... .:-., 't..:., '. --.....

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Project Report on :WATER DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM -: PREPARED BY :JAIN. NIKHIL. R. (MEMBER. PROJECT GROUP) -: GUIDE PROF :B. K. SAMTANI CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT S V REGIONAL COLLEGE F ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY O 5 SURAT - 395 007. (GUJARAT) .. 1998 - 99

DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING SARDAR VALLABHBHAI REGIONAL COL~EGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SURAT - 395007 CERTIFICATE s s ~o certify that the project, entitled "Design 5.; s:e"" J of Water Roll. No. Distribution 26 ,a final has been prepared by~. v/(2iJd. /.!C. ear student of Civil Engineering, during the year 1998-99, as a partial fulfillm ent of the '"'90 _'"'e,...entfor the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engin eering of SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, SURAT. His work has been found to be satisfactory. 3JIDED BY: ~ ~ . ,,:: _' '<--- ' "'I '"HEADrfEPARTMENT ~1/~ ( Dr. B. K. Kaiti) v'y'Prof B. K. Samtani)

Acknowledgment Right from the procurement of material to the clearing of conceptual difficultie s, we cannot withhold our sincerest thanks to Prof. B.K Samtanil Civil Engineeri ng department, SVRCE~ Surat, without whose invaluable guidance and cooperation the project would not have been accomplished we would also like to thank Dr.B.K.Katti, Prof. and Head, Civil Engg. Department , whose support and encouragement are transparent in the work it self. In~ PROJECT GROUP ROLL NO. -:';:'~.!I!i.~:.'Io~":'~--"---"-iiJ!('

INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION 2.1 2.2 2.3 Gravity 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 11 15 15 15 16 19 19 19 29 2. System Pumping System Dual System 3.. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Dead end or Tree System Grid iron System Circular System Radial System 4. PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VALVES AND FITTINGS DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION S YSTEM 6.1 Manual Design 6.1.1 Design of Pipe Lines 6.1.2 Analysis & Design of Pi pe Network 6.2 Software Design 6.2.1 Software Details 6.2.2 Input and Output Fil es 5. 6. 7. CONCLUSION REFERENCES 30

-1. INTRODUCTION After complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a nu mber of houses, estates, industries and public places by means of a network of d istribution system. The distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes, values, meters, pumps etc. The following are the "equirements of a good distribu tion system. 1 ) It should convey the treated water upto the consumers with the same degree of pu rity. (2) The water should reach to every consumer with the repaired pressure head. (3) Sufficient quantity of treated water should reach for the domestic and industria l use. (4) \5) It should be economical and easy to maintain and use. It should be able to trans port sufficient quantity of water during emergency such as fole fighting etc. (6) (7) (8) (9) During repair work, it should bot cause obstruction to the traffic. It should be safe against any future pollution. The quantity of pipes laid should be good an d it should not trust. It should be water tight and the water losses due to leak age should be minimum as for as possible. 1

2. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consu mer with repaired rate of how. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the d istribution system is classified as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Gravity System Pumpi ng System Dual System on Combined Gravity and Pumping System. 2.1 Gravity System When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available, this can be best utilized for the distribution system in maintaining pressure in water pipe s. The water flows in the mains due to quaitational force. As no pumping is repa ired, there fore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water. The water head available at the consumers door is just minimum required and the remaining head is consumed in frictional and other losses. Fig. 2.1 of Gravity System of Distribution . 2.

2.2 Pumping System In this system water is directly pumped in the mains. The maintenance cost is hi gh. High lift pumps are required and their operations are continuously watched. If the power fails, the whole supply of the town will be stopped. Therefore stan d bye diesel pumps should be kept. Fig. 2.2 of Pumping System of Distribution CLE~R \YATER RI: S fR VOIR 23 DualSystem This is also known as combined gravity and pumping system. In the beginning when demand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, but when demand increases the rate of pumping, the flow in the distribution system comes both fr om the pumping station as well as . elevated reservoir. As in this system water comes from two sources one from reservoir and second from pumping station, it is closed dual system. Fig. 2.3 Dual System of Distribution. I"'I..U.. DRAfT "",~T~T~C ~~T:R:~Aj 7 MAXIMUM ORAFT~ -~ -:. -:.:.:. - -Jt: : : = - - - _ _;j ~HF TOW N it I. I I 3

3. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM There are four different systems of distribution which are used. Depending upon their layout and direction of supply, they are classified as follows: (i) (ii) ( iii) (iv) Dead End or Tree System Grid iron System Circular or Ring System Radia l System Dead End or Tree System 3.1 Fig. 3.1 Layout of Dead end system The above figure shows the layout of this system. It is suitable for irregular d eveloped towns or cities. In this system one main starts from require reservoir along the main road. Sub mains are connected to the main in both the directions along other roads which meet the main road. Sub mains, branches and minor distri butors are connected to sub mains. They are cheap in initial cost. When the pipe breaks down or is closed for repair the whole locality beyond the point goes wi thout water. It cannot meet the five demand. 4

3.2 Grid Iron System BUILDINGS DISTRIBUTOR MAIN ~ Fig. 3.2 of Layout of Grid Iron System This system is also known as reticulated system and is most convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads. This system is an improvement or dead end s ystem. All the dead ends are interconnected and water circulates freely througho ut the system. Main line is laid along the main road. Sub mains are taken in bot h the directions along other minor roads and streets. From these sub mains branc hes are taken out and are inter connected as shown in figure. This system remove s all the disadvantages of dead end system. 3.3 . WATER MAIN -+ WATER MAINS-+ Fig. 3.3 of Layout of Circular or Ring System. 5

~,S system can be adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this syste m each locality is divided into square or circular blocks and the water mains ar e laid around all the four sides of the square or round the circle. This system requires many values and more pipe length. This system is suitable f or towns and cities having well planned roads. 3.4 Radial System BUILDINGS BUILDINGS ~I Fig. 3.4 of Layout of Radial System This system is not adopted in India, because for this system the roads should be laid out radial from the center. This system is the reverse of ring system. The entire district is divided into various zones and one reservoir is provided for each zone. Which is placed in the center of zone. By considering the advantages and disadvantages of all these systems, we have fo und out that grid iron system is most suitable for our site. Therefore we have a dopted grid iron system. 6

The advantages of Grid iron system: ;', As water is supplied from both the sides at every point, very small area will be affected during repair. (ii) Since wate r reaches every point from more than one route, the friction losses and the size s of the pipes are reduced. (iii) All the dead ends are completely eliminated, t herefore the water remain in continuous flow and there is no stagnation and chan ce of pollution is reduced to minimum. (iv) In case of fire, more quantity of wa ter can be diverted to wards the affected area, by closing the valves of nearby localities. 7

.. t 4. PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM When the water enters in the distribution main, the water head continuously is l ost due to friction m pipes,-at-entrance-of-reducers;-due-to valves, bends, mete rs etc. till it reaches the consumer's tap. The net available head at the consum er's tap is the head at the entrance of the water main minus all the losses in t he way. The effective head available at the service connection to a building is very important, because the height up to which the water can rise in the buildin g will depend on this available head only. The greater the head the more will be the height up to which it will rise. If adequate head is not available at the c onnection to the building, the water will not reach the upper storeys (Le. 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc.). to overcome this difficulty the required effective head is maintained in the street pipe lines. The water should reach each and consumer therefore it should reach on the upperm ost storey. The pressure which is required to be maintained in the distribution system depends upon the following factors: (1) The height of highest building up to which water should reach without boosting. (2) (3) The distance of the local ity from the distribution reservoir. The supply is to be metered or not. Higher pressure will be required to compensate for the high loss of head in meters. (4) How much pressure will be required for fire-hydrants. 8

