Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Induction Motors

Project 3 Induction Motors

Introduction This report contains data, graphs, tables of various tests performed on an induction motor. Among the evidence we have, load tests, in short, synchronous speed testing and commissioning of the engine under load. It also contains specifications for the determination of the behavior of the various starting methods. The main tests were performed for nominal conditions, allowing product to obtain iron losses and friction to normal operating conditions in induction motor. In turn also denote the equivalent circuit parameters obtained from the vacuum test. Both results and behaviors are collated variables analyzed in appropriate ways exposing relevant explanations at each point of interest. They add the necessary information to obtain from you the optical perception of the parameters and methods developed during practice This paper presents information from practical experiences that were properly tabulated, analyzed and explained through graphs and calculations caused most significant parameters in the tests. Objectives Establish preliminary contact with induction machine observes its constructive aspects, differentiating between the rotor winding and squirrel cage rotor. Knowing the characteristics of the machines on board study Check the insulation to be submitted by the machine. Determining the resistance of the stator windings and the rotor for an induction motor. Perform the test in vacuum or free rotor induction motor A test load, rotating at synchronous speed by means of an auxiliary motor. Determine nominal iron losses and mechanical friction present engines. Determine the characteristics of magnetization of an induction motor. Determining the magnetizing reactance and resistance equivalent of the core of the induction motor. 10. Perform a short test for or induction motor. 11. Determine using short circuit proof (locked rotor) equivalent circuit parameters of induction motors tested. 12. using short feature can determine the starting current if full voltage is applied. 13. Determine nominal copper losses that have motors. 14. Determine the performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor under load. 15. For different values determine engine load, input power, output power, copper loss, slip, torque delivery, performance or efficiency. 16. study some methods of starting of induction motors. observe the behavior of an induction motor when is subjected to abnormal operating functions Content Page Introduction ............................................................ 2 Objectives ................................................................ 3 Theoretical Framework .......................................................... 5 Development .............................................................. 19 Conclusions ........................................................... 51 Bibliography .............................................................. 53

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Theoretical Framework Coil: A winding a conductive wire around a solid or hollow cylinder whose geometry gives important special magnetic characteristics. AC: is the current which varies from zero to a maximum positive to negative zero to a maximum to zero, a number of times per second, the number being expressed in cycles per second of hertz (Hz). Brushes: A driving element, usually copper graphite, which keeps the sliding electrical contact between a stationary member and a moving element. Generator: A general name for a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electrical energy can be direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Rotor: The rotating element of a generator or motor. AC motors: Design two basic types of engines to operate on polyphase alternating current: the synchronous and induction motors. The synchronous motor is essentially an alternator that works in reverse. The field magnets are mounted on a rotor and are excited by direct current, and armature coils are divided into three parts and three phase alternating current fed. The variation of the three current waveforms in the armature reaction causes a variable magnetic poles of the field magnets, and make the field rotate at a constant speed, which is determined by the frequency of the current in the power line AC. A constant speed synchronous motor is advantageous in certain apparatus. However, this type can not be used in engine applications where the mechanical load on the engine becomes too large, because if the engine speed decreases under load may become out of phase with the current frequency and come to a stop. Synchronous motors can operate with a single phase power source by including circuit elements suitable for achieving a rotating magnetic field. The simplest of all types of electric motors is the motor of squirrel cage induction used with threephase power. The armature of this type of motor consists of three coils fixed and is similar to the synchronous motor. The rotating element consists of a core, which includes a series of largecapacity conductors arranged in a circle around the shaft and parallel to it. When no nucleus, the rotor conductors are similar in shape to the cylindrical cages that were used for squirrels. The three-phase flow within the fixed armature coils generating a rotating magnetic field, and this induces a current in the conductors of the cage. The reaction between the magnetic rotating field and the rotor conductors that carry current causes it to rotate. If the rotor is spinning at exactly the same speed as the magnetic field, there is no current induced in it, and therefore, the rotor should not be rotated at a synchronous speed. In operation, the rotation speed of the rotor and the field differ from one another by 2 to 5%. This difference is known as the fall velocity. ENGINES SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION CLASS A The engine is an engine class A squirrel cage normal or standard manufactured for use at constant speed. It has large areas of slots for a very good dissipation of heat , and slotted rods waves in the engine. During the starting period, the density of current is high near the surface of the rotor during the march, the density is distributed uniformly. This difference causes some high resistance and low reactance starter, with which it has a torque between 1.5 and 1.75 times the nominal (full load). The starting torque is relatively high and the low resistance of the rotor produces a fairly rapid acceleration to rated speed. It has the best speed regulation but its starting current varies between 5 and 7 times the normal rated current, making it less desirable to start with online, especially in the large sizes that are undesirable current. ENGINES SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION CLASS A

