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Page 1 of 6 REVERSE POWER RELAY 1.

Reverse Power Relays are used for Protection of Alternators and at t e end of Parallel feeders! to "revent feeding #ac$ of Power in t e wrong direction. %. Reverse "ower feeding &ay a""en in case of 'enerators connected in "arallel or 'enerators connected to 'rid. (. ) e "ur"ose of t e Reverse Power Protection is #asically to "revent da&age on t e "ri&e &over. *f t e driving tor+ue is less t an t e total losses in t e generator and t e "ri&e &over! t e 'enerator starts to wor$ as a Sync ronous ,otor ta$ing t e necessary active "ower fro& t e networ$ -. *n t e case of stea& tur#ines ! t e reduction of stea& flow reduces t e cooling effect on t e tur#ine #lades and over eating &ay occur. .. *n t e case of /ydraulic tur#ines t e da&age &ay #e due to water surfing on t e #lades due to w ic an a0ial "ressure &ay develo" on t e #earings. 6. *n t e case of 1iesel engines t e da&age could #e due to insufficient lu#rication. 2.Theory of Reverse Power 2.1 1st 3uadrant O"eration 4 5ig 1 E * 6 5ig:1 Let us consider t e " ase relations i" of t e current delivered #y t e generator wit t e #us#ar voltage. Ot er 'enerators are su""osed to #e feeding t is #us#ar and running in "arallel wit t e said generator. *n t e 5ig1. OE is t e #us voltage and O* is t e generator current. ) e current lags #e ind t e voltage #y . Angle de"ends on % factors. a9 ) e load P5 #9 ) e E0citation of t e 'enerator. ;onsidering t e factor a9 alone t e current &ay lie in t e 1st 3uadrant. Power factors as low as 6.( &ay occur w ic &eans t e angle < 72%..9 . ) at &eans t e vector O* a""roac es t e 8 = a0is and as a 8 ve in " ase co&"onent wit t e voltage. >nder suc circu&stances t e 'enerator is "erfectly in order and su""lies Power to t e ?us. ) e RPR need not act. 789

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2.% %nd 3uadrant O"eration 4 5ig % . E * = 6 5ig:%

;urrent leads t e Voltage #y ! w ic &ay #e due to 19 ;a"acitance loading %9 E0citation of t e 'enerator. ;onsidering factor 19 alone ! w ic could #e due large ca"acitances of t e ca#les and loads &ay #e s&all on a #ig generation. ) e current vector is very close to E = and as a 8 ve in " ase co&"onent wit t e voltage. >nder suc circu&stances t e 'enerator is "erfectly in order and su""lies Power to t e ?us. ) e Vector O* &ay #e &ade to &ove in t e 1st and % nd 3uadrants #y Varying t e e0citation of t e alternator. ) e e0citation of t e 'enerator &ay #e reduced! #ut t e su""ly of stea&AwaterAdiesel to t e "ri&e &over &ay #e $e"t u". *f t e generator as to deliver Power! t e ?us Voltage s all #e $e"t constant. ) is is done auto&atically #y t e 'enerator drawing a Leading current and co&"ensating for t e de&agnetiFing effect of ar&ature reaction even if t e load is inductive /ence even if t e load is inductive t e generator current will #e at leading P5. ) e conclusion t at can #e drawn fro& t e a#ove is t at!t e generator &ay o"erate wit leading "ower factor! even if t e load is inductive w en t e generator is wit low e0citation . *t is not necessary for t e RPR to o"erate under t is condition. *t is not "ossi#le for t e relay to discri&inate #etween a leading current due to a relatively low e0citation 7as co&"ared wit t e ot er generators connected 9 or due to low loads. An anot er o"tion could #e to &a$e t e relay to o"erate under certain angles of lead. ?ut t is is also very difficult as t e conditions of load can never #e rec$oned as constant. Also t e driving "ara&eter for t e relay #eing t e current! t e angle of lead at w ic it will o"erate will vary wit t e current. /ence we can conclude t at t e relay need not o"erate wit t e current vector in +uadrant 1 or %.

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2.(. ( rd 3uadrant O"eration 4 5ig ( . E 8 8= 6 * B 5ig ( *n t is we ave to realiFe a syste& w ere t e #us#ars are "u&"ing energy into t e generator! w ic is wor$ing as a &otor. ) e "ower co&"onent of current is in " ase wit t e Eve direction of t e voltage OE. ) e alternator doesnGt "erfor& itGs nor&al functions and functions as an under e0cited sync ronous &otor. ) is &ay a""en w en t e in"ut "ower 7stea&! water !diesel 9 fails and t e e0citation current is low. 2.- -t 3uadrant O"eration 4 5ig E 8 := B 5ig ) is corres"onds to a case of over e0cited sync ronous &otor. ) is case &ay a""en if t e in"ut "ower to t e "ri&e &over fails w en t e generator was adHusted to give a large lagging current for an inductive load or to &a$e u" for t e deficient e0citations for ot er &ac ines wit w ic t e generator under consideration is o"erating in "arallel. 8= *

