~-----------------------------------------------

Institute

of Weldins (I.O.W.)

Beam Profile

Blook

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This block (Figure 5.16) is designed primarily for beam profile measurement and offers eight different direct scan approaches to the target holes for 45 , 60 and 10 probes, as shown in Figure' 5. i. 7 . - There are eight more approaches by indirect (one bounce) scan for 45 probes and'six for 60 probes but none for 70 probes. The total number of useable probe positions in any case is determined by the size of the probe and the probe angle.

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5.16 . 22

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5.2.3.1
( a)

Plotting ot Beam Protile Vertioal Plane

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,' The 1.5 rom target holes are sighted in succession from surfaces A and B of the 10 W block. For each case, the position of the probe index corresponding to the maximum echo amplitude is marked on the block. The probe is then moved to and fro so that the target is swept by the beam, the extremes of displacement being reached when the position of the probe index corresponds to a decrease of 20,dB, or 10 % of the original height of the echo, from the maximum echo amplitude., These positions are marked as b tind c in Figure 5.18 with mark a representing the position of the probe for maximum a~mplitude.

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5.18 a.

Figure

5.18 b.

With the probe in its forward position at position b thp. bottom edge of the beam strikes the target hole while in the backward position C the top edge of the beam strikes thp. target hole. The beam profile is then plotted as follows: Draw the probe angle with the probe index as its starting point. At the appropriate hole depth plot the reading ab (forward position) behind the beam axis while the reading ae (backward position) IS plotted in front of the beam axis. Repeat the procedure for holp;; at other depths and join the points. (b) Horizontal Plane

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The probe is placed on surface A or B and the maximum amplitude is obtained from the selected target ~igure 5. 19a). The range is'noted and a reference line is drawn across the block marking the position of the rear edge of the probe. The probe is then moved away from the edge of the block and at right angles to it until the echo drops by 20 dB. The half beam spread at this particular range (X -22 in Figure 5.19 a) is fOlmd by subtracting the 22 rom drilled depth of the hole from the distance between the edge of the block and the beam axis (X in Figure 5.19 b). The
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mark probe C/l

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Figure

5.19 c .

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5.20 .

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probe is then placed on the opposite side of the hole and the sequence is repeated to determine the other half beam spread which is equal to ( X - 22) mm in Figure 5.19 c The procedure is repeated for other holes and the beam spread against the range is plotted as shown in Figure 5.20.

5.2.4
,

ASHE

Referenoe

B100k

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This block is made from the same material as that of the specimen and contains a side drilled hole whose diameter depends on the thickness of the specimen. A typical ASME reference block used for the inspection of welds is shown in Figure 5.21. The block is used to construct a distance - amplitude correction (DAC) curve on the CRT screen by noting the changes in echo amplitude from the hole with change in scanning distance (multiple skip), ,

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5.2.5

Area - Amplitude

Blocks artificial flaws of Eight blocks made from each 3 3/4'" in height
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Area - amplitude blocks provide different sizes at the same depth. the same 2" diameter round stock,

PRACTICAL

IX

BEAM PROFILE

-------------------~------------------------

IN VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL PLANE

A.

Beam Profile in Vertical Plane

1. Calibrate the time base of your flaw detector range of 100mm (or 200mm). 2. Determine probe. the angle and exit point. of your direct angle the for a
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beam beam

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3. Put. the probe on the lOW Block and towards any convenient dri lled hole.

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4. You will most likely see a number of echoes on the CRT screen but identify the particular one coming from your selected hole. This identification can be easily achieved by comparing the position of the echo with the actual beam path (i.e the distance between the exit point and the selected drilled hole) measured by using a ruler. 5. Maximise the echo height from t.his dri lIed hole by sliding the probe forwards and bac,kwardfJ. Mark the position of the exit point on the block and identify it
as "A"

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6. Adjust the sensitivity (gain/attenuutor) oontrol and set the echo height to, say. BO% of the full CRT screen height. 7. Move t.he probe forwards unti 1 t.he eoho heieht drops by 20dB. Mark the new position of the exit point on the block and identify it.as "B"
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B. Now move the probe hackwards until the echo height again dropfJ by 20 dB. Nark the 3rd pOf;il~ion of the exit pc.;int on the block and identify it as "C" . 9. Measure the distances AB and AC 1n mm using u ruler.
10.

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Draw a horizontal

line O' X , on the beam profile graph paper below the X-axis at a distance equal to the depth of the selected drilled holl':. fre,m the contact surface.

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11. Draw a line. OZ. from thE< origin of the &x'is at MJ angle (as measljred anticlockwise from ~he Y-axis) equal to the proue anglE< det.eno1in<~d l':.urli,,"r in 2. Use the angular scale at the graph bottom for this purpose. This line will now reprE<sent the beam axis.
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12.

Note that AB corrl':.sponds to the distance between the beam axis and thl':. trailing beam 'edge, and AC. that between tbe beam axis and the leading bl':.am edge .
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13. Hence. on the basis of (12), mark out two points B' & C'
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and AC from tbe and tbe horizontal

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B'C' is now the beam width in the vertical plane OXZY at the depth 00' 14. Repeat steps 3 to 13 for at least six pairs of points at different depths. 15. Draw the best-fit straight line for the points on side of the beam. each

B.

Beam Profile

in Horizontal

Plane

1. Maximize th~ echo obtained from a selected hole. 2. Record the surface distance, y, between the probe index and surface position of the hole, and draw a reference line across the block marking the. rear edge of the probe.
I

3. Move the probe away from the edge of the block at right angle to it.until the echo. drops by 20dB. 4. Record the distance of the probe centre from the edge of the block, say-Xl 5. Find half the beam spread for thi,.; particular value of Y by subtracting 22 mm from Xl, where 22 mm is the hole depth in the lOWmm block. If a different reference block is used, check the hole depth using a wire, for example a straightened paper clip. 6. Place the probe on the other side of the hole and the oth~r half using steps 1 to 5 7. Find the beam spread for other holes using the procedure and plot the beam spread against corresponding value of Y. find same

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271