ANTI COLLISION SYSTEM

2012-13

1. Introduction
Indian Railways have 4th largest network size in the world but still it has outdated communication, safety and signaling equipment on many of its tracks. The speed of updating these with the latest technology is very slow. The manual signal system on the tracks increases the distance between trains and reduces their speed besides being the cause of a number of train accidents.

So, we come up with a project Anti-Collision System (Railways) which can avoid such type of railway accidents. So, we come up with a project GPS Zigbee train anti collision which can avoid such type of railway accidents.

In this project, we have used Microcontroller, LCD panel, Wireless TransReceiver Unit (Zigbee), MAX 232, different ICs and power supply.

Microcontroller is the heart of our project; it acts as an interface among LCD, Motor, Max 232, Potentiometer, LEDs and Transreceiver (Zigbee).

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1.1. Literature Survey

Indian Railways may soon launch real-time tracking of trains on Google maps that can be accessed through mobile devices and PCs.

The Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS), the technology arm of the Indian Railways, has developed a GPS-based solution with help of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), which can provide exact location of a train with an accuracy of 10 meters, and latency of 2 minutes, on a real-time basis.

The GPS devices, which will cost around Rs 70,000-1, 00,000 per train, would be fitted in about 100 trains, which may help avert collisions and prevent loss of lives. In affect, trains in future may know each other's location, and start breaking, in case of danger ahead.

The breaking distance of passenger trains is about 1 km, while for freight trains it is about 1.4 kms. Around 22 people have died this year due to train accidents, and last year around 120 people died. According to reports, in the last four years, around 15% of rail accidents took place in India.

"The government's focus is to reduce the number of accidents and installation of real-time monitoring service on all trains by the end of 2013, which would contribute in improving the monitoring," V A Chopra MD CRIS said.

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Passengers may also be available to see real-time locations, as CRIS has integrated the GPS app with Google maps. ISRO's INSAT-3C satellite will aid in location of moving trains. The GPS system can give an accuracy of about 10 metres, with a lag of about 2 minutes.

However, CRIS aims to shorten the distance to about 3 metres, the average distance between two gauge lines, a critical factor that can prevent accidents if a train on another line is derailing.

Success of the GPS-based system may help Railways in running trains at high speed. The GPS application will also aid in better planning of train schedules, especially in bad weather.

Currently, scheduling is done manually. Station masters call the divisional headquarters and inform them once a train has left a particular station. "In future, the controller will only plan the running and scheduling of trains instead of cocoordinating with various other stations to confirm the status of the trains," said Chopra. Indian Railways has about 77 control offices at over 6,000 stations. A pilot project has already started between Chennai and Tambaram railway stations, where about 364 suburban train services have been scheduled successfully with the GPS devices. CRIS plans to allocate around Rs 70 crore to the project. The facility to track train movements will soon be available on Indianrailways. gov.in. Last year, Indian Railways had announced the project Satellite Imaging for Rail Navigation (SIMRAN) jointly with IIT-Kanpur for a similar tracking portal, which is currently in pilot stage with several trains including Rajdhani and Shatabdi.

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1.2. GPS Zigbee Train monitor & Anti-collision System

2012-13

In the process of train operation, how to accurately grasp a moving target current location information and real-time display in peoples eyes has become one of hot issues. Therefore, GPS / GIS intelligent traffic monitoring system has been created. It combines a global positioning system technology, Geographic Information Systems technology and modern communications technology to achieve a realtime location monitoring of trains. This system makes people, vehicles and road work closely with staff to deal with increased ability to train fault .This paper has been designed a monitoring system for emergency vehicles based on GPS / GIS technology. In several wireless data transmission we select the ZIgbee as a data communication. We have installed GPS modules and ZIgbee module on the train terminal to receive and send data. Monitoring Center is responsible for communication through the Zigbee network of GPS positioning data processing, combined with VB and MapX component technology to achieve a real-time monitoring, information inquiries, such as the history of the main functions of the track playback monitoring interface .The system uses Zigbee data transmission network as a platform for enhanced real-time data transmission, and increased transmission flows and improve the data transfer rate and reduce the bit error rate and reduce the communication costs. This network is applicable to the sudden application of the data such as the GPS system. In addition, during designing the electronic map, using the MapInfos MapX Component Object Model as a secondary development, making the work of relatively simple programming and shortens the development cycle. Monitoring Center of the man-machine interface used in the form of electronic maps, and can do the following operations for the
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entire interface ,such as enlarge, reduce, roaming and also can control map layers information .This system is simple and clear, easy to operate, and it has the basic functions of the emergency vehicle location monitoring system.

