Module2 Ubuntu5 10 Eng

ICDL Module 2
(Using a Computer and Managing Files) using
Linux
Ubuntu Linux and the Gnome Desktop
Thomas la!k abelgeek Te!hnologies in"o#babelgeek$!om
Important Notice
All candidates who follow an ICDL/ECDL course must have an official CDL/ECDL Skills Log Book or Skills Card. Without such a Log Book or Skills Card no tests can e taken and the candidate will not e a le to o tain an International Com!uter Driving Licence" nor an# other form of certificate or recognition for the course.
Log Books/Skills Cards are o taina le from ICDL/ECDL $raining and $esting Centres %see www.icdl.org.&a' or directl# from the ICDL (oundation of South Africa. %info)icdl.org.&a" !hone *+,-+.-/,.-.0,0'
1 ICDL Foundation 2%%&

$his work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attri ution-2oDerivs +.3 License. $o view a co!# of this license" visit htt!4//creativecommons.org/licenses/ #-nd/+.3/ or send a letter to Creative Commons" 356 7oward Street" 3th (loor" San (rancisco" California" 85.03" 9SA. (irst !u lished +005. :Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence; and ECDL and Stars device are registered trade marks of the Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation Limited in Ireland and other countries. 2either the Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation nor the ICDL (oundation warrants that the use of this !roduct will ensure !assing the relevant e<amination. 9se of the ECDL-( a!!roved Courseware Logo on this !roduct signifies that it has een inde!endentl# reviewed and a!!roved in com!l#ing with the following standards4 Acce!ta le coverage of all courseware content related to ECDL S#lla us =ersion5. $his courseware material has not een a!!roved for technical accurac# and does not guarantee that the end user will !ass the associated ECDL E<aminations. An# and all assessment tests and/or !erformance ased e<ercises contained in this %!u lication" CD" etc.' relate solel# to this %!u lication" CD" etc.' and do not constitute" or im!l#" certification # the Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation Limited in res!ect of an# ECDL E<aminations. (or details on sitting ECDL E<aminations in #our countr# !lease contact the local ECDL Licensee or visit the Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation Limited we site at htt!4//www.ecdl.com.
Table o" Contents

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Computer (n)ironment
First *teps +ith the Computer
Start the com!uter. Shut down the com!uter using an a!!ro!riate routine. >estart the com!uter using an a!!ro!riate routine. Shut down a non-res!onding a!!lication.
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+...+.. +...+.+ +...+.6 +...+.5 +...+.3 +...+./ +...+.,
=iew the com!uter?s asic s#stem information4 o!erating s#stem and version num er" installed >A@ %random access memor#'. Change the com!uter?s deskto! configuration4 date A time" volume settings" deskto! dis!la# o!tions %colour settings" screen !i<el resolution" screen saver o!tions'. Set" change ke# oard language. (ormat remova le disk media4 diskette" Bi! disk. Install" uninstall a software a!!lication. 9se ke# oard !rint screen facilit# and !aste contents into a document. 9se availa le 7el! functions.
asi! In"ormation and ,perations
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+...6.. +...6.+ +...6.6
Text (diting
Launch a te<t editing a!!lication. C!en" create a file. Save the file to a location on a drive. Close the te<t editing a!!lication.
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+.+.... +.+...+ +.+...6 +.+...5
Desktop
/ork +ith I!ons
>ecogni&e common deskto! icons such as those re!resenting4 files" directories / folders" a!!lications" !rinters" rec#cle in / waste asket. Select and move deskto! icons. C!en a file" director# / folder" a!!lication from the deskto!. Create a deskto! shortcut icon" deskto! menu alias.
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+.+.+.. +.+.+.+ +.+.+.6
/ork +ith /indo+s
Identif# the different !arts of a window4 title ar" menu ar" tool ar" status ar" scroll ar. Colla!se" e<!and" resi&e" move" close a window. Switch etween o!en windows.
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Managing Files
Con!epts
9nderstand how an o!erating s#stem shows drives" folders" files in a hierarchical structure. Dnow that the devices used # an o!erating s#stem to store files and folders are the hard disk" diskette" CD->C@" network drives.
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+.6.+.. +.6.+.+ +.6.+.6
Dire!tories 2 Folders
2avigate to a file" folder on a drive. Create a director# / folder and a further su -director# / su -folder. C!en a window to dis!la# director# / folder name" si&e" location on drive.
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+.6.6.. +.6.6.+
/orking +ith Files
>ecogni&e common file t#!es4 word !rocessing files" s!readsheet files" data ase files" !resentation files" image files" audio files" video files" com!ressed files" tem!orar# files. Count the num er of files" files of a !articular t#!e" in a folder %including an# files
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+.6.6.6 +.6.6.5 +.6.6.3 +.6.6./
in su -folders'. Change file status4 read-onl# / locked" read-write. Sort files # name" si&e" t#!e" date modified. 9nderstand the im!ortance of maintaining correct file e<tensions when re-naming files. >e-name files" directories / folders.
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+.6.5.. +.6.5.+ +.6.5.6 +.6.5.5
Dupli!ate4 Mo)e
Select a file" director# / folder individuall# or as a grou! of adEacent" non-adEacent files" directories / folders. Du!licate files" directories / folders etween directories/folders and etween drives. @ove files" directories / folders etween directories/folders and drives. 9nderstand wh# making a F acku!? co!# of files to a remova le storage device is im!ortant.
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+.6.3.. +.6.3.+ +.6.3.6
Delete4 6estore
Delete files" directories / folders to the rec#cle in / waste asket. >estore files" directories / folders from the rec#cle in / waste asket. Em!t# the rec#cle in / waste asket.
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+.6./.. +.6./.+ +.6./.6
*ear!hing
9se the (ind tool to locate a file" director#/folder. Search for files # content" date modified" date created" si&e" wildcards. =iew list of recentl# used files.
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+.6.,.. +.6.,.+ +.6.,.6
Compressing Files
9nderstand what file com!ression means. Com!ress files in a folder on a drive. E<tract com!ressed files from a location on a drive.
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+.5.... +.5...+ +.5...6 +.5...5
7iruses
Con!epts
Dnow what a virus is and what the effects of a virus might e. 9nderstand some of the wa#s a virus can e transmitted onto a com!uter. 9nderstand the advantages of a virus-scanning a!!lication. 9nderstand what Fdisinfecting? files means.
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+.5.+.. +.5.+.+
8andling 7iruses
9se a virus scanning a!!lication to scan s!ecific drives" folders" files. 9nderstand wh# virus-scanning software needs to e u!dated regularl#.
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+.3.... +.3...+
9rint Management
*etup
Change the default !rinter from an installed !rinter list. Install a new !rinter on the com!uter.
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+.3.+.. +.3.+.+ +.3.+.6
9rint ,utputs
Grint a document from a te<t editing a!!lication. =iew a !rint Eo ?s !rogress using a deskto! !rint manager. Gause" re-start" delete a !rint Eo using a deskto! !rint manager.
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Module 2: Using a Computer and Managing Files

using Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop *e!tion ': Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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First *teps +ith the Computer

*tart the !omputer$
Gress the ,n2,"" switch on front of the com!uter.

$his will initiate the boot !rocess. During this !rocess the start<up routine that is stored in the 6,M of the com!uter will take control of the com!uter. Cne of the things this routine does is to read certain areas of the hard drive to search for the operating s=stem. $he start-u! routine will then load the o!erating s#stem into the 6>M of the com!uter and !ass over control to it. De!ending on how the com!uter has een configured" one of three things will ha!!en4 .. $he o!erating s#stem will automaticall# load the GUI (Graphi!al user inter"a!e) and start this for a default user. $he s#stem will e availa le for immediate use. +. $he o!erating s#stem will automaticall# load the H9I" ut #ou will e !rom!ted to enter a username and !assword. $hese will e given to #ou # who ever installed the s#stem. 6. Cnl# the te<t ased o!erating s#stem will load. In this case #ou will need to logon and then start the H9I. In this case #ou will see a lack screen on which the !rom!t Logon: a!!ears. Su!!ose #ou have een given the username GenUser and !assword 72+Tk?3. >emem er that !asswords are case sensitive. If #ou are given a !assword" #ou must enter it e<actl# as given.
Logon to the GUI
When the logon window a!!ears" t#!e in #our username and !assword e<actl# as given. When
#ou t#!e the !assword" for e<am!le 72+Tk?3" a series of stars @@@@@@ will a!!ear in the !assword window. $his is so that no-one can read #our !assword # looking over #our shoulder. Click the ,A utton.
9nless #ou have a valid username and !assword" #ou will not e a le to log on to the s#stem. S!eak to the administrator of #our s#stem if #ou cannot log on. In Linu<" there is a s!ecial user logon called root which has com!lete access to the s#stem. When a user logs on as root" he or she can do an#thing on the machine. Even if #ou know the root !assword" do not log on as this user unless #ou are carr#ing out s!ecial administrative activities. (or ordinar# use" use a username that has more restricted access.
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*hut do+n the !omputer using an appropriate routine$
Click *=stem in the menu ar at the to! left of the screen. Click Log ,ut on the dro! down menu.
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Click the *hut Do+n radio utton in the

dialogue which a!!ears and click ,A.
2ever Eust shutdown the com!uter # !ressing the ,n2,"" switch.
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6estart the !omputer using an appropriate routine$
(ollow the same method as for shutting down the com!uter e<ce!t for the last ste! in which
#ou select 6estart !omputer.
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*hut do+n a non<responding appli!ation$
It ma# ha!!en that an a!!lication free&es and will not res!ond to mouse clicks or ke# oard commands.
Hive the a!!lication a while. It sometimes ha!!ens that a non-res!onding a!!lication wakes Click >ppli!ations on the menu ar. Click the following in seJuence4 *=stem Tools then *=stem Monitor.
Con)ention
(or sim!licit# a seJuence of menu o!tions such as the a ove will e indicated as4 >ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB *=stem Monitor Similarl#" ecause we will e making e<tensive use of the Menu bar in an a!!lication" we will make use of the following convention in using the functions of the menu ar4 File BB *a)e Will mean e<actl# the same as clicking File on the Menu bar and then clicking *a)e in the menu up.
Click the 9ro!esses ta .
7ighlight the non-res!onding a!!lication.
Click the (nd 9ro!ess icon to shut down the a!!lication.

