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Global pollutants: Carbondioxyde: CO2 Stable end product of combustion abatement: reduction of fuel consumption: engine, weight, aerodynamics,
H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003
[%]
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1993 0 1994 1995
Euro3 98/69/EG
HC + NO x
CO
Euro4 98/69/EG
1996
1997
1998
1999
CO
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
HC+NOx
2006
2007
2008
Euro1 91/441/EWG
[%]
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1993 0 1994 1995
PM
HC + NO x
Euro4 98/69/EG
CO
1996
HC+NOx [%]
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Partikel [%]
2002
2003
2004
2005
CO [%]
2006
2007
2008
CO [%]
HC + NOx [%]
100
MVEG-A
MVEG-B
90
HC + NO
80
x
80
HC
70 70
60
CO
60
50
50
40
30
-92% -86%
40
-63% -81%
30
20
20
10
10
0 1970 1972 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 1974 1976 2000 2008
Euronorm
Euro I
Euro II
Euro III
Euro IV
European Commission
DG ENTR DG ENV DG TREN
limit values chosen in order to mandate 3-way catalyst for gasoline cars
Limit values for 2000 and 2005 Especially the limit values for 2005 for diesel cars are a challenge Introduction of a cold-start test Introduction of On board diagnosis (OBD)
H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003
Actual situation:
Clean air for Europe programme: continuation of Auto-Oil Most gasoline cars already comply with Euro 4 limits Many diesel cars comply with Euro 4
some compact vehicles without diesel particulate filter some larger vehicles with diesel particulate filter
Exhaust catalyst
Channel wall Washcoat HC NOx CO NOx CO2 CO N2 HC CO2 + H2O Precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh)
AECC
HC Operating Area 3-Way Catalyst CO 2 CO + O2 -> 2 CO2 (HC) + O2 -> CO2 + H2 O NOx + CO -> N2 + CO2
Conversion
rich
=1
lean
AECC
AECC
NOx Adsorption
AECC
NOx Reduction
Source: SAE 950809
4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2
Nitrogen oxide Ammonia Ammonia (gaseous) Ammonia from aqueous solution Oxygen
Catalyst
4 N2 + 6 H2O
Nitrogen Water
AECC
Urea Tank
Urea Injection
Inp ut
Valve
Exhaust Gas
AECC
particles
AECC
HyWire
AUTOnomy
-Skateboard chassis incorporating fuel cell, hydrogen tank, electric motor, -Interchangeable body work
H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003