CHAPTER 1

1.1!
Remember: Standard form looks like: y=ax^2+bx+c, in which Ax^2 is the quadratic term, bx is the linear term, and c is the constant term. The graph of any quadratic function is a parabola . The Parent Function of a quadratic function is: f(x)= x^2. The Axis of Symmetr y divides the parabola into mirror images, and to find it you use: x= -b/2a. The inter section point of the axis symmetr y and the parabola is the ver tex . The x-coordinate of the ver tex is b/2a. To find the y -coordinate of the ver tex, you substitute the value of x into the equation. The y value of the ver tex is maximum if a<0. The y value of the ver tex is minimum if a>0. Soa is positive= minimum= parabola opens upward. Anda is negative= maximum= parabola opens down. The y -intercept is c.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Graph y= -1/2 x^2 + 3. Compare the graph with the parent function: y=x^2. 2.) Identify whether the function has a maximum or minimum value and find the vertex and axis of symmetry. 3.) Tell whether the function y= 3x^2 -18x+20 has a minimum value or maximum value, and then find the minimum or maximum value.

ANSWERS!
1 . ) M a ke a t a b l e a n d p l u g i n x - v a l ue s . S o m e C o o r d i n a te s yo u s h o u l d g et i n c l ud e: ( - 4 , - 5 ) , ( - 2 ,1 ) , ( 0 , 3 ) , ( 2 ,1 ) , a n d ( 4 , - 5 ) . D o t h e s a m e f o r t h e P a r e n t f u n c t io n . T h e g r a p h s h o u l d l o o k l i ke t h e o n e to t h e r i g h t . C o m p a r is o n : B o t h g r a p h h av e t h e s a m e a x i s o f s y m m et r y. Y = - 1 / 2 x ^ 2 + 3 o p e n s d o w n a n d i s w i d e r t h a n t h e p a r e n t f u n c t i o n . A n d i t s v e r tex i s 3 u n i t s h i g h e r. 2.) y= 2x^2 8x +6. F i r s t , i d e n t i f y t h e c o e f fi c ie n t s . Re m e m b e r, i n o r d e r to l a b e l t h e m , t h ey m u s t b e i n d e s c e n d i n g o r d e r ! T h e c o e f fic i e n t s a r e a = 2 , b = - 8 , a n d c = 6 . a > 0 , t h e r e fo r e t h e p a r a b o l a o p e n s u p a n d i t h a s a m i n i m um v a l ue . N ex t , yo u m u s t f i n d t h e v e r tex . To d o t h i s , c a l c ul a te t h e x - c o o r d i n a te u s i n g t h e f o r m ul a : x = - b / 2 a . P l u g i n t h e v a l u e s ( t h e c o e f fi c ie n t s ) a n d yo u s h o u l d g et 2 . To f i n d t h e y - c o o r d i n a te , p l ug i n t h e x - c o o r d in a te ( 2 ) to t h e o r i g in a l f u n c t i o n : y = 2 x ^ 2 - 8 x + 6 . T h e v e r tex i s ( 2 , - 2 ) . S i n c e t h e x - c o o r d in a te o f t h e v e r tex e q u a l s t h e a x i s o f s y m m et r y, t h e a x i s o f s y m m et r y i s 2 . 3.) y= 3x^2 -18x + 20. F i r s t , t h e c o e f fi ci e n t s a r e a = 3 , b = - 1 8 , a n d c = 2 0 . a > 0 , s o t h e f u n c t i o n h a s a m i n i m um v a l ue . T h e f i n d t h e m i ni m um v a l u e , c a l c ul a te to f i n d t h e y - c o o r d i n a te o f t h e v e r tex . To d o t h i s f i n d t h e x - c o o r d i n a te u s i n g x = - b / 2 a , a n d t h e n p l ug t h a t a n s w e r i n to t h e f u n c t i o n . Yo u s h o u l d g et - 7 a s t h e m i n i mum v a l u e .

1.2!
Remember: Vertex Form looks like y= a(x-h)^2 +k, where a cannot equal 0. The vertex is (h, k). (Where h is the opposite of the h in the function. Ex. In the function y= a(x -3)^2 +k, the vertex would be (3, k). The axis of symmetry is x=h. The direction depends on the leading coefficient. The parent function is y=x^2, in which the vertex form is the parent function translated __ units to the [left or right] and __ units [up or down]. Intercept Form looks like y= a(x-P)(x-Q), where a cannot equal 0. The x-intercepts are (P, 0) and (Q, 0), where P and Q are opposite of what they are in the function (positive or negative). To find the axis of symmetry you use: x= P+Q/2. The direction depends on the leading coefficient (a).

