I Ðû¦è[ª-
Oªô¢ª ÔÙ àŸC-Nû¦
OªÚÛª ÓÙêŸ êµL-ú‡û¦
Oªö˺ ÓÙêŸæ¨ ûµjí£±éuÙ Ñû¦o
Oª þ§nô³ Ôëµjû¦
Oª ví£AòÅ¡ìª Ó÷ô¢ª ÞœªJhÙà¦õû¦o
Oª ÷uÚ¨h-ÞœêŸ N÷-ô¦-öµjû¦
÷ª¸ô Nù£óŸª Nø™x-ù£é Íô³û¦...
OªÚÛª Oªô¢ªÞ¥ àµí£±p-ÚÁ-î¦L!
ÏÙvšíú‡îËÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L!
ÏÙvçµ-ú‡dÙÞ¥ àµð§pL!
ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÎÙÞœxí£J-â°cìÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù!
ÍÙë]ªÚÛª þ¼p·ÚûËÂ ÏÙTxùÃ
ú£·ôjì ÎóŸ³ëÅ]Ù!
Oª õ¤Ûu-þ§-ëÅ]-ìö˺ OªÚÛª êÁè[p-è¶Ù-ë]ª¸Ú
‘Ðû¦-è[ª–-ví£-AòÅ¡’ ôÁV Nè…# ôÁV
ú£ªõòÅ¡ø˜jLö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ
î¦uþ§õìª ÍÙC-þ¼hÙC.
I discussions, presentations, self sketches ö˺ NáóŸªÙ þ§CÅÙ-à¦-
Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's
exam?
(Eìo í£K-¤Ûõª Óö° ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)
Suji : Well, I think. How did you do ?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ ô¦ø‹-ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. ìªîµyö°
ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)
Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.
(í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª. ÏÙÚ¥ú£h ò°Þ¥ ô¦ú‡ ÑÙè[-
ֈٻa)
Suji: What group are going to study in
Inter?
(ÏÙå-ôÂö˺ Ô vÞœ«íà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oîËÂ?)
Kavita : MPC. What about you ?
(ÓÙíˆúˆ. ìª÷±y...!)
Suji : Not sure yet, though dad wants me
to do MPC.
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. ÷« û¦ìo
ÓÙíˆúˆ Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª)
Kavita : Which college? (Ô Ú¥ö¶@?)
Suji : No idea as yet. What's going to be
your college?
(ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª... ìª÷±y!)
Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.
(û¶ìª ÍÙê¶. ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.)
II
Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The
final degree exams are over. But
What next for you?
(Í÷ªtóŸªu! í£K-¤Û-öµj-ð¼-óŸ«óÀª ú£ªFê¦.
êŸô¦yêŸ ÔÙ à¶þ§hîËÂ)
Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your
plans?
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. F ú£ÙÞœ-
ê¶Ùæ¨?)
Supriya : Well, You know I've taken the
CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for
the results. If I make it, I'll join
one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be
fortunate.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 12 WûË 2005
#ìo #ìoN êµLóŸª¸Ú #ÚÛª\õª!
Spoken English Conversational English
û¶ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
÷ªÙ# Career ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªû¶ Në¯u-ô¢ªn-õÙ-ë]-JÚ© Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì
Sentence-1ö˺ verb is, Sentence-2 ö˺
Communications Skillsö˺ ÷³Üu-iì òŰޜ٠Spoken English. verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4 õö˺ 'is'.
Spoken Englishö˺ ÖÚÛ Sentence Subject,
÷ªÙ# ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺x, ÚÁô¢ªqö˺x ví£î¶-ø‹-EÚ¨ Eô¢y-ÙචInterviews, group Verb ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÞœõÞœè[Ù à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. î¦æ¨E
ÞœªJh›úh NªÞœ-ê¦-÷Fo à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù.
õÙç¶ Spoken English Oªë] í£åªd Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in
South India
(ÕÕ-Ó-îªö˺ â°ô³ûË ڥ÷-è¯-EÚ¨ Ú¥uæËÀ (î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è[ô¢ª) b) The Eenadu was published first from
ô¦ø‹ìª ÚÛë¯! íÆ£L-ê¦õ ÚÁú£Ù 3. Where is Ramesh?
Vizag.
àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]û¶ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o) (ô¢î¶ªøÉ ÓÚÛ\è[?) Ð ·ôÙè[ª Sentences ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ൛ípN.
ÍÙç¶ Statements Íìo-÷«å.
Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT 4. How beautiful the Taj is!
c) Is AP the biggest state in South India?
too. It's too late now. I think I'll (ê¦âÉÀ-÷ª-öËÀ ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC)
d) Was the Eenadu first published from
do MCA. I am preparing for the šíj Sentencesö˺ ví£AD
Vizag?
entrance tests of all MCA
courses. I may also take PG
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ#
àµñª-êÁÙC. îµ³ë]æ¨ (c), (d)õª Questions ÚÛë¯. (a), (b) õÚÛ« (c),
entrance tests and do MSc Sentence (d) õÚÛ« ê¶è¯ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Computers or Electronics. 'Vijayawada'ìª, Englishö˺ (a), (b)õö°Ùæ¨ StatementsÚÛª,
·ôÙèÁC
(û¶ì« ô¦ú‡ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íô³ê¶ 'They'ìª, ÷´èÁC (c), (d)õö°Ùæ¨ QuestionsÚÛª ví£ëů-ìÙÞ¥ ê¶è¯
Ïí£±pè[ª Íìª-Ú•E ÔÙ ö°òÅ¡Ù? û¶ìª 'Ramesh'ìª, û¦õªÞÁC î¦ÚÛu-E-ô¦téÙ (sentence structure)ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.
ÓÙú‡Ó à¶þ§hìª. í‡> ví£î¶øŒ í£K-¤Ûõª 'Taj'ìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪- (sentence structure ÍÙç¶ Ô ÷«å ÷³Ùë]ª, Ô
ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦óŸ«-õE ÑÙC. Ótúˆq û¦oô³. Ïö° Sentence M. SURESAN ÷«å êŸô¦yêŸ Íû¶ Í÷ªJÚÛ.)
ÚÛÙí£²u-åôÂq ö¶ë¯ Óõ-Ú¥Z-EÚÂq Ú¥F ൛íp Nù£-óŸ«Eo ë¯E Statement : AP is the
à¶þ§h) 'Subject' ÍÙæ°Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d îµ³ë]æ¨ Sentence
Structure ) Subject + Verb
(DE
Subject Vijayawada, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-õFo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯...! biggest state in south India.
Question : Is AP the biggest
Spoken Englishö˺ Grammar ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ- Verb + Subject
÷è[Ù Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. Íô³ê¶ Grammar êµLú‡-ìÙêŸ state in South India!
÷«vê¦ì English ò°Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÁ- ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 1 Statementö˺ Subject ÷³Ùë]ª, Verb êŸô¦yêŸ
÷è[Ù ð»ô¢-ð§åª. Í÷-ú£-ô¢îµªiì ÚÛFú£ grammar êµõª-
÷þ¼hÙC.Questionö˺ DEÚ¨ ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ verb
ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥...
They, ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject Ramesh, û¦õªÞÁ ÷³Ùë]ª subject êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. ÏC English
VOCABULARY î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject The Taj.
Íö°¸Þ ví£A SentenceöËºì« 'Subject'ìª
ö˺ à¦ö° ví£ëů-ì-iì ê¶è¯.
Vocabulary ÍÙç¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÷«å-õ-Foì«. Statement : The Eenadu was published first
Spoken Englishö˺
ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òŰޜ٠ÖÚÛæ¨ ÑÙåªÙ-ë]E Þœ÷ª-EÙà¶
Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì ÷«åõª þ§÷«- structure : Subject + Verb
ìuÙÞ¥ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-ê¦-EÚ¨, ÚÛFú£ Í÷ú£-ô¦õÚÛª, ÏêŸ- ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. šíjì 1st sentenceö˺'.... is on the
banks of the Krishna' Î Sentence subject from Vizag.
ô¢ªõêÁ Ñìo ú£ÙñÙ-ëůõÚÛª, ÚÁô¢ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦-æ¨Ú©, ð»Ùë¶-î¦-
Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC. Question : Was the Eenadu published first
æ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìîµj ÑÙæ°ô³. à¦ö° ÷ªÙCÚ¨ ÏÙTx-
ùÃö˺ šíë]l-šíë]l ÷«åõª êµõªþ§hô³. Ú¥F #ìo-#ìo 'She sings well' structure : Verb + Subject ( Verb)
from Vizag?
Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ î¦è[ªÚÛ êµL-óŸªë]ª. Ð Sentenceö˺ 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'
Íö°¸Þ Listening. ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõª ÷«æ°xè¶ English Íû¶C Subject She ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òÅ°ÞœÙ. 'sings Ð Ú¨ÙC Statements ìª quesitons Þ¥ ÷«Ja
Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-õ-Þœè[Ù. DEÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ daily lifeö˺ þ§ëů- practice
well'ö˺ 'sings' ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ sentence ö¶ë]ª. (She à¶óŸªÙè….
ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Pronunciation ÚÛ«è¯
well - ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. Sentence ö¶ë]ª). ÍÙç¶ Statements Questions
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 'She sings well' - Ð sentenceö˺ Subject a) (Yes), They are students -----?
Ð î¦Ú¥uõª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. 'She' êŸô¦yêŸ 'Sings' Íû¶ ÷«å SentenceÚÛª b) (Yes), Rani is the leader -----?
1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åû¶ 'VERB' ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. c) (No), I am not happy -----?
(Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÚÛ'ù£g Öè[ªfì ÑÙC) Subject, Verb êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù à¦ö°-÷³ÜuÙ. d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?
2. They do not speak English îµ³åd-îµ³ë]å Ï#aì û¦õªÞœª Sentencesö˺ Verbs e) (No), She is not hungry ? -----?
àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 WûË 2005

÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ ÎÙÞœxÙ ú£·ôjìë¶ ÍEí‡Ù#û¦, ÚÛ«õÙÚÛù£ÙÞ¥ àŸ«›úh

êŸí£±põª ñóŸªåí£è[ê¦ô³. NìoëÁ, ú£·ôjìë]E òÅ°NÙàÁ ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x
Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d Ú¥ë¯ ÍE Îö˺#Ù# ÷«æ°xè[Ù. Ú¥F ìõªÞœªôÁx
÷«æ°xè¶åí£±pè[ª þ§ëÅ]uiìÙêŸ ÷ªÙ# òÅ°ù£ Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÷ªìÚÛª êµLú‡Ùë¶
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªú£ªÚÁ÷è¯EÚ¨ íÆ£±öËÀþ§díà í£è…ìç¶d.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
❐ English pronunciation confusion
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ö¸Ú Í¤Ûô¢Ù ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª øŒò°l-õÚÛª
ú£Ù¸Ú-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù.
Ñë¯: Car ö˺ c-ÚÛ, centre ö˺ c-ú£
ÚÛª

❐ Ö¸Ú øŒò°l-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª ͤÛ-ô¦õª î¦è[è[Ù.

Ñë¯: centre - c ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£, sentry - s ÏÚÛ\è[
ú£).
Óö° í£õ-Ú¥L?
English ÷«åö˺x ÓÚÛª\÷ õÙ-ê¦õª. ÍÙç¶
#÷-ô¢-ð»-õªxêÁ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\÷. Pen - šíûËÂ;
Book- ñªÚÂ, Watch - î¦àÂ; Phone - ðƼûËÂ; Take
- ç¶óÀªÚÂ. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J ð»õªxìª ð»õªxÞ¥
í£L-򬐦 ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. šíìªo, ñªÚÛª\, î¦<, ðƼìª,
ç¶ÚÛª ÍìÙ. Englishö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª ð»õªx
#÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ ÷«åõª ð»õªxÞ¥ í£L-Ú¨-ê¶û¶ ÍÙë]Ù.
ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ!
í£õªÚÛªö˺ R ÞœõxÙ꟪!
VERBS
Kranthi: Was anything special in the sun-
day Eenadu?
(ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ‘Ðû¦-è[ª’ö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)
Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in
Spoken English.
(Í÷±ìª. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ÑÙC.)
Kranthi: Was anything important in it?
(ÍÙë]ªö˺ Ôiû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)
Karuna: Yes. Very important point was
there- the difference between the
statement structure and question
structure.
(Í÷±ìª. à¦ö° ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ...
3. They are happy
4. Are you happy?
5. Why are you here?
6. They are our relatives
am, is, are Ïí£±pè[ª (now) ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ
(present) ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÍÙê¶ Ú¥ë]ª–
am, is, are regular Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-
EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ vÚÛ÷ªÙ
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ÚÛ«è¯ am, is, are
êµõªí£±ê¦ô³. Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª practice
à¶óŸªÙè….
Oª Ú¥xú£ª-öµ-í£±pè[ª? (ví£A ôÁW – ÏC regular)
When are your classes every day?
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'are' ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ? ÏC ví£A
5. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª ôÁW 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6. Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
7. ٠ڥö¶@ö˺ 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°Ù?
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Answers:
2. When is your father at office?
3. His pen is always in his pocket.
4. When are your classes (every day)?
5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
6. When are you at college (every day)?