... 5 The funds available for the project work. J I Sometimes the design pressure is determined from the fire fighting requirements. In some cities and towns the fire fighting squads are equipped with pumping set s fitted on their vehicles for lifting the water at the site itself. At such pla ces the design pressure may be determined by the minimum required by the consume rs. But in most of towns in India the people living at 2nd,3rd or 4th storey fac e lots of difficulties due to nonsupply of water in their storeys. At such place s small lifting pumps may be individually used which directly pump the water in their water lines. j In multistoreyed structures the following pressures are considered satisfactory : Up to 3 storeys From 3 to 6 storeys From 6 to 10 storeys Above 10 storeys 2.1 kg/ cnf 2.1 to 4.2 kg/ cnf 4.2 to 5.27 kg/ cnf 5.27 to 7 kg/ cm2 While designing pipes of distribution systems the following points should be kep t in mind : (i) The main line should be designed to carry 3 times the average de mand of the city. (ii) The service pipes should be able to carry twice the avera ge demand. 9

The water demand at various points in the city should be noted. ;v) The lengths and sizes of each pipe should be clearly marked on the site plan alo ng with hydrants, valves, meters, etc. (v) The pressure drops at the end of each line should be calculated and marked. The minimum velocity in pipe lines should not be less than 0.6 ml sec and maximu m velocity should not be more than 3 ml sec. For best results the velocities in different pipes should be as follows : Diameter of pipes 10 cm 15 cm 25cm 40cm velocity 0.9 m/sec 1.21 ml sec 1.52 ml sec 1.82 ml sec 10

5. VALVES AND FITTINGS Introdu(~n: Valves are required to control the flow of water, to regulate the pressure to release or to admit air and to prevent flow of water in opposite direction. In every noses various types of fittings such as taps bends tees soc kets etc. are required for the distribution and forming network the pipes inside s the noses standard specifications for most commonly used valves are published by Indian standard institution. (a) Sluice Valve: These are also known as gate valves and most commonly used in practice. These va lves are cheaper offer less resistance to flow of water than other valves used f or same purposes. Gate valves control the flow of water through pipes and fixed in main lines bringing water from source town at 3 to 5 kms intervals thus divid ing the pipeline into different sections. This valve is made of cast iron with b ran bronze and stainless steel. It mainly consist of a wedge shaped circular dis c fitted closely in a recess against the opening in the valve. Fig. 5.1 Sluice V alve 11

Figure shows the sectional view of a Gate value small sized gate valves are burl ed underground, and can be opened from the surface through a stop box larger val ves are operated in under ground chamber and are opened or closed through searin g. (b) Pressure Relief Valve: These valves relieve high pressure in pipe lines. Figure illustration such type of valve which is intended to release excessive pressure that may build up in a closed pipe. It is essentially consists of a disc controlled by a springs which can be adjusted for any pressure when the pressure in the pipe line exceeds the desired pressure, the disc is forced off from its seat and excessive pressure is relived through cross pipe, after this disc comes down automatically due to for ce of spring. Fig. 5.2 Pressure Relief Valve 12

: Check Valve: --;"ese are also called reflux valves are non return valves and are a..rtomaticd evices which allow water to flow only in one direction and prevent it from flowi ng in reverse direction. The arrow indicates the direction of flow of water when the water flows the disc rotates round the hinge and remain in a horizontalplane. The water therefore passes off without any obstruction now ifthe flow reverses the disc automatically falls dow n by rotating round the hinge and remains tightly pressed against the valve seat buy the pressure of water it self, in this way it does not allow the water to flow in reverse direction. [Fig. illustrates such type of check valve] PIVO T Fig. 5.3 Check Valve (d) Air Relief Valve: When the water enters in the pipe lines, it also carries some air with it in whi ch tends to accumulate at high points of pipe. These valves consist of a cast iron chamber bolted on the pipe over the opening in the crown. These valve are automatic in action. Fig. shows tow type of air relief valves. 13

Fig. 5.4 Air Relief Valve (e) Drain Valve: In the summits of mains, it is possible that some suspended impurities may settl e down and cause obstruction to flow the water. In the distribution system at de ad ends if water is not taken out it will stagnate and bacteria will be born in it. To avoid the above difficulties drain valves are provided at all such points . When drain valve is opened the water rushes out thus removing all the silt, cl ay etc. from the main line. ,._ ;. :" , . i r, ~ ,r:"': ~.\. .. - .. I ~. TEl Fig. 5.5 Drain Valve . 14

