1

LESSON Food Crops

Target Words
1. abandon 2. adversely 3. aggregate 4. cult vat on !. "ert l #e $. ntens "y %. rr gat on &. obta n '. p(otosynt(es s 1). prec p tat on Definitions and Samples

1. *bandon v. terketmek, brakmak, vazgemek. To leave; to give up

To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship. Parts of speech abandonment n

2. *dversely adv.

1. +,t-. elver /s #.2. 0en"aat ne ay+1r1. aley(te.

n a harmful !a"; negativel" #$cessive rainfall earl" in the spring can adversel" affect the planting of crops. %sage tips &dversel" is often follo!ed b" affect. Parts of speech adversit" n, adverse ad'

3. *ggregate ad2. toplu, b(t(n, toplanmak, birara"a gelmek, ")n

*athered into or amounting to a !hole t is impossible to 'udge last "ear+s performance !ithout kno!ing the aggregate sales numbers. %sage tips &ggregate is often follo!ed b" a term like sum, total, or numbers. Parts of speech aggregate v, aggregate n

4.cult vat on n. topragi isleme; tarim. ,. "etistirme. -. gelistirme. .. k(lt(r, g/rg(

Preparing the land to gro! crops; improvement for agricultural purposes 0ith the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers !ere able to settle in one place. Parts of speech cultivate v

!."ert l #e v. verimli klmak, g(brelemek, d/llemek, a1lamak

To suppl" !ith nourishment for plants b" adding helpful substances to the soil This farm fertilizes tomatoes more than an" other crop. Parts of speech fertilizer n,

$. "ert l #at on n verimlile1tirme ntens "y v. 1iddetlendirmek, "o)unla1trmak, ko"ula1trmak, kuvvetlendirmek, "o)unla1mak, peki1tirmek To increase in po!er; to act !ith increased strength 2acob+s long absence intensified his certaint" that he should marr" 3ose. Parts of speech intensification n, intense ad' %. rr gat on n. sulama

The suppl"ing of !ater to dr" land n dr" areas of the countr", "ou can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation. Parts of speech irrigate v obtain v. elde et0e+. al0a+. ed n0e+. sa3la0a+. ele ge4 r0e+. To gain possession of; to get &fter a series of difficult intervie!s, he finall" !as able to obtain the 'ob.
4.

photos"nthesis n. fotosentez, 1k etkisi ile sentezleme The process b" !hich green plants make their o!n food b" combining !ater, salts, and carbon dio$ide in the presence of light. 6$"gen is a b"7product of the process of photos"nthesis. Parts of speech photos"nthesize
5.

precipitation n. acelecilik, tela1, "a)1 miktar 89. prec p tat on 0ater that falls to the #arth+s surface n the Pacific :orth!est, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life. Food Crops TOEFL 5rep 6 ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. abandoned prec p tat on cult vat on "ert l #e p(otosynt(es s

8.Through<<<<<<<<<<, green plants create organic materials !ith the help of chloroph"ll. ,. The coastal cit" gets half of its<<<<<<<<<<during the months of 2an uar", =ebruar", and >arch. -. =armers use various methods of land<<<<<<<<<<. ..0hen the" heard the hull crack, all but t!o of the sailors ship. ?. ne$perienced gardeners ma" not realize ho! important it is that the"<<<<<<<<<<their plants. TOEFL 5rep 6 6 =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. obtain @aA !eaken ,. intensif" @bA separate -. irrigation @cA lose .. aggregate @dA drainage ?. adversel" @eA positivel" TOEFL Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. n countries like :iger and >auritania, the cultivation of land has changed little in the past several centuries. C, Donus StructureE &dditionall", these countries+ mono7modal rainfall pattern &s a result means brings precipitation for onl" three months during the "ear. Ftherefore,F Ffor &s a result, food production doesn+t nearl" meet demand. this reason.F

Nature Several agencies and organizations have intensified their efforts to increase the productivit" of land in these countries.The" have introduced ne! strains of seed, improved irrigation techniBues, and introduced ne! methods of fertilization and soil management. 0ith ample sunlight for photos"nthesis and modern irrigation techniBues, sustainable farming techniBues should allo! farmers to boost aggregate production in order to meet demand. Still, crop revitalization faces an une$pected adversar"G institutional incompetence. 0here crop specialists have convinced individual farmers to abandon old farming techniBues in place of ne!, the" can+t readil" obtain the governmental cooperation the" need. The biggest hurdles are political corruption, incompetence, and the absence of a marketing infrastructure. 8. n this passage, the !ord adversar" is closest in meaning to a. friend b. helper c. enem" d. leader ,. n the last paragraph, the !ord the" refers to a. crop specialists b. farmers c. farming techniBues d. adversaries Hesson 8 =ood ;rops TOEFL 5rep 6 8. photos"nthesis ,. precipitation -. cultivation ..abandoned ?. fertilize TOEFL 5rep 66 8. c ,. a -. d .. b ?. e TOEFL Success 8. c ,. a

2 LESSON
Disaster
i. felaket, afet, yikim, bela

*nt c pate catastrop( c Coll de erupt on Fa0 ne "lood 60pact persevere 5lunge unleas Definitions and Samples 8. anticipate v. /nceden g/rmek, ummak, beklemek, tahmin etmek To e$pect; to sense something before it happens D" placing sensors in earthBuake7prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to !arn the public. Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipator" ad' ,. catastrophic ad'. felIket gibi, felIket getiren #$tremel" harmful; causing financial or ph"sical ruin The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident. Parts of speech catastrophe n, catastrophicall" adv collide v. 4arp1/0a+7 4arp0a+. -. To come together !ith great or violent force &s usual, their holida" !as ruined !hen their in7la!s+ vie!s on politics collided !ith their o!n. Parts of speech collision n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. :ature .. eruption n. i. 8. @"anardagA p(sk(rme. ,. tib. d/k(nt(. -. patlak verme & sudden, often violent, outburst The eruption of >ount St. Celens in 8549 caused ?K deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. %sage tips #ruption is often follo!ed b" an ofphrase. Parts of speech erupt v ?. famine n. alk,ktlk Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage The potato famine in reland in the mid7nineteenth centur" caused large numbers of rish people to emigrate to &merica. L flood n. sel bas0a+7 su bas0a+. &n overflo!ing of !ater; an e$cessive amount The constant rain and poor drainage s"stem caused a flood in to!n. The political part" sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. Parts of speech flood v K. impact n. s1+1/t1r0a+. pe+ /t r0e+. & strong influence The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. %sage tips mpact is usuall" follo!ed b" on or of. Parts of speech impact v

persevere v. sebat etmek, direnmek, azmetmek To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose The hikers persevered despite the bad !eather and the ic" trail. Parts of speech persist v, persistent ad' K. plunge v. dal1/. dal0a. To go do!n suddenl"; to decrease b" a great amount in a short time Ce 'umped off the diving board and plunged into the pool. The value of the compan"+s stock plunged after its chief e$ecutive !as arrested.
L.

Disaster %sage tips Plunge is often follo!ed b" an into phrase. Parts of speech plunge n 89. unleash v. To release a thing or an emotion 0hen the" sa! the strange man on their propert", the" unleashed their dogs. Ce is from such an unemotional famil", he !ill never learn to unleash his feelings. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. persevere @aA to pass b" !ithout hitting ,. anticipate @bA to give up -. famine @cA to not see something coming .. collide @dA harmless ?. catastrophic @eA e$cess of food T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. 3esidents of Ca!aii must accept the possibilit" of a volcanic @eruption M perseveranceA. Nears after the accident, she !as finall" able to @anticipate M unleashA her feelings of anger. Couses along the river often face @famine M floodingA during the rain" season. >an" people think it is cruel to @collide M plungeA live lobsters into boil ing !ater. & !ell7!ritten essa" should make some kind of @catastrophe M impactA on its readers. 89 :ature T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. :ature challenges humans in man" !a"s, through disease, !eather, and famine. =or those living along the coast, one unusual phenomenon capable of catastrophic destruction is the tsunami @pronouncedFtsoo7 :&C7meeFA. & tsunami is a series of !aves generated in a bod" of !ater b" an impulsive disturbance. #arthBuakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, e$plosions, and even the impact of meteorites can generate tsunamis. Starting at sea, a tsunami slo!l" approaches land, gro!ing in height and losing energ" through bottom friction and turbulence. Still, 'ust like an" other !ater !aves, tsunamis unleash tremendous energ" as the" plunge onto the shore. The" have great erosion potential, stripping beaches of sand, undermining trees, and flooding hundreds of meters inland. The" can easil" crush cars, homes, vegetation, and an"thing the" collide !ith. To minimize the devastation of a tsunami, scientists are constantl" tr"ing to anticipate them more accuratel" and more Buickl". Decause man" factors come together to produce a life7threatening Donus StructureE . Despite this tsunami, foreseeing them is not eas". Despite this, researchers means Feven so; in meteorolog" persevere in stud"ing and predicting tsunami regardless.F O behavior. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. Tsunamis could become a ne! source of usable energ" in the ne$t hundred "ears. b. Tsunamis do more damage to the land than flooding. c. Tsunamis can have an especiall" catastrophic impact on coastal communities. d. Scientists can predict and track tsunamis !ith a fair degree of ac curac", reducing their potential impact. ,. n the first sentence, !h" does the author mention !eatherP a. because tsunamis are caused b" bad !eather b. because tsunamis are more destructive than !eather phenomena c. as an e$ample of a destructive natural force d. as an introduction to the topic of coastal storms

Disaster88 Hesson , Disaster T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. c -. e .. a ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. eruption ,. unleash -. flooding .. plunge ?. impact T6#=H Success 8. c ,. c

3 LESSON
#volution and >igration Target 0ords adapt L. inherent diverse K. migration evolve 4. ph"sical feature 5. process generation 89. survive Definitions and Samples 8. adapt v. uyarla0a+. adapte et0e+. To ad'ust to the circumstances; to make suitable Dinosaurs could not adapt to the !armer temperatures. The teacher adapted the e$ercises for his more advanced students. %sage tips &dapt is often follo!ed b" to. Parts of speech adaptation n, adapter n, adaptable ad' ,. diverse n. 4e/ t 4e/ t. 4e/ tl . "ar+l1. Qarious; sho!ing a lot of differences !ithin a group ndia is one of the most linguisticall" diverse countries in the !orld. %sage tips &n 7l" adverb @e.g., linguisticall"A often comes before diverse. Parts of speech diversif" v, diversit" n, diversification n -. evolve v. yava/ yava/ gel /t r0e+7 yava/ yava/ gel /0e+. To develop; to come forth >odern7da" sharks evolved from their ancestor #r"ops, !hich lived more than ,99 million "ears ago. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. #volution and >igration 8%sage tips #volve is often follo!ed b" into or from. Parts of speech evolution n, evolutionist n -. feature n. y-#de+ organlardan b r . Part, characteristic The best feature of this car is its heated seats. %sage tips =eature is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech feature v ?. generation n. +u/a+. nes l. & group of people born at about the same time &s older managers retired, a ne! generation of leaders took control of the compan". %sage tips Defore generation, an ad'ective like ne!, ne$t, earlier, or older is common. *eneration is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech generational ad' L. inherent ad'. a"rlmaz,tabiatnda var olan :aturall" characteristic; al!a"s found !ithin something, because it+s a basic part of that thing :o 'ob can be interesting all the time. Doredom is inherent in an" kind of !ork. %sage tips nherent is often follo!ed b" in. Parts of speech inherentl" adv K. migration n. g/, g/me, g/menlik, hicret >ovement from one place to another b" a group of peo7 ple or animals The migration of farm !orkers from one state to the ne$t depends primaril" on the harvest. %sage tips >igration is often follo!ed b" to or from. Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n,

migrator" ad' 4. ph"sical ad'. " # +sel. " # + . 3elated to the bod"; related to materials that can be seen or felt Decause of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the ph"sical abilit" to speak. 8. :ature The mountains form a ph"sical barrier bet!een the !est and the east. %sage tips Ph"sical usuall" comes before the noun it describes. Parts of speech ph"sicall" adv 5. process n. y,nte0. 0etot. yol8 & series of steps leading to a result To get a good 'ob, most people go through a long process of letter7!riting and intervie!s. %sage tips Process is often follo!ed b" ofplus the 7ing form of a verb. Parts of speech proceed v, process v 5. survive v. (ayatta +al0a+7 sa3 +al0a+. To continue living @despite some danger or illnessA &fter getting lost in the mountains, *ordon survived b" eating !ild plants and catching fish. %sage tips Survive is often follo!ed b" a phrase !ith b". Parts of speech survivor n, survival n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. ph"sical @aA not an integral part ,. migration @bA sta" the same -. adapt @cA die .. inherent @dA sta"ing in one place ?. survive @eA mental T6#=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. #volution and >igration 8? diverse evolved generation process survive 8. Qarious languages are spoken on the ndian subconti nent. ,. >aking bread involves a seBuence of steps that takes about three hours. -. =e! sea turtles manage to live through their first "ear of life. .. This age group tends to support current educational policies. ?. Cer thinking about economics has changed slo!l" in the last several months. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The migration from &sia to :orth &merica across the Dering Strait @perhaps b" land bridgeA !as a monumental event in human histor". The process of overspreading the &mericas took more than 8,999 "ears, or -9 generations. This might seem to confirm common senseEthat slo! travel !as inherent in an" great migration !ithout !heeled . vehicles across unkno!n terrain. =urther thought sho!s Donus StructureE that this process !as remarkabl" fastEabout 89 north7 =urther thought south miles per "ear, on average. The &mericas !ere means Flooking populated at an astounding pace, !hen one considers deeper; t +F mR more.F the ph"sical limits of the human bod" and the ph"sical features of the &merican continents. Hegs of humans can move onl" so fast under the best of circumstances, and the" !ork even slo!er over mountain passes or deserts. Populations spread through the diverse regions of the &mericas @grasslands, eastern forests, coastal s!ampsA and needed to adapt to their ne! environments. The migrants+ lifest"le had evolved over the "ears to that of professional nomads ensuring that the" !ould find the resources needed to survive. 8L :ature

8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information in this passageP a. Cuman migration across the Dering Strait !as remarkabl" slo!. b. Ph"sical limitations made migration across the Dering Strait almost impossible. c. Cumans readil" adapted to life in the Dering Strait. d. The migration through the &mericas !as surprisingl" fast. ,. n this passage, the !ord monumental is closest in meaning to a. disastrous b. evolving c. important d. ph"sical Hesson - #volution and >igration T6#=H Prep 8. e ,. d -. b .. a ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. diverse ,. process -. survive .. generation ?. evolved T6#=H Success 8.a ,. c