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Identify the vertex, Axis of Symmetry, direction, maximum value, and points of the function: -(x+1)^2 +5. 2.) Identify the vertex, x -intercepts, Axis of Symmetry, direction, and maximum value of the function: y= -(x+1)(x-5).

ANSWERS!
1 .) Since, the vertex is (h, k), the vertex of this function is ( -1 , 5). Since the axis of symmetry of vertex form is equal to the opposite of h, the axis of symmetry of this function is x= -1 . Since the leading coefficient is negative, the parabola opens down. Therefore, it has a maximum value. And since the maximum value is equal to k, the maximum value of this function is 5. Some points of the function include: ( -2,4), (-1 , 5), (0,4). 2.) Considering the x-intercepts of an intercept form are (P,0) and (Q,0), the x-intercepts of this function are ( -1 ,0) and (5,0). You use the function: P+Q/2 to find the axis of symmetr y. So 1+5/2= 4/2= 2. Since the leading coefficient is negative, the parabola opens down, so the function has a maximum value. And since the maximum value is equal to the y -coordinate of the vertex, you would plug in the axis of symmetry (2) into the function. You should get 9 as the maximum value. Therefore, the vertex is (2,9).

1.3!
Remember: Special Factoring Patterns include: Difference of Two Squares, in which a^2 -b^2= (a+b)(a-b). Perfect Square Trinomial, in which a^2+2ab+b^2= ( a+b)^2 or a^2-2ab+b^2= (a-b)^2. A monomial is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and one or more variables. A binomial is the sum of 2 monomials. A trinomial is the sum of 3 monomials. A polynomial is an expression containing a monomial or a sum of monomials. If the product of two expressions is zero, then one or both of the expressions equal zero, such as if (x+5)(x+2)=0, then x+5=0 and x+2=0, so x= -5 or x= -2.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Factor the expression: x^2 -3x-18. 2.) What are the roots of the equation: x^2 -5x-36=0? 3.) Find the zeros of the function by rewriting the function in intercept form: y= x^2 -x-12.

ANSWERS!
1 .) x^2-3x-18 (x+3)(x-6) because 3*-6 equals -18 and 3+(-6) equals -3. 2.) x^2-5x-36=0. Factor(x -9)(x+4)=0. X-9=0 or x+4=0 Solvex=9 or x= -4. The roots of the function are -4 and 9. 3.) y= x^2-x-12. Factor into intercept form(x+3)(x -4). Set x+3 and x- 4 both equal to zerox+3=0 or x -4=0. Solvex= -3 or x=4. The zeros of the function are - 3 and 4the graph passes through (-3,0) and (4,0).

1.4!
Remember: When factoring an expression such as 5x^2 -17x+6, use the cross method -2 5x

-3

Also, remember when factoring an expression to first check to see whether the terms have a common monomial factor.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Factor the following expressions: a.) 5x^2 +16x+3. b.) 49z^2+4z+9. c.) 6x^2+24x+15.

ANSWERS!
1 .) a.)5x^2+16z+3. Using the cross method, you find that 5z times 3 is 15z and z times 1 is z, therefore 3 * 1 is 3 and 15z+z is 16z. So the answer is: (5z+1)(x+3). b.) 49z^2+4z+9. This expression cannot be factored, therefore it is prime. c.) 6x^2+24x+15. You would first factor out 3, so3(2x^2+8x+5). This expression cannot be factored anymore, so the answer is 3(2x^2+8x+5).

1.5!
Remember: A number r is a square root of a number s if r^2=s/ A positive number s has 2 square roots. The positive square root of a number is also called the principal square root. The expression ^ ns is called a radical. N is the root. The symbol is a radical sign, and the number under the radical sign is the radicand of the expression. Properties of Square Roots (a>0, b>0). Product Property: ab = a * b. Quotient Property: a/b= a/b. A square-root expression is simplified if no radicand has a perfect-square factor other than 1 and there is no radical in the denominator.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) 2.) 3.) 4.) Simplify: 80. Simplify: 18/12. Simplify: 3/ 7+2 Solve: z^2-7=29.

ANSWERS!
1 .) 80= 16 * 5= 45. 2.) 18/12 3/2 3/ 2. 3 * 2 -----------2 * 2. = 6/ 2. 3.) 3 * 7- 2 ---------------7 + 2 * 7 - 2. = 21- 32 / 49- 72+ 7 2-2. = 21- 3 2/ 47. 4.) z^2-7=29. +7 +7. z^2= 36. z= +- 36. Z -6, 6. = = =

