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After completing this lesson, the student will be able to Identify the impact of Internet in publishing Understand the formats and contents of e-publishing Describe the issues and challenges in e-publishing

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Introduction

Electronic publishing is the process of creating and disseminating information via electronic including email and via the web. Electronically published materials may originate as traditional paper publishing or may be created specifically for electronic publishing. According to Kist (1987) electronic publishing is: the use of computers to facilitate production of a printed product through photo composition" and "the use of computers and telecommunication systems to distribute data to users electronically

Howard (1997) defines electronic publishing as: the practice of distributing texts to audiences solely through electronic means, particularly (though not exclusively) through WANs.

The years since Gutenberg have seen an incredible growth in the number of books published and the growth seems to continue today. Scholarship, of course, is part of the reason - it can be argued, for example, that it was the pressure of the foundation of the universities in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries that led to Gutenberg's efforts to find ways of creating more reliable texts than could be achieved by copying manuscripts. However, the rise of secularism, following the Protestant Reformation and the subsequent use of vernacular languages for worship also played a part, as did the wider publication of the Greek classics and the publication of accounts of the great discoveries of the 16th century.

Add to these developments those of the paperback book, book clubs, circulating libraries and the public library and the book has become a mass-audience, cultural artefact, rather than one restricted to a religious elite.

Now we have the emergence of publication over the electronic networks as a competitor. How has this come about?

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The networks, although modern, are not entirely new (except perhaps in the timescale over which we consider the development of printing and publishing) - the first hosts on ARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet were created many years ago in 1969 by researchers at the University of California Los Angeles, University of California Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute and the University of Utah. Since then, of course, development has been extremely rapid, to the point at which it is in fact difficult to get completely reliable statistics of how many hosts there are on the Internet and how much "publishing" is going on.

a)

The characteristics of electronic publishing

Source : taken from Google image The aims of publishing electronically may be very much the same as publishing in book form - one need only to scan the World Wide Web for a short time to discover this fact. Electronic publishing has very specific non-book characteristics that distinguishes it from print publication: electronic publications can be produced and disseminated very rapidly - once a page of text has been coded with HTML tags it can be published immediately - the book takes much longer to produce and distribute; if correction is necessary, an electronic text can be updated or corrected with the same immediacy, whereas a book must either go through a second edition, or, if the error is caught in time, have an erratum slip inserted;

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electronic publication can be made collaborative and interactive, involving either several "authors" or authors and readers;

electronic publications can be disseminated world-wide without the need for separate rights negotiations for different countries and without the costs of distribution or reprinting;

where an electronic publication is charged for, the producer does not incur the costs associated with retail bookselling, that is, there are no "middleman" costs;

through effective, electronic interaction with the buyer or user of an electronic publication, the producer can collect valuable market-research data very cheaply.

b)

Electronic Publishing: The Movement From Print To Digital Publication

Electronic publishing has been broadly defined as non-print material that is produced digitally. Electronic publishing is an encompassing term for a variety of digitally produced materials (Jones & Cook, 2000) such as bulletin boards, newsgroups, mailing lists, CD-ROM based media, and websites. Material produced electronically can be classified into two major categories that are not mutually exclusive: communication and information management. CDROMs and websites are often categorized as information management, while others like newsgroups/forums and mailing lists can be grouped as a means of communication. The differentiation often lies in whether the central purpose is sending messages (communication) or store-housing knowledge or resources (information management).

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CDs, for example, may store information, such as data from a book or encyclopedia. An increasing number of nursing textbooks include a CD for the buyer and included on the CD are supplemental text material. In a like manner to CDs, information can be stored on web sites. However, instead of the computer reading a CD, the computer reads the information that is kept at the website.

E-mail, bulletin boards, newsgroups, and mailing lists are used to convey messages or to carry out discussions. These types of media require some interactivity with another person either in real time (synchronous) or asynchronously when the other person is not connected to you. In synchronous communication, which is used in chat rooms and in teleconferencing, exchanges are immediate as if talking on the phone. Asynchronous communication is more common than synchronous and implies delayed reading and writing (posting) of messages like an answering machine stores messages.

Electronic publishing, no matter its form is broadcasted, distributed, or disseminated digitally through a computer. However, an important distinction to note is that not all electronic publications are scholarly. Rather some electronic publications include opinions, views, discussions and other types of information that do not meet the criteria of scholarship. Scholarship in its broadest sense implies that certain criteria have been met: goals are clearly stated, background preparation is sufficient, approach to the issue/topic is appropriate, important conclusions are made; presentation of material is effective, and that the project is thoughtfully evaluated.

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Messaging and networking

Messaging and networking are two means of using electronic publication for communication. Messaging through e-mail is one of the most widely established ways to communicate and allows one or more persons to correspond in writing. Networking allows messages to be sent and discussions to occur among a few people or in some cases among thousands of people. As both messaging and networking use an e-mail type application, e-mail will be briefly reviewed first.

E-mail can be likened to letter or note writing. However, instead of mailing a written copy through a carrier such as a postal service or leaving a message on someone's desk, a note/letter is electronically published through computers. While most e-mail is simply a written message, a file or files can be sent along with the e-mail. These attachments can contain pictures, video, audio, or long text or database files like protocols, articles or research data.

Because e-mail can be distributed widely and it is digital, it is considered an electronic publication. Although, e-mail, like a letter, is obviously not considered scholarly, this type of communication can facilitate scholarship, as, for example when many clinical and research experts use e-mail among colleagues for the exchange of ideas and information and for reflection.

Networking, in contrast to e-mail, implies a wider list of recipients, a broader array of communication techniques and often an ongoing communication process. Most often networking is based on mutual interests. It involves broadcasting to or interacting with individuals/groups with similar backgrounds like nurses, or teens, or hobbyists. Common methods of networking are mailing lists, usenet news groups, and forums. The frequency of use, whether for announcements or discussion, depends on the purpose of the list, but often range from once a day to once a month. Mailing lists are used for two major purposes: to send one-way announcements to a wide audience or for interactive discussions among a group of "subscribed" members that are interested in a specific topic or field. Both are based on e-mail.