H#SS6: Petroleum &lternatives Target 0ords constraint L. emission contamination K. e$tinction deplete 4. reservoir dispose of 5. shrink elementall" 89. stable Definitions and Samples 8. constraint n. s1n1rla0a. ta(d t. Something that restricts thought or action The constraints of militar" life kept #ileen from seeing Private >orris more than once a month. Parts of speech constrain v ,. contamination n. kirletme, bula1trma, bula1ma, pislik, atk Deing made less clean b" a germ or hazardous sub7 stance The contamination in the river came from the factor" located 'ust upstream. Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n -. deplete v. t-+et0e+. b t r0e+. To greatl" decrease the suppl" of a resource or material The prolonged !ar depleted the countr"+s national treasur". Parts of speech depletion n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. 84 :ature .. dispose of v. (allet0e+. ta0a0la0a+. To thro! a!a"; to get rid of; to kill She disposed of her un!anted possessions before moving. The t"rant cruell" disposed of all his enemies. %sage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. n this meaning, dispose does not occur !ithout of. Parts of speech disposal n, disposable ad' -. elementall" adv.

n terms of elements; basicall" #lementall", coal and diamonds are the same. Parts of speech element n, elemental ad' .. emission n. "a"nlama, "a"ma, emis"on, karma Sending out from a small space into the general environ7 ment; a substance discharged into the air The #nvironmental Protection &genc" regulates the emission of pollutants into the air. %sage tips #mission is usuall" follo!ed b" an ofphrase. Parts of speech emit v ?. e$tinction n. s/nd(rme ;omplete disappearance; the end of e$istence Cuman beings have caused the e$tinction of man" other species. %sage tips #$tinction implies an absolute end; an e$tinct thing cannot be brought back into e$istence. Parts of speech e$tinct ad' 4. reservoir n. rezervuar, su deposu, depo, hazne & place !here a liBuid is collected and stored ;ult members threatened to poison the to!n+s !ater reservoir. Parts of speech reserve v 89. shrink v. k((ltmek, b(zmek To become reduced in size, amount, or value f "ou dr" "our clothing on the Fhigh heatF setting, the" ma" shrink. Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable ad' Petroleum &lternatives 85 89. stable ad'. =irm and dependable; sho!ing little change Ce fell because the ladder !asn+t stable. Parts of speech stabilit" n, stabl" adv T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. stable @aA keep ,. contamination @bA e$pand -. e$tinct @cA unstead" .. dispose of @dA e$isting ?. shrink @eA purit" T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The @constraints M contaminationA of being in prison made her hate so ciet" even more. & recognition that the #arth is round !as one of the @elemental M shrunkenA advances in thought during the time period. >other Teresa, !ho helped the poorest of the poor, had a great @disposal M reservoirA of love !ithin her spirit. &utomobiles are responsible for some @emissions M e$tinctionA of green house gases. D" the end of the storm, the hikers had @depleted M reservedA even their emergenc" stores. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestion that follo!s. Cuman consumption of fossil fuels is e$pected to full" deplete the #arth+s crude oil reserves b" the "ear ,9L9. &s .. 6ne promising underground reservoirs of oil continue to shrink, !e have sou rce signals the no choice but to find alternatives. 6ne promising source, point ofthis !ith much cleaner emissions, is called bio7diesel. Dio7 paragraph. ,9 :ature diesel is often made from so"bean oil, although it can be made from an" vegetable oil that is not elementall" different from so". Dio7diesel can even be made from used cooking oils that homes or restaurants !ould other!ise dispose of. Dio7diesel can be used !ithout constraint in an" vehicle that runs on dieselEno modifications are needed. Presentl", diesel engines can take up to ,9 percent so" in their

so"7diesel blend. &s the need for bio7diesel increases and the technolog" improves, !e ma" soon !itness the e$tinction of the fossil7fueled vehicle. This is good ne!s for the planet, as bio7diesel is a more stable source of energ" than petroleum, and it reduces contamination of our air and !ater. &n introductor" sentence for a brief summar" of the passage is provided belo!. ;omplete the summar" b" selecting the three ans!er choices that e$press the most important ideas in the passage. n each blank, !rite the letter of one of "our choices. Dio7diesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. a. Cumans have sho!n little self7restraint in their consumption of fossil fuels. b. %nderground reservoirs of oil !ill soon be depleted. c. Dio7diesel burns cleaner than fossil fuels. d. Dio7diesel comes from a more stable source than petroleum. e. 3estaurants can save disposal fees on used cooking oil. He s s o n . Petroleum &lternatives T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. e -. d .. a ?. b T6#=H Prep 8. constraint ,. elemental -. reservoir .. emission ?. deplete T6#=H Success a, c, d Science ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. This page intentionall" left blank.

H#SS6: Time #fficienc" Target 0ords ad'ust L. ma$imize arbitrar" K. parallel denominator 4. proportion e$ponentiall" 5. rate infinitesimal 89. seBuence Definitions and Samples 8. ad'ust v. To change; to get accustomed to something Travelers are advised to ad'ust their !atches before arriving in the ne! time zone. Parts of speech ad'ustment n, ad'ustable ad' ,. arbitrar" ad'. ;hosen simpl" b" !him or chance, not for an" specific reason The decision to build a school in Dlackberr" To!nship !as arbitrar", !ithout an" thought to future housing patterns. Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitraril" adv -. denominator n. The number !ritten belo! the line in a fraction n the fraction Qi, the number , is the denominator. %sage tips The phrase lo!est common denominatormeansFthe most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.F Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. ,. Science .. e$ponentiall" adv. &t a ver" fast rate n Turke", the value of the lira has decreased e$ponentiall" in the last several decades. %sage tips #$ponentiall" is taken from mathematics, !here an e$ponent is a number indicating ho!

man" times something is multiplied b" itself. =or e$ample, .- contains the e$ponentF-,F indicating .$.$.. Parts of speech e$ponent n, e$ponential ad' ?. infinitesimal ad'. mmeasurabl" small The number of contaminants in the !ater !as infinitesimal, so the !ater !as safe to drink. Parts of speech infinitesimall" adv L. ma$imize v. To increase or make as great as possible & coach helps each athlete ma$imize his or her potential. Parts of speech ma$imum n, ma$imum ad' K. parallel ad'. Deing an eBual distance apart ever"!here The street !here live runs parallel to the main road through to!n. %sage tips Parallel is often follo!ed b" to. Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv 4. proportion n. & part in relation to the !hole The average emplo"ee spends a large proportion of each !orkda" ans!ering e7mails. %sage tips Proportion is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech proportionate ad', proportionall" adv 5. rate n. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time. Postal rates in 2apan are among the highest in the !orld. Time #fficienc" ,? Some grasses gro! at the rate of one inch per da". Parts of speech rate v, rating n 89. seBuence v. To organize or arrange in succession Qolunteers have been asked to seBuence the files and organize the bo$es. Parts of speech seBuence n, seBuentiall" adv T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. ad'ust arbitrar" denominator infinitesimal rate Students felt that the e$am !as unfair and the grading s"stem !as rather<<<<<<<<<<. The<<<<<<<<<<of increase in prices made it difficult for people to af ford basic goods. Politicians promised great changes in the coming "ear, but an" im provement in people+s lives !as<<<<<<<<<<. She Buickl" overcame her culture shock and found it eas" to to the ne! countr". Nou can add t!o fractions that have the same<<<<<<<<<<. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in mean ing to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. arbitrar" @aA mi$ up ,. ma$imize @bA intersecting -. seBuence @cA minimize .. infinitesimal @dA huge ?. parallel @eA planned out ,L Science T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Time is, as !e all kno!, mone". Such valuation of time leads people to e$treme efforts to ma$imize their use of time. Some people obsess over . kno!ing the e$act time. The" bu" clocks and !atches that Donus StructureE automaticall" ad'ust themselves over the nternet or b" radio &s !e al l kn o! !aves. These measurements allo! them infinitesimal accurac" is a !riter s devke S dealing !ith time. 3egardless of ho! one tracks time, most for appealingt o people share a common goalG The" !ant to use time common kno!ledge. . . effectivel". Since about 854,, this efficienc" has increased

e$ponentiall" each "ear, thanks to computers and their abilit" to multitask. n multitasking, a computer e$ecutes several different tasks in parallel. 3ather than being set arbitraril", each task is given a priorit" in the computer+s operating s"stem, and time is spent in proportion to the priorit" of the task. The computer e$ecutes different seBuences of tasks at different clock c"cles, thereb" increasing the rate of output from a process. 8. 0h" does the author mention computer multitasking in this articleP a. because it is ne! b. because it measures time better than an" clock c. because it helps people to arrange their activities seBuentiall" d. because it is a good e$ample of the efficient use of time ,. The underlined !ord seBuences in the passage is closest in meaning to a. st"les b. lengths c. orderings d. difficult" levels Hesson ? Time #fficienc" T6#=H Prep 8. arbitrar" ,. rate -. infinitesimal .. ad'ust ?. denominator T6#=H Prep 8. e ,. c -. a .. d ?. b T6#=H Success 8.d ,. c

H#SS6: &ncient Hife Target 0ords accurac" ad'acent compress feasibl" gut integrall" overlap retain seep 89. structure Definitions and Samples 8. accurac" n. Precision; e$actness The research department checks all our articles for accurac" of facts before !e print them. %sage tips &ccurac" is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech accurate ad', accuratel" adv ,. ad'acent ad'. :e$t to #ven though the villages are ad'acent to each other, their residents speak different languages. %sage tips &d'acent is often follo!ed b" to. Parts of speech ad'acenc" n -. compress v. To press together To make the foundation stronger, the" compressed the soil before pouring the concrete. Parts of speech compression n, compressed ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. ,4 Science .. feasibl" adv. Practicall"; in a !a" that can !ork Scientists can+t feasibl" bring energ" from deep ocean currents to !here it is neededEon land.

Parts of speech feasibilit" n, feasible ad' ?. gut v. To empt" or hollo! out n order to remodel the house, !e must first gut it and thro! a!a" all the old fi$tures. %sage tips *ut also means Fthe stomach of an animalF; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal. Parts of speech gut n, gutted ad' L. integrall" adv. n a !hole or complete manner 0riting and spelling are taught integrall" as part of the reading program. Parts of speech integrate v, integrit" n, integral n, integral ad' K. overlap v. To lie over part of something; to have elements in common 6ne of the t!o assistants !ill likel" get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap. Parts of speech overlap n 4. retain v. To keep or hold The rain fell so heavil" that the banks of the river could not retain all the !ater. Parts of speech retainer n, retention n 5. seep v. To pass slo!l" for a long time, as a liBuid or gas might &s the containers rusted, the to$ic !aste seeped into the ground. %sage tips Seep is often follo!ed b" into or through. &ncient Hife ,5 89. structure n. Something constructed, such as a building >ost companies have a social structure that can+t be understood b" outsiders. Parts of speech structure v, structural ad', structurall" adv T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. accurac" ad'acent feasibl" integrall" structure 8. She had no idea ho! the" could<<<<<<<<<<take a big vacation and remodel their house in the same "ear. ,. Dail" meditation is used<<<<<<<<<<!ith medication and massage as part of the recover" plan. The rival politicians !ere raised in<<<<<<<<<<counties. f "ou build a<<<<<<<<<<ne$t to this river, "ou must be sure it is safe against floods. ?. 6nce he ran for public office, he understood the importance of check ing public statements for<<<<<<<<<<. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8.seep @aA fill ,. gut @bA separate -. retain @cA sta" contained .. compress @dA loosen ?. overlap @eA thro! a!a" T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. -9 Science 6rganic products from ancient life are an integral part of the #arth+s resources, offering scientists a more accurate picture of ancient life7forms. 6ne ke" to ancient life comes in the form of petrified matter. Petrifaction is a process that slo!l" turns the remains of a living ob'ect into stone. n this process, minerals seep into a mass of organic matter. &fter the organic matter has been replaced, a mineral version of the living ob'ect is left. Petrifaction often occurs in trees that are found ad'acent to rivers, floodable areas, and volcanoes, !hich provide the mud or ash that initiall" covers the organic matter. Some pieces of petrified !ood retain the original Donus StructureE cellular structure of the !ood and the grain can be easil" n this conte$t, seen. Toda", it is feasible to petrif" !ood in a simple toda" means Fat laborator" process.

present; at this time =ossils are another !a" that ancient life is preserved. m histor".F > ost fossils include an animal+s hard parts, such as teeth and bones. 6ne t"pe of fossil, called a trace fossil, ma" also include eggs, tooth marks, contents of the guts, and fossil e$crement. Some products from ancient life offer us more than scientific kno!ledge. 6ne such product is coal, a solid fuel of plant origin. t develops over millions of "ears, during !hich s!amp vegetation is submerged in !ater, depleted of o$"gen, and covered b" la"ers and la"ers of sand and mud. These overlapping la"ers settle !ith the #arth+s movements and are compressed over time. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. Preserved life7forms, including petrified matter and fossils, teach us about ancient life. b. The primar" function for preserved life7forms is scientific discover". c. Scientists tr" to replicate natural processes that preserve ancient life7forms. d. &ncient organic matter provides the most concentrated forms of en erg" kno!n to humans. ,. n the passage, the !ords submerged in are closest in meaning to a. made !et b. completel" covered c. ad'acent to d. depleted of &ncient Hife -8 Hesson L &ncient Hife T6#=H Prep 8. feasibl" ,. integrall" -. ad'acent .. structure ?. accurac" T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. a -. e .. d ?. b T 6# =H Su c c e s s 8 . a , . b

%
H#SS6: ;omputers Target 0ords circulate corrode derive detection e$peditiousl" implement innovative installation maintenance 89. simulation Definitions and Samples 8. circulate Q. T6 move throughout an area or group; to move along a some!hat circular route The gossip circulated Buickl" through the small to!n. Dlood circulates more Buickl" during ph"sical e$ercise. %sage tips ;irculate is often follo!ed b" through. Parts of speech circulation n ,. corrode v. To be slo!l" !eakened b" chemical reactions Sitting in salt !ater, the old coins corroded and became ver" eas" to break. %sage tips & familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been e$posed to air and !ater. Parts of speech corrosion n

