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K.L.N. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Pottapalayam 630 611, !"a#a$#a! %!&t'!(t.

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FAULT ANALYSIS - SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND UNBALANCED FAULT :

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F1$<am)$tal& o6 &ymm)t'!(al (ompo$)$t& - &)=1)$) !mp)<a$()& > &)=1)$() $)t5o'?& @ &!$#l) l!$) to #'o1$< 6a1lt @ l!$) 6a1lt - %o12l) l!$) to #'o1$< :$2ala$()< 6a1lt a$aly&!& 1&!$# 21& !mp)<a$() mat'!A. EE 1352 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS VI semester EEE Branch (2 !-2 1 Batch" #n$t % IV % &a'(t Ana()s$s % S)mmetr$ca( *+m,+nents an- #n.a(ance- &a'(t 1

S)((a.'s / &'n-amenta(s +0 s)mmetr$ca( c+m,+nents - se1'ene $m,e-ances 2 se1'ence net3+r4s 5 s$n6(e ($ne t+ 6r+'n- 0a'(t 5 ($ne 0a'(t - 7+'.(e ($ne t+ 6r+'n- % #n.a(ance- 0a'(t ana()s$s 's$n6 .'s $m,e-ance matr$89 &'n-amenta(s +0 s)mmetr$ca( c+m,+nents / Intr+-'ct$+n / The unsymmetrical faults are the faults in which the fault currents in the three phases are unequal. The different types of unsymmetrical faults are 1) Single line to ground fault. (LG) 2) Line to line fault. (LL) 3) ou!le line to ground fault. (LLG) ") #ne or two open conductors fault. Since any unsymmetrical fault causes un!alanced currents to flow in the system$ the unsymmetrical faults are analy%ed using symmetrical components. &ortescue's Theorem ( The method of symmetrical components consists of resol)ing an un!alanced set of *n' related phasors into *n' sets of !alanced phasors called symmetrical components of the original un!alanced phasors. +hase sequence ( +hase sequence of the phasors is the order in which they pass through a positi)e ma,imum. Thus a phase sequence *a!c' implies that the ma,ima of the three phasors occur in the order *a' followed !y *!' then !y *c'. -f *a!c' is ta.en as the positi)e phase sequence then *ac!' represents the negati)e phase sequence. The direction of rotation of the phasors in anticloc.wise direction is considered as positi)e. :a; / operator ( The phasor *a' is an operator which has a magnitude of unity and phase angle of 1201. 2hen it is operated upon a )oltage3current phasor$ it rotates the original phasor !y 1201 electrical degrees without changing the magnitude of the phasor. a = 1120 = 0.6 + j 0.544 a 2 = 12"0 = 0.6 j 0.544 a 3 = 1340 = 1 &rom which we can say that 1 7 a 7 a2 8 0. S)mmetr$ca( c+m,+nents / Let us consider a set of three un!alanced phasors of a three phase system. 9ccording to &ortescue's theorem$ these three phasors can !e resol)ed into the following three sets of !alanced phasors as 1. +ositi)e sequence components consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes$ equally displaced from one another !y 1201 and phase sequence is same as that of original phasors. 2. :egati)e sequence components consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes$ equally displaced from one another !y 1201 and phase sequene is opposite to that of original phasors. 3. ;ero sequence components consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes and in 01 phase displacement as shown in fig. !elow(

&$69 1 S)mmetr$ca( c+m,+nents +0 three 'n.a(ance- ,has+rs9 These three sets of !alanced phasors are called the symmetrical components of the original un!alanced phasors. Suppose that the three phases are represented !y a$ ! and c such that the phase sequence is a!c. Thus the phase sequence of the positi)e sequence components is a!c and and the phase sequence of the negati)e sequence components is ac!. -t is assumed that the su!scripts 0$ 1$ 2 refer to %ero sequence$ positi)e sequence and negati)e sequence respecti)ely. -f <a$ <! and <c represent an un!alanced set of )oltage phasors$ the three sets of !alanced phasors are written as 1. +ositi)e sequence components / <a1$ <!1$ <c1. 2. :egati)e sequence components / <a2$ <!2$ <c2. 3. ;ero sequence components / <a0$ <!0$ <c0. The phase )oltages <a$ <!$ <c can !e written as the sum of the symmetrical components as ( Va = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 Vb = Vb 0 + Vb1 + Vb 2 Vc = Vc 0 + Vc1 + Vc 2 -n a three phase !alanced system$ %ero and negati)e sequence components are %ero. =,pressing the component quantities of *!' and *c' phases in terms of *a' phase and using the *a' operator where a = 1120 Va = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 2e get$ Vb = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2 Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2 -n matri, form$ Va 1 1 V = 1 a 2 b Vc 1 a 1 Va 0 a Va1 a2 Va 2