1.3. Organization of the Report

1. Title page. It contents the title of report, name, the name of organization, the date when report was done, and the name of tutor or commission. 2. Table of contents. It is a schematic presentation of report layout. It contains titles of sections, and the numbers of pages in accordance with each section beginning. 3. Abstract. Report writing format does not obligatory contain this section. An abstract is a short summary of report information. 4. Introduction. This section opens the main informative part of report. Write here about the purpose, objectives and methods of a research that you used. You should attract the attention of readers. 5. The body of a report. a format of report writing can be subdivided into several subsections. But those sections will be included to the body of a report. In the body you perform important information on the topic. 6. Conclusions. It is a compulsory section of report writing format. You should write about the results and significance of your work.

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2. Proposal
2.1 Proposed Work
The proposed Train Anti Collision System consists of a self - acting microcontroller and two way ZigBee-based data communication system. TACS Network consists of mobile subsystems (on Locomotives and Guards Brake Vans), track changing sections subsystem, subsystem in stations, subsystem in level crossing gates and the subsystem in railway signal posts. Loco subsystem communicates to other locos within a radius of 3000 meters [5] using radio frequency . The system communicates with the nearest signal posts, Level crossing gates and control stations to continuously monitor various signals arriving in the control center and taking decisions based on the received data. ZigBee modem communicate s with other subsystems providing a mesh interconnection between all subsystems. The control station controls and monitors the entire system in the TACS network. Whenever a collision-like situation is perceived, TACS Network is likely to prevent head-on and rear -end collisions in mid -sections, collisions at high speed in station area, side collisions with derailed vehicles obstructing adjacent line, collisions due to train parting or jumbling and collisions with road vehicles at level crossing through Train Approach warning and detection of Gate Open. Train subsystem also gives Station Approach warning to drivers. Moreover, using manual switches on the train subsystem, Drivers, Guards and Station Masters can also stop trains when any unusual is detected. Different subsystems of TACS when installed on Locomotives (along with their AutoBraking Units), Guard Vans, Railway signal posts, Stations, Track changing
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sections and at Level Crossings (both manned as well as un-manned), form a TACS Network. The proposed model makes use of ZigBee protocol as a medium of transferring information. The data reception and transmission between the different subsystems are performed using Wireless RF data communication system. The Wireless RF module sends capsules of data as an 8 bit format comprising of the signals obtained from various points described. Figure 2 shows the pictorial representation of the TACS control center.

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2.2 Proposed Methodology

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Designing block diagram At this stage we have categorized the whole system into different individual modules. These modules (block diagrams) will be helpful in understanding the concept and working of the integrated system. It also simplifies the entire debugging and testing process.

Implementing circuits and components This is the actual implementation of circuit of each block. At this stage we have actually designed each block separately and finally integrated them into the complete working system.

Developing algorithm for software To get the logical flow of the software, the development of algorithm is having a prominent role. So that we have analyzed the complete system and organized the algorithm in such a manner that one can understand the complete working of the software.

writing actual code for Microcontroller After the development of the algorithm and flowchart we have actually translated them in C language for Atmel 89C51 Microcontroller so that it can understand the instructions and run as per our requirement. The instructions are in ANSII C Language.

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Compiling the code The code is implemented on the computer for which we have used Keil preinstalled on PC. The Keil is a Computer Aided Program to simulate the working of Microcontroller in real time without burning the software into actual IC. We simulated and compiled our program for error checking. After removing of several compiling errors the program was converted into machine language i.e. Intel hex format.

Burning the hex file into microcontroller with Programmer In this stage the compiled hex format file was downloaded or burned into Atmel AT89C51 flash Microcontroller. This was done with the help of FP-8903 Programmer for Atmel microcontrollers designed by Oriole Electronics Pvt. Ltd.

Testing and Running This time we tested our project for actual working, after loading the software into the microcontroller. Any errors found were removed successfully. This is the last and final stage.

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2.3

System Requirements

SR.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Description Transformer 12-0-12V,750mA Diode 1N4007 Capacitor1000uF,25V Voltage regulator IC 7805 Capacitor 1uF LED Resistors Disc capacitors IC Base PCB Wires Solder wire Cabinet Mains cord Transistor BC548 GPS receiver Zigbee XCTU 1 4 1 1 1 1 15 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 3

Qty.