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The announcement type mailing list is frequently used by a vast number of organizations throughout the world to send information that needs distributed widely, quickly and efficiently. These messages cannot be sent over the Internet or the Intranet, (a computer system within an organization for networking computers that is set up similarly to the internet, but is for the use of employees only). Some examples of messages that are common, but certainly not exhaustive in mailing lists include: homework assignments, public service announcements, road closings, meeting times and agendas, conference information, news, and jokes.

Discussion-based mailing lists allow subscribers (members who have signed up to participate) to send and receive e-mail messages about the identified purpose of the discussion group.

Newsgroups are similar to the discussion-based mailing lists previously discussed, but differ in how the messages are accessed and the organization of the messaging. The "news" is the messages that are sent. This type of messaging was developed at the University of North Carolina 20 years ago. E-mail is not the basis for newsgroup forum. Special software, which may be part of the browser on your computer is necessary to access the discussion (Thede, 1999). Newsgroups are hierarchically organized under categories of interest such as science, computers or social issues and may be nationally, internationally, regionally or locally distributed.

Forums and chat rooms, are also a means of communication. They are web based and often developed and sustained organizations for their constituents. Forums are like newsgroups in that the messages are often "threaded" or organized by a theme. Forums are also like e-mail, mailing lists and newsgroups as they are asynchronous, exchanging information at different times. Chat rooms, which have exploded in the commercial sector, allow "real time" or synchronous text posting and have primarily been used for socializing or for commercial purposes such as book promotions.

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You have now reached the stage where you should be able to discuss the content of the topic with your group. Discuss the features of e-publishing

5.1

Forms and content

Electronic publishers can be simply but plausibly divided into 'stylists' and 'structuralists'. Structured document formatting systems are used widely. Implicitly, they present a particular and potentially attractive view of documents, where form and content are divorced. This view also suggests that authors simply write, while the formatting software does the work of rendering he structured text into a suitable visual form.

5.2

On-line publishing, E-books

a) On-line publishing
Online publishing is increasingly becoming a way for writers to get their work published and for readers to get their information. Citizen journalism is increasingly becoming the preferred way to get news. TV is losing viewers and print newspapers are losing readers as everything goes online. There are countless opportunities in online publishing for freelance writers, citizen journalists and Web content writers with more being created every day. There are now more than 100 million blogs being used for personal writing, Web marketing and more. Getting a blog published is easythe hard part is getting readers. Making a blog stand out among 100 million others takes dedication and creativity. It may seem like every idea is already taken, but there are still plenty of Web writing and blogging niches to be filled.

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b)

The impact of Internet Technology (IT) in publishing

Internet Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a network of networks that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services

Source : taken from Google image The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

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Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV.

Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds.

The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking.

Much of this potential has yet to be realized. There are fascinating technical, financial, and organizational challenge to be overcome before electronic documents can become the dominant form of scholarly publishing. One area in which progress has been fast is the development of networks.

Most scholars are associated with universities. In the United States universities are the pioneers in developing general purpose computer networks. Todays leading network is the Internet. This is a collection of local and regional networks, connected by a high-speed national backbone. In aggregate, they form a data highway that allows any computer to send data to any other.

The computers can be large mainframes or small personal computers. Scholars whose organization provides a connection to the Internet are connected to every computer on the Internet. Other networks such as the ubiquitous Bitnet will remain important for many years, but the Internet is where the major investments are being made both by universities and by government agencies.

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The biggest cost was to build the campus network, which is known as the Andrew Network. Several years ago the university wired all buildings. In every room there are data outlets waiting to be used, more than 12,000 in total. The scholar needs a personal computer, a cable, and communications software, all of which can be bought from the campus computer store. A call is made to the data

communications department asking for a specific outlet to be made into an active network port, with three options: Ethernet, Token Ring, or AppleTalk. A technician connects a wire to electronic equipment in the closet, and the computer is connected to the Internet. In theory it is little different from a new telephone connection. Practice is sometimes less agreeable. Campus networks are still somewhat experimental, and the changes of things going wrong are higher than for telephone service. Despite occasional problems, however, more than 4000 network connections are in everyday use. The faculty members and students at Carnegie Mellon can plan their work counting on reliable, high speed connections. For example PREPnet, the Pennsylvania regional network, is a cooperative of universities, corporations, the state government, and Bell of Pennsylvania. It provides a high-speed backbone across the state that connects hubs in the major cities. An organization that wishes to join PREPnet pays an annual fee and must lease a highspeed line to the nearest hub. These fixed annual cost are the only charges. The national backbone is usually called the NSFnet, because it was developed by the National Science Foundation to link research establishments, such as the supercomputing centres. Sometimes it is known as the Interim NREN, because it is expected to be the nucleus of the network of the future, the National Reseach and Education Network. So far the NREN is only a gleam in the politicians eye, but NSFnet is an efficient modern network. It provides extremely good performance across the United States and has links to many other countries. One of the hub of NSFnet is on the Carnegie Mellon campus at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. 80 | P u b l i c a t i o n s a n d P r o d u c t i o n o f I n f o r m a t i o n M a t e r i a l s

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The overall performance of these three networks is spectacular. People who are accustomed to the low data rates of older networks and he delays of time-shared computing have difficulty believing that hundreds of thousands of characters of data can be moved across the nation with almost instantaneous response.

Today, few universities can offer such comprehensive services as Carnegie Mellon. Only a few campuses are fully wired. Some areas have good regional networks, other are poorly served. But because of the vigorous technical development going into the Internet and the widespread support it received from government funding agencies, progress is fast. It is only a matter of time and money before every American scholar with a university affiliation will be connected to the Internet.

