Out of Line - The Failure of The Global Tuna Longline Fisheries

The fa||ure of the g|oba|
tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es

Out of ||ne
!"#$%&$' )*+,
2 Out of L|ne The fa||ure of g|oba| tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es
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For more |nformat|on contact:
pressdesk.|nt@greenpeace.org
Wr|tten by:
He|ene Bours, Jeonghee Han,
Wakao Hanaoka , Sarah K|ng,
O||ver Know|es, E|eanor Partr|dge,
Kar|| Thomas, Sar| To|vanen,
Oasson Trenor.
Ed|ted by:
A|exandra Dawe, lsabe| |ea|,
E|eanor Partr|dge
Art D|rect|on, Des|gn
and Infograph|cs:
Sue Oowe|| / Atomo Des|gn
www.atomodes|gn.n|
Cover photograph:
Pau| H||ton / Greenpeace
JN 459
Pub||shed |n November 2013 by
Greenpeace Internat|ona|
Ottho He|dr|ngstraat 5
1066 AZ Amsterdam
The Nether|ands
greenpeace.org
Oontents
#1 3;<'"=>?<@";A
Out of contro|, out of s|ght 04
#2 1";BC@;$ D@EF@;BA
l||ega|, unreported and unregu|ated (l} 12
#3 4>;G 4'G=$'EA
M|ss|ng ||nk to susta|nab|e |ong||ne f|sh|ng 22
#4 0;'G#$CC@;B <F$ %G'H$<EA
Where |s |t caught and where |s |t so|d? 26
#5 2>%G; G;= IG'@;$ :"CCG<$'GC =G%GB$ 32
#6 :";?C>E@";E G;= 8$?"%%$;=G<@";E 36
9;=;"<$E 40
Out of L|ne The fa||ure of g|oba| tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es 3
Image Frozen tuna on
a Ta|wanese vesse| |n the
Pac|f|c. Tuna |s stacked
and frozen on board
the Ta|wanese |ong||ne
f|sh|ng vesse| Ka| J|e 1.
The |ong||ne f|sh|ng
|ndustry |s |arge|y
operat|ng outs|de
of modern f|sher|es
management due to
res|stance from f|ag
states and |ndustry
to proper|y regu|ate
and manage th|s
f|sh|ng sector.
sect|on one
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sect|on one
Most of the g|oba| |ong||ne f|sher|es are
operat|ng out of contro| and out of s|ght.
A huge f|eet of over 5000 vesse|s roams
the wor|d`s oceans w|th a|most no contro|
mechan|sms |n p|ace to ensure that the|r
operat|ons are |ega|, susta|nab|e and
eth|ca|. The |ndustry |s |arge|y operat|ng
outs|de of modern f|sher|es management
due to res|stance from f|ag states and
|ndustry to proper|y regu|ate and manage
th|s f|sh|ng sector w|th|n the f|ve Reg|ona|
F|sher|es Management Organ|sat|ons
(RFMOs}, who are respons|b|e for the
wor|d`s tuna f|sher|es.
Th|s has |ed to mass|ve overf|sh|ng and
dep|et|on of the target spec|es b|uef|n,
b|geye, ye||owf|n and a|bacore tuna. lt a|so
amounts to a huge and unsusta|nab|e
annua| catch of vu|nerab|e and endangered
mar|ne an|ma|s such as turt|es, sharks and
seab|rds. Th|s report w||| uncover a|| the
|ssues, the key p|ayers and the so|ut|ons.
7C"&GC 4>;G D@EF$'@$E
7C"&GCCJ <F$'$ G'$ E$#$; ?"%%$'?@GCCJ E@B;@K@?G;<
<>;G EL$?@$E <FG< G'$ $MLC"@<$= G?'"EE GCC "K <F$
N"'C=OE "?$G;EP 4F$E$ G'$ <F$ <F'$$ &C>$K@; <>;G
EL$?@$E $G?F ;G%$= GK<$' <F$@' EL$?@K@? 'G;B$E Q
/<CG;<@?R S"><F$'; G;= .G?@K@? QR LC>E <F$ &@B$J$R
J$CC"NK@;R GC&G?"'$ G;= EH@LTG?H <>;GE <FG< $G?F
FG#$ =@E<@;?<@#$ E<"?HE G?'"EE <F$ .G?@K@?R 3;=@G;
G;= /<CG;<@? "?$G;EP
4F$ %G@; K@EF@;B %$<F"=E >E$= <" ?G<?F <F$E$
EL$?@$E G'$ L>'E$ E$@;$R C";BC@;$R FG;=C@;$R
L"C$ G;= C@;$R <'"CCR B@CC;$<E G;= '@;B;$<EP 5#$'
+*** L>'E$ E$@;$'E <GH$ <F$ &@BB$E< EFG'$ "K <F$
?G<?F$ER U*V BC"&GCCJ W)*+* K@B>'$EX
1
, |nc|ud|ng
over 600 |arge-sca|e purse se|ners
2
that ma|n|y target
sk|pjack, ye||owf|n and b|uef|n tuna
3
. |ong||ne f|eets
that target h|gh va|ue b|uef|n, b|geye, ye||owf|n and
a|bacore tunas take the second |argest port|on of the
catch at 12% (2010 f|gure}
4
.
The tota| |ong||ne |and|ngs recorded by n|ted
Nat|ons Food and Agr|cu|ture Organ|sat|on (FAO}
dec||ned to 526,406 mt from 2004 to 2010 (|ast
year of data ava||ab|e}
5
, but g|oba||y the |ong||ne f|eet
cont|nues to expand
6
. As a resu|t of th|s overcapac|ty
and the resu|tant overf|sh|ng, a|| the tuna spec|es
targeted by |ong||ne f|eets are now e|ther overf|shed,
exper|enc|ng overf|sh|ng or show|ng s|gns of stock
dec||nes and dec||n|ng catch per un|t effort (OPE}
|ead|ng to poor econom|c performance as stocks
dec||ne (see tab|e 1}.
The spec|es targeted by |ong||ne f|sh|ng are s|ower
to mature and have |ower reproduct|ve rates
than sma||er tunas such as sk|pjack mak|ng them
part|cu|ar|y vu|nerab|e to overf|sh|ng.
3;<'"=>?<@";
Out of contro|, out of s|ght
=1
SPECIES IUCN
Red L|st
category
Stock Overf|shed
(<BMSY or s|m||ar|
Overf|sh|ng
(>FMSY or
s|m||ar|
Stock rema|n|ng
(% unf|shed adu|t
stock or SB0
un|ess |nd|cated|
At|ant|c b|uef|n
!"#$$#% '"($$#%
Endangered West At|ant|c YES S|gn|f|cant r|sk 36%
()* +,-. /010/}
East At|ant|c YES NO ?
Pac|f|c b|uef|n
!"#$$#% )230$'4/3%
|east
Ooncern
(pr|or to
recent stock
assessment}
Pac|f|c YES YES 4%
Southern b|uef|n
!"#$$#% 5466)(33
Or|t|ca||y
Endangered
Southern YES S|gn|f|cant r|sk 5%
B|geye
!"#$$#% )70%#%
vu|nerab|e Western &
Oentra| Pac|f|c
S|gn|f|cant r|sk YES 23%
East Pac|f|c S|gn|f|cant r|sk S|gn|f|cant r|sk 22%
lnd|an S|gn|f|cant r|sk S|gn|f|cant r|sk 34-39%
At|ant|c S|gn|f|cant r|sk S|gn|f|cant r|sk 30-40%
Ye||owf|n
!"#$$#% 4/746420%
Near
Threatened
Western &
Oentra| Pac|f|c
Tota| stock: NO Tota|:
S|gn|f|cant r|sk
50-55%
Reg|on 3: S|gn|f|cant
r|sk (where 81% are
caught}
Reg|on 3:
S|gn|f|cant r|sk
31%
East Pac|f|c YES S|gn|f|cant r|sk 22-34%
lnd|an S|gn|f|cant r|sk S|gn|f|cant r|sk 28-38%
At|ant|c YES S|gn|f|cant r|sk <30%
(pre-1970s |eve|}
A|bacore
!"#$$#% 4/4/#$84
Near
Threatened
North Pac|f|c NO NO ?
South Pac|f|c NO NO 59%
lnd|an S|gn|f|cant r|sk YES 29%
North At|ant|c YES NO 33%
(|ate 1940s |eve|}
South At|ant|c YES YES 25%
Med ? ? ?
Tab|e 1: S<"?HE E<G<>E "K H$J <>;G E<"?HE <G'B$<$= &J C";BC@;$ %$<F"=
sect|on one
Image Frozen tuna be|ng
|nspected pr|or to auct|on,
at the Tsuk|j| who|esa|e f|sh
market (Japan}, the |argest
f|sh market |n the wor|d.
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sect|on one
Reg|ona| F|sher|es
Management
Organ|zat|ons
(RFMOs} are current|y
fa|||ng |n the|r mandate
to ensure susta|nab|e
management of
tuna f|sher|es,
|nc|ud|ng manag|ng
f|sh|ng capac|ty.
!"#$!%#&' %#
")&'*+%"#
L0h6L|h F|Sh|h6 80ATS
!"#"$% '(")* +,-./0% 1") 2-(%
0"(304(+ #"-/* -5+ "6/ 4( /1+ ".+-(
#6/ +*/42-/+* 4($4.-/+ /1+5+ -5+
over 5000 |ong|ine vesse|s shing
7"5 /6(- -($ /6(- 04'+ *8+.4+*
4( /1+ )"50$9
S|I
Long|ine shing boats can be up to 60m |ong, however,
2"*/ -5+ *":.-00+$ *2-00 *.-0+ ;+**+0* "7 0+** /1-( <=29
60 m
L0h6L|h
!"""
NA8|h Ah|NALS 0Y|h6
>??9??? *+- /65/0+* -($ -/ 0+-*/
160.000 seabirds and mi||ions
"7 *1-5'* $4+ -((6-00% 4(
|ong|ine sheries.
L0h6L|hS + h00kS
0p to 150 km |oog
0p to 3000 hooks
<24 m
$""%"""
SA T08TLS
&'"%"""
SA 8|80S
()**)+,-
ShA8kS
ShA8k F|hh|h6
@1-5'* "7/+( /-53+/+$ 7"5 /1+45 1431
va|ue ns make up as much 50 of
catches in some |ong|ine sheries.
!".
0F 0AT0hS 0Ah 8 ShA8kS
0P T0
A00 /-53+/ /6(- *8+.4+* (")
either overshed, being
overshed or dep|eted.
0V8F|Sh|h6
VSSLS
@"65.+B "#$#%#&'#( )& *+,# -.
N|ST8ATNhT 0F 08w
C+**+0* .-( */-% -/
*+- 7"5 *+;+5-0 %+-5*
'++84(3 /1+45 .5+) 4(
- .-8/4;+ +(;45"(2+(/9
/)0123 4)-5),6 1,7 201,--5)/(3,2
D-(% ;+**+0* /5-(*7+5 /1+45 .-/.1+* -/ *+-
5+*60/4(3 4( 1431 -2"6(/* "7 6(5+8"5/+$
and i||ega| shing.
1 A8 3 A88 2 A88
85"8+5 2"(4/"54(3 -($
100 observer coverage
Reduce shing capacity and
+(7"5.+ *6*/-4(-#0+ .-/.1 0424/*
E-( -00 -/:*+- /5-(*1482+(/*
S0L0T|0hS
!"/ /-53+/4(3 *1-5'*
and banning shark nning
F*+ .45.0+ 1""'* -($
"/1+5 #+*/ 85-./4*+
24/43-/4"( 2+/1"$*
()2)6123 89:;12;5 89<
sect|on one
1";BC@;$ K@EF@;B %$<F"=
0;C@H$ K"' L>'E$ E$@;$ #$EE$CER <F$'$ G'$ ;"
G??>'G<$ ;>%&$'E "K T>E< F"N %G;J C";BC@;$
K@EF@;B #$EE$CE <F$'$ G'$ @; <F$ N"'C=R &>< E">'?$E
@;=@?G<$ <FG< <F$'$ G'$ G< C$GE< "#$' ]*** #$EE$CE
7

N@<F %"'$ &$@;B &>@C< "' ?";#$'<$= K'"% "<F$'
<JL$E "K #$EE$CEP
The wor|d`s |argest tuna f|sh|ng ground, the Western
and Oentra| Pac|f|c Ocean, current|y has 3,629
8