;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. ;omputers --. derive v. To come from, usuall" through a long, slo! process The ;"rillic alphabet !as derived from the *reek alphabet. %sage tips Derive is often follo!ed b" from. Parts of speech derivation n, derivative ad' .. detection n. Discovering something that cannot easil" be found 0ith ne! medical technolog", the detection of cancer is much easier no!ada"s. %sage tips Detection is often follo!ed b" an ofphrase. Parts of speech detect v, detectable ad' ?. e$peditiousl" adv. Tuickl" and efficientl" %sing carrier pigeons, the militar" commanders e$changed messages e$peditiousl". Parts of speech e$pedite v, e$pedition n, e$peditious ad' L. implement v. To make use of; to carr" out :ot until after the ne! soft!are !as installed could !e implement the ne! filing s"stem. Parts of speech implement n, implementation n K. innovative ad'. &head of the times; novel The innovative use of props and lighting dre! man" favorable comments. Parts of speech innovation n 4. installation n. Setting something into position for use nstallation of the ne! soft!are takes onl" four minutes. Parts of speech install v 5. maintenance n. The act of keeping something in good condition The onl" problem !ith living in such a big house is that it reBuires a lot of maintenance. Parts of speech maintain v -. Science 89. simulation n. &n imitation or representation To test car safet", automobile makers stud" crash simulations. Parts of speech simulate v, simulator n T6#=H Prep ;ircle the most likel" meaning of the !ord part that is shared !ithin each set of !ords. 8. circulate, circumnavigate, circuit The root circMcircum probabl" means a. around b. broken c. fair d. straight ,. innovative, novel, renovate The root nov probabl" means a. clear b. old c. ne! d. s!eet -. installation, implement, imprison The prefi$ in7Mim7 probabl" means a. aside b. behind c. in d. out T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. Please make sure this information @circulates M derivesA throughout the office Buickl". The @installation M simulationA of the ne! telephones took three da"s. n order to sta" on schedule, !e need to complete this pro'ect as @e$peditiousl" M innovativel"A as possible. ;omputers -? The smuggler moved cautiousl" through the airport to avoid

@detection M maintenanceA. Nears of neglect had caused the building+s !ater pipes to @corrode M implementA. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. &s dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical support. =rom installation of soft!are to detection of viruses, computers reBuire constant vigilance. >ost larger companies find it most e$peditious to maintain in7house computer staff. >an" smaller companies, ho!ever, can+t fund their o!n full7time, in7house technical help. nstead, man" of them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current emplo"ee !ho ma" not have an" formal training. 3ather, these Fcomputer buffsF have derived their skills through practice and self7training. These self7appointed tech specialists, ho!ever, often cannot solve bigger problems. 0hat+s more, the" ma" see their office relations corrode !hen the" are s!amped !ith basic user Buestions that the" simpl" don+t have time to address. =or these reasons, man" small companies choose to emplo" a freelance technical assistant !ho circulates among clients on an as7needed basis. 0ith their professional training, these consultants ma" propose innovative solutions to users+ uniBue needs, !hich could var" from tracking inventor" to simulating mechanized processes. The" can implement ne! programs, train personnel, and escape the !orkplace before being asked,FCo! can cut this file and paste it some!here elsePF 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. Harger companies are better off using freelance technical consultants. b. ;omputer maintenance and troubleshooting cuts into emplo"ee productivit". c. Self7trained technical support personnel are often as effective as trained professionals. d. Smaller companies ma" benefit from hiring occasional technical support. -L Science ,. The article implies that the Buestion Co! do cut and paste a fileP is a. too basic to reBuire professional attention b. a good Buestion to give to in7house tech support c. appropriate for a freelancer to address d. a good topic for a training program Hesson K ;omputers T6#=H Prep 8 . a ,. c -. c T6#=H Prep 8. circulate ,. installation -. e$peditiousl" .. detection ?. corrode T6 #=H Su cc e s s 8 . d , . a

H#SS6: #nerg" Target 0ords combustion L. permeate component K. rotate conve" 4. solar discretel" 5. source nucleus 89. trigger Definitions and Samples 8. combustion n. yan0a. tutu/0a. The process of burning 0hen air Bualit" is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is prohibited.

%sage tips ;ombustion is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech combust v, combustible ad' ,. component n. ,3e. unsur. par4a. ele0an. c-#. 6ne part of a s"stem or !hole Their home theater s"stem has a number of separate components. %sage tips ;omponent is often follo!ed or preceded b" of. -. conve" v. ta/10a+. g,t-r0e+. let0e+. na+let0e+. To transport from one place to another; to transmit or make kno!n & messenger conve"ed the prince+s letter to the commander of the arm". ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. -4 Science The !orst part about being a doctor !as !hen she had to conve" bad ne!s to a famil". Parts of speech conve"ance n, conve"or n ..scretel" adv. ayr1. "ar+l1. Separatel"; distinctl" n order to understand ho! the engine !orked, each component needed to be studied discretel". Parts of speech discrete ad' ?. nucleus n. 4e+ rde+. ,#. n-ve. & central or essential part around !hich other parts are gathered; a core The nucleus of man" #uropean cities is the to!n sBuare. %sage tips :ucleus is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech nuclear ad' permeate v. n-"u# et0e+. 4 ne /le0e+. To spread or flo! throughout; to pass through or penetrate The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building. Parts of speech permeation n .. rotate v. d,n0e+7 d,nd-r0e+. To turn around; to take turns in seBuence The planet rotates on its a$is once ever" 8. #arth da"s. The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a !eekl" basis. Parts of speech rotation n solar ad'. g-ne/ n et+ s yle 0eydana gelen. ?. 6f, or relating to, the sun The ancient societ" kept time !ith a solar calendar. L. source n. +ayna+7 +,+en The point of origin or creation The reporter !as unable to identif" the source of the information for his stor". Parts of speech source v #nerg" -5 89. trigger v. To set off or initiate !as certain an" mention of politics !ould trigger a big argument. Parts of speech trigger n T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. combustion conve" permeate source trigger 8. t is often difficult to<<<<<<<<<<the meaning of a poem to a large audience. The<<<<<<<<<<of the gossip !as someone inside this office. Cer bad mood that da"<<<<<<<<<<the atmosphere in the laborator". The internal<<<<<<<<<<engine revolutionized the !a" automobiles run. ?. & cigarette<<<<<<<<<<the e$plosion. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7

hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. rotate @aA separatel", as an individual part ,. solar @bA spin on an a$is -. component @cA sun .. discretel" @dA center ?. nucleus @eA part T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. >ost of the electricit" in the %nited States is produced in steam turbines. There are man" discrete steps in this process. n a steam turbine, .9 Science combustion of coal, petroleum, or natural gas heats !ater to make steam. The steam rotates a shaft that is connected to a generator that produces electricit". =inall", that electricit" is converted b" a transformer and conve"ed from the turbine to its place of use. >an" sources can provide energ" to heat the !ater in a steam turbine. ;oal is primar", producing ?8 percent of the countr"+s electricit". &nother common !a" to heat !ater for steam turbines is through nuclear po!er. n nuclear fission, atoms of uranium fuel are hit b" neutrons, triggering a continuous chain of fission that releases heat. n ,998, nuclear po!er generated ,8 percent of the electricit" in the %nited States. Solar po!er produces less than 8 percent of the %nited States+ electricit" needs, because it is not Donus StructureE regularl" available and harnessing it is more e$pensive than n this conte$t, still using fossil fuels. Dependence on electricit" permeates dail" means Ueven so; life in the %nited States. Still, fe! people are a!are of the F h is. V man" components of electricit" production. 8. 0hat does the author sa" about solar po!erP a. t produces more electricit" than an" other source. b. t is a relativel" small source of energ" for heating !ater in steam turbines. c. #lectricit" producers are tr"ing to use it more regularl". d. 3esearchers are tr"ing to make it cheaper to use. ,. n the passage, the !ord transformer probabl" refers to a a. truck b. generator that produces electricit" c. t"pe of turbine d. device that changes electric currents Hesson 4 #nerg" T6#=H Prep 8. conve" ,. source -. permeated .. combustion ?. triggered T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. c -. e .. a ?. d T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. d >ind and Dod" ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. This page intentionall" left blank.

H#SS6: >emor" Target 0ords acBuisition anomal"

consciousl" degrade gap indisputable intervene intuitivel" recede 89. retrieve Definitions and Samples 8. acBuisition n. elde et0e. ed n0e. al0a. The act of taking possession of something 6ur recent acBuisition of over ,,999 books makes ours the biggest librar" in the region. %sage tips &cBuisition is often follo!ed b" of. Parts of speech acBuire v anomal" n. ano0al . ,. Something unusual 0hite tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomal". consciousl" adv. -b le b le. b l n4l olara+. 0ith a!areness of one+s actions Ce ma" have hurt her feelings, but he never !ould have done so consciousl". Parts of speech consciousness n, conscious ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. .. >ind and Dod" .. degrade v. al4a+ b r duru0a d-/-r0e+. To reduce in value or strength The roads in cold or !et areas of the %nited States degrade faster than those in !arm, sunn" regions. Parts of speech degradation n, degradable ad' -. gap n. aral1+7 bo/lu+. ged +. 6pening; a big difference in amount or Bualit" The small gap bet!een the !alls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in. .. indisputable ad'. su g,t-r0e#. +es n. tart1/1l0a#. De"ond doubt; unBuestionable The members of the 'ur" found her guilt" because the" found the facts of the case indisputable. Parts of speech indisputabl" adv L. intervene v. ara"a gir,m(dahale et To come bet!een & good mediator intervenes onl" as much as necessar" to settle a dispute bet!een other parties. Parts of speech intervention n K. intuitivel" adv. se#g yle. D" means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe >an" mothers kno! intuitivel" !hen something is !rong !ith their children. Parts of speech intuition n, intuitive ad' 4. recede v. ger 4e+ l0e+. To move back or a!a" from &fter the age of -9, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead. Parts of speech recession n, recessive ad' 5. retrieve v. geri almak, kavu1mak, telIfi etmek To bring or get back >ost dogs can be trained to retrieve ob'ects that their o!ners have thro!n. Parts of speech retriever n, retrievable ad'

>emor" .? T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. degrade @aA sta" out of a dispute ,. anomal" @bA improve -. recede @cA Buestionable .. intervene @dA the norm ?. indisputable @eA come for!ard T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. & huge @anomal" M gapA bet!een the !ealth" and the !orking class often leads to social unrest. The ne! computers enable us to @intervene M retrieveA information more Buickl". &lthough she !asn+t Bualified for the 'ob, she @indisputabl" M intuitivel"A felt that she should appl". 0hen he 'oined the militar", he did not e$pect the officers to @degrade M recedeA him. The art in the fo"er !as an important @acBuisition M consciousnessA for the museum. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestion that follo!s. Hike other functions of the human mind, perception and memor" are imperfect. 0hen !e tell a stor" about something that !e !itnessed, !e ma" intuitivel" believe that our recollection is accurate. Co!ever, several factors bias our memories of events. To stud" this anomal", let us look at the three steps of memor" creationG acBuisition of memor", storing of memor", and retrieval. &t ever" stage of memor" formation, distortion can occur. &t the first stage, acBuisition of memor", events are perceived and bits of information are prepared for storage in the brain. Co!ever, it is impossible for us to remember ever" single thing !e observe. Through processes that are both conscious and unconscious, people determine !hich details the" !ill focus on. .L >ind and Dod" n its second stage, storage, memories can become further distorted. 6ver time, our memories degrade, as !e forget portions of events. To compensate, !e ma" even creativel" fill in the gap created b" the recession of long7term memor". &dditionall", an individual+s memor" can be altered during the storage stage b" intervening occurrences, !hich can be subconsciousl" combined !ith previousl" stored Donus StructureE , , , , T memories. Hast but not least, !e search our memor" to locate n sum means Uto . W information. During recall, emotion also seems to pla" a part a short version of in memor" distortion. n sum, our memories ma" not be the !hat has been indisputable source of information that !e !ould like them stated.F X to be. &n introductor" sentence for a brief summar" of the passage is provided belo!. ;omplete the summar" b" selecting the three ans!er choices that e$press the most important ideas in the passage. n each blank, !rite the letter of one of "our choices. >emor" provides an imperfect record of events. a. People purposefull" present a slanted version of events. b. >emories can be altered at an" point in memor" creation. c. People naturall" cannot recall ever"thing the" observe. d. >emories are an indisputable source of fact. e. Time and emotion contribute to memor" degradation. f. Past occurrences often displace current memories. Hesson 5 >emor" T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. d -. e .. a ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. gap ,. retrieve -. intuitivel" .. degrade ?. acBuisition T6#=H Success b, c, e

H#SS6: Spiritualit" Target 0ords 8. agnostic L. K. 4. 5. 89. deif" ecclesiastical e$alt pious sacrifice ,. animism -. atheist .. be inclined to ?. contemplate Definitions and Samples 8. agnostic ad'. agnostik

Delieving that humans cannot kno! !hether there is a god Cis devoutl" ;hristian parents had problems !ith his agnostic beliefs. Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n ,. animism n. canl1c1l1+. The belief that natural ob'ects, such as trees, have souls Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that !inds contain spirits. Parts of speech animistic ad' atheist n. allah inkar eden,ateist -. 6ne !ho does not believe in the e$istence of a supreme being Ce argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be an"thing but an atheist. Parts of speech atheistic ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. .4 >ind and Dod" .. be inclined to v. 7e me"li olmak. To favor an opinion or a course of action Ce couldn+t sa" !hich candidate he favored, but he had al!a"s been inclined to vote 3epublican. Parts of speech incline n, inclination n .. contemplate v. n yet nde ol0a+. tasarla0a+. To consider thoughtfull" f "ou contemplate each step for so long, !e !ill never complete this pro'ect on time. Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative ad' ?. deif" v. tanrla1trmak; tapmak To !orship as a god 0hen people deif" the leader of their countr", the leader is able to abuse po!er more easil". Parts of speech deit" n L. ecclesiastical ad'. kilise"e ait, dini 3elating to a church Ce !as looking specificall" for a universit" !here he could stud" ecclesiastical histor". Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiasticall" adv e$alt v. y-celt0e+. K. To praise or honor Ce !ould often e$alt the virtues of his ne! !ife. Parts of speech e$altation n pious ad'. d ndar.

