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Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten

Lecture 1001 The Gas Laws

John Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO

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Characteristics of Gases
Vs. Solids and Liquids

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Characteristics of Gases
Unlike liquids and solids, gases
expand to fill their containers; are highly compressible; have extremely low densities.

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Pressure
Measuring Pressure Atmospheric Pressure

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Pressure
Pressure is the amount of force applied to an area.

P=

F A

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of air per unit of area.

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Units of Pressure
Pascals
1 Pa = 1 N/m2

Bar
1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa

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Units of Pressure
mm Hg or torr These units are literally the difference in the heights measured in mm (h) of two connected columns of mercury.
Atmosphere 1.00 atm = 760 torr
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Manometer
This device is used to measure the difference in pressure between atmospheric pressure and that of a gas in a vessel.

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Standard Pressure
Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is referred to as standard pressure. It is equal to
1.00 atm 760 torr (760 mm Hg) 101.325 kPa 1.01325 bar 14.70 psi
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The Gas Laws

V, P, T, n

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Boyles Law
The volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure.

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As P and V are inversely proportional

A plot of V versus P results in a curve. Since PV = k

V = k (1/P)
This means a plot of V versus 1/P will be a straight line.
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If You Change P and V...

P1V1 = P2V2 At constant temperature for the same gas sample... P1V1 = k = P2V2
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Exercise 10-1
Baby George was given a 4.53 dm3 helium filled metallic balloon on a bright, sunny day when the barometric pressure was 768 Torr. That night, a storm front moved in and the barometric pressure dropped to 732 Torr. What is the expected volume of the balloon at these new barometric conditions?
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Charless Law
The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. i.e.,

V =k T
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A plot of V versus T will be a straight line.

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Charles Law

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Charles Law

V1/T1 = V2/T2 At constant pressure for the same gas sample... V1/T1 = k = V2/T2
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Exercise 10-2
Baby George received a larger 6.19 dm3 helium filled metallic balloon on top of Pike's Peak at noon when the temperature was 20C. That night, the temperature dropped to -10C. What volume did the balloon occupy at that temperature?
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Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
French Chemist/Physicist (1778-1850)

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Pressure -- Temperature

Gay-Lussacs Law -- The pressure of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with the Kelvin temperature at constant volume.
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Gay-Lussacs Law

P1/T1 = P2/T2 At constant volume for the same gas sample... P1/T1 = k = P2/T2
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The Combined Gas Law

PV = k ; V/T = k ; P/T = k For simultaneous changes in temperature, volume, and pressure. Combine Boyles Law, Charles Law and Gay -- Lussacs Law

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Combined Gas Law

Mathematical expression of the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a gas when the amount of gas is fixed. Note: You can solve all fixed # of moles gas problems with it!!!

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Memorize This One!

P V P V 1 1 2 2 T1 T2

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Avogadros Law
The volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas.

Mathematically, this means

V = kn

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Exercise 10-3
8.3 liters of hydrogen gas react in the presence of 2.5 liters of nitrogen gas at 37C and 100 kPa. What volume of ammonia is produced at these same conditions?

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