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Henry's law

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


In chemistry, Henry's law is one of the gas laws, formulated by William Henry in 1803. It states that:
At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
An equivalent way of stating the law is that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the
pressure of that gas above the liquid. Henry's law has since been shown to apply for a wide range of
dilute solutions, not merely those of gases.
An everyday example of Henry's law is given by carbonated soft drinks. Before the bottle or can is
opened, the gas above the drink is almost pure carbon dioxide at a pressure slightly higher
than atmospheric pressure. The drink itself contains dissolved carbon dioxide. When the bottle or can
is opened, some of this gas escapes, giving the characteristic hiss (or "pop" in the case of
a champagne bottle). Because the pressure above the liquid is now lower, some of the dissolved
carbon dioxide comes out of solution as bubbles. If a glass of the drink is left in the open, the
concentration of carbon dioxide in solution will come into equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the
air, and the drink will go "flat".
Formula and the Henry's law constant
Henry's law can be put into mathematical terms (at constant temperature) as

where p is the partial pressure of the solute, c is the concentration of the solute and kH is a
constant with the dimensions of pressure divided by concentration.[1] The constant, known as the
Henry's law constant, depends on the solute, the solvent and the temperature.
Some values for kH for gases dissolved in water at 298 kelvins include:
oxygen (O2) : 769.2 L·atm/mol
carbon dioxide (CO2) : 29.4 L·atm/mol
hydrogen (H2) : 1282.1 L·atm/mol
There are other forms of Henry's Law, each of which defines the
constant kH differently and requires different dimensional units.[2] In particular, the
"concentration" of the solute in solution may also be expressed as a mole
fraction or as a molality.[1]
Other forms of Henry's law
There are various other forms Henry's Law which are discussed in the technical literature.[2][3][4]
Table 1: Some forms of Henry's law and constants (gases in water at 298 K), derived from [4]

equation:

units: dimensionless

O2 769.23 1.3 × 10−3 4.259 × 104 3.180 × 10−2


H2 1282.05 7.8 × 10−4 7.099 × 104 1.907 × 10−2
CO2 29.41 3.4 × 10−2 0.163 × 104 0.8317
N2 1639.34 6.1 × 10−4
9.077 × 104
1.492 × 10−2
He 2702.7 3.7 × 10−4 14.97 × 104 9.051 × 10−3
Ne 2222.22 4.5 × 10−4 12.30 × 104 1.101 × 10−2
Ar 714.28 1.4 × 10−3 3.955 × 104 3.425 × 10−2
CO 1052.63 9.5 × 10−4 5.828 × 104 2.324 × 10−2
where:
c = amount concentration of gas in solution (in mol/L)
p = partial pressure of gas above the solution (in atm)
x = mole fraction of gas in solution
As can be seen by comparing the equations in the above table, the Henry's law constant kH,pc is simply the
inverse of the constant kH,cp. Since all kH may be referred to as Henry's law constants, readers of the
technical literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's Law equation is being
used.[2]
It should also be noted the Henry's Law is a limiting law that only applies for sufficiently dilute solutions.
The range of concentrations in which it applies becomes narrower the more the system diverges from ideal
behavior. Roughly speaking, that is the more chemically different the solute is from the solvent.
It also only applies simply for solutions where the solvent does not react chemically with the gas being
dissolved. A common example of a gas that does react with the solvent is carbon dioxide, which
forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) to a certain degree with water.

HENRY’S LAW

The solubility of a gas in a liquid depends on temperature, the partial pressure of the gas over the liquid, the nature of the
solvent and the nature of the gas. The most common solvent is water.
Gas solubility is always limited by the equilibrium between the gas and a saturated solution of the gas. The dissolved gas
will always follow Henry's law.
The concentration of dissolved gas depends on the partial pressure of the gas. The partial pressure controls the number
of gas molecule collisions with the surface of the solution. If the partial pressure is doubled the number of collisions with
the surface will double. The increased number of collisions produce more dissolved gas.

The illustration shows that if the pressure is doubled then the concentration of dissolved gas
will double.

Low pressure equilibrium Double the pressure equilibrium


Low concentration Double the concentration

The dissolving process for gases is an equilibrium. The solubility of a gas depends directly on the gas pressure. The
number of molecules leaving the gas phase to enter the solution equals the number of gas molecules leaving the solution.
If the temperature stays constant increasing the pressure will increase the amount of dissolved gas.
O2(g) <--->O2(aq)

The Henry's law constant "k" is different for every gas, temperature and solvent. The units on "k" depend on the units used
for concentration and pressure.
The value for k is the same for the same temperature, gas and solvent. This means the concentration to pressure ratio is
the same when pressures change. The following equation can be used to relate pressure and concentration changes.

Example:
The concentration of dissolved oxygen is 0.44g / 100 mL solution. The partial pressure of oxygen is 150 mm Hg.
What is the predicted concentration if the partial pressure for oxygen is 56 mm Hg?
Solution:

P1 = 150 mm
C1 = 0.44 g O2 /100 mL solution
Hg---------------------------------------------
P2 = 56 mm
C2 = ?
Hg-----------------------------------------------

C2 = 0.15 g O2 /100 mL solution


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