4. Caving or e$hibiting religious reverence Sometimes she !as so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens. Parts of speech piousness n, piet" n, piousl" adv 5. sacrifice v. +urban. &n"thing offered to a deit" as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on #ver" harvest time, the =adeloni people sacrificed vegetables to their gods as a sho! of thanks. Spiritualit" .5 n order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time. Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial ad', sacrificiall" adv T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord or phrase from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord or phrase onl" once. be inclined to contemplate deif" e$alted sacrifice Traditionall", the ;amerian societ"<<<<<<<<<<its leaders, consider ing them to be sent from the land of the gods. To do !ell in his universit" courses, he had to<<<<<<<<<<a lot of his personal time. The generation of &merican leaders kno!n as Fthe =oundersF are b" man" scholars for their !isdom and courage. She kne! she !ould al!a"s<<<<<<<<<<agree !ith !hat her mother said, so she struggled to remain unbiased. ?. The human resources department<<<<<<<<<<!hether the" should let >ar" go. T6#=H Prep ;ircle the likel" meaning of the !ord part that is shared !ithin each set of !ords. 8. animism, animal, animation The root anima probabl" means a. color b. death c. man" d. life ?9 >ind and Dod" ,. atheistic, amoral, apathetic The prefi$ a probabl" means a. not b. loving c. e$cessive d. surel" T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. hi 3ussia, several religions coe$ist, including ;hristianit", 2udaism, slam, and animism. The most common religion is ;hristianit", and most ;hristians are members of the 3ussian 6rthodo$ ;hurch. The ;hurch has e$isted for over 8,999 "ears, surviving even the official atheism of the Soviet era and the agnosticism that ma" have been even more prominent at the time. During the communist "ears, man" 3ussians !ho practiced 6rthodo$" sacrificed career and educational opportunities. The tenacit" of 3ussian 6rthodo$" ma" e$plain !h" even nonreligious 3ussians are inclined to call themselves 3ussian 6rthodo$. That same sta"ing po!er drives the ;hurch toda", !hich is run b" &lekse" of >osco!. Dorn &lekse" >ikhailovich 3idiger, the future patriarch !as from a ver" pious famil". &s a bo", &lekse" !as often taken b" his parents on their annual pilgrimages, !hen he most certainl" began contemplation of onus StructureE the religious !a" of life he !as to choose. &s patriarch, &lekse" Cere &s patriarch Y ,., is e$alted m the ;hurch governance, but he is not deified, means U!hile !orking in the &lekse" has published articles on ;hurch histor" and

position of church peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press, leader.F O broadening the ;hurch+s image both in 3ussia and abroad. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. The 3ussian 6rthodo$ ;hurch !as banned under Soviet control. b. =e! 3ussians believe in a god. c. &lekse" has updated the church+s image. d. The 3ussian 6rthodo$ ;hurch has a long histor" of strong mem bership in 3ussia. Spiritualit" ?8 ,. &ccording to the passage, &lekse" of >osco! is a. a god b. a high church official c. a secular leader d. an atheist Hesson 89 Spiritualit" T6#=H Prep 8. deifies ,. sacrifice -. e$alted .. be inclined to ?. contemplated T 6 # = H P r e p 8 . d ,. a T6#=H Success 8 . d

,.b

H#SS6: llness Target 0ords aggravate decrepit disease fatall" forensics persist prognosis terminal vein 89. !ound Definitions and Samples 8. aggravate v. +,t-le/t r0e+. #orla/t1r0a+. a31rla/t1r0a+. / ddetlend r0e+8 To make !orse; to anger or intensif" 3unning !ill aggravate "our sore knees. Parts of speech aggravation n ,. decrepit ad'. /km(1, za"f d(1m(1, eskimi1; eli a"a) tutmaz 0eakened or !orn out because of age, illness, or e$ces7 sive use The once7beautiful building !as no! dirt", decrepit, and roofless. -. disease n. (astal1+. sayr1l1+. llet &n unhealthful condition caused b" an infection or a long7 term ph"sical problem Thanks to developments in medicine, man" once7fatal diseases can no! be cured. .. fatall" adv. /l(mle, kanlmaz 1ekilde, /l(mc(l 1ekilde ;ausing death or disaster The soldier !as fatall" !ounded in the battle. Parts of speech fatalit" n, fatal ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. llness ?-

forensics n. 0-na#ara sanat1. ?. The use of science and technolog" to investigate facts in criminal cases &dvances in the stud" of forensics have made it much easier to identif" criminals from ver" small traces of evidence. Parts of speech forensic ad' L. persist v. n 9de 1srar et0e+. 9de aya+ d re0e+. 9de nat et0e+. To continue to e$ist; to hold to a purpose, despite an" obstacle f "our s"mptoms persist, "ou should go see a doctor. Hola persisted in her efforts to become a la!"er. Parts of speech persistence n, persistent ad' K. prognosis n. hastal)n sonucunu tahmin, prognoz &n educated guess of ho! something !ill develop, es7 peciall" a disease The room fell silent !hen the doctor gave Senator *rebe a grim prognosis of months of treatment. 4. terminal ad'. son, u, terminal, gar, son durak Hocated at an end; approaching death The cancer !ard at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients. Parts of speech terminate v, terminall" adv 5. vein n. da0ar. toplarda0ar. &n" of the tubes that form a branching s"stem, especiall" those that carr" blood to the heart She became fascinated !ith human anatom", especiall" !hen she learned ho! veins transport o$"gen. 89. !ound v. . kIlbini krmak, "aralamak, incitmek To inflict an in'ur" on Sometimes he didn+t realize his sharp humor could !ound as !ell as entertain. Parts of speech !ound n T6 #=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. disease fatal persist prognosis !ound ?. >ind and Dod" . 8. Ce sustained a serious in'ur" in the !ar, so he !as sent home immediatel". . ,. Cer sickness !as so rare, doctors !eren+t certain ho! to treat it. . -. Cis motto !as to keep tr"ing, no matter !hat happened. . .. The medical staff could not kno! for sure !hether the treatment !ould !ork, but the" made a confident prediction that the patient !ould recover. . ?. The airplane crash !as tragic, killing man" people immediatel" and inflicting in'uries on others that !ould eventuall" prove deadl". T6#=H Prep :e$t to each definition, !rite the !ord that most closel" fits it. aggravate decrepit forensics terminal vein 8. the science involved in solving crimes ,. a vessel for carr"ing blood -. to make !orse .. unable to be cured ?. in ver" bad condition T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The man !as decrepit. 0ith high blood pressure, cancer, and liver disease, he aggravated his situation b" smoking. Cis prognosis !as death. Cis advanced lung cancer !as terminal, and his famil" members kne! that he !ould pass a!a" soon. So no one !as surprised to find him dead on that sharp !inter Thursda", no one, that is, e$cept one sharp7e"ed detective, llness !ho noticed the bedroom !indo! a'ar on the morning of the old man+s death. 0ould a fatall" ill person

be likel" to sleep !ith the !indo! open on a freezing cold nightP Donus StructureE ndeed indicates that an idea in an earlier paragraph !as actuall" true. This Buestion occupied forensic specialists from the medical e$aminer+s office.There, an autops" revealed an unlikel" !ound on the victim+s thigh. Such a !ound could easil" have been inflicted b" someone administering medicine . . . or poison. =rom there, the poison could travel through the veins, shutting do!n vital organs and causing death !ithin seconds. ndeed, the death turned out to be murder in the first degree. ;riminal investigators persisted in their Buestioning of friends and famil", onl" later finding the motiveG mone". T!o distant relatives !ho stood to inherit large sums from the old man+s estate plotted the death, believing that the old man+s death !ould not be Buestioned. 8. 0h" does the author mention a !oundP a. The !ound caused the death. b. t !as evidence of a struggle. c. t !as suspicious. d. t !as predictable, considering the man+s disease. ,. n the passage, the !ord inherit is closest in meaning to a. lose b. gain c. earn d. !ant Hesson 88 llness T6#=H Prep 8. !ound ,. disease -. persist .. prognosis ?. fatal T6#=H Prep 8.forensics ,. vein -. aggravate .. terminal ?. decrepit T 6 # = H S u c c e s s 8 . c , . b

H#SS6: Surger" Target 0ords 8. anesthesia L. implant ,. augment K. in'ect -. certifiabl" 4. obese .. complication 5. procedure ?. cure 89. scar Definitions and Samples anesthesia n. duyu0 y t 0 . aneste# . 8. TechniBues for reducing sensation and feeling, especiall" to control pain The ;ivil 0ar !as the first &merican !ar !hen anesthesia !as !idel" used in surger" on soldiers. %sage tips &nesthesia and anesthetic are often used interchangeabl". Parts of speech anesthetic n, ad' augment v. art1r0a+. ,. To make bigger or better b" adding to n some t"pes of popular cosmetic surger" people augment parts of their bodies. The college augmented its course offerings because students complained that there !ere too fe! choices. Parts of speech augmentation n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use.

Surger" ?K certifiabl" adv. ona"lanabilir -. n a manner that is officiall" recognized Ce couldn+t be institutionalized until he !as declared certifiabl" insane. Parts of speech certif" v, certification n, certificate n, certifiable ad' .. complication n. +ar0a/1+ (ale get r0e. & factor that makes something more difficult or comple$ The surgeons could not easil" stop the bleeding because of complications related to the patient+s diabetes. Parts of speech complicate v .. cure v. y le/t r0e+. tedav et0e+. sa3alt0a+. / "a ver0e+ To restore to health The" sa" laughter can help cure man" illnesses. Parts of speech cure n ?. implant v. dikmek. ,. aklina sokmak, asilamak. To set in firml"; to insert in the bod" surgicall" The actress had cheek implants to make her face look fuller. Parts of speech implantation n L. in'ect v. 1rnga etmek, en'eksi"on "apmak. ,. katmak, vermek. To insert a liBuid b" means of a s"ringe The doctor used a needle to in'ect the medicine slo!l" into her arm. Parts of speech in'ection n K. obese ad'. ok 1i1man,obez #$cessivel" over!eight >ore &mericans are obese no! because %.S. culture encourages overeating and discourages e$ercise. Parts of speech obesit" n 5. procedure n. prosed(r, i1lem, & specific !a" of performing or doing something The flight attendant e$plained the emergenc" evacuation procedure. Parts of speech proceed v, procedural ad' ?4 >ind and Dod" 89. scar n. "ara izi. & mark on the skin left after a !ound has healed; a lasting sign of damage, either mental or ph"sical The surger" !as successful, but it left a large scar across her abdomen. Parts of speech scar v T6#=H Prep =or each !ord, choose the !ord or phrase that has the most similar meaning. 0rite the letter of "our choice on the line. 8. scar @aA bandage @bA mark @cA shine @dA cover ,. augment @aA take a!a" @bA discuss @cA use @dA add to -. complication @aA added difficult" @bA improved performance @cA method of training @dA prediction about results .. obese @aA attractive @bA health" @cA ver" over!eight @dA high ?. cure @aA heal@bA stud" @cA diagnose @dA tie up T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The @procedure M scarA to prepare for the surger" took four hours. 6nl" seriousl" @certifiable M obeseA people should get their stomachs surgicall" reduced. Ce almost died during the operation because the doctors did not give him the right kind of @anesthesia M complicationA. Doctors are no! able to @cure M implantA man" t"pes of sickness that !ere usuall" fatal in the past.

Defore @augmenting M in'ectingA a painkiller, the dentist rubbed cloves on the !oman+s gums to numb them. Surger" ?5 T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Since 855,, the number of cosmetic surger" procedures has risen 8K? percent in the %nited States. T!o of the most popular are liposuction and breast augmentation. n liposuction, the doctor inserts a small tube into the skin that sucks fat from the bod". &nd !hile it ma" sound . eas", it isn+t. Hiposuction is so painful that people are often Donus StructureE given anesthesia. 0hat+s more, liposuction is not reall" a 0hat+s more cure for obesit". 3ather, it should be used !hen diet and means Fin addition; ' , , t7 , W , W u, ii 2. Z even more e$ercise do not reduce fat m certain trouble spots. importantl". &nother common cosmetic procedure is breast augmentation. n this procedure, an implant is inserted through the armpit, making the breasts appear larger. Dreast augmentation usuall" leaves onl" a small scar. Some common complications include the effects of anesthesia, infection, s!elling, redness, bleeding, and pain. To reduce these risks, consumers are advised to be sure that their surgeon is board7certified. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. ;osmetic surger" is dangerous. b. >an" people do not have cosmetic surger" because of the pain. c. ;osmetic surger" is increasing in popularit" in the %nited States. d. Dreast reduction is almost as popular as breast augmentation. ,. n the underlined sentence, trouble spots refers to a. places !here people are commonl" over!eight b. methods of e$ercise that aren+t effective c. parts of the bod" !here liposuction doesn+t !ork d. specific areas on the bod" !here fat is hard to minimize Hesson 8, Surger" T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. d -. a .. c ?. a T6#=H Prep 8. procedure ,. obese -. anesthesia .. cure ?. in'ecting T 6#= H S ucc e ss 8 . c , . d

13 LESSON
*hosts Target 0ords astrological divination haunt horror intermediar" invoke meditate phantom ps"chic :e" n t ons and Sa0ples astrological ad'. astrolo'ik 3elated to the stud" of the position of stars, the sun, and the planets in the belief that the" influence earthl" events
8.

#ver" da", >ona read her astrological forecast in the ne!spaper, and she !as careful if the horoscope predicted trouble. Parts of speech astrolog" n, astrologer n, astrologicall" adv ,. divination n. tahmin, kehanet, sezme =oretelling the future b" finding patterns in ph"sical ob'ects n Turke", !omen offer divinations b" reading the dregs from a coffee cup. Parts of speech divine v -. haunt v. sk u)ramak, zi"aret etmek To continuall" appear @in the form of a ghostA in the same place or to the same person ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. *hosts L8 Some sa" the ghost of Princess Cilda haunts this castle, appearing as a headless form !hile she pla"s the piano. The pictures of children d"ing in !ar have haunted me for a long time. horror n. korku .. Strong fear mi$ed !ith disgust 6n Callo!een night, all the horror movies !ere rented out. Parts of speech horrif" v, horrific ad' ?. intermediar" n. arada bulunan. arac1l1+ eden. &cting as an agent bet!een people or things The plaintiff+s la!"er suggested that the" hire an intermediar" to help them discuss their case. %sage tips ntermediar" comes from the Hatin !ords meaning Fbet!een the !a"s.F L. invoke v. "alvarmak, "akarmak, dua etmek To call on for support n man" religions, believers invoke their god b" holding out their hands. Parts of speech invocation n K. meditate v. dalmak, d(1(nmek, tasarlamak To reflect; to think Buietl" and deepl" for a long time #ver" morning, the monks meditated for three hours in complete silence. Parts of speech meditation n 4. phantom n. . ha"al. ,. ha"alet. -. g/r(nt(, aldan1. & diml" visible form, usuall" thought to be the spirit of a dead person, a sunken ship, etc. >an" visitors reported seeing a phantom !ho appeared around the lake. %sage tips Phantom originates in a !ord meaning FdreamF; like a dream, a phantom leaves an observer !ondering !hether it+s real or not. L, >ind and Dod" 5. ps"chic ad'. ruhsal, psi1ik, parapsikolo'ik, ruhani 3elating to the supposed abilit" of the human mind to sense things that cannot be observed The governor+s assistant claimed to have uniBue ps"chic abilities enabling him to read people+s minds. Parts of speech ps"chic n, ps"chicall" adv 88. self7perpetuati ng ad'. Caving the po!er to rene! oneself for an indefinite period of time t is difficult to escape from a lie, as the" are often self7perpetuating. Parts of speech self7perpetuation n T6#=H Prep =or each !ord, choose the !ord or phrase that has the most similar meaning. 0rite the letter of "our choice on the line. 8 divination @aA @bA demand , haunt . @aA dr" out prediction @cA problem @dA @bA fail to sho! up rout e

@cA - continue meditate . invoke . @aA call

to disturb e$pose cr"