Price 35 4 5 10 1 1 5 5 10 250 25 25 150 10 15 2600 1929

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3. Planning and Formulation

3.1 Planning and formulation

SR.No

Activity

Duration

Resource name

PCB designing

JAN 2013FEB 2013

PCB DESIGNING USING SOFTWARE

Etching and soldering

FEB 2013

LITERATURE MATERIALS

INTERACTION 3 Testing and troubleshooting MAR 2013 WITH GUIDE AND LITERATUTRE MATERIAL

Report making

APR 2013

INTERACTION WITH GUIDE

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3.2 Project Management Plan

Tasks The following tasks are to be executed:1. Requirement Analysis Phase 1 2. Requirement Analysis Phase 2 3. Design of System 4. Coding Phase 1 5. Coding Phase 2 6. Testing Phase 1

Requirement analysis:

1. Requirement Analysis Phase 1: This will include the research of existing software and a discussion with the Project guide.

2. Requirement Analysis Phase 2: Based on the above results, the project team will discuss and finalize the requirements that are to be provided. We shall consult a number of experts during this phase. The SPMP shall also be prepared during this phase. Design Phase: The design phase will involve the design of the static view, dynamic view, and the functional view of the software. A number of diagrams including the Use case, class diagram, activity diagram, and data flow diagrams

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will be used to model the software. Also, the GUIs will be designed during this phase. Coding Phase 1: The prerequisite to this phase is the study of Microsoft Visual basic6. After this study, an initial code of the entire project will be written. Also, the database will be created during this phase. Finally, we shall conduct unit tests.

Coding Phase 2: This phase will include a review of the code created in Phase 1. After the review, the necessary code and database will be modified to include the results of review. Testing Phase: We shall be following a testing program that will involve unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing. More information will be known after further discussion.

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4. Design of system
4.1 Functional Block Diagram
System Block Diagram Train ID 1

Power Supply

LCD Display

GPS Receiver NMEA Data

Train Chain Relay Driver IC ULN 2803 Microcontroller 89s51 40 pin Dip 5v supply voltage

Power Supply 5v Clock Reset

Train ID Track ID Switch Temp.

Alarm

Cut out Relay Board Zig-Bee Module

Motor

Power Supply +3.3 v

Fig 4.1
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System Block Diagram Train ID 2

Power Supply LCD Display

GPS Receiver NMEA Data

Microcontroller 89s51 40 pin Dip 5v supply voltage

Power Supply 5v Clock Reset

Train Chain Relay Driver IC ULN 2803

Train ID Track ID Switch

Alarm

Temp.

Cut out Relay Board Zig-Bee Module

Motor

Power Supply +3.3 v

Fig 4.2

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Receiver Section for Control Room

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BASCOM Software

RS 232 Serial Communication IC MAX 232

Zig-Bee Module

Power Supply +5 v

Power Supply + 3.3v

Computer

Fig 4.3

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4.2 Circuit Diagram

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Fig 4.4

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4.3 Working

GPS based train anti-collision and position contains microcontroller 89S51, GPS module, Zigbee module, LCD display, and relay driver as main components. Microcontroller 89S51 is CMOS technology controller which can be 1000 times erased and reprogrammed. It has three main requirements power supply, clock, reset. Crystal oscillator of frequency 11.0592MHz is used because it can produce exact baud rate of 9600 required for serial communication. It has four ports- PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, PORT3 all are 8 bits. Coordinates of train is displayed on 16*2 LCD displays which is connected to PORT0. Direction of train is specified on Port 1. Port 2 is used of relay connection. PORT3 has RXD and TXD pins for serial communication, when supply is on, GPS in both the trains will receive their respective coordinates. When latitude and longitude are received, second relay will switch its contact and it will transmit its coordinates to other train through Zigbee. Similarly it will receive opposite trains coordinates. Microcontroller will compare these coordinates with its own coordinates and if difference is less than pre defined threshold value, first relay will switch its contact and motor will stop and buzzer will ring.

When breaks are applied, we have designed it such a way that one of the train will act as control station. The second train will transmit its coordinates to control station and in control station, that position is displayed on Google maps using PC interface.

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4.4

Description of Components

4.4.1 AT89S51 Microcontroller:

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with InSystem Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector twolevel interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.

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Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Ti Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

2012-13

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Fig 4.5

4.4.2 LCD Display:

Various display device such as seven segment display. LCD display, etc can be interfaced with microcontroller to read the output directly. In our project we use a two line LCD display with 16 characters each. Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured element, which is calculated by the microcontroller. CMOS technology makes the device ideal for application in hand held, portable and other battery instruction with low power consumption.
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Specifications: Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle Display size: 16 character * 2 lines Character structure: 5*8 dots. Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits) Character generate ROM: 192 characters Character generate RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits) Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU. Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON. Built in oscillator circuit.

