TOPIC 2 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS & CHEMICAL QUANTITIES Formula Mass The mass of an individual molecule or formula unit also

so known as molecular mass or molecular weight mass of 1 molecule of H2O = 2(1.01 amu H) + 16.00 amu O = 18.02 amu

Molar Mass of Compounds The relative masses of molecules can be calculated from atomic masses Formula Mass = 1 molecule of H2O = 2(1.01 amu H) + 16.00 amu O = 18.02 amu 1 mole of H2O contains 2 moles of H and 1 mole of O so molar mass = 1 mole H2O = 2(1.01 g H) + 16.00 g O = 18.02 g so the Molar Mass of H2O is 18.02 g/mole Practice How many moles are in 50.0 g of PbO2? (Pb = 207.2, O = 16.00)

Example: Find the number of CO2 molecules in 10.8 g of dry ice

Practice How many formula units are in 50.0 g of PbO2? (PbO2 = 239.2)

Practice What is the mass of 4.78 x 1024 NO2 molecules?

Composition of Compounds - Percent Composition Percentage of each element in a compound by mass Can be determined from 1. the formula of the compound 2. the experimental mass analysis of the compound The percentages may not always total to 100% due to rounding

Example 3.13: Find the mass percent of Cl in C2Cl4F2

Mass Percent as a Conversion Factor The mass percent tells you the mass of a constituent element in 100 g of the compound the fact that CCl2F2 is 58.64% Cl by mass means that 100 g of CCl2F2 contains 58.64 g Cl

This can be used as a conversion factor 100 g CCl2F2 : 58.64 g Cl

Practice Benzaldehyde is 79.2% carbon. What mass of benzaldehyde contains 19.8 g of C?

Conversion Factors in Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas have inherent in them relationships between numbers of atoms and molecules or moles of atoms and molecules These relationships can be used to convert between amounts of constituent elements and molecules like percent composition

Practice Find the mass of sodium in 6.2 g of NaCl

Empirical Formula Simplest, whole-number ratio of the atoms of elements in a compound Can be determined from elemental analysis masses of elements formed when a compound is decompose, or that react together to form a compound percent composition Finding an Empirical Formula 1) Convert the percentages to grams a) assume you start with 100 g of the compound b) skip if already grams 2) Convert grams to moles a) use molar mass of each element 3) Write a pseudoformula using moles as subscripts 4) Divide all by smallest number of moles a) if result is within 0.1 of whole number, round to whole number 5) Multiply all mole ratios by number to make all whole numbers a) if ratio ?.5, multiply all by 2; if ratio ?.33 or ?.67, multiply all by 3; if ratio 0.25 or 0.75, multiply all by 4; etc. b) skip if already whole numbers

Practice Determine the empirical formula of magnetite, which contains 72.4% Fe (55.85) and the rest oxygen (16.00)

Practice Determine the empirical formula of magnetite, which contains 72.4% Fe (55.85) and the rest oxygen (16.00) Apply the conceptual plan

Molecular Formulas The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula To determine the molecular formula you need to know the empirical formula and the molar mass of the compound

Practice Benzopyrene has a molar mass of 252 g and an empirical formula of C 5H3. What is its molecular formula? (C = 12.01, H=1.01)

Molecular formula = {C5H3} x 4 = C20H12 Chemical Reactions Reactions involve chemical changes in matter resulting in new substances Reactions involve rearrangement and exchange of atoms to produce new molecules elements are not transmuted during a reaction

Chemical Equations Shorthand way of describing a reaction Provides information about the reaction formulas of reactants and products states of reactants and products relative numbers of reactant and product molecules that are required can be used to determine weights of reactants used and products that can be made

Combustion of Methane must be Balanced To show the reaction obeys the Law of Conservation of Mass the equation must be balanced we adjust the numbers of molecules so there are equal numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the arrow CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Chemical Equations

This equation is balanced, meaning that there are equal numbers of atoms of each element on the reactant and product sides to obtain the number of atoms of an element, multiply the subscript by the coefficient 1 C 1 4 H 4 4 O 2+2

Symbols Used in Equations Symbols used to indicate state after chemical (g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid (aq) = aqueous = dissolved in water Energy symbols used above the arrow for decomposition reactions D = heat hn = light shock = mechanical elec = electrical

Example 3.22: Write a balanced equation for the combustion of butane, C4H10

Practice When aluminum metal reacts with air, it produces a white, powdery compound, aluminum oxide reacting with air means reacting with O2 aluminum(s) + oxygen(g) aluminum oxide(s) Al(s) + O 2( g ) Al2O3(s)

Reaction Stoichiometry The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation specify the relative amounts in moles of each of the substances involved in the reaction 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

2 molecules of C8H18 react with 25 molecules of O2 to form 16 molecules of CO2 and 18 molecules of H2O 2 moles of C8H18 react with 25 moles of O2 to form 16 moles of CO2 and 18 moles of H2O 2 mol C8H18 : 25 mol O2 : 16 mol CO2 : 18 mol H2O
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Predicting Amounts from Stoichiometry The amounts of any other substance in a chemical reaction can be determined from the amount of just one substance How much CO2 can be made from 22.0 moles of C8H18 in the combustion of C8H18? 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g) 2 moles C8H18 : 16 moles CO2

Practice How many moles of water are made in the combustion of 0.10 moles of glucose?