@dA search desperatel" @cA purge @dA @cA inspire @dA thin k re'e ct

. @aA clarif" @bA @bA

? ps"chic . @aA empt" @bA mental @cA po!erful vag @dA T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completesue each sentence. 8. The leaders of the religious group are said to have @astrological M ps"chicA po!ers that allo! them to move ob'ects 'ust b" the po!er of their thoughts. *hosts L=or "ears after the earthBuake, she !as disturbed b" the @haunting M self7perpetuatingA memories of destruction. The bo"s told their ne! friend that the" had seen @intermediaries M phantomsA in the cemeter" at night. During the scuffle, the citizens !ere prepared to @invoke M meditateA the right of citizen+s arrest because no police officers !ere present. Cer @divination M horrorA of the results of their meeting impressed even the nonbelievers. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Some sa" that sailors are a superstitious group. Hong nights of !atching stars predispose them to a belief in astrolog". Hong periods of isolation lead them to believe in ps"chic phenomena that others !ould laugh at. This ma" e$plain sailors+ freBuent reports of seeing phantom ships. =rom the *ulf of >e$ico, across the &tlantic, and to the South ;hina Sea, sailors often claim that such vessels haunt the seas. 6ne of the most famous stories of ghost ships is the =l"ing Dutchman, !hich sailed in 8L49 from &msterdam to Dutch #ast ndia under Cendrick Qanderdecken. 0hen the captain ignored the danger !arnings of a storm, his ship !as smashed and the cre! !as lost. &ccording to legend, his arrogance invoked the !rath of *od, !ho condemned the lost cre!7members to battle the !aters off the ;ape of *ood Cope for eternit". Since then, there have been repeated sightings of the =l"ing Dutchman, one as recent as 85-5. >an" sightings of phantom ships occur in areas !here vessels are kno!n to have sunk. Sailors can never divine !hen or !here the" !ill ne$t encounter a phantom ship. 3ather, most of their sightings occur randoml", onl" later to bring forth information of a former sea horror. Some sa" that ghosts aboard a phantom ship are tr"ing to use living sailors as their intermediaries. Still others think that the e$istence of phantom ships is merel" a self7perpetuating m"th for bored sailors !ho are prone to too much idle meditation about the meaning of life and death on the high seas. 8. Co! !ould the author e$plain phantom shipsP a. Their appearance is tied to the stars. b. Sailors at sea have little to do. c. =og and high !aves can distort one+s vision. d. Ship!reck remains haunt oceans around the !orld. ,. 0h" does the author mention the =l"ing DutchmanP a. as the basis of primitive navigation s"stems b. as an e$ample of a commonl" sighted phantom ship c. as the reason !h" man" sailors have mental problems d. as an e$planation for sightings of phantom ships Hesson 8- *hosts T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. c -. d .. a ?. b T6#=H Prep 8. ps"chic ,. haunting -. phantoms .. invoke ?. divination T 6 # = H S u c c e s s 8 . b , . b

14
LESSON &nthropolog" Target 0ords 8. assimilate L. relic ,. cremation K. rite -. domesticate 4. rituall " .. folklore 5. saga ?. fossilize 89. vestige Definitions and Samples 8. assimilate v. /z(mlemek, sindirmek, /z(msemek To consume and incorporate; to become similar :ot all of the overseas students could assimilate into the rigidl" controlled school. %sage tips &ssimilate is often follo!ed b" into. Parts of speech assimilation n cremation n./l( "akma ,. The act of burning the dead ;remation is particularl" common in 2apan, !here land for burial is ver" limited. Parts of speech cremate v -. domesticate v. evc lle/t r0e+. To make something suitable for being in a home The Darnes famil" hoped to domesticate the tiger, but their neighbors !ere skeptical. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. %sage tips The ob'ect of domesticate is usuall" a plant or animal. Parts of speech domestic ad' .. folklore n. folklor, halkbilim Traditional m"ths of a people transmitted orall" Through folklore, archaeologists have learned about the migration of :ative &mericans in :orth &merica. Parts of speech folkloric ad' ?. fossilize v. "os lle/0e+. ta/1lla/0a+ To become preserved in cla" or stone or ash after death, so that a natural record is left of the original organism; to become rigid and stuck in old !a"s The dinosaur eggs had fossilized over thousands of "ears. Parts of speech fossilization n, fossil n L. relic n. kalnt, eski eser, "adigIr, hatra, kutsal emanet Something left from a long7ago culture, time period, or person 3elics of the !ar can still be found in the sand dunes along this shore. K. rite n. dini t/ren, a"in, & ceremon" meant to achieve a certain purpose >an" cultures have fertilit" rites that supposedl" make it more likel" for !omen to bear children. K. rituall" adv. dinsel t/ren, dini t/ren, a"in, a"in kurallar, a"in kitab &s part of a traditional ceremon" or habit The children rituall" kissed their parents on the cheek before bed. Parts of speech ritual n, ritual ad' 5. saga n. destan & long stor" about important events long ago >an" &merican families tell sagas about their ancestors+ arrival in the %nited States. 89. vestige n. #. eser. /aret. & visible trace that something once e$isted The !ilted flo!ers !ere the onl" vestige of their romantic !eekend.

T6 #=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. assimilate cremation domesticate folklore ritual 8. n man" cultures around the !orld, "oung bo"s are cir cumcised in a traditional ceremon". ,. t is difficult to tame a bird that !as born in the !ild. -. Dased on the oral legends about the fire, researchers es timate that about half of the to!nspeople died in the blaze. .. &fter the burning of the bod", the remaining bits of bone are transferred to a large urn. ?. Cer husband could never fit into her famil"+s !a" of life. T6#=H Prep 0rite the best !ord ne$t to each definition. %se each !ord onl" once. fossilize relic rite saga vestige 8. to harden after death ,. a customar" act -. a memento .. something remaining from the past ?. a long stor" T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The aborigines of &ustralia ma" have been some of the first people on the planet. 3ecent discoveries of relics, including stone tools, sho! that humans lived near Penrith, :e! South 0ales, about .K,999 "ears ago. &ustralian aborigines migrated from northern lands b" sea, !hen the !ater passages !ere narro!er than the" are toda". This is the first evidence of sea travel b" prehistoric humans. The saga of this Donus StructureE !ater passing survives in modern7da" aboriginal folklore. To To put this m put this in perspective, remember that ?9,999 "ears ago, perspec ive humans !ere nomadic. #arl" aborigines did not cultivate means Uto give ii , crops, and in &ustralia at the time there !ere no animals that some background c information F could be domesticated. :o one kno!s ho! long it took aboriginal people to reach &ustralia, but archaeologists are searching through ancient campsites for vestiges of their earl" lifest"le. =ossilized remains indicate that these nomadic people not onl" gathered food from the land, but the" also subsisted on meat from large animals that no longer e$ist toda". &s part of their hunting tradition, aborigines rituall" covered themselves in mud to mask their o!n scent or for camouflage. &boriginal societ" marked the ma'or events of life !ith rites such as circumcision, marriage, and cremation. 6lder people !ere revered and cared for as great sources of !isdom. 0hen 0esterners arrived in &ustralia in 8K44, the -99,999 aborigines !ho lived there !ere not eager to assimilate their !a"s. n the follo!ing "ears, disease, loss of land, and loss of identit" shaped the aborigines+ histor" perhaps as much as their first prehistoric crossing from the north. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information in this passageP a. &ustralian aborigines !ere some of the #arth+s first people. b. 0hite e$plorers did not respect aboriginal culture. c. &ustralian aborigines probabl" migrated from &frica. d. The organization and functioning of aboriginal societ" is mostl" unkno!n. ,. n this passage, the !ord rituall" is closest in meaning to a. regularl" b. ignorantl" c. superstitiousl"

d.

dramaticall"

Hesson 8. &nthropolog" T6#=H Prep 8. ritual ,. domesticate -. folklore .. cremation ?. assimilate T6#=H Prep 8. fossilize ,. rite -. relic .. vestige ?. saga T6#=H Success8 . a ,. a

1!
LESSON Target 0ords 8. amend L. discriminat e ,. biased K. notion -. burden 4. oppress .. counter 5. paradigm ?. de facto 89. pre'udiced Definitions and Samples 8. amend v. d(zeltmek, i"ile1tirmek, de)i1tirmek To change for the better The residents voted to amend their neighborhood polic" on fences. Parts of speech amendment n ,. biased ad'. /n"argl, tarafl, pe1in h(k(ml(, etki altnda kalm1 Heaning unfairl" in one direction Cer ne!spaper article !as criticized for being heavil" biased to!ard the ma"or+s proposal. Parts of speech bias n -. burden n. y-+len0e+. s1+1nt1 ver0e+. Something that is carried; a source of stress or !orr" The donke" !alked slo!l" under the burden of its heav" load. The failing compan" faced the burden of bad debts and a poor reputation. Parts of speech burden v ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. Social neBualit" K.. counter v. kar1lk vermek, kar1 ko"mak, To act in opposition to; to offer in response The hocke" pla"er countered the punch !ith a smashing blo! from his hocke" stick. 2ane countered ever" accusation !ith a specific e$ample of her achievements. Parts of speech counter n, counter ad' ?. de facto ad'. gerekten "aplan, fiili, fiilen "aplan Trul" doing a 'ob, even if not officiall" Popular support established the ;itizens Part" as the de facto government. Parts of speech de facto adv L. discriminate ay1rt et0e+. ay1r0a+ To choose carefull" among options The governor !isel" discriminated bet!een urgent issues and those that could !ait. Parts of speech discriminator" ad', discriminate ad' K. notion n. kavram, fikir, g/r(1, kan, e)ilim, heves & belief; a fanciful impulse The notion that older office eBuipment is unreliable is inaccurate. 6ne morning, she suddenl" took the notion to paint her kitchen red. %sage tips :otion can be follo!ed b" a that clause or a to phrase. K. oppress v. s1+0a+. s1+1/t1r0a+. bas+1 yap0a+. To keep do!n b" force; to !eigh heavil" on

=actor" management oppressed !orkers through intimidation. Parts of speech oppression n 5. paradigm n. d lb lg s 4e+ 0 ,rne3 . & pattern or model; a set of assumptions The usual paradigm for economic gro!th in developed countries does not appl" to some poor nations. %sage tips Paradigm is often follo!ed b" for. 89. pre'udiced ad'. /n"argl ;ausing to 'udge prematurel" and unfairl" >an" consumers are pre'udiced against commercial goods made in third7!orld countries. Parts of speech pre'udice v, pre'udice n T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. biased counter de facto notion paradigm 8. During the trial, the defense la!"er<<<<<<<<<<each claim !ith an opposite charge. ,. The basketball coach !as naturall"<<<<<<<<<<to!ard the taller pla"ers. -. &fter !e sa! the fanc" car that the 2acobses bought, !e gave up the<<<<<<<<<<that the" could not afford the basic things in life. .. The battle !as successful, as 'udged b" the prevailing<<<<<<<<<<of that era. ?. #ven though 2ovie !as a cleaner, not a nann", she !as the bab"+s caregiver because his parents !orked so man" hours. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. amend @aA relieve ,. burden @bA allo! to operate freel" -. oppress @cA leave as is .. indiscriminatel" @dA unbiased ?. pre'udiced @eA b" making careful choices Social neBualit" K? T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. :elson >andela devoted his life to fighting pre'udice in South &frica. >andela traveled his state, organizing a fight against discriminator"la!s and racial bias. Ce encouraged civil disobedience as a tool against the oppression of Dlacks. &s deput" president of the &frican :ational ;ongress, >andela encouraged his fello! citizens to challenge the prevailing paradigm of po!er. >andela believed that pre'udice burdened not onl" the oppressed, but also the oppressors. The government countered >andela+s activities !ith a criminal conviction. Still, >andela+s de facto leadership gained him respect and authorit" among his fello! citizens. >andela+s courage . and popularit" !orried the ruling class, !ho did not !ant Donus StructureE to share po!er. 0hat+s more, the" refused to amend the The ruling class state+s la!s. So !hen >andela returned from an overseas means those !ho trip to gain support for his cause in 85L,, he !as arrested, held po!er mostl" because of the 'ailed, and sentenced to life m prison for various crimes. , t c families the" !ere This onl" fueled >andela+s notions about ineBualit" born into. and 'ustice. Ce took his demands to 'ail, !here he demanded the same dress and safet" gear for Dlack prisoners as for 0hite prisoners. &fter ,4 "ears in prison, >andela !as released, returning immediatel" to public life. n 855., he !as elected the president of South &frica. 8. 0hich of the follo!ing best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. :elson >andela used illegal means to achieve his ends. b. :elson >andela fought pre'udice in South &frica.

c. :elson >andela inspired Dlacks around the !orld. d. :elson >andela !as driven primaril" b" his religious beliefs. ,. n the passage, the !ord amend is closest in meaning to a. ignore b. !rite do!n c.;hange d. discuss Hesson 8? Social neBualit" T6#=H Prep 8. countered ,. biased -. notion .. paradigm ?. de facto T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. a -. b .. e ?. d T6#=H Suc cess 8 . b

,. c

1$ LESSON
#$pertise Target 0ords 8. curriculum L. parochia l ,. distinctl" K. rigor -. erudite 4. roster .. fortif" 5. secular ?. implicitl" 89. suspend Definitions and Samples 8. curriculum n. The courses of stud" offered b" an educational institution The teachers met to design a ne! curriculum for the ntensive #nglish Program. ,. distinctl" adv. ;learl" distinctl" remember sa"ing that !e !ould meet at noon. Parts of speech distinction n, distinct ad' -. erudite ad'. Cighl" educated #ven though Stella !as onl" a freshman, she !as considered erudite b" both her classmates and her professors. ?. fortif" v. To strengthen The high7priced drink had e$tra vitamins and minerals to fortif" the bod". Parts of speech fortification n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. K4 ?. Societ" implicitl" adv. 0ithout being stated; unBuestioningl" D" 'oining the competition, she agreed implicitl" to the rules. Parts of speech implicit ad' L. parochial ad'. 3estricted in outlook; relating to the local parish >arla moved from her rural communit" to get a!a" from its parochial thinking. Sending "our children to a parochial school can cost as much as sending them to college. K. rigor n. Strictness; difficult situations that come from follo!ing rules strictl" The !restler follo!ed his diet !ith rigor. The rigors of militar" life toughened the "oung men Buickl". Parts of speech rigorous ad' 4. roster n. & list, especiall" of names T!o of the names on the roster !ere misspelled.