Net Media 2x16 Serial LCD Display Module

Fig 4.6

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4.4.3 Power Supply

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply:

Fig 4.7

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

-

Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple. Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

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4.4.4 Relay Driver

ULN2803 The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage

requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer, industrial, and consumer applications.

Features 1. Eight darlingtons with common emitters; 2. Output current to 500 Ma; 3. Output voltage to 50 V; 4. Integral suppression diodes; 5. Versions for all popular logic families

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4.4.5 Global Positioning System (GPS)

Introduction

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is global navigation satellite system which uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals that enable GPS receivers to determine their location, speed, direction, and time. GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies such as geocaching and way marking. Also, the precise time reference is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a time synchronization source for cellular network protocols. GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations. Disaster relief and emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving missions. The accurate timing that GPS provides facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors, geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically, and accurately using the free and open GPS signals.

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GPS Method of Operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the satellite sending the message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). These signals travel at the speed of light through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The receiver uses the arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each satellite thereby establishing that the GPS receiver is approximately on the surfaces of spheres centered at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate, the knowledge that the GPS receiver is on (if vehicle altitude is known) or near the surface of a sphere centered at the earth center.

This information is then used to estimate the position of the GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The resulting coordinates are converted to a more convenient form for the user such as latitude and longitude, or location on a map, and then displayed. It might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions. However a fourth condition is needed for two reasons. One has to do with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver clock. It turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth sphere surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position. For near earth vehicles, this knowledge that it is near earth is sufficient to determine the GPS receiver position since for this case there is only one
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intersection which is near earth. A fourth sphere surface is also needed to correct the GPS receiver clock. More precise information is needed for this task. An estimate of the radius of the sphere is required. Therefore an approximation of the earth altitude or radius of the sphere centered at the satellite must be known.

Features High sensitivity -160dBm Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites LED indicating power & Fix Low power consumption GPS L1 C/A Code Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol Real time navigation for location based services Works from +5V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data Built In Ceramic antenna

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Applications

Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management

Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking AVL and Location-Based Services Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application Emergency Locator Geographic Surveying Personal Positioning Sporting and Recreation Embedded applications which needs to be aware of its location on earth

Using GPS receiver: The connector of GPS contains four terminals GND +5V TX = Out RX = Input

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Provide regulated +5V DC supply to +5V and Ground.

2012-13

The TX output wire can be connected to microcontroller RXD pin directly. The RX input pin has special purpose in the sense it can be used to send commands regarding operation of GPS like changing baud rate. The GREEN Power LED indicates that GPS is getting power. The RED LED indicates if blinking that it is searching for satellites. If it becomes off means it has found a fix with satellite and data contains position and other data. When you power on it will blink for a while then it will become off.

4.4.6 Zigbee Transmitter Receiver Module

ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks. The standard takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands worldwide at the following frequencies: 2.4002.484 GHz, 902-928 MHz and 868.0868.6 MHz. The 802.15.4 specification was developed at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The specification is a packet-based radio protocol that meets the needs of low-cost, battery-operated devices. The protocol allows devices to

intercommunicate and be powered by batteries that last years instead of hours. The ZigBee protocol carries all the benefits of the 802.15.4 protocol with added networking functionality

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General technical Specifications of Zigbee

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Global operation in the 2.4GHz frequency band according to IEEE 802.15.4 Regional operation in the 915 MHz (Americas) and 868 MHz (Europe). Frequency agile solution operating over 16 channels in the 2.4GHz frequency. Incorporates power saving mechanisms for all device classes, plus support for battery-less devices Discovery mechanism with full application confirmation. Pairing mechanism with full application confirmation Multiple star topology and inter-personal area network (PAN) communication.

4.4.7 RS 232 Serial communication

MAX 232: The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. MAX 232 Features: Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Operates From a Single 5-V Power Supply Operates Up To 120 Kbit/s Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V Input Levels Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical
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Design of MAX-232 circuit Fig 4.8

4.5

PCB designing

Five steps to PCB making

1. Draw the schematic of the circuit on a computer using the required software 2. Design the PCB on the computer using the required software 3. Print the PCB design through a laser printer 4. Take the impression of the circuit on a copper-clad board 5. Remove the excess copper by etching 6. Solder the components on the PCB

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4.5.1 Designing the Layout:

While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be as small as possible. Before starting, all components should be placed properly so that an accurate measurement of space can be made. The component should not be mounted very close to each other or far away from one another and neither one should ignore the fact that some component reed ventilation, which considerably the dimension of the relay and transformer in view of arrangement, the bolting arrangement is also considered. The layout is first drawn on paper then traced on copper plate which is finalized with the pen or permanent marker which is efficient and clean with etching. The resistivity also depends on the purity of copper, which is highest for low purity of copper. The high resistance path are always undesired for soldered connections. The most difficult part of making an original printed circuit is the conversion from, theoretical circuit diagram into wiring layout. Without introducing cross over and undesirable effect.