Benefits of electronic documents

Their proponents foresee many benefits to be derived from electronic publication and electronic libraries. In some cases the benefits is a potential that may not be realized for many years, but nothing in the following list is esoteric. In almost every instance, implementation is simply a matter of time.

Remote access to information Universities are building networks that allow computers everywhere to connect to each other. All information on the networks can be used from any location. A faculty member with a personal computer can search and retrieve information from around the world without leaving the office. The networks reach far beyond the local library. Whereas many humanities scholars spend much of their working lives in the library building, for most scientist, engineers and professionals, a visit to the library is a special event; the computers on their desks, however, are in continual use.

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Varied representation of information Printed documents are so deeply part of scholarship that it is easy to forget that they were the product of a technical revolution, the invention of movable metal type. The excellence of movable type has resulted in scholarly publication based almost entirely in words, yet information is best communicated in a different medium. Modern computing offers graphics, images, symbolic mathematics, databases moving video, music, speech, and linked information known as hypermedia. Moreover, text once printed is fixed; information stored in a computer can be manipulated for deeper understanding or as a basis for future work.

Computer power used to search, retrieve, filter, assemble, and display information Gathering information from libraries and other sources has traditionally been one of the most time-consuming and inexact parts of scholarship. The frequency with which informal browsing uncovers valuable information illustrates how much is usually undiscovered. Computers have always been good at brute force methods of searching through huge volumes of information. Every year, they are becoming more effective at identifying relevant information and rejecting the irrelevant. Greater computer power allows interactive searching in which the computer submits preliminary result to the user. Computational linguistics is becoming a practical subject. Even the expert systems are showing signs that they me useful in real applications.

Faster transmission from author to reader The traditional route from author to publisher and via library shelf to the reader takes many months or years. Informal communication by electronic mail, bulletin boards and distribution of working papers over the networks already brings information to the reader in a fraction of time. Electronic journals can minimize production times and can publish individual articles when they are ready, rather than hold them to be incorporated in the next issue of the journal.

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Cheaper and more convenient storage Storing paper document in a library is so expensive that all libraries are overcrowded. Many collections are housed off campus. Today, storing a document on a computer is more expensive than on paper, but prices are falling rapidly. By the end of the decade, online computing will be much cheaper than storing books on library shelves. Use of the compact disk known as CD-ROMs is growing rapidly because they are far cheaper than conventional ways to distribute and store information.

Basic network services Connecting a computer to the Internet is only the beginning. A scholar who wants to do useful work needs more. The Internet provides a few basic services that are available to everybody. One service so simple that it is often overlooked to provide tables with the names and addresses of the thousands of computers on the network. Every computer on the network has a name, such as hector.mercury.cmu.edu. This name is like a postal address: edu refers to an educational institution in the United States; cmu identifies the institution as Carnegie Mellon University; mercury is the electronic library; and hector is a small computer that forms part of the library. The naming scheme is international; vax.ac.ou.uk, for example, is a computer at the Open University in Britain. Almost every computer on the network supports a simple program called telnet. It allows a personal computer to act as a terminal to any time-shared computer on the network. Many of todays information services, such as online library catalogues, support telnet. For example, the library catalogue at Dartmouth College is stored on a computer called library.dartmouth.edu. anybody on the Internet can run the telnet program to connect to thus computer and look up information in the catalogue.

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Another basic network service that is widely use is a program called FTP. This program is used to transfer files of information from one computer to another. Because of the speed of the network it is possible to move large files quickly and with no errors. For example, the text of 5000-word article can be moved from Carnegie Mellon in Pittsburgh to California in less than a second. The files can be protected by passwords or made available for unrestricted access. FTP is slightly clumsy, but it is widely used. Working papers and preprints are often distributes by FTP. The National Science Foundation has experimented with accepting proposals stored in the PostScript page layout format and delivered by FTP.

Perhaps the most widely used of all the services provided by the Internet is to deliver electronic mail messages. A message can be addressed to William.Arms@andrew.cmu.edu from anywhere in the world, for example. It will usually arrive within a few seconds.

Publishing

Publishing is the art and science of making and distributing books. In other words, it is the industry that combines the field and element of art and science in once. Publishing is the progress of a manuscript from it still the idea of the authors mind till it reaches the public in the form of book. It deals with the function of those who work for its creation, printing and distribution.

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c)

E-books
Electronic books (e-books) have been around for quite a while now and although different stakeholders have various expectations of how they could fit into both academic and everyday life, still there is lot of confusion about them, even with regard to the basic definition of what an e-book is. An e-book is commonly bundled by a publisher for distribution (as an ebook, a magazine, or an Internet newspaper), whereas e-text is

distributed in plain text, or in the case of academic works, in the form of discrete media such as compact discs. Metadata relating Source : taken from Google image Source : taken from Google image

to the text are sometimes included with e-text (though it appears more frequently with e-book). Metadata commonly include details about author, title, publisher, and copyright date; less common are details regarding language, genre, relevant copyright conventions, etc. E-books, for better or for worse, are comprised of relatively small files. These files are quick and easy to download and will easily fit many to a flash drive. Computers allow for exact duplicate digital files that are easily reproduced and passed on. The piracy of e-books is relatively miniscule. The publishers of e-books however, are up in arms already, having seen the damage done to the music and film industries, and dont want to repeat their follies. Electronic books represent the third wave in the development of electronic publishing.