1.6!
Remember: T h e i m a g i n a r y u n i t I c a n b e u s e d to w r i te t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f a ny n e g a t i v e n u m b e r. i^2= -1. T h e S q u a r e Ro o t o f a N e g a t i ve N u m b e r : I f r i s a p o s i t i ve r e a l n u m b er, t h e n - r = i r . A n d s o , i t f o l l ow s t h a t ( i r )^ 2 = - r. A c o m p l ex n u m b e r w r i t te n i n s t a n d a r d f o r m i s a + b i w h e r e a a n d b a r e r e a l n u m b e r s . T h e n u m b e r a i s t h e r e a l p a r t o f t h e c o m p lex n u m b er, a n d t h e n u m b e r b i i s t h e i m a g i n a r y part. I f a c a n n o t e q u a l 0 a n d b c a n n o t e q u a l 0 , t h e n a + b i i s a n i m a g i n a r y n u m b er. I f a c a n n o t e q u a l 0 a n d b c a n n o t e q u a l 0 , a + b i i s a p u r e i m a g i n a r y n u m b e r. Tw o c o m p lex n u m b e r s a + b i a n d c + d i a r e e q u a l i f a n d o n l y i f a = c , b = d . S u m o f c o m p l ex n u m b e r s : ( a + b i ) + ( c + d i ) = ( a + c ) + ( b + d ) i . D i f fe r e nc e o f c o m p lex n u m b e r s : ( a + b i ) ( c + d i ) = ( a - c ) + ( b - d ) i . Tw o c o m p lex n u m b e r s o f t h e f o r m a + b i a n d a - b i a r e c a l l e d c o m p l ex c o n j ug a te s . T h e p r o d uct o f c o m p lex c o n j uga te s i s a l w ay s a r e a l n u m b er. Yo u c a n u s e t h i s f a c t to w r i te t h e q u o t i e n t o f t w o c o m p lex n u m b e r s i n s t a n d a r d f o r m . E v e r y c o m p lex n u m b e r c o r r e s p o n d s to a p o i n t i n t h e c o m p lex p l a n e . T h e c o m p lex p l a n e h a s a h o r i z o n t al a x i s c a l l e d t h e r e a l a x i s a n d a v e r t i c a l a x i s c a l l e d t h e i m a g i n a r y a x i s . ( L i ke i n 2 + 3 i , yo u d m o v e t h e p o i n t t w o u n i t s to t h e r i g h t a n d 3 d o w n ) . T h e a b s o l ute v a l ue o f a c o m p lex n u m b er z = a + b i , d e n o te d | z | , i s a n o n n e g a t i ve r e a l n u m b e r d e f i n e d a s | z | = a^ 2 + b ^ 2 , w h i c h i s t h e d i s t a nc e b et w e e n z a n d t h e o r i g i n i n t h e c o m p l ex p l a n e .

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Solve the equation: x^2 -8=-36. 2.) Write the expression as a complex number in standard form: (9-i) + (-6+7i). 3.) Simplify: 5/ 1+i. 4.) How would you plot the complex number 3 -2i?

ANSWERS!
1 .) x^2-8=-36. +8 +8. x^2= -28. x= +- -28. x= +- 2i7. 2.) (9-i) + (-6+7i). = 9-i+-6+7i. = 3+6i. 3.) 5 * 1-i ------------1+i * 1-i. = 5-5i/ 1-i^2. = 5-5i/ 1 (-1). = 5-5i/ 2 = 5/2 5/2i. 4.) To plot the complex number 3 -2i, you would start at the origin and move 3 units to the right and then 2 units down.

1.7!
Remember: The trinomial x^2-8x+16 is a perfect square because it equals (x-4)^2. Sometimes you need to add a term to an expression x^2+bx to make it a square. This is called completing the square. Solving Equations: The method of completing the square can be used to solve any quadratic equation. When you complete a square as part of solving an equation, you must add the same number to both sides of the equation.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Solve the equation by finding square roots: x^2 24x+144=100. 2.) Find the value of c that makes the expression a perfect square trinomial. Then write the expression as the square of a binomial: x^2+14x+c. 3.) Solve by completing the square: x^2 -12x+4=0. 4.) Write y= x^2-10x+22 in vertex form. Then identify the vertex.

ANSWERS!
1 .) x^2-24x+144=100. (x- 1 2)^2=100. X-1 2= +10, -10. X= 1 2 +- 10. X= 1 2+10=22, 1 2 -10=2. 2.) x^2+14x+c. Divide the second value by 214x/2=7, and then square that. 7^2=49. X^2+14x+49. (x+7)^2. 3.) x^2-1 2x+4=0. X^2-1 2x= -4. Divide the second value by 2 and then square thatx^2 -1 2x+36= -4+36. (x-6)^2=32. X-6= +- 32. X= 6+- 32. X= 6+42 and 6 - 4 2. 4.) y= x^2 -10x+22. Y+__= (x^2 -10x+__ ) +22. Y= 25= (x^2 -10x+25) +22. Y+25= (x -5)^2 + 22. Y= (x -5)^2 -3. Ver tex: (5, -3)

