Besediloslovje komar pon 9.40 11.30 1.

predavanje prepisat

14.10.2013; 2. Predavanje Text and textuality Cohesion and coherence Cutting and stitching - Allow the fruit to steam in its own juice for a further 15min. List of sentences, random. How many different texts in the sentences? A recipe, advertisement, a romantic story. Cooking recipe: 8. Allow the fruit to steam in its own juice for further 15min 3. Put them in a fireproof dish with the water and a tablespoon of sugar. 4. Ensuring that the lid is tightly sealed, put the dish into a preheated oven, Gas Regulo 6. 9. Pour over the top and serve with double cream 7. Mix juice with the brandy, mulled wine, and rest of the sugar 1. Wash and core the apples, taking care to remove all pips. 6. spoon out the cooking apples and arrange them attractively in rounds on a serving plate. 7. Slice finely. 5. Reduce temperature to 3 after 10min. What follows what, precedes what? 2nd text: the novel: - Melodie neil and jane martin are old friends. - She knew that he loved her in a calm settled way, - In short, when she became engaged to him - So she hated it when that infuriating Keith scott seemed to go out of his way to suggest that her heart wasnt in the affair How did we knew that the sentences are in this order? Proper names, pronouns replacing them, the link words and phrases (in short), so which sums up > little items that make sure that these sentences are stitched together. 3rd text; add - Do you feel that you never get a slice of the capital cake? - We do to. - Thats why we created portfolio, a brand new concept in saving. - Portfolio is a high investment account.. - So that way you can have your cake and eat it too. Question do you feel you never get a slice..? rhetorical question, simulation in a conversation in advertisement; a solution to the problem, conclusion, so that way. Linguistic & non linguistic clues: Text A: - Experience with cooking; logical series of events - imperatives Text B: . logical series of events; introducing the main characters, describing their relationship, - Summing up - - pronominal agreement Text C - Reference to everyday problems - Question/answer sequence, metaphor thats why Text is more than just a series of sentences. We have to find discourse textuality. We need to have a pattern to make the text work. (like apullover)

 We need to know what goes together. What is a text? Discourse: A unit of language larger than a sentence. Realisation of functions. (what is the fnction of the recipe? The cook wrote it to help prepare the meal). (the finction of the add is to sell different products) (function f the novel is to for us to relax,..) we are lazy we try to economize with our energy) - Purchase vs buy; difference in register (purchase buy/sell contracts; buy spoken language, more frequently used cuz more ppl understand it) - Differences in register, the relationship in which the speakers are in; context of interaction. - We do not produce texts that are not functional. Text: Text is a language that is functional. Language is playing some role in a context of situation Semantic entity: -product: an output which can be recorded and studied; instance of social meaning in a particular context of situation. -process: a continuum of semantic choices; a social exchange of meanings context of situation; encapsulated in the text through a systematic relationship between the social event and the functional organization of language (3; what the text is supposed to do, what is the relationship between the participants, how that is done spoken/writeen role .. what are the linguistic elements) De Beaugrande & Dressler: 7 crietria of textuality: text: a communicative occurrence if it fulfils all 7 criteria of textuality: - cohesion - coherence - intentionality - acceptability - informativity - situationality - intertextuality: reference throughout the text (To wash or not to wash?:P) Cohesion - surface structure of a text - surface structure is realized by surface links (name replaced by a pronoun (mel>she). These 2 items represent a surface link) - grammatical features: if youd like to give someone a phone for Christmas, there are plenty to choose from. (plenty refers back to phone they have a link) (nouns+pronouns; actions+demonstratives,..) - grammatical relationships pften prevent random changes between elements STOP ROAD WORKS makes sense; a sign, we would know perfectly well what it means. (could also be a protest, in a newspaper) ROAD STOP WORKS does not make sense STOP WORKS ROAD no sense Ustavi delo na cesti delo na cesti ustavi. Thats basically all we can do with the message. The structure may bot be appropriate for the context but in Slovene we can move the elemnts more freely than in English. Ambiguity: - some words and relations understood differently in a different context of situation - surface ambiguity - cohesive items are clues for the reading of the text - cohesion is only a guide, more important is the function of the text guide to coherence. Coherence: 2nd criteria - function of coherence: interpret the cohesive links and make sense - created by the reader, the author is the writer of the texts also. If they dont share the same interest, the text may not be coherent. Clare loves potatoes. She was born in Ireland. (clare+she ..cohesion YES. Coherent? Coherence based on a stereotype. Stereotypes can be a problem, especially if very old the Irish like potatoes

-stereotypical ethnic association Interpretation: - consists of a set of procedures used by the reader - these procedures are based on our experience of the world. (children dont understand metaphoric language for example) - demands from the reader to make inferences from the situation - demands from the reader to assess interpretation in the light of the situation (if we watch a play of Shakespeares we need to put ourselves in the 17th cent, life was different. We need to have that in our heads in order to understand the situation) what do we need to know to understand the text about the python? (the Birmingham post, 12 March, 1987,p10) We need to know that pythons are normal in Australia, that they bite ppl when endangered, we have to know sth about pythons, about the bites of pythons,.. Interpretation: - we have to activate the knowledge about snakes - we have to create a link between a hot night and the time of the event - the boys screaming as a consequence of the python attacking him - the creature must be taken to be the python and not the boy, since parents usually dont stab their children :P Interpretation of textual patterns: - textual patterns; functional relationships between bits of the text - bits of the text: words, phrases, clauses, sentences > textual segments The stress is on documentary and rightly so. Arty photographs are a bore. >can we change the order of these sentences? Can we put them together? By conjunctions (since, before,..) the 2nd sentence provides reason/explanation. >interpretation: 2nd sentence gives a reason for the 1st. > phenomenon: reason-consequence cognitive act based on logical sequence relations clause-relational approach clues or signals are supporting evidence for deducing the relations: Feeling ill, he went home Because he felt ill, he went home. The reason he went home was because he felt ill. We are most likely to find these examples in text books, grammar books, .. Other signals: repetition, parallelism,.. Parallelism of the sibject + be + prapositional phrase underlines the comparison between ..?? (euilnca) Situation-problem-response-evaluation