|ong||ne vesse|s reg|stered to f|sh |n that reg|on a|one,
and ||ke most other |nternat|ona| tuna f|sher|es,
has no ||m|t on tota| numbers of vesse|s a||owed to
enter the f|shery. Major f|sh|ng powers contr|but|ng
s|gn|f|cant numbers of vesse|s to the g|oba| |ong||ne
f|eet |nc|ude Ta|wan, the E, lndones|a, Sr| |anka,
Japan, Oh|na and Korea.
|ong||ne f|sh|ng methods tend to target adu|t tunas
as we|| as b|||f|sh and sharks and take p|ace both |n
the surface as we|| as deeper |n the water co|umn
depend|ng on target spec|es. Oatch |s then e|ther
frozen or stored |n |ce/br|ne on board and eventua||y
so|d as e|ther h|gh-end sash|m| or frozen f|sh/tuna.
ln the case of a|bacore and somet|mes ye||owf|n
the meat |s a|so used for cann|ng. Sharks are
e|ther |anded who|e or f|ns are removed at sea and
carcasses d|scarded.
There are severa| s|zes of |ong||ne vesse|s w|th
var|ous ho|d and freez|ng capac|t|es but genera||y
they are d|v|ded between those above and be|ow
24m (See box 1}, the so ca||ed 'sma||-sca|e" |ong||ne
vesse|s and |arge sca|e |ong||ne vesse|s that can be
up to 60m |ong. These vesse|s set a ||ne up to 150km
|ong w|th severa| thousand ba|ted hooks that |s |eft to
soak, and then recovered once or tw|ce per day
9
.
Wh||st some vesse|s do short tr|ps of up to a coup|e of
months at a t|me and |and the|r catches |n ports, many
stay at sea for many months to over a year and transfer
the|r catches to reefers, or refr|gerated cargo vesse|s,
and rece|ve supp||es of fue|, food and water at sea
10
.
8$B@";GC 4>;G D@EF$'@$E
IG;GB$%$;< 5'BG;@EG<@";E
As h|gh|y m|gratory spec|es tunas trave| |arge
d|stances dur|ng the|r ||fe span and hence requ|re
|nternat|ona| management efforts. There are f|ve
reg|ona| tuna f|sher|es management organ|sat|ons
(RFMOs}: the lnternat|ona| Oomm|ss|on for the
Oonservat|on of At|ant|c Tunas (lOOAT}, the lnd|an
Ocean Tuna Oomm|ss|on (lOTO}, the lnter Amer|can
Trop|ca| Tuna Oomm|ss|on (lATTO}, the Oomm|ss|on
for the Oonservat|on of Southern B|uef|n Tuna
(OOSBT} and the Western and Oentra| Pac|f|c
F|sher|es Oomm|ss|on (WOPFO}. The|r task |s to
manage the exp|o|tat|on of th|s mu|t|-b||||on do||ar
resource
11
, wh|ch prov|des an |mportant source of
prote|n to m||||ons, supports |oca| econom|es and
commun|t|es. The membersh|p of these ma|n|y
consensus-based organ|sat|ons |s made up of each
of the reg|on`s coasta| states as we|| as d|stant water
f|sh|ng powers that are |nvo|ved |n the f|sher|es.
A|| these RFMOs are current|y fa|||ng |n the|r
mandate to ensure susta|nab|e management of tuna
f|sher|es |nc|ud|ng manag|ng f|sh|ng capac|ty, as the
negot|at|ons are genera||y dom|nated by the short-
term econom|c |nterests of the f|sh|ng powers rather
than the |ong-term susta|nab|||ty and econom|c
performance of the f|sher|es. As a resu|t there
|s huge overcapac|ty |n the wor|d`s f|sh|ng f|eets,
|nc|ud|ng |n tuna f|sher|es, and part|cu|ar|y |n the
|ong||ne f|sher|es. Yet the RFMOs have been unab|e
to restr|ct vesse| numbers or catch |eve|s to ensure
|ong-term susta|nab|||ty.
Th|s report out||nes the ma|n prob|ems assoc|ated
w|th |ong||ne f|sh|ng beyond the a|arm|ng overf|sh|ng
s|tuat|on; targeted shark f|nn|ng, |||ega|, unregu|ated
and unreported (l} f|sh|ng, bycatch of endangered
and vu|nerab|e spec|es, as we|| as the occurrence
of crew abuse and d|re work|ng cond|t|ons onboard
some of these vesse|s.
lt sheds ||ght on the key p|ayers |n th|s |ndustry - the
tuna traders, ltochu, M|tsub|sh|, FOF and Tr| Mar|ne
- some of the b|ggest tuna compan|es |n the wor|d
that benef|t from and enab|e the |ong||ne |ndustry
wh||st operat|ng |arge|y beyond the scope of pub||c
scrut|ny. lt a|so takes a |ook at some of the key
markets and p|ayers who, together w|th the traders,
have a key ro|e to ensure susta|nab|e procurement of
|ong||ne caught tuna. F|na||y the report puts forward
susta|nab|||ty and management recommendat|ons
that are urgent|y needed to br|ng th|s |ndustry under
contro| before a|| tuna |s gone.
|ong||ne f|sh|ng
methods tend to
target adu|t tunas
as we|| as b|||f|sh
and sharks. Sharks
are e|ther |anded
who|e or f|ns are
removed at sea
and carcasses
d|scarded.
Image A b|ue shark
(923)$460 8/4#64} |s pu||ed
onboard a Japanese
|ong||ner, Fukusek|
Maru No 07 from the
deep waters |n the
Mozamb|que Ohanne|.
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sect|on one
Image Mon|tor|ng l||ega|
F|sh|ng Act|v|t|es |n the Pac|f|c
Ocean. GPS data |s caught on
camera as the Japanese f|sh|ng
vesse| Koyu Maru 3 pu||s |n an
|||ega| |ong||ne |n Oook ls|and
waters. The Greenpeace sh|p
MY Esperanza was mon|tor|ng
the pockets of |nternat|ona|
waters that the Pac|f|c ls|and
Oountr|es want c|osed from
a|| f|sh|ng act|v|t|es.
sect|on two
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P
sect|on two
Trop|ca| and temperate tuna f|sher|es,
|nc|ud|ng |ong||ne f|sher|es, take p|ace on
the h|gh seas as we|| as |n the exc|us|ve
econom|c zones (EEZs} of deve|op|ng
coasta| states where there |s e|ther poor
or no mon|tor|ng, contro|, surve|||ance and
enforcement (MOSE}. Wh||st g|oba||y there
have been many attempts to |mprove the
MOSE of the tuna f|eets by the RFMOs, and
for |nd|v|dua| vesse|s and f|eets, |n response
to demand from markets and certa|n
governments, so far on|y some |nternat|ona|
purse se|ne f|sher|es have come under
adequate management to curb |||ega|,
unreported and unregu|ated (l} f|sh|ng.
These vesse|s have to carry |ndependent
observers |n add|t|on to automat|c vesse|
mon|tor|ng systems (vMS}, carry un|que
numbers from the lnternat|ona| Mar|t|me
Organ|sat|on (lMO}, and are not a||owed to
transfer catches at sea.
For |ong||ne f|sher|es the s|tuat|on |s tota||y
|nadequate w|th regards to |nternat|ona||y b|nd|ng
regu|at|ons to deter l f|sh|ng. As|de from some
coasta| and |oca||y managed |ong||ne f|eets that fa||
under better management, very few management
measures ex|st at RFMO |eve| to ensure |ega| and
susta|nab|e |ong||ne operat|ons. The s|tuat|on |s we||
|||ustrated by the fact that to date on|y one |ong||ne
f|eet target|ng tuna has ach|eved Mar|ne Stewardsh|p
Oounc|| (MSO} cert|f|cat|on - an a|bacore f|shery |n
F|j|. The s|tuat|on |s part|cu|ar|y d|ff|cu|t when vesse|s
that predom|nant|y f|sh on the h|gh seas venture
|||ega||y |nto the EEZs of deve|op|ng coasta| states
12
.
The few measures that RMFOs have created to
regu|ate |ong||ne f|sh|ng and combat l f|sh|ng
ma|n|y re|ate to the use of vesse| mon|tor|ng systems
and report|ng requ|rements as we|| as hav|ng
observers on board f|sh carr|er vesse|s - reefers -
that are transh|pp|ng f|sh at sea |n order to better
record catches. Transh|pment at sea |s w|de|y
acknow|edged to be a major regu|atory |oopho|e
that fac|||tates the |aunder|ng of |||ega| and
unreported catches wor|dw|de
13 14
, and cont|nues
to be standard operat|ng pract|ce for |arge numbers
of tuna |ong||ne vesse|s.
As|de from some progress|ve coasta| states that do
not a||ow transh|pments for vesse|s ||censed to f|sh
|n the|r waters, no RFMO has proh|b|ted the pract|se
of transfer of catches at sea from |ong||ne vesse|s
to reefers or other f|sh|ng vesse|s. There have been
many ca||s to p|ace observers on board |ong||ne
vesse|s |n order to |mprove comp||ance, but genera||y
the observer coverage |eve| requ|red by RFMOs
|s around 5%. ln some spec|f|c cases |t |s h|gher
depend|ng on the f|shery and/or gear, but |n rea||ty
|s often |ower due to |neffect|ve |mp|ementat|on by
f|ag States, |nadequate cond|t|ons on board or to
res|stance from the |ndustry.
1";BC@;$ D@EF@;B
l||ega|, unreported and unregu|ated (l}
=2
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P
ln the absence of e|ther human or we||-funct|on|ng
e|ectron|c observers, vMS-based mon|tor|ng of
|ong||ne vesse|s |s ent|re|y |nadequate, as |t rema|ns
poss|b|e to tamper w|th them and m|sreport vesse|s
pos|t|ons
15
or even sw|tch them off ent|re|y
16 17
.
ln 2012, the va|ue of |ong||ne-caught tuna |n the
Western and Oentra| Pac|f|c (WOPO}, the source of
over 50% of g|oba| tuna |and|ngs, was $1.96 b||||on
SD, out of a tota| $7.2 b||||on for the who|e tuna
f|shery
18
. Reg|ona| est|mates of l f|sh|ng put |ost
earn|ngs from act|v|t|es such as under-report|ng
or m|sreport|ng catch s|zes at anywhere from the
m||||ons to over a b||||on SD annua||y
19
. A |arge
chunk of th|s w||| be from the h|gh va|ue but poor|y
regu|ated |ong||ne f|sher|es. Many |f not most f|eets
are not even adequate|y report|ng the|r catches to
re|evant f|ag and coasta| states and reg|ona| bod|es
(see case stud|es 1, 2 and 3}. At the 2013 WOPFO
Oase study 1
J|a Yu Fa and Her Hae
The Ta|wanese sma||-sca|e |ong||ners J|a Yu
Fa and Her Hae were documented dur|ng
Greenpeace`s exped|t|on |n the Pac|f|c Ocean
on the 2nd September 2009. The vesse|s were
spotted |n the H|gh Seas Pocket 1 bordered by
Pa|au, Papua New Gu|nea and Federated States
of M|crones|a (FSM}, c|ose to Federated States
of M|crones|a`s EEZ border. The vesse|s were
documented transferr|ng frozen tuna from
J|a Yu Fa to Her Hae.
J|a Yu Fa he|d a FSM f|sh|ng ||cense, wh|ch
spec|f|ca||y proh|b|ts the transfer of f|sh at
sea. When the act|v|ty was reported to |oca|
author|t|es, Greenpeace rece|ved conf|rmat|on
that no perm|ss|on had been sought nor granted
for the transh|pment under spec|a| c|rcumstances
such as techn|ca| fa||ures w|th freezers. The
rece|v|ng vesse| Her Hae he|d no f|sh|ng ||censes
w|th any Pac|f|c ls|and countr|es, and d|d not
appear on the Forum F|sher|es Agency`s
good stand|ng ||st.
By |eav|ng FSM waters and transferr|ng |ts
catches to vesse|s that are not ob||ged to report
to coasta| States, the J|a Yu Fa |s ab|e to avo|d
hav|ng to dec|are and pay for tuna that was
caught |ns|de FSM waters. lnstead the catches
can be 'dec|ared" as h|gh seas catches by the
Her Hae, wh|ch most ||ke|y proceeded to meet
w|th a reefer on the h|gh seas |ater on |n order
to transport the f|sh to the market p|ace - most
probab|y |n Japan.
Sc|ent|f|c Oomm|ttee (SO} meet|ng
20
the |ssue of
poor report|ng and data subm|ss|on was frequent|y
ra|sed part|cu|ar|y w|th regards to |ong||ne data, and
sc|ent|sts h|gh||ghted the d|ff|cu|t|es |n perform|ng
accurate stock assessments for tunas and sharks
that re|y heav||y on good |ong||ne OPE data.
21
The same has been reported |n other tuna RFMOs
22
.
lt |s a|so c|ear that where observer programmes do
ex|st for at sea transh|pments of |ong||ne catches,
the report|ng |s e|ther not work|ng proper|y and
transh|pment measures are not adhered to, or c|ear
ev|dence suggests that some |ong||ne vesse|s are
conduct|ng the|r unreported and |||ega| act|v|t|es
outs|de of the transfer vesse| observer programme,
us|ng other vesse|s at sea to off|oad the|r catches,
or by s|mp|y transferr|ng |||ega| catches between
|ong||ne vesse|s themse|ves (See case stud|es 1 & 3}.
Image Ta|wanese |ong||ne
f|sh|ng vesse|s Her Hae (|eft}
and J|a Yu Fa (r|ght} |||ega||y
transferr|ng f|sh at sea.
sect|on two
Transsh|pment
at sea |s w|de|y
acknow|edged to be
a major regu|atory
|oopho|e that fac|||tates
the |aunder|ng of
|||ega| and unreported
catches wor|dw|de.
sect|on two
Image Ta|wanese
|ong||ne f|sh|ng vesse|s
Her Hae (|eft} and J|a
Yu Fa (r|ght} |||ega||y
transferr|ng f|sh at sea
|n the Pac|f|c Ocean.
!"# %&'()& *+,) &',%&-,# .+//&0 1")-, -. ) 1'2/&#3
),4 '/)5+# 6#( '7 '/#8)*-',. *")* 1), *)9# /&)1#
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traders that keep this web of operations aoat
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Vesse|s shing inside an EEZ can
%' -,*' *"# "-%" .#). *' *8),.7#8
their catch to other shing
;#..#&. '8 8##7#8.< !"-. 6)0 *"#
1)*1" 1), (# 4#1&)8#4 ). ");-,%
(##, 1)+%"* -, *"# "-%" .#).<
This is a form of sh |aundering
that can enab|e vesse|s to sh in
BBC. 6-*"'+* /)0-,% 1'88#1* 7##.
*' *"# 1').*)& .*)*# '8 8#/'8*-,%
*"#-8 1)*1" /8'/#8&0<
caught by |ong|ine shing g|oba||y with
DEF ),4 G'8#) ). *"# .#1',4 ),4 *"#
*"-84 &)8%#.* 2)89#*.<
80% 0F Th F8Sh T0hA
LA86ST F8Sh T0hA NA8kT
H)/), 1',.+2#. ) 6"'//-,%
E'+81#I "#$#%#&'#( )& *+,# -.
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-. #.*-2)*#4 *' (#
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8(9 7"++"0-
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L0ST A8h|h6S
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and centra| Pacic
78'2 )1*-;-*-#. .+1" ).
+,4#8>8#/'8*-,% '8
2-.8#/'8*-,% '7 1)*1"
.-J#. )* ),06"#8# 78'2
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& 7"++"0- !"#
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Goes to port to ofoad
L' *)8%#**-,% '7 .")89.
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!"#!
$%&$
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8F8
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the sh to port
*' (# .'&4
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SAL 0F F|Sh
From the port, sh is transported
6"'&# *' 2)89#*. )8'+,4 *"#
6'8&4 '8 .#,* 7'8 /8'1#..-,% -,*'
*-,,#4 *+,): .*#)9. '8 .)."-2-<
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QRR@ '(.#8;#8 1';#8)%#
N&'.# ;+&,#8)(&# )8#). .+1"
as the Pacic high seas
enc|aves to a|| shing
!8)4#8. *' #,.+8# &#%)&:
.+.*)-,)(&# ),4 *8)1#)(&#
.+//&-#. '7 &',%&-,# 1)+%"* *+,)
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!"# "-%"#.* 5+)&-*0 *+,) -. .'&4 )*
auction in sh markets such as
!'90'S. !.+9-A-: (+* *"# 2)A'8-*0 -.
.'&4 -, (+.-,#.. *' (+.-,#.. 4#)&.
;-) *+,) *8)4-,% 1'2/),-#.<
F|Sh LA0h08|h6: 0
T#..#&. 1), +.# *"#
"-%" .#). ). ) 8#7+%#
and cover for shing
-&&#%)&&0: 6-*"'+* )
&-1#,.#: -, BBC.<
U"#, #,7'81#2#,*
)//8')1"#.: *"#
'77#,4-,% ;#..#& 6-&&
5+-19&0 8#*+8, *' *"#
"-%" .#). 6"#8# -* -.
|ega| to sh.
F|Sh LA0h08|h6: 8
=, ),'*"#8 7'82 '7 *+,) &)+,4#8-,%:
sh caught i||ega||y (for examp|e,
sh caught by a vesse| without the
1'88#1* &-1#,.# '8 5+'*)V 1), (#
transferred to another shing
;#..#& *")* 4'#. ");# *"# 1'88#1*
paperwork and ofoaded to a
8##7#8 '8 )* /'8* ). *"# 1)*1" '7 *")*
.#1',4 ;#..#&< !"-. #77#1*-;#&0
|aunders the i||ega| sh into the
&#%)& *+,) .+//&0 1")-,<
1." 5&."-%
U)."-,%*',
Th 00hS0N8
Oase study 2
Koyu Maru 3
Koyu Maru 3, a Japanese f|agged |ong||ner, was
documented hau||ng |ts |ong||ne by Greenpeace
|n October 2009.
The f|sh|ng act|v|ty of the Koyu Maru 3 was
documented and |nformat|on transm|tted to the
Oook ls|ands M|n|stry of Mar|ne Resources and
the F|sher|es Agency of Japan. The response
rece|ved from the Oook ls|ands author|t|es
conf|rmed the pos|t|on of the s|ght|ng was w|th|n
the|r EEZ, and that the vesse| Koyu Maru 3 d|d
not have any f|sh|ng ||cense or perm|ss|on to f|sh
w|th|n Oook ls|ands waters.
As |nvest|gat|ons proceeded |t was revea|ed that
the Koyu Maru 3 and |ts s|ster vesse| Koyu Maru
1 had frequent|y been |||ega||y f|sh|ng |n the Oook
ls|ands and Toke|au waters for over a year. They
used the v|c|n|ty of the h|gh seas as a means of
stay|ng c|ose by and sneak|ng |n and out of the EEZ
wh||e rema|n|ng undetected. As a consequence
the owner of the vesse|s, Wor|d Tuna Oo, |n Japan
sett|ed the case w|th Oook ls|ands government for
1 m||||on NZ$ |ater |n the year
23
.
Not on|y are these vesse|s f|sh|ng |||ega||y, there
was a|so a report that they have m|streated the|r
crews. The Koyu Maru s|ster vesse|s (1,2,3}
and the|r crew of 50 Ph|||pp|ne workers sought
ass|stance at the F|j| M|ss|on to Seafarers
ear||er |n 2008 after an 11 month m|ss|on at
sea. The seamen had a three year contract and
comp|a|nts |nc|uded an extreme|y |ow month|y
sa|ary of on|y $40 from wh|ch deduct|ons for
safety gear, food and to||etr|es were taken. There
was no prov|s|on for payment for share of the
catch. Other comp|a|nts were substandard food
and m|streatment onboard
24
.
Image The Japanese
|ong||ner Koyu Maru
3 |s p|ctured |n Oook
ls|and waters.
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Oase study 3
Jetmark 101
Between 18 March and 15 May 2013
Greenpeace mon|tored transh|pment just outs|de
the northeastern-most t|p of the Maur|t|an EEZ, |n
the lnd|an Ocean. From 25th to 28th Apr|| 2013
the Greenpeace sh|p Esperanza v|s|ted the spot,
and wh||e |n the area was ab|e to document f|rst-
hand three transh|pments between the Panama-
f|agged reefer Tuna Oueen
25
and three d|fferent
sma||-sca|e |ong||ners. One of the transh|pments
|nvo|ved the Ph|||pp|ne-f|agged and Ta|wan-
owned |ong||ner Jetmark 101
26
.
The capta|n of the Jetmark 101 reported that
he was engaged |n f|sh|ng for tuna and rout|ne|y
transh|pped to the Tuna Oueen and other reefers.
However, based on c|oser exam|nat|on of the
photograph|c and v|deo ev|dence of the vesse|
taken from a he||copter |t appeared that at the
t|me the Jetmark 101 was not actua||y f|sh|ng as
the ||ne hand||ng gear had been removed from the
vesse| and there were no hook storage barre|s
v|s|b|e. The deck was a|so c|ear and there were
no hydrau||c ||nes to be seen on the deck. Areas
on deck where f|sh|ng gear wou|d norma||y be
pos|t|oned were rep|aced w|th rusty deck p|ates.
Th|s absence of f|sh|ng gear on board the
Jetmark 101 and the |arger than usua| amount
of storage crates |ntended for her on board the
Tuna Oueen, suggests that the Jetmark 101 was
|nstead act|ng as a m|n| reefer for other f|sh|ng
vesse|s. By operat|ng |n th|s way, the Jetmark
101 cou|d serve to ensure that f|sh caught |n
the EEZs of coasta| states or by unauthor|sed
vesse|s |n the reg|on, cou|d be dec|ared as |ts
own catch and recorded by the Tuna Oueen as
|ega||y caught, s|nce the Jetmark 101 was at the
t|me on the lOTO record of author|sed vesse|s.
A|though th|s case |s |nconc|us|ve |t perfect|y
|||ustrates the |oopho|e and |nherent weaknesses
|n the supp|y cha|n created by transh|pments at
sea where mon|tor|ng and contro| fa|| far short
of the |eve|s needed to detect and prevent l
f|sh|ng act|v|t|es.
Image Tuna transsh|pment
on h|gh seas |n the lnd|an
Ocean between the Jetmark
101, a Man||a-reg|stered
|ong||ner and the Tuna Oueen,
reg|stered |n Panama.
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D'"% CG'B$ <" E%GCC #$EE$CE
Th|s |ack of adequate mon|tor|ng, has a|so |ed
to the change |n the nature of the f|sh|ng f|eets
that has created more cha||enges. Fo||ow|ng the
rap|d expans|on |n numbers of |arge-sca|e tuna
|ong||ne vesse|s from the 1980s and comp|a|nts of
rampant l f|sh|ng, espec|a||y |n the lOOAT area,
|nternat|ona| pressure was brought to bear on Ta|wan
to contro| th|s f|eet
27
. Efforts at regu|at|on by Ta|wan
|n|t|a||y |ed to Ta|wanese-owned vesse|s ref|agg|ng to
var|ous F|ag of Oonven|ence (FOO} States (see box 1}
and by 2000 there were est|mated to be at |east 250
l |arge-sca|e tuna |ong||ners operat|ng outs|de
the rem|t of |nternat|ona| f|sher|es regu|at|on by
us|ng f|ags of conven|ence
28
.
ln 2000, Japan and Ta|wan, |n negot|at|on w|th the
|ndustry, agreed on a programme to contro| th|s l
f|sh|ng capac|ty, wh|ch resu|ted |n some of the vesse|s
be|ng scrapped, some ref|agged to Ta|wan and thus
com|ng under government regu|at|on and some brought
under cooperat|ve management schemes |n vanuatu
and Seyche||es
29
. Th|s has gone some way to address
the |ssue of l f|sh|ng by |arge-sca|e tuna |ong||ners.
However, the ru|es regard|ng vesse| ||cens|ng,
management etc., cont|nue to be |ess str|ngent
for sma||er |ong||ners (<24m} and |mprovements |n
techno|ogy mean that th|s sector of the f|eet has been
ab|e to expand mass|ve|y |n recent years. Sma||er
vesse|s are just as effect|ve |n catch|ng tuna (s|ze of
||ne and hooks} but consume |ess fue| and need fewer
crews mak|ng them more econom|ca| to operate.
At th|s t|me, |t |s not c|ear how many sma||-sca|e
|ong||ners are operat|ng g|oba||y and var|ous bod|es
have ra|sed concerns about the rap|d expans|on of
th|s f|eet. One study (2011}
30
est|mated that there
cou|d be 5400 of these vesse|s operat|ng g|oba||y.
Some countr|es have huge numbers - Sr| |anka a|one
has some 3000 reg|stered sma||-sca|e |ong||ners -
and hence f|gures cou|d be gross|y underest|mated.
Due to a |ack of adequate regu|at|on, |ong||ne f|sher|es,
wh|ch put b|uef|n, b|geye, ye||owf|n and a|bacore
products on tab|es wor|dw|de, |nc|ude some of the
most unsusta|nab|e and |||ega| f|sh|ng operat|ons |n
the oceans. Yet the |nternat|ona| traders, buyers and
markets cont|nue to enab|e and prof|t from th|s pract|ce
and |ts operat|ng modus of 'out of s|ght, out of m|nd`
Image: Map show|ng
the Pac|f|c Oommons,
three enc|aves of h|gh
seas surrounded by
Pac|f|c ls|and Oountry
EEZs. These areas
are a |oopho|e that
fac|||tate |||ega| f|sh|ng
as shown dur|ng many
Greenpeace exped|t|ons
|n these areas.
sect|on two
Box 1
F|ags of Oonven|ence
Accord|ng to the lnternat|ona| Transport Workers
Federat|on, a f|ag of conven|ence (FOO} sh|p |s one
that f||es the f|ag of a country other than the country of
ownersh|p. The dec|s|on to 'f|ag out" can be made for
d|fferent reasons, |nc|ud|ng cheap reg|strat|on fees, |ow
or no taxes and freedom to use cheap |abour
31
. ln the
case of f|sh|ng vesse|s, reasons to ref|ag |nc|ude the
poss|b|||ty to f|sh over and above off|c|a| quota ass|gned to
|nd|v|dua| nat|ons, or to avo|d domest|c and |nternat|ona|
management regu|at|ons by us|ng f|ags of countr|es wh|ch
do not have the capac|ty and/or the w||| to contro| the|r
act|v|t|es (so ca||ed f|ags of non-comp||ance}. ln |ong||ne
f|sher|es the use of FOOs |s part|cu|ar|y common amongst
Ta|wanese-owned f|sh|ng vesse|s
32
. F|ags common|y used
|nc|ude vanuatu, Seyche||es, Marsha|| ls|ands as we|| as
F|j| and Ph|||pp|nes.
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Image Tuna Transsh|pment
|n the lnd|an Ocean. Tuna
transsh|pment on h|gh seas
|n the lnd|an Ocean between
the Jetmark 101, a Man||a-
reg|stered |ong||ner and the Tuna
Oueen, reg|stered |n Panama.
sect|on two
!"
Image Fresh tuna
at auct|on at the
Tsuk|j| who|esa|e f|sh
market (Japan}, the
|argest f|sh market |n
the wor|d.
sect|on three
The h|gh|y
concentrated nature
of the tuna trad|ng
sector means that
a |arge port|on of
prof|ts are a|so
concentrated |n
the|r hands, g|v|ng
them cons|derab|e
contro| over the
tuna supp|y cha|n.
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sect|on three
=3
Some of the b|ggest p|ayers |n the g|oba|
tuna bus|ness are not those who own the
vesse|s and catch the f|sh , nor those whose
ma|n bus|ness |s to process and se|| tuna
to reta||ers. They are |n fact the tuna traders
- compan|es that fac|||tate the sa|e of tuna
from the f|sh|ng f|eets to the processors and
end markets, operat|ng on a g|oba| sca|e
but |arge|y away from pub||c scrut|ny.
A sma|| number of major p|ayers dom|nate th|s
bus|ness. The|r pr|mary act|v|ty |s buy|ng and se|||ng
(or broker|ng sa|es of} tuna. Th|s can take a number
of forms, |nc|ud|ng who|e frozen f|sh for cann|ng,
cooked |o|ns, canned tuna and sash|m|-grade tuna.
Many of these compan|es a|so prov|de serv|ces
to vesse|s, such as prov|s|on of carr|er vesse|s or
conta|ners to transport catch and reefer vesse|s for
transh|pment at sea, bunker|ng (refue|||ng} at sea,
sa|es of ba|t and other supp||es, ||a|son w|th sh|pp|ng
agents, f|nanc|ng for vesse| bu||d|ng, |og|st|cs,
fac|||tat|ng f|shery access arrangements etc.
Th|s dua| funct|on, as m|dd|eman and prov|der of
vesse| support serv|ces, means that the traders p|ay
a key ro|e |n the g|oba| tuna bus|ness mode|. Th|s |s
certa|n|y the case for tuna |ong||ners, many of wh|ch
rema|n at sea for very |ong per|ods (dependent
on transh|pment, refue|||ng and prov|s|on|ng at
sea}. Many |ong||ners are fam||y-owned or are
sma|| compan|es (as |s the case w|th much of the
Ta|wanese sma||-sca|e |ong||ne f|eet} and re||ant on
the serv|ces of the traders |n order to operate |n
d|stant water f|sher|es and se|| the|r catch to major
process|ng compan|es.
The nature of the traders` bus|ness mode| means
that the|r prof|ts are h|gh|y dependent on the vo|ume
of tuna traded. Any restr|ct|ons on catch or |ncreased
regu|at|on of the |ong||ne f|eets, that wou|d |ncrease
the cost of f|sh|ng and/or reduce the vo|ume of
tuna ava||ab|e to trade, cou|d negat|ve|y affect the|r
bus|ness. The h|gh|y concentrated nature of the tuna
trad|ng sector, w|th just a handfu| of compan|es, that
buy and se|| the f|sh caught by hundreds of f|sh|ng
compan|es and thousands of vesse|s, means that a
|arge port|on of prof|ts are a|so concentrated |n the|r
hands g|v|ng them cons|derab|e contro| over the
tuna supp|y cha|n.
lt |s d|ff|cu|t to get ho|d of f|gures to accurate|y
compare the major traders |nvo|ved |n the tuna trade.
An ana|ys|s by the Pac|f|c Forum F|sher|es Agency
done |n 2011
33
states that FOF, Tr| Mar|ne and ltochu
are the 'the b|g three" traders |n the canned tuna
supp|y cha|n. Accord|ng to th|s study, FOF hand|es
the |argest amount of tuna and |s by far the most
prom|nent trader |n the WOPO reg|on. Tr| Mar|ne
trades a s||ght|y sma||er quant|ty of tuna overa|| but
has a stronger g|oba| presence (espec|a||y |n the
European market and other oceans}. lt a|so has a
more vert|ca||y |ntegrated bus|ness mode| - own|ng
some of |ts own f|sh|ng vesse|s. ltochu trades the
sma||est vo|ume of the b|g three (a|though tuna
|s on|y one sma|| part of the company`s overa||
operat|ons} and operates a|most exc|us|ve|y |n
the Western Pac|f|c.
4>;G 4'G=$'E
M|ss|ng ||nk to susta|nab|e
|ong||ne f|sh|ng
sect|on three
|ook|ng beyond canned tuna, M|tsub|sh| |s a
part|cu|ar|y |mportant source of sash|m| tuna |mports
|nto Japan, and |s espec|a||y prom|nent |n the b|uef|n
tuna trade. Tr| Mar|ne and FOF were both founded
|n 1972, just one year after M|tsub|sh| bought stakes
|n what |s now |ts major tuna-trad|ng subs|d|ary
Toyo Re|zo. These four compan|es emerged as
the dom|nant p|ayers |n the 1990s and are now
est|mated to supp|y a s|gn|f|cant proport|on of the
wor|d`s fresh and frozen tuna.
5#$'#@$N "K H$J BC"&GC <>;G
<'G=$'E G;= <F$@' "L$'G<@";E
FCF:
Fong Oherng F|shery Oo. |td (F.O.F} was founded
|n 1972 |n Kaohs|ung, the centre of the Ta|wanese
f|sh|ng |ndustry, and |s a pr|vate|y owned company.
They descr|be themse|ves as 'one of the |argest
mar|ne products trad|ng compan|es g|oba||y.`
34

