Professional Documents
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SET 1
ATOMIC STRUCTURE EMPRICAL FORMULAE
GRAPH OF HEATING AND COOLING CURVE Favourite question: i- State the meaning of Melting point?
is temperature at which solid changes to liquid ii- Why temperature remains constant from t1 to t2 Heat absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces iii- State the melting point/ What is the melting point of naphthalene 78 (refer to the graph given) iv State the physical state between t1 to t2 solid and liquid ( refer to graph given)
Temperature / C
Suhu / C A T t
2
v. Why temperature remains constant from t1 to t2 Heat loss to the surroundings is exactly balanced by the heat enegy liberated as the t particles attract one another to form a solid. 1 vi. Type of particles v- Draw the arrangement of particles of naphthalene at point t3 and t2
The sub atomic particles in atom : proton, electron, neutron The meaning of proton : The number of protons in its atoms The meaning of nucleon number: The total number of neutrons and protons in its atom. State the meaning of isotopes the atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons/ neucleon
The uses of isotopes:- iodine 131- used in thyroid disease (medicine) cobalt 60- cancer treatment carbon 14 to estimate age of fossil (archaeology) phosporus-32: as fertilizer (agricultural) uranium 235 : nuclear in power stations State the meaning of valence electron are electron in the outermost occupied shell i. Write the electron arrangement of P 2.5 ii. Draw the electron arrangement of atom P
Atom P Q R S T Proton Number 7 10 17 17 19 Nucleon number 14 20 35 37 39
Temperature / C Suhu / C
90 A
C 0 t1
DIAGRAM 1 RAJAH 1 Based on Diagram 1, answer the following questions. Berdasarkan Rajah 1, jawab soalan-soalan berikut. (a) What is the type of particles in acetamide? Apakah jenis zarah dalam asetamida? . [1 mark] (b) State the time when acetamide starts to freeze. Nyatakan masa apabila asetamida mula membeku. . [1 mark] (c) State the freezing point of acetamide. Nyatakan takat beku bagi asetamida. .
t2
t3
Point A Titik A
Point C Titik C
[2 marks]
(f) State the physical state of acetamide at these points: Nyatakan keadaan fizik asetamida pada masa: (i) 0 to t1: (ii) t2 to t3: [2 marks]
The table below shows four substances with their respective chemical formula. Substance Iodine Potassium chloride Naphthalene Magnesium Chemical formula I2 KCl C10H8 Mg [3 marks]
(a) State one substance from the table above that exists as (i) atoms.
T1
B C
T0 A
0
Diagram 2.1 Rajah 2.1
Time / s
(a)
(i)
Name the process involved in this experiment. Namakan proses yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini. .............................................................................................................. [1 mark] [1 markah ]
(ii)
State the type of particle present in naphthalene, C10H8. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam naftalena, C10H8 . ......................................................................................................... [1 mark] [1 markah]
(b)
Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C ................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. [2 marks] [2 markah]
X Y
Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2 i ) Name X and Y. Namakan X dan Y. X : ...................................... Y : .......................................... [1 mark] [1 markah] ii) Which subatomic particles are involved in a chemical reaction? Zarah-zarah sub-atom yang manakah terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia? ....................................................................................................... [1 mark] [1 markah]
Atom W X Y Z
i)
Which atoms are isotopes? Atom-atom yang manakah adalah isotop? ................................................................................................. [1 mark] [1 markah]
ii)
Give a reason for your answer in (e) (i). Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e) (i).
..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... [2 marks] [2 markah] TRIAL KELANTAN SPM 2007 1. Table 1 shows proton number and nucleon number for atom W, X and Y. Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom W, X dan Y. Atom W X Y Proton number / Nombor Proton 11 17 17 TABLE / JADUAL 1 Nucleon number / Nombor Nukleon 23 35 37
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(d)(i) Draw the electron arrangement of atom Y. In your diagram , show the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Lukiskan susunan elektron atom Y. Dalam rajah anda, tunjukkan bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron dalam nukleus.
[2 marks] (ii) What is the number of valence electron of atom Y? Apakah bilangan elektron valen bagi atom Y? ...........................................................................................................................[1 mark] Write the formula of ion Y. Tuliskan formula ion Y. ................................................................................................................................[1 mark] (e) Write the symbol of atom X in the form of Tuliskan simbol bagi atom X dalam bentuk