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

A Class B engines are sometimes called general purpose engines, is very similar to the class A due to behavior of their slip-par. Your engine slots are embedded more deeply than the class engines and the greater depth tends to increase the reactance of starting and running of the rotor. This increase slightly reduced torque and starting current. Starting currents vary between 4 and 5 times the rated current for sizes larger than 5 HP is still using reduced voltage starting. Class B engines are preferred over Class A for larger sizes. Typical applications include the pumps centrifugal drive, the machine tools and blowers. ENGINES SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION CLASS C These engines have a dual rotor squirrel cage, which develops a high starting torque and lower starting current. Due to its high starting torque, accelerates quickly, however when used in high load, the heat dissipation is limited by engine that most of the current concentrates in upper winding. Under conditions of frequent starting, the rotor has a tendency to overheat is best suited to large shock loads but low inertia type. Os applications class C engines are limited to conditions in which it is difficult to start as pumps and compressors piston ENGINES SQUIRREL CAGE DEINDUCCION CLASS D Commercial motors squirrel cage induction class D are also known as high torque and high strength. The rotor bars are made of high strength alloy and placed in grooves close to the surface or are embedded in slots of small diameter.Resistance ratio starter rotor reactance is greater than the engine in the previous classes. The engine is designed to service heavy boot, finds its greatest application loads as shears or dies, they need high torque with sudden load application speed control of motors in this class is the worst. ENGINES OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION CLASS F Also known as double-cage motors and under. They are designed primarily as low-current motors, because it needs less starting current of all kinds. Has high strength in both its rotor starting winding as in the start and tends to increase the impedance of starting and running, and reduce the current driving and starting. The F-class rotor was designed to replace the motor, class B. The F class motor starting torques produced about 1.25 times the rated torque and low starting current of 2-4 times the nominal. Engines of this kind are made of 25 hp capacity for direct service of the line. Due to the relatively high rotor resistance starting and running, these engines have less voltage regulation of class B, lower overload capability and low overall efficiency of operation. However, when starting with large loads, low starting currents eliminate the need for low voltage equipment, even in large sizes. Cut of a squirrel cage motor Induction Motor - Squirrel Cage Simplicity, Low Cost, Adaptability Horizontal and vertical solid phase with powers by 100-20000 HP

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Horizontal

Vertical The induction motor with squirrel cage rotor is the most widely used to drive pumps, fans and compressors. Its main advantages include its inherent simplicity of construction of the rotor and controls, its low cost and, obviously, its adaptability to harsh environments. Induction Motor - Rotor Winding Item smooth speed adjustment Horizontal and vertical, with capacities from 300 to 20,000 HP

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Induction motors with rotor windings, although more elevated costs are compared with squirrel cage motors, because they make important potential application advantages over these. Historically they have been used for high inertia loads from or requiring high starting conjugated or coupled, when the drive system requires soft items. With liquid rheostat or a static system speed control, previous engines are an important alternative which require limited phase speed control. INDUCTION MOTOR

COMPONENTS

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Torque or torque: represents the ability of an engine to produce work, while power is the measure of the amount of work done by the engine in a given time. Slip: The loss of engine angular speed (required to be produced a couple electromagnetic), expressed per unit of synchronous speed is called slip. Control and regulation of speed three-phase asynchronous motors A - Change frequency The current preference for variable frequency regulation is due to the possibility of using simple and robust squirrel cage motor, whose maintenance is much easier than sliding contacts engine, which is very for machines which operate under difficult environmental conditions.Furthermore, this type of electric motor is more economical and compact than the others. Moreover, this method enables a team to easily transform a fixed speed variable speed drive, without major modifications. With this type of regulation can get extensive control of speeds, with maximum torque available at all frequencies with a high yield. If prolonged quadrant feature generator you can get a very efficient braking by reducing the frequency with energy recovery to the supply network. Though can use different types of rotary frequency converters (like the WardLeonard system) , currently the frequency change is carried out mainly by electronic static inverters providing smooth regulation, allowing an increase in the lifetime of all parties involved and causing a savings in maintenance absence of moving parts that suffer wear. They are usually built with thyristors governed by a microprocessor that uses an algorithm flux vector control, and are basically a static AC-AC converter (cycloconverter) or AC-DC-AC converter (link) allowing progressive modification of the frequency applied, with the consequent amendment of the current and torque. In some cases, harmonic filters are added.

B - Changing the number of poles If the engine is equipped with two stator windings with different numbers of poles, and if the rotor preferably outside squirrel cage (to avoid having to make any connections in the secondary), easily could obtain two synchronous speeds. also provided with a single winding special connections are available two different numbers of poles, or even three, by simply restarting. In all cases no progressive regulation is achieved, but staggered and also lower speeds can be obtained only the synchronism with a control range which hardly exceed the 8:1 ratio, with higher ratios result as bulky motors. The switches are usually implemented using contactor circuits may also include reversing the direction of rotation.Lets see how this is done. Switching on engines with the number of poles, the winding of each phase generally consists of two identical parts connected in series, one of which is varied by the direction of current by switching these parallel portions. This switch changes the magnetomotive force distribution, reducing the number of poles in half and therefore doubling synchronous speed of the motor (Dahlander connection) at constant power or constant torque. C - Change slippage Slippage s varies with load, but the load variation does not provide a

