NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

SEMESTER 1, 2013/2014
MA1102R Calculus Solution to Tutorial 1
Tutorial Part I (Partial)
1. Let A and B be the domains of f(x) = 1 x
3
and g(x) =
1
x
respectively. Then A = R
and B = R \ {0}.
(i) f g(x) = f(g(x)) = f(
1
x
) = 1
1
x
3
, and its domain is given by
{x | x = 0 and
1
x
R} = R \ {0}.
(iii) f f(x) = f(f(x)) = f(1 x
3
) = 1 (1 x
3
)
3
, and its domain is given by
{x | x R and 1 x
3
R} = R.
3. (a) f(x) = x
3
is odd, for f(x) = (x)
3
= (x
3
) = f(x).
(c) f(x) = 3x
3
+2x
2
+1 is neither odd nor even. For instance, f(1) = 6 and f(1) = 0.
4. (d) lim
x4
x
2
4x
x
2
3x 4
= lim
x4
x(x 4)
(x + 1)(x 4)
= lim
x4
x
x + 1
=
4
4 + 1
=
4
5
.
(e) lim
x1
x
2
4x
x
2
3x 4
does not exist, because
lim
x1
(x
2
3x 4) = (1)
2
3(1) 4 = 0,
but
lim
x1
(x
2
4x) = (1)
2
4(1) = 5 = 0.
Indeed, if lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
exists and equals L, and lim
xa
g(x) = 0, we must have
lim
xa
f(x) = lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
lim
xa
g(x) = L 0 = 0.
(f) lim
h0

1 +h 1
h
= lim
h0
(

1 +h 1)(

1 +h + 1)
h(

1 +h + 1)
= lim
h0
(1 +h) 1
2
h(

1 +h + 1)
= lim
h0
1

1 +h + 1
=
1

1 + 0 + 1
=
1
2
.
1
MA1102R CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 1 2
(g) Note that for all x > 0, 1 sin(1/x) 1, and then

x sin(1/x)

x.
Since lim
x0
+
(

x) = lim
x0
+

x = 0, by squeeze theorem lim

x0
+

x sin(1/x) exists and

equals 0.
5. (a) If x 5

, then 6 6 = 0 and x 5 0, so

6
x 5

. Moreover, if x < 5,
then
6
x 5
< 0. Therefore, lim
x5

6
x 5
= .
(b) If x 0, then x1 1 = 0 and x
2
(x+2) 0, so

x 1
x
2
(x + 2)

. Moreover,
if 0 < |x| < 1, then
x 1
x
2
(x + 2)
< 0. Therefore, lim
x0
x 1
x
2
(x + 2)
= .
(c) If x

, then 1 1 = 0 and sin x 0, so | csc x| =

1
sin x

. Moreover, if
0 < x < , then csc x > 0. Therefore, lim
x

csc x = .
7. If x is rational, then 0 f(x) = x
2
; if x is irrational, then 0 = f(x) x
2
.
Hence, for all x R, we have 0 f(x) x
2
.
Since lim
x0
0 = 0 and lim
x0
x
2
= 0, by Squeeze Theorem lim
x0
f(x) exists and equals 0.
Tutorial Part II
1. Observe that inductively,
f
n
(x) = f
0
(f
n1
(x)) = f
n1
(x)
2
= (f
n2
(x)
2
)
2
= f
n2
(x)
2
2
= = f
0
(x)
2
n
.
This holds for n = 1, 2, . . . . Since f
0
(x) = x
2
, we have f
n
(x) = (x
2
)
2
n
= x
2
n+1
.
2. For x = 1, as 0 cos
2
_
2
x 1
_
1, we have 4 4 + cos
2
_
2
x 1
_
5 and so
4(x 1)
2
(x 1)
2
_
4 + cos
2
_
2
x 1
__
5(x 1)
2
.
Since lim
x1
4(x 1)
2
= lim
x1
5(x 1)
2
= 0, by Squeeze Theorem,
lim
x1
(x 1)
2
_
4 + cos
2
_
2
x 1
__
= 0.
MA1102R CALCULUS TUTORIAL SOLUTION 1 3
3. For example, let f(x) = g(x) =
|x|
x
=
_
1, if x > 0,
1, if x < 0.
Since lim
x0
+
|x|
x
= 1 and lim
x0

|x|
x
= 1 are not equal, lim
x0
|x|
x
does not exist.
On the other hand,
|x|
x
|x|
x
= 1 for all x R\{0}, so lim
x0
_
|x|
x
|x|
x
_
= lim
x0
1 = 1.
4. i) Find the coordinates of Q:
Solving simultaneous equations
_
(x 1)
2
+y
2
= 1,
x
2
+y
2
= r
2
,
we have x =
r
2
2
.
This is the x-coordinate of the intersection Q. So the y-coordinates of Q is

r
2
x
2
= r
_
1
_
r
2
_
2
.
ii) Find the equation of PQ:
The equation of the straight line passing through P(0, r) and Q is given by
y r
x 0
=
r
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
r
r
2
2
0
=
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
1
r
2
.
iii) Find the x-coordinate of R:
Note that R is on the x-axis. Let y = 0 in the equation of PQ. Then the
x-coordinate of R is given by x =
r
2
2
_
1
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_.
iv) Find the limiting position of R:
We can evaluate the limit
lim
r0
+
r
2
2
_
1
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_ = lim
r0
+
r
2
_
1 +
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_
2
_
1
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_ _
1 +
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_
= lim
r0
+
r
2
_
1 +
_
1 (
r
2
)
2
_
2 (
r
2
)
2
= lim
r0
+
2
_
1 +
_
1
_
r
2
_
2
_
= 4.
Therefore, as r 0
+
, R (4, 0) along the x-axis.