A Z A Z
X. X.
....................................................................................................................[1 mark]
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(i)
What is meant by the proton number and nucleon number of an atom? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom? Proton number Nombor proton .............................................................................................. [1 mark] Nucleon number Nombor nucleon
.. [1 mark] A (ii) Represent atom S in the form of Z X Tuliskan atom S dengan perwakilan atom unsur
A Z
.. [1 mark] (iii) Which of the atoms are isotopes? Atom-atom yang manakah isotop? . [1 mark] (iv) State a reason for your answer in (d)(iii) Nyatakan alasan bagi jawapan anda di (d)(iii)
[1 mark]
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EXPERIMENT 1
EXPERIMENT II
i- Why must magnesium ribbon be cleaned with sandpaper? To remove the oxide layer on the surface of magnesium oxide ii- Explain why the crucible must be closed immediately when the magnesium ribbon starts to burn? To prevent the white fumes of Magnesium oxides from escaping iii- Explain why the crucible lid must be opened at intervals during the experiment? To allow oxygen in the air to enter into the crucible for complete combustion iv. How to make sure all the magnesium has reacted completelywith oxygen? Repeating the heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant mass is achieved v. Why the empirical formula of cooper oxide can not determined using this technique? because the copper oxide is less reactive metal Mass(g) 54.6 59.4 62.6
Mass of crucible + lid Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide vi- Calculate the mass of magnesium 59.4 54.6 = 4.8 g vii. Calculate the mass of oxygen 62.6 59.4 = 3.2 g
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copper oxide
Asbestos crucible
EXPERIMENT 1
i-. Suggest two substances to produce the hydrogen gas in this experiment
Zinc and Hydrochloric acid ii- Name the substance used to dry hydrogen gas Calcium chloride iii- The combustion tube must be filled up with hydrogen gas. Describe how to confirm that hydrogen gas has filled up the combustion tube. Let the dry hydrogen gas flow into the combustion tube for few minutes. The collected gas is tested with glowing wooden splinter until no pop sound is heard indicating that hydrogen gas has been removed. iv- Explain why the hydrogen gas is still passed through the apparatus during the cooling of the combustion tube. To prevent the metal formed from being oxidized by hydrogen in air Mass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible Mass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible + M oxide Mass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible + M [Relative atomic mass: M,207; O,16] a) Calculate the mass of i) M 56.70 54.63 = 2.07 g = 54.63 g = 58.30 g = 56.70 g
b) Calculate the mole ratio of atom M and oxygen atom M = 2.07 g = 0.1 mol 207 atom oxygen = 1.6 g = 0.1 mol 16
EMPRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA c) Determine the empirical formula of M oxide simplest ratio M = 0.1 = 1 simplest ratio O = 0.1 =1 0.1 14 0.1 MO
i-
Emprical Formula = CO2H ii- Determine the molecular formula of this compound. (Emprical formula )n= Relative Molecular mass (CO2H)n = 90 (12+2(16)+1)n = 90 (12+32+1)n =90 45n = 90 n= 90 =2 45 Molecular formula = (CO2H)2 = C2O4H2
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TRIAL PAHANG SPM 2011 (b) An organic compound Q consists of 64.87% of carbon, 13.51% of hydrogen and 21.62% of oxygen. [Relative atomic mass: H,1 ; C,12 ;O, 16] Suatu sebatian organik Q mengandungi karbon 64.87%, hidrogen 13.51% dan oksigen 21.62%. [Jisim atom relatif: H,1 ; C,12 ; O, 16] (i) Determine the empirical formula of compound Q. Tentukan formula empirik bagi sebatian Q.
[3 marks] (ii) If the relative molecular mass of compound Q is 74, find the molecular formula of compound Q. Jika jisim molekul relatif bagi sebatian Q adalah 74, cari formula molekul bagi sebatian Q.
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Diagram 3 Rajah 3 The following are the results of the experiment Di bawah adalah keputusan daripada eksperimen Mass of crucible + Jisim mangkuk pijar Mass of crucible + Jisim mangkuk pijar lid + penutup lid + magnesium ribbon + penutup + pita magnesium
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida [Relative atomic mass: Mg,24; O,16] [Jisim atom relatif: Mg, 24; O, 16]
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
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[1 mark] [1 markah] (d) Write the chemical equation between magnesium and oxygen in this experiment. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas magnesium dan uksigen dalam eksperimen ini. .. [1 mark] [1 markah] (e) Why must magnesium ribbon be cleaned with sandpaper? Mengapakah magnesium perlu dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir ? ... .. [1 mark] [1 Markah] (f) Explain why Terangkan mengapa (i) the crucible must be closed immediately when the magnesium ribbon starts to burn? Mangkuk pijar perlu ditutup serta merta apabila pita magnesium mula terbakar ? .. ...................................................................... [1 mark] [1 Markah] the crucible lid must be opened at intervals during the experiment? Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala semasa eksperimen ? .. .. [1 mark] [1 Markah] (g) How to make sure all the magnesium has reacted completely with oxygen? Bagaimana memastikan semua magnesium telah lengkap bertindak balas dengan oksigen? .. ... [1 mark] [1 Markah]
(ii)
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M oxide Oksida M Dry hydrogen gas Gas hidrogen kering Combustion tube Tiub pembakaran
DIAGRAM 2 (a) (i) Name two chemicals used to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory. Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen dalam makmal. ....................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i). Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di (a)(i). ... [1 mark] (b) Table 2 shows the result of the experiment: Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu: Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + M oxide before heating Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + oksida M sebelum pembakaran Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + product after heating Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + hasil selepas pembakaran [Relative atomic mass of O=16, M=55] (i) Determine the empirical formula of M oxide. Tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida M. 39.25 g 47.95 g 44.75 g
[3 marks]
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DIAGRAM 2 (a) The empty box in Diagram 2 is the set up of apparatus to prepare the hydrogen gas. Complete the diagram. Di dalam kotak kosong pada Rajah 2 di atas merupakan susunan radas untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen. Lengkapkan Rajah 2 tersebut. [2 marks] (b) State the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride? [ 1 mark] Nyatakan fungsi kalsium klorida kontang ? ..........................................