When done" File BB Cuit or !ress CtrlDC$
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/hat to do i" the entire s=stem "reeEes

If the entire s#stem free&es" do not immediatel# switch of the s#stem with the !ower switch. $his could cause serious damage to the entire s#stem. $his is onl# a final resort. $he most likel# cause of a fro&en s#stem lies with the H9I.
Wait a while. $he s#stem ma# wake up of its own accord. Gress CtrlD>ltD a!kspa!e.
$his will cause #ou to loose all unsaved work" ut it will !reserve the s#stem itself.
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asi! In"ormation and ,perations

7ie+ the !omputerFs basi! s=stem in"ormation: operating s=stem and )ersion number4 installed 6>M (random a!!ess memor=)$
7ie+ C9U usage in"ormation

>ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB *=stem Monitor Click on the 6esour!es ta . $he C9U 8istor= gra!h indicates #our CG9 usage over the !ast minute. Click File BB Cuit when done.
7ie+ 6>M details

Similarl#" click >ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB *=stem Monitor Click on the 6esour!es ta . $he Memor= and *+ap 8istor= gra!h indicates #our memor# usage over the !ast minute and also indicates how much of #our main memor# and swa! memor# is eing used. Click File BB Cuit when done.
7ie+ operating s=stem )ersion in"ormation

*=stem BB 8elp $his dis!la#s the main hel! interface
$his information can also e found in a num er of !laces. (or e<am!le4
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Kou can see from the hel! to!ics that we are using version 3..0 of the 9 untu Linu< Distri ution" also codenamed the :Bree&# Badger; release.
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Change the !omputerFs desktop !on"iguration: date G time4 )olume settings4 desktop displa= options (!olour settings4 s!reen pixel resolution4 s!reen sa)er options)$
In order to carr# out some of the changes to the s#stem" #ou will need to know the root !assword.
*et date and time

>ight click on the date and time in the to! right of the screen to dis!la# a !ontext menu. Click on >dHust Date G Time Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted. AdEust the date and time on the calendar and clock. Alternativel#" if #ou are activel# connected to the Internet" #ou ma# click on *=n!hroniEe ?o+ to set the date and time using Internet time servers. Click ,A when done.
An alternative method is to use4 *=stem BB >dministration BB Time and Date$
*et )olume le)el

Similar to setting the date and time" right click on the s!eaker icon in the to! right of #our screen to o!en u! a conte<t menu. $hen click on ,pen 7olume Control$ AdEust the master volume level using the left-most slider. File BB Cuit when done.
Get in"ormation on sound !ard

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB *ound %this will reJuire entering #our root !assword.
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*et desktop options

@ost as!ects of the deskto! are changed BB 9re"eren!es menu. # clicking on the a!!ro!riate o!tions in the *=stem
Change theme settings

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB Theme Select #our !referred theme. Click on Theme Details to adEust individual theme com!onents. Click Close when done.
Change s!reen sa)er

*=stemBB 9re"eren!es BB *!reensa)er$ Select the screen saver mode as well as the actual screensaver and set the time efore the screen saver is dis!la#ed. If #ou wish" #ou ma# lock #our screen after a certain num er of minutes. $his will reJuire #ou entering #our !assword efore #ou can continue working. $his will automaticall# !rotect #our work should #ou leave #our machine unattended for a !eriod of time. Click File BB Cuit when done.
Disable the s!reen sa)er

Select Disable *!reensa)er o!tion from the Mode list. Click File BB Cuit.
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*et desktop ba!kground

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB Desktop a!kground$ Configure the ackground as #ou wish it. Kou ma# also add a new ackground. Click Close.
*et s!reen pixel resolution

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB *!reen 6esolution Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted and click ,A. Select #our chosen resolution from the 6esolution dro! down list. Select #our refresh rate from the 6e"resh 6ate dro! down list. Click >ppl= when done. Confirm that #our settings are corrected when !rom!ted.
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*et4 !hange ke=board language$
$he ke# oard language defines the !osition of the various ke#s on the ke# oard. (or e<am!le" British" American and (rench ke# oards all have different la#outs. If some of the ke#s generate a different letter to that shown on the ke# itself" it could e that the ke# oard language setting needs to e changed. *=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB Ae=board Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted and click ,A. Click the La=out ta . Select the ke# oard model and la#out. Click Close when done.
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Format remo)able disk media: diskette4 Iip disk$
Before data can e saved on a disk" it has to e !re!ared. $he !rocess of !re!aring a disk to store files is called formatting. If a disk has een !reviousl# formatted" formatting a second time will result in the loss of an# data that ma# have een stored on it.
Format a "lopp= disk

@ake sure the disk #ou wish to format does not contain an# data #ou will need. Insert the diskette into the diskette drive. >ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB Flopp= Formatter Select the File s=stem. If #ou use D,*" #ou will e a le to share the disk with Windows users. If #ou use (JT2" #ou will onl# e a le to share it with Linu< users. Hive the diskette a la el. $his is the electronic la el that the formatting !rocess attaches to the disk. If the disk has een formatted !reviousl#" #ou can select Cui!k "ormat. $his makes use of the !revious format to s!eed u! the !rocess. Click Format. Cnce the disk has een formatted" #ou can save files to it.
Format a diskette using a terminal

An alternative method of formatting a flo!!# disk is to o!en a terminal and t#!e in the a!!ro!riate command. $erminal windows give #ou access to the full !ower of Linu<. $he H9I sim!lifies the !rocess of e<ecuting much of the !ower of Linu<. $#!ing in the actual commands at the command !rom!t allows #ou to e<ecute all the variations of Linu< commands. $he following e<am!le illustrates how to use the command line. When #ou use a terminal to enter commands" #ou must !ress the (nter ke# at the end of each line. (urther commands are case sensitive. If a command does not work" check that #ou are t#!ing the command e<actl# as reJuired. (or e<am!le" mk"s is correct ut Mk"s and MAF* will not work. Insert the flo!!# disk to e formatted. >ppli!ations BB >!essories BB Terminal $#!e in the following command e<actl# as shown and !ress (nter4 2sbin2mk"s$msdos 2de)2"d%
If #ou wish to format the diskette in Linu< format" #ou would use4 2sbin2mk"s$ext2 2de)2"d%. In this case #ou would not e a le to share the disk with Windows users.
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Format a Eip disk "or use in Linux onl=

In order to format a &i! disk" #ou would need to use a terminal. Insert the &i! disk to e formatted. >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Terminal $#!e in the following command e<actl# as shown and !ress (nter4 2sbin2mk"s$ext2 2de)2sd% $his will format the &i! disk in e<t+ format. $his disk can onl# e shared with Linu< users.
Format a Eip disk to share +ith /indo+s users

If #ou wish to share the &i! disk with )"at file s#stem. oth Linu< and Windows users" #ou will need to use the
Insert the &i! disk to e formatted. *tart >ppli!ations BB Terminals BB Aonsole. $#!e in the following command e<actl# as shown and !ress (nter4 2sbin2mk"s$)"at 2de)2sdo
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Install4 uninstall a so"t+are appli!ation$
Install appli!ations "rom distribution CDKs and Internet repositories

9 untu Linu< maintains a data ase of a!!lications and their locations. Initiall# these are a!!lications that are stored on the distri ution CD. De!ending on the !articular installation" onl# certain of these ma# e installed on a given s#stem. 9 untu" however also maintains a larger data ase of a!!lications which can e installed should #ou have an Internet connection. $he following e<am!le illustrates how to install @o&illa $hunder ird %the mail client used in @odule ,' *=stem BB >dministration BB >dd >ppli!ations Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted.
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Click Internet to e<!and the tree of availa le Internet related a!!lications. Click on More 9rograms to o!en the tree of further availa le Internet related a!!lications Scroll down until #ou see Thunderbird Mail Client and click the tick o< alongside its name to select it for installation. A window ma# a!!ear warning #ou of dependen!ies. A de!endenc# refers to other software which needs to e installed on the machine efore the a!!lication can e installed. Click Close. A tick will then a!!ear ne<t to Thunderbird Mail Client. Click >ppl=. Kou will e !rom!ted to confirm the software installation" click >ppl= again. If !rom!ted" insert the 9 untu install CD and click ,A. When the installation has com!leted a notification window will a!!ear. Click Close. Another window will a!!ear confirming that an a!!lication has een installed. Click ,A$ Click File BB Cuit to close >dd 9rograms$ =erif# that the a!!lication has een installed. In this case use4 >ppli!ations BB Internet BB Thunderbird Mail Client.
Install appli!ations "rom a CD +ith an install program

Kou ma# get an a!!lication as !art of a CD or through a download across the Internet. In some cases these a!!lications are distri uted with an install file. Dou le clicking on this in a "ile manager will initiate an automated installation !rocess. Kou would sim!l# sit ack and wait for the entire !rocess to com!lete.
Install an appli!ation using the File Manager

$he following illustration assumes the a!!lication is located on a CD. Dou le click on the CD<6,M icon on the deskto!. Locate the director# in which the a!!lication installation file is located. %$his !rocess will e<!lained full# in the section +.6.+ on directories. Dou le click on the a!!lication. e
Uninstall an appli!ation
9ninstalling a!!lications is e<actl# the reverse !rocess of installing them using *=stem BB >dministration BB >dd >ppli!ations$ *=stem BB >dministration BB >dd >ppli!ations Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted. Locate the software using the rowser tree. 9ncheck the tick o< ne<t to the software name Click >ppl=.
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2$'$2$& Use ke=board print s!reen "a!ilit= and paste !ontents into a do!ument$
Kou can take a sna!shot of the screen #ou are working on and use it in a document. Gress the 9rint *!reen utton on the ke# oard. It ma# e a reviated to 9rt *!r or similar.
$his activates the *a)e *!reenshot dialogue which saves a ca!ture of #our screen.

