ECE 2054

Lab 09 Complex Impedance

For this lab, you will need:

Oscilloscope 2 scope probe leads and the 10x probe ANDY Board and power supply (3) 10, and (1)1k Resistors 0.1F (100nF) Capacitor marked 104 100mH Inductor Wires for breadboard

Complex Z (or Y, V, or I) - its just a vector!

Vector notation: Re jX
Real = resistance, power is consumed X = reactance, power is stored

Polar notation: |Mag| L

the L symbol separates the magnitude from the phase angle in degrees

A phasor is just a vector representation

A phasor represents an amplitude and phase angle
Any phase angle is possible

Amplitude and phase can be represented as a typical xy vector

the horizontal x axis is the real axis
The real part represents power generated or consumed

The vertical y axis (shifted by 90) is the maginary j axis

The imaginary part represents stored (reactive) energy associated with inductance and capacitance.

Ampitude Z at a phase angle is written as Z L = R + jX

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Phasor Notation
A phasor is just a shorthand for electrical vectors (voltages and currents with phase angles) From Wikipedia: a phase vector, or phasor, is a representation of a sinusoidal function whose amplitude (A), frequency ( or f), and phase () are time-invariant.

Any sinusoidal waveform with a constant amplitude can be represented in phasor shorthand as a magnitude and phase.
A reference waveform Asin(t) can be abbreviated as A L 0

The waveform Acos(t) is 90 ahead of Asin(t) or A L 90 (referenced to Asin)

Impedance of a Resistor
IR = VR / R

For VR = Asin(2ft),
VR can be represented as a magnitude A with a phase = 0 Phasor shorthand: VR = A L 0

IR = Asin(2ft) / R
The phase of IR is the same as for VR Ir L 0 is in phase with VR L 0

ZR = VR / IR = Asin(2ft) / [Asin(2ft) / R] = R
So (ideally) ZR does not change with frequency
In the real world, this is not true at high frequencies!

All circuits (even resistors) have a frequency dependant complex impedance at some frequencies!
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Impedance of a capacitor V lags I

IC = C dVC(t)/dt

For VC = Asin(t),
VC can be represented as a magnitude A with a phase = 0 Phasor shorthand: VC = A L 0

IC(t) = CAcos(t)
The cosine leads the sin by 90 IC can be represented as a magnitude CA with a phase = 90 Phasor shorthand: IC = CA L 90

ZC = Asin(t) / CAcos(t) ZC can be represented as A L 0 / CAL90 = 1 / CL90

which as a phasor makes ZC = 1 / jC = 1 / j2fC = -j / 2fC
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Impedance of a capacitor
For an ideal capacitor, ZC = 1 / (j2fC) ( = 2f)

Ideally ZC = 0 at f = (very high frequencies) Ideally ZC = at f = 0 (DC)

A real capacitor has Very high parallel resistance RP Very low series resistance RS A series inductance LS At self resonance 2fLS 1 / (2fC)
ZC increases at very high frequencies due to LS

Except for large electrolytic capacitors, all of these effects are minimal at low frequencies.
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Impedance of an Inductor - V leads I

VL = LdIL(t) / dt IL = (1/L)VL(t)dt

For VL = Asin(t),
VL can be represented as a magnitude A with a phase = 0 Phasor shorthand: VC = A L 0

IL(t) = -(1/L)Acos(t)
The -cosine lags the sin by 90 IL can be represented as a magnitude A/L with a phase = -90 Phasor shorthand: IL = A/L L -90

ZL = Asin(t) / -(1/L)Acos(t)
ZL can be represented as A L 0 / (1/L)A L-90 = L L90 which as a phasor makes ZL = jL = j2fL
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Impedance of an Inductor
For an ideal inductor. ZL = j2fL ZL = 0 at f = 0 (DC) ZL = at f = (very high frequencies) A real inductor has series resistance Rs which includes:
coil winding resistance (measured with DMM) some core loss, which is frequency dependant.