ÏÙTxùà ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'r'ìª í£õÚÛÙ. Ñë¯--ô¢é ›údæËÀ-ÙæËÀ ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ Ú•ø˜aûË ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ ê¶è¯ ôÁW vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE Nù£óŸªÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d. 7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every

(è¯ÚÛd), car (Ú¥), for (ðƼ), paper àµð§pô¢ª.) ÷ªSx àŸ«è[Ùè…. day)?
1st show Óí£±pè[ª? 6, 7î¦Ú¥uö˺x every
Doctor
(šíóÀªí£). Kranthi: Is it so important?
1st show Óí£±pè[« Ö¸Ú çµjîªÚÛª ÑÙåªÙC ÚÛë¯? day Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. (are
Ô ÷«å #÷ô¢ 'r' Ñû¦o ë¯Eo í£õ-ÚÛ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C- (ÍC ÍÙêŸ ÷³Üu÷«?)
ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d is î¦è[è[Ù ÍÙç¶û¶ ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥
ö¶þ§hÙ.ÍÚÛ\è['r' silent. Ô ÷«åõ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺ Karuna: Very. The statement has the sub-
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÑÙè[è[Ù.)
Íô³û¦ a, e, i, o, uõö˺ ë¶E êŸô¦yêŸ 'r' ÷#aû¦ ject first, and the verb next. The
ÍC silent. ë¯Eo í£õÚÛÙ. ë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ a, e, i, o, question has verb first and the
VOCABULARY
u, õö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ÷›úh êŸí£p. subject next.
(à¦ö°... ›údæËÀ-Ùæ˺x îµ³ë]å ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ þ§÷«-ìu-iì Íû¦-ôÁ- M. SURESAN
Ñë¯: form (ðƧÙ); Card (Ú¥èÂ); Fur (íÆ£); sir îµôÂs ÑÙæ°ô³. Ú¥F Ú•ø˜a-ûËÂö˺ ÷³Ùë]ª îµôÂs Þ¥uõª, î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
(ú£), her (); information (ÏûËÂ-íÆ£-- êŸô¦yêŸ ú£òµbÚÛªd ÑÙæ°ô³.) ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù–
óÀª-ù£ûËÂ). ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 2
1. áõªñª– Cold. 2. ë]Þœª_ Cough (Ú¥íÆÃ). 3.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ÏÙë]ªö˺ vÚ¥ÙA-÷Fo
ví£øŒoõª. ÚÛô¢ª-é-÷Fo ›údæËÀ-Ùåªx. ꟪÷³t– Sneeze (úˆoâÉÀ– ‘âÉÀ’ sizeö˺ #÷J
When is the first show?
øŒñlÙö°Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.) 4. <ë]è[Ù– blow the nose.
ÏO Í÷ú£ô¢î¶ª!
Ð î¦Ú¥uõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…... Oª·ô-í£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª Collegeö˺ (ví£A ôÁV)
Oæ¨-êÁ-ð§åª I am here- verb: 'am'
5. Ú¥¸ô ÷³ÚÛª\ – running nose. 6. ûË•í‡p – ache
Conversationö˺ Í÷- You are in class- verb: 'are'
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ 'regular' Ú¥ñæ¨d, (ÓóÀªÝËÀ), ò°ëÅ] – pain, suffering;
ú£-ô¢-iì Ú•Eo ÷«åõª My pen is in my pocket- When are you at college (every day)? ë¶ï£° òÅ°Þ¥õ ûË•í£±põª: ÚÛè[ª-í£±-ûË•í‡p, êŸõ-ûË•í‡p,
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. îµ³ë]å verb: 'is' ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ íÆ£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª. ìè[ªÙûË•í‡p Oæ¨Ú¨ Î òÅ°Þ¥õ ›íô¢ª êŸô¦yêŸ 'ache'
parts of the human
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'are' ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d. î¦è[ªê¦Ù.pain î¦è[Ù.
body- øŒKô¢ òÅ°Þ¥õÚÛª
šíj
sentencesö˺ Ñìo Verbs stomach ache- stomach pain Ú¥ë]ª.
ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª 'am', 'is', 'are. Oæ¨ Íô¢nÙ Íö°¸Þ ‘û¶ìª þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª’
àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- Íìè[Ù Óö°? head ache, back ache etc.
head, face,
ìN. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª ví£øŒoõª, 'I am at home in the evenings'.
áyô¢Ù (fever) ÷à¶aåªx, ÷#a-ìåªx 'feel' Íô³ê¶
eyes, ears, neck,
Statements Englishö˺ prac- Evenings ÍÙç¶ ví£A evening- regular.
'feeling feverish'.
shoulder, hand,
legs, fingers ö°Ùæ¨
tice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥ñæ¨d regular states of being (vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p- ë]ªô¢ë] itch (ÏàÂ) ÞÁÚÛåÙ scratch (vþ§\àÂ),
÷«åõ Íô¦lÄõª ÍÙë]JÚ© 1. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[è[Ù) àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ am, is, are î¦è[è[Ù Þ•Ù꟪ ûË•í‡p – sore throat; ò°ëÅ]êÁ Íô¢-÷è[Ù
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú¨ English àµí£pÙè…. prac- groan; Î÷±-LÙ-àŸè[Ù yawn, î¦í£± – swelling,
êµõªú£ª. thumb (ò˹å- Ñû¦oô¢ª?
ì-î¶õª), forefinger tice à¶óŸªÙè…. ÚÛÙC-ì-î¦í£± – inflammation. Ï÷Fo practice à¶ú‡
(àŸ«í£±-è[ª-î¶õª), middle
English: Where are you?
1. Ð çµjîªö˺ Óí£±pè[« Oª·ôÙ-ë]ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-J-ÚÛ\è[? ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª î¦è[Ùè….
2. (Ïí£±pè[ª) û¶ìª Ú¥xú£ªö˺ û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC.
(÷ªëÅ]uî¶õª), (Regular ÚÛë¯?)
finger
Ñû¦oìª.
ring finger (ÑÙÞœô¢Ù
I have a head ache.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Answer: Why are you here at this time ÷« Í÷ªtÚÛª áõªñª.
î¶õª), little finger every day?
(#æ¨-·Úì î¶õª). toe 3. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ 2. Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Îíƈ-ú£ªö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
My mother has a cold.

(Ú¥L-î¶õª), big toe Ñû¦oô¢ª. Ïö°Ù-æ¨N ÷ªJÚ•Eopractice à¶óŸªÙè….

