Module 7: Trigonometry Main Ideas: Worksheet 1: I. An angle is a ratio of two measures.

One angle is the same size as another if the slope rise ! run" of the angles is the same for the two angles. This is the same as saying that the tangent fun#tion has the same $alue for %oth angles." or the ratio of ar#length of angle #ut off" to radius is the same for the two angles. This is also the same as saying that the ratio of ar#length of angle #ut off" to #ir#umferen#e is the same for %oth angles." II. A radian is a unit for measuring the size of an angle. Any #entral angle that #uts off an ar#length of the #ir#le e&ual to the radius length has a measure of one radian. III. 'on$ersions %etween angle measures and portions of #ir#umferen#e. The following are all proportional: part (um%er of degrees (um%er of radians (um%er of grads ar#length per#entage of #ir#le = = = = = whole )*+ degrees , radians -++ grads #ir#umferen#e 1++. Worksheet ,: s =r / where s is the ar#length an angle #uts off/ r is the radius/ and is the measure of the angle in radians. Worksheet ): sin () is the $erti#al distan#e y" of an x/y" point a%o$e the horizontal diameter of a #ir#le/ measured in radii or in radius lengths/ or as a per#entage of the radius". #os () is the horizontal distan#e x" of an x/y" point to the right of the $erti#al diameter of a #ir#le/ measured in radii or in radius lengths/ or as a per#entage of the radius".

Although the angle is usually thought of as %eing %etween + and , / may %e less than + if we tra$erse the #ir#le #lo#kwise instead of #ounter0#lo#kwise" or larger than , if we tra$erse the #ir#le more than on#e around. 1ut 1 sin ()< 1 and 1 #os ()< 1 / no matter how large or small is. Worksheet -: Any x/y" point on a #ir#le/ whose #enter is at +/+"/ #an %e written as ( x , y )=( r#os ( ) , rsin ()) . On a unit #ir#le any #ir#le whose radius is of length 1"/ this redu#es

to ( x , y )=( #os ( ) , sin ()) . All #ir#les are unit #ir#les/ as long as they are measured using the radius itself as the unit of length. 2in#e x = r#os () and standard definitions: x ad3a#ent side #os ()= = r hypotenuse y opposite side sin ()= = r hypotenuse y opposite side y / r sin () rise tan ()= = = = = =slope . x ad3a#ent side x / r #os () run If #oordinates x/y" are known %ut r and are not/ then we #an find them from the following: r ,= x , + y , from the 4ythagorean Theorem". 2in#e r must always %e positi$e/ we ha$e r = x , + y , . (ote: If we di$ide r ,= x , + y , %y r , on %oth sides of this e&uation/ we ha$e r, x, y, immediately . This redu#es to the 4ythagorean identity = + r, r , r, , , x y 1= + =( #os ()), +( sin ()), for any angle ." r r y = rsin ( ) / these formulas for #oordinates lead immediately to the

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To find / we note that we know the output of #osine or sine or tangent/ %ut we don5t know the 1 y 1 y 1 x input. This re&uires an in$erse fun#tion. Thus/ =#os or =sin or =tan . r x r 2in#e sine/ #osine/ and tangent are not one0to0one fun#tions/ howe$er/ we need to limit our domains of sine/ #osine/ and tangent. After e6amining the graphs of these trigonometri# fun#tions/ we de#ide that x 1 y 1 y =#os1 should produ#e a $alue in &uadrants I or II/ and =sin and =tan r x r should %oth produ#e a $alue in &uadrants I or I7. This leads to the idea of a referen#e angle/ whi#h is the a%solute $alue of the smallest magnitude angle %etween the horizontal diameter of the #ir#le and the ray #onne#ting the #enter of the #ir#le with the x/y" point on the #ir#le. Then/ if we know we need to %e in a parti#ular &uadrant %ut our in$erse trigonometri# fun#tion pla#es in a different &uadrant/ we use the referen#e angle for this to help us determine a pro#ess su#h as adding

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or , " to determine the #orre#t $alue for . Worksheet 8/ */ and 7: The general form for a sinusoidal wa$e is f t" 9 A sin B t C"" : D or g t" 9 A #os B t C"" : D/ where: A is the amplitude/ the a%solute $alue of distan#e from the midline of the wa$e to the top or %ottom of the wa$e. B is the angular fre&uen#y in radians per se#ond". The period measure of the length of input re&uired , to a#hie$e a full #y#le or full re$olution" of the sinusoidal wa$e is gi$en %y period = . B C is the phase shift horizontal translation to the right" D is the $erti#al shift

2tudy the effe#ts of translations and transformations of graphs. 2tart simple/ su#h as:
f ( x )= x . Then graph g ( x )= ( x )+ 8 . What happened to the graph of f x"; <ow would you shift the graph of f x" down %y ); (e6t graph h ( x )= x . What happened to the graph of f x"; Why; (ow graph j ( x )= x . What happened to the graph of f x"; Why; Then graph k ( x )= x - . What happened to the graph of f x"; Why; <ow would you mo$e the graph of f x" left %y 7;

What would the graph of m ( x )= x + )+ * look like; 4redi#t its shape %efore you graph it on your #al#ulator to #he#k. (ow keep these in mind as you work with sinusoidal graphs. In parti#ular/ for f t" 9 A sin B t C"" : D/ the graph of f t" has %een shifted to the right %y C units and up %y = units. In sol$ing trigonometri# e&uations/ su#h as those in homework pro%lem >?@ on p. ))1/ if the input angle is - / you will need to tra$erse four periods of the #y#le to find all solutions in all &uadrants. Aikewise/ if the input angle is , / you will need to tra$erse two periods of the #y#le to find all solutions in all &uadrants. Braphing C1 9 the left side of the e&uation/ C, 9 the right side of the e&uation/ using the window pro$ided + << , with = x / using DoomEit or Doom Auto/ and then finding all interse#tions is a good way to #he#k that you ha$e found all the answers to su#h e&uations. A similar situation o##urs with tangent/ su#h as in >1+8 on p. ))*0))7/ e6#ept that the period of the tangent fun#tion is , not , . <en#e/ the $iewing window spe#ified is < < / with , , %eing the input. y rise opposite sine = = Femem%er/ tangent = =slope= . Also/ on the unit #ir#le/ sin#e the x run ad3a#ent #osine radius 9 1/ %y the 4ythagorean Theorem/ the opposite side", + the ad3a#ent side" ,= the hypotenuse", . Thus y , + x ,= r , and ( sin ()), +( #os ()), =1 .