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[2 marks] (iii) Determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide. Tentukan formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
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(b)
(i)
(ii)
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(d)
(i)
Calculate the number of moles of copper in this reaction. [Relative atomic mass : Cu = 64] Kirakan bilangan mol kuprum dalam tindak balas ini. [Jisim atom relatif :i Cu= 64]
[1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in this reaction. [Relative atomic mass : O = 16] Kirakan bilangan mol kuprum dalam tindak balas ini. [Jisim atom relative: O= 16]
[1 mark] [1 markah] (iii) Determine the empirical formula of copper (II) oxide. Tentukan formula empirik kuprum (II) oksida. [2 marks]
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(f)
M is a reactive metal. Suggest a method to determine the empirical formula of the oxide of M. M merupakan suatu logam reaktif. Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida M. ........................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] [1 markah]
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SET 2
PERIODIC TABLE CHEMICAL BONDING
25
i- State one element that exist as metal? B ii- State element that exist as mono atom A iii- Choose an element that is a halogen/diatomic D or G iv- shaded the Transition Elements in the table above vi- State the name that represent vertical column Group vii- State the name represent horizontal column Period viii- State one special characteristic of transition elements formed coloured ion / used as catalyst x- State the element that can form ionic compound B and D / E and C xi- State the element that can form covalent compound C and D / C and G xii- State the element that can form amphoteric oxides F xiii- Arrange A, B,C,D,E, F, and G according to the increase in size of the atoms A, D, C.B, G, F, E xiiii- State the element that react vigorously with water B x- Write the chemical equation when element in (xiii) react with water B + H2O BOH + H2 xi. State the formulae ion for E E2+
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Group 17 since it has 7 valence electron occupied in outermost shell Period 3 since it has 3 shell occupied by electron
GROUP 18 Favourite question: i- Why group 18 is chemically inert/ not reactive? because group 18 has stable octet arrangement which is do not share, lose or release electron ii- State the uses of element in group 18 Helium to fill weather ballons Neon to fill advertising light bulbs Argon uses to fill electric bulbs
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L
D
M J
G
Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 3, answer the following questions. Dengan menggunakan huruf-huruf yang terdapat dalam Jadual Berkala pada Rajah 3, jawab soalansoalan berikut. (a) (i) State the position of element E in the Periodic Table. Nyatakan kedudukan unsur E dalam Jadual Berkala. . [2 marks] [2 markah] (ii) Choose the element which exhibit different oxidation numbers in its compounds. Pilih unsur yang mempunyai pelbagai nombor pengoksidaan di dalam sebatiannya.
(b)
..... [1 mark] [1 markah] Element D combines with element L to form a compound. Unsur D bergabung dengan unsur L untuk membentuk suatu sebatian. (i) Write the chemical formula of this compound. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian ini. ..................................................................... [1 mark] [1 markah] State one physical property of this compound. Nyatakan satu sifat fizik sebatian ini. . [1 mark
(ii)
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(ii)
(d)
(i)
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P Q R S T V U W
DIAGRAM 1 RAJAH 1 Using the symbols P, Q, R, S, T, U and W, answer the following questions. Dengan menggunakan simbol P, Q, R, S, T, U dan W, jawab soalan-soalan (a) State the element which you would classify under Group 2 Nyatakan unsur yang boleh dikelaskan di bawah Kumpulan 2 .... [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) Write the electron arrangement of atom V. Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom V. .. [1 mark] [ markah] (c) Which of the elements has the biggest atomic radius? Unsur yang manakah mempunyai jejari atom paling besar? ... [1 markah] [1markah]
berikut.