4. secular ad'. 0orldl" rather than spiritual; not related to religion =e! private schools in the %nited States are secular. 5. suspend v. To cause to stop for a period; to hang as to allo! free movement The trial !as suspended !hen the 'udge learned that one of the 'ur" members kne! the defense la!"er. The circus acrobat !as suspended in midair. Parts of speech suspension n, suspension ad' T6#=H Prep =or each !ord, choose the !ord that has the most similar meaning. 0rite the letter of "our choice on the line. 8. distinctl" @aA clearl" @bA full" @cA softl" @dA aggressivel" #$pertise , erudite @aA strong - fortif" . @aA !eaken K5 @bA @bA !ise @c complicate @dA plain A d

. rigor . @aA strictness @bA ? suspend . @aA tie

contemplat @c strengthen @dA reshape e A talent @c peace A @dA recklessness

@bA fill @c hang @dA thro! A T6#=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. curriculum implicitl" parochial roster secular 8. The class list sho!ed that onl" 8, students had enrolled for spring Buarter. ,. >an" parents feel that public schools are as good as private, religious schools. -. The principal reBuested parents+ feedback on the ne! set of math classes. .. n the %nited States, man" private grade schools are not affiliated !ith a religion. ?. The 'anitor agreed indirectl" not to turn in the students. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. n the last three decades, universities across the %nited States have attempted to adapt their curriculums to meet the changing purposes of higher education. %niversit" education !as also once considered an e$clusive opportunit", !ith erudite scholars establishing courses based on the goal of training a distinctl" academicFelite.F These da"s, not ever" 49 Societ" undergraduate is destined to become a scholar, and the roster of students represents a more complete cross section of societ", including minorities, !omen, and returning students. These da"s, most learners attend universit" to fortif" basic skills, primaril" learning ho! to learn and ho! to e$press themselves. =ar from its earlier religious or elitist image, the universit" is seen increasingl" as a secular center for career development, !here students kno! the" !ill graduate into a competitive 'ob market. >ost professors have embraced this evolution in the universit"+s role, letting go of the traditional, parochial vie! of higher Donus StructureE education. 6n the other hand, man" feel that !hile the" !ant 6n the other to accommodate an adaptable curriculum, universities must hand introduces an not suspend their obligation of establishing rigorous re7opposing point. O Buirements for education and graduation. mplicit in their

stance is support for the traditional liberal arts curriculum !ith a core of classes reBuired across disciplines. 8. &ccording to information in the reading, !hich of the follo!ing sen tences !ould the author be most likel" to agree !ithP a. %niversities are becoming increasingl" e$clusive. b. & curriculum needs to be completel" adaptable to students+ needs. c. The role of higher education is changing, and so is the universit" curriculum. d. The cost of universit" puts it out of reach of man" populations. ,. n this passage, the !ord elitist is closest in meaning to a. superior b. academic c. populist d. elegant Hesson 8L #$pertise T6#=H Prep 8. a ,. b -. c .. a ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. roster ,. parochial -. curriculum .. secular ?. implicitl" T6#=H Success 8. c ,. a

1% LESSON
>ilitar" 6perations Target 0ords allegiance artiller" battle cease hierarch" in the trenches mobilize rank ratio 89. strategic Definitions and Samples 8. allegiance n. Ho"alt" >" allegiance to m" countr" is based on respect for its principles. %sage tips &llegiance is commonl" follo!ed b" a to phrase. ,. arti l ler" n. Harge guns that shoot po!erful shells; arm" units that han7 dle such guns &n artiller" barrage broke do!n the cit"+s thick !alls !ithin seconds. The .Kth &rtiller" fired on rebels camped in the cit" center. %sage tips 0hen it means a part of an arm", artiller" is sometimes plural. -. battle v. To fight against The Qiet >inh battled =rench forces at Dien Dien Phu for nearl" t!o months in 85?.. Parts of speech battle n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. 4, Societ" .. cease v. Stop The lightning continued even after the thunder had ceased. %sage tips ;ease is found in official statements, not usuall" in ever"da" speech. Parts of speech cessation n, ceaseless ad'

?. hierarch" n. & s"stem of levels that places people high or lo! accord7 ing to their importance Starting as a lo!l" private, Durt 2ones graduall" rose through the hierarch" of the arm". %sage tips Cierarch" is often follo!ed b" an of phrase. Parts of speech hierarchical ad', hierarchicall" adv L. in the trenches adv+l. n the middle of the hardest fighting or !ork 0ith their unrealistic vie! of this !ar, our generals don+t kno! !hat things are like out in the trenches. %sage tips ;reates an image of soldiers fighting in a long, dug7out place in the battlefield. K. mobilize v. To put members of a group into motion &fter a terrible storm, the governor mobilized the :ational *uard to rescue victims. Parts of speech mobilization n 4. rank v. To put into a man"7leveled order, depending on importance or achievement The >arines ranked 2im Curst highest among all their officer candidates. Parts of speech rank n 5. ratio n. The relationship of one number or amount to another >ilitar" anal"sts sa" that the ratio of attackers to defenders in a battle should be about three to one for the attackers to !in. %sage tips 3atio is ver" often follo!ed b" an of. . . to structure. >ilitar" 6perations 489. strategic ad'. 3elated to long7term plans for achieving a goal The %nited States has formed strategic friendships !ith Ta'ikistan and >ongolia to have ;entral &sian bases in the future. %sage tips Strategic is often used !ith nouns for plans. Parts of speech strateg" n, strategize v, strategicall" adv T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord or phrase in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. cease @aA sta" still ,. artiller" @bA not in the fighting -. mobilize @cA continue .. battle @dA make peace ?. in the trenches @eA light guns T6#=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. allegiance hierarch" ranked ratio strateg" 8. Destruction of the enem"+s radar defenses !as rated ver" high in the plan of attack. ,. The president+s constant mistakes !eakened the arm"+s lo"alt" to him. -. #ventuall", *ordon reached the highest level in the mil itar"+s s"stem of positions, that of five7star general. .. The planet >ercur" is so small that the proportion of its volume to #arth+s is onl" about 8 to ,9. ?. 0hile other officers !orried about da"7to7da" opera tions, *eneral Celvetski kept his e"e on long7term plans. 4. Societ" T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. %ntil a centur" ago, militar" medicine !as poor at battling disease. The ratio of soldiers killed b" diseases to those killed in combat !as probabl" at least t!o to one. =or strategic reasons, militar" camps !ere onus Structure 9Sen S %p near a bod" of !ater. This gave some protection

n il a cen ur" from enem" artiller", but it e$posed soldiers to disease7 ago indicates that the condition to carr"ing mosBuitoes. >osBuitoes also plagued troops in the be described trenches. Ho!7rankingtroops suffered the most. 6fficers !ho stopped about !ere advanced enough in the hierarch" slept in separate tents 899"ears ago. on high ground. The long7held belief that disease resulted from evil spirits or bad air eventuall" ceased to rule militar" medicine. The germ theor" mobilized actual science against disease. *eneral *eorge 0ashington ordered that his men be vaccinated against smallpo$. Their allegiance to him can be measured b" the fact that the" obe"ed, for 0ashington+s doctors used the actual smallpo$ virus, not the safer vaccination that #d!ard 2enner !ould introduce in 8K54. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. &rm" officers !ere far healthier than common foot soldiers. b. =or a long time, a soldier !as more likel" to die of disease than in battle. c. &rmies should camp on dr" ground, not near !ater. d. Diseases are caused b" viruses and spread b" mosBuitoes. ,. 0h" does the author mention that militar" camps !ere often set up near !aterP a. to e$plain !h" soldiers !ere not usuall" killed b" artiller" b. to sho! that officers and men did not mi$ c. to e$plain ho! soldiers came into contact !ith disease7carr"ing mosBuitoes d. to sho! that !ater !as valuable in treating Fcamp feverF >ilitar" 6perations 4? Hesson 8K >ilitar" 6perations T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. e -. a .. d ?. b T6#=H Prep 8. ranked ,. allegiance -. hierarch" .. ratio ?. strateg" T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. c

1& LESSON
0ar and ;onBuest Target 0ords 8. anne$ L. invasive ,. ape$ -. collapse .. conBuest K. 4. 5. prevailin ?. devise 89. g resist severel" violation Definitions and Samples 8. anne$ v. To make something @usuall" landA part of another unit Dardsto!n gre! b" anne$ing several farms at the north edge of to!n. Parts of speech anne$ation n, anne$ n ,. ape$ n. The highest point *regor" kne! that his running skills had to be at their ape$ during the tournament. %sage tips &pe$ is often used to describe the high point of someone+s abilities. -. collapse v. To fall do!n, usuall" because of !eakness Parts of speech collapse n, collapsible ad' ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use.

0ar and ;onBuest 4K .. conBuest n. & takeover b" force or continued effort The first recorded conBuest of >t. #verest !as b" Tensing :orga" and Sir #dmund Cilar". %sage tips ;onBuest is usuall" follo!ed b" an ofphrase. Parts of speech conBuer v ?. devise v. To find an original !a" to make an ob'ect or a plan The soldiers devised a !a" to cross the river into enem" territor" !ithout being seen. Parts of speech device n L. invasive ad'. &ggressivel" entering into someone else+s territor" Surger" !ith a laser is less invasive than surger" !ith a knife or scalpel. Parts of speech invade v, invasion n, invader n K. prevailing ad'. Strongest or most common The prevailing attitude among our neighbors is to be friendl" but not too friendl". Parts of speech prevail v, prevalence n 4. resist v. To refuse to give in to a strong force or desire &lthough man" native nations resisted, the %.S. government eventuall" took over almost all ndian land. Parts of speech resistance n, resistant ad' 5. severel" adv. Carshl"; e$tremel" ;ommanders severel" punished an" soldier !ho criticized the battle plan. Parts of speech severit" n, severe ad' 44 Societ" 89. violation n. &n action that breaks a la! or agreement; mistreatment of something that deserves respect The arm"+s testing of ne! !eapons !as a violation of the cease7fire agreement. The sculptures at >t. 3ushmore ma" be a violation of sacred ndian land. %sage tips Qiolation is often follo!ed b" an of phrase. Parts of speech violate v, violator n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. severel" @aA invent ,. prevailing @bA fall do!n -. devise @cA add on .. collapse @dA e$tremel" ?. anne$ @eA most common T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The 'udge ruled that Carr" !as guilt" of a @violation M conBuestA of the seat7belt la!. Decause Dalmatia !as protected b" high mountains, the empire could not @ape$ M anne$A it. 0e have to @conBuest M deviseA a !a" to fight this ne! disease. Several armed groups 'oined together to @resist M collapseA the foreign invaders. The @prevailing M invasiveA belief held that the enem"+s peace moves !ere not sincere. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The 3oman conBuest of :orth &frica is, in the prevailing vie!, less interesting than 3ome+s #uropean adventures. n truth, one of the first 0ar and ;onBuest 45 lands 3ome anne$ed be"ond the talian peninsula !as the area around ;arthage in :orth &frica. ;arthage and 3ome had been in conflict @called the Punic 0arsA since ,L. D;# for control of trade along the >editerranean coast. n ,9, D;#, during the Second Punic 0ar, the ;arthaginian general Cannibal devised a clever plan, in violation of most militar" !isdom, to march through the high &lps to attack the 3oman heartland. The cold !eather and steep terrain severel" stressed Cannibal+s

forces, man" of !hom rode elephants. The 3omans resisted Cannibal+s attacks, and his bold invasion force collapsed. n the end, 3ome finished off ;arthage in theThird Punic Donus StructureE n the end 0ar @8.578.L D;#A. &t its ape$ in 88K ;#, 3ome introduces the last controlled all of :orth &frica and territories from the st Tca l Persian *ulf to Dritain. X process. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. 3omans !ere ver" successful at resisting invaders. b. Cannibal tried crossing the &lps on elephants to invade 3ome. c. 3ome and ;arthage fought three !ars, kno!n as the Punic 0ars. d. 6ne of 3ome+s first overseas conBuests !as of the :orth &frican state of ;arthage. ,. The author of this passage believes that Cannibal+s attack on 3ome b" crossing the &lps !as<<<<<<<<<<. a. not !hat most militar" commanders !ould do b. e$actl" !hat the 3oman arm" used to do c. cruel to elephants d. impractical because elephants can+t cross mountains Hesson 84 0ar and ;onBuest T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. e -. a .. b ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. violation ,. anne$ -. devise .. resist ?. prevailing T6#=H Success 8 . d ,. a

H#SS6: Cistor" Target 0ords chronologicall" coincide conseBuence core den" diminish longitude milieu 6r!ellian reconciliation Definitions and Samples 8. chronologicall" adv. n order according to time &llen+s book is arranged chronologicall", from the =irst ;rusade in 895? to the fall of *ranada in 8.5,. %sage tips ;hronologicall" is often used !ith arranged, organized, listed, or some other !ord for order. Parts of speech chronolog" n, chronological ad' ,. coincide v. Cappen or e$ist at the same time The Qiking attacks on !estern #urope coincided !ith an abnormall" !arm period in the #arth+s climate. %sage tips ;oincide is often follo!ed b" a !ith phrase. Parts of speech coincidence n, coincidental ad', coincidentall" adv -. conseBuence n. & result, often one much later in time than the cause 6ne conseBuence of global !arming ma" be the flooding of lo!7l"ing islands. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. Cistor" 58 %sage tips ;onseBuence usuall" implies something negative or serious about the result. Parts of speech conseBuent ad', conseBuentl" adv .. core n. an area or ob'ect at the center The core of ndia+s film industr" is in Domba", !here all but a fe! film studios are located. %sage tips ;ore is often follo!ed b" another noun @e.g., core principleA or b" an ofphrase. ?. den" v. Sa" that something is not true >ovie star &llen Dutcher denied that he and the Princess of Denmark !ere getting married. %sage tips Den" is often follo!ed b" the 7ing form of a verb or b" a that clause. Parts of speech denial n, deniabl" adv L. diminish v. >ake something smaller or !eaker; become smaller or !eaker The Protestant 3eformation diminished the po!er of the 3oman ;atholic Pope. >r. Partridge+s influence in the compan" diminished after he relocated to a branch office. K. longitude n. & s"stem of imaginar" lines running from north to south along the #arth+s surface, !here each line is numbered from 9[ to 849[ !est or east The prime meridian, a line running through *reen!ich, #ngland, is marked as 9[ longitude. Parts of speech longitudinal ad', longitudinall" adv 4. milieu n. *eneral environment or surroundings >an" Qietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the anti!ar social milieu of the 85K9s. 5, Societ"