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An electronic book is any type of file in a digital format that can be downloaded electronic as such into for an its

device

visualization. Ultimately, it is a digital file that requires an

additional element in order to be viewed: the reading device, which must include the proper software for the reading of the document. Source: taken from Google image

Generally speaking, an electronic book is quite similar to its printed version, only its medium changes. In a conventional book, the only medium is paper, whereas an electronic book can be presented in a computer, a reading device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone or a tablet PC. Its contents are usually available in PDF, HTML, XML, ePub, mobipocket or other formats, such as plain text. Its features allow for great versatility and mobility. E-books, for better or for worse, are comprised of relatively small les. These les are quick and easy to download and will easily t many to a ash drive. Computers allow for exact duplicate digital les that are easily reproduced and passed on. As of now, the piracy of e-books is relatively miniscule. The publishers of ebooks however, are up in arms already, having seen the damage done to the music and lm industries, and dont want to repeat their follies. According to Linder (2010), indicates that people have been posting digital copies of copyrighted books online for decades. While recent technological advancements have made digital distribution of music and movie les easier than ever before, eBooks are tiny, tiny les. It didnt take very long to download a book over a 56k connection. But its not internet bandwidth or digital distribution channels thats led people to cast a relatively blind eye toward pirated eBooks.

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Its the fact that overall the audience for eBooks is still relatively low. But with the growing popularity of dedicated eBook readers such as the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble) Nook, Sony (NYSE:SNE) eBook Readers, and possibly the upcoming Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL)Tablet, its getting easier and easier to read digital books. And that could lead to a surge in eBook piracy.

After the emergence of reference works that could be looked up from a remote server or via a CD-ROM and electronic journals, which are document types fully established as customary bibliographical references, now it is the turn of electronic books, which, according to Rao (2005), are the most important revolution in the world of literature after Gutenberg.

The favourable forecasts for the implementation of e-books are based on a series of factors such as the quick development of information infrastructures, the growing volume of contents that are published digitally, the constant improvement of the characteristics of digital publications (multimedia systems, hypertext, interactivity, etc.), and the development of technologies that make it possible for electronic books to behave like their traditional counterparts.

The most recent bear witness to this trend, which consists of a progressive penetration of electronic monographs in the publishing market.

Source: taken from Google image

These monographs are mainly directed towards the academic and scientic elds, in which new learning methods have appeared, such as the electronic study packs or the learning packs.

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d)

E-Journal

Electronic journals, also known as ejournals, e-journals, and electronic serials, are scholarly journals or intellectual magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission. In practice, this means that they are usually published on the Web. They are a specialized form of electronic document: they have the purpose of providing material for academic research and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Being in electronic form, articles sometimes contain metadata that can be entered into specialized databases, such as DOAJ or
Source: taken from Google image

OACI, as well as the databases and searchengines for the academic discipline concerned.

Advantages of Electronic Journals Advantages of electronic journals include accessibility, usability, increased communication and collaboration between authors and readers,

dissemination, technologic capabilities, facilitation of scholarly work and cost.

Accessibility Electronic journals are accessible to all users regardless of geographic location. Anyone in the world with services and the proper computer software and browser services can access online journals. This accessibility leads to a more diverse audience throughout the world as well as a readership that may include not only academics, but students and lay people.

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Usability Due to the universal accessibility of electronic journals (with the proper equipment and services), they can be used regardless of location. The reader is not required to be in a library in a specific place where the specific journal is located. In addition, the reader does not have to possess or read the entire journal or article. Electronic journal articles are particularly easy to use because journal issues can be "unbundled" and specific files identified and retrieved. Within specific files or journal articles, it is easy for the reader to read only pieces. Content from electronic journals can be easily transmitted to others and reproduced. Ease of searchability of content is often cited as an advantage of electronic publication, however searchability varies considerably in different electronic publications at this time. The potential for increased collaboration between authors and readers increases as electronic journals move along the continuum from paper content transferred to the web to fully interactive journals. The electronic medium allows for the opportunity for debate and discussion either by posting interchanges between readers and authors, as well as reviewers, related to specific articles, hosting listservs or chatrooms, and including datasets that are available to all. These discussions can be ongoing and not restricted to a one-time letter to the editor response. Increased communication and collaboration are also the result of lack of space and time constraints in the journals. Since there are usually no page limitations with electronic journals, the author and readers are free to express their thoughts thoroughly and during a time frame that may be convenient for the individual. The accessibility associated with online journals results in increased diversity and frequency of communication, with a much larger audience than print journals as well as the potential for more interdisciplinary collaboration.

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Dissemination A major advantage of online journals is the immediacy of dissemination from review of articles to production and distribution of the articles. Whereas the process from article submission to publication can take at least 1-2 years for print journals, the process can take significantly less time for electronic journals. The review process may take 6-8 weeks (Bishop, 1995) with publication nearly instantaneously once the article is accepted and revised (Sparks, 1999). The electronic journal editors are free to publish articles as they are ready rather than delaying publication until a specific number of articles are accepted for a specific issue. Therefore, electronic journals will have more current information than print journals. A related benefit of electronic publication is that the editors can notify subscribers that new articles or materials have been posted, assuring immediacy of information retrieval.

Technologic capabilities Things that are not possible to do with print journals are among the best features of online journals. Electronic journals can provide animation, virtual reality, interactive three-dimensional display, forward references, linked comments and replies, and navigational aids such as internal hyperlinks between the text and corresponding tables, figures, and bibliographic references (Holoviak & Seilter, 1999). At the present time, multimedia capabilities are often limited by the user's equipment and services.

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Facilitation of Scholarly Work The greatest facilitator of scholarly work is the ready and quick access to scientific materials, whether they are actual datasets or scholarly articles. The scholar has the most up to date information available as compared to print articles which are usually at least 1-2 years old. Articles in online journals can include retractions of incorrect information and additions of new information from either the original author or readers. The linkage of text with other scholarly works enables the scholar to easily retrieve articles that pertain to the area of scholarly inquiry without reliance on a library collection. The scholar can develop a personal electronic file of articles that is individualized so that materials can be organized and accessed in the manner best suited to the scholar's own needs (Tenopir, 1995). The ability to easily track use of electronic journal articles through user sessions or "hits" is a welcome benefit for scholars interested in documenting impact of their scholarly work for promotion and tenure committees.