The|r pr|mary funct|on |s as a tuna trader - and
the company or|g|na||y started out trad|ng |ong||ne
caught tuna (expand|ng |nto purse se|ne tuna |n
1981}
35
. ln add|t|on to buy|ng and se|||ng tuna, FOF
a|so prov|de a range of serv|ces to f|sh|ng vesse|s,
for wh|ch they work w|th a network of over 30 carr|er
vesse|s
36
and 20 bunker vesse|s
37
.
As of March 2012, the company had a net worth
of approx|mate|y NTD 8 b||||on ($270.6 m||||on},
w|th annua| sa|es of just under NTD 54 b||||on ($
1.86 b||||on} and net prof|t of more than NTD 1.25
b||||on ($42.4 m||||on}
38
. As of March 2012, the tota|
catch of the who|e Ta|wanese d|stant water f|sh|ng
|ndustry (a|| spec|es} was est|mated to be worth
NTD 47 b||||on ($1.6 b||||on}
39
. By the|r own account
they hand|e >600,000mt of tuna and >100,000mt
of other f|sh annua||y
40
. By compar|son, the tota|
annua| tuna catch of the Ta|wanese d|stant-water
f|sh|ng |ndustry (|e. Ta|wanese f|agged vesse|s} was
310,000mt as of March 2012
41
.
The f|sh |s sourced from a network of 200-300
|ong||ners, target|ng a|bacore for North Amer|can
markets, approx|mate|y 200 |ong||ners that de||ver
to the sash|m| market and more than 60 purse se|ne
vesse|s
42
. These vesse|s operate |n a|| oceans,
throughout the year and they c|a|m to supp|y over
100 processors and to be 'the major supp||er to the
major|ty of them.
43
`
The company has a |arge network of subs|d|ar|es,
jo|nt-ventures and off|ces around the g|obe - they ||st
12 off|ce |ocat|ons on the|r webs|te
44
(the major|ty |n the
As|a-Pac|f|c reg|on} and a further 19 |ocat|ons where
they cooperate w|th and do bus|ness through th|rd
party compan|es
45
. These |nc|ude who||y or major|ty
owned subs|d|ar|es |n Japan (FON}, S|ngapore (FOS}
and Oh|na (FOO} and the South Seas Tuna Oorporat|on
- a jo|nt-venture tuna cannery |n Papua New Gu|nea
(PNG}. The|r webs|te a|so ||sts 25 f|sh|ng bases |n the
Pac|f|c, lnd|an and At|ant|c Oceans, where vesse|s can
restock w|th ba|t, fue|, supp||es, etc
46
.
Tr| Mar|ne:
Tr| Mar|ne was founded |n S|ngapore |n 1972
as a tuna procurement company for an lta||an
government-owned group of compan|es. lt was
pr|vat|sed |n 1986 and |s now headquartered |n the
S. They descr|be themse|ves as one of the '|argest
tuna supp|y compan|es |n the wor|d.`
47
They are pr|mar||y a tuna supp|y company se|||ng raw
mater|a|s, cooked |o|ns and f|n|shed products to tuna
brands |n a|| the major markets, and a|so prov|de
support serv|ces, |nc|ud|ng |og|st|cs and f|nanc|ng
48
.
They source tuna from a network of vesse|s,
|nc|ud|ng 18 aff|||ated vesse|s act|ve |n the WOPO;
14 purse se|ners and 3 po|e and ||ne. They a|so
have supp|y contracts w|th other f|sh|ng compan|es.
They work w|th approx|mate|y 10-12 reefer vesse|s
to transport f|sh from catch|ng hubs to process|ng
p|ants.
49
Accord|ng to the|r own f|gures, they hand|e
over 400,000mt of tuna every year
50
.
They work w|th a network of process|ng p|ants (some
who||y or part-owned by Tr| Mar|ne} to supp|y the
brands that buy from them - |nc|ud|ng |n the So|omon
ls|ands, Marsha|| ls|ands, Oh|na, Maur|t|us, Ecuador
and Oo|omb|a.
51
ln 2010, Tr| Mar|ne purchased the
former Oh|cken of the Sea process|ng p|ant |n Pago
Pago, Amer|can Samoa. Th|s |s now known as
Samoa Tuna Processors lnc and |s current|y be|ng
refurb|shed.
52
They have recent|y been |nvo|ved |n
a jo|nt venture to deve|op a tuna process|ng p|ant |n
PNG (N|ug|n| Tuna |td} w|th RD Tuna of the Ph|||pp|nes
and Fa|rwe|| F|sh|ng Oompany of Ta|wan.
53