(Ú¥L ò˹å-ì-î¶õª), nail (ÞÁô¢ª), waist (ìè[ªÙ),
wrist (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd), arm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
÷ô¢ÚÛª), forearm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# à¶ô³
(elbow) ÷ô¢ÚÛª), back arm (elbow ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
÷ô¢ÚÛª), buttocks (í‡ô¢ª-ë]ªõª), Knee (ڥõª).
Knee ìªÙ# ð§ë]Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥L ÷³Ùë]ô¢ òÅ°ÞœÙ
shin, Ú¥L-îµ-ìÚÛ òŰޜ٠calf (Ú¥íÆÃ), Ú¥LÚ© ð§ë¯-EÚ¨
÷ªëÅ]u joint (Ú©õª)– ankle, ð§ë]Ù Íè[ªÞœª–Sole,
í‡è…-Ú¨L– fist, Íô¢-à¶ô³– Palm, ÚÛìª-ò˹-÷ªõª– eye-
brows, ìªë]ªô¢ª – forehead. cheeks - àµÚ¨\üŒ‰x,
pupil - ÚÛÙæ¨-ð§í£, eyelid- ÚÛìª-·ôí£p, nostril-
÷³ÚÛª\ ô¢ÙvëÅ]Ù, gums - í£Ùæ¨-#-ÞœªüŒ‰x, skull-í£±v·ô,
scalp- Våªd Ú¨ÙC êŸõ-šíj-òÅ°ÞœÙ.
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
3. î¦è… šíûË Óí£±pè[« î¦è… â¶ñªö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.
4. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£-ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
4. ôÁW Oª êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Óí£±pè[ª?
5. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ÷« àŸªæ°dõª. Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
Answers:
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
2. I am in class
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
ÏÙTxùà Consonant ending øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥
Ñìo òÅ°ù£. ÍÙç¶ ð»õªxõª #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª
ÓÚÛª\÷. #÷ô¢ ð»õªxõìª ð»õªx-õª-Þ¥û¶ í£õ-Ú¥L.
Ñë¯: book, ñªÚÂ, ñªÚÛª\ Ú¥ë]ª.
šíûËÂ, šíìªo Ú¥ë]ª. Tub - åòËÀ, åñªs Ú¥ë]ª.
Hotel- É˹ç¶öËÀ (‘綒 ûË•ÚÛ\Ùè…). mag-
azine- Ïö° #÷ô¢ 'ine', 'ile' ÑÙç¶
ÐûËÂ, ÐöËÀö° í£õ-Ú¥L. Magazine -
ޜ-@ûË (@, ÏÚÛ\è[ easyö˺ #÷J øŒñlÙ-
ö°Ù-æ¨C) Automobile- Îæ˹-îµ³-HöËÀ,
intestine (›íÞœª) ÏÙçµ-ú‡dûË etc.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ô í£ë]Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Óö° í£õÚ¥ö˺ Íö° í£LÚ¨ê¶û¶ òÅ°ù£ þ»Þœú£ªÞ¥
ÑÙåªÙC. êµLúˆ êµLóŸªE ví£óµ«Þ¥õª Óë]ªæ¨ î¦JE Íóµ«÷ªóŸªÙö˺ڨ
ûµç¶dóŸª÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ Nú£ªÞœª ÚÛLTÙàŸ÷àŸªa. ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ Ñà¦aô¢éêÁû¶
ÎÙÞ¥xEo í£õÚÛè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ Ú•ÙêŸ ÚÛ'êŸÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÷ªìÙ
û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªû¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺E ú£ï£°áiì í£ë]lÄ꟪õìª Íìªú£JÙàŸè[Ù Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.
the- ÓÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, Óí£±pè[ª ‘ë]’?
WAS, WERE
Ram: Were you there yesterday?
(Eìo ìª÷±y ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oî¦?)
Raghav: I was there, of course.
(Í÷±ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª)
Ram: When were you there?
(Óí£±p-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ?)
Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the
function began.
(ú£JÞ¥_ íÆ£ÙÚÛ{ûË ë]-öµjì 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª
ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª)
Ram: Who else was there yesterday?
(Eìo ÏÙÚ¥ Ó÷-ô¢ª-û¦oô¢ª?)
Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.
(ÍEöËÀ, ú£ªFöËÀ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¢ª)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ram, Raghav Eìo
ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo was, wereö˺ àµí£±p-ÚÛª-
û¦oô¢ª. English ö˺ çµjÙìªñæ¨d Verb forms
÷«ô¢ªêŸ« ÑÙæ°ô³. Ïí£±pè[ª, Óí£±pè[ª, êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÑÙè[-
è¯Eo am, is, areö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. Íö°¸Þ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo
î¦æ¨E Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù.
was- singular
were- plural
Ïí£±pè[ª û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.
1.
I am here
Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.
2.
I was here yesterday
3. Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦? ÏC Question.
Ú¥ñæ¨d verb ÷³Ùë]ª ô¦î¦L
Were you here yesterday?
4. Eìo î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oè[ª? (Question)
Where was he yesterday?
5. òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒÙ vGæ¨ùà ð§õ-ìö˺ ÑÙè¶C.
India was under British rule.
6. 1947 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªì ð§õ-ÚÛªõª (rulers) Ó÷ô¢ª?
Who were our rulers till 1947?
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ çµjîª êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª ÍÙç¶ ê¶D, ú£Ù÷-
êŸqô¢Ù, ûµõ, çµjîª Óí£±pè[« sentence #÷ô¢û¶
ví£øŒo: Had, would ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ short forms Íô³ì I had/would - I'd
ÕèÂ. We had/would -We'd OèÂ, Ö¸Úö° Ñû¦oô³. I'd ö¶ë¯
We'd ìª àŸ«ú‡ ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ had ÑÙë¯, would ÑÙë¯ Óö°
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L?
áî¦ñª: 'd ìª Oªô¢-ìoåªx had ÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸô¦yêŸ ing form ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª, Oæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'd
would ÚÛ« î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶ ÓÚÛ\è[ had ÓÚÛ\è[
would Íû¶C ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª êµõªq-ÚÁ-
ÞœõÙ.
A) He'd gone before I saw him.
ÏÚÛ\è[ He'd = He had
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'gone' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles
÷³Ùë]ª would Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. had ÷«vêŸî¶ª
÷ú£ªhÙC.
B) I thought he'd do it.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'd êŸô¢-î¦êŸ past participle ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d
would Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh-ší-
åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L. Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª, 'been'
ÑÙè¯L. 6. I was at College.
7.Eìo ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ªÚÛªû¦o÷±? 7. Are you at college at this time every day?
Why were you here yesterday? 8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conver-
8. ÷« ›úo-꟪è[ª ÞœêŸ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. sationö˺ Ð òŰޜ٠÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa.)
9. When are you at home usually? (÷«÷´-
My friend was here last Sunday.
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÞœêŸÙ (past)ö˺ ÑÙè¶ Nù£-óŸ«õìª õªÞ¥ Ú¥ñæ¨d 'are')
Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. 10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular,
Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª englishö˺ practiceà¶óŸªÙè…. therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at
1. Praveen: Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¦? home last evening.
2. Pranav: Í÷±ìª, ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oìª. (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ, Eìo ô¦vA – last evening,
3. Praveen: Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oè¯? last night).
4. Pranav: ö¶è[ª. 11. Where else were you? (Eìo Ú¥ñæ¨d)
5. Praveen: Eìo Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
12. I was at a meeting.
➠ Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éìª Oªô¢ª, Oª friendêÁÞ¥F, Oª
6. Pranav: û¶ìª Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Ñû¦oìª. ÏÙæ˺x Ó÷-J-êÁ-Þ¥F practice à¶óŸªÙè….
➠ îµ³ë]å Oªô¢ª practice à¶ú‡ êŸô¦yê¶ answers
àŸ«ú£ªÚÁÙè….
➠ Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«ø‹ô¦? ÖÚÛ\ am, is, are, was,
wereõêÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ English ÷«æ°x-è[-÷àÁa?
3 swallow (þ§yö˺)- NªÙÞœè[Ù
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
7. Praveen: ví£A ôÁW Ð çµjîªö˺ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ pure sounds ö¶÷Ù-æ°ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶
ÑÙæ°ô¦? (Regular) ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ 'a' ͤÛô¢Ù–
➠ bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,
8. Pranav: Í÷±ìª.
lane ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo ‘ÓóÀª’Þ¥
9. Praveen: Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-
í£õ-Ú¥L.
æ°ô¢ª? bake- òµóÀªÚÂ
10. Pranav: þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª. Eìo cake- ·ÚóÀªÚÂ
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙæ˺x ö¶ìª. case- ·ÚóÀªúÃ
11. Praveen: ÷ª·ô-ÚÛ\è[û¦oô¢ª? face- šíÆóÀªúÃ
game- ·ÞóÀªîª
12. Pranav: Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺
hate- šï°óÀªæËÀ
lane- öµóÀªûËÂ
Answers:
date- èµóÀªæËÀ
1. Were you at home yesterday?
2. Yes, I was at home. M. SURESAN
(I hate you-
šï°óÀªæËÀ óŸ´).
3. Was your brother too/also at home?
4. No, he was not at home. Íö°¸Þ NªÞœê¦ ÷«å-õö˺ Ú۫诖
(ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ No, he wasn't. ÍE Λí-þ§hô¢ª) tale, tail pronunciation ÖÚÛ\ç¶ – çµóÀªöËÀ.
(wasn't = was not) ➠ Óí£±pè[ª 'a', Óí£±pè[ª 'an' Íû¶C šíë]l ví£ø™o.
5. Where were you? 'a, e, i o, uõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª,
'an' ÍE, NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' ÍE ÍÙåªÙ-
æ°ô¢ª. Ú¥F ÍC Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. a univer-
sity, a European ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
'the' E ‘C’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª, ‘ë]’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª
í£õ-Ú¥L?
– ë¶÷ìx ÍEêŸ, ìª-÷ª-Ú•Ùè[ Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª
øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª
Óí£±pè[« had Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Do, go, come ö°Ùæ¨ 'an' î¦è¯L. Ð øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]ª ÷à¶a 'the'E ‘C’Þ¥
verb forms ÷³Ùë]ª, be + ing ÷³Ùë]ª 'd Óí£±pè[« í£õÚ¥L. NªÞœê¦ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷«åõ
would Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' î¦è¯L.
Example: They'd done it. Íö°¸Þ 'the'E ‘ë]’Þ¥ í£õÚ¥L.
(done past participle Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had) a University (‘óŸ´’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a')
an example (‘Ó’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù, Ú¥ñæ¨d 'an')
They'd been doing it. (ÏÚÛ\è[ been + ing
÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had). the egg (ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, egg, 'a'êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
She'd marry him. 'd êŸô¦yêŸ marry ÍE ÷#aÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d)
Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would the tree (‘ë]’ væ©. ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘Í’ ìªÙ# ‘Ø’ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
She'd be going. ÏÚÛ\è[ be + ing form ÷³Ùë]ª ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d).
Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would. ➠ Communications/informationÚÛª
Have been + ing ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ 'd = would. ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Ð ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 16 WûË 2005
ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù– phone, ringup, give a ring,
call- Oå-Eo-æ¨ö˺ Ïí£±pè[ª ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñìo ÷«å,
'call', phone to a person, phone a person
í£²JhÞ¥ ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-óŸ«ô³. ring up, give a ring
ÏÙÚ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñû¦oô³.
1) Oªô¢ª û¦ÚÁ-þ§J ðƼûË à¶óŸªÙè….
Please call me.
Please give me a ring.
Please ring me up.
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ à¶þ§hìª.
I will certainly call you.
Sure, I will call you.
÷ªSx OªÚÛª ðƼûË à¶þ§hìª.
I will get back to you.
2) û¦Ú¥ Nù£óŸªÙ ϖ-ô³öËÀ à¶óŸªÙè….
Please mail me the matter.
Please mail the matter to me at
yours@yahoo.com
Ú•JóŸªô ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
3)
4)
Send it by courier.
÷«÷´õª ð¼úÃd ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
Post it.
Send it by ordinary post.
Sent it by snail mail.
'snail mail' ÍÙç¶ ìêŸh-ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
îµü™x post ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
÷ªJEo ÷«åõª!
chew (àŸ«u) - ì÷ªõè[Ù
swallow in a gulp - ÖÚÛ ÞœªÚÛ\ö˺ NªÙÞœåÙ
trim (væ¨îª)(mustache, beard)
- (Oªú£Ù, Þœè[fÙ) ÚÛAh-JÙ# ú£Jà¶óŸªè[Ù
clench (·ÚxûËÂàÂ)- GTÙ-àŸåÙ (í‡è…-Ú¨L – fist)
injure (ÏûËÂáôÂ) - Þ¥óŸªí£è[è[Ù
injury (ÏûËÂáK)- Þ¥óŸªÙ
twist (æ¨yúÃd)the arm - à¶ô³ L-A-í£pè[Ù
snap the fingers - #æ¨ÚÛ î¶óŸªè[Ù
shatter (›ùåôÂ)- ñë]lõª Ú•ådè[Ù
swelling (šúyLÙÞÂ)- î¦í£±
inflammation (ÏûËÂíÆ£xóÀªî¶ªù£ûËÂ)- ÚÛÙCì î¦í£±
fracture(vðƧÚÛa)- Ó÷³ÚÛ Nô¢-Þœè[Ù
sprain(všúpóÀªûËÂ)- òµéªÚÛª
ÍóÀª itch(ÏàÂ)- ë]ªô¢ë], scratch(vþ§\àÂ)- ÞÁÚÛè[Ù
abscess (ÎòËÀšúúÃ)- ÚÛªô¢ªí£± (<÷³êÁ)
boil (ò°óÀªöËÀ)- Þœè[f
pimple (í‡ÙíÃöËÀ)- îµ³æ¨÷ª
scar (þ§\)- Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx ÷ªàŸa
pus (í£úÃ)- <÷³ blister (Gxú£d)-í£±Ùè[ª
÷ªSx Verbs: ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN–
am, is, are. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– was,
were. òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– shall be,
will be
¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.
I shall be/will be there tomorrow.
٠ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°-ÞÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù.
We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.
ÍêŸè…E àŸ«è[è[Ù û¦ÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£î¶ª.
I shall be happy to see him.
¸ôí£± ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª.
He will be here tomorrow.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 18 WûË 2005

êµõªÞœª î¦ÚÛu Eô¦té°Eo óŸªëǯêŸëÇ]ÙÞ¥ Íìyô³ú£«h ÎÙÞœxÙ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù

þ§ëÅ]uÙ Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢é°õ« í£²JhÞ¥ î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª. ·ôÙè[ª òÅ°ù£õÚÛ«
÷ª¾LÚÛÙÞ¥ Ñìo ê¶è¯õª êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªÞœªêÁ ú£÷«ìÙÞ¥ ÏÙTxùÃE
ú£ÙòÅ°ù‡ÙàŸè[Ù šíë]l ÚÛù£diì í£E ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙë]ªö˺ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥õÙ

î¦ÚÛuÙ #÷¸ô Ú¥õÙ!

ÞœªJÙ# àŸ«›úh ÎÙÞœxÙö˺ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì í£ë¯õª #÷ô¢o ÷þ§hô³.

7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he

was an actor.
8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for
as long as possible.
9. It was very cool yesterday.
Yesterday was very cool.
10. How long can you be here?
'Be' forms (ÍÙç¶ am, is, are, was, were,
shall be, should be ö˺ 'be' #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ í£ë¯õª,
SHALL BE, WILL BE 3. Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ¸ôí£± Oª ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-åªÙë¯? Þ¥xú£ª – tumbler (åîªñx) 'been' #÷ô¢ ÷à¶aN – have been, has been,
Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow? 4. û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[ìª. ÷´êŸ – lid (LèÂ) had been, should have been ö°Ùæ¨N) ÑÙè[è[Ù
¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oî¦? 5. ÷ªÙ-ë]ô¢Ù ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù. šíìÙ– pan (ð§ûËÂ) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a Verbs. ÏN Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ í£EE êµL›í
6. Ð î¶è… ÏÙÚ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÙ-åªÙC. ÞœÙÞ¥üŒÙ – cauldron (Ú¥öËÀ-vè[ûËÂ) ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ Verbs. Ú¨Ùë] A ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨E B
Kranthi: What for?
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? 7. í£C ENª-ÿ§-õÚÛª û¶ìª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª. ÷ªJ-TÙ-àŸè[Ù– boil (ò˺óÀªöËÀ) ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨êÁ ð¼õaÙè….
8. F êŸô¦yA àŸô¢u ÔNªæ¨?(next step) î¶í£±è[ª– fry (wšíÆj) A
Kiran: All our friends will be here tomor-
9. ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ Ó÷ô¢« ÑÙè[ô¢ª. Ú¥õaè[Ù (Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª) = bake (òµóÀªÚÂ) I am a teacher (Ñû¦oìª).
row. Will you not be (won't you be).
10. Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£±Ù-åªÙC? Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙÚ¥ Ú•Eo 'be' forms (ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo She is a player (playerÞ¥ ÑÙC).
÷ªì ›úo-꟪-õÙ-ë]ô¢« ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-åª- êµL›í Verbs): They are singers.
û¦oô¢ª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±yÙ-è[î¦? can be - ÑÙè[ÞœõÞœè[Ù (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) B
Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of
could be - ÑÙè[ޜޜõè[Ù (ÞœêŸÙö˺) I teach (à¶þ§hìª).
you. What will be the programme?
may be - ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) She plays (Îè[ªêŸªÙC).
Oª ÍÙë]-J-êÁì« ÑÙè[è[Ù û¦ÚÛ« ú£ÙêÁ- might be - ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺) They sing (ð§è[-ê¦ô¢ª).
ù£î¶ª. vð¼vÞ¥îª ÔÙæ¨?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 4
should be, must be = ÑÙè¯L
Kiran: Let's decide when we meet. Answers: 1. He can be here in five minutes.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛL-ø‹ÚÛ Eô¢g-ô³ë¯lÙ. 1. When will he be here? ÍêŸè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô³ë]ª ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÑÙè[-Þœ-õè[ª.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ¸ôí£± ÑÙè¶ Nù£- 2. How long will you be in Hyderabad? 2. She could be the Prime Minister.
óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª. will be, shall 3. Will the book be with you tomorrow? Î ví£ëů-EÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-TÙC.
be î¦è¯ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 4. I shall not be here for long? 3. She may be there now.
I shall be there tomorrow. Î Ïí£±è[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa
(¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.) (ÑÙë¶îµ«?).
She is a player.
ví£øŒo: The machine is out of service.
He will be a graduate soon. 4. They might be happy. The machine has out of service.
(êŸyô¢ö˺ ÍêŸè[ª vÞ¥è[ªu-ó¶ªæËÀ Í÷±-ê¦è[ª.) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè… ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺). šíj î¦æ¨ö˺ ú£·ôjìC ÔC? î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ has
÷›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC? has ô¦ÚÛð¼ê¶
The train will be here in five min-
utes. She plays. 5. You should be here at 10 a.m.
ìª÷±y Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.
Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ÏÙÚÁ Íô³ë]ª ENªÿ§ö˺x ·ôjõª India won the match.

ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷ú£ªhÙC.) 6. Ravi must be in office

from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
India has won the match.
Ïö° has à¶J›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC.
How long will you be here?
ô¢N Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ìªÙ# B›ú›úh Óö°Ùæ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 5 ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈ- – Îó¶ªÿ§, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ
ÑÙæ°÷±?) ú£ªö˺ ÑÙè¯L.
shall be, will be ÍÙç¶ òÅ¡N- ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Ð 'be' forms áî¦ñª :
ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù (A future (ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL›í 'verb- M. SURESAN The machine is out of service. Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ
state of being) s'ìª àŸ«ø‹Ù. correct.
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛª ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ 'Time words' Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTxùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. The machine has out of service Íû¶C
ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ö°Eo êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª Englishö˺ 1. ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[-Þœ-õ÷±? English Ú¥ë]ª.
sentence #÷ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô³. 2. Eìo î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦oô¢ª? Has êŸô¢-î¦êŸ Óí£±pè[ª out ö°Ùæ¨ prepositions
3. ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ Ú•ÙêŸ ÏñsÙC ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa. ô¦÷±.
India won the match. Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ú£J-
eg: He will be here tomorrow.
4. Ú¥ú£h ×ô¢ªpêÁ ÑÙè[-ö¶î¦?
They were here yesterday.
5. ÍÚÛ\è[ ٠ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÑÙè¯L? Ú¥ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ·ÞL-#ì ôÁVÞ¥F, ê¶DÞ¥F ൛íp-åx-
The meeting will begin at 6 this
6. ÍêŸè[ª Eìoû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥è[ª. ô³ê¶ won correct.
India won the match last week. ÏC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
evening.
7. ÓûËÂ.æ¨. ô¦÷«-ô¦÷± ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª
Order: time, day, date, month, year
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÎóŸªì ìåªè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ last week ÍE çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ
eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time)
8. ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£ªÜÙÞ¥ ÑÙç¶, û¶ìª ÓÙꟛúšíjû¦ ÑÙè[-Þœ- Ú¥ñæ¨d.
on Monday (day), the 28th (date)
õìª. India ·ÞL-#Ùë]E, Óí£±pè[ª ·ÞL-#ÙëÁ çµjîª àµí£p-
May (month) 2005 (year)
9. Eìo à¦ö° àŸõxÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C-ö¶›úh India has won the match Íû¶C
ÏC Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. 10. Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[÷àŸªa? correct. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(÷ªSx Question order Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…– 5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow. A. He has gone out.
Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other 6. It will be hot for another two days.
Answers:
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±– How long? Óí£±pè[ª îµRxÙD çµjîª àµí£p-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d
words of the verb.) 7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 min- ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù – How far? ÓEo-þ§ô¢ªx – How often? has + past participle correct.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. utes. B. He went out this morning.
1. ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª? 8. What will be your next step?
1. How long can you be here? ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµRxÙD, this morn-
2. Oªô¢ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÓEo-ôÁ-V-õªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 9. Nobody will be here tomorrow. 2. When could they be here yesterday? ing ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ. Ú¥ñæ¨d past
10. How long will she be here? 3. There may be some trouble there tomor- simple tense correct.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! VOCABULARY

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ð§vꟖ dish (è…ùÃ), bowl (ò®öËÀ)
ÏÙæ˺x ð§vêŸõª – Vessels (îµú£öËÀq),
utensils (óŸ³çµ-EqöËÀq)
àµÙñª – ewer (óŸ´îËÂ)
row. C. She has bought a car.
has + past participle (çµjîª àµí£pè[Ù ö¶ë]ª
4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't
Ú¥ñæ¨d).
you)
D. She bought it yesterday.
5. When should we be there? (bought - past simple- yesterday ÍE
(Eìoû¶). çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d).
6. He could be here yesterday itself
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 20 WûË 2005

í£ë¯õ î¦è[ªÚÛö˺ ú£ªEoêŸîµªiì ê¶è¯ êµLóŸªÚÛ ð¼÷è[Ù ÷õx ÖÚÁ\þ§J ÷ªì

ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é Íô¢nÙ ÷«¸ô ví£÷«ë]Ù ÑÙC. DEÚ¨ ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ ví£òÅ°÷Ù ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ú¥÷àŸªa. Ö¸Ú í£ë¯Eo ÖÚÁ\àÁå ÖÚÁ\ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC.
ÔC ÓÚÛ\è[ Óö° ví£óµ«TÙà¦ö˺ êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£
Óë]ªæ¨î¦JE ÎÚÛåªdÚÛªÙåªÙC.

