Professional Documents
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ELECTRONICS
T170
ELEKTRONIKA
Introduction parking (as every day 4000-10000 cars are visiting this
parking lot) – electronic control systems was implemented:
Near all big shopping and leisure centres big parking guidance, traffic jams detection and control,
concentration of vehicles are allocated. These big vehicle intelligent administration and handling, data collection,
concentrations can cause traffic jams in the parking area emergency situation control and control of lighting and
and in the areas near these objects. All this rising traffic ventilation. All these systems was developed, installed,
flows can cause: rise exhaust gases in the parking area, tuned, tested and experimental data collected for modelling
bigger possibility of accidents such as fires, terror actions of processes happening in the parking areas and in near
and others. In these areas usually not only cars but also locations of these parking-lots.
peoples are constantly visiting, so if we have big vehicle
concentration in one place (especially in the closed, or Parking guidance systems
multi floor parking areas) we have to take care of area air
ventilation, lighting, heating and others. Not only physical and architectural solutions (parking
One of the ways to help to solve these problems is roads width, rise and down ramps structure, parking traffic
electronic control systems. To help solve these problems structure and others) can optimize traffic flows in the
we can use many different electronic control subsystems: parking areas, but parking guidance systems also can help
• Parking guidance; on reaching these results.
• Traffic jams detection; For many tasks solution parking guidance system was
• Traffic jam control; developed and installed. Main tasks which parking
• Parking area payment; guidance system solves is:
• Intelligent parking area administration and • Maximum decrease time of searching free
handling; parking space;
• Emergency situation control; • Reduce possibility of traffic jams in the parking
• Interface systems to city traffic control systems; area;
• Parking area ventilation and lighting control. • Reduce possibility of traffic jams in the roads
and intersections near parking area;
To create optimal and well running parking control • Gradually distribute incoming cars through the
system all subsystems have to be divided to the parking area;
hierarchical levels, all functions and algorithms described • Give necessary information for traffic lights
and information flows have to be distributed. Adjusted systems;
parking control system hierarchy is shown in Fig. 1 [1,2]. • Inform about too long parked vehicles;
Parking control system hierarchy consist of 3 layers: 1st • Collect statistical information about object
layer is for parking coordination - where parking control attendance;
strategy is described, 2nd layer is adaptation – where • Decrease quantity exhaust gas in the parking
parking area control strategy is prepared for control layer area;
parking area information is processed and 3rd layer is • Locate possible fireplaces in the parking;
control – traffic flows are controlled and all data is • Decrease possibility of car accidents;
collected. • Central and distributed parking administration
Near recently opened big shopping and leisure centre and handling;
“Akropolis” big multi floor parking lot with 2500 parking • Control lighting and ventilation systems.
places was opened. To ensure best performance of this
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COORDINATION 1 LAYER
Describing parking area control strategy:
•Permissive parking areas in the parking lot,
•Parking lot filling sequence and priorities,
•Parking times and prices,
•Parking flows analysis,
•And other strategies.
Control strategy data Processed parking area data
ADAPTATION 2 LAYER
Parking area control strategy preparation for control layer and
parking information processing:
•Data base,
•Parking area control strategy preparation for lower level,
•Parking data collection,
•Parking data processing,
•Monitoring of control layer performance,
•Parking data transmission and storage.
Control data Parking data
CONTROL 3 LAYER
Traffic flows control and data collection:
•Parking data transmission communication networks (Ethernet, RS485, RS232),
•Data collection devices (inductive road loops, parking spaces sensors, road barriers end swishes, etc.)
•Control devices (parking spaces indicators, parking rows displays, floor displays, road barriers, controlled
electronic road information boards)
•System control and auxiliary devices
Fig. 1. Parking control system hierarchy
Implemented parking guidance system architecture concentrators, traffic controllers, servers with databases
with hierarchy layers is shown in Fig. 2. Lowest layer: communicating to each other and to other layers through
parking space sensors and indicators, parking places Ethernet network. Highest layer is management PC’s with
displays and concentrators are communicating through application software’s .
RS485 bus. Middle layer equipment: parking
1 LAYER
2 LAYER
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One of the main target for parking guidance system is
to decrease vehicle time of searching free parking space
and decrease traffic flows in the parking area. Principle of 90
parking guidance system is: in each parking space 80
ultrasonic vehicle detection sensor and LED indicators 70
60
(green/red) are installed, on each parking row, entry roads
Even ts
50 No system
and on raise and down ramps free parking places displays
40 With system
with direction arrows are installed also different counters,
30
controllers and other equipment is integrated. So when 20
vehicle arrives to the parking area driver by the parking 10
spaces displays is leaded to the parking row where is 0
enough free parking spaces and then he is directed to the <30 60 90 120 150 180 210 >240
free parking space by parking spaces indicators. In this way
Parking time, s
time of searching time and traffic flows are decreased as
drivers do not going rounds through parking searching free
parking space. An example of car cruising and searching Fig. 5. Time histogram of searching free parking space with and
without electronic parking guidance system
free parking space with and without parking guidance is
showed in Fig. 3–4.