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

practical method of controlling the speed. However, it is possible to change the characteristic torque / speed in several ways, so that for each pair of load requires a different value of s. These methods provide a poor use of the power and capacity of the engine, but often control simple and justifiable in some applications. In case of voltage variation may be used thyristors connected in series with the stator to interrupt the passage of current for a fraction of the period (control phase) or some complete periods (on alternating ), reducing the average voltage applied. produces phase control of high order harmonics, while the intermittent lighting can generate subharmonics that could come into resonance with the mechanical system. In the case of rotor resistance variation property is used of asynchronous motors to change the speed at which the maximum occurs braked by varying the resistance of the rotor circuit. In this method, by manual or automatic, continuously or stepwise, it changes the rotor resistance through a resistor connected to the slip ring wound rotor motor. regulation allows slow nominal and optimal utilization of the motor is regulation should produce constant torque. The adjustment range is not constant and is very sensitive to variations of the load. Moreover, the disadvantage of this system is large variation in energy losses. D Regulatory Pulsed regulation of the speed pulse is usually applied in small power motors, and basically consists in causing periodic variations and short duration of engine parameters, such as a frequency such that the required speed is obtained as an average rate of acceleration and deceleration produced during the full cycle of variation of the parameters. These variations can be made by contactors or thyristors which connect and disconnect the power of the different windings shorted impedance or alternatively certain periodically invert the polarity of the supply. Exposure of these methods so special is beyond the scope of this article.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Induction machine as a generator Most wind turbines in the world use a three-phase asynchronous (cage wound), also called induction generator to generate alternating current.Outside the wind industry and small hydropower units, this type of generator is not widespread, but anyway, the world has a great experience dealing with them: The curious thing about this type of generator is that it was initially designed as electric motor. In fact, a third of the world's electricity is used to run induction motors driving machinery in factories, pumps, fans, compressors, elevators, and other applications where you need to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Another reason for choosing this type of generator is that it is very reliable, and tends to be comparatively expensive. The generator also has mechanical properties which makes it particularly useful for wind turbines (the slip of the generator, and a certain overload capability).

The drawing illustrates the basic principles of a synchronous generator. Actually, only the rotor part looks different asynchronous generator.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

This is the rotor that makes the asynchronous generator different synchronous generator. The rotor consists of a number of bars of copper or aluminum, are connected electrically by aluminum end rings. In the picture at the top of the page you see the rotor having a core of "iron", using a stack of thin insulated steel sheets, with holes for aluminum busbars. The rotor is placed in the center of the stator, which in this case it is again a pole stator directly connected to the three phases of the electrical network. Reduced voltage starting Primary resistor or reactor. If a resistor is inserted in series with each of the stator or primary connections of the line, the large starting current produced an immediate reduction in voltage applied to the stator terminals, but the line current is reduced in proportion to only reducing the line voltage. Using a resistance or reactance in the primary reduction in the stator voltage increases due to the reduction in the stator voltage when starting occurs the reduction in torque indicated. The reduced voltage starting using a resistor in series with the stator improves power factor to boot, but somewhat larger losses occur, and the maximum torque is not as great for the same impedance in series with an equivalent factor. Reduced voltage starting auto transformer You can launch the commercial phase motors squirrel cage induction reduced voltage using a single-phase auto transformer or compensator, or three phase auto transformers. The transformer outputs range from 50 to 80% of rated voltage. If the motor can not accelerate the load to minimum voltage, you can try higher voltage outputs until you get the right pair and boot desired, the three-pole switch double throw takes the starting position and left in place until the engine load has accelerated almost to the speed. It then moves quickly to the run position, in which the motor is connected directly line. Compensator starter is used only during the starting period and the current capacity is based on the intermittent work, and thus is somewhat smaller than that of a transformer equivalent capacity that could be used to provide an induction motor continuously from a higher voltage source. The auto transformer works in two ways: To reduce the starting current of the motor by reducing voltage. Reducing the starting current by the transformer turn ratio under which the line current is less than the engine side. Since the turns ratio also represents the voltage ratio, therefore reducing the starting current of the line, therefore in proportion to the square of the turns ratio. Since the switch is used only intermittently, you have a savings (elimination of a transformer) if two transformers in open delta. This arrangement produces a slight imbalance of power in the center tap of a 10-15% of the starting current, but this imbalance is not excessive and does not materially affect engine performance. Starting in star - delta Most multiphase motors are wound with their stators connected in delta. There manufacturers offering induction motors with the beginning and end of each phase winding in the form outgoing external connection purposes. For three-phase motors can be connected to the line and is a star or delta when connected in star, the voltage that is printed to the winding is 1 / D 3 (57.8%) of the line voltage. Therefore it is possible to start an engine with just over half of its nominal voltage and then make it work in delta, with rated line voltage and phase applied. Since torque varies according to the

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

square of the stator voltage impressed voltage reduction when connected in star produce approximately one third of the starting torque at full voltage. The switching from star to delta should be done as quickly as possible to remove large transient currents due to momentary power loss. For this reason, switches are used three pole double throw with spring tension and instantaneous action, instead of blade switches. Indirect measurement of the stator windings:

Legend: the graph indicates the slope is the inverse of the average strength hot, R = 1 / m, where m is the slope, and then R = 1/1.7957 = 0.56?. Analysis of the results obtained by both methods (hot and cold): Shows that the cold resistance was greater than the hot strength, expressing this incongruity with human factor errors in the measurement of resistance or cold readings pointing instruments parameters which are obtained with variable in question. The rest is bounded by narrow margin presenting an respect to each other, not exceeding 0.15? apart. Another reason to explain this discrepancy is that the Wheatstone bridge is not properly calibrated for measuring cold resistance there that erroneous data were obtained. Calculating the value of the effective resistance: Rac = Rdc 1.3 Rac = 1.3 * 0.56 = 0,738? Analysis of the effective resistance of a winding Because the value is different from the resistance of a conductor to the passage of the current with respect to the resistance at AC? The alternating current by introducing a parameter which changes remarkably the excitation of electrons, said parameter is the frequency. What effect does temperature and current frequency (skin effect)? As the temperature increases the kinetic energy possessed by electrons propitiating this phenomenon as an obstacle to the passage thereof through a conductor. As frequency increases the phenomenon occurs decrease the cross sectional area through which electrons circulate, with decreasing electrons that collided with one another and form a barrier to the passage thereof, that is, resistance increases. Importantly, the area where electrons do not flow in the shape of circle, while the region along which is a thick ring around the circle defined above. What would be most appropriate instrument pear Cold measuring the resistance of the windings of the machine? Why? Wheatstone bridge is digital, the most accurate measurements of resistance are obtained with a circuit called Wheatstone bridge. This circuit consists of three resistors known and an unknown resistance connected to each other in a diamond shape. DC current is applied through two opposite