On the|r webs|te they ||st 21 operat|ng |ocat|ons,
|nc|ud|ng compan|es |n the Tr| Mar|ne Group and
representat|ve off|ces, |nc|ud|ng f|ve |n |at|n Amer|ca,
sect|on three
M|tsub|sh|:
A|though often not ment|oned a|ongs|de the 'b|g
three` g|oba| tuna trad|ng compan|es, due to |ts
|esser ro|e |n supp|y|ng the canned tuna |ndustry,
M|tsub|sh| |s an |mportant p|ayer |n the g|oba| tuna
trade and part|cu|ar|y |n Japan, the wor|d`s |argest
market for |ong||ne tuna. M|tsub|sh| |s Japan`s
|argest genera| trad|ng company, or sogo shosha -
|t compr|ses a cong|omerat|on of severa| hundred
compan|es operat|ng |n a huge range of |ndustr|es
and serv|ces. Founded |n 1954, M|tsub|sh| Oorp
has 30 off|ces |n Japan and 195 overseas; 419
subs|d|ar|es and 208 aff|||ates.
66

Toyo Re|zo Oo. |td (or Tore|} |s the major M|tsub|sh|
company |n the bus|ness of tuna trad|ng
67
and |s
81.83% owned by M|tsub|sh|
68
. Founded |n 1948
(a|though M|tsub|sh| has on|y had a stake |n the
company s|nce 1971}
69
, Tore| trades and processes
a w|de range of seafood products, a|though sash|m|-
grade tuna |s |ts ma|n product.
Tore| does not have any f|sh|ng vesse|s of |ts own
and purchases and se||s both ranched and w||d-
caught tuna from supp||ers |n a number of countr|es
and a|so other compan|es w|th|n the M|tsub|sh|
Group
70 71
. Sa|es are pr|mar||y to supermarkets and
other major reta||ers, such as restaurant cha|ns,
a|though some tuna |s st||| so|d through the trad|t|ona|
system of consumer who|esa|e markets and auct|on
houses, such as Tokyo`s Tsuk|j| market. ln add|t|on
to supp|y|ng reta||ers, Tore| markets tuna |n Japan
under the we||-known brand Tuna Oueen
72
.
Tore| has 11 off|ces and three process|ng p|ants
|n Japan
73
, |nc|ud|ng s|gn|f|cant operat|ons at the
Japanese port of Sh|m|zu - the number one f|sh-
hand||ng port |n Japan, w|th the major|ty of that f|sh
be|ng tuna
74
. These |nc|ude subs|d|ary, Toyo Re|zo
Food Serv|ce Oo. |td and at |east two co|d storage
fac|||t|es. ln add|t|on, they have a tuna process|ng
p|ant |n Yokohama. Tuna |s transported to Japan |n
reefer vesse|s, |nc|ud|ng those chartered by MRS -
another company |n the M|tsub|sh| Group (see case
study 3}. ln 2012, Toyo Re|zo had sa|es worth
165.2 b||||on ($1.9 b||||on}
75
.
four |n As|a and f|ve |n the Pac|f|c.
54
Subs|d|ar|es and
jo|nt-ventures |nc|ude: So|tuna |td (process|ng p|ant}
and Nat|ona| F|sher|es Deve|opments |td (f|sh|ng
company} |n the So|omon ls|ands as we|| as Thon
Des Mascare|gnes process|ng fac|||ty |n Maur|t|us.
The|r customers |nc|ude European food g|ant Bo|ton
(owner of the brands Saup|quet and R|o Mare
amongst others} and other major tuna brands
55 56
.
Itochu:
ltochu |s one of Japan`s |argest sogo shosha, or
genera| trad|ng compan|es - engaged |n trad|ng
and |nvestment |n Japan and overseas, w|th
headquarters |n Osaka. lts or|g|ns date back to 1858,
when the company founder commenced operat|ons
as a trave|||ng sa|esman of ||nen. The f|rst store
(se|||ng drapery} was founded |n Osaka |n 1872.
57
ltochu has d|v|s|ons dea||ng w|th text||es, mach|nery,
meta|s and m|nera|s, energy and chem|ca|s, food,
lOT, genera| products and rea|ty
58
. lt has 115
overseas off|ces and a huge number of subs|d|ar|es
|n Japan and wor|dw|de.
59
ltochu Oorporat|on was ||sted on the Tokyo Stock
Exchange |n 1950.
60
Wh||st tuna |s on|y one of a
huge number of commod|t|es that ltochu trades |n,
|t |s cons|dered to be one of the b|ggest tuna trad|ng
compan|es g|oba||y. They dea| |n a var|ety of tuna
products, |nc|ud|ng sash|m| tuna, canned tuna, raw
mater|a|s for cann|ng and tuna-based pet foods;
as we|| as other spec|es, |nc|ud|ng shr|mp, squ|d
and octopus.
61
ltochu a|so has a jo|nt-venture
tuna process|ng fac|||ty at Surabaya, lndones|a
(P.T. Aneka Tuna lndones|a}
62
.
Accord|ng to the 2011 study ment|oned above
63

(|nformat|on based |arge|y on |nterv|ews conducted
w|th Japanese |ndustry representat|ves |n 2006 and
2010}, ltochu hand|es the sma||est vo|ume out of the
b|g three tuna traders - an est|mated 200,000mt
annua||y at that t|me - and sources the major|ty of |ts
tuna from the WOPO |nc|ud|ng from lndones|a and
the Ph|||pp|nes. The company does not own tuna
f|sh|ng vesse|s and charters space on carr|er vesse|s
to transport |ts product.
64