(ill in an a!!ro!riate name for the screenshot. Select the a!!ro!riate folder for saving it to. Click *a)e. $he screenshot will e saved in png format.
$he image can now e inserted into a document in the same wa# #ou would insert an# gra!hics file # o!ening the document and doing the following4

Click on Insert BB 9i!ture BB From "ile. Browse to the director# / folder containing the file. Click the filename of the gra!hic #ou wish to insert and click ,pen or sim!l# dou le click on it
$his will insert the gra!hic into the document at the current cursor !osition.
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Use a)ailable 8elp "un!tions$
9 untu comes with numerous manuals in electronic form. *=stem BB 8elp$ Click on Desktop to e<!and the deskto! hel! Click on User Guide to e<!and the hel! for the Hnome deskto!. Browse the guide # navigating the tree rowser on the left.
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*ear!h in the !urrent topi!

$he search function onl# allows #ou to scan the currentl# dis!la#ed to!ic.
(dit BB Find or !ress CtrlDF. Enter the te<t #ou wish to find. Click Find ?ext.
$he first occurrence will e highlighted in the te<t of the hel!. Click Find ?ext to find the ne<t occurrence.
Using 8elp as a tutorial

Become as familiar as !ossi le with the hel! s#stem. $hese notes will !rovide #ou with an introduction to 9 untu Linu< using the Hnome deskto!. When #ou have worked through a section in these notes" #ou could read what the Hnome hel! s#stem has to sa# on the to!ic. If #ou wish to ecome an e<!ert" #ou will need to read further and discover the full !ower of 9 untu Linu< and Hnome. $he hel! s#stem is the est !lace to start.
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Text (diting
Laun!h a text editing appli!ation$ ,pen4 !reate a "ile$
Click on >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Text (ditor ut we will use
$he Hnome Editor %Hedit' will now dis!la#. $here are other editors availa le" Hedit for now. $he com!onents of the screen are shown elow. Title bar
Menu bar
Main Toolbar
/ork area
*tatus bar
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Close Gedit File BB Cuit. $his will close all o!en documents and e<it Hedit. If #ou have made an# modifications to o!en documents" Hedit will remind #ou that the document has not een saved and ask #ou whether #ou wish to save it or discard changes. It will also give #ou the o!tion of cancelling the Cuit o!eration.
,pen a "ile
Cne of the advantages that te<t editors !rovide for us is the facilit# to save our work and recall it at a later time. We can then !rint our work or make further changes %edit'. In addition" we are a le to create man# versions of the same document" each of which can e saved on our hard drive under an a!!ro!riate name. $o o!en a document4 File BB ,pen. $he ,pen dialogue will a!!ear. In general" this will !oint to #our home director#. In this case" the ,pen dialogue is !ointing to the director# /home/thomas. If necessar#" navigate to the desired director#. 7ighlight the file #ou wish to o!en. Click ,pen. If #ou want to o!en a file located on #our flo!!# or flash media or somewhere else on the file s#stem" choose the correct device from the !ane on the left.
Terminolog= We will use the terms document and file interchangea l#.
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Create a ne+ do!ument

$o create a new document from scratch4 File BB ?e+ $his will dis!la# a lank screen in which #ou can create a document. $his document will e ased on default settings. Default settings are ones which are set u! for #ou automaticall#.
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*a)e the "ile to a lo!ation on a dri)e$
When #ou work with a document on #our com!uter" the working form resides in the com!uterLs >A@. $his is tem!orar# memor# used for #our current activities. Since >A@ is volatile" when the com!uter is switched off" ever#thing that is in >A@ is automaticall# lost. In order to kee! #our work #ou will need to transfer the contents of >A@ to #our hard disk. $his !rocess is called sa)ing. When #ou save a document" #ou give it a name and #ou s!ecif# where it is to e stored. *a)e an existing do!ument If #ou have o!ened a document and made some changes" the !rocess of saving it is ver# sim!le4 File BB *a)e. $his will change the contents of the stored version so that it is identical to the version that is dis!la#ed on #our screen. In this case" the !revious version on disk is overwritten. If #ou use File BB *a)e in a newl# created document" Hedit will automaticall# assume that #ou wish to use File BB *a)e as.
9age 2$20
*a)e a ne+ do!ument When #ou create a document from scratch" there is no version stored on disk. $o save the file to disk4 File BB *a)e as. $he *a)e >s dialogue will a!!ear. Click on ro+se "or other "olders to e<!and the dialogue. In general" this will !oint to #our home director#. It is ver# similar in a!!earance and functionalit# to the ,pen dialogue. If necessar#" navigate to the director# in which #ou wish to save the file. Enter a file name into the 2ame te<t o<. Click *a)e. (or the moment we will not e concerned with all the o!tions in the *a)e as dialogue.
If #ou have a remo)able dri)e inserted in the com!uter and wish to save to that drive rather than #our home folder" double !li!k on the remova le drive which should e listed on the left window. $his will o!en #our remova le drive director#. If necessar#" navigate to the su director# in which #ou wish to save the file. Enter a file name into the 2ame te<t o<. Click *a)e.
2$'$.$.
Close the text editing appli!ation$
File BB Cuit.
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using Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop *e!tion 2: Desktop ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$2 Using a Computer and Managing Files: Desktop ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Terminolog=
GUI (Graphi!al User Inter"a!e): A H9I is a s#stem that allows the user to interact with the o!erating s#stem through clicking on icons on the screen. Icons are gra!hical re!resentations of o!erating s#stem functions. At its heart" Linu< is a te<t ased s#stem. $his reJuires #ou to t#!e commands out in full. H9Is were develo!ed to sim!lif# the use of Linu< for the deskto! user. As #ou ecome e<!ert in the use of Linu<" #ou will need to ecome familiar with the te<t ased s#stem. $his is not" however" the o Eective of these notes. Distributions: A distri ution is a undled set of CDs which include the heart of the Linu< o!erating s#stem" known as the kernel" together with a set of a!!lications. Each distri ution in turn im!lements Linu< slightl# differentl#. Desktop: $he deskto! is the actual H9I itself. $here are a num er of different deskto! s#stems. $he most !o!ular are Hnome and DDE. $he actual im!lementation of a deskto! varies from distri ution to distri ution. Hnome used with the 9 untu Linu< distri ution will differ somewhat from when used with an# other distri utions. $hese notes are ased on Hnome running under 9 untu Linu< 3..0.
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2$2$'
/ork +ith I!ons
2$2$'$' 6e!ogniEe !ommon desktop i!ons su!h as those representing: "iles4 dire!tories 2 "olders4 appli!ations4 printers4 re!=!le bin 2 +astebasket$
$he adEacent screen illustrates a num er of icons on the deskto!. CD<6,M4 D7D<6,M and Flopp= give #ou direct access to these devices %onl# D=D->C@ illustrated' Dire!tories ("olders) are !resented illustrated # Ubuntu *hots. # a director# icon as
8ome is a shortcut to #our home director#. When new users are added to the s#stem" Linu< creates home directories for them. As users do not have rights to other usersL directories" the home director# !rovides a !rivate location for the storage of files. $he one e<ce!tion is root who has com!lete access to the s#stem. Files can also e saved to the deskto!. $his will e e<!lained in section +.+...5. $he deskto! is a useful !lace to save work in !rogress as #ou then have immediate access. (iles are re!resented # an a!!ro!riate a!!lication icon. In the e<am!le" mod+Iu untu.odt is an C!enCffice.org Writer file. $here are also deskto! icons re!resenting appli!ations such as a +ord pro!essing or spreadsheet a!!lication and other icons that re!resent printers or network locations. In the e<am!le" storage on '-2$'&1$'%$5% re!resents a network file storage location. Trash is a storage location where files are !laced after the# have een deleted. If trash has not een em!tied" #ou can recover files #ou have deleted. 9nlike man# other o!erating s#stems and other distri utions of Linu<" 9 untu does not !lace a trash icon on #our deskto! ut rather in the ottom right of #our screen4
In this case" the icon indicates that there are items in the trash. *ho+ Desktop is a useful utton which minimises all #our a!!lications and shows #our deskto!. $o ma<imise an a!!lication again" sim!l# click on its icon on the status ar.
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Icons can also re!resent a!!lications a!!lications" in the e<am!le elow there is an icon which launches the MoEilla Fire"ox /eb ro+ser" an icon which launches the Thunderbird Mail Client as well as an icon which o!ens the 9rinting dialogue.
2$2$'$2
*ele!t and mo)e desktop i!ons$

# dragging them. $his allows #ou to
Kou can move icons to a different !osition on the screen grou! related icons in clusters.
Click on a icon to select it. 7old down the left mouse utton and drag the icon to its new !osition. >elease the left mouse utton.
2$2$'$.
,pen a "ile4 dire!tor=2"older4 appli!ation "rom the desktop$
,pen a dire!tor= "rom the desktop

A dire!tor= is a location in which files are stored. Kou ma# visualise a director# as a drawer of a filing ca inet in which ordinar# files are stored. Must as #ou would la el the drawers of a filing ca inet" #ou give each director# an a!!ro!riate name. In man# wa#s a hard disk drive is ver# much like a room containing man# filing ca inets. A director# ma# contain files of an# t#!e. It ma# also contain other directories. Directories which are located inside other directories are called su -directories. Click on 9la!es BB 8ome Folder$ $his will o!en u! the file of #our home director#. rowser and dis!la# the contents
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2otice that this director# contains a num er of files and other directories.
,pen an appli!ation "rom the desktop