Cost Most electronic journals do not charge the reader at the present time, thus the cost for the reader of online journals is less than the cost for print journals. In addition, there is no cost to the reader for reprints. Many libraries have welcomed electronic journals as a way to circumvent the high cost of print journals (Tenopir, 1995). The rising costs associated with print journals are associated with excessive increases in cost of paper and rising postage rates (Miller, 1996). There are, however, costs to the publishers of electronic journals in terms of extensive time commitments to produce the journal, use of facilities, and use of materials and equipment. Opinions on the cost to electronic publishers has varied substantially from "down right cheap" (Miller, 1996) to comparable to print journals (Holoviak & Seitter, 1999).

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Disadvantages of Electronic Journals Most of the disadvantages of electronic journals relate to technical difficulties of the user and network constraints. Other disadvantages are user unfriendliness, lack of accessibility, cost, misconduct and security issues, time commitment and lack of widespread acceptance within the scientific community. Technical difficulties The reader must possess some basic computing and networking skills in order to take advantage of electronic journals. Basic computer skills are needed, in addition to the ability to navigate the World Wide Web. In order to get the most out of the potential benefits of online journals, the reader should be able to create personal electronic files of articles of interest. The ability to do this is one that the reader must have acquired prior to use of the electronic journals. Since the amount and helpfulness of instructions for specific journals varies widely, a novice computer user may find the experience of searching for and accessing online journals frustrating or impossible. Obviously someone without any computer experience will need help to use electronic journals. Readers with computer expertise may also find the experience of accessing online journals frustrating. Network constraints and telecommunication problems abound. Electronic journals that include graphics and sound often are very slow to access. The lack of technical standardization sometimes results in the inability of the reader to access sites. It is not unusual to find the host site not accessible at the time the reader is trying to access it, and if the host site is not current, the ejournal is impossible to access.

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User Friendliness User friendliness varies widely. Although many online journals contain excellent information, the user unfriendliness of some results in the nonuse of the journal. The reader is required to scroll linearly through the article which may create boredom, eyestrain, or discomfort reading the screen. In addition, there are no standard patterns for presentation of information. People who are used to reading print journals may find the lack of conventional presentation troublesome. Frequency of publication and length of articles are considerably different in various online journals. Bishop (1995) reported that the number of scholarly papers published per year in electronic journals ranged from one to twelve. The reader who wants to access a back issue may find the task daunting considering the number of steps required and simplicity of following commands highly variable among journals. User friendliness is also limited by lack of consistency and availability of current and accurate information for subscribing to and retrieving electronic journals (Bishop, 1995). Lastly, readers who are used to marking up copies of print articles may miss this print article advantage. However, they are able to print the electronic articles and mark to their hearts content

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Cost There are financial and time costs related to the use of electronic journals. The user must have a computer monitor, software, service provider and browser. The modem must be at least 56 k and the computer at least 485 or 68040 microcompressor (Doheny, 1999). Doheny's article contains excellent guidelines for computer requirements and selecting a service provider. Clearly, the financial outlay is prohibitive for many people worldwide. The time spent searching for, accessing, and reading electronic journals must be considered. Time commitments for novice computer and network users will be considerable in the beginning. Experienced computer and network users may also spend excessive amounts of time when accessing electronic journals. Although the ability to link to other sources can be quite beneficial, it is not unusual to spend far more time on the computer accessing interesting links. Time can also slip away responding to queries, talking on listserves, or joining chatrooms.

Lack of accessibility Accessibility is also severely limited because electronic journals are not indexed in standard sources of indexing and abstracting. The reader is therefore limited by the personal ability to independently search the World Wide Web for electronic publications. The search is made more difficult because access modes vary.

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Misconduct and security issues Although there are misconduct and security issues with print journals, there is a heightened fear of this with electronic journals. Publishers and authors are concerned about falsification of information, piracy, and plagiarism. Electronic publication enables the reader to easily download an article or dataset. Consequently, the reader can easily "edit" plagiarize, copy the entire document, or change the actual article, image or data (Tenopir, 1995). Rosenberg(1994) believes that electronic publication will destroy copyright as we know it.

Lack of widespread acceptance within the scientific community The wide variability in quality of articles in electronic journals has resulted in lack of general acceptance of the scientific merit of articles published in online journals. This is due to the fact that only some of the articles are peer reviewed. Jones & Cook (2000) provide a compelling argument that the same peer review standards used in print journals can and should be applied to electronic journals. Shamp (1992) found that 77% of assistant, associate, and full professors didn't think that their institutions would accept electronic publications as evidence of scholarly productivity. Although electronic journals are not as widely accepted as print journals as evidence of scholarly productivity at the present time, there has been a significant change with more widespread acceptance of scholarly electronic publications as seen in Schloman (2000).

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Predictions for the Future

Electronic journals have evolved rapidly during the last 10 years. Miller (1996) stated "Electronic publication ten years from now, just like everything else related to computers, will probably bear little resemblance to anything that exists today".

The evolution of electronic journals will continue to progress rapidly with the majority of publications becoming fully interactive. Multimedia features will cease to be limited by the user's equipment and services. Readers will routinely enjoy timely animated graphics, sounds, moving images and aesthetically pleasing formats.

Another feature of electronic publications that will grow is the collaboration between readers and authors. This will be accomplished via hosting listserves or chatrooms including datasets and posting interchanges between publishers, authors and readers from the time of article submission and publication. Tenopir (1995) suggests that the electronic journal could include all evolving versions of the article from first submission to revised version including referee's comments, criticisms, accolades and suggestions from readers, and retractions, corrections or rebuttals from the authors.

