 o3 8,"teria #2oon : # physician %ho has attended him several times told today f an instance %hen 4errigo %as standing on the street and fell in a s%oon, becoming rigid! ,t re uired several hours to revive him! 7ater on the same physician attended him after on of the shoc's received %hile experimenting and found 4errigo5s condition to be identical %ith the Eacute hysteriaE s%oon! =ne of the shareholders in the device expressed the intention today of going into court to force a sho%do%n on the development of the device! "he plan tentatively outlined %as to as' the court for a receiver for the device, setting up a minority stoc'holders5 plea of mismanagement and undue delay! "hen, it %as pointed out, a cold-blooded businessman could submit the device to competent electrical engineers and find out %hether it %as revolutionary or a monumental fa'e! ,t %as also pointed out that even though the entire thin' should turn out to be a fa'e, there must be something electrically unusual in its construction --- a po%erful, ne% type of storage battery, a method of storing electrical energy in %ires, a device for pic'ing up electricity from outside sources, or %hat not --- and that principle might be put to commercial use to repay the money invested!

Iansas +i " S ar (#ugust @, 1@2;) M

E7no2n Inve"tor" Wit- 6errigoE

0illiam 4itt, X5,000$ Earl +! 0allingford, X1,000$ 2arry Irandt (M) X1,000$ +eorge 7! Ireting, (Y) X1,000$ >r Iert (c>o%ell, X2,000$ E! B! Io%ers, X500$ B!B! <ode, 0!#! <ode, E!#! <ode, 2!#! <ode, -! B! <ode$ the <ode brothers financed 4errigo in the earlier days of his EexperimentingE %ith about X2,000!

0illiam 4itt, former vice-president of the ,rving-4itt (anufacturing ?ompany, accepted 2!E! 4errigo5s free energy scheme --- proved fa'e yesterday --- at its face value about 5 years ago and financed several machines! (r 4itt paid 4errigo5s %ages of X90 a %ee' for 10 months and bought materials for the experiments! ,n all, he estimated he spent X5,000! 2e %ithdre% after 4errigo constantly evaded a test of his machine by experts! E4errigo and , %or'ed on the machine at the laboratory at my homeE, (r 4itt said last night! E, thin' that if 4errigo is sincere he should submit the machine to an analysis of experts in electricity! ,n the 10 months , dealt %ith him, , %as unable to get a demonstration from %hich , could form an opinion or prove anything! , built three or four machines under his supervision!E (r 4itt then %as told the fraud %as uncovered! D/ilt In 6ittC" La'orator, : E"he machines %ere made in my laboratoryE, he continued! 4errigo %ent to the ,rving-4itt company and (r ,rving became interested in the idea! 2e turned it over to me %ith instructions to find out %hether there %as anything in it! , entered into a contract %ith 4errigo to build the machines in my laboratory! , agreed to pay him X50 a %ee' salary and buy materials for him! "his %as to go on until the device %as perfected and fit for a demonstration! , thin' our contract terminated %hen , uit paying 4errigo! E, tried repeatedly to get a demonstration of the machine! =nce %hile , %as a%ay, 4errigo demonstrated it for (rs 4itt and my son! Iut %hen , %anted a demonstration, the model %as burned! 4errigo explained that something %ent %rong and it %as short-circuited! E, thin' the collector, or accumulator, 4errigo used in his demonstration this last time, %as mine! , %or'ed %ith him and built the machine, but never sa% it %or'! !ent/re #toppe0 Wit- 6a, : E-inally , tired of the business and uit paying 4errigo and that %as the end of the venture at my house!E (r 4itt lives at 99th )treet and )tate 7ine! 2e said he still had t%o of the models! E, %as one of the suc'ers to the extent of X1,500E, Earl +! 0allingord of 0allingford Irothers, grain dealers, said last night at his home (:015 0yandote )treet)! E"hat %as 8 or 10 years agoE, (r 0allingford added! E, bought a percent interest in the prospective development, as , remember it! 2e %as clever %ith his device and fooled me, if it is a fraud! , am no electrician, of course, and , thought , investigated carefully, but really could not have detected any electrical tric'ery!E

T-e (ir"t Inve"tor : +eorge 7! Ireting (;01 0! /2nd )t), a salesman for the (ac' ,nternational motor truc' ?orporation, is believed to have been the first person to have found 4errigo5s demonstration convincing! ,n 1@1/ he invested a small sum after seeing 4errigo5s basement illuminated by Eenergy from the airE! 2e %as a neighbor! 2e said he never found any reason to doubt 4errigo5s sincerity and al%ays believed he had an idea but had been unfortunate in attempts to commercialiHe it! 0hen informed last night the bubble of 15 years had burst he %as philosophical about it! E, confidently expect my name to head all the suc'er lists in the country from no% onE, he said! 2e indicated he %ould support any attempt to prosecute 4errigo but because of the small sum invested %ould not ta'e the initiative! 8e Contri'/te0 ^%5000 : 2arry Irand (129 2unter #ve), a store'eeper for the &ansas ?ity 4ublic )ervice ?ompany, paid slightly less that X1,000 for an interest of one-tenth of one percent in a company to be formed to mar'et the device! 2e expressed a desire to see the fa'e inventor prosecuted, but said he admired 4errigo5s nerve in ma'ing a public demonstration! -aith in 4errigo5s Efree energyE machine %as steadfast %ith E!B! Io%ers, a contractor (5820 ?herry )t), until last night! 2e is out X900, he said! E, don5t feel bad about itE, he said cheerfully! E, am over 21 and , figure if , made a bad investment nobody suffers by it but me!E Denti"t A !ictim : >r Iert (c>o%ell, a dentist (5@// =a' )t), invested about X2,000 about 10 years ago %hen the (c>o%ells and the alleged inventor %ere neighbors, (rs (c>o%ell said last night! 4errigo made sop many re uests for more money that >r (c>o%ell became suspicious! #n electrician, a friend of >r (c>o%ell, attempted to examine the device but %as ordered a%ay by 4errigo! (rs (c>o%ell said her husband finally shut off further pleas for money by telling 4errigo he believed the scheme %as a fraud! 4!B! 2odgins, a la%yer (2@1; E! 2@th )t) %ith an office at 9/: <idge Iuilding, handled 4errigo5s legal business for a short time, he said last night! (r 2odgins said he did not represent him no%! #bout 1@21, (r 2odgins said, 4errigo applied to him to get a patent for his machine! #pplication %as made and (r 2odgins did the corresponding! (r 2odgins said he did not invest!

Iansas +i " S ar (#ugust @, 1@2;) M U No Title Availa'le V "he biggest and best planned fa'e of the last decade ble% up %ith a bang yesterday afternoon %hen the )tar, the better Iusiness Iureau and the blue s'y commissioner of (issouri launched an investigation of 2!E! 4errigo5s fantastic device for dra%ing electricity from the air, demonstrating it by propelling a motor car! "he %hole fa'e turned out to be nothing more than small but po%erful storage batteries cunningly concealed in the upholstering of the car, %ith a mass of complicated %ire coils lending mystification! "hus the invention too' its place %ith the rubber fenders and the self-calling golf ball that have helped to ma'e +eorge Iungle a household %ord! Iehind 4errigo5s free energy fa'e %as the money motive, brought to light by the first phase of the investigation %hen numerous persons %ere found %ho had poured all the %ay from X1,000 up to X10,000 into the dream, as far bac' as 19 years ago! In"i"te0 On Imme0iate Te"t : "he actual crac'ing of the 4errigo bubble came in the midst of %hat %as supposed to have been an electrical test of his device, forced on (r 4errigo immediately by authorities insisting on a scientific test, %hile 4errigo insistently %as demanding a delay of a fe% days! ,t came %hen an in uiring reporter for 3$e Sta pushed his arm do%n into the frame%or' and upholstering at the bac' of the seat, %ormed the hand as far as it %ould go into the depths and found the familiarly shaped connections used on storage batteries! 4errigo became violently excited, pouncing on the investigator and fighting to prevent the disclosure of the storage batteries he had vehemently denied existed! "hen the battery men %ho had sold 4errigo the batteries, identified the product and, by electrical tests, proved to themselves the current 4errigo %as putting into his motor %as exactly that %hich the batteries %ould have supplied! 6errigo Doe"nCt Give <p : ?hattering and shouting in bro'en %ords, 4errigo still insisted his Efree energyE device %as the thing that furnished the po%er and that the batteries had nothing to do %ith it! Iut %ith the battery po%er disconnected the voltage of the remar'able Efree energyE device %as gone! "he motor %ouldn5t start and the %ires %ere dead!

"o being at the start of the crac'ing of 4errigo5s monumental fa'e, the bug of doubt %as installed %hen his o%n story of his invention and the method by %hich he had developed it %as found to be full of discrepancies that %ere too apparent to be mere slips of his memory! #elling E#-are"E (or %4 Mear" : ,n the first place, he had insisted there had been no stoc' or shares sold in his invention and that none %as for sale! Iut it %as found that at least X90,000 and perhaps much more had been ta'en in by 4errigo, beginning as far bac' as 1@1/! ,n each share-selling period, 4errigo had staged a demonstration, sometimes on a smalls scale, sometimes on a larger one! Each time he declared he had patent proceedings on the %ay and did not %ant to sell any interest in his device! T-ere Were Man, EInve"tor"E : Iut it developed yesterday, each time a fe% victims had been roped in, even begging to invest their money! 4errigo5s demonstrations %ere thoroughly convincing to any person %ho did not 'no% too much about electricity! Gesterday t%o officials of the Electric )torage battery ?ompany reported to the better Iusiness Iureau that t%o days before the latest demonstration they had delivered to 4errigo a storage battery of small dimensions that %ould easily supply enough po%er to operate a motor car as 4errigo did )aturday! B! >! -ischer, branch manager of the battery company, and ?!0! 0ilson, assistant manager, gave +eorge (! 2usser, manager of the Ietter Iusiness Iureau, the specifications and cost of the battery sold to 4errigo! ,t consisted of ;2 small batteries %ith a total siHe of 1/-132 by 19-132 by 10 inches! "hey told ho% 4errigo ordered the battery built specially, and demanded that it be strong enough so that at the end of an hour5s constant use it still %ould be delivering /0 amperes at 110 volts! "hat much current, they said, %as enough to operate a motor car at any speed to %hich it %as geared, for several hours! T-e 6ro'e #tart" : 4errigo %as called to the office of 7ou E! 2olland, president of the ?hamber of ?ommerce, %ho had sho%n a 'een interest in the development of the device and had been investigating it! "here 4errigo %as met by a reporter for 3$e Sta $ the state blue s'y commissioner, -enton "! )toc'ard$ the representative of the Ietter Iusiness Iureau, ?!E! Iuehner$ and the men %ho had sold him the battery! 4errigo %as as'ed the direct uestion, %hether he had bought a po%erful storage battery recently!

2e ans%ered, emphatically, E1o!E "hen the storage battery men %ere introduced and described the battery they sold him! E0ellE, he admitted, E, did buy that battery, but it %as for experimental purposes!E Datter, Co"t Nearl, ^)00 : E0hy did you buy such a po%erful battery, that cost you X1@9!20, if you could get unlimited po%er from the airRE EIecause , %anted to test some coils!E E0here is the battery no%RE he %as as'ed! E"hat5s my business and nobody else5sE, he ans%ered %ith a shrug of his shoulders! (r )toc'ard then said to 4errigo. EGou put on a public demonstration of a device )aturday and have been selling stoc' in that device! 1o% %e have learned you have bought a battery that could have been used to furnish the po%er you say you get from the air! "here is a possibility of croo'ed %or' there and you must sho% us that battery or , %ill have you arrested here and no%!E 4errigo uailed at the %ord EarrestE! E,t5s out of my possession! ,t is not in my house! ,t is not in my car! ,t5s out of my possession!E "hen he %as told that he must tell %here the battery %ent from his possession so it could be traced do%n and the possibility of fraud cleared up! E, gave to a *un' manE, he blurted! "he battery men interrupted to as' %hy he %ould give a ne% battery to a *un' man instead of returning it for repurchase, %hich %ould have been done at only a 10F loss! E, didn5t 'no% you %ould do thatE, he argued, but could not explain such ignorance of electrical trade practice %hen he had spent his life %ith electricity! "he uestioning then veered to the sale of shares! 4errigo denied at first that he had ever sold any shares or stoc'! "hen one of the contracts given to a EcustomerE in 1@20 %as exhibited to him and he admitted he had sold such shares!

(r )toc'ard told him the preliminary investigation indicated he might have sold as much as 200F of the invention, and he admitted he could not supply a list of those to %hom he had sold! 1or could he fix any price per unit at %hich he had sold! )ome investors had paid X2,000 for a 1F share in %hatever profit the device ever brought, others got 1F for X1,000 and one instance is 'no%n %here he offered 1F for X25 at a time %hen business %as not so good! -rom shares the uiHHing %ent bac' to the uestion of the storage battery! Every person in the room 'ne% 4errigo %as far from the truth %hen he had insisted he gave it to a *un' man! )everal propositions %ere made to him %hereby he could demonstrate that the Efree energyE propelled motor car did not get its strength from that concealed battery! ,t %as outlined clearly to 4errigo that he must accept one of the propositions or leave the room to face arrest! 4errigo %as hard to pin do%n to listen to any one of the proposals! 2e had one of his o%n! E, %ill fix up that car %ithout a body on itE, he said! E"here %ill be nothing but the chassis, the motor and the accumulator! Gou can drive it any%here and as long as you %ant to! #ll the secret connections %ill be inside of one-half inch pipes and , %ill trust you not to open them!E 4errigo %as pressed Eto the %allE on that proposition! EGou are only stalling for timeE, he %as told! 2e %as offered a proposition that the car be submitted to a rigid search for the batteries$ %ith the guarantee that the body and upholstering %ould be restored to perfection! "hat proposal, ho%ever, repeated over and over, %as ignored by 4errigo and he 'ept countering %ith a pleas for a delay in the test! "hen the battery men announced they could ma'e an electrical test of the current operating the motor in 4errigo5s car that %ould prove conclusively %hether it %as being operated by batteries! "hey proposed to connect instruments that %ould measure the amperes and the voltage, then run the motor for a period of time! ,f the po%er %as coming from the battery, the po%er %ould decline steadily as the battery %as dra%n on! ,f it %as really Edivine po%erE, then there %ould be no let-up in the current! 4errigo %ea'ened on that offer and sho%ed signs of %illingness to submit to such a test! Iut the cleverness he thought %as going to pull him through that test %as met by science on the part of the battery men!

4errigo5s idea %as to run the motor idle! 2e told in detail %hy it %as not geared to go out on the streets and pull hills to sho% it under po%er! Iut the battery men volunteered to set the bra'es until it sho%ed a certain amperage going through, then they could estimate the length of time re uired to sho% a decrease in the battery! 4errigo ob*ected to %earing out his bra'es, but %hen a brand ne% set of bra'e linings %ere promised to him his last excuse %as gone, and besides, the group %as tiring of his evasions! "he entire group moved from (r 2olland5s office to the 4errigo home at 111: Iennington #venue! "hey gathered at the bac' door of the home %here the Efree energyE propelled car %as stored in a basement garage! 4errigo %ent inside, leaving the others %aiting outside! "here %as a lapse of an hour! Bust %hy 4errigo %as hesitating could not be deducted by those %aiting! -inally 4errigo sent (rs 4errigo to the bac' door and called for (r 2olland to come inside! #t last (r 2olland reappeared and announced he had convinced 4errigo the test must proceed, but 4errigo had as'ed that all persons be barred from the basement except those %ho %ere present in (r 2olland5s office do%nto%n! "he first test %as a test of one of the battery men! 4errigo too' him to one side and as'ed him to be easy in ma'ing the test! E"his is a ne% machineE, 4errigo pleaded, Eand if you5re to hard %ith me it %ill destroy my chances!E "hen he %ent bac' to the car and ob*ected to the electrical testing devices %hich the battery men had brought from their plant! "he trademar's of reputable manufacturers %ere sho%n on each of the devices and all %ere sho%n to be scaled! 1ext it became a uestion of connecting them in the right places! 4errigo actually %as unable to sho% the men %hich %ere the proper %ires, creating the doubt that he had been doing the real electrical %or' in his fa'es and that he might have had an accomplice to do the %or', %hile he features the sale of stoc', the demonstrations and the ballyhoo! #fter much sputtering of the %ires, a test %as obtained on the voltage going into the electric motor and it %as found to be exactly that of the battery sold to 4errigo! #nother device %as about to be connected in, %hen it became necessary for 4errigo to go upstairs to ans%er the telephone! 0hile he %as gone, the reporter for 3$e Sta lifted the lid of the little compartment built at the top of the seat bac'! # large crac' %as exposed, opening into the space behind and beneath the toolbox! 2is arm %as pushed in side%ays, then by reaching far do%n into the open space there his hand came in contact %ith a dumbbell-shaped connection such as is used on ordinary batteries in motor cars!

# battery man %as called and he reached into the hole! 2is report %as that the entire set he had sold %as there! "hen 4errigo returned, but not in time to find anyone searching for his batteries! 2e %as as'ed %hether there %as any battery about his car! E"here is notE, he ans%ered emphatically! "hen he %as told about the batteries found in the concealed space and denied that such %as true! 3$e Sta reporter reached to uncover the battery and 4errigo fle% at him in a rage, attac'ing the investigator! 4errigo %as pushed bac' and the disclosure continued! "he Electric )torage battery men then made a thorough investigation of the battery and pronounced it to be the identical battery they had sold him t%o days before the big stoc' selling demonstration and %hich he said he Ehad given to a *un' manE! "he battery %as disconnected and the Edivine po%erE machine %ould not even start the motor! "he battery men pic'ed up their instruments to leave! E>o you say this car is run by those batteriesE, 4errigo shouted at them! E1o, %e do notE, one of them ans%ered! EIut %e do say those batteries have plenty of po%er to do all you have done %ith this car and that they furnish the identical line voltage that is coming into the motor!E 4errigo then %ent into the *abbering and chattering stage, insisting the car %as Erun *ust as it %as )turdayE and declaring the E%orld %as missing somethingE! "he test came to an abrupt conclusion, %ith electricians and investigators shame-faced that they had been fooled at all by such a crude fa'e! #nd those %ho had read 4errigo5s claims that he %ould free them from all drudgery %ith free and unlimited po%er, cut off their fuel and ice and lighting bills, drive motor cars and trains and ships and airplanes %ithout cost or up'eep, %ere given the sad ne%s of another dream gone EblooeyE! mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ Iansas +i " S ar (#ugust @, 1@2;) M

EElectricit, (rom Air A (a4eE

J 4hoto 1ot #vailable K

0hen representatives of 3$e Sta and the Ietter Iusiness Iureau called at the home of 2!E! 4errigo, the inventor of high voltage air JRK yesterday afternoon, a cro%d assembled to %atch the fun! Iut (r! 4errigo, %ho )aturday demonstrated his electric motor car to the %orld, said he couldnUt demonstrate %ith all that audience! 2e %as in error! "here %ere many little boys in the cro%d %ho %ouldnUt have as'ed uestions!

2ere is the atmospheric inductive coil %hich (r! 4errigo made many believe %as the source of energy for his <eo roadster! #s a matter of fact, the electric motor never touched hands %ith this machine! )torage batteries concealed behind the seat did the %or'! Iansas +i " 5ournal (#ugust 11, 1@2;), p! 2 M

EC eal Te"tC I" 6errigoC" AimE

D/t 8e Anno/nce" No Time (or Ne+t Demon"tration De3ore Engineer" =ther than that it %ill be a Ereal demonstration before competent engineersE, 2!E! 4errigo has announced no time for a further sho%ing of his EinventionE, %hich he declares %ill ta'e electrical po%er from the air! (r 4errigo apparently %as encouraged last night by the faith sho%n in him yesterday %hen persons %ho have bac'ed him refused to attempt to prosecute him follo%ing assertations by others that his invention is a hoax!

"he test on %hich the hoax charges are based, he declared, %as not a test at all! "hose present, he said, did not give him an opportunity to ma'e a fair demonstration and one of them %as insulting and boisterous! E1o one %ho has helped me in my inventionE, he said, E%ill lose money! #ny competent engineer %ill tell you sufficient storage batteries to drive a heavy motor car 90 miles an hour cannot be pac'ed in a 28-inch space such as has been charged in regard to my car!E (r 4errigo %as vague as to the time the next demonstration %ill be given! E, am %illingE, he said, Eto strip my car do%n so all its parts %ill be revealed and let competent men *udge %hether the po%er is derived from the source , claim!E

Met-o0 an0 Apparat/" 3or Acc/m/lating an0 Tran"3orming Et-er Electric Energ,
8arr, 6errigo >epartment of ?ommerce, Cnited )tates 4atent =ffice "o all persons to %hom these presents shall come, +reeting. "his is to certify that the annexed is a true copy from the records of this office of the <ecord for the Cnited )tates ?ourt of ?ustoms and 4atent #ppeals in the matter of the 4ending #pplication of 2arry E! 4errigo, filed >ecember /1, 1@25, )erial 1umber ;8,;1@, for Improvement in Met-o0 an0 Apparat/" 3or Acc/m/lating an0 Tran"3orming Et-er Electric Energ,! ,n testimony %here of , have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 4atent =ffice to be affixed, at the ?ity of 0ashington, this first day of (arch, in the year of our 7ord one thousand nine hundred and thirty (1@/0), and of the ,ndependence of the Cnited )tates of #merica the one hundred and fifty-fourth! ()eal 4atent =ffice, Cnited )tates of #merica!) "2=(#) E! <=IE<")=1, ?ommissioner of 4atents! #ttest. >! E! 0,7)=1, ?hief of >ivision! #pplication of 2arry E! 4errigo! )erial 1o!;8,;1@! -iled >ecember /1, 1@25! "o all %hom it may concern. Ie it 'no%n that ,, 2arry E! 4errigo, a citiHen of the Cnited )tates, residing at &ansas ?ity, in the county of Bac'son and )tate of (issouri, have invented a certain ne% and useful (ethod and #pparatus for #ccumulating and "ransforming Ether Electric Energy, of %hich the follo%ing is a complete )pecification!

"he existence of electric %aves in the ether has been sho%n by 2ertH! Electric disturbances in the atmosphere 'no%n as EatmosphericsE are 'no%n to produce noises in the telephones of %ireless, telegraph stations %hich in some cases dro%n the signals being received! Ether %ave electric potential is also recogniHed in various forms %hich are 'no%n to cause disturbances in the normal operation of electric transmission and telephone systems! "hese forms of electric %ave possess potential energy, or capacity for doing %or' and are commonly described as a peculiar state or stress of a medium called ether! "he %aves used in all 'no%n systems of utiliHing ether %aves, as for example in %ireless telegraphy, are 2ertHian %aves artificially propagated by means of electrical apparatus! Except %hen manifest as a force in electrical disturbances, the existing ether %aves %ith an un'no%n potential heretofore have never been intercepted or collected and transformed into forms of electric energy suitable for doing useful %or', previous to my invention and discovery of a method and apparatus for the same! Iy my invention electric po%er or energy is obtained for all purposes %ith out expense other than that of my method and apparatus involved and hereinafter described, for receiving and transforming this electric energy! "he invention as premised has for its ob*ects. -irst$ "o intercept and collect from the general ether field electric %ave energy and to transform said electric energy into a form of a distributable, measurable, electromotive force! )econd$ "o raise the potential of these collected electric %aves to a pressure sufficient for applying said %aves to practical uses! "hird$ # method of intercepting and transforming an electromotive force directly from the ether %ave medium! ,n describing the procedure of carrying out my invention, and the details of the apparatus, in one form of illustration, %hich form has been fully demonstrated as being capable of intercepting and transferring electric %ave energy, reference is no% had to the accompanying dra%ings, in %hich (ig/re % is an isometric vie% sho%ing the electric %ave interceptor or collector mounted upon the electric transformer, also sho%ing the current distributing connecting %ires leading to a rheostat and to a series of incandescent lighting lamps! (ig/re ) is an inverted plan vie% of the top or positive plate of the %ave interceptor, or collector, sho%ing the series of aerial terminals or contacts and the bro'en or dead end or open circuit (hereinafter in most cases called Ebro'en circuitE) connections %ith the contacts! (ig/re )A is a transverse sectional vie% ta'en through the collector aerial plate, and the terminal contacts ta'en on line 2#--2# of (ig/re )! (ig/re * is a plan vie% of the lo%er aerial plate of the %ave collector, sho%ing the aerial terminal contacts, and the bro'en circuit connections!

(ig/re *A is a transverse sectional vie% of the lo%er collector plate and the terminal contacts ta'en on the line /#--/# of (ig/re *! (ig/re 4 is a perforated member made of insulating material for containing the resistance coils bet%een the, upper and lo%er aerial plates, sho%ing the top member or cap of each resistance coil of the series! (ig/re 4A is a transverse sectional vie% of the insulating member sho%n in (ig/re 4, ta'en through the series or perforations lo%est in position in the member, on the line 9--9 of (ig/re 4, and sho%s the resistance coils in full lines! (ig/re A is an enlarged detail side vie% of one of the resistance coils %hich are located in the insulated member sho%n in (ig/re 4! (ig/re 6 is an end vie% of one of the resistance coils %ith the cap removed! (ig/re & is a diagrammatic vie% of the electrical connections bet%een the resistance coils mounted bet%een upper and lo%er aerial plates! (ig/re 8 is a transverse vertical sectional vie% of the complete ether %ave collector, ta'en on the line 8--8 in (ig/re &! (ig/re 9 is a segmental plan vie% of the other %ave transformer, sho%ing the coil %indings! (ig/re 9A sho%s one of the field coils in end elevation! (ig/re %0 is a vertical sectional vie% of the ether %ave transformer and the coil %indings ta'en on the line 10--10 of (ig/re 9! (ig/re %% and (ig/re %%A are diagrammatic vie%s of the t%o halves of the complete coil %indings of the transformer, sho%- the coil %indings, the cores of the %indings not being sho%n, these halves being in separate vie%s to facilitate sho%ing the detail to a larger scale! (ig/re %) is a detail side vie% of the insulated bridges in the air gap of the transformer, and the reversed field %indings, as they appear bet%een the bridges, except %here mar'ed EopenE! <eferring to (ig/re ) and (ig/re *, the upper metal plate 20A and the lo%er metal plate 21constitute the aerials of my system of ether %ave electric energy collectors, and the terminal contacts 2/ on the plate 20A and the terminal contacts 29d on the plate 21- are sho%n connected diagrammatically by the electrical conductors of the system! ,n the present illustration are sho%n one hundred terminal contacts, this number corresponding to the number of contacts 2/, on the aerial plate 20A, and a corresponding number of terminal contacts 29d on the plate 21-, the terminal contacts or posts 2/ and 29d on the respective plates being spaced e ual distances from each other in ro%s of ten contacts in the direction of the length and %idth of the respective plates, and therefore have corresponding registering positions %ith each other!

"he system of electric %ave potential activity in my invention is embodied! in the rapid changes in polarity of bro'en electric circuits, and such a systematic arrangement of the bro'en circuits as %ill cause the ether %ave potential to see' a path of lo%est conductivity and not overload any one conductor, and as an example of the operation of the system the current path %ill be electrically traced, and the transmission of the ether %ave potential follo%ed from the source of collection to a definite electric %ave energy circuit! 7et 20A indicate, %ith its terminal contacts, the positive source of permeability and conductibility of recogniHed %aves of ether, %hich invariably act from a north to a south pole! "o e ualiHe the general dispersion of these recogniHed %aves of ether for the purpose of effecting polariHation of the potentials of the ether %aves, the ether %aves are bro'en and %ith the change in direction of the %ave potential, an electric potential is produced, and the %aves of ether are conducted from contact to contact through a system of %iring found, by discovery, and demonstrated to be practical in operation, %hich produces electric energy or electromotive force bet%een the plates 20A and 21-, and %hich plates may be compounded or duplicated! "he system of bro'en electric circuits %hich provides means of obtaining the %ave potential, is embodied in the system of %iring of both plates 20A and 21-, and in the transmission of electric %aves and change in polarity during their transmission from contacts on the plate 20A to the contacts on the aerial plate 21-, the method of ether %ave conductivity being absolutely collective and accumulative, sho%ing that the difference of electrical pressure as discovered in my system is the source of electromotive force bet%een the ether %ave collecting plates 20A and 21-! "he system of %iring of the plate 20A %ill no% be particularly described! ,t has been found that fluctuations constantly exist in the collective capacity of the aerial plates 20A and 21-! -ollo%ing the diagram of %inding on the inverted top plate 20A sho%n in (ig/re ), the aerial terminal contacts are numbered in succession, from one to ten, beginning at the right hand end of the lo%er ro%, then for the next ro% from 11 to 20, beginning at the right hand of the plate, and so on to the upper ro%, %hich is numbered in the same direction from @1 to 100! "he %ire connections on the top plate 20A, (ig/re ), are through a conducting %ire 15, one terminal of %hich is connected %ith the contact 1, and the other terminal %ith the terminal contact 2, and also from the contact 1, by the %ire 1o, %ith contact 12! ?ontacts 2 and 1/ are similarly connected! # similar connection extends from contact / to contact 19! # similar connections are made from contact / to contact 9, from 9 to 15, 5 to :, 5 to 15, : to 1;, ; to 8, ; to 1;, @ to 18, @ to 20, 10 to 20, 11 to 12, 12 to 2/, 1/ to 2/, 19 to 29, 15 to 1:, 1: to 2:, 1@ to 2@, 21 to 22, 22 to /1, 22 to /2, 2/ to 29, 2/ to /2, 29 to /9, 25 to 2:, 25 to /5, 2: to /:, 2; to /;, 2; to /8, 28 to 2@, /0 to /@, /2 to 91, /2 to 92, // to /9, // to 99, /: to /;, /: to 9;, /8 to 98, 90 to 9@, 91 to 52, 92 to 9/, 95 to 59, 95 to 5:, 9: to 9;, 9: to 5:, 9; to 5;, 50 to 5@, 51 to 52, 51 to :1, 52 to 5/, 5/ to 59, 55 to :9, 55 to :5, 5: to 5;, 58 to :@, :0 to ;0, :1 to :2, :/ to :9, :9 to ;5, :5 to ;:, :: to :;, :: to ;:, :; to ;:, :8 to ;;, :8 to ;8, :8 to ;@, ;0 to ;@, ;1 to ;2, ;1 to 81, ;2 to 81, ;/ to 82, ;/ to 89, ;9 to 8/, ;9 to 85, ;5 to 85, ;5 to 8:, ;: to 8;, ;; to ;8, ;8 to 88, ;8 to ;@, 80 to 8@, 81 to @1, 82 to 8/, 8/ to @2, 8/ to @9, 89 to

@5, @: to @:, 8: to @;, 8; to 88, 8; to @8, 88 to 8@, 88 to @8, 88 to @@, @0 to @@, @@ to 100, @2 to @/, @9 to @5, @5 to @:, @8 to @@! "he lo%er plate 21-, as seen in (ig/re *, includes the up%ardly extending terminal contacts precisely the same in number and position as upon the plate 20A, the contacts being numbered in successive order from 1 to 100 reversed as to the same characters on the plate 21-, and beginning %ith the contact at the lo%er ro% of contacts and at the left hand corner of the plate 20A and indicating said contacts 1-2-/-9 and so on to 10, then beginning at the left and numbering from 11 to 21 and continuing in said order to the upper ro% %hich are numbered from @1 to 100! "he %iring system of! plate 21- is in bro'en circuits, as on the plate 20A, the direction of the %ires being traced from the contacts at %hich the terminals of a bro'en circuit ends, and %hich %ill no% be tabulated, the ether %ave conducting bro'en circuit %ires being charged from their respective aerial contacts! "he %ires are traced on the plate 21-, from terminal contact 1, through a straight %ire 1x having one terminal integral %ith the contact and its other terminal connected directly %ith the terminal contact 11! "hen through li'e conducting %ires connections are made from contact 2 to contact /- and from contact 9 to contact 5-, contact 9 to 1/, 5 to :, 5 to 19, ; to 8, ; to 1:, 8 to @, 8 to 1;, 8 to 18, @ to 18, 10 to 20, 12 to 1/, 1/ to 22, l/ to 29, 19 to 2/, 15 to 29, 15 to 25, 1: to 25, 1; to 2:, 18 to 2;, 1@ to /8, 21 to 22, 29 to /9, 25 to /9, 2: to /5, 2: to /:, 2: to /;, 2; to 28, 28 to 2@, /1 to /2, /1 to 91, // to /9, /5 to 95, /: to /;, /; to 98, /@ to 98, 90 to 50, 91 to 92, 92 to 9/, 92 to 51, 9/ to 99, 99 to 55, 9: to 9;, 9: to 55, 9: to 5:, 9; to 5;, 98 to 5@, 9@ to :0, 51 to :2, 52 to 5/, 59 to :/, 59 to :5, 5: to 5;, 5; to ::, 58 to :8, 5@ to ;0, :1 to ;2, :2 to ;/, :/ to :9, :9 to ;9, :5 to ::, :5 to ;5, :: to :;, :: to ;:, :; to ;;, :8 to ;;, :@ to 80, ;1 to ;2, ;1 to 81, ;/ to ;9, ;/ to 82, ;/ to 8/, ;9 to 89, ;5 to ;;, ;: to 8:, ;: to 8;, ;8 to ;@, ;@ to 8@, 81 to 82, 82 to @1 8/ to @2, 89 to @/, 85 to @:, 85 to @9, 8; to @:, 8; to @;, 88 to @@, @0 to 100, @0 to @@! 0here there is no outgoing %ire from one to another terminal contact, a bro'en circuit occurs on both upper and lo%er plates! Iet%een the plate 20A and plate 21- is an insulated member 22p composed of a bloc' of fibrous material in %hich are a series of vertical openings 22x, these openings being the same in number as the contacts on the plates 20A and 21- and in the same vertical positions, so that there is an exact registration of openings and terminal contacts! ,n these openings, are the series of transmission resistance coils 25x, one of %hich is sho%n enlarged, for illustration, in (ig/re A and (ig/re 6! "hese coils are composed severally of a series of straight %ires 25d, starting from a group of central %ires around! %hich other %ires are %ound, to form a body slightly less in circumference than the openings 225 in the fibre bloc' 22o! #t the upper ends of the %ires 25 is attached a copper metal cap 25E, and at the lo%er ends a metal cap 25o! #round these %ires, beginning close to the top plate 255, fine insulated %ire 2:5 is connected at one end to one of the %ires 25d, and the other end coiled about the collected %ires 25d %inding the %ire to the right and its terminal secured at its lo%er end to the same upright %ire 25d from %hich the %inding %ire started thus

forming a resistance coil, its right hand %inding of the coil, as seen in (ig/re 4A and (ig/re A, being upon coils in %hich a resistance is interposed bet%een the contacts from a north to a south pole transmission of the electric %ave potentials, and these coils arranged in the series being positioned, in the fibre bloc', as seen in (ig/re 4A, the change of the polarity of the %ave potentials being through the short circuit %ires on the plates 20A, 21-, so that %herever the short circuit occurs there is a rapid change of polarity, the activity being greatest in the coils of the least resistance! Each resistance coil is of a determinate length, and, as seen in (ig/re 4A, leaving a space of the approximate distance from the cap plate 25E up%ardly to the line of the upper surface of the insulated member 22o co-e ual %ith the posts or terminal contacts 2/E on the aerial plate 20A, and from the line of the cap 25o on the lo%er end of the resistance coils, to the lo%er surface of the insulated member 22o similar spaces are provided, so that %hen the upper and lo%er plates are assembled, the posts or contacts 2/d on the upper plate 20A enter the spaces and come into contact %ith the caps 25E of the respective resistanceU coils, and the terminal contacts or posts 29d enter the spaces beneath the lo%er caps 25o of the respective resistance coils, and come into contact there%ith, as seen in the sectional vie% in (ig/re 8, leaving bet%een said plates and the insulated member, passages 20x, 21x, for air gaps, respectively! 0hen thus assembled, the groups of bro'en circuits of the plate 20A contain an electric potential opposed to the electric potential contained in the group of bro'en circuits of the plate 21-! #s these electric potentials are %aves of impulse from a south to a north pole intensity, and there is a constant polariHation and depolariHation of the electric ether %aves, in other %ords, a pressure sufficient to cause an electromotive force is discovered in the field of the plates 20A, 21-! # force existing in space and collected therefrom, is the supreme po%er residing in the electric potential, in an interrupted path, %ith a rapid change of potentials, and has been utiliHed in my invention, and its development is further illustrated in (ig/re & of the dra%ings, %hich sho% the plates 20A, 21-, in their relative opposite positions, and %ith the contacts on the respective plates 20A, 21-, in contact %ith the caps of the respective resistance coils, the plate 20A being prismatic, sho%ing the posts or terminal contacts on the said plate, and bro'en, circuits on both plates 20A, 21-, the %ire connections on the plate 21- being sho%n in dotted lines! 7et the resistance coils 25x, of the collector, in electrical connection %ith the contacts 1-- 1 on the respective plates 20A, 21-, indicate the lines of force passing from contact to contact, the said plates 20A, 21-, %ith their contacts being the terminals of serials through %hich the electric ether is collected! "he %inding of these coils are all similar and %ound so that the flo% of the medium around the coils is from the upper terminal of the coil, %hich is a north pole, and to%ard the lo%er terminal or south pole! "he aerials collect and transmit a flo% of the ether or %ave energy through the conductors from %hat ever direction the potentials of the ether are collected, and obtain a pressure of sufficient force to effect a movement in the direction of the least resistance from north to south, through the resistance coils 1 to 100, transmitting a flo% of the ether medium or %ave energy bet%een all of the contacts on the plates 20A, 21-, the flo% being governed by the lines of the least resistance, there follo%ing t%o pressures bet%een the north and south poles of the first coil, the pressures

being of opposite potentials, and caused by the opposite polarity of the coils, and the electromotive force thus produced bet%een the plates 20A, 21-, is constant, one line of force being bro'en by a line of force of a different potential, and these forces all tending to%ard a common polarity, %hile producing an electromotive force, in the opposing resistances of these opposite %ave potentials! "he method of obtaining electric energy as above described, resides in reciprocal lines of force being established by means of such bro'en circuits and resistances, as are found by practical results to produce an amperage of current or %ave energy, and as the action of the collective bro'en circuits %ith reversed polarities produce positive electromotive force, the outgoing conductor 101, leading from the aerial terminal contact @1 on the plate 20A and the outgoing conductor 102 from the aerial terminal contact 100 on the aerial plate 21-, are connected to the outer magnetiHing coil %indings of the ether %ave transformer, and electric energy is thus obtained! "he amperage of the current or electromotive force collected or accumulated by the ether %ave collector is of lo% intensity, and for the purpose of increasing this intensity, so that the electromotive force may be brought up to a commercial standard, this force is collected and regenerated, one factor being supplemented by another, until the electromotive force is built up to the standard of electromotive force re uired$ that is, the principle %ithin the collector (in the collection of the electromotive force) is applied in a larger degree to the ether transformer, the transformer being the ad*unct to the collector, one feeding a lo% potential to the transformer, %hich increases this potential of the collector to a higher potential, a dependency existing in the ether transformer upon the collector! "his ether %ave transformer 10/ is designed %ith a series of outer magnetiHing circuits, %hich are charged by electricity from the collector, %hich energiHe series of inner cores to a greater or less magnetic density, the inner cores being insulated by an air gap from the outer magnetic circuit, and electric current being generated in the central coils, the current flo%ing through the various coils responding upon the reaction in each circuit, %hich reaction is least in coils 1 to 8 inclusive, (ig/re %%A, and greatest in coils 25 to /2 inclusive! "he formation of these central coils %ill no% be defined %ith reference to (ig/re 9, (ig/re%0, (ig/re %%, and (ig/re %%A of the dra%ings, (ig/re %% and (ig/re %%A being read together, the connections being sho%n in full lines at the top of the coil, and in dotted lines at the bottom! 0ith reference to the plan vie%s of the enlarged segmental portions of the coil, in (ig/re 9 and (ig/re %0 of the dra%ings, respectively, it %ill be observed that these vie%s sho% the %indings and the vertical %ires or cores, %hile the diagrammatic vie%s (ig/re %% and (ig/re %%A omit these vertical %ires, in order to better illustrate the controlling e ualiHing reactances, by means of %hich the electric output of the ether %ave transformer is increased to the full load re uired! #ll of the %indings of the coil 10/ are concentric %ith a central fibre core piece =, at the center of the ether transformer, around %hich the first series of vertical core %ires 15 or pins, as seen in (ig/re 9 and (ig/re %0, are arranged in close order, and around said %ires or pins 1] the first %inding 1 is made, beginning at the top surface of the fibre base 109 and %inding the %ire

circuitously to the right, around these vertical %ires or pins 15, building up the coil to the height of these %ires or pins 15 (see (ig/re 9A)! =utside of the %inding 1 is placed another ro% of vertical %ires or pins 25, around %hich the coil %inding 2 is built up from the fibre base 109, to the height of said %ires or pins 15! "hen around said %ire coil %inding 2 is arranged a series of vertical %ires /5, and around these vertical %ires is made another coil %inding /, and thus continued in the same manner from the coil %inding 1, to coil %inding /2, outside of %hich %inding is the air gap /2]! #gainst this %inding /2 are positioned the angle or bridge plates /2o, %hich are arranged at e ual distances apart, in the direction of the circumference of the coil 10/-, and are insulated from the coil %inding /2-! "hese series of coil %indings, %hich are the transformer %indings, are %ound to the right, as seen in (ig/re 8A UMi""ingV! ,n the air gap, arc located the magnetiHing coils arranged %ith alternate north and south polarity, the air gap being divided in the circumference of the transformer by bridges, spaced e ual distances apart, in %hich spaces are magnetic coils 10@, insulated from the bridges, as seen in -igure 12! "he terminal of this magnetiHing coil, extends do%n%ardly in the air gap to the bottom and through the next bridge to the right and the coil %ound to form a reverse south pole %inding )2, %hich is indicated by the character )2, the %iring being continued to the right, and in the direction of the upper end of the coil through the next bridge, and another coil formed, indicated by the character 1/, the %iring being so c:ntinued to the right through the next bridge, and in succession bet%een the bridges to a point about one-half the distance circumferentially of the ether transformer$ from the first open space mentioned, at %hich point is seen a space mar'ed EopenE -- and from the bridge on the far side of this space, a ne% coil begins, starting from an upper portion of the bridge and forming a right hand coil and the coil next to the bridge reversed! "he coils are then continued bet%een the bridges, until the bridge is reached on the left hand side of the open space first mentioned! =utside of the air gaps, the excitation coil %inding of the ether transformer is placed, the first t%o coils // and /9, being heavy, or of a larger gauge than the preceding %indings from 1 to /2! "he vertical core %ires outside of the coil // are also of increased siHe, as seen in (ig/re 9! ?ontinuing the %inding of the excitation coils in a series of eight %indings from // to 90 inclusive, it %ill be observed that the vertical core %ires or pins bet%een the respective %indings from /; to 90 are of a large capacity, several times larger in diameter than the pins bet%een the %indings from 1 to /2! "he current from the aerial plate 20A of the collector is conducted through the terminal 101 leading from said plate to a position, as seen in (ig/re %%A, and is connected %ith the coil /@ of the excitation %inding of the ether %ave transformer! "he conductor 102 leading from the collector plate 21- of the ether %ave transformer, is connected %ith the outer coil 90 of the excitation %inding of the ether %ave transformer! "he coils of the excitation circuits are connected in series as follo%s. "he outer coil 90 is connected by the conductor 905 %ith the coil /9, and the coil /@ through the conductor /@] %ith the coil //! "he coil /8 is connected by the conductor /8 %ith the conductor /9! "he coil /; is

connected through the conductor /;5 %ith the magnetic coil //! "he coil /: is connected through the conductor /:5 %ith the coil //, and the coil /5 is connected by the conductor /55 %ith the coil %indings /9, thereby connecting all of the excitation coil %indings from the inner to the outer coil %indings // to 90 inclusive! =ne end of an insulated bus rod 91 is connected %ith coil // of the excitation circuits, and the other end extends above and is connected to coils 1 to 8! Ius rod 92 is connected to coil /9 and extends to the bottom of coils 1 to 8! ,n a li'e manner, bus rods 9/ and 99, 95 and 9:, 9; and 98, are connected to their respective groups of coils, as sho%n in (ig/re%% and (ig/re%%A! Iet%een coils /2 and // is provided a space for the poles the ether %ave transformer, the said space in this case being separated into t%enty-six divisions, although any even number of poles might be used! Each pole space is separated by non-magnetic bridges /2o, t%o of the said spaces lying upon opposite sides of the transformer, and upon opposite sides of a line intersecting %ith the axis of said transformer, being mar'ed EopenE! "he other t%enty-four pole spaces arc in this case divided into four groups of six each! "he first space ad*oining one of the spaces mar'ed EopenE contains an iron core %ound %ith an excitation %inding, as further herein illustrated, the excitation %inding being %ound to produce magnetic lines of force from north to south, and in the next space to the right there is a similar core %ound to produce magnetic lines of force from south to north, and so on in succession, the sixth space having a coil mar'ed ):, or south-sixth it being premised that these coils are independent of, and insulated from, the bridges and located as sho%n in (ig/re %), in %hich one of the bridges ad*acent the space mar'ed EopenE is sho%n in detail, comprising a vertical non-magnetic %eb extending from the line of the top of the ether %ave transformer to the insulated base 109 and provided %ith the flanges 10:- and 10;, both insulated from the respective coils /2 and // on opposite sides of the pole space! "he system of %iring involved in the aforesaid excitation %inding in one completed circuit may be electrically defined as the magnetic field excitation and regulation circuit, %hich can be traced as follo%s. Ieginning %ith bus coil //, the bus rod 91 is sho%n connected to each of the eight terminal contacts mar'ed by the characters 4l, 42, 4/, 49, 45, 4:, 4; and 48, %hich are connected respectively, to each of the coils one to eight of the ether %ave transformer, and the lo%er terminals of each of these coils are connected in reverse order to contacts mar'ed 1, from %hich points the circuit divides into t%o paths, one leading through field coils, and one to bus rod 92, %hich is connected at its outer end to the bus coil 99 from contacts mar'ed 41, 42, 4/, 49, 45, 4:, 4; and 48, the group of connections 82 lead to terminals 8: the field excitation %indings successively on fields ):, 15, )9, 1/, )2 and 11, from %hich the %inding terminates, and is brought out at the bottom and connected at 89 to a series of eight %ires, the group being indicated by the character 8/ and sho%n in dotted lines, these eight %ires terminated at contacts mar'ed 1, from %hich points the circuit is completed through bus rod 92, to bus coil /9, specifically the insulated field coils to the right of the space mar'ed EopenE, and near the bus rod 92, and are connected %ith the terminal of an electric conducting %ire 85 (see (ig/re %)), formingU in said space a right hand coil 1-1, from %hich the end of tile %ire emerges from the lo%er portion of the coil, and is extended through an insulated opening 111, in the %eb of the bridge supporting plate 110, --thence extended up%ardly %ithin the next space of air gap to the li'e coil in said space, and through opening at the upper end of said plate, thence to opening in the opposite plate, forming a left hand coil )-2, and so

continued do%n%ardly, the %inding being to the left, changing the polarity of the coil! #t the lo%er end of plate 110 the end of the %ire emerges, and is then extended through an insulated opening in the next bridge supporting li'e coils, the %inding of the coil in the next space being similar in %hich the %indings are %ound to the right, and in the next space to the left, and so continued, these coils being designated in (ig/re %%A as 11 (north 1), the next )1 (south 1)! the next 1g2, the character numerals 1 to : indicating the spaces of the air gap, the last space in the series of six coils being a south pole %inding, indicated by reference numerals )-:! ,n this latter magnetic coil, the %ire is extended up%ardly as indicated at 8:, and %ith said %ire is connected the terminal contacts of the group of conducting %ires 82 leading from the terminal contacts on the inner end of the bus rod 91- hence completing the %inding of the divisional six spaces of the t%enty four, and from this connection 8: the %ire is extended through an insulated opening into the first divided space of the next series of six spaces of the air gap, %here the end of the %ire is given a right hand, %inding, and the magnetic coils thence continued as before described! "he connections upon the other portions of the coil are as follo%s. Cpon the lo%er side of the generator coil, and upon the same radius as the bus rod 91, is a bus rod 9/, %hich is connected at its outer end %ith excitation coil /9 of the transformer and its inner end %ith the respective coils @-10-11-12-1/-19-15 and 1: of the ether transformer! 0ith this bus rod at the points of connection of said rod %ith the aforesaid coil %indings, are connected the terminal contacts of a group 1o, of %ires 8;, %hich are connected %ith the end of the %ire in the space past %hich the bus rod 9/ extends, and a north pole magnetic %inding formed in said space! "he next bus rod 99, above the last space of the divided air gap of the next series of six spaces, is connected %ith the pole of the magnetic coil %inding // of the transformer, at one end, and at the other end %ith the poles of the coils @ to 1: inclusive! 0ith the bus rod at the points of connection %ith the respective coils are connected the terminal contacts 41: of a series or group of conducting %ires 85 from @ to 1: inclusive the outer numerals being connected %ith the south pole %indings in the space of the air gaps belo% said bus rod! 0ith the group of terminal contacts 110, on the bus rod 9/, are connected the upper ends of a group of conducting %ires 88, the upper ends of the %ires being extended up%ardly, and connected in an inverse order %ith the group of contacts 41:! "he next bus rod or %ire is positioned upon the other half of the ether transformer, and upon the lo%er side, and indicated by the reference numeral 95! "his bus rod is connected at its outer end %ith the pole %indings /9, and at its inner end %ith the coil %indings 1; to 29 inclusive, and %ith %hich %indings are connected the terminal contacts 20 of a group of eight %ires leading to and connected %ith the north pole magnet %inding %ire in the space past %hich the bus rod extends! "he next bus rod 9: is above the top of the transformer, and is connected %ith the pole of the excitation coil %inding // of the magnetic circuit of ! the transformer, and at its inner end %ith the series of coils 1; to 29 inclusive, %ith %hich bus rod are connected the series of terminal, contacts 429 of the group of eight %ires 425 leading to and connected %ith the south pole %indings in the sixth space of the divided air gap over %hich the bus rod 9: extends!

0ith the terminal contacts 120 are connected the lo%er ends of the series of %ires 121, the other, ends being extended up%ardly and connected in inverse order %ith the terminal contacts 29! "he next bus rod 9; is extended beneath the coils of the transformer, the outer end being connected %ith the pole of the coil /9, and its inner end connected %ith the eight coil %indings 25 to /2 inclusive! 0ith the bus rod 9;, above these coil %indings, are connected the terminal contacts of a group of eight %ires 22, the other ends being connected %ith the coil %inding in the first space of the air gap, past %hich the bus rod 9; extends! "he next bus rod 98 extends upon the top of the transformer, and extends over the sixth space of the air gap! ,n the fourth uarter of the circumference of the transformer, and is connected at its outer end %ith the pole or the coil // of the magnetic circuits, and at its inner ends, %ith the poles of the eight to coils 25 to /2 inclusive! 0ith the said bus rod are connected the terminal contacts of a series or group of eight %ires 42: connected %ith the south pole coil %inding in the sixth space aforesaid, and %ith the contact terminals of the group of %ires 122, are connected the ends of a group of eight %ires 42;, their upper ends being connected in reverse order %ith the terminal contacts of the %ires 42: on the respective coils /2 to 25 respectively! "he description being no% completed of the magnetic excitation coil %indings, and of the magnetic field coil %ire regulation, %hich latter it %ill be observed are arranged for the excitation of any portion of the ether transformer, from the magnetic circuit to the coil %indings 1 to /2 from the consumption of the current obtaining the full self induction action or current generating capacity of the transformer, the magnetic circuits being traced in li'e manner as first described! "he ether %ave collector, as arranged in con*unction %ith the ether %ave transformer, before described, and for practical operation, is as seen in (ig/re %, the lo%er plate 21 of the collector resting upon insulating cross bars 11/-11: %hich extend across the top of the transformer 10/! ,n this position of the collector, it %ill be seen that the current conducting %ires are in the form of bars, the upper end of the bar 118 being connected %ith the plate of the collector, and the lo%er end extended do%n%ardly and insulated from plate 21 and bent in%ardly and thence do%n%ardly into contact %ith the excitation %inding of the outer excitation coil 90 of the magnetic circuits! "he feed %ires for current distribution are connected %ith the coils of the magnetic excitation circuit, li'e terminal of one %ire indicated by the character 11;, being connected %ith the pole of the coil // of the transformer 10/, opposite the space of the divided air gap mar'ed EopenE and first alluded to in the description of the first series of six spaces of the air gap of the transformer! "he other %ire 118 has its inner terminal connected %ith the coil %inding /9 of the magnetic field upon the reverse portion of the transformer!

"he outer portions of these feed %ires 11; and 118 connect %ith a double pole s%itch 120, %hich ma'es contact %ith the conducting %ires 121-122 of the rheostat controller 129! 0ith the rheostat are connected the inner terminals of the conducting %ires 125 and 12:, the outer terminals being connected in parallel %ith the lamp circuit upon the soc'et board 12;, in, %hich are sho%n the incandescent lamps 128 in series, in the incandescent circuit! ,t is obvious that the outgoing feed %ires may be connected %ith the fields of a motor and electric energy transmitted at high and lo% velocity as the load of the motor increases, or vice versa, as the increase in the number of incandescent lamps are increased, to excite the magnetic circuits of the transformer, the efficiency of %hich %ill no% be described in connection %ith the collector of ether %ave medium! "he electromotive force of the current from the ether %ave aerial collector flo%s or is conducted by the conductors 101 and 102, %hose terminals are connected %ith the aerial plates 20A, 21-, respectively, and also %ith the coil %indings /@ and 90, respectively, of the ether %ave transformer! "he current flo%ing in the magnetic circuit of the coils energiHes conductors /@5, 905, magnetiHing coil %indings // and /9 respectively, and these coils // and /9 energiHe the magnetic coils /; and /8, through the conductors /;5, /85 respectively, and the coils /5 and! /: are energiHed through the conductors /55, /:5 respectively, from the coils // and /5 respectively, and the %hole magnetic circuit from // to 90 are energiHed! "he current then flo%s through the bus rods to the coil near the center of the transformer %hich has the least resistance, %hich as indicated the first coil, out%ard from the insulated core piece =! "he current generated and flo%ing through the bus rod is generating an electromagnetic force in the magnetic circuit! "he coil energiHed has a return through the bus rod 9/- to the magnetic circuit to its bus coil /9, and the electromotive lines of force are impeded by changes in the lines of force %hich cause fluctuations in the change of polarity! "he double pole s%itch 120 being thro%n to bring into contact the outgoing feed %ire terminals of the feed %ires 11;-118, %ith the conducting %ires 121-122 of the rheostatic controller 129, the current of the re uired force is transmitted by the conductors 125-12: to the series of incandescent lamps 128! "he transformer no% in use by myself for service lighting is no% connected %ith a lighting circuit no% in operation! "he electromotive force of the transformer being increased, by the amount of load, increases the flo% of the current through the first magnetiHing coil of the transformer from 1 to 8, setting up ne% lines of electromotive force, the potentials of %hich in moving to%ard the lines of the least resistance, meet a change in lines of force through the reversed group of %ires 89, at the same time generating a larger magnetic electromotive force in a reverse movement by the path of the bus rod 91, %hich being met by an increase of the lines of magnetic force from the magnetic coils, acts to control the movement of the current, %hile generating in the collision of these lines

of force a higher electromotive force, involving the magnetic coils in the spaces from 1 to : inclusive, of the air gap, the current no% flo%ing through the magnetic coil during its flo% from the group of conductors 8/, to the conductors in the space ): in the first series of six spaces of the air gap, the current flo%ing through the magnetic %iring by the conductor 85, in the space mar'ed 11, thence through the magnetic %inding )2 in the next space, thence through the magnetic %indings 12 in the next space, thence through to magnetic %inding )9 in the next space, thence through the magnetic %inding 15 in the next space, thence through the magnetic %indings 1: in the next space, at %hich point, the current %hose fluctuations have been regulated in rapid changes of polarity, %ith increased electromotive force, flo%s %ith an inductive force through the bus rod to energiHe the series of coils from 1 to 8, it being observed that in my transformer the electromotive force is being from magnetiHing coil 1 to /2 respectively until an increased load is thro%n on the transformer, increasing the magnetic lines of force of the coils of the transformer, %hen the inductive force is set up in the magnetic circuits through conductors /;5, /55, involving a generation of current %hich finds its path through bus rod 99, and bringing into circuit the next 85 coils of the transformer %here the lines of force in the correction of the poles of the group of %ires 81 are sub*ected to a change of polariHation and depolariHation through one or more of the %ires 88, setting up additional electromotive force, its fluctuations being made constant through the magnetic field coils in the spaces of the air gap from 1 to : in the next uarter division of the transformer, and as the load further increases so as to involve the magnetic circuits // and /5, the flo% of the current is inducted through the conductors /5x, /:5, through the bus rod 9:, ta'ing the electromagnetic force from the excitation from all the coils of the transformer, %hose potentials follo% the group of conductors %hich lead to the next series of coil %indings 1: to 29, flo%ing through the reversely connected group of %ires 121, and is then conducted through the series of magnetic coils in the nex t series of coils respectively! #s the load increases, the 4rincipal magnetic coils sho%n in heavy lines in (ig/re %% and (ig/re %%A in the last distribution of current, flo%s from the dense coil /2, energiHing bus rod 98, and also energiHing the series of eight coils of the transformer from 1 to /2 inclusive, the current flo%ing through the reversely connected conductors 42; through magnetiHing field coils, cutting the line of force and creating an electromotive force the current flo%ing through the fourth division of the six spaces of the air gap, and the magnetiHing field coils in said series, in %hich the fluctuations of the current are made constant and the full distribution of the current is no% attained from each portion of the transformer, in %hich portions, %hile the electromotive force is increased to meet the demands of the load, a constant regulation is being effected in the excitation coils and through the magnetiHing field coils, impeding the lines of least resistance %hich are afforded a compensating resistance in proportion to the load cut in and out through the rheostatic controller, hence, as the electromagnetic force of the transformer is increased to supply the electromotive force re uired, the accumulation of the ether %aves in the collector produces an electromotive force of undiminished uantity, this result being a ne% discovery of far reaching benefit to man'ind, involving as it does the inceptive potency of electric energy for all, purposes, evolved from the general ether %ave field of electric medium by me! 2aving fully described my invention, %hat , no% claim as ne% and desire to secure by 7etters 4atent, is.

1! "he production and generation of an electromotive force from the accumulation of the ether %aves of an un'no%n potential, from the general field of ether %ave electric medium! 2! "he production and generation of an electromotive force, from the accumulation of the potentials of ether %aves of electric medium, and their polariHation into electromotive force constant! /! # source of electromotive force, comprising an inductive polariHation and depolariHation of the pulsating %aves of ether, from the ether %ave potential of the ether %ave electric medium! 9! "he production and generation of an electromotive force, consisting of the accumulation of the ether %aves of the general electric ether %ave medium, and changing their potentials in the paths of bro'en circuits of opposite polarity, and polariHing and depolariHing the %ave potentials and sub*ecting the energiHed potentials to a transmission through magnetic circuits! 5! # source of electric motive force, comprising the inductive ether %ave potentials of the ether %ave medium, %hose potentials are changed through resistances in their paths, and then polariHed and depolariHed in transmission! :! "he method described of producing an electromotive force, consisting in collecting the ether %aves from the general field of electric medium, their potentials changing %ithin bro'en circuits, then through polariHed resistances! ;! "he method described of producing an electromotive force, consisting in collecting the ether %aves from the general field of electric medium, changing their potentials, transmitting them %ithin bro'en circuits, polariHing and depolariHing the potentials and through polariHed resistances in magnetic circuits! 8! "he method herein described of producing an electromotive force, consisting in collecting and accumulating the ether %aves from the general field of electric ether %ave medium, changing their potentials and transmitting these potentials %ithin bro'en circuits, polariHing and depolariHing these potentials in a transmission through polariHed resistances in magnetic circuits of reversing polarities! @! "he method herein described of producing an electromotive force constant,m consisting in collecting and accumulating the ether %aves from the general field of electric ether %ave medium, changing their potentials and transmitting these potentials %ithin paths of bro'en circuits, changing their potentials and polariHing and depolariHing these potentials and transmitting them through polariHed resistances, thence through magnetic circuits in %hich circuits the polarities are changed according to the electromotive force! 10! "he method and apparatus herein described, for collecting from the general ether field, of electric medium, of electric ether %aves or ether in an accumulative, distributable, measurable, electromotive force!

11! "he method! and apparatus herein described, for collecting from the general ether field of electric medium of the %ave potentials, and brea'ing up the lines of force of these potentials to produce an electromotive force! 12! "he method and apparatus herein described for collecting and accumulating from the general field of electric medium of ether %aves of un'no%n polarity and converting these %aves into lines of electromotive force of constant polarity! 1/! "he method and apparatus herein described for collecting and accumulating from the general field of electric medium, of ether %aves of un'no%n polarity from aerials of opposite polarity, transmitting these %aves through bro'en conductors in groups of bro'en circuits in electrical contact %ith the aerials, then through polariHed resistances in electrical contact %ith the conductors in the bro'en circuits! 19! "he method and apparatus herein described for collecting and accumulating from the general ether field of electric medium of the ether %aves, consisting in establishing a conductivity of the %ave medium bet%een aerial conductors in parallel, and conducting the ether %ave from conductors through groups of bro'en circuits in electric connection %ith the terminals of the aerials, and interposing polariHed resistances bet%een the terminals of the aerial conductors! 15! "he method and apparatus herein described for collecting and accumulating from the general ether field of electric medium of un'no%n polarity, of ether %aves of electromotive force, consisting in conducting the lines of force of the ether electric %aves through aerials and %ithin groups of bro'en circuits, and brea'ing up the lines of force, then reversing the polarity of these potentials through the medium of polariHed resistances! 1:! "he method and apparatus herein described for collecting and accumulating from the general ether field of electric medium, of an amperage of electromotive force, and increasing its lines of force in a transformer of magnetic lines of force! 1;! # collector of ether electric %aves, consisting of aerial conductors, and a group or groups of %ave polariHing and depolariHing bro'en circuits leading therefrom, and polariHed resistances so related to the bro'en circuits as to brea' up the potentials of the ether medium! 18! # collector of ether electric %aves, consisting of aerial conductors, and a group or groups of %ave polariHing and depolariHing bro'en circuits in %ave transmitting connection %ith the terminals of the aerial conductors, and polariHed resistances in the path of the electric medium at the terminals of the aerials! 1@! # collector of the ether electric %aves, consisting of aerial conductors, and terminal contacts and bro'en %ave group or groups of conductors polariHing and depolariHing connected %ith the terminal contacts! 20! # collector of ether electric %aves, consisting of aerial conductors of the potentials of the electric %aves, and opposing group or groups of %ave polariHing and depolariHing bro'en

conductors, in %ave transmitting connection %ith the terminals of the aerial conductors, and polariHed resistances connecting the group or groups of bro'en circuits and insulated therefrom! 21! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, consisting of %ave inductive aerial plates, and terminal contacts in opposite %ave transmitting positions! 22! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, consisting of %ave inductive aerial plates, each plate having a series of terminal contacts in registering positions, and polariHing and depolariHing conductors in bro'en circuits carried by the terminal contacts on each plate, and %ave transmitting polariHed resistances connecting the registering contacts! 2/! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, consisting of separate %ave inductive aerial plates, and a series of terminal contacts on each plate in registering positions to each other respectively, means for insulating one plate from the other, and a group or groups of conductors in bro'en circuits on each plate, in %ave transmitting connection %ith the terminal contacts, and polariHed resistances connecting the contact on the other plate! 29! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, consisting of separate %ave inductive aerial plates, and a series of terminal contacts on each plate, an insulating member bet%een the said plates provided %ith openings registering %ith and admitting said terminal contacts, polariHed resistance coils in said openings connected %ith the respective contacts on the separate plates, and %ave polariHing group or groups of bro'en conductors on said terminal contacts! 25! #n apparatus for the collecting, accumulating and accreting, the ether electric %ave energy, comprising inductors of the ether electric %aves, circuit brea'ing polariHers and depolariHers of the electric %aves, potentials changing elements connecting the bro'en circuits, and magnetic circuits, and polariHing and depolariHing current transmitters in the magnetic circuits! 2:! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, and a transformer of increased energy of electromotive force, from the amperage of %ave energy transmitted from the accumulator! 2;! #n ether %ave transformer of electromotive force, comprising magnetic circuits, and polariHing and depolariHing circuits controlling the magnetic circuits! 28! #n ether %ave transformer of electromotive force, and magnetic circuits of increased activity %ithout the main body, and an air gap bet%een, and polariHing and depolariHing circuits connecting the poles of the magnetic circuits of the main body, %ith the poles of the magnetic circuits of the outer body, and electrically controlled thereby! 2@! # collector and accumulator of the ether electric %aves, and magnetic circuits energiHed by the polariHed and depolariHed ether %aves from the accumulator!

/0! #n ether %ave transformer of electromotive force, comprising an internal body of magnetic circuits, and an external body of magnetic circuits of increased magnetic intensity to that of the internal body, and an air gap bet%een, conductors connecting the magnetic poles of the terminal body %ith the magnetic poles of the outer body, and groups of polariHing and depolariHing circuits connecting the conductors of these poles %ith each other, and polariHed, resistances in the air gap connected %ith the polariHing and depolariHing circuits! /1! #n ether %ave transformer of electromotive force, comprising a series of internal magnetic circuits, and a series of external magnetic circuits, and an air gap bet%een, conductors connecting the poles of the external magnetic circuits %ith the poles of the internal magnetic circuits in progressive degrees of electric induction, and polariHing and depolariHing circuits connected %ith the terminal contacts of the conductors %ith the poles of the magnetic internal circuits %ith each other in reverse order, and conductors leading from said poles to the air gap and polariHed resistances connected %ith the polariHing and depolariHing circuits %ithin the air gap! /2! #n ether %ave transformer of electromotive force, comprising an internal body of magnetic circuits, and an external body of increased magnetic intensity, to the internal body, and having an air gap bet%een, insulated means connecting the internal and external bodies of magnetic circuits, and conductors connecting the poles of the internal and external magnetic circuits in progressive degrees of electric induction, and polariHing and depolariHing circuits connecting the conductors from the poles of the magnetic circuits in series, and series of polariHing and depolariHing circuits connecting said series of conductors in reverse order, and polariHed resistance coils in the air gap insulated from the magnetic circuits and connecting electrically the series of reversed polariHing and depolariHing circuit from the magnetic circuits! //! "he herein described method of producing electromotive force bet%een the poles of a transmission resistance coil! /9! "he herein described method of producing electromotive force from the ether %aves of electric medium bet%een the lines of force passing through the poles of a transmission resistance coil! /5! "he herein described method of producing electromotive force from the aerials of conductors of ether %ave electric medium, by changing their potentials during the transmission of the lines of force through %ave transmission resistances! /:! "he herein described method of producing electromotive force conducted through the aerials of the ether %ave electric medium consisting in changing their potentials through bro'en conductors in contact %ith the aerials and during transmission of the lines of force through %ave transmission resistance coils! ,n %itness %hereof , hereunto affix my signature. 8arr, E$ 6errigo

(ig/re %= ,sometric vie% sho%ing the electric %ave interceptor or collector mounted upon the electric transformer, also sho%ing the current distributing connecting %ires leading to a rheostat and to a series of incandescent lighting lamps!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT (ig/re )= ,nverted plan vie% of the top or positive plate of the %ave interceptor, or collector, sho%ing the series of aerial terminals or contacts and the bro'en or dead end or open circuit (hereinafter in most cases called Ebro'en circuitE) connections %ith the contacts!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT (ig/re )A= "ransverse sectional vie% ta'en through the collector aerial plate, and the terminal contacts ta'en on line 2#--2# of -igure 2!