Cachet = prestige 21.10.2013 Tretji. Manjka. Euilnica vzem pa nalimi sm. 28.10.2013 etrti. Situationality. As the name suggests, situationality deals with the phenomena which make the text relevant for communicative situation. Several processes involved in that. - To decide whether the text is in agreement - Id the dominant function is to somehow guide7shape the situation in which a particular text occurs, then we are dealing with other process managing Situation monitoring; an account of the situation

 Situation managing; guide the situation in favour of the producers goal - There is however a fuzzy line between the 2 processes. Situation monitoring - Uses description of particular objects, situations, .. - Nothing hidden, no manipulation, just presents&describes the situation - Normal ordering strategies. - When situation fails to match the expectations, we use: >> problem solving >> there are 2 outcomes, either we ignore that or we try to make it the topic of the conversation. >> negotitating the problem which helps us to go back to initial expectation. Situation managing - No unexpected things, a very pre-meditated process that we do. We have a goal in our mind, we go around and steer the situation, we manipulate. Steer the situation towards participants goals Superordinate goals Goals provide heavy mediation We have to make a plan theory which deals with the following steps: - Scripts developed only for routine situations - Other situations; participants adapt to protect their goals (of course as a speaker we can recognize the other party goals and assume the other party has other goals - Recognize other goals or presume the same goals > conflict Planbox a set of planboxes, some kind of patterns that we use very often when negotiating our goals Asking sb to do sth for you, give you sth (straightforward and blunt) Invoke some theme (to start saying sth thats already well known, we assume the other party understands that) /example; Mom, Ive always wanted to have that little black dress. >> we dont ask straightforwardly for it >> we invoke some theme that we share with the other party Inform of a reason why do we need sth /that little black dress :P Bargain; If I do this/that/pay for half/sth. Bargaining takes place. Threaten; Overpower Steal Efficiency ease/minimum effort for a maximum success. Thats how human beings are created :P Effectiveness maximum success. Appropriate to the situation;whatever we do, we have to be appropriate to the situation. Planbox escalation is a normal response to continue the situation.

Intertextuality - Intertextuality is all around us. Extended notion of intertextuality is all around us. The linking between 2 different texts and see whats in common Links a text to previous similar texts Utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previously encountered texts (Resume speed. we need to have some other kind of speed or link so that we understand what the message is trying to tell us.) Evolution of text types: classes of texts with typical patterns of characteristics; parodies, critical reviews, rebuttals, reports >> some knowledge is necessary in order for us to understand it Advertising

CONTEXT OF SITUATION (field, tenor, mode) In order to understand the context of situation, well go a little back. The formalist approach was from the beginning of the 20th cent., later on this was the prevailing theory of understanding language. Now wee see it from the Social-semiotic perspective

Semiotics = study of signs - Social suggests that it is based on interactive situations more participants situations, people in general. Social is used synonymously with culture. Relationship between language and social structure - In a particular social structure we use a different type of language. Language related to social structure - Knowledge transmitted in social contexts (parent/child, pupil/teacher) - Believes(who?) that language used n these contexts gets its meaning in the right social structure Language, text, contexts - Understanding of a language lies in the study of a language - Txt and context are aspects of the same process - Context is text with the text sth which is larger or goes beyond the actual words - Includes non-verbal activities (also the physical aspect of the conversation.) - Context is the total environment in which a text unfolds >> the context precedes the text Malinowski and the context of situation Probably the 1st one to start talking about context of situation. As an snthropologist he carried out most of his research in a group of islands on south pacific. He did a lot of work on trobriand island, he learned the language eventually(Kiriwinian language). He quickly managed to learned the language to communicate with ppl, he recorded a lot of material. He understood what was going on, but he didnt know how to interpret the language and the culture to English speaking readers. Two methods: - Free translation which would be intelligible to the English readers but would lack information in culture - Literate translation which would be unintelligible and also would have no information on culture >> he decided for the 3rd, to provide extended commentary which placed language in the right environment. Up to then the word context meant only bits&pieces of the same texts before and after the thing were dealing with (sobesedilo). >> Malinowski needed a term to deal with the whole text and creted term context of situation: Context of situation: total environment, including verbal and situational environment. He observed the language, usage, obstructions,.. this kind of language was different from the language that these ppl used in different situations, for example in the evening when telling stories &etc. the language had a very practical purpose depending on the situation the language was used in. Context of culture; important for the interpretation of the meaning Language used in fishing expeditions; pragmatic language, language in action Language used in stories; functional, purpose in the society (the older inhabitants prolly explained the younger ones how to do sth, why, blabla) Firth (a colleague of Malinowski, a proper linguist, the 1st professor of general linguistics, 1950s, he was a pioneer to the study of languages. He was also interested in the cultural background to which the language is used.) and context of situation Cultural background of a language Linguistics. The study of meaning and all meaning is a function in a context Framework of the context of the situation. The framework denotes who are the participants and action. - The participants in the situation - their status and roles - The action of the participants; what they are doing. The verbal and non-verbal actions. - Other relevant features of the situation; surrounding objects and events - The affects of the verbal action; what changes are brought about when the participants in a particular sitation say sth Del Hymes & ethnography of communication In 1967 proposed a set of concepts for underlying the context of situation - Identified the form and content of the message - The setting - The participants - The intent and effect of communication - Key

Medium Genre Norms of interaction

Halliday & context of situation