6. 6.1 Manual Design DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The layout of the city of town, topography etc. wiJlgreatly effect the layout an d design of the distribution system. The existing population expected future pop ulation commercial and industrial present and future water requirements all have to be considered in the layout and design of the distribution system. The main work in the distribution system design is to determine the sizes of the distribution pipes which will be capable to carry the repaired quantity of wate r at the desired pressure. 6.1.1 Design of pipe lines Till date no direct method are available for the design of distribution pipes. While doing the design firs t of all Dia. of the pipes are assumed the terminal pressure heads which could b e made avaHable. t the end of each a pipe section after allowing for the loss of pressure head in the pipe section when full peak flow discharge is flowing are then determined. The determination of the friction losses in each pipe section i s done. The total discharge flowing through main pipes is to be determined in ad vance. Hazen William formula is widely used for determine the velocity through pipes. I t states : .. 15

r-1eadoss due to friction is determined by 1 HL = 1094 Q L d4.97 (_)1.85 CH 6.1.2 Analysis & design of pipe network In the distribution system for any closed network of the pipes the following con ditions must be fulfilled: (a) The quantity of water entering a junction, must b e equal to the quantity of water leaving the same junction. In other words enter ing flow must be equal to the leaving flow Le. low of continuity is satisfied. ( b) The algebraic sum of the pressure drops around closed loop must be zero. Le. there shall be continuity in the pressure. Following are the various methods for the analysis of flow in pipe network (1) (2) (3) (4) Circle Method Equivalent P ipe Method Electrical Analogy Method Hardy Cross Method Hardy cross method is most widely used. Hardy Cross Method: In this method the corrections are applied to the assumed flow in each successiv e trail. The head loss in each pipe is determined by pipe flow formula. The succ essive corrections are made in the flow in each pipe will 16

~"'eheads are balanced and the principle of continuity is satisfied at each junc tion. Now it Qa be the assumed flow in a pipe and Q be the actual flow in that pipe, t hen correction will be given by the relation. ~ = Q ~ Qa Q = Qa + ~ If the head loss in the pipe under reference is HL it can be determined by formula When k is a constant depending upon the size of the pipe and its interval condit ion. The head loss can also be determined by Hazen William formula in this term. As a common practice +ve sign is given to the head losses in clockwise directio n and - ve signs to those in the anti-clockwise direction. The minor losses are usually neglected. In case of network of pipes having many loops, the system mus t be divided in to two or more loops such that each pipe in the network is inclu ded in the circuit of one loop. We have adopted Hardy cross method for analysis of pipe network. The results obtained by the manual design is tabulated below: Since the result obtained by manual method is found to be more economical than t he latter due to have adopted the manual method in our design of pipes. 17

. Pipe no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. --..--.. .. Results obtain by the Manual Design: Pipe Dia. 400 200 250 200 350 200 200 200 200 300 200 150 150 150 200 150 100 100 HL Ht.l1000m 9.45 6.80 4.85 3.90 8.02 8.70 2.26 6.20 1.95 5.50 3.50 11.92 11.80 1.8 7 3.50 3.10 5.82 6.20 fLength 390 500 400 450 500 365 535 490 500 565 355 365 365 540 500 630 225 235 1.228 2.652 2.425 1.560 3.610 4.350 0.823 3.317 0.953 2.750 1.977 4.210 4.307 1. 000 1.750 1.953 1.307 1.457 I t. . 18

5...2 5.2.1 Software Design software details Required input data are given to the software package of distribution networkdesign.Then computersoftwareof design gives the output file of pipe details, pipe pressure details and node details. Computer software package,which consider so many factors regarding the distribut ionsystem.Hence it gives economicaldesign as compareto the manual design. 6.2.2 Input &Output Files The input & output files of software design are given as below: 19