2e can write the a!o)e equation as V abc = AV 012 1 1 2 A= 1 a 1 a 1 a a2

where

is called as the symmetrical component transformation matri, 3

Va Va 0 V abc = Vb and V 012 = Va1 Vc Va 2 >sing the in)erse of the symmetrical component transformation matri, 9?1$ the a!o)e matri, equation can !e written as V 012 = A 1V abc 1 1 1 1 1 a a 2 A 1 = where 3 2 1 a a >pon writing the matri, equation$ &rom which we can write$ 1 (Va + Vb + Vc ) 3 1 Va1 = Va + aVb + a 2Vc 3 1 Va 2 = Va + a 2Vb + aVc 3 I a0 1 1 1 I a I = 1 1 a a 2 I a1 3 b 2 a I a2 1 a I c Va 0 = Va 0 1 1 1 V = 1 a a1 3 2 Va 2 1 a 1 Va a2 Vb a Vc

Similarly for current$ &rom which we can write$

1 (Va + Vb + Vc ) 3 1 Va1 = Va + aVb + a 2Vc 3 1 Va 2 = Va + a 2Vb + aVc 3 Thus any un!alanced quantity can !e resol)ed into their sequence components. N+te / &rom the e,pression of %ero sequence current 1 I a0 = [ I a + I b + I c ] 3 Ia + Ib + Ic = In Va 0 =

1 In 3 I n = 3I a 0 -f neutral current flows in a system it indicates un!alanced condition$ then definitely %ero sequence current e,ists in the system. 2. -n a three wire delta connected and also star connected system$ -n 8 0 1. -n a star connected$ " wire system$ I a 0 = "

-a 8 0 -f neutral current is %ero$ then %ero sequence current is %ero. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? S+(<e- ,r+.(ems / 1. The line to ground )oltages on the high )oltage side of a step up transformer are 100 .<$ 33 .< and 35 .< on phases a$ ! and c respecti)ely. The )oltage of phase *a' leads that of phase *!' !y 1001 and lags that of phase *c' !y 1@4.61. etermine the symmetrical components of )oltage. S+('t$+n / Va = 1000 Vb = 33 100 Vc = 351@4.6 Va 0 = = 1 [Va + Vb + Vc ] 3

1 [100 + j 0 j32."A54 6.@303 3@.A2A1 + j 2.31A5] 3 1 = [ 64.3" j 30.15] = 15.@5 j10.06A6 = 21.30"6 25.1@6@kVolts 3 1 Va1 = Va + aVb + a 2Vc 3 1 = [1000 + 1120 x33 100 + 12"0 x351@4.6] 3 1 = [100 + j 0 + 31.01 + j11.2544 + 20.A@ + j 31.4A] 3 1 = [161.A5 + j "2.A@44] = 62.44 + j1".A@44 = 62.4"416.@5A@kVolts 3 1 Va 2 = Va + a 2Vb + aVc 3 1 = [1000 + 12"0 x33 100 + 1120 x351@4.6] 3 1 = [100 + j 0 26.2@A + j 21.212 + 14.A666 j 3".00@6] 3 1 = [ A1.4@46 j12.A"@] = 30.66 j ".246 = 30.5"4 @.A"@kVolts 3 2. The unsymmetrical components of phase fault current in a 3?phase un!alanced system are I a 0 = 360A0 A$ I a1 = 400 A0 A and I a 2 = 260A0 A. etermine the phase currents -a$ -! and -c. S+('t$+n / The currents -a$ -! and -c are gi)en !y the following matri, equations.