5. 6 r!e llian ad'. =rightening and overcontrolled b" a government that interferes in nearl" ever" aspect of personal life Diometric devices like e"e7scanners allo! an 6r!ellian level of government kno!ledge about ever"one+s location. 89. reconciliation n. ;oming back together peacefull" after having been enemies South &frica avoided a bloodbath after apartheid b" setting up a Truth and 3econciliation ;ommission. Parts of speech reconcile v, reconciliator" ad' T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8.den" @aA sa" something isn+t true ,. chronologicall" @bA an end to being enemies -. conseBuence @cA middle .. reconciliation @dA in the order in !hich events happened ?. core@eA result T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. 0hen a nation becomes un!illing to listen to its allies, its international influence !ill @den" M diminishA. The release of man" ne! movies @coincides M conseBuencesA !ith the start of the holida" period. The @core M milieuA of 3oman po!er shifted to ;onstantinople after 3ome !as attacked repeatedl" b" armies from the north. &s our government becomes better at monitoring us, an @6r!ellian M coincidentalA future a!aits us. &s "ou move directl" east from one point on the #arth to another, "our @longitude M chronolog"A changes. Cistor" 5T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. 3evisionist histor" promotes a ne! vie! of chronological events, usuall" for political purposes. 3adical revisionists diminish the credibilit" of a previous vie! and ma" even den" that certain events happened at all. Some revisionist &sian historians have ignored long7standing conflicts among native peoples and have e$plained &sia+s conflicts as a conseBuence of colonialism and its class7oriented cultural milieu. *ood motives among the revisionistsEto promote Donus StructureE reconciliation among traditional rivalsEdon+t e$cuse bad *ood motives histor". Cistor" is valuable onl" if its stories coincide !ith d o n t e$cu se verifiable facts. =rom far a!a", an observer ma" see clearl" though revisionists that a given conflict had nothing to do !ith colonialism W and a lot to do !ith 8,9997"ear7old rivalries. Dut this is achieve a good not likel" to matter much to a confirmed revisionist social goal, the" historian. &t its core, revisionismEb" the government in shouldn+t distort particularEis an 6r!ellian e$ercise in thought control, histor" to do so. not honest science. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. Cistorians constantl" revise histor" in the light of ne! facts. b. 3evisionist histor" is less concerned !ith accurac" than !ith pro moting a point of vie!. c. & ne! !a" of stud"ing histor", revisionism, has been ver" success ful in &sia. d. 3evisionist histor" is the onl" !a" to accuratel" relate events. ,. 0h" does the author of this reading mention &siaP

a. because it offers an e$ample of attempts at revisionist histor" b. because a civil !ar occurred bet!een revisionists and others c. because it is the birthplace of revisionist histor" d. because it !as colonized b" #uropeans and needs a revisionist histor" 5. Societ" Hesson 85 Cistor" T6#=H Prep 8. a ,. d -. e .. b ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. diminish ,. coincides -. core .. 6r!ellian ?. longitude T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. a

H#SS6: =inancial S"stems Target 0ords allocate commodit" decline eBuit" inflation net per capita regulate subsid" 89. tangible Definitions and Samples 8. allocate v. To give out different amounts for different purposes The budget allocates \?4 billion to the militar" and onl" about \, billion to education. %sage tips Things that can be allocated are things that can be FspentFEmone", time, energ", etc. Parts of speech allocation n ,. co m m od it" n. & thing that can be bought and sold, such as grain, oil, or !ood Tulip bulbs !ere one of the most valuable commodities in seventeenth7centur" Colland. %sage tips & thing is called a commodit" onl" in the conte$t of bu"ing or selling it. -. decline v. To decrease in po!er or amount &merica+s railroads declined because the automobile dominated &merican life. Parts of speech decline n .. eBuit" n. The value of one+s share in an investment Darnard+s eBuit" in the business !as one7third, or about \-?9,999. %sage tips n this meaning, eBuit" is al!a"s singular and usuall" follo!ed b" an in phrase. ?. inflation n. & situation in !hich prices for man" items rise Buite fast During the rapid inflation of the 85K9s, prices for food and fuel sometimes rose ,9 percent in a single month. Parts of speech inflate v, inflationar" ad' L. net ad'. &fter all costs have been subtracted from an amount >" gross salar" is around \-?,999, but m" net pa" is closer to \,5,999. Parts of speech net v, net n K. per capita adv. =or each person 3esearch sho!s !e+re likel" to sell 8? light bulbs per capita per "ear in medium7sized cities. Parts of speech per capita ad' 4. regulate v. ;ontrol according to a set of rules Trading on the :e! Nork Stock #$change is regulated b" officials of the e$change and b" federal la!. Parts of speech regulation n, regulator" ad' 5. su bsid" n. >one" given b" a government or other organization to sup7 port an activit" =ederal subsidies to grain farmers have helped them sta" in business despite three "ears of bad !eather. Parts of speech subsidize v =inancial S"stems 55 89. tangible ad'. 6bviousl" real because it can be seen, touched, or other!ise observed 6ne tangible benefit of putting electrical cables underground is a clearer vie! of the sk". T6#=H Prep ;ross out the one !ord or phrase that doesn+t fit into each of the lists.

8. things that can be allocated mone" time temperature attention ,. kinds of commodities oil sadness corn meat -. tangible things fairness a road trees mone" .. things "ou can have eBuit" in a compan" a house a child a racehorse T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. Du" a car no!, before @eBuit" M inflationA drives the price up. >ost investors make a mistake. During a stock7market @decline M subsid"A the" get frightened and sell. The government is giving a @regulation M subsid"A to tobacco farm ers so the" can compete !ith foreign producers. ;ortecal nc. estimates that it spends \49.99 @per capita M netA on its annual picnic and on its :e! Near part" for the compan"+s 8,-99 emplo"ees. think that artificial Fholida"sF like Qalentine+s Da" or Secretar"+s Da" are 'ust an attempt to turn private feelings into a@nA @commodit" M eBuit"A. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The great unsettled Buestion of economics isG FCo! much should the government regulate businessPF ;onservatives generall" argue for a 899 >one" decline in government involvement, but the" favor certain subsidies to farmers, steelmakers, or airplane manufacturers. Some conservatives also see no conflict bet!een their small7government vie!s and their eagerness for the government to allocate more mone" for roads into national forests. The net result of these incursions into national forests is a tangible infrastructure that helps some companies but not the public. Publicl" o!ned trees, land, and oil become commodities from !hich a Donus StructureE fe! private companies @man" o!ned b" small7government &side perhaps conservativesA profit. :o per capita benefit goes to the from means &merican people, aside perhaps from the brief anti7inflation Fma"be e$cept for.F effect that comes !ith ne! oil e$ploration. 8. 0hat is the main idea of this readingP a. ;onservatives have tried to keep others from e$panding govern ment regulations. b. #ven though conservatives sa" the" !ant to limit government in volvement in business, the" actuall" do often favor it. c. There are several vie!s about the proper role for government in business. d. Small7government conservatives !ant the government to allocate a certain amount of federal mone" per capita to help all &mericans. ,. 0hich of the follo!ing does the author claimP a. ndustries !ill become subsidies. b. 6il e$ploration causes inflation. c. Some elements of nature !ill become commodities. d. nfrastructure !ill be made of trees, oil, and land. Hesson ,9 =inancial S"stems T6#=H Prep 8. temperature ,. sadness -. fairness .. a child T6#=H Prep decline -. subsid" .. per capita ?. commodit" T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. c

8. inflation ,.

H#SS6: 0ealth and Social ;lass Target 0ords accumulate L. nobilit" affluence K. prestige elite 4. privileged impoverish 5. prosper lu$ur" 89. !orking class Definitions and Samples 8. accumulate v. To build up a large amount of something 6ver several generations, the Cardington famil" accumulated vast !ealth b" bu"ing and selling land. Parts of speech accumulation n ,. affluence n. 0ealth and the st"le of life that goes !ith it >ohadzir gre! up amid affluence, !hich poorl" prepared him for his grad student da"s in cro!ded apartments !ith no servants. Parts of speech affluent ad' -. elite ad'. Delonging to a special, honored group >essner is an elite climber !ho recentl" ascended an 4,9997meter mountain !ithout e$tra o$"gen. 89, >one" .. impoverish v. To make a person or group poor The collapse of the steel industr" impoverished several counties in eastern 6hio. Parts of speech impoverishment n ?. lu$ur" n. #$treme comfort, be"ond !hat an"one needs &utomakers tr" to give their cars an image of lu$ur" b" including e$tras like heated seats and satellite tracking s"stems. Parts of speech lu$uriate v, lu$urious ad' L. nobilit" n. & group of sociall" prominent people !ith special titles given b" a king or Bueen, such as FdukeF or FcountessF n the >iddle &ges, the nobilit" supposedl" follo!ed a code that reBuired them to take care of poorer people !ho lived near their estates. %sage tips :obilit" is used as a name for a group of distinguished people; it can also mean Fa highl" dignified form of behavior.F Parts of speech noble n, noble ad' K. prestige n. Conor and respect for being better than the average The *rassle"s en'o"ed the prestige of living in the historic to!n, but the" did not feel at home there. Parts of speech prestigious ad' 4. privileged ad'. &ble to en'o" special advantages because of one+s position @usuall" because of being born into a !ealth" or po!erful famil"A Despite his privileged position in one of &merica+s most po!erful families, the politician tried to portra" himself as an ordinar" person. Parts of speech privilege n 5. prosper v. To do ver" !ell in one+s business or personal life Qargas prospered after finall" patenting his ne! inventions. %sage tips & person can prosper; so can a group, a compan", or an area. Parts of speech prosperit" n, prosperous ad' 89. !orking class n. People !ith lo!7pa"ing @often unskilledA 'obs !ho are not poor but !ho are not securel" in the middle class The =arrell" famil", like other members of the !orking class, !ere proud of their 'obs and did not !ant an" handouts from charit" or the government. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7

hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. :oteG >an" !ords in this chapter are similar in meaning. Pa" careful attention to small differences in meaning. 8. impoverish @aA en'o"ing special advantages ,. elite @bA to succeed -. prosper @cA to make e$tremel" poor .. accumulate @dA belonging to a small group !ith e$cellent achievements ?. privileged @eA build up !ealth T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord or phrase from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. affluence lu$ur" nobilit" prestige !orking class The<<<<<<<<<<in the hotel !as obvious from such features as solid7 gold faucets and stairs made of talian marble. n a sho! of his e$treme<<<<<<<<<<, 2im Havich fle! 8,?99 people to the Dahamas for his !ife+s birthda" part" and ordered -99 casks of !ine for them to drink. -. The oldest and most respected furniture maker in !estern >ichigan, Qan#den nc., earned its<<<<<<<<<<b" using good materials and lis tening to its customers. 89. >one" .. =rance+s<<<<<<<<<<!as dismantled after the ro"al famil" !as killed and lesser aristocrats !ere 'ailed during the revolution. ?. n the %nited States, man"<<<<<<<<<<families do not have health in surance because their emplo"ers don+t offer it. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The %nited States is not the land of eBual opportunit". There are no titles of nobilit" as in #urope, but astounding affluence is passed on in privileged families, and this makes all the difference. Studies Donus StructureE in the 85K9s found that a child of the elite and a child of the The reference to !orking class ma" start out !ith similar intelligence and drive, but the rich child is about -9 times more likel" to 85K9s indicates S . n n .n n n . n n ... prosper. The rich child goes to high7prestige schools, !here some ob'ective ft7 R R ]^ t s or er evidence for the hi h education ma" be onl" slightl" above average, but author+s point. O !here the child accumulates friendships !ith future leaders. The privileged child becomes comfortable !ith lu$ur" and is at ease in situations !here po!erful people meet. The !orking7class child from a less7prestigious college is not likel" to !ind up impoverished, but neither is he or she likel" to attend man" parties of Nale or Qassar alumni. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. The &merican econom" is unfair and must be changed. b. 3ich people have natural advantages in education and social con tacts that help them succeed. c. ;hildren accept one another as friends; onl" later in life do differ ences of !ealth drive them apart. d. The onl" !a" to make mone" in &merica is to !ork and accumu late it "ourself. ,. 0h" does the author of this reading mention Nale and QassarP a. The" are elite schools attended b" man" future leaders. b. The" are !here government officials have secret meetings. 0ealth and Social ;lass 89? c. The" tr" to give !orking7class children a chance the" can+t get at other schools. d. Their high fees impoverish !orking7class children.

Hesson ,8 0ealth and Social ;lass T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. d -. b .. e ?. a T6#=H Prep 8. lu$ur" ,. affluence -. prestige .. nobilit" ?. !orking class T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. a

H#SS6: Personal Propert" Target 0ords 8. acBuire L. lease ,. assess K. liabilit" -. asset 4. proprieto r .. hazardous 5. safeguard ?. 'ointl" 89. sole Definitions and Samples 8. acBuire v. To get something, usuall" something !ith special value or meaning Dart hoped to acBuire the 8454 D ndian Cead penn", !hich !ould make his collection complete. %sage tips %nlike get, acBuire implies that a possession has special value or meaning. Parts of speech acBuisition n, acBuisitive ad' ,. assess v. To estimate the value of something The Darnes building !as assessed at \8.- million, but it can probabl" sell for much more than that. Parts of speech assessor n, assessment n -. asset n. & possession that has positive value %sage tips Some e$amples of assets are real estate, cash, and stock shares. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. Personal Propert" 89K .. hazardous ad'. Dangerous Parents have to be careful not to bu" children+s clothes and to"s made of hazardous materials. Parts of speech hazard n, hazardousl" adv ?. 'ointl" adv. Together !ith one or more other parties n most states, a husband and !ife are assumed to o!n all their possessions 'ointl". Parts of speech 'oin v, 'oint n L. lease v. To rent something for a long time @several months or "earsA Some drivers prefer to lease a car rather than bu" one. Parts of speech lease n, lessor n, lessee n K. liabilit" n. Hegal responsibilit" for harming a person or propert"; a dis7 advantage Defore "ou go river rafting, "ou sign a document releasing the trip leaders from liabilit" in case of in'ur". Cenderson is 'ust a liabilit" to our !ork team, because he never finishes an"thing on time. %sage tips n its second meaning, liabilit" is often follo!ed b" a to phrase. Parts of speech liable ad' 4. proprietor n. 6!ner, usuall" of a business or a building The proprietor of Cekman+s 0indo!s is :els Cekman, grandson of the people !ho established the factor". %sage tips Qer" often, proprietor is follo!ed b" an of phrase. Parts of speech proprietar" ad' 5. safeguard v. To protect & burglar7alarm s"stem safeguards our house !hen !e go a!a" on vacation. %sage tips Safeguard implies continuous protection over a long time.