ln the f|nanc|a| year f|n|sh|ng March 2013, ltochu
had revenue of 4,579.8 b||||on ($48.59 b||||on} and a
gross trad|ng prof|t of 915.9 b||||on ($9.717 b||||on},
however tuna sa|es w||| on|y have made up a sma||
port|on of th|s
65
.
Image Tuna on sa|e
at the Tsuk|j| who|esa|e
f|sh market (Japan},
the |argest f|sh
market |n the wor|d.
|ong||ne tuna
f|eets ex|st |n many
countr|es and the|r
catch |s d|str|buted
around the wor|d
to a |arge number
of compan|es for
sa|e as many and
var|ed products.
sect|on four
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The supp|y cha|ns and markets for |ong||ne
caught tuna are as |arge as they are
comp|ex. |ong||ne tuna f|eets ex|st |n many
countr|es and the|r catch |s d|str|buted
around the wor|d to a |arge number of
compan|es for sa|e as many and var|ed
products, rang|ng from t|nned a|bacore |n
the n|ted States to h|gh grade sush| and
sash|m| |n Japan. |ong||ne caught tuna |s
supp||ed to markets g|oba||y and |n many
d|fferent forms a|though the method |s more
common|y assoc|ated w|th a h|gher qua||ty
catch and therefore supp||es s|gn|f|cant|y
more of the fresh f|sh needed for sush|,
sash|m| and prem|um qua||ty fresh f|||ets
and steak.
Some of the b|ggest |ong||ne f|eets supp|y tuna to
countr|es that are home to progress|ve bus|nesses
work|ng towards susta|nab|||ty standards wh|ch
they app|y to parts of the|r catch|ng and process|ng
sectors. However, th|s susta|nab|e supp|y cha|n has
not yet reached the |ong||ne sector that cont|nues
to fa|| beh|nd best pract|ce standards beg|nn|ng to
be |mp|emented |n the purse se|ne and other tuna
f|sh|ng sectors.
Because of the|r |nvo|vement |n catch|ng and
consum|ng |arge vo|umes of |ong||ne tuna, we
have prof||ed three countr|es and reg|ons that are
strateg|ca||y |mportant to the g|oba| |ong||ne sector to
|||ustrate the sca|e and comp|ex|ty of the trade - the
North Amer|can market: n|ted States & Oanada
(major markets w|th some catch|ng capac|ty}, Korea
and Japan (major catchers and markets}.
!"'<F /%$'@?GA
4F$ 0;@<$= S<G<$E G;= :G;G=G
The n|ted States |s the wor|d`s |argest market
for canned tuna. Sk|pjack (so|d as '||ght" tuna} |s
the most popu|ar spec|es |n the Amer|can canned
tuna market, but the S |s a|so the wor|d`s |argest
consumer of canned a|bacore (so|d as 'wh|te" tuna}.
lt |s th|s |atter spec|es that |s re|evant to th|s report, as
the vast major|ty of a|bacore reach|ng the S market
has been caught v|a |ong||ne operat|ons, e|ther |n
the South Pac|f|c Ocean, South At|ant|c Ocean or
(|ncreas|ng|y} the lnd|an Ocean.
Wh||e canned tuna |s pr|mar||y so|d through the
grocery reta|| |ndustry |n the S, |t |s a|so a major
stap|e |n the food serv|ce |ndustry and at var|ous
qu|ck-serv|ce and fast-casua| restaurants, espec|a||y
those offer|ng made-to-order sandw|ches (such as
Subway, Ou|zno`s, and s|m||ar brands.}
As the g|obe`s pr|mary market for canned a|bacore,
the n|ted States |s both the |argest obstac|e to, and
the b|ggest potent|a| agent for change |n th|s |ndustry.
The three |argest S tuna brands - Bumb|e Bee,
Stark|st, and Oh|cken of the Sea - a|| offer a var|ety
of canned (and pouch-sea|ed} a|bacore opt|ons,
a|| of wh|ch are sourced from convent|ona| |ong||ne
operat|ons. As such, S consumers do not present|y
have access to a respons|b|y sourced canned
a|bacore product as|de from bout|que tro||-caught
opt|ons that command a s|gn|f|cant|y h|gher pr|ce.
Wh||e the Oanad|an canned tuna market |s sma|| |n
compar|son to that of the S, major North Amer|can
brands and reta||ers are present |n the Oanad|an
market, a|ong w|th dozens of other nat|ona| and
|nternat|ona| brands. Sa|es of canned tuna exceeded
ODN$200 m||||on |ast year; w|th sk|pjack dom|nat|ng
the canned market represent|ng over 2/3 of
products so|d. Sk|pjack products or|g|nate pr|mar||y
from purse se|ne but some po|e and ||ne f|sher|es.
0;'G#$CC@;B <F$ %G'H$<E
Where |s |t caught and where |s |t so|d?
=4
sect|on four
Ye||owf|n tuna |s a|so so|d as a '||ght meat" product,
or|g|nat|ng from purse se|ne, |ong||ne and po|e and
||ne f|sher|es.
The major|ty of the tuna caught by Oanad|an tuna
vesse|s |s dest|ned for fresh markets. Some of the
Pac|f|c tro||-caught a|bacore |s used for cann|ng.
However, most tuna so|d |n Oanada comes from
d|stant waters and most tuna caught |n Oanad|an
waters |s exported. Wh||e the tota| vo|ume of
a|bacore so|d annua||y |n Oanada |s much |ower
than sk|pjack, represent|ng some 20 % of tota|
canned tuna vo|ume, a|bacore |s the preferred tuna.
Oonsumers have had access to more susta|nab|e
canned a|bacore opt|ons before ||ght meat
a|ternat|ves were ava||ab|e thanks to the Oanad|an
tro|| a|bacore f|shery and western .S. f|shery. For
examp|e, grow|ng brands ||ke Ra|ncoast and W||d
P|anet that source tro||-caught and po|e and ||ne
a|bacore are now present |n var|ous |arge reta||
cha|ns. Reta||ers such as |ob|aw and Overwa|tea
Food Group |ntroduced an MSO cert|f|ed tro|| or po|e
and ||ne product ||ne, and var|ous sma||, |oca| brands
offer products ma|n|y |n stores or markets on the
west coast. However, most a|bacore tuna found on
the she|ves st||| comes from destruct|ve and poor|y
managed |ong||ne f|sher|es.
Major North Amer|can brand, O|over |eaf (owned
by .S. company Bumb|e Bee} markets var|ous
a|bacore products, a|| of wh|ch are |ong||ne-
caught. O|over |eaf/Bumb|e Bee current|y do not
have p|ans to source a|ternat|ves. One of O|over
|eaf`s compet|tors, Go|d Sea|, has comm|tted to
stop sourc|ng from destruct|ve |ong||ne f|sher|es
and sw|tch to more susta|nab|e f|sh|ng methods.
For Oanada`s b|ggest reta||er, |ob|aw, w|th a
comm|tment to source MSO-cert|f|ed products, a
move to more susta|nab|y-caught canned tuna may
|nc|ude the on|y MSO-cert|f|ed |ong||ne product.
YGLG;
Japan |s the wor|d`s |argest tuna consumer and
|n terms of fresh tuna, Japan |s the major market
country account|ng for 80% of the g|oba| fresh
tuna market, fo||owed by SA (8%} and South
Korea (4%}
76
. Of the 375,000mt of tuna so|d |n
Japan |n 2011, about ha|f (197,000mt} was caught
by Japanese f|sh|ng vesse|s, wh||e the other ha|f
(178,000mt} was |mported (see F|gure 1} (a|| f|gures
from here onwards exc|ude sk|pjack}.
77
ln terms of spec|es, b|geye and ye||owf|n are the
most popu|ar tuna spec|es |n the Japanese market,
compr|s|ng 33.6% (126,000mt |n 2011} and 34.4%
(129,000mt} of the market respect|ve|y
78
. Japan
a|so consumes about 80% of the g|oba| catch of
b|uef|n tuna (both endangered At|ant|c b|uef|n, and
heav||y dep|eted Pac|f|c b|uef|n}, cons|dered to be the
centrep|ece of sush| - the |con of Japanese seafood
- and 98% of cr|t|ca||y endangered southern b|uef|n
4>;GE W$M?C>=$ EH@LTG?HX E>LLC@$= @; YGLG;
(2011 vo|ume}
.F@C@LL@;$E 4%
5<F$'E 9%
_"'$G 5%
4G@NG; 15%
:F@;G 4%
3;=";$E@G 10%
YGLG; 53%
sect|on four
Source: F|sher|es Agency Japan. 2013. About the |nternat|ona| s|tuat|on of tuna http://jfa.maff.go.jp/j/tuna/pdf/a||_tuna.pdf [:660%%0; <= >6')702 <.+?|
Oase study 4
Tuna now a da||y feast
The fresh tuna |n Japan |s so|d |n a var|ety
of out|ets, |nc|ud|ng trad|t|ona| Japanese /
sush| restaurants, modern countryw|de cha|n
restaurants us|ng sush| tra|ns (or conveyor
be|ts}, lzakaya (or Japanese bar / taverns}, and
supermarkets. Tuna used to be ma|n|y eaten for
feasts dur|ng spec|a| ce|ebratory days |n Japan.
However, as nat|onw|de-cha|n restaurants and
supermarkets drove up consumer demand for
conven|ent affordab|e tuna, nowadays |t can be
purchased or consumed at an affordab|e pr|ce at
bas|ca||y a|| major supermarkets and nat|onw|de
seafood restaurant cha|ns throughout the year.
Supermarkets, wh|ch supp|y 70% of home-
consumed seafood, and cha|n restaurants, are
demand|ng that who|esa|ers supp|y seafood at the
same pr|ce, same qua||ty and |n the same quant|ty
cons|stent|y throughout the year. As a resu|t of
th|s sma||-prof|t-qu|ck-return bus|ness mode|, |n
add|t|on to the deve|opment of f|sher|es techno|ogy,
eff|c|ent d|str|but|on routes and changes |n
consumer ||festy|es, the patterns and trends of
seafood consumpt|on are chang|ng dramat|ca||y,
away from consum|ng near-shore-caught seasona|
who|e-f|sh, such as horse mackere| and sard|nes,
to consum|ng more pre-cooked or raw f|||eted f|sh,
such as tuna and sa|mon.
Th|s sma||-prof|t-qu|ck-return bus|ness pr|or|t|zes
short-term prof|t over susta|nab|||ty. The major
supermarkets and nat|onw|de cha|n restaurants
procure seafood regard|ess of the stock status
or |eve| of env|ronmenta| destruct|on caused
by f|sh|ng act|v|t|es. lron|ca||y, the major
supermarkets and restaurants that rout|ne|y
c|a|m they p|ay a key ro|e |n protect|ng the
trad|t|ona|, de||c|ous Japanese food cu|ture for
future generat|ons are the ones that boost the
overf|sh|ng and over-consumpt|on.
Image A sush| chef
p|aces tuna sush| on the
counter, w|th|n the Tsuk|j|
who|esa|e f|sh market
(Japan}, the |argest f|sh
market |n the wor|d.
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sect|on four
Japan |s the
wor|d`s |argest
tuna consumer
and |s the major
market country,
mak|ng up 80%
of the g|oba| fresh
tuna market.
Image Mark|ng
se|||ng deta||s w|th red
pa|nt on frozen tuna,
at the Tuna auct|ons at
the Tsuk|j| who|esa|e
f|sh market (Japan}.
-

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sect|on four
tuna as we||. These three b|uef|n spec|es between
them make up 11.5% (43,000mt} of the tuna
consumpt|on |n Japan. 20.5% (77,000mt} of the
tota| consumpt|on |s a|bacore
79
.
Of the tuna consumed |n Japan, rough|y 80% |s fresh
and eaten |n the form of sush| / sash|m|. The ma|n
f|sh|ng techn|que used to catch the sush| / sash|m|
tuna |s |ong||n|ng. Nets, wh|ch damage and degrade
the meat, were not trad|t|ona||y used as sush| / sash|m|
requ|res a good qua||ty meat. For reasons of eff|c|ency,
|ong||n|ng has been the ma|n f|sh|ng method. However
due to |ncreases |n the overa|| consumer demand for
conven|ent, affordab|e tuna (see case study 4}, purse
se|ne caught tuna |s a|so now d|str|buted w|de|y |n the
Japanese sush| / sash|m| market.
W|th|n the Japanese f|eet, f|fty f|ve percent of vesse|s
target|ng tuna use |ong||ne, 24% use purse se|ne, and
16% use po|e and ||ne
80
. Some 81% of tuna caught by
Japanese vesse|s |s from the Pac|f|c Ocean, 12% |s from
the At|ant|c Ocean, and 7% |s from the lnd|an Ocean
81
.
S"><F _"'$G
Wh||st South Korea comes th|rd |n terms of market
share for fresh tuna g|oba||y, |ts ro|e as a tuna and
|ong||ne f|sh|ng nat|on |s equa||y, |f not even more,
|mportant than |ts ro|e as a consumer. The Korean
tuna f|sh|ng |ndustry catches an average 40,000
~45,000mt every year (41,011mt |n 2011} and 60%
of th|s catch (an average of 25,000mt} |s exported
to other countr|es (22,780mt |n 2011} |eav|ng 40%
for domest|c consumpt|on. Accord|ng to the KOFA
yearbook, a|most 90% or around 20,322mt of |ong||ne
tuna exports |n 2011 were dest|ned for Japan. As
a h|gh va|ue product, |ong||ne tuna |s an |mportant
source of |ncome for the |ndustry as the tota| va|ue of
these exports accounts for a|most 40% of the tota|
va|ue of the d|stant water f|shery catch
82
.
South Korea`s ma|n f|sh|ng ground |s the WOPO
where |t has the fourth |argest catch w|th 195
|ong||ners be|ong|ng to 22 compan|es reg|stered
to operate |n the area
83
(see f|gure 2}.
The s|ze of the sash|m| market |n Korea was
est|mated at 15,000 - 20,000mt |n 2010
84

and |n 2011 th|s was va|ued at approx|mate|y
$252 m||||on
85
.
The d|str|but|on of sash|m| tuna |n the nat|ona|
market by Sajo and Dongwon, two of the |argest
f|sh|ng compan|es, cons|sts of three channe|s.
F|rst|y through |ntermed|ar|es (b|g agenc|es, spec|a|
contract dea|ers, f|sh stores |n severa| f|sh markets,
etc.}; second|y through the department stores or
|arge reta|| cha|ns, such as E-mart and Homep|us,
etc.; and f|na||y us|ng the|r own d|str|but|on channe|s
and franch|ses. Sajo`s franch|se 'Sajo Sash|m|
Tuna`
87
w|th more than 50 stores supp||es over 65%
of sash|m| supp|y to the domest|c market. 'Dongwon
Tuna` franch|se
88
has more than 99 stores.
:G<?F EFG'$ "K _"'$G; C";BC@;$ <>;G &J ?"%LG;J @; )*+*
5<F$'E 27%
S@CCG 8%
SGT" B'">L 42%
`";BN"; 3;=>E<'J 15%
`";BN"; D@EF$'@$E 8%
Source: Sajo bus|ness report subm|tted to the F|nanc|a| Superv|sory Serv|ce, Nov 14 2011
86
sect|on four
!"
Sharks make
up as much
as 50% of
the catch |n
some |ong||ne
f|sher|es.
Image A b|ue shark
(923)$460 8/4#64} |s pu||ed
onboard the Japanese
|ong||ner, Fukusek|
Maru No 07 from the
deep waters |n the
Mozamb|que Ohanne|.
sect|on f|ve
As hundreds of thousands of k||ometres of
||nes carry|ng many m||||ons of ba|ted hooks
are set every day |n the p|anet`s oceans w|th
very ||tt|e regu|at|on, |t |s not surpr|s|ng that
|ong||ne f|sh|ng has a devastat|ng effect on
a range of mar|ne spec|es other than tuna.
Sharks, turt|es and seab|rds, many of them
threatened spec|es, are co||atera| damage
to the |ong||ne f|sher|es. ln a FAO g|oba|
assessment of bycatch, |t was d|scovered
that |ong||ne f|sher|es for tuna and re|ated
spec|es have an est|mated d|scard rate of
22%. For some f|eets (|ong range, most|y
As|an, tuna |ong||ne vesse|s} the f|gure |s
thought to be as h|gh as 40%
89
. Some
f|sher|es have d|scard rates that are even
h|gher - the Oanad|an swordf|sh |ong||ne
f|shery |n the NW At|ant|c d|scards more than
one b|ue shark for every swordf|sh |anded.
90
SFG'H D@;;@;BA
/ L'"K@<G&C$ E@=$C@;$
The term|no|ogy that d|v|des f|sh|ng catches |nto
target, |nc|denta| and d|scards - the |atter two referred
to as bycatch - |s |n many cases an art|f|c|a| d|st|nct|on
for f|sher|es and f|shers a|m|ng to make max|mum
prof|ts from whatever comes up on the|r ||nes. Th|s |s
part|cu|ar|y the case for sharks, wh|ch are common|y
cons|dered a bycatch of tuna f|sher|es.
Sharks supp|y a |ucrat|ve |nternat|ona| trade |n
shark f|ns and other shark products. As |ong as
shark f|nn|ng (the process of remov|ng a shark`s
f|ns, somet|mes wh||e the an|ma| |s st||| a||ve,
and dump|ng the body overboard} rema|ns
|ega|, or bans are not enforced, the sma|| space
requ|red to store f|ns means they may make up
an econom|ca||y |mportant part of the catch w|th
||tt|e or no |mpact on reduc|ng ho|d space for the
nom|na| 'target" spec|es such as tunas. Ooup|ed
w|th the w|despread use of techn|ques that |ncrease
shark 'bycatch" such as w|re |eaders, the use of
J hooks rather than c|rc|e hooks, use of squ|d as
ba|t and sett|ng techn|ques such as short ||nes
beneath buoys, |t becomes c|ear that catch|ng
sharks may not be such an acc|dent after a||.
Sharks make up as much as 50% of the catch |n
some |ong||ne f|sher|es
91
,
92
,
93
,
94
but th|s can be
much h|gher. Examp|es |nc|ude the Hawa|| swordf|sh
f|shery (unt|| the use of squ|d as ba|t was banned}
95