:=

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C. Su&&ary . 19 Reverse "ower feeding &ay a""en in case of 'enerators connected in "arallel or 'enerators connected to 'rid. %9 Reverse Power can a""en w en t e in"ut "ower 7stea&! water !diesel 9 fails and t e e0citation current is low. (9 Reverse Power can a""en if t e in"ut "ower to t e "ri&e &over fails w en t e generator was adHusted to give a large lagging current for an inductive load. -9 )o &a$e t e RPR to o"erate t e current vector as to #e in (rd 3uadrant or -t +uadrant .9 Reverse Power O"eration 4 *n t e case of stea& tur#ines ! t e reduction of stea& flow reduces t e cooling effect on t e tur#ine #lades and over eating &ay occur. *n t e case of /ydraulic tur#ines t e da&age &ay #e due to water surfing on t e #lades due to w ic an a0ial "ressure &ay develo" on t e #earings. *n t e case of 1iesel engines t e da&age could #e due to insufficient lu#rication. 9. Magnitude of permissible Reverse power 4 1uring ,otoring action t e 'enerator starts drawing "ower ! fro& t e syste& to feed t e losses in t e generator and t e Pri&e &over. ) e total losses as a "ercentage of rated out"ut are )y"e "f Pri&e ,over Stea& )ur#ine /ydraulic tur#ine 1iesel engine 'as tur#ine A""ro0i&ate I Losses 1: ( ( %. I .

) ese Values a""ly w en t e in"ut to t e Pri&e &over is co&"letely cut off . ) erefore t e entire energy drawn fro& t e syste& will #e dissi"ated as ;o""er Losses ! ;ore Losses in t e generator! and &ec anical losses in t e driver and driven co&#ination We ave to deter&ine ow large t e current will #e under Reverse Power condition. *t will #e clear t at if we consider t at t e entire losses attri#uted towards * R 7 co""er losses9 only ! we get t e &a0i&u& current t at will #e flow under RP conditions.

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) e following e0a&"le e0"lains a sa&"le calculation. Eg 4 Rated current of t e 'enerator <* n 5ull Load Out"ut < Pw I R of t e 'enerator <1I * % R Losses in t e 'enerator < 6.61 Pw *f t e RPR is set at 16 I Pw * % R < * % 7 6.61 9 < 6.1 Pw * < 16 *n <(.1. *n ie 5or a &ac ine wit I Resistance of 1 I ! if t e Reverse Power is set at 16 I! t e &a0i&u& current t at can flow into t e &ac ine is (.1. * n! w ic is not very ig for t e &odern &ac ines ! for a s ort duration . /owever since t is 16 I Power also includes all t e ot er losses! t e current will #e furt er less. *t is t erefore safe to $ee" t e Reverse Power at 16 I setting. ) e 'enerator currents re&ain #alanced during t e &otoring conditions also. /ence a Single P ase Relay is sufficient if t e sensitivity is sufficiently ig . 5or large units additional units in ot er P ases &ay also #e used in order to o#tain redundancy. W en t e 'enerator is wor$ing as a &otor t e s&all Active Power will #e co&#ined wit t e Su#stantial Reactive Power delivered #y t e &ac ine. /ence t e P ase angle errors for t e ;) s and P)s su""lying t e RPR s all #e s&all. 5or very large tur#o generators ! w ere t e reverse "ower is su#stantially less t an 1 I ! Reverse Power Protection is o#tained #y a low 5orward Power or ,ini&u& Power Relay! w ic are nor&ally set to )ri" t e &ac ine w en t e active Power out "ut is less t an 1 I of t e Rated value. 16. ;ircuit for RPR 4 5ro& t e discussions at clause 2it can #e seen t at t e Princi"le on w ic a RPR as to act is sa&e as t at of t e Princi"le of a watt&eter. A si&"le ( P ase RPR connection diagra& is as s own at 5ig ..

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RELAY SELE;)*OJ )A?LE ) e following )a#le gives so&e guide lines as to t e Relay designations wit various &anufacturers. ) ere could #e variations in t is List. One as to c ec$ u" wit t e )ec nical infor&ation su""lied #y t e res"ective &anufacturer "rior to &a$ing t e selection.
5>J;)*OJ REVERSE POWER PRO)E;)*OJ AJS* A*EEE ;O1E (% P ALS)O, ;;>, %1! W;1 11 A?? SPA' ((6;! PP=111:R AVK *RP 1! ,RP %:R RW 1:16 LL) ,RP 11 O)/ERS

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