Dou le click on an a!!lication icon on the deskto! such as the icon re!resenting C!enCffice.org. $his will o!en the a!!lication and #ou will then have to use the a!!licationLs C!en command to access the file. A shorter method would e to dou le click on a file associated with an a!!lication which will o!en the file in the a!!ro!riate a!!lication. (or e<am!le" if #ou wished to o!en the s!readsheet called sales.ods" #ou would normall# have to load Calc" then use (ile NN C!en and locate the file. If #ou had saved it to the deskto!" dou le clicking on the icon would o!en Calc and then load the s!readsheet.
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2$2$'$0
Create a desktop short!ut i!on4 desktop menu alias$
*a)e a "ile to the desktop

Su!!ose #ou are working on a file in Writer called costs.odt and #ou wish to save it to the deskto!. In Writer" File BB *a)e as. Select the su -director# called Desktop in #our home director#. Click *a)e.
Create a short!ut to a menu item

Su!!ose #ou use Writer and Calc on a regular asis. Instead of accessing them through the menu s#stem" #ou can !lace shortcut icons on the deskto!. $he easiest wa# of doing this is # dragging the a!!lication from the menu onto the deskto!. $his doesnLt co!# the a!!lication to #our deskto!" ut rather creates an a!!lication launcher on #our deskto!. In the e<am!le" we will create an a!!lication launcher for C!enCffice.org Writer on #our deskto!. Ensure that #our deskto! is visi le. Kou ma# do this # closing an# active a!!lications. Browse the menu # clicking on >ppli!ations BB ,""i!e$ Glace the cursor over C!enCffice.org+ Writer and click and hold the left mouse utton. Drag the icon onto #our deskto! and release the left mouse utton. An a!!lication launcher icon will e created on #our deskto!. Start the a!!lication # dou le-clicking the icon.
Determine the !ommand name o" an appli!ation

Su!!ose #ou wish to determine the command to run Calc. Click on >ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB >ppli!ations Menu (ditor$ Scroll down to the ,""i!e entr# and click on it to e<!and. >ight click on the ,pen,""i!e$org2 /riter entr# and click on 9roperties.
>ead off the Command. In this case it is oo""i!e2 <+riter.
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2$2$2
/ork +ith /indo+s
2$2$2$' Identi"= the di""erent parts o" a +indo+: title bar4 menu bar4 toolbar4 status bar4 s!roll bar$
$he following screen uses C!enCffice.org+ Writer to illustrate the main com!onents of an a!!lication window. Menu bar Main toolbar Text *t=le Title
Text Font ar
Font siEe Fun!tion bar 6uler /ork area
,bHe!t bar
*tatus bar
8oriEontal *!roll
ar
7erti!al *!roll
ar
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$he Title bar is where #ou can see the name of the a!!lication that is o!en. In this case C!enCffice.org. Kou will notice in the screen a ove the words Untitled 1 a!!ear efore the name of the a!!lication. $his means that there is an unsaved document o!en. Cnce the document has een saved and has een given a name then the name will a!!ear instead of Untitled 1. $he Main toobar is where #ouLll find all the icons for common a!!lication functions. $hese include icons to ,pen" *a)e and 9rint #our document. $he Text st=le window allows #ou to assign !re-defined te<t st#les to te<tO this is called st=lising. $he advantage of st=lising is that should #ou wish to change the format of a !articular te<t st#le later on in #our document" #ou onl# need to modif# the !re-defined te<t st#le and then all instances of that st#le throughout the document will e modified. $he Text "ont window allows #ou to select which font #ou wish to work with. Sim!l# click on the dro! down o< to get a list of all the fonts availa le on the s#stem. $he names of these fonts will e dis!la#ed in the actual font" so #ou can !review the font efore selecting it. 9se the Text siEe window to select the si&e of font #ou wish to use. Sim!l# click on the dro! down o< to get a list of font si&es. Should none of them e a!!ro!riate for #ou" #ou can also manuall# enter #our desired font si&e into the o<. $he Fun!tion bar is where #ouLll find icons which re!resent im!ortant functions of the a!!lication #ou are us# using. In this e<am!le" the Fun!tion bar has icons for Cutting" Cop=ing" 9asting" etc." all of which are im!ortant te<t editing functions. $he ,bHe!t bar is where further tool ars and and custom functions ma# e inserted. $he 6uler is there to hel! #ou get an idea of the si&e of #our !age. It allows #ou to visualise the !rinted !age and !ro!erl# align columns" margins" etc. $he /ork area is #our actual works!ace. $his is where #ou t#!e and mani!ulate te<t. $he *tatus bar !rovides useful information a out #our current document" includes the total num er of !ages and which !age #ou are currentl# working on. $he information dis!la#ed in the status ar will differ from a!!lication to a!!lication. $he 8oriEontal and 7erti!al s!roll bars allow #ou to scroll #our !age either hori&ontall# or verticall#. Cften #ou will e working on a !age that is too ig to fit on #our !h#sicall# screen. 9se these s!roll bars to move the visi le !art of the document. etter
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2$2$2$2
Collapse4 expand4 resiEe4 mo)e4 !lose a +indo+$
$he icons relating to these functions are located in the to! right hand corner of the screen.
Collapse a +indo+
$he first is the MinimiEe utton. $his colla!ses the current window.
An icon is the dis!la#ed with the a!!licationLs name in the panel at the ottom of the screen.
$o restore the a!!lication window" click on the a!!lication icon in the panel.
Close a +indo+
Click the Close icon.
6esiEe a +indo+
Click the Cas!ade +indo+s icon. $his dis!la#s the window so that it onl# occu!ies !art of the screen. 7over the mouse over one of the corners on the window. $his will dis!la# a resi&e handle. 7old down the left mouse utton and drag the corner to resi&e the window. >elease the mouse utton when #ou have the desired si&e for the window. 7over the mouse over one of the sides of the window. $his will also dis!la# a resi&e handle. 7owever these handles limit #our movement either verticall# or hori&ontall#.
Mo)e a +indo+
Click and hold down the left mouse utton on the Title of the window. $his is the at the to! of the window. Drag the window to the new !osition. >elease the mouse utton. rown area
Maximise a +indo+
Click the MaximiEe +indo+ icon. $his icon will onl# e availa le if the window has een cascaded.
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Kou cannot resi&e or move a window that has een ma<imi&ed.
2$2$2$.
*+it!h bet+een open +indo+s.
Where #ou have multi!le o!en windows" each will e dis!la#ed as an icon on the panel at the ottom of the screen. Each icon will have a title. 9suall# the title is too long to e dis!la#ed in full. 7over the mouse over the icon to dis!la# the full title.
Click on an icon to switch to that a!!lication. Where there are several windows o!en at once" Hnome will tr# to grou! these. In the e<am!le elow" (irefo< has four windows associated with it. Click on the icon containing multi!le windows and select the window #ou wish to o!en.
,pen another desktop

Hnome goes one ste! further. Kou ma# o!en u! to four different deskto!s at the same time. In each of these #ou ma# e doing a com!letel# different t#!e of work. $he different deskto!s are also accessed from the panel$
Click the second deskto! icon to dis!la# a com!letel# fresh deskto!. Kou can o!erate in this deskto! inde!endentl# of what #ou are doing in deskto! ..
$he icons for o!en a!!lications will e dis!la#ed in the !anel irres!ective of the deskto! #ou are currentl# working in. If #ou click on one of these" #ou will automaticall# e taken to the deskto! in which the window is o!en.
9age 2$.5

using Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop *e!tion .: Managing Files ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$. Using a Computer and Managing Files: Managing Files ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$.$'
2$.$'$'
Con!epts
Understand ho+ an operating s=stem sho+s dri)es4 "olders4 "iles in a hierar!hi!al stru!ture$
$o understand the conce!t of a director#" consider an analog# of an office lock containing a num er of offices. Each office has a name. Inside each office there are a num er of filing ca inets" each of which is named. (iles are stored in the filing ca inets. Each file also has a name. Su!!ose a file called Lom ard is located in the Staff ca inet of the Administration office. $his could e descri ed in a shorthand form as /Administration/Staff/Lom ard. In the same wa# /Stores/Su!!liers/Dumar would indicate a file called Dumar in the Su!!liers filing ca inet in the Stores office. Directories on a com!uter s#stem are similar to the offices and filing ca inets. A dire!tor= is a container that can contain files or other directories. A director# located inside another director# is called a sub<dire!tor=. Sometimes the word "older is used in !lace of the word director#. Cne difference etween the analog# and a com!uter s#stem is that in the former case we are dealing !h#sical o Eects whereas in the latter we are dealing with a more a stract structure. Directories" su -directories and files are arranged in a hierarchical structure called a tree. A t#!ical com!uter will contain man# thousands of files stored in man# directories. Each director# contains files that are related in some wa#. $he starting !oint of the tree is called the root. Do not confuse this usage of the word with the s!ecial user that has com!lete control over the s#stem. root is designated # the / s#m ol. $his s#m ol is also used to se!arate the different levels of the hierarch#. A director# structure ma# contain man# levels of su -directories. $he following diagram illustrates !art of a Linu< s#stem director# structure. (iles are shown in Italic font.
Thoughts david Letters Articles home doroth# dev in usr flo!!# cdrom Follow p !ilence "ater
Tax(2004-04-04) Fin(2004-03-28) Acc(2004-03-27) Training
mnt
$he full descri!tion of the location of a file is called is path. If we wish to descri e a file full#" we need to include its !ath. An e<am!le from the !revious diagram would e4 /home/david/letters/$a<%+005-05-05'.
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Linu< names are case sensitive. 7ence the three names ta<" $a< and $AP are all different as far as Linu< is concerned. 9sing the wrong case for letters is a common source of errors. If #ou have worked with Windows" the Linu< director# structure ma# seem confusing at first. Each s#stem has a single director# s#stem. Drives are located within ranches of the structure rather than the structure starting with a drive. Linu< goes much further and includes devices such as !orts and !rinters within the director# structure. $his follows from the fact that Linu< treats files and devices in the same wa#. $he !rocess of adding com!onents to the Linu< director# hierarch# is called mounting and removing them is called unmounting. $he home director# is of s!ecial im!ortance in Linu<. When a new user is added to the s#stem" Linu< creates a su -director# of the same name in home. (or e<am!le" if the user doroth= is added" Linu< will create the director# 2home2doroth= at the same time. $his su -director# is known as the userLs home dire!tor=. Each user will create a further series of su -directories in which he / she will store files. Each userLs home director# is !rivate to that user. A!art from the o+ner of the home director#" the onl# other user that normall# has access to it is the root user. Each user can access his/her home director# # clicking on 9la!es BB 8ome Folder$
2$.$'$2
Ano+ that the de)i!es used b= an operating s=stem to store "iles and "olders are the hard disk4 diskette4 CD<6,M4 net+ork dri)es$
(or long term storage" files are stored on various secondar# memor# devices. $hese include hard disks" flo!!# disks" CD->C@s" D=Ds" Bi! disks" and flash memor#. A diskette com!rises a !lastic fle<i le disk enclosed inside a tough !lastic cover. At one end is a window. When the diskette is !laced inside a diskette drive" the window is !ushed to the side. $he read-record head inside the drive makes contact with the magnetic disk. Diskettes are slow and have a low ca!acit# %."55 @ '. Since the# are chea!" the# still tend to e commonl# used for storing small amounts of data. Another advantage is that the# can e used over and over again. 9nfortunatel#" man# are not ver# good Jualit# and data can ecome corru!ted and unusa le. Because of this the# are not suited to acku! !ur!oses. $he disks can ecome corru!t through man# causes including disk" heat" magnetism or moisture. A Eip disk is a remova le magnetic disk which fits into a s!ecial &i! drive. $he surface is coated with a s!ecial scratch resistant material which makes a &i! disk a ver# ro ust storage device. It comes in a num er of ca!acities4 .00" +30 and ,30 @ . A "lash disk is another t#!e of large mo ile storage. $his is often also called a flash disk or memor# stick. $his is a solid state device %no moving !arts' that connects to the com!uter via the 9SB !ort. It !rovides a ver# fast and relia le method of storing data e<ternall#. $he cost of flash disks have dro!!ed significantl# over the !ast few #ears" and the si&e of availa le disks has increased tremendousl#. Flash disks are Juickl# ecoming the standard for mo ile storage" re!lacing more e<!ensive devices such as the Bi! disk. A CD 6,M uses o!tical technolog#. When data is written" small !its are urned into the surface using a highl# focussed laser eam. $hese are read # another laser eam. $here are two t#!es of CD >C@ used for storage. $he CD-> disks can onl# e written to once. Cnce data has een
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written to !art of the surface" this !art can no longer e used. CD->W disks are designed so that one set of data can overwrite another. $his allows the disks to e re-used man# times. CD >C@ !rovides a relia le and storage medium for acking u! and storing data. $he s!eed is greater than that of a diskette ut slower than that of a hard drive. Writing to a CD >C@ is a much slower !rocess than reading it. $he ca!acit# of a CD >C@ is /50 @ . It is sometimes !ossi le to store a out ,00 @ on a disk. $he D7D (Digital 7ersatile Disk) is a develo!ment of the storage technolog# of the CD >C@. 9sing newer storage methods and higher Jualit# media" a D=D can store a out 5 H of data. $his is enough to store a full length film. As with CD >C@Ls" oth D=D-> and D=D->W disks are availa le. A hard disk dri)e can e internal or external. An internal drive is housed inside the main unit and is connected directl# to the mother oard of the com!uter. An e<ternal drive is housed inside a s!ecial cadd# which connects to the com!uter through one of its !orts. @ost now use the 9SB or firewire !orts to achieve ma<imum !erformance. An e<ternal hard drive is a good acku! medium and allows large Juantities of data to e stored. Since the same drive can e connected at different times to different com!uters" these drives !rovide a useful wa# of transferring data etween com!uters that are not connected through a network. As the# are electromechanical devices" the# are su Eect to mechanical failure if not handled with care. $he small +Q: drives used in la!to!s make e<cellent e<ternal hard drives since the# are constructed to e moved around. @odern hard drives have ca!acities from 50 H to 600 H . $he# are also relativel# chea! in terms of the storage ca!acit# the# offer. Although we can think of directories as containers for files and su -directories" these are logical structures rather than !h#sical areas on a disk. $he actual method of !h#sicall# storing files on disk and organising them in directories is a ver# technical to!ic. (rom a userLs !ers!ective" the im!ortant thing is to understand directories as !roviding a logical method of grou!ing related files together in one !lace. Where com!uters are connected together through a network" each user will see the disk drives on other com!uters as !art of his/her own director# tree. In fact" if the user has not set u! the s#stem" he/she will not necessaril# even e aware of the !h#sical location of different !arts of the director# tree. Cne of the strengths of Linu< is that it full# integrates a network into a single s#stem. All #our storage devices are accessed via the files#stem as though the# are directories on the files#stem.
2$.$2 2$.$2$'
Dire!tories2Folders ?a)igate to a "ile4 "older on a dri)e$
ro+se using the 8ome Folder

Click on 9la!es BB 8ome Folder to rowser #our home folder After clicking this icon" the file rowser will o!en with #our home director# dis!la#ed.
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$he Desktop su -director# is created automaticall# at the same time as the home director#. (iles that are saved to this su -director# will e dis!la#ed as icons on the deskto!. $he navigation icons are dis!la#ed on the left of the tool ar. $he Up icon dis!la#s the director# one u! in the hierarch#. $his is also known as the parent of the current director#. It is one ste! closer to the root of the s#stem. Click Up twice. $his will dis!la# the root of the s#stem. $his is the starting !oint of the entire director# s#stem.
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Although #ou can see files and directories" #ou will not e a le to mani!ulate them or delete them. Kou are onl# a le to work with directories and files to which #ou have access. 2ormall# these are onl# files located in #our home director# and its su -director#. $he root user is however a le to give #ou access rights to files and directories outside #our home director#. $he a!k and For+ard icons allow #ou to trace #our ste!s ack and forward through the directories #ou have visited during #our current session. $o return to the home director# at an# stage" !ress the 8ome icon.
$o move to a new director#" dou le click on the icon in the main !ane. Dou le click on the et! director#.
2$.$2$2
Create a dire!tor= 2 "older and a "urther sub<dire!tor= 2 sub<"older$
$he following e<am!le illustrates how to create directories and su -directories in #our home director#. Click the 8ome icon. File BB Create Folder or !ress *hi"tDCtrlD?. Enter the name for the new director#" Letters.
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Gress (nter. Dou le click on the Letters icon in the main !ane. 2otice that Letters is now dis!la#ed in the Lo!ation ar now reflect the new director#.
File BB ?e+ Folder or !ress *hi"tDCtrlD?. Enter a name for the new su -director#" Lan2%%&$ In the same wa# create directories called Feb2%%& and Mar2%%&. $hese new directories will e dis!la#ed as icons. Kou could" if #ou wish" enter these su -directories and create another level of su -directories within each. Work out a meaningful director# structure for #our own needs. Create this structure using the method that has Eust een descri ed.
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2$.$2$. dri)e$
,pen a +indo+ to displa= dire!tor=2"older name4 siEe4 lo!ation on
Change 7ie+ Mode

$he default view in Hnome file manager dis!la#s onl# icons. $here are other !ossi le views on a director#. Click on 8ome and move u! to the root level. 7ie+ BB 7ie+ as List
Click on 8ome to e<!and the director# so that its contents will e dis!la#ed. Click on #our own home dire!tor=. Click on the Letters su director#. Kou should see a dis!la# similar to the one on the adEacent screen.
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$o add more detail columns" click on 7ie+ BB 7isible Columns$ Add ,+ner4 Group and 9ermissions. Click Close
$he following screen illustrates a director# containing detail on a num er of different t#!es of files4
$his screen gives #ou full information on each file. $he first four columns !rovide the asic information on "ile name" siEe" File T=pe and when the file was last Modi"ied. With regard to the Modi"ied column" it is im!ortant that #our clock and calendar settings are correct. If not" the information in this column will e useless.
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9ermissions: $he !ermissions column !rovides information on a!!ess rights to the files and directories. Access rights refer to the !ermissions users have to !erform various actions on files and directories. Each file has an o+ner and a group associated with it. A grou! is a set of users collected together under a single grou! name. $he !ermissions consists of three sets of three characters. $he first three refer to the access rights of the owner" the second three of the grou! and the third set to all other users. r+x means read" write and e<ecute rights. r<x means read and e<ecute rights onl#" not write rights. r<< means read onl# rights" not write or e<ecute rights. <<x means e<ecute rights onl#" not read or write rights. <<< means no rights at all. If a file has !ermissions given # r+xr<xr<< this means that the owner has r+x %read" write and e<ecute' rights" the grou! has r<x %read and e<ecute onl#' rights and all other users have r<< %read onl#' rights. $he o+ner and group associated with a file or director# are s!ecified in the ne<t two columns. Cwners" grou!s and !ermissions can to the files or directories. e changed # users who have the necessar# access rights
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/orking +ith Files