1 NPUT FILE Echoing Input Variables Title of the Project : Mandvi :SMC : 18 : 13 :CI Name of the User Number of Pipes Number of nodes Type of Pipe Materials Used Number of Commercial Dia per Material Peak Design Fa ctor Newtor Raphson Stopping Criterion MLD :1 : 0.001 : 15 : 30 :2 :D :1 MinimumPressure (m) MaximumPressure (m) Design HydraulicGradient m in km Simlate or Design? No. of Res. Nodes with Fixed HGL No. of Res. Nodes with Variable HGL No. of Boo&er Pumps No. of Pressure Reducing Valves No. of Check Valves Type of Formula : Hazen's .. 2.0

. :o.rrrmerciaJ Diameter Data P :;e D a. Harzen's Constant 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 Unit Cost Allow Press Pipe Material CI .'"'t. (mm) 100.0 150.0 i RS/m Length M 500.00 597.93 871.88 1283.32 1663.23 2539.92 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 cr CI CI CI CI 200.0 250.0 300.0 i 1400.0 I 1450.0 500.0 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 3002.83 3674.22 4896.47 7076.84 8600.00 9500.00 10000.00 12000.00 14500.00 15000 .00 I 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 CI CI CI CI MS MS MS MS MS MS 1600.0 750.0 900.0 1000.0 I 1100.0 1200.0 1500.0 1555.0 100.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 2.1

. "-'ode Data r II " .:ce No. 1 2 J Peak Flow MLD Elevati on 106.00 15.00 103.00 104.00 1105.00 Min. Press m 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Max. Press M 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 I 11.00 I 0.000 -6.512 -0.540 -0.648 -5.068 -1.040 -0.900 -0.730 -3.929 -0.557 0.000 -0.715 0.000 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3 4 5 6 I 102.00 197.00 I 17 /8 9 10 111 12 13 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 101.00 101.00 103.00 103.00 104.00 104.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 I Fixed Head Reservoir Data Source Node I I Head m Ref Res. ?

(R) 1 121.00 R . 22.

. Pipe Data ':) "tY11 To Length Diameter Hazen's Pipe Status . 1 2 13 4 5 6 17 18 9 I Node Node M 1 2 2 3 2 6 5 5 4 5 7 I 9 9 10 9 8 12 12 mm Const Material (C/P) 2 3 6 4 5 7 4 7 10 9 8 10 8 11 12 13 11 13 130.00 390.00 500.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00 535.00 490.00 500.00 565.00 355 .00 365.00 540.00 500.00 630.00 225.00 235.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 10 11 12 13 44 15 -i6 17 18 23 ..

Q 100.0 I CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 535.00 420.00 500.00 565.00 355.00 365.00 540.00 500.00 630.00 225.00 235.00 267.50 245.00 250.00 282.50 177.50 182.50 270.00 250.00 315.00 112.50 117.50 1904.10 2149.18 2399.18 2681.68 2859.18 3041.68 3311.68 3561.68 3876.68 3989.18 4106.68 S 10 11 ! 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I I 12 13 14 15 16 i I 17 118 24

4' .__ 9 10 11 12 13 3.929 -0.557 0.000 -0.715 0.000 101.00 103.00 103.00 104.00 104.00 119.06 119.17 119.10 119.07 119.08 18.06 16.17 16.10 15.07 15.08 Pipe cost summary (mm) Pipe material Length (m) Cost (1000 Rs) D. Cum. Cost (1000 Rs) 100.0 200.0 250.0 CI CI CI 7075.00 450.00 130.00 3547.50 397.35 166.83 3547.50 3939.85 4106.68 Pipe wise I Pipe no I cost summary Dia. (mm) Pipe Length Cost Cum. cost material : ,1 i (m) 130.00 390.00 300.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00 (1000 Rs) 166.83 195.00 250.00 200.00 392.35 250.00 182.00 (1000 Rs) 166.83 361.83 611.83 811.83 1204.18 1454.18 1636.68 250.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 12 I \3 4 15 I ! 1.6 :7