and the New Zea|and m|xed tuna f|shery, where b|ue
sharks have accounted for more of the catch than
the comb|ned tota| of a|| tuna spec|es
96
.
Many of the sharks caught |n |ong||ne f|sher|es are
st||| a||ve when brought to the vesse|, so |n add|t|on
to avo|d|ng the use of methods ment|oned above,
decreas|ng the soak t|me (the per|od between sett|ng
and retr|ev|ng ||nes} may a|so |ncrease the proport|on
of sharks that can be re|eased re|at|ve|y unharmed
97
.
Orew payments structures or prof|t shar|ng
arrangements may a|so encourage target|ng of
supposed|y non-target spec|es
98
. Some f|shers a|so
b|ame sharks for |oss of f|sh|ng gear or wasted t|me
|n hand||ng them, add|ng a further |ncent|ve to k||| any
sharks caught, even |f the major|ty of the an|ma| w|||
u|t|mate|y be dumped and wasted.
Many spec|es of turt|es are a|socaught |n |ong||ne
gear, and there |s part|cu|ar concern over bycatch
|n pe|ag|c |ong||ne f|sher|es. ln a g|oba| rev|ew |n
2003 |t was est|mated that approx|mate|y 230,000
|oggerhead turt|es and 50,000 |eatherbacks were
|nc|denta||y caught each year by |ong||nes
99
.
=5
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sect|on f|ve
lt |s est|mated that at |east 160,000 (and potent|a||y
|n excess of 320,000} seab|rds are k|||ed |n |ong||ne
f|sher|es wor|dw|de every year. Most common|y
k|||ed are a|batross, petre| and shearwater spec|es.
The Japanese North Pac|f|c tuna |ong||ne f|shery
and southern b|uef|n tuna comb|ned account for
the second h|ghest seab|rd morta||ty among the
f|eets assessed
100
.
SGEF@%@ SCG#$E
Poor regu|at|on and standards |n the g|oba| tuna
f|sh|ng |ndustry not on|y |mpact tuna stocks and
other mar|ne ||fe but a|so have ser|ous consequences
for the |arge numbers of f|shermen |n the f|eet who
often have to work |n dangerous and unprotected
env|ronments. The cond|t|ons on d|stant water
|ong||ne vesse|s that catch tuna and other spec|es
can be notor|ous|y bad.
Oond|t|ons on f|sh|ng vesse|s are amongst the worst
|n the wor|d, w|th reports of v|o|ence aga|nst crew
members (as we|| as observers}, d|re work|ng and
||v|ng cond|t|ons, |ow or w|thhe|d pay and, |n extreme
cases, crew-members who have been taken and
kept on board because they are the v|ct|ms of human
traff|ck|ng and modern-day s|avery
101
. The very
nature of |ong||ne tuna f|sher|es, often operat|ng far
from the|r country of or|g|n and far out at sea, creates
opportun|t|es for the rout|ne abuse of emp|oyees
away from pub||c scrut|ny or regu|at|on. |ong||ners
are often re|at|ve|y sma|| vesse|s w|th |ow or no
observer coverage, can stay at sea for months or
even years at a t|me by transh|pp|ng catches and
rece|v|ng fue| and supp||es from reefers rather than
|n port. Th|s effect|ve|y resu|ts |n a capt|ve workforce
w|th ||tt|e overs|ght, recourse or even ab|||ty for crew
to escape from exp|o|t|ve or abus|ve s|tuat|ons.
A rap|d|y grow|ng body of ev|dence |s now br|ng|ng
to ||ght some of the worst examp|es of poor pract|ce
and abuse |n the work p|ace.
102
lt shou|d be noted
that vesse|s f|y|ng f|ags of conven|ence, a pract|ce
common |n |ong||ne f|sh|ng as descr|bed ear||er (see
box 1}, are part|cu|ar|y prone to l f|sh|ng and w|th |t
to crew abuse and |abour |ssues
103
.
Ev|dence of a w|de range of ser|ous |ssues and
abuses connected to l f|sh|ng and poor|y
regu|ated and contro||ed d|stant water f|eets |s
ava||ab|e, |nc|ud|ng:
104

105

106

107

108
nsafe and/or |nhumane work|ng cond|t|ons
Poor ||v|ng cond|t|ons

Meagre food and water rat|ons, and of poor qua||ty
lnt|m|dat|on
Ooerc|on
Phys|ca| Abuse
|ong sh|fts w|th no or |nadequate breaks

Forced permanence at sea for many
months and even years
lssues re|at|ng to pay

(|ow, w|thhe|d or s|mp|y not pa|d}
Beat|ngs and v|o|ent phys|ca| assau|t
B|ack||st|ng
Den|ed med|ca| care
lmpr|sonment
Abandonment
Rape
Murder
Whereas some workers are 'just` |||-treated and abused
wh||e they are on the job or unt|| they f|ee the vesse|, |n
other cases the work|ng cond|t|ons endured by crew
members meet the lnternat|ona| |abour Organ|sat|on`s
(l|O} def|n|t|ons of forced |abour
109
. There |s grow|ng
ev|dence that many such crew members have been the
v|ct|ms of human-traff|ck|ng
110
.
ln tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es the sh|p`s capta|n and f|sh|ng
master are often e|ther from the f|ag state or, |n the
case of FOO vesse|s, nat|ona|s of the benef|c|a| owner.
The f|sh|ng crews most often or|g|nate from |ow wage
reg|ons such as Afr|ca (for E f|eets} and South East
As|a (for a|| f|eets}. v|etnam, lndones|a, Ph|||pp|nes,
|aos, Oambod|a and Burma prov|de many |ong||ne
f|sh|ng crew for the most prob|emat|c, h|gh seas sma||-
sca|e |ong||ne f|eets, where cond|t|ons are genera||y
shown to be some of the worst.
The crews are often recru|ted through mann|ng
agenc|es, cond|t|ons of emp|oyment and prob|ems
assoc|ated w|th contracts and payments seem to
vary between d|fferent agents mak|ng them a|so,
together w|th the vesse| owners and operators,
respons|b|e for the abuses ||sted. The sa|ar|es of
crew members at sea can be as ||tt|e as $40-$200
per month w|th prov|s|ons for the crew hav|ng to pay
for the|r safety gear, to||etr|es and food out of that
sa|ary as we||
111 112
.
sect|on f|ve
Oase study 5
Hs|eh Ta
113
ln September 2013 |t was reported that four
v|etnamese sa||ors had escaped from a
Ta|wanese tuna |ong||ner hav|ng c|a|med to
have suffered ser|ous m|streatment on board.
The story was reported w|de|y across f|sh|ng
|ndustry trade med|a.The four crew members
were reported to have f|ed from the Hs|eh Ta
vesse|, owned by Hong Yuan F|shery, dur|ng an
operat|on |n wh|ch |t was tow|ng a broken down
sh|p. A tugboat rescued them. The tuna |ong||ner
|s off|c|a||y ||sted under both the WOPFO and
the lATTO.

One of the escaped crew members, 22 year o|d
Tran van Dung, sa|d: 'The Ta|wanese capta|n,
the eng|neer and two other men repeated|y beat
us for no reason w|th any object |n the|r hands
||ke a hammer or a wrench.". He added: 'The
most pa|nfu| t|me was when the capta|n and
eng|neer beat and jumped on me unt|| my nose
b|ed and l |ost consc|ousness. We had to suffer,
fear|ng they wou|d throw us |nto the sea."
Oase study 6
Tunago 61
114