(ig/re *= 4lan vie% of the lo%er aerial plate of the %ave collector, sho%ing the aerial terminal contacts, and the bro'en circuit connections!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re *A= "ransverse sectional vie% of the lo%er collector plate and the terminal contacts ta'en on the line /#--/# of -igure /!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re 4= 4erforated member made of insulating material for containing the resistance coils bet%een the, upper and lo%er aerial plates, sho%ing the top member or cap of each resistance coil of the series!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re 4A= "ransverse sectional vie% of the insulating member sho%n in -igure 9, ta'en through the series or perforations lo%est in position in the member, on the line 9--9 of -igure 9, and sho%s the resistance coils in full lines!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re A= Enlarged detail side vie% of one of the resistance coils %hich are located in the insulated member sho%n in -igure 9!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re 6= End vie% of one of the resistance coils %ith the cap removed!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re &= >iagrammatic vie% of the electrical connections bet%een the resistance coils mounted bet%een upper and lo%er aerial plates!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ (ig/re 8= "ransverse vertical sectional vie% of the complete ether %ave collector, ta'en on the line 8--8 in -igure ;!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

(ig/re 8A= J(,)),1+K mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re 9= )egmental plan vie% of the other %ave transformer, sho%ing the coil %indings!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re 9A= =ne of the field coils in end elevation!

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re %0= 6ertical sectional vie% of the ether %ave transformer and the coil %indings ta'en on the line 10--10 of -igure @!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re %%=>iagrammatic vie%s of the t%o halves of the complete coil %indings of the transformer, sho%- the coil %indings, the cores of the %indings not being sho%n, these halves being in separate vie%s to facilitate sho%ing the detail to a larger scale!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.!5in$text-align.centerEZ

mso-margin-bottom-alt.auto$margin-left.1!0inEZ(ig/re %%A= >iagrammatic vie%s of the t%o halves of the complete coil %indings of the transformer, sho%- the coil %indings, the cores of the %indings not being sho%n, these halves being in separate vie%s to facilitate sho%ing the detail to a larger scale!

CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT

(ig/re %)= >etail side vie% of the insulated bridges in the air gap of the transformer, and the reversed field %indings, as they appear bet%een the bridges, except %here mar'ed E CLIC7 8E E (O ENLA GEMENT

George 6IGGOTT ElectroFGravitation

!lec rical !Gperimen er .H/l, %9)01 (<eprinted in ic-ar0 A$ (or0= Homema)e /igh ning 00 +rea i$e !Gperimen s in !lec rici "$ (c+ra%-2ill$ ,)I1 0-0;-1/;/2/-/)

Overcoming Gravitation
by

George 6iggott
-or some time past there has been uite a controversy going on regarding the sub*ect of interplanetary communication by means of electric %aves! , have been very much interested in the above on account of experiments %hich , have made and data collected pertaining to gravitation effects on high fre uency oscillations and electronic discharges in general! # series of experiments %hich , conducted during the year 1@09, caused me to formulate the theory that interplanetary transmission of electrical impulses %as an impossibility on account of the sunUs resisting and absorbing influence %hich virtually isolates our planet from all other electrical vibrations of a lesser tension or po%er! Gravitation #/"pen0e0 in E+periment" "he above theorem %as arrived at after , had succeeded in sustaining a metallic ob*ect in space by means of a counter-gravitational effect produced through the action of an electric field upon the above ob*ect! # strong electric field %as produced by means of a special form of generator and %hen the metallic ob*ect %as held %ithin its influence it dre% up to approximately a distance of 1 mm from the center of the field, then %as repelled bac'%ard to%ard an earthed contact, going %ithin 10 cm of the same %hen it %as again attracted to%ard the fieldUs center but this time getting no nearer than 5 cm from the polar nucleus! "his bac'%ard and for%ard movement contained for some time until the metallic ob*ect at last came to a comparatively stable position, about 25 cm from the fieldUs center %here it remained until the po%er %as shut off! 0hile the metallic ob*ect %as suspended, , %as able to study the effect of the surrounding field and found by means of a po%erful microscope, assisted by the insertion of a vacuum tube %ithin the field, that the metallic ob*ect (having of course a certain electrical capacity) became fully charged and gave off part of said charge to and against the surrounding field %hich tended to hold said ob*ect in space, apparently %ithout any other sustaining influence! #round the outside of the metallic ob*ect and extending to a distance of about 132 cm %as a completely dar' belt or space in %hich there appeared to be no electrical agitation due, possibly, to neutraliHation caused by the contact of the large incoming energy supply from the fieldUs center of %ith the small oscillating radiations from metallic ob*ect! "he ever-changing action of attraction and repulsion resulted in the overcoming of gravitation! +oing farther , %ill state that the dar' belt above mentioned after many tests gave no sign of electrification, inasmuch as its %idth %as but 132 cm! ,n fact, a dar' line %as sho%n in the vacuum tube %hen it %as introduced bet%een metallic ob*ect and center of field! ,t is my firm conviction that some%here on the outer confines of our planet there exists a similar counteracting belt through %hich naught but the gravitational vibrations of the sun penetrate, and these vibrations absolutely annihilate or absorb all other less po%erful ones!

"herefore, after ma'ing many experiments to ascertain as nearly as possible the absolute facts and conditions as they exist, , have come to the conclusion that all electrical disturbances not due to our o%n radio oscillations, on this globe are due to the sunUs electrical activities in semiinductional contact %ith our polar extremities! Detail" o3 _De3,ing Gravit,Y "he illustrations 1 to 9 %ill possibly give a fair idea of the apparatus used, and the manner in %hich the experiments %ere carried on! -igure 1 sho%s the general scheme of arrangement of devices! ,n the lo%er left hand corner is sho%n the fground contactU, %hich can be turned around and placed in any position found necessary$ in fact, %hen a metallic ob*ect is in suspension, this ground can be entirely eliminated! , have found that any substance %ithin the limits of my experiments can he held in suspension, viH. %ater globules, metallic ob*ects, and insulators being among those tried! )ome materials such as cor' and %ood exhibit peculiar properties %hen suspended$ a piece of green maple %ould not rest in one position in the field, but oscillated bac'%ard and for%ard, continuously, going to the fieldUs center, then bac' to ground 2eated materials exhibited e ually peculiar characteristics. # silver ball 11 mm in diameter %hen heated, remained farther a%ay from the fieldUs center than %hen at normal temperature$ upon cooling it gradually dre% up to the position it %ould occupy if unheated! -igure 2 sho%s a generator of the 0imhurst type (improved), the generating or collecting units being entirely enclosed in an insulating case and operated under a pressure of / atmospheres$ completely dry air only, enters the case through the drying device attached to the air pump sho%n in -igure 1! ,nterior parts of the generator %ill retain uite a po%erful charge for a long period of time! -igure / illustrates suspension stand and field producing electrode! "he latter can be revolved in any direction by means of a spring motor sho%n on the upper section of the stand! "he small apertures seen in electrode, %hich is hollo%, are there for the purpose of ascertaining the action of the reduced field tension at these points, and are also made use of to hold different siHed metallic discs, %hich are cemented to insulating plates, forming condensers, the function of %hich is to create %ea' opposite polarities at these points and thus sho% a reaction on the suspended ob*ect and also a greater ocular effect in the vacuum tube! -igure 9 is a detailed dra%ing of the vacuum tube principally used$ this is of the spectrum type, %ithout sealed-in electrodes and %hen introduced into the electrical fields, flo%s very brightly at its extremities, especially giving a sharp line bordering the dar' space around the metallic ob*ect! # very high vacuum is sustained in the tube and it is found necessary to build it of a very perfect insulating glass$ the bulb must be 'ept absolutely dry on its outer surface!

>ifferent tubes have been used beside the above$ corrugated spherical, cone shaped, and cylindrical, %ith various results! "he electric field produced for suspension experiments is very po%erful and intense, being detectable %ith a vacuum tube at a distance of over : meters (1@!:8 ft)! ,n con*unction %ith the above and dra%ing an analogy bet%een the same, , am of the opinion that cometary motion is undoubtedly due to the activity of its compositional elements and their susceptibility t changes of polarity %hich, %hen the comet is far distant from the sun, %ould be opposite in sign to that of the latter, or %hen in close proximity to the ventral orb, %ould be of the same sign and therefore repelled! #ll bodies in process of formation possibly have their cometary stage, and doubtless future experiments %ill reveal this fact! Act/al E33ect" Ac-ieve0 ', Mr 6iggott "he total po%er re uired to operate the generator, %hich %as run by an electric motor, %as about 139 &0$ the machine voltage %as in the neighborhood of 500,000 %hen the electrodes %ere separated beyond spar'ing distance! "he electrostatic charge left on the suspension electrode retained the average ob*ect in space for a short length of time, about 1-139 seconds after the machine ceased rotating! )ome ob*ects such as copper and silver balls, %hich are of course good electrical conductors, and very nearly homogeneous, %hen falling to%ard the earth, after po%er had been shut off, seemed to slo% do%n %hen they neared same, and hovered about 2 cm above contact for approximately 1 second of time before stri'ing same$ this %as due no doubt to the inductional change in polarity %hich %as imparted to balls almost at the instant of earth contact! "he aura, sho%n in -igure /, near suspended balls (%hich in this experiment %ere made of silver) extended out%ard to a distance of about 1 cm and covered about one-half of the upper hemisphere and a trifle more of the lo%er hemisphere! "his bluish emanation appeared to be made up of numerous infinitesimal dots or darting particle, each apparently separated from the other by a very narro%, glo%less belt! 0verything %as, ho%ever, in a constant state of agitation and it %as uite impossible to get an absolutely perfect vie% microscopically, of an individual particle! >ifferent substances have different auras both in length and breadth, and also in luminosity! "he silver balls used in these experiments had an actual gravitational %eight of 1-/310 gram (nearly 0!05 oH!, avoirdupois) and %ere the heaviest ob*ects suspended at this time, their diameter being 11 mm as before mentioned in another part of this article! "he largest ob*ect suspended %as a cor' cylinder 10 cm long by 9 cm diameter (approximately 9 by 1-@31: inches) %hich had a copper %ire pushed through its center, and extending beyond its

ends to a distance of / mm! "he %eight of the above cylinder %as /39 grams (0!002:95 oH!, avoirdupois)! "he behavior of metal spheres used in the above experiments %as a most interesting spectacle$ silver and copper balls floated very steadily on one position and %hen suspending electrode %as revolved, %ould follo%s and turn slightly axially, but %ould not revolve entirely around same, there being a peculiar slipping effect not entirely accounted for! (ig/re % --- "his picture sho%s (r +eorge 4iggott, the author, and his laboratory %ith the po%erful electrical apparatus used, %hereby he %as enabled to carry on successful experiments in nullifying the effects of gravitation! ,n other %ords, he %as able to suspend small balls and other ob*ects in the manner sho%n, the silver balls actually used having %eighed 1!/ grams! "he diameter of the balls %as 11 mm!

(ig/re ) --- )pecial electrostatic machine used by (r 4iggott in his gravitation nullifying experiments, the %hich %as enclosed in a heavy airtight compartment, so that it could be operated under several atmospheres of pressure!

(ig/re * --- # close-up vie% of the charged metal sphere mounted on a pedestal together %ith a spring driving motor, %hereby the electrode or charged ball could be rotated! "he t%o smaller silver balls are sho%n as suspended in mid-air, the earthUs gravitational pull having been nullified!

(ig/re 4 --- ?lose-up vie% of vacuum tube of the spectrum type used in studying the aura surrounding the suspended silver balls, %hile they remained suspended in space!

8ermann 6LA<#ON Conver"ion o3 Atmo"p-eric Electricit,

Diograp-, .Wi4ipe0ia1 Meri0ian International e"earc-= Atmo"p-eric Electricit, e"earcScience 1 <n$en ion .(e'$ %9))1= E6o2er 3rom t-e AirE .I1 Science 1 <n$en ion .Marc- %9))1= E6o2er 3rom t-e AirE .II1 6la/"onC" Electrical 6atent" .Li"t1 8$ 6la/"on= <#6 9 %5A405998 FF Conver"ion o3 Atmo"p-eric Electricit, 8$ 6la/"on= Driti"- 6atent 9 %A&5)6) FF Improvement" in Electric Motor"

8$ 6la/"on= Driti"- 6atent 9 %A&5)6* FF 6roce"" ; Apparat/" 3or Converting #tatic Atmo"p-eric Electrical Energ, into D,namic Electrical Energ,$$$

-ttp=>>en$2i4ipe0ia$org>2i4i>8ermannK6la/"on

Diograp-,
8ermann 6la/"on %as an Estonian engineer and inventor! 4lauson investigated the production of energy and po%er via atmospheric electricity! 4lauson %as the director of the -ischer-"ropsch E=tto "raun <esearch 7aboratoriesE in 2amburg, +ermany during the 0eimar <epublic of the 1@20s! 2e built on 1i'ola "esla5s idea for connecting machinery to the E%heel%or' of natureE! 4lauson5s C) 4atent D 1,590,@@8 describes methods to convert alternating radiant static electricity into rectified continuous current pulses! 2e developed the 4lauson5s converter, an electrostatic generator! ,n 1@20, 4lauson published a boo' titled E* o2u+tio% a%2 >tili?atio% o' t$e )t#o"p$e i+ 0le+t i+ityE (, ., ,ewi%%u%& u%2 Ie we tu%& 2e )t#o"p$a i"+$e% 0le!t i?itat)! # copy of this boo' is in the Iritish 7ibrary! ,t is believed that he %as related to +ertrud 4lauson (the exact relationship is un'no%n$ she may be his %ife)! E4o%er from the #irE! S+ie%+e a%2 5%ve%tio% , -eb! 1@22, no! 10! 6ol ,\, 0hole 1o! 10:! 1e% Gor'! ( nuenergy!org ) E4o%er from the #irE! S+ie%+e a%2 5%ve%tio% , (arch 1@22!

Science an) <n$en ion, !ol$ IP .%061 9%0 .(e'r/ar, %9))1

6o2er 3rom t-e Air .I1

',

8/go Gern"'ac4

>uring the %ar there %as developed in +ermany a ne% art --- or science --- that bids fair to revolutioniHe our present means of obtaining po%er! "his art, %hich is as ne% no% as %ireless %as 25 years ago, %ill attain proportions during the next 25 years that may appear fantastic today! "he inventor of the ne% science, an engineer of note, 2err 2ermann 4lauson, has devoted years of labor to his researches and he has no%

actually in use small po%er plants, that generate electricity direct from the air, day and night, %ithout interruption at practically no cost, once the plant is constructed! 0e had occasion, in one of our former issues, to describe the system, roughly, from cabled dispatches, but complete information is available no%! "he amount of electrical po%er that resides in our atmosphere is astounding! 2err 4lauson found in his experiments that a single balloon sent aloft to a height of /00 yards gave a constant current at 900 volts of 1!8 amperes, or in 29 hours over 1;-139 'ilo%attsT Iy using t%o balloons in connection %ith a special condenser battery, the po%er obtained %as 81-132 'ilo%atts in 29 hours! "he actual current delivered %as :!8 amperes at 500 volts! "he best balloons used by the inventor are made of thin aluminum leaf! 1o fabric %as used! # simple internal system of ribs, stays and %ires, gives the balloon rigidity as %ell as a certain amount of elasticity! "he balloon, %hen made airtight, is filled %ith hydrogen or better, %ith helium! ,t %ill then stay aloft for %ee's at a time! "he outer surface is dotted %ith extremely sharp pins, made sharp electrolytically! =rdinary pins did not prove good current collectors, as they lac'ed extreme sharpness! "he pins themselves %ere made from amalgamated Hinc, containing a radium preparation, in order to ioniHe the air! ,t %as also found that by dotting the outer surface of the balloon %ith Hinc-amalgam more current could be collected! Even better results %ere obtained %ith polonium amalgam! 4lauson states that the function of these amalgams is purely photoelectric! =ne hundred of such captive balloons, separated one hundred yards from each other, %ill give a steady yield of 200 horsepo%er! "his is the minimum, because in the %inter this figure increases up to 900 horsepo%er, due to the higher electrification of the atmosphere! 0e need not go into the technic of ho% the current is finally made useable for industrial purposes, suffice it to say that the problem has been entirely solved by 2err 4lauson! Iy using batteries of condensers, high tension transformers, etc!, the current can be transformed to any form desires! )uch as for lighting lamps, running motors, charging storage batteries, etc! 4lauson also invented a sort of electrostatic rotary transformer %hich gives alternating current %ithout the use of condensers and transformers! ,ndeed, its output is very great, as it actually fsuc'sU the current do%n rapidly from the collector balloons! "here is no doubt that this invention %ill soon come into universal use all over the %orld! 0e %ill see the land dotted %ith captive balloons, particularly in the country and %herever %ater po%er does not abound! ,ndeed, the time is not distant %hen nearly all of our po%er %ill be derived from the atmosphere! )o far it seems to be the cheapest form of po%er 'no%n, it being much cheaper even than %ater po%er --the cheapest form of po%er 'no%n today! 1ot only that, but as the inventor points out, no devastating thunder storms occur near such aerial po%er plants, because the balloons act not only as lightning arresters, but they uic'ly discharge the biggest thunder cloud, safely and noiselessly through their grounded spar' gaps!

Science 1 <n$en ion .Marc- %9))15 page %0065 %00&

6o2er 3rom t-e Air .II1

by

8/go Gern"'ac4
J -or many years electrical engineers have endeavored to devise some means %hereby it %ould become possible to utiliHe the free electrical energy ever present in the atmosphere, but they %ere not successful, as every no% and then an extra heavy surge of static current %ould rush do%n the elevated conductor and endanger the lives of the experimenters, or else destroy the apparatus connected %ith it! # +erman engineer has, ho%ever, devised the some%hat elaborate scheme here sho%n in brief, and he has succeeded, at least so his report states, in safely extracting several 'ilo%atts of electrical po%er from the atmosphere %ith metallic surfaced balloons, elevated to a height of only 1000 feet! K Ill/"tration J =pens in ne% page K 0e have previously treated of the extraction of electrical energy from the atmosphere! "he difference of electric potential in different parts of the atmosphere, and the difference bet%een the upper air and earth ma'e it a tempting proposition to obtain po%er from atmospheric electricity! "he po%er %ould ta'e the form of high potential difference %ith a discharge almost of a static nature! ,t has long appeared rather doubtful to conservative engineers, if such a source of po%er should really be available! Get %hen %e see the lightning flash, it certainly suggests very high po%er, even though the total of its energy may be small, on account of the small duration of the discharge ,t is not to the thunder storm that %e loo' for getting po%er from the atmosphere, as the sub*ect is no% being seriously investigated! # +erman scientist, 2ermann 4lauson, has published a very elaborate %or' on this sub*ect, and has investigated the use of 'ites, balloons and to%ers, for the utiliHation of the high potentials existing in the air at different altitudes, and has studied out the construction of motors to be operated by the peculiar type of discharge %hich %ill be obtained, if the pro*ects are successfully carried out! 0e %ill first spea' of the methods used for collecting electricity from the upper air! "he author cites several +erman patents! =ne of them sho%s the use of a 'ite balloon! "he balloon is sho%n floating in the air, 'ite fashion, and from it hangs a great net or aerial for the collection of electricity! "he conductor from the aerial leads to the ground station$ uite an elaborate description is given of the net-%or' %hich the patentee proposes to have covered %ith needle points! # %indlass ta'es in or pays out cable for the balloon, and the patentee claims that by sending the apparatus to a height of about one mile he %ill have 225,000 volts to dra% upon! 2e then spea's o a battery of 20,000 cells in series, %hich %ill use up to 90,000 to 50,000 volts in the charging! "his certainly provides for a reasonable large fall of potential! Iut our author discards this idea and first suggests something more permanent! 2e proposes the erection of to%ers to be in the neighborhood of 1,000 feet high, or about the height of the Eiffel "o%er! #t the summit he has his collecting aerial! "he appliance consists of a number of copper tubes$ %ithin each one he proposes to burn gas lamps, %hose products of combustion %ill reach the aerial, a collecting net-%or' covering the tops of the tubes! =ne of his apprehensions is that if

rain should %et his connections trouble might ensue, so he proposes a protection at the top in the shape of a great bell-li'e shield, resembling in his terms Va )iamese pagodaW! 2e also compares the form of the protection to that of a great petticoat insulator! #nother of his difficulties is that he must have his to%er insulated from the earth! 2e, therefore describes a complicated foundation for his structure! 2e proposes first to pour in at the bottom of the excavation a foundation of simple concrete! =n this he places a layer of asphalt, and then a layer of cast glass, three to ten feet thic', and then comes a reinforced concrete foundation, to %hich the metallic foot of the to%er is to be anchored! "his foundation must rise at least seven feet above the ground level, and is to be boarded in on all sides to protect it from moisture! "he authorUs idea s to erect a number of these to%ers connected by a horiHontal cable, to %hich the aerials for collection of potentials are secured! "he author strongly advocates balloons as collectors of the electric po%er of the air! "hese he depicts covered %ith spots! "hese spots indicate areas to be variously coated and prepared to collect potential from the atmosphere! ,n the first place he describes the balloon as made of thin metallic leaf supported by internal ribs! )teel %ires silver-plated, copper-plated, or aluminum-coated, run from the balloon to the pendant or *unction ring! "o this ring the tether cable is attached and runs to an insulated %indlass on the surface of the earth! "he balloon is to rise to an altitude varying from /00 feet to three miles! "he coating of the spots is to be of the thinnest amalgam, of mercury and gold, or Hinc, or even polonium, perhaps only 132500 inch thic'! #ll over the upper face of the balloon are numberless metal points! "o prepare the needle-li'e %ires, they are collected into bundles and are treated electrolytically in a bath, so as to be dissolved in part! "his gives a sharp point and roughened surface, all adapted for collecting the electric energy! "he points may be of copper, steel, or some hard metallic alloy! #fter this corrosion! #s it may be termed, the %ires are plated %ith gold or other of the so-called noble metals! ,t is advised that polonium or radium salts be added to the plating bath! >r 4lauson devotes many pages of his boo' to describing his motor! "his is a rotary motor including a stator and rotor and its peculiarity is that it contains no coils, develops no electromagnetic field properly spea'ing, but %or's by static excitation! =ne typical arrangement is sho%n in our illustration! "he stator plates and rotor plates are concentric %ith each other, representing segments of cylinders! "he alternation of negative and positive charged plates produces the rotation! ,n the connections there is included a safety spar' gap to ta'e care of dangerous potentials! ,nductances and capacities are also used and indicated! ,t %as found that the plates heated, o%ing to the -oucalt currents, and to overcome this, several methods of subdividing the stator and rotor plates, are described by the author! "he %hole sub*ect is uite captivating, and it really seems as if the utiliHation of the electricity of the air may be almost in sight! ,t %ould seem possible to carry out experiments in this direction by means of the Eiffel "o%er, but of course, the trouble here is that the to%er is grounded, and perfect insulation of the collecting surface is absolutely essential!

#nd no% our author gives us some practical details! 2e says that on the -inland plains he carried out experiments %ith a balloon made of aluminum leaf %ith collecting needles of amalgamated Hinc %ith a radium preparation as an ioniHer! "he surface of the balloon %as sprin'led over %ith Hinc amalgam! ,t %as sent up to a height of /00 meters, early 1,000 feet, and %as held by a copper-plated steel %ire! # constant current of 1!8 amperes at an average of 900 volts potential difference %as obtained! "his gave nearly three- uarters of a 'ilo%att, or close to one horsepo%er! "he collector of the balloon insulated from the earth sho%ed a tension of 92,000 volts! Iy sending up a second balloon %ith an antenna to the same height at a distance of 100 meters from the first balloon, a current of over / amperes %as obtained! "hen by putting into the circuit a large condenser, %hose capacity %as e ual to the surface capacity of both balloons, and of the antenna connections, the current rose to :!8 amperes %ith about 500 volts mean tension! Iy the use of these t%o balloons, he eventually ran up the po%er to /!9 'ilo%atts!

6la/"onC" Electrical 6atent"

<#6 9 %5A405998 Conver"ion o3 Atmo"p-eric Electric Energ, 6F09F%9)A GD%A&)6) Improvement" in Electric Motor" %9))F0&F%0 GD%A&)6* 6roce"" an0 Apparat/" 3or Converting #tatic Atmo"p-eric Electrical Energ, into D,namic Electrical Energ, o3 an, #/ita'le 8ig- 6erio0icit, &F%0F%9)) Driti"- 6atent 9 )995&*A Apparat/" 3or 6ro0/cing api0l, Moving Electron" &F%AF%9*0 (I)%))& Ele4tri"4 /ppv`rmning"anor0ning 4F)AF%946 !armelegeme me0 ele4tri"4e varmemo0"tan0e D76&69%C 9F)&F%948 ( 8&&*6) Di"po"iti3 0e c-a/33age alectriI/e %)F04F%94)

DE&*4&94 Ele4tri"c-e" 8eiJ","tem 4F)4F%94* C8)))A09 Ele4tri"c-er 8eiJ4brper J/r Er2`rm/ng von (lc""ig4eiten &F*%F%94) DE&*8%0& Ele4trol,t 3/er /nmittel'are ele4tri"c-e Warm2a""erF a0iatoren-eiJ/ng mit Ele4tro0en 8F0*F%94* DE4**4&6 !er3a-ren J/r 8er"tell/ng von Ele4tro0en /n0 #c-lei34onta4ten 3/er D,namoma"c-inen 8F*%F%9)6 C8940)% Ele4tro0e /n0 !er3a-ren J/ 0eren 8er"tell/ng 4F0%F%9)) CA))64)* Electro0e 3or Electrol,tic Apparat/"e" %%F)%F%9))

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Atmo"p-eric Electricit, e"earcU E+cerpt" V

,n the nineteenth and early t%entieth centuries, a large number of researchers investigated %ays to extract electrical po%er from the Earth5s ambient electric field! "he leader in this field %as >r 2ermann 4lauson %ho in the 1@20s succeeded in generating significant uantities of electrical po%er comparable %ith modern solar photovoltaic systems of a similar scale!!! "he leader in this field before the )econd 0orld 0ar appears to have been >r 2ermann 4lauson! >r 4lauson %as an Estonian citiHen %ho lived in 2amburg and )%itHerland! 2e carried out experiments in -inland %ith aerostats manufactured from magnesium-aluminium alloy, covered %ith electrolytically deposited needles! "he needles %ere further doped %ith a radium compound to increase local ionisation of the air! ("his %as the era in %hich the hands of %atches %ere hand painted %ith radium to ma'e them luminous in the dar')! binc amalgam patches %ere also painted onto the aerostats! 4lauson obtained a po%er output of bet%een 0!;2'0 and /!9'0 from one and t%o aerostats /00m above ground level! >r 4lauson filed patents in the C)#, +reat

Iritain and +ermany in the 1@20s! 2is boo' E+e%innung und 6er%ertung der #tmosphurischen Ele'triHitutE is the most detailed 'no%n account of the technology! =ther atmospheric electricity researchers contemporary to >r 4lauson included 0alter 4ennoc' and (0 >e%ey in the C)#, #ndor 4alencsar in 2ungary and >r 2einrich <udolph in +ermany! 2ippolyte ?harles 6ion in 4aris predated them all, putting for%ard proposals in the 1850s and 18:0s! 2einrich <udolph made an interesting contribution to the design of the aerostat collectors! ,n 18@8 he designed an elliptical aerostat made up of faceted surfaces to minimise the effect of %ind! "he design bears a strong resemblance to 1orthrop5s 200/ C?#<) unamnned helicopter C#6 pro*ect! "he design uses the ?oanda Effect to help 'eep the aerostat on station and minimise %ind effects! ,n recent times, the only person %ho seems to have been active in this field is >r =leg Befimen'o! >r Befimen'o carried out experiments on driving electrostatic motors from the Earth5s electric field in the 1@;0s and has recently called for research into the neglected field of electrostatic motors to be rene%ed! MI C" e"earc- 6rogramme )ince 1@@; %e have been carrying out theoretical research into conversion of atmospheric electricity into useable electrical po%er! -rom a lo% level (5m high) simple Hinc antenna %e are able to obtain sufficient charge to light a number of %hite po%er 7E>s! -urther experimental investigations %ith metallic aerostat collectors and cavity resonant slo% %ave antennae concepts are ongoing!!! A0vantage" o3 Atmo"p-eric Electricit, )imple and robust technology 7o% ?ost technology - much cheaper than photovoltaics or %ind turbines #vailable day and night in all %eather conditions - in fact, more po%er is produced at night than during the day #vailable at any point on the Earth5s surface 1! ,ewi%%u%& u%2 Ie we tu%& 2e )t#o"p$K i"+$e% 0le!t i?itKt, >r 2ermann 4lauson, 2amburg, (1@20) 2! ?onversion of #tmospheric Electric Energy, C)4 1,590,@@8, >r 2ermann 4lauson, (1@25) /! #ssembly for the ,nduction of 7ightning into a )uperconducting (agnetic Energy )torage )ystem, C)4 5,/:;,295 +oven (ims, (1@@9) 9! Electrostatic (otors are 4o%ered by Electric -ield of the Earth$ ?7 )tong, S+ie%ti'i+ )#e i+a%, (=ctober 1@;9) 5! =peration of Electric (otors from the #tmospheric Electric -ield$ >r =leg Befimen'o, )#e i+a% Jou %al o' *$y"i+", vol! /@, Buly 1@;1! :! 0le+t o"tati+ Moto "H 3$ei * i%+iple", 3ype" a%2 3$eo y o' 4pe atio%$ >r =leg Befimen'o,

Electret )cientific, (1@;2)! ;! 4arametric Electric (achine, C)4 9,:22,510, -erdinand ?ap, (1@8:)!

<# 6atent 9 %5A405998 Conver"ion o3 Atmo"p-eric Electric Energ,

. 9 H/ne %9)A 1

8ermann 6LA<#ON

Ie it 'no%n that ,, 2ermann 4lauson, Estonian sub*ect, residing in 2amburg, +ermany, have invented certain ne% and useful improvements in the ?onversion of #tmospheric Electric Energy, of %hich the follo%ing is a specification! (ethods of obtaining atmospheric electricity by means of metallic nettings set %ith spi'es %hich are held by means of ordinary or anchored 'ite balloons made of fabric and filled %ith hydrogen, are in theory already 'no%n! #tmospheric electricity obtained in this %ay has been suggested to be used in the form of direct current for the charging of accumulators! "his 'no%ledge ho%ever is at present only theoretical as the conversion in practice has hitherto been a failure! 1o means are 'no%n of protecting the apparatus from destruction by lightning! "he balloons used for collecting the charge must also me be made of very large siHe in order to be able to support the %eight of the metallic netting and the heavy cable connections! ,nstead of using heavy metallic netting as collectors attached to single air ballons of nonconducting materials %hich are liable to be torn and are permeable to the gas, it is proposed to use metallic balloon collectors %hich have the follo%ing important advantages --(a) "he metallic cases are impenetrable to helium and hydrogen$ they also represent large metallic %eather-proof collecting surfaces! (b) <adio active means the li'e may be easily applied internally or externally$ %hereby the ioniHation is considerable increased and there%ith also the uantity of atmospheric electricity capable of being collected! (c) )uch balloon collectors of light metal do not re uire to be of large siHe as they have to carry only their o%n moderate %eight, and that of the conducting cable or %ire! (d) "he entire system therefore offers little surface for the action of storm and %ind and is resistant and stable! (e) Each balloon can be easily raised and lo%ered by means of a %inch so that all repairs, recharging and the li'e can be carried out %ithout danger during the operation!

,t is further proposed to use a collecting aerial net%or' of several separate collectors spread out in the air above the earth, %hich collectors are interconnected by electrical conductors! #ccording to this invention charges of atmospheric electricity are not directly converted into mechanical energy, and this forms the main difference from previous inventions, but the static electricity %hich runs to earth through aerial conductors in the form of direct current of very high voltage and lo% current strength is converted into electro-dynamic energy in the form of high fre uency vibrations! (any advantages are thereby obtained and all disadvantages avoided! "he very high voltage of static electricity of a lo% current strength can be converted by this invention to voltages more suitable for technical purposes and of greater strength! Iy the use of closed oscillatory circuits it is possible to obtain electromagnetic %aves of various amplitude and thereby to increase the degree of resonance of such current! )uch resonance allo%s various values of inductance to be chosen %hereby again the governing of the starting and stopping of machines driven thereby by simply tuning the resonance bet%een coils of the machine and the transformer circuit forming the resonance can easily be obtained! -urther, such currents have the property of being directly available for various uses, even %ithout employing them for driving motors, of %hich there may be particularly mentioned, lighting, production of heat and use in electro-chemistry! -urther, %ith such currents a series of apparatus may be fed %ithout direct current supply through conductors and also the electro-magnetic high fre uency currents may be converted by means of special motors adapted for electro-magnetic oscillations into mechanical energy, or finally converted by special machines into alternating current of lo% fre uency or even into direct current of high potential! "he invention is more particularly described %ith reference to the accompanying diagrams in %hich. ---igure 1 is and explanatory figure! -igure 2 is a diagrammatic vie% of the simplest form! -igure / sho%s a method of converting atmospheric electrical energy for use %ith motors! -igure 9 is a diagram sho%ing the use of protective means! -igure 5 is a diagram of an arrangement for converting large current strengths! -igure : is a diagram of an arrangement including controlling means! -igure ; sho%s means %hereby the spar' gap length can be ad*usted! -igure 8 sho%s a unipolar connection for the motor! -igure @ sho%s a %ea' coupled system suitable for use %ith small po%er motors!

-igures 10, 11, and 12 sho% modified arrangements! -igure 1/ sho%s a form of inductive coupling for the motor circuit! -igure 19 is a modified form of -igure 1/ %ith inductive coupling! -igure 15 is an arrangement %ith non-inductive motor! -igure 1: is an arrangement %ith coupling by condenser! -igure 1;, 18, and 1@ are diagrams of further modifications! -igure 20 sho%s a simple form in %hich the serial net%or' is combined %ith special collectors! -igure 21 sho%s diagrammatically an arrangement suitable for collecting large uantities of energy! -igure 22 is a modified arrangement having t%o rings of collectors! -igure 2/ sho%s the connection for three rings of collectors! -igure 29 sho%s a collecting balloon and diagram of its connection of condenser batteries! -igure 25 and 2: sho% modified collector balloon arrangements! -igure 2; sho%s a second method of connecting conductor for the balloon aerials! -igure 28 sho%s an auto-transformer method of connection! -igure 2@ sho%s the simplest form of construction %ith incandescent cathode! -igure /0 sho%s a form %ith cigar shaped balloon! -igure /1 is a modified arrangement! -igure /2 sho%s a form %ith cathode and electrode enclosed in a vacuum chamber! -igure // is a modified form of -igure /2! -igure /9 sho%s an arc light collector! -igure /5 sho%s such an arrangement for alternating current! -igure /: sho%s an incandescent collector %ith 1ernst lamp! -igure /; sho%s a form %ith a gas flame!

-igure 1 illustrates a simple diagram for converting static electricity into dynamic po%er of a high number of oscillations! -or the sa'e of clearness in the dra%ings an influence machine is assumed to be employed and not an aerial antenna! 1/ and 19 are combs for collecting the static electricity of the influence machine! ; and 8 are spar' discharging electrodes! 5 and : are condensers, @ an inductive primary coil, 10 secondary coil, 11 and 12 ends of conductors of the secondary coil 10! 0hen the disc of the static influence machine is rotated by mechanical means, the combs collect the electric charges one the positive and the other the negative, and charge the condensers 5 and : until such a high potential is formed across the spar' gap ;-8, that the spar' gap is *umped! #s the spar' gap ;-8 forms a closed circuit %ith condensers 5 and :, and inductive resistance @, as is %ell 'no%n, %aves of high fre uency electromagnetic oscillations %ill pass in this circuit! "he high fre uency of the oscillations produced in the primary circuit induces %aves of the same periodicity in the secondary circuit! "hus in the primary circuit electromagnetic oscillations are formed by the passage of the spar' over the spar' gap and these %aves are maintained by fresh charges of static electricity! Iy suitably selecting the ratio bet%een the number of the coils in the primary and secondary circuits %ith regard to a correct application of the co-efficients of resonance (especially, inductance and resistance) the high voltage of the primary circuit may be suitably converted into lo% voltage and high current strength! 0hen the oscillatory discharges in the primary circuit becomes %ea'er or entirely cease, the condensers are charged again by the static electricity until the accumulated charge again brea's do%n the spar' gap! #ll this is repeated as long as electricity is produced by the static machine employing mechanical energy! #n elementary form of the invention is sho%n in -igure 2 in %hich t%o spar' gaps in parallel are used one of %hich may be termed the %or'ing gap ; in -igure 2, %hilst the second serves as a safety device for excess voltage and consists of a larger number of spar' gaps than the %or'ing section, %hich gaps are arranged in series and are bridged by very small capacities as is illustrated in a, b, c, -igure 2 %hich allo% of uniform spar'ing in the safety section!

,n -igure 2 # is the aerial antenna for collecting charges of atmospheric electricity! 1/ is the earth connection of the second part of the spar' gap, 5 and : are condensers, @ a primary coil! 1o% %hen through the aerial # the positive atmospheric electricity see's to combine %ith the negative charge to earth, this is prevented by (the air gap bet%een) the spar' gaps! "he resistance of the spar' gap ; is, as sho%n in the dra%ings, lo%er than that of the other safety section %hich consists of three spar' gaps connected in series, and conse uently a three times greater air resistance is offered by the latter! )o long, therefore, as the resistance of the spar' gap ; is not overloaded, so that the other spar' gaps have an e ual resistance %ith it the discharges ta'e place only over spar' gap ;! )hould ho%ever the voltage be increased by and influences so that it might be dangerous for charging the condensers 5 and : or for the coil insulation @ and 10 in conse uence of brea' do%n, by a correct regulation of this spar' gap the second spar' gap can discharge free from inductive effects direct to earth %ithout endangering the machine! 0ithout this second spar' gap, arranged in parallel having a higher resistance than the %or'ing spar' gap it is impossible to collect and render available large uantities of electrical energy! "he actions of this closed oscillation circuit consisting of spar' gap ;, t%o condensers 5 and :, primary coil @, and also secondary coil 10 is exactly the same as the one described in -igure 1 %ith the arrangement of the static induction machine %ith the only difference that here the second spar' gap is provided! "he electromagnetic high fre uency alternating current obtained can be tapped off from the conductors 11 and 12 for lighting and heating purposes! )pecial 'inds of motors adapted for %or'ing %ith these peculiar electrical charges may be connected at 19 and 15 %hich can %or' %ith static electricity charges or %ith high fre uency oscillations! ,n addition to the use of spar' gaps in parallel a second measure of security is also necessary for ta'ing off the current! "his precaution consists according to this invention, in the introduction of and method of connecting certain protective electromagnets or cho'ing coils in the aerial circuit as sho%n by ) in -igure /! # single electromagnet only having a core of the thinnest possible separate laminations is connected %ith the aerial! ,n the case of high voltages in the aerial net%or' or at places %here there are fre uent thunder storms, several such magnets may ho%ever be connected in series! ,n the case of large units or plants several electromagnets can be employed in parallel or in series parallel! "he %indings of these electromagnets may be simply connected in series %ith the aerials! ,n this case the %inding preferably consists of several thin parallel %ires, %hich ma'e up together, the necessary section! "he %inding may be made of primary and secondary %indings in the form of a transformer! "he primary %indings %ill be then connected in series %ith the aerial net%or', and the secondary

%inding more or less short-circuited over a regulating resistance or an induction coil! ,n the latter case it is possible to regulate to a certain extent the effect of the cho'ing coils! ,n the further description of the connecting and constructional diagrams the aerial electromagnet cho'e coil is indicated by a simple ring )!

-igure / sho%s the simplest %ay of converting atmospheric electricity into electromagnetic %ave energy by the use of special motors adapted for high oscillatory currents or static charges of electrical energy! <ecent improvements in motors for %or'ing %ith static charges and motors %or'ing by resonance, that is to say, having groups of tuned electromagnetic cooperating circuits render this possible but such do not form part of the present invention! # motor adapted to operate %ith static charges %ill for the sa'e of simplicity be diagrammatically indicated by the t%o semicircles 1 and 2 and the rotor of the motor by a ring ( (-igure /)! # is a vertical aerial or aerial net%or'! ) the safety cho'e or electromagnet %ith coil = as may be seen is connected %ith the aerial #! #d*acent the electromagnet ) the aerial conductor is divided into three circuits, the circuit 8 giving the safety spar' gap, the circuit ; %ith the %or'ing spar' gap, and then a circuit including the stator terminal 1, the rotor and stator terminal 2 at %hich a connection is made to the earth %ire! "he t%o spar' gaps are also connected metallically %ith the earth %ire! "he method of %or'ing these diagrams is as follo%s. "he positive atmospheric electric charge collected tends to combine %ith the negative electricity (or earth electricity) connected %ith the earth %ire! ,t travels along the aerial # through the electromagnet ) %ithout begin chec'ed as it flo%s in the same direction as the direct current!

-urther, its progress is arrested by t%o spar's gaps placed in the %ay and the stator condenser surfaces! "he stator condenser surfaces are charged until the charge is greater than the resistance of the spar' gap ;, %hereupon a spar' springs over the spar' gap ; and an oscillatory charge is obtained as by means of the motor (, stator surfaces 1 and 2, and spar' gap ;, a closed oscillation circuit is obtained for producing the electromagnetic oscillations! "he motor here forms the capacity and the necessary inductance and resistance, %hich, as is %ell 'no%n, are necessary for converting static electricity into electromagnetic %ave energy! "he discharge formed are converted into mechanical energy in special motors and cannot reach the aerial net%or' by reason of the electromagnet or cho'e! ,f, ho%ever, %hen a spar' springs over the spar' gap ; a greater uantity of atmospheric electricity tends to flo% to earth, a counter voltage is induced in the electromagnet, %hich is greater the more rapidly and strongly the flo% of current direct to the earth is! Iy the formation of this opposing voltage a sufficiently high resistance is offered to the flo% of atmospheric electricity direct to earth to prevent a short circuit %ith the earth! "he circuit containing spar' gap 8 having a different %ave length %hich is not in resonance %ith the natural fre uency of the motor, does not endanger the motor and serves as security against excess voltage, %hich, as practical experiments have sho%n, may still arise in certain cases, but can be conducted direct to earth through this spar' gap! ,n the diagram illustrated in -igure 9 the spar' gap ; is shunted across condensers 5 and : from the motor (! "his construction affords mainly a better insulation of the motor against excess voltage and a uniform excitation through the spar' gap ;! ,n -igure 5 a diagram is illustrated for transforming large current strengths %hich may be employed direct %ithout motors, for example, for lighting or heating purposes! "he main difference is that here the spar' gap consists of as star shaped dis' ; %hich can rotate on its o%n axis and is rotated by a motor opposite similarly fitted electrodes ;a! 0hen separate points of stars face one another, discharges ta'e place, thus forming an oscillation circuit over condensers 5 and :, and inductance @ for oscillatory discharges! ,t is evident that a motor may also be directly connected to the ends of the spiral @! "he construction of the diagram sho%n in -igure : permits of the oscillation circuit of the motor being connected %ith an induction coil3 2ere a regulating inductive resistance is introduced for counter-acting excess voltages in the motor! Iy cutting the separate coils @ (coupled inductively to the aerial) in or out the inductive action on the motor may be more or less increased or variable aerial action may be exerted on the oscillation circuit!

,n -igure ; the oscillation circuit is closed through the earth (E and E1)! "he spar' gap ; may be prolonged or shortened by more or fe%er spar' gaps being successively connected by means of a contact arm ;b! >iagram 8 sho%s a unipolar connection of the motor %ith the aerial net%or'! 2ere t%o oscillation circuits are closed through the same motor! "he first oscillation circuit passes from aerial # through electromagnet ), point =, inductance @a to the earth condenser : and further, over spar' gap ; to the aerial condenser 5 and bac' to =! "he second oscillation circuit starts

from the aerial condenser 5 at the point x1 over the inductance @ to the earth condenser : at the point x/ and through the condenser : over the spar' gap ; bac' to x1! "he motor itself is inserted bet%een the t%o points of the spar' gap ;! -rom this arrangement slightly damped oscillation %ave currents are produced! ,n the diagram illustrated in -igure @ a loosely coupled system of connections is illustrated %hich is assumed to be for small motors for measuring purposes! # indicates the aerial conductor, ) the electromagnet in the aerial conductor, @ the inductance, ; the spar' gap, 5 and : condensers, E the earth, ( the motor, and 1 and 2 stator connections of the motor! "he motor is directly metallically connected %ith the oscillation circuit! ,n -igure 10 a purely inductive coupling is employed for the motor circuit! "he motor is connected %ith the secondary %ire 10 as may be seen in -igure 11 in a some%hat modified diagram connection! "he same applies to the diagram of -igure 12! "he diagrams hitherto described preferably allo% of motors of small and medium strength to be operated! -or large aggregates, ho%ever, they are too inconvenient as the construction of t%o or more oscillation circuits for large amounts of energy is difficult$ the governing is still more difficult and the danger in s%itching on or off is greater! # means of overcoming such difficulties is sho%n in -igure 1/! "he oscillation circuit here runs starting from the point x over condenser 5, variable inductance @, spar' gap ;, and the t%o segments (/a and 9a) forming arms of a 0heatstone bridge, bac' to x, ,f the motor is connected by brushes / and 9 transversely to the t%o arms of the bridge as sho%n in the dra%ings, electromagnetic oscillations of e ual sign are induced in the stator surfaces 1 and 2 and the motor does not revolve! ,f ho%ever the brushes / and 9 are moved in common %ith the conducting %ires 1 and 2 %hich connect the brushes %ith the stator poles a certain alteration or displacement of the polarity is obtained and the motor commences to revolve! "he maximum action %ill result if one brush / comes on the central spar'ing contact ; and the other brush 9 on the part =! "hey are ho%ever, usually in practice not brought on the central contact ; but only held in the path of the bridge segments 9a and /a in order not to connect the spar' gaps %ith the motor oscillation circuit!

#s ho%ever, the entire oscillation energy can thereby not act on the motor it is better to carry out the same system according to the diagram 19! "he diagram 19 differs from the foregoing only by

the motor not being directly metallically connected %ith the segments of the commutator, but only a primary coil @ %hich induces in a secondary coil 10, current %hich feeds the motor ( and ta'es the place of the rotor! Iy this arrangement a good transforming action is obtained, a loose coupling and also an oscillation circuit %ithout a spar' gap! ,n -igure 15 the motor is not purely inductive as in 19, but directly metallically branched off from the primary coil (at = and =1) after the principle of the auto-transformer! ,n -igure 1: instead of an inductance a condenser : is in similar manner, and for the same ob*ect inserted bet%een the segments /a and 9a! "his has the advantage that the segments /a and 9a need not be made of solid metal but may consist of spiral coils %hereby a more exact regulation is possible and further motors of high inductance may be employed! "he arrangements of -igures 1;, 18 and 1@ may be employed for use %ith resonance and particularly %ith induction condenser motors$ bet%een the large stator induction condenser surfaces, small reversing pole condenser surfaces, mall reversing pole condensers are connected, %hich, as may be seen from -igures 1;, 18 and 1@ are led together to earth! )uch reversing poles have the advantage that %ith large uantities of electrical energy the spar' formation bet%een the separate oscillation circuits ceases! -igure 1@ sho%s a further method %hich prevents electromagnetic oscillations of high number of alternations formed in the oscillation circuit stri'ing bac' to the aerial conductor! ,t is based on the %ell 'no%n principle that a mercury lamp, one electrode of %hich is formed of mercury, the other of solid metal such as steel allo%s an electric charge to pass in only one direction from the mercury to the steel and not vice versa! "he mercury electrode of the vacuum tube 1 is therefore connected %ith the aerial conductor and the steel electrode %ith the oscillation circuit! -rom this it results that charges can pass only from the aerial through the vacuum tube to the oscillation circuit, but not vice versa! =scillations %hich are formed on being transformed in the oscillation circuit cannot pass to the aerial conductor! ,n practice these vacuum tubes must be connected behind an electromagnet as the latter alone affords no protection against the danger of lightning! #s regards the use of spar' gaps, all arrangements as used for %ireless telegraphy may be used! =f course the spar' gaps in large machines must have a sufficiently large surface! ,n very large stations they are cooled in li uid carbonic acid or better still in li uid nitrogen or hydrogen$ in most cases the cooling may also ta'e place by means of li uefied lo% homologues of the metal series or by means of hydrocarbons the freeHing point of %hich lies at bet%een v@0h ? and v90h ?! "he spar' gap casing must also be insulated and be of sufficient strength to be able to resist any pressure %hich may arise! #ny undesirable excess super-pressure %hich may be formed must be automatically let off! , have employed %it very good results mercury electrodes %hich %ere froHen in li uid carbonic acid, the cooling being maintained during the operation from the outside through the %alls! -igure 20 is one of the simplest forms of construction of an aerial net%or' in combination %ith collectors, transformers and the li'e illustrated diagrammatically! E is here the earth %ire, 8 the

safety spar' gap, ; the %or'ing spar' gap, 1 and 2 the stator surfaces of the motor, 5 a condenser battery, ) the protective magnet %hich is connected %ith the coil in aerial conductor, #1 to #10 aerial antennae %ith collecting balloons, 1 horiHontal collecting or connecting %ire from %hich, to the center a number of connections run! "he actual collectors consist of metal sheaths preferably made of an aluminum magnesium alloy, and are filled %ith hydrogen or helium and are attached t copper plated steel %ires! "he siHe of the balloon is selected so that the actual %eight of the balloon and the %eight of the conducting %ire is supported thereby! =n top of the balloon aluminum spi'es, made and gilded in a special manner hereinafter described, are arranged in order to produce a conductor action! )mall uantities of radium preparations, more particularly polonium-ionium or meso-thorium preparations considerably increase the ioniHation, and there%ith the action of these collectors! ,n addition to metal balloons, fabric balloons %hich are superficially metal coated according to )choopUs metal spraying process, may also be employed! # metallic surface may also me produced by lac uering %ith metallic bronHes, preferably according to )choopUs spraying process or lac uering %ith metallic bronHe po%ders in t%o electrical series of %idely different metals, because thereby the collecting effect is considerably increased! ,nstead of the ordinary round balloons, elongated cigar shaped ones may be employed! ,n order also to utiliHe the frictional energy of the %ind, patches or strips of non-conducting substances %hich produce electricity by friction, may be attached to the metaliHed balloon surfaces! "he %ind %ill impart a portion of its energy in the form of frictional electricity, to the balloon casing, and thereby the collecting effect is substantially increased! ,n practice ho%ever, very high to%ers (up to /00 meters is fully admissible) may be employed as antennae! ,n these to%ers copper tubes rise freely further above the top of the to%er! # gas lamp secured against the %ind is then lit at the point of the copper tube and a netting is secured to the copper tube over the flame of this lamp to form a collector! "he gas is conveyed through the interior of the tube up to the summit! "he copper tube must be absolutely protected from moisture at the place at %hich it enters the to%er and also rain must be prevented running do%n the %alls of the to%er %hich might lead to a bad catastrophe! "his is done by bell shaped enlargements %hich expand do%n%ards, being arranged in the to%er in the form of high voltage insulators of )iamese pagodas! )pecial attention must be devoted to the foundations of such to%ers! "hey must be %ell insulated from the ground, %hich may be obtained by first embedding a layer of concrete in a box form to a sufficient depth in the ground and inserting in this an asphalt lining and then glass bric's cast about 1 or 2 meters in thic'ness! =ver this in turn there is a ferro-concrete layer in %hich alone the metal foot of the tube is secured! "his concrete bloc' must be at least 2 meters from the ground and be fully protected at the sides by a %ooden covering, from moisture! ,n the lo%er part of the to%er a %ood or glass house for the large condenser batteries or for the motors may be constructed! ,n order to lead the earth connection to the ground %ater, a %ell insulated pit constructed of vitreous bric', must be provided! )everal such to%ers are erected at e ual distances apart and connected %ith a horiHontal conductor! "he horiHontal connecting %ires may either run directly from to%er to to%er or be carried on bell shaped insulators similar to those in

use for high voltage conductors! "he %idth of the net%or' may be of any suitable siHe and the connection of the motors can ta'e place at any suitable places!

,n order to collect large uantities of electricity %ith fe% aerials it is %ell to provide the aerial conductor %ith batteries of condensers as sho%n in -igures 21 and 22! ,n -igure 21 the batteries of condensers 5 are connected on the one hand %ith the aerial electricity collectors b by the aerial conductor #, and on the other hand interconnected in series %ith an annular conductor from %hich horiHontal conductors run to the connecting points ? to %hich the earth %ire is connected! -igure 22 sho%s a similar arrangement, )hould t%o such series of antennae rings be sho%n by a voltmeter to have a large difference of potential (for example, one in the mountains and one in the plain) or even of different polarity these differences may be compensated for by connecting sufficiently large condenser batteries (5, 5a, 5b) by means of (a*i star conductors > and >1! ,n -igure 2/ a connection of three such rings of collectors to form a triangle %ith a central condenser battery is illustrated! "he condenser batteries of such large installations must be embedded in li uid gases or in li uids freeHing at very lo% temperatures! ,n such cases a portion of the atmospheric energy must be

employed for li uefying these gases! ,t is also preferable to employ pressure! Iy this means the condenser surfaces may be diminished, and still allo% for large uantities of energy to be stored, secure against brea'do%n! -or smaller installation the immersing of the condensers in %ellinsulated oil or the li'e, suffices! )olid substances on the other hand cannot be employed as insulators! "he arrangement in the diagrams hitherto described %as al%ays such that the condenser batteries %ere connected %ith both poles directly to the aerial condensers! #n improved diagram of the connections for obtaining atmospheric electricity for the condenser batteries has ho%ever, been found to be very advantageous! "his arrangement consists in that they are connected only by one pole (unipolar) to the collecting net%or'! )uch a method of arrangement is very important, as by means of it a constant current and an increase of the normal %or'ing pressure or voltage is obtained! ,f for example a collecting balloon aerial %hich is allo%ed to rise to a height of /00 meters, sho%s 90,000 volts above earth voltage, in practice it has been found that the %or'ing voltage (%ith a %ithdra%al of the po%er according to the method hereinbefore described by means of oscillating spar' gaps and the li'e) is only about 900 volts! ,f ho%ever, the capacity of the condenser surfaces be increased, %hich capacity in the above mentioned case %as e ual to that of the collecting surface of the balloon aerials, to double the amount, by connecting the condenser batteries %ith only one pole, the voltage rises under an e ual %ithdra%al of current up to and beyond 500 volts! "his can only be ascribed to the favorable action of the connecting method! ,n addition to this substantial improvement it has also been found preferable to insert double inductances %ith electromagnets and to place the capacities preferably bet%een t%o such electromagnets! ,t has also been found that the useful action of such condensers can be further increased if an induction coil be connected as inductive resistance to the unconnected pole of the condenser, or still better if the condenser itself be made as an induction condenser! )uch a condenser may be compared %ith a spring %hich %hen compressed carries in itself accumulated force, %hich it again gives off %hen released! ,n charging, a charge %ith reversed sign is formed at the other free condenser pole, and if through the spar' gap a short circuit results, the accumulated energy is again given bac' since no% ne% uantities of energy are induced at the condenser pole connected %ith the conductor net%or', %hich in fact charges %ith opposite signs to that at the free condenser pole! "he ne% induced charges have of course the same sign as the collector net%or'! "he %hole voltage energy in the aerial is thereby ho%ever increased! ,n the same space of time larger uantities of energy are accumulated than is the case %ithout such inserted condenser batteries!

,n -igures 29 and 25 t%o different diagrams of connections are more exactly illustrated, -igure 29 sho%s a collecting balloon and the diagram of the connections to earth! -igure 25 sho%s four collecting balloons and the parallel connection of the condenser batteries belonging thereto! # is the collecting balloon made of an aluminum magnesium alloy (electron metal, magnalium) of a specific gravity of 1!8 and a thic'ness of plate 0!1 to 0!2 mm! ,nsider there are eight strong vertical ribs of "-shaped section about 10 to 20 mm in height and about / mm in thic'ness %ith the pro*ecting part directed in%ards (indicated by a, b, c, d and so forth)$ they are riveted together to form a firm s'eleton and are stiffened in a horiHontal direction by t%o cross ribs! "he ribs are further connected %ith one another internally and transversely by means of thin steel %ires, %hereby the balloon obtains great po%er of resistance and elasticity! <olled plates of 0!1 to 0!2 mm in thic'ness made of magnalium alloy are then either soldered or riveted on this s'eleton so that a fully metallic casing %ith smooth external surface is obtained 0ell silvered or coppered aluminum plated steel %ires run from each rib to the fastening ring 2! -urther, the coppered steel

ha%ser 7 preferably t%isted out of separate thin %ires (sho%n in dotted lines in -igure 29) and %hich must be long enough to allo% the balloon to rise in the desired height, leads to a metal roller or pulley / and from thence to a %inch 0, %ell insulated from the earth! Iy means of this %inch, the balloon, %hich is filled %ith hydrogen, or helium, can be allo%ed to rise to a suitable height (/00 to 5000 meters) and brought to the ground for recharging or repairs! "he actual current is ta'en directly through a friction contact from the metal roller / or from the %ire, or even from the %inch or simultaneously from all three by means of brushes (/, /a and /b)! Ieyond the brushes the conductor is divided, the paths being. --- firstly over 12 to the safety spar' gap 8, from thence to the earth conductor E1, and secondly over electromagnet )1, point 1/, to a second loose electromagnet having an ad*ustable coil )2, then to the spar' gap ; and to the second earth conductor E2! "he actual %or'ing circuit is formed through the spar' gap ;, condensers 5 and :, and through the primary coil @$ here the static electricity formed by oscillatory discharges is accumulated and converted into high fre uency electromagnetic oscillations! Iet%een the electromagnets )1 and )2 at the crossing point 1/, four condenser batteries are introduced %hich are only indicated diagrammatically in the dra%ings each by one condenser! "%o of these batteries (1: and 18) are made as plate condensers and prolonged by regulating induction coils or spirals 1; and 1@ %hile the t%o others (21 and 2/) are induction condensers! #s may be seen from the dra%ings each of the four condenser batteries 1:, 18, 21 and 2/ is connected by only one pole to the aerial or to the collector conductor! "he second poles 1;, 1@, 22 and 29 are open! ,n the case of plate condensers having no inductive resistance an induction coil is inserted! "he ob*ect of such a spiral or coil is the displacement of phase by the induction current by 139 periods, %hilst that of the charging current of the condenser poles %hich lie free in the air, %or's bac' to the collector aerial! "he conse uence of this is that in discharges in the collector aerial the bac' inductive action of the free poles allo%s a higher voltage to be maintained in the aerial collecting conductor than %ould other%ise be the case! ,t has also been found that such a bac' action has an extremely favorable effect on the %ear of the contacts! =f course the inductive effect may be regulated at %ill %ithin the limits of the siHe of the induction coil, the length of the coil in action being ad*ustable by means of %ire connection %ithout induction (see -igure 29, 1o! 20)! )1 and )2 may also be provided %ith such regulating devices in the case of )2 (illustrated by 11)! ,f excess voltage be formed it is conducted to earth through the %ire 12 and spar' gap 8 or through any other suitable apparatus, since this formation %ould be dangerous for the other apparatus! "he small circles on the collector balloon indicate places at %hich Hinc amalgam or gold amalgam or other photoelectric acting metals in the form of small patches in extremely thin layers (0!01 to 0!05 mm in thic'ness) are applied to the entire balloon as %ell as in greater thic'ness to the conducting net%or'! "he capacity of the collector is thereby considerably strengthened at the surface! "he greatest possible effect in collecting may be obtained by polonium amalgams and the li'e! =n the surface of the collector balloon metal points or spi'es are also fixed along the ribs, %hich spi'es serve particularly for collecting the collector charge! )ince it is %ell 'no%n that the resistance of the spi'es is less the sharper the spi'e is, for this purpose it is therefore extremely important to employ as sharp spi'es as possible! Experiments made as regards these have sho%n that the formation of the body of the spi'e or point also plays

a large part, for example, spi'es made of bars or rollers %ith smooth surface, have a many times greater point resistance as collector accumulator spi'es than those %ith rough surfaces! 6arious 'inds of spi'e bodies have been experimented %ith for the collector balloons hereinbefore mentions! "he best results %ere given by spi'es %hich %ere made in the follo%ing %ay! -ine points made of steel, copper, nic'el, or copper and nic'el alloys, %ere fastened together in bundles and then placed as anode %ith the points in a suitable electrolyte (preferably in hydrochloric acid or muriate of iron solutions) and so treated %ith %ea' current at 2 to / volts pressure! #fter 2 to / hours according to the thic'ness of the spi'es or pins the points become extremely sharp and the bodies of the spi'es have a rough surface! "he bundle can then be removed and the acid %ashed off %ith %ater! "he spi'es are then placed as cathode in a batch consisting of solution of gold, platinum, iridium, palladium or %olfram salts or their compounds and coated a the cathode galvanically %ith a thin layer of precious metal, %hich must ho%ever be sufficiently firm to protect them from atmospheric oxidation! )uch spi'es act at a 20-fold lo%er voltage almost as %ell as the best and finest points made by mechanical means! )till better results are obtained if polonium or radium salts are added to the galvanic bat %hen forming he protective layer or coating! )uch pins have a lo% resistance at their points and even at one volt and still lo%er pressures have an excellent collector action! ,n -igure 29 the three unconnected poles are not connected %ith one another in parallel! "hat is uite possible in practice %ithout altering the principle of the free pole! ,t is also preferable to interconnect in parallel to a common collector net%or', a series of collecting aerials! -igure 25 sho%s a diagram for such an installation! #1, #2, #/, #9 are four metal collector balloons %ith gold or platinum coated spi'es %hich are electrolytically made in the presence of polonium emanations or radium salts, %hich spi'es or needles are connected over four electromagnets )1, )2, )/, )9, through an annular conductor <! -rom this annular conductor four %ires run over four further electromagnets )a, )b, )c, )d, to the connecting point 1/! "here the conductor is divided, one branch passing over 12 and the safety spar' gap 8 to the earth at E1, the other over inductive resistance B and %or'ing spar' gap ; to the earth at E2! "he %or'ing circuit, consisting of the condenser 5 and : and a resonance motor (, such as hereinbefore described, is connected in proximity round the spar'ing gap section ;! ,nstead of directly connecting the condenser motor of course the primary circuit for high fre uency oscillatory current may also be inserted! "he condenser batteries are connected by one pole to the annular conductor < and can be either inductionless (1: and 18) or made as induction condensers as sho%n by 21 and 2/! "he free poles of the inductionless condensers are indicated by 1; and 1@, those of the induction condensers by 22 and 29! #s may be seen from the dra%ings all these poles 1;, 22, 1@, 29 may be interconnected in parallel through a second annular conductor %ithout any fear that thereby the principle of the free pole connection %ill be in*ured! ,n addition to the advantages already set forth the parallel connection also allo%s of an e ualiHation of the %or'ing pressure in the entire collector net%or'! )uitable constructed and calculated induction coils 25 and 2: may also be inserted in the annular conductor of the free poles, by means of %hich a circuit may be formed in

the secondary coils 2; and 28 %hich allo%s current produced in this annular conductor by fluctuations of the charges of the li'e appearances to be measured or other%ise utiliHed! #ccording to %hat has been hereinbefore stated separate collector balloons may be connected at e uidistant stations distributed over the entire country, either connected directly %ith one another metallically or by means of intermediate suitably connected condenser batteries through high voltage conductors insulated from earth! "he static electricity is converted through a spar' gap into dynamic energy of a high number of oscillations and may in such form be coupled as a source of energy b y means of a suitable method f connecting, various precautions being observed and %ith special regulations! "he %ires leading from the collector balloons have hitherto been connected through an annular conductor %ithout this endless connection, %hich can be regarded as an endless induction coil, being able to exert any action on the %hole conductor system! ,t has no% been found that if the net%or' conductor connecting the aerial collector balloons %ith one another is not made as a simple annular conductor, but preferably short circuited in the form of coils over a condenser battery or spar' gap or through thermionic tubes or valves or audions, then the total collecting net%or' exhibits uite ne% properties! "he collection of atmospheric electricity is thereby not only increased but an alternating field may be easily produced in the collector net%or'! -urther, the atmospheric electrical forces sho%ing themselves in the higher regions may also be directly obtained by induction! ,n -igures 2: and 28 a form of construction is sho%n on the basis of %hich the further foundations of the method %ill be more particularly explained!