5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket

Cricketers (They) play cricket
Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ verbs, vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ
í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ regular actionsÚÛª.
Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶ Ú¥F...! Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
I go to college at 10 AM (ví£A-ôÁW)
My mother cooks for me (Óí£±pè[«)
Ïö° Oªô¢ª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo sentences ô¦óŸªÙè….
÷ªS} ÖÚÛ\-þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…:
Ram: Where is your brother? to Guntur - ÞœªÙå«-ô¢ªÚÛª. 2) A doctor --- patients (I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).
Oª þ¼ë]-ô¢ªè[ª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª? Ð Nù£óŸªÙö˺ ÷ªìÙ ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª Doctors --- patients (treat) ÏÚÛ\è[ am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ, Óí£±pè[«
Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home â°vÞœ-êŸh-í£-è¯L. Ú¨ÙC verbs ×þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…. 3) A lawyer --- cases ÑÙè[åÙ. Íö°¸Þ was, were- ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ;
ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ˺x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. A B Lawyers --- cases (argue) shall be / will be futureö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
Ram: Where does he study? 4) Pens --- I. I am in class
ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸë]ª÷±êŸªû¦oè[ª?
come comes
go goes A pen --- (Write) (Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ñû¦oìª)
Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school 5) A cricketer --- cricket My friend (he/she) is in the next room
ÍêŸìª öµôÂo-îµöËÀ ú£«\öËÀ Në¯uJn write
take
writes
takes Cricketers --- cricket (÷« friend, í£ÚÛ\ ÞœCö˺ Ñû¦o-è[ª/-ÑÙC
Ram: Which class is he in?
(Play) –Ïí£±pè[ª)
ÍêŸìª ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÓûËÁo êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±- My parents (they- î¦üŒ‰x) are at home
꟪-û¦oè[ª? Answers:
1) Wrist watches (ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¢ª– Ïí£±pè[ª)
Raghav: He is doing the 8th class
ÓE-NªëÁ êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª. (They) show the Ú¥ñæ¨d am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ
time II. I was/he was here yesterday.
M. SURESAN
Ram: What games does he play?
ÍêŸìª Ôó¶ª Îåõª Îè[-ê¦è[ª?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 5 A Wrist Watch (It) (ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦o쪖 Ñû¦oè[ª – Eìo)
shows the time My friends were in Hyderabad last week
Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.
vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ, ک Îè[-ê¦è[ª. sing sings 2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients (û¦ ›úo-꟪õª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oô¢ª,
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. teach teaches Doctors (They) treat patients ÞœêŸî¦ô¢Ù) -was, were, ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
III. Shall be/will be- future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ)
verb ÍEo àÁæ°x ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñª-꟪ÙC. speak speaks 3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases
is is
watching, does study ( = studies), is doing, AÚ¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú©, Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ú¥F
B
Lawyers (They) argue cases 1. India will be a great country by 2010
(2010 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-EÚ¨ òÅ°ô¢ê ޕí£p ë¶øŒÙÞ¥
(does play = plays) plays Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ à¶êŸ-õìª I, We, You, TheyêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
A
4) Pens (They) write
ÑÙåªÙC)
(actions) êµL›í
Verbs. A pen (It) writes
2. Anil will be here next week
A
(÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÍEöËÀ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª)
The girl is
The teacher is in class.
(æ©àŸô ڥxúÃö˺ ÑÙC)
He was on the playground.
(Play ground ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) reading They have had two cups of coffee so far.
B (Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« ·ôÙè[ª ÚÛí£±põ Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þ¥ô¢ª)
The teacher is teaching (Verb) Present perfect tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E,
(ò˺CÅ-þ¼hÙC) Óí£±pè[ª (Ô ôÁV, Ô ê¶D, Ô çµjÙ) áJ-TÙD àµí£p-ÚÛ-
He was playing have í£ÚÛ\ì had ìª ÖÚÛ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Ñí£-óµ«- ð¼ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) I have had my lunch. (û¦ òÅ˺áìÙ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
ví£øŒo:
TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? Íö° ô¦›úh Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Íô¢nÙ
B Ú¨Ùë] verbs ÍFo à¶êŸõìª êµL›í ★ had had- ÏC past perfect tense of 'have'.
(Actions) ÔNªæ¨? ÍC Ô tense Í÷±-꟪ÙC? Íö°¸Þ
Verbs. î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ had êŸô¦yêŸ í£ÚÛ\û¶ ÷ªSx had Past perfect ö˺ verb form: had + past par-
A Ú¨ÙC verbs ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êµõª-í£±-ê¦ô³. Ð à¶êŸ- ÷ú£ªhÙë¯? ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? ticiple
õìª àµ›íp verbs, action words. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC: ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì
– êŸêŸhJ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ, ìt-Ú•Ùè[
Past perfect
eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read, ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªö˺x îµ³ë]-æ¨-í£-EE.
dance. áî¦ñª: 'have' í£ÚÛ\ì 'had'___ have had_ ÏC He told me that he had passed
1. The boys are playing present perfect tense of have. present perfect (had + pp of pass)
2. The girl is reading ö˺verbform: have/has + past participle (pp); ð§ú£-óŸ«u-ìE û¦êÁ àµð§pè[ª.
3. These students talk in class eg: have seen, have gone etc. pass Í÷åÙ, àµí£påÙ, ·ôÙè[« ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìªö¶.
4. The cheetah runs fast Present perfect tense ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC Ïí£p-æ¨- pass Í÷åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, àµí£påÙ êŸô¦yêŸ. ÷³Ùë]ª,
5. A dog barks He, she, itêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E î¦è[ê¦Ù.
B ÷-ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£E. DEÚ¨ for the past, for the last, 'pass' Í÷åÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d had passed ÍE past per-
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛ«,
English ÚÛ« Ñìo ê¶è¯ ÏÙÚÁæ¨ Þœ÷ª- I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu since ÷þ§hô³.
fect î¦è[ê¦Ù.
EÙ-àŸÙè…. My father (he) a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for
Ð Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[« past actions. ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ
Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] ÑÙC
The book is on the table.
÷ªìÙ, ‘Oªë]’ ç¶ñªöËÀ êŸô¦yêŸ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺
}
My Mother (she) speaks Telugu
This class (it)
the past two years-
·ôÙè¶üŒ‰x àŸC-î¦ìª.
û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª
÷³Ùë]J past action. ‘ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ’ ÍÙç¶
'have a scooter.' Ú¥ñæ¨d past perfect of have =
I/We/you/these trains (they) go there b) He has worked (has + pp of work)
Oªë] Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ, on 'table' ÷³Ùë]ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. My mother (she) here since 2004 = 2004 ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª had + past partciple of have (=had) = had
ÍEo Nù£-óŸ«-õöËºì« ÍÙê¶.
from school -
at home -
ú£«\õª ìªÙ#
ÏÙæ¨ö˺
This train
}
My friend (he/she) goes there every day ÎóŸªì ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-ø‹è[ª.
Ïí£±pè[ª û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª ÑÙC ÍE àµð§põÙ綖
I have a car ÍÙæ°Ù. ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª Ð Ú¥ô¢ª
had.
He had had a scooter before he bought the
car.
In the bag - ú£Ù#ö˺
Fans (they) give air
A Fan (it) gives air ÑÙC ÍE Íû¦õÙç¶, 'have' ÚÛª present perfect (Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C)
tense, ÍÙç¶ have + past participle of have
★ He had had his breakfast when his friend
Dogs (they) bark
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! A dog (it) barks
ÏN Oªô¢ª í£²Jh-à¶ú£«h à¶óŸªÙè…
(=had) î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯! Íí£±p-è¶-÷ªÙæ°Ù?
I have had this car for the past two years
came in.
(î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÷à¶aåí£p-æ¨Ú¨ ÍêŸE
breakfast
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª practice
ÍÙæ°Ù. ÚÛLT Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ö˺ Ñìo
(Brackets verb êÁ í£²Jh à¶óŸªÙè…) have + had (pp of 'have'_
1) Wrist watches --- the time Ñû¦oìª) ÍE. She has had (has + pp of 'have')
★ She had had the information before I told
her of it.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. this job for the last one year.
(û¶ìª ൛íp ÷³Ùë¶ Î ë]Þœ_ô¢ Î ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÑÙC)
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
A Wrist watch --- the time (show)
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net (ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÎN-è[Ú© ÑëÁuޜ٠ÑÙC)
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Pooja: Are you happy?
(ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oî¦?)
Durga: Certainly I am.
(Í÷±ìª)
Pooja: Why are you happy?
(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?)
Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for
vacation. We shall be happy in each
other's company.
(÷« ÚÛ>ûË ú£ô¢-ú£yA šúõ-÷±-õÚ¨ ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨
÷#aÙC. ٠ÚÛõ-÷è[Ù Ïë]l-JÚ© ÓÙêÁ
ÎìÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.)
Pooja: What will be your plan?
(F ð§xûË ÔNªæ¨?)
Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know.
(¸ôí£± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦. F¸Ú êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖
am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be êŸô¦yêŸ
happy, plan ö°Ùæ¨ Ô ÷«åöµjû¦ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð
Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸ« practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Blanks ìª Brackets ö˺ Ï#aì ÷«å-õêÁ
EÙí£Ùè….
I am ________
(Oª ›íô¢ª àµí£pÙè…. Ñë¯:
I am Pavan)
I am _____
He is _______
They are ________
My friends will be ______
šíjì Ï#aìN sampleÞ¥ ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
ú£«dèµÙæËÀ, ú£«dèµÙæËÀq, ð»è[ªÞœª, ð»æ¨d, ö°÷±, ú£ìoÙ
ú£ÙêÁ-ù£Ù-Þ¥/-ë]ªÌ-ÜÙÞ¥, ë]óŸª-Þœõ, vÚÛ«ô¢-iì, ÷ªÙ#,
àµè[ª, þ¼÷ªJ, àŸªô¢ªÚÛª, ÚÁí£Ù Þœõ, ×ô¢ªp-Þœõ, êµL-îµjì,
êµL-N-ö¶E, î¦Þœªè[ª, ÷³òÅ°÷Ù Þœõ, Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõ,
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
Eâ°-óŸªB ö¶E, ì÷ªt-ë]Þœ_, ì÷ªt-ö¶E– Ð í£ë¯õÚÛª,
ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª àµí£p-Þœõ í£ë¯õÚÛª ú£·ôjì English ÷«å-
õìª ô¦óŸªÙè…. am, is, are; was, were; shall be,
will be í£ÚÛ\ì î¦æ¨E à¶Ja ÷«æ°x-è[Ùè….
šíj ÷«å-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª–
tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful,
kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient,
clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative,
reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreli-
able
ÏÙÚÁ ÍÙøŒÙ...
öµÚÛ\-ší-ç¶d-î¦-æ¨E English ö˺ countables
ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
Ñë¯: man, book, student, pen, town, village
etc.
Oæ¨Ú¨ singular, plural ÑÙæ°ô³. Íô³ê¶ Oæ¨
singular ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F, 'an' Ú¥F
ô¦î¦-õû¶C Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
I am a student.
He is an engineer.
She is a doctor.
She is an eye surgeon.
He is an uncle of mine.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª 6. ٠í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, We have been in Hyderabad for the
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
It is an ox. etc.
Ð ÏÙUxù£ª ÷«å-õêÁ Questions ÚÛ«è¯ prac-
tice à¶óŸªÙè….
eg: Is he happy?
Are they clever? etc.
šíjì àµí‡pì ÷«å-õ-EoÙæ¨Ú¨ English ÷«å-
õö˺ question practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Question structure Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯?
a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?]
b) first word of the verb + sub + other words
of the verb.
[Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping
(other words of the verb) you?]
1. ÍêŸè[ª ò°Þ¥ ð»è[ªÞ¥?
Îû¦æ¨ ìªÙ<...
Ðû¦æ¨ ë¯Ú¥..!
2. Î ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯?
3. Î ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? (futureö˺)
4. î¦üŒ‰x Eâ°-óŸªBÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ î¦ü‹x? (past)
5. î¦ü˜xí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª??
6. ¸ôí£± Oª·ô-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª?
7. î¦è[ª Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõî¦-è[E OªÚÛª ì÷ªtÚÛÙ
ÑÙë¯?
8. ÍêŸè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙæ°è¯?
(futureö˺)?
9. Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x?
6 10. ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª Î ö°÷±Þ¥ ÑÙè¶ë¯?
Answers:
1) Is he very tall?
2) Is she beautiful?
3) Will she be happy?
4) Were they honest?
5) Where are they now?
6) Where will you be tomorrow?
7) Are you sure that he is honest?
8) Will he be careful?
9) Were you happy?
10) Was she fat once?
ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙç¶, was, were.
Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙç¶ am, is, are ÞœêŸÙ ìªÙ#
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥F, ÏÙÚ¥ Ú¥F ÑÙè[è¯Eo
àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ have been, has been î¦è[ê¦Ù.
I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have; he, she, it
Íô³ê¶ has î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He was here four years ago.
2. ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£±p-è…-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He is here.
3. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He has been here for the past four years.
4. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ò°Þ¥ ÓÙè[Þ¥ ÑÙC.
It has been very hot for the past two days.
5. òÅ°ô¢ê 1947 ìªÙ# ú£yêŸÙ-vêŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.
India has been independent since
1947 (for the past 57 years)
past ten years (since 1995)
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 22 WûË 2005
7. ÏÙêŸ-›úí£² ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±? before?
Where have you been all this time? Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª Oæ¨Ú¨ English practice à¶óŸªÙè….
8. Oªô¢ª ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? 1. Oª·ôÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
How long have you been here? 2. çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ vÚ¨·Ú-å-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª?
9. í£²á ÏÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ªÙC? 3. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
Where has Pooja been all these days? (since, for the past ·ôÙè[« Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ#
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ have been / has been ÚÛª à¦ö° àµí£pÙè….)
vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ 4. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥
÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ Î ÑÙè[-è¯Eo I, Ñû¦oè[ª.
We, you and theyêÁ 5. à¦ö°-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ èÅ…Mx ÏÙè…óŸ«ÚÛª ô¦á-ëůEÞ¥ ÑÙC.
Íô³ê¶ 'have been'êÁ Þ¥F 6. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÎóŸªì Fô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
he, she, it êÁ Íô³ê¶ 'has (Fô¢Ùú£Ù– Weak)
been' êÁÞ¥F ú£«#þ§hÙ. 7. Oªô¢ª î¦ô¢Ù ôÁV-õªÞ¥ G@Þ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
ÏÙÚÁ-N-ù£óŸªÙ... 8. ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ áñªsêÁ Ñû¦oô¢ª? (áñªs–
ÞœêŸ Ú•Eo ôÁV-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ill/sick)
ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ûµõ-õªÞ¥/ 9. ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ îµjÓúà ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¢ª?
Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ for 10. Oªô¢ª à¦ö° Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¦?
the past (The last)... days/ Answers:
... hours/ ... months / ... M. SURESAN 1. How long have you been here?
years (Ý°Sö˺x ôÁVõª, 2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer?
ÞœÙåõª, ûµõõª, ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õ ú£ÙÜu.) 3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the
eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2 past (last) 4 Years.
months / 2 years 4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003.
ö¶ë¯ for 2 days / hours / months / years 5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a
now ÍÙæ°Ù. long time.
íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV/ ÞœÙå/ ûµõ/ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# 6. He has been weak for two days now (for
the past/ for the last two days)
7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one
week?
8. How long has he been ill?
9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister?
10. Have you been here for long?
šíj Sentencesö˺ have been/ has been
î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨
÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-è¯Eo have been/ has
been êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. Question structure
Óí£±pè[« verb + subject Þ¥F, verb ö˺ ·ôÙè[ª-
÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶, Ist word of the verb +
Subject + other words of the verb Þ¥F
ÑÙåªÙC.
Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ since ÍÙæ°Ù.
✫ I have been here for the past (last) two
years.
I have been here since 2003
✫ She has been here for the (last) past two
months.
She has been here since February end.
ví£øŒo: áì-ô¢-öËÀÞ¥ ‘Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ªìª’ – ‘à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª’ –
I am a student ‘û¶JpÙ-àŸ-ñ-è[ªìª’ Íû¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x verb v3 E
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª–
Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here;
'Spoken' English Institute - Ïö°
verb
ìª Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-
v1 v3
ú£ªhû¦oôÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
– ¸ôÿ§t, òµõxÙí£Lx
áî¦ñª :
1. verb v3 ÍÙç¶
past participle: done, spo-
ken, seen etc.
passive form ö˺
verb Óí£±pè[«,
'be' form +
past participle.
Íû¶C,
'Milk sold here'
ÚÛª
'Milk is sold here'
short form.
ÏÚÛ\è[
✫ India has been independent for the past
verb 'is (be form) + sold (past par-
ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ– Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.
(last) 57 years.
ticiple of sell)'
Íö°¸Þ ÍÙç¶
'Job work done here' 'Job
India has been independent since 1947.
Ð for the past (last)ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ à¦ö° work is done here' ÍE Íô¢nÙ.is done,
÷³ÜuÙ. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. (passive) ÍÙç¶ à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª ÍE.(is - be
ë]ªô¢_ Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. form + done - past participle).
ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ‘ñè…ì’,
Durga was here yesterday.
2. past participle (p.p.)
‘ñ趒 ÍE.
ë]ªô¢_ Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. ÏÚÛ\è[
Durga is here.
eg: The man seen here every day -
àŸ«è[-ñè¶ ÷uÚ¨h. #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì
ë]ªô¢_ Eìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙC. torn paper -
Durga has been here since yesterday. Ú¥TêŸÙ. Íö°¸Þ
spoken english ÍÙç¶
÷«æ°x-è[-ñè¶ ÏÙTxùà ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìo ÓÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª?
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺
Where were they the day before?
î¦üŒ‰} Ïí£±p-èµÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª? passive voice î¦è[Ù.
Where are they? ‘Í÷«t, ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[-ñ-è…Ùë¯?’ ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯!
î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? Íö°¸Þ ‘#Ùí£-ñè[f Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍìÙ.
Where have they been since the day ‘#E-Tì Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍÙæ°Ù.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 24 WûË 2005

countable, singular). Ú¨ÙC regular actions ìª English ö˺ àµí£pÙè….

Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I
miss her today.
(ôÁW ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë]t-áìª ÚÛõª-þ§hìª. Ð
ôÁV ÚÛE-í‡Ù-àŸ-ö¶ë]ª.)
Valli: Yes. She comes here everyday. I
too see that.
(Î ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC. û¶ìª
ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ø‹ìª (ví£A-ôÁV))
Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday.
She does not come here on sun-
day.
(û¦ÚÛª Þœªô•h-þ¼hÙC. Ð ôÁV ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù.
Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ô¦ë]ª.)
Valli: I do not know that.
(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.)
Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every
sunday. I too visit my cousin every
sunday evening.
(Î ÎCî¦ô¦õª î¦üŒx ÍêŸhóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
îµüŒ‰-꟪ÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÚÛ>ûË ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.)
be forms ö°Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõ-í£è[Ù Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ šíj
î¦Ú¥uö˺xE meet, comes, remember, does
come, goes, visit í£ë¯õª í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular).
3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrella- 1. ÎÚÛª Ð vèµúà à¦ö° Ïù£dÙ.(like î¦è[Ùè…)
countable, singular). 2. û¶ìª ôÁW ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singu- 3. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£C-ÞœÙ-å-õÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
lar) Í÷±-ê¦ô³.
'a'Óí£±pè[ª? Óí£±pè[ª?
'an' 4. ÷« Í÷ªt æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«ú£ªhÙC.
Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª (watch - úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq, ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[è[Ù)
øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'an' î¦è¯L. 5. ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ôÁV ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ AJ-T-÷-
NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. þ§hô¢ª. (return, come back; ÏÙæ¨Ú¨– 'home')
an umbrella (ÍÙvòµö° – Ú¥ñæ¨d an)
an hour (Í÷ô – an)
Íö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ ÷«åõª an honour (Îìô – an)
àµí£pÙè…. an idea (Õè…óŸ« – an)
an owl (ØöËÀ –an)
ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù, ìè[÷è[Ù, í£ô¢ª-·Þ-êŸhè[Ù, ÷Ùè[è[Ù, an egg (ÓÞ – an)
v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Ð ú£«vêŸÙ ð§æ¨›úh a, an Nù£-óŸªÙö˺con-
àŸè[Ù, Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÷ªô¢#-ð¼-÷è[Ù– ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª fusion ÑÙè[ë]ª.
A, AN...
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÞœÙë]ô¢ÞÁüŒÙ? NªÞœê¦ øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]Ùê¦ a î¦è[Ùè….
6. ví£A-ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ ÞœÙå-›úí£± àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
(study; for an hour, every morning)
7. ÷« Í÷ªt Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-꟪ÙC.
ÓEo í£ìªõ ÷«åõª àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ ÍEo-æ¨êÁ prac-
(ví£A-ôÁW – Íõ-î¦åª – regular)
countable singular ÓÚÛ\è[ ÷#aû¦ ë¯E ÷³Ùë]ª a
ticeà¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥F an Ú¥F ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.
Answers:
Answers :
Mother loves her child (wrong) 1. She likes this dress.
I write sleep
2. I read the Eenadu (every day).

}
A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.
We play waste
þ§hô³. You walk use f) Uncountable ÷³Ùë]ª a Ú¥F an Ú¥F Óí£±pè[« 3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m.

The boys run remember ô¦ë]ª. 4. My mother (She) watches TV serials.

(They) cook forget ÷ªSx ÖÚÛ-þ§J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing 5. My father (He) returns / comes back home

word ÍÙç¶ come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd

at 6 a.m.
love
Regular doing word ÍÙç¶ comes, goes,
6. I study for an hour every morning.
Hemant (he) writes cooks uses

} walks) õìª í£J-Q-Lë¯lÙ.

7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 7 Sarala (she) plays loves remembers
I, We, you, they Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW;
It(Íô¢nÙ walks sleeps forgets
ú£J-ð¼-ó¶ª-åªxÞ¥) runs wastes he, she, it Íô³ê¶ 2nd RDW î¦è¯L.
í£ìª-õìª êµL›í Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð ·ôÙè[ª Regular doing words vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-
I Regular Doing II Regular Doing ÚÛªÙè¯, EêŸuÙ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– ÍÙç¶
Words Words
a) Pens (They) write. Regular actions ÚÛª. Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª
A B A pen (It) writes. ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
eat eats (eat+s) b) Wrist watches (They) show the time. 1) û¶ìª ôÁW ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Evë]-ö¶-þ§hìª.
take takes (take+s) A wrist watch (It) ÏC regular action. Ú¥ñæ¨d I get up at 6 a.m.
give gives (give+s) shows the time. ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ÍE àµí‡pû¦, àµí£p-ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ ví£øŒo: Oxford advanced dictionary ö˺
wash washes (Wash+es) c) Doctors (They) treat ÖÚÛç¶. get Íû¶ 1st RDW ö˺û¶ regular Íû¶C í£ÚÛ\ì Ïú£ªhìo pronunciationö˺ letters
word

like likes (like+s) patients. Íô¢n-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú•Eo Íè[fÙÞ¥, Ú•Eo êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-
sing sings (Sing+s) A doctor (He/She)
treats patients.
2) ٠ê•NªtCÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÚÛü‹-ø‹õÚÛª ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù. óµªÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? Oæ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?
dance dances (dance+s)
d) Fans (They) give air.
We start for college at 9 a.m. ÍÙë]ª-¸Ú-iû¦ EóŸª-÷«-õªÙ-æ°óŸ«?
go goes (go+es)
A fan gives air.
(Regular action - start - 1st RDW) Dictionary page bottom line Ú¨Ùë] ÚÛ«è¯
'A' Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª I Regular Doing Words, B e) Teachers (They) 3) ÷« ›úo-꟪õª ò°Þ¥ Îè[ê¦ô¢ª. Ïö°¸Þ ÑÙæ°ô³. Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êµL-óŸª-â¶-
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª II Regular Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. M. SURESAN ÏC regular action. óŸªÙè….
– ô¢÷«-ë¶îËÂ, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂ.
teach.
I Regular Doing Words ÚÛª (A Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õÚÛª)
's' Ú¥F 'es' Ú¥F à¶J›úh II Regular doing words
A Teacher (He/She) teaches. Ïö° ÍEo Our friends (They) play well.

÷þ§hô³. verbs ÚÛª

A Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª [I Regular Doing Words
(I RDWs)], I, We, you and they êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. B
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª [II Regular Doing Words
(II RDWs)] He, She, itêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
I Ú•Eo øŒò°l-õÚÛª Þœªô¢ªhõª.
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 4) Oª·ô-í£±pè[« Îõú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª. áî¦ñª : ÏÙTx-ùÃ-ö˺E ͤÛ-ô¦õª (alphabet), ÏÙTxùÃ
(Óí£±pè[« áJ-¸Þ-í£E). Ñà¦a-ô¢-éö˺ ÷à¶a øŒò°l-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© ú£J-ð¼÷±. ÍÙë]ª-
COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES You always come late. ÷ö¶x pronunciationö˺ ÍÙêŸ confusion. Ñìo
a) countables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\ šíç¶dN. 5) ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ñë]óŸªÙ 9Ú¨ ÎíƈúÃÚÛª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢- ͤÛ-ô¦õª ÍEo øŒò°l-õìª ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ ú£J-ð¼÷±.
ê¦ô¢ª (Regular- ví£A-ôÁV). Ú¥ñæ¨d êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥, Íè[fÙÞ¥ Ñìo ͤÛ-ô¦-õìª
book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc.
b) uncountables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíådö¶EN. My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m.
Ú•Eo øŒò°lõ ÚÁú£Ù î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íö° ÑÙè¶ Í¤Û-ô¦õª

} ÍE àµð§pLqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.

milk, sugar, rice, water etc.
'v'E veryö˺ ‘îµ’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥
(everyday
We
c) countables ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª singular (ÖÚÛæ¨), ÍÙç¶û¶
You like milk
(ÖÚÛæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷) ÑÙæ°ô³.
starts regular)
Ñìo v = ‘∧’ E but, shut, cut ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x
My parents
plural
book (singular) books (plural)
6) ÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùè[ª-꟪ÙC (Óí£±pè[«). ÷à¶a ‘Í’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. but- DE pronunci-
(They)
pen (singular) pens (plural)
My mother (She) cooks for us. ation, dictionary ö˺ Ïö° ÑÙåªÙC. b∧t; cut =
7) 1st show Îô¢ªÙ-ò°-÷±ÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Í÷±-꟪ÙC k∧t etc. è…ÚÛ{-vFö˺ key to Pronunciation ö˺

}
My father (he)
teacher (singular) teachers (plural)
My mother (she) likes milk (ôÁW ÚÛë¯). àŸ«›úh Ô Þœªô¢ªh Ô øŒò°l-EÚ¨ Íû¶C N÷-ô¢ÙÞ¥
The Cat (it)
boy (singular)
ÚÛª
boys (plural)
ÑÙè[ë]ª. The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m. ÑÙåªÙC. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ò°åª pronunciation
casettes, CDs Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[-ê¦ô³.
d) uncountables plural milks, sug-
šíjì àŸ«í‡ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ A group ÚÛª í£C Verbs, B ars, rices ÍìÙ.
group ÚÛª í£C verbs àµí£pÙè…. ví£øŒo: ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë]û¶ ÏÙÚ¥ú£h òÅ°ô¢Ù
eg: ê¦Þœè[Ù
e) Very Important: countable singulars
(ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíç¶dN– ÖÚÛ-ë¯Eo, ÖÚÛJE ÞœªJÙ# Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£÷«-ì-
൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª) ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª îµªiì proverb ÑÙç¶ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè….