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

points of the diamond and a galvanometer connected to the other two points. When all resistors are leveled, the currents flowing through the two arms of the circuit are equal, eliminating current flow through the galvanometer. Varying the value of one of the known resistance, the bridge can be adjusted to any value of the unknown resistance, calculated from the values of the other resistors. Draw and briefly explain the constructive parts of the MI double squirrel cage Double-cage rotor: The rotor has two sections, the outer one is designed with a higher strength material than the inner. When the engine is running at low speed (during startup), the slip frequency is high and the rotor current tends to flow on the outer side (due to the skin effect), so that the effective resistance is increased, thus increasing starting torque. When the rotor speed increases, the slip frequency decreases and the rotor current flows through the low resistance of the rotor, so that the energy losses are smaller. The rotor of "double-deck" or double squirrel cage was designed to create an induction motor starter with better online features. Depending on the power used several variations of the rotor construction. Therefore, at startup, when the frequency of the rotor is high and is the same as that of the line. Lower winding impedance is much larger than the upper winding. Consequently, most of the current in the rotor winding is induced in the top which is designed for high strength equals its reactance at startup, thus developing a maximum torque. However, when the motor accelerates, decrease the frequency of the rotor and the winding impedance lower or inner, leading in turn to be induced more and more current in the inner winding. Therefore, a small values of slip, when the engine is in its normal range of full load, most of the current flows in the low resistance inner winding giving high efficiency: low copper loss of the rotor and good speed control (proportional slip resistance). The stator : Is formed by a copper winding phase wound a laminated iron core, is responsible for generating the magnetic field. In the induction motor stator winding is substantially equal to the winding of a synchronous machine. However, the rotor winding is shorted electrical and often do not have connections to the outside, currents are induced in it by transformer action from the stator winding. The stator is constructed of perforated steel and mounted as a hollow cylinder, the inner frame is a cast iron or aluminum (see Figure 2). A three-phase distributed windings are distributed in slots inside the circle. Each of the three stator windings has two halves, arranged in diagonally opposite positions relative to the stator. The coils being out of phase 120 apart. The winding sense of the coils is torque, when current passes through them, it induces a magnetic field through the rotor.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Making the practice of load test (free rotor) of a MI.

Picture # 2 test in vacuum. Table # 4 load test a free rotor MI Vo Io Wo ? (Rpm) Cos 60 3.1 210 1620 0.65 80 2.4 180 1700 0.54 120 2.4 210 1740 0.42 160 2.9 210 1735 0.26 200 3.6 240 1770 0.1924 220 4.1 270 1775 0.1728

Calculation type power factor of the first measurement: FP = W / [(3) 1/2VI] FP = 210 / [(3) 1/2 * 60 * 3.1] = 0.65 Note: FP calculation of other measurements were made similarly to the example described above. Total losses in vacuum: For nominal conditions the losses are: P = PFe + Proce = 270 W Note: the K corresponding to phase wattmeter was 30 Graph # 2 losses total voltage Vs (graphical method for obtaining the friction losses) Legend: the cut with the x-axis represent the friction losses remain the same of Prose = 185.01W. Calculation of R p , X m , sliding "S" for nominal conditions

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Rp = (vo) 2/3Wo Xm = (vo) 2/3 ((Voio) 2-Wo) 1/2 Rp = (127) 2/270 = 59.73? Xm = (127) 2 / ((127 * 4.1) 2 - (270) 2) = 36.22? S = (? 1 -? 2) /? 1 = (1800-1775) / 1800 = 0.01388 Calculation of R p , X m for discounting nominal conditions the friction losses obtained by the graphical method Proce = 185.01W Rp = (vo) 2/3PFe Xm = (vo) 2/3 ((Voio) 2 - PFe) 1/2 PFe = Wo-Proce PFe = 270-185.01 = 85W Rp = (127) 2/85 = 189.75? Xm = (127) 2 / ((127 * 4.1) 2 - (85) 2) 1/2 = 31.3 Analysis: losses due to friction are significant as they account for 68% of total losses, so it is illogical to despise. By taking into account the results of equivalent circuit parameters we see that the value of Rp was increased by over 100% when you lost the friction subtracted to the total losses for the case of Xm, the margin decline resulted not abrupt but if you have to take in count, it follows that it is imperative to calculate the friction losses for real parameters p and Xm in an induction motor. Graph # 3 Voltage Vs Current (no load test) Graph # 4 Voltage Vs Power factor (load test) Analysis of the two previous graphs: the first graph highlights the high current that occurs at the start of MI, and is bounded to the current is increased from the second voltage to a maximum voltage. The second graph shows that the FP decreases as the voltage is increased, because the FP is inversely proportional to the voltage. Table # 5 Nominal values obtained in the blank test Io WO PFe Proce V (volt) (A) (W) (W) (W) 220 4.1 270 85 Rm (?) ? (Rpm) 1775 Xm (?)

