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Introduction to Chemistry
Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Study Matter States of Matter Chemical and Physical Properties Chemical and Physical Changes Classification of Matter Measurements
Introduction
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gene therapy
Energy and the Environment Fossil fuels
Solar energy
Nuclear energy
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Natural pesticides
Specialized fertilizers
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A law is a concise statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.
Force = mass x acceleration
A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them.
Atomic Theory
Classification of Matter
liquid nitrogen
gold ingots
silicon crystals
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. 1. Homogenous mixture composition of the mixture is the same throughout soft drink, milk, solder
2. Heterogeneous mixture composition is not uniform throughout
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.
magnet distillation
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An element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
114 elements have been identified 82 elements occur naturally on Earth gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur
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A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means.
lithium fluoride
quartz
Classification of Matter
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Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance. sugar dissolving ice melting in water A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved.
volume
An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is being considered.
density
temperature color
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on moon, c ~ 0.1
0.1 kg on moon
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Example 1.1
Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive. It is used mainly in jewelry, dentistry, and electronic devices. A piece of gold with a mass of 301 g has a volume of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.
gold ingots
K = 0C + 273.15
273.15 K = 0 0C 373.15 K = 100 0C
0F
= 9 x 0C + 32 5
32 0F = 0 0C 212 0F = 100 0C
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Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 6.022 x 1023
Significant Figures
Any digit that is not zero is significant 1.234 kg 606 m 0.08 L 4 significant figures 3 significant figures 1 significant figure
Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the original numbers. 89.332 +1.1 90.432 3.70 -2.9133 0.7867
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Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures.
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5 3 sig figs round to 3 sig figs
Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity desired unit given unit
given unit x
= desired unit
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Example 1.6
A liquid helium storage tank has a volume of 275 L. What is the volume in m3?
Example 1.6
Strategy The problem can be stated as ? m3 = 275 L How many conversion factors are needed for this problem?
Example 1.6
Solution We need two conversion factors here: one to convert liters to cm3 and one to convert centimeters to meters:
1000 cm3 1L
and
1 10-2 m 1 cm
Because the second conversion deals with length (cm and m) and we want volume here, it must therefore be cubed to give
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1 10-2 m 1 cm
1 10-2 m 1 cm
= 0.275 m3
Example 1.6
Check From the preceding conversion factors you can show that 1 L = 1 10-3 m3. Therefore, a 275-L storage tank would be equal to 275 10-3 m3 or 0.275 m3, which is the answer.
Example 1.7
Liquid nitrogen is obtained from liquefied air and is used to prepare frozen goods and in low-temperature research. The density of the liquid at its boiling point (196C or 77 K) is 0.808 g/cm3. Convert the density to units of kg/m3.
liquid nitrogen
Example 1.7
Strategy The problem can be stated as ? kg/m3 = 0.808 g/cm3 Two separate conversions are required for this problem:
Example 1.7
Solution In Example 1.7 we saw that 1 cm3 = 1 106 m3. The conversion factors are
Finally
Check Because 1 m3 = 1 106 cm3, we would expect much more mass in 1 m3 than in 1 cm3. Therefore, the answer is reasonable.
Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Study Matter States of Matter Chemical and Physical Properties Chemical and Physical Changes Classification of Matter Measurements
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