I a 1 1 1 I a 0 I = 1 a 2 a I b a1 2 I c 1 a a I a2 I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a1 Gi)en that$ I a 0 = 360A0 = 0 + j 360 I a1 = 400 A0 = 0 j 400 = 260A0 = 0 + j 260

I a2

aI a1 = 1120 x400 A0 = 40030 = 61A.42 + j 300 a 2 I a1 = 12"0 x400 A0 = 400160 = 61A.42 + j 300 aI a 2 = 1120 x 260A0 = 260210 = 214.61 j126 a 2 I a 2 = 12"0 x 260A0 = 260330 = 214.61 j126 I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = j 360 j 400 + j 260 = 0 I b = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 = j 360 61A.42 + j 300 214.61 j126 = @34.13 + j 626 = A0".141"6 A I c = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2 = j 360 + 61A.42 + j 300 + 214.61 j126 = @34.13 + j 626 = A0".1436 A ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? P+3er $n terms +0 S)mmetr$ca( *+m,+nents -f the symmetrical components of currents and )oltages are .nown$ the power in a 3 phase circuit can !e computed directly from the components. The total comple, power flowing into a three phase circuit through three lines a$! D D D and c is S 8 + 7 BC 8 Va I a + Vb I b + Vc I c 2here <a$ <! and <c are )oltages to neutral at the terminals and -a$ -! and -c are the currents flowing into the circuit in the three lines. 9 neutral connection may or may not present. -n matri, notation$

S = [Va

Vb

I a Va Vc ] I b = Vb Ic Vc

I a I b Ic

2here the conBugate of a matri, is composed of elements that are the conBugates of the corresponding elements of the original matri,. :ow use the symmetrical components of the )oltages and currents in the a!o)e equation.

Va 1 1 V = 1 a 2 b Vc 1 a

1 Va 0 I a 1 1 2 a Va1 and I b = 1 a a2 Va 2 Ic 1 a

1 I a0 a I a1 a2 I a2

Va I a V = AV $ and I = AI b b Vc Ic

S = [ AV ] x[ AI ]
T

The re)erse rule of matri, alge!ra states the transpose of the product of two matrices is equal to the product of the transposes of the matrices in re)erse order. 9ccording to this rule$ [ AV ] T = V T AT S = V T AT A D I D :oting that 9T 8 9 and a and a2 are conBugates we get$

S = [Va 0

Va1

1 1 2 Va 2 ] 1 a 1 a
T D

1 1 1 a 1 a 2 a2 1 a

1 I a0 a2 I a1 a I a2

1 0 0 A A = 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 S = 3[Va 0 Va1
So comple, power is
D D D D D Va I a + Vb I b + Vc I c = 3V0 I 0 + 3V1 I 1D + 3V2 I 2

I a0 Va 2 ] I a1 I a2

-f the symmetrical components of currents and )oltages are .nown$ the power consumed !y a three phase circuit can !e computed directly from the sequence components. Thus the a!o)e relation is )ery useful for computing power in un!alanced power system. ????? ??? Se1'ence Im,e-ance -n any part of circuit$ the )oltage drop caused !y current of a certain sequence depends on the impedance of the part of the circuit to current of that sequence. The impedance of any section of a !alanced networ. to current of one sequence may !e different from impedance to current of another sequence. The sequence impedance of an equipment or component of a power system are the positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence impedances. They are defined as follows (

