Assignment No.

: 01

ICT in Education
Submitted By: Samya Khalid (2012-1421)
Afia Anwar (2012-1424)

Program: B. Ed. (Hons) Elementary Submitted To: Sir Shafique -ur- Rahman Date of Submission: 28-10-2013

Department of Elementary Education Institute of Education and Research

University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore.

Contents Lesson Plan

Introduction History Definitions Exercise

 ICT used

Lesson Plan
Objectives:
To make students be able to: Define set, recognize notation of a set and its elements. Define and identify different kinds of sets. Demonstrate all sets through examples. Learn to use and apply sets in general life.

Classroom Plan:
Introduction of sets. History Kinds of sets. Define them with detail Examples Exercise Recapitulation Homework

Introduction:
We often speak some words in our daily life which represent a collection of things, for example a team of players, a bunch of flowers, a cluster of trees, a group of friends, a swarm of birds and so on. In mathematics, we can use a single word set to donate all such types of words that show the collection of things such as, a set of players, a set of flowers, a set of trees, a set of friends and a set of birds, etc. So, we can define a set as: A collection of distinct and well defined objects is called a set. Set is a collection of objects that have something in common or follow a rule. A set is a collection or group of objects, or simply put, it's a collection.

A set is a collection or group of objects or elements or members.

(Cantor 1895)

The objects of a set are called its members or elements. A set is said to contain its elements. In each situation or context, there must be an underlying universal set U, either specially stated or understood.

History:
Set theory, was founded by a single paper in 1874 by Georg Cantor: "On a Characteristic Property of All Real Algebraic Numbers". Georg Cantor was the first mathematician who gave the proper idea of sets that are being used in various branches of mathematics.

Definitions with Details:

Well-defined Sets:
Well-defined means a specific property of an object that enables it to be an element of a set or not. A set is well-defined if there is no ambiguity as to whether or not an object belongs to it, i.e., a set is defined so that we can always tell what is and what is not a member of the set. Example: The collection of the currently enrolled students at a school with a percentage above 75%, is a well-defined set since it is clear which students would belong to the collection.

Distinct: means the same objects should not appear more than once.
Example: The set of letters of the word small is {s, m, a, l}. Here, we can see that the letter l has been written only once. If it is written twice then it is not a set.

Set Notations:
A set is represented by a capital letter i.e. A, B, C, , Z of English alphabets and its members or elements are written within brackets { } separated by commas. There is a fairly simple notation for sets. You simply list each element, separated by a comma, and then put some curly brackets around the whole thing. The curly brackets { } are sometimes called "set brackets" or "braces". Example: Set of pets: A = {cat, cow, dog, goat } The three dots ... are called an ellipsis, and mean "continue on". Symbolically, we can write the members of the set A as,

cat A is read as cat is an element of the set A goat A is read as goat is an element of the set A, and so on. Now lets see whether a tree is the element of the set A. No! A tree is not an element of the set A. so, we write this statement symbolically as: tree A is read as tree is not an element of the set A. The symbol is a Greek letter which is used to tell that an object is an element of or belongs to or is a member of a set and the symbol means does not belong to or is not the element of the set.

Some important sets: N = Set of natural numbers. E = Set of even numbers. O = Set of odd numbers. W = Set of whole numbers. P = Set of prime numbers. Describing a Set:

Descriptive form: In descriptive form, we describe the property of a set by a statement as given below. A = the set of English books in the library. B = the set of counting or natural numbers. C = the set of elements in the zoo. Tabular form: In tabular form we list all elements within the brackets { } and separate each element by using a comma ,. The elements of a set can be listed as: For a less number of elements: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} For a more but limited number of elements: B = {1, 2, 3 500} For an unlimited number of elements: C = {1, 2, 3 } Tabular form of a set is also known as roster form. Types of sets: There are three types of sets Finite Infinite Empty

Finite set: A set having a finite number of elements is called a finite set. Example: A = the set of natural numbers less than 10. B = the set of vowels in English

C = the set of the population of Pakistan D = the set of hair on your head Infinite set: A set having unlimited number of elements is called an infinite set. Example: The set of counting numbers: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } The set of odd numbers: O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } The set of whole numbers: W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }

Empty set: Empty means containing nothing in the same sense it is used for set. When there is no element in a set, it means the set is empty. It is defined as, A set having no element is known as an empty or null set. An empty set is denoted by the Greek letter which is called phi or simply can be denoted as { }. Example: {} Singleton set: A set having a single element is called a singleton set. For example: {a}, {w}, {1/2} Equal and Equivalent sets: Two sets are equal if they both have the same members. Example: If, F = {20, 60, 80} And, G = {80, 60, 20} Then, F=G, that is both sets are equal. Two sets are called equivalent if and only if one- to-one correspondence can be established between them. Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.

Example: If, F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} And, G = {10, 12, 18, 20, 22} Then, n (F) = n (G) = 5, that is, sets F and G are equivalent. Two sets are called nonequivalent if on-to-one correspondence cannot be established between them.

Subset and Superset of a set:

If each element of set A is also an element of a set B then the set A is called the subset of the set B which is denoted by the symbol . Example: A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} We observe that each element of the set A is also an element of set B. So, A B, set A is a subset of set B. Every set is also a subset of itself like, A A and B B. If A B, then the set B is called the super set of set A. i.e. B A, the set B is the super set of set A.

ICT used:
Microsoft Power Point: Slides of the lecture can be prepared using Microsoft Power Point. Internet: Detail and information about the topics can be searched through internet. Multimedia: Using multimedia the slides and all other information can be shown to the whole class. Laptop: All research and other work is done using a laptop.