(d)
(i) Compare the electronegativity of elements Q, T, V and U. Bandingkan keelektronegatifan bagi Q, T, V dan U. .. [1 mark] [1 markah]
30
31
DIAGRAM 2 Using the letters in the Periodic Table of Elements in Diagram 2, answer the following questions. (a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom F. ................................................ [1 mark] (ii) Give the formula of ion F. ................................................ [1 mark] (b) Arrange the elements A, B, C, D, E, F and G according to the atomic size in ascending order. ................................................... [1 mark] (c) Element A exists as a monoatomic gas. Explain why. ................................................... ............................................... [1 mark] (d) Element D is more reactive than element G. Explain why. ................................................................. ................................................................. [2 marks] (e) E reacts with D to form a compound. (i) What is the type of the compound formed? . ................................................................ [1 mark]
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TRIAL TERENGGANU 4.Diagram 2 shows the symbols of atom for element U, V, W and X. Rajah 2 menunjukkan simbol- simbol atom bagi unsur U, V, W dan X.
7 3
12 6
19 9
20 10
DIAGRAM / RAJAH 2 (a) Write the electron arrangement of atom W. Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom W. ..............................................................................................................................[1 mark] (b) (i) Element U, V, W and X are placed in the same period in the Periodic Table. State the period. Unsur U, V, W dan X berada dalam kala yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala. Nyatakan kala itu.
.....................................................................................................................[1 mark] (ii) Compare the atomic size of element V and X. Bandingkan saiz atom unsur V dan X. .....................................................................................................................[1 mark] (iii) Explain your answer in (b) (ii) Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b) (ii). ................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................[2 marks ] (c) Element V can react with element W to form a compound. Unsur V boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur W membentuk satu sebatian. (i) Write the chemical formula for the compound. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian itu. ..................................................................................................................[1 mark ]
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39 T
6
FIGURE 2.1
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Write the electron arrangement of atom T. (Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom T.) ... [1 mark] State the period and the group for element T in the Periodic Table. (Nyatakan kala dan kumpulan bagi unsur T dalam Jadual Berkala.) Period (Kala) : . Group (Kumpulan) : .............................. [2 marks]
(ii)
(b)
Atoms of R and S can react to form a compound. (Atom R dan atom S boleh bertindak balas untuk membentuk satu sebatian.) (i) Name the type of bond in the compound formed between atoms R and S. (Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian yang terbentuk antara atom R dan atom S.) .. [1 mark] Give one physical property of the compound in (b)(i). (Beri satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian di (b)(i).)
(ii)
(c)
. [1 mark] Atoms of R and T can also react to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed. (Atom R dan atom T juga boleh bertindak balas untuk membentuk satu sebatian. Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.)
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35
Using the information in Table 10.2, choose any two elements and explain how ionic compund and covalent compound are formed. i- ionic compound .( Z and X// Y and X) Z = 2.8.2 Formula ion : Z+2 Z+2 X-2 Z2X2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ZX X = 2.6 Formula ion : X-2
Atom Z releases two electrons to atom X and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. Z 2+ formed//Z positive ion formed Atom X receives two electrons and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. X 2- formed// X negative ion formed. Z 2+ and X 2- are attracted by a strong electrostatic forces // ionic bond Z and X form ionic compound with formula ZX
ii- covalent bond (W and X) W = 2.4 Formula ion : W-4 X = 2.6 Formula ion = X-2 W-4 X-2
W2X4 WX2 1.atom W needs 4 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement 2. Atom X needs 2 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement 3. One atom of W contribute four electrons to be shared with two atoms X 4. Two atoms X will contribute two electrons each to be share with one atom W 5. One atom W shares four pairs of electrons with two atoms X, forming two double covalent bonds // The formula of the compound is WX2/ or can deduce from the diagram
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iii- State the meaning of anion the ion which has negative charge iv- State the meaning of cation the ion which has positive charge
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Element X and Y react to form ionic bond. Describe the formation of an ionic compound [ 8 marks]
[ 8 marks] 38
39
Compound Sebatian
+
X
P+
R-
Table 10.1
Jadual 10.1
(i)
Based on Table 10.1, determine the types of compound X and Y. Berdasarkan Jadual 10.1, tentukan jenis sebatian X dan Y. [2 marks]
Compound X and compound Y have different physical properties. Choose one of the physical properties that can differentiate between compound X and Y Explain the difference in the physical properties between compound X and Y. Sebatian X dan sebatian Y mempunyai sifat fizik yang berbeza. Plih satu sifat fizik tersebut yang dapat membezakan antara sebatian X and Y. Terangkan perbezaan sifat fizik tersebut di antara sebatian X dan Y. [2 marks]
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Element Unsur W X Y Z
Electron arrangement Susunan elektron 2.4 2.6 2.8.1 2.8.2 Table 10.2
Jadual 10.2
Using the information in Table 10.2, choose any two elements and explain how ionic compund and covalent compound are formed. Gunakan maklumat dalam Jadual 10.2, pilih mana-mana dua unsur dan terangkan bagaimana sebatian ion dan sebatian kovalen terbentuk
[10 marks]
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SET 3
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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i- State the energy change in electrolysis cell Electrical change to chemical charge ii-State the application of electrolysis in industries -Extraction of ores metal - Purification of metals - Electroplating of metals iii.Why the colour of copper(II) sulphate is remain unchanged because the concentration of the blue Cu2+ ion remain unchanged since anode dissolved to form Cu2+ ion iv. State three factor affected the aqueous solution -position of ions in electrochemical series - concentration of ions - types of electrodes v.Why the ion Cu+2 selectively discharge at cathode since ion Cu+2 has lower position compared to H+ ion in electrochemical series vi. Why the ion Cl- selectively discharged at anode since ion Cl- has higher concentration compared to OH- ion in electrochemical series vii. How to confirm the gas is oxygen? Put the glowing wooden splinter inside the mouth of test tube. Relight glowing wooden splinter.