1.8!
Remember: The Quadratic Formula is a formula that gives the solutions of any quadratic equation. T he Quadratic Formula: Let a, b, and c be real numbers such that a cannot equal 0. The solutions of the quadratic equation ax^2+bx+c=0 are x= -b +- b^2 -4ac/2a. The discriminant of the quadratic equation is b^2 -4ac. Using the discriminant you can find the value of it, number and type of solutions, and the graph. Such as B^2-4ac>0 has 2 real solutions and the graph opens upward and crosses the x -axis twice. B^2-4ac=0 has 1 real solution and the graph lies in the 2 nd quadrant and touches the x -axis once. B^2-4ac<0 has 2 imaginar y solutions and the graph never crosses the x-axis. v o>0= upward. V o<0= downward. V o=0= parallel.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Solve: x^2+3x=2. 2.) Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation and give the number and type of solutions of the equation: x^2 8x+17=0.

ANSWERS!
1 .) X^2+3x=2. X^2+3x-2=0 X= -3 +- 9+18/2. X= 3+- 17/2. X= -3.562, .562. 2.) x^2-8x+17=0. Discriminant: 64-68 = -4<0. Number and type: 2 imaginary solutions.

1.9!
Remember: A quadratic inequality in two variable can be written using any of the inequality signs with the terms y and ax^2+bx+c. The graph of any inequality consists of all solutions ( x,y) of the inequality. To graph a quadratic inequality in two variables 1 .) Graph the parabola with the equation y= ax^2+bx+c. Make the parabola dashed for inequalities with < or > signs and solid for inequalities with or signs. 2.) Test a point ( x,y) inside the parabola to determine whether the point is a solution of the inequality. 3.) Shade the region inside the parabola if the point from Step 2 is a solution. Shade the region outside the parabola if it is not a solution. To a graph a system of quadratic inequalities Fir st, graph each inequality in the system. Then identify the region in the coordinate plane common to all of the graphs. This region is called the graph of the system. You can solve quadratic inequalities using tables, graphs, or algebraic methods. Graphing to solve inequalities: Fir st graph the related function y= ax^2+bx+c. Then, if the symbol is <, identify the x -values for which the graph lies below the x-axis. You can use a similar procedure to solve quadratic inequalities that involves, , >, .

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!
1 .) Graph the inequality: y> x^2+3x -4. 2.) Graph the system of quadratic inequalities: y -x^2+4. Y> x^2-2x-3. 3.) Solve x^2+x6 using a table. 4.) Solve x^2-2x>15 algebraically.

ANSWERS!
1 . ) G r a p h y = x ^ 2 + 3 x - 4 . M a ke t h e p a r a b o la d a s h e d because the symbol is >. Te s t a p o i n t i n s i d e t h e p a r a b o l a , l i ke ( 0 , 0 ) . Y> x^2+3x-4. 0>0^2 + 3(0) -4. 0> -4. B e c a u s e t h i s i s t r u e , ( 0 , 0 ) i s a s o l ut io n o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y. A n d b e c a u s e o f t h i s yo u w o ul d s h a d e t h e r e g i o n i n s i d e t h e p a r a b o l a , s i n c e ( 0 , 0 ) i s l o c a te d t h e r e . 2 . ) G r a p h y - x ^2 + 4 , u s i n g y = - x ^ 2 + 4 , a n d m a ke t h e l i n e s o l i d . T h e n g r a p h y > x ^ 2 - 2 x - 3 , u s i n g y = x ^ 2 - 2 x - 3 , a n d m a ke t h e l i n e d a s h e d . 3 . ) Rew r i te t h e i n e q u a l i t y a s x ^ 2 + x - 6 0 . T h e n M a ke a t a b l e o f v a l u e s . W h e n t h e x v a l u e s a r e B et w e e n - 3 a n d 2 , a n d l e s s t h a n 0 a n d w h e n x i s -3, x^2+x-6 is 0, and the same goes for when x is 2. T h e r e f o r e , t h e s o l u t io n o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y i s - 3 x 2 . 4 . ) S o l v e t h e e q u a t i o n b y r e p l ac i n g > w i t h = = . X^2-2x=15. X^2-2x-15=0. ( x + 3 ) (x - 5 ) = 0 . X=-3 or x=5. M a ke a l i n e g r a p h , u s i n g t h e s o l ut io n s - 3 a n d 5 . Te s t a n u m b e r to t h e l e f t o f - 3 , to t h e r i g h t o f 5 a n d o n e i n b et w e e n t h e m , s u c h a s - 4 , 1 , a n d 6 . W h e n te s te d , - 4 a n d 6 w o r k , b u t 1 d o e s not. T h e r e f o r e t h e s o l ut i o n i s x < - 3 o r x > 5 .