,n -igure 2:, 1, 2, /, 9 are metal collector balloons, 5, :, ;, 8 their metallic aerial conductors and , the actual collector net%or'! "his consists of five coils and is mounted on high voltage insulators in the air, in high voltage masts (or %ith a suitable construction of cable embedded in the earth)! =ne coil has a diameter of 1 or 100 'm or more! ) and )1 are t%o protective electromagnets, - the second safety section against excess voltage, E its earth conductor and E1 the earth conductor of the %or'ing section! 0hen an absorption of static atmospheric electricity is effected through the four balloon collectors, the current in order to reach the earth connection E1 must flo% spirally through the collector net%or' over the electromagnet ), primary induction coil @, conductor 19, anode # of the audion tube, incandescent cathode &, as the %ay over the electromagnet and safety spar' gap - offers considerably greater resistance! =%ing to the fact that the accumulated current flo%s in one direction, an electromagnetic alternating field is produced in the interior of the collector net%or' coil, %hereby the %hole free electrons are directed more or less into the interior of the coil! #n increased ioniHation of the atmosphere is thereby produced! ,n conse uence of this the points mounted on the collector balloon sho% a considerably reduced resistance and therefore increased static charges bet%een the points on the balloon and the surrounding atmosphere are produced! "he result of this is a considerably increased collector effect! # second effect %hich could not be obtained other%ise is obtained by the electromagnetic alternating field %hich running parallel to the earth surface, acts more or less %ith a diminishing or increasing effect on the earth magnetic field, %hereby in the case of fluctuations in the current

a return induction current of reversed sign is al%ays produced in the collector coil by earth magnetism! 1o% if, ho%ever, a constantly pulsating continuous alternating field is produced as stated in the above collector net%or' ,, an alternating current of the same periodicity is produced also in the collecting net%or' coil! #s the same alternating field is further transmitted to the aerial balloon, the resistance to its points is thereby considerably reduced, %hilst the collector action is considerably increased! # further advantage is that positive electrons %hich collect on the metal surfaces during the conversion into dynamic current produce a so-called drop of potential of the collector area! #s an alternating field is present, the negative ions surrounding the collectors surfaces, %hen discharge of the collector surfaces ta'es place produce by the la% of induction, an induction of reversed sign on the collector surface and so forth (that is to say again a positive charge)! ,n addition to the advantages hereinbefore set forth, the construction of connecting conductors in coil form %hen of sufficiently large diameter, allo%s of a utiliHation of energy arising in higher regions also in the simplest %ay! #s is %ell 'no%n electric discharges fre uently ta'e place at very great elevations %hich may be observed as )t ElmoUs fire or northern lights! "hese energy uantities have no been available to be utiliHed up to no%! Iy this invention all these 'inds of energy, as they are of an electromagnetic nature and the direction of axis of the collector coils stands at right angles to the earthUs surface, can be more or less absorbed in the same %ay as a receiver in %ireless telegraphy absorbs %aves coming from a far distance! 0ith a large diameter of the spiral it is possible to connect large surfaces and thereby to ta'e up also large uantities of energy! ,t is %ell 'no%n that large %ireless stations in the summer months, and also in the tropics are very fre uently unable to receive the signals in conse uence of interruptions %hich are caused by atmospheric electricity, and this ta'es place %ith vertical coils of only 90 to 100 meters diameter! ,f on the contrary horiHontal coils of 1 to 100 'm diameter be employed very strong currents may be obtained through discharges %hich are constantly ta'ing place in the atmosphere! 4articularly in the tropics or still better in the polar regions %here the northern lights are constantly present, large uantities of energy may probably be obtained in this %ay! # coil %ith several %indings should act the best! ,n similar manner any alteration of the earth magnetism should act inductively on such a coil! ,t is not at all unli'ely that earth ua'es and spots on the sun %ill also produce an induction in such collector coils of sufficient siHe! ,n similar manner this collector conductor %ill react on earth current more particularly %hen they are near the surface of the earth or even embedded in the earth! Iy combining the previous 'ind of current collectors so far as they are adapted for the improved system %ith the improved possibilities of obtaining current the uantities of free natural electricity %hich are to be obtained in the form of electricity are considerably increased! ,n order to produce in the improved collector coil uniform current oscillations of an undamped nature so-called audion high vacuum or thermionic tubes of suitable connection are employed instead of the previously 'no%n spar' gaps (-igure 2:, 1os! @-18)! "he main aerial current flo%s through electromagnet ) (%hich in the case of a high number of alternations is not connected here but in the earth conductor E1) and may be conveyed over the primary coils in the induction %inding through %ire 19 to the anode # of the high vacuum grid tube! 4arallel %ith the induction resistance @ a regulating capacity of suitable siHe, such as condenser 11 is inserted! ,n the lo%er part of the vacuum grid tube is arranged the incandescent filament or the cathode & %hich is fed

through a battery I! -rom the battery I t%o branches run, one to the earth conductor E1 and the other through battery I1 and secondary coil 10 to the grid above & in the vacuum tube! Iy the method of connections sho%n in dotted lines, a desired voltage at the grid electrode & may also be produced through the %ire 1; %hich is branched off from the main current conductor through s%itches 1: and some small condensers (a, b, +, 2) connected in series, and conductor 18, %ithout the battery I1 being re uired! "he action of the entire system is some%hat as follo%s. -=n the connecting conductor of the aerial collector net%or' being short circuited to earth, the condenser pole 11 is charged and slightly damped oscillations are formed in the short circuited existing oscillation circuit formed of the condenser 11 and self inductance @! ,n conse uence of the coupling through coil 10, fluctuations of voltage ta'e place in the grid circuit 15 %ith the same fre uency, %hich, fluctuations in turn influence the strength of the electrode current passing through the high vacuum amplifying tube and thus produce current fluctuations of the same fre uency in the anode circuit! # permanent supply of energy to the oscillation circuits @ and 10 conse uently ta'es place, until a condition of balance is set up, in %hich the consumed oscillation energy is e ual to that absorbed! "hereby constant undamped oscillations are no% produced in the oscillation circuits @-11! -or regular %or'ing of such oscillation producers high vacuum strengthening tubes are necessary and it is also necessary that the grid and anode voltages shall have a phase difference of 180h so that if the grid is negatively charged, then the anode is positively charged and vice versa! "his necessary difference of phase may be obtained by most varied connections, for example, by placing the oscillation circuit in the grid circuit or by separating the oscillation circuit and inductive coupling from the anodes and the grid circuit and so forth! # second important factor in this %ay of converting static atmospheric electricity into undamped oscillations is that care must be ta'en hat the grid and anode voltages have a certain relation to one another$ the latter may be obtained by altering the coupling and a suitable selection of the self-induction in the grid circuit, or as sho%n by dotted lines 1:, 1;, 18 by means of a larger or smaller number of condensers of suitable siHe connected in series$ in this case the battery I1 may be omitted! 0ith a suitable selection of the grid potential a glo% discharge ta'es place bet%een the grid & and the anode #, and accordingly at the grid there is a cathode drop and a dar' space is formed! "he siHe of this cathode drop is influenced by the ions %hich are emitted in the lo%er space in conse uence of shoc' ioniHation of the incandescent cathodes & and pass through the grid in the upper space! =n the other hand the number of ions passing through the grid is dependent on the voltage bet%een the grid and the cathode! "hus is the grid voltage undergoes periodic fluctuations (as in the present case) the amount of the cathode drop at the grid fluctuates and conse uently the internal resistance of the tube correspondingly fluctuates, so that %hen a bac' coupling of the feed circuit %ith the grid circuit ta'es place, the necessary means are afforded for producing undamped oscillations and of ta'ing current, according to re uirements from the collecting conductor! "he fre uency of the undamped oscillations produced is %ith a suitably loose coupling e ual to the self-fre uency of the oscillation circuits @ and 10! Iy a suitable selection of the self induction

of the coil @ and capacity 11 it is possible to extend from fre uencies %hich produce electromagnetic oscillation of only a fe% meters %avelength do%n to the lo%est practical alternating current fre uency! -or large installations a suitable number of fre uency-producing tubes of the %ell-'no%n high vacuum transmission tubes of 0!5 to 2 '% in siHe may be connected in parallel so that in this respect no difficulty exists! "he use of such tubes for producing undamped oscillations, and also the construction and method of inserting such transmission tubes in an accumulator or dynamo circuit is 'no%n and also that such oscillation producing tubes only %or' %ell at voltages of 1000 up to 9000 volts, so that on the contrary their use at lo%er voltages is considerably more difficult! Iy the use of high voltage static electricity this method of producing undamped oscillations as compared %ith that through spar' gaps must be regarded as an ideal solution particularly for small installations of outputs of from 1 to 100 '%! Iy the application of safety spar' gaps, %ith interpolation of electromagnets, not only is shortcircuiting avoided but also the ta'ing up of current is regulated! =scillation producers inserted in the above %ay form a constantly acting electromagnetic alternating field in the collector coil, %hereby as already stated, a considerable accumulating effect ta'es place! "he %ithdra%al %ire or %or'ing %ire is connected at 12 and 1/, but current may be ta'en by means of a secondary coil %hich is firmly or movable mounted in any suitable %ay inside the large collector coil, i!e!, in its electromagnetic alternating field, so long as the direction of its axis runs parallel %ith that of the main current collecting coil! ,n producing undamped oscillations of a high fre uency (50,000 per second or more) in the oscillation circuits @ and 11, electromagnets ) and )1 must be inserted if the high fre uency oscillations are not to penetrate the collector oil, bet%een the oscillation producers and the collector coil! ,n all other cases they are connected shortly before the earthing (as in -igures 2; and 28)!

,n -igure 2; a second method of construction of the connecting conductor of the balloon aerials is illustrated in the form of a coil! "he main difference consists in that in addition to the connecting conductor , another annular conductor ,, is inserted parallel to the former on the high voltage masts in the air (or embedded as a cable in the earth) but both in te form of a coil! "he connecting %ire of the balloon aerials is indicated as a primary conductor and also as a current producing net%or'$ the other is the consumption net%or' and is not in unipolar connection %ith the current producing net%or'! ,n -igure 2; the current producing net%or' , is sho%n %ith three balloon collectors 1, 2, / and aerial conductors 9, 5, :$ it is short-circuited through condenser 1@ and inductance @! "he oscillation forming circuit consists in this diagram of spar' gap f, inductance 10, and condenser 11$ the earth %ire E, is connected to earth over electromagnet )1! - s the safety spar' gap %hich is also connected to earth through a second electromagnet ) at E! =n connecting up the condenser circuit 11 this is charged over the spar' gap f %hereby an oscillatory discharge is formed! "his discharging current acts through inductance 10 on the inductively coupled secondary @, %hereby in the producing net%or' a modification of the potential of the condenser 1@ is produced! "he conse uence of this is that oscillations arise in the coil shaped producer net%or'! "hese oscillations induce a current in the secondary circuit ,,, %hich has a smaller number of %indings and a less resistance, the voltage of %hich, according to the proportion of the number of %indings and of the ohmic resistance, is considerably lo%er %hilst the current strength is greater! ,n order to convert the current thus obtained into current of an undamped character, and to tune its %avelengths, a sufficiently large regulatable capacity 20 in inserted bet%een the ends 12 and 1/ of the secondary conductor ,,! 2ere also current may be ta'en %ithout an earthy conductor, but it is advisable to insert a safety spar' gap E1 and to connect this %ith the earth over an electromagnet )2!

"he producer net%or' may be connected %ith the %or'ing net%or' ,, over an inductionless condenser 21 or over an induction condenser 22, 2/! ,n this case the secondary conductor is unipolarly connected %ith the energy conductor!

,n -igure 28 the connecting conductor bet%een the separate accumulator balloons is carried out according to the autotransformer principle! "he collecting coil connects four aerial balloons 1, 2, /, 9, the %indings of %hich are not made side by side but one above the other! ,n -igure 28 the collector coil , is sho%n %ith a thin line, the metallically connected prolongation coils ,, %ith a thic' line! Iet%een the ends ,1 and ,,1 of the energy net%or' , a regulating capacity 1@ is inserted! "he %ire ,1 is connected %ith the output %ire and %ith the spar' gap -! #s transformer of the atmospheric electricity an arrangement is employed %hich consists in using rotary pairs of condensers in %hich the one stator surface I is connected %ith the main current, %hilst the other # is connected %ith the earth pole! Iet%een these pairs of shortcircuited condensers are caused to rotate from %hich the converted current can be ta'en by means of t%o collector rings and brushes, in the form of an alternating current, the fre uency of %hich is dependent on the number of balloons and the revolutions of the rotor! #s the alternating current formed in the rotor can act, in this improved method of connection described in this invention, through coils 1 on the inductance @, an increase or diminution of the feed current in ,

can be obtained according to the direction of the current by bac' induction! ?urrent oscillations of uniform rhythm thereby result in the coil shaped %indings of the produce net%or'! #s the ends of this conductor are short-circuited through the regulatable condenser 1@ these rhythms produce short-circuited undamped oscillations in the energy conductor, the periodicity and %ave lengths of %hich oscillations can be ad*usted according to desire by altering the capacity 1@ to a given %avelength and there%ith also to a given fre uency! "hese currents may also be employed in this form directly as %or'ing current through the conductors ,,1 and ,,,! Iy inserting the condenser 20 a connection bet%een these conductors may also be made, %hereby harmonic oscillations of desired %avelengths are formed! Iy this means uite ne% effects as regards current distribution are obtained! "he %ithdra%al of current can even ta'e place %ithout direct %ire connection if, at a suitable point in the interior of the producing net%or' ( uite immaterially %hether this has a diameter of 1 or 100 'm) a coil tuned to these %avelengths and of the desired capacity is firmly or movably mounted in the aerial conductor in such a %ay that is axial direction is in parallel %ith that of the collector coil! ,n this case a current is induced in the producing net%or', the siHe of %hich is dependent on the total capacity and resistance and also on the periodicity employed! # possibility is thereby afforded in future, of ta'ing energy from the producer net%or' by %ireless means! #s thereby in addition to atmospheric electricity also magnetic earth currents and energy from the higher atmosphere (at leas partially may be simultaneously obtained, this last system for collecting the atmospheric energy is of particular importance for the future! =f course every%here instead of spar' gaps grid vacuum tubes may be employed as producers for undamped oscillations! "he separate coils of the producer net%or' %ith large diameters may be connected %ith one another through separate conductors all in parallel or all in series or in groups in series! Iy regulating the number of oscillations and also the extent of the voltage more or less large collector coils of this 'ind may be employed! "he coils may also be divided spirally over the entire section! "he coils may be carried out in angular form or also in triangular, uadrangular, hexagonal or octagonal form! =f course %ires may be carried from a suitable place to the center or also laterally %hich serve the current %aves as guides! "his is necessary %hen the currents have to be conducted over mountains and valley and so forth! ,n all these cases the current must be converted into a current of suitable periodicity! #s already hereinbefore mentioned separate collecting balloons may be directly metallically interconnected at e uidistant stations distributed over the entire country or may be connected by interpolation of suitable condenser batteries by means of high voltage conductors! "he static electricity is converted through a spar' gap into dynamic energy of a high number of oscillations, and could then in such forms, %it a suitable arrangement of the connections, observing various measures of protection, be employed as source of energy after separate or special regulation! #ccording to this invention in order to increase the collecting effect of the balloon in the aerial collector conductor or in the earth %ire, radiating collectors are employed! "hese consist either of incandescent metal or oxide electrodes in the form of vacuum grid tubes, or electric arcs

(mercury and the li'e electrodes), 1ernst lamps, or finally flames of various 'inds may be simply connected %ith the respective conductor! ,t is %ell 'no%n that energy can be dra%n of from a cathode consisting of an incandescent body opposite an anode charged %ith positive electricity (vacuum grid tube)! 2itherto ho%ever, a cathode %as al%ays first directly placed opposite an anode, and secondly the system al%ays consisted of a closed circuit! 1o% if %e dispense %ith the ordinary ideas in forming light or flame arcs in %hich a cathode must al%ays stand directly opposite an anode, charged to a high potential or another body freely floating in the air, or regard the incandescent cathode only as a source of unipolar discharge (%hich represent group and point discharges in electrostatic machines similar to unipolar discharges), it may be ascertained that incandescent cathodes and less perfectly all incandescent radiators, flames and the li'e admit of relatively large current densities and allo% large uantities of electric energy to radiate into the open space in the form of electron streams as transmitters! "he ob*ect of this invention is as described belo%, if such incandescent oxide electrodes or other incandescent radiators or flames are not freely suspended in space but connected metallically %ith the earth so that they can be charged %ith negative terrestrial electricity, these radiators possess the property of absorbing the free positive electrical charges contained in the air space surrounding them (that is to say of collecting them and conducting them to earth)! "hey can therefore serve as collectors and have, in comparison to the action of the spi'es, or points, a very large radius of action <$ the effective capacity of these collectors is much greater than the geometrical capacity (<o-) calculated in an electrostatic sense! 1o% as our earth is surrounded as is %ell 'no%n %ith an electrostatic field and the difference of potential

of the earth field according to the latest investigations, is in summer about :0 to 100 volts and in %inter /00 to 500 volts per meter of difference in height ( h ), a simple calculation gives the result that %hen such a radiation collector or flame collector is arranged for example on the ground, and a second one is mounted vertically over it at a distance of 2000 meters and both are connected by a conducting cable, there is a difference in potential in summer of about 2,000,000 volts and in %inter even of :,000,000 volts and more! #ccording to )tefan IoltHmannUs la% of radiation, the uantity of energy %hich an incandescent surface (temperature ") of 1 s cm radiates in a unit of time into the open air (temperature "o ) is expressed by the follo%ing formula. ) S ("9 v "9o ) %att!3s cm! #nd the universal radiation constant is according to the latest researches of -erry ()%%ale" 2e 1$i#ie et 2e *$y"i<ue, 1;. 2:; J1@0@K) e ual to :!/0 x 10-12 %att3s cm!

1o% if an in incandescent surface of 1 s cm sho%s, as compared %ith the surrounding space a periodic fall of potential 6 it radiates (independent of the current direction, that is to say of the sign) in accordance %ith the above formula, for example at a temperature of /;25h ? an energy of 1!: '%3s cm3second! #s for the radiation the same value can be calculated for the collection of energy, but reversed! 1o%, as carbon electrodes at the temperature of the electric arc support on the current basis a current density up to from :0 to :5 amperes per s cm no difficulties %ill result in this direction in employing radiating collectors as accumulators! ,f the earth be regarded as a cosmically insulated condenser in the sense of geometrical electrostatics = there results from the geometric (compare Ed%ald <asch. /a" 0le!t i"+$e 6o&e%li+$t J"he Electric #rc 7ightK, page 1:@) capacity of the earth according to ?h%olson. -or negative charging 1!/ x 10: ?oulomb -or negative potential 6 S 10 x 108 volts! -rom this there results ho%ever, EB" S 29!; x 1029 %att3sec! 1o% if it is desired to ma'e a theoretic short circuit through an earthed flame collector this %ould represent an electric total %or' of about ;@,500 x 1010 'ilo%att years! #s the earth must be regarded as a rotating mechanism %hich thermodynamically, electromagnetically and also 'inematically coupled %ith the sun and star system by cosmic radiations and gravitation a diminution of the electric energy of the earth field is not to be feared! "he energies %hich the incandescent collectors %ould %ithdra% from the earth field can only case by the %ithdra%al of motor %or' a lo%ering of the earth temperature ( temperature "E S /00 ) and reduce this to that of the %orld space ( " S = ) by using the entire energy! "his is ho%ever not the case as the earth does not represent a cosmically entirely insulated system! =n the contrary there is conveyed to the same according to the recent value corrected by 4erry for the solar constants through the radiation from the sun an energy of 18,500 x 1010 '%! #ccordingly, any lo%ering of the earth temperature ("E) %ithout a simultaneous lo%ering of the sunUs temperature ("s) %ould contradict )tefan IoltHmannUs la% of radiation! ) S (s9 v "9 )! -rom this it must be concluded that if the earth temperature ( "E ) sin's the total radiation ) absorbed by the earth increases, and further also that the secular speed of cooling of the earth is directly dependent on that of the sun and the other radiators cosmically coupled %ith the sun and is connected most closely %ith these! "he incandescent radiation collectors may, according to this invention, be employed for collecting atmospheric electricity if they (1) are charged %ith the negative earth electricity (that is to say %hen they are directly connected by means of a metallic conductor %ith the earth) and (2) if large capacities (metal surfaces) charged %ith electricity are mounted opposite them as positive poles in the air! "his is regarded as the main feature of the present invention as %ithout these inventive ideas it %ould not be possible to collect %ith an incandescent collector, sufficiently large uantities of the electrical charges contained in the atmosphere as the technology re uires$ the radius of action of the flame collectors %ould also be too small,

especially if it be considered that the very small surface density (energy density) ( about S 2 x ; ! 10@ )t! E! per s cm ) does not allo% of large uantities of charge being absorbed from the atmosphere! =) ?alculated according to 4oissonUs calculation. $ as here the alteration of the potential or potential gradients only ta'es place in the direction o the normal, this calculation assumes the simple form

,t has indeed already been proposed to employ flame collectors for collecting atmospheric electricity and it is 'no%n that their collecting effect is substantially greater opposite the points! ,t is ho%ever, not 'no%n that the uantities of current %hich could hitherto be obtained are too small for technical purposes! #ccording to my experiments the reason for this is to be found in the too small capacities of the collector conductor poles! ,f such flame or radiating collectors have no or only small positive surfaces, their radius of action for large technical purposes is too small! ,f the incandescent collectors be constantly 'ept in movement in the air they may collect more according to the speed of the movement, but this again is not capable of being carried out in practice! Iy this invention the collector effect is considerably increased by a body charged %ith a positive potential and of the best possible capacity being also held floating (%ithout direct earth connection) opposite such an incandescent collector %hich is held floating in the air at a desired height! ,f for example, a collecting balloon of sheet metal or of metaliHed balloon fabric be caused to mount to /00 up to /000 meters in the air and as positive pole it is brought opposite such a radiating collector connected by a conductor to the earth, uite different results are obtained! "he metallic balloon shell (%ith a large surface) is charged to a high potential by the atmospheric electricity! "his potential is greater the higher the collecting balloon is above the incandescent collector! "he positive electricity acts concentratedly on the anode floating in the air as it is attracted through the radiation shoc' ioniHation, proceeding from the incandescent cathode! "he conse uence of this is that the radius of action of the incandescent cathode collector is considerably increased and thereby also the collection effect of the collecting balloon surface! -urther the large capacity of the anode floating in the air plays therefore an important part because it allo%s of the ta'ing o large charges, and thereby a more uniform current is obtained even %hen there is a large consumption. this cannot be the case %ith small surfaces! ,n the present case the metallic collecting balloon is a positive anode floating in the air and the end of the earth conductor of this balloon serves as positive pole surface opposite the surface of the radiating incandescent cathode, %hich in turn is charged %ith negative earth electricity being conductively connected to earth!

"he process may be carried out by t%o such contacts (negative incandescent cathode and anode end of a capacity floating in the air) a condenser and an inductive resistance being s%itched on in parallel, %hereby simultaneously undamped oscillations may be formed! ,n very large installations it is advisable to connect t%o such radiating collectors in series! "hus an arc light incandescent cathode may be placed belo% on the open ground and an incandescent cathode %hich is heated by special electromagnetic currents be located high in the air! =f course for this the special vacuum 7iebig tubes %it or %ithout grids may also be employed! #n ordinary arc lamp %ith oxide electrodes may be introduced on the ground and the positive pole is not directly connected %ith the collecting balloon, but through the upper incandescent cathode or over a condenser! "he method of connecting the incandescent cathode floating in the air may be seen in -igures 2@-//! I is the air balloon, & a ?ardan ring (connection %ith the ha%ser), ? the balloon, 7 a good connecting cable, 4 a positive pole, 1 negative incandescent cathode, and E earth conductor!

-igure 2@ represents the simplest form of construction! ,f electric oscillations are produced belo% on the ground by means of a carbon arc lamp or in other suitable %ay a considerably greater electric resistance is opposed to that in the direct %ay by inserting an electrical inductive resistance @! ?onse uently bet%een 4 and 1, a voltage is formed, and as, over 1 and 4 only an inductionless ohmic resistance is present, a spar' %ill spring over so long as the separate induction co-efficients and the li'e are correctly calculated! "he conse uence of this is that the oxide electrode (carbon or the li'e) is rendered incandescent and then sho%s as incandescent cathode an increased collecting effect! "he positive poles must be substantially larger than the negative in order that they may not also become incandescent! #s they are further connected %ith the large balloon area %hich has a large capacity and is charged at high voltage, an incandescent body %hich is held floating in the air and a positive pole %hich can collect large capacities is thereby obtained in the simplest %ay! "he incandescent cathode is first caused to become incandescent by means of separate energy produced on the earth, and then maintained by the energy collected from the atmosphere!

-igure /0 only sho%s the difference that instead of a round balloon a cigar-shaped one (of metal or metaliHed fabric) may be employed and also a condenser 5 is inserted bet%een the incandescent cathode and the earth conductor so that a short circuited oscillation circuit over 4!1! 5 and @ is obtained! "his has the advantage that uite small uantities of electricity cause the cathode to become incandescent and much larger cathode bodies may be rendered incandescent!

,n this form of construction both the incandescent cathode and also the positive electrode may be enclosed in a vacuum chamber as may be seen in -igure /2! # cable 7 is carried %ell insulated through the cover of a vessel and ends in a condenser disc 5! "he cover is arched in order to 'eep off the rain! "he vessel is entirely or partially made of magnetic metal and %ell-insulated inside and outside! =pposite the disc 5 another disc : and on this again a positive pile of the vacuum tube g %ith the incandescent cathode (oxide electrode) 1 is arranged! "he negative electrode is

on the one hand connected %ith the earth conductor E, and on the other hand %ith the inductive resistance @ %hich is also connected %ith the cable 7 %ith the positive pole and %ound round the vessel in coils! "he action is exactly the same as that in -igure 2@ only instead of an open incandescent cathode one enclosed in vacuo is employed! #s in such collectors only small bodies can be brought to incandescence in large installations a plurality of such vacuum tubes must be inserted in proximity to one another! #ccording to the previous constructions -igures /1 and // are uite self evident %ithout further explanations!

-igures /9-/; represent further diagrams of connections over radiating and flame collectors, and in fact, ho% they are to be arranged on the ground! -igure /9 sho%s an arc light collector %ith oxide electrodes for direct current and its connection$ -igure /5 a similar one for alternating current, -igure /: an incandescent collector %ith a 1ernst lamp and -igure /; a similar one %ith a gas flame! "he positive pole 1 of the radiating collectors is al%ays directly connected to the aerial collecting conductor #! ,n -igure /9 this is further connected over the condenser battery 5 %ith a second positive electrode /! "he direct current dynamo b produces current %hich flo%s over bet%een the

electrodes / and 2 as an arc light! =n the formation of an arc the negative incandescent electrode 2 absorbs electricity from the positive poles standing opposite it and highly charged %ith atmospheric electricity and conveys the same to the %or'ing circuit! "he spar' gap ;, inductive resistance @ and induction coil 10 are li'e the ones previously described! "he protective electromagnet ) guards the installation against earth circuiting, the safety spar' gap 8 from excess voltage or overcharging! ,n -igure /5 the connection is so far altered that the alternating current dynamo feeds the exciting coil 11 of the induction condenser! 12 is its negative and 1/ its positive pole$ if the coil / on the magnet core of the dynamo is correctly calculated and the periodicity of the alternating current is sufficiently high an arc light can be formed bet%een the t%o poles 1 and 2! #s the cathode 2 is connected %ith the negatively charged earth, and therefore al%ays acts as a negative pole, a form of rectification of the alternating current produced by the dynamo / is obtained, the second half of the period is al%ays suppressed! "he %or'ing circuit may be carried out in the same %ay as in -igure /9$ the %or'ing gap ; may ho%ever be dispensed %ith, and instead thereof bet%een the points m and n a condenser 5 and an induction resistance @ may be inserted from %hich the current is ta'en inductively! -igure /: represents a form of construction similar to -igure /9 only that here instead of an arc lamp a 1ernst incandescent body is employed! "he 1ernst lamp is fed through the battery /! "he %or'ing section is connected %ith the negative pole, the safety spar' gap %ith the A poles! "he %or'ing spar' gap ; may also be dispensed %ith and the current for it ta'en at 12 over the oscillation circuit 5, 11 (sho%n in dotted lines)! -lame collectors (-igure /;) may also be employed according to this invention! "he %ire net%or' 1 is connected %ith the aerial collector conductor # and the burner %ith the earth! #t the upper end of the latter, long points are provided %hich pro*ect into the flame! "he positive electrode is connected %ith the negative over a condenser 5 and the induction coil @ %ith the earth! "he novelty in this invention is firstly, the use of incandescent cathodes opposite positive poles %hich are connected %ith large metallic capacities as automatic collecting surfaces, (2) the connection of the incandescent cathodes %ith the earth %hereby, in addition to the electricity conveyed to them from the battery or machine %hich causes the incandescing, also the negative charge of the earth potential is conveyed, and (/) the connection of the positive and negative poles of the radiating collectors over a condenser circuit alone or %ith the introduction of a suitable inductive resistance, %hereby simultaneously an oscillatory oscillation circuit may be obtained! "he collecting effect is by these methods uite considerably increased! , declare that %hat , claim is. --- J ?laims not included here K

Driti"- 6atent 9 %A&5)6)

.%0 H/l, %9))1

Improvement" in Electric Motor"

8ermann 6la/"on >> Otto Tra/nY" (orc-/ng"FLa'oratori/m Gm'8

"his invention relates to that type of motor in %hich rotation is produced by means of the attraction and repulsion of surfaces carrying charges of electricity! #ccording to this invention a stator and rotor are formed of condensor surfaces and charges of electricity thereon imposed in the form of alternating currents of high fre uency! "he invention is more particularly described %ith reference to the accompanying dra%ing in %hich. ---igure 1 sho%s a simple form of motor and feed!

-igure 2 is a modification of -igure 1!

-igure / sho%s one form of a spiral condenser surface! -igure 9 sho%s a %ire %ound condenser surface! -igure 5 is a diagram of one type of rotor,

"he inner plates of the condenser 5 and : are charged from a spar' gap ;, 8 connected to a source of energy of sufficiently high pressure (alternating or direct current), until the potential has risen so far that a spar' springs over!

"he spar' gap ;, 8 forms %ith the condenser 5 and self-inductance @ and condenser : a closed oscillatory circuit and alternating currents of high fre uency %ill be produced in this circuit! "he high fre uency current produced in the primary circuit @ excite by induction in the secondary circuit 10 currents of the same periodicity! "he improved type of motor is fed by the discharges produced by the induction in the secondary circuit! 2itherto only "eslaUs motor system (sho%n diagrammatically in -igure 1, 1: and 1;) %as 'no%n for this purpose! "he above-mentioned diagram is only sho%n for illustrating the fundamental principle! ,t has ho%ever no practical interest for carrying out large machines by reason of the impossibility of the regulation and the lo% efficiency! 1o% according to this process, all these defects are overcome by the construction of a machine %hich is applicable for high fre uency currents and of a more or less undamped nature! "he difference bet%een the principle of construction of these motors as compared %ith those hitherto customary consists in that the motor is not based on the principle of magnetic induction only (as have been all motors hitherto and also "eslaUs motors)! ,t has been fund that the machine constructed according to -igure 1 cannot only be fed directly %ith static electricity but if it is connected to a source of high fre uency current it %ill operate! "he applicants call this ne% type of motors fcondenser motorsU to differentiate them from hitherto existing types! "he simplest form of construction of such condenser motors is sho%n in -igure 1, and this motor may be fed %ith high fre uency alternating currents! #t a given moment positive electricity is charged by means of the lead 19 to the stator surface 1 and to the brush /x (-igure 1)! "he brush /x is connected %ith the rotor condenser surface /, so that both the stator surface 1 and also the rotor surface / is charged %ith positive electricity! "he stator surface 1 and the rotor surface / being both charged %ith positive electricity and the second rotor surfaces 9 and 9a by brushes 9x %ith negative electricity, such motors can then be started by providing intermediate stator surfaces 11, 12, the earth connection 1/ of one of %hich is bro'en by a s%itch (not sho%n) according to the direction of rotation desires, or alternatively the motor may be started by a separate source of alternating current in a manner similar to the starting of synchronous motors of 'no%n construction! #fter a half revolution of the rotor the brush /x comes in contact %ith the second collector surface 9 so that no% this surface is connected by the brush /x %ith the stator surface 1 and the brush 9x %ith the collector surface /! ?onse uently %ith a reverse direction of current through the second half of the oscillation period all the hereinbefore mentioned effects ta'e place in the reverse direction %hich, ho%ever, produces no alteration in the direction of rotation because the dead points bet%een t%o directions of oscillation are overcome by inertia! #lthough this motor is easy to start it can only be employed for small experimental and measuring purposes because the stator and rotor surfaces are made of solid metal and are heated

by -oucalt (eddy) currents! ,n spite of its simplicity and its unsuitability for use in practice it must ho%ever be regarded as a basic type for technical calculations! "he condenser motor sho%n in -igure 2 differs from -igure 1 by the rotor surfaces consisting of six condenser surfaces connected one behind the other in series and they are connected %ith three collector surfaces, so that at any one moment only t%o ad*acent collector surfaces come under the t%o brushes (/ and 9)! ,n its other actions it corresponds to -igure 1! "he leads 19 and 15 may be connected either to the ends of the secondary coil 10 or directly %ith the source of energy! "he outer thic'er line indicates the stator surfaces 1 and 2 (that is to say the unmoving part of the motor), 11 and 12 sho%n by thic' dotted lines means earthed additional poles of the stator, 8, @, and 10 are the outer parts of the rotor condenser surfaces %hich in turn are connected %ith the collector surfaces 8, @, and 10! 5, :, and ; are the inner parts of the condenser surfaces of the rotor and / and 9 are brushes! 2itherto stator and rotor surfaces of compact metal have been spo'en of! "hese ho%ever become highly heated %ith eddy currents and hardly yield 10-15F of useful effect! ,n examining into such small useful effects it %as found that certain forms of metal sections in the stator and condenser surfaces highly increase these! ,t %as then further found that if slots or notches be cut in the metal surfaces of the stator and rotor in the form of a spiral, not only %as a higher useful effect possible, but also an easier starting and even a regulation could be obtained! Experiments have sho%n that by such a form of construction it is possible to build a very useful motor for high fre uency alternating currents more particularly those of an undamped nature! ,f for example the system of construction of a stator sho%n in -igure 1, but four polar, be ta'en and the system of rotor construction sho%n diagrammatically in -igure 5, but %ith the form of construction of the condensers of the stator as %ell as of the rotor according to -igure /, a condenser motor is obtained %hich %or's %ell in either direction for high fre uency alternating current! ,t %as also observed that the motors in such forms of construction %ere found to be more sensitive to resonance effects! )uch a motor then %or's the best if stator and rotor surfaces have e ual capacity and self-inductance so that the %indings both in the stator and also in the rotor are in resonance! # motor constructed according to the foregoing 'ind is already fully technically applicable! Iut even these motors have a series of faults, more particularly in their building construction! -or example, the attachment of the spiral condenser surfaces both of the stator and of the rotor so%n in -igure / are in practice difficult to carry out! "herefore in practice the condenser and stator surfaces are simply %ound of %ire or bands in the form sho%n in -igure 9! )uch stator and rotor surfaces may, %ithout further difficulty, be regarded as electromagnetic poles, although they are not made of iron as is the case in electromagnets! )uch machines may be spo'en of directly as motors for high fre uency alternating currents in %hich the separate pole surfaces consists of %ound induction condenser surfaces of %hich one is sound on the stator and the other on the rotor! ,f the coil as sho%n in -igure 9 be made of %ell insulated %ires the coil can be embedded in insulating material either for the stator or motor surfaces as has already been done in the case of

ordinary single and multiphase motors! #t the same time the possibility is afforded by increasing the number of turns to produce a greater or smaller alteration of the self induction co-efficients! ,n -igure 5 is sho%n a modified construction of a rotor for a four pole motor consisting of four condenser surfaces 1, 2, /, 9, of %hich 1 and 2 are connected though an iductance @ coupled %ith the coil 10! -our inner surfaces 5, :, ;, 8 are provided of %hich 5 and : are directly connected also ; and 8 similarly connected! "he pairs of li'e poles are connected by %ires 19 and 15 to the source of energy! Iy a suitable selection of the values of the reactance and capacity in these circuits resonance circuits may be formed! 2aving no% particularly described and ascertain the nature of our said invention and in %hat manner the same is to be performed, %e declare that %hat %e claim is. --- J?laims not included hereK

Driti"- 6atent 9 %A&5)6* 6roce"" ; Apparat/" 3or Converting #tatic Atmo"p-eric Electrical Energ, into D,namic Electrical Energ, o3 an, #/ita'le 8ig- 6erio0icit, 8ermann 6la/"on >> 8$O$ Tra/nY" (or"c-/ng"FLa'oratori/m Gm'8

)tatic aerial electricity in the form of direct current can be converted by using spar' gaps and %ith the assistance of oscillatory circuits into dynamic electrical %ave energy of a high number of alternations of a more or less undamped nature and in such form --- either direct or by means of a special 'ind of resonance or 5condenser motors5 --- ready to be utiliHed for technical purposes as mechanical energy! -or small installations this system may be very %ell employed$ about 100 horsepo%er may be stated as practical limit! ,n constructions of larger aggregate difficulties as regards the spar' gaps ho%ever increase considerably! -urther it is desirable to convert the accumulated currents of from 100 to 1000 periods %hich may then be used for the ordinary types of alternating current machines instead of into electromagnetic %aves of a high number of alternations! ,n experimenting %ith condenser motors the construction of %hich forms the ob*ect of Iritish 4atent D 15;,2:2 it %as observed that the rotor, if one pole of the stator surface be connected %ith the aerials collecting aerial electricity and the other pole %ith the earth, not only could act as a motor, but if vice versa the rotor connection %ith the stator be interrupted and the rotor caused to rotate by means of another motor, that %hen the brushes supply an alternating current the periodicity of %hich is dependent on the number of poles and the revolutions of the rotor! )uch an apparatus may therefore be regarded as a transformer of static into dynamic electrical energy!

"he invention is more particularly described %ith reference to the accompanying diagrams in %hich. ---

,n -igure 1# is a strong accumulator battery, 1 and 2 are the outer poles of the transformer, consisting of simple metallic plates or are as sho%n in -igures 8-11, made of %ire coils %ithout an electromagnet being present! Iet%een these poles an armature is revolubly mounted on a shaft, %hich armature also consists of t%o similar cylindrically curved plates / and 9! "hese are metallically connected %ith t%o collector rings 5 and : on %hich t%o brushes ; and 8 freely run %hich again are short-circuited %ith one another over a primary coil @! 10 is the secondary coil %ith the free ends 11 and 12! ,f through the accumulator battery the stator plate 1 is charged %ith positive electricity, it induces a charge of reverse sign on the rotor surface / %hich is connected by the brushes ; and 8 over the primary coil @ %ith the second rotor surface 9! "his latter is therefore charged %ith positive electricity, %hich in turn induces negative electricity on the stator surface 23 Cp to this moment everything ta'es place in the same %ay as if t%o condensers %ere connected one behind the other in the current circuit #! ,f ho%ever, by means of mechanical po%er, this rotor be caused to rotate, the surface conditions are altered! #fter a uarter revolution the rotor plates are bet%een the stator plates and therefore no condenser surface faces another! Iy this means ho%ever, the capacity of the entire system is reduced to a minimum and a change of current %ill also result in the main @! 1o% if the rotor be turned further through @0 degrees by

mechanical energy the rotor plate / comes opposite the stator plate 2 and the rotor plate 9 opposite the stator plate 1, so that then the rotor pates are in a field of reverse sign! # fresh charge of current in the reverse direction no% runs through the primary coil @! #fter a further half revolution the same action is repeated so that after a full revolution the initial condition is again produced! "he result of such a revolution is an alternating current the periodicity of %hich is e ual to the number of revolution! ,n practice of course not t%o poles but as many poles as possible %ould be employed because thereby the number of alternations %ould e considerably increased! "he primary alternating current thus obtained induces in the secondary circuit an alternating current the potential of %hich is dependent on the %inding of the coil! -igure ; sho%s a multipolar machine! ,f the stator surface 1, instead of being connected %ith the battery be connected %ith a collecting aerial net%or' and the other stator surface 2 be directly earthed, but the rotor %ich is other%ise constructed as hereinbefore, be rotated by a separate motor a much stronger alternating current results %hich is to be ascribed to the circumstance that a much higher potential can be charged on the pole surfaces of the stator by reason of the higher pressure of the static electricity than %here accumulators are employed! Iy this means the transformer has of course much larger uantities of energy supplied to it! -igure 2 sho%s a mode of connections! "he stator surface 1 is connected %ith the aerial antennae %hich is connected through the safety spar' gap - to earth at E1! "he stator surface 2 is directly earthed at E2! "he inner revoluble rotor surfaces / and 9 are interconnected by means of an induction coil %hich is constructed directly in the motor! "he current is ta'en as in -igure 1 up to collector rings by means of brushes, %hich are not sho%n for the sa'e of clearness, and further conveyed through the conductors 11 and 12! Iet%een these a condenser 5 may be inserted! "here is thereby formed a short oscillatory oscillation circuit free from spar' gaps, %hich circuit consists of the induction coil @ and condenser 5 and is fed by the periodic charging current impulse! Iy this means the possibility is afforded of obtaining a 'ind of current %hich is characteriHed by longer periods and is undamped and oscillatory! =f course a simple alternating current may be obtained by cutting out the condenser! ,nstead of the induction coil the condenser may also b constructed in the rotor! 2is can be carried out in such a %ay that its ends serve directly as collector rings for ta'ing current through the brushes! ,n -igure / such a motor is s'etched in perspective, / and 9 are the rotor surfaces, 5 and : are the condenser surfaces constructed to form part of the rotor consisting of t%o co-axial cylinders fitting one in the other in such a %ay that free room is left for the brushes ; on one end of the condenser cylinder :! "he condenser may be made in the form of a cylindrically %ound spiral forming the capacity and reactance as sho%n in -igure 9! # further type of transformer is sho%n in -igure 5! "he difference consists in the stator and rotor surfaces not only each assuming a uarter of the circuit but almost the half! Iy this means the space and the effective condenser surface is better utiliHed! ?harge is produced only %hen the rotor surfaces face the full scope of the stator surfaces!

,n addition a condition is obtained in %hich the stator surfaces are inductively connected by the rotor surfaces! "he conse uence of this is that an alternating current simultaneously results %hich is produced %ithout spar'ing other%ise the connection is as before! -igure : sho%s the alternation of the rotor surfaces$ the rotor here consists of t%o cylindrical condenser plates arranged concentrically, each divided into t%o halves and connected so that half the inner cylinder is connected to half the outer! )uch a machine sho%s the more complete transformer action!

-igure ; sho%s a four polar transformer! ,t consists of a metal casing, the lo%er half of %hich is fastened %ith the foundation plates 1; to the support or foundation! "he upper half, the cover, is connected by bolts 15 and 1: firmly %ith the under part! "his upper sleeve or casing is insulated from the under part! "%o rings 1 and 2 are cylindrically constructed in the casing! "he ring 1 is metallically connected %ith the collector aerial and the ring 2 %ith the earth! =n both rings an e ual number of stator surfaces are mounted side by side but %ell insulated from one another and thus form an electrostatic field similar to the electromagnetic in many alternating current machines! "he rotor consists in similar manner of t%o rings 5 and : on %hich an e ual number of rotor surfaces are fixed so that each stator surface faces a rotor surface! Iy the brushes ; and 8 the alternating current formed is removed from the collector! "he charge is conveyed by the conductor 19 to and by 1/ a%ay! ,f this rotor be then rotated by means of a motor the positive and negative fields precisely as in the case of magnetiHing %ill alter and thereby an alternating current is formed in the rotor, the periods of %hich are dependent on the number of the poles and the revolutions per second! #t the commencement it %as thought that this apparatus could only be regarded as alternating current converters, but it %as soon found that much more energy %as necessary to rotate the rotor than might be necessary to overcome the friction! ,t %as then found that the considerable

expenditure of energy for rotating the rotor %as caused by a conductor being moved through strongly electrostatic fields since the electrostatic lines of force must be cut at right angles and that further in the conductors a stronger current arose than %as other%ise to be expected! "his apparatus must therefore not only be regarded as a transformer, but also as an energy producer, %ith the difference that the excitation here is obtained instead of by means of electromagnets, by static fields of high pressure! "he entire system may, to some extent, be compared %ith a dynamo in %hich the excitation ta'es place by means of a fixed constant magnet! ,t %as further ascertained that this %ay of using the atmospheric electricity produced a sort of suction on the collector net%or', and that thus suitable greater uantities of current could be obtained! "he effects %hich in this apparatus became evident are extremely interesting and open a prospect of being able to obtain here a great deal more! (erely that these transformer made it possible to transform suitable uantities of atmospheric electricity into alternating current of high or lo%er fre uency (%ithout the use of spar' gaps) sho%s already the extreme utility of these apparatus! )hould in future, the construction of larger aggregates be necessary the transformer installation may be constructed in such a %ay that motors %hich are fed by a current obtained from an installation %ith spar' gaps produce a certain uantity of energy %hich may then be employed for producing current according to the last described system! "he results of the examinations made for this may be construed as follo%s! (1) ,f solid electrodes (condenser surfaces, rotor and stator surfaces) are employed they become hot! "his effect may be considerably reduced by cutting the electrodes in ribbed form -igure 8, but not entirely removed! "his form allo%s the surface of the condenser plate to be enlarged or increased$ the electrodes may be fastened in a simple manner on the under frame by perforation 1, 2, /, 9, 5!

(2) ,f nic's or notches in spiral form as sho%n in -igure @ seen from the side end in -igure 10 in section are employed, not only is the transformer effect greater but the poles yields also more current, but re uire greater uantities of energy for their movement than a simple commutator action %ould re uire!

(/) "he greatest effect is obtained if the rotor and stator surfaces are %ound in flat spiral form of suitably thic' %ire, and in such a %ay that the inductive effect combining %ith the capacity is calculated in suitable proportion and this result is adapted to a suitable periodicity! ,n practice this is preferably done by the %ire bent in spiral form being inserted in a separate vulcanite or hard rubber mass (see -igure 11) so that a smooth pole surface is formed similar to that in phase motors!

<egular undamped oscillations of a high fre uency may ho%ever be produced if the converter be carried out in the manner sho%n in -igure 1/! "he aerial %ire 7 is metallically connected %ith the ring 20! "o this t%o pole surfaces 1 and 2 are connected! "he inductive earth pole is also connected %ith a second ring 10 from %hich again t%o, poles 1a and 2a are branched off! =f course in similar manner any suitable number of poles may be branched of! ,n similar manner there are in the rotor t%o poles fastened to one another (/ and 9 and /a and 9a) connected %ith separate collector rings! -rom these t%o rings the current is collected by means of t%o brushes! "he induced alternating current is ho%ever directly metallically connected %ith an inductive earth stator conductor over an induction coil @! -urther a combined inductance and capacity 5 is inserted bet%een the t%o %ires 11 and 12 in parallel %ith the converter! Iy this means a spar'less oscillatory circuit is obtained %hich can act on the exciting current in the stator! "his produces ho%ever, a periodic alteration of the charging uantities according to the oscillation curves of the rotor currents in conse uence of %hich the stator charge also commences %ith resonance oscillations and if the stator and rotor surfaces are calculated to one another in such a %ay that they are adapted to form oscillations of %aves of similar length the entire converter is caused to oscillate and furnishes undamped oscillations of a high number of alternations, but of periodically changed amplitude, the form of %hich is dependent on the amplitude of the main alternating current and is caused by the number of the poles and revolutions per second! "hus an alternating current of, for example, 100 periods is formed, the separate periods of %hich are formed by undamped oscillations of a higher number of alternations! ,n -igures 19-1: four other diagrams of converters are illustrated, the ob*ect of %hich is not to produce usual alternating current, but oscillations of high fre uency!

"he main difference of these systems from those previously described is that from the connection of the collecting aerials is made bet%een the stator pole 1 (-igure 19) and one pole 1: of the condenser 1; and the earth connection bet%een a second stator pole 2 and the pole 18 of the condenser 1@! "he other poles of these condensers 1; and 1@ are short circuited through a ring over t%o inductive primary coils @ and @a %ith one another! "he secondary coils form the rotor conductors 10 and 10a! "he rotor itself is constructed in the manner sho%n in -igure : of t%o short-circuited plate condensers %hich may be %ound as sho%n in -igure 11! ,n similar manner of course the stator surfaces may also be formed! "he collector rings of the rotor %ith the t%o brushes for collecting current are here not sho%n in order to simplify the dra%ings! Iy the connection of the t%o condensers in the exiting circuit of the converter and also by the action of the alternating current produced in the rotor on the stator circuit, %ith a correct calculation of the capacity and the self-induction co-efficients a maximum action may be obtained! "he 'ind of current produced %ill be similar to that described for -igure 12!

"he novelty of the converter illustrated in -igure 15 consists mainly in that the current resulting in the rotor is not directly employed, but only serves a exciter of the primary coils @a and @b! "he %or'ing current is produced in the secondary coils 10 and 10a and further conducted through the conductors 11 and 12! "he stator current may be brought by the regulatable inductive resistance @ to the same resonance as the rotor current!

,n -igure 1: a very similar system is sho%n to -igure 19! "he condenser 5 is ho%ever connected in parallel %ith the converter$ and by the inductive resistance constructed in the rotor a short circuited oscillatory circuit is formed %hich gives extraordinarily good results and is simple in construction! "he inductive resistance @ may also instead of being constructed in the rotor be constructed as primary coil employed outside the rotor and short circuit the oscillatory circuit over the stator surfaces (see -igure 1;)!

"he last six types serve only for producing oscillations of a high number of alternations! ,f it be desired to obtain ordinary alternating current there complicated constructional arrangements are not re uired as the types illustrated in -igures 1 to 11 suffice! ,t is self-evident that these arrangements may be altered in various %ays by means of different condenser surfaces in practice! 2aving no% particularly described and ascertained the nature of our said invention and in %hat manner the same is to be performed, %e declare that %hat %e claim is. --- J ?laims not included here K

Daniel 6OME LEA< (ree Energ, Coil"

-ttp=>>222$over/nit,$com U An e+cellent5 m/"tF"ee 2e'"ite V 6omerlea/ 6-oto Galler,

Over<nit,$com (or/m E+cerpt"

Dr/ce A$ 6errea/lt P on. Buly 21, 2005, 0:.92.28 4( Q

Daniel 6omerlo/ Demon"trate" (reeFEnerg,

"here is a guy from ?anada %ho has demonstrated free-energy using only coils of %ires! , have posted photos of these devices in the file section on my -ree Energy >evices Gahoo +roup if anyone %ants to see them!!! -ttp=>>gro/p"$,a-oo$com>gro/p>3reenerg,> *oe <e. >aniel 4omerlou demonstrates free-energy P <eply D/ on. Buly 22, 2005, 0:.10.10 4( Q 2i, , have been in contact %ith >aniel 4omerleau t%ice and i have seen %hat he %as doing (really amaHing)! "he first time %as in 1@@2 and during / hours i sa% some unbeilievable things li'e open up a light bulb %ith only Eone %ireE and also running a 5 electric horse po%er motor connected only by 2 %ires that he %as holding in his hand! , had a long tal' %ith him and he %as telling me that he does not 'no% %here his po%er come from! 2e told me that he stort to do that %hen he %as a child! 2e does demonstrations once in a %hile in the (ontreal area! *oe P <eply D; on. Buly 2;, 2005, 0:.95.1/ 4( Q )tefan, "he pictures that Iruce 4errault posted about >aniel 4omerleau5s devices are real! ,t is not a EscamE because as i said in my last post, i %as there in 1@@2 and i %as there at is last demonstration 9 %ee's ago! "hat guy is from (ontreal area and is doing this since he is a child! 2e told me that %hat he is doing come EnaturallyE! 2e also sho%ed me ho% to build one of his device but i can5t ma'e it %or'! 2e did build a device %ith only a fe% %ires in front of many people in about 5 minutes that can run a 5 horse po%er motor! #nd also li'e i said in my previous post he can po%er a 100 %atts bulb %ith only E1 %ireE (really amaHing)!

"his is it! #n again it is not a scam! <egards, Boe *oe P <eply D10 on. Buly 28, 2005, 01.19.2; 4( Q 2i )tefan and all, , %ill go a little further %ith his history! >aniel, because of his unusual talent %or'ing %ith energy %ere as'ed for a demonstration of his po%er by Esome people of the govermentE he has been 'ept in captivity for (i am not sure) over 2 months! "hey have conducted tests on him (really scarring things i have been told) and after that nobody heard of him for a long %hile! "hat %as in the years ;05s or 805s ! 7i'e i said he stort to do demonstration by 1@@2 and at every demonstration he %as protected by people he could trust! 1o% today, %hen he decided to do a demo, nobody 'no%s a %ee' before because even today Ethey are on his feet all the time and they don5t %ant him to sho% his devices and especially to sho% people ho% to tap free energy! #s you all 'no% E the blac' po%erE is still really present and they %ant us to use their oil instead of clean energy! #nd yes he has filmed his devices in mouvement but he has not released it yet! )tefan, about the diagrams, there are no diagrams! "he only thing you can see on the plexiglass is a couple feet of %ires may be 2: to /0 gauge rolled around a little clear plastic spool and a little s%itch and some others copper bolts to hold the spools! "he plexiglass he is using for every demos are about 1 foot s uare "he beginning of the %ires are left in air and the other and are attached to the bulb or the motor or the little race car toy that he use for his demos that is about it! "hat guy does i tell you again really unuseal things! , 'no% it is hard to believe but for example %hen he is demontrate free energy on certains machine li'e bulbs, motors! ect! he al%ays use plexiglass so you can not doubt it! #nd you can ta'e the plexiglass and %or' %ith it! 7ast time they %ere electric engineers and electronic specialists at the demo and i can tell you they %ere pulling their hairsTTTT ,magine open up a light bulb %ith only one %ireT )o, as he said to me if you %ant to built these devices you have to have EfaithE and if you thin' to much %ith your head it %ill never %or'! 2e also said that you have to feel the energy deep inside! #s soon as you 'no% ho% to 'eep it inside then you are on the good trac'! =ne engineers try to start a motor by touching some %ires on the plexiglass devices li'e >aniel is doing and could not do it and >aniel said if you could thin' %ith your heart then the motor %ould start! )o i don5t 'no% %hen the next demo %ill be hold! 2e does a fe% each year in the (ontreal area! <egards Boe *oe P <eply D19 on. #ugust 09, 2005, 0/.0:.15 4( Q 2ere5s another post from &eelynet on 4ormerleau5s devices. -ttp=>>222$e"cri'e$com>"cience>4eel,net>m%66A8$-tml ni'ola^tesla P <eply D18 on. #ugust 1:, 2005, 11.50.10 4( Q 2ello #ll, "his guy >aniel is for <E#7! , have seen it %ith my o%n 2 eyes! 2is feats %ere so amaHing that someone as'ed him during uestion period %eather or not he %as an alien!

#lso 132 the room %as filled by people %ho %or'ed %ith or had degrees in electricity so he chose the %orst possible audience for tric'ery! #lso he passed his modules around and everybody could test things %ith their o%n hands! "he demonstration lasted over 9 hours and it %as non stop amaHement for all! 2e as'ed people to bring in electrical appliances before the meeting! )ome people brought it radios and other small appliances and he po%ered all of them %ith his module! 1o% before this part someone in class that %as impressed %ent out next door and bought a brand ne% 120 volt electric sa%! >aniel plugged it in to his module and boom rrrrrrrrHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH! #t the end of the four hours the group %as in a state of trance !!! sort of li'e a religious experience and %e literally bro'e out into the entire group singing! >aniel passed around his electric utility bill and it sho%ed the minimum payment possible for the period! Ielieve it or not you are still charged monthly minimum connection fees! 2e used the device to po%er his entire apartment! >uring the famous %inter ice storm everyone in his bloc' apartment building %as freeHing and he %as en*oying life as if nothing happened in his apartment! 2e also stated that he %as %or'ing on an electric vehicle to be po%ered entirely by his device and he may demonstrate this at his next meeting! Cnderstandably >aniel is paranoic !!! he %as actually loc'ed up for about 1/ years in a mental institution %here he %as exposed to electric shoc' treatments and other cruel treatments to cure him of his E disease E! ni'ola^tesla P <eply D21 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 02.2@.5: #( Q Ouote from. hartiberlin on #ugust 1;, 2005, 01.99.91 #( >id the device still produce output, %hen you had it in your hands R yes 0hat did it po%er R a lamp R %e could turn the small light bulbs or propellers on and off !!! he also sho%ed normal boom box radios (not crystal radios) %or'ing %ithout batteries he demonstrated a small electric car %or'ing %ith no batteries that he let roll across the room P <eply D2/ on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 02.9:.5@ #( Q ani'ola^tesla 0hen did you see it R >uring the last %ee' R months ago !!! , 'no% someone %ith a electrical degree that sa% him about 10 years ago and same amaHement >id he say, if these %ires %ere normal copper %ires R yes >id it only %or', %hen he %as present R 1= !!! if anyone too' the module it %ould %or' forever to po%er anything (aybe some batteries %ere hidden in the small motors R the person , %ent %ith brought a volt meter and %as in front of the class ta'ing measurements as he sa% fit to try to disprove %hat %e %ere all seeing ?ould you connect your o%n loads %ithout his load R as this %ould be the only source, %here he could have hidden his batteries, righR R ( if it %ould be scam!!!) -orget scam !!! , couldn5t sleep %ell for %ee's after , %itnessed this !!! this is ho% , explain it to

myself he is someho% able to see or feel electrical forces in the atmosphere and build his modules to tap into it !!! it is probably li'e a dog can hear sounds humans can5t that sort of thing !!! the spea'er %ho %ould spea' for >aniel during the demonstration said that >aniel is constantly amaHed that %e can not duplicate %hat he can do %ithout effort! "he presenter mentioned that he believes that the government sets up fa'e institutions to help autistic or gifted people li'e >aniel only to ma'e them disappear if they believe they can duplicate %hat >aniel can do! ni'ola^tesla P <eply D2; on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 10.58.22 #( Q 7i'e the most famous person on earth once said E Ilessed are those %ho believe %ithout seeing E! "he presenter has said that if you have the plans to the device to E 'ic' start it E you need to use your faith! )o >aniel seems to be able to feel or see the energy3electric fields and then to someho% use his %ill to unleash the po%er flo%! =nce it has been 'ic' started it %or's forever after that! the device can po%er anything %ith 110 volts and ;5 amperes =< 220 volts and ;5 amperes if , remember correctly! ,n one demonstration he lit a 200 %att bulb %ith it and then as'ed if anyone %as a smo'er and to come up in front of the class %ith a cigarette !!! he as'ed the smo'er to lit up the cigarette by putting it bet%een the end of the light bulb and his connector and it produced the fire for his cigarette! gast P <eply D2@ on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 11.5/.15 #( Q Ouote from. ni'ola^tesla on #ugust 1;, 2005, 10.58.22 #( the device can po%er anything %ith 110 volts and ;5 amperes =< 220 volts and ;5 amperes if , remember correctly! 0hat 'ind of %ires he used in his demonstrations for such po%erfull energy amountsR "he small %ires sho%n in the uploaded pictures should glo% if 8 &0 (110 6olt, ;5 #mp) flo% through them! *oe P <eply D/0 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 12.28.1@ 4( Q 2i guys, Gou have to understand that >aniel uses 0ires for demonstrations but as he told us, he does not need any %ires to conduct electricity to his devices! )imply by aiming his mind to %hatever he %ants to play %ith or to light a lamp or to run a motor he can do it! 2e can ma'e a little car run *ust by his thought! , have seen itT 1ot bad for an autisticT Ouote from. ni'ola^tesla on #ugust 1;, 2005, 10.58.22 #( the device can po%er anything %ith 110 volts and ;5 amperes =< 220 volts and ;5 amperes if , remember correctly! 0hat 'ind of %ires he used in his demonstrations for such po%erfull energy amountsR "he small %ires sho%n in the uploaded pictures should glo% if 8 &0 (110 6olt, ;5 #mp) flo% through them! excellent uestion the %ires do 1=" change and are not as thic' as one %ould expect

Boe true it has been said that he can mentally change the traffic light at %ill "he=ne P <eply D/8 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 01.0/.5: 4( Q 2ave you see the device %or'ed %hile >aniel %as not in the same buildingR 4robably not! )ylvain hartiberlin P <eply D99 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 02.59.22 4( Q )o can he *ust po%er a 200 0atts bulb *ust %ith his loose %ired coils R if he really could get &ilo%atts out, then the possibility of fraud is not very possible!!! ani'ola^tesla 0hat biggest load did you see personally R the 200 0atts bulbs lighting up R 0hat biggest load in 0attage did he sho% in some videos R ni'ola^tesla P <eply D95 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 0/.1:.9@ 4( Q )o can he *ust po%er a 200 0atts bulb *ust %ith his loose %ired coils R he used one of his modules to light a single 200 0att bulb and then someone from the audience lit his cigarette by putting it bet%een the %ire and the end of the bulb!!! another minor note %hen he po%ered the bulbs using the 2ydro Electric outlet it %as dimmer and more yello% that %hen he po%ered it %ith his module ani'ola^tesla 0hat biggest load did you see personally R the electric sa% %as the biggest appliance he po%ered %ith one of his modules 0hat biggest load in 0attage did he sho% in some videos R no videos %ere sho%n !!! it %as all live *oe P <eply D9; on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 0/.50.01 4( Q 2i again, , understand people %ho does not believe in that 'ind of demonstration and i agree it is unbelievable until you have it right in front of you and also %hen he (>anniel) %ant you to be part of the experience! 0hat he is trying to do is to transmit a little bit of himself to people %ho %ants to learn a totally ne% %ay of manifesting the pure energy! , %as there in 1@@2 for his demo and i %as there a fe% month ago and he does try to ma'e understand ho% to do it! Iut %e are someho% not ready for this and it ma'es him sad! 2e is a hundred years ahead of our time! Bust li'e (r! "esla %as! Iut may be in a near future %e %ill see some of his modules coming on a mar'et (as a toy) so the blac' po%er %ill not be threatened! *oe P <eply D5/ on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 0;.29.51 4( Q

2e did run a / h!p! motor and a 500 %atts street lamp! 2e also runned an electric drill! Iut i do remember that %hen he plugged the big 500 %atts lamp to his module he could not let the lamp run to long because (may be 2 minutes) he said at that time that he could not control all the energy and his module %as starting to heat! #nd the module he had for that demos %as made of couples little coils may be 2E high by 2E %ide and the %ire for the coil %ere around 28 or /0 gauge and may be higher! #lso he could control a toy helicopter %ithout %ire! 2e %as using a little *ar %ith (don5t laugh to this one it is true) stra%berry *am in it and a little cran' on top of the lid to control the helicopter! <emember this guy is autistic and he still have a young 'ids heart! #ny%ay this it! <egards Boe ni'ola^tesla P <eply D59 on. #ugust 1;, 2005, 10.52.// 4( Q interesting !!! in my conference he also did not let the fairly big electric sa% run for too long !!! he simply let it run maybe 20-/0 seconds put it off and %aited for the applause to settle before continuing !!! humm this %ould explain %hy he actually used the grid soc'et to po%er the video camera !!! he filmed the %hole thing for his entertainment !!! he %ould get a laugh out of seeing everybody frea' out at his demonstrations! ni'ola^tesla P <eply D5: on. #ugust 18, 2005, 12.15.0@ #( Q ?ould it be, that he has hidden batteries in his / 24 motor and in his 500 0atts lamp and the external coils are *ust only the shortcuts to do the contacts from the internal batteries to the load R )o that the external coils *ust only connect the internal hidden batteries to the other pole of the pole R "hen it %ould loo' li'e the coils %ould po%er the loads! but actually they %ould only conduct the current from the internal hidden batteries to the pole of the load!!! ?ould this be or %ere the lamp and the / 24 motor so small, that bigger batteries could not have been hidden there R 1o because all the appliances %ere brought in by total strangers and they %ere all po%ered up! #re these videos some%here available to order R 2e claims he %ould be 'illed if he released any plans, photos and videos !!! so not that , 'no% of! , find it very curious that photos are available !!! , brought my digital camera and , personally as'ed him and he declined permission! )tefan also it should be noted that the people present %ere all invited informally via friends %ho heard of his feats !!! he doesn5t advertise any%here except via %ord of mouth !!! for example , %ould bring at least 2 / friends next time !!! also after the 9 hour long demonstration %e %ere invited to go have supper %ith him and as' him any uestions or *ust tal' about anything! hartiberlin )tefan 2artmann, (oderator of overunity!com forum P <eply D5; on. #ugust 18, 2005, 12.28./0 #( Q

)o many appliances %ere brought by the visitors R ?ould it be, that these %ere his friends and %ere already modified to contain batteries R ,f not, did he himself only bring in his coil-setup in a plexiglas stand, so one could not hide any batteriesR (aybe he has himself a real po%erful psycho'inesis, so he can direct electrical energy via his mind into these coil spools R ni'ola^tesla P <eply D58 on. #ugust 18, 2005, 12.//./2 #( Q )o many appliances %ere brought by the visitors R ?ould it be, that these %ere his friends and %ere already modified to contain batteries R ,(4=)),I7E !!! , personally 'ne% one of them! ,f not, did he himself only bring in his coil-setup in a plexiglas stand, so one could not hide any batteriesR GE) !!! he used to put his coils on %ood many years ago and people have accused him of hiding batteries in the %ood so he changed to plexiglass (aybe he has himself a real po%erful psycho'inesis, so he can direct electrical energy via his mind into these coil spools R GE) this is a possibility !!! , could go on telling you all other things he claims to be able to do but you %ould 1E6E< believe it unless you sa% %hat , sa%! *oe P <eply D:/ on. #ugust 18, 2005, 01.0;.25 4( Q Gou are right 1i'olas he is mistrustfull, he trusts %omen more than men! #t one of his demo i %as %ith my girl friend and after %e gathered and he passed almost the rest of the afternoon tal'ing %ith her! 2e feel confident %ith %omen cause he did not have a good experience %ith men since they loc'ed him up and gave him bad treatments li'e electro-shoc's, ect! 2e said that %omen %ould learn ho% to %or' %ith energy faster than men because they are more sensitive! 1o%, again this guy does not cheat ho% can you hide a big battery under a vest to run a motor, lamp or little race car (i don5t thin' #? battery does exist any%ay)! "his guy is humble and he is still a 'id in his heart and for him since he is young he %ould li'e to help this %orld! #nd i hope in a near future he %ill be able to %al' into (ontreal or any other places %ithout having a gun pointing at him! Ges he has been shot at %hile he %as in a car near (ontreal but he %as not hurt! 7i'e 1i'olas said. ,t not easy communicating %ith him cause he is autistic and also because he has to hide himself all the time! >r <obert #dams from 1e% bealand %ho invented the free energy motor-generator also had his life "hreatened because he %anted to helped this %orld! )ad,sad,sad %orld!!! (ar'us P <eply D:@ on. #ugust 21, 2005, 10.08.55 #( Q 2i all, , did some research on psi phenomenons! 0hat , have found is not directly related to free energy but is so amaHing that , have to post it. -ttp=>>p"ipog$net>me0ia$p-p #fter you %atched these videos >anielws po%ers should not surprise you anymore T "he first one %ith the coin can hardly be a fa'e!

regards, (ar'us ni'ola^tesla P <eply D;0 on. #ugust 21, 2005, 09.1/.51 4( Q 2i (ar'us, "han's for you lin'! , loo'ed at some videos very uic'ly and they loo' li'e cheap tric's to be honest %ith you! >aniel is %ay above anything they had on video! >aniel dre% an an electric circuit in 5 seconds on a plain piece of paper using a simple pen and made it %or' in front of my eyes and ears! ni'ola^tesla P <eply D;/ on. #ugust 22, 2005, 0:.08.0; 4( Q sort of !!! he demonstrated in front of the class that he could cause a radio to ma'e distorting sounds %hen he rubbed the circuit dra%n on a piece of paper !!! he claimed that he is able to dra% a cell phone on paper and use it to ma'e <E#7 calls !!! sounds craHy but after seeing his demonstrations live you %ould be its possible for him! ni'ola^tesla P <eply D;5 on. #ugust 22, 2005, 08.52.2@ 4( Q incredible stuff !!! sounds craHy unless you %itness such things there is no %ay people can believe it !!! %hen he %as ma'ing distortion sounds he %as doing it 9 feet from my eyes and , %as focusing on his fingers and they moved in 4E<-E?" syncroniHation %ith the distortion made on the radio !!! it %as claimed that he can spea' into the paper and ma'e his voice come out of the radio spea'ers amongst other claims !!! %hen as'ed %hy he didn5t do it %e %ere told that in the past he has been attac'ed by people %ho flipped out seeing such things believing he %as using the devil or something to do it! sam P <eply D;; on. )eptember 28, 2005, 08.5/./: #( Q , have loo'ed at various pictures of his %ires stuff! -irst uestion if there %as a %itness . "he easiest one has 1 %ire connected bet%een the batteriers to the motor, and the second %ire has a spiral and is %ireless . >id the motor run this %ay R =r %as it *ust to sho% it5s not %or'ing %ith a battery R Ouic' guess, isn5t it possible to transmitt electricity to the %ires through induction R =r through hertHian %aves %hich transmit electricity too (li'e %atching "6 through antenna, not by cable) R (ay be the %ires are tuned to receive hertHian %aves and its electricity, or there is some 'ind of induction (maybe an inductive hoven) to transmit the electricity! ,5m not trying to debun' >aniel, but perhaps can he feel those %aves and yet tune his %ires accordingly! (ar'us P <eply D;8 on. =ctober 01, 2005, 0/.9;.25 4( Q =f course it %ould be possible! Gou could also use a "esla-"ransformer to do that!