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i- State the energy change in voltaic cell Chemical change to electric charge ii- What is function of salt bridge to allow the movement of ion so that the electric circuit is completed iii- What is function of porous pot? to prevent two electrolyte from mixing iv- State the negative terminal and positive terminal between zinc plate and cooper plate Negative terminal-Zinc plate and positive terminal- Cooper plate v. Why zinc act as negative terminal Since the position of Zinc is higher than position of Copper in electrochemical series
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4 Diagram 4 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution with carbon electrodes. Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida dengan menggunakan elektrod-elektrod karbon.
0.001 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution larutan natrium klorida 0.001 mol dm-3
Electrode P Elektrod P
Electrode Q Elektrod Q
Diagram 4 Rajah 4 (a) What is the energy change in the electrolytic cell above? Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam sel elektrolisis di atas ......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) Write the formulae of all ions present in sodium chloride solution. Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida. ...................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (i) Name the gas collected at electrode P. Namakan gas yang terkumpul pada elektrod P ........................................................... ...................... [1 mark] [1 markah]
(c)
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(ii)
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Carbon electrode Elektrod karbon Silver nitrate solution Larutan argentum nitrat
Copper electrode Elektrod kuprum Copper(II) sulphate solution Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Cell 1 Sel 1 Diagram 2 Rajah 2 (a) What is the energy change in electrolysis? Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam elektrolisis?
Cell 2 Sel 2
[ 1 mark] (b) Write the formulae of all the ions present in silver nitrate solution. Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang terdapat dalam larutan argentum nitrat. ............................................................................................................................................... [ 1 marks] (c) In the electrolysis of Cell 1 Dalam elektrolisis Sel 1 (i) What is the observation at electrode B? Apakah pemerhatian pada elektrod B? [ 1 mark]
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(d)
. [ 1 mark] In the electrolysis of Cell 2. Dalam elektrolisis Sel 2. (i) What is the observation at electrode C? Apakah pemerhatian pada elektrod C? ..................................... [1 mark] Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode C. Tulis persamaan setengah yang berlaku pada elektrod C.
(ii)
(e )
.. [1 mark] What are the processes that occur at electrodes A and D? Apakah proses yang berlaku pada elektrod A dan D? Electrode A Electrode D :.. :. [2 marks]
(f )
State which cell the concentration of electrolyte remains unchanged. Nyatakan sel manakah kepekatan elektrolitnya tidak berubah. ............... [1 mark]
(g )
State one application of electrolysis in industrial. Nyatakan satu aplikasi elektrolisis dalam industri.. .............. [1 mark]
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Electrode Y [Elektrod Y] Electrode Z [Elektrod Z] Potassium iodide solution [Larutan kalium iodida]
Diagram 1[Rajah 1]
(a)
(i) Identify all the electrodes which serve as anode and cathode. Kenalpastikan semua elektrod yang berfungsi sebagai anod dan katod Anode [anod]:.................................................................................................................... Cathode [katod]:................................................................................................................ [2 marks] (ii) Name the product that is formed at electrode W. Namakan hasil yang terbentuk pada elektrod W. ..... [1 mark] (iii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode W. Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod W. .. [1mark]
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(ii) Name the product formed in b(i) Namakan hasil yang terbentuk di b(i) ............................................................................................................................................ [ 1 mark] (iii) Suggest a test to confirm the product in b(ii). Cadangkan satu ujian untuk mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk di b(ii). ..... .................................................. [2 marks] (c) In a separate experiment, the 0.0001 mol dm3 of hydrochloric acid is replaced with 1.0 moldm3 of hydrochloric acid and electrolysis is carried out. Dalam experimen yang berlainan, asid hidroklorik yang berkepekatan 0.0001 mol dm3 digantikan dengan asid hidroklorik yang berkepekatan 1.0 mol dm3 dan elektrolisis dijalankan.. (i) State the product that will form at electrode W. Nyatakan hasil yang akan terbentuk pada elektrod W. ..... [1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer in c(i). Terangkan jawapan anda dalam c(i). ............................................................................................................................................ ..... . [1 mark]
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Electrolyte R Elektrolit R
Based on Diagram 3.2 : Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2 : (i) State the correct position of the iron key either electrodes P or Q. Nyatakan kedudukan yang betul bagi kunci besi samada elektrod P atau Q. .......................... [1 mark] (ii) Name a suitable solution that can be used as electrolyte R. Namakan satu larutan yang sesuai digunakan sebagai elektrolit R. .......................... [1 mark] (iii) Suggest one step that must be taken to get a better electroplated key. Cadangkan satu langkah yang perlu diambil untuk mendapatkan saduran yang baik pada kunci tersebut. .......................... [1 mark]
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A X Y
Copper(II) sulphate solution Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Diagram / Rajah 3.3 (i) Identify the anode and the cathode. Kenal pasti anod dan katod. X : ............ Y : ............ [1 mark] (ii) During this process, the intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) sulphate remains unchanged. Explain why. Semasa proses ini, didapati keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat tidak berubah. Terangkan mengapa. .................................................................. ................................................................ ................................................................. [2 marks]