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The role of the publisher of electronic journals is likely to change. Publishers will cater to individuals by providing personalized information of interest from a variety of sources rather than printing a specific journal. There will be fewer commercial publishers because more individuals and groups will self publish. Whoever takes on the publisher's role will be bombarded by requests to advertise due to the profile of the World Wide Web users as good potential consumers with disposable incomes. Whereas publishers need a revenue source, the lure of big money for advertising in electronic journals will be very tempting. An increasing number of online journals will be subsidized through advertisements. Although most electronic journals are free today, there will be some cost for them in the future. This may be through a flat yearly charge for the journal, charge for the article(s) accessed, or charge for the amount of time spent on the journal site.

Lastly, electronic journals will gain widespread acceptance within the scientific community. This will be accomplished as the same process of peer review of scientific print articles is applied to electronic journal articles. It is conceivable that electronic publication may be deemed superior to print journals due to the increased communication between publishers, authors and readers with the communication being visible and available for scrutiny and review. In addition, electronic journals may be preferable to print journals in specific disciplines, such as physics, molecular biology and music, due to the audiovisual capabilities of electronic journals which include multidimensional

representation and sound. The issue of accessibility related to the cost of computers, software, browsers and service providers will remain a serious issue, despite the fact that computers and service providers are getting cheaper. The gap between the "haves" and "have nots" will continue to grow because poverty is still a major problem domestically and internationally. There are hopeful that clinical settings, libraries, community centers, schools and other service settings will provide equipment and services to those who cannot afford them on their own so that electronic journals are truly available to everyone.

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You have now reached the stage where you should be able to discuss the content of the topic with your group. Discuss the advantages of e-books and e-journals.

5.3

Print on-demand

Digital printing benefits from rapidly developing information networks and digitised production processes, paving the way for new operation models which may substitute, complement or improve the processes of making and distributing books, manuals, advertising materials and other printed products.

Rapidly increasing use of the Internet and mobile communications offer a lot of new opportunities to combine electronic and printed media, i.e. to create media-adaptive multi-media products.

The philosophy behind this concept is that the message has to be conveyed to customers in a form that is adaptable to their requirements and information carriers. In many cases the readers must be able to influence the publication process and the content included.

In fact, traditionally printed products, digitally printed products and electronic network products will probably be complementary to one another, forming integrated wholes where the roles of the different components vary depending on the application.

To facilitate this, the content should be in such a format that it can be used in different media and differentiated for every single medium. This requires structuring computer languages such as SGML or XML and HTML. The last two have been developed especially for the Internet.

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An interesting application of a multi-technological platform is a company called NetBooks.com that offers unavailable or out-of-print books. These books are available in several types of electronic format and can be purchased and downloaded directly into the customers computer. The structuring of the content offers a lot of new opportunities for print-on-demand and for electronic publishing.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Print Journals

Print journals are advantageous compared to electronic journals, particularly for those with no access to computers and service providers or lacking in the prerequisite skills to search and access electronic publications. Advantages of print journals are user friendliness and acceptance within the scientific community.

Advantages of Print Journals User friendliness. Use of print journals only requires the ability to read and understand the language and no computer skills are required. Since print journals have been the medium that has been used for over five centuries, readers are comfortable with the format and display features including page layout, print quality, text structure, formatting features, table of contents and page numbers (Bishop, 1995). Familiarity with print journals facilitates, the ease of reading of the actual article. Scholars can easily create individualized files of journal articles. Of course, the articles can be "marked up" as the reader desires. The regularity by which print journals are published is established by each journal and are well known by the readers. Readers can thus count on the publication of print journals at the specified times, unlike many electronic publications where the timetables are more fluid. Widespread acceptance within the scientific community. Print journals have widespread acceptance within the scientific community as a result of five centuries of established rules of engagement. These rules include "standards by which to judge the quality of editorial content, to differentiate author from shill, editorial from advertising, education from promotion, evidence from opinion, science from hype (Silberg, Lundberg, & Musacchio, 1997, p 2). Print journals have served over time as the mechanism where by authenticity is guaranteed and work is preserved for the future (Bishop, 1995). P u b l i c a t i o n s a n d P r o d u c t i o n o f I n f o r m a t i o n M a t e r i a l s | 99

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Disadvantages of Print Journals

There are disadvantages associated with print journals including cost, dissemination, user friendliness, lack of communication and collaboration, and lack of facilitation of scholarly work.

Cost. The costs of print journals has been rising exponentially. Subscription prices to individuals and libraries are soaring (Clement, 1994) as paper, ink and mailing expenses have risen. Individual scholars with limited financial resources, and limited access to libraries may not be able to access relevant print journals. The explosive growth in information production, along with the publication of the material in print journals has created a major problem for libraries as the cost of maintaining journal collections has skyrocketed. The cost of maintaining journal collections and archiving past collections is significant. Although not cited frequently as a disadvantage of print journals, the proliferation of paper is environmentally destructive.

Dissemination. The process from print article submission, to review of articles, to production and dissemination of the articles is slow. This has major implications for the inability of readers to have up to date information.

User friendliness. Although print journals are usually user friendly, for those who do not use English as a first or second language, print articles may be incomprehensible. Translation into the reader's native tongue requires obtaining a hardcopy of the article and translation services. This is much more difficult to accomplish than using translation software that is sometimes available for online publications.

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Lack of communication and collaboration. Communication within print journals is usually limited to "letters to the editor" and are a one time response. The space requirements of print journals also limit continuing dialog. Print journals offer far less opportunity for communication and collaboration than electronic journals. Letters to the editor appear months after the initial article was presented and readers may not have easy access to the article that is discussed in the letter.

Lack of facilitation of scholarly work. One of the most important criteria for assessing the impact of scholarly work in academe is the number and sources of citations to one's scientific work. The scholar is able to ascertain other scholars use of their work through their publications via standard indexing sources. However, it is impossible to document the readership of specific print journal articles. This contrasts with electronic journal articles where number of readers of specific articles, as well as amount of time spent reading the articles, can be identified.