Iut to get a 1206 chainsa% to %or' as sho%n in one of his demonstrations you need a lot of po%er! "he television to%er next to me has an output po%er of 500'0T ,f , %ould tune to one of his fre uencies it %ould only be able to po%er a small lightbulb or sth! li'e that! #nd remember one of his demonstrations had an audience full of electrical engineers! "hey %ould have recogniHed the fraud immediately! 2ope this helps! *oe P <eply D85 on. -ebruary 22, 200;, 08.21.50 4( Q 2ello, , live near )t-Iruno and i have seen >aniel 4omerleau t%ice ( by the %ay his name is not 4omerlou but 4omerleau) "he only thing i can say is. "his guy does amaHing things and for the s'eptic guys %ell you have to be there to see %hat he can do %ith a coil of %ires that po%er bulbs or a drill or other utilities that re uire higher po%er! "his guy has not limits concerning the po%er he can created! 7ight<ider P <eply D102 on. (arch 15, 200;, 0;.0/./9 4( Q , sa% >aniel 4omerleau demonstrates about / times no% and , 'no% personaly his Elegal guardianE and family for many years!!! even them they still don5t 'no% ho% he really ma'es thoses! (please forgive my english) 0hat to say!!! 1! 2e is a young child mind in a old body! 2! 2e can put is E%illE or %hat ever you call that in ob*ect!!! /! 2e can do every thing!!! but he mainly do EtoysE that demonstrate free-energy! 9! Gon can5t really tal' to him!!! (mental age of a child) 5! 2im self don5t 'no% E2o%E he do those thing! :! 2is child spirit is obsessed to convince the %orld he5s right (%ith free-energy) ;! , have test is devices %ith friends on / occasions (%e are (echanical and Electric Engineer and "echnician) nothing mush to say!!! ,t %or' but %e can5t tell ho%!!! 0hat %e can tell . a) Electricity seem EappearE sometime in a midle of a %ire or a s%itch or a coil! b) E1=E logic there (no /d logic) - exemple. no battrey, no coil, one s%itch, one %ire, one little flashlight light, on a plestiglass! (please see pictures!!! lin' at the bottom of the page)! =ne side of %ire %as %elded to the s%itch (only one side of the s%itch %as used) the other side of the %ire %as %elded to EonlyE one side of the flashlight light! 0hen the s%itch is at EonE position the motor run!!! %hen the s%itch is at EoffE position the motor stop! "he %ire %as about :E long (no plastic over) copper! the electricity simply seem EappearE in the s%itch! nothing mush to say! 8! is pro*ects are made %ith all 'ind off stuff (even noodles T) but maindly hand made coils! @! ,n all is pro*ect, electricity %as turn off if %e ta'e out a part of the %hole! li'e a noodles! 10! (any 0att of po%er!!! 11! , brought my personal drill!!! , plug it to one of his device (4) he ma'e all is devices on a plestiglass!!! no place to hide battery)!! %ith t%o 100 0atts light bulb!!! the lights %as E%ery brightE and my drill to max speed (%ith some load)!!! 12! E2is ElectricityE is safe for human body! 2e put he tongue many time bet%een the

terminals!!! nothing happen!!! my drill A 200 %atts light %as still runing! 1/! , hate this 'ind of presentation! 19! ,t simply impossible to reproduce it! this 'ind of Emental po%erE cannot be reproducede and , don5t even 'no% if it is possible for someone to learn it!!! please loo' those images!!! (4ictures and video are usally prohibite) . -ttp"=>>"ec/re$net"ol-o"t$com>n/energ,$org>alt>arc-ive$-tm under E>aniel 4omerleau >emonstration 4hotos (5@/ &I bip -ile)E ,f you have any uestions or suggestion feel free to contact me, 7ight<ider 7uc ?orriveau Ouxbec, ?anada luc^corriveauahotmail!com %attsup P <eply D10/ on. #pril 0/, 200;, 02.25.51 #( Q 2ello to all! #s , indicated , %ould be at the #pril 1st 200; demonstration given by (r! >aniel 4omerleau, and so , %as! #nd truly, nothing could have prepared me for %hat , %itnessed during this magnificent / hour presentation on self running electric systems! , %ent in %ith my >? ammeter and my trusty compass to detect the slightest magnetic field and %ith a rampant determination to find the source of his tric'ery! )omeone else came in %ith his magnetic field meter %hich %as a very sophisticated hand held device that gives out accurate readings! )omeone else had a regular volt meter! 0e %ere about 50 people in all! 0hat , should have had %as a %hole arsenal of instruments in a sealed room %ith capabilities to do hyper magnetic sensing, &irilian photography, body scan and an endless host of other devices, but for %hat! 0hat can %e really understand from this child minded adult of 51 years, that does not have a culpable bone in his body, that sees only the good in his fello% man, that can5t even understand %hat a *o'e is or %hat sarcasm is, and %ho, since age 12 %as marveled by his inborn po%er to control electricity and to put electrical po%er into unplugged, unconnected electrical ob*ects! "here is nothing on this earth that can prepare you for such an event, as simple as it %as, as non glamorous as it %as, as lo% 'ey on the intellectual end as it %as, as crude as it %as because of those around him not having the polished academic %ords or gestures! Ieyond all this external criteria that one %ith ample 'no%ledge of the %orld and of its %or'ings %ould expect, there %as such a simple, honest and direct exposure of a po%er in man that %e all have, but have lost to our other senses and our mind! "here %as also the open obvious fact that his surrounding help could never accumulate individually or as a group, enough technical and instrumental expertise to cause all these phenomena to happen using tric'ery! "his is not a >avid ?opperfield! "his is straight for%ard, open, no tric's, amaHing and %orth seeing once in your life! (r! 4omerleau is an example of ho% humans could have evolved! Iut the %ay %e live and thin', it %ould be li'e if all humans %eighed 1000 pounds each and he %ould be trying to sho% us ho% to high *ump! 0e are so far into our minds, craving the concrete, loo'ing for the obvious, that %e %ill never be able to use his po%er for human 'ind! Iut that5s =&! 1o% don5t get me %rong! 2e is not +od, he is not a (essiah, he is not #llah or Besus returned! 2e is *ust an autistic 51 year old adult %ith 90 years experience in child mind control over

electric po%er! ,f %e %ere in 1000 I?, %e %ould probably ma'e a huge statute of him and call him >aniel, the +od of Electricity! =ne of his lines %as, (an has discovered his science, but has neglected his conscience! )o %hat did , see, ,5ll save this for tomorro%s post since , thin' until no%, , still have to digest %hat , have %itnessed! 1o% ,5ll go bac' to my mad scientists laboratory and continue tin'ering %ith my next invention! )omething %e humans can use no%, %hile , dream of the 4omerleau %orld of tomorro% %ere all %ill have enough, all the time! =h yeh! a1erHh>ishual 1o %ay! "here is nothing under neath, over neath or even inside neath! hartiberlin )tefan 2artmann, (oderator of overunity!com forum P <eply D109 on. #pril 0/, 200;, 0/.9/.98 #( Q 2i 0attsup, many than's for the first ne% report! ,f he really puts his tongue bet%een the the hot poles, then it is no >? but very high fre uency #? S <adio -re uency po%er ! "his should be able to being detected %ith small neon bulbs! >id anybody ta'e ne% pictures or videos at this event R 2o% does he loo' ali'e R 0hat age does he seem to be, if you say, he is still a child at 59 R ,s he li'e 10 years old or younger or older R (any than's! <egards, )tefan! %attsup P <eply D108 on. #ugust 0/, 200;, 09.22.9: 4( Q aall )tefan as'ed me to ma'e a revie% of my visit to >aniels5 demonstration to follo%-up on my first post of my visit there! 0ell, you have seen all the photos of open coils, half-haHardously %ound and connected %ith so many others, all mounted on 4lexiglass to sho% there %as nothing else connected, sho%ing small dc motors turning small propellers! #ll in all the demonstration %ent through a myriad of these devices, all made in the same general method, no batteries, no exterior connections, no visible or measurable source of constant energy, but regardless, these devices turned on and off seemingly at the %ill of >aniel! , %as called to the front of the hall several times to measure amperage! )ome readings %ere as follo%s$ (odule D/. 8!: vdc 2!/ amps (odule D:. ;!; vdc 9!2 amps (odule D;. )tarted %ith mind control! , held the circuit in my hands %hile he turned it on and the although the on3off s%itch did not move! 2e did it from about / feet a%ay %ith his hand held above our heads as if he %as reaching into another dimension in space to control the s%itch! 6ery %eird! (odule D@. 1; vdc 19!5 amps #lso, , held a small dc motor in my hand %ith *ust a small / inch length of t%isted %ire leading from each motor terminal to no%here! Bust open circuit! 2e turned the motor on %hile it %as in

my hands! "he motor had no obvious manipulation mar's such as unbent and re bent end pins, etc! <ight out of my hand! , could go on and on since the demo lasted three hours! Iut in general, this is it! 2e also po%ered a hand drill, radio and some other devices! (odule D10 %as one of his larger devices in the same set-up %as producing 185 volts and lit a 100 %att bulb! 2e also put his tongue on the leads and did not get a shoc', plus he lit a cigarette %ith the leads spar'ing %hen held together li'e a spar' gap! #maHing! )o that5s it! , do not %ant to get more heavily involved in >aniels5 feats of amaHement since that is %hat they are and there is no point to pursue this since you or , %ill 1E6E< be able to ta'e advantage of his gift! =ne last thing! "he %hole event %as video taped by a %oman %ho %as centrally installed on a higher table located in the bac' of the room! 2er camera %as pointed to >aniel filming the %hole demo! , did not thin' to as' to vie% the video or inspect the video camera at the end of the demo and this, in my vie%, is the only piece left unturned! "he only possibility of tric'ery could be the video camera %as not really a video camera but a static gun or beam of some type that is concentrated and al%ays aimed at or around >aniel! ,s it possible that a video camera could be fa'ed to emit some type of beam that hits the 4lexiglass and that induces an electrical current therein! "his is the only uestion , have unans%ered! (aybe a micro%ave gun! , am saying this because they said they al%ays video tape the events but they offer no video for sale! )o %hat5s the point! #ny%ays, , %ould forget this as there is no =C ans%er for humanity here! =nly a uagmire and potential %aste of time and energy although a very deep curiosity indeed! )omething li'e seeing the Elastic (an or the 2airy 0oman at any good circus! 1e%bie P <eply D10@ on. Banuary 02, 2008, 0;.52.5: 4( Q Ouote #ny%ays, , %ould forget this as there is no =C ans%er for humanity here! =nly a uagmire and potential %aste of time and energy although a very deep curiosity indeed! )omething li'e seeing the Elastic (an or the 2airy 0oman at any good circus! , %ould love to see >aniel in one of his demos! ,t seems that this group has %ritten him off as a %aste of time , as a entertaining side sho% ! "here is no =C hereR "here is 1="2,1+ but =C there! "he fact that you can5t reproduce it means nothing! 0hat >aniel sho%s people is simply another %ay of doing things! , have read posts here that imply that EE education is a 'ind of brain%ashing ! , have to agree ! >aniel is simply a person that has not been brain%ashed #" #77 ! #t least not as far as energy goes! 2e tried to explain ho% it %or's >o you 'no% ho% to have faith R >o you 'no% ho% observe something %ithout using your headR 0e are taught that intelectual thin'ing is the holy grail , the %ay to solve all problems ! ,t is not ! "esla could see ho% things %ere going to %or' before he built them! "he man that Iuilt ?oral ?astle moved those huge stones %ith his mind! >aniel can ma'e things run ! !

1one of us have it all ! 0e all have our o%n limitations! >aniels limitations are as clear as his po%ers$! "he uestion is %hat do %e learn from himR 4ersonally , don5t see humanity ever catching up %ith people li'e "esla , as long as %e stic' mostly to the EE mentality! 1e%ton among others changed the %orld ! 2is findings have been taught as absolute fact for many years! "he universe that 1e%ton sho%ed us is a dead universe! ,n 1e%tons universe even life itself is *ust a sting of mindless events un%inding! "he universe it 1=" dead ! "here is a non physical consciousness that is the basis for #77 physical things! "his consciousness in motion is the basis for %hat %e call energy! #ll physical matter is then created from this energy! #nother %ay to say this is !!!!!! there is nothing in the universe that is not +od! "he %ay to get closer to understanding ho% >aniel does %hat he does is by accepting that life is more than %e have been taught! (uch of %hat %e have been taught in effect 'eeps us focused on our current limitations and the limitations of those that taught us! 4eople li'e >aniel could be sho%ing us ho% %e #77 could live someday ! ,f >aniel can manipulate energy , others can learn to do it too! ?an , manipulate energy li'e >aniel R 1o 7i'e everyone else here , have to many limatations in that area ! , do understand %hat %e said about needing faith! , also understand %hat me meant %hen he said it %ouldn5t %or' if you thin' about it to much! 0ould it help people understand %hat >aniel does by trying to replicate %hat he ma'es R 1o! 2is devices %or' because he chooses for them to %or'! 2e could *ust as easly ma'e things run %ith 1= %ires at all ! Gou could say that there is no possable =C to be found here! Gou could also say that there is 1="2,1+ but =C ! "esla sa% that %e are living in an endless see of energy! 2e %as blac'listed for trying to bring that reality to humanity ! "he groups that blac'listed "esla made a point to influence the academic %orld! =C concepts have been treated li'e a disease ever sense! gary %attsup P <eply D111 on. Banuary 02, 2008, 10.0@.9/ 4( Q aone , understand completely %hat you are saying! , had one of his >? motors in my hand connected to nothing and it %as turning full speed! >aniel even shut it off from a distance of about 9 feet a%ay from me, then turned it on again! "he guy is a charm of a nice young minded man! , cannot ans%er as to ho% he does it! , only 'no% he is not allo%ed to divulge ho% he is doing it! ,t could be faith! Iut my aim %as to %itness and report an event in the manner that %e at =C %ould expect one to

do so under given circumstances! 1o recorder, no video, no photo! Bust meters and s'etch pad! "he bottom line is yes it is something remar'able, but so are many other guys doing tric's! ,t5s al%ays remar'able until you 'no% ho% it %or's! #t =C %e EtryE to 'eep a clear head and concentrate on the value this has for humanity! 2im trying to sho% us or explain to us ho% it %or's, if it is in the realm of the supernatural phenomena, %ould be li'e trying to sho% an elephant ho% to fly! 4ointless! )o the value for =C in the %orld as far as , can ascertain at this stage is nil, Hero! 0ith over 5 billion people on this roc', there is bound be be many aberrations and in my vie% >aniel is one of the top on the list! ,f you are ever in the (ontreal area, find out %hen the next demo is by contacting (r! 4ierre -ecteau at$ -rom. E4ierre -ecteauE Ypfecteauasympatico!caZ , 'no% there %as one recently but , could not ma'e it for that date! "here %ill be others! 1e%bie P <eply D11: on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 05.08.51 #( Q Ouote from. not^a^mib on Banuary 0/, 2008, 0/.0/.18 #( >oes >aniel suffer any aftereffects from performing these demos, especially the higher-%attage onesR "his might reveal %hether he generates the energy (metabolism J1K) or channels or directs energy from the surroundings! ,f the energy is metabolic, it might ma'e a really good %ay to burn off those excess calories! (1 'ilo%att load S 0!2/@ large-calories per second) "his %ould tend to ma'e one really tired and hungry after%ards! ,f the energy is obtained from the thermal, Hero-point, etc energy from the immediate surroundings, slight cooling of the demo area or other effects might sho% up! ,f the source is something non-local such as the po%er of Clyaoth J2K, heating of the demo area is li'ely! not^a^mib , can only ans%er this from my understanding of %hat is going on! "he short ans%er is 1o he doesn5t have any afteraffects !!!!!! , am basing that on the fact that he has been able to do it sense he %as a young child and still doesn5t really understand 2=0 he does it! ,t is *ust something he can do ! (y closest experiences to %hat he does %ould be %hat , call light%or' ! 0or'ing directly %ith energy of the mind and higher mind! 0hen light%or' is done right , there is nothing physical about it at all ! ,t is simply your physical mind interacting %ith %hat is sometimes called the aether! Ouote 1! )tar 0ars frea's %ill claim that mitochondrial activity generates the -orce as %ell as converting #>4 to #"4! (,n best Goda voice) E"o the bulb light, you must feel the -orce flo%ing through youTE , thin' they used a similar name in star%ars !!!!!!!a mitocondrial is the actual part of the cell that stores energy ! "he first / star%ars movies %ere almost li'e a light%or' class ! much of %hat they said about the force is true for light%or'! "he last / had almost nothing related to light%or'! )corpio 1e%bie P <eply D11; on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 05./:.2@ #( Q

Ouote from. %attsup on Banuary 0/, 2008, 05.09.51 #( =ne of the craHiest panels %as the one %ith four s%itches and four loads! Each s%itch controls only one of the loads! Iut loo' at the circuit! 0hattsup , thin' you could say that that panel %or's on the plecibo effect ! "here is no %ay it can actually do anything ! but apparently if you truly believe it can !!!!!!!then it does! "he=ne P <eply D118 on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 05./8.15 #( Q ,ts more a magic sho%, no =C there, he his the ,1put )miley 1e%bie <e. >aniel 4omerlou demonstrates free-energy P <eply D11@ on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 05.5;.11 #( Q Ouote from. "he=ne on Banuary 0/, 2008, 05./8.15 #( ,ts more a magic sho%, no =C there, he his the ,1put )miley "he=ne , agree that he is the input !!!!!!!!!and it is more li'e magic than science ! >oes that mean that it is not =C R 7ets see !!!!!!!!!!he inputs a thought !!!!!!!and %hat he chooses to run starts running ! , am not sure ho% to measure the input of his brain cells !!!!!!!!!but , am pretty sure that ho% ever you measure them he is getting nearly infinite return on his input! ! Gou have no idea ho% to explain it =r even ho% to study it ! >oes that mean that it is not =C ,sn5t this if , don5t understand it it isn5t real attitude something %e are trying to get past hereR gary hansvonlieven P <eply D120 on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 0;./;.21 #( Q +5day 0attsup, <eminds me very much of one of +eorge de la 0arr5s radionics boxes! 2ans von 7ieven 1e%bie P <eply D122 on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 05./@.1; 4( Q , thin' that you could be interested to this. -ttp=>>/tenti$l,co"$it>3i"c-ercon"/lting>pomerlea/$-tml neptune P <eply D12/ on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 0@.1@.28 4( Q <egarding the / pdf files in -rench submitted by )corpio! (y understanding of french is poor, about :0F! "hese files seem to sho% an examination of the apparatus, but , don5t )ee the name 4omerlou #ctually mentioned! #lso several of these circuits contain batteries, %hich is not in agreement %ith %ith %itness accounts! "he third file appears to reach the conclusion that the

apparatus is a fraud, and contains hidden %ires! ?ould someone%ith good -rench confirm or deny %hat , have said! (y 'no%ledge of -rench is *ust %hat , pic'ed up %hilst %or'ing in Europe as a truc' driver! pese P <eply D129 on. Banuary 0/, 2008, 0@./;./; 4( Q 2ello, , have read these #rticle! "he first 2 documents, mean that 2 easiest devices %ere chec'ed! 2ave no -rauds to sho%, but that this does not correspond to the rules of physics, a differently institute has probably loo'ed so -<#C>) and claims to have found concealed connections %ith (#+1,-G,1+ +7#)) (dra%ingT 1o photoT) (, belive "2,) 4#4E< ,)" "2E onlyiest -<#C>TT) "hat people must not try longer to experimenting , %ith this devices) =17G this is not right in my opinion, because >aniel used only single pol s%itch and not li'e in the EproofE dra%n 2 pol around s%itch 1e%bie P <eply D128 on. Banuary 09, 2008, 01.50.59 #( Q 2i all, , have one more old saved document about >aniel! #lso in -rench language! d >aniel\!doc (101: &I - do%nloaded 25 times!) 1e%bie P <eply D12@ on. Banuary 09, 2008, 0/.9:.25 #( Q , read about >aniel some years ago! >id not realiHe he gave demonstrations! "his sho%s me some credibility! , am sho%ing my esoteric side but it %ould not be much of a supprise to me if it %as his consciousness that energiHed his circuits! , suppose 0illiam "iller %ould call it psychoenergetics. http.33%%%!tillerfoundation!com 4rinceton sho%s ho% consciousness effects their E++s in a global %ay. http.33noosphere!princeton!edu3 "hen you can ta'e it a step further and ta'e a loo' at the ,saac >rone information. http.33isaaccaret!fortunecity!com3 "here he gets into ho% they figured the alien antigravity devices %or'ed by thought! "he beings %ould merely focus their attention on the hieroglyphs on the machine and through some sort of exotic nanotech the machine %ould provide the correct response! #lthough , %ould hate to see >aniel used as a lab rat but it %ould be interesting to 'no% if he possess an advancement in his genes or perhaps he has a higher brain %ave activity! (aybe a safer solution %ould be someone else using their o%n psychoenergetics to try to energise his circuits under a double blind system! -or someone to put together coils li'e that %hich respond to his thoughts perhaps it is li'e he is channeling %ith a higher entity or maybe a higher 5self5 %hen he is building these circuits! #ny%ay *ust some 5thoughts5 as , find this stuff fascinating! , believe %e may be heading do%n this path some day in the future! 0e are over due for a ne% paradym in my opinion! )miley "a'e care! neptune P <eply D1/9 on. Banuary 0:, 2008, 08.0/.0; 4( Q

ahansvonliev! regarding your reference to the radionics box! #s a 'id , came from a poor family! , had a fe% boo's on radio from a *un' shop! Iuying components %as beyond our means, and nobody had anything to thro% a%ay, so there %as very little EBun'E! , remember collecting a fe% bits and pieces and some %ire, and connecting them in a sort of random circuit to see %hat %ould happen! 4erhaps some of you did the sameR ,f only %e had had -#,"2!!

-ttp=>>/tenti$l,co"$it>3i"c-ercon"/lting>pomerlea/$-tm -ttp=>>222$over/nit,$com>in0e+$p-p?action@0lattac-Btopic@*9*$0Battac-@%60%% -ttp=>>222$over/nit,$com>in0e+$p-p?action@0lattac-Btopic@*9*$0Battac-@%60%) -ttp=>>222$over/nit,$com>in0e+$p-p?action@0lattac-Btopic@*9*$0Battac-@%60%*

ANALM#I# O( DANIEL 6OME LEA< DE!ICE# (emi (i"c-er . )008 1 "his is a functional analysis of >aniel 4omerleau5s devices! "he author thin's that ,4omerleau5s devices %or' as stated, this could lead to ne% technologies! "his document is public! "he author thin's that substantially all the devices of >aniel 4omerleau can be understood in a more or less simple %ay! , %ill try to give ans%ers to various uestion about 4omerleau5s phenomenon! O1) 0here does the energy come fromR #1) "he energy )"#<") from >aniel himself! 2e produces biological "esla coil effects! #nd, this is not the only case in the history. probably "estati'a5s Iaumann too had some electrical po%ers (in a sense, E( experimentation for them could be easier)! O2) 0hy the energy remains in the system after >aniel energiHes itR #2) ,n nature exists an energy amplification mechanism that can 5loc'5 the electromagnetic machine status after 4omerleau5s 5'ic'start5 (and it is an auto-igniting positive feedbac', so it could be the cause of >aniel5s po%ers too)! (ore informations about this topic here! Iaumann5s "estati'a used speculatively this mechanism to 5loc'5 the machine once started, and he found a %ay to 5'ic'start5 the <7? net %hen you turn the dis's! O/) 2o% >aniel5s devices %or', thenR #/) 0e could see >aniel5s devices as a random <7? topological net! ,n this random topological net, you can have energy reservoir effect and antenna effect! 0here you have good antenna or cable impedance coupling you have good energy transfer to or from the system! O9) 0hat about the phsychic controlR #9) , can tell you that , have a tester and , can produce several millivolts simply moving about my tester! "his is due to induction effects of the body %hich contains %ater and iron and more

electromagnetic significant components! "he body is constantly electromagnetically coupled to these devices (thin' about <- "\-<\) and every slight movement or electrical condition variation can influence the devices! O5) 2o% can , 5'ic'start5 those devices myself thenR #5) "he system must be energiHed first to be loc'ed after! "he 5'ic'start5 energy can be any energy that can properly stimulate the <7? circuit, li'e E( 'ic's or voltage contact 'ic's on nodes! O:) 0hy doesn5t >aniel suffer elecrical shoc' %hen he touches the terminalsR #:) ,t depends on ohm5s la% and on fre uency! Especially, a simple thin cable %or's as a lo%pass filter due to s'in effect! (oreover, , suspect that most of the energy is produced directly ,1),>E the electrical appliance, due to strong E( induction! "he >? current flo%s %hen you create closed circuits %ith lo%est resistance in an geometro-electromagnetical coupled polariHed environment$ #? current flo%s also on coupled open circuits, but %ith lo%est resistance! O;) 2o% can %e have >? from #? amplification component stimulationR #;) 7oo' here! O8) 2o% does that strange apparatus E7E(E1"D5 %or'R #8) ,t5s a matter of selective antenna coupling! O@) 0hat can be the applications of this technologyR #@) (edicine, transportation, space propulsion and coloniHation, and more! ,t depends on the attitude of the people %ho uses it! O10) 2as any useful calculation been madeR #10) "he fluid coupling magnetic amplification component efficiency calculation (see here ) has been expressed through < 7 ? and 6max values in a simplified <7? net, to be applied in technological systems ("estati'a, "4C, (E+, etc!).

-ttp=>>222$geocitie"$com>ma"oli"KA)>2eir0$-tml

A 6o""i'le E+planation (or T-e Operation O3 #poo4, Tec- Device" Da"e0 A" (ar A" 6o""i'le On Conventional 6-,"ical T-eor,
D, Mar4 A$ #oli" ( )hreveport, 7ouisiana ) "he various devices pictured on the preceding page at http.33%%%!geocities!com3masolis^523%eird!html all sho% clear evidence of EviolatingE 'no%n circuit la%s, such as those available from the lin' to http.33%%%!geocities!com3masolis^523circuits!html %hich list is

representative of the considerations %hich must be applied to any sort of conventional circuit analysis! 2aving established by observation that the devices are functioning in %hat may be termed an EimpossibleE mode (at least at first glance), %e are no% faced %ith a dilemma. either (1) %e must accept that conventional theory is someho% %rong, despite massive experience to the contrary, or (2) %e must uncover an explanation that is in accord %ith 'no%n theory, although exactly %hat theory that is initially might be uite unclear! "he only other alternative %ould be to accept the supernatural on its face, %ithout further discussion! 2o%ever, (1) that %ould not be acceptable to many people of science, and (2) it isn5t necessarily the ans%er (although it could be, but %e should investigate the matter first)! T-e Availa'le (act" # list of the available facts is found on the follo%ing lin'. http.33%%%!geocities!com3masolis^523evidence!rtf -rom the point of vie% of the circuit la%s as given above, the salient observations from the list of available facts are these. (1) the devices are of haphaHard construction (but all have coils)$ (2) the devices have one or more significant open connections$ (/) the devices have no hidden po%er sources or batteries (but note that one does use 2 E>E cells, %hich nonetheless are basically Econnected to nothing,E in conventional terms) (9) the devices are scaleable (more and bigger coils, more po%er)$ (5) the devices present no shoc' haHard$ (:) the devices are EprogrammableE to uit %or'ing after a predetermined period of time$ (;) the devices can respond to thought command of various users (though not all users, interestingly)! "he most relevant circuit la%s being violated are those la%s pertaining to a closed loop circuit. =hm5s 7a%, Boule5s 7a%, &irchoff5s (esh 7a%, etc! #ccording to ordinary theory, a %or'ing circuit must be a complete loop of some sort! -or steady-state or E>?E circuits, this means that there must be a complete circuit loop --- no exceptions! -or EtransientE or E#?E circuits, there must be a complete circuit loop through each of t%o or more magnetically-coupled inductors! 0ithout a complete circuit loop, these la%s presume that a circuit cannot function! =bservations (1), (2) and (/) above clearly violate these la%s!

Iefore proceeding to the next consideration, ho%ever, %e should note that &irchoff5s 1odal 7a% is not being violated, except in consideration of the )uperposition "heorem, for %hich a complete circuit loop (or mesh) is again re uired! 1ext, the thermodynamical la%s are being not *ust Eviolated,E but flatly thro%n out the proverbial %indo%! Even those devices having no batteries at all nonetheless appear to be producing significant po%er Efrom out of no%here!E "ests for micro%ave radiation or other EinvisibleE po%er sources %ere conducted, but to no avail! =bservation (/) clearly violates the thermodynamical la%s! Get, %e must realiHe something. proper statement of the first and second la%s of thermodynamics begins %ith the prepositional conditional, E-or a closed system, !!!!E 0hat this means for us is that %e are dealing %ith some 'ind of an open system, although %e still have the circuit la% violations to consider! 1ext, it is interesting to note that the devices are scaleable! 2ere, in the very midst of an apparent contravention of science, %e encounter a perfectly normal expectation. namely, that bigger devices, %ith more and bigger coils, produce more po%er! "his again suggests that %e are dealing %ith some sort of JopenK system that, despite its violation of the circuit la%s, might be explainable in understandable terms! =bservation (9) above states plainly that the devices are scaleable, *ust li'e any EnormalE system! "he absence of a shoc' haHard is remar'able, but not an utterly un'no%n phenomenon! ?urrent research, notably by "! E! Iearden and others, has revealed that it is possible for electric circuits to someho% transfer energy (hence produce po%er) in a fashion that superficially does not appear to involve charge movement in the physical circuit as %e %ould normally thin' of it! "his phenomenon can be attributed to a brea' in the charge-mass coupling, and is associated %ith certain modes of circuit conduction that might allo% the creation of Eroom temperature superconductors!E =bservation (5) above suggests that possibly these devices are behaving as room-temperature superconductors! "he EprogrammabilityE of the devices has not been described in any detail, so a proper analysis is unli'ely! 1onetheless, it %ould appear that this Eprogrammability factorE is not readily visible in the circuits, and hence probably is some function of the inventor5s o%n mind (see my subse uent speculations, belo%)! "he observed fact that the devices can respond to thought command by various users again indicates that something about the human mind is important! ,n summary, %e have devices that (1) operate in violation of ciruit la%s, (2) operate in violation of thermodynamical la%s for closed systems, (/) operate in accord %ith &irchoff5s 1odal 7a%,

(9) are scaleable li'e normal systems, (5) behave as room-temperature superconductors, and (:) respond to mental EprogrammingE and Ethought commands!E "he circuit la% violations are still a problem at this point, but other factors are beginning to come into focus. for example, the violation of the thermodynamical la%s indicates %e are dealing %ith an open system$ compliance %ith &irchoff5s 1odal 7a% %hile violating the (esh 7a% indicates non-planar circuit couplings of un'no%n nature$ scaleability suggests a consistent operational frame%or' of un'no%n nature$ room-temperature superconduction indicates some sort of interesting effect on particle spins$ and Ethought controlE of the devices indicates a form of uantum entanglement %ith living systems (namely, the experimenters) that recently has been given a great deal of attention in experiments involving spin couplings at a distance, replicated in laboratories around the %orld! 6reliminar, e"ol/tion" 0ith the information no% in hand, %e can begin to attempt to resolve the issues presented by these E)poo'y "echE devices! -irst of all, the circuit la% violations might be addressed by a solution to the problem of the nonplanar circuit couplings %ith %hich the devices obey &irchoff5s 1odal 7a% but not the (esh 7a%! 4resumably, these couplings li'ely %ill prove to involve energies of a non-obvious nature, and might relate to the effects on the spins of the conductors and components that result in the behavior of the devices as room-temperature superconductors! )econdly, the fact that %e are dealing %ith an open (or non-thermodynamical) system means that %e must loo' for a po%er source that is Eoff the board,E as %ell as non-conventional (recall that initial searches for such po%er sources revealed nothing)! 0e %ill consider this point further, later on in the essay! "hird, the fact that %e are dealing %ith a non-planar circuit (in spite of the apparently planar physical construction) seems to indicate Eoff the boardE couplings %hich may relate directly to the source of po%er, %hich also is Eoff the board!E ("his is a case of a some%hat obtuse application of the old adage, EIirds of a feather floc' together!E 0e already 'no% that the source of po%er is located some%here off the board, so the non-planar couplings obviously might be Esome%here nearbyE the source of po%er, so to spea'!) -ourth, scaleability in and of itself is an indication that %hatever allo%s these devices to operate is, in some sense, a consistent system! "his is to say that %hatever EitE is, it is not chaotic! )ome sort of orderly, usable, understandable frame%or' is suggested by the property of scaleability! (oreover, linearity of some sort also is suggested, or at least possible! -ifth, room-temperature superconductivity is a clear and une uivocal indication of some sort of spin alignment ta'ing place at the atomic level (i!e!, interatomic spin couplings are being

affected), or even the particle level (i!e!, individual particle spins are being affected %ithout regard to atomic structure, etc!)! "his opens the door to so many possibilities for everything from gravitational and inertial phenomena (thin' Ethe =verhauser Effect,E especially as used by >r! -rederic' #lHofon, et al) and hence space-time phenomena, to couplings to the uantum vacuum (thin' Ebero 4oint EnergyE here), that it seems %e must be on the right trac', at least in the investigative sense! (0e find ourselves dealing %ith EpossibilitiesE, instead of impossibilities!) -inally, the thought-control factor goes bac' to the idea of uantum entaglement %ith living systems! =ne should note that in the laboratory experiments mentioned, the thoughts of the people performing the experiments both determined the outcomes, and apparently provided the energy to produce those outcomes, %hether acting as po%er sources, or merely as conduits for some other source of po%er! 0e are no% ready to tac'le the problem of explaining the operation of these E)poo'y "echE devices --- and may %e all learn something in the process! Let T-e #pec/lation Degin #s for myself personally, it appears that the devices are not half as interesting as the inventor! "his is not to say that there is nothing about the devices that is of interest, ho%ever! Even so, the available facts, and the subse uent observations *ust made, seem to me to suggest that it is the inventor %ho is far more interesting than anything that he has built! Bust loo' at %hat %e have. (1) non-planar circuit couplings of an un'no%n nature$ (2) an un'no%n source of po%er$ (/) scaleability (and hence order)$ (9) room-temperature superconduction (indicating spin alignment phenomena, space-time and Hero-point phenomena, etc!)$ and (5) uantum entaglement %ith living systems! ,tems 2 and 5 (and hence 9) point directly to the inventor! Iut %hat about the devicesR 0ell!!!they are clearly outputs! "he thing is, it %ould appear that the inventor is the Einput!E A Trial E+planation FF Not #et In #tone #llo% me to begin by explaining my vie%s of certain aspects of living systems (that is, us) that , thin' bear on the solution to this problem of the E)poo'y "echE devices! 0e have senses %ith %hich %e interact %ith the physical %orld! "his physical %orld, in turn, can be described as a sort of Emass-energy hologram!E ()ee a boo' entitled, E"he 2olographic CniverseE by (ichael "albot!) =ur senses provide us %ith a map of the universe not only as it is, but ho% it unfolds. our sense of Etime!E "his, in turn, provides us %ith Ememory!E , %ould note, ho%ever, that EmemoryE is not something %e store in our brains, or our body cells, as many thin'! <ather, %e are EstoringE a space-time map of our sensory input, and the universe

itself ,) our memory, exactly as %e experience it! )imply put, using the most dense possible method of data storage, namely binary, %e do not have enough atoms in our brains to remember even a fe% days %orth of experiences! Get, laboratory studies confirm time and again that %e remember everything %e experience! 2ence, %e have a uantum-level space-time lin'age in our brains and bodies! (<ecent experiments have revealed that Ememory phenomenaE are associated %ith our individual organs and tissues! )pecifically, this has been observed %ith transplant patients studied for the express purpose of determining ho% Ecellular-level memoryE %or's!) 1o%, the %orld as %e experience it is this mass-energy hologram that %e, through our genetically-designed construction, turn into the mental images %e see, hear, smell, taste, etc! "he %orld is, in that sense, exactly %hat %e believe it is---at least Ein our heads!E Iut %hat if there %ere an Eextra couplingE through our >1#, that did not rely on our thoughts driving our limbs, feet and hands to change the %orld around usR 0hat if uantum entaglement gave us the proverbial Eextra channelE to affect the %orld %e see by the po%er of thought aloneR (,magine thought merely as the organiHing principle, and the po%er source being the uantum vacuum, channeled someho% through scalar field couplings %ith our >1#, then coupled to the outside %orld through ordinary uantum entanglement! Ie sure to see the relevant lin's in the bibliography at the bottom of this page!) "his is %hat , thin' is happening %ith the inventor of these E)poo'y "echE devices! 2E envisions the devices$ 2E builds them$ 2E 'no%s %hat he %ants them to do$ and the devices respond not by the circuit la%s or thermodynamics, but by the structure of the uantum entaglement by %hich the inventor causes the devices to %or'! "his being the case, %e %ould expect to see exactly %hat is being observed. an un'no%n po%er source, non-planar circuit operation in violation of the other circuit la%s, compliance %ith &irchoff5s nodal la% %hile violating the mesh la%, and so forth! Even thought control %ould be in evidence! #nd so it is! =ne further point. , %ould predict that upon the inventor5s death (someday, and hopefully not soon), all of his devices %ill cease to function, since it appears li'ely that he is an integral part of their ability to function! (ay he live a long and happy life! )o---0hat 1o%R # complete understanding of this phenomenon properly should come from a physiological study of the >1#, brain structure, and other such factors, of the inventor himself, rather than further study of his devices! ,n essence, the devices are for him no more than psionic icons through %hich po%er is flo%ing as directed by him, %hether he does so consciously or other%ise! "he

devices, %ithout their lin' to the inventor by conception, assembly, and the imagining by the inventor of their functioning, %ould simply be ordinary devices dependent on ordinary circuit la%s, and hence %ould not %or'! Iut, because 2E imagined them, 2E built them, 2E touched them, and 2E pictured them in his mind as %or'ing devices, "2EG 0=<&! # complete study of the inventor, medically spea'ing, %ould consist of nothing more than some >1# printing, standard blood tests, a fe% \-rays, and perhaps some 4E"3(<, scans conducted %hile he is Einventing something!E )pecially designed tests utiliHing orthogonal fields and scalar potentials should give especially interesting results! ,n particular, since the #-field is directly relevant to the Iergman chargering3pinch-force structure of atomic particles (since # S curl I, %here I is the magnetic field), a study of that particular field %ith the inventor should be especially fruitful! "he results should give some indication of useful data to find ho% he channels po%er from his mind to his devices! "his discovery, ho%ever, should remind us of a certain movie named E-orbidden 4lanet!E "he salient uote is. E!!!monsters!!!from the id!!!!E =nce %e learn %hat >1# formation allo%s us to channel the po%er of space-time and the Heropoint field in such a fashion, there5s no turning bac'! ?aution is advised! An Epilog/e5 O3 #ort" , am reminded of an old )tar "re' episode, %here a group of orphaned children too' over the Enterprise! "hey %ere led by a E+orgon,E %ho %ould appear to them %henever they chanted the follo%ing verse. 2ail, hail, -ire and sno%, ?all the #ngel, 0e %ill go, -ar a%ay, -or to see, -riendly #ngel ?ome to me! #nd the +orgon %ould appear, and tell them, E#s you believe, so shall you do!E "his inventor5s natural po%er is the 'ey to exactly that! Iut don5t forget the lesson of (orbius!!!! (ar' #! )olis )heveport, 7ouisiana M5.25 4( ?)" -riday, (arch /, 200:

Di'liograp-, 1! "he Iergman 4article (odel. # charge-ring3pinch-force model of subatomic particles! http.33%%%!commonsensescience!org3 2! "he 6ector #--ield 4otential. # direct lin'age to the Iergman form of subatomic particles and the #-derived force (- S ' grad d#3dt)! http.33%%%!ctglabs!com3teslos1!htm /! "he bero 4oint (Ouantum 6acuum) Energy! http.33en!%i'ipedia!org3%i'i3bero^point^energy 9! "he Ouantum 6acuum (bero 4oint) Energy! http.33en!%i'ipedia!org3%i'i36acuum^energy 5! Iasic "echnical ,nformation #bout >1# (0i'i4edia)! http.33en!%i'ipedia!org3%i'i3>1# :! ,nformation #bout Irain%aves ("he ?rossroads ,nstitute)! http.33%%%!crossroadsinstitute!org3eeg!html ;! ,nformation #bout Irain%aves (0i'i4edia, %ith additional lin's)! http.33en!%i'ipedia!org3%i'i3Irain%aves 8! Ouantum Entanglement (0i'i4edia, %ith additional lin's)! http.33en!%i'ipedia!org3%i'i3Ouantum^entanglement

222$I/ant-omme$org

T-e C/rio/" Electrical A""em'lie" o3 Daniel P U 6omerlea/ V$

,n the space of one month, several readers have as'ed if %e had more information about the curious small electrical assemblies of >aniel \! 0e are sorry but %e have no ne%s since that time (=ctober 1;, 1@@@) %here %e have posted this information on our basic site ( %%%! uanthomme!org) in Esystems %ith no moving partsE %e chose 9 photos) ,t is li'ely that the small batch of photos in %hich %e had dra%n no longer circulating on the %eb no%, so %e publish all. it is a thin material but if it can satisfy our readers !!! )ince the publication of this page %e have received 18 Banuary 2005, a letter from a %itness! 2is story (that %e can finally put online after the long interruption due to the prolonged maintenance of our host) is given later, after the photos! =ne of our correspondents has been a demonstration and said there %as no tric', but the results obtained %ith these fe% pieces of %ire coils %ere very annoying for someone %ho has

'no%ledge of electricityT 4resumably, according to some %itnesses, it %ould have occurred after certain treatments (probably %rong) that special services %ould have been sub*ected to! 2o%ever, all those %ho met him agree that he communicates very %ell, and even li'es a *o'e! >aniel \ is under guardianship, but the role of guardian of this young man is apparently not easy in light of the threats against him! "he photos on the ,nternet appear to be a good reflection of the film as evidenced by those %ho sa% the video and also people %ho attended the experiences %e have encountered! "he electrical and electronics engineers are particularly puHHled because, e uipped %ith its mounting )ummary yarn on bottle nec' and t%isted pasta, >aniel \! obtain sufficient energy to po%er engines 2e even managed to build aircraft (fifteen) giving several 'ilo%atts and that special services %ould come to destroy! ,t could be that these devices are based on resonance fre uency, according to "esla! Iy manipulating and moving components summary, >aniel \ signal to observers %hen the current goes through! (2is son convolutions of the camera are reminiscent of 4errigo)! 0e *ust informed us that the editions -elix does not ans%er the uestions posed! Get it %as in their offices that several of our correspondents %ere able to vie% the video (%hich are certainly ta'en the pictures above)! # %itness said. E2ello, , am a big fan of the free energy and , %or' very hard to ma'e your site 'no%n to everyone around me !!! #bout >aniel \, , 'no% him pretty %ell and , %atch his demonstrations fre uently! , am a mechanic by trade and , am currently in auto mechanics teacher in my area! , am very comfortable %ith electricity, all this to tell you that - 0hen you hold in your hands a little 12 volt motor and you have the chance to tear this little engine and find that this small engine is *ust li'e any other small motors 12 volt permanent magnet - #nd then you go up (assemble) the engine to operate %ith a 12 volt battery %ithout any problems - #nd a fe% minutes later >aniel tells you to 'eep the engine in your hands %ith any %ire connected to a battery or po%er source

- #nd then he too' t%o little son of five centimeters (approximately) in length, one in the right hand and another in the left hand - #nd he said that %hen you lin' the t%o together son (both son >aniel is in his hands), your little engine that is connected to any po%er source %ill start to operate %ith the same rotational po%er! >aniel son has lin'ed the t%o together and the engine that , held in my hands began to %or' alone and %ithout any po%er! >aniel did not need all its fixtures %hich have no son t%isted logic to operate our aircraft! , invited several scientists to come see his montages and also had the chance to ta'e a small motor in their hands !!!!!! and finally sit on their chairs and say that they have never seen it all their lives! ,f >aniel did not pose a threat to his life and if he did not have this handicap of being autistic (mild) but rather for not having reached ?onversation ElogicE, perhaps %e could pass this 'no%ledge that seems so easy to him! GesT it is unfair not to have the ability to transmit such 'no%ledge as >aniel al%ays says if you %ant you can do because everyone can do it li'e me! )ometimes , %onder if >aniel really 'no%s ho% it %or's !!!! 0ho 'no%s for the moment , do that attending these demonstrations %hile hoping one day understand! -or the protection of >aniel, , as' you not to disclose his identity because all it does is free and also %ants the %orld to become autonomous and no oil or electricity to pay! E (ore information on (ay 18, 200:, according to information provided by one of our readers, Bac ues I! %hom %e than'! E>aniel \ d is called >aniel 4omerleau and actually lived in ?anada especially Ouebec, and he actually has autism light! #nd not that these arrangements %ill provide a fe% 'ilo%atts are not destroyed and continues to %al' across Ouebec on re uest and no one can explain his montages are the least %e can say very surprising! ?ongratulations on the production of photos dd of your site, 'eep your treasured because they are the only available because it does not allo% anyone to ta'e! ,t %as ten years ago that , sa% for the first time >aniel 4omerleau and , returned for the fifth time in bringing each time a 4h> and every time %ithout a shred of explanation!

, feel the bitterness that one day it %ill disappear, , mean die a natural death after failing to disclose his secret he %ill ta'e %ith him a legend and %ill be created! ,n the meantime , continue to believe that it sho%s us that energy availability %ithout limit! 0ith basic theory %hich , thin' is based on the application of the theory of 4rofessor 6alley and the interaction of electric fields on the atoms of carbon! +ood thin'ing! EBac ues I!

(ran4 W,att 6 ENTICE Electrical 6o2er Acc/m/lator

<# 6atent 9 )A*5&6A
T-i" 3ree energ, ","tem pro0/ce" * 42 electrical po2er 3rom A00 2att" inp/t ', re"onant ampli3ication o3 tell/ric energ,$

"o #ll 0hom ,t may ?oncern. Ie it 'no%n that ,, -ran' 0yatt 4rentice, of the ?ity of (eadville, ?ounty of ?ra%ford, )tate of 4ennsylvania, Electrical Engineer, having invented ne% and useful improvements in Electrical 4o%er #ccumulators, do hereby declare that the follo%ing is a full, clear and exact description of the same. (y invention relates to improvements in Electrical po%er #ccumulators and the li'e, %herein the earth acting as rotor and the surrounding air as stator, collects the energy thus generated by the earth rotating on its axis, and utiliHes the same for po%er and other purposes! ,n the development of my 0ireless "rain ?ontrol )ystem for rail%ays, covered by my Cnited )tates 7etters 4atent 1umber 89/,550, , discovered that %ith an antenna consisting of one %ire of suitable diameter supported by insulating means / to : inches above the ground and extending one half mile, more or less in length, the said antenna being grounded at one end through a spar' gap and energiHed at the other end by a high fre uency generator of 500 %atts input and having a secondary fre uency of 500,000 %ould produce in said antenna oscillatory fre uency the same as that of the earth currents, and thus electrical po%er from the surrounding media %as accumulated along the length of the transmission antenna and %ith a closed oscillatory loop antenna 18 feet ion length run parallel %ith the transmission antenna at a distance of approximately 20 feet it %as possible to obtain by tuning the loop antenna, sufficient po%er to light to full candle po%er a

series ban' of 50 :0-%att carbon lamps J/ '%K! 7o%ering or raising the fre uency of 500,000 resulted in diminishing the amount of po%er received in the 18-foot antenna! 7i'e%ise, the raising of the transmission antenna resulted in a proportionate decrease of po%er pic'ed up on the receiving antenna and at : feet above the earth no po%er %hatever %as obtainable %ithout a change of potential and fre uency! ,t is the ob*ective of my generic invention to utiliHe the po%er generated by the earth by means herein described and illustrated in the dra%ings! "he t%o figures in the dra%ings illustrate simple and preferred forms of this invention, but , %ish it understood that no limitation is necessarily made as to the exact and precise circuits, shapes, positions, and structural details therein sho%n, exhibited and herein described in combination or other%ise and that changes, alterations and modifications may be made %hen desired %ithin the scope of my invention and as specifically pointed out in the claim!

<eferring particularly to -igure 1$ 1 and 2 are alternating current feed %ires supplying 110 volts :0 cycles to a high fre uency generator! / is a s%itch and 9 and 5 are poles of same! : and ; are connections of high fre uency transformer 8 for stepping up the fre uency to 500,000 and the voltage to say 100,000! @ is an inductance coil! 10 is the spar' gap, and 11 is the ad*ustable condensor, %hile 12 is the primary %inding of transformer 8 and 1/ is the secondary %inding of transformer 8! )econdary %inding 8 goes to ground through lead %ire 15 to ad*ustable condensor 1: and lead %ire 1; and 18! 1]9 is lead %ire from the other side of secondary %inding of transformer 8 to main transmission antenna 1@ supported by insulating means 20! 21 is spar' gap from transmission antenna 1@ to ground through lead %ire 22, ad*ustable condensor 2/, lead %ire 29 to ground 29U! "ransmission antenna 1@ may be of any length desired!

,n -igure 2. 25 is a closed oscillating loop antenna of any desired length and for greatest efficiency is run parallel %ith transmission antenna 1@ of -igure 1! 2: is lead to step do%n transformer 2;, of %hich 2;U is the secondary, 28 is lead to ad*ustable condensor 2@, lead 20 to ground /1! /2 is primary %inding of transformer 2;, // is ad*ustable condensor, and /9 and /5 are %indings of fre uency transformers supplying current through leads /: and /; to motor /8,or other po%er devices! 2aving described the dra%ings, , %ill no% describe the operation of my invention! "hro% s%itch / connecting feed %ires 1 and 2 %ith transformer leads : and ;, ad*ust spar' gap 10 and condensor 11 so that a fre uency of 500,000 and 100,000 volts is delivered from secondary leads 19 and 15 of step up transformer 8 of -igure 1! 1ext ad*ust spar' gap 21 of transmission antenna 19 so that all nodes and pea's are eliminated in the transmission of the 100,000 volts and 500,000 fre uency along said antenna 19, by the surges occurring pass over the gap 21 to lead 22 to ad*ustable condensor 1: to lead 15 to secondary %inding 1/ of transformer 8! "he oscillatory current of 100,ooo and fre uency of 500,000 being of the same fre uency as the earth generated currents and thus in tune %ith same, it naturally follo%s that accumulation of the earth currents %ill assimilate %ith the same tuned currents and fre uency %ith those of the output from transformer 8 along %ires 19, affording a reservoir of high fre uency currents to be dra%n upon by a tuned circuit having the same characteristics of 500,000 fre uency capacity %hich is sho%n in -igure 2$ the antenna 25 is tuned fundamentally to receive a fre uency of 500,000 chich current passes to lead 2: through %inding 2;U of transformer 2;, thence to lead %ire 28 through ad*ustable condensor 2@ to lead %ire /0 to ground /1! "he high fre uency currents of 500,000 and voltage of 100,000 passes through to %inding /2 and by ad*ustable condensor // and %indings /9 and /5 of the fre uency transformer 2; is stepped do%n to a voltage and fre uency suitable to operate motor /8 receiving current from leads /: and /;! "his ma'es available a current supply for any purpose %hatever, such as operation of rail%ay trains and current for industrial plants, lighting, heating, etc! "he return of current through the earth from transmission antenna 19 is preferable to a metallic return as a higher percentage of accumulation of earth currents is noticeable on receiving antenna of -igure 2 than from a metallic return, accountable for because of the condensor effect the grounded circuit affords! , also prefer under certain conditions to sue a single antenna receiving %ire in place of the closed loop sho%n in -igure 2! Cnder certain operation re uirements , have found it expedient to have the transmission antenna elevated and carried on poles many feet above the earth, and in that case a different voltage and fre uency %as necessary to accumulate earth currents along the transmission antenna 19! 0hat , claim is. 1, ,n an Electrical 4o%er #ccumulator, a synchroniHed oscillatory circuit parallel %ith and in proximity to earth adapted to accumulate and utiliHe current generated by the earth!

2, ,n an Electrical 4o%er #ccumulator, a synchroniHed oscillatory circuit having the same fre uency as the earth generated currents, said circuit parallel %ith and in proximity to the earth, said circuit adapted to accumulate and utiliHe current generated by the earth rotating on its axis! /, ,n an electrical po%er #ccumulator, a high fre uency oscillatory generator grounded on one side %ith a connected antenna grounded at the further end through a spar' gap, said antenna adapted to oscillate and radiate earth accumulated currents! 9, ,n an Electrical po%er #ccumulator, a high fre uency oscillatory generator grounded on one side %ith a connected antenna grounded at further end through a spar' gap, said antenna adapted to oscillate and radiate earth accumulated currents and receiving means adapted to utiliHe said radiated earth accumulated currents, said means synchroniHed to pic' up and utiliHe said radiated earth currents! 5, ,n an Electrical 4o%er #ccumulator, a synchroniHed oscillatory circuit parallel %ith and in proximity to earth adapted to accumulate and utiliHe current generated by the earth using synchroniHed means to pic' up at a distance therefrom said radiated earth currents! :, ,n an Electrical 4o%er #ccumulator, a synchroniHed oscillatory circuit having same fre uency as the earth generated currents, said oscillatory circuit parallel %ith and in proximity to the earth, said oscillatory circuit adapted to accumulate and radiate current generated by the earth rotating on its axis and means adapted to utiliHe said synchroniHed accumulated earth currents, pic'ed up at a distance from said oscillatory radiating circuit!

Antoine 6 IO E ElectroT-erap, Mac-ine

H$ Dateman= ON

eport FAF&8

A$ 6riore= <# 6atent 9 *5)8058%6 : EMet-o0 o3 6ro0/cing a0iation" 3or 6enetrating Living Cell"E A$ 6riore= (renc- 6atent 9 )54085*A& : ETreatment o3 a 6atient ', Negative Ion"E C-ri" Dir0>Tom Dear0en= EDac4gro/n0 o3 Antoine 6riora an0 LYA33aire 6rioraE

Lin4" 6-oto"

O33ice o3 Naval e"earc-5 .Lon0on1 : eport FAF&8 .A/g/"t %65 %9&81

A Diologicall, Active Com'ination o3 Mo0/late0 Magnetic an0 Micro2ave (iel0"= T-e 6riore Mac-ine
by H$D$ Dateman Intro0/ction : # very complicated generator invented by #ntoine 4riore (or 4riorx), a former radar operator %ithout academic ualification, has been said to produce radiation %hich causes certain implanted animal tumors to regress and cures trypanosomiasis in certain laboratory animals! "here are several remar'able things about the papers describing these biological effects, the most remar'able being the contrast bet%een the careful detail in %hich the biological data thenselves are presented and the absence of anything but the most vague, and often contradictory, information about the generator! , have given examples of these disparities else%here (1)! # first conse uence of the publication of these communications in the 1o#pte" e%2u" 2e lL)+a2M#ie 2e" S+ie%+e" (4aris) %as a violent polariHation of opinion %ithin the #cademy and in other -rench scientific circles! "here %ere some %ho %ished to ignore or deny any phenomenon, ho%ever completely attested, brought about by inade uately specified means$ they %ould have opposed presentation of the reports to the #cademy and %ould probably have succeeded in suppressing them but for the determined sponsorship oy the distinguished secrxtaire-perpxtuel, 4rof! <obert ?ourrier! =thers felt that the importance of the results, if they could be confirmed, made further investigation imperative. if possible, %ith disclosure of the inventor5s EsecretE$ if not, then %ithout it! # second result %as the *ournalistic exploitation of a situation brimming over %ith human interest! ?ommentators (2)(/)(9)(5) ranged from a %riter in Es uire %ho has since follo%ed another path to notoriety (/) to 7ord ()olly) buc'erman %riting in popular vein (9)! 1one of them resisted the regrettable impulse to step up the popular appeal by introducing scientifically irrelevant biographical details about 4riore in order to demonstrate his %orthiness for political patronage, %hich indeed he has received in abundance! #side from this, they maintained a nice balance bet%een sympathy for the victim of pre*udice and healthy scepticism to%ard his %or'! buc'erman, in a lecture given at the 7ovelace -oundation in #lbu uer ue (5), gives 4riore an honorable place in his catalogue of those %hose innovative achievements remained unrecogniHed because of conservative pre*udice and ignorance, from Iabbage to 4eyton <ous, though not %ithout leaving himself a loophole should the initial promise not be 'ept! "he main point, he

insists, is that people %ho believe in %hat they are doing should refuse to be discouraged in an atmosphere of incomprehension and hostility! "he present report is the outcome of a visit to 4riore5s establishment sponsored by the organiHation #>E<# for those attending a course of instruction on micro%ave exposure haHards (:)! , shall %rite very briefly about the alleged biological effects, then about the 4riore invention itself and the nature of its biologically active output! ,mpressions and private conversations bearing on these matters %ill be mentioned %hen they add, reliably or other%ise, to the total picture! Diological O'"ervation" : "here is a pre-history of verbal recollection and gossip connected %ith the 4riore invention! 4riore himself is said (/) to have become interested in possible medical applications of electromagnetic %aves upon observing that fruit and vegetables could be preserved by exposure to ultra-high fre uency fields! # machine %as built from C) #rmy surplus and at some stage sic' persons %ere placed in the field generated (/)! #ccording to a C) scientist %ho has been interested in repeating some of the 4riore experiments, a politically %ell-connected lady %ho %as cured in this %ay of cancer after receiving a prognosis of early death is still en*oying perfect health in Iordeaux! "he first experiments on cancerous animals %ere done by >elmon and Iiraben %ho %ithheld their results from publication after receiving an unfavorable report from a committee, and because of a fear that publication %ould pre*udice the candidature of one of them for admission to a fello%ship (aggregation) (;)! "hey used (8) rats implanted subcutaneously %ith a %ellcharacteriHed uterine carcinoma, the so-called "8 (+uxrin), having previously studied the effects of x-rays and of pulsed magnetic fields upon these animals %ithout finding anything particularly note%orthy. "he magnetic fields had no effect on tumor gro%th or on the occurrence of lympth node metastases, %hile the remission produced by x-rays %as only transient! #fter exposure to the %indo% of 4rioreUs machine, on the other hand, tumor gro%th could be stopped for as long as three months after%ards! "he animals recovered good general health, and lymph node metastases %ere seldom seen! "he "8 tumor in rats %as also used by <ivizre and colleagues (@) from +uxrintUs laboratory in the cancer institute at 6ille*uif! "hey found macroscopic regression of the tumors and of metastases after treatment and observed no relapses up to three months thereafter! "heir publication anticipated that of >elmon and Iiraben! <ivizre and colleagues then %or'ed %ith rats implanted %ith a lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma %hich %hen untreated invariably proved fatal %ithin 11 to 15 days, %ith generaliHed coloniHation of the nodes and a leu'emic syndrome! "reatment under the 4riore machine led to total regression of the graft and of the accompanying metastatic and leu'emic phenomena (l=)! ?ertain of these experiments %ere done %ith animals from ?ourrier5s laboratory under the constant supervision of his assistant (adame ?olonge! "he results %ere the same, and ?ourrier reported them in an addendum to a further paper by <ivizre et al (11) describing comparable results %ith a mouse lymphosarcoma! -urther studies %ith the rat (12) yielded the discovery that

treated rats clinically free of the lymphosarcoma %ere able to resorb a second transplant of the isologous tumor %hile succumbing to an homologous tumor of a histologically different type! ?ourrier (;) complained that, because of a campaign of disparagement, no -rench EcancerologistsE offered to repeat these experiments )hortlived cooperation %as ho%ever forthcoming from an English laboratory! #ccording to one account (2), cancerous mice %ere sent over to 4riore5s establishment and some healthy ones %ere later sent from there to England, but the latter %ere not the ones that had been sent for treatment! "he anonymous director of the English laboratory %ithdre% his cooperation, though not %ithout providing Ea -rench colleagueE %ith a detailed memorandum! ,n 1@;; ?ourrier (;) issued his o%n account of the episode and identified the persons concerned! "he director %as the late )ir #lexander 2addo% (,nstitute of ?ancer <esearch, <oyal ?ancer 2ospital, Cniv! of 7ondon), and his envoys to -loirac %ere E! 0hiss and >r! and (rs! E!B! #mbrose, the latter being scientists of some repute! ?ourrier %as evidently not persuaded that any substitution had ta'en place, for he %rote that the rumor %as put about. on fait courir le bruit!!! "he discovery of specific anti-tumor immunity in the treated animals may have lent force to the hunch that the 4riore radiation might act upon the immune system of the host rather than directly upon the cancer cells! #t any rate, 4rofessor <aymond 4autriHel, a parasitologist already associated %ith the %or' of <ivizre and +uxrin, exposed mice after they had been in*ected %ith a dose of "ryponosoma e uiperdum sufficient to 'ill them %ithin five days if untreated, and they all survived (1/)! #t this point extraordinary measures %ere ta'en to remove all suspicion of fraud! "he experiments %ere repeated successfully under loc' and 'ey and under the eye of a bailiff appointed by a E?ommission de ?ontr{leE composed of university officials and local dignitaries! "he official report %as certified by all the members of the ?ommission! # positive result obtained under such conditions, said ?ourrier (;), should have put an end to all criticism from men of good faith! ,n a further series of short papers in the 1o#pte" e%2u" )+a2. S+i. *a i" (19) (15) (1:) this indirect effect upon the immune system of animals infected %ith "! e uiperdum %as confirmed and elaborated! "hese brief published statements represent a lot of %or'. *ust ho% much %as apparent from a lecture given by 4autriHel during my visit to -loirac! 0hen , as'ed about his plan to publish the evidence in detail, he told me that he had not found a *ournal %illing to accep such a manuscript! "he evidence presented, furnished by experiments on mice (1/) (19) (1:), rats (19) and rabbits (15), follo%s fairly conventional lines %hich , shall not attempt to revie% in detail! Iriefly. the pathogenic organisms disappeared from the treated arimals, %hich survived indefinitely! ,n rare cases %here the parasites reappeared, they %ere of a different antigenic type from those causing the original infection! "reatment brought about an intense ac uired immunity! )ome animals %ere reinfected ; times over a period of : morths, eventually %ith 100 times the original, and other%ise invariably fatal, dose, (ultiple reinfection resulted in a high titer of agglutinating antibodies! "he blood of these animals conferred upon other normal animals an immunity %hich persisted for about 95 days! "reatment %ith an immunosuppressor, cyclophosphamide, depressed, but did not abolish, the appearance of agglutinating antibody %hen infected animals %ere sub*ected to 4riore irradiation, although relapse occurred after about 12 days! 1e%born

animals died of the infection %hether irradiated or not, and the organisms found in their blood %ere of the original strain! "rypanosomal antigen of unspecified nature, in*ected intraperitoneally after the first irradiation of infected animals, caused an enhancement of antibody production! 0hen the parasites %ere protected from the host5s immune system by being implanted in a diffusion chamber, 4riore irradiation failed to inhibit their multiplication! ,n his tal', 4autriHel said that in order to elucidate further the apparent effect of irradiation in exalting the mobiliHation of the immune system, the course of change of immunoglobulins ( and +! of albumin3globulin ratio, and of agglutinating and hemagglutinating titers %as follo%ed in irradiated and reinfected animals for about one year! "he data %ere given in detail! 0ith no time in %hich to understand, much less to assimilate them, , %as left only %ith the impression that a clear picture has yet to emerge a conclusion apparently shared by 4rof! ?Hers'y of 0arsa%! =ne point of interest %as the passing mention of a failure to modify the course of a malarial infection! "his is not surprising, perhaps, remembering the vastly more complex life cycle of the plasmodium and its greater antigenic variability! "he postulated general stimulation of Edefense mechanismsE by the output of the 4riore machine led 4autriHel to as' %hether this effect might extend to the prevention or cure of atherosclerosis! #nother short paper communicated, as usual, by ?ourrier (1;), described a EspectacularE attenuation of the hyperlipemia induced in rabbits by a diet of Eindustrial granulesE supplemented by 1F of cholesterol, resulting in a daily cholesterol inta'e by each rabbit of about 1 gram! "he observed effect of irradiation too' the form of an inhibition of increased cholesterolemia, persisting for several %ee's after treatment, and a mar'ed decrease in the extent of aortic deposition! , find the data rather unconvincing, %ith uite a lot of overlap of experirnental and control values! #s for the explanation of the effect, if it can be confirmed, 4autriHel and colleagues (1;) as' %hether it could be due to an activation of lipid catabolism! )trangely enough they do not discuss the role of macrophages in the regression of tumors, the cure of trypanosomiasis, or the prevention of hypercholesterolemia, although macrophage mobiliHation might provide a common mechanism! T-e Invention : (uch has been %ritten deploring 4riore5s secretiveness! ,t has been an embarrassment in one camp and a ground for dismissing his invention in another! (y o%n vie% is that a secretive inventor and his invention, if important, must be investigated as a part of the external %orld, and the obstacle posed by limited cooperation accepted in the spirit in %hich the inaccessibility of nature is accepted as a challenge to our %its! 4riore has in fact been much more considerate than the #lmighty, %ho after all has provided no blueprints to his creations, %hile 4riore included in his first paper a footnote (@) informing us that the physical principle of his invention has been the sub*ect of a patent (18)! 2o% strange that none of the *ournalistic commentators, from buc'erman do%n the line, have thought it %orth%hile even to mention the existence of this document! 0hen dra%ing it to the attention or several members of the party visiting -loirac, , found astonishment at its existence follo%ed by doubts as to %hether, since they had not read it, it could contain any information of value! , had no opportunity to as' 4riore about it, but an associate %ho did so met %ith a similar response . it %onUt help very much, he said! 1evertheless the apparatus described is presumably that used by <ivizre, in %hose paper it is mentioned, and

the amount of detail given is such that, unless indeed it is fraudulent, a reasonable guess as to the nature of the emerging radiation ought to be possible for people competent in the field! 0ith this in mind , planned to include only a summary in this report, but have no% decided upon a full translation (#ppendix), %ithout %hich the odd flavor of the document %ould be lost! # seemingly reasonable description of components and layout is coupled %ith a uaint - some might say superstitious - intrusion of pseudo biology and mention of electrophysiological pioneers %hose identity can only be guessed through a haHe of misspellings! "here is, for instance, the choice of modulation fre uency of the magnetic field to match the rhythm of the patient5s heartbeat! "here is, too, the comment that the best results are obtained %hen the cathode generating a stream of positive ions is made of molybdenum, the metal %hose valency is closest to the mean valency of the chemical molesules constituting living tissues! , leave the reader to form his o%n impression of the invention described in the patent, save to mention that the active radiation emerges from a tube containing a rotating deflector upon %hich impinge, from several different sources, a stream of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron, a beam of centimeter %aves generated by a magnetron, and a magnetic field! #ny or all of these may be chopped or modulated according to various patterns! "he machine %as %or'ing during the visit to -loirac! =ne could see the exit of the tube beneath %hich the biological targets are placed! "here %as a certain amount of rumbling and crac'ling, and the pin'ish luminescent plasma appeared to be turbulent! , as'ed about the speed of rotation but %as told by one of 4riore5s assistants that the informatlon is strictly confidential! , could guess it to be %ell under 100 rpm! T-e Emergent (iel0 : #fter several misleading statements about the nature of the biologically active field generated by 4riore5s machine (mentioned in ref 1), a short paper in the P ?omptes rendus Q described the results of experiments in %hich t%o physicists of established reputation had been allo%ed to cooperate %ith 4riore, 4autriHel, and their associates! Ierteaud and Iottreau (1@) %ere able to analyHe the radiation in some detail, up to x- and gamma-ray fre uencies! "heir report is confined to the assertion that they have established the presence of a @09-+2H pulsed electromagnetic %ave, amplitude modulated at 2- fre uency 1; (2H, and a slo%ly modulated continuous magnetic field of the order of 1 '+! =ther components, if detected, are not mentioned! "here exists, , am told, a confidential report of the %hole investigation! Iottreau assured me personally that there %as no trace of ioniHing radiation! Ierteaud and co%or'ers (1@) also mapped the intensity distribution of these radiations in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the apparatus! "hen, using as targets mice infected %ith "! e uiperdum, they %ere able to demonstrate a simple relationship bet%een the rate of decrease of parasitemia in these animals and the relative intensity of the C2- component! 2o%ever, in separate experiments they found that fatalities among infected mice %ere not decreased %hen the animals %ere exposed to an unmodulated @!9-+2H field of comparable intersity! "hey concluded that the C2- field generated by 4riore5s machine is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the observed biological effects!