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Experiment I : Electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution Experiment II : Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution In Experiment I (i) What can be observed at the anode ? [ 1 mark] (ii) Write an equation to represent the reaction that takes place at the anode. [ 1 mark] (iii) What is the redox process that takes place at the anode ? . [ 1 mark] In Experiment II, (i) Which electrode will give a different compared to Experiment I ? . [ 1 mark] (ii) Name the product formed at the electrode in (b) (i). .. [ 1 mark] (iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (b) (i). [ 1 mark]
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Name all the cations present in the solution of beaker B. Namakan semua kation yang hadir dalam larutan di bikar B.
.................................................................................................................. [1 mark] (ii) Mark the negative electrode and positive electrode in beaker B Tandakan elektrod negatif dan positif dalam bikar B [1 mark] What is the expected observation in the copper (II) sulphate solution? Apakah pemerhatian yang dijangkakan pada larutan kuprum (II) sulfat?
(b) (i)
................................................................................................................ [1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer in (b) (i) Jelaskan jawapan anda dalam (b) (i) ................................................................................................................. [1 mark] What is the product formed at the anode in beaker Apakah hasil yang terbentuk di anod dalam bikar A? ............................................................................................................... [1 Mark] Write a half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode. Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindakbalas yang berlaku di anod [1 Mark]
(c) (i)
[1 mark]
(ii)
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Cell P (a) DIAGRAM 3.1 State the energy changes in cell P and cell Q. (Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel P dan sel Q.) Cell P:...
Cell Q
Cell Q:... [2 marks] (b) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the magnesium rod in cell P. (Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di rod magnesium dalam sel P.) [2 marks]
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(ii) Explain your answer in d(i). (Terangkan jawapan anda di d(i).) .. [1 mark] (e) (i) Label the anode in cell Q. (Labelkan anod dalam sel Q) [1 mark] (ii) What is observed at the copper anode in cell Q? (Apakah yang diperhatikan pada anod kuprum dalam sel Q?) . [1 mark] (f) What happens to the intensity of colour of the solution in cell Q? Explain your answer. (Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan dalam sel Q? Terangkan jawapan anda..) [2 marks]
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Carbon electrode X
a)
DIAGRAM 1 i) What is meant by anion? [1 mark] ii) Which electrode is cathode ? [1 mark]
b)
i) State all the ions present in potassium iodide solution. [1 mark] ii)State the ion that will be discharged at Electrode X: Electrode Y: .. .. [2 marks]
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(ii)
.... [1 mark] (e) If 0.0001 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution is used as electrolyte (i) What is produced at electrode X at the beginning of the experiment? .. [1 mark] (ii) Write the half equation in (e)(i) ...................................... [1 mark]
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Battery Bateri
(g) Write the ionic formulae of all cations in copper (II) sulphate solution. Tuliskan formula ion bagi semua kation dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. .............................................................. [1 mark] (h) State the energy changes in cell P and cell Q. Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel P dan sel Q. Cell P:... Sel P Cell Q : .... Sel Q
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(i) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode in cell P. Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada katod dalam sel P. .. [2 marks]
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v. Name the reaction that take places in experiment Neutralisation process vi. Name the technique/ method using in this experiment Titration method vii.State the colour change of the phenolphthalein in the conical flask at the end pink to colourless viii. Name the another substance that can be used to replace phenolphthalein methyl orange x. What is meant by end point is the point in the titration at which the indicator changes colour point
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Calculation : Exp I Volume acid used = Final reading initial reading = 39.70- 17.30 cm3 = 22.40 cm3 Exp II Volume acid used = 39.20 17.00 cm3 = 22.20 cm3 Exp III Volume acid used = 39.70 17.70 cm3 = 22.00 cm3 xi. Calculate the average volume of sulphuric acid used in this reaction 22.40 + 22.20 + 22.00 cm3 3 = 22.20 cm3
xiii. Write the chemical equation 1HCl + 1NaOH NaCl + H2O xiv. Calculate the Molarity (M) of Sodium Hydroxide MacidVacid MalkaliValkali (0.1) (22.20) Malkali(25.00) = 1 1 = 1 1
Molarity/ Malkali (25.00) (1) = (0.1) (22.20) Molarity / Malkali = 2.22 = 0.0888 mol dm-3 25.00
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i. Based on table state the relationship between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and pH value The higher concentration of hydrochloric acid the lower pH value ii. Explain your answer in a (i) -The pH value is used to measure the concentration of H+ ions - the higher the number of H+ ion per unit volume solution , the lower the pH value iii. Arrange the hydrocholoric acid according to increasing order A,B,C,D
pH 13 10
iv. Explain why the two alkalis have different pH values? - Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali - Ammonia is a weak alkali - Sodium hydroxide ionized completely in water to produced higher concentration of ion OH- Ammonia ionized partially in water to produced low concentration of OH- The concentration of ion OH- in sodium Hydroxide in higher than Ammonia - When the concentration of OH- ion is higher the pH value is higher.
