Lecture 17: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Slide 2: Major catabolic path ays !enerate "TP Acetyl CoA generates reduced nucleotides NADH & FADH2 The nucleotides donate high energy electron into electron transport pathway This generates proton gradient and is used to synthesized ATP from ADP and Pi Slide #: Mitochondria lectron transport & o!idati"e phosphorylation located in inner mitochondrial mem#rane Slide $: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation $!% Phosp is dri"en #y electron transport proton pumping and proton dri"en ATP synthesis Slide %: Electron Transport & "TP synthesis &% As protons are transferred out of mitochondria' other electrons flow in 2% This leads to proton gradient with high concentration of protons in intermem#rane space' and low concentration in mitochondrial matri! (% ATP synthase causes protons to flow #ac) down' dri"ing ATP synthesis Slide ': (o)ponents o* oxidative phosphorylation syste) Electron transport phase: downhill transfer of electrons is coupled to uphill transport of hydrogen ions Phosphorylation phase: hydrogen ion flow through ATPase down their concentration gradient' which dri"es synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi +espiratory chain: three proton pumps and physical lin) to citric acid cycle *may#e more+, Slide 7: Electron transport participants NADH or FADH2 *electron acceptors, F-N. fla"in mononucleotide% This reduction F-NH2 occurs on isoalli!izine ring Non.heme iron sulfur comple!es /#i0uinone *Co1,2 lipid solu#le% Can accept 2 protons and 2 electrons Cytochromes #' c&' c' a' a(2 the more AA differences here' the farther apart two species are Slide 1,: (o)ponents o* oxidative phosphorylation syste) 3hen NADH is donor' electrons flow from4 &% NADH Co1 2% To cytochrome C reductase (% Cytochrome C o!idase

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Slide 2$: Electron Transport Participants As electrons pass through the "arious carriers' there5s a gradual loss of reducing potential and corresponding release of energy% 6ome of that energy is used to pump protons across inner mitochondrial mem#rane and create a gradient Slide 2%: -ernst E.uation An energy releasing reaction that has a negati"e delta7 has a positi"e delta Slide 2,: +eduction Potential *or Participants o* Electron Transport There5s a constant drop in reduction potential of electron participants' which means there5s a continuous energy loss Slide #/: Overvie o* Electron Transport and "TP synthesis The role of electron transport comple!es is to pump protons across mem#rane' #ut it5s not directly lin)ed to ATP synthase nor in"ol"ed with ATP synthesis directly Slide #1: "TP Synthase F8 component is em#edded in inner mitochondrial mem#rane% & su#unit that contains aspartate F& component is a peripheral protein assem#ly% Allows ATP synthesis 9 su#units% (alpha(#eta&gamma *alpha su#units only #ind ATP' don5t participate in anything else, Slide #$: +otation o* ! subunit a**ects three beta subunits :otation of gamma su#unit dri"es the #eta su#units through ( different forms' allowing ADP and Pi to #e con"erted to ATP' then released' and then one more rotation causes ADP and Pi to #ind again Slide #0: +otation o* c +in! Proton mo"ement across mem#rane dri"es rotation of C ring in F8 A proton will enter a half channel' follow complete rotation of c ring' and e!its through matri! half channel' thus dri"ing rotation of c ring' which rotates g su#unit Slide #,: 1lycerol #2Phosphate shuttle There is an energy cost of transporting materials from one site to another Slide $1: Malate2"spartate Shuttle This shuttle is used in heart and li"er% The #enefit is that electrons from cytoplasmic NADH end up in mitochondrial NADH' so no reducing power is lost in the process Slide $#: Stoichio)etry o* "TP yield NADH yields 2%9 ATP 2

FADH2 yields &%9 ATP

Slide $$: Ener!y 3ields in Oxidative Phosphorylation lectrons from NADH pass through comple! & which D$ 6 pump protons' and then ;;; and ;< which also pump protons lectrons from FADH2 pass through comple! 2 which D$ 6 N$T pump protons' and then ;;; and ;< which pump protons Therefore there5s less of a proton gradient produced from FADDH2' and so less ATP is produced QUESTION TIME: Explain the variation in energy yield between NADH and ADH ! in oxidative pho"phorylation# Slide $%: "TP 3ield *or (o)plete Oxidation o* 1lucose Complete o!idation of one glucose should yield (8 ATPs Slide $': 4(P21 Protein 4ncouples Electron Transport *ro) Oxidative Phosphorylation An uncoupling protein allows proton to enter matri! without passing through ATP synthase% This generates heat #ut eliminates ATP synthesis Slide $7: 5nhibitors o* Electron Transport ;n presense of inhi#itors such as oligomycine' antimycin' uncouplers' and cyanide azide C$' no NADH is o!idized Slide $0: 26 $ 7initrophenol 87-P9 2'= Dinitrophenol uncouples o!idati"e phosphorylation% They allow electron transport to proceed in normal manner' #ut then they allow protons to lea) #ac) into the matri!%