Traffic jams control system
Fig. 4. Example of car cruising through parking with electronic Inductive road Inductive road Random Access
loop IK5 loop IK7 Memory - RAM
guidance system (Buffer)
Inductive road Inductive road
loop IK2 loop IK4
Before and after parking guidance system was 2nd FLOOR
Work station with SQL
implemented experiment was done and vehicle searching Inductive road Inductive road data base
free parking space times was measured. During experiment loop IK1 loop IK3
150 measurements was done and results are shown in 1st FLOOR
Fig. 5. Results showed that average parking space Fig. 6. Traffic jams detection and automated measurements and
searching time without electronic parking guidance system registration system structure
t p.vid .o = 84 s and with electronic parking guidance
Two main parameters was registering during this
t p.vid . p = 55s , so we have time decrease of 65%. experiment: time between cars passing inductive road loop
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and time of cars passing inductive road loop (cars speed).
Two characteristic days was selected for analysis. One day Histogram
is one of the shopping and leisure centre opening days
6000
(07.04.10) when parking lot had 10200 incoming cars per
day also had formed traffic jams time to time and common 5000
working day (07.04.24) when parking lot had 4500
E vents (cars)
4000
incoming cars and no traffic jams. These two days (opening 10.Bal
day low attendance day) results histograms of two entry 3000
24.Bal
roads are shown in Fig. 7–10. 2000
1000
Histogram 0
,0
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,0
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e
1200
0,
0,
0,
0,
or
10
30
50
70
90
11
13
15
17
M
1000 Time between cars, s
800
600
10.Bal entrance
24.Bal
400 Analyzing two characteristic days collected data and
200
histograms we see that times of incoming cars passing
inductive road loop (speed) times is much bigger on the
0 day when parking lot had big quantity of incoming cars and
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
3,0
3,4
3,8
4,2
4,6
5,0
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5,8
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6,6
7,0
500
10.Bal
400
24.Bal To recognize and forecast traffic jams in the parking-
300
lot model with neural network using Levenberg-Marquardt
200
optimization was done. For the modelling Matlab nftool
100 library was used. Structure of neural network is shown in
0 the figure 11. For training and testing this neural model 510
0,2
0,6
1,0
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1,8
2,2
2,6
3,0
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5,0
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7,0
4500
Input Hidden layer Output layer Outpu
4000
3500
W* W*
E ven ts (cars)
3000
2500 10.Bal
+ +
2000 24.Bal
1500 b b
1000
500 20 20 1 1
0
Fig. 11. Structure of neural network
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e
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0,
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0,
or
10
30
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90
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Time between cars, s During modelling was tested how many data sets
neural network needs to recognize and forecast traffic jam.
Fig. 9. Histogram of times between incoming cars from 1st In 12th figure we can see mean square error pivot to the
entrance
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data sets quantity. And in the 13th figure regression probability p=0.82 we need minimum 8 events and it is
(correlation) coefficient pivot to the data sets quantity we enough 400 data sets to train this network. As it is very
can see. important to recognize traffic jam before it is formed so
modeling showed that we can forecast it before
approximately 5-10 seconds before it is formed.
0,7
0,6
M e a n S q u are E rro r
0,830
0,5 0,820
Regression (correlation)
Training MSE
0,4 0,810
Validation MSE 0,800
0,3
Testing MSE 0,790
0,2 0,780
0,1 0,770
0,760
0
0,750
63 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0,740
Training Data Set 0,730
2 4 6 8 10
Fig. 12. Neural network mean square error pivot to the data sets Number of events before traffic jam
quantity
Fig. 15. Neural network regression (correlation) coefficient pivot
to the number of events
1,2
R eg re ss io n (c o rrelatio n )
1
Conclusions
0,8 Training R
0,6 Validation R 1. Hierarchy structure of parking control systems
Testing R was given.
0,4
2. Parking control system was developed and
0,2 implemented to the real parking –lot.
0 3. Investigation of parking control system was done
63 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
and experimental data was collected.