Coso

185.01 189.75

31.39 0.1728

Synchronous speed trial

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Figure 3 synchronism speed test Table # 6 a load test at synchronous speed MI Vo (V) Io (A) WO (W) Cos 40 1.1 0 0 80 2 0 0 120 2.9 0 0 160 4 7.5 0.0067 200 5 30 0.017 220 5.4 60 0.029

Calculating the friction losses at nominal conditions Proce = Wo (free rotor)-Wo (velo. synchronous.) Proce = 270-60 = 210W Calculation of R p , X m for nominal conditions PFe = 60W Rp = (127) 2/60 = 268.82? Xm = (127) 2 / [(127 * 4.1) 2 - (60) 2] 1/2 = 31.18? Calculation of percentage differences for R p and X m ? Rp% = [(R1-R2) / R1] * 100 ? Rp% = (268.82-189.75) / 268.82 = 29.42% ? Xm% = [(X1-X2) / X1] * 100 ? Xm% = (31.18-31.39) / 31.18 * 100 = 0.66% Analysis: shows that this difference is based on the fact that working with analog power meters are not very sensitive to accurately detect losses emanating from the tests performed there, which was reined sample if values Iron power detected by the power meter when the engine working at synchronous speed thereof could not be easily read, then observed which may have been lost both 90W and 60W, the latter value being for the error rather small . Table # 7 Nominal values obtained from testing to free rotor and synchronous speed Trial V (volt) Io WO PFe Proce Rm Xm Coso

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

(A) (W) (W) A free rotor A level.Synchronous Percent Difference Locked rotor test or shorted 220 220 4.1 270 5.4 270 24 0 85 60 41.6 (W) 185 210 11.9 (?) (?)

Project 3 Induction Motors

189.75 31.39 0.1728 268.82 31.18 0.029 29.42 0.66

# 4 Test Fig. locked rotor Table # 8 Test locked rotor or short of an induction motor Vcc (V) Icc Wcc Coscc 50 7 240 0.395 43 6 180 0.4028 35.8 5 180 0.5805 28.9 4 120 0.599 20.7 3 60 0.557 14.2 2 30 0.609 4.1 1 0 1

Note: the values were changed to the current power of 2A and 1A, because the FP unit exceeded. Calculation of R eq and X eq for nominal conditions Req = PCU / 3 (Isc) 2 Xeq = Zcc * Breast Zcc = Req / Cos Req = 240/3 * (7) 2 = 1.63? Zcc = 1.63/0.395 = 4.13? Sen Xeq = 4.13 * (1,164) = 3.7 Lost nominal copper Pcu = 240W Calculation of copper losses of the stator and rotor

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

PCue = 3Ie2Re Ie = 7A Re = 0.73? PCue = 3 * (7) 2 * 0.73 = 107.31W PCuR = Pcu-PCue = 240-107.31 = 132.69W Graph # 5 Vs voltage short circuit current Calculation of current cort ocircuito if applied full voltage Note: The slope of the graph is equal to the resistance R = 7.5393?, V = 220V, then: IARR = V / R = 220/7.5393 = 29.18 A Comments: It can be noted from the graph that with very little supply voltage rated current is obtained in the test circuit, in turn also emphasizes that if given the current nominal voltage is high and so tasit exceeded the rated that supports the engine and can cause irreversible damage to the same. Table # 9 Values obtained at rated current of locked rotor test of a MI VDC (volt) 50 Isc (A) 7 Wcc (Watts) 2.40 PCue (Watts) 107.31 PCuR (Watts) 132.69 Req (?) 1.63 Xeq (?) 3.79

motor Rotor winding

Coscc 0.3958

How can you limit the starting current in a motor squirrel cage? With the use of a starter you can limit the armature current flowing when the motor is connected. The starter is used to keep the engine at its normal speed and then removed from the circuit. The control unit then adjusts the engine speed as required. What is skin effect? Skin effect in a conductor occurs because the current flows more easily through the threads closer to the periphery, by unequally dividing the conductor segment, resulting in that the current density therein is not constant. The effect is the same as if it were smaller section when the driver is traversed by ca and, because of this, the actual or ohmic resistance of said driver is greater than ca direct current (DC), and the increase is much larger when higher the frequency of that and more driver section. This effect is negligible for frequencies, in conductor diameter less than 15 mm. and are constructed by a nonmagnetic material such as Cu and Al

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Test load of an induction motor Figure # 5 Assay load of an induction motor Table # 10 Test load of an induction motor Brake position IE (A) IR (A) W (Watts) T (Nw-m) (rpm) 1 7 7.73 1440 5.26 1633.33 2 6 5.32 1200 4.47 1653.33 3 5 1.34 720 2.19 1700 4 4 0.65 360 0.29 1758.33

Table # 11 Calculations for the induction motor load Brake position Pent. PCue PCuR Pfijas Pout

1 1440 107.31 161.63 270 901

2 1200 78.84 76.41 270 774.75

3 720 54.75 4.84 270 390.41

4 360 35.04 1.14 270 53.82

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

?% S Cos T (Nw-m) 63 0.09259 0.539 5.26 64 0.08148 0.524 4.47 54 0.05555 0.3779 2.19 14.9 0.02315 0.2362 0.29