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a)
b)
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(ii)
[2 marks] [2 markah] e) Draw labelled diagram of set up apparatus to carry out the experiment. Lukis gambarajah berlabel susunan radas untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini.
f)
[2 marks] [2 markah] If sulphuric acid is replaced with 1.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid to neutralise 20.00cm3 sodium hydroxide solution of the same concentration. It is shown that the volume of the acid needed is double the volume of sulphuric acid. Explain why? Jika asid sulfurik digantikan dengan 1.0 moldm-3 asid hidroklorik untuk meneutralkan 20.00cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dengan kepekatan yang sama. Didapati isipadu asid yang diperlukan ialah dua kali ganda daripada isipadu asid sulfurik. Terangkan mengapa? ................................................... .................................................. .................................................... [2 marks] [2 markah]
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Hydrochloric acid, 0.1 mol dm-3 Asid hidroklorik, 0.1 mol dm-3
25 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution + phenolphthalein 25 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida + fenolftalein DIAGRAM 1 3 25.0 cm of sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a conical flask. A few drops of phenolphthalein are added into the solution. The solution in the conical flask is titrated -3 with 0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid . 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah kelalang kon. Beberapa titik fenolftalein ditambah ke dalam larutan itu. Larutan dalam kelalang kon dititratkan dengan 0.1 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik. (a) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. What is meant by a strong acid? Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asid kuat? .. [2 marks] (b) Suggest an apparatus that can be used to measure 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution accurately. Cadangkan satu radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukat 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dengan tepat. . [1 mark]
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[2 marks] (e) (i) The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid to replace hydrochloric acid. Predict the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution. Eksperimen itu diulang dengan menggunakan 0.1 mol dm-3 asid sulfurik bagi menggantikan asid hidroklorik. Ramalkan isipadu asid sulfurik yang diperlukan untuk meneutralkan 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida. [1 mark] Explain your answer in (e) (i). Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (e)(i). . [2 marks]
(ii)
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(a)
(i)
Table 3 Which of the solutions in Table 3 has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? Larutan yang manakah dalam Jadual 3 mempunyai kepekatan ion hidrogen yang paling tinggi? ........................................................................................................................ [1 mark] [1 markah]
(ii)
Calculate the number of hydrogen ions in 25 cm3 of Solution II. [Avogadro Constant = 6 x 1023 mol-1 ] Hitungkan bilangan ion hidrogen dalam 25 cm3 Larutan II. [Nombor Avogadro = 6 x 1023 mol -1 ]
[2 marks] [2 markah] (iii) Name an indicator that can be used to measure the pH values of the solutions I, II and III. Namakan satu penunjuk yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur nilai pH larutan-larutan I, II dan III. ... [1 mark] [1 markah]
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[1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Calculate the volume of Solution I used to neutralise sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution in cm3. Hitungkan isipadu Larutan I yang digunakan untuk meneutralkan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dalam cm3.
(iii)
[3 marks] [3 markah] Draw an apparatus set-up for the titration of sodium hydroxide solution with solution I. Lukis susunan radas untuk pentitratan larutan natrium hidroksida dengan Larutan I
[2 marks] [2 markah]
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SET 5
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCE IN INDUSTRY
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Substance Y Bahan Y
Based on Diagram 1.1, answer the following questions: Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, jawab soalan-soalan berikut : (i) Identify which of the substance in Diagram 1.1 is a pure metal or alloy. Tentukan bahan yang manakah dalam Rajah 1.1 adalah logam tulen atau aloi. Pure metal : .................................................................................................... Logam Tulen [1 mark] [1 markah] Alloy : ................................................................................................................. Aloi [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Explain your answers in (a) (i) Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (a) (i). ............................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................... [2 marks] (iii) Which substance is harder, X or Y? Give a reason for your answer. Di antara bahan X dan Y, yang manakah lebih keras? Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda. ....................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................
