Fluid Mechanics Lab Report

Compressible flow in Convergence Nozzle

Nurzarith Izzat Bt Othman 8755

Muhamad Hafiz bin Bohari 8187

Luis Periera 7255

Mohammad Amer Qais Abro 10522

Annaorazov Rejep 8864

Mered Chariyev 7214

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate the effect of compressibility on the flow equations for a

convergent flow.

THEORY

For air flow higher than 0.3 Mach, the flow is considered compressible. It
means that there is a noticeable change in density.

Where T is the local temperature in Kelvin, K.

From conservation of energy principle, we get:

Where Po= (V2/2g) +P at state 1 or 2, or (in or out)

From continuity equation

p1V1A1=p2V2A2

From 1.a and 2, getting;

In theoretical form (Po-P2)=(A1/A2)2(P0-P1)

APPARATUS
Armfield Compressible Flow Bench, convergent-divergent duct, two inclined
tube manometers, mercury manometer.

Figure 1 : The compressible Flow Bench

PROCEDURE

1. An inclined tube manometer to read P0-P1 using the 12.7mm range is

connected.

2. Another inclined tube manometer to read P0-P2 using the 25.4mm

range is connected.

3. The flow to give approximately equal increments of (P0-P1) is adjusted.

4. The readings of both manometers are read for each flow rate.

5. Using the 50.8mm range of an inclined tube manometer and with

mercury manometer to measure P0-P1, the steps were repeated.
 RESULTS and CALCULATIONS

First Experiment

At 1000rpm,

(P0-P1) kPa Theoretical Vin Vout

value
12.7mm (P0-P2) (m/s)
25.4mm (P0-P2) (m/s)
mmH2O kPa
kPa

20 0.196 0.000 7.984 0.0623 0.0000

40 0.392 0.010 15.967 0.0879 0.0140

60 0.588 0.020 23.951 0.1077 0.0199

80 0.784 0.025 31.935 0.1244 0.0222

100 0.980 0.040 39.919 0.1391 0.0281

120 1.176 0.045 47.902 0.1524 0.0298

140 1.372 0.050 55.886 0.1646 0.0314

160 1.568 0.060 63.869 0.1759 0.0344

180 1.764 0.070 71.854 0.1866 0.0372

200 1.960 0.080 79.837 0.1967 0.0397

Conversion of unit : mmH2O to kPa

1 mmH2O x 0.0098 kPa = 0.0098kPa

Theoretical value

P0-P2 = (A1/A2) 2(P0-P1)

= (40.733) (0.196kPa)

= 7.984 kPa

Vin = √ (2(P0-P1)/ P0) ; P0 = 101.325kPa

= √ (2(0.196)/ 101.325)
 = 0.0622 m/s

Vout = √ (2(P0-P2)/ P0)

= √ (2(0)/ 101.325)

= 0 m/s

P0-P2 vs P0-P1

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
P0-P2

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
P0-P1

Graph 1

Second Experiment

At 3000 rpm,
 (P0-P1) Mercury manometer Theoretica Vin Vout
l value
50.8mm (P0-P2) mmHg (m/s) (m/s)
(P0-P2)
mmH2O kPa mmHg kPa
kPa

0.05 0.0004 256 252 4 0.5328 0.0199 0.003 0.1026

9 1

0.10 0.0009 258 250 8 1.0656 0.0399 0.004 0.1450

8 4

0.15 0.0014 260 248 12 1.5984 0.0599 0.005 0.1776

7 4

0.20 0.0019 262 247 15 1.9980 0.0798 0.006 0.1986

6 2

0.25 0.0024 263 245 18 2.3976 0.0998 0.007 0.2175

5 0

0.30 0.0029 264 244 20 2.6640 0.1158 0.007 0.2293

4 6

0.35 0.0034 266 242 24 3.1968 0.1397 0.008 0.2512

3 2

0.40 0.0039 268 240 28 3.7296 0.1597 0.008 0.2713

2 8

0.45 0.0044 270 239 31 4.1292 0.1796 0.009 0.2855

1 3

0.50 0.0049 272 236 36 4.7952 0.1996 0.009 0.3077

0 8

Conversion unit of mmH2O to kPa

1mmH2O x 0.0098 kPa = 0.0098kPa

Conversion unit of mmHg to kPa

1mmHg x 0.1332kPa =0.1332 kPa

Theoretical value

P0-P2 = (A1/A2) 2(P0-P1)

= (40.733) (0.00049)

= 0.01996 kPa

Vin = √ (2(P0-P1)/ P0) ; P0= 101.325kPa

= √ (2(0.00049)/ 101.325)

= 0.0031 m/s

Vout = √ (2(P0-P2)/ P0)

= √ (2(0.5328)/ 101.325)

= 0.1026 m/s

Po-P2 vs. Po-P1

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Po-P2

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Po-P1
 Graph 2

DISCUSSION

First experiment used inclined manometer test set to measure pressure. From
the graph 1, we can see as the different in pressure at convergent duct
increase, the pressure of air flow also increase. This is due to the increasing
of velocity after passing through the throat although the flow area increases
rapidly in the region. When the fluid density decrease, the velocity passing
the throat also increase.

The second experiment used 3000rpm motor rotating. Then we measure the
pressure by using manometer. Based on the graph 2, Po-P2 increases when
Po-P1 increase but velocity inlet is smaller than velocity outlet. This is
because area of nozzle larger than area of compressor.

A plot of pressure distribution along the nozzle provides a good way of

summarizing its behavior. To understand how the pressure behaves there are
a few basic rules to remember :

-When the flow accelerates (sub or supersonically) the pressure drops

-The pressure rises instantaneously across a shock

-The pressure throughout the jet is always the same as the ambient (i.e. the
back pressure) unless the jet is supersonic and there are shocks or expansion
waves in the jet to produce pressure differences.

-The pressure falls across an expansion wave.

Often viscous effects are not important in compressible flows, since the
boundary layers are very thin. Flows in the nozzle are easily controlled by
varying the backpressure.

From the graph we can see that it is different from the theoretical value that
were calculated. This might be due to some misconduct or the condition of
the instrument. Apart from that it can also be due to the readings that we
have done (parallax) or even the connections between the pipes are not well
connected.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, we were able to demonstrate the effect of

compressibility on the flow equations for a convergent flow and how it varied
at different points for example from the plot of pressure difference, we could
understand how the pressure behaves in a nozzle.