Project 3 Induction Motors

Formula used for the calculations: PCue = 3Ie2Re Rr = Req-Re PCuR = 3Ir2Rr Pmu = PEMT-? Pperd ? = Pout / Pent. Cos = Pent. / (3) 1/2VI T = 9.549Pmu /? 2 S = (? 1 -? 2) /? 1 Type calculations made for the first measurement: PCue = 3 * (7) 20.73 = 107.31W Rr = 1.63-0.73 = 0.9? PCuR = 3 * (7.75) 2 * 0.9 = 161.63W Pmu = 1440 - (270 +161.63 +107.31) = 901W % = 901/1440 = 63% Cos = 1440 / (3) 1/2220 * 7 = 0.5398 T = 9.549 * = 5.26Nw-m 901/1633.33 S = (1800-1633.33) / 1800 = 0.09259 Graph # 6 useful mechanical power vs. speed (under load) Comment : In this graph one can see that by varying the position of the brake (high to low) decreased the useful mechanical shaft power, which resulted in increased speed as it decreased the braking force to which was submitted. Graph # 7 Vs couple mechanical power (load) Comment: linear behavior sets the chart is understandable due to the proportionality between the parameters collated. Verifies that with decreasing the braking force both potency decreased the torque necessary to keep the shaft rotating at a speed of operation. In brief decreasing the useful mechanical power diminishing the torque applied to the shaft. Graph # 8 Vs Slipped useful mechanical power (under load) Comment : Of course the behavior that manifests the graph, as in drawing conclusions from the graph of torque vs. slip was observed that sliding theoretically increased as increasing the output speed. Graph # 9 Vs entada current useful mechanical power (under load) Comment: when obtained under the rated load is perceived maximum power delivered by the engine, that is, the engine is more demanding in the working position to hold the shaft rotating at the speed of operation, the force was reduced under Braking also reduced the current absorbed to the engine inlet. Graph # 10 Performance Vs useful mechanical power (under load) Comment: because iron losses and friction are constant and are independent of any load, so if you have a load that needs little power to maintain the rpm, then fixed losses significantly reduces the

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

output power , by or part if working with a load that absorbs much power to keep the rpm fixed losses form a proportion of smaller caliber in input power for this situation. Graph # 11 Vs Power factor useful mechanical power (under load) Comment: increasing the output power ratio of the reactive power that is consumed is lower compared to a low output power. Graph # 12 Torque Vs speed (under load) Comment: by comparing the experimental with the theoretical graph there is a marked similarity by establishing the same behavior from the range of 1600-1800 rpm thus be seen that for this interval the speed increase as the applied torque is reduced. 13. Grafica pair Vs Speed (Theoretical)

Graph # 14 Par Vs Creep (under load) Comment : behavior that takes the graph is consistent with the theoretical behavior in the range plotted, the same applies for stable operation where the graph has an upward behavior. Induction machine as a generator What happens if we turn the rotor by hand at exactly synchronous speed of the generator, eg. 1500 rpm for pole synchronous generator? The answer is: nothing. Since the magnetic field rotates at exactly the same speed as the rotor produces no induction phenomena in the rotor, it will not interact with the stator. What if we increase the speed above 1500 rpm? In that case the rotor is moving faster than the rotating magnetic field of the stator, which means that once again the stator induce a current in the rotor. The harder you turn the rotor, the greater the power transferred to the stator in the form of electromagnetic force, and later converted to electricity supplied to the grid.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

There is a possible maximum torque induced in the generator operation mode, this pair is known as torque generator. If a primary motor applies a torque greater than the maximum induction generator to the axis of the generator acquire excessive speed. As induction generator machine has severe limitations. Because it lacks a separate field circuit, an induction generator can not produce reactive power. Indeed, the induction generator consumes reactive power and you must connect an external source of reactive power at all times to maintain stator magnetic field.This external source of reactive power must also control the voltage at the generator terminals. Frequency of induction generator Due to the nature of the torque-speed characteristic in MI, the frequency of an induction generator varies with load changes but since the torque-speed characteristic is very steep in the normal operating range, the total variation the frequency is usually limited to less than 5%. This variation may be affectable generation in many applications including emergency or Generator Speed and Slip The speed of an asynchronous generator will vary with the turning force (moment, or torque) applied to it. In practice, the difference between the rotation speed and a maximum load power is very small, about 1 percent. This difference in percent of synchronous speed is called the slip of the generator. Thus a pole generator will idle at 1500 rpm when connected to a network with a current of 50 Hz If the generator is operating at maximum power, rotate at 1515 rpm The fact that the generator will increase or decrease slightly speed if the torque varies is a very useful mechanical property. This means there will be less tear and wear on the gearbox (lower peak torque). This is one of the most important reasons for using an asynchronous generator rather than a synchronous generator in wind turbines directly connected to the mains Method of varying the speed in an induction motor Pulse control pulse regulation of the speed is usually applied in small power motors, and basically consists in causing periodic variations of short duration of the motor parameters such as a frequency such that the required speed is obtained as an average speed of accelerations and decelerations produced during the complete cycle of variation of the parameters. These variations can be performed by connecting and disconnecting contactor that feed the different windings shorted impedance or alternatively certain periodically invert the polarity of the supply. Exposure of these methods so special is beyond the scope of this article. Start the engine using additional resistance

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Fig # 6 Start MIRB adding a rotor resistances Table # 12 Starting engine using additional resistance

Position rheostat IARR (A) Iestab. (A) ? 2 (rpm)