"he results of Ierteaud et al leave us %ith some unans%ered uestions! ,f their analysis of the field %as complete, the biological activity must rest *ointly on the C2- ccmponent and the magnetic field! 2o% critical are the exact values of the many parameters involved and the relationship bet%een them for the manifestation of biological activity R ,s it possible that the methods available to Ierteaud and co%or'ers %ere incapable of furnishing a complete analysis R =ne can only speculate! ,t has struc' me that in all the papers describing the biological effects of this radiation, there is no%here any mention of any search for the correct operating conditions of the machine! #pparently the machine, if it %or's at all, al%ays produces results, and one must remember that t%o different models have been built and found to be effective! "he one uantity that is resularly mentioned is the magnetic field strength, :20 + in the first model and 1290 + in the second! "he patent document seems to suggest that there is great flexibility in the mode of operation! ,t is moreover almost inconceivable that 4riore could have had any genuine theoretical basis upon %hich to favor one particular set of patterns over another in relation to biological changes that are themselves of intractable complexity and totally unpredictable! =ne is bound to suspect that the exact mix is anything but critical, and that if the reported biological effects are genuine they might very %ell be brought about by much simpler means! ,t is of some interest that extremely sharp fre uency selectivity has been claimed in recent biological experiments %ith monochromatic micro%aves, in contrast to the sort of flat response surmised in the present context! "he need for fine tuning could of course be obviated in a machine designed for sturdiness and broad applicability by arranging for it to generate E%hiteE energy %ith respect to the several decisive characteristics, including modulation fre uencies and perhaps their derivatives, or alternatively to generate an output %hich varies rapidly in real time, systematically or randomly, over a sufficiently %ide range of values! "he biological effects of such radiation %ould then he the sum of 6arious ualitatively and uantitatively different selective processes including the possible cancellation of additive effects such as stimulation and inhibition! 2o%ever, total nullification %ould be no more li'ely than it is, for instance, in the visible everyday conse uences of illumination by sunlight! )uch an approach, if it has been adopted by 4riore or if it has emerged fortuitously as an unforseen property of an assemblage of components chosen on the basis of some other rationale, %ould account for the extravagance of the machine in energy consumption in return for a very modest biological yield! "here is no immediate evidence for this in the statements of Ierteaud and Iottreau (1@), but the relevant uality of E%hitenessE might apply pertinently to other parameters than those investigated by them! "he possibility that some hitherto unrecogniHed feature of the radiation from a rotating plassa may be responsible for the 4riore effects should not be dismissed out of hand, at any rate by those %ho, li'e myself, 'no% nothing about plasmas! >r! Bohn ?arstoiu of Iroo'line, (#, %ho counts among his accomplishments an extension of the (ax%ell e uations to the evaluation of ponderomotor forces, li'es to call the 4riore machine a magnetohydrodynamic %ave guidea 2e considers the acceleration of the plasma to be a significant feature! 2e refers to the various types of oscillation that may be set up but does not, and presumably cannot, say ho% they can manifest themselves across a uartH %indo%! =ne5s naive reaction is to doubt, in any case, %hether the accelerations attainable in an apparatus as described in the patent document %ould be great enough to initiate a gravitational %ave of any significance! Cnless the suggestion is an obvious absurdity to a plassa physicist, somebody %ill have to do the arithmetic! T-e Ne2 Generator :

"he further development of 4riore5s invention is being done under the auspices of an organiHation set up for the purpose . the )ocixtx d5Exploitation du <ayonnement #ntoine 4riore ()E<#4) %hich brings 4riore into formal relationship %ith a company, (oteurs 7eroy )omer of #ngouleme! "his company has been the recipient of a X 0!; million contract from the >+<)" (>elxgation +xnxrale | la <echerche )cientifi ue et "echni ue) for the construction of a third machine of greatly increased output! 4riore has been reported (/) to predict that the cost is more li'ely to be X / million! 1o doubt other sources of funding are available! ,n return for such support 4riore promises a much bigger and better machine that %ill generate a more intense field of much larger cross section than those %ith %hich the results already reported %ere obtained! )o, one can guess, larger groups of small animals %ill be irradiated simultaneously for shorter periods than formerly and the rate of accumulation of data %ill increase -- if, that is, the biological measurements can 'eep pace! 4erhaps too, by the same to'en, small groups of large animals %ill be treated, %ith the single sic' human as the ultimate target of the entire endeavor! 7ittle %as learned of this latest development during my visit to -loirac! "he 4riore residence is coming to loo' li'e an industrial laboratory of electrical engineering geared to pilot scale operations! "here are rumors of serious technical difficulties such as might have been anticipated in scaling up such a complicated device! ,t is said to be proving difficult, for instance, to construct a pyrex container able to cope %ith the very high energy flux in the plasma! ,s the ne% machine really neededR #t the technical level the ans%er is almost certainly EnoE! Evidently technical considerations are overruled by others, no doubt of a personal, political, and even patriotic nature! "he %hole operation ta'es on a farcical aspect %hen one considers that the only genuine need in the present state of affairs is to get independent confirmation, or refutation, of results already obtained %ith e uipment that %as clearly ade uate for the original experiments! "he funds no% made available %ould suffice for the building of several replicas of the (ar' 2 machine! "hese, placed in selected centers of research, could be used by independent teams for a critical repetition and extension of earlier findings! "he success or other%ise of the time-consuming attempt to build a giant machine is largely irrelevant to the central doubts that persist as to the claims made for the 4riore radiation, and this expensive diversion of effort betrays a certain rec'lessness %hich ill serves the uest for a solution to the mystery surrounding E75affaire 4riore!E e3erence" : 1ote. <eferences (/) to (5) have been available to me only in the form of translations into -rench and , therefore cite them in this form, %ith the original English reference %hen available! 1! Iateman, B!I!, 1@;;! (icro%ave (agic! 4N- Ao%2o% 1o%'e e%+e -epo t, =1<7 ?-19-;;! 2! +reenberg, >!)!, 1@;/! "he -rench ?oncoction! Satu 2ay -ev. S+i!, (ay, /:-99! "ranslated by the P #ssociation 1ationale de Iioxlectromagnxtisme Q (#1I) under the title . P 7a (ystxrieuse (achine (xdicale -ran}aise Q! /! <orvi', >!(!, 1@;5! P 7es -rangais ont-ils un "raitement ?ontre le ?ancer R Q "ranslation by #1I of the article in 0"<ui e, Buly!

9! buc'erman, (7ord), 1@;/! P 7e grand mystzre de la machine magnxti ue de Iordeaux Q! "ranslation by )E<#4 of the article . "he great Iordeaux magnetic mystery machine! Su%2ay 3i#e" .ee!ly -eview, ; Ban! 5! buc'erman, (7ord), 1@;9! P =rgueil et prx*ugx dans le domaine de la science Q! "ranslation by #1I of the 0illiam <andolph 7ovelace ?ommemorative 7ecture . 4ride and pre*udice in science! )e o"pa+e Me2i+i%e 95, :/8-:9;! :! Iateman, B!I!, 1@;8! )taging the perils of non-ioniHing %aves! =ffice of 1aval <esearch 7ondon, 0u opea% S+ie%ti'i+ Note", E)1 /2-/. 85-88! ;! ?ourrier, <!, 1@;;! P Exposx de (! le professeur <! ?ourrier secrxtaire perpxtuel de l5#cadxmie des )ciences fait au cours d5une rxunion | l5,nstitut sur les effets de la machine de (! #! 4riore le 2: #vril 1@;; Q! 8! >elmon, +!, Iiraben, B!, 1@::! P 7a croissance du carcinome de +uxrin sous l5action de champs magnxti ues Q! -ev. *at$. 1o#p! /, 85-88! @! <ivizre, (!<!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -!, -ournier, (!, +uxrin, (!, 1@:9! #ction de champs xlectromagnxti ues sur les greffes de la tumeur "8 cheH le rat! 1o#pt. e%2. a+a2. S+i. 25@, 28@5-;! 10! <ivizre, (!<!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -!, -ournier, (!, +uxrin, (!, 1@:5a! Effets de champs xlectromagnxti ues sur un lymphosarcome lymphoblasti ue transplantable du rat!ibi2. 2:0, 20@@-2102! 11! <ivizre, (!<!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -!, -ournier, (!, +uxrin, (!, 1@:5b! 4hxnomznes de regression observxs sur les greffes d5un lymphosarcome cheH les souris exposxes | des champs xlectromagnxti ues! ibi2! 2:0, 2:/@-2:92! 12! <ivizre, (!<!, +uxrin, (!, 1@::! 1ouvelles recherches effectuxes cheH les rats porteurs d5un lymphosarcome lymphoblasti ue soumis | l5action d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues associxes | des champs magnxti ues! ibi2! >2:2, b::@-2:;2! 1/! 4autriHel, <!, <ivizre, (!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -! 1@::! ,nfluence d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues et de champs magnxti ues sur l5immunitx de la )ouris infestxe par "rypanosoma e uiperdam! ibi2! >2:/, 5;@-582! 19! 4autriHel, <!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -!, 4autriHel, #!1!, 1@:@! )timulation, par des moyens physi ues, des dxfenses de la souris et du rat contre la trypanosomose expxrimentale! ibi2. >2:8, 188@-18@2! 15! 4autriHel, <!, 4riore, #!, Ierlureau, -!, 4autriHel, #!1!, 1@;0! #ction de champs magnxti ues combinxs | des ondes xlectromagnxti ues sur la trypanosomose expxrimentale du lapin! ibi2! >2;1, 8;;-880!

1:! 4autriHel, <!, 4riore, #!, (attern, 4!, 4autriHel, #!1!, 1@;5! )timulation des dxfenses de la souris trypanosomxe par l5action d5un rayonnement associant champs magnxti ues et ondes xlectromagnxti ues! ibi2. >280, 1@15-1@18! 1;! 4autriHel, <!, 4riore, #!, >allochio, (!, ?roc'ett, <!, 1@;2! #ction d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues et sur les modifications lipidi ues provo uxes cheH le lapin par l5administration d5un rxgime alimentaire hypercholesterolx! ibi2. >2;9, 988-9@1! 18! 4riore, #!, 1@:/! 4rocxdx et dispositif de production de rayonnements utilisables notamment pour le traitement de cellules vivantes! <xpubli ue -ran}aise. Irevet d5invention 4!6! 1o! 8@@!919, 1o! 1!/92!;;2! >xlivrx par arr~te du ; =ctobre 1@:/! 1@! Ierteaud, #!B!, Iottreau, #!(!, 4riore, #!, 4autriHel, #!1!, Ierlureau, -!, 4autriHel, <!, 1@;1! Essai de corrxlation entre l5xvolution d5une affectation par "rypanosoma e uiperdam et l5action d5une onde xlectromagnxti ue puisxe et modulxe! 1o#pt. e%2. )+a2. S+i! >2;2, 100/-100:!

<# 6atent 9 *5)8058%6

<# Cl$ %)8F%$* : Octo'er )A5 %966

Met-o0 o3 6ro0/cing a0iation" 3or 6enetrating Living Cell" Antoine 6riore

"his invention relates in a general %ay to radiations capable of penetrating matter! (ore precisely, it has for its ob*ect to provide a method for obtaining a combination of radiation of different 'inds capable of penetrating matter, and more particularly of penetrating intimately into living organic tissues and producing certain effects therein and most notably in human tissues for therapeutic purposes, %ithout destroying therein such essential elements as the enHymes for instance! ,n accordance %ith the present invention, electrically charged particles are emitted into a cavity, and onto this emission is superimposed a centimetric electromagnetic radiation the %avelength of %hich preferably lies bet%een / cm and 80 cm, and the resulting radiation issuing from said cavity is directed onto the target to be irradiated! "he applicant has noted that the penetration and particularly the curative effects are very mar'edly improved %hen the fre uency of the electromagnetic radiation is determined according to the organ or tissue to be penetrated or treated! -or example, a %avelength of 19 cm is suitable for the liver and a %avelength of 1@!5 cm for the spleen! "he charged particles radiated are preferably accelerated in a particle accelerator in order to increase the penetration force! "he resulting radiation is preferably applied to and directed at the target, namely at the tissue to be penetrated, by means of a tube %hich is the seat of accelerating and directing magnetic fields

and electrical fields, said radiation being %ith advantage directed and3or reflected by a rotary deflecting device placed %ithin the tube! ,n many cases it %ill be of advantage to modulate the particle radiation or to produce it rhythmically by means of varying magnetic and3or electrical fields %hereby to further increase the penetration force! )uch a rhythm is preferably tuned, particularly in medical applications, to the natural period (oscillation time) of the tissue to be penetrated or of the tissues ad*acent thereto, an example being the muscles! "hese natural periods are %ell 'no%n in medicine and are applied for diathermy in particular$ they lie in the range of %avelengths extending from 1 meter to 50 m and more specifically from 1 m to 18 m! (eans are preferably provided for modulating the emitted radiations, the accelerating electrical and magnetic fields, and possibly also the rotary deflecting device, in step %ith the patientUs heartbeats! ,t %ould appear that the positive results obtained %ith this invention in the treatment of disorders of the living cells (be they vegetable or animal), are due to certain phenomena %hich %ill be discussed hereinafter, it being of course understood that such discussion in no %ay limits the spirit and scope of the invention! >epending on its electro-physico-chemical constitution, the cellular protoplasm-nucleus couple is endo%ed %ith electrical conductivity %hich is related directly to the ionic exchange motions caused by metabolic phenomena! ,ndeed one notes in the tissues the presence of accumulations of electricity under potentials that differ according to the varying cell densities of the tissues! "he %or' conducted by <ensha%, -orbes, (orison, #massian, >e 6ito, Iuser, #lbe--essard, "au, #drian, etc!, has demonstrated %ith the aid of microelectrodes the existence of a slo%oscillation-type elemental electrical activity %ithin the cells, %hile the pace-ma'er can be regarded as being provided by the oscillating electromagnetic system formed by the cell nucleus! Iasically, indeed, the nucleus consists of tubular filaments of insulating material (a'in to chitin) containing therein an electricity conducting saline li uid, and these filaments, t%isted onto themselves, can be li'ened to veritable little oscillating circuits! <ecent %or' carried out by 0arson in #merica, as %ell as other %or' carried out by -rench researchers, including a paper by (essrs! 4olons'y, >ouHou, and )adron, read on 1: (ay 1@:0 before the #cademy of )cience by 4rof! -rancis 4errin (?ollected 0ee'ly <eports, "ome 250, 1o! 20, pp /919-/91:), brought out the fact that the experimental solid deoxyribonucleic acid (>1#) samples used revealed properties similar to the familiar properties of ferro-electric bodies, thus giving verisimilitude to the hypothesis that a difference of potential can exist across the nucleus and the periphery of the cells! ?ertain recent theories even go further and li'en the cell to an electronic receiving-emitting device that operates in the normal state %ith a fre uency attuned to the ambient media! ,n accordance %ith these recent theories, the cell nucleus forms a damped-%ave oscillating system %hich obeys the la%s governing semi-conducting bodies! "he applicant has come to the firm conclusion that, in the normal state of physico-electrical e uilibrium, the cell nucleus is positively charged but that it can become negatively overcharged

follo%ing phenomena similar to polariHation! ,t is believed that the results obtained by the applicant by treating living cells %ith the resulting radiation of the invention are due to restoration of a correct electrical potential of the nuclei! K "he description %hich follo%s %ith reference to the accompanying dra%ing, %hich is filed by %ay of example only and not of limitation, %ill give a clear understanding of ho% the invention can be performed, such particularities as emerge either from the description or the dra%ing naturally falling %ithin the scope of this invention! ,n the dra%ing filed here%ith. (ig/re % sho%s in schematic section a device for producing and emitting a combined electromagnetic field in accordance %ith the invention$

(ig/re ) sho%s in front elevation the cathode as seen from the right of -igure 1$ (ig/re * is a sectional vie% ta'en through the line ,,,-,,, of -igure 1$

(ig/re 4 is a bloc' diagram of the electrical supply system$

(ig/re A is a vie% corresponding to -igure 1, sho%ing an alternative embodiment$

(ig/re 6 is a sectional vie% through the line 6,-6, of -igure 5$

(ig/re & is a schematic illustration of a device for pulsing the electric current$

(ig/re 8 is the circuit diagram of an amplifier for operating the device of -igure ; in pace %ith a patientUs heartbeats$ and

(ig/re 9 is the circuit diagram of an oscillator for modulating the electric current to a %avelength included bet%een 1 m and 18 m!

<eferring first to -igure 1, the apparatus sho%n thereon includes a device 1 emitting electrically charged particles 2 into a cavity or duct /, a cyclotron 9 for accelerating particles 2 and sending them into a conduit 5 in communication %ith a further cavity : forming a %aveguide for an electromagnetic radiation of centimetric fre uency emitted by a magnetron ;! "he cavity 8 formed by the union of conduit 5 %ith a %aveguide : leads to a tube @ for accelerating and directing the resulting radiation! "he cavity *ointly formed by elements 1, /, 5, :, 8 and @ contains argon under a pressure of 2 mm 2g! "he particle emitter 1 consists of an electron gun having a plate 10 and a cathode 11! ?athode 11 is made of molybdenum and is shaped in a very special manner sho%n in -igures 1 and 2! ,t includes a rim 11a %hich is *oined through t%o diametrically opposed radii 11b to a hub 11c embodying a hole 11d of axis \\U! <im 11a is made up of t%o parts (as sho%n in -igure 1) assembled together by means of scre%s or the li'e, and embodies a cavity of revolution 11e in the %alls of %hich are provided a plurality of uniformly spaced pairs of opposed holes 11f parallel %ith axis \\U! 0ithin cavity 11e is disposed a heating filament 12 connected to the supply leads 12a! "he best results are obtained %ith a cathode 11 made of molybdenum! 2o%ever, the applicant obtained satisfactory, though less good, results %ith tungsten cathodes! ,t so happens that molybdenum, and to a lesser extent tungsten, are metals the valence of %hich is nearest the mean valence of the chemical molecules that ma'e up living tissue and more particularly human tissue! 0hereas a scientific explanation based on observation of the phenomena involved could be attempted, it is to be clearly understood that the invention is by no means limited by any such scientific explanation! -urther, insofar as the lo%-pressure gas in the device is concerned, optimum results are obtained %ith argon! 2o%ever, the applicant also obtained satisfactory, though less good, results %ith the other gases of the family of rare gases!

)urrounding the tube forming the electromagnetic chamber are disposed an electromagnet 1/ %ith its coil 1/a, placed level %ith the cathode, and the accelerating coils 19 and 15! -urther accelerating coils 19a, 15a, 1:a and 19b, 15b, and 1:b are li'e%ise arranged about cavities / and 5 respectively! "he t%o semi-circular boxes or >Us 9a of cyclotron 9 are placed in the customary fashion bet%een the frame poles, and said frame is surrounded by accelerating %indings 9b and 9c! (agnetron ; is of any convenient 'no%n design and must be capable of emitting into cavity / a centimetric radiation of %avelength ad*ustable bet%een / cm and 80 cm! #ccelerating and directing tube @ is provided in its lo%er part %ith a cathode 1; similar to cathode 11, together %ith a heating filament 1;a! ?athode 1; is supported on a hollo% base 18 embodying holes 18a ad*acent %here it *oins the end closure of tube @! )aid base 18 communicates %ith a tube 18b %hich has an open end ad*acent a rotary deflector 1@ provided %ith t%o rings of graphite plates 1@a inclined at 95 degrees to the vertical! "he shaft 1@b of the rotary deflector is rotatably supported in a bearing 20 fixed %ith magnetic fly-%eights 1@c %hich set it in rotation by coacting %ith magnetic fly-%eights 21a rigid %ith the shaft 21b of a motor 21! "he lo%er extremity of rotary deflector 1@ consists of a pyramid-shaped molybdenum or tungsten part 1@d the apex of %hich is situated opposite the open end of tube 18b to deflect the radiation do%n%ardly to%ards the target! "he lo%er part of bearing 20 forms the plate or anode 22 of tube @! 2ollo% base 18and tube 18b can be made of some boro-silicate glass of lo% coefficient of expansion, such as 4yrex! #lternatively, they can be made of uartH! "ube @ li'e%ise can be made of 4yrex-type glass, or of any other glass of the uality commonly used for manufacturing electron tubes, but its end closure @a, through %hich the radiation passes, is preferably made of uartH! ?onduit 8 communicates %ith tube @ via a plurality of pipes such as 8a and 8b directed at a certain angle, along vertical planes, to%ards plates 1@a, said angle being preferably in the region of 22!5 degrees, #bout cathode 1; is disposed an electromagnet 2/ similar to the electromagnet 1/ of radiating tube 1! #bout tube @ are li'e%ise disposed accelerating coils 29! #t the points sho%n on the dra%ing, tube @ also includes three electrodes 25, 25a and 25b surrounded respectively by coils 2:, 2:a and 2:b! =n the dra%ings are also represented the feeders 1;b and 1;c of the cathode and its filament, and 22a of the anode! "he po%er supply circuit diagram is sho%n on -igure 9! "he main supply 2; supplies lo%voltage alternating current to a first branch comprising a rectifier 28 (a 'enotron, for instance), the rectified current from %hich is modulated to a rate ad*ustable bet%een /0 and 120 pulses per minute by means of a resistor 2@ the control system of %hich %ill be described hereinafter %ith reference to -igures ; and 8! "he current modulated thus is applied to electromagnets 1/ and 2/ %hereby to cause them to generate, at the level of cathodes 11 and 1;, a modulated unidirectional field of 10,000 to 20,000 gauss!

"he main supply 2; also po%ers a variometer /0 %hich is adapted to be operated to modulate the current from at a rate %hich is ad*ustable bet%een /0 and 120 pulses per minute, and the current issuing from variometer /0 supplies the remainder of the system, to %it. "he magnetron ;. # converter set /1 the excitation of %hich is modulated at a fre uency variable from /00 to @00 cps$ this provides a direct current for supplying coils 15, 1:, and 2:, %hich is doubly modulated (first at /0 to 120 pulses per minute, then at a fre uency of /00 to @00 cps)$ # further converter set /2 producing lo%-voltage direct current modulated to a rate of /0 to 120 pulses per minute by virtue of variometer /0$ this current supplies motor 21, together %ith the motors driving variometer /0 and the control device of resistor 2@! "he current produced by converter set /2 additionally feeds a voltage step-up device // comprising a vibrator follo%ed by a transformer and a rectifier and generating a direct current the voltage of %hich varies in step %ith the /0 to 120 pulses per minute rate imposed by variometer /0! "he maximum value of this voltage produced by device // could be /00,000 volts for instance, but this figure can vary either %ay, depending on the po%er to be brought into play! "he current produced by voltage step-up device // feeds the %indings 9b of the cyclotron and 29 of the tubes @, as %ell as a rheostat /9 %hich permits ad*usting the voltage to the desired value bet%een 5000 volts and ;0,000 volts! "his voltage is applied to an oscillating circuit /5 %hich imparts thereto oscillations of fre uency ad*ustable as desired bet%een %avelengths of 1 m and 18 m! "he current available across the output terminals /5a and /5b of oscillating circuit /5 is conse uently high tension current that is initially modulated to /0 to 120 pulses per minute (by virtue of variometer /0) and subse uently to a %avelength of 1 m to 18 m! "his current supplies the coils 9c and 19! Electrodes 25a and 25b are respectively connected to terminals /5a and /5b, %hile electrode 25 is connected to the mid-point /5c! "he cathodes 11 and 1;, the cyclotron >Us 9a and the plates 10 and 22, %hich are not sho%n on the bloc' diagram of -igure 9m are connected to the output end of voltage step-up device //, the preheat current for filaments 11e and 1;a being furnished by resistor 2@! "o use the apparatus according to this invention, the control system of resistor 2@ and variometer /0 is set to the re uired pace %hich, in medical applications, is preferably the patientUs pulse rate. this rate is thus imposed on the system as a %hole! ?athode 11 emits a stream of positively charged particles 2 left%ardly, %hich particles are concentrated by electromagnet 1/ and accelerated by %indings 19, 15, and 1: and by cyclotron 9! "o this radiation of particles is added, in conduit 8, the electromagnetic radiation of magnetron ; %hich is ad*usted to a %avelength sho%n by experience to be the most favorable for the cells to be penetrated, examples being 19 cm for the liver and 1@!5 cm for the spleen! "he resulting radiation is directed and accelerated in tube @ and then directed by the base thereof to%ards the target to be penetrated!

,t should be noted that the unidirectional magnetic field of coils 15, 1: and 2: is modulated by converter set /1 to a fre uency ad*ustable bet%een /00 and @00 cps! "he result of this modulation is to concentrate the particles, i!e!, detach them from the conduit %alls, and also to enable a substantial saving to be made on the %eights of the iron cores of the coils! "he unidirectional magnetic fields of the cyclotron coils 9c and the accelerating coils 19, and the electrical field of the electrodes 25, 25a and 25b, are modulated by oscillating circuit /5 to a %avelength selected bet%een 1 m and 18 m! ,n medical applications in particular, the %avelength chosen is that best suited to the organ to be treated or to such ad*acent parts thereof as the muscles! #s already stated, diathermy experiments %ill enable the most appropriate %avelength to be determined! ,t should be noted that the resulting radiation already possesses considerable penetration force in conduit 8 (see -igure 1)! "he device herein before described can therefore be used %ithout tube @ and by bounding the cavity at the extremity of conduit 8 by means of a glass or uartH end closure, the resulting radiation being accelerated and directed immediately upstream thereof, for instance by an ultimate coil (not sho%n) surrounding conduit 8! 2o%ever, tube @ substantially improves the results obtained! <eference is next had to -igures 5 and :, %hich illustrate an alternative embodiment of th apparatus according to this invention, %herein components performing li'e functions are designated by the same reference numerals as those on -igures 1 and /, follo%ed by the VprimeW symbol! ,n -igure 5, the disposition of the conduits %ith respect to tubes 1U and @U, magnetron ;U and cyclotron 9U, differs from that of -igure 1 and has been used %ith success by the applicant! "he %aveguide :U of magnetron ;U is connected to the extremity of tube 1U, %hile conduit /U conveying the resulting radiation divides into t%o branches. branch 25 surrounded by accelerating coils 19cU and 15cU, %hich conveys the radiation directly to tube @U and branch /; %hich conveys its to cyclotron 9U! "he latter arrests the electromagnetic radiation and accelerates the radiated particles %hich are dispatched into tube @U through conduit /8! "his particular disposition can be used %ith particle-emitting and accelerating-and-directing tubes similar to tubes 1 and @ of the preceding figures! 2o%ever, the tubes 1U and @U of -igures 5 and : are designed differently insofar as their cathodes and anodes are concerned! "ube 1U includes a first electrode 11U exactly similar to the cathode 11 of tube 1, and a second identical electrode /@ provided %ith a heating filament /@a! "ube @U (see -igure :) includes in its lo%er part a first electrode 1;U %ith its heating filament 1;Ua, and a second identical electrode 90 %ith its heating filament 90a! ,n normal operation, i!e!, to produce a radiation identical to that described %ith reference to -igures 1 through 9, electrode 11U serves as a cathode and electrode /@ is sub*ected to a positive potential and performs the function of plate 10 of -igure 1m the filament /@a not being heated! Electrode 90 and its filament 90a are placed out of circuit, and cathode 1;U and plate 22U are energiHed as in the case of -igure /!

"o obtain unusually penetrating radiation, the polarities are reversed. electrode 11U becomes an anode and its filament 11Ue is placed out of circuit, %hile electrode /@ is energiHed as a cathode and its filament /@a is heated$ electrode 1;U (the filament 1;Ua of %hich is out of circuit) and electrode 22U become anodes, %hile electrode 90 is connected as a cathode and its filament 90a is heated! Iy %ay of example, it is possible to establish a potential of 250,000 volts across electrodes 90 and 1;U, and of 50,000 volts across electrodes 90 and 22U! ,t %ill be appreciated that, this being so, cathode /@ %ill emit a stream of electrons left%ardly, %hich %ill be concentrated, modulated and accelerated by the various coils as %ell as in the cyclotron, the polarities of %hich must manifestly be established in the suitable sense! "his electron radiation is combined %ith the centimetric radiation emitted by magnetron ;U, and there results in tube @U a very hard emission, modulated to the chosen fre uencies of x-rays combined %ith the centimetric radiation of desired fre uency! "hus, the apparatus of -igures 5 and : permits obtaining at %ill %ither this very hard x-ray emission, or the radiation described %ith reference to the preceding figures! ,f the very hard xray emission is obtained, converter set /1 is preferably ad*usted to feed coils 15U, 1:U and 2:U %ith a current modulated at the highest fre uencies (i!e!, close to @00 cps)! "he description %hich follo%s %ith reference to -igures ; through @ relates to a number of features of the devices utiliHed for obtaining modulation of the electric current! -igure ; is a schematic illustration of the control system of resistor 2@ and variometer /0! #d*ustable resistor 2@ is provided %ith a graphite helical member 2@a immersed in a conductive li uid 2@b into %hich dips partly a graphite electrode 2@c to %hich a reciprocating motion is imparted by a connecting rod 91a pivotally connected to a fly%heel 91! "he latter is rotated through an endless scre% transmission 91b by a shaft 92b, either by a motor 9/ or by the shaft /0a of variometer /0, %hich variometer is in turn driven by a motor 99 through an endless scre% type transmission 99a! <eciprocating movement of electrode 2@c %ill vary the surface thereof %hich dips into the conductive li uid 2@b, and accordingly %ill vary the resistance bet%een electrodes 2@, 2@a of resistor 2@, at a rhythm %hich is e ual t the rpm imparted to fly%heel 91! <hythmically variable resistor 2@ is shunted by a resistor %hich is sho%n diagrammatically, resulting in a component having a rhythmically variable resistance, %hich is inserted in the line (-igure 9) feeding electromagnets 1/, 2/ %ith rectified current delivered by rectifier 28! ,f fly%heel 91 is driven by motor 9/ at suitable speed, resistor 2@ %ill vary the current energiHing electromagnets 1/ and 2/ (-igures 1 and 9) a the chosen rhythm %hich, as explained above, can be included bet%een /0 and 120 pulses per minute and %hich can be monitored by means of a revolution-counter represented schematically at 95! 0hen this is the case, motor 99 of variometer /0 can be stopped, thus no longer sub*ecting the remainder of the system to a set pace! ?onversely, if the drive to fly%heel 91 is engaged at 92b and released at 92a, motor 99 %ill act as a pace-ma'er for variometer /0 and resistor 2@! "he rotational speed of motors 9/ or 99 can be ad*usted to an appropriate speed corresponding substantially to the patientUs pulse rate, by operating on the exciter of said motors by means of a

manually ad*ustable rheostat! )hould it be preferred to have the speed of motors 9/ or 99 governed directly by the patientUs pulse rate, a device such as the one illustrated schematically in -igure 8 can be resorted to! ,n -igure 8, a contact type microphone is connected at 9: and produces pulses %hen placed on the patientUs heart! "hese pulses are amplified in the circuit sho%n and are applied to an electromagnet represented at 9;, of %hich the moving core operates a rheostat for ad*usting the excitation current to motors 9/ or 99! -igure @ is the circuit diagram of oscillating circuit /5! "he rectified voltage ad*ustable bet%een 5000 and ;0,000 volts by means of rheostat /9 (see -igure 9) is applied across terminals 98 and 98a! "erminal /5c (%hich is also connected to electrode 25 in -igures 2 and 9) is connected to the neutral point, on the high tension side, of the transformer %hich is a component port of voltage step-up device // ()ee -igure 9)! "erminals 9@ and 9@a receive the heating current produced by resistor 2@! #d*ustable capacitors 50 and 50a permit of ad*usting the current available across the output terminals 25a and 25b of the oscillator represented to the desired %avelength (%hich, as already indicated, lies bet%een 1 m and 18 m)! #lthough the specific embodiments described hereinbefore have been experimented %ith successfully, it goes %ithout saying that they are given by %ay of example only and could be variously modified %ithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention! ,n particular, the electron gun 1 or 1U could be replaced by any other convenient particle emitter! 0hat , claim is. J ?laims not included here K dd <# 6atent 9 *5 *4685%AA is identical to C)4 D /,280,81:, E#pparatus for 4roducing <adiations 4enetating 7iving ?ellsE (C) ?l! /28-2//, : -eb! 1@:8)!

(renc- 6atent 9 )54085*A& : ETreatment o3 a 6atient 2it- Negative Ion"E

http.33l2!espacenet!com3espacenet3vie%erR41S0=8000@18L?GSepL7+SenL>ISE4> 4atent 1umber. -<2908/5; ("reatment of a patient by negative ions) 4ublication date. 1@;@-0:-08 #pplicant(s). 4<,=<E #1"=,1E (-<) <e uested 4atent. 0=8000@18 #pplication 1umber. -<1@;;00/115@ 1@;;101; 4riority 1umber(s). -<1@;;00/115@ 1@;;101; ,4? ?lassification. #:111399$ ?0;?1;@300 E? ?lassification. #:111310, #:111399 E uivalents. IE8;1898 A'"tract : "reatment of a patient by negative ions! "he patient (12) is sub*ected in an inhalation cabine (11) to an electrostatic field generated bet%een the floor (11b) and a pin plate (11a) by an electrostatic machine (1/) providing an ad*ustable voltage of 10,000 to 80,000 volts! "he negative ions are

generated by a pin grid (@a) submitted to a negative potential of 10,000 to 80,000 volts, in an air flo% charged %ith peroxides produced by the crac'ing, in an hydrogen burner (5), of hydrocarbon vapors introduced by bubbling (/) in the combustive air!

Dac4gro/n0 o3 Antoine 6riora an0 LYA33aire 6riora

Tom Dear0en (2001)

1o#pile2 ' o# i%'o #atio% e+eive2 ' o# t$e late 1$ i"top$e 6i 2 ( cheniere!org3boo's3aids3appendix,!htm M ?hristopher Iird. E"he ?ase of #ntoine 4riore and 2is "herapeutic (achine. # )candal in the 4olitics of )cienceE ) #ee al"o= ifisoft!ch3test3pdf3bearden3-inalIriefing!pdf cheniere!org3boo's3aids3priorenontech!htm cheniere!org3briefings3porthole3synopsis!htm cheniere!org3correspondence309250/!htm cheniere!org3correspondence30;020/a!htm cheniere!org3correspondence310150/!htm cheniere!org3correspondence30;0@01!htm cheniere!org3priore3bac'ground!htm cheniere!org3articles3index!html cheniere!org3briefings3prioreF20process3trH!htm cheniere!org3images3dossierF20priore3index!html cheniere!org3boo's3aids3priore!htm cheniere!org3briefings3>o>4riore3index!html cheniere!org3boo's3cancer3cancer!htm cheniere!org3boo's3excalibur3priore^machine!htm /e2i+atio%. "his short paper is dedicated to the memory of the late ?hris Iird, a noted researcher, colleague, and stal%art friend %ho first ac uainted me %ith the 4riorx affair and %ith the remar'able results that %ere obtained by 4riorx and his associates! )ome months prior to his passing, ?hris gave me most of his most important 4riorx file, including the thesis submitted by 4riorx to the Cniversity of Iordeaux (the actual document itself)! 0e sorely miss his booming voice and ever cheerful encouragement! 0e also express our deep than's to my colleague #lain Ieaulieu for translating the 4riorx thesis and several other important -rench documents dealing %ith the 4riorx affair! 0e further reiterate our remembrances to Iob 0hitney and -ran' +olden, %hen %e tried so hard to revive the 4riorx machine and %or' %hile 4riorx %as still alive! -or our efforts %e %ere resoundingly suppressed! +od %illing, your efforts %ill yet prove to have been %orth%hile! #t least %e have finally deciphered the exact mechanism by %hich the 4riorx machine %as able to accomplish its astonishing cures! 0e shall continue striving to see that the 4riorx %or' has not been in vain, and that at some point the scientific community accepts and uses the fact that 4riorx had discovered ho% to time-reverse the treated diseased cells bac' to a previous healthy cell state! #ntoine 4riorx %as born in ,taly! 2e graduated from a small provincial school for electricity in "rieste, ,taly and became a radar technician and operator in the ,talian 1avy! Iy some manner he became a prisoner of the +ermans (apparently after ,taly left the %ar in 00 ,,), and %as moved as a forced laborer for the 1aHi to the vicinity of the submarine base in Iordeaux, -rance!

0hen it became obvious the +ermans %ere losing the %ar and %ere preparing to leave, 4riorx realiHed he %ould be 'illed! 2e approached a -rench police agent to plead for his life! "hat police officer %or'ed clandestinely for the -rench underground! 2e put 4riorx in his car and drove him out of the base to safety! 2e too' 4riorx to the nearby province of >ordogne, and introduced him to the ;th Iattalion of -rench underground resistance fighters! 4riorx distinguished himself in military operations and %as eventually decorated by the -rench +overnment! "han'ful to the -rench for saving his life, and loyal to his -rench companions-in-arms, 4riorx decided after the %ar to live in Iordeaux! 2e %as encouraged by his -rench resistance friends such as Bac ues ?haban->elmas %ho later rose to become the -rench 4rime (inister! -or some time 4riorx %or'ed as an electrical repairman and did research on exposing plants, etc! to E( radiation! 4riorx %as introduced to -rancis Ierlureau, former >irector of )tudies at the )chool for 6eterinary (edicine in "oulouise, and director of the Iordeaux abbatoir at the time! 2e %or'ed together %ith Ierlureau for some 10 years! 2e noticed effects on a cancerous bullUs testicles, then began exposing various animals such as cats to the radiations of his early apparatus! "he histological %or' %as done by 4rofessor >rieux at the famous 6eterinarian )chool of (aisons#llfort, near 4aris! >rieux %rote a technical report proving that the catUs cancer, developing before treatment, %as benign after treatment! Iy 1@5/ 4riorx began treating human patients %hose cancers had been *udged hopeless! -ournier maintained a huge file of such human cases, but the file later %as mysteriously lost! 1onetheless, 4riorx cured cases of a malignant form of 2odg'inUs disease, a case of cancer of the larynx, etc! #ttempts to interest leading Iordeaux physicists and leading cancer experts in the results of the ne% approach %ere laughed off or dismissed %ith stony silence! 4riorxUs response %as to build a ne% and more complicated version of his treatment device! )ecretly he treated doHens of hopeless cancer patients! #t 4riorxUs funeral, a small platoon of mourners %as composed of the no%-older people %ho had been cured of their terrible afflictions by 4riorx in the late 1@50s! 2e %as introduced to 4rofessor "ayeau, vice dean of IordeauxUs (edical -aculty, in latter 1@5@early 1@:0! 4riorx %as sent to Iiraben, head of the -acultyUs >epartment of 4athological #natomy, and his assistant, >elmon! "o their utter surprise, grafted "-8 tumors in animals subse uently treated %ith 4riorxUs machine %ere reduced by :0F, a first in the history of cancerology! "he mayor of Iordeaux, %ho later became prime minister of -rance, %as Bac ues ?haban>elmas! 2e %as a fello% resistance fighter and very interested in 4riorxUs %or'! ?haban->elmas invo'ed t%o commissions of Iordeaux and 4arisian scientists to study the Iiraben->elmon results in detail! Ioth commissions re*ected 4riorx and his machine offhandedly! Iiraben and >elmon could not explain the nature of the radiations from 4riorxUs machine! # certain professor

7achapele on the first commission %as ever an ardent foe of the 4riorx method, dismissing the results offhand because the tumors %ere grafted! 2is vie% prevailed! 1either of the commissions intervie%ed 4riorx himself, nor did they run an experiment under their o%n control! Iiraben and >elmon continued their experiments, achieving une uivocal and complete success, but because of the political climate in the medical community, did not publish these outstanding results! Iiraben, e!g!, %as told he could either get his degree or publish his research, but not both! Iiraben and >elmon finally published a memoir in the <evue of ?omparative 4athology! Iut a vicious campaign to destroy the 4riorx %or' and suppress it %as already under%ay! =ther persons involved %ith 7Uaffair 4riorx %ere. 4rofessor +uerin, at the cancer institute at 6ille*uif (e uivalent to the #merican 1ational ?ancer ,nstitute in Iathesda, (aryland)! Iuerin %as a co-discoverer of the "-8 tumor! +uerin assigned his colleague (arcel-<enx <ivixre to delve into the entire uestion! <evixre confirmed the Iiraben->elmon findings! # note %as sent for publication in the 4roceedings of the -rench #cademy of )cience! <evixre also tested the 4riorx <ay against other types of tumors, achieving spectacular results! <obert ?ourrier, an eminent endocrinologist still in his /0s, a full professor, and )ecrxtaire 4erpxtuel to the #cademy of )ciences and head of the biology section (and later to become 4resident of the #cademy of (edicine), too' up the cudgel to interest high -rench scientists and scientific agencies! "he ?1<) director too' offense because 4riorx %as essentially self-taught and not academically credentialed! =thers did not understand anything at all about the machineUs operation! "o Iordeaux, ?ourrier sent his trusted assistant (adame ?olonge, to repeat <ivixreUs experiments under her personal supervision! # physicist sent to examine the machine could ma'e Eneither heads nor tailsE of its operation! "here is little %onderT "he 4riorx machine involved a dramatic extension to present nonlinear phase con*ugate optics (17=) before 17= %as even bornT ,t also involved a dramatic extension to both C(1) electrodynamics and to general relativity! ,t is also little %onder that 4riorx, %ho discovered the process by intuition and by trial and error, could not explain the operation of his o%n machine or the mechanism by means of %hich the cures %ere accomplished by the ErayE emitted by his device! ,n fact, the best physicists in -rance could not comprehend or explain the mechanism %hereby such spectacular results %ere produced by 4riorx5s machine %hen used to treat patients %ith non-ioniHing E( radiation from it! =n (ay 1, 1@:5, <obert ?ourrier formally presented the astounding 4riorx results to the assembled -rench #cademy of )cience! 2e %as met %ith stony silence! # leading cancer specialist even stal'ed out of the assembly hall in full vie%! 1o serious discussion among the scientists present at the meeting ever too' place! ?ontroversy and research continued, in the midst of a raging controversy over ElU#ffair 4riorxE! 4riorxUs sister in ,taly then came do%n %ith cancer! 4riorx issued an ultimatum to his associates to build the bigger machine he needed, so that he could save his sisterUs life! ?onventional engineers repeatedly changed 4riorxUs design, thin'ing many components unnecessary, etc! and causing machine failures! 4riorxUs sister died (mid-:0s) before the machine could be finished

because of these unnecessary setbac's! # grief-stric'en 4riorx %ent into isolation, un%illing to tal' to anyone! ,n early 1@:;, 4rofessor <aymond 4autriHel entered the picture! #t 90, 4autriHel %as an eminent parasitologist, on the -aculty of (edicine at Iordeaux, and soon became 'no%n %orld%ide as the Efather of parasitological immunity!E 4autriHel %as a%arded the first academic chair in -rance for immunology, and later headed a special unit on parasitological immunology! J"his sub*ect is of particular significance to the study of #,>), because it deals also %ith the continual adaptation and genetic change of the invading parasites and agents!K 4autriHel specialiHed on a particularly lethal parasite, the trypanosome family (%hich causes sleeping sic'ness, e uine syphilis, and other afflictions)! 4autriHel %as one of the first scientists to recogniHe and utiliHe ambivalence in biological drugs! 4autriHel also noticed that the 4riorx ray %as not !illi%& the tumor cells, and therefore must be doing something else instead! 4autriHel personally persuaded the distraught 4riorx to return to %or'! -rom 1@:: on, many papers %ere published on the results of applying the 4riorx techni ue to various animals and diseases! "he results continued to be revolutionary! #nother scientist-ally of 4riorxUs %as 4ierette ?hateau-<eynaud >uprat! =ver the years she %or'ed %ith the 4riorx method, sho%ing that the 4riorx ray had no direct effect on the trypanosomes themselves but stimulated and reinforced the defense mechanism of the infested organisms! J1o one 'ne% to investigate the regenerative system of the body, poorly understood and using the very 'ind of infolded E( extension to 17= that 4riorxUs ray used!K "he ray %as sho%n to cause the re*ection of both allografts and isografts, so that the machine affected not only the defense mechanisms of the organism but also the recognition system! "he original 4-1 (4riorx 1) machine affected cellular defense mechanisms! "he second machine, 4-2, seemed to act not on the cellular but on the humoral defense mechanisms! 4riorx himself also cured cases of malaria and also tuberculosis in humans, but apparently did not publish these results! Iiologist #ndrx 7%off %ent from an ardent s'eptic to an admirer and supporter of 4riorxUs %or', because of the undisputed results! 2is favorable opinion of the 4riorx results prevailed in a ><(E report on the matter, %hich %as classified for some years! # synthesis of the report %as published in 1ovember 1@;@ by 2erbert +ossot, )ecretary +eneral for the -rench #ssociation for Iioelectromagnetism! ,ts title %as, E# )cientific Ialance )heet on the 4riorx <ay!E ,t reports that t%o physicists %ho studied the machine in detail favorably correlated the machineUs ray to the results produced, and confirmed the biological efficacy of 4riorxUs device! "he t%o physicists %ere named Iottreau and Ierteau! ,n their note to 7U#cademie, they %ere not allo%ed to even use the names of the laboratories %here they %or'ed, %hich %ere (1) the ?1<) (agnetic 7aboratory at Iellevue near 4aris, and (2) the 7aboratory of Cltra-2ertHian =ptics and "alence near Iordeaux! Eventually the -rench +overnment bac'ed the construction of a more po%erful 4riorx device! 4rofessor ?ourrier had also sent a report on 4autriHelUs behalf to the 1obel ?ommittee in 1@;@! "he (-:00 machine %as built but its huge tube functioned only about a %ee' before it exploded!

(ean%hile 4autriHel, %or'ing %ith a smaller machine, verified the utility of the 4riorx <ay on atherosclerosis! <ebuilding the (-:00 %ent slo%ly! "he machine %eighed some 50 tons and re uired /-132 stories to contain it! "he pyrex tube %as :0 cm in diameter and : meters tall! ,t imploded t%ice and %as replaced each time! "he coil %hich generated the >?-pulsed magnetic field %eighed 5!5 tons and had 11 miles of copper %ire! >uring the %ee' or 10 days that the machine %as in operation, the results %ere formidable! "he results %ere presented in notes to the #cademy of )ciences by 4autriHel and his team in 1@;8! 4autriHel then came under suppression himself, %ith funds being pulled, postings being denied, etc! 4autriHel eventually became so emotionally over%rought that he gave up his medical career and retired and gave himself over to alcohol! Every one of the collaborators of 4autriHel sa% their careers put in *eopardy, compromised, or bro'en! #bout this time 4riorx5s doctoral thesis, bac'ed by both 4autriHel and 1obel 7aureate #ndrx 7%off himself, %as summarily refused by the 4resident of the Cniversity of Iordeaux! ,n 1@;; 4rofessor +eorges >ubourg urged 4riorx to treat human cancer patients and *olt the medical establishment! 4autriHel contacted ?ourrier, %ho gave the green light! # fe% terminal cancer patients %hose immune defense systems had been disastrously %ea'ened by chemotherapy or radiation or both, %ere treated! #t least one %as totally cured! "he others lived, %ithout pain, for much longer than predicted by standard prognosis! "he results %ere submitted to the -rench #cademy of (edicine for publication v and %ere re*ected! 4autriHel in final desperation turned to a *ournalist, Bean-(ichel +raille, to tell the story! +raille researched for four years, publishing three long articles in )ud-=uest -rance, and finally a boo', >ossier 4riore. Cne 1ouvelle #ffaire 4asteur! J"he 4riorx >ossier. # 1e% 4asteur #ffairRK >e 1oel, 4aris, 1@89! Jin -renchK! -rom 1@:5 to 1@80, the 4riorx pro*ect spent about 20 million francs! <esults %ere positively demonstrated, many of them sensational! 4riorx suffered a debilitating stro'e or similar complication in 1@81 and died in (ay 1@8/ after a lengthy debilitated period! #dmiral 4ierre Emeury, conseiller scientifi ue de la presidence, discovered 7U#ffaire 4riorx! 2is in uest led him to conclude that the 4riorx discovery %as the most important medical discovery of the entire century! "he suppression of such a revolutionary discovery, eve% t$ou&$ it" te+$%i+al #et$o2olo&y wa" %ot u%2e "too2, remains one of the heinous examples of scientific dogma bloc'ing highly innovative research and results! Cntold millions of human lives %ould have been saved had science and government acted along scientific lines! e3erence" elate0 to e"/lt" Ac-ieve0 ', Antoine 6riora an0 Colleag/e"

Iateman, B! I! (1@;8) # Iiologically #ctive ?ombination of (odulated (agnetic and (icro%ave -ields. "he 4riorx (achine, =ffice of 1aval <esearch, 7ondon, <eport <-5-;8, #ug! 1:, 1@;8! 2: p! >eals %ith the 4riorx device and its treatment and positive cures of cancer and leu'emia, including terminal cases in numerous laboratory animals! Iateman is not particularly sympathetic, but realiHes that someho%, something extraordinary has been uncovered! Iateman comes very close %hen he states that 93$e po""ibility t$at "o#e $it$e to u% e+o&%i?e2 'eatu e o' t$e a2iatio% ' o# a otati%& pla"#a #ay be e"po%"ible 'o t$e * io M e''e+t" "$oul2 %ot be 2i"#i""e2 out o' $a%2...9! 2e %as uite correct. ,t %as the longitudinal E( radiations and their induction of time-domain pumping of the nonlinear cells and every part of them that provided the cellular time reversal from the diseased state bac' to the previous healthy state! Iateman, B! I! (1@;;) E(icro%ave (agic,E =ffice of 1aval <esearch 7ondon ?onference <eport, =1<7 ?-19-;;, 1@;;! >eals %ith the 4riorx device and its treatment and positive cures of cancer and leu'emia, including terminal cases in numerous laboratory animals! Iateman, B! I! (1@;8) E)taging the 4erils of 1onioniHing 0aves!E 0u opea% S+ie%ti'i+ Note", E)1 /2-/-85-88, 1@;8! Ierteaud, #! B! and #! (! Iottreau, E#nalyse des rayonnements xlectromagnxti ues xmis par l5appareil 4riorx,E J#nalysis of the electromagnetic radiations emitted by the 4riorx apparatusK, /.-.M.0., 1@;1, p! /-12! Ierteaud, #! B!$ #! (! Iottreau, #! 4riorx, #! 1! 4autriHel, -! Ierlureau, and <! 4autriHel! (1@;1) EEssai de corrxlation entre l5xvolution d5une affection par "rypanosoma e uiperdum et l5action d5une onde xlectromagnxti ue pulsxe et modulxe!E J"rial of the correlation bet%een the evolution of a disease by "rypanosoma e uiperdum and the action of a pulsating and modulated electromagnetic %ave!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 2;2, 1@;1, p! 100/-100:! J,n -renchK! Iird, ?hristopher! (1@@9) E"he ?ase of #ntoine 4riorx and 2is "herapeutic (achine. # )candal in the 4olitics of )cience!E 0=plo e(, 5(5-:), 1@@9, p! @;-110! #n updated exposition by Iird on the entire 4riorx #ffair! ?ambar, <! (1@:@) E<apport general des travaux de la ?ommission de ?ontr{le constituxe en vue de vxrifier l5un des effets biologi ues obtenu par l5utilisation de l5appareillage de 4riorx #! Iordeaux,E J+eneral findings of the %or' of the control commission formed to verify one of the biological effects obtained by use of the apparatus of #! 4riorx at IordeauxK, 1@:@, 1 vol! ?ourrier, <! (1@;;) EExposx par (! le 4rofesseur <! ?ourrier, )ecretaire 4erpetuel de 75#cademie des )ciences fait au cours d5une reunion a 75,nstitut sur les effets de la (achine de (!#! 4riorx le 2: #vril 1@;;!E J4resentation by 4rofesseur <! ?ourrier, 4erpetual )ecretary of the #cademy of )ciences, made at the meeting of the #cademy on the effects of the machine of (!#! 4riorx!K J,n -renchK ?ourrier5s presentation of the 4riorx machine and its positive cures of terminal cancers and leu'emias in laboratory animals, under proper scientific protocols!

>elmon, +! and B! Iiraben (1@::) E7a croissance du carcinome de +uerin sour l5action de champs xlectromagnxti ues!E J"he gro%th of carcinoma treated by the action of electromagnetic fields!K -ev. *at$. 1o#p!, /(2), 1@::, p! 85-88! >oubourg, +!, +! ?ourty, #! 4riorx, and <! 4autriHel! (1@;@) E)timulation des dxfenses de l5organisme par association d5un rayonnement xlectromagnxti ue pulsx et d5un champ magnxti ue. tentatives d5application au traitement du cancer cheH l52omme!E J)timulation of an organism5s defenses by association %ith pulsed electromagnetic radiation and a magnetic field. 4reliminary findings in the application to treatment of human cancerK, 7aboratoire d5,mmunologie et de Iiologie 4arasitaire, Cniversitx Iordeaux ,,, 1@;@, p! 1-5! +raille, Bean-(ichel! (1@89) >ossier 4riorx. Cne 1ouvelle #ffaire 4asteur! J"he 4riorx >ossier. # 1e% 4asteur #ffairRK >e 1oel, 4aris, 1@89! Jin -renchK! "umor radiotherapy and neoplasms! >etails the entire 4riorx affair! 4riorx %as an inventor %ho developed an electromagnetic machine that cured terminal tumors in laboratory animals under rigorous scientific protocols and %hile %or'ing %ith eminent -rench scientists! "reatment %ith the device also cured arteriosclerosis (clogged arteries) in lab animals, cured sleeping sic'ness, and restored suppressed immune systems! "he results of the supervised tests are presented in the conventional peer-revie%ed -rench medical literature in a number of papers, many of %hich are by leading, even %orld-reno%ned -rench scientists! E7e 4robleme 4riorx,E -appo t 2e la 1o##i""io% 2e l:)+a2M#ie 2e" S+ie%+e" N Mo%"ieu le Mi%i"t e 2:0tat +$a &M 2e la -e+$e +$e et 2e la 3e+$%olo&ie, 1@82, p! 1-22! (ayer, +!$ #! 4riorx, +! (ayer and <! 4autriHel! (1@;2) E#ction de champs magnxti ues associxs | des ondes xlectromagnxti ues sur l5orchite trypanosomienne due lapin!E J#ction of magnetic fields associated %ith electromagnetic %aves on the typanosomian orchitis of the rabbit!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 2;9, 1@;2, p! /011-/019! J,n -renchK Comment= =rchitis is inflammation of a testes! "rypanosomes are protoHoan flagellates of genus t ypa%o"o#a %hich infect humans and animals and are responsible for various serious diseases such as ?haga5s disease, dourine, nagana, sleeping sic'ness, and surra! 1$a&a:" 2i"ea"e is mar'ed by prolonged high fever, edema, and enlargement of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes! /ou i%e is a disease favoring horses and asses, mar'ed by inflammation of the genitals, subcutaneous edematous pla ues, lo%-grade fever, progressive paralysis, emaciation, and death! Na&a%a is a highly fatal disease in3of domestic animals in tropical #frica mar'ed by fluctuating fever, inappetance, edematous s%elling, and sluggishness, and is transmitted by the tsetse fly and possibly by other biting flies! Sleepi%& "i+!%e"" is a serious disease that is prevalent in much of tropical #frica$ it is mar'ed by fever, protracted lethargy, tremors, and loss of %eight, and is transmitted by tsetse flies! Su a is a severe =ld 0orld febrile and hemorrhagic disease of domestic animals and is transmitted by biting insects! 4autriHel, <! (1@;@) 7etter to his colleagues at the Cniversity of Iordeaux, )ept! 11, 1@;@! 4autriHel, <! (1@:@) 7etter to his colleagues, (ar! 2:, 1@:@!

4autriHel, <!, (!<! <iviere, #! 4riorx, and -! Ierlureau! (1@::) E,nfluence d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues et de champs magnxti ues associxs sur l5immunitx de la souris infestxe par "rypanosoma e uiperdum,E J,nfluence of electromagnetic %aves and associated magnetic fields on the immunity of the mouse infected %ith the "rypanosoma e uiperdumK, 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i! (4aris), 1@::, 6ol! 2:/, p! 5;@-582! Jin -renchK! 4autriHel, <!$ #! 4riorx, -! Ierlureau, and #!1! 4autriHel! (1@:@) E)timulation, par des moyens physi ues, des dxfenses de la )ouris et du <at contre la trypanosomose expxrimentale!E J)timulation, by physical means, of defenses of the mouse and of the rat against the experimental "rypanosoma!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 2:8, 1@:@, p! 188@-18@2! J,n -renchK! 4autriHel, <!, #! 4riorx, #!1! 4autriHel, and 4! ?hateau-<eynaud->uprat! (1@;@) E+uxrison de la trypanosomiase expxrimentale par l5association de champs magnxti ues et d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues,E J?ure of experimental trypanosomiasis by associated magnetic fields and electromagnetic %avesK, Sy#po"iu# 5%te %atio%al 2e 3$M apeuti<ue" 4%2ulatoi e", 6ersailles, 1@;@, p! @! 4autriHel, <!, #! 4riorx, #!1! 4autriHel, and 4! ?hateau-<eynaud->uprat! (1@;@) E+uxrison de la trypanosomiase expxrimentale par l5association de champs magnxti ues et d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues. une stimulation des defenses de l5organisme-h{te!E J?ure of experimental trypanosomiasis by associated magnetic fields and electromagnetic %aves. a stimulation of the host organism5s defenses!K! Jou %Me" Natio%ale" Mi+ oo%2e" - 1ollo<ue He t?ie%%e et /iMle+t i<ue", 7ille-6illeneuve, Cniversitx des )ciences et "echni ues, 1@;@, p! 210! 4autriHel, <!$ #! 4riorx, -! Ierlureau, and #!1! 4autriHel! (1@;0) E#ction de champs magnxti ues combinxs | des ondes xlectromagnxti ues sur la trypanosomose expxrimentale du 7apin!E J#ction of magnetic fields combined %ith electromagnetic %aves on the experimental trypanosoma of the rabbit!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i! (4aris), 6ol! 2;1, 1@;0, p! 8;;-880! 4autriHel, <!$ #! 4riorx, (! >allochio and <! ?roc'ett! (1@;2) E#ction d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues et de champs magnxti ues sur les modifications lipidi ues provo uxes cheH le 7apin par l5administration d5un rxgime alimentaire hypercholestxrolx!E J#ction of electromagnetic %aves and magnetic fields on provo'ed lipidic modifications in the rabbit by the administration of a hypercholesterol diet!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i! (4aris), 6ol! 2;9, 1@;2, p! 988-9@1! J,n -renchK! <eports curing of high cholesterol condition, clogged arteries, etc! 4autriHel, <!$ #! 4riorx, 4! (attern, and #! 1! 4autriHel! (1@;5) E)timulation des dxfenses de la souris trypanosomxe par l5action d5un rayonnement associant champ magnxti ue et ondes xlectromagnxti ues!E J)timulation of the defenses of the trypanosomiHed mouse by the action of irradiation by an associated magnetic field and electromagnetic %aves!E 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 280, 1@;5, p! 1@15-1@18! J,n -renchK 4autriHel, <!$ #! 4riorx, 4! (attern, #! 1! 4autriHel, and #! ?apbern! (1@;5) E+uxrison de la trypanosomiase chroni ue du 7apin | "rypanosoma e uiperdum par l5action combinxe de champs magnxti ues et d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues modulxs!E J2ealing of chronic

trypanosomiasis by trypanosoma e uiperdum of the rabbit by the combined action of magnetic %aves and modulated electromagnetic %aves!K J. * oto?oolo&y, 6ol! 22, 1o! /, 1@;5, p! # 89! 4autriHel, <! (1@;:) E7a trypanosomiase experimentale. stimulation des defenses de 75organisme par des moyens physi ues!E JExperimental trypanosomiasis. stimulation of the organism5s defenses by physical means!K CI55t$ Se#i%a o% 3 ypa%o"o#ia"i" -e"ea +$, 7ondres, 22-2/ )ept! 1@;:! 4autriHel, <!$ 4! (attern, #! 1! 4autriHel, and #! 4riorx! (1@;;) EEffets des champs magnxti ues et des ondes xlectromagnxti ues modulxes sur la trypanosomiase expxrimentale!E JEffect of magnetic fields and modulated electromagnetic %aves on experimental trypanosomiasisK! )%%. So+. 6el&e Me2. t op. J#nnals of the Ielgium )ociety of "ropical (edicineK, 6ol! 5;, 1@;;, p! 501-52/! 4autriHel, <, 4! (attern, #! 4riorx, #! 1! 4autriHel, #! ?apbern, and "! IaltH! (1@;8) E,mportance des mxcanismes immunitaires dans la guxrison de la trypanosomiase expxrimentale par stimulation physi ue!E J,mportance of immune mechanisms in the cure of experimental trypanosomiasis by physical stimulation!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 28:, 1@;8, p! 198;-19@2! J,n -renchK 4autriHel, <!, #! 4riorx, #! 1! 4autriHel, and 4! ?hateaureynaud->uprat! (1@;8) E,mportance de l5ge de la souris sur l5efficacitx de la stimulation de ses dxfenses par un rayonnement xlectromagnxti ue!E J,mportance of the age of the mouse on the efficacy of the stimulation of its defenses by electromagnetic radiationK! 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i! (4aris), 6ol! 28;, 1@;8, p! 5;55;8! 4autriHel, <! and #! 4riorx! (1@;@) ECn aspect spectaculaire du bioxlectromagnxtisme. permettre | l5organisme de se dxbarrasser d5un infection aigu ou chroni ue sans l5aide d5aucune substance mxdicamenteuse!E J# spectacular aspect of bioelectromagnetism. 4ermitting the organism to rid itself of an old or chronic infection %ithout the aid of any medical substance!K 10OM#e 1o%& M" Natio%al 2e" So+iMtM" Sava%te", Iordeaux, 1;-21 #vril 1@;@, )ciences section, p! 112! 4autriHel, <!$ 4! (attern, #! 4riorx, #! 1! 4autriHel, and >! Iernard! (1@;1) EEtat de protection vis-|-vis de "rypanosoma e uiperdum chex des souris splxnectomisxes et soumises | une stimulation physi ue!E J)tate of protection versus trypanosome e uiperdum of splenectomiHed mice submitted to physical stimulationK, ler Multi+ollo<ue 0u opMe% 2e *a a"itolo&ie, <ennes, 1 au 9, )eptembre 1@;1, p! 11:-118! 4autriHel, <!, #! 4riorx, 4! ?hateaureynaud->uprat, and #! 1! 4autriHel! (1@81) E,mmunostimulation by electromagnetic %aves compared %ith effects of hyperthermia!E 9t$ 5%te %atio%al 1o%& e"" o' 6io#ete olo&y, 4"%ab ue+!, 1@81, p! 12:-12;! 4autriHel, <, 4! ?hateaureynaud, #! 1! 4autriHel, +! (ayer, and #! 4riorx! (1@8/) E)timulation of protection mechanisms by magnetic fields and electromagnetic %aves (4riorx apparatus)!E Fi "t Sy#po"iu# o' t$e 5%te %atio%al So+iety o' 6ioele+t i+ity, =ct! 1, 1@8/, Ioston, C!)!#!

4erisse, Eric! (1@89) Effets des =ndes Electromagnxti ues et des ?hamps (agnxti ues sur le ?ancer et la "rypanosomiase Experimental! JEffects of electromagnetic %aves and magnetic fields on cancer and experimental trypanosmiasisK >octoral thesis, Cniversity of Iordeaux ,,, 1o! 8/, (ar! 1:, 1@89! J,n -renchK 4resents the results of experimental %or' %ith the 4riorx machine in curing cancer and other diseases such as trypanosomiasis! "his thesis %as in a %ay a triumph for 4autriHel, %ho finally succeeded in getting the 4riorx %or' in a doctoral thesis at the Cniversity of Iordeaux, some 11 years after 4riorx5s o%n thesis %as re*ected due to extreme pressure from the -rench scientific community and ruthless suppression of the 4riorx pro*ect! 4riorx, #ntoine! (1@:/) E4rocede et dispositif de production de rayonnements utilisables notamment pour le traitement de cellules vivantes!E J4rocedure and #ssemblage for 4roduction of <adiation Especially )erviceable for the "reatment of 7iving ?ells!K <epubli ue -rancais. Irevet d5,nvention 4!6! 1o! 8@@!919, 1o! 1,/92,;;2, =ct! ;, 1@:/! #ntoine 4riorxUs electromagnetic treatment device %hich demonstrated positive cures for terminal cancers and leu'emias in laboratory animals! 4riorx, #! (1@::) E(ethod of producing radiations for penetrating living cells,E C!)! 4atent 1o! /,280,81:, =ct! 25, 1@::! #ntoine 4riorx5s method of producing his EconditionedE radiations used to treat cellular diseases! 4riorx, #! (1@:8)! E#pparatus for producing radiations penetrating living cells!E C!)! 4atent 1o! /,/:8,155! -eb! :, 1@:8! #ntoine 4riorxUs electromagnetic treatment device %hich demonstrated positive cures for terminal cancers and leu'emias in laboratory animals! 4riorx, #ntoine! (1@;/) +uxrison de la "rypanosomiase Expxrimentale #igu et ?hroni ue par 7Uaction ?ombinxe de ?hamps (agnxti ues et >U=ndes Electromagnxti ues (odulxs! J2ealing of intense and chronic experimental trypanosomiasis by the combined action of magnetic fields and modulated electromagnetic %avesK, thesis submitted in candidacy for the doctoral degree, 1@;/! "his is 4riorxUs original doctoral thesis, submitted to the Cniversity of Iordeaux! "he university re*ected the thesis %hen the 4riorx pro*ect %as suppressed! 4riorx, #! (1@;/) EEtude du rayonnement xmis in. +uxrison de la trypanosomiase expxrimentale aigu et chroni ue par l5action combinxe de champs magnxti ues et d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues modulxs!E JE)tudy of the radiation emitted in. 2ealing of intense and chronic experimental trypanosomiasis by the combined action of magnetic fields and modulated electromagnetic %avesK! 7aboratoire d5,mmunologie et de Iiologie 4arasitaire, Iordeaux, 1@;/, ?hap! 1, p! 5-;! <iviere, (! <!, #! 4riorx, -! Ierlureau, (! -ournier and (! +uerin! (1@:5) E4hxnomznes de rxgression observxs sur les greffes d5un lymphosarcome cheH des souris exposxes a des champs xlectromagnxti ues!E J4henomena of regression observed on the graftings of a lymphosarcoma in mice exposed to electromagnetic fieldsK! 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. 7*a i"8, 6ol! 2:0, 1@:5, p! 2:/@-2:9/ Jin -renchK! "his reports the curing of lymphosarcoma, %hich is a malignant lymphoma that tends to metastasiHe freely and spread throughout the body! ,t easily leads to the condition of lymphomatosis, %hich is the presence of multiple lymphomas in the body, including %ide distribution through the various organs, lymph tissue, and tissue resembling lymph tissue!

<iviere, (! <!$ #! 4riorx, -! Ierlureau, (! -ournier and (! +uerin! (1@:9) E#ction de champs xlectromagnxti ues sur les greffes de la tumeur "8 cheH le <at!E J#ction of the electromagnetic fields on the graftings of the "8 tumor in rats!E 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 25@, 1@:9, p! 98@5-98@;! <iviere, (! <!$ #! 4riorx, -! Ierlureau, (! -ournier and (! +uerin! (1@:5) EEffets de champs xlectromagnxti ues sur un lymphosarcome lymphoblasti ue transplantable du <at!E JEffects of electromagnetic fields on lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma transplantable from a rat!K 1o#pt. -e%2. )+a2. S+i. (4aris), 6ol! 2:0, 1@:5, p! 20@@-2102! Comment= 7ymphosarcoma is a malignant lymphoma (malignant tumor of lymph or lymph-li'e tissue) that tends to metastasiHe freely and spread throughout the body! ,t easily leads to the condition of lymphomatosis, %hich is the presence of multiple lymphomas in the body, including %ide distribution through the various organs, lymph tissue, and tissue resembling lymph tissue! # lymphoblast is a cell giving rise to lymphocytes, the colorless %ea'ly motile cells produced in lymphoid tissue and include the cellular mediators of immunity, constituting some 20 to /0 percent of the leu'ocytes (%hite blood cells) of normal human blood! ,n effect the experimenters have healed a transplanted condition that represents a serious leu'emia! <iviere, (! <! and (! +uerin! (1@::) E1ouvelles recherches effectuxes cheH des rats porteurs d5un lymphosarcome lymphoblasti ue soumis | l5action d5ondes xlectromagnxti ues associxes | des champs magnxti ues!E J1e% research on rats having lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, submitted to the action of electromagnetic %aves associated %ith magnetic fields!K ?ompt! <end! #cad! )ci! (4aris), 6ol! 2:2, 1@::, p! 2::@-2:;2! #gain, in effect the experimenters have healed a condition that represents a serious leu'emia! <orvi', >avid (! (1@;5) E>o the -rench 2ave a ?ure for ?ancerRE Es uire, Buly 1@;5, p! 11011, 192-19@! )ummary of the 4riorx #ffair and electromagnetic curing of diseases by the 4riorx machine -- including terminal tumors and infectious diseases such as sleeping sic'ness -- %ith some details of the %or'ing of the machine! Dear0en Note" ; e3erence" : Iearden, "! E! (1@@;) 0%e &eti+" o' F ee 0%e &y Sy"te#" a%2 Ia+uu# 0%&i%e 3$e apie"! "ara 4ublishing, ,nternet node %%%!tarapublishing!com3boo's, Buly 1@@; (the site is possibly no% no longer online)! "his boo' summariHes the authorUs %or' in t%o areas. (i) overunity electromagnetic circuits and systems, and (ii) the 4riorx medical therapy and the technical mechanism (pumping cells and all their parts in the infolded E( domain to cause the cell to form anti-disease vacuum engines)! Iearden, "! E! (1@@;) EEnergetics Cpdate and )ummary,E 4art ,, 0=plo e, ;(:), 1@@;, p! :0-:;$ 4art ,,, 0=plo e, ;(;), 1@@;, p! 5/-5:$ 4art ,,,, Explore, 8(1), 1@@;, p! 5/-5:$ 4art ,6, Explore, 8(/), 1@@;, p! 5:-:/! )ummary to date (1@@;) of the authorUs energy %or' in overunity E( systems, together %ith a summary to date of his %or' on the 4riorx therapeutic methodology utiliHing vacuum engines to cure cancer, dread infections, atheriosclerosis, and to restore suppressed immune systems!