Pago Pago, Amer|can Samoa, |s a tuna port that
sees a |ot of |ong||ne act|v|ty and occas|ona||y
crew members jump|ng sh|p. ln 2005, s|x
Oh|nese f|shers f|ed the vanuatu-f|agged but
Ta|wanese-owned tuna |ong||ne vesse| Tunago
61, h|d|ng |n the mounta|ns to avo|d recapture.
They eventua||y sought refuge |n the Pago
Pago Seafarers Oentre, where they gave
eyew|tness accounts of the extreme phys|ca|
abuse suffered by crew members on board the
vesse|. Th|s |nc|uded beat|ngs 'sporad|ca||y and
systemat|ca||y every day` and death threats from
the capta|n, who to|d them that he carr|ed a gun
and cou|d eas||y wr|te them off as hav|ng been
swept overboard.
One crew member asked for |eave from the boat
and as a resu|t was beaten w|th an |ron rod,
susta|n|ng ser|ous head |njur|es, and was |ocked
up |n the bow for three days w|thout food or
water. For an offence as s|mp|e as chatt|ng w|th
a co||eague, another crew member was grabbed
by the ha|r and repeated|y punched |n the face
then beaten w|th a th|ck wooden rod on h|s th|gh,
stomach and back. Another crew member was
attacked for fa|||ng to proper|y secure ba|t to a|| of
the hooks, for wh|ch he was reported|y punched
|n the face and then k|cked |n the head once he
had fa||en to the deck.
Image Four s|eep|ng crew members
of the docked Oh|nese |ong||ner Fu
Yuan Yu 052.
Image Orew members of
the Ta|wanese |ong||ner
Ho Tsa| Fa 18 pu|| up a shark.
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sect|on f|ve
!"
|ong term
susta|nab|||ty |n
the tuna |ong||ne
sector must
|nc|ude a|| p|ayers,
from f|sh|ng
f|eets down to
markets and end
consumers.
Image Fresh tuna
at auct|on at the
Tsuk|j| who|esa|e
f|sh market, the
|argest f|sh market
|n the wor|d.
sect|on s|x
The wor|d`s tuna |ong||ne f|eets rema|n
|arge|y outs|de of what |s cons|dered
precaut|onary and ecosystem-based
management, as mandated by the N
F|sh Stocks Agreement for h|gh|y m|gratory
f|sh stocks such as tunas, and other
spec|es caught by these f|eets. Not on|y
are the f|ag States and RFMOs fa|||ng
to ||m|t vesse| numbers and catches to
|ong-term susta|nab|e and equ|tab|e |eve|s,
but they are fa|||ng to co||ect adequate
data on the f|sh|ng act|v|t|es of these f|eets
to ensure they comp|y w|th the re|evant
ru|es, whether RFMOs` or coasta| states`
|n whose waters they operate.
|ong||ne f|sh|ng |s out of contro|, not on|y dec|mat|ng
the target and bycatch spec|es they hook, but a|so
often depr|v|ng coasta| commun|t|es of the|r ||ve||hoods
as we|| as comm|tt|ng terr|b|e abuses aga|nst the|r
crews. |ong-term susta|nab|||ty |n the tuna |ong||ne
sector must |nc|ude a|| p|ayers, beg|nn|ng w|th the
f|sh|ng f|eets a|| the way through to the markets and
end consumers. Reg|ona| f|sher|es management
organ|sat|ons, coasta| states, traders and consumers
a|| need to p|ay the|r part to ach|eve th|s.
4'G=$'E <" GEE>%$ <F$@'
E>E<G@;G&@C@<J '$EL";E@&@C@<@$E
The g|oba| tuna |ong||ne f|sh|ng sector |s |arge
and d|verse w|th the major|ty of operat|ons be|ng
conducted by sma||er compan|es, w|th the traders
act|ng as m|dd|emen (or the enab|ers who keep these
f|eets af|oat}. As such they have the respons|b|||ty to
become gatekeepers of susta|nab|||ty and ensure
that they on|y operate and trade w|th vesse|s and
compan|es that fu|f|| transparent env|ronmenta| and
soc|a| susta|nab|||ty cr|ter|a.
The|r respons|b|||ty shou|d |nc|ude, where necessary,
he|p|ng |nd|v|dua| f|eets to transform to more
susta|nab|e and equ|tab|e pract|ces. On|y through
gett|ng these |arger p|ayers to act w||| |t be poss|b|e
to br|ng the more fragmented f|sh|ng sector under
contro|. Reta||ers and restaurants a|so need to
work d|rect|y w|th the traders and brands to ensure
necessary traceab|||ty and susta|nab|||ty standards
throughout the supp|y cha|n, as we|| as exert|ng
pressure on both coasta| and f|ag states to |mprove
management at nat|ona|, reg|ona| and RFMO |eve|.
Greenpeace lnternat|ona| |s ca|||ng for the
fo||ow|ng susta|nab|||ty and equ|ty standards to
be |mp|emented w|thout de|ay by the key traders,
market p|ayers and f|sh|ng operators act|ve |n the
|ong||ne tuna sector:
:";?C>E@";E G;=
8$?"%%$;=G<@";E
=6
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sect|on s|x
sect|on s|x
F|sh |ega||y and not to trade w|th vesse|s or
compan|es on the Greenpeace l f|sh|ng
b|ack||st (www.b|ack||st.greenpeace.org}.
Ensure a|| |nformat|on re|ated to the f|sh|ng operat|on
requ|red by the re|evant regu|atory bod|es |s reported
|n an accurate and t|me|y manner.
Not to f|sh, source or trade any tuna caught
|n any protected area |nc|ud|ng the Pac|f|c h|gh
seas pockets (see Map 1 }.
Not to conduct any at-sea transh|pment or
source any tuna from vesse|s where at-sea
transh|pments have taken p|ace.
Not to use, or source any tuna from vesse|s
that use shark-target|ng methods, |nc|ud|ng w|re
tracers, shark spec|f|c ba|t or use harpoons and
other methods to catch rays.
Obta|n th|rd party ver|f|ed cha|n of custody
cert|f|cat|on for a|| |ong||ne operat|ons.
Adopt c|rc|e hooks and other best
pract|ce m|t|gat|on for bycatch.
On|y operate or source from vesse|s where
100% |ndependent human or e|ectron|c
catch mon|tor|ng |s tak|ng p|ace.
Not to |ntent|ona||y k||| or |and any cr|t|ca||y
endangered or endangered mar|ne an|ma|s
|nc|ud|ng sharks, rays, cetaceans and turt|es,
or any other spec|es for wh|ch target|ng and/or
|and|ng |s proh|b|ted, and to report any acc|denta|
catches of such an|ma|s. Any such spec|es
caught shou|d be re|eased a||ve.
115
Oons|der|ng overcapac|ty |n the wor|d`s f|sh|ng
f|eets, comm|t to promot|ng a reduct|on |n
f|sh|ng capac|ty |n tuna f|sher|es commensurate
w|th precaut|onary f|sh|ng ||m|ts by not |nvest|ng
|n new purse se|ne/|ong||ne f|sh|ng capac|ty
[vesse|s| and to not trade w|th compan|es
that are act|ve|y add|ng new purse se|ne
and |ong||ne capac|ty/vesse|s.
Ensure a|| company operat|ons meet l|O
standards for fa|r treatment of |abour, and
that seafarers are treated accord|ng to
|nternat|ona| best pract|ce by pub||ca||y
ca|||ng on your government to rat|fy the
Mar|t|me |abour Oonvent|on.
8DI5E <" E<'@?<CJ '$B>CG<$
C";BC@;$ K@EF$'@$E
The track record of RFMOs` management and
contro| of |ong||ne f|eets |s appa|||ng. Proh|b|t|ng entry
of new vesse|s by |ndustr|a||sed nat|ons as we|| as
emerg|ng econom|c powers wh||e bann|ng a|| at-sea
transh|pments are essent|a| f|rst steps to prevent the
s|tuat|on gett|ng s|gn|f|cant|y worse. Operators and
f|ag states a|so need to ensure that accurate data
and |nformat|on on catches and f|eets f|na||y become
ava||ab|e for managers and sc|ence prov|ders.
Susta|nab|e management of these f|eets` act|v|t|es
needs to start w|th the accurate assessment of
resources as we|| as of act|ve f|sh|ng capac|ty.
On|y capac|ty ||m|ts |n ||ne w|th precaut|onary and
ecosystem-based ||m|ts, and target reference po|nts
for a|| tuna stocks, can prevent l f|sh|ng and a||ow
f|eets to be env|ronmenta||y and soc|a||y susta|nab|e
and econom|ca||y v|ab|e w|thout subs|d|es.
The necessary capac|ty reduct|on programmes must
accommodate the r|ghts and needs of deve|op|ng
coasta| states and ensure the trans|t|on of the tuna
|ndustry, |nc|ud|ng the |ong||ne sector. The ent|re cha|n
of product|on needs to be env|ronmenta||y susta|nab|e,
soc|a||y respons|b|e as we|| as econom|ca||y v|ab|e.
Such a transformat|on wou|d be based on a set of
transparent and equ|tab|e cr|ter|a, name|y:
sect|on s|x
Se|ect|v|ty: F|sh|ng vesse|s emp|oy|ng gear and
f|sh|ng patterns w|th |ow bycatch shou|d be g|ven
pr|or|ty access to the ava||ab|e resources.
H|story of comp||ance: Past comp||ance w|th
app||cab|e ru|es, |nc|ud|ng qua||ty of data prov|ded
by f|shers as we|| as comp||ance w|th OOMs and
nat|ona| regu|at|ons shou|d be cons|dered when
grant|ng access to a f|shery.
Soc|o econom|c benef|ts: vesse|s that br|ng
d|rect |ncome and |nvestment to the reg|on,
der|ved from the|r f|sh|ng operat|ons, shou|d
rece|ve pr|or|ty access.
Emp|oyment and work|ng cond|t|ons: F|sh|ng
vesse|s that prov|de more and better emp|oyment
cond|t|ons, as |ong as they are a|so |ess damag|ng
for the env|ronment, shou|d be g|ven pr|or|ty
access. Work|ng cond|t|ons shou|d comp|y w|th
re|evant |nternat|ona| standards, notab|y the 2007
l|O Work |n F|sh|ng Oonvent|on.
Energy consumpt|on: vesse|s consum|ng |ess
energy per tonne of f|sh caught shou|d be g|ven
pr|or|ty access as |ong as they a|so meet other
env|ronmenta| and soc|a| cr|ter|a.
Qua||ty of product: vesse| types prov|d|ng the
best qua||ty of f|sh for human consumpt|on shou|d
be g|ven pr|or|ty access.
The |ack of MOSE |n some areas such as the h|gh
seas represents a |oopho|e that fac|||tates l f|sh|ng
act|v|t|es. lt |s therefore necessary to ensure that
RFMOs c|ose the most vu|nerab|e and strateg|c
areas to a|| f|sh|ng such as the Pac|f|c h|gh seas
enc|aves (see Map 1} and any other areas |dent|f|ed
as l hotspots.
RMFOs shou|d a|so proceed to make the use of c|rc|e
hooks compu|sory, ensure state of the art bycatch
m|t|gat|on methods for seab|rds and other spec|es are
agreed and |mp|emented, and that target|ng of shark
spec|es |s proh|b|ted |n tuna f|sher|es by bann|ng the use
of w|re tracers and shark spec|f|c ba|t as we|| as the |and-
|ng of vu|nerab|e and endangered spec|es. Ensur|ng fa|r
wages for the crews w||| he|p to e||m|nate the |ncent|ve to
engage |n shark f|sh|ng and f|nn|ng for extra |ncome.
ln add|t|on to the urgent need to ban at-sea transh|p-
ment for the |ong||ne sector, e|ther human or we|| func-
t|on|ng, tested and tamper-free e|ectron|c observer
coverage shou|d be made compu|sory on a|| vesse|s
w|thout de|ay at RMFO |eve|. W|thout th|s the necessary
transparency and traceab|||ty to ensure susta|nab|e f|sh-
|ng pract|ces cannot be ver|f|ed and the requ|rements
for susta|nab|e tuna |n the market p|ace cannot be met.
RFMOs shou|d a|so |mpose the cont|nuous use of
tamper free sate|||te track|ng vesse| Mon|tor|ng System
(vMS}, Automat|c ldent|f|cat|on System (AlS} and a
un|que vesse| |dent|f|er such as the lMO number.
:"GE<GC S<G<$E <" E<'$;B<F$;
C"?GC C$B@ECG<@";
Wh||st |t w||| |nev|tab|y take some years for RFMOs to ad-
equate|y address |ssues w|th |ong||ne f|sher|es, tuna r|ch
coasta| states, act|ng un||atera||y or reg|ona||y, w||| |n many
cases be ab|e to take the |ead |n |mprov|ng |ong||ne f|sh-
|ng standards |n the|r waters.
By |ntroduc|ng |eg|s|at|on to reduce overcapac|ty |n the|r
EEZs and ensur|ng vesse|s are not a||owed to exp|o|t
h|gh seas f|sh|ng |oopho|es to evade mon|tor|ng and
report|ng, bann|ng at sea transh|pments, requ|r|ng
observers, and proh|b|t|ng target|ng and f|nn|ng of sharks
and |mpos|ng bycatch m|t|gat|ons, they can precede
RFMO |eg|s|at|on, as |s the case for the Part|es to the
Nauru Agreement (|n the WOPFO} w|tn regards to better
management of the reg|on`s purse se|ne f|sher|es
116
.
Ooasta| states shou|d grant access to the|r EEZs
accord|ng to the env|ronmenta| and soc|a| cr|ter|a
descr|bed above |n order to ensure env|ronmenta|
susta|nab|||ty as a prerequ|s|te to ach|ev|ng soc|o-
econom|c benef|ts.
endnotes
1 FAO. G|oba| Tuna Oatches by Stock 1950 - 2010. http://www.fao.org/
f|shery/stat|st|cs/tuna-catches/query/en [Accessed 26 September 2013|
2 lSSF. 2013. Purse se|ne vesse| database. http://|ss-foundat|on.org/purse-
se|ne-vesse|-database/ [Accessed 26 September 2013|
3 B|uef|n for fatten|ng |n cages (tuna ranch|ng}
6 FFA. 2012. OPRT study echoes PlTlA concerns over rap|d |ncrease |n sma||
tuna |ong||ners. FFA F|sher|es Trade News, vo|. 5, |ssue 1, p. 4.
7 The most recent est|mate from WOPFO |s that there have been between 3000
and 4000 |ong||ne vesse|s operat|ng |n the convent|on area |n 2006-2012 (see
http://www.wcpfc.|nt/node/3561 p.22}; there were an est|mated 2,200 |ong||ne
vesse|s operat|ng |n the lOTO f|shery |n 2009 (see http://acpf|sh2-eu.org/up|oads/
projects/|d31/F|na|%20Techn|ca|%20Report%20|r_Part3.pdf p.13}
8 WOPFO. 2013. Record of f|sh|ng vesse|s. http://www.wcpfc.|nt/doc/csv-f||e
[Date of |ssue: 13/09/2013|
9 OEOD. 2003. G|ossary of stat|st|ca| terms. http://stats.oecd.org/g|ossary/
deta||.asp?lD=1557 [Accessed 30 October 2013|
10 FAO. 2013. lndustr|a| tuna |ong||n|ng. http://www.fao.org/f|shery/
f|shtech/1010/en
11 FAO. 2013. Tuna: A G|oba| Perspect|ve. http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/
ap939e/ap939e.pdf
12 Greenpeace lnternat|ona|. 2013. Greenpeace lnternat|ona| B|ack||st. http://
www.greenpeace.org/|nternat|ona|/en/campa|gns/oceans/p|rate-f|sh|ng/
B|ack||st1/
13 FAO. 2002. Stopp|ng |||ega|, unreported and unregu|ated f|sh|ng. http://
www.fao.org/docrep/005/y3554e/y3554e01.htm
14 WOPFO. 2005. Transh|pment. From F|rst Meet|ng of the Techn|ca|
and Oomp||ance Oomm|ttee of the Oomm|ss|on for the Oonservat|on and
Management of H|gh|y M|gratory F|sh Stocks |n the Western and Oentra| Pac|f|c
Ocean, Pohnpe|, FSM, 5 - 9 December 2005. WOPFO, Pohnpe|. http://www.
wcpfc.|nt/system/f||es/WOPFO-TOO1-17.pdf
15 FAO. 2010-2013. F|sh|ng vesse| mon|tor|ng systems. lnformat|on secur|ty -
vMS. vMS programme factsheets. http://www.fao.org/f|shery/top|c/18108/en
16 Greenpeace. 2006. P|under|ng the Pac|f|c: Summary of f|nd|ngs of
Greenpeace jo|nt enforcement exerc|ses w|th FSM and K|r|bat|, Sep 4th -
Oct 23rd 2006. Greenpeace lnternat|ona|, Amsterdam. www.greenpeace.