The impedance of a circuit element when positi)e sequence currents alone are flowing is called positive sequence impedance. Similarly$ when only negati)e sequence currents are present$ the impedance is called negative sequence impedance. 2hen only %ero sequence currents are present the impedance is called zero sequence impedance. The impedance of any element of a !alanced circuit to current of one sequence may !e different from impedance to current of another sequence. The single phase equi)alent circuit of power system (impedance or reactance diagram) formed using the impedances of any one sequence only is called the sequence network for t e particular sequence. Therefore the impedance or reactance diagram formed using positi)e sequence impedance is called positive sequence network. Similarly the impedance or reactance diagram formed using negati)e sequence impedance is called negative sequence network. The impedance or reactance diagram formed using %ero sequence impedance is called zero sequence network. The sequence impedances and networ.s are useful in the analysis of unsymmetrical faults in the power system. -n unsymmetrical fault analysis of a power system$ the positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence networ.s of the system are determined and then they are interconnected to represent the )arious un!alanced fault conditions. =ach sequence networ. includes the generated emfs and impedances of li.e sequences. 9lso$ the sequence networ. carries only the currents of li.e sequence. Se1'ence $m,e-ance an- net3+r4s +0 a 6enerat+r Eonsider the three phase equi)alent circuit of a generator shown in fig. 1. The neutral of the generator is grounded through a reactance ;n. 2hen the generator is deli)ering a !alanced load or under symmetrical fault$ the neutral current is %ero. Fut when the generator is deli)ering an un!alanced load or during unsymmetrical faults the neutral current flows through ;n. The generator is designed to supply !alanced three phase )oltages. Therefore the generated emfs are positi)e sequence only. &$69 1 Three ,hase e1'$<a(ent
c$rc'$t +0 a 6enerat+r 6r+'n-ethr+'6h a reactance9

Let =a$ =!$ =c 8 Generated emf per phase in phase a$ ! and c respecti)ely. ;1 8 +ositi)e sequence impedance per phase of generator. ;2 8 :egati)e sequence impedance per phase of generator. ;g0 8 ;ero sequence impedance per phase of generator. ;n 8 :eutral reactance. ;0 8 Total %ero sequence impedance per phase of %ero sequence networ. of generator. The positi)e sequence networ. consists of an emf in series with positi)e sequence impedance of the generator. The negati)e and %ero sequence networ. will not ha)e any sources !ut include their respecti)e sequence impedance. The positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence current paths are shown in fig. 2. The positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence networ.s of the generator are shown in fig. 3.

N+te / The positi)e and negati)e sequence currents are !alanced currents and so they will not pass through neutral reactance. The reactances in positi)e sequence networ. is su!transient$ transient or synchronous depending on whether su!transient$ transient or steady state conditions are !eing studied. >nder no load condition the emf =a is the induced emf per phase. >nder load or fault condition =a is replaced !y =g' for transient state and =a is replaced !y =gG for su!transient state.

&$69 2 Se1'ence c'rrent ,aths $n a 6enerat+r

&$69 3 Se1'ence net3+r4s +0 a 6enerat+r

#n e,amining the %ero sequence current paths (refer fig. 2 H) the current through neutral reactance is 3 -a0. The %ero sequence )oltage drop from point?a to ground is 3I a 0 ! n I a 0 ! g 0 .

The %ero sequence networ. is a single phase networ. and assumed to carry only the %ero sequence current of one phase. Ience the %ero sequence current of one phase$ must ha)e an impedance 3;0 7 ;g0.

Total %ero sequence impedance per phase of a generator grounded through


reactance ;0 8 3 ;n 7 ;g0. 2ith reference to fig. 3$ the equations for the phase?a component )oltages are$ Va1 = " a I a1 ! 1 Va 2 = I a 2 ! 2 Va 0 = I a 0 ! 0 The %ero sequence networ. of generator when the neutral is solidly grounded (i.e. directly grounded) and when the neutral is ungrounded are shown in &ig. " and &ig. 6 respecti)ely. -n these cases there is no change in positi)e and negati)e sequence networ..