Iearden, "! E! (1@@;-2001) ?ollection of various draft research papers and %rite-ups! )trongly updates and significantly expands version of %or' in 1@@8 and prior! 4umping any mass %ith longitudinal E( %aves produces time-reversal of the pumped mass, and the mechanism and results must be interpreted by a combination of extended nonlinear optics for time domain pumping and general relativity! "he correspondent to the 17= input Esignal %aveE in this case is the spacetime internested curvatures (the spacetime engine, or vacuum engine) associated %ith the pumped mass and all its parts, including even the uar's in its nucleons! "he output is an amplified specific vacuum a%ti-engine, that precisely reverses the mass (either living or inert) bac' over its previous changes of /-spatial form %ith respect to the flo% of time! "his is the fundamental mechanism utiliHed by the body5s <egeneration and <ecovery (<L<) system, %ithin its limitations! "he 4riorx approach used a far more po%erful application of the body5s method by %hich the <L< system is able to slo%ly reverse cellular damage bac' to a previous earlier healthy state! "he author has also extended the method by inputting an additional vacuum engine, so that time-reversal of the mass can be EsteeredE into any related form desired, %hether or not the mass ever previously existed in that /-spatial state! Eventually, %e %ill probably produce a boo' from these research draft papers! Iearden, "! E! (1@@5) E6acuum Engines and 4riorx5s (ethodology. "he "rue )cience of Energy(edicine! 4arts , and ,,!E 0=plo eT, :(1), 1@@5, p! ::-;:$ :(2), 1@@5, p! 50-:2! Iac'ground and light technical coverage of 4riorx5s %or' and methodology! -or the educated layman! Iearden, " !E! (1@@/) E(echanism for 7ong-"erm ?umulative Iiological Effects of E( <adiation,E presented to the ;0th #nnual (eeting of the #labama #cademy of )cience, Cniversity of #labama at 2untsville, (arch 25, 1@@/! 4resents a ne% definition of cancer, and a long-term cumulative mechanism for cancer incorporating all contributing factors! ?ancer is often a result of the body5s electrical master cellular control system sending an order (a va+uu# e%&i%e) to the most affected cells (in a long condition of hypoxic stress) to dedifferentiate bac' to%ard anaerobic cells, from their dim ancestry on the primeval earth! Explains in depth ho% the 4riorx method causes an amplified counterorder (an a#pli'ie2 va+uu# a%ti-e%&i%e) to be issued, redifferentiating the cancerous cell bac' to a normal cell! 1ote added. "his entire engineantiengine area and functioning can be ade uately modeled in Evans5 =(/) electrodynamics as a subset of )achs5 unified field theory! Iearden, "! E! (1@@8) 7etter to +eneral (<etired) 0alter Iusbee, #ssistant to the )ecretary of >efense for ?ounterproliferation and ?hemical3Iiological >efense, )ub*ect. E)aving the 7ives of (ass I0 ?asualties from "errorist I0 )tri'es on C!)! 4opulation ?enters,E #pril 2, 1@@8, /: p! Explains that longitudinal E( %ave pumping in the 4riorx device %as time-domain pumping! 6ie%ed general relativistically, this temporal pumping produced a time-reversal of the entire cellular mass and all its components, from its diseased state bac' to a previous healthy state! #dvances an extension to the method %hich allo%s the targeted EpastE state to be deliberately determined as desired, %hether or not the pumped mass ever possessed that physical state! 4roposes a crash pro*ect to develop a portable 4riorx-type treatment unit in 18 months, to be used in treatment of mass casualties after terrorist I0 attac's on C!)! population centers! /: p! "%o color briefings and substantial bac'ground material %ere attached to the letter! "he color briefing on %eapons of mass destruction and treating the mass casualties, is no% carried on http.33%%%!cheniere!org !

Iearden, "! E! (1@@8) Executive )ummary, E)aving the 7ives of (ass I0 ?asualties in =ur 4opulation ?enters,E (ar! /1, 1@@8! 2 p

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A'"tract -- "he proposed device for forming an energy field comprises at least one collector (1) made up of a plurality of energy sources (2) arranged along a closed line and separated by gaps, %ith a central open area (:)! "he energy sources (2) are interconnected and can move in relation to each other! DE *4**)9) Apparat/" 3or t-e 0irecte0 0e3lection or "creening o3 "oFcalle0 eart- ra0iation F geopat-ogenic Jone" ,nventor. 6E<b,?2" >E) E<-,1>E<) #C- 1E11C1+

A'"tract -- #ntennas - bar antennas, 6-shaped multiple-bar antennas, spirals, in connection %ith tubular sleeves %hich serve as %ave guides and are or may be e uipped %ith a ground reflector to increase their effect, emit all around a deflecting radiation or an interference radiation in the upright position in con*unction %ith a directional reflector mounted at the top, charged by a geopathic %ave field! "his radiation is capable in its effective range of drifting or neutralising other interfering stimuli3radiation caused by further interference Hones (%ater veins, etc!)! ,n the case of interference radiation3deflection radiation directed do%n%ards due to a corresponding reflector shape there is no rod deflection above the erection site! ,n the case of interference radiation3deflection radiation directed up%ards due to a corresponding reflector shape there is no rod deflection belo% the erection site! "he effective range is influenced by the siHe of the antenna, the charge thereof (interference Hone crossing) and by the shape of the reflector screen! DE *A)AA)% 6,rami0al magnetic 3iel0 0evice 3or t-e reg/lation o3 energ, 0i"t/r'ance" in t-e -/man 'o0, or 3or t-e contin/o/" material recover, ,nventor. &#C)?2 =""=

A'"tract -- "he device comprises, for example, a pyramid of dielectric material having the dimensions, as true to scale as possible, of the ?heops pyramid and in a siHe corresponding to the use to %hich it is put! "he collector effect of the pyramid, one edge of %hich is to be aligned to magnetic north, bundles the positive pole energy of the magnetic earth field in the energy core of the device! #s in a mirror image, EreflectedE force fields %ith negative energy result above and belo% the pyramid! a) Iy appropriately positioning a person in, above or underneath the pyramid it is possible to supply the bundled energy resulting from the collector effect of the pyramid to the person in order to balance out energy disturbances of the body! b) ,f the sub*ect-matter of the application is used for the continuous automatic material recovery a pyramid of appropriate siHe is to be fitted over the metal part (e!g! bearing) in such a %ay that the part is located %ithin the energy core of the pyramid and the pyramid is aligned to the direction of magnetic north3south! DE *8)*%&8 Device 3or collecting an0 "electivel, tran"mitting programme0 ra0ie"t-eticall, mea"/ra'le ra0iation5 in partic/lar5 to t-e -/man 'o0, ,nventor. 1E(,"b (#1-<,E>

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device for collecting and selectively transmitting programmed radiesthetically measurable radiation, in particular, to the human body! "he device comprises three or four functional elements %hich are connected to one another, namely a pyramid-shaped body as a radiation collector, a vessel serving as radiation transmitter and a tubular radiation in*ector and, if appropriate, a radiation adapter! DE 84600&% Device 3or accr/ing co"mo'iological energ, ,nventor. <C>2#<>", E7-<,E>E, 8@:0 &E(4"E1, >E

A'"tract -- # hollo% body (10) in the form of a regular pyramid %ith a s uare base has an outer attachment (18) along its one bottom edge (19), on %hich attachment a magnetic compass (20) is secured, a mar'ing (29$ 25), provided on the attachment (18), lying %ith the compass axis in a plane %hich is parallel to one pair of bottom edges (19) and at right angles to the other pair of bottom edges! "he hollo% body (10) can be moved uic'ly and accurately into a position in %hich t%o parallel bottom edges (19$ 1:) are aligned in the earth5s 1orth-)outh direction! ,n this position, the hollo% pyramid is able to accrue cosmobiological energy and to supply it to ob*ects situated therein! E6 08*8)08 DE!ICE (O T EATING AN O GANI#M WIT8 ENE GM ,nventor. >E1,)=6 )"#1,)7#6 +E=<+,E6,?2 J<CK $ #"#E6 >b2#6#1)2,< ,)(#,7 =+7G

A'"tract -- >evice by energetics affect to bio-ob*ect contains %ire %hich is fixed on a substrate as open-ended space spiraling curve, and %ire, is representing by not crossing coils, is located in spiral form, and the device is supplied by the element for regulation of intensity by affect, this element executed as closed electro-conductivity contour, %hich is located %ith possibility to change its position concerning space spiral-graphic curve! )pace spiral-graphic curve can be ellepes -graphic form, and closed contour - form curve, located %ith a opportunity of turn and

linear moving concerning space spiral-graphic curve! "he %ire can be executed as electroconductiving cover, %hich is ma'e up dielectric material! "he device can be supplied having by bio-energetics activity chemical elements such as tellurium, lanthanum, gadolinium, bismuth and etc!, %hich are located in a Hone of %ire arrangement!$ "he %ay of valuation at efficiency device5s %or' by energetic affect to bio-ob*ect is concluded to measure conductivity of biologic active points by -oll5s method at ten main points on each foot and brush before and after affect, to determine for each points its deviation from given significance, %hich is accepted 50A2 scale points of the device, thus repeated measurements conductivity ma'e after period of time, e ual 1, 29 or 98 hours, and the efficiency by affect is evaluate at siHe of deviations conductivity is received by results its measurement after effect, do not exceeding 90F from siHe of deviations conductivity, received by results of its measurement before the affect!

E6 06&*%8A Device 3or improving t-e e33icienc, o3 engine" ,nventor. IE<+(#11 2E<(#11 E?. 205-;300

"he device has a plate (1) provided %ith a number of pyramids (2), %ith a pin (9) positioned centrally under the pea' of each pyramid, supported by an electrically-conductive collector plate (/)! # pair of electrical leads (5,:) extend bet%een the collector plate and the fuel feed for the i!c! engine, or the engine bloc', or bet%een the collector plate and the electric motor leads, or the electric motor housing! 4ref! the individual pyramids are made of ?u sheet and arranged in a matrix %ith eight pyramids in each direction! (agnets may be inserted in the leads bet%een the collector plate and the i!c! engine or electric motor! WO 94)0&0) DE!ICE (O CON!EMING DAM6 O #ALT# ,nventor. (=2=<1 0,72E7(

A'"tract FF ,n a device for conveying damp or salts, e!g!, to dry masonry, %ith at least one electrical conductor %ound into a coil (100) and fitted in a housing, the %inding diameter of the coil (100) diminishes spirally from one end to the other! 2ere the distance bet%een the %indings of a spiral or %edge-spiral coil (100) and the coil axis in the in%ard direction is 90 to :0 F smaller on each full revolution than the previous distance! =n average, therefore, this gives. for the spiral radius measured at @0 >E+ . <51 S <1-<239$ at 180 >E+ . <551 S <1-<232$ at 2;0 >E+ . <5551 S <1-<2x/39$ at /:0 >E+ . <2 S <132! ( )AA4*A4 Device "en"ing tell/ric an0 co"mic 2ave" an0 in-i'iting t-eir e33ect" ,nventor. >C4,1 B#?OCE)

A'"tract -- >evice ensuring physiological protection against the harmful effects of telluric and cosmic %aves! "he invention is constituted by one or several oscillating circuits formed of rings associated %ith a bar parallel to their plane and extending on either side, the said device being placed horiHontally oriented north%ards! ,t is in this %ay that the device can comprise the rings 1 to 5 centred, side by side, on a single bar : or concentric according to ; to 10 associated %ith the bar 11, their effect differing in po%er according to the disposition adopted! "he invention can be used to increase physiological comfort and to improve health! GD %0&&&6A Device 3or a33ecting t-e gro2t- or propertie" o3 organic or mineral 'o0ie" ,nventor. <=IE<" #1-=))=

A'"tract -- # device said to stimulate plants, or animal or mineral bodies, comprises one or more arcuate or bent member / of an electrically conductive material supported on an electrically insulating member 2 of ebonite or a synthetic plastics material! #n animal or mineral body being treated may be positioned on an earthed plate! "he effect is said to be improved if the member / is directed to the East!

GD &66886 A 0evice 3or "creening or ne/trali"ing 0o2"ing ra," or 3iel0"

,nventor. 0#7"E< +,)2-=<> E>0#<>)

A'"tract -- # device for screening the body from do%sing rays or fields comprises a foundation 9 of paper or other suitable material to %hich is secured rings 1 or loops of metal %ire or foil arranged in a comtiion plane so that they do not touch one another! "he rings 1 or loops may be made of copper %ire or foil and each ring may be bro'en to form a gap 2!

E6 00986A6 Eart-ing 0evice ,nventor. +,E<&,1& #742=1) B=2#11E)

A'"tract -- "he invention has for its ob*ect to counteract the negative influence of biologically active fields on living organisms and provides for this purpose a device for neutraliHing such fields, said device comprising an electrically conductive strip or %ire having an earth connection at the middle, said strip or %ire being located substantially in one plane and being constructed in the form of a ring symmetrical to the middle, %hilst the ends of the strip or %ire are spaced by a small distance! WO 0)408A9 #M#TEM AND MET8OD (O GENE ATING A IG8T TO #ION (IELD ,nventor. 4#67E1&= #1#"=7,G < JC#K $ 4#67E1&= =7E\#1>E<

A'"tract -- # device for generating a right torsion field having an outer body, a salt solution, and ring! "he ring generates a first right torsion field! "he ring and the salt solution are disposed %ithin the outer such that a portion of the first right torsion field propagates through the salt solution!$ # device for generating a right torsion field (9/) having an outer body (10), a salt solution, and a ring (/1, /2, //)! "he ring (/1, /2, //) generates a first right torsion field (91)! "he ring (/1, /2, //) and the salt solution are disposed %ithin the outer body (10) such that a portion of the first right torsion field (91) propagates through the salt solution! ( %)60006 Emette/r 0e ra0iation" calc/lae" ,nventor. I,E1I=,<E +CG-E>=C#<>-+#I<,E7 <# A449*&6 #,"tem an0 met-o0 3or pro0/cing -ig-l, ampli3ie0 ra0io "ignal" 3or 3ee0'ac4 into t-e -/man 'o0, ,nventor. ?#77#2#1 42,7,4

A'"tract FF "he present invention includes an apparatus and method for generating, duplicating, and transmitting biophotonic radio fre uencies that propagate along the atmospheric boundary layer of the human s'in and the earth5s atmosphere! "hese biophotonic radio fre uencies are applied to a human patient for therapeutic purposes! "his function is realiHed %ith the use of a series of oscillators (i!e!, electronic function generators) designed to produce modulated or unmodulated sine and s uare %ave photons! "he oscillators are further adapted to emit the modulated or unmodulated sine and s uare %ave photons from a dielectric or metal antenna built as loops into the %alls of a diamagnetic-paramagnetic chamber! 0hen a person is seated in the chamber, the photons of energy from the %aves generated along the loop antenna penetrate the human body and provide a variety of therapeutic benefits! #mong these therapeutic benefits are relief of rheumatic muscular pain, slo%ing the metabolism, increasing the efficiency of the immune system, eliminating certain psychosomatic ailments, and suppressing cancer!

WO 9*)A)&0 DE!ICE (O 6 OTECTION AGAIN#T T8E DIOLOGICAL E((ECT# O( ELECT OMAGNETIC NONFIONI#ING ADIATION#5 6A TIC<LA LM T8O#E EMITTED DM !D< EG<I6MENT ,nventor. -,77,=1-<=I,1 (#C<,?E )E<+E

E6 0AA%668 e"onator" eliminating t-e -arm3/l e33ect" on living 'eing" 3rom electromagnetic ra0iation ,nventor. )C<IE?& B#?OCE) E?. 205-;300

E# )0406)4 Electromotive po2er generator 3or t-erape/tic /"e" ,nventor. <#(=) -E<1#1>Eb -E7,?,),(=

E6 0*0)%9) Device 3or t-e treatment o3 living 'eing" an0 plant" 2it- p,rami0 energ, ,nventor. =E2(E <#,1E<

A'"tract -- ,n a device for the treatment of living beings and plants %ith pyramidal energy, the energy is pic'ed up on energy pic'-up lines (12, 1/), %hich are arranged electrically separate along the four edges of the pyramid (:)! )ince the emission of energy is particularly strong along the pyramid edges, a particularly large amount of energy can be pic'ed up by energy pic'-up

lines (12, 1/) of this type! )uch energy pic'-up lines (12, 1/) are considerably cheaper to produce! ( )6%80&6 Device 3or emitting 'ene3icial 2ave 3orm" ,nventor. I=C<+=C,1 >=(,1,OCE J-<K $ >#?,E< ?2<,)"=42E

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device allo%ing the emission of %ave forms %hich are beneficial for all living things! ,t consists of a set of geometrical shapes %hose arrangement generates a symbolic application and gives rise to the appearance of po%erful emissions %hich are beneficial for all living beings! "he device according to the invention is in particular intended for creating a beneficial vibrational field! ?ited documents. -<2/2@08@ 33 -<2559/59 33 -<1589210 33 -<29215/1 ( )A9%494 Am'ience -armoni"er con"i"ting o3 a c/'e "/rmo/nte0 ', t-ree -emi"p-ere" 2-ic- can move aro/n0 a vertical a+i" ,nventor. I#I=11E#C IE<1#<>

A'"tract -- >evice for harmonising a location! "he invention relates to a device for obtaining or re-establishing maximum vibrational harmony of a location! ,t consists of a cube 1 surmounted by three hemispheres 2 %hich can move around a vertical axis /! "%enty-four ErunesE 9 are pyrographed on each hemisphere! "he device according to the invention is intended in particular for general harmonisation %or'ing to%ards maintaining plants, animals and human beings in Egood healthE in the place in %hich they live!

( 9*0466 Met-o0 an0 apparat/" 3or t-e proce""ing o3 3l/i0 ', ra0iation ,nventor. 4EOC,+1=" (,?2E7

( %%A*6)* Collecting an0 /"e o3 t-e co"mic ra," ,nventor. 7#<=1bE BE#1-#1><E

DE )4A&&9) TEC8NI#C8E ANO DN<NGEN ,nventor. 2#1)?2(#11 2=<)"

?onstruction of arrangements and technical apparatus among other things for the degradation of cancer cells! DE 8A*A&80 6ro'e ,nventor. 2#1) I<CE+E(#11 +(I2

)uch probes %ith body electrode are 'no%n and come before all things for therapeutic purposes to the use! # 'no%n therapy procedure plans it to strengthen the bio alternating field in one, detected of the body of an patient %ith an acceptance probe, the probe do%nstream metre to diagnose and provide feeding bac' %ith the calculated complement either over the same acceptance probe or over an other particular DE )AA9*8* Met-o0 ; Apparat/" 3or 6rogramming o3 Cell" ,nventor. 2#1)?2(#11 2=<)" GD )%%&%8* 6rotective apparat/" ,nventor. #<E1) ?#<7 J>EK $ )?2(,>" 4#C7

A'"tract -- #pparatus for protecting living organisms against geo-biological radiation comprises a series of layers of spaced apart electrically conducting metal rods @! "he rods in each layer are parallel to each other and are held in an electrically insulating holder member 1-9 of plastics material! "he members 1 to 9 are clamped together by a 'nob 8 on a rod 5 %hich is scre%ed into a pedestal ;! "he rods in ad*acent layers are sho%n at @0 degrees to each other, but this angle can be ad*usted by loosening the rod 5, turning the holder members and then tightening the rod again! #lso published as. -<252/850 33 >E8208/00 33 ?2:58;@0 ?ited documents. >E/0/:085 33 +I10;;;:5

DE &%4*60* #-iel0ing EI/ipment ,nventor. #1+E7E B

"he invention relates to shielding e uipment to %ea'en electrical radiation, caused from shafts by running %ater in the earth and variations of the earth5s magnetic field, furthermore %ave gate Hones and other effects of other origins! C8 %4A)&% Mec-ani"m to Collect Tell/ric Energ, ,nventor. E>C#<> 2#<"

E606A%A9A 6roce"" an0 a""ociate0 0evice 3or t-e ne/trali"ation o3 t-e e33ect" o3 electromagnetic 3iel0" 2it-in open area" an0>or vol/me" ,nventor. ?,??=7= E1b# ?ited documents. +I/85@8; 33 >E/59/;:5 33 >E/9//2@2 33>E900@00/

A'"tract -- >evice for neutraliHing the effects of electromagnetic fields inside areas and3volumes in %hich said fields occur, consisting of a pyramid (1) having as its base a rhombus (2), the greater diagonal (>1) and smaller diagonal (d2) of %hich are respectively of a length such as to give rise to a so-called golden ratio >13d2, and also of a height (h) such as to give rise to a ratio h3>1 also of the golden type, there also being provided at least one pair of arms (/) and (9) respectively parallel to the greater diagonal (>1) and to the smaller diagonal (d2) and

respectively *oining pairs of opposite edges (1a,1c,1b,1d) of the pyramid (1), said arms (/,9) supporting in the region of said edges respective containers (/1,/),9E,90) designed to contain a predetermined uantity of a li uid and intersecting in the region of a further, central, container (5) arranged along the height of the pyramid! WO 9)%)&6% DE!ICE (O ACCELE ATING G OWT8 ,nventor. &=7#< +#I=<

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device for promoting and accelerating gro%th in human beings and animals and for accelerating the recovery of human beings and animals follo%ing illness and in*ury and to support healing processes! ,t consists of a combination of at least t%o of the items belo%, possibly %ith suitably selected intermediate components. a) pyramids %ith at least hexagonal bases$ b) truncated pyramid %ith at least hexagonal base and summit surface$ c) cylinders$ d) tapered domes$ e) truncated tapered domes$ f) toroidal section$ g) paraboloid region or cap$ h) ellipsoid region or cap (@, 10)$ i) ridged band (11) on the surface of one of items a) to h), %hich may be of various shapes! "%o items of the same group %ith differing dimensions may also be combined, %ith the proviso that, if only one of items a) to h) is combined %ith item i), there are at least six items i)! #lso published as. B45505//2 33 2C::20/ 33 E4052211; 33#C11;:9@2 33 #"/@;:18 ?ited documents. E40/021@2 33 E4022@8;9 33 -<2/2@08@ 33 -<25;228@ 33 -<25@19@9

WO )0060&0)%* DE!ICE TO T AN#(E DIOLOGICAL ENE GM INTO DIOMEC8ANICAL ENE GM ,nventor. #&)bB=1=6,?) ,+=< 6#)b,7BE6,?) #lso published as. <C200;12@00: 33 2C0902:8: 33 E418:11:/

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device realises the transformation of biological energy into biomechanical energy in the form of a geometric body! "he characteristic feature of the invention is that it contains a number of pyramids or cones inserted into one another at their points or bases %hich form a unified geometric form, %ith a common space inside them, %hich may stand empty or be filled %ith organic or inorganic material, %hich may have any form, colour or extent, %hat is more the extent and form of the internal volume may be changed and regulated, the structure itself may be made of organic or inorganic material! WO 9404))% DE!ICE (O ACC<M<LATION O( DIOLOGICOFCO#MIC ENE GM ,nventor. >=>=1=6 I=<,) 4E"<=6,?2 J<CK $ >=>=1=6 <=(#1 I=<,)=6,?2 #&"),=1E<1=E =I)?2E)"6= b#&<G" J<CK $ >=>=1=6 I=<,) 4E"<=6,?2 J<CK

(A1) #lso published as. #C251;:@2

A'"tract -- "he device (1) comprises a body (2) %ith a cavity in its central area having the form of a linear channel (/) and connecting %ith the surrounding space by an inlet opening (9)! "he lateral %all (5) of the body (2) is provided %ith at least one linear tangential channel (:) connecting by an outlet opening (8) %ith the linear channel (/) and by an inlet opening (;) %ith the surrounding space! "he longitudinal axis of the tangential channel (:) is situated in a crosssectional plane of the channel (/)! DE *8)6890 Met-o0 3or in3l/encing t-e 0egree o3 or0er o3 an inorganic or organic ","tem ', /"ing t-e c-ange5 occ/rring in t-e area o3 action o3 a -ollo2 p,rami0 ,nventor. &E44E7E< (#1-<E> E?. I01>@300

A'"tract -- "he invention includes a method for influencing the degree of order of an inorganic or organic system by using the change, occurring in the active region of a hollo% pyramid, in the sub-region of the terrestial magnetic field other%ise prevailing there, by directing the terrestial magnetic subfield to at least one hollo% pyramid face, %hich is inclined essentially at the local inclination angle, is aligned together %ith the inclination plane %ith the magnetic north-south direction and is formed from diamagnetic material, on to the system, %hich is preferably brought into the interior, belo% or in the immediate vicinity of the pyramid, and exposing the system to the influence of the pyramid in essence over the duration of its natural development time! ,n addition, the invention includes a hollo% pyramid for carrying out this method, in %hich at least one pyramid face is inclined at the inclination angle %hich is decisive for the application site, and at least this pyramid face consists of diamagnetic material having a volumetric susceptibility belo% -15! "he hollo% pyramid preferably consists of brass, Hinc, silver, bismuth, graphite or ytterbium %ith in each case a volumetric susceptibility of belo% -15, or else of an alloy or composition of these materials! "he method according to the invention is suitable for improving the formation of crystals in solutions, cultivating microorganisms (microbes), improving the germination of seeds!!! E6 0)A9&69 In"tallation 3or p,rami0al energ,

,nventor. =E2(E <#,1E< #lso published as. >E/:/052/

A'"tract -- # conductor (2) runs externally over a pyramid (1) in the form of a conical spiral! ,ts outgoing conductor part (9) is passed over the apex of the pyramid (1)! "he conductor (2) consists either of an electrical conductor or alternatively of a tubular body through %hich a medium to be treated can be passed! Csing such a conductor (2) as an energy absorbing device, the complete vibration spectrum of the pyramid (1) can be detected!

E6 0)8&68& Device 3or t-e treatment o3 living 'eing" an0 plant" ', p,rami0al energ, ,nventor. =E2(E <#,1E< E?. #2/7/32:$ #:111309

A'"tract -- 4yramidal energy is ta'en from a pyramid (:) by means of a vibration pic'-up applied to it from above! 7ines (1/, 19) are guided do%n from this vibration pic'-up (10) along an edge of the pyramid (:) and convey the pic'ed-up energy to an upper and lo%er cha'ra electrode (8, @), %hich are arranged on a support (;)!

E6 0))98&4 6rotection 0evice ,nventor. 4#7( 2CIE<" >< (E>

A'"tract -- "he protective effect and healing action of the device for all life is based on its ualitative biological and structural e uivalence to the harmonical system of the cosmos and especially, according to &epler, of the solar system! ,ts construction starts from the assumption of all high religions and high cultures that the good part of the cosmos as a %hole - as creation of +od - and therefore %ith all its parts is an integral unit of life! 2armonic e uipment that bears a ualitative structural resemblence to life and, in particular, is capable of electromagnetic vibrations, must therefore process biologically the same cosmic life forces as it has to transmit inductively, %hich experience sho%s occur every%here in the cosmos, especially in the form of vibrations! DE *A*084% C-a4ra electro0e ,nventor. =E2(E <#,1E<

( )A80%80 #,"tem 3or protection again"t t-e p-,"iological e33ect" o3 electromagnetic 3iel0" <#bE E",E11E J-<K A'"tract -- )ystem intended for protecting living beings against the physiological effects of electromagnetic fields, characterised in that it is composed of at least t%o devices each consisting of a casing, on the bottom of %hich there are disposed at least a first bar made of a magnetisable material and at least one second bar made of a material %hich is non-magnetisable but %hich has a high coefficient of conductivity, these bars being disposed %ithout touching each other in an open angular pattern, the remaining volume of the casing being filled %ith ferrite particles dispersed %ithin a dry, inert microionised po%der, and agglomerated using an inert binder, these devices being sub*ected before use to an activation treatment consisting in passing them through at least one pair of electromagnetic fields %ith inverted orientations,$ the said devices together defining a protective screen situated in the space %hich separates them! ( )A&))89 Device -aving t-e a'ilit, to c/re certain cancer"

7E(IEGE ?2#<7E) J-<K

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device %hich has the ability to transmit an energy flux %hich cures certain cancers! "his device consists of t%elve hemispheres made of hard %ood pierced %ith a hole 1 and threaded on a leather thong 2! # leather %asher / is placed under the stac' thus constituted! CA )04*9*6 Device 3or acc/m/lation5 ampli3ication an0 local 0irection o3 t-e po"itive co"mic energ,

,nventor. )"=B#1=6,? I<#1,)7#6 #lso published as. E409:0:;0 33 #C;81@9@1

A'"tract -- "he novelty about the device for accumulation, amplification and local direction of the positive cosmic energy is that bet%een the 6-shaped arms (11) of the support (1) there is anothed 6-shaped piece (2) %hich is fixed tightly by its arms (21) bet%een the convexity (1:) and a semi-cylindrical convexity (1/) on the arms (11)! #t the end of the arms (11) there are cylindrical convexities (115) over %hich there is a convexity (12) at the angle of @0 degrees in relation to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical convexities (115)! #t the end of convexities (115) there is a cylindrical convexity (1/)!$ =n the outer surface of arms (11) there are three holes (15) on each side, respectively, and spherical convexities (19) around them, and t%o hemispherical convexities (1:) on each side, respectively, next to them, %hereas on arms (21) of the piece (2) there are three holes (29) on each side, lined %ith convexities (2/) and there are t%o hemispherical convexities (22) on the outer surface of each side, as %ell as t%o hemispherical convexities (25) on the inner surface of the arms (21)! E6 0)96%4) Device to co/nter'alance t-e "/rro/n0ing electromagnetic ra0iation ,nventor. >E?&E<) -<#1?=,)

WO 9A)6)%A Met-o0 o3 Imm/nomo0/lation o3 t-e nonF"peci3ic reactivit, o3 an animal organi"m GD %496A8) An Energ, ea'"orption En-ancement C-am'er ,nventor(s). )#?2E< -<#1?E) 6=1 #lso published as. 17;501808 33 )E;9129@; 33B450119888 33 I<;500@// 33 >E250/:22

( 48%*A Emette/r" 0Con0e" permettant 0e ranimer o/ 0e tran"porter le" on0e" ami"e" par le" corp" 0e la nat/re

,nventor. "C<E11E 7=C,)

DE %&%98&8 ANO DN<NG O< AD#C8I M<NG ODE O< NE<T ALI#IE <NG !ON (ELD#TOE <NGEN ,nventor. B#&=I 0 - )"#E1+7E J>EK

( 48A94A No title availa'le

DE **)0A%0 a0iation "2itc- 3or ra0iation 0e3lection an0 irra0iation ,nventor. 6=E7&1E< &#<7 2E,1b J>EK #pplicant. 6=E7&1E< &#<7 2E,1b

A'"tract -- <adiation s%itch for radiation deflection and irradiation! b) <adiation surface suction probe for radiation deflection and irradiation! "he patent specification for %hich a patent is applied is the combined result of my many years of research into environmentally harmful radiation returning to the sun! ,n fairly high concentration it is visible as livid-coloured light having a fre uency of 90,000 mm! 7ivid radiation reflectors are produced and assembled by the industry over an uncontrolled, immense area! 0hen used conscientiously and in a controlled manner, the s%itches and probes listed in the patent specification are suitable for preventing vegetation damage to man, animals, trees and plants! (easurable. %ith a 50 cm long golden chain on %hich a golden ring is threaded, shortened to 25 cm! "he harmful radiation intensity starts at a pendulum deflection of 1 cm %hich leads absolutely to death of the vegetation! =ptically. photo3video. falsification of the spectral colours by superposition of the livid light! "his livid radiation 'no%s no obstacles! ,t can only be prevented by application and extension by experts of the la% governing radiation protection! WO 0)%800& MET8OD (O 6 OTECTING A 8<MAN DEING ( OM T8E ACTION O( A #6IN (IELD . ADIATION1 8A!ING LE(T 6OLA I#ATION O( #6ACE ,nventor. =<7=6 ,+=< ,6#1=6,?2 JC#K $ I#?2,)2E6 +=<?2(# 1C<G-=+7G

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to medical e uipment %hich is directed at neutralising damaging effects produced by data display devices, more specifically terminal display devices, "6 sets etc, and can be used for video devices, computers and po%er devices! )aid invention can be also used for protecting against the negative effects of geopathogenic Hones and geobiological systems! "he inventive method is based on an additional field (radiation) having the opposite direction of a spin polarisation %ithin the volume of the field! )aid field is produced by the data display device! ,n addition, a supplementary compensating spin field having a right polarisation

of environmental space is created %ith the aid of a physical vacuum polariser having a right polarisation %hich is based on the effect of prepolarisation of the polariser5s substance! "he inventive device comprises a compensating element embodied in the form of at least t%o coaxial soc'ets %hich are arranged on a common base! "he internal soc'et has the lo%er of the dimensions d of the cross section thereof, %hich is e ual to dZ 0,5 2, %here 2 represents the height of the soc'et! )aid coaxial soc'ets have the cross section chosen from a range consisting of a polygon %ith the side number thereof m ZS /, a circle, a rotary body having an arbitrary shape and the combination of said figures! "he %alls of the soc'ets are embodied in such a %ay that they are sharp-edged on the side of the free ends thereof! WO 96*)%9) DE!ICE (O IN(L<ENCING T8E #T <CT< E O( MATE IAL ODHECT# ,nventor. C6#<=6 67#>,(,< 6#),7,E6,?2 C6#<=6 67#>,(,< 6#),7,E6,?2 J<CK

A'"tract --"he technical problem addressed by the invention is that of enhancing an influence on material ob*ects! "o enhance a positive influence on material ob*ects, regular rectangular pyramids are proposed, made from a dielectric material and set up in such a %ay that each of the side facets is aligned %ith the directions of the horiHon, %hile the geometrical shape of the pyramid is determined by a ratio of the base sides to the pyramid height expressed as follo%s. # S 1!5;2/02!!!2 or # S 0!9858:8!!!2, %herein # is the base side of the regular rectangular pyramid and 2 is the height of the regular rectangular pyramid!

WO 9*%9A&9 MET8OD AND DE!ICE (O IN(L<ENCING AN ODHECT AND A66A AT<# <#ING #AID DE!ICE ,nventor. &#<4 GC7G )E(E1=6,?2 #lso published as. 0=@/1@5;@ 33 E40:9:/@2 33 E40:9:/@2 33 #C/0@8:@2 A'"tract -- # method for influencing an ob*ect participating in a technological process consists in directing an external energy on an intermediate element %hich changes its functional state and influences the ob*ect participating in the technological process, and the influence is formed as a secondary radiation %hich is interconnected %ith the external energy and %hich is generated from the substance contained in the material of the intermediate element! "he formation of the secondary radiation flo% %ith desired parameters is effected by periodical variation of the vector of anisotropy of the substance of the intermediate element and the thus formed flo% of the secondary radiation is directed on the ob*ect!$ "he device comprises an external energy source (2) and an intermediate element (/) capable of generating an influence in the form of secondary radiation matching %ith the external energy from the source (2) and resulting from the periodical change of the vector of anisotropy of the substance contained in the material of the intermediate element (/)! "he device is used as apparatus for programmed stimulation of self-regulation of biological ob*ects for correction of their functional state! DE **)0A%8 Device 3or c-anging ra0ie"t-eticall, mea"/ra'le 3iel0" ,nventor. )?20E,"bE< 4#C7 ><

A'"tract -- "he invention relates to a device for changing radiesthetically measurable fields %ith the ob*ect of avoiding the pathogenic effects of their biologically active regions, the so-called irritant Hones! "hese fields are mainly caused by underground %ater veins! 2o%ever, they are

also found in space lattice-li'e structures, the so-called lattice systems incident from the atmosphere! #ll the measures and devices 'no%n to date for attenuating or eliminating the effect of the irritant Hones have shortcomings or disadvantages! #s a rule, they are ineffective %ith regard to the particularly dangerous crossing region of the irritant Hones, or they detect only individual fre uencies and must be ad*usted %ith the ris' of inefficacy due to malad*ustment! "he invention is based on the ob*ect of creating a device for changing radiesthetically measurable fields %hich avoids the aforesaid disadvantages! "his ob*ect is achieved using a pyramidal body in that one or more elements, e!g! another pyramidal body, or an element %hich is resonant in the micro%ave range, e!g! a spiral, or a homeopathic preparation, is arranged %ithin or directly underneath this body!

HacI/e" A!ATIN Activator"

HacI/e" avatin 2a" an a""ociate o3 Leon #prin4$ avatin invente0 "maller an0 more po2er3/l ver"ion" o3 t-e #prin4 #pace Activator = E600%60&9 > WO 8000)9* . Original5 (renc-5 6D( 1 A66A AT<# (O AM6LI(MING EMI##ION# D<E TO #8A6E# 1@80-10-01 De"cription FF "he present invention refers to an e uipment ma'ing it possible to amplify the emissions due to the forms, in particular %ith the single geometric forms presenting a minimum of symmetry! ,t is 'no%n that certain geometric forms, for example pyramids, are, %hen they present appropriate proportions, the seat of emissions %hich one could not determine to present the exact nature! =ne noted that such emissions had effects, in particular on the living organisms! Cntil present, it %as not possible to obtain %ith the aforementioned emissions due to the forms, of the measurable and exploitable effects in industry! "he present invention has as an ob*ect an apparatus ma'ing it possible to amplify, according to a said principle of VlocaliHationW, the emissions due to forms to obtain industrially exploitable effects!

#ccording to the present invention, such an apparatus comprises essentially a geometric form presenting a minimum of symmetry in planar or space, this form being associated a device producing an electric and3or magnetic and3or electromagnetic field in determined volume by the aforementioned form or in the vicinity immediate of this volume, such fields being able to be fixed or movable compared to the aforementioned form, and being able to be modulated or not! #ccording to an embodiment prefered of the invention, the aforementioned form is a substantially regular polygonal frame %ith 1: dimensions and is associated a device producing an electric po%er in the volume delimited by the aforementioned frame, this device comprising four electrodes %ith dimensions regularly spaced on the aforesaid frame in their medium, t%o of the aforesaid electrodes having a stable, filtered continuous positive potential compared to the ground to %hich other electrodes are connected, the formed angle by the points of the t2o po"itive electro0e" being, preferably, of approximately )8 0egree" apart, %hile that formed by the points of the t%o negative electro0e" i"5 pre3era'l,5 o3 appro+imatel, )* 0egree"! "he aforementioned po"itive potential i" pre3era'l, o3 at lea"t 4A 4ilovolt" an0 pre3era'l, o3 at lea"t 60 7v, the aforementioned electrodes having the general shape of points directed to%ards the center of the aforesaid frame, the points of the four said electrodes being, preferably, in a same plane, %hich is preferably, the planar mediator of the aforesaid polygonal frame, the s uare dummy one delimited by the of the aforesaid points four electrodes being concentric by report3ratio to that the frame and having 0iagonal appro+imatel, 400 millimeter" at lea"t 3or a potential o3 appro+imatel, 4A 7v an0 appro+imatel, at lea"t % metre 3or a potential o3 appro+imatel, *00 7v, t-e 0iameter o3 t-e circle circ/m"cri'e0 2it- t-e 3orme0 pol,gon ', t-e a3orementione0 3rame 'eing at lea"t )00 centimetre" 3or a potential o3 appro+imatel, 4A 7v5 an0 at lea"t )80 cm 3or a potential o3 appro+imatel, *00 7v$ #ccording to an advantageous characteristic of the invention, the frame is made in a material, preferably out of a natural material, of %hich the structure, %ith the level of fibres or the crystalline level, is directed or has itself of remar'able symmetries! 4referably, each side of the pol,gonal 3rame i" con"tr/cte0 o3 a "mall5 ver, 0r, "oli0 2oo0 plan45 the length of the small plan' being ta'en preferably in the direction of fibres of the %ood, the different successive small plan's being connected bet%een them by glue or using pegs, also made of %ood, such pegs not having, preferably, to exceed small pieces! Nat/ral material" not -aving an, co-erent or 0irecte0 "tr/ct/re5 "/c- a" 3or e+ample t-e r/''er5 are to 'e avoi0e0$ #ccording to an embodiment prefered of the invention, some of the small plan's forming the %ith dimensions ones of the polygonal frame are %ith character of a rig-t Moe'i/" "trip, and other %ith character of a le3t Moe'i/" "trip! #ccording to another embodiment of the invention, e uipment comprises t%o or several regular polygonal concentric frames, each one having different numbers of dimensions! "o reinforce the effect of amplification, one can preferably have on the "tem" "/pporting t-e

electro0e" t-e part"5 pre3era'l, o/t o3 "ame material t-at t-at o3 t-e 3rame5 -aving 3or e+ample ro/n0 ovoi0al or r-om'oi0al, and %hen several of these forms are laid out on the same stem of an electrode, dimensions of these parts are homothetic, t-o"e -aving lo2e"t 0imen"ion" 'eing clo"e to t-e corre"pon0ing electro0e5 t-e ot-er part" 'eing lai0 o/t a3ter5 an0 all t-e more 3ar a2a, 3rom t-e 3ir"t t-eir 0imen"ion" are larger! "o reinforce the effect of amplification, one can also lay out on certain sides of the form or in proximity volumes preferably manufactured of same material that the frame, these volumes being in general single geometric volumes, for example of the trun's of cylinders finishing %ith the one their ends by a conical point, the angle o3 opening o3 t-e"e cone" 'eing pre3era'l, o3 appro+imatel, %40 0egree"! =ne can also lay out in the form itself or near inorganic natural or synthetic, such as car'or/n0/m! =ne can also a00 ","tem" 2it- aco/"tic re"onance in appropriate places, in proximity to the frame! "he various additional forms can be made out of separate materials, or a single material so their edges can be *oined! "he form can also manufactured using a control of appropriate form in %hich one ma'es fluid circulation fluid possible! "o further increase the effect of amplification of the device of the invention, one can fix it on a single or e uatorial mounting and direct it in an appropriate %ay! "he present invention %ill be better understood using the detailed description of several ta'en embodiments li'e the nonrestrictive examples illustrated by the annexed dra%ings, in %hich - (ig/re % is a planar vie% of an embodiment prefered of an according device to the present invention$

- (ig/re" ) an0 * are cross-sections of t%o embodiments of electrodes of the devices of figures 1 and 2$ and,

- (ig/re 4 is a schematic vie% of an alternative of the device of -igure 1!

"he apparatus of amplification represented on -igure 1 includes essentially a geometric form and four electrodes %ith their stem electrode holders affixed to create an electric field in the volume delimited by the aforementioned form, and in the vicinity! ,n the case of the embodiment prefered of the invention represented on -igure 1, the present form - li'e an hollo% cylinder lof shallo% depth, the %all of this cylinder, or frame, having out of radial cut substantially the shape of a reg/lar pol,gon 2it- %6 "i0e" %ith dimensions respectively referred 1 to 1:! 2o%ever, it is clearly understood that the polygonal hollo% cylindrical form is not the only one possible, other forms, for example pyramidal forms also can be used in the frame of the invention! "he sixteen sides of the frame materialiHing the form - can all be substantially identical, and consist each one of a rectangular parallelepiped! 2o%ever, the applicant noted that if some of the dimensions are different, and in particular i3 certain "i0e" -ave a c-aracter o3 le3t "trip o3 Moe'i/" an0 ot-er c-aracter o3 "traig-t Moe'i/" "trip5 one o'tain" goo0 ampli3ication o3 t-e emi""ion" due to the form -! ,n the embodiment prefered of the invention represented in -igure ,, %ith dimensions referred the 1, /, ;, 8, 12,19 and consisted rectangular parallelepipeds, sides 2, 9, 5, @$ 11,1/ and 15 consist of volumes %ith the character of a right (oebius strip and %ith dimensions the : and 10 are left (oebius strips! 2o%ever, it is clearly understood that other different provisions on the formed sides by rectangular parallelepipeds, by volumes %ith characters of strip of left and right

(oebius can be considered %hile getting an improvement of amplification also of the aforesaid emissions! Iy volumes %ith character strip of (oebius one hears volumes resulting of the t2i"t o3 %80 0egree" of the one of the ends of a rectangular cuboid strip compared to the other end (the strip being supposed to lend itself to such a torsion), this torsion being done around the longitudinal axis of the aforesaid the cuboid strip! "he strip of (oebius is said right or left according to %hether it can be comparable %ith a right or left threading respectively! ,n the case of the embodiment of figure 1, volumes %ith t-e Moe'i/" "trip" are t-ic4er in t-eir mi00le ( i!e!, they %ould be carried out starting from a rectangular strip of %hich the thic'ness %ould be larger %ith the middle than at the ends) in order to allo% the drilling of holes in their mediums for the insulators and fixing mounting, as explained belo%)! ,n practice, it is preferable not to t%ist a %ood small plan', but to cut the aforementioned volumes as (oebius strips! &eys volumes are, preferably, regular, i!e! symmetrical compared to their respective centers, and t-eir total n/m'er m/"t 'e o00! #ll %ith dimensions the 1 to 1: of the form - is made out of very dry %ood, for example of poplar5 o3 oa4, or an exotic %ood! "he applicant noted that the natural materials %ith fibres directed such as the %ood gave the good results, and that material" "/c- a" r/''er or t-e pl,2oo05 or ",nt-etic pro0/ct" "/c- a" pla"tic 0i0 not pro0/ce an, "/'"tantial re"/lt$ 0hen %ith dimensions the 1 to 1: is manufactured out of %ood, they are assembled mutually, preferably by assembly of the mortise tenon out of %ood %hich can reinforce the assembly, and not exceeding the dimensions of the frame! "he applicant noted that industrially to obtain useful results, the form - %as to be such as the circle circumscribed %ith the formed polygon by t-e 3rame 2a" to -ave a 0iameter o3 at lea"t appro+imatel, )A0 cm, the high applied tension, in a %ay explained belo%, 2it- t-e electro0e" 'eing at lea"t 4A 7v5 pre3era'l, 3rom at lea"t 60 4v5 lo2 ten"ion" to 4A 7v -aving not ver, in0/"triall, e+ploita'le e33ect"$ )ides 5 and 1/ of the frame, %ith right (oebius strips are drilled of a hole passing by their center and %hose axis merges %ith a radius of the circle circumscribed %ith the form -! "he drilled holes in %ith dimensions the 5 and 1/ are used for fixing of the form - on a mounting, not represented, for example an e uatorial or ordinary mounting, ma'ing it possible to direct in space the form -! 2o%ever, one could envisage other modes of fixing of the form - on its mounting! 0ith dimensions the /, ;, 11 and 15 are drilled holes, in the same %ay that sides 5 and 1/, in order to allo% the fixing of the electrodes, as described belo%! #mall 2oo0 plan4" constituting the dimensions 1,/,;,8,12,19 1:, preferably, have a 2i0teI/al to or greater t-an )0 cm an0 a t-ic4ne"" eI/al to or greater t-an 4 cm5 pre3era'l, 'et2een 6 an0 %0 cm! "he sides %ith right and left (oebius strips have, %ith their extremities 5 preferably, the same thic'ness as the planar sides, their thic'ness gradually increasing ends

to%ards the center, up to a value of approximately at lea"t 8 cm, this, in order to allo% the drilling from %ith dimensions the 5 and 1/ for the fixing of the frame on mounting and the sides 11 and 15 for the fixing of the electrodes! "he applicant noted that one could also favorably influence the effect of amplification by affixing %ith an'les, volumes manufactured in the same material as frame! ,n the example of realiHation represented on figure 1, one fixed on the faces, turned to%ards the inner one of the form, the sides 1 and @, volumes 1; and 18 respectively manufactured out of %ood! "hese volumes 1; and 18 consist of c,lin0er" 2it- cone" on t-eir en0"5 t-e point angle o3 t-e"e cone" 'eing pre3era'l, appro+imatel, %40 0egree", the diameter of the cylinders being lo% to the length of %ith dimensions form, and the -eig-t o3 t-e"e c,lin0er" 'eing o3 a'o/t "iJe o3 a 3e2 centimetre"! =n sides /, ;, 11 and 15 of the frame constituting the fixed form - one the electrodes 1@, 20, 21 and 22 respectively, these electrodes being supported by stems electrode holders 2/! Electrodes 1@ to 22 are made out of electric conductive good material, for example copper and are consisted a circular cone 29 %hose base is connected to the stem electrode holders 2/ by one surface of hemisphere 25! "he point angles of electrodes 20 and 21 are, preferably, of 2/ degrees A3- /0 C so that the point angles of the cones of the electrodes 1@ and 22 are preferably )8 0egree" d>F *0 C! T-e lengt- o3 eac- electro0e 1@ to 22, ta'en in the direction of their axis, i" appro+imatel, 60 to 90 mm! 2o%ever, other shapes of electrodes can to be considered! T-e "tem" )*, %hich are, also, made out of an electric conductive good material, for example of copper, and at the ends of %hich electrodes 1@ to 22 are scre%ed or %elded, cross %ith dimensions the /, ;, 11 and 15 of the frame constituting the form - through appropriate insulators 2:, for example out of glass or porcelain, these insulators drilled %ith an axial hole having substantially the same diameter that that of the stems electrode holders 2/, the stems electrode holders 2/ being attached of appropriate %ay in these insulators 2:! In"/lator" )6 -ave a ma+im/m o/ter 0iameter o3 appro+imatel, A cm corresponding to the bore practised in sides /, ;, 11 and 15, and are attached there of appropriate %ay, for example by *oining! T-e a+ial lengt- o3 in"/lator" )6 i" at lea"t eI/al 2it- t-e 2i0t- on t-e "i0e" 2-ic- t-e, cro"" . i$e$ t-e lengt- o3 t-e -ole" 'ore0 in t-e"e "i0e"15 an05 pre3era'l, o3 at lea"t t2ice t-i" 2i0t-$ )ince %ith dimensions / and 11, and sides ; and 15 are diametrically opposite and that the hollo% polygonal volume consisted the frame is substantially regular, and that the holes bored in these four %ith dimensions are directed to%ards the center of this volume and are applied to the center on the corresponding sides, the four stems electrode holders 2/ are directed follo%ing of the rays of the circle circumscribed %ith the form - and %hen they are ta'en consecutively t%o to t%o, are substantially perpendicular bet%een them! 4referably, one ad*usts of appropriate %ay the directions of the stems electrode holders 2/ so that t-e point" o3 3o/r electro0e" %9 to )) are coplanar, the plane in %hich are located these four points not passing the center of the form out $ 0i"tance" "eparating t-e point" 3rom electro0e" )0 an0 )) an0 electro0e" %9 an0 )% are pre3era'l, o3 at lea"t 400 millimeter" 2-en applie0 potential 2it- electro0e" %9 an0 )) are

appro+imatel, 4A 7v, and from at lea"t appro+imatel, % metre 2-en t-i" potential i" appro+imatel, *00 &v! J 1ubit !!! K =n each stem electrode holders 2/, one lays out, bet%een the base of the corresponding electrode and insulator 2: t%o volumes 2;, 28 substantially ovoidal, in the same material that the form -, i!e! out of %ood for the embodiment prefered, the tops %ith lo%er angle of opening of the ovoid forms 2; and 28 being directed to%ards the center of the form -! =ne lays out outside the form -, around insulators 2:, six identical discs 2@, being of course that insulators 2: exceed sufficiently of the form - to%ards the outer one, if not the discs could be directly attached on the stem of electrodes 2/! "hen, one lays out on the stems 2/ t%o other ovoidal volumes /0 and /1 respectively, %hose tops of lo%er angle of opening are also directed to%ards the center of the form -! T-e 0i"c" )9 an0 vol/me" *0 an0 *% are al"o realiJe0 in t-e "ame material t-at vol/me" )& an0 )8$ 8o2ever5 all t-e material" "/ita'le 2it- t-e man/3act/re o3 t-e 3orm ( can 'e /"e0 to carr, o/t vol/me" )& an0 )85 *0 an0 *% an0 0i"c" )9$ Di"c" )9 -ave5 pre3era'l,5 an o/ter 0iameter o3 appro+imatel, *) cm an0 a t-ic4ne"" 3rom appro+imatel, % cm, and are drilled %ith an axial hole corresponding to the maximum outer diameter of the insulator 2: on %hich they are threaded, and attached in an appropriate %ay! #s one sees better in figure 2, representing a volume 6 %hich is any of ovoidal volumes 2;, 28, /0 or /1, each one of these volumes is drilled of an axial hole ", and axial conical facings /2, // are practised %ith each end of ovoidal volume 6, the points being directed one to%ards the other one! T-e angle o3 t-e opening % o3 t-e conical 3acing *)5 practi"e0 in t-e top o3 2i0er opening o3 ovoi0al vol/me5 i"5 pre3era'l, o3 )8 d *0 C an0 t-at o3 conical 3acing **5 opening )5 'eing pre3era'l,5 o3 )* 0egree" d>F *0C! 4 is the depths of conical facings /2 and // and 7 the length, ta'en in the direction of the axis, ovoidal volume 6 against the drilling of facings /2 and //! 71, 72, 7/ and 79 are the lengths 7 of volumes 2;, 28, /0 and /1 respectively! "hese four volumes are -omot-etic, ratios L4 > L* 5 L* > L)5 L) > L% giving ratio" o3 -omot-et,! ,n the preferred mode of realiHation, L% @ 6 cm5 L) @ %A cm5 L* @ )4 cm an0 L4 @ appro+imatel, ** cm! T-e val/e" o3 t-e 0ept-" 6 3ollo2 t-e "ame ratio" o3 -omot-et, t-at t-e lengt-" L$ (or all ovoi0al vol/me" )& an0 )85 *0 an0 *%5 conical 3acing" 2it- opening o3 appro+imatel, )* 0egree" are 0irecte0 to2ar0" t-e center o3 t-e 3orm ( 2-en t-e"e vol/me" are attac-e0 on t-e "tem" )*$ ,n the case of the embodiment uoted above, the 0ept- 6 o3 3acing" *) an0 ** o3 vol/me *% i" %) cm, the 41 depths in 4/ of other volumes 2;, 28 and /0 deducing some follo%ing the aforementioned ratios of homothety! "he stems 2/ of the electrodes 1@ and 22 are connected both to a source (not represented) of

filtered and stabiliHed >? current, positive compared to the ground! "he stems 2/ of electrodes 20 and 21 are both connected, in a %ay not represented, %ith the potential of the ground! ,t is clearly understood that one can have on the stems electrode holders 2/ other volumes having forms for example those represented on figure /, these last replacing volumes 2;, 28, /0 and /1 and discs 2@! =ne can add volumes also having other forms, or put nothing on these stems 2/! <epresented in figure / is an alternative of volume %hich can replace the volumes 2;, 28, /0 and /1 represented in figure 2! "he volume /9 represented on figure / has a general rhomboidal form, i!e!, a form %hose outer surface %ould be that generated by a ro/n0 r-om'/" around its large axis, the acute angles of this rhombus being on the aforementioned axis! =ne of the acute angles (D1) of the aforesaid rhombus is approximately A& 0egree" )0 C5 2-ile t-e ot-er one .9)1 i" o3 appro+imatel, A% 0egree"$ -orm /9 is drilled of an axial hole /5 %hose diameter corresponds to that of the stems electrode holders 2/! ,n the top of volume /9 having the angle of practical opening 6 one an axial conical facing having an angle of opening 1 of approximately )* 0egree"5 2-ile in t-at -aving t-e angle o3 opening )5 one practical an a+ial conical 3acing o3 angle o3 opening 3rom appro+imatel, )8 0egree"! "he depths 45 of the aforesaid facings conical are e ual and are determined, *ust as the length the of the aforesaid rhombus, ta'en according to its large axis, in the same %ay that in the case of the ovordaux volumes represented on figure 1! W-en one /"e" t-e vol/me" *4 repre"ente0 on 3ig/re *5 in t-e place o3 ovoi0al vol/me"5 one can remove 0i"c" )9 2-ile o'taining an improvement o3 "/'"tantiall, eI/al or great ampli3ication to t-at o'taine0 2it- t-e a3orementione0 ovoi0al vol/me"$ #ccording to an alternative of the embodiment prefered of the present invention, one can eit-er in"ert in t-e 3rame5 or la, o/t near t-i" 3rame5 in"i0e or o/t"i0e t-e vol/me 2-ic- it 0elimit"5 a nat/ral inorganic 3orm5 o3 car'or/n0/m! ,t %as noted that such inorganics ma'es it possible to increa"e t-e ampli3ication o3 t-e 0evice an0>or to c-ange t-e nat/re o3 t-e emi""ion" an0>or to con3er to t-e 3rame t-e 3ractal c-aracter, %hich is a 'no%n mathematical character! -or the inorganic natural, one can for example use pro/"tite5 p,rag,rite5 o'"i0ian, etce, as %ell as several of these inorganics simultaneously! ,t %as also noted that nat/ral grap-ite -a" a "trong in3l/ence on t-e 3ractal c-aracter$ =ne can also use in the place of inorganic, or in addition to those, of nematic liI/i0"! J 4il, &a", &a"oli%e, wate , %it o&e% 7 Ao & -aylei&$ 8 !!! K ,t is also possible to add to the frame or near this one of other volumes, preferably out of natural material, for example out of %ood, presenting directed fibres, material" "/c- a" r/''er not -aving an, note0 e33ect$ #/c- 3orm" not onl, ma4e it po""i'le to increa"e t-e e33ect o3

ampli3ication o3 t-e 0evice5 '/t al"o to /ni3, t-e e33ect" o'taine0 in "pace an0 time5 an0 to avoi0 t-e creation o3 3reeJing con0ition" 3or -/man /"e$ J F o"t p eve%tio% P !!! K )uch additional forms can for example be cones %ith point angle determined, forms %ith character of fractal ob*ect, polygons %ith four, eight or sixteen sides for example, polygons %ith seven dimensions, hemispheres, etce One can al"o a00 to t-e 0evice o3 t-e invention5 aco/"tic re"onator"5 la"er" for continuous or rhythmic emission, or many 3l/i0" in movement in con0/it" o3 appropriate 3orm! J S+$aube &e !!! K ,n -igure 9, one schematically represented another embodiment of the according apparatus to the present invention! "he apparatus represented in -igure 9 comprises t%o concentric -1 forms and -2 , the -1 form being outside the -2 form! "he (% 3orm con"i"t" o3 an octagonal 3rame %hose %ith dimensions ones are respectively referred /@ to 9:, and form () con"i"t" o3 a reg/lar pol,gonal 3rame 2it- "i+teen "i0e" respectively referred 9; to :2! "he frames constituting the forms -1 and - are carried out in same %ay that the frame represented on -igure 1 and have the same characteristics, single substantially dimensions of these frames are different! ,n one mode of realiHation of the invention, circle" circ/m"cri'e0 2it- t-e 3rame" (% an0 () -ave re"pective 0iameter" o3 *84 an0 appro+imatel, %9) cm! 2o%ever, dimensions of these circles, and conse uently of the frames constituting the forms -1 and -2 can be larger! ,f the diameters of these frames are smaller, it %ould be necessary is to decrease the high applied tension %ith the electrodes carried by these frames, %hich %ould have an adverse effect on amplification, that is to say to ta'e very large precautions of electric insulation! #lso, the forms -1 and -2 are laid out one compared to the other one so that %ith dimension of the form -2 is %ith respect to the top ranging bet%een %ith dimensions the /@ and 9: of the -1 form! "he forms -1 and -2 are *oined together bet%een them using spacers :/ %hich are realiHed, preferably, in same material that the frames constituting the forms -1 and -2, for example out of very dry %ood! )pacers :/ connect %ith dimensions the 9;, 51, 55 and 5@ of the -2 form at the corresponding tops of the -1 form! "he electrodes (not represented) are attached on %ith dimensions the 9@, 5/, 5; and :1 of the -2 form, in the same %ay that in the case of the apparatus represented on -igure 1!

=n %ith dimensions the 9; and 55 of the -2 form one can have volumes :5 and :: respectively, %hich can be carried out and laid out in the same %ay that the volumes 1; and 18 represented in -igure 1, or in a different %ay! "he axis passing by the centers from %ith dimensions the 51 and 5@ is referred :9, and one can ma'e turn the t%o forms -1 and -2 %ith their electrodes and possible volumes associated around this axis using an appropriate mounting (not represented)! To 3/rt-er increa"e t-e e33ect o3 ampli3ication o3 t-e eI/ipment of %hich t%o of the possible embodiments are described above, one can la, o/t it in a tr/ncate0 p,rami0, %hich can be constructed as a frame, of %hich the -eig-t i" appro+imatel, 45A m an0 2-o"e 'a"e i" "I/are an0 -a" appro+imatel, A metre" in dimension! "he proportions of the regular pyramid from %hich this truncated pyramid is obtained are such as the length 7 of its obli ue sides is e ual %ith ?! ? being the length on a side of the base of the pyramid and 0 the actual root of the e uation. \g/ - \ - 1 S =, i!e! approximately 1,/25! "he truncated pyramid is obtained %hile cutting the top of the pyramid to the uarter length of its obli ue edges, i!e! length 1 5 of the obli ue edges of the truncated pyramid is e ual %ith /39!c!y, t%o bases of the truncated pyramid being thus parallel bet%een them! One can "/pplement t-i" tr/ncate0 p,rami0 %hile laying out around this small base, %hich is also s uare, 2it- a circle, for example out of %ood, of diameter ? 55, centered on the axis of the pyramid, it being the length of %ith dimensions of the small base of the truncated pyramid! One can al"o -ave on t-e o'liI/e e0ge" o3 t-e p,rami0 t-e 2oo0 -emi"p-ere" 2-o"e 0iameter i" eI/al 2it- t-e lengt- o3 t-e a3ore"ai0 e0ge"5 o/t"i0e t-e tr/ncate0 p,rami0$ To operate t-e pre"ent invention5 one applie" 2it- electro0e" %9 an0 a )) po"itive potential 2-ic- one increa"e" gra0/all, 3rom Jero /p to a ma+im/m val/e o3 at lea"t 4r 7v$ T-e e33ect" o'taine0 are all t-e more "/'"tantial a" it" potential i" -ig-er$ 2o%ever, for the great ones to approximately /00 &v, it is necessary to ta'e very large precautions of electric insulation, and the dangers of manipulation are increased! "he generator producing the aforementioned positive potential %ill have to be able to be capable to deliver a c/rrent o3 appro+imatel, %00 microampere", and %ill be able preferably to comprise a protective circuit cancelling as soon as possible the high produced tension if the output current exceeds a certain value, for example 100 microamperes! ,t %as noted that t-e e33ect" en/merate0 'elo2 commence at t-e en0 o3 appro+imatel, an -o/r t-e carr,ing /n0er ten"ion o3 t-e eI/ipment o3 t-e invention5 in a ra, o3 appro+imatel, *0 metre" or more aro/n0 t-i" eI/ipment! #mong the noted effects, and %hose list is not restrictive, one can uote.

1 -- 7ocal action on the terrestrial magnetic field -- A3ter appro+imatel, -al3 an -o/r5 one o'"erve" t-at t-e magnetic variation move" appro+imatel, 60 to2ar0" t-e 2e"t o3 magnetic nort- %hatever the applied tension %ith the electrodes, above of the aforesaid threshold approximately 95 &v, this rotation of the magnetic variation stabiliHing itself %ith the aforementioned value dependent all the time on application of the potential, %hatever the orientation of the frame compared to the ground! 2o%ever, i3 one 0irect" t-e a+i" o3 t-e 3rame 2it- 60 0egree" 2e"t o3 magnetic nort-5 it 2a" note0 t-at t-e ot-er e33ect" I/ote0 'elo2 occ/rre0 rapi0l, an0 2it- a more "/'"tantial inten"it,! ,t %as noted a variation of the magnetic slope, but the value of this variation %as not fixed! 2 -- 7ocal #ction on the gravitation -- 0ith a potential of approximately 95 &v, it %as noted that the local gravitation pa""e0 to 059 time" it" /"/al val/e to the same location, and that t-i" gravitation 0ecrea"e0 3/rt-er 2-en one increa"e0 t-e applie0 potential %ith the electrodes of the apparatus! / -- 7ocal action on the in0e+ o3 re3raction o3 t-e air FF It increa"e" "lig-tl,, and more e"peciall, i3 t-e applie0 po"itive potential i" -ig-er! 9 -- ,t %as noted that in reactions of combustion producing blast-furnace slag usually, there %as no 3ormation o3 a"- a3ter all t-e perio0 o3 operation o3 t-e apparat/"5 an0 "ame 3o/r 0a," a3ter t-e "/"pen"ion o3 t-e application o3 t-e elevate0 po"itive potential by said electrodes 1@ and 22! 5 -- e0/ction in t-e I/antit, o3 3/el nece""ar, in t-e maTorit, o3 t-e reaction" o3 com'/"tion5 to o'tain t-e "ame re"/lt! ,t has been reported that %ith an high tension of approximately 4A 7v5 one /"e0 appro+imatel, *0L le"" coal to o'tain "ame t-ermal energ,5 t-i" re0/ction 'eing all t-e more "/'"tantial a" t-e applie0 po"itive potential 2it- t-e 3orm i" -ig-er! ,n the case of motors %ith explosion using the ga"oline5 it 2a" note0 a re0/ction in con"/mption appro+imatel, A0L compared to a use, in the same conditions, %ithout the apparatus of the present invention! : -- Increa"e o3 t-e coe33icient o3 "ol/'ilit, o3 a "alt in 2ater, in particular of sodium chloride! Experiments %ere carried out %ith dehydrated sodium chloride, %hile varying the temperature of the %ater in %hich one dissolved salt by increments of l0 ?, from 10 ? %ith 100 ?, the starting %ater being t%ice distilled at a pressure above normal atmospheric pressure! ,t %as noted that one m/ltiplie0 ', )5% to appro+imatel, )5* t-e coe33icient o3 "ol/'ilit, o3 "o0i/m c-lori0e 2it- a po"itive potential o3 appro+imatel, 4A 4v$ J Sola po%2" !!! K ; -- Increa"e" t-e "pee0 o3 gro2t- o3 t-e plant" an0 t-eir "iJe! "hese increases are variable according to plants but are appreciable! ,n certain cases, t-e 3actor o3 increa"e i" at lea"t )5 /p to %0$ 8 -- 4ossibility of removing partiall, or completel, a catal,"t in a c-emical reaction re uiring normally a catalyst!

