Rates of chemical reaction the iodine clock reaction 1) IO3- (aq) + 3HSO3- (aq) -> I- (aq) +3SO42- (aq)

) + 3H+ (aq) 2) 5I- (aq) +6H+ (aq) + IO3- (aq) -> 3I2 + 3H2 O Part 1 the effect of concentration on reaction rate Volume of solution A (cm3) +0.2cm3 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time (s) +-1s 130.8 123.6 89.4 65.4 63.6 62.4

Part 2 the effect of temperature on reaction rate Temperature () +-0.2cm3 7.2 15.1 24.6 35 45.6 Time (s) +-1s 85 55 33 27 17

time vs volume of A
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1/time vs volume of A
0.02 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

time vs temperature
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1/time vs temperature

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Percentage uncertainty Volume of A 0.2/10 x 100 0.2/9 x 100 0.2/8 x 100 0.2/7 x 100 0.2/6 x 100 0.2/5 x 100 Time 1/62.4 x 100 1/63.6 x 100 1/65.4 x 100 1/89.4 x 100 1/123.6 x 100 1/130.8 x 100 Temperature 1/7.2 x 100 1/15.1 x 100 1/24.6 x 100 1/35 x 100 1/45.6 x 100 Time 1/85 x 100 1/55 x 100 1/33 x 100 1/27 x 100 1/17 x 100 Analysis The graph of volume of A vs. time is a curve with a negative gradient this indicates that as the volume of A goes up the time taken for the reaction to complete goes down. Looking at the graph for 1/time vs. volume this relationship is much clearer. We can clearly see from these two graphs how the rate of a reaction changes with the amount of a reactant. All points plotted except the third one are acceptable because the third point is an outlier and can be taken as an error as the other points show a trend. For the graph of temperature vs. time the readings a far more accurate as there were no outliers and all data points there is also a negative gradient meaning that that higher the temperature the faster the reaction goes to completion and by looking at the graph for 1/time vs. temperature this trend is clearly shown.

Conclusion As the volume of A increases so does the rate of reaction this is because of the greater amount of particles, which increases the number of collisions between the reactant particles. Since there Will be a greater number of successful collisions and therefore a faster rate of reaction. As the temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the particles increases so there will be more collisions between particles that have sufficient energy to react, which will increase the rate of reaction. So over all both the number of particles and the temperature affect the rate of reaction. Evaluation SYSEMATIC ERROR Uncertainty with apparatus however it is distributed throughout the experiment. So it is negligible. RANDOM ERROR Heating the solutions to those temperatures was the main source of error. Because we used ice and a hot plate the temperatures we got were close towards the actual temperatures because the solution tended to loos or gain heat rapidly. It would be better to use a water bath to heat up or cool down the mixtures as the temperature of the water bath is even and can be monitored and changed easily The timings were also a big source or error as it was hard to tell when to stop the stopwatch because the colour of the solution changed from blue to purple and it was difficult to judge. It would be better to either record the experiment or take pictures at time intervals to help compare the colour and make it more consistent