parallel capacitance Cp At self resonance 2fL = 1 / (2fCp) A low impedance at high frequencies (f >> self resonance frequency due to Cp)

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Determining impedance with the scope

ZL = VL / IL

VL the source voltage (neglecting the small voltage drop across R4)
To measure the current and the currents phase through L1 insert a small value resistor (R4 =10) in series with L1. Use waveform parameters to measure the voltage across R4, and the phase relative the source voltage IL = VR4 / R4 = VR4 / 10
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Phase Measurements
Suppose you have signals that you have measured with your oscilloscope or Pspice simulation.
One signal is your reference
The reference signal is Blue (see the following slide)

The phase of other signals will be calculated with respect to the reference signal.
The period of each signal must be the same, which means that all signals have the same frequency.

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How to measure phase

1. Calculate the period, T, for the reference signal
This is the time for a full cycle to be completed.
T= 500 second for the blue reference signal. There are 360 degrees in one period.

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2. Calculate the difference in time between zero crossings of each signal and the reference.
Red signal and blue reference: Dt = 0 seconds 40 seconds
Red Phase = 360 x Dt/T = 360 x (-40/500) = -28.8

Green signal and blue reference: Dt = 0 seconds 480 seconds

Green Phase = 360 x Dt/T = 360 x (-480/500) = -345.6 or +14.4

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Lagging vs. Leading

Dont get confused by the positions of the curves on the graph! The leader crosses the line first (here, we are using the zero crossing for reference).

Blue ref signal: V(t) = 5V sin (2ft) where f = 1/T = 0.002 s-1 Red signal: V(t) = 5V sin [2(0.002 s-1)t 28.8]
is -28.8 degrees The red signal lags the blue signal because it reaches zero at a later time than the blue signal

Green signal : V(t) = 5V sin [2(0.002 s-1)t + 14.4]

is 14.4 degrees The green signal leads the blue signal because it reaches zero at an earlier time than the blue signal

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Lab Procedure Tips

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Oscilloscope Measurements
1. Build each circuit on your ANDY board

2. Set up the function generator to produce the required sine wave voltage.
Adjust generator setting to obtain a true 5Vpp input to the circuit. Readjust for the correct voltage each time you change frequency. Circuit loading will change the actual voltage your get from the generator (its a thevenin source). Use the Waveform Parameters to measure the voltage and phase at each frequency

3. For each circuit at each frequency, measure the the source voltage and the 10 resistor voltage and phase. 4. Calculate the resistor current and phase for each circuit at each frequency.

5. Calculate each circuit element (R1, C1, L1) impedance at each frequency.
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You need three probes for these measurements

Connect the scopes generator output as V1 in the circuit
Do not use a 1x/10x probe for this!

Connect Ch 1 to measure V1

Connect Ch 2 through the 10X probe to measure V10.

The grounds for all three probes should be connected to the bottom end of the 10 resistor. At each frequency, use the Waveform Parameters to measure the voltages V1 and V10, and the phase of V10

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Your Scope Measurements

Especially at low frequencies (where ZL is low) the inductors impedance phase angle will not be 90 because ZL is in series with the 10 resistor used to measure the current. the 50 generator thevenin resistance the 100 coil resistance At low frequencies, ZC is high so the current is quite low. The voltage developed across the 10 series resistor will be low and you may see a lot of noise on the measured waveform. This noise will raise the peak-to-peak voltage measured by the scopes waveform parameters, which may make your ZC calculation appear to be low.
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What else can affect the measurements?

The ANDY board adds capacitance to the circuit. The wiring adds inductance and capacitance to the circuit. There is core loss in the inductor, which acts as a frequency dependant series resistor. The DMM cant measure core loss. The function generator has a Thevenin source resistance of 50. When the circuit impedance is high, your current measurement will have noise, which can add to the measured Vpp Probe leads add capacitance and resistance from the scope input (1M in parallel with 30pF), and capacitance from the leads themselves (60 pF for a 1M cable).

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Next Week: Passive Filters

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