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MATH 1050Y
A Non-Calculus Based Introduction to Probability & Statistical Methods
Section B FW 2013-14 Instructor: Jaclyn Semple
Polls, studies, surveys and other data collecting tools collect data from a small part of a larger group so that we can learn something about the larger group. A goal of statistics is to learn about a large group by examining data from some of its members.
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Preview
In this context, the terms sample and population have special meaning. Formal definitions for these and other basic terms will be given here. In this chapter, we will look at some of the ways to describe data.
Chapter 1
Introduction to Statistics
1-1 Review and Preview
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1-2 Statistical and Critical Thinking 1-3 Types of Data 1-4 Collecting Sample Data
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Example
The Gallup corporation collected data from 1013 adults in the United States. Results showed that 66% of the respondents worried about identity theft. The population consists of all 241,472,385 adults in the United States. The sample consists of the 1013 polled adults. The objective is to use the sample data as a basis for drawing a conclusion about the whole population.
MATH 1050Y-B (FW 2013-14)
Chapter 1
Introduction to Statistics
1-1 Review and Preview 1-2 Statistical and Critical Thinking 1-3 Types of Data 1-4 Collecting Sample Data
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Key Concept
This section provides an overview of the process involved in conducting a statistical study:
Prepare - Context
What do the data mean? What is the goal of the study?
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Prepare Analyze Conclude
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Example
In a test of the Atkins weight loss program, 40 subjects had a mean weight loss of 4.6 pounds after one year. Using formal methods of statistical analysis, we can conclude the diet appears to be effective. But wait Although 4.6 pounds is statistically significant, using common sense, the program does not seem very worthwhile.
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Misuses of Statistics
Data can often be presented in ways that may be misleading. Some misuses of statistics are unintentional, such as people who are ignorant or careless. In other cases, the misuses of statistics are intentionally in order to support personal objectives. We should learn to distinguish between statistical conclusions that are likely to be valid and those that are seriously flawed
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To correctly interpret a graph, you must analyze the numerical information given in the graph, so as not to be misled by the graphs shape. Read labels and units on the axes!
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
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Diagram (b) is designed to exaggerate the difference by increasing each dimension in proportion to the actual amounts of oil consumption.
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
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A. Yes B. No
Discuss with your neighbour why this conclusion might be suspect.
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A. Yes B. No
Discuss the validity of this result with your neighbour.
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
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A. Yes B. No
Discuss with your neighbour.
MATH 1050Y-A (FW 2012-13)
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