#ccording to another embodiment of according e uipment the invention, one associates a main polygonal geometric form, such as the geometric form described above, %ith other geometric forms, preferably of single geometric forms such as for example the additional forms described above, and pre3era'l, one a""ociate" to t-em an electric an0>or electromagnetic an0>or magnetic 3iel05 t-e"e 3orm" 'eing t-e pre3erence lai0 o/t in"i0e a geometric vol/me 2-iccan 3or e+ample 'e ma0e o/t o3 a mol0e0 in"/lating material around the said forms! Wit-o/t t-e application o3 one o3 t-e a3orementione0 3iel0"5 one o'tain" e33ect" relativel, not ver, e+ploita'le5 '/t t-e application o3 t-e one at lea"t o3 t-e"e 3iel0" allo2" one to increa"e t-e inten"it, o3 t-e e33ect" o'taine05 e"peciall, 2-en t-e applie0 3iel0 i" -ig-er$

( )&%6%)* Device 3or Activating (l/i0" ; #oli0"

1@@5-08-18 ?lassification.- international. I01>5/318$ I01B10300$ I01B1@312$ I01B1@318$ I01B1@329$ ?02-1300$ I01>5/318$ I01B10300$ I01B1@312$ I01B1@318$ I01B1@329$ ?02-1300$ (,4?1-;). I01B1@300$ I01>5/319$ I01>5/3;8$ I01B1@308$ ?02-1300$ ?02-5300$ ?0/I2;3012$European. I01>5/318$ I01B10300-$ I01B1@312>$ I01B1@318$ I01B1@329>$ ?02-1300( A'"tract -- # device is claimed for activating a fluid circulating through a treatment unit bet%een an inlet tan' and an outlet tan' under the action of at least one compressed gas supply! "he treatment unit (2) includes fluid circulation pipes (51, 52) in the form of a curve ?1, %here 1 S 2 or more and ?1 is defined by the follo%ing recursive relation. ?1 is a left-handed cycloid in the ortho-normal reference frame$ and for all integers 1 greater than or e ual to one, ?1A1 is a left-handed cycloid in the curved reference frame of ?1! #lso claimed is an activation process using the above devices, %here the fluid is circulated through the treatment unit using compressed gas at a pressure of 1-8 bar! #lso claimed are. (1) use of the above device for desalinating and purifying %ater$ (2) use of the above device for treating fumes$ (/) a process for activating glass %ith a fluid activated as above, comprising heating the glass to 850-1800 (pref! @00-1000 ) deg ? and immersing it in the fluid$ and (9) a process for activating metals, ceramics, hard plastics and terracotta %ith a fluid activated as above, comprising immersing the material in the fluid and cooling it belo% -90 (pref! -80) deg ? for at least 1 hr! De"cription FF "he invention is in the technical field of the activation of fluid and the solid ones! "he activation indicates treatments ma'ing it possible to modify certain physical and chemical properties the fluid ones and the solid ones, these last said being then activated! =ne 'no%s by the -<-#-@::;/5 a process and e uipment allo%ing to exert an influence on the modifications of state of the material, especially by the action of suitably directed emissive apparatuses!

,t is 'no%n that there are also phenomena of activation due to the presence of forms, fixed or movable, and presenting a minimum of symmetry in plane or in space! (oreover, one 'no%s by at-#-11/ 98;, #"-#122 199 and #"-#-1/9 59/ J )chauberger K, of the %ater pipelines of else particular form, allo%ing the regulation of torrents or river! "he ob*ect of the invention is to propose a device presenting characteristics strongly different from those of the apparatuses of the former art, for an effective activation of fluid, as %ell as purification of some of those, li'e %ater or smo'e! ,t is a uestion of not sub*ecting these fluid for a purpose of concentration and elimination by density, but 2it- t-e action o3 centripetal "2irl" 0/e to t-e ver, acc/rate 3orm" %hich the different process modules of the according device present in the invention! "he invention has as an ob*ect a device for activation of the fluid circulating one bet%een a tan' of inlet and a tan' of extended %ithin an unit of treatment, under the effect of at least a compressed gas, in %hich the unit of treatment includes conduits of circulation of fluid appearing itself as a ?1 layer, %ith 1< entire great or e ual %ith 2, ?1 being defined by the follo%ing recurring relation - ?1 is left cycloid in the referential orthonormal one, - for any 1< entire great or e ual %ith 1, ?1A1 is cycloid left in the referential one curves bound %ith ?1! -or left cycloid, it is advisable to use the curve follo%ed by a point pertaining to a ray of a circle, %hen this last rolls on straight and turns around this same straight! "he cycloid one said stringent %hen the point belongs to the circle, is lengthened %hen the distance bet%een the point and the center of the circle is great %ith the ray, shortened %hen this distance is lo% %ith the ray! "he inventor noted that, of surprising manner, if one compels fluid /n0er pre""/re 3rom % to 8 'ar" to circulate %ithin the according conduits %ith the invention, this fluid is activated, namely that its physical and chemical properties are modified! "his activation persists and is stabiliHed, same %hen the fluid one does not circulate any more, %hen t-e con0/it" are ma0e o/t o3 partic/lar allo,"! "his is %hy it is beneficial to use as a constituent material of these conduits, an alloy bet%een a base metal chosen among copper5 c-romi/m5 iron5 co'alt an0 nic4el, %ith the heavier metals added in very small uantity in %eight! ,t is preferable to consider base metal copper, and of the heavier metals constituting alloy %ill be ta'en among those possessing an atomic n/m'er O ranging 'et2een *8 an0 4A or pertaining to the rare earths! "he activation is reinforced %hen the air supplies compressed are also appeared as curves ?1, since the compressed air being used to put the fluid one to treat in movement, is itself activated! # mode prefered of realiHation of the invention consists in using, for the construction of the final curve ?1, of elongated left cycloid!

"he inventor moreover noted that the bound phenomenon of activation to the shapes of the curve ?1, present a variable effectiveness according to the value of 1<! "hus, the activation is maximum in the case of conduits in the form of a ?/ curve, namely in the case of cycloid left lengthened final ?/ being rolled up around cycloid left lengthened intermediate ?2 itself rolled up around cycloid left lengthened ?1 departure! 6arious other characteristics and benefits of the invention arise from the description made belo% in reference to the annexed dra%ings %hich sho%, as nonrestrictive example, an embodiment of the ob*ect of the invention! - (ig/re % is an overall schematic sight of the device of according activation to the invention!

- (ig/re )a illustrates the construction of cycloid left lengthened %ithin the meaning of the invention!

- (ig/re )' is an increased sight appearing the profile of the conduits of circulation of fluid and air supply compressed, according in the invention!

- (ig/re * is a vie% of t%o hemispheres for the invention! #s sho%n in the -igure 1, the device of activation of fluid, includes a tan' of inlet 1 of fluid to activate, an unit of treatment 2 as %ell as a tan' from extended / of fluid treatment! ,t is to be noted that these three entities constituting of the installation, rest on frames, respectively 91, 92 and 9/, %ith an increasingly lo% height progressively %ith the circulation of the fluid one!

"hus, this last is facilitated by the action of gravity! "he %hole of the device includes3understands t%o conduits 51 and 52 of circulation of fluid inserted in the unit of treatment 2, li'e three conduits :1, :2 and :/ of compressed gas arrival intended to ensure the circulation of fluid along the installation and respectively laid out in relation to the tan' of inlet 1, the unit of treatment 2 and the tan' of exit /! "he specific profile and the nature of these conduits 5, : are substantial for the invention! #s represented on the figure 2b, each one of these conduits present in the shape of a ?/ curve formed by cycloid left lengthened final rolled up around elongated left cycloid intermediate ?2 itself rolled up around cycloid ?1 departure! -or the construction of ?/, it is first of all a uestion of considering cycloid ?1, such as illustrated in -igure 2a! 0ithin the sense of the invention, cycloid ?1 in the orthonormal reference mar' (x, y, H) results from the movement of a point # located on a diameter of circle E? but at a great distance from the center to the ray, %hen this circle rolls on straight > (%hich corresponds in the present case to the axis of the abscissae) in the direction of the -1 arro% and at the same time turns around this straight > follo%ing the -2 arro%! =n the -igure 2a, the features dotted lines are reproduced the parts of the curve %hich are invisible if one considers opa ue plane 41, 42 and 4/, %hereas the full features correspond to visible parts of the curve, namely %hose points present at the same time a positive abscissa, ordinate and a dimension! ,t %ill be noted that the period of cycloid is of 2& %hat corresponds then to the #5 point and that circle E? carries out a full rotation around straight over a length of 2s radians! "he points #1, #2 and #/ represent the intersection of the curve %ith respectively planes 41, 42 and 4/! ,t is averred that the layout of ?2 involves a slight modification of the form of ?1 %hich is not thus celongated ompletely any more left cycloid! ,1 is the same %hen one passes to the development of ?/ or ?2 and again ?1 are slightly deformed! "here is not thus a stringent construction li'e that %hich one appli ue in the theory of the said ob*ects fractals but it is to some extent a generaliHation of the concept of fractal ob*ect! =ne is presented %ith a ne% class of ob*ects! 1evertheless, about the curves ?1, ?2, ?/e one %ill 'eep the denominations of cycloid! ,t is also possible to consider shortened left cycloids, same as the periods of complete rotation of the circle around the straight one %hich are different of 2 pi radians, for example ranging bet%een pi and 2 pi radians! #s the -igure 2b indicates it, the ?1 curve as built above, is used then as support %ith the curve ?2 %hich is cycloid left lengthened in the referential one curves bound in ?1, ?/ being carried out in the form of cycloid left lengthened in the referential one curves bound in ?2! "he parts of ?/ located nearest of the observer are represented in thic'er feature! "he conduits of circulation are appeared as such a ?/ curve and allo% a responsive activation of

fluid the through one! ,ndeed, each element of fluid being at a given point 4/ of ?/, behaves as if it %ere at the same time in 41, 42 and 4/, 41 and 42 being far a%ay from the respective origins =l and =2 from ?1 and ?2 of an e ual distance to that separating =/ from 4/, although the curves ?1 and ?2 do not exist materially in the installation! "he conduits of circulation 5 present an hexagonal transverse section, or type of a curve of the third degree presenting of the points of inflection! ,n order to stabiliHe the phenomenon of activation, t-e con0/it" are ma0e o/t o3 'o/n0 copper 2it- )L in 2eig-t 2it- 3or e+ample o3 in0i/m5 mol,'0en/m, etce ?onduits : of compressed gas arrival are also formed in a ?/ curve! 2o%ever, if it is beneficial to carry them out this 'ind since one active the compressed gas %hich itself active all the more the fluid one, it is not a uestion of an absolute re uirement! "hus, these conduits of gas arrival can present a conventional profile, such as helical serpentine or straight tube %ith circular section! "he tan' of inlet 1 %hose capacity is selected according to the possibilities of the installation, is fed, via a valve of inlet ;, into fluid to treat %hose circulation is ensured by compressed gas coming of the conduit :1 previously described! "he unit of treatment 2 is laid out immediately do%nstream from the tan' of inlet 1, and includes, in addition to t%o conduits 5 of circulation previously described, an intermediate tan' 8 laid out bet%een these t%o conduits 5! "his tan' is the seat of an additional activation conferred by the presence of a system 10 of t%o hemispheres! #s sho%n in the figure /, this system 10 includes t%o thereafter half hemispheres 11 and 12, refer respectively inner and outer! "hese t%o half hemispheres are hollo%, thus defining four surfaces - )1 the outer surface of the outer hemisphere 11 - )2 the inner surface of the outer hemisphere 11 - )/ the outer surface of the inner hemisphere 12 - )9 the inner surface of the inner hemisphere 12! Each surface )n, for % of 1 to 9, corresponds to surface truncated %ith constant curve generated by the curve of parametric e uation. x S an ( t - th t ) y S an 3 cht $ an Z 0 rotating around its asymptote yy5, for % from 1 to 9 and a9 Y a/ Y a2 Y al #bscissa % %ill have for example li'e maximum value 5an %ith :an!

)ystem 10 is adapted to enter in rotation around its asymptotic axis yy5, for example under the effect of a po%er unit 19! Ioth half hemispheres 11 and 12 are sub*ugated by means of t%o cross-pieces 1/ sparing a passage ma'ing it possible fluid to circulate bet%een surfaces )2 and )/ in the form of a centripetal helical movement! # throat 15 moreover is spared in spiral %ith the )/ surface level, so that rotation can be generated by the fluid arriving one under pressure %ithout the assistance of the group 19! ,t is also possible to carry out such a throat on )2 surface, in the place of the throat spared on )/ or to complement of this last! "he thic'ness of the half hemispheres is selected so as to guarantee a sufficient rigidity of the system according to the number of revolutions to %hich this last east compels to turn! "he obstruction of cross-pieces 1/ is as reduced as possible, in order to domestic a passage bet%een the t%o hemispheres %hich present of maximum dimensions! #nother possibility consists in using only one half hollo% hemisphere on the inner surface of %hich a throat in spiral is laid out! 7i'e stated in -igure 1, a conduit : of compressed gas describes previously emerges in the vicinity of the system of hemispheres, on the side of the section of lo%er dimension of these last, in order to drive bac' the fluid circulating one bet%een surfaces )2 and )/, li'e inside hemisphere 12! ,n the case of a single hemisphere, the compressed gas arrival is carried out so as to drive bac' the fluid circulating one inside the hemisphere! >o%nstream from this last the tan' / is laid out of extended of fluid %hich is capable to be delivered under pressure via the gas :/ conduit described previously! "he fluid treaty is distributed by means of the valve from extended 1;! # tap 1: located at extended of tan' 8, ma'es it possible in closed position to prolong the stay of fluid in the tan', and allo%s in open position the passage of fluid in the second conduit of circulation 52! "he conformation of the device of activation according to the invention is capable different modifications! "hus, the specialist of the profession is capable to provide the unit %ith treatment of conduits of circulation or additional systems of hemispheres, or to add another gas arrival compressed to the level of the tan' of inlet! #ll these modifications contribute to improve the effectiveness of the activation!

"he operation of the described installation cidessus allo%s the carrying in %or' of a process aiming at activating the fluid ones! ,t is a uestion of ma'ing circulate the fluid one to treat %ithin the installation by means of compressed gas, under a pressure ranging bet%een 1 and 8 bars! # maximum activation is obtained %hen this pressure is applied of sinusoidal manner or in s uare %aves! ,t is possible to ma'e circulate fluid uninterrupted, by leaving tap 1: in open position! #nother possibility consists in turning off this tap 1: as %ell as the valve of inlet ; and ma'ing circulate a uantity limited of fluid %ithin tan' 8, and in particular bet%een the t%o half hemispheres 11 and 12! "hen, it is a uestion of driving bac' this uantity of fluid per opening of tap 1:, and of rene%ing the fluid one to treat by opening the valve of inlet ;! ,t is to be noted that circulation bet%een the t%o half hemispheres 11 and 12 can be ensured in the t%o directions, by modulating the pressures to %hich the compressed gas in the respective conduits :1 and :2 is delivered! A more la'ile activation o3 3l/i0 to treat can 'e con3erre0 ', t-e action o3 electromagnetic ra,"$ T-o"e are applie0 on 0i33erent portion" o3 t-e /nit o3 treatment 2it-in 2-ic- circ/late" 3l/i05 pen0ent t-e one t2o -o/r" minim/m 0/ration5 pre3era'l, t-ree -o/r"5 an0 pre"ent a lengt- o3 2ave 'elonging to t-e one o3 t-e 3ollo2ing interval"= *800 to *860 A5 4400 to 4480 A5 AA00 to A600 A an0 8000 to 8&00 A$ "he according device and the process %ith the invention are capable numerous applying, in addition to the activation of fluid itself! ,t is indeed possible to apply the invention to purification and in particular, %ith the 0e"alination o3 2ater! -or this purpose, it is preferably advisable to place, do%nstream from the tan' of inlet, a filter intended to eliminate the coarse impurities! (oreover, this device allo%s an e33ective treatment o3 in0/"trial 3/mes sho%ing a high rate of pollution! ,n the t%o cases mentioned above, the fluid treaty, namely respectively 2ater an0 "mo4e, is at the same time purified and activated! "he invention also finds its applying in the activation o3 gla""e"! -or this ma'ing, one uses fluid, preferably oil or oil, activated by means of the device and process described above, in %hich one carries out a hardening of glass placed at a temperature of 850 ? %ith 1800 ?, preferably @00 ? %ith 1000 ?!

"he activation of glass appears as of hardening, and develops at the time of the return to ordinary temperature! #fter examination %ith the electron microscope %ith scanning, one notes the presence, %ithin glass, of microbubbles of %hich the diameter and the distribution characteriHes the process of hardening than's to activated material! ,t is possible to obtain e33ect" o3 ageing o3 pro0/ct" o3 alco-ol 2ine contained in containers made out of such activated glasses! +lass bottles activated containing of alcohols such as cognac and #rmagnac, transmit the activation to li uid %hich lose in some %ee's a degree of alcohol$ their color becomes amber, their ethyl taste disappears as in the case of aged alcohol after several years! T-e"e activate0 micro'/''le gla""e" tran"mit t-eir propertie" to t-e 3orm" an0 o'Tect" 2-ic- can 'e a""ociate0 3or t-em$ T-/"5 micro2ave 3/rnace" a""ociate0 2it- "/c- gla""e" activate" t-e 3oo0 2-ic- t-e, -eat! =ne can also apply the invention %ith the glaHings of greenhouses, of buildings, %ith the beHels %ith colorless and coloured glasses, %indshields of cars and to bottles intended for containment of li uid food, or of the fragrances, or solutions of medical treatments! "he invention finds moreover its applying in the activation o3 t-e allo,e0 p/re metal" or5 ceramic5 t-e -ar0 pla"tic material" an0 t-e 3ire0 gro/n0"$ (or t-i" p/rpo"e5 it i" a0vi"a'le to pl/nge material to 'e treate0 in 3l/i0 activate0 a" a preliminar,5 pre3era'l, o3 oil or oil$ T-en5 it i" a I/e"tion o3 treating t-e /nit to lo2Ftemperat/re5 namel, F 40 C an0 pre3era'l, 2it- F 80 C5 3or at lea"t % -o/r! "he increase at ordinary temperature by no means affects the activation of treated materials! (oreover, these last is capable to propagate their properties %ith their contents, in the through case of containers for example, and also %ith the electromagnetic %aves these containers or reflecting on their surface! "he invention is not limited to the examples described and represented, since various modifications can be brought there %ithout leaving its frame!

Lor0 AMLEIG8 Active Nitrogen

Lor0 a,leig- >> William #tr/tt ,n the 1@/0s and 90s, 7ord <ayleigh reported to the <oyal )ociety of 7ondon about his experiments %ith active (electrically excited) nitrogen and other gases! ,n 1@90, he gave an account of his discovery of the anomalous energy released by active nitrogen at reduced pressure! 2e explained the anomaly in the abstract of his second paper published on the sub*ect in 1@90, thus. E"he amount of energy collected from the gas %as surprisingly large, and is difficult to reconcile %ith existing theories of the nature of active nitrogen! ,n some cases the energy %as as high as 10 e6 for every molecule of nitrogen that passed through the discharge! J7ater research raised the energy level up to 22/ e63mol!K "his uantity of energy can %ith difficulty be accounted for by dissociation, even if it occurred to the extent of 100F!E ,n addition, he sho%ed that Epieces of sheet gold, copper, silver or platinum may be made red hot or even melted by exposing them to active nitrogen produced in a lo%-pressure discharge! "he nitrogen gives up its energy to the metal, %hich remains unacted on!!! +old %as selected as the most active metal!!!!E E"he energy radiated as after-glo% under favourable conditions is only of the order of 10-/ of the energy collected by the metal!E "his extra energy %as about 1000 times the amount radiated by active nitrogen alone under the most favorable experimental conditions he devised! E"he after-glo% consists chiefly of three heads of the first positive nitrogen bands! "he maximum luminosity of the visual spectrum is at 5550, and the %avelengths of the bands in uestion and their luminosities in terms of this maximum are as follo%s.

?olour 0ave-length 7uminosity +reen 5/;1 0!@/0 Gello% 5802 0!8;0 <ed :251 0!/21 E"he uestion may be raised %hether the 5a5 system of bands have great energy in the infra-red!!! 0e may fairly infer Jbased on the %or' of &ichlu and #charya (1@2@)K that the infra-red contribution is not important!E <ayleigh calculated the Etheoretical maximum for integrated nitrogen after-glo%E to be 9!82 x 102 candle-sec!, and used this number as a standard datum for his studies! 2e noted. E#lthough the luminosity in the bulb remains visible for hours, its e uivalent duration at the initial intensity is only about / seconds! "he prolonged faint luminosity contributes very little to the total!E 7ord <ayleigh also studied the effects of increasing and reducing the concentration of nitrogen, in*ecting active nitrogen into inert nitrogen, temperature change, other gases and metals, and the E%all-effectE! ,n 1@9:, <ayleigh published a se uel study on E"he surprising amount of energy %hich can be collected from gases after the electric discharge has passed!E ,n the abstract of the article, he stated. E# ne% form of experiment is no% described!!! in %hich!!! a platinum strip is 'ept hot by periodic discharges!!! JIKy ma'ing the experiment (1) %ith the 4t exposed to the gas and (2) %ith the 4t protected by a thin glass sheath it is possible to determine %hat part of the total energy is to be attributed to catalytic action of the discharge products! "his amount of energy %as found to be very great! <ec'oning in electron volts per molecule of gas present it increased rapidly as the gas pressure %as lo%ered and at the lo%est pressure used it rose as high as 22/ e63mol! <esults of the same order %ere obtained %ith other gases, so it is not clear that the glo% of active nitrogen is the essential condition! "his great liberation of energy much exceeds %hat can be explained by dissociation of the molecules and single ioniHation of every atom %hich results, %hich %ould only afford /: e6!E (-igure 1) E"o produce the electrodeless discharges, the same oil condensor %as used as in my previous %or'! ,t %as charged %ith an induction coil %ith a slo% mercury brea'!!! #n ebonite %heel %ith a conducting segment is mounted on an axle %hich is inclined at 95o to the horiHontal! "his %heel is immersed in 2g and ma'es and brea's contact once a revolution! "he 2g is covered %ith a layer of alcohol!!! E#long the axis Jof the discharge vesselK there is stretched a 4t strip, over %hich a glass sheath can be slipped! "he 4t can be heated by a current from a battery, and the tube is %ound %ith a %ire coil, %hich is used to excite the electrodeless discharge! 0hen the discharge passes, the 4t strip gets heated, and its resistance increases! "his is attributed partly to the direct-heating action

of the discharge, and partly to the action of the 4t strip in catalyHing the discharge products (ions and dissociated atomsR)! E>uring an experiment, the 4t strip is 'ept at an arbitrary but constant resistance of - ohms! -or this purpose it is made one arm of a 0heatstone5s bridge, and the current is ad*usted to heat the strip until the given resistance is attained! "he current (?1 amp!) is measured! "hen the glass sheath is slipped into position, so as to screen the %ire from dissociation products! # larger current (?2 amp!) must no% be passed to restore the resistance to its standard value of - ohms! "he energy given up to the 4t %ire by the dissociation products is (?22-?12) -t 0-sec!, %hen t is the time interval in seconds from one discharge to the next! E"his energy is derived from, and therefore is contained in, the gas volume v at pressure p cm! of 2g! E"hus the energy per unit volume rec'oned as at atmospheric pressure is (?22-?12) -t x ;: 3 0-sec!3cc! vp E,n a typical experiment, %hen the conditions %ere ad*usted to get the best effect at the chosen pressure, ?1 S 0!;8 amp!, ?2 S 1!;/ amp!, - S 0!9;0 ohm, t S 0!25 sec!, v S 1@ cc!, p S 2!: x 10-/ cm! 2g! ,n this case the energy is 9/2 0-sec!3cc! as at 1!"!4!, or @8!5 e63mol! of 1 present!E <ayleigh calculated that the probable length of travel of the molecules of nitrogen, from the point %here they received energy to central strip %here they gave it up, to be about 1 cm! (the radius of the discharge vessel)! E"he duration of the discharge (several oscillations) %as estimated!!! and found to be /!;: x 10-: sec!! "his re uires the molecule considered to have a velocity of!!! 5 x 105 cm!3sec!! 1o% the molecular velocity of nitrogen is 5 x 109 cm!3sec! at 2;/ &! "o raise it 10 times, the absolute temperature must be increased 100 times, i!e! to the temperature of the hottest stars! ,t seems clear, therefore, that a molecule could not travel fast enough to give up energy to the 4t strip more than once during the short duration of a discharge! ,f not, it must carry @8!5 e6 at one time and it is not easy to see ho% according to current ideas ho% it could do this! "he energy of dissociation of nitrogen is ;!9 (R) 6, and this, together %ith the ioniHation of both the atoms, %ould only afford ;!9 A 2 x 19!5 6 or /: 6! ?onsidering that the discharge gives a band spectrum and not a line spectrum, the idea of complete dissociation and ioniHation is some%hat fantastic$ but even if %e ma'e this assumption the difficulty remains! E"here appears to be no advantage in increasing the number of turns to the maximum, and close %inding %as inconvenient, because the coil sho%ed a tendency to spar' over! # coil having 2:!5 turns %as used in further experiments, as being about the useful maximum! E"he pressure %as then varied, leaving the other conditions unaltered. J"able not sho%n in the online versionK

E,t appears, therefore, that the energy per molecule increases very greatly as the pressure is diminished! E,t %as of interest to see %hether these very large values of the energy per molecule are peculiar to nitrogen, or %hether they %ould be found in other gases also! # fe% results only are available at present. +as *, pressure (cm!) 0-sec!3cc! e63mol! =xygen 2!: x 10-/ 9/2 @8!5 2ydrogen 9!/ x 10-/ 9;0 10; 1itrogen 2!: x 10-/ /0@ ;0!: E"hese are of the same order of magnitude as the results for nitrogen, one of %hich is repeated for convenience of reference!E "he high energy output of this relatively simple experiment suggests that a convenient source of Efree energyE might be available therein! #side from that notion, despite repeated reading of <ayleigh5s articles on active nitrogen, this %riter remains baffled as to ho% active 1, = or 2 could possibly form (ass 5 as claimed by <on &ovac (5%'i%ite 0%e &y D1531:, Buly-1ov! 1@@; and else%here)! &ovac does not explain the reaction path%ay(s) involved! <ayleigh. * o+. -oy So+! #! 1;:. 1, 1: (28 #ugust 1@90)$ ibi2!, 182. 2@:-2@@ (1@9:)$ ibi2!, 151.5:;-589 (1@/5) Lor0 a,leig-C" Active Nitrogen E+periment

+hemical 2:s rac s (1@92) . * o+. -oy. So+. (7ondon) #-180. 12/-1/@ (1@92) M E-urther )tudies on #ctive 1itrogen. Experiments to sho% that traces of oxygen or other impurity affect primarily the %alls of the vessel, and not the phenomena in the gas space!E 0hen a minute =2 tributary is added to the 12 gas stream it ta'es longer to assert its action than the time needed to change the gas composition, %hich indicates that the effect on the =2 tributary

is on the %alls of the tube! "he fact that %hen the =2 tributary is chec'ed the action persists confirms this vie%! "he =2 modifies the glass %all favorably for the accumulation of active 1! "he restoration of the afterglo% by a tributary =2 stream is very mar'ed %ith electrodeless discharges at 0!/ mm! #n increase of intensity by a factor of /2 is achieved by the introduction of the =2! "he observed phenomena are complex and not easy to explain! "he effect of treating the vessel is examined! )trong preliminary heating in vacuo ma'es a vessel destroy the afterglo%, 2eating in 12 at atmospheric pressure has the same effect! 2eating in =2 at even 1 mm pressure restores the glo%! "he effects can be explained in terms of gas-layer formation or removal! "he behavior of the gas a%ay from the surface is different$ in this case purity of 12 favors the promotion of active 1 phenomena! 5bi2!, pp! 190-150 M E"he ioniHation associated %ith active nitrogenE "he ioniHation associated %ith afterglo%ing 1 is investigated thoroughly! "he ioniHation is completely cut off if the test vessel is separated from the afterglo% by a silica %all! "he ioniHation is thus not produced by light (at least of %avelength greater than 1850 #)! 1o increased current is observed %hen the surface action is such as to ma'e a testing cathode red hot! "his seems to exclude electron emission as the cause of the ioniHation! "he ioniHation is nearly the same %hen the cathode is one of the common metals or a surface coated %ith metaphosphoric acid, but a copper cathode, %hen clean, gives a much larger effect! ,t is concluded that the surface electron emission is small compared %ith the volume ioniHation of the gas space! "he number of ion pairs generated and the number of photons emitted per cc at various stages of a decaying glo% are measured! "he number of photons is at first greater but at very lo% intensities the number of ions probably exceeds the number of photons! ,t is considered that different mechanisms are involved in the t%o processes! "he admission of inert 12 increases the instantaneous photon emission and also the instantaneous ioniHation! Evidence is produced %hich points to the fact that the ioniHation process and afterglo% process are in some measure independent! "he ioniHation potential of the 12 molecule (15!51 v) is such that the energy attributed to active 12 on spectroscopic grounds, as calculated from the emitted band spectrum, is open to suspicion! ,t is considered that previous attempts to explain active 12 have laid too much stress on the spectroscopic aspect and have ignored the uestion of ioniHation! "his %as previously considered a subordinate phenomenon, but the %or' here sho%s that under some conditions ioniHation may involve as many atoms as the light emission!

Tro, EED Magnetic Motor

,ree Press5 Little oc45 A . April %4F)&5 %994 1

EMagnetic MiracleE
',

D/0 7enn,
<n$en or?s )esign consumes no 9uel, emi s no 9umes >evices that have truly improved the human condition - such as electricity, the telephone and the airplane - %ere created by people %ho passionately believe their inventions %ould ma'e the %orld a better place to live! "roy <eed of "ulsa, ='lahoma is such a person! <eed has invented and patented a motor that consumes no fuel and emits no fumes! ,t is po%erful enough to turn a ;,000-%att generator, %hich is enough electricity to run an average home! 4roduction of the <eed (agnetic (otor for use by the general public may begin by year5s end! <eed, 5;, has also invented an automobile called E)urgeE that employs his ne% technology! Cnli'e a battery-po%ered car, <eed5s )urge does not have to be plugged in to be recharged! "he car recharges itself as it rolls do%n the high%ay at speeds of up to 85 miles an hour! <eed and

actor >ennis 0eaver, a cousin and inventor in the pro*ect, plan to ma'e the first high%ay testrun of the car this summer! <eed said he has been contacted about coverage of the test run by, among others, 20320, :0 (inutes, 7arry &ing 7ive, 4rimetime 7ive and ?11! # representative of ?11, <eed said, has already seen the car and might broadcast daily updates during the *ourney! "he idea for this technology came to <eed in a number of dreams and visions over the past /5 years! 2e said he got the first in 1@5@ %hile employed as a machinist ma'ing ;0 cents an hour! "hirty years later, in 1@8@, he put those dreams to the test, turning a hand cran' that put the first <eed (agnetic (otor in motion! "hat prototype %as seven feet tall, %eighed more than 500 pounds, had four moving parts and po%ered a 500-%att generator! 2is latest motor ta'es t%o car batteries to start (they are re-charged by the generator), is 20 inches high, %eighs less than 200 pounds, has one moving part and runs a ;000-%att generator! ,f <eed5s motor %or's as %ell as he says it does, it %ould be a rather amaHing technological brea'through! #fter all, it %ould mean a person could live any%here one %anted %ith all the comforts and never have to pay an electric bill! =ne %ould also be able to drive to %or', or any%here else, %ithout consuming fuel! #nd best of all, one could do these things %ithout polluting the environment! #lthough most people have never heard of the <eed (agnetic (otor, it is %ell 'no%n in the science %orld! )ince 1@8@ <eed and his motor have been featured at numerous international scientific conferences - the most recent on in >enver in (arch! <eed also has been %ritten up in scientific *ournals and is included in the latest edition of (onuments of (ars, a boo' of inventors %ritten by former 1#)# science %riter <ichard 2oagland! ,f <eed has his %ay, his motor soon %ill no longer be a scientific curiosity! ?urrently he is in the final stages of granting a license to produce the motor to an #merican company and a company in ,ndia! <eed %ould not give the names of the companies because he said he is still Enegotiating!E E,5ve been approached by lots of companies from all over the %orld,E <eed said! E, %anted the company that builds this motor to be doing it for the same reason , developed it - to help mother earth!E <eed did say that the companies granted licenses %ould start producing the motors for the consumer almost immediately! E"he technology is already there, it is *ust a matter of putting all together the right %ay to ma'e it %or',E <eed said! "he 1@8@ prototype uses a horiHontal shaft %ith several magnets on it! #bove the shaft are four vertical spring-loaded pistons %ith a magnet on the end closest to the shaft! "urning the hand cran' spins the horiHontal shaft and the magnetic spring-loaded pistons move up and do%n to trigger the motion of the shaft and the magnetic force field! =nce the shaft is put into motion, it continues to spin until a bra'e is applied!

,nstead of moveable pistons, the latest model of the motor uses and electronic system and stationary magnets to start and control the motion of the shaft! ?onse uently, the only moving part in the motor is the horiHontal shaft! ,n the current model, the shaft turns in bearings, but <eed said the mass-produced model %ill not have the bearings! ,nstead, the shaft %ill be magnetically suspended inside the motor casing! )uspending the shaft means there %ill be nothing to %ear out, or ma'e noise, <eed said! <eed is a%are inventions such as his often end up being shelved a%ay from the consumer by a large oil company! )o <eed said he has proceeded %ith caution! EBust li'e the companies that are going to produce these motors, , made sure that my investors %ere motivated for the right reasons,E <eed said! E,f they are only in it for the money, then , turned them a%ay! =n the other hand, if they share my desire to see this technology in the mar'etplace to help save the environment, then %e made a deal!E <eed said he also has been careful in ho% he financed the development of his motor! 2e said he tal'ed %ith other %ould-be %orld-saving inventors %ho %ere put out of business by the government for violating interstate security exchange la%s! E"hey needed capital to develop their ideas, so they sold their investors stoc',E <eed said! E,t al%ays ta'es longer to develop something li'e this than you thin' it %ill! )o %hen it came time to ma'e good on that stoc', they couldn5t do it!E 0hen <eed needed capital, instead of issuing stoc' he gave his investors promissory notes that %ere contingent on his invention eventually ma'ing it to mar'et! =nce the motors are available to the public, <eed said he %ill offer his investors the option of Eholding the promissory notes or exchanging them for stoc'!E 2o%ever, the federal government is a%are of %hat is going on at <eed "echnologies! ,n fact, <eed said 1#)# has volunteered to test the motor! <eed estimated it %ill cost about X/,500 per motor to mass produce his invention! Iud &enny of 2ot )prings is scheduled to begin a 15-year %orld-%al'ing tour on Bune 5 (see related story page 2/)! &enny %ill live in a small house on %heels, %hich %ill be pulled by t%o mules! Electricity for the house %ill be provided by alternative electrical generating systems such as solar panels and a pedal generator that %ill store po%er from the rotation of >ylan5s %heels! &enny5s first stop on his %orld tour %ill be around the first of #ugust in "ulsa, %here <eed %ill help &enny develop the electrical system for the home!

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"he problem that happened is that "roy (>ad) and Evelyn his %ife at the time and 64 of the company got an device %hile dealing %ith a company to manufacture the base product! =f coarse egos got in the %ay along %ith financial problems! )ome of the technology did ma'e it into the Eb+= golf cart! # lot of other issue bet%een <eed "echnologyUs and other company that %here in negotiations! 1o% for an update <eed "echnology is Evelyn and she , thin' has moved to ?osta <ica! >ad has been %or'ing on some other pro*ect that may someday come out! #s for me , had to go bac' to %or' to ma'e a living but in the bac' of my mind , still %ant to built the second generation of the magnetic motor that %as named the (ach ,, %hich , still have the original plans , dre% up so 10 years ago! "he (ach ,, %as designed to have around 900 24 at 1500 <4(s! , am listed as the co inventor of this motor and maybe some day , can get bac' to it! (any people in the V-ree energyW groups li'e <ichard has seen the base plans for this next generation motor! Iut %ith the issue that happened %ho 'no% %hen this pro*ect %ill continue! )orry to all of you that %as involved and %here let do%n! "han's for your understanding, (i'e

<ni0enti3ie0 "o/rce FFF # ne% free energy magnet motor is coming on the scene! "roy <eed of "ulsa, =& has developed a permanent magnet device that produces free energy! ,t has t%o sets of stationary magnets and t%o sets of magnets mounted on freely turning dis's! )pring-type in*ector pins are used to 'eep the motor turning at a constant <4( (about 500) as %ell as to overcome magnetic attraction! "he device is started using a normal starter motor and then runs freely and continues to produce energy! -or more information contact <eed (agnetic (otor, ,nc!, 4=I ;00/@5, "ulsa, =& ;91;0, or call @18-;9/-1112!

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4!=! Iox 201, 7os #ltos, ?# @902/-0201 "he <eed (1@@1) (agnetic (otor is an electromechanical device that "roy <eed says runs on magnetic po%er! "he author has developed a small prototype and a larger unit that have both undergone several demonstrations and testing programs! 2e has also filed for a 4atent %ith the 4atent =ffice and the -oreign 4"=3E4=! ,n his design, eight permanent magnets are placed on each of four dis's! "%o outer dis's remain stationary %hile the t%o inner ones are mounted on a common shaft and are allo%ed to turn freely! 6ideotapes and other information are available!

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Magnetic 8eater Apparat/" an0 Met-o0

ee05 Tro,$ 7S!iatoo!, 4G8B L/nne'org5 Tim$ 7.a$peto%, N/8B Loll5 7evin$ 7.a$peto%, N/8B Dimmer5 6a/l Gene$ 7.a$peto%, N/8B T-oma"5 Hame" onal0$ 76attle Aa!e, MN8B T-oma"5 Neil 8o2ar0$ 76 oo!i%&", S/8 <$#$ C/rrent Cla""= )%9>6&)$ 21@3:28 Intl Cl$= 205I 00:310 Corre"pon0ence= (E<?2#1" L +=C7> 4?, 4!=! I=\ 2@0/, (,11E#4=7,), (1 559020@0/ A""ignee= (ag"ec 77?, -argo 1> A'"tract FFF #n apparatus and method for generating heat, in particular for heating a fluid! "he apparatus includes a frame, %ith at least one permanent magnet fixedly mounted to the frame! #n electrically conductive member is disposed proximate the permanent magnets! "he magnetic field of the magnets upon the conductive member is made to vary cyclically! "ypically either the permanent magnets, the conductive member, or both are movable %ith respect to one another! <elative motion of the conductive member and the magnets causes the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member to vary, %hich causes it to become hot! "he total heat energy generated in the conductive member may exceed the total energy applied to the apparatus to produce the varying magnetic field! "he apparatus may include a fluid path proximate the conductive member! -luid in the fluid path receives heat from the conductive member! "he apparatus may also include a mounting member for mounting the conductive member, a drive mechanism for moving the conductive member, and a fluid driver for driving fluid %ithin the fluid path! "he method includes the steps of either an electrically conductive member, a permanent magnet proximate the conductive member, or both so as to heat the conductive member! "he method may include the step of passing a fluid through a fluid path proximate the conductive member such that the fluid absorbs heat from the conductive member! %escrip ion

I#?&+<=C1> =- "2E ,16E1",=1 J0001K "he claimed invention relates to an apparatus and method for generating heat using magnets! (ore particularly, the claimed invention relates to an apparatus and method for generating heat using magnets, in particular permanent magnets, and transferring the heat to a %or'ing fluid! J0002K # variety of methods and devices for heating fluids are 'no%n! (ost conventional methods for heating fluids involve either combustion or resistive heating! 2o%ever, neither of these approaches is entirely satisfactory! J000/K 2eating fluids by combustion has been 'no%n since anti uity! Essentially, a flame is produced, and is placed proximate the fluid to be heated! ,n some applications, the flame is applied directly to the fluid, for example %hen air is blo%n across a flame in a conventional gas furnace! ,n other applications, the flame is applied to a heat sin' or heat conductor, for example %hen a metal tan' is heated over a flame in a conventional %ater heater! J0009K (any variations of this basic approach are 'no%n! 2o%ever, they share several common disadvantages! -irst, flame is inherently dangerous! -lammable materials must be 'ept a%ay from the flames in order to prevent the flame from spreading! +enerally, this means any flame heating device must be made of non-flammable materials, and must be built in such a %ay as to prevent the entry of any flammable materials into the vicinity of the flame! J0005K ,n addition, any flame source re uires a steady flo% of fuel! "his re uires fuel lines, tan's, or similar structures, %hich can prove inconvenient in certain applications! ,n addition, fuel lines and tan's may present a fire or explosion haHard! J000:K )imilarly, flames re uire a steady flo% of oxygen! ?ommonly oxygen is furnished via a blo%er that provides a flo% of air to the flame! 2o%ever, for certain applications, for example heating li uids, it is difficult or inconvenient to provide a reliable source of air! J000;K -urthermore, flames produce various combustion products, many of %hich present a nuisance or a haHard! )oot build-up is common in conventional flame-based heating systems, and as a result such systems re uire regular cleaning! (ore seriously, flames are notorious for producing potentially toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide! ?are must be ta'en in the design of flame-based heating systems to avoid the production of such gases, or to vent them a%ay from areas used by people and animals! J0008K ,n addition, many combustion byproducts are environmentally destructive! "his is especially true %hen combustion is chemically incomplete, for reasons such as poor fuel mixing, lo% burn temperature, etc! ,n such cases, a variety of environmentally haHardous compounds may be produced! -urthermore, nearly all fuels produce so-called Egreenhouse gasesE during combustion, most notably carbon dioxide, even %hen combustion is relatively EcleanE! #lthough carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are not necessarily directly harmful to people in small uantities, production of such gases is generally considered a disadvantage, in that they are %idely believed to contribute to global climate change!

J000@K #lso, many conventional flame-based heating systems operate by generating one or more extremely high-temperature point-sources of heat! "hat is, the active components of the systems become extremely hot, in many cases hot enough to cause in*ury or damage materials not specially designed for high heat tolerance! "hus people, as %ell as plastics, %ood, paper, etc! must be 'ept a%ay from the active components of a flame-based heating system in order to avoid a ris' of in*ury or damage! J0010K ,n addition, conventional flame-based heating systems generally re uire numerous components such as valves, tubing, flame noHHles, etc! that are either in or near the fluid to be heated! -or generally non-reactive fluids, such as air, this is of limited concern! 2o%ever, if corrosive or other%ise haHardous fluids are to be heated, it is typically necessary to either design the system specifically to avoid direct contact %ith the fluid to be heated, or to use components and materials that are resistant to the fluid in uestion! -or complicated parts, such as valves and noHHles, this can present manufacturing and maintenance difficulties! J0011K <esistive heating of fluids is also %ell-'no%n! ?onventional systems operate by passing an electrical current through a heating element %ith a high electrical resistance! "he current flo% generates heat %ithin the heating element, and the heat is then transferred directly or indirectly to a fluid! J0012K #lthough resistive heating avoids certain difficulties inherent in flame-based systems, it also suffers from several disadvantages! "hough resistive heating systems do not re uire either fuel or oxygen, they do re uire that electricity be provided to the heating elements! 7i'e fuel lines and air fans, electrical %iring may be difficult or inconvenient for certain applications! J001/K )imilarly, many conventional resistive heating systems operate by generating one or more extremely high-temperature point-sources of heat! "ypically, the operating current is passed through one or more relatively small heating elements! "he elements thus become extremely hot! ,n many cases the heating elements are heated to the point of incandescence, and may reach several thousand degrees -ahrenheit! 4eople, plastics, %ood, paper, even some types of metal and glass must be 'ept a%ay from the active components of a resistive heating system in order to avoid a ris' of in*ury or damage! J0019K -urthermore, such temperatures exceed the ignition temperatures of certain flammable gasses and vapors, so such substances must also be 'ept a%ay from the heating elements and other active components of a resistive heating system! ,f the presence of combustible gasses and vapors cannot be avoided, the active components must be sealed in a gas-tight enclosure to prevent fire or explosion! J0015K ,n addition, resistive heating, depending as it does on transmission of a substantial electric current, poses an inherent danger of electric shoc'! #rcing and spar'ing to and from electrically energiHed components is a significant ris'! ,n addition, applications that involve potentially conductive fluids, in particular %ater, are of special concern %ith resistive heating devices! "he presence of such conductive fluids in or near current paths can cause short-circuits that may damage the device or harm persons or property nearby!

J001:K -urthermore, resistive heating systems are perhaps even more susceptible to corrosive or other%ise degrading fluids than flame-based systems! "his is particularly the case %ith the heating elements! 2eating elements are typically small, and are thus especially susceptible to corrosion by virtue of a high ratio of exposed area to their total volume! 2eating elements are also commonly directly exposed to or directly immersed in the fluid to be heated! -urthermore, the difficulties in ma'ing heating elements corrosion resistant are increased because heating elements must also survive extremely high temperatures, and thus the materials, structures, and construction methods that may be used are limited! )C((#<G =- "2E ,16E1",=1 J001;K ,t is the purpose of the claimed invention to overcome these difficulties, thereby providing an improved apparatus and method for generating heat! J0018K ,t is more particularly the purpose of the claimed invention to provide an apparatus and method for heating a fluid that does not re uire fuel, oxygen, or electrical current delivered to the active heating components, and that does not pose dangers from localiHed high temperatures, fire, electric shoc', or toxic byproducts! J001@K "he present invention relates to a magne ic hea er mechanism for generating heat! ,t includes at least one electrically conductive member and at least one magnet disposed proximate to one another! "he magnetic field exerted by the magnet upon the conductive member is made to vary cyclically! "his causes the conductive member to become hot! =ne %ay of accomplishing this is to move at least one of the conductive member and the magnet cyclically relative to the other! "he magnetic field exerted upon the conductive member by the magnet thus varies cyclically! J0020K (ore particularly, the magnetic field at a given point on the conductive member changes, such that that point on the conductive member becomes heated! ,n some embodiments most or all of the conductive member %ill become heated in this fashion! 2o%ever, it is only necessary that a single point of the conductive member be so heated! J0021K "he present invention also relates to a magne ic hea er *i h such a magne ic hea er mechanism therein! #n embodiment of magne ic hea er in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention includes at least one magnet and at least one electrically conductive member disposed proximate the at least one magnet, but not in direct contact there%ith! ,n certain embodiments, the magnet may be conveniently mounted on a frame! #t least one of the conductor and the magnet is cyclically movable in relation to the other! J0022K ,n a preferred embodiment, the at least one magnet is a permanent magnet! J002/K # fluid path is disposed in thermal communication %ith the conductive member! J0029K "he relative motions of the conductive member and the magnet may vary considerably! ,n certain embodiments, the conductive member and3or the magnet may rotate in relation to one

another! ,n other embodiments, one or both of the conductive member and the magnet may oscillate %ith respect to one another! "he type of cyclical motion is not critical! J0025K 0hen the conductive member and3or the magnet are cyclically moved, the magnetic field applied to the conductive member by the magnet varies cyclically at at least one point on the conductive member, %hich causes at least that point of the conductive member to become hot! "he heating depends on the electrical conductivity of the conductive member, not the magnetic or physical properties! "hus it is not necessary that the conductive member be ferromagnetic, or that it have any particular magnetic properties! 7i'e%ise, it is not necessary that the conductive member be a particular shape or siHe! J002:K -luid flo%ing through the fluid path absorbs heat from the conductive member! J002;K ,n certain embodiments, the amount of heat energy generated %ithin the conductive member exceeds the total energy applied to produce the cyclically varying magnetic field! J0028K ,t is noted that the physical process(es) responsible for heat generation %ithin the claimed invention have not been definitively determined as of filing of this application! ,t is believed that inductive heating may be at least partially responsible! #lthough inductive heating is 'no%n per se, the efficiency of the claimed invention in producing heat, %hich may exceed 100F as normally measured, is both surprising and un'no%n! J002@K ,n addition, a device according to the principles of the claimed invention may include a drive shaft on %hich to mount the conductive member or the magnet for convenient cyclical motion! ,t may also contain a motor or other drive mechanism for driving the shaft! ,t may further contain a fluid driving mechanism such as a pump or blo%er for forcing fluid through the fluid path so as to heat the fluid efficiently! J00/0K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention does not re uire that fuel, oxygen, or electrical po%er be provided directly to or used %ithin the heater mechanism itself! "he ris's inherent in such provisions are thus avoided! J00/1K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention is not prone to electrical arcing or spar'ing, as there is no need to apply external electrical po%er directly to the conductive member or the magnet in order to generate heat! J00/2K #s pointed out above, one possible source for the heat generated in the conductive member is magnetic induction! ,t is noted that magnetic induction involves the production and dissipation of electrical eddy currents! 2o%ever, eddy currents %ithin conductors generally present negligible ris's of arcing and spar'ing, as they are not flo%ing from one component to another or across a substantial distance, but rather are moving only %ithin a local area of the conductor itself! -urthermore, eddy currents, li'e other electrical currents, tend to follo% the lo%est resistance current path, %hich is typically %ithin the conductor rather than through the surrounding environment! "hus, short circuits, arcing, and spar'ing are naturally inhibited! Even fluids considered to be relatively conductive, such as salt %ater, are normally much less

conductive than typical conductive solids such as metals! "hus, spar'ing dangers may be avoided even if such conductive fluids are to be heated! J00//K 7i'e%ise, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention does not re uire either a flame or a hot filament to generate heat, and does not re uire high voltages or currents in exposed components! J00/9K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, having very fe% parts, may be readily constructed of materials that are resistant to extreme temperatures, corrosive environments, etc! #s a result, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention lends itself to applications %herein such conditions are found! J00/5K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention furthermore does not re uire that any component thereof be heated to an extreme temperature in order to operate! "he conductive member may be heated to a moderate temperature similar to the desired temperature of the fluid, %ithout a loss of efficiency! J00/:K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, not being sub*ect to many of the ris's associated %ith 'no%n flame-based heaters and resistive heaters, is particularly %ell suited for commercial and home applications, such as furnaces, space heaters, and %ater heaters! 2o%ever, it %ill be appreciated that these applications are exemplary only, and that the claimed invention is not limited thereto! J00/;K -urthermore, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention does not produce %aste gas, or indeed %aste products of any sort, and in particular does not produce greenhouse gases or other environmentally dangerous substances! 7i'e%ise, it does not produce solid %aste or particulates such as ash, soot, etc!, and does not produce noxious or corrosive li uids or gases, i!e! sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfuric acid, etc! "herefore, its operation does not present an environmental haHard! J00/8K # method in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention includes the steps of rotating at least one conductive member proximate at least one magnet so as to heat the conductive member! # fluid may then be disposed proximate the conductive member, so as to absorb heat from the conductive member! J00/@K #s noted, it is believed that magnetic induction may be at least partially responsible for the heat generated in a device in accordance %ith the claimed invention! ,t is noted that conventional inductive heating devices typically rely on electromagnets to generate magnetic fields! ,n a preferred embodiment of the claimed invention, permanent magnets are used instead! J0090K 2o%ever, alternate embodiments of the invention might include electromagnets! #lthough electromagnets have many of the same dra%bac's as resistive heaters, in that they re uire an electrical current to be delivered directly to the heating element, and in that a device that uses electromagnets thus re uires %iring and must be designed %ith consideration given to a ris' of electrical shoc', for certain embodiments it may be desirable to utiliHe electromagnets!

J0091K 4ermanent magnets are extremely simple in structure, and do not have moving parts, current paths, or other internal components! #s a result, they are extremely reliable, and are physically, chemically, and thermally sturdy! J0092K ,n addition, the use of permanent magnets in the claimed invention, combined %ith the lac' of any other unavoidable need for electrical po%er, gas lines, %aste disposal, etc! enables embodiments of the claimed invention to be utiliHed %ith little or no supporting infrastructure! J009/K ,n addition, 'no%n devices utiliHing magnetic inductive heating are substantially less efficient in generating heat than an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention! -or this reason, it is believed that some phenomenon other than or in addition to magnetic induction heating may be responsible for the heat generated in the claimed invention! J0099K "hus, it is emphasiHed that the heating effect is not necessarily restricted to magnetic inductive heating! I<,E- >E)?<,4",=1 =- "2E ><#0,1+) J0095K 7i'e reference numbers generally indicate corresponding elements in the figures! J009:K -,+! 1 is a cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, adapted for rotary motion!

J009;K -,+! 2 is a perspective vie% of a frame %ith magnets therein from the apparatus illustrated in -,+! 1!

J0098K -,+! / is a cross-sectional illustration of another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, having multiple conductive members!

J009@K -,+! 9 is a cross-sectional illustration of another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, sho%ing conductive and non-conductive layers!

J0050K -,+! 5 is a perspective vie% of an embodiment of a conductive member in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention!

J0051K -,+! : is a perspective vie% of another embodiment of a frame %ith magnets therein!

J0052K -,+! ; is a perspective vie% of yet another embodiment of a frame %ith magnets therein!

J005/K -,+! 8 is a perspective vie% of an embodiment of a frame %ith magnets therein similar to that in -,+! 2, sho%ing magnet polarities!

J0059K -,+! @ is a cross-sectional illustration of another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, adapted for oscillatory motion!

J0055K -,+! 10 is a cross-sectional illustration of yet another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, adapted for pendulum motion!

J005:K -,+! 11 is a cross-sectional illustration of still another embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, adapted for rotary motion, having an integral fluid driver!

J005;K -,+! 12 is another perspective vie% of an embodiment of a frame %ith magnets therein similar to that in -,+! 2, sho%ing magnet polarities different from those in -,+! 8!

J0058K -,+! 1/ is a perspective vie% of an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, %herein the spacing bet%een the magnet and the conductive member varies!

J005@K -,+! 19 is a magnified vie% of a magnet similar to one from -,+! 2!

J00:0K -,+! 15 is a cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, %herein magnets are disposed on both sides of the conductive member!

J00:1K -,+! 1: is a magnified vie% of a portion of -,+! 15, sho%ing exemplary magnet orientation!

J00:2K -,+! 1; is a cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, %herein magnets are disposed on both sides of the conductive member!

J00:/K -,+! 18 is a cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of a heater in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention!

J00:9K -,+! 1@ is a schematic representation of a heat driven apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention!

J00:5K -,+! 20 sho%s an embodiment similar to that of -,+! 15, %ith the conductive member partially %ithdra%n!

>E"#,7E> >E)?<,4",=1 =- "2E 4<E-E<<E> E(I=>,(E1" J00::K <eferring to -,+! 1, an embodiment of an apparatus for magnetically generating heat 10 in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention includes a frame 20! "he frame need not be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, although it may be either or both! #s illustrated in -,+! /, the frame 20 is a circular, essentially solid plate! 2o%ever, it %ill be appreciated by those 'no%ledgeable in the art that this is exemplary only, and that other shapes, including but not limited to rectangles or open arrangements of struts, may be e ually suitable! J00:;K ,n addition, the frame is itself exemplary only! ,t provides a convenient structure on %hich magnets /0 may be mounted! J00:8K <eturning to -,+! 1, the apparatus includes at least one magnet /0 fixedly connected to the frame 20! #s noted, in a preferred embodiment the at least one magnet /0 is a permanent magnet! # %ide variety of magnets /0, permanent and other%ise, may be suitable! J00:@K ,n embodiments %here permanent magnets are used, those embodiments are to some degree limited in their operation by the maximum effective operating temperature of the particular permanent magnets /0 that are used, i!e! if the magnets /0 overheat their magnetic field may decay! ,n a preferred embodiment using permanent magnets, the magnets /0 are hightemperature permanent magnets, such that they retain their magnetic fields at elevated

temperatures! ,n a more preferred embodiment, the magnets /0 have an effective operating temperature of at least the boiling point of %ater! ,n a still more preferred embodiment, the magnets /0 have an effective operating temperature of at least /50!degree! -! J00;0K <are earth magnets are 'no%n to be suitable for the purposes of the claimed invention! )amarium ?obalt magnets are 'no%n to be particularly suitable for purposes of the claimed invention! 2o%ever, the use of both )amarium ?obalt magnets and rare earth magnets in general is exemplary only, and other permanent magnets may be e ually suitable! J00;1K "he Eeffective operating temperatureE, as the term is used in the art, is the point beyond %hich the magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet begins to degrade significantly! )ome minor degradation in field strength may be measurable belo% this point! 7i'e%ise, the magnetic field may maintain at least some integrity above the effective operating temperature! J00;2K ,t is noted that the effective operating temperatures described herein are exemplary only! 4ermanent magnets %ith different effective operating temperatures may be e ually suitable! ,n particular, it is noted that permanent magnets %ith higher effective operating temperatures may be available, or may become available, and that they may be e ually suitable for use %ith the claimed invention! J00;/K ,n addition, it is emphasiHed that the device as a %hole is not strictly limited to the operating temperatures of the magnets /0! ,n certain embodiments, other portions of the apparatus such as the conductive member 90 (see belo%) may reach higher temperatures than are experienced by the magnets /0, temperatures %hich may be %ell in excess of the maximum operating temperature of the magnets /0 themselves! J00;9K -urthermore, the magnets /0 may be protected from excess heat, as %ell as other potential haHards! -or example, as illustrated in -,+! 19, %hich sho%s a cross-section of a magnet /0 and a portion of a frame 20 similar to that of -,+! / in cross-section and in greater detail, the magnet /0 may include a protective layer /1! )uch a protective layer /1 can provide thermal protection, and3or structural and chemical protection! # variety of materials may be suitable for use as a protective layer /1, so long as they do not significantly reduce the propagation of the magnetic field of the magnet /0! J00;5K -or certain embodiments, aluminum may be provide a suitable protective layer /1! ,t is noted that aluminum has a high reflectivity, thus inhibiting the absorption of heat by the magnet /0, and a high infrared emissivity, thus facilitating the rapid re-radiation of heat from the magnet /0! "hese factors combine to provide passive cooling for the magnet /0! ,n addition, aluminum is relatively durable, and so a protective layer /1 of aluminum serve to protect the magnet /0 physically! 7i'e%ise, aluminum is relatively impermeable, and thus may effectively seal the magnet /0 against any potential corrosive effects due to moisture, oxygen, fluid flo%ing through the fluid path 50 (see belo%), etc! J00;:K 2o%ever, the use of aluminum is exemplary only, and a variety of other materials may be e ually suitable! ,n particular, it is noted that multiple layers of material, rather than a single

layer (i!e! of aluminum), may also be suitable! 7i'e%ise, the presence of a protective layer /1 is also exemplary only! J00;;K ,n addition, for certain embodiments, the apparatus may include an additional active or passive cooling mechanism /2 for the magnets /0! # %ide variety of cooling mechanisms /2 may be suitable! -or example, passive cooling mechanisms /2 may include, but are not limited to, heat sin's and radiator fins! #ctive cooling mechanisms /2 may include, but are not limited to, coolant loops and refrigeration units! J00;8K ,t is noted that the fluid flo% path 50, as described belo%, may be configured to act as a cooling mechanism /2! )ince in certain embodiments of the claimed invention it provides a mechanism for absorbing heat from the conductive member 90, it may be %ell suited for absorbing heat from the magnets /0 as %ell! J00;@K 2o%ever, these particular cooling mechanisms /2, as %ell as the presence of a cooling mechanism at all, are exemplary only! J0080K ,n a preferred embodiment, the apparatus includes a plurality of magnets /0! #s illustrated in -,+)! 1 and /, the apparatus has eight magnets /0, distributed symmetrically about the periphery of the frame 20! 2o%ever, it %ill be appreciated by those 'no%ledgeable in the art that this is exemplary only! # %ide variety of siHes, shapes, numbers, and arrangements of magnets /0 may be e ually suitable! ,n particular, asymmetrical arrangements of magnets /0 and arrangements of magnets /0 else%here than the periphery of the frame 20 may be suitable! -or example, -,+! : sho%s an arrangement of magnets /0 in t%o straight ro%s! -,+! ; sho%s an arrangement of magnets /0 %ith three in one arc near the center of the frame 20, and five in a larger arc near the periphery of the frame 20! J0081K ,n addition, although the magnets /0 are illustrated as dis'-shaped, this is exemplary only! (agnets in other shapes, including but not limited to rectangular, may be e ually suitable! -urthermore, the magnets /0 need not all have the same shape! J0082K (oreover, although an arrangement of small magnets /0 is convenient for certain applications, this is also exemplary only! (agnets /0 of siHes other than those sho%n may be e ually suitable! -urthermore, in embodiments having more than one magnet /0, the magnets /0 need not be of the same siHe! J008/K -urthermore, as illustrated in -,+! 1, the magnets /0 are fixed to a surface of the frame 20! 2o%ever, this arrangement is exemplary only! #s illustrated in -,+! /, the magnets /0 may be recessed into the frame 20! "he magnets /0 may be fully recessed as illustrated, such that the surfaces of the magnets /0 are flush %ith the surface of the frame 20, or the magnets /0 may be partially recessed into the frame 20! #lternatively, the magnets /0 may be fully enclosed %ithin the frame 20, as illustrated in -,+! 9! # %ide variety of arrangements of magnets /0 may be suitable, so long as the magnetic fields generated by the magnets /0 extend beyond the surface of the frame 20!

J0089K "he magnets may be oriented in various manners! ,n a preferred embodiment, all of the magnets %ill be oriented %ith alternating polarity! "hat is, as sho%n in -,+! 8, some have their north poles 1 facing out of the paper, %hile those on either side have their south poles ) facing out of the paper (and their north poles 1 facing into the paper)! )uch an arrangement is advantageous, for at least the reason that it produces a greater change in magnetic field intensity than %ould be the case if all of the magnets /0 %ere aligned in the same direction! J0085K ,t is noted that such an arrangement may be e uivalently described as having the north pole 1 of some of the magnets /0 point directly to%ards the conductive member 90, %hile having the north pole 1 of alternating magnets /0 point directly a%ay from the conductive member 90! J008:K 2o%ever, such an arrangement is exemplary only! =ther arrangements may be e ually suitable! -or example, it %ould also be possible to arrange the magnets /0 %ith alternating polarity such that the north pole of each magnet /0 is arranged opposite or nearly opposite that of its neighbors! -,+! 12 sho%s an example of such an arrangement! #s sho%n therein, some of the magnets /0 have their north poles 1 pointing in%ard to%ards the center of the frame 20, %hile the magnets /0 on each side of them have their north poles 1 pointing out%ard! J008;K -urthermore, it may also be advantageous to arrange magnets /0 %ith their north poles aligned in the same or nearly the same direction, or in some fashion other than the alternating fashions described above! ,n particular, it is emphasiHed that the alignment of the poles of the magnets /0 is not limited to either directly parallel %ith or directly perpendicular to the plane (if any) of the frame 20! "he magnets /0 may be oriented in essentially any fashion, so long as a varying magnetic field results! J0088K #t least one electrically conductive member 90 is disposed proximate the magnets /0! J008@K "he magnets /0 and the conductive member 90 are arranged so that at least a portion of the conductive member 90 experiences a cyclically varying magnetic field from the magnets /0! J00@0K =ne %ay of producing the cyclically varying magnetic field is for at least one of the electrically conductive member 90 and the permanent magnets /0 are to be cyclically movable %ith respect to the other! "hus, as either the magnets /0 or the conductive member 90 or both move, the magnetic field experienced at different parts of the conductive member 90 %ill vary! J00@1K # variety of motions may be possible, so long as a cyclical variation in the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90 is produced! J00@2K #s one suitable form of motion, the magnets /0 may be rotated %ith respect to the conductive member 90! #lternatively, the conductive member 90 may be rotated %ith respect to the magnets /0! #dditionally, both the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90 may be rotated in different directions, or at least at different speeds, so as to produce relative motion bet%een the t%o!

J00@/K ,n the embodiment illustrated in -,+! 1, the magnets /0 are mounted to the frame 20 in a generally planar arrangement! 7i'e%ise in the embodiment illustrated in -,+! 1, the conductive member 90 is planar! "he frame 20 is disposed %ith the plane // of the magnets /0 generally parallel to and proximate the plane 9/ of the conductive member 90! )uch an arrangement is advantageous, in that it is compact and convenient to operate, and also in that it allo%s for rapid, regular cyclical motion by rotating the frame 20 or the conductive member 90! 2o%ever, it is exemplary only! =ther arrangements, including but not limited to those described belo%, may be e ually suitable! J00@9K ,t is noted that -,+! 1, as illustrated, is inclusive of all of the above embodiments! "hat is, as illustrated, the frame 20 %ith the magnets /0 thereon may rotate, or the conductive member 90 may rotate, or both! "he structure, appearance, and function of the apparatus %ill be similar regardless of %hich elements rotate! J00@5K #s noted above, other cyclical motions and other arrangements of components may be e ually suitable! J00@:K -or example, oscillating motions may be suitable! J00@;K (ore particularly, linear oscillating motions may be suitable for certain embodiments! #s illustrated in -,+! @, a planar frame 20 %ith magnets /0 thereon may be placed proximate a planar conductive member 90! Either or both of the frame 20 and the conductive member 90 may be moved cyclically in a non-rotational direction, i!e! side-to-side! #lternatively, one or both of the frame 20 and the conductive member 90 may be moved to%ards and a%ay from each other! J00@8K #lternatively, in some embodiments the oscillating motion of a pendulum may be e ually suitable! #s illustrated in -,+! 10, a curved frame 20 %ith magnets /0 thereon may be placed proximate a conductive member 90 having a matching curve! "he frame 20 may be set into motion as a pendulum, so as to produce cyclical variations in the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90! J00@@K # %ide variety of other arrangements and motions may also be suitable, including but not limited to a cylinder or torus rotating inside a larger torus, a cylinder rotating proximate a flat plate, or a piston moving bac' and forth %ithin a cylinder! ,n each case, either the magnets /0, the conductive member 90, or both may move! J0100K ,t is noted that the term Ecyclical variationE, as used herein %ith regard to magnetic fields, refers broadly to any generally repetitive motion, %herein the magnetic field changes according to some cycle! -or example, the magnetic field may rise and fall in intensity! #s another example, the rise and fall of the magnetic field may change in field direction, i!e! change the angle of magnetic north, or even completely reverse polarity from north to south! -urthermore, the variations in the magnetic field may include a combination of changes in both field direction and intensity! "he pattern of repetition may be simple or complex, and need not be precisely repeated %ith each cycle! "hat is, the fre uency, amplitude, etc! of the variation may change from cycle to cycle! ,n addition, in embodiments %herein both the intensity and the direction of

the field changes, it is not necessary for the intensity and the direction to change synchronously, or according to the same cycle! J0101K "he term Ecyclical variationE as used herein %ith regard to physical motion, by extension, refers broadly to the physical motion used to produced the cyclical variation of the magnetic field! 7i'e%ise, it may have a pattern of repetition that is simple or complex, and that varies from cycle to cycle J0102K ,t is also noted that the total magnetic force or field strength on the conductive member 90 need not change (although it may in certain embodiments)! <ather, the local field at a given point on the conductive member 90 must change, in order for that point to be actively heated! J010/K -or example, if, in the embodiment illustrated in -,+! 1, the frame 20 rotates, the magnets do not approach or recede from the conductive member 90, since they are moving about an axis perpendicular to the plane // of the magnets /0 and the plane 9/ of the conductive member 90! "hus, the total field strength does not change! 2o%ever, the field at any given point on the conductive member 90 is constantly changing as the frame 20 rotates, i!e! as individual magnets approach and recede from that point! J0109K -urthermore, it is emphasiHed that although many of the embodiments described herein utiliHe physical motion to produce a cyclically varying magnetic field, this is exemplary only! #rrangements for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field %ithout physical motion, including but not limited to the use of variable electromagnets, may be e ually suitable! J0105K "he cyclical change in the magnetic field causes the conductive member 90 to become hot! ,n terms of physical motions, %ith regard to -,+! 1, %hen the conductive member 90 is rotated %ith respect to the magnets /0, (or vice versa) the conductive member 90 becomes hot, because the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90 is varying! J010:K ,t is emphasiHed that the conductive member 90 is electrically conductive$ although it is heated by interacting %ith magnets /0, the conductive member 90 is not re uired to be ferromagnetic, or to have any other particular magnetic properties! #lthough it may be ferromagnetic, it is the electrical properties of the conductive member 90, not any magnetic properties, that are important! J010;K ,n a preferred embodiment, the conductive member 90 is made of a durable, heat-tolerant, highly conductive material! ,n a more preferred embodiment, the conductive member 90 is made of metal! ,n a still more preferred embodiment, the conductive member 90 is made of copper, or a copper alloy! "his is advantageous, as copper and many of its alloys are physically durable, highly conductive, and resistant to high temperatures! 2o%ever, this is exemplary only, and other materials may be e ually suitable for use in the conductive member 90! J0108K #s noted, a %ide variety of embodiments may be possible in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention! 2o%ever, from the point of vie% of operating efficiency (about %hich more is said later), the preferred embodiment is that illustrated in -,+! 15!