. 2.S J

. OUTPUT FILE Looped water distribution network design output Band width ~umber of loops ...e 10n Raphson iterations Pfpe Details =3 =6 =2 =":e -... ... From Node 1 To Node 2 Flow MLD 15.325 Dia (mm) 250.0 HL (m) 0.32 HU1000 m (m) 2.45 Length (m) 130.00 Velocity (m/s) 0.58 .... 2 2 3 2 6 5 5 4 5 7 9 9 10 9 3 6 4 5 7 4 7 10 9 8 10 8 11 12 1.803 2.013 1.263 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.51 0.80 0.27 0.51 0.21 0.27 0.50 0.73 1.12 0.57 -0.11 -0.05 0.08 -0.01 1.30 1.59 0.67 1.12 0.41 0.74 0.93 1.50 2.23 1.01 -0.32 -0.13 0.14 -0.01 390.00 500.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00 535.00 490.00 500.00 565.00 355.00 0.23 0.26 0.16 0.33 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.20 -0.11 =: -

10.319 200.0 0.973 1.330 1.306 1.945 20415 1.571 -0.845 -0.530 0.543 -0.139 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 B 9 i"v 11 12 13 14 15 365.00 -0.07 540.00 500.00 0.07 -0.02 2.6

II'" , 16 17 18 8 12 12 13 11 13 0.311 -0.543 -0.311 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.05 -0.14 0.05 630.00 0.04 225.00 -0.07 235.00 -0.04 Note: Negative value indicates the flow in reverse direction in that pipe Pipe p ressure details Pipe no. 1 2 12 3 4 5 6 7 I From To Node Node 1 2 3 I Dia. (mm) 250.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Harzen's constant Pipe Max Allow Status material press (m) press (m) (C/P) 16.68 17.18 17.89 17.18 16.68 22.68 15.91 22. 68 16.17 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 100.00000 CI 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.000 00 100.00000 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI \2 6 4 5 7 4 7 10 13 2 6 5 :5 I 14 8 I 19

27

I Pipe pressure details cont'd Pipe no. 10 11 From To Node Node 5 7 9 8 Dia (mm) 1 00.0 100.0 Harzen's const 100.00000 100.00000 Pipe Max Allow Status (C/P) material press (m) press (m) CI 18.06 30.00 cr CI CI 22.68 18.06 18.11 16.17 18.06 18.11 16.10 15.08 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 12 13 14 15 I 9 9 10 9 8 I 12 12 10 8 11 12 13 11 13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 cr CI CI CI CI I 16 I 17 I 18 Node details Node no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 .... J Flow (MLD) 15.325 -6.512 -0.540 -0.648 -5.068 Elev. (m) 106.00 104.00 103.00 104.00 105.00 102.00 97.00 H.G.L. (m) 121.00 120.68 120.10 119.91 120.18 119.89 119.68 Pressure (m) 15.00 16.68 17.18 15.91 15.18 17.89 22.68 -1.040 -0.908

8 -0.730 101.00 119.11 18.11 28

I 7. CONCLUSION Result of distribution system from manual & software show that there is a differ ence between them. Computer software sophistical package which consider so many factor regarding the distribution system. Hence it gives economical design as co mpare to manual design. In manual design hardy cross method is most widely used method. But it is too much time consuming & so many iteration are required. 2.9

I REFERENCES I 1. 2. 3. A.G.Bhole. "Low cost package water treatment plant for rural areas" I.E (I) Journal - EN 1995. Birdie J.S. "Water supply and sanitary engineering", Pub.: Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi, 1994. Fair G.M. "Water and waste water engineering" (vol.1&2) john Wiley & sons, inc. New York, 1967. 4. Garg S.K. Govt. of India. Hudson H.E Jr. 'Water supply engineering" Khanna pub., New Delhi, 1994. "Manual on Water Supply & Treatment", Ministry of works & housi ng, New Delhi, 1984. 5. 6. "Water Clarification process: Practical Van Norstrand Design 7. Steel EW. & Mcggee T.J. 8. Twart A.C. & Evaluation" Reinhold Co., New York, 1981. 'Water Supply & Sewerage" McGraw Hill Ltd., New York, 1981. 'Water Supply" Arnold International Student Edition (AISE), Great Britain, 1985. , 30

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'--.,j 't0 1 '.: : -.~ .", w.. I.1.' I ,I . <M ~/ ....