&$69 = / >er+ se1'ence net3+r4 +0 a 6enerat+r 3hen the ne'tra( $s s+($-() 6r+'n-e-9

&$69 5 / >er+ se1'ence net3+r4 +0 a 6enerat+r 3hen the ne'tra( $s 'n6r+'n-e-9

Note : The sequence networks of synchronous motor is same as that of generator when the directions of currents in the sequence network of generator are reversed. Se1'ence $m,e-ances an- net3+r4s +0 transm$ss$+n ($nes The impedance per phase of transmission line for !alanced currents is independent of phase sequence. This is due to the symmetry of transmission lines. Therefore the impedances offered !y the transposed transmission lines for positi)e and negati)e sequence currents are identical. The %ero sequence current is identical (!oth in magnitude and phase) in each phase conductor and returns through the ground$ through o)erhead wires or through !oth. The ground wires !eing grounded at se)eral towers$ the return currents in the ground wire may not !e uniform along the entire length of transmission line. Fut for positi)e$ negati)e sequence currents there is no return currents and they ha)e a phase difference of 1201. Therefore the magnetic field due to %ero sequence current is different from the magnetic field caused !y either positi)e or negati)e sequence current. ue to the difference in the magnetic field$ the %ero sequence inducti)e reactance is 2 to 3.6 times the positi)e sequence reactance. Let$ ;1 8 +ositi)e sequence impedance of transmission line. ;2 8 :egati)e sequence impedance of transmission line. ;0 8 ;ero sequence impedance of transmission line. 10

The positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence impedances of transmission lines are represented as a series impedance in their respecti)e sequence networ.s as shown in fig. 4.

&$69 ! P+s$t$<e? Ne6at$<e an- @er+ se1'ence net3+r4s +0 a transm$ss$+n ($ne9 Se1'ence $m,e-ances an- net3+r4s +0 a trans0+rmer 2hen the applied )oltage is !alanced$ the positi)e and negati)e sequences of linear$ symmetrical$ static de)ices are identical. Therefore in a transformer the positi)e and negati)e sequence impedances are identical. =)en though the %ero sequence impedance may slightly differ from positi)e and negati)e sequence impedance$ it is normal practice to assume the %ero sequence impedance as equal to positi)e or negati)e sequence impedance. J&or all types of transformers the series impedances of all sequences are assumed equalK. N+te / When the ne'tra( +0 star c+nnect$+n $s 6r+'n-e- thr+'6h reactance >n then 3>n sh+'(- .e a--e- t+ @er+ se1'ence $m,e-ance +0 trans0+rmer t+ 6et the t+ta( @er+ se1'ence $m,e-ance9 Let$ ;1 8 +ositi)e sequence impedance of transformer. ;2 8 :egati)e sequence impedance of transformer. ;0 8 ;ero sequence impedance of transformer. The positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence impedances of transformer are represented as a series impedance in their respecti)e sequence networ.s as shown in fig. @

&$69 A P+s$t$<e an- Ne6at$<e se1'ence net3+r4s +0 trans0+rmer The %ero sequence networ. of the transformer depends on the type of connections (L or M) of the primary and secondary windings and also on the grounding of neutral in L connection. The following general o!ser)ations can !e made for %ero sequence currents in transformers. 1. 2hen magneti%ing current is neglected$ the primary winding will carry current only if there is a current flow in the secondary winding. Therefore the %ero sequence current can flow in the primary winding of

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2. 3. ".

a transformer only if there is a path for %ero sequence current in secondary winding or )ice?)ersa. -f the neutral point in the L connected winding is not grounded then there is no path for %ero sequence current in star connected winding. The %ero sequence current flows in the star connected winding and in the lines connected to the winding only when the neutral point is grounded. The %ero sequence current can circulate in the delta connected winding !ut the %ero sequence current cannot flow through the lines connected to the delta connected winding.

Fased on the a!o)e o!ser)ations the %ero sequence networ. of 3 phase transformer can !e o!tained for any configuration. The %ero sequence networ. for nine possi!le configuration are presented in ta!le 1 shown !elow. The arrows on the windings$ indicate path for %ero sequence current and the a!sence of arrows indicate that there is no path for %ero sequence currents.

Ta.(e 1 >er+ se1'ence net3+r4 +0 three ,hase trans0+rmer

12

Se1'ence $m,e-ances an- net3+r4s +0 (+a-s 13

-n !alanced L or M connected loads the positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence impedances are equal. 2hen the neutral point of star connected load is grounded through a reactance ;n then 3;n is added to the %ero sequence impedance of load to get the total %ero sequence impedance of load. Let$ ;L1 8 +ositi)e sequence impedance of load. ;L2 8 :egati)e sequence impedance of load. ;L0 8 ;ero sequence impedance of load. The positi)e$ negati)e and %ero sequence impedances of transmission lines are represented as a shunt impedance in their respecti)e sequence networ.s as shown in fig. 5.