5 16 2.6 1763.33

4 14 2.65 1760

3 11 2.6 1758.33

2 9 2.7 1750

1 3.2 2.7 100

One way to achieve the speed variation in machine wound rotor induction is by using additional resistors in the rotor, however this is done infrequently and for short periods of operation Why? Inserting extra resistance in the circuit of an MI rotor greatly reduces the efficiency of the machine. Such a method of speed control is used only for short periods due to problems of efficiency involved. Graph # 15 Vs Output revolutions position rheostat Legend: will be perceived as the resistance becomes smaller revolutions are made larger tending towards a maximum sync speed (approximately 1800r.pm). It highlights a small jump in the second position of a visual product marked by the curve joining points, clarifying that they are in increasing order and do not match the path 2-3. Feedback on the speed control of induction motors Much of the equipment used in modern industry operate at variable speeds, such as rolling mill, lifting mechanisms, machine tools, etc.. In the control requires precise speed to achieve adequate productivity, a good finish for the processed product, or guarantee the safety of people and property. The study of this phenomenon for each particular case is of great practical importance, since the correct choice of the characteristics of motors and drives to be installed for a particular service, require knowledge of the characteristics of this process. The speed control can be accomplished by mechanical methods such as pulleys or gears, or electrical methods. Boot using reactors in series with the stator windings

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Fig # 7 Start a MI adding series resistors to the stator Table # 13 Start adding resistanc as the stator

R (?) R1 R2 R3 R4

IARR (A) 10 13 15 16

Iestb (A) 2.5 2.6 2.65 2.7

? 2 (rpm) 1765 1765 1765 1765

Reduced voltage starting using auto transformer

Fig # 8 Start a MI by using an autotransformer Table # 14Arranque reduced voltage by transformer self Voltage (V) IARR (A) Iestb (A) ? 2 (rpm) 75 11.5 1.2 1738.33 100 14 1.5 1753.33 125 15 1.7 1760 150 15.5 2.3 1763.33 175 16 3.1 1765

Graph # 16 Current Vs Voltage Starter (auto transformers) Comment: For voltage and current graphical boot it shows a behavior defined by the proportionality between the varied voltage phase source and the starting current in this case MI that doubles the rated current of the same reaching a maximum value 16 A Graph # 17 Current Vs Voltage stable (auto transformers) Comment: Ohmnico behavior is observed between current and voltage stabilization fixed starting phase network Graph # 18 Voltage Vs Speed (auto transformers)

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Comment: When starting the engine at reduced voltage shows that the output speed decreases to some extent, as was gradually increased starting voltage is verified experimentally increased output speed on the shaft. Disadvantages of reduced voltage starting using the auto transformer The starting torque decreases with the square of the applied voltage. A disadvantage is that the switching voltage of the gradations are made suddenly, sometimes producing detrimental damage to the mechanical system or the driven machine. For example, premature wear on the couplings (belts, chains, gears or clutches coupling) or in extreme cases fatigue fractures of the shaft or motor bearings produced by the great efforts made in boot time. Jump-starting with triangle-star ection Table # 15 Starting with triangle-star connection ? 27 5.2 1765 And 15 1.7 1751.61 V = 100V IARR (A) Iestb (A) (Rpm)

Comparisons and comments between the different types of starts By matching the types have to start if the engine at full load, the coil tends to absorb a far greater amount of current to the nominal, which causes the supply lines substantially increase loading and occur as a direct result a voltage drop. The current during the start-up phase can take values between 6-8 times the rated motor current. Its main advantage is the high torque: 1.5 times the nominal. Although for engines that do not need a boot braked. The method consists of producing at boot time a voltage less than the nominal on the motor windings. By reducing the voltage is reduced proportionally current, magnetic field strength and torque motor. The star-delta starting is the most used for reduced voltage starting because its construction is simple, its price is low and has good reliability. Meanwhile the use of an autotransformer serves the same function above, serving the same to work with high inertia loads, but is more expensive. It must be noted that reduced voltage starts at a given percentage decrease the torque generated by the MI with respect to the starting method through aggregation of resistance in the rotor stands inoperability of the same due to its low efficiency Advantages of star delta connection Reduced starting current. Its construction is simple. Price reduced. Good reliability. Disadvantages of star delta connection Reduction torque. has the disadvantage that the boot braked obtained is sometimes not enough to make machines start very moment of inertia.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

Start most used The most used is the triangular star due to the advantages of opposed to other bootstrap methods. Abnormal operating Table # 16 abnormal operating conditions IL (A) With 3 phases 2 phases 2.65 4.3 VL (V) 160 160 ? 2 (rpm) 1765 1763.33 Sounds more Observation

Table # 17 Reducing the supply voltage V (V) I (A) ? (Rpm) 200 4.8 1708.33 180 4.9 1693.33 160 5 1673.33 140 5.1 1638.33 120 6.1 1566.66

Graph # 19 Voltage Vs Current (abnormal conditions) Comment: Because in the current readings taken in the first fixations of the same voltage tended to be very similar to each other, moving away a little when it presented a reduced voltage 80 V, hence the behavior that the graph shows. Graph # 20 Voltage Vs Speed (abnormal conditions) Comment: It is observed that as the supply voltage is decreased to the motor based on a stable condition were generated abnormal operation of the machine, resulting in a relative decrease in output speed Graph # 21 Power Vs Speed (abnormal conditions) Why an engine in normal operation, load current increases with decreasing supply voltage? By keeping the engine under a constant load and reduce the current supply voltage is increased to keep the power supplied by the voltage reduction. Why the disconnect one of the phases of the engine does not start?, While being in normal operation, disconnect one of its phases the engine keeps running Because there is no force required to break the state of inertia of the load, the engine is prevented from starting. On the other hand if you disable fully operational phase we see that less force is required at startup, for that case only the minimum force must be maintained to continue turning the engine. This produces an increase in noise generated by the engine. Description of booting a MI by the method of star delta reduced voltage: The star-delta starting is the most used for reduced voltage starting because its construction is simple, its price is low and has good reliability. The method for reducing the voltage at the start is to switch the connections of the coils in phase motors intended for operation in the delta-connected network of 3 x 380 V. The windings are connected in star initially, ie receiving phase voltage of 220 V, and then deltaconnected to line voltage of 380 V, ie the voltage at startup is reduced 1.73 times.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