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Example 4.1: How many grams of glucose can be synthesized from 37.8 g of CO 2 in photosynthesis?

Practice How many grams of O2 can be made from the decomposition of 100.0 g of PbO2? 2 PbO2(s) 2 PbO(s) + O2(g)

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Percent Yield The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield. The theoretical yield will always be the least possible amount of product the theoretical yield will always come from the limiting reactant The actual yield of product will always be less than the theoretical yield

The Limiting Reactant The reactant that limits the amount of product is called the limiting reactant sometimes called the limiting reagent the limiting reactant gets completely consumed Reactants not completely consumed are called excess reactants The amount of product that can be made from the limiting reactant is called the theoretical yield Practice How many moles of Si3N4 can be made from 1.20 moles of Si and 1.00 moles of N2 in the reaction 3 Si + 2 N2 Si3N4?

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Example 4.4: Finding limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and percent yield Example: When 28.6 kg of C are allowed to react with 88.2 kg of TiO2 in the reaction below, 42.8 kg of Ti are obtained. Find the limiting reactant, theoretical yield, and percent yield. TiO2 (s) + 2C (s) Ti (s) + CO (g)

Write down the given quantity and its units Given: 28.6 kg C 88.2 kg TiO2 42.8 kg Ti produced Write down the quantity to find and/or its units Find: limiting reactant theoretical yield percent yield Write a conceptual plan

Collect needed relationships 1000 g = 1 kg Molar Mass TiO2 = 79.87 g/mol Molar Mass Ti = 47.87 g/mol Molar Mass C = 12.01 g/mol 1 mole TiO2 : 1 mol Ti (from the chem. equation) 2 mole C : 1 mol Ti (from the chem. equation)

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Apply the conceptual plan

Check the solutions limiting reactant = TiO2 theoretical yield = 52.9 kg percent yield = 80.9% Because Ti has lower molar mass than TiO2, the T.Y. makes sense and the percent yield makes sense as it is less than 100%

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Practice How many grams of N2(g) can be made from 9.05 g of NH3 reacting with 45.2 g of CuO? 2 NH3(g) + 3 CuO(s) N2(g) + 3 Cu(s) + 3 H2O(l) If 4.61 g of N2 are made, what is the percent yield?

Solution:

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Solutions Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions The component of the solution that changes state is called the solute The component that keeps its state is called the solvent if both components start in the same state, the major component is the solvent

Solution Concentration Qualitatively, solutions are often described as dilute or concentrated Dilute solutions have a small amount of solute compared to solvent Concentrated solutions have a large amount of solute compared to solvent

Molarity Moles of solute per 1 liter of solution Used because it describes how many molecules of solute in each liter of solution

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Preparing 1 L of a 1.00 M NaCl Solution

Example 4.5: Find the molarity of a solution that has 25.5 g KBr dissolved in 1.75 L of solution

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Practice What Is the molarity of a solution containing 3.4 g of NH3 (MM 17.03) in 200.0 mL of solution?

Using Molarity in Calculations Molarity shows the relationship between the moles of solute and liters of solution If a sugar solution concentration is 2.0 M, then 1 liter of solution contains 2.0 moles of sugar 2 liters = 4.0 moles sugar 0.5 liters = 1.0 mole sugar 1 L solution : 2 moles sugar Example 4.6: How many liters of 0.125 M NaOH contain 0.255 mol NaOH? Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

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Practice Determine the mass of CaCl2 (MM = 110.98) in 1.75 L of 1.50 M solution Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

Example: How would you prepare 250.0 mL of a 1.00 M solution CuSO 4 5 H2O(MM 249.69)? Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

Practice How would you prepare 250.0 mL of 0.150 M CaCl2? Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

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Dilution Often, solutions are stored as concentrated stock solutions To make solutions of lower concentrations from these stock solutions, more solvent is added the amount of solute doesnt change, just the volume of solution moles solute in solution 1 = moles solute in solution 2 The concentrations and volumes of the stock and new solutions are inversely proportional M1V1 = M2V2

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Example 4.7: To what volume should you dilute 0.200 L of 15.0 M NaOH to make 3.00 M NaOH?

Practice What is the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting 45.0 mL of 8.25 M HNO3 to 135.0 mL? Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

Practice How would you prepare 200.0 mL of 0.25 M NaCl solution from a 2.0 M solution? Given: Find: Conceptual Plan: Solution:

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Solution Stoichiometry Because molarity relates the moles of solute to the liters of solution, it can be used to convert between amount of reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction

Example 4.8: What volume of 0.150 M KCl is required to completely react with 0.150 L of 0.175 M Pb(NO3)2 in the reaction 2 KCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)?

Practice Solution stoichiometry 43.8 mL of 0.107 M HCl is needed to neutralize 37.6 mL of Ba(OH)2 solution. What is the molarity of the base?

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