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4.5.2 Etching:

2012-13

Cut the copper-clad board to a size matching the size of the PCB design printout. You can also use a glass epoxy board but its costlier than a copper-clad board. Put the paper printout on the board with the printed side facing the copper side. Affix the paper to the board using cello tape so that the paper does not move while ironing. Now take your household electric iron and set its temperature to the maximum Press the hot iron on the paper and carefully move it across the paper for about four minutes. While doing so, check for impressions. Continue ironing until the complete impression of the circuit comes on the copper side. Complete the blanks, if any, with a good permanent marker. If any line is not dark enough, redraw it on the board using the permanent marker. Wash the board in normal tap water. Drill IC holes using a 1mm hand PCB drill. Redraw the lines using the permanent marker if they have been defaced by the drill. Now mix some FeCl3 (ferric chloride) powder in hot water. The reaction is vigorous, so take safety precaution. Put the copper-clad board in the solution and constantly tilt the container from side to side without spilling its contents. This is done to speed up the reaction. It takes five to six minutes to wash away all the excess copper. In between, keep checking the board. Ensure that the marker or carbon of the impression does not wash away. Take the board out and wash it under tap water to remove the permanent marker ink. Remove carbon by using nail polish remover. Use a scrubber to gently scrub the copper surface till it shines and PCB is ready.

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4.5.3 Soldering

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For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove oxide film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered. Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly. The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly over the joint. When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed. The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement. The bright shining solder indicates good soldering. In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the solder matenal and the joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is done. Thus is this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B.

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4.6 Software Description

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BASCOM Programming

BASCOM-8051 Name BASIC is an abbreviation for: Begginers All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. Simply stated, a programming language for beginners. This attribute "for beginners" has followed BASIC for a long time; so many competitive programmers have often erroneously avoided using it. It runs BASCOM-8051 is the Windows BASIC COMPILER for the 8051 family. Itis designed to on W95/W98/NT/W2000 and XP. Key Benefits

Structured BASIC with labels. Structured programming with IF-THE N-ELSE-END IF, DO-LOOP, WHILE-WEND, SELECT- CASE. Fast machine code inset ad of interpreted code. Variables and labels can be as long as 32 characters. Bit, Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single and String variables. Compiled programs work with any 8051 uP such as AT89C1051, AT89C2051, 8031, 8032, 8051, 8052, 80552, 80535 and 80537 m Processors. Statements are highl y compatible with Microsofts VB/QB. Special commands for LCD-displays , I2C chips and 1WIRE chips.

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Integrated terminal emulator with download option. Integrated simulator for testing. Integrated flash programmer and support for SPI, PG2051, PG302, SE512, SE514, TAFE. (hardware can be purchased separately) Editor with statement highlighting. Context sensitive help.

2012-13

To make a program takes just a few steps: Write the program in BASIC Compile it to fast machine binary code Test the result with the integrated simulator (with additional hardware you can simulate the hardware too) Program the chip with one of the integrated programmers. (hardware must be purchased separately) The program can be written in a comfortable MDI color coded editor. Besides the normal editing feat ures, the editor supports Undo, Redo, Bookmarks and block indention

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5. Merits and Demerits

5.1 Merits
1. Automatic collision avoidance 2. More efficient and reliable 3. Since the position of train is displayed on Google maps it is very easy to understand for common people. 4. Cost efficient

5.2 Demerits
1. Coordinates of gps changes rapidly. 2. Programming consumes complete memory of microcontroller. So for additional features we may require to connect external RAM.

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6. Future scope
1. Using GPS speed of train uplink train can be determined with respect to downlink train. 2. Fire alarm, smoke detector can be introduced in the train to make system more secure for public.

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7. Conclusion
In this project, an anti-collision system and the position on Google maps for trains have been designed, simulated and tested. It has been estimated that if the system is implemented in railways, two trains accidently on the same track but in opposite direction may stop automatically with a safe distance. Hence it is expected that, major train mishaps can be prevented and human life saved if this system is implemented.

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Bibliography
The datasheets and block-diagram/pin-diagram for various components are available as follows: http://www.htmldatasheet.com/atmel/89c2051.html http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/M/A/X/2/MAX232.sht ml http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/M/C/T/2/MCT2E.shtml http://www.datasheetarchive.com/db9+connector+datasheetdatasheet.html http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ Electrical Technology by B.L. Theraja Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System by Mazidi

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