This being a fixed relationship, and since the influence of stress on the current and the torque is quadratic, both the current and torque of the motor is reduced by three times. Features to submit the motor: Is necessary that the engine be built to function triangle with the line voltage (380/660 V). If not, you can not connect. Moreover, the stator must have its six terminals accessible (a situation that does not occur in all engines, such as submersible pumps). This opens for the circuits of the stator coils and are connected to the switch. In this case the engine entering 6 cables, plus the ground. Diagram star delta starter

Legend: MCB QM1Main contactor KM1KM2-Triangle Contactor Contactor KM3 StarFR1-thermal relay Motor M1stop button SB1-

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

SB2-up button KT1-Timer HL1-engine running Signage Signage HL2-shot thermal relay Conditions must have a double engine squirrel cage boot time: In starting conditions is only effective small bar and rhetorical resistance is quite high. This high resistance resulting in a large torque. What happens when the dual motor squirrel cage comes up? At normal operating speeds, and both bars are effective resistance is almost as low as in a deep-bar rotor. Conclusion At this point highlights several experimental behaviors summarized thus: At the time of calculation of the resistance (hot and cold), is bounded which gave cold resistance greater than the thermal resistance, explaining the defect experimental human errors, or damage and poor graduation Wheatstone bridge, instrument this used in the measurement of cold resistance. Similarly indicated that current measurements made in vacuum, does not comply exactly with Ohm's law, as was observed, graphics and analytically, that the starting current was greater than many of the current taken from higher voltages the first one, due to the phenomenon of MI and special conditions of the alternator. Another variable of vital importance correspond to total losses, the friction losses and iron losses, as discussed adopted values of the equivalent circuit parameters for both the case where the friction losses depreciated as in which not depreciated, throwing margins quite pronounced difference in parameters is concerned. It is evident that friction losses are an important feature that is better not disregard if you want to get actual operating parameters. In the test at synchronous speed occurred some disparities in the results for iron losses obtained through this method collated with graphic method. These differences have their essence raised predominantly in wattmeter reading, because we have to note that these electric instruments are analog and so tend to be less accurate, mainly due to its low sensitivity to measure small wattages, the readings taken for this test in that category, hence had not clearly perceived a value slightly higher wattage to manifest almost no differences between the methods compared. The locked rotor test was performed successfully through it obtained the equivalent circuit parameters, meanwhile the starting current at rated voltage for this method manifested a value approximately four times the rated current. They were all involved in this trial lost delimiting them, logical values and consistent with the theoretically expected. In examining the behavior of an engine under load is verified that the higher the load, ie higher power braking force increases, highlighting the increased current drawn through the line to keep the engine under a rotation speed . By matching the graphics through perceived several things, including increasing efficiency with increasing the braking force explaining this iron losses that hold a larger share of small powers when compared with large powers. Both power and the current position increased with greater braking force due to the compensation that you must do to meet the motor speed under load, is then forced to become more current and failing greater power.

Rafael Coss 11/17/2013

Project 3 Induction Motors

The behavior of the speed Vs torque curve was consistent as theoretical guidelines, as in the range collated Similar demonstrated. In examining the responses offered by the engine to the various starting methods are dimensioned various behaviors, first highlighted that by using additional resistors in the rotor, is evidenced lower starting current at the expense of a decrease of starting torque and low efficiency during operation of MI The behavior was detected by adding the stator resistance was similar to the above, since reduced starting current but also decreased as the torque is increased resistance in question, but to implement startup to rated voltage is obtained higher starting torques together with the highest current boot any method it can create, it is important to see then the feasibility of using the nominal voltage starting high torque generated, apercibindose of high risks involved in implement this method, since the ignition current can rise even eight times the nominal. In the remaining starts low voltage made denote two, the use of auto transformer and the introduction of star delta connection of these two the latter is the most widely used across the board including those named above, anticipating this use because of its advantages of low cost and reliability dubs it the most requested method, its main drawback is its low starting torque, this can cause a problem when operating with loads of great moment of inertia, it is desirable that in this situation the car is used transformer that is more in line for this eventuality. Regimes engines suffered to observe behavior under load was deliberately raised, it stands high reliability offered by dynamic electrical machine in such cases as drop some phase or drastic reduction of the supply voltage, as it was realized that although with some effort and increased noise, the engine kept its motion, this condition was observed only during operation but not during boot where inertia prevailed. Bibliography www.html.rincondelvago.com/motores_9.html www.anser.com.ar/motoreselectricos1.htm www.dliengineering.com/ vibman-english / Engine esainduccin.htm www.monografias.com/trabajos10/ engine and / Engine e.shtml www.igi.uni.edu.pe/indextecnia/02-1.htm www.paginadigital.com.ar/articulos/ 2002rest/2002terc/tecnologia/sica71.html