} }
I He
We drink coffee She drinks coffee 'an' Ú¥F ô¦î¦-LqÙë¶. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, – ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[.
You It eg:
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82 áî¦ñª : Oªô¢-ìo-ë¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì proverb ÔD
They 1) A doctor treats patients (doctor - Englishö˺ ö¶ë]ª.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu?
(FÚÛª î¶éª êµõªþ§?)
Vasu: Of course, I know him.
(Í÷±ìª û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª)
Ramu: How do you know him?
(ÍêŸìª FÚÛª Óö° êµõªú£ª?)
Vasu: We work in the same department.
But he works in another section.
(î¶ªÙ Ö¸Ú è…ð§-ô¢ªd-Ùæ˺x ÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ.
Ú¥F ÍêŸìª ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E-à¶-þ§hè[ª)
Ramu: Which section does he work in?
(ÍêŸìª Ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E à¶þ§hè[ª?)
Vasu: Why do you want to know all this?
(ìª÷±y Ð N÷-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-
õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Question õö˺ do,
does ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Oæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ.
Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW)
- come, comes; go, goes- Ïö°Ù-æ¨N
not
questionö˺ î¦è¶-å-í£±pè[ª à¦ö° â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L.
÷ªìÚ¨ ÏÙTxùÚíj í£åªd ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.
û¶ìª ÚÛü °ø‹õÚÛª ví£A ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ
ê•NªtCÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª.
I go to college at 9 AM.
û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ ê•Nªt-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ îµüŒx쪖 Íû¦-õÙç¶
I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM.
ví£A ôÁV î¦üŒ‰x ììªo ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.
They meet me every day.
î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁô¢ª.
They do not meet
me every day.
î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª (÷uA-
'not'
¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨),
question Íè…¸Þåí£±pè[ª
1st RDW (come, go
ö°Ùæ¨N)êÁ 'do'
÷ú£ªhÙC.
Ú•Eo Ïö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uõª– M. SURESAN
1) I go there every Sunday.
a) I do not go there every Sunday.
b) Do I go there every Sunday?
2) They speak Telugu.
a) They do not speak Telugu.
b) Do they speak Telugu?
(1) ö˺ go not êÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª 1 (a) ö˺ do
go Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Question 1 (b)ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ do
go Í÷±-êÁÙC.
Íö°¸Þ (2)ö˺ Speak notêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª
2(a)ö˺, questionÞ¥ 2(b)ö˺ do speak Í÷±-
êÁÙC.
3) We like mangoes
a) We do not like mangoes
b) Do we like mangoes?
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ like notêÁ Ú¥F questionö˺
Ú¥F î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do like Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè….
Ú¥ñæ¨d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW.
ÍÙç¶1st Regular Doing Words (come,
go ö°Ùæ¨-N)E not êÁ questionö˺ î¦è…-ì-
í£±pè[ª do + 1st RDW Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
Ð Ú¨ÙCî¦-æ¨Ú¨ not êÁ ÷uA-¸ôÚ¥õª, questions
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢éõª...
1. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 26 WûË 2005
4. û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª. 3. î¦ü˜xö° ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª?
û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. How do they sing? (How = Óö°?)
OªÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? Ans: ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª.
5. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. They sing well
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. 4. Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Óí£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª?
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? Why do you always come late?
6. ٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hÙ. Ans: I miss the bus.
٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[Ù. 5. Oªô¢ª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸªö¶lô¢ê¦ô¢ª?
Oªô¢ª ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hô¦? (ôÁW)
7. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. When do you start for college? (every
(îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù = treat) day)
ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. Ans: I start at 9 AM.
They know English. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¦? 6. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª çµjÙ î¶úÃd à¶þ§h÷±?
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. 8. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¢ª. Why do you waste time?
They do not know English. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨Ù-àŸô¢ª. Ans: û¶û¶Ù î¶úÃd à¶óŸª-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª.
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¦? I do not waste time.
Do they know English?
Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯ – Answers: Ð Ú¨ÙC questions English ö˺ practice
(Question Structure
Óí£±pè[« ÷³Ùë]ª)
'verb'
1. They come here daily. à¶óŸªÙè….
2. ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h÷±. They do not come here daily. 1. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷þ§hô¢ª?
You always come late. Do they come here daily? 2. Oªô¢ª ÍEo ú‡E-÷«-öµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª?
ìªîµy-í£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦÷±. (not) 2. You meet him every day. 3. Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ í£±ú£h-Ú¥-öµ-ÚÛ\è[ Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
You do not come late. You do not meet him every day. 4. î¦üŒ‰x Ô í£vAÚÛ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hî¦? Do you meet him everyday? 5. Óí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Oª šúõ-÷±õª?
Do you always come late? 3. We sing well. 6. Oª·ôÙêŸ ú£Ùð§-C-þ§hô¢ª?
7. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
8. ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªîµy-÷-JE ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?
9. Óö°Ùæ¨ ú‡E-÷«õª FÚ¨ù£dÙ?
10. Oªô¢ª í£à¦K ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è[
Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
šíj questions ÚÛª ví£A-ë¯-EÚ© ú£÷«-ëů-û¦õª ÚÛ«è¯
ö˺, í£åªd êµL›í í£ë¯õª! ô¦óŸªÙè….
Answers:
1. Why do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here to see me.
2. Why do you watch so many movies?
Ans: I watch them because I like them.
3. ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. We do not sing well.
3. Where do you buy books usually?
His friends help him. Do we sing well?
Ans: I buy them at that stall.
ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. 4. I know English.
4. What newspaper do they read?
His friends do not help him. I do not know English.
Do you know English?
Ans: They read the Eenadu.
5. When do your holidays begin?
5. These teachers teach well.
These teachers do not teach well. Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.
6. How much do you earn?
Do these teachers teach well?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 8 6. We watch English movies. Ans: Why do you want to know?
We do not watch English movies. (Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?)
ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦? Do you watch English movies? 7. When do they come here every day?
Do his friends help him? 7. The doctors here treat well. Ans: They come here at 7 PM
The doctors here do not treat well.
know = do know
Do the doctors here treat well?
8. Whom do you meet every sunday?
come = do come
8. They act well.
Ans: I meet my friend.
help = do help
Í÷è[Ù šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. They do not act well.
9. What kind of movies do you like?
Ans: I like suspense movies.
Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª î¦Ú¥u-õìª Englishö˺ practice Do they act well?
10. Where do you buy provisions usually?
à¶óŸªÙè…. English ö˺
what, where, when, which,
Ans: I buy them at that shop.
1. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª. whose, whom and why êÁ ÚÛ«è¯
questions
î¦RxÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. Íè[ª-Þœªê¦Ù ÚÛë¯? Oæ¨E ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
'wh' words
î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? Oæ¨êÁ Íè…¸Þ questions 'wh' questions. Ð
2. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±. 'wh' ÷«å-õêÁ ÍÙç¶ 'wh' questions 1 ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ÷±. êÁ
st RDW do + 1 st RDW ÷ú£ªhÙC. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? 1. Oª¸ÚÙ êµõªú£ª? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
3. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦Ù. What do you know? þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[Ù. 2. Oª·ô-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦÷«? Where do you live? email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: standard è…ÚÛ{vFE Óö° JíÆ£ô ô³ê¶ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª ví£ê¦u- è…ÚÛ{vFö˺ Ïà¶a ÷«åÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì N÷-
à¶óŸ«L? Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«oóŸª Spellings ìª ÒÙàŸªÚ•E îµêŸ- ô¦õª. ÍN–
îµAÚ¨šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸªí£ë]lÄA êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. Ú¥L. existence Íû¶ í£ë]Ù spelling ìª ★ Î ÷«å Pronunciation
Íö°¸Þ Key to dictionary entries ÷ªìÙ ð»ô¢-ð§-åªÞ¥ existance ÍìªÚÛªE ★ parts of speech
ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? îµA-Ú¨ê¶ Ð í£ë]Ù Dictionary ö˺ ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. ★ Ôó¶ªparts of speech ö˺, Ôó¶ª ô¢ÚÛ-iì
– ø˜jõá, ÚÛKÙ-ì-Þœô Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª a ñë]ªõª e ví£ê¦u-÷«o- Print ö˺, ͤÛ-ô¦õ
Type ö˺ ÑÙC.
óŸªÙêÁ îµêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù êŸô¢ª-î¦A ë]øŒ. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ õª
áî¦ñª: Ô Standard dictionary ö˺ ➻ Word ìª îµA-Ú¨-šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸª í£ë]lÄA ÑÙC.
★ Parts of speech Noun, Verb
Íô³ê¶ î¦æ¨ö˺ Ô ô¢Ú¥Eo Óö° ú£«#þ¼hÙC.
Íô³û¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª îµAÚ¨-šíç¶d í£ë]lÄA ÖÚÛç¶. ÷ªìÚÛª ͤÛô¢vÚÛ÷ªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-è¶-ë¯Eo ñæ¨d ★ Íë¶ ÷«åêÁ ÷à¶a IdiomÚÛª Ïà¶a Þœªô¢ªh,
Íë¶ Alphabetical order ö˺ refer à¶óŸªè[Ù. êŸyô¢Þ¥ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛè[Ù Îëů-ô¢-í£è… î¦æ¨Ú¨Synonyms, antonyms Óö°
ê¶LÞ¥_ refer à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ Ð Ú¨ÙC ÍÙø‹õìª ÑÙåªÙC. êµLð§ô¢ª.
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ➻ îµ³ë]å ví£A ›í@šíjì Ñìo Lead Word ...êŸCêŸô¦õª. Oæ¨E Key to dictionary
➻ English alphabetö˺ ͤÛô¢ vÚÛ÷ªÙ a-z
÷ô¢ÚÛª êµL-óŸ«L. àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. entries N÷-J-þ§hô³.
➻ ÏÚÛSpelling ìª ñæ¨d îµêŸ-Ú¥L. Ð NëůìÙ è…ÚÛ{vF NE-óµ«-Þ¥Eo ÍêŸuÙêŸ ú£ô¢-
➻ îµA¸Ú í£ë]Ù Spelling ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥
Key to dictionary entries ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ üŒ-êŸô¢Ù à¶ú£ªhÙC.
êµLú‡ ÑÙè¯L. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ ÷ªì šúpLxÙÞ êŸí£p-
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 28 WûË 2005

Raghu: Does your friend meet you regular- He does not

ly?
(Oª všíÆÙè Eìªo ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè¯?) move out of home
Ramu: Which friend? (Ô všíÆÙèÂ?) on sunday.
Raghu: Seshu (ø™ù£ª)
Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But
he does not meet me on sundays.
(Í÷±ìª. ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè[ª Ú¥F
ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«vêŸÙ ÚÛõ-÷è[ª.)
Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet
you on sundays?
(ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõ-÷è[ª?)
Ramu: He does not move out of home on Does Usha play well? ANSWERS:
sunday. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well.
(ÍêŸìª ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù Ïõªx ÚÛë]-õè[ª.) 1. a) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 2nd RDW meets b) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach?
question ö˺ not êÁ does meet Í÷±-êÁÙC. c) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? 2. a) They help others.
Íö°¸Þ does move ÍÙç¶ moves (not êÁ ÷#a- 2. a) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. b) They do not help others.
ì-í£±pè[ª). b) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª.
c) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦?
c) Do they help others?
Come, go, Walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDWs
(Regular Doing Words)ìª notêÁ, 3. a) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª.
3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day.

questionsö˺ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E b) Mr Rao does not come here every day.

êµõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ. c) Does Mr Rao come here every day?

eg: 4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every
1) They come here everyday. morning.

Does Óí£±pè•ú£ªhÙC?
a) they do not come here every day. b) We do not watch TV for an hour every
b) Do they come here every day? morning.
2) You come here often. c) When do you watch the TV every day?
a) You do not come here often. 5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM.
b) Do you come here often? b) The paper does not come here at 6
Ïö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª2nd Regular Doing Words- AM.
comes, goes, walks, talks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs not ìª c) When does the paper come?
êÁÚ¥F, question ö˺ڥF î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª
'does' 5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM
÷ú£ªhÙC.2nd RDWs- he, she, it êÁû¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM
Ú¥ñæ¨d
'does' ÚÛ«è¯
he, she, it êÁû¶ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Q: Does (Sunil) find?
à¦L. 4) goes (+ not) = does not go; b) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. c) When do you get the paper?

1) Sunita (She) sings well. Q: Does (Sita) go? c) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? 6. a) They understand his teaching well.

2nd RDW
Ïö° Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. 4. a) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«þ§hÙ. b) They do not understand his teaching
a) Sunita does not sing well. takes = does take (with not/?) b) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«è[Ù. well.
2nd RDW
c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW æ©O Óí£±pè[ª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª? c) How well do they understand his teach-
ÏÚÛ\è[verb 'does sing' - not êÁ. comes = does come (with not/?)
writes = does write (with not/?) . ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙåõÚÛª ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC.
5 a) ing?
b) Does Sunita sing well?
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E à¶óŸªÙè…. b) ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ë]ª. 7. a) You read the paper every day.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ verb 'does sing' - question ö˺. ÏN
practice
·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- c) ôÁW ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC? b) You do not read the paper everyday.
ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ sings + not/?
1st RDW, 2nd RDW
ìN. ÍÙç¶ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x 'do',÷ªJ Ú•Eo 6. a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢n÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. c) What paper do you read everyday?
= does sing
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ b) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ë]ª. 8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays.
sings ìª not êÁ Ú¥F, 'does'
c) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥
question ö˺ Ú¥F î¦è…-ì- Íô¢n÷ª÷±êŸªÙC?
b) She does not go to her friends' on

í£±pè[ª 'does sing' 7. a) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª.

Sundays.