6e!ognise !ommon "ile t=pes: +ord pro!essing "iles4 spreadsheet "iles4 database "iles4 presentation "iles4 image "iles4 audio "iles4 )ideo "iles4 !ompressed "iles4 temporar= "iles$
Cne wa# of recognising different t#!es of files is to use the List 7ie+ in Gnome File Manager as illustrated in the !revious section. (iles can also e recognised # the extension on the file name. $his is the !art of the file name that follows the final !eriod. $he following ta le illustrates some common file names and e<am!les of each.
(xtension (xample odt Eamaica.odt s<w ods s<c ott stw od! sti od !df htm" html t<t rtf doc <ls !!t" !!s Eamaica.s<w !o!ulationSA.ods !o!ulationSA.s<c invoice.ott invoice.stw client.od! client.sti su scri ers.od contract.!df inde<.htm notes.t<t !lans.rtf Eamaica.doc !o!ulationSA.<ls client.!!t Des!ription A Writer te<t file. A Calc s!readsheet file. A tem!late file that can e used as the asis for creating Writer te<t files. An Im!ress !resentation. A Base data ase A !icture document format file. $his format allows a file to e sent in a format that can onl# e read and not edited. $o read such a file #ou would need a !df reader. 7tm and html files are files that can e read using a we rowser. A te<t file containing !ure te<t without an# formatting. A rich te<t format file. $his is a format that can e used for e<changing files etween different t#!es of s#stem. A @icrosoft Word document. A @icrosoft E<cel s!readsheet file. A @icrosoft GowerGoint !resentation file.
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2$. Using a Computer and Managing Files: Managing Files ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; md &i! g& tar de !ng E!g" E!eg tif gif wav au m!g avi tm! vendors.md install.&i! install.g& oo-.6,.i3R/.tar 00-.6,.i3R/.de sk#.!ng sk#.E!g sk#.tif sk#.gif trum!et.wav trum!et.au concert.m!g concert.avi ws000..tm! A @icrosoft Access data ase file. A com!ressed file in &i! format. A com!ressed file in g&i! format. A tar all file. tar files are used for creating installation !ackages. An 9 untu Gackage @anager (ile. de files are used for installing new !ieces of software. A common format for storing gra!hic images. A common format for storing gra!hic images. A common format for storing gra!hic images. A common format for storing gra!hic images. An audio file An audio file A video file A video file A tem!orar# file
E<tensions are a Windows conce!t and are not actuall# needed in Linu<. $he# are however useful in !roviding information for users a out the contents or format of files.
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Count the number o" "iles4 "iles o" a parti!ular t=pe4 in a "older (in!luding an= "iles in sub<"olders)$
Count total number o" "iles and sub<dire!tories in a dire!tor=

When #ou access a director# with the Hnome file manager" the status ar at the ottom indicates the num er of files and directories in the current director# and the num er of free hard disk s!ace availa le.
7owever" these figures onl# count what is in the current director# and not what is in the su directories. $o get full information on a director# and its su -directories4 Click 8ome$ >ight click on the director# for which #ou want to retrieve full information. Click 9roperties Ensure the asi! ta is selected. $he total num er of items and total si&e is dis!la#ed on the Contents line4
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Count "iles o" a parti!ular t=pe

Su!!ose #ou wish to find the total num er of files ending in sx+ in the su -director# Letters in #our home dire!tor=. Click 9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files. 9sing Look in "older rowse to the Letters su -director# in #our home director#. Enter @$sx+ in the ?ame !ontains te<t o<. $his means the files and directories can start with an# num er of letters ut must end with the e<tension .sx+. If #ou had entered @sx+" the files located would onl# need to end in s<w regardless of whether it is the e<tension or not. Click Find$
$he files that satisf# the search s!ecification will e dis!la#ed together with their location. $he num er of files found are is indicated Eust a ove the search results.
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Change "ile status: read<onl= 2 lo!ked4 read<+rite$
$he !ermissions associated with files and directories in section +.6.+.6. If #ou are the owner of a file" #ou can change these !ermissions.
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Change permissions on a dire!tor=

In this e<am!le #ou will create a su -director# in #our home director# called Common. Kou will then give users access to change the contents of this director#. Click 8ome or 9la!es BB 8ome Folder. File BB Create Folder$ Create a director# called common. >ight click on common and select 9roperties in the !ontext menu. Click the 9ermissions ta . @ake sure that 6ead4 /rite and (xe!ute are checked for all three classes. Click Close.
Change permissions on a "ile

B# default" 9 untu locks access to files so that the# cannot e changed # an#one other than the owner or mem ers of the grou!. C!en the Hnome file manager and locate the file whose !ermissions #ou wish to view or change. >ight click on the file and select 9roperties in the Context menu. Click the 9ermissions ta . $he current !ermissions will e checked. Add or remove check marks to set the desired !ermissions. Click Close.
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*ort "iles b= name4 siEe4 t=pe4 date modi"ied$
(iles can e sorted # name" t#!e" si&e and date # clicking on the titles at the to! of the !ane. C!en the Hnome (ile @anager and access the director# #ou wish to sort. Ensure that 7ie+ as List is selected Click on ?ame. $his will sort the files in ascending al!ha etic order # name. Click on ?ame a second time. $his will now sort the files in descending order of name. e
When #ou sort files" the directories will a!!ear ahead of the files. Directories and files will sorted se!aratel#. Click Click Click Click Click Click Date Modi"ied. $his will sort the files in date order starting with the most recent. Date Modi"ied a second time. $his will now sort them with the oldest a!!earing first. *iEe$ $his will sort the files in order of si&e with the largest at the to!. *iEe a second time. $his will sort them in the reverse order of si&e. T=pe. $his will sort the files al!ha eticall# # t#!e. T=pe a second time. $his will sort them # t#!e in the reverse order.
2$.$.$5 Understand the importan!e o" maintaining !orre!t "ile extensions +hen re<naming "iles$
$he !art of a file name following the final !eriod %full sto!' is called the file e<tension. $his often has a s!ecial significance which will e lost if it is changed. (or e<am!le" the s#stem will recognise that a file having a !df e<tension can e o!ened with a !df reader or that a file with a !ng e<tension is a gra!hic image. Some files in Linu< ma# have more than one !eriod. Each of these se!arates a different !art of the file name which ma# e of s!ecial significance to the a!!lication that will o!en it. If #ou do change a file name" onl# change the !art that is to the left of the first !eriod. (or e<am!le" in the file name kdbg<'$2$1<2$i&1&$deb" the de e<tension means that this is a file containing installation files that can e managed with the Debian 9a!kage Manager. $he i&1& com!onent means that this !ackage is designed to run on a 9entium !rocessor. Changing either of these would cause !ro lems if #ou tried to install the !ackage from the file.
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6e<name "iles4 dire!tories2"olders$
6ename a "ile
In a Hnome file manager window" right click on the icon of the file #ou wish to dis!la# a conte<t menu and click 6ename or !ress F2 or click on the la el elow the icon. $his will o!en a small window around the name of the file. Edit the name. Dee! in mind the need to !reserve the e<tension. Click outside of the name when done.
6ename a dire!tor=
$he !rocess is the same as that for a file.
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Dupli!ate4 Mo)e
2$.$0$' *ele!t a "ile4 dire!tor= 2 "older indi)iduall= or as a group o" adHa!ent4 non<adHa!ent "iles4 dire!tories 2 "olders$
Before #ou can !erform actions on files such as move" co!# or delete #ou need to select %highlight' them.
*ele!t a single "ile or dire!tor=

Click on the icon of the file or director#. A rown highlight will a!!ear round the name.
*ele!t a group o" adHa!ent "iles or dire!tories

Click on the icon of the first file in the list. 7old down the *hi"t ke# and click on the icon of last file in the list. All the files two will also e selected. etween the
*ele!t a group o" non<adHa!ent "iles or dire!tories

Click on the icon of the first file in the list. 7old down the Ctrl ke# and click on the icons of each of the files #ou wish to select.
2$.$0$2 Dupli!ate "iles4 dire!tories 2 "olders bet+een dire!tories 2 "olders and bet+een dri)es$
C!en the Hnome file manager and select the files or directories #ou wish to du!licate. $hese can include oth directories and files. (dit BB Cop=. 2avigate to the director# in which to wish to du!licate the files and directories. (dit BB 9aste.
2$.$0$. dri)es$
Mo)e
"iles4
dire!tories2"olders
bet+een
dire!tories2"olders
and
C!en the Hnome file manager and select the files or directories #ou wish to move. $hese can include oth directories and files. (dit BB Cut. 2avigate to the director# in which to wish to du!licate the files and directories. (dit BB 9aste.
2$.$0$0 Understand +h= making a Mba!kupF !op= o" "iles to a remo)able storage de)i!e is important.
$here are man# things that can cause loss of files. $hese include4 @echanical failure of a hard drive. Damage to the s#stem due to natural disasters such as fire" floods and earth movement. $heft of the s#stem. Corru!tion of data due to com!uter viruses. Deli erate corru!tion or deletion of data through criminal activit#.
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In order to !rotect data" it is im!ortant that co!ies of im!ortant files are made and ke!t in a se!arate location so that if loss occurs to the main s#stem" data can e recovered from the co!ies. Co!ies of im!ortant files are referred to as ba!kups.
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Delete4 6estore
Delete "iles4 dire!tories 2 "olders to the re!=!le bin 2 +astebasket$
Select %highlight' the files #ou wish to delete. Click (dit BB Mo)e to Trash or !ress the Delete ke#.
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6estore "iles4 dire!tories 2 "olders "rom the re!=!le bin 2 +astebasket 2 trash$
Click on the Trash icon in the ottom right of #our screen. Select the files #ou wish to restore. (dit BB Cut. 2avigate to the folder in which #ou wish to restore the files. (dit BB 9aste.
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(mpt= the re!=!le bin2+astebasket$
With time Trash will accumulate hundreds of files. >ather than waste s!ace" em!t# Trash on a regular asis. >ight click on the Trash icon on the ottom right of #our screen Click (mpt= Trash in the !ontext menu.
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*ear!hing
Use the Find tool to lo!ate a "ile4 dire!tor= 2 "older$
9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files Click the ?ame 2 Lo!ation ta . AdEust the Look Folder selection # rowsing to the director# in which #ou wish to search. B# default it searches through all su -directories within the selected director#. Enter the name of the file in the ?ame Contains te<t o<. Click Find.
In searching for files" the wildcard character" S" !la#s a ver# useful role. S re!resents an# num er of characters. (or e<am!le4 do!@ means an# file with a name eginning with the letters do!. @do! means an# file with a name ending with the letters do!. @do!@ means an# file containing the letters do! in its name.
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> spe!i"i! example