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5.4

Legal issues
Copyright exists in "original works of authorship." The term "original" does not connote a threshold requirement of uniqueness, novelty, innovation or aesthetic merit. Rather, all that is required is that the work be independently created and evidence a modicum of intellectual effort. The vast majority of materials involved in "electronic publishing" enterprises, including videotex and teletext services; video/optical disk storage and transmission of text; data base, software, and courseware publishing; and other emerging forms of accumulating, storing, and/or disseminating information in electronic form are subject to copyright. Examples include, but are not limited to the computer programs and documentation, electronic data bases, machine graphics and computer-generated audiovisual displays; training, operation, instruction and maintenance manuals; business

memoranda, reports, promotional materials and descriptive literature; compilations of figures and data, schedules, and other lists and tabulations; schematics, diagrams and layouts; newspaper and magazine articles; advertisements, and more. Shasha (2008) also indicates that China in particular has in existence the necessary laws to protect copyright, but that enforcement and punishment are lacking. It may actually be a bad thing for copyright issues that so many ereaders are being produced at this time. E-readers are being produced by a variety of manufacturers at price points that may be as little as $50 and as expensive as $600 or more. The $50 machines that may support many types of e-book les could be a pirates delight. If an e-reader can be made to read, for instance, Kindle and Nook les, why would anybody buy the more expensive reader? This will be an unfortunate circumstance for the publishers of the e-book les as well as the e-book readers themselves. Rothman (2010) says: They will buy some $100 reader, then wonder why they cant borrow books from their friend who has a Nook, or cant get the same stuff thats sold on the Kindle. Most of these new ebook readers support the ePub standard, buyers will easily run into dead ends in the labyrinth of DRM (understandably) required by the publishing business. Some of these people will give up on buying books altogether, even if they dont stop reading. A ood of cheap eink readers will grow ebook piracy more than ebook sales. 102 | P u b l i c a t i o n s a n d P r o d u c t i o n o f I n f o r m a t i o n M a t e r i a l s

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Types of Electronic publishing

Diskette and CD-ROM E-Journals E-Books Online newspapers and magazines Dissertations Conference proceedings Colloquia Self published non-reference materials

Basically there are five types of publication available to authors: house, subsidy, self cooperative and broker.

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House Publisher:

A house publisher is based most closely on the model of a traditional, royaltypaying publishing company. An author submits a query or a partial submission to the publisher.

A complete manuscript is requested if the publisher is intrigued by the submission. Some electronic publishers in this category simply request that the full manuscript be sent most often as a file attached to an email as the initial submission.

If the publisher accepts the manuscript and the contract is agreed upon, the house publisher provides most, if not all, of the services normally associated with a traditional royalty-paying publisher.

The manuscript is carefully edited cover art and back covers are collected, advanced review copies or advanced ready copies are sent to reviewers and initial promotional marketing begins. Following publication the author and the publisher work together to promote the book.

The benefit for the author is that there is little risk involved. The publisher pays for the costs of production and distribution. While the author receives royalties ranging anywhere from 25% to 50%.

The disadvantage is that as in the traditional, final editing and creative control is left with the publisher rather than the author.

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Subsidy:

Authors who contract with a subsidy e-publisher choose from a menu of services, each with a separate fee or contained within a package deal. The subsidy e-publisher prepares and converts the books as well as provides exposure for it on the publishers website.

The advantages of subsidy e-publishing are that the author who might not be computer savvy can obtain the services more easily without having to worry about obtaining a credit card server or a website from which to sell the book.

The disadvantages is that this form puts the author if financial risk if the book is not successful in sales.

Self Publishing:

Rather than visiting a traditional printing press to arrange for print runs the self published author either prepares the book himself and converts in into digital prepares the book himself and converts it into digital format or arranges with an independent contractor to perform the conversions.

The other facets of the publication such as editing cover art, and promotion are also left to the self-published author as well as the creation of a website for sales.

The benefits are that the author has complete control over the final presentation of the book and the author also receives all the proceeds from the sales.

The disadvantages of this form of publishing are that the author must promote and market the book without the benefit of the awareness already afforded to established e-publishers. The author is responsible for the publication costs, which varies with level of computer skills possessed by him.

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Cooperative publishing: In this model, the publisher bases its operation on the traditional houses model, with the associated book preparation and royal payment. The cooperative publisher offers the basic editing cover art and website preparation, offers the book in its standard formats and markets the book. However, if the author wishes to have the book presented in formats not normally offered by the publisher; the publisher will either convert the book, for a fee, or refer the author to a third party contractor for the conversion. The publisher will then also offer that format for the sale from its website. The same is true if the author desires to provide the cover art. The advantage is the same as for house publishing. However, the disadvantage is that the authors, if they choose, place some money at risk of they decide on obtaining conversions or original cover art. Broker: A broker publisher simply offers the author the opportunity of displaying his book at the brokers Website and takes care of the selling and distribution of the book. The advantages of this sort of publishing lies in the fact that the author does not need to create a website to sell from or worry about selling and distribution. The disadvantages are that the broker normally offers no services such as editing no service such as editing, or promotion. If the broker does offer these of services, its usually at a cost in either a fee or in royalty points. Otherwise, this is left to the author, which puts his funds at risk. This type of publisher normally charges between 25% and 75% brokerage of an authors book. As in any publishing endeavor, its very important for an author to thoroughly investigate every aspect of a publisher before signing a contract.

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Types of Publication

Academic Publications Government Publications Commercial Publication

Advantages of Electronic Publishing

High storage capacity CD-ROM for example although small in size can store large amount of data, equivalent to around 250,000 A4 pages of texts or approximately 100,000,000 words.