4. Experiment showed that Parking guidance and
Training Data Set
Traffic control systems decreased parking time up to 65%
5. Maximum reached traffic jam forecast with neural
Fig. 13. Neural network regression (correlation) coefficient pivot network probability p=0.82
to the data sets quantity
6. Modelling with neural network showed that for
traffic jam forecast (with probability p=0.82) we need at
Mean square errors and regression (correlation)
least 8 traffic events before it starts
coefficient pivots to the number of events taken to
7. Modelling with neural network showed that we
recognize and forecast traffic jams. These pivots are shown
can forecast traffic jam in approximately. 5-10sec. before it
in the Fig. 14–15.
starts
8. Modelling with neural network showed that it is
0,450 enough 400 data sets to train neural network for traffic jam
0,400 forecasting with probability p=0.82
0,350
M ean S quare E rror
0,300 References
0,250
1. NCHRP Sythesis 307 Systems Engineering processes for
0,200
developing traffic signal systems. – Washington: D.C., 2003. – 88
0,150
p.
0,100 2. Andrzej Adamski. Polyoptimal intelligent and integrated
0,050 traffic control method // Telematics and road traffic safety
0,000 IV scientific conference issues CD, Katowice, 2004. – P. 84–92.
2 4 6 8 10 3. Alec Lik Chuen Woo. A holistic approach to multihop
Number of events before traffic jam routing in sensor networks. – University of California, Berkeley ,
phd. dissertation, 2004. – 224 P.
4. Kim D. K. A new mobile environment: Mobile Ad Hoc
Fig. 14. Neural network mean square error pivot to the number of
Networks (MANET) // IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems
events
Conference, 2004. Washington DC, USA.
5. Shun Miura, Yi Zhan, Tadahiro Kuroda. Evaluation of
Analyzing the results we see that with neural network parking search using sensor network // Department of electronics
we have maximum reached successful traffic jam forecast and electrical engineering, Keio University Press, Yokohama,
with probability p=0.82. Also to reach forecasting Japan, 2005.
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6. Basu P. Little T. D. C. Networked Parking Spaces:
Architecture and applications // MCL Technical Report No. 07- Submitted for publication 2007 06 13
01-2002, Department of electrical and computer engineering,
Boston University Press, Boston, USA, 2002.
A. Marma, M. Žilys, D. Eidukas, A. Valinevičius. Electronic Parking Control Systems // Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
– Kaunas: Technologija, 2007. – No. 8(80). – P. 57–62.
Problems in the big parking lots near big people concentration places were researched. To control processes in parking lots
electronic control systems are needed. These systems was analysed, systems architecture and their hierarchy structured. To ensure best
performance in the multi floor parking lot with 2500 parking places electronic systems were implemented: parking guidance, traffic
jams detection and control, intelligent administration and handling and emergency situation control. All these systems were developed,
installed, tuned, tested and experimental data collected for modelling. To model these systems over 500000 measurements were done
during experiment. To find a phenomenon appearing before traffic jam is formed in the parking-lot, recognize and forecast traffic jams
in the parking-lot model with neural network using Levenberg-Marquardt optimization was done. Experimental and modelling results
showed advantages of the Electronic Parking Control Systems. Ill. 15, bibl. 6 (in English; summaries in English, Russian and
Lithuanian).
A. Marma, M. Žilys, D. Eidukas, A. Valinevičius. Elektroninės automobilių aikštelių valdymo sistemos // Elektronika ir
elektrotechnika. – Kaunas: Technologija, 2007. – Nr. 8(80). – P. 57–62.
Išnagrinėtos problemos, kylančios automobilių stovėjimo aikštelėse, esančiose prie masinio susibūrimo vietų. Didelėse aikštelėse
vykstantiems procesams valdyti reikalingos elektroninės sistemos. Šios sistemos buvo išanalizuotos, sudarytos jų struktūros, suskirstyti
hierarchiniai lygiai. Sklandžiam 2500 vietų aikštelės veikimui užtikrinti buvo sukurtos, įdiegtos, suderintos ir išbandytos automobilių
statymo palydos, transporto spūsčių aptikimo ir valdymo, administravimo ir ekstremalių situacijų valdymo sistemos. Kontrolės sistemai
sumodeliuoti surinkta daugiau nei 500000 eksperimentinių matavimų duomenų. Reiškiniams, vykstantiems prieš susidarant transporto
spūsčiai aikštelės prieigose nustatyti ir transporto spūsčiai aptikti ir prognozuoti buvo atliktas modeliavimas neuroniniu tinklu, naudojant
Levenbergo ir Marquardto metodą. Eksperimentų ir modeliavimo duomenys parodė elektroninių automobilių statymo aikštelių valdymo
sistemų pranašumus. Il. 15, bibl. 6 (anglų kalba; santraukos anglų, rusų ir lietuvių k.).
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