Í÷±êÁÙC. b) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]-÷ô¢ª.

c) How often does she go to her friends'?
9. a) She likes him.
2) Kumar (he) knows c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ô ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
9
8. a) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
English.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é b) She does not like him.
a) Kumar does not
M. SURESAN Þœ÷ª-EÙ# practice à¶óŸªÙè…. îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC. c) Why does she like him so much?

b) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒxë]ª.

know English. 10. a) He goes to Vizag every week.
eg:
b) Does Kumar know English?
û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª. c) Î î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÓÙêŸ êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ îµüŒ‰- b) He does not go to Vizag every week.
(Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
knows + not/? = does know)
1. a)
I go to bed at 11 PM. ꟪ÙC? c) Why does he go to Vizag every week?
3) Hari likes music.
b) û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÁìª. 9. a) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ. 11. a) We take coffee.
a) Hari does not like music.
I do not go to bed at 11 PM. b) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. b) We do not take coffee.
b) Does Hari like music?
Oª·ô-EoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? c) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ Ïù£dÙ? c) What do you take, coffee or tea?
Ïö° êÁ
'not' questions ö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo
2nd RDWs
c)
10. a) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒê¦è[ª.
ô¢«ð§õª àŸ«è[Ùè…. 2. a)
When do you go to bed?
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪ÙC. b) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒxè[ª.
1) works (+ not) = does not work;
Q: Does (he) work?
b)
Usha plays well.
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ë]ª.
c) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµüŒê¦è[ª?
11. a) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°Ù.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
2) takes (+ not) = does not take;
Usha does not play well. b) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙ. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Q: Does (she) take?
c) Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪Ùë¯? c) Oª¸ôÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª, Ú¥íÆˆóŸ« æ©óŸ«? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
3) finds (+ not) = does not find;
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
NªÚÂqè çµûËÂq î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Óö°Ùæ¨ my book. simple present ÚÛª
present perfect email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: â°vÞœ-êŸhõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 5. I know (that) you stolen my book combination ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? Íö°¸Þ
simple
1. I know you've stolen my book. yesterday. pastÚ¨ past perfect ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? tion ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ Íë¶.
Ïë¶ î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? 6. I knew that you had stolen my book Ú¨
simple past simple past ú£·ôj-ìë¯?
just I Know (simple present) you've stolen
2. I knew you had stolen my book. yesterday. ÷Ùæ¨ Ú¨
recent actions present perfect +
3. I Knew you stole my book šíj î¦Ú¥uõª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L. Ð present perfect ú£·ôj-ìë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(present perfect).
simple past, past perfect combination Ñìo
4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ìî¦ Ú¥î¦? – óŸªÙ. ÎÚ¥Ù¤Û, 궸ôo-ÚÛöËÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª ·ôÙè[ª, Íô³ë]ª î¦Ú¥uõª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
áî¦ñª: I know you have stolen my book F÷± û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙT-LÙ-à¦-÷E û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa– û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶.
DE Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙÞœ-LÙ-à¦-÷E ÏÚÛ\è[ ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸ-è[÷´ ÞœêŸî¶ª. êµL-óŸª-è[÷´ I knew you had stolen my book. eg:
û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. ÞœêŸî¶ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªõ« past ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª, I have just noticed that he has not attend-
ÏÙë]ªö˺ ë•ÙT-LÙ-#ÙC ÞœêŸÙö˺ Íô³û¦ êµLú‡ÙC I Knew you stole my book. ÏÙÚÁæ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ áJ-Þ¥ô³ Ú¥ñæ¨d knew, had ed class for the past two days.
Ïí£±pè[ª. ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d DEÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ô¦÷-à¶a stolen î¦è¯L. have noticed, have attended ·ôÙè[« pres-
I knew you had stolen my book. Ú¥F ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ êŸí£±p. Ð Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ö¶ ÚÛë¯! Ïö° ·ôÙè[« î¦è•àŸªa.
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 30 WûË 2005

vÚÛ ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ, ඛú í£ìª-õÚÛª

ö°Ùæ¨N, 2nd RDW (Regular Doing
Words- comes, goes)
1st
RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go)

ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1st
(Past Doing Word- PDW).
ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷è[Ù, Eõñ-è[è[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÚÛõ-Þœ-ìè[Ù, Íô¢nÙ
à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Ú•ìè[Ù, ê¶÷è[Ù, ú‡ë]lÄ-í£-è[è[Ù,
îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù, û¦åuÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, ìæ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù,
RDW ìª
'not' êÁ Þ¥E,
question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, í£E-à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù,
'do', 2nd RDW ìª
'not' êÁÞ¥E,
question ö˺ޥE î¦è[è[Ù, ð§è[ª à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù, E÷-ú‡Ù-àŸè[Ù,
î¦è…ê¶ 'does' ÷ú£ªhÙC ÍE êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ñêŸÚÛè[Ù.
Ravi: Hello Ramana when did you return
from Vizag?
ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?
(ô¢÷ªé, îµjâ°Þ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª AJ-Þ•- Let's go over what we've learnt so far.
à¦aô¢ª?) ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛª-ìoC ×þ§J àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Ramana: I returned yesterday. am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall
(Eìo AJ-Þ•-à¦aìª.) be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go, Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ›í@õª. come - came
Ravi: Why did you go to Vizag? come, walk ö°Ùæ¨
verbs), 2nd Regular Doing The pages of the book (book's- î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª) like - liked
(îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª?) Words (goes, comes, walks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs) ç¶ñªöËÀ Ú¥üŒ‰x. talk - talked
Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage Oæ¨êÁ 'not' êÁ,
question ö˺
do, does î¦è[è[Ù legs of the table (table's êŸí£±p) smell - smelt
the day before. êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÏÙæ¨ êŸõª-í£±õª–Doors of the house. kill - killed
(ÖÚÛ šíRxÚ¨ á-ô¢-ó¶ªuÙ-ë]ªÚÛª îµ³ìo Ïí£±pè[ª Oæ¨E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ú¥ô¢ª-àŸ-vÚ¥õª–
Wheels of the car. etc.
ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.) Ó÷-J/-Ó-÷-JC = whose Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ravi: How did the marriage go off? Ó÷-J-E/-Ó-÷-JÚ¨ = whom Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(šíRx Óö° áJ-TÙC?) a) Whose book is this? evening. 1) He comes on time everyday, but he came
Ramana: Oh, it went off very well. late yesterday.
(šíRx à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ áJ-TÙC.) (ví£AôÁW çµjîªÚÛª ÷þ§hè[ª, Eìo Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. return ÷à¦aè[ª – yesterday - came)
before)
Óí£±pè[ª(yesterday, day before)
÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª.
(yester-
day), went (day before), went (also day
Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª.
áJÞ¥óµ« ÚÛ«è¯
past actions ÚÛª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª Ô
ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-
í£±pè[ª) î¦è¶ verb - past doing word. Ð Ú¨ÙC
î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
A
1) He comes here every day.
Íà¶êŸû¦õÚÛª of 2) My mother goes to bed early (regular-
goes). She went late to bed yesterday
(yesterday
went).
ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d –
3) India became independent in 1947.
(òÅ°ô¢ê 1947ö˺ ú£yêŸÙvêŸ ë¶øŒÙ Íô³uÙC.)
4) The movie flopped on the first day of its
release last week (flopped - last week).
5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago.
Ð Ú¨Ùë] Ï#aì I & II Regular Doing Words
(ví£A-ôÁW) regular action ÏC Ó÷J í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Ú¨ past formsàµí£pÙè….
2) I go to movies every sunday. b) Whose is this book? îµü‹xìª.) eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past- Ú•ìåÙ
ÏC regular Ú¥ñæ¨d
'go' Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-JC? Raghu: What was the matter? áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
B c) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JE ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£d-í£-è[-ê¦÷±?A û¦, B û¦? (ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?) sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- ð§è[è[Ù
1) He came here yesterday. Whom do you like more, A or B? Ramu: My cousin returned from the states Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
(ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷à¦aè[ª) the day before. He wanted to see Oæ¨E vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
(past action ÚÛë¯, Eìo ÍÙç¶? Eìo ÍE çµjîª me. Aìè[Ù (Regular), Ú•ìè[Ù, ìè[-÷è[Ù, û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù,
ÚÛ«è¯ àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d came) (îµ³ìoû¶ î¦üŒx-ò°sô³ Í-JÚ¥ ìªÙ# ô¦óŸªè[Ù, ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù, Íô¢÷è[Ù, Ôè[÷è[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù,
2) He went to a movie last night. AJ-Þ•-à¦aè[ª. ÍêŸìª ììªo ÚÛõ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛª- ê¦Þœè[Ù, ÚÛë]õè[Ù, ÷«ô¢è[Ù
ÏC Eìo ô¦vA ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ × íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjîªö˺ ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 10 û¦oè[ª.) Answers:
áJ-TÙ-ë]E àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d went. Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this eat/eats - ate;
Ð Ú¨ÙC í£æ¨dÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. morning; but your people told me buy/buys - bought;

Regular actions d) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JÚ¨ ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£- you were out. walk/walks - walked;

(vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ-¸ÞN) è[-ê¦÷±? (Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ÚÛ«è¯ Oª ÚÁú£Ù learn/ learns - learnt;

Regular Doing Words Whom do you help? ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. Ú¥F Oª î¦üŒ‰x ö¶ô¢E write/writes - wrote;

e) ÎÚÛª Ó÷ô¢ª êµõªú£ª? àµð§pô¢ª.) talk/talks

shout/shouts
-
-
talked;
shouted;
Whom does she know? Ramu: Yes, I spent the whole of last night
I RDW II RDW ÏÙÚ¥– û¦;
my- mine- û¦C. at my uncle's.
weep/weeps - wept;

(I, We, You & they) (He, She & It) a)ÏC û¦ ÚÛõÙ. M. SURESAN (Í÷±ìª. Eìo ô¦vêŸÙê¦ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu build/builds - built;

î¦üŒx-êÁû¶ Ñû¦oìª.)
drink/drinks - drank;
go goes This is my pen.
move/moves - moved;
see sees b) Ð ÚÛõÙ û¦C. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é í£J-Q-L›úh ÞœêŸÙö˺ î¦JÚ¨ êµL-ú‡ì change/changes - changed.
come comes This pen is mine. ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-å-ì-õìª ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è…-
know knows our - ÷«;
ours - ÷«C ìåªx êµõª-þ¼hÙC. Î verbs: went (last evening),
tell tells your- F/Oª returned (the day before), wanted (after he
teach teaches yours- FC/-OªC came), tried (this morning), told (this morn-
write writes This is my book; Where is yours? Oæ¨E
ing). went, returned, wanted, tried, told -
sing sings (ÏC û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ; Fëµ-ÚÛ\è[?) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨
past tense past
keep keeps his- ÍêŸ-E/-Í-êŸ-EC; verbs- ìª ÷ªìÙ Past Doing WordsÍÙë¯Ù.
learn learns her- Î óµ³ÚÛ\ Oæ¨E ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª, Ô ôÁV, ví£øŒo: present tense, past tense, future
walk walks hers- ÎC Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª tense õìª Ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥, Ôó¶ª Ú¥ö°ö˺x Ñí£-
Past actions, Time stated
her ÍÙç¶ Îîµªìª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. î¦è[ê¦Ù. óµ«-TÙ-à¦ö˺ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ × çµjîªö˺ áJ-T-ìN) This is Ramesh's shirt. I met him yesterday. – ú‡. ò°ñª, ÷³ë]l-ì«ô¢ª
ÏC ô¢î¶ªùà à•Ú¥\. ÍÙç¶ ô¢î¶ª-ùÃC, ô¢î¶ª-ùÃÚÛª àµÙCì (Eìo û¶ìª ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª)
Past Doing Words
ÍE êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ 's (Apostrophe- s) áî¦ñª: ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª tenses ›íô¢ªx êµõª-
went saw
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
They lost a lot of money last year.
ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Time of action (í£E-
(ð¼ô³ì ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x à¦ö° è[ñªs ð¼Þ•-åªd- á-J¸Þ Ú¥õÙ) ñæ¨d î¦è¯-Lqì verb ô¢«í£Ù (verb
came knew
÷« û¦ìo Þ¥J ë]ªú£ªhõª. ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª)
told taught form) êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙç¶ à¦õª. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Ð QJ{-ÚÛö˺
wrote sang
My father's cloths.
÷« Í÷ªt ìÞœõª ÍÙç¶ çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ìª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ- ÷#aì ÍÙø‹-õFo tense ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#-ìî¶. î¦æ¨E
kept learnt Tì í£ìª-õìª) past doing words ö˺ (past sim- vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
ple ö˺) êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸ«L. past doing words (past
My mother's jewels
walked
ÖÚÛJ ÍE Þ¥E, ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ àµÙCì ÍE Þ¥F àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ûËÁæËÀ: ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù (WûË 28ì) Q&A ö˺
Ïö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a English verbs Ú¨, English ö˺ 's (apostrophe- s) î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶
simple) Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ví£àŸªJÙ#ì ví£øŒoö˺E û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ
Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words
vð§éÙ ö¶E Íà¶-êŸ-ì-iì î¦æ¨Ú¨ ‘àµÙCì’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 's go - went ú£·ôjìC Ú¥ë]ª. Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙè¯L–
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. î¦è[Ù. ë¯E ñë]ªõª 'of' î¦è[ê¦Ù. see - saw I have known (that) you've stolen my
eg: Aìè[Ù –
eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate write - wrote book.