Active learning promotion Active learning is any learning or teaching situation which is characterized by participation on the part of the learner, as opposed to passive learning of information from a lecture, talk or observed demonstration.

Attractiveness The multimedia resources are attractive since they can combine pictures, sound, along with texts and graphics. With the help of fullcolour illustrations, diagrams, sounds and simple clear text, the electronic publishing can stimulate the students mond and encourage learning.

Interactivity The interactive nature of electronic publishing is considered to be its most important learning feature. It cannot be denied that all mechanical and electronic devices designed for personal use are interactive.

Motivation The key feature of learning characteristics of electronic publishing is its ability to motivate the learning process. Motivation is the most important factor which affects the ability to learn. What motivates an individual student to learn may be complex. It could include the satisfaction of gaining new knowledge.

Portability Can easily been carried although from remote places.

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Disadvantages of Electronic Publishing Content can be manipulated High initial cost/pricing Copyrights laws Privacy problems Intellectual property

Definition of E-Book

o Source: taken from Google image E-book is one of the electronic publishing. E-books can be defined as digital publications, texts that use electronic files instead of paper as support. They may be called electronic book (e-book), or digital book

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Advantages of E-Book Reader Author Digital publisher

Disadvantages of E-Book E-books cannot be printed or copied since this is the way they are protected by copyright Costly in maintaining and subscribing Electronic failure

The characteristics of E-Book E-book enjoy certain tools like to find words in the texts, highlight phrases, make comment, and look up word in the dictionary. E-books use multimedia video and audio elements. E-books structure, size and design are created visualization, need to download in order to use it.

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Issues of E-Book Digitization issues Preservation vs. Accessibility Equipment selection Text management issues Text file format Error correction Image management issues Image file format Image captions Publication issues Content structuring Content pages Cataloguing and indexing issues Title tags and metadata granularity Names and authority files

Linder (2010) feels that there is a difference between someone ripping a CD or DVD on a computer and someone uploading les to a site that has involved scanning and proofreading the les. Linder interviewed an anonymous pirate who claims to have spent from ve to 40 hours proofreading the les before they could be uploaded to a site. According to the same pirate, scanning a book also involved several hours of labor per book.

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The hackers role

There are other methods of acquiring an illegal copy of an e-book. A procient hacker can crack the copy protection code found on e-books such as those found on Amazon.com.

Once this code is cracked, the hacker can pretty much do what he pleases with the material. It is unlikely that other books offered by the same vendor will be protected by a different algorithm, so once one is cracked, essentially they are all cracked. This is very bad news for the publishers of e-books.

As reported by The Buzz (2008): Hacker Igor Skochinsky made short work of the Kindle, the highly touted new ebook reader by Amazon. Just a few weeks after its release, he devised a workaround of the Kindles DRM (digital rights management), which prevented users from loading non-Amazon ebooks from Mobipocket.

Skochinskys

work

is

detailed

on

his

blog

Reversing

Everything

(igorsk.blogspot.com). There, anyone can download the scripts that he used to attach Amazons DRM to other Mobipocket titles, which make them compatible with the Kindle. It is possible that publishers of e-books will curb their greed and agree to accept a nominal but fair amount for their e-book purchases, and that consumers will be willing to pay whatever the going rate is, but human nature being what it is this will probably not be the case. Some people are capable of cheating and stealing, while others have a strong sense of ethics and do not wish to have to deal with a guilty conscience. Hackers and crackers usually do what they do, because they can, and may not have a prot motive in copying music, lms and e-books. It is very hard to rationalize a copyright case with people that have that type of mindset. It is a challenge to the hacker to be able to steal from the big businesses.

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Change is happening in both journal and book publishing

All major publishers now make content available electronically, although print format still commonplace

Print likely to persist longer for books than for journals (unless move to break up books into chapters accelerates)

Peer review and copyright still perceived to be important in electronic environment

Availability of electronic format leading to changes in business relationships between authors and publishers, between publishers and agents/aggregators, between publishers and librarians and between publishers and readers

Parallel changes in relationships between other stakeholders in scholarly communication - e.g. between authors and employers and between librarians and users.

New initiatives reflecting changes in relationships

a)

Author-driven initiatives E-print services : Los Alamos, PubMedCentral, etc. (aim to supplement conventional publication and increase access) Self-archiving : e-prints.org software (Steven Harnad), Free Online

Scholarship Movement (Peter Suber) (aim to open access to journal literature by freeing authors from publishers monopoly) Influencing commercial publishers: Public Library of Science (aim to use author-power to make commercial publications freely available)

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b)

Commercially-driven initiatives BioMed Central (immediate free access to peer-reviewed biomedical research using new model to cover publication costs) CrossRef and publisher-linking services (aim to give better value from commercial publication by linking to related content) New aggregation services (aim to provide access to wide range of content using one-stop shop principle) New e-book companies (aim to change business models and access routes to monograph literature)

c)

Librarian-driven initiatives Consortia (aim to bring about change in business models - e.g. ICOLC preferred practices) Projects - e.g. digitisation (aim to create new content in electronic format) Lobbying on copyright (aims to raise awareness amongst authors and to protect fair use)

d)

Collaborative initiatives SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition)

programmes involve authors, publishers and librarians www.arl.org/sparc/ Open Archives Initiative also involves various stakeholders

www.openarchives.org The evolution of technology has give arise to the creation of electronic publishing. One of the e-publishing advantages is the introduction to e-book.

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At this point you should be able to: Identify the impact of Internet in publishing Understand the formats and contents of e-publishing Describe the issues and challenges in e-publishing

a) b) c) d) e)

Discuss the impact of Internet to publishing and production of information materials. What are characteristics of electronic publishing? Explain the impact of the Internet Technology (IT) in publishing scenario. Elaborate benefits of electronic documents. Describe briefly the advantages and disadvantages of electronic journals.

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