9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files Click the utton ne<t to the Look in Folder la el to rowse to 2et! Enter @ie@ into the ?ame Contains te<t o<. Click Find. All the files which have the letters ie in their file names will e dis!la#ed together with their locations. $he num er of files that satisf# the search criterion will e dis!la#ed on the to! right of the search results. Click Close when done.
2$.$&$2 *ear!h "or "iles b= !ontent4 date modi"ied4 date !reated4 siEe4 +ild!ards$ *ear!h "or a "ile !ontaining text
$he !revious e<am!le searched for a file containing te<t in its file name. It is also !ossi le for the Find to look inside files for te<t. 9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files Click the ?ame Contains te<t o< and clear an# contents otherwise the search will e limited to looking onl# in files whose names satisf# this criterion. Click the utton ne<t to the Look in Folder la el to rowse to the director# in which #ou wish to search. Click *ele!t more options Click the Contents ta . $#!e te<t that #ou are searching for in the Contains the text window. Click Find. $he adEacent screen illustrates the results of such a search. Click Close when done.
Use +ild!ards in a sear!h

$his was covered in the !revious section.
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*ear!h "or "iles b= date

9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files Click the ?ame Contains te<t o< and clear an# contents otherwise the search will e limited to looking onl# in files whose names satisf# this criterion. Click the utton ne<t to the Look in Folder la el to rowse to the director# in which #ou wish to search. Click *ele!t more options Clear an# contents in Contains the Text window. 9nder >)ailable ,ptions select Date modi"ied less than and click >dd$ Enter the num er of da#s in the added field. Similarl#" add an# further >)ailable ,ptions$ Click Find. Click Close when done.
*ear!h "or "iles b= siEe

9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files Click the ?ame Contains te<t o< and clear an# contents otherwise the search will e limited to looking onl# in files whose names satisf# this criterion. Click the utton ne<t to the Look in Folder la el to rowse to the director# in which #ou wish to search. Click *ele!t more options Clear an# contents in Contains the Text window. 9nder >)ailable ,ptions select *iEe at least and click >dd$ Enter the minimum si&e of the file in kilo #tes. Click Find. Click Close when done.
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7ie+ list o" re!entl= used "iles$
Click on 9la!es BB 6e!ent Do!uments A list will o!en with all #our recentl# accessed documents. $o o!en one of the documents" sim!l# click on itLs icon. $o clear the list click on Clear 6e!ent Do!uments$
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Compressing Files
Understand +hat "ile !ompression means$
Each file has a si&e associated with it. >oughl# s!eaking the amount of s!ace a file occu!ies of disk is a out the same as its file si&e. In realit#" it takes u! somewhat more s!ace than this. When files are stored on a CD or transmitted across the Internet" it is im!ortant to the amount of disk s!ace the# occu!#. S!ecial algorithms %methods' have een develo!ed to com!ress files into smaller si&es. Sometimes a num er of files are com!ressed into a single file while at other times a single file ma# e com!ressed. A com!ressed file can e recognised # itLs e<tension. $he most common formats are Eip4 rar" gE4 rpm and tar$ $here are numerous utilities that ena le #ou to work with com!ressed files. $he ne<t two e<am!les will illustrate the use of the Gnome >r!hi)e Manager.
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Compress "iles in a "older on a dri)e$
Click >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB >r!hi)e Manager. Click >r!hi)e BB ?e+ or sim!l# click on the ?e+ icon$
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In the ?ame te<t o<" enter the name of the archive #ou wish to create. Click the utton ne<t to *a)e in "older and rowse to the director# in which #ou wish to save the archive. $o save to a flo!!# disk" navigate to 2media2"lopp=. (rom the >r!hi)e t=pe dro! down list" select the t#!e of archive #ou would like to create. Click ?e+ to return to the >r!hi)e Manager interface.
Click (dit BB >dd Files or click the >dd icon. 2avigate to the director# in which the file is located and dou le click on the file. Alternativel#" if #ou wish to select more than one file from a director#" select them as #ou would select multi!le files and click ,A. >e!eat until all the files have een added. (dit BB >dd a Folder if #ou wish to select entire directories. If #ou wish to delete a file" right click on it and select Delete in the !ontext menu. At this !oint #our screen will look something like the following4
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>r!hi)e BB Close or >r!hi)e BB Cuit will automaticall# save the archive. Close closes the
current archive ut leaves the >r!hi)e Manager interface dis!la#ed. Cuit closes current archive and the a!!lication.
oth the
>dd "iles to an existing ar!hi)e

>ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB >r!hi)e Manager >r!hi)e BB ,pen or click on the ,pen icon$ Browse to the archive #ou wish to o!en" select it and click ,A. $he files contained in the archive will e listed. (dit BB >dd File or Edit BB >dd a Folder to add additional files to the archive. $o save the archive under a new name use >r!hi)e BB *a)e as. Ctherwise use >r!hi)e BB Close or >r!hi)e BB Cuit.
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(xtra!t !ompressed "iles "rom a lo!ation on a dri)e$
>ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB >r!hi)e Manager >r!hi)e BB ,pen. 2avigate to the archive #ou wish to o!en" select it and click ,A. $he files contained in the archive will e listed. (dit BB (xtra!t. Browse to the director# in which #ou wish to e<tract the files. Click (xtra!t$ Close >r!hi)e Manager # clicking >r!hi)e BB Cuit$ 9sing the Gnome "ile manager navigate to the target director# to verif# that the files have een e<tracted.
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using Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop *e!tion 0: 7iruses ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$0 Using a Computer and Managing Files: 7iruses ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
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Con!epts
Ano+ +hat a )irus is and +hat the e""e!ts o" a )irus might be$
A !omputer )irus is a !rogram that is deli eratel# created to cause anno#ance or alter or delete data. Some viruses cause com!uter s#stems to slow down to the !oint where the# are not usa le. Cne of the features of viruses is that the# are designed to re!licate and s!read. Although viruses are not #et a serious !ro lem for Linu< ased com!uters" this could change at an# time. Ever#da# more and more viruses are created. Even though #ou ma# e using Linu<" it is im!ortant to e well aware of the dangers and take the necessar# !recautions. TroHan: A $roEan %or $roEan horse' is a virus that hides itself inside another legitimate !rogram. When the !rogram is used" the virus is released and can egin its work of re!lication and anno#ance or damage. /orm: A Worm is a !rogram that re!licates itself over and over in the com!uterLs memor# until the com!uter can arel# function. Cne of the signs of invasion # a worm is the slowness of com!uters. Time bomb: A time om is a virus which lies dormant until a certain date or time or for a !eriod of time. At this date or time" the virus suddenl# ecomes active and carries out whatever task it is !rogrammed to do. $his can include the deletion of ever#thing on the hard drive. Logi! bombs: A logic om is similar to a time om " e<ce!t that instead of ecoming active at a certain time" it ecomes active when a !articular activit# ha!!ens. (or e<am!le" instead of formatting a diskette" the virus causes the hard drive to e formatted. Ma!ro<)iruses: @acro-viruses make use of a s!ecial customisation feature in a!!lications called macros. @acros allow #ou to create mini-!rograms to carr# out certain tasks in #our a!!lications.
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Understand some o" the +a=s a )irus !an be transmitted onto a !omputer$
=iruses are s!read in a num er of wa#s4 Downloads from the Internet. Girated software. E<change of diskettes. In attachments to emails and in emails themselves. In documents. @acro-virus" descri ed a ove" can s!readsheets and !resentations.
e hidden in ordinar# documents"
=irus ma# e em edded in these a!!lications. Cnce the# are downloaded and the a!!lications then e<ecuted" the virus loads itself into #our com!uters memor# and infects other !rograms on #our com!uter. $hese viruses ma# then also !erform such unwanted activities such as sending out virus-containing emails to !eo!le in #our address ook. Some viruses even shutdown #our com!uter and !revent the o!erating s#stem from loading again. It is therefore ver# im!ortant that #ou onl# install software and o!en files from credi le sources. If #ou are unsure of something downloaded from the Internet or received in an email" it would e est not to o!en or e<ecute it.
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Understand the ad)antages o" a )irus<s!anning appli!ation$
>nti<)irus so"t+are
Anti-virus software scans files for !ieces of code" called signatures" which it recognises as !art of a virus. A signature is a distinctive series of commands which are onl# found in the virus concerned. Scanning therefore involves anal#sing !rogramming code in search of signatures em edded in legitimate !rograms. 9!dating anti-virus software mostl# involves u!dating the signatures file. $his should e done on as freJuent as asis as !ossi le. $his is even more the case when #ou receive files regularl# from outside sources. $he actual anti-virus !rogram itself will e u!dated from time to time. $hese u!dates will include additional features and im!roved methods of scanning. It is im!ortant to kee! in mind that no anti-virus software is !erfect. It is onl# as good as the techniJues it uses for detecting viruses and the currenc# of the signature file. $here is alwa#s the chance that a virus will go undetected. 7owever" a good anti-virus s#stem installed on #our s#stem is essential and will usuall# detect most viruses. 9!dating the anti-viruses software and scanning the contents of a com!uter on a regular asis will !rovide #ou with a good measure of !rotection should #our com!uter ecome infected. Hood anti-virus software can also lock viruses from entering the s#stem.
,ther measures
$here are a num er of measures #ou can take to !rotect #ourself from viruses4 Install good anti-virus software and u!date it on a regular asis" for e<am!le at least once a month ut !refera l# once a week. But alwa#s remem er" anti-virus software is not !erfect. It cannot e the onl# measure #ou take. Scan all diskettes efore reading them. Ena le the auto-!rotection feature on the anti-virus software to scan emails. Be war# of emails from unknown sources" !articularl# if the# contain attachments. Some ver# careful users delete emails the# are unsure of without o!ening them. 9se an Internet Service Grovider that scans emails efore deliver#. Do not download software from unknown Internet sites. Be careful of using diskettes from unknown sources. Do not install !irated software.
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Understand +hat Mdisin"e!tingF "iles means$
When a virus is detected" the software will attem!t to remove the virus. $his is called !leaning or disin"e!ting. Disinfecting involves removing the code of the virus from the file it is attached to. It sometimes ha!!ens that the s#stem can detect the virus ut not get rid of it. In this case" #ou will usuall# e given the o!tion of deleting or Nuarantining the infected file. When a file is Juarantined" it is made unusa le and so una le to s!read the virus. A future u!date of the software ma# e a le to remove the virus. If it can the Juarantine is removed.
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8andling 7iruses Use a )irus s!anning appli!ation to s!an spe!i"i! dri)es4 "olders4 "iles$
Because viruses are still uncommon on Linu< s#stems" there has not een a great deal of develo!ment of anti-virus software. $here are some !roEects to develo! C!en Source anti-virus software" the most !o!ular of which is Clam >nti<7irus. $he following e<am!le illustrates how to use a te<t ased s#stem to scan for infected files on #our s#stem. $his s#stem uses Clam Anti-virus for Linu< which is freel# availa le to an#one. $o use Clam #ou will need to o!en a terminal window and manuall# t#!e in commands. When #ou have t#!ed a command" !ress the (nter ke# to carr# it out. Click >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Terminal. $#!e the command4 !lams!an followed # the file or director# #ou wish to disinfect and !ress (nter. E<am!les are4 !lams!an 2home2thomas which will scan all files in the director# /home/thomas if thomas is a director#. If it is a file it will onl# scan that file. !lams!an <r 2home2thomas recursivel# scan all files and folders in the /home/thomas director#. !lams!an 2media2"lopp= scans the diskette in the diskette drive $he screen elow illustrates an e<am!le of the !rintout from such a scan.
Cther o!tions are4 !lams!an <<remo)e 2home2thomas !lams!an <i 2home2thomas
scans the director# and removes infected files. scans the director# and onl# lists infected files.
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Click the (xit icon in the to! right hand corner of the screen when done or !ress CtrlDD.
2$0$2$2
Understand +h= )irus<s!anning so"t+are needs to be updated regularl=$
As viruses are created on an on-going asis" these need to e anal#sed continuousl# # the develo!ers of anti-virus software. 2ot onl# do the develo!ers need to e a le to e<tract the signature of the virus" ut the# also need to anal#se how the virus acts and how it can e removed from the !rogram. $hese changes then need to e incor!orated into the anti-virus software. 9sers in turn need to download these changes and u!date their software. $he longer the !eriod etween u!dates" the more vulnera le com!uter s#stems are to the action of new viruses. 9!dates are often made availa le on a dail# asis # develo!ers.
9age 2$&'

using Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop *e!tion 5: 9rint Management ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
9age 2$&2
2$. Using a Computer and Managing Files: 9rint Management ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
2$5$'
2$5$'$'
*etup
Change the de"ault printer "rom an installed printer list$
Su!!ose #ou have more than one !rinter availa le to !rint to. $he de"ault printer is the !rinter that will automaticall# e offered to #ou when #ou wish to !rint. Cther !rinters have to e s!ecificall# selected. Click *=stem BB >dministration BB 9rinting$ >ight click on the !rinter #ou wish to make the default and from the conte<t menu" select Make De"ault. Click 9rinter BB Cuit or press CtrlDC$
2$5$'$2
Install a ne+ printer on the !omputer$
Install a ne+ printer using autodete!t

$he following e<!lanation a!!lies when no !rinters have #et een installed on the com!uter. Connect the !rinter to the com!uter using either a !arallel !ort or a 9SB !ort. @ake sure the !ower in connected to the !rinter and oth the !ower switch at the !ower !oint and the !ower switch on the com!uter are oth turned on. Click *=stem BB >dministration BB 9rinting$ Select ?e+ 9rinter
9age 2$&.
If the s#stem detects the !rinter" it will list it under Use a dete!ted printer

Click Oes. Click For+ard to continue.
2e<t #ou will e !rom!ted to confirm the model of the !rinter.
Select the a!!ro!riate !rinter from the Manu"a!turer and Model windows %should it not e detected correctl#'. Click >ppl= to finish.
When the installation is com!lete" the screen shown on the adEacent screen will e dis!la#ed.
Install additional printers

Click ?e+ 9rinter. Kou will e given the o!tion of autodetecting !rinters or of manuall# installing !rinters. If #ou select the autodetect o!tion" the !rocess will e the same as that Eust descri ed.
9age 2$&0
$he following e<!lanation assumes that #ou will install a !rinter not attached to the com!uter. If at an# stage #ou do connect this !rinter" #ou will e a le to use it immediatel#. Ensure that Lo!al 9rinter is selected for a !rinter connected directl# to #our com!uter. >ather than using the detected !rinter" select Use another printer b= spe!i"=ing a port and select the a!!ro!riate !ort from the dro!-down list. Click For+ard to continue$
Select the a!!ro!riate Manu"a!turer and Model from the selection o<es. Click >ppl= to finalise installation.
Kour new !rinter will e listed in the 9rinters window.
9age 2$&5
$o !rint a test !age" right click on #our new !rinter and select 9roperties on the conte<t menu Click the utton that sa#s 9rint a Test 9age to !rint a test !age. $he s#stem will confirm that a test !age has een sent to the !rinter. =arious other !rinter settings can also e adEusted in this window. Click Close when done.
2$5$2
2$5$2$'

9rint ,utputs
9rint a do!ument "rom a text editing appli!ation$
C!en u! Hnome Edit # clicking on >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Text (ditor $#!e some sam!le te<t. Grint the te<t # clicking File BB 9rint. $his o!ens the 9rint Dialogue Select the a!!ro!riate !rinter on the 9rinter ta .
AdEust !ro!erties on the Lob and 9aper ta s if necessar#. Click 9rint.
9age 2$&&
2$5$2$2 7ie+ a print HobFs progress using a desktop print manager$

*tart >ppli!ations BB Con"iguration BB AD( BB 9eripherals BB 9rinters. 7ighlight the !rinter #ou wish to view. Click the Lobs ta . $he !rogress of the !rint Eo will e dis!la#ed in the !ane elow. Click Close to e<it this window.
2$5$2$.
9ause4 re<start4 delete a print Hob using a desktop print manager$
9ause printing
Click *=stem BB >dministration BB 9rinting Dou le click on the a!!ro!riate !rinter. >ight click on the Eo to dis!la# a conte<t menu. Click 9ause.
6esume printing
>ight click on the !aused !rint Eo . Click 6esume.
Delete a Hob
>ight click on the !rint Eo . Gress Can!el.
9age 2$&3

Module2 Ubuntu5 10 Eng

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Module2 Ubuntu5 10 Eng

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ICDL Module 2

(Using a Computer and Managing Files) using

Thomas la!k abelgeek Te!hnologies in"o#babelgeek$!om

1 ICDL Foundation 2%%&

Table o" Contents

+...+.. +...+.+ +...+.6 +...+.5 +...+.3 +...+./ +...+.,

asi! In"ormation and ,perations

+...6.. +...6.+ +...6.6

+.+.+.. +.+.+.+ +.+.+.6

/ork +ith /indo+s

+.6.+.. +.6.+.+ +.6.+.6

/orking +ith Files

+.6.6.6 +.6.6.5 +.6.6.3 +.6.6./

+.6.5.. +.6.5.+ +.6.5.6 +.6.5.5

+.6.3.. +.6.3.+ +.6.3.6

+.6./.. +.6./.+ +.6./.6

+.6.,.. +.6.,.+ +.6.,.6

+.3.+.. +.3.+.+ +.3.+.6

Module 2: Using a Computer and Managing Files

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

First *teps +ith the Computer

Gress the ,n2,"" switch on front of the com!uter.

Logon to the GUI

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*hut do+n the !omputer using an appropriate routine$

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Click the *hut Do+n radio utton in the

2ever Eust shutdown the com!uter # !ressing the ,n2,"" switch.

6estart the !omputer using an appropriate routine$

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*hut do+n a non<responding appli!ation$

Click the 9ro!esses ta .

7ighlight the non-res!onding a!!lication.

Click the (nd 9ro!ess icon to shut down the a!!lication.

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

/hat to do i" the entire s=stem "reeEes

asi! In"ormation and ,perations

7ie+ C9U usage in"ormation

7ie+ 6>M details

7ie+ operating s=stem )ersion in"ormation

$his information can also e found in a num er of !laces. (or e<am!le4

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*et date and time

An alternative method is to use4 *=stem BB >dministration BB Time and Date$

*et )olume le)el

Get in"ormation on sound !ard

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*et desktop options

Change theme settings

Change s!reen sa)er

Disable the s!reen sa)er

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*et desktop ba!kground

*et s!reen pixel resolution

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

*et4 !hange ke=board language$

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Format remo)able disk media: diskette4 Iip disk$

Format a "lopp= disk

Format a diskette using a terminal

2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer (n)ironment ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Format a Eip disk "or use in Linux onl=

Format a Eip disk to share +ith /indo+s users