[ 2marks]
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H C H
H C
H C
H C Cl
H C H
H C Cl n
Cl H
Diagram 1.2 Rajah 1.2 Based on Diagram 1.2, answer the following questions: Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, jawab soalan-soalan berikut: (i) State the meaning of polymer. Nyatakan maksud polimer. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Draw and name the structural formula of its monomer. Lukiskan dan namakan formula struktur bagi monomernya.
[2 marks] (iii) State one use of the polymer in Diagram 1.2 in our daily life. Nyatakan satu kegunaan polimer pada Rajah 1.2 dalam kehidupan seharian kita. ............................................................................................................ [1 mark]
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Sulphur Sulfur
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Hydrogen Hidrogen Process Y Proses Y
Ammonia Ammonia
Salt A Garam A Diagram 5 Rajah 5 (a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen in Process Y to produce ammonia. Nitrogen bertindak balas dengan hidrogen dalam Proses Y untuk menghasilkan ammonia. (i) Name Process Y. Namakan Proses Y. .................................................................................................................................. [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in a(i). Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam a(i). .................................................................................................................................. [1 marks] State the catalyst and the optimum temperature needed in the manufacture of ammonia. Nyatakan mangkin dan suhu optimum yang diperlukan dalam penghasilan ammonia. Catalyst : Temperature : oC Mangkin Suhu
(iii)
[2 marks]
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2.(a)
Polymers are long chained molecules made by joining together thousands of smaller molecules called monomers . Polimer adalah molekul berantai panjang yang terhasil daripada cantuman beribu-ribu molekul kecil yang dipanggil monomer.
Polypropene and polyvinyl chloride are examples of polymers. State the name of their monomers. Polipropena dan polivinil klorida adalah contoh polimer. Nyatakan nama monomer mereka. Polypropene: ... Polipropena Polyvinyl chloride : Polivinil klorida [2 marks] b. Plastic bag used in our daily life is a type of synthetic polymer. State one advantage and one disadvantage of plastic bag. Beg plastik yang digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian ialah sejenis polimer sintetik. Nyatakan satu kebaikan dan satu keburukan beg plastik. Advantage: Kebaikan: .................................................... Disadvantage: Keburukan: .............................................................. [2 marks] c. Bronze is an alloy formed from copper and tin. Gangsa adalah suatu aloi yang terbentuk daripada kuprum dan timah (i)State one use of bronze. Nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa. ................................................................... [1 mark] (ii)State one aim of alloying . Nyatakan satu tujuan pengaloian. ................................................................. [1 mark ]
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(iv) Bronze is harder than copper. Explain why. Gangsa adalah lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa. ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... [3 marks] TRIAL CHEMISTRY SPM 2008
............................................................................................ [1 mark]
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[ 1 mark] (iii) Explain your answer in (a)(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (a)(ii) ....................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... [2 marks]. (iv) State one uses of bronze. Nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa .................................................................................................................................. [1 mark] TRIAL PERLIS SPM 2010 1.Table 1 shows the particulars of four different types of manufactured substances in industry. Rajah 1 menunjukkan butiran tentang empat jenis bahan buatan dalam industri.
Type of manufactured substance Jenis bahan buatan Glass Kaca Polymer Polimer Alloy Aloi
Example Contoh Borosilicate Borosilikat Polythene Politena Brass Loyang Brick Bata
Component Komponen Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide and Y. Silikon dioksida, natrium oksida, kalsium oksida dan Y. Ethene Etena Copper and zinc Kuprum dan zink Silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, iron (III) oxide. Silikon dioksida, aluminium oksida, ferum(III) oksida. Table 1
Jadual 1
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(b)(i) Brass is harder than its pure copper. Explain. Loyang lebih keras daripada logam kuprum tulennya.Terangkan. ..... ................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... [2 marks]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram that shows the arrangement of particles in brass. Lukis gambar rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan susunan zarah-zarah dalam loyang.
[2 marks]
(c) Substance Y is part of components of borosilicate glass. Bahan Y adalah sebahagian daripada kaca borosilikat. (i) Name the substance Y. Namakan bahan Y. ....... [1 mark] (ii) State one characteristic of borosilicate glass compared to the other types of glasses. Nyatakan satu sifat kaca borosilikat berbanding dengan kaca jenis yang lain. ....... [1 mark]
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H H H H | | | | CC CC | | | | H H H H
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
(i)
Draw the structural formula of monomer of polythene. Lukis formula struktur monomer bagi politena.
[1 mark]
(ii)
State one use of polythene. Nyatakan satu kegunaan politena. ................................................................................................................. [1 mark]
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