TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3. COMPONENT USED 4. ADVANTAGE 5. DISADVANTAGE 6. APPLICATION

7. REFRENCE

2 3 4 5 5 5 6

1. INTRODUCTION
Pulse width modulation is also known as pulse duration modulation (PDM), is a digital modulation technique where by the width of a pulse carrier is made to vary in accordance with the modulation voltage. The leading edge of the carrier pulse remains fixed & the occurrence of the trailing edge of pulse varies .Figure(1) illustrate the PWM signal along with a simple 555 timer circuit configured as a monostable multivibrator and used to generate the PWM signal. In the monostable mode of operation ,the 555 timer act as a one-short that is triggered by the clock input signal at pin 2.The output pulse width Tw at pin 3 is governed by the equation :Tw =0.1RAC. The output pulse width is modulated by the modulation input voltage Vi applied at pin 5 of the 555 timer .The voltage at pin 5 is internally biased at 2/3 Vcc .Since we are using +5v as a supply this is approximately equal 3.3 v. By altering this internal bias above and below this potential, the width of the pulse, governed by the above equation, can be made vary. The unmodulated output pulse width of the circuit will be design approximately 5oo s. A DC potential will be applied at the modulation input above and below 2/3 Vcc(3.3v) and resulting PWM signal will be measured.

2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG.1:-SIMULATED DIAGRAM
3

FIG.2:-WAVE FORM

3. COMPONENT USED 1. 2-Voltage generator 2. 1-555 timer IC 3. 2 Resistor (R1=4.3kohm,R2=500ohm) 4. 3 Capacitor (C1=0.1uF,C2=0.1uF,C3=10uF)

4. ADVANTAGES
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching device is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current and when it is on there is almost no voltage drop across the switch .Power loss being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero .PWM also works well with digital control, which because of their on/off nature can easily set the needed duty cycle. PWM has also been used in certain communication system where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communication channel.

5. DISADVANTAGES
Large bandwidth is required for the PWM communication. Pulses are varying in width and therefore their power contents are variable.

6. APPLICATION 1. In servo control 2. Power delivery 3. Voltage regulation 4. Switched mode power supply 5. Audio effect and amplification 6. In communication

7. REFERNCES
1. Lam, L.T., et al, Pulsed-current charging of lead/acid batteriesa possible means for overcoming premature capacity loss?, CSIRO, Australia, Journal of Power Sources 53, 1995. 2. Hund, Tom, Battery Testing for Photovoltaic Applications, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, presented at 14th NREL Program Review, Nov. 1996. Morningstar test results, 1999. 3. Stevens, John et al, Field Investigation of the Relationship between Battery Size and PV System Performance, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. Morningstar test results, 1999. 4. Dunlop, James et al, Performance of Battery Charge Controllers: An Interim Test Report, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, presented at IEEE PV Specialists Conference, May 1990. 5. Woodworth, Joseph et al, Evaluation of the Batteries and Charge Controllers in Small Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems. Sandi National Laboratories, presented at WCPEC, December 1994.