org/|nternat|ona|/G|oba|/|nternat|ona|/p|anet-2/report/2007/8/p|under|ng-
pac|f|c.pdf
17 lOTO. 2013. Summary report on poss|b|e |nfract|ons observed under the
reg|ona| observer programme. From 10th Sess|on of the OoO, Grand Ba|e,
Maur|t|us, May 2 - 4 2013. lOTO, v|ctor|a, Seyche||es. www.|otc.org/f||es/
proceed|ngs/2013/coc/lOTO-2013-OoO10-08c%20Rev1%5BE%5D.pdf p.7
18 W||||ams, P. and Terawas|, P. 2013. Overv|ew of tuna f|sher|es |n the western
and centra| Pac|f|c Ocean, |nc|ud|ng econom|c cond|t|ons. From 9th Regu|ar
Sess|on of the WOPFO Sc|ent|f|c Oomm|ttee, 6-14 August 2013, Pohnpe|,
FSM. WOPFO, Pohnpe|. http://www.wcpfc.|nt/node/3561 p.31
19 SPO. 2012. Reg|ona| act|on to f|ght |||ega| tuna f|sh|ng |n the Pac|f|c. http://
www.spc.|nt/en/home/1076-reg|ona|-act|on-to-f|ght-|||ega|-tuna-f|sh|ng-|n-the-
pac|f|c.htm|
20 WOPFO. 2013. Summary Report. 9th Regu|ar Sess|on of the WOPFO
Sc|ent|f|c Oomm|ttee, 6-14 August 2013, Pohnpe|, FSM. WOPFO, Pohnpe|.
http://www.wcpfc.|nt/meet|ngs/9th-regu|ar-sess|on-sc|ent|f|c-comm|ttee
21 WOPFO. 2013. Summary Report. 9th Regu|ar Sess|on of the WOPFO
Sc|ent|f|c Oomm|ttee, 6-14 August 2013, Pohnpe|, FSM. WOPFO, Pohnpe|.
http://www.wcpfc.|nt/meet|ngs/9th-regu|ar-sess|on-sc|ent|f|c-comm|ttee
22 eg. lOTO Reso|ut|on 12/05 On Estab||sh|ng a Programme for Transh|pment
by |arge-Sca|e F|sh|ng vesse|s (see www.|otc.org/f||es/OMM/lOTO%20-%20
http://p|dp.org/arch|ve/2009/December/12-25-07.htmOompend|um%20
of%20AOTlvE%20OMMs%2015%20September%202013.pdf}
23 Oook ls|ands News. 2009. l||ega| f|sh|ng draws $439,000 sett|ement
|n Oooks. Pac|f|c ls|ands Report. http://p|dp.org/arch|ve/2009/
December/12-25-07.htm
24 Whe|an, K. 2008. Exp|o|tat|on on Koyu Maru. The Mar|t|mes - Magaz|ne of
the Mar|t|me n|on of New Zea|and, lssue 21, Apr|| 2008, p. 23. www.munz.
org.nz/wp-content/up|oads/2009/07/mar|t|mes_apr||_2008.pdf
25 The Tuna Oueen |s owned by Star Nav|gat|on SA based |n Panama O|ty,
and operated by M|tsub|sh| Reefer Serv|ces (MRS} based |n Tokyo, Japan. The
reefer was author|sed to transh|p at sea |n the lOTO area and accord|ng|y had
an observer onboard.
26 Ta|wan`s use of f|ags of conven|ence and some of the concerns ra|sed by
th|s |ssue were covered |n a Greenpeace report, 'The lnconven|ent Truth of
Ta|wan`s F|ags of Oonven|ence`, pub||shed |n September 2010. http://www.
greenpeace.org/|nternat|ona|/G|oba|/|nternat|ona|/pub||cat|ons/oceans/2010/
Ta|wan%20FOO%20report%202010.pdf
27 Takase, M. 2005. Prob|ems of |||ega|, unreported and unregu|ated f|sh|ng
and overcapac|ty of tuna f|sh|ng vesse|s. ln Proceed|ngs of the Second Meet|ng
of the Techn|ca| Adv|sory Oomm|ttee of the FAO Project Management of tuna
f|sh|ng capac|ty: conservat|on and soc|o-econom|cs, Madr|d, Spa|n, 15 - 18
March 2004 (eds. W. Bay||ff, J. Moreno & J. Majkowsk|}. FAO, Rome. http://
www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5984e/y5984e0q.htm
30 SPO. 2012. OPRT study echoes PlTlA concerns over rap|d |ncrease |n sma||
tuna |ong||ners. SPO F|sher|es News|etter, =137, p. 24. http://www.spc.|nt/
D|g|ta|||brary/Doc/FAME/lnfoBu||/F|shNews/137/F|shNews137x_24_OPRT.pdf
31 lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2009. What are f|ags of
conven|ence? http://www.|tfg|oba|.org/f|afs-conven|ence/sub-page.cfm
32 Greenpeace East As|a. 2010. The |nconven|ent truth of Ta|wan`s F|ags of
Oonven|ence. http://www.greenpeace.org/eastas|a/pub||cat|ons/reports/
oceans/2011/Ta|wan-FOO-report/
33 Ham||ton, A., |ew|s, A., McOoy, M., Hav|ce, E. and Oamp||ng, |. 2011.
Market and lndustry Dynam|cs |n the G|oba| Tuna Supp|y Oha|n. Forum
F|sher|es Agency, Hon|ara, June 2011. https://www.ffa.|nt/system/f||es/
G|oba|%20Tuna%20Market%20%2526%20lndustry%20Dynam|cs_
Part%201a.pdf p. 137
34 FOF F|shery Oo., |td. 2012. Oompany H|story. http://www.fcf.com.tw/
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35 FOF F|shery Oo., |td. 2012. Major M||estones. http://www.fcf.com.tw/
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37 FOF F|shery Oo., |td. 2012. Bunker|ng. http://www.fcf.com.tw/
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38 Dun and Bradstreet lnternat|ona| |td. 2013. D&B Bus|ness lnformat|on
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Bradstreet, Ta|wan.
39 Ta|wan F|sher|es Agency. 2012. F|sher|es Product|on. F|sher|es Stat|st|ca|
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40 FOF F|shery Oo., |td. 2012. Overv|ew. http://www.fcf.com.tw/overv|ew.htm|
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Endnotes
41 Ta|wan F|sher|es Agency. 2012. F|sher|es Product|on. F|sher|es Stat|st|ca|
Yearbook: Ta|wan, K|nmen and Matsu Area 2011. Oounc|| of Agr|cu|ture,
Execut|ve Yuan.
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43 FOF F|shery Oo., |td. 2012. Overv|ew. http://www.fcf.com.tw/overv|ew.htm|
[Accessed 7 October 2013|
44 Fu|| ||st: Kaohs|ung, Bangkok, Suva, |evuka, Pago Pago, Sh|m|zu,
S|ngapore, Wewak, |amen, Port |ou|s, Mahe and Oape Town.
45 Fu|| ||st: K|r|bat|, Federates States of M|crones|a, Ph|||pp|nes, Guam,
So|omon ls|ands, Marsha|| ls|ands, Tah|t|, PNG, Argent|na, Ecuador, Hawa||,
ruguay, Panama, Peru, Fa|k|and ls|ands, Oanary ls|ands.
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93 O|arke S, McA|||ster M, M||ner-Gu||and E, K|rkwood G, M|ch|e|sens O, Agnew
D, et a|. 2006. G|oba| est|mates of shark catches us|ng trade records from
commerc|a| markets. Eco|ogy |etters; 9: 1115-26
94 Mo|ony B. 2007. Oommon|y Oaptured Sharks and Rays for Oons|derat|on
by the Ecosystem and Bycatch SWG at SO3. Th|rd Regu|ar Sess|on of the
Sc|ent|f|c Oomm|ttee, 13-24 August 2007, Hono|u|u, SA. WOPFO, Pohnpe|.
http://www.wcpfc.|nt/doc/eb-|p-19/common|y-captured-sharks-and-rays-
cons|derat|on-ecosystem-and-bycatch-swg-sc3
95 G||man E, O|arke S, Brothers N, A|faro-Sh|gueto J, Mande|man J, Mange|
J, et a|. 2008. Shark |nteract|ons |n pe|ag|c |ong||ne f|sher|es. Mar|ne Po||cy; 32:
1-18.
96 Franc|s, M. P., Gr|ggs, |. H. and Ba|rd, S. J. 2004. F|sh bycatch |n New
Zea|and tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es, 1998-99 to 1999-2000. New Zea|and F|sher|es
Assessment Report 2004/22.
97 Franc|s, M. P.; Gr|ggs, |. H. and Ba|rd, S. J. 2004. F|sh bycatch |n New
Zea|and tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es, 1998-99 to 1999-2000. New Zea|and F|sher|es
Assessment Report 2004/22.
98 F|e|d, M. 2013. Ta|wanese f|sh|ng boats a threat to k|||er sharks. Stuff.co.nz,
13 January 2013. http://www.stuff.co.nz/env|ronment/8171830/Ta|wanese-
f|sh|ng-boats-a-threat-to-k|||er-sharks and Turagabec|, l. 2013. Sharks a target
f|sher|es. The F|j| T|mes On||ne, 24 June 2014. http://www.f|j|t|mes.com/story.
aspx?|d=237762
99 |ew|son, R., Freeman, S. and Orowder, |. 2003. G|oba| Overv|ew of
lnc|denta| Oapture of Mar|ne Turt|es |n |ong||ne F|sher|es. ln Proceed|ngs of the
lnternat|ona| Techn|ca| Expert Workshop on Mar|ne Turt|e Bycatch |n |ong||ne
F|sher|es. Seatt|e, Wash|ngton, SA. February 2003.
Anderson, O. R. J. et a|. 2011. G|oba| seab|rd bycatch |n |ong||ne f|sher|es.
Endangered Spec|es Research, vo|. 14: 91-106, 2011.
101 lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2006. Out of S|ght, Out of
M|nd: Seafarers, F|shers and Human R|ghts. lTF, |ondon. www.|tfg|oba|.org/
f||es/pub||cat|ons/2259/HumanR|ghts.pdf
102 G|ann|, M. and S|mpson, W. 2005. The Ohang|ng Nature of H|gh Seas
F|sh|ng: How F|ag of Oonven|ence prov|de cover for l||ega|, nreported and
nregu|ated F|sh|ng, Austra||an Dept of Agr|cu|ture, F|sher|es and Forestry,
lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on and WWF lnternat|ona|.
103 lTF. 2012. What do F|ags of Oonven|ence mean to seafarers? http://
www.|tfg|oba|.org/f|ags-conven|ence/f|ags-conven|en-184.cfm [Accessed 01
November 2013|
104 EJF. 2010. A|| At Sea - The Abuse of Human R|ghts aboard l||ega| F|sh|ng
vesse|s. Env|ronmenta| Just|ce Foundat|on, |ondon. http://www.ejfoundat|on.
org/oceans/a||-at-sea-report
105 lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2006. Out of S|ght, Out of
f||es/pub||cat|ons/2259/HumanR|ghts.pdf
106 Sk|nner, E. 2012. The F|sh|ng lndustry`s Orue|est Oatch. From B|oomberg
Bus|nessweek, 23 February 2012. http:/www.bus|nessweek.com/
art|c|es/2012-02-23/the-f|sh|ng-|ndustrys-crue|est-catch
107 |e|thead, A. 2011. Burmese 's|avery` f|shermen are traff|cked and abused.
From BBO News, 25 Apr|| 2011. http:/www.bbc.co.uk/news/wor|d-as|a-
pac|f|c-12881982
108 lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2006. lns|de the lssues: Out of
S|ght out of m|nd. http:/www.|tfseafarers.org/work|ng-cond|t|ons.cfm
109 l|O. 2013. Oaught at Sea: Forced |abour and traff|ck|ng |n f|sher|es. l|O,
Sw|tzer|and. www.||o.org/wcmsp5/groups/pub||c/---ed_norm/---dec|arat|on/
documents/pub||cat|on/wcms_214472.pdf
110 l|O. 2013. Oaught at Sea: Forced |abour and traff|ck|ng |n f|sher|es. l|O,
Sw|tzer|and. www.||o.org/wcmsp5/groups/pub||c/---ed_norm/---dec|arat|on/
documents/pub||cat|on/wcms_214472.pdf
111 The n|ted Nat|ons Off|ce on Drugs and Or|me (NODO}. 2011.
Transnat|ona| Organ|zed Or|me |n the F|sh|ng lndustry, p.27. www.unodc.org/
documents/human-traff|ck|ng/lssue_Paper_-_TOO_|n_the_F|sh|ng_lndustry.pdf
112 Whe|an, K. 2008. Exp|o|tat|on on Koyu Maru. The Mar|t|mes - Magaz|ne
of the Mar|t|me n|on of New Zea|and, lssue 21, Apr|| 2008, p. 23. www.munz.
org.nz/wp-content/up|oads/2009/07/mar|t|mes_apr||_2008.pdf p.20
113 Atuna. 2013. Orew Escape from Tuna |ong||ner, O|a|ms of S|avery.
From Atuna News, September 4 2013. http://www.atuna.com/apps/pub||c/
v|ewArt|c|e.asp?lD=13350 p.137
114 Source: Dr Ohr|stopher Evans, D|rector, Pago Pago Seafarer`s Oentre.
From lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2006. Out of S|ght, Out of
f||es/pub||cat|ons/2259/HumanR|ghts.pdf p.20
115 Except where such an an|ma| |s acc|denta||y caught as bycatch and cannot
be re|eased a||ve, and the operator |s |ega||y requ|red to |and |ts carcass, |t
shou|d be |anded w|th a|| body parts natura||y attached.
116 The PNA 3rd lmp|ement|ng Agreement enforced a three month ban on the
use f|sh aggregat|on dev|ces, a c|osure of the h|gh seas pocket and open h|gh
seas to purse se|ne f|sh|ng, compu|sory observer coverage and catch retent|on
for a|| f|sh|ng vesse|s ||censed to f|sh |n the|r waters.
8$K$'$;?$E K"' 3;K"B'GLF@?E
3;K"B'GLF@? +A :"%LC$M BC"&GC E>LLCJ ?FG@;
Over 5000 |ong||ne vesse|s: The most recent est|mate from WOPFO |s
that there have been between 3000 and 4000 |ong||ne vesse|s operat|ng |n
the convent|on area |n 2006-2012 (see http://www.wcpfc.|nt/node/3561
p.22}; there were an est|mated 2,200 |ong||ne vesse|s operat|ng |n the lOTO
f|shery |n 2009 (see http://acpf|sh2-eu.org/up|oads/projects/|d31/F|na|%20
Techn|ca|%20Report%20|r_Part3.pdf p.13}
Length of ||ne and number of hooks: OEOD. 2003. G|ossary of stat|st|ca|
terms. http://stats.oecd.org/g|ossary/deta||.asp?lD=1557 [Accessed 30
October 2013|
Sea turt|e bycatch: |ew|son, R., Freeman, S. and Orowder, |. 2003. G|oba|
Overv|ew of lnc|denta| Oapture of Mar|ne Turt|es |n |ong||ne F|sher|es. ln
Proceed|ngs of the lnternat|ona| Techn|ca| Expert Workshop on Mar|ne Turt|e
Bycatch |n |ong||ne F|sher|es. Seatt|e, Wash|ngton, SA. February 2003.
Seab|rd bycatch: Anderson, O. R. J. et a|. 2011. G|oba| seab|rd bycatch |n
|ong||ne f|sher|es. Endangered Spec|es Research, vo|. 14: 91-106, 2011.
Sharks as 25-30% of bycatch: G||man E, O|arke S, Brothers N, A|faro-
Sh|gueto J, Mande|man J, Mange| J, et a|. 2008. Shark |nteract|ons |n pe|ag|c
|ong||ne f|sher|es. Mar|ne Po||cy; 32: 1-18.
Labour abuse: lnternat|ona| Transport Workers Federat|on. 2006. Out of
S|ght, Out of M|nd: Seafarers, F|shers and Human R|ghts. lTF, |ondon. www.
|tfg|oba|.org/f||es/pub||cat|ons/2259/HumanR|ghts.pdf
3;K"B'GLF@? )A 1";BC@;$' @; 5L$'G<@";
Japan = 80% of g|oba| fresh tuna market: Ham||ton, A., |ew|s, A., McOoy,
M., Hav|ce, E. and Oamp||ng, |. 2011. Market and lndustry Dynam|cs |n the
G|oba| Tuna Supp|y Oha|n. Forum F|sher|es Agency, Hon|ara, June 2011. http://
www.ffa.|nt/node/567 p.301
Losses from |||ega| f|sh|ng |n the WCP: SPO. 2012. Reg|ona| act|on to f|ght
|||ega| tuna f|sh|ng |n the Pac|f|c. http://www.spc.|nt/en/home/1076-reg|ona|-
act|on-to-f|ght-|||ega|-tuna-f|sh|ng-|n-the-pac|f|c.htm|
I||ega| f|sh|ng est|mated at 9 b||||on USD: Agnew, D., Pearce, J., Pramod,
G., Peatman, T., Watson, R., Bedd|ngton, J. and P|tcher, T. 2009. Est|mat|ng
the wor|dw|de extent of |||ega| f|sh|ng. P|oS ONE, 4(2}.
endnotes
3%GB$A Frozen tuna
hang|ng on ||nes |n
a|r between sh|ps.
Oambod|an f|agged
p|ratef|sher 'Benny
No. 87" trans-sh|ps
tuna to 'Hatsukar|"
|n the South At|ant|c.
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Greenpeace lnternat|ona|
Ottho He|dr|ngstraat 5
1066 AZ Amsterdam
The Nether|ands

greenpeace.org

Out of Line - The Failure of The Global Tuna Longline Fisheries

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Out of Line - The Failure of The Global Tuna Longline Fisheries

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The fa||ure of the g|oba|

tuna |ong||ne f|sher|es

nsafe and/or |nhumane work|ng cond|t|ons

Poor ||v|ng cond|t|ons

|ong sh|fts w|th no or |nadequate breaks

lssues re|at|ng to pay

Beat|ngs and v|o|ent phys|ca| assau|t

Den|ed med|ca| care

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