J010@K "herein, the conductive member 90 is configured %ith a first side 9/ and a second side 95! # first frame 20 %ith a plurality of first magnets /0 thereon is disposed a first distance 12 a%ay from the first side 9/ of the conductive member 90! )imilarly, a second frame 25 %ith a plurality of second magnets /5 thereon is disposed a second distance 19 a%ay from the second side 95 of the conductive member 90! J0110K ,t is preferred that the frames 20 and 25 are arranged such that the magnets /0 and /5 are aligned %ith one another to form pairs on each side of the conductive member 90! 7i'e%ise, it is preferred that, for embodiments %herein the frames 20 and 25 are movable, they are movable together so as to maintain the arrangement and 'eep the magnets /0 and /5 in pairs! J0111K #s sho%n in -,+! 1:, it is furthermore preferred that for any pair of magnets /0 and /5, their polarities face in the same direction! (ost preferably, the magnets /0 and /5 are aligned such that one magnet in the pair has its north pole facing directly to%ards the conductive member 90, and one magnet in the pair has its north pole facing directly a%ay from the conductive member 90! J0112K )uch an arrangement has been found to produce a high level of heating! ,t is believed that this is due to the steep gradient in the magnetic field that is produced %hen the conductive member 90 is disposed bet%een t%o magnets /0 and /5 oriented in this fashion! J011/K #s sho%n in -,+! 1:, both magnets /0 and /5 have their north poles pointing directly to the left! 2o%ever, it %ould be e ually suitable, and in accordance %ith this most preferred arrangement, for both magnets /0 and /5 to have their north poles pointing directly to the right! J0119K -urthermore, as noted above, it may be suitable for ad*acent magnets to have opposing polarities! "hat is, if one pair of magnets /0 and /5 have their poles arranged as sho%n in -,+! 1: (north to the left), the magnet pairs ad*acent to that pair may have their poles arranged in the direction opposite that sho%n in -,+! 1: (north to the right)! J0115K #s %ith the embodiment sho%n in -,+! 1, the embodiment of -,+! 15 may be conveniently expanded by the use of additional conductive members 90 and magnets /0! #n arrangement %ith three conductive members 90 and four sets of magnets /0 is sho%n in -,+! 1;! ,t is noted that the number of conductive members 90 and magnets /0 is exemplary only, and that other numbers and arrangements may be e ually suitable! J011:K ,n addition, it is noted that this preferred arrangement is exemplary only, and that other arrangements may be e ually suitable! J011;K "he heat generated varies inversely %ith the distance 12 bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0! "hus, in a preferred embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, the conductive member 90 is spaced a distance 12 of no more than 0!/5 inches from the magnets /0! ,n a more preferred embodiment, the conductive member 90 is a distance 12 of no more than 0!0:0E! 2o%ever, this arrangement is exemplary only!

J0118K ,n addition, although in certain embodiments the distance bet%een the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90 may be fixed, this is exemplary only! ,t may be e ually suitable to vary the distance bet%een the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90, either during the operation of the apparatus or as an ad*ustment %hile the apparatus is not operating! J011@K ,n particular, it is noted that it is possible to vary the magnetic field at the conductive member by varying the distance bet%een the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90! # %ide variety of embodiments may be suitable for doing so! -or example, referring to -,+! 1, varying the distance 12, i!e! by moving the conductive member 90 or the frame 20 %ith the magnets /0 thereon from side to side, %ould change the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90! ,f the distance 12 %ere varied cyclically, this %ould generate heat in the conductive member 90 regardless of %hether the conductive member 90 or the magnets /0 %ere rotated! J0120K #nother embodiment ta'ing advantage of this feature is illustrated in -,+! 1/! "herein, the single magnet /0 and the conductive member 90 are arranged such that %hen the frame 20 rotates, the distance 12 varies cyclically as the magnet /0 approaches and recedes from the conductive member 90! J0121K ,t is furthermore noted that the variation in distance, %hether during operation or not, may be accomplished by moving either the magnets /0, the conductive member 90, or both! J0122K #lternatively, rather than ad*usting the distance bet%een the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90, for certain embodiments it may be advantageous to move the magnets /0 and3or the conductive member 90 in and out of the apparatus 10! J012/K -or example, referring to -,+! 15, either or both of the frames 20 and 25 and3or the conductive member 90 could be slid into or out of the apparatus 10 as a %hole! "hat is, rather than (for example) moving the frames 20 and 25 apart so as to %iden the distances 12 and 19, the frames 20 and 25 could be moved do%n%ards, so as to partially or fully remove one or both from the apparatus 10! J0129K ,f both frames 20 and 25 are fully removed, the heat generation in the apparatus 10 is essentially Hero, as the conductive member 90 are not exposed to a cyclically varying magnetic field! ,f only one is removed, or if one or both are partially removed, the heat generation of the apparatus 10 at a given speed of operation %ould decrease, but not to Hero! J0125K "hus, this provides an additional %ay to control heat production! )uch motions may be considered structurally analogous to the insertion and removal of fuel rods in a nuclear reactor! J012:K )uch an arrangement is sho%n in -,+! 20, %ith the conductive member 90 partially %ithdra%n from the apparatus 10! J012;K #s %ith the variations of the distances 12 and 19, depending on the embodiment it may be advantageous for the frames 20 and 25 to be removable %hile the apparatus 10 is not operating, %hile it is operating, or both!

J0128K #s noted above, in certain embodiments, the magnets /0 may be disposed in a planar arrangement, such that a surface of the magnets /0 defines a plane //! 7i'e%ise, the conductive member 90 may have a planar shape, so as to generally conform to a plane 9/! "his is a convenient arrangement for certain embodiments, in that it allo%s for rapid motion (and hence rapid variation in the magnetic field) %ithout any relative translation bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0! "hus, the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0 may be disposed very close to one another %ithout ris'ing a collision! J012@K 2o%ever, as also noted previously, such an arrangement is exemplary only! ,t is not necessary for the magnets /0 to be arranged in a plane //, or (as noted above) for the distance 12 bet%een the magnets /0 and the conductive member 90 to be the same for all magnets /0! J01/0K #s heat is produced entirely by means of physical motion, no source of electrical po%er, fuel, or oxygen is necessary! J01/1K "he description herein is primarily directed to%ards rotary motion about an axis! "his is convenient, in that rotary motion about an axis may be easily and reliably produced by a variety of means! ,n particular, rotary motion about an axis may be produced by a variety of means that re uire only minimal e uipment and infrastructure are suitable, including but not limited to %indmills and %ater %heels! 7i'e%ise, internal combustion engines, human or animal po%er, %ave action, gravity, connection %ith the rolling %heel of a vehicle, and other sources of motive po%er may be e ually suitable! #dditionally, rotary motion about an axis may also be produced using an electric motor, such as a conventional #? or >? motor, or by other artificial means! J01/2K ,n the case of an electric motor, it is noted that it is possible to operate the claimed invention there%ith by po%ering the electric motor from a local source, such as a solar cell, battery, or other short-range or self-contained source, rather than by a connection to a large po%er grid! ,n embodiments %ith electromagnets, the electromagnets similarly may be po%ered %ithout relying on a central electric grid! "hus, the invention may be made portable, and used %ithout substantial supporting infrastructure! -or example, embodiments may be constructed %ithout electrical lines! J01//K 7i'e%ise, gas lines, exhaust lines, %aste disposal provisions, etc! may be dispensed %ith! J01/9K #s a result, embodiments of the invention may be of use even %hen connection %ith a standard electrical grid, gas distribution system, etc! is inconvenient or impossible (i!e!, in places %here no such infrastructure is available such as remote %ilderness sites and undeveloped areas)! J01/5K 2o%ever, it is again emphasiHed that other forms of motion other than rotary motion about an axis, including but not limited to linear oscillation and pendular motion, may be e ually suitable! J01/:K =ne possible physical phenomenon that may be at least partially responsible for heating the conductive member is magnetic induction! #lthough magnetic induction is a 'no%n phenomenon, a brief explanation as it may apply to the claimed invention may be enlightening! ,n the follo%ing discussion, it is assumed for the sa'e of clarity that magnetic induction is

responsible for heating the claimed invention! 2o%ever, it is noted that magnetic induction may not be the sole source of heating, or even a source of heating, in the claimed invention! J01/;K ,n addition, for the sa'e of clarity, the follo%ing is %ritten specifically %ith respect to a single embodiment as sho%n in -,+! 1, %herein the conductive member rotates, and the magnets are fixed in place! 2o%ever, it is noted that this explanation, in so far as it may be applicable at all, is generally applicable to any embodiment of the claimed invention! J01/8K ,t is %ell 'no%n that varying magnetic fields generate electrical currents! Even if the magnets /0 generate a magnetic field that is essentially constant in strength and polarity, as is the case %ith permanent magnets as %ell as %ith fixed-strength electromagnets, as the conductive member 90 rotates, different portions of the conductive member 90 approach and recede from the permanent magnets /0! "hus, for any arbitrary point of the conductive member 90, the magnetic field experienced at that point varies, even if the magnetic fields produced by the permanent magnets /0 remain constant! J01/@K )uch a variation in magnetic field exerted at a given point of the conductive member 90 could also be obtained by the use of variable-strength magnets! -or example, it is 'no%n to vary the strength of the field emitted by an electromagnet by changing the amount of current applied to the electromagnet! 7i'e%ise, the polarity of an electromagnet may be changed by reversing the direction of the current applied thereto! )uch variations may also be suitable for producing a cyclically varying magnetic field at the conductive member 90, %ith or %ithout any actual physical motion! J0190K "he variation in magnetic field strength at each point of the conductive member 90 generates localiHed eddy currents %ithin the conductive member 90! "he eddy currents, li'e other types of electrical current, dissipate energy in the form of heat as they flo% %ithin the conductive member 90, due to the electrical resistance of the conductive member 90! "hus, as the conductive member 90 rotates in proximity to the permanent magnets /0, the conductive member is heated! J0191K #lternatively, some or all of the heating of the conductive member 90 may be produced by the generation of vibrations in the molecular structure of the conductive member 90 due to the varying magnetic field strength at each point, %hich in turn causes internal stresses and3or friction bet%een molecules! J0192K #s a further alternative, stresses and3or variations in the crystal structure of the conductive member 90 may be produced by the varying magnetic field! J019/K #lthough the forgoing description identifies physical phenomena that may be involved in the production of heat in the claimed invention, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention is not limited to the production of heat via those phenomena! #dditional and3or alternative phenomena may be involved! J0199K ,n a preferred embodiment of a device according to the principles of the claimed invention, the conductive member 90 is dis'-shaped! "his is convenient, in that a dis'-shape

lends itself to uniform rotation and heating! 2o%ever, this shape is exemplary only, and a %ide variety of other shapes may be e ually suitable, including but not limited to s uare or rectangular plates, curved components, cylinders, toroids, etc! J0195K #lso, in a preferred embodiment of a device according to the principles of the claimed invention, the conductive member 90 is a single, integral piece of conductive material! 2o%ever, this configuration is exemplary only! # %ide variety of other configurations may be e ually suitable! J019:K -or example, the conductive member 90 need not consist entirely of electrically conductive material, so long as at least a portion of it is electrically conductive! #s illustrated in -,+! 9, the conductive member 90 may consist of multiple layers, %ith at least one electrically conductive layer 92 and at least one non-conductive layer 99! ,n such a case, each electrically conductive layer 92 is heated independently! J019;K -urthermore, the conductive member 90 need not consist of a closed loop or integral piece of conductive material! #s illustrated in -,+! 5, the conductive member 90 may consist of t%o or more separate conductors 9: that are separated from one another by non-conductive material 98! ,n such a case, each conductor 9: is heated independently! J0198K 7i'e%ise, the conductive member 90, even if a single contiguous piece of conductive material, might be shaped %ith apertures, or be constructed of %ires, beams, rods, etc! %ith empty space therebet%een! J019@K "he rate of heat generation depends on the magnitude of the variation in magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90! "his in turn depends on the placement and field strength of the magnets, on the speed of relative motion bet%een the conductive member 90 and the permanent magnets /0, the placement of the conductive member 90 %ith respect to the permanent magnets /0, and on the shape, siHe, and electrical conductivity of the conductive member 90! J0150K 7i'e%ise, the rate of heat generation currents depends on the shape, siHe, and electrical conductivity of the conductive member 90! J0151K "herefore, for a given embodiment, the heat generated may be controlled by varying the speed of relative motion bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0! "hus, the heat generated by an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be controlled %ith a high degree of precision! Iecause of the forgoing, the apparatus may be made to operate at essentially any speed, so as to produce a %ide range of heat outputs! "he apparatus is thus continuously variable in heat output, up to the maximum temperature limits of the materials used in its construction! J0152K ,n a preferred application of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, the speed of motion may be set such that the temperature of the conductive member 90 does not exceed 120!degree! -!, so as to enable generation of heat %ithout posing a burn haHard to persons nearby!

J015/K ,n an alternative preferred embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, the relative motion bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0 may be set to a speed such that the conductive member 90 is heated to at least the boiling point of %ater, so as to enable generation of steam! J0159K ,n yet another preferred embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, the relative motion bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0 may be set to a speed such that the conductive member 90 is heated to at least /50!degree! -!, so as to enable convenient coo'ing or the release of large uantities of heat in a short time! J0155K ,t %ill be appreciated by those 'no%ledgeable in the art that the precise speed of motion that is necessary to achieve the aforementioned temperatures depends on the geometry of the particular embodiment! -or example, for rotary motion, speeds of less than 1 rpm or of greater than 5000 rpm may be suitable for particular applications! (otions other than rotary li'e%ise may vary substantially! -urthermore, a variable speed may be e ually suitable, so as to generate variable temperatures and variable uantities of heat! J015:K # preferred embodiment of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention also includes at least one fluid path 50 proximate the conductive member 90! 0hen the conductive member 90 is heated, fluid in the fluid path 50 receives heat from conductive member 90! 2eat transfer from the conductive member 90 to fluid in the fluid path 50 may occur via one or more of conduction, convection, and radiation! J015;K 2o%ever, although the presence of a fluid flo% path 50 may be advantageous for certain applications, a fluid flo% path and fluid flo%ing therein are exemplary only! ,n other preferred embodiments of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention, heat may be generated for use via direct conduction, or by radiation from the conductive member! -or example, heat could be transferred from the conductive member 90 to a solid heat conductor, heat sin', or heat storage device, i!e! a mass of ceramic, bric', stone, etc! J0158K ,t is noted that the term EfluidE is used herein in a broad mechanical sense, so as to mean essentially any substance that may be made to flo%! "hus, fluids may include, but are not limited to, sand, sugar, or other granular solids$ regular dimensional solids such as beads, beans, or pellets$ or irregular dimensional solids such as metal filings or crushed stone! 7i'e%ise, materials that are essentially solid but that are also sufficiently deformable so as to flo% may also suitable! )uch materials include but are not limited to paraffin, metallic sodium, certain plastics, etc! -luids suitable for use %ith the claimed invention are therefore not limited to li uids or gases, although li uids and gases are not excluded from or inappropriate for use %ith the claimed invention! -urthermore, suitable fluids may li'e%ise comprise mixtures of different physical or chemical compounds, such as pellets in a suspension of li uid, solids %holly or partially dissolved in solvents, and emolliated mixtures of incompatible fluids such as oil and %ater! J015@K #s illustrated in -,+)! 1, /, and 9, the fluid path 50 is an open path that brings fluid into direct contact %ith the conductive member 90! "his is advantageous, in that it is simple to construct! 2o%ever, this configuration is exemplary only, and a %ide variety of other fluid paths 50, including but not limited to enclosed ducts, pipes, and reservoirs may be e ually suitable!

J01:0K ,n particular, it is noted that the fluid flo% path 50 may be disposed partially or completely %ithin other elements of the apparatus! -or example, the conductive member 90 may be formed so that the fluid flo% path 50 passes therethrough! #s a more concrete example, the conductive member 90 might include one or more pipes or tubes made of conductive material! "he pipes could be adapted to accept the flo% of fluid therethrough, so as to form the fluid flo% path 50 %ithin the conductive member 90 itself! -luid flo%ing through the fluid flo% path 50, %hich in this exemplary embodiment is actually a part of the conductive member 90, %ould then absorb heat as it passed through the conductive member 90! J01:1K "he apparatus may include a support member :0, %ith one or both of the conductive member 90 and the frame 20 %ith the magnets /0 thereon engaged there%ith! #s illustrated, the support member :0 is a shaft mounted such that the conductive member 90 or the frame 20 may rotate there%ith! "his provides a simple and mechanically durable mechanism for rotating the conductive member 90 or the magnets /0! 2o%ever, this mechanism is exemplary only, and a variety of other support members :0 may be e ually suitable for rotatably mounting the conductive member 90! )uitable support members :0 include, but are not limited to, bushings, bearings, belts, chains, and gears! J01:2K #s illustrated, the support member :0 extends through an opening 91 in the conductive member 90! )imilarly, as illustrated, the support member :0 extends through an opening 21 in the frame 20! J01:/K ,n a configuration adapted to rotate the conductive member 90, the opening 91 is configured to secure the conductive member 90 to the support member :0 so as to rotate there%ith, %hile the opening 21 in the frame 20 is configured so that the support member :0 freely rotates therein! ?onversely, the opening 91 may be configured so that the support member :0 rotates freely therein and the opening 21 may be configured so that the frame 20 moves %ith the support member :0, so that the magnets /0 may be rotated %hile the conductive member 90 remains fixed! J01:9K )uch an arrangement is convenient for rotary motion! 2o%ever, this arrangement is exemplary only, and a variety of alternative arrangements may be e ually suitable, both for rotary and for non-rotary motion! J01:5K "he apparatus may include a drive mechanism ;0 engaged %ith either the conductive member 90, the magnets /0 (i!e!, via the frame 20), or both! #s illustrated, the drive mechanism ;0 is engaged %ith the support member :0 such that the drive mechanism ;0 drives the support member :0, %hich as described above may be used to drive either the conductive member 90 or the frame 20! 2o%ever, this arrangement is exemplary only, and a variety alternative arrangements may be e ually suitable! -or example, t%o separate drive mechanisms ;0 may be used, one to drive each of the conductive member 90 and the frame 20! =ther drive mechanisms ;0 may be used to drive other configurations, both rotary and non-rotary! J01::K 7i'e%ise, a %ide variety of drive mechanisms ;0 may be suitable, as noted above, including but not limited to electric motors and %indmill blades! >rive mechanisms are %ell 'no%n, and are not described further herein!

J01:;K "he apparatus may include a fluid driver 80 adapted to drive fluid through the fluid path 50! #s illustrated, the fluid driver 80 is a fan adapted for blo%ing a gas, such as air, through the fluid path 50! 2o%ever, this arrangement is exemplary only, and a variety alternative arrangements may be e ually suitable! 7i'e%ise, a %ide variety of fluid drivers 80 may be suitable, including but not limited to pumps for driving li uid! -luid drivers are %ell 'no%n, and are not described further herein! J01:8K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may include more than one conductive member 90! -urthermore, any additional conductive members 90 may be disposed proximate more than one arrangement of permanent magnets /0, for example as illustrated in -,+! /! #s illustrated, the several conductive members 90 are all mounted to a single shaft :0, %ith fluid paths 50 proximate each conductive member 90 #lso as illustrated, the frames 20 are connected %ith struts @0, so as to hold them fixed and rigid %ith respect to one another %hile the conductive members 90 rotate! "his arrangement is exemplary only, and a variety of other arrangements may be e ually suitable! J01:@K #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be configured so as to produce extremely high efficiencies, in terms of the amount of heat generated compared to the energy input re uired! "he follo%ing description is provided as an exemplary case! J01;0K ,n an embodiment of the claimed invention similar to that illustrated in -,+! 1, the drive mechanism ;0 comprises an electric motor, supplied %ith @5 amperes of current at 220 volts! #s is %ell-'no%n, po%er may be calculated according to the relation. 4S,!times!6 E uation 1. J01;1K %herein. J01;2K 4 is the po%er in %atts$ J01;/K , is the current in amperes$ and J01;9K 6 is the electrical potential in volts! J01;5K ,n accordance %ith E uation 1, the po%er supplied to the electric motor is 20,@00 %atts! J01;:K ,n the exemplary embodiment, the fluid driver 80 comprises an electric fan, supplied %ith 8 amperes of po%er at 220 volts! #ccording to E uation 1, the po%er supplied to the fan is thus 1,;:0 %atts! J01;;K "hus, the total po%er input into the system is 22,::0 %atts! -or the sa'e of convenience, the input po%er may be converted to I"C3hr! 1 %att is e uivalent to approximately /!915 I"C3hr! "hus, the total po%er input into the exemplary embodiment is e uivalent to ;;,1;@ I"C3hr!

J01;8K "otal po%er output in the exemplary embodiment may be conveniently determined from the change in thermal energy of fluid as it passes through the system! ,n the exemplary embodiment, air is used as a fluid! "he heat output of the system may be determined according to the 'no%n relation. OS !times!!rho!!times!?!sub!p!times!("!sub!=-"!sub!,) E uation 2. J01;@K %herein. J0180K O is the total heat output J0181K is the flo% rate of air through the system

J0182K !rho! is the density of air J018/K ?!sub!p is the heat capacity of air J0189K "!sub!= is the outlet temperature of the air J0185K "!sub!, is the inlet temperature of the air J018:K ,n the exemplary embodiment, the air flo%ing through the device is heated by 80!degree! -! "hus, the difference bet%een the outlet and inlet temperatures of the air ("!sub!=-"!sub!,) is 80!degree! -! J018;K "he flo% rate of air through the system in the exemplary embodiment is measured to be /200 ft!sup!/3min! "his may also be expressed as 1@2,000 ft!sup!/3hr! J0188K "he remaining values are 'no%n to reasonable accuracy! "he density of air !rho! at standard temperature and pressure is 'no%n to be approximately 0!0;5 lbs3ft!sup!/! "he heat capacity of air ?!sub!p is 'no%n to be 0!29 I"C3lb-!degree! -! J018@K "hus, according to E uation 2, the heat output of the exemplary embodiment is 2;:,980 I"C3hr! J01@0K "he efficiency of an apparatus is commonly expressed in terms of the output divided by the input! "he efficiency of the exemplary embodiment in generating heat may thus be expressed as (2;:,980 I"C3hr)3(;;,1;@ I"C3hr), %hich reduces to a value of approximately /!58, or /58F efficiency! J01@1K ,t is noted that the preceding is exemplary only! #n apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention is not limited to the particular devices, materials, or po%er inputs and outputs described in the preceding invention! J01@2K -urthermore, /58F efficiency is in particular exemplary only, and is not to be considered to be a maximum value, a minimum value, or even a preferred value! #pparatuses in accordance

%ith the principles of the claimed invention may be constructed %ith a variety of operating efficiencies! J01@/K "hus, the total heat energy generated %ithin the conductive member 90 exceeds the total energy applied to the apparatus 10! ,n the case described above, the ratio of heat generated to energy applied is /!58 to one, i!e! an efficiency of /58F! J01@9K )everal comments on theoretical energy efficiency calculation may be in order at this point! J01@5K #lthough in the above description, as in practice, the total energy calculations are determined by measuring the heat change in the fluid (and therefore include the energy applied to drive the fluid), as a theoretical matter it might be more clear to consider the efficiency in terms of the energy applied to the conductive member 90 and3or the magnets /0 so as to produce the cyclically varying magnetic field (energy in), as compared to the heat energy produced in the conductive member 90 thereby (energy out)! J01@:K -or embodiments %herein the cyclical variations in the magnetic field are produced by physical motion of the conductive member 90 and3or the magnets /0, the actual input energy is 'inetic in nature! J01@;K 0hen considering 'inetic energy applied, the 'inetic energy applied to any supporting structures, such as a frame 20 that supports the magnets (and moves there%ith) must of course be included! "hus, the 'inetic energy in uestion is the 'inetic energy applied to produce the cyclical motion bet%een the conductive member 90 and the magnets /0, not simply the 'inetic energy of the magnets /0 or the conductive member 90 alone! "his is true regardless of precisely %hat the motion is, or of ho% much additional mass (if any) is moved as %ell! J01@8K 7i'e%ise, for embodiments %herein the cyclical variations in the magnetic field are produced by variations in the field strength of electromagnets, the actual input energy is electrical in nature! J01@@K -or embodiments that use both physical motion and variable-po%er electromagnets, the input energy %ill be the sum of the applied 'inetic and electrical energy! J0200K "hus, regardless of the original source of the applied energy, i!e! %hether by %ind, %ater, an electric motor, a battery, a human or animal-operated mechanism, etc!, the actual energy input for the invention for heat production is 'inetic and3or electrical in nature! J0201K 7i'e%ise, regardless of the use of the energy produced, be it the production of steam, the generation of electric po%er, or the deliberate heating of an ob*ect or area, the actual energy output of the invention is the heat generated %ithin the conductive member 90! J0202K 2o%ever, it is noted that in actual applications and test conditions, it is often more convenient to measure the heat output, rather than measure the heat production directly! 7i'e%ise, it is often more convenient to measure the total energy applied to the system, rather

than measure 'inetic and electrical energy applied directly to the conductive member 90 and3or the magnets /0! J020/K )uch measurements may introduce small deviations into test data! -or example, ancillary devices such as fluid drivers 80 consume energy, and produce some uantity of heat! "he energy applied to such devices is not used directly by the magne ic hea er portion of the apparatus, i!e! it does not act to vary the magnetic field experienced by the conductive member 90! ?onse uently, it does not generate heat in the conductive member 90! 1either the energy provided to such devices nor the heat produced by them is properly considered %hen calculating the efficiency of the invention! J0209K 2o%ever, in practice such deviations are of little or no conse uence! -irst, the energy input and heat output of fluid drivers 80 and similar devices is generally very small compared to that of the heater apparatus 10 as a %hole! "hus, any effect on the calculated efficiency is li'e%ise small! J0205K )econd, because the efficiency of such 'no%n devices in transforming electricity and other energy inputs into heat is much less than 100F, this %ill result in test data sho%ing efficiency that is actually lo%er than the true efficiency! J020:K -or these reasons, it has been considered acceptable in calculating efficiency as in the example above, %herein the total energy applied is summed and compared to the total change in heat energy of the fluid! J020;K 2o%ever, it is noted that, at least for theoretical purposes, efficiency may be properly regarded and referred to as the thermal energy produced in the conductive member 90 divided by the 'inetic and electrical energy applied to the conductive member and3or the magnets in order to produce cyclical variations in the magnetic field! ,n its most basic terms, the heat production efficiency of the invention is its efficiency in converting this applied 'inetic and electrical energy to thermal energy in the conductive member 90! J0208K ,n a preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least 100F! J020@K ,n a more preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least 150F! J0210K ,n a still more preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least 200F! J0211K ,n a yet more preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least 250F! J0212K ,n an even more preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least /00F! J021/K ,n a most preferred embodiment, the heat production efficiency is at least /50F! J0219K 2eat production efficiency is not necessarily limited to about /50F$ higher efficiencies may be e ually suitable! ,n addition, it may be suitable to produce heat %ith an efficiency of less than 100F in certain embodiments!

J0215K ,t is noted that efficiency at levels such as those described above, as measured during development of the invention, are unprecedented in conventional devices! ,t is ac'no%ledged that levels of efficiency in excess of 100F %ould seem to defy conventional understandings %ith regard to thermodynamics! "he reason for such high levels of efficiency, and the physical basis underlying them, is not fully understood at the time this application is filed! 2o%ever, it is emphasiHed that the above efficiency calculations are based upon practical data, and are believed to accurately reflect the performance of the claimed invention! J021:K # %ide variety of possible configurations, beyond those illustrated and described in detail, are possible! Essentially any arrangement %herein a conductive member 90 is moved proximate at least one magnet /0 or vice versa may be suitable! J021;K -or example, for certain applications it may be advantageous to form the conductive member 90 or the frame 20 (or even the magnets /0) into a shape that drives fluid %ithin or through the fluid path 50! -or example, the conductive member 90 or the frame 20 may be configured to include vanes, blades, etc! "hat is, the fluid driver 80 may be integral %ith the conductive member 90 or the frame 20, depending on %hich is moving! )uch an arrangement is illustrated in -,+! 11! J0218K -urthermore, the conductive member 90 may be of essentially any shape and siHe! #lthough the precise uantity of heat produced depends in part on the geometry of the apparatus, significant amounts of heat may be produced by a device of substantially any siHe! #t one extreme, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be made to be of microscopic or submicroscopic siHe! )uch a device could be utiliHed for example in nanotechnology applications! J021@K ?onversely, an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be constructed so as to be extraordinarily large, so as to be suitable for large-scale commercial or industrial applications! J0220K "he fluid flo% path 50 li'e%ise may be of various configurations! -or example, one or more fluid flo% paths 50 may be disposed %ithin the conductive member 90! ,n one possible embodiment, a pipe might carry fluid into spaces %ithin the conductive member 90, %herein the fluid %ould absorb heat from the conductive member 90! J0221K #lternatively, fluid flo% paths 50 could be connected to the conductive member 90! -or example, tubing or the li'e could be secured to the conductive member 90, such that fluid flo%ing therethrough absorbs heat from the conductive member 90! J0222K ,n addition, the magnets /0 themselves may have a variety of different forms! -or example, a magnet /0 in the shape of a cylindrical shell may be used, %ith a conductive member 90 in the form of a hollo% tube being rotated therein! J022/K ,n addition, although the preceding discussion is directed primarily to%ards the generation of heat, the claimed invention may be utiliHed for cooling purposes as %ell! ,n such an

arrangement, a fluid %ith a suitable boiling point and heat of vaporiHation, including but not limited to %ater or freon, %ould be utiliHed! J0229K -luid in the vicinity of the conducting member 90 is 'ept under pressure! =nce the fluid absorbs heat from the conductive member 90 such that its temperature exceeds its boiling point at ambient pressure, it directed a%ay from the conductive member 90, %hereupon the pressure is released, and the fluid is allo%ed to expand from a li uid state into vapor! "he expansion dra%s heat energy e ual to its heat of vaporiHation from %hatever may be in the vicinity of the expansion! "he ob*ect or area thus loses that uantity of heat, and is cooled! "his effect may be made to occur even %hen the fluid responsible for the cooling effect is %armer than the ob*ect or area that is being cooled! "hus, counter-intuitively, a hot fluid may be used for cooling! J0225K ,t is also noted that heat produced by the invention, and fluids heated by the invention, may be put to a %ide variety of uses! )uitable applications include, but are not limited to, as a convection furnace, as a space heater, as a coo'ing stove or oven, for %ater purification or desaliniHation, clothes drying, heating livestoc' trailers or uarters, as a hair dryer or heat gun, for humidification by evaporation, as a %ater heater, for air conditioning, as a s%imming pool heater, for smelting or processing of ores, metals, or alloys, for food dehydration, for steam steriliHation, as a )terling engine heat source, for heat steriliHation, for steam generation, for thermoelectric generation, and for the production of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light %aves via incandescent heating! J022:K =ther applications include the roasting of grains, peanuts, coffee, etc, use as a submersible heater for stoc' ponds, fish farms, %ildlife sanctuaries, %ater troughs for livestoc', etc, and the humidification, dehumidification, and purification of air! J022;K ,t is emphasiHed that although many of the uses described herein are small-scale residential or commercial applications, the claimed invention is not limited to small scale applications only! "he siHe of the device, and its heat output, may be scaled up or do%n as materials and space permit to fulfill a %ide variety of roles! ,n particular, large scale agricultural and commodities processing, and industrial heating, cooling, refrigeration, and freeHing may be suitable applications for certain embodiments of the claimed invention! J0228K ,n addition, it is noted that an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be made in a very simple fashion, %ithout complex mechanisms and %ith very fe% moving parts! J022@K #s a result, embodiments may be constructed so as to be extremely durable, both in actual use and in terms of Eshelf lifeE! J02/0K -urthermore, because of the relatively simple construction of the claimed invention, the limited number of moving parts, and the lac' of a need for a substantial supporting infrastructure (i!e! fuel lines, %aste gas venting, etc!), embodiments of an apparatus in accordance %ith the principles of the claimed invention may be suitable for extremely harsh or demanding environments! -or example, it may be suitable for applications %herein high gee-forces and other stresses are common, such as roc'ets and other high-energy launch vehicles and devices,

spacecraft, military vehicles, and even certain types of munitions! 7i'e%ise, it may be suitable for use in vacuum and Hero-gravity or micro-gravity environments, such as in spacecraft! #s a further matter, it is noted that certain embodiments may be adapted to utiliHe solar %ind to provide rotational energy, so as to generate the cyclically varying magnetic fields! J02/1K Cltimately, the claimed invention may be useful for any application %herein heat generation, the transfer of heat from one location to another, or a product or process that may be produced or operated %ith heat or heat transfer (such as steam, electricity) is desired! J02/2K ,n order to more fully describe possible applications for embodiments of the claimed invention, -,+)! 18 and 1@ sho% t%o exemplary devices! J02//K "he exemplary heater 11 sho%n in -,+! 18 includes a heater mechanism similar to that sho%n in -,+! 15, comprising a conductive member 90, frames 20 and 25 %ith magnets /0 and /5 thereon, the magnets being disposed at distances 12 and 19 from the conductive member 90! # fluid driver 80 is arranged therein to drive fluid through the fluid flo% path 50! # support member :0 extends through the conductive member 90 and the frames 20 and 25, and is connected to a drive mechanism ;0! J02/9K #s previously noted %ith regard to other described embodiments, many of the components noted above and illustrated in -,+! 18 are exemplary only, and may be modified or omitted! J02/5K #s illustrated, the above components are contained %ithin a housing 12! "he housing 12 provides protection for the components, and also protects persons and ob*ects nearby from coming into contact %ith the hot conductive member 90, and any moving parts (such as, in certain embodiments, the magnets, frames, or conductive member)! J02/:K 2ousings are %ell 'no%n, and are not described further herein! J02/;K ,n addition, as illustrated, the heater 11 may include a temperature control mechanism 1/! "he temperature control mechanism 1/ provides a convenient %ay of controlling the heat output of the heater 11! #s sho%n, the temperature control mechanism 1/ is in communication %ith the drive mechanism ;0! 0ith such an arrangement, the speed of motion of moving frames 20 and 25 or conductive member 90 could be controlled thereby! 2o%ever, this is exemplary only! ,t %ould also be possible, for example, to control the heat output by controlling the distances 12 and 19, or by moving the magnets /0 and /5 and3or the conductive member 90 into or out of proximity %ith one another! J02/8K )uitable temperature control mechanisms 1/ include, but are not limited to, thermostats and fixed-level output controls (such as numbered dials or sliders)! "emperature control mechanisms 1/ are %ell 'no%n, and are not described further herein! J02/@K ,t is noted that, depending on the scale and the precise configuration, the heater 11 sho%n in -,+! 18 might be suitable for a variety of roles, ranging from a small hot air blo%er or space heater, to a %ater heater or home furnace, to a large industrial heating device!

J0290K "urning to -,+! 1@, the exemplary heat driven apparatus 19 sho%n therein also includes a heater mechanism similar to that sho%n in -,+! 15! #s illustrated, it comprises a conductive member 90, frames 20 and 25 %ith magnets /0 and /5 thereon, the magnets being disposed at distances 12 and 19 from the conductive member 90! # fluid driver 80 is arranged therein to drive fluid through the fluid flo% path 50! # support member :0 extends through the conductive member 90 and the frames 20 and 25, and is connected to a drive mechanism ;0! #gain, many of these components are exemplary only, and may be modified or omitted! J0291K ,n addition to the heater mechanism, the heat driven apparatus 19 also includes a heat operated mechanism 15! "he heat operated mechanism 15 is in communication %ith the heater mechanism, so as to receive heat therefrom! J0292K ,n -,+! 1@, this is illustrated by the positioning of the heat operated mechanism 15 on the far side of the conductive member 90 from the fluid driver 80, such that the heat operated mechanism 15 %ould receive heated fluid therefrom! 2o%ever, this is exemplary only! =ther arrangements may be e ually suitable, including but not limited to direct contact bet%een the conductive member 90 and the heat operated mechanism 15, and heat transfer via direct fluid loops, secondary fluid loops, heat exchangers, radiation, etc! J029/K "he precise manner in %hich the heat operated mechanism 15 is in communication (i!e!, the manner in %hich heat is provided to the heat operated mechanism 15) may vary from embodiment to embodiment, and in particular may vary depending upon the nature and function of the particular heat operated mechanism 15! )o long as the heat operated mechanism 15 is in communication %ith the heater mechanism, and thus so long as heat is transferred to the heat operated mechanism 15, the precise manner by %hich this occurs is incidental! J0299K # %ide variety of heat operated mechanisms 15 may be suitable for use %ith the heat driven apparatus 19! )uitable heat operated mechanisms 15 include, but are not limited to, a furnace, a space heater, an electrical generator, a steam generator, an air conditioner, and a coo'ing mechanism! =ther suitable heat operated mechanisms may include mechanisms for performing any of the applications described else%here herein! J0295K Iecause the heat operated mechanism 15 may vary considerably, it is illustrated in -,+! 1@ in schematic form only, as a Eblac' boxE device! 2o%ever, in practice, the heat operated mechanism 15 may have structure, may have various outputs, and may utiliHe or re uire inputs in addition to the heat from the heater mechanism! "he schematic form used to sho% the heat operated mechanism 15 should not be interpreted as excluding such structure, inputs, and outputs! J029:K ,n particular, it is noted that although the apparatus 19 is referred to as being heat driven, this should not be interpreted as implying that other inputs or po%er sources are necessarily excluded! -or example, in embodiments %here they are present the drive mechanism ;0 or fluid driver 80 may dra% electrical po%er, or may be operated by the force of fluid flo%, the turning action of a %indmill, etc! "he term Eheat driven apparatusE as used herein refers to the fact that a source of heat is utiliHed by the apparatus 19 in performing its intended function, not that heat is the sole re uirement or input for performing that function!

J029;K "he above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention! )ince many embodiments of the invention can be made %ithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended!

<#6 9 A5&4)5%%%
. 4F)%F%998 1

DC Electric Motor Tro, G$ EED

#pplicant. )C<+E 4=0E< ?=<4 (C)) ?lassification. - international. 201</@309$ 201</@3/2$ 202&1/310$ 201<9/30:$ 201</@300$ 202&1/310$ 201<9/30:$ (,4?1-;). 202&1/300$- european. 201</@309$ 201</@3/2$ 202&1/310 #pplication number. C)1@@:0588/92 1@@:0118 4riority number(s). C)1@@:0588/92 1@@:0118 A'"tract --- "he commutator segments for a d!c! electric motor includes one or plurality of slots %hich improves horsepo%er at less amperage! A'"tract "he commutator segments for a d!c! electric motor includes one or plurality of slots %hich improves horsepo%er at less amperage! ?urrent C!)! ?lass. /1032/: $ /10322;$ /1032// ?urrent ,nternational ?lass. 201< /@309 (200:0101)$ 202& 1/310 (200:0101)$ 201< /@300 (200:0101)$ 201< /@3/2 (200:0101)$ 201< 9/30: (200:0101)$ 202& 01/300 () Ot-er e3erence" E"he )lotting of ?ommutators of Electric (otors,E )cientific #merican, ?ol! 1, 6th #rticle! =ct! 2/, 1@15!! (IELD O( T8E IN!ENTION "his invention is directed to an improved direct current (d!c!) motor! ,n particular, it is directed to an improved commutator system for a d!c! motor! DAC7G O<ND O( T8E IN!ENTION # typical d!c! motor comprises a cylindrical stator, a rotor *ournaled on a shaft for rotation %ithin

the stator %ith a uniform gap bet%een the rotor and stator as the rotor rotates! #rmature %indings are inserted in slots in a cylindrical surface on one of the stator and rotor and being divided into similar coils mutually spaced around the shaft axis! (agnetic field generating means are located on the other of said stator and rotor for forming poles mutually spaced around the shaft axis! >!?! motors re uire commutation, i!e!, the process of reversing the current in each armature coil! "his is carried out %hen the commutator segments to %hich the coil is connected are shortcircuited by a brush connected to the d!c! supply voltage! "he commutator is made up of a plurality of insulated, separate segments formed in a cylindrical surface %ith each surface electrically connected to an armature coil! "he stator may comprise a ring of permanent or d!c!field magnets %hich are attached to the inside of a housing or frame surrounding the rotor! )tructurally, a typical commutator consists of a plurality of %edge-shaped copper bars that are built up to form a complete circular cylindrical contact surface %ith each segment separated and electrically insulated from one another by thin strips of mica! (eans are provided to permit attachment of the ends of each rotor coil %inding to separate spaced commutator bars! )tationary brushes of carbon bloc's or copper gauHe, %hich are electrically connected to a d!c! source, ride upon the commutator contact surface %hich ma'e contact %ith the commutator segments! "he d!c! current %hich is supplied to the brushes flo%s in the appropriate direction to the rotor coils only %hen they are opposite the appropriate field pole (1orth or )outh)! "he appropriate direction means that for all coils, the force produced %ill be in the same direction at all speeds and loads for the ring of segments and the brushes provide automatic s%itching to insure that this is so! # d!c! commutator motor has advantages over induction and synchronous motors in the ability to provide efficient speed variation over a %ide range %ithout a variable supply fre uency! >!?! motors are typically classified as EshuntE, EseriesE, EcompoundE (sometimes classed as a varying speed motor), or Ecompensated compoundE motors depending upon the application! (otors used in golf carts are inclusive of this invention! >!?! motors are particularly favored %here high speed or variable speed electric drive is re uired! #<MMA M O( T8E IN!ENTION ,t is an ob*ect of this invention to provide an improved commutator for a d!c! electric motor %hich %ill provide improved horse po%er and tor ue for a given volt3amperage input as compared to a conventional d!c! motor! ,n accordance %ith this invention, there is provided a d!c! motor comprising a cylindrical stator that includes permanent or d!c! fed coil type magnets! # rotor is *ournalled on a shaft for rotation %ithin the stator %ith a uniform gap bet%een the rotor and the stator as the rotor rotates! "here are insulated armature %indings, or coils, %hich are inserted in slots in a cylindrical surface on the rotor being divided into similar coils mutually spaced around the shaft axis! (agnetic field generating means are located on the other of the stator and the rotor for forming magnetic poles mutually spaced around the shaft axis! # s%itching means occurs utiliHing commutator segments %hich are adapted to connect the armature coils to a d!c! source in timed synchronism %ith a rotation of the rotor! "he d!c! electric source flo%s through brushes %hich may be carbon bloc's or copper gauHe! "he s%itching means connects the armature coils to the d!c! source and in timed synchronism %ith the rotation of the rotor such that s%itching of the d!c! to each armature coil occurs %hen a magnetic pole generated by that coil is substantially in alignment %ith a rotor (or

stator) pole of opposite polarity and thereby dra%ing it to%ard each other to create the rotary motion! ,n other aspects li'e polarity is created to exert a repelling force on the rotor poles to maintain the rotation! ,nstead of the field generating means, the stator may comprise a permanent magnet %hich can include the motor casing that supports the stator! # primary ob*ect of this invention is to provide a d!c! motor %ith an improved commutator, %herein the brush contact surface of each commutators segment includes at least one gap or slot that is angular to, or transverse to, the direction of rotation of the commutator! "hese and other ob*ects of the invention %ill become more apparent upon further reading of the specification, claims and dra%ings here%ith! D IE( DE#C I6TION O( T8E D AWING# (IG$ % is a perspective vie% of the commutator formed as a part of this invention!

(IG$ ) is a partial sectional vie% across the commutator of this invention!

(IG$ * is a perspective vie% of an individual commutator segment forming this invention!

(IG$ 4 is a simple schematic of a variety of forms of d!c! electric motors!

(IG$ A an0 6 are %iring diagrams of the test motor described herein!

(IG$ & is a partial sectional vie% across a commutators segment of another embodiment of this invention!

(IG$ 8 is a top elevational vie% of an alternate form of an individual commutator segment of this invention! DETAILED DE#C I6TION O( T8E 6 E(E ED EMDODIMENT

0hile the invention has been described %ith a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components %ithout departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure! ,t is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiment set forth herein for purposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claim or claims, including the full range of e uivalency to %hich each element thereof is entitled! <eferring no% to -,+! 1, 2, and /, the commutator of this invention is generally designated by the numeral 10 and is comprised of a plurality of individual insulated segments 12,! "he commutator is attached to the rotor shaft 19 and includes a hub 1: to %hich the segments 12 are insulatively attached! Each segment includes a means such as a slot or other form of electrical %iring connection 18 %hich connects %ith the appropriate portions of the armature coils %hich are formed %ithin the rotor! # plurality of brushes 20 and 22 are used to ma'e rubbing electrical contact %ith contact surface 29 of each segment! "he brushes are appropriately connected to a d!c! source, i!e!, a battery or the li'e, as is %ell 'no%n to those s'illed in the art! "he number and siHe of segments 12 and number of brushes 20 and 22 may vary and depend upon the performance characteristics of each d!c! motor design! Each commutator segment 12 is insulatively separated at 1/ usually %ith mica! "he invention herein comprises at least one or a plurality of air gaps or slots /0, as best sho%n in -,+)! 2 and /, in the brush contact surface 29 of each segment 12! "he air gaps or slots are cut into the cylindrical contact surface 29 preferably radially and transverse to the direction of rotation of the commutator! "he gaps are typically slots of %idth ranging in %idth bet%een 0!010E (0!25 mm) and 0!0/2E (0!81 mm)! "his range is not limiting, as the siHe of the slots %ill vary as to the %idth of the contact surface of the commutator and the number of slots therein! "he slots could be angularly directed relative to the direction of rotation of the commutator, as sho%n in -,+! 8! #s sho%n in -,+! ; each segment 25 includes slots 2; of partial depth or, as sho%n in -,+)! 2 and /, the full depth of the contact surface of the commutator segment and may be open or filled %ith an inert material, e!g!, mica or other electrically insulative material! -,+! 9 is submitted to sho% schematically the various exemplary forms of d!c! motors to %hich this invention is applicable! #lthough the slots are sho%n as radial and transverse to the direction of rotation of the rotor and rotor shaft, the invention includes slots %hich are angularly directed to the direction of rotation! -,+! 9 represents %iring schematics of various forms of d!c! motors to %hich this invention is applicable, although not limited thereto!

-,+)! 5 and : represent the stator(s) and armature %iring schematics for the test motor described heretofore! -,+! 8 depicts commutator segment 29 %ith angular slots /1! 6E (O MANCE C8A ACTE I#TIC# # test %as conducted comparing a standard series %ound 8 horsepo%er at /900 rpm, d!c! motor, type ;599>, sold under the name 6E<)#",7E as manufactured by the Ialdor Electric ?ompany of )t! 7ouis, (o! %ith the same motor having a commutator modified in accordance %ith this invention! "he motor used d!c! enhanced magnet %ire coils, four(9) in the stator and t%o (2) in the armature! "he standard motor commutator had ;2 segments %ith effectively 9 brushes! "he test results %ere as follo%s. ^^^^^^^ )"#1>#<> (="=< "=<OCE "=<OCE 2=<)E- a F <4( 7I--" 13m #(4) 6=7") 4=0E< Eff! ^^^^^^ !sup! /009!sup!1 19!20 80 9;;0 /!00 9!0; 29!80 1:0 2!;2: 51 91;2 :!00 8!1/ /2!90 1:0 9!;:@ :@ /;@; @!25 12!59 90!@0 1:0 :!:@0 ;: !sup! /:09!sup!2 12!25 1:!:1 98!@0 1:0 8!90@ 80 /900 15!50 21!02 5;!10 1:0 10!12; 8/ //1/ 10!50 19!29 :5!90 1:0 11!:;9 8/ /:52 11!501 15!5@ 9:!@0 1:0 8!000 80 /5@8 12!/5/ 1:!;5 9@!1: 1:0 8!9:: 80 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ !sup!1 1o load! !sup!2 -ull load! 1ote. 1e%tonmeter (13m) calculated. 1!/55818 !times! lbft-force! Efficiency calculated. DDEOC1DD 0here. 4S2orsepo%er ES6olts ,S#mps ,n the modified commutator, according to this invention, the contact surface of each segment %as modified to include one air gap or slot 0!02/E (0!58 mm) in %idth therein! "he modified commutators included t%o tests, one %here the armature %indings %ere soldered to the commutator segment and another %here they %ere braHed! "ests on the soldered %ere made %here the motor %as run both cloc'%ise and countercloc'%ise! "he comparative results %ere as follo%s. ^^^^ )=7>E< (?7=?&0,)E) "=<OCE "=<OCE 2=<)E- <4( in-lb 13m #(4) 6=7") 4=0E< n F ^^^^^^ 1:@; 158 1;!85 50!; 80 9!2: ;8 18@5 1;/ 1@!59 5/!9 @0 5!20 80 2055 188 21!2/ 5;!2 100 5!1/ :; 225: 20/ 22!@/ :0!: 110 ;!2; 81 2995 215 29!28 :/!; 120 @!/9 @1 2:/1 2/: 2:!:: :8!2 1/2 @!8: 81 2;@1 298 28!01 ;0!5 190 10!@@ 8/ 2@;0 25; 2@!0/ ;/!0 19@ 12!12 8/ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1ote. 1e%tonmeter (13m) calculated. 1!12@898 !times! inlb--orce !times! 10!sup!-1! ^^^^^^^ )=7>E< (?=C1"E<?7=?&0,)E) "=<OCE "=<OCE 2=<)E- <4( in-lb 13m #(4) 6=7") 4=0E< n F ^^^^^^^^ 1;0/ 158 1;!85 9;!5 80 9!2; 8/ 1@5; 1;/ 1@!59 50!: @0 5!/; 8; 2/99 188 21!2/ 59!2 100 :!@@ @: 2/19 20/ 22!@/ 58!0 110 ;!9: 8; 251/ 215 29!28 :0!@

120 8!58 8; 2;1; 2/: 2:!:: :5!9 1/2 10!18 8; 2858 298 28!01 :8!0 190 11!25 88 /22@ 25; 2@!0/ ;0!0 19@ 1/!1; @9 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ I<#bE> (?=C1"E<?7=?&0,)E) "=<OCE "=<OCE 2=<)E- <4( in-lb 13m #(4) 6=7") 4=0E< n F ^^^^^^^^^^ 1;92 158 1;!85 9;!5 80 9!/; 85 1@20 1;/ 1@!59 50!: @0 5!2; 8: 212; 188 21!2/ 59!5 100 :!/5 8; 2/08 20/ 22!@/ 5;!; 110 ;!99 8; 29@5 215 29!28 :0!@ 120 8!51 8; 2:@0 2/: 2:!:: :5!9 1/2 10!08 8; 2852 298 28!01 :;!: 190 11!2/ 88 /012 25; 2@!0/ ;0 19@ 12!2@ 8@ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Iased on these tests, it %ould appear that a modified commutator, according to this invention, provides increased efficiency, greater tor ue and horsepo%er at lo%er rpm! WO 9 90%0**& MAGNETIC MOTO Tro, EED ?lassification. - international. 202&;302$ 202&;30:$ 202&5/300$ 202&;300$ 202&;30:$ 202&5/300$ (,4?1-;). 202&1300$ 202&;302$ 202&21322$- european. 202&5/300 #lso published as. E409:11;@ (#1) 33 E409:11;@ (#9) 33 E409:11;@ (#0) ?ited documents. C)/9@;;0: 33 C)18@/890 33 C)9;95/12 33 C)9;0/212 33 C)9@1:/9/ A'"tract --- # magnetic motor is driven by the repelling forces of fixed and rotating magnets! "he rotating magnets (22, /2) are mounted e ually spaced about the perimeter of a dis' (20) %hich rotates as the fly%heel of the motor! )tationary magnets (18, 28) are supported ad*acent the rotating magnets (22, /2)! "here are four in*ector pins (;:#, ;:I, ;:?, ;:>), much li'e the common in*ector pins on ball point pens, %hich are set and released by an in*ector pad (98#, 98I, 98?, 98>) driven by the cran'shaft (19) of the engine! "he cran'shaft (19) and fly%heel are driven by the repulsive forces created by the fixed and rotary magnets (22, /2) %ith the in*ector pin system (/9, /:, /8, 90) operating to 'ic' the cran'shaft (19) and the fly%heel over center! "his invention relates to a magnetic motor for converting magnetic force into rotary motion! <eciprocating devices are %ell 'no%n in %hich a piston is slidably disposed %ithin a similar chamber! # driving force is periodically generated in the cylinder chamber to drive the piston to reciprocating motion! Electromagnetic force has been utiliHed to provide the driving force in reciprocating engines or devices! ,n some such devices, a plurality of electrical coils surroundingthe engine cylinder chambers are provided! Electrical coils are actuated by electrical current so that electromangetic forces developed in the chamber could drive the piston to reciprocating motion! 1ormally, electromagnetic reciprocating devices are very complex in structure and very elaborate control means must be incorporated in the structure to operate the device in a controlled and useful manner! -urthermore, in most prior magnetic motors a constant supply of electrical current must be fed to the coils in order to develop a useful reciprocating motion!,n C) 4atent /,811,058 to &inis'i the patentee states that he has discovered that the

magnetic energy stored in permanent magnetic material such as permanent magnets may be utiliHed to provide the driving force necessary for reciprocating device! #/mmar, o3 t-e Invention "his is a magnetic motor having a cran'shaft mounted bet%een t%o dis'-li'e stationary magnetic holders! 4referably eight permanent magnets are positioned e ually distanced about the periphery of each dis'! -ixed on the end of each shaft is a rotatable magnetic support %heel %hich has a similar number of magnets e ually spaced about its periphery! "he magnets on one such %heel are 22-132 degrees out of alignment %ith the magnets on the other rotating %heel! ,n*ector pins are mounted on a case above the cran'shaft! Each such in*ector system has an in*ection drive pin %hich has intermittent contact %ith an in*ector pad drivrn up and do%n in the in*ector pin housing by rotation of the cran'shaft! "he pin in*ecting drive system includes the mechanism similar to that %hich is used to push out and retract the ball tip out of in' %riting pens! "he magnets on each magnetic holder are 95 degrees apart and the magnet on one fixed dis' or stationary dis' is in alignment %ith the permanent magnets of the permanet dis' on the other end of the cran'shaft! 0hen the magnetic support %heelmis rotated from the stop position the magnets %ill either attract or push and in the preferred embodiment they %ill push or be repulsive, that is the magnets on the permanent dis' %ill have the same polarity as the polarity of the rotating magnets %hich come in close proximity to each other! ,n*ectors are used to 'ic' the cran'shaft and the fly%heel or the rotating magnetic support %heelsmover center so that the next propulsion force is created by the fixed rotary magnets %ill continue the rotational movement! Drie3 De"cription o3 t-e Dra2ing" (IG< E % illustrates a full face side vie% partly cut a%ay of my magnetic motor!

(IG< E ) is a right side elevation ta'en along the line 2-2 of -igure 1!

(IG< E * is a left side elevational vie% ta'en along line /-/ of -igure 1!

(IG< E 4 is a vie% ta'en along line 9-9 of -igure 1!

(IG< E A is a vie% ta'en along the line 5-5 of -igure 2! (IG< E 6 is a vie% mostly in section of the in*ector pin system of my magnetic motor!

(IG< E & is a vie% ta'en along the line of the line ;-; of -igure :! (IG< E 8 is a full-face vie% of the in*ector pin of the in*ector pin system of -igure :! (IG< E 9 is a full face vie% of the toothed spring holder head %hose shaft is insertable into the in*ector sleeve head sho%n in -,gure 8$ (IG< E %0 is a vie% ta'en along the line 10-10 of -igure @! (IG< E %% is a vie% %ith the toothed head in a position *ust prior to falling to the coc'ed postion of -,+C<E 1/!

(IG< E %) is an internal vie% of the interior of the in*ector %all unrolled! (IG< E %* is a vie% partly in section of the in*ector pin in the coc'ed position! (IG< E %4 is a vie% ta'en along the line 19-19 of -igure 1/! (IG< E %A represents the four in*ector pins in the relative position %ith the pin one the left being in top dead center!

(IG< E %6 is similar to -igure 15 except that the second pin from the left is in the top dead center position! (IG< E %& is similar to -,+C<E 1: except that the third in*ector from the left is in the top dead center position!

(IG< E %8 is similar to -igure 1; except that the fourth in*ector pin is in the top dead center position! (IG< E %9A an0 %9D sho%, respectively, the left hand and right hand magnet orientation on the rotating and non-rotating magnets %hen the in*ector is in the top dead position as sho%n in -igure 15!

(IG< E# )0A an0 )0D are similar to -igures 1@# and 1@I respectively and sho%, respectively, the left and right hand magnet orientation %hen the second pin in*ector is in the top dead position as sho%n in -,gure 1:! (IG< E# )%A an0 )%D sho%, respectively, the left hand and right hand magnet orientation %hen the first pin in*ector is in the top dead position as sho%n in -igure 1;! (IG< E# ))A an0 ))D sho%, respectively, the left hand and right hand magnet orientation %hen the second pin in*ector is in the top dead position as sho%n in -igure 18! Detaile0 De"cription o3 t-e Invention #ttention is first directed to -igures 1, 2 and /! ,n -igure 1 there is sho%n a case bloc' 10 %ith cavity 12 in %hich is mounted a cran'shaft 19 supported from bloc' 10 by bearings or bushings 15! =n the right side is a stationary base magnet holder 1: on %hich is permanently fixed magnets 18! #s can clearly be seen in -igure 2 there are 8 such permanent magnets 18! # magnet support %heel 20 is fixed to adn supported by and rotated %ith cran'shaft 19! "he magnetic support %heel 20 support eight rotating magnets 22 e ually spaced! +ear 29 is secured to cran'shaft 19 to serve as a po%er ta'eoff means! =n the left hand side of the device in -igure 1 is a stationary base magnet holder 2: having eight stationary magnets 28 %hihc are aligned %ith magnets 18! "here is also a rotating magnetic field support %heel /0 having eight e ually spaced rotating magnets /2 fixed thereto! "he rotatin magnets on one %heel are 22-132 degrees out of alignment %ith those on the other rotating %heel! #s sho%n in -igure 1 there are four pin in*ector assemblies /9, /:, /8 and 90 %hich are mounted on top of case 10! #s sho%n in the cuta%ay vie% of pin in*ector system 90 there is in*ector driver pin 92 %hich in the position sho%n for in*ector pin system 90 extends do%n belo%housing 99 into enlarged housing 9:! )paced %ithin housing 9: is an in*ector pad 98 %hich is slidably mounted in that housing! "he in*ector pad is connected by a connecting rod 50 to 'nuc'le *oint 52 %hich has a second connecting arm 59 %hihc is pivotally connected to a parallel cran' arms 5: and :0 %hich are connected to the shaft 19! # pivot pin 58 connects the connecting rod 59 to the cran' arms 5: adn :0! "he other three pin in*ector assemblies /9, /: and /8 are similarly connected to the cran'shaft 19, ho%ever, they are so positioned on the shaft that only one is in its top dead position at a time! "hey reach their top dead position @0 degrees apart for each rotation of the cran'shaft 19! #ttention is no% directed especially to -igures 2 and /! ,t can be seen that they are similar but have a different orientation! Each side has magnet support %heel %ith eight magnets thereon %hich rotates %ith the %heel and eight magnets mounted on the stationary magnet holder! "hese magnets are all e ually radially spaced and any t%o ad*acent magnets are 95 degrees apart! ,t can

be seen from -igures 2 and / that the orientation of the magnets 28 in the permanent or stationary magnetic holder 2: are oriented or aligned directly %ithe the magnets 18 of the stationary based magnetic holder 1:! 2o%ever, the rotating magnets /2 on rotating dis' or %heel /0 are not oriented %ith the rotating magnets 22 of the rotating %heel 20! <ather, they are the orientation of rotatins shafts 22 %ith resepct to the axis of shaft 19! ,n other %ords, %hen a rotating magnet /2 is directly nder magnet 28 and lin in*ector assembly /9 as sho%n in -igure /, then the rotating magnets 22 one each be half%ay bet%een to% permanent magnets 18 in -igure 2! it is noted that the interior edge of magnets 18 and 28 are curved! "his is to provide clearance for the inner rotating magnets! "he in*ector pin system 90 is very similar in construction and operation to the pin on millions of ball point pens in %hich one push on the pin on top of the ballpoint pen %ill psh the %riting ball out and a second push on it %ill cause the ballppoinbt to retract! -igures : through 19 illustrate the main componetns of such an in*ector pin! #ttention is next directed to -igure : %hich sho%s an in*ector housing :2 scre%ed into a cylinder head :9! 2ousing :2 is hollo% %ith an internal passage :: having the shoulder :8 to%ard the lo%er end! "he upper end of the housing is enclosed by cap ;0! "he reduced diameter passage portion ;2 of passage :: has a lo%ered tapered shoulder ;9! )ho%n in -igure 8 is the in*ector pin ;:! "he part ;: sho%n in -igure 8 corresponds to the push pin or rod on top of the aforementioned ballpoint pen! "he in*ector pin ;8 has an in*ector head ;8 %hich has a passage 80 therein! # tooth spring holder head 82 sho%n in -igure @ fits into the space 80 as sho%n in -igure :! "he upper end of in*ector head ;8 has loc'ing teeth 8/ %hich can mesh %ith loc'ing teeth 89 of tooth spring holder head 82! "he top of tooth spring holder head 82 has a spring recieing shoulder 8: for holding spring 88 as sho%n in -igure :! )pring holding head @0 has four ma*or interloc'ing gears @2 and four minor interloc'ing gears @9 e ually spaced bet%een the interloc' gears @2 %hich have a smaller diameter than the loc' gears @2 as clearly sho%n in -igure ;! "he interior %all of housing :2 has a series of loc'ing pads @: %ith smaller shoulder @8 as clearly sho%n in -igure ; and 12 %ith channel 100 therebet%een! -igure 10 is a vie% on the line 10-10 of -igure @ and sho%s the interloc' gears 1@ %hich are spaced at @0 degrees and the interloc' teeth 109 %hich are bet%een the interloc' gear @2! -igure 12 is helpful in understanding the internal vie% of the interior of the in*ector %all unrolled sho%ing the pattern of the loc'ing pads @: and loc'ing shoulder @8! #ttention is briefly directed bac' to -igure 9 %hich sho%s the in*ector pin ;: mounted above in*ector pad 108! ,t %ill be understood that as cran'shaft 19 rotates that in*ector pad 108 moves up and do%n %ithin housing 52! ,n -,gure 11 the in*ector pad 108 has been oved up%ardly by the rotation of the cran'shaft %here it contacts the in*ector pin ;: %hich causes it to move up%ardly and in the position sho%n in -igure 11 the in*ector sleeve head 82 is free to rotate due to the action bet%een teh sloped teeth 89 of head 82 and by the up%ardly facing sloped teeth 8/ of the sleeve in*ector head ;8 and causes the holder head 82 to rotate by continued up%ard force until it reaches the position sho%n in -igure 1/ %hich in*ector pin is in its coc'ed position! #t the next contact of the pin ;: by pad 108 the holder head 82 %ill rotate and be free to fall %ith the force of the spring 82 driving it do%n%ardly! this do%n%ard force is transmitted to the pad 108 %hich force is tehn transmitted to the form of rotational force to the cran'shaft causing it to be driven in a rotating position! "hus, one rotating position of the cran'shaft %ill cause the pad 108 to drived the in*ector pin ;: up%ardly till it is coc'ed and the next rotation of thecran'shaft %ill cause the upeard movement

of the pin ;: (%hich fell to its lo%er position) and the up%ard movement %ill cause the holder head 82 to rotate to an unloc'ed posoiton %hereby the spring 88 %ill drive it and the pin ;: up%ardly! #ttention is next directed to%ard the operation of this magnetic motor! #ttention is first directed to -igures 1@# and 1@I! ,t %ill be noted that -igures 1@#, 20#, 21# and 22# represent the left hand magnet orientation of those orientations sho%n in -igure / %hereas -igures 20I, 21I and 22I are right hand magnet orientations or the orientations of those magnets as sho%n in -igure 2! 0hen in this position as sho%n in -igure 1@#, magnets 28 and /2 are nearly aligned but there is a magnetic force in the direction of the solid line arro%! "he dashed arro%s sho% the direction of rotation of the rotating %heel! -igure 1@I as indicated the north pole of the magnet 28 is ad*acent the north pole of magnet /2 so that there is a repulsive action! "his is true pof all the other pairs of magnets of both the left hand magnet orientation and the right hand magnets! ,n -igure 1@I the rotating magnet 22 is being rapidly propelled from a position ad*acent magnet 18 by the force represented by the solid line arro% and in the direction indicated! #ttention is no% directed to -igure 15 to visualiHe the position of the cran'shaft and the in*ector pads 98! ,n in*ector pin assembly 99 the pad 98# has pushed the in*ector drive pin ;:# up%ardly into the housing /9 much li'e indicated in -igure 11! =ne revolution of the cran'shaft coc's the in*ector pin assmebly, and in the next revolution cran'shaft 19 in*ector pad fires the in*ector pin! "he position of the cran'shaft adn in*ector pad 98I, 98? and 98 are also indicated! ?ontinued rotation of the cran'shaft %ill cause the in*ector pin assemblies to ta'e the position sho%n in -igure 1: %hereas the in*ector pin assembly /: is in its top dead center position! "he rotation of the rotating %heel 20 adn /0 are indicated by the bro'en line arro%s! 0hen the in*ector pin assembly is in the 'ic' mode, it operates to 'ic' the cran'shaft and the fly%heel over center once the rotational motion has been instigated! #s can be seen the pin and spring %hich %hen the cran' arm stri'es the in*ector pin %ill force the cran' arm and rotaing magnetic %heel over center! "he output for the motor is then drected through gear 29 for appropriate po%er ta'eoff connections! =nce it is 'ic'ed off center the propulsion force causes the %heel to rotate! -igures 20# and 20I sho% the position of the magnets %hen pin in*ector assembly /: is at its top dead center as indicated in -igure 1:! -igures 21# and 21I sho% the position %hen pin in*ector assembly / is at top dead position as indicated in -igure 1;! -igure 18 sho%s the pin in*ector assembly 90 at its top dead center position %hen the magnets are in the position sho%n in -igures 22# and 22I! "his motor is designed to obtain po%er by push and pull motion of the magnets! "he magnets sho%n have a tendency to push inasmuch as they are li'e poles coming into proximity %ith each other! "he magnets can be reversed s that the magnets %ill have a tendency to attract each other! "he engine as described has four cylinders %ith /2 magnets, 1: magnets to each end! =n each end there are 8 rotating magnets and 8 stationary magnets! "his magnetic motor has in*ectors that push on the cran'shaft to drive the motor over the point of magnetic pull! "he particular motor %hich , have built is a small engine made out of aluminum, brass and stainless steel %ith no steel parts! "here is no limit to the siHe of the motor %hich , can build %ith the dimensions to the magnetic motor depending upon %hat siHe magnets that you use! "he magnets can be molded into a plastic

%ith a shaped top across the magnet and the cran'shaft can be made out of ceramics! "he body could also be made of plastic! 0hile the invention has been described %ith a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components %ithout departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure! it is understood that the invention os not limited to the embodiments set forth herein for pusposes of exemplification, but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claims, including the full range of e uivalency to %hich each element thereof is entitled!