&$69 B P+s$t$<e an- Ne6at$<e se1'ence net3+r4 +0 (+aThe %ero sequence networ. of the 3 phase load depends on the type of connection$ i.e. L or M connection. The %ero sequence current will flow in networ. only if a return path e,ists for it. The %ero sequence networ. for )arious types of loads are shown in ta!le !elow ( Ta.(e 2 / >er+ se1'ence net3+r4s +0 (+a-s

S$n6(e ($ne t+ 6r+'n- 0a'(t +n an 'n(+a-e- 6enerat+r 1"

Re<$e3 C'est$+ns (2 mar4s" 1. Iow do short circuits occur on a power system N 2. istinguish !etween symmetrical and unsymmetrical short circuits. 3. 2hat are the applications of short?circuit analysisN ". efine short circuit capacity of a power system. 6. 2hat are the different types of fault which occur in a power systemN 4. efine symmetrical fault. @. :ame any two methods of reducing short circuit current. Re<$e3 C'est$+ns (1! mar4s" 1. (a) =,plain the need for short circuit studies. (!) raw the oscillogram when an unloaded alternator is su!Bected to symmetrical short circuit and hence e,plain how to o!tain ,d$ ,d' and ,dG from it. 2. 2ith the help of a detailed flow chart$ e,plain how a symmetrical fault can !e analy%ed using ;F>S. 3. 2hat are the )arious types of faults N iscuss the frequency of occurrence and se)erity. ". =,plain the difference !etween direct a,is transient reactance and direct a,is su!?transient reactance of alternators. 6. =,plain the method of calculation of fault currents in the transmission system using The)enin's theorem. 4. 9 Generator?transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit !rea.er. The unit ratings are ( Generator ( 10 O<9$ 4.4 .<$ PdG 8 0.1 p.u.$ Pd'8 0.20 p.u. and Pd 8 0.50 p.u. Transformer ( 10 O<9$ 4.A333 .<$ reactance 8 0.05 p.u. The system is operating at no load at a line )oltage at 30 .<$ when a three phse fault occurs on the line Bust !eyond the circuit !rea.er. &ind (a) the initial symmetrical rms current in the !rea.er. (!) the ma,imum possi!le E off?set current in the !rea.er (c) the momentary current rating of the !rea.er (d) the current to !e interrupted !y the !rea.er and the interrupting .< and (e) the sustained short circuit current in the !rea.er. 5. The system shown in figure is deli)ering 60 O<9 at 11 .<$ 0.5 lagging power factor into a !us which may !e regarded as infinite. +articulars of )arious system components are ( Generator ( 40 O<9$ 12 .<$ Pd' 8 0.36 p.u. Transformers (each) ( 10 O<9$ 12344 .<$ reactance 0.05 p.u. Line ( Qeactance ( 12 ohms$ resistance negligi!le. Ealculate the symmetrical current that the circuit !rea.ers 9 and F will !e called upon to interrupt in the e)ent of a three phase fault occurring at & near the circuit !rea.er F.

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A. -n the system configuration of figure$ the system impedance data is gi)en !elow ( Transient reactance of each generator 8 0.16 p.u. Lea.age reactance of each transformer 8 0.06 p.u.$ ;12 8 B0.1$ ;13 8 B0.12$ ;23 8 B0.05 p.u. &or a solid 3 phase fault on !us 3$ find all !us )oltages and S E currents in each component. 9ssume prefault )oltages to !e 1 p.u. and prefault currents to !e %ero.

10. &or a fault (solid) location shown in figure$ find the short circuit currents in line 1?2 and 1?3. +refault system is on no?load with 1 p.u. )oltage and prefault currents are %ero. >se ;F>S method and compute its elements !y the current inBection technique.

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