894 >one" 89. sole ad'. 6nl" >an" people have !anted to invest in Carr"+s publishing business, but he remains the sole o!ner. %sage tips Sole almost al!a"s appears before the noun it modifies. t does not come after a linking verb like be. Parts of speech solel" adv T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. assess @aA dangerous ,. hazardous @bA evaluate -. 'ointl" @cA protect .. liabilit" @dA responsibilit" ?. safeguard @eA together T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The building compan" is tr"ing to @safeguard M acBuireA the !hole neighborhood so it can put up a mall. To the average farm famil", ever" child !as @an asset M a liabilit"A, one more set of hands to gather eggs or plant beans. *ar"+s ;ookie Shop has to move because the o!ner of the building !on+t rene! the @lease M assetA. The @hazardous M soleA adult influence on Sarah as she gre! up !as her grandmother. Some people are born !ith the disease, but others @acBuire M assessA it later in life. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. t is not eas" to make a living as the proprietor of apartment buildings. There is a huge initial e$pense, not onl" to acBuire the properties but to assess the buildings and to remove an" hazardous materials like lead7based paint. & landlord also has to bu" the best liabilit" insurance available 'ust to safeguard the investment. 6ther!ise, one i tragic accident could !ipe out the value of the entire asset. Donus Structure7Decause of this e$pense, it+s s rare is rare to find a sole individual o!ning such a propert". The risk is more often taken on [pposit e [f X common.F 'ointl" b" a group of investors !ho then split the profits from the leases. 8. 0hat is the main idea of this readingP a. Deing a landlord is en'o"able. b. t costs a lot of mone" to be a landlord. c. =riendships can be destro"ed b" o!ning propert" 'ointl". d. ncome from leases is greater than a landlord+s e$penses. ,. 0hich of the follo!ing is not an e$pense mentioned in the readingP a. propert" ta$es b. insurance c. making the propert" safe d. bu"ing the building "ou hope to rent Hesson ,, Personal Propert" T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. a -. e .. d ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. acBuire ,. asset -. lease .. sole ?. acBuire T6#=H Success 8.b ,. a

H#SS6: #mplo"ment Target 0ords compensate d"namic enterprising e$ploit incentive industrious marginal merit promote 89. resign Definitions and Samples 8. compensate v. To give an emplo"ee mone" or other things in e$change for the !ork he or she does >" pa" doesn+t properl" compensate me for m" efforts, but m" other benefits, like health insurance, fill in the gap. %sage tips ;ompensate is often follo!ed b" a for phrase. Parts of speech compensation n, compensator" ad' ,. d"namic ad'. =ull of energ" This 'ob reBuires a d"namic person, someone !ho !ill look for opportunities instead of 'ust !aiting around for them. Parts of speech d"namism n, d"namicall" adv ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. #mplo"ment 888 -. enterprising ad'. ;reative in thinking of !a"s to make mone" mmigrants are often among the most enterprising members of societ", partl" because an"one brave enough to make an overseas move is likel" to be a risk7taker. Parts of speech enterprise n @:oteG There is no verb Fto enterprise.FA .. e$ploit v. To take advantage of; to treat inconsideratel" in order to profit The compan" tried to e$ploit the lo! interest rates to e$pand operations. The foreign mining compan" e$ploited our copper resources and then simpl" left. Parts of speech e$ploitation n, e$ploitive ad' ?. incentive n. & possible benefit that motivates a person to do a certain thing This cit"+s !illingness to support its public schools gave us an incentive to move here !ith our t!o "oung children. %sage tips ncentive is usuall" follo!ed b" a to phrase. L. industrious ad'. 0illing to !ork hard The Dutch settlements in 6tta!a ;ount" !ere founded b" industrious farmers !ho ob'ected to frivolous behavior such as dancing. %sage tips 6nl" people can be industrious; companies cannot. Parts of speech industriousness n, industriousl" adv K. marginal ad'. :ot ver" significant or effective 6ur ne! advertising campaign had onl" marginal success, raising sales b" a mere - percent. Parts of speech marginall" adv 4. merit n. Qalue; success based on one+s !ork, not on luck Pa" raises at our compan" are based on merit, as determined b" a committee of managers.

88, >one" %sage tips >erit is uncountable. Parts of speech merit v, meritorious ad' 5. promote v. To move someone to a higher position in a compan" Decause of his e$cellent handling of the Qredeman account, 2im Carris !as promoted to vice president. %sage tips Promote is ver" often follo!ed b" a to phrase indicating the position one has been moved up to. Parts of speech promotion n 89. resign v. To Buit one+s 'ob Decause of controvers" over his leadership st"le, >orton resigned from his 'ob as president. Parts of speech resignation n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. compensate @aA good at finding business opportunities ,. d"namic @bA hard7!orking -. enterprising @cA energetic .. industrious@dA move up ?. promote @eA pa" T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. Some companies move their factories to poor countries in order to @e$ploit M compensateA the desperation of people !ho are !illing to !ork for ver" lo! !ages. =or the last five "ears, !e+ve seen onl" @d"namic M marginalA im provements in our productivit". 2udging b" actual mone"7generating @promotion M meritA, 0illiams is the compan"+s most valuable emplo"ee. had a lot of @compensation M incentiveA to move to our ne! facilit" in >innesota, because t!o of m" brothers live there. %nless m" emplo"er stops polluting local rivers, +m going to @resign M e$ploitA. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. n the 85L9s and 85K9s, &merica !as reaching the end of its role as a manufacturing po!er. 6ld7st"le s"stems of compensation, especiall" compan" pension plans, !ere impoverishing man" com7 panies. >uch to the disadvantage of less 7industrious Donus Structure7!orkers, companies started demanding merit, not 'ust #speciall" seniorit", before someone could be promoted. >an" i
ntroducesan

managers !ho !ere onl" marginall" effective !ere e$ample. encouraged to resign. These changes !ere painful, but unavoidable, s"mptoms of a gro!th spurt in the %.S. econom". #conomies gro! and change 'ust as people do. & trul" enterprising businessperson kno!s ho! to e$ploit these large changes and become involved in tomorro!+s d"namic businesses, not "esterda"+s. There+s still plent" of mone" to be made in &merica, a ver" effective incentive for !orkers to adapt to ne! conditions. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. >ost companies cannot afford to compensate their emplo"ees like the" used to. b. &n"one interested in making a lot of mone" should move to the%nited States. c. The 85L9s and 85K9s !ere times of great change for the &merican econom". d. 2ust as retailers adapt to economic change, so must manufacturers. ,. The author of this article e$presses a negative opinion about a. businesspersons b. !orkers !ho depended on seniorit" for promotion

c. companies that e$ploit changes in the econom" d. the &merican econom" as a !hole T6#=H Prep 8. e ,. c -. a .. b ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. e$ploit ,. marginal -. merit .. incentive ?. resign T 6 # = H S u c c e s s 8 . c , . b

H#SS6: nternational Trade Target 0ords distill L. merchant entrepreneurial K. proportionatel" e$tract 4. protot"pe haggle 5. re!ard intrepid 89. shuttle Definitions and Samples 8. distill v. to remove one liBuid from a mi$ture of liBuids b" boiling; to get something valuable from a confusing mi$ of ideas The forest peoples of Southeast &sia distill an alcoholic drink called arak from a paste of palm berries. >ost students are confused b" her lectures, but 2oe can al!a"s distill her main idea. Parts of speech distillation n, distiller" n ,. entrepreneu rial ad'. &ble to create business opportunities from a !ide variet" of circumstances >an" engineers of the 85K9s made great computers, but onl" a fe! !ere entrepreneurial enough to see the business possibilities in the ne! machines. Parts of speech entrepreneur n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. -. e$tract v. To take out nternational mining companies came to the >ala" Peninsula to e$tract the region+s massive tin deposits. Parts of speech e$traction n, e$tractor n .. haggle v. To argue back and forth about a price The customer and the shopkeeper haggled over the silver plate for more than an hour. %sage tips Caggle is often follo!ed b" a phrase !ith over or about. Parts of speech haggler n ?. intrepid ad'. =earless =or nearl" ,99 "ears, onl" the most intrepid colonists !ould cross the &ppalachian ountains. L. merchant n. & person !ho makes a living b" selling things The spice merchants of the eastern markets charged top prices to the Dutch and Dritish sailors, !ho had come too far to sail a!a" !ithout bu"ing. %sage tips The !ord merchant might be preceded b" another noun telling !hat the merchant sells @e.g., spice merchant or !ine merchantA. Parts of speech merchandise v, merchandise n, mercantile ad' K. proportionatel" adv. n an amount appropriate to each of several recipients The food aid !as distributed proportionatel" per famil", !ith larger families receiving more. Parts of speech proportion n, proportionate ad', proportionall" adv 4. protot"pe n. The first one made of a machine or s"stem The airplane manufacturer uses robots to test ever" protot"pe, 'ust in case there is a problem !ith the design.

5. re!ard n. Something one gets for having done !ell The greatest re!ard of being a parent is to see "our child make a !ise decision. %sage tips 3e!ard might be follo!ed b" an of or for phrase naming !hat one has done !ell. Parts of speech re!ard v 89. shuttle v. To move back and forth often bet!een t!o places The small 'et shuttles bet!een _uala Humpur and Singapore nearl" ever" t!o hours. Parts of speech shuttle n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. haggle @aA brave ,. intrepid @bA in appropriate amounts -. e$tract @cA argue about price .. entrepreneurial @dA take out ?. proportionatel" @eA business7oriented T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. To avoid disease, man" people drink onl" @distilled M e$tractedA !ater, !hich has been boiled to evaporation and then recondensed on a cold surface. >ost business travelers do not find it e$citing to @haggle M shuttleA be t!een one location and another. &ccording to the la!s in this state, tobacco can be sold onl" b" cer tain licensed @merchants M entrepreneursA at special tobacco stores. 6ne earl" @re!ard M protot"peA of the computer !as called #: &; and !as as big as an average7sized laborator". The children !ere punished @intrepidl" M proportionatel"A, !ith the leader getting a longer sentence than the follo!ers. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Tomatoes, potatoes, and hot peppers, all originall" from South or ;entral &merica, are among several plants that have disproportionatel" influenced cooking around the !orld. This happened onl" after a fe! intrepid eaters got be"ond common fears about potatoes, tomatoes, and other products. #ntrepreneurial hunters for ne! food products hardl" kne! !hat the" !ere haggling for !hen the" tried to e$tract from foreign markets goods that !ould sell !ell at home. Shuttlingbet!een #urope and e$otic lands, talians, Spaniards, and Dritons in particular brought back food protot"pes that !ere not obviousl" good things to eatEcinnamon bark, cousins of the dreaded nightshade Donus StructureE e , @tomatoesA, and even the pollen from a crocus flo!er @saffronA. &s a glance at . introduces evidence &s a glance at international cookbooks !ill sho!, man" for the author+s creative merchants !ere !ell re!arded not 'ust !ith financial claim. success, but !ith culture7changing influence. 8. &ccording to this reading, !h" did merchants have Fculture7changing influenceFP a. The" found ne! !a"s to get from one countr" to another. b. >an" of the plants the" sold !ere poisonous and killed off some populations. c. The" made it possible for cultures to develop ne! dishes. d. The" spread #uropean cooking habits around the !orld. ,. ;innamon, tomatoes, and saffron are mentioned to make the point that a. man" of the ne! plants merchants introduced !ere from &sia b. some strange7looking foods from odd sources !ere eventuall" accepted c. nightshade !as unfairl" dreaded b" #uropeans d. nearl" ever" part of a plant can be turned into a kind of food

nternational Trade 885 Hesson ,. nternational Trade T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. a -. d .. e ?. b T6#=H Prep 8. distilled ,. shuttle -. merchants .. protot"pe ?. proportionatel" T6#=H Success 8 . c , . b

2! LESSON
Politics Target 0ords advocate authorit" bitterl" candidate coalition contest election inaugurate 5. polic" 89. poll Definitions and Samples 8. advocate v. To speak out in favor of something Some environmentalists advocate removing large dams from the ;olumbia 3iver. %sage tips &dvocate is usuall" follo!ed b" a term for a process or action, ver" often the 7ing form of a verb Parts of speech advocate n, advocac" n ,. authorit" n. The po!er to make decisions, to tell others !hat to do. The governor has the authorit" to call the legislature together for emergenc" sessions. %sage tips & to phrase often follo!s authorit". Parts of speech authorize v, authoritative ad' 8,. *overnment and 2ustice -. bitterl" adv. Strongl" and !ith a lot of bad feelings Senator Thomas bitterl" opposed the movement to design a ne! state flag. Parts of speech bitterness n, bitter ad' .. candidate n. Someone !ho !ants to be chosen, especiall" in an elec7 tion, for a position n most %.S. elections, there are onl" t!o ma'or7part" candidates for president. %sage tips ;andidate is often follo!ed b" a for phrase. Parts of speech candidac" n ?. coalition n. & group of several different groups or countries that are !orking together to achieve a certain goal. Several local churches, mosBues, s"nagogues, and temples formed a coalition to promote understanding among people of different religions. L. contest v. To challenge Dave 3oper, !ho narro!l" lost the ma"or+s race, contested the results, demanding a recount of the votes. %sage tips The noun contest can mean a game, especiall" one pla"ed for a prize. Parts of speech contest n K. election n. & process in !hich people choose officials Decause of problems !ith vote7counting four "ears ago, international observers monitored this "ear+s election to make sure it !as fair.

Parts of speech elect v, elective ad' 4. inaugurate v. To bring into public office; to start formall" The %.S. president is elected in :ovember but is not inaugurated until the follo!ing 2anuar". &n effort to bring electric service to farms and small to!ns !as inaugurated !ith the 3ural #lectrification &ct of 85-L. %sage tips 0hen it means Fbring into public office,F inaugurate is usuall" in the passive voice. Parts of speech inauguration n, inaugural ad' 5. polic" n. &n approved !a" for approaching a certain kind of situation The polic" said that government mone" could not be given to an" private hospital. 89. poll v. To find out a small group+s opinion so that "ou can guess !hat a much larger group thinks The ne!spaper polled ?99 registered voters and found that onl" ,K percent !ere in favor of e$panding the cit" zoo. Parts of speech poll n, pollster n T6#=H Prep =ind the phrase that best describes each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. polic" @aA a process of choosing ,. candidate @bA a kind of po!er -. authorit" @cA a kind of person .. coalition @dA a !a" of handling a situation ?. election @eA a kind of group T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in each blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. advocated bitterl" contest inaugurated polled 8. n the earl" t!entieth centur", politicians fought<<<<<<<<<<about !hether the %.S. dollar should be based on gold. ,. 6nl" one month after he !as<<<<<<<<<<, President Carrison fell -. >" opponent sa"s that cheated on m" ta$es. <<<<<<<<<<that charge, and !ill prove him !rong. Their predictions about the election results !ere not ver" accurate be cause the"<<<<<<<<<<too fe! people in advance. Hast "ear, the =reedom Part"<<<<<<<<<<giving medical treatment even to people !ho could not pa" for it. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. n the histor" of %.S. presidential elections, the "ear 84KL stands out as one of the oddest. That "ear, polls suggested that one person had !on the popular vote but another had !on more official electoral votesE'ust as happened in the "ear ,999. n 84KL, ho!ever, the election !as so bitterl" contested that a special electoral commission !as given the authorit" to determine !hich candidateE3epublican 3utherford D. Ca"es or Democrat Samuel 2. TildenEhad !on. This commission represented a coalition of interests. The Democrats favored this because other!ise the head of the Senate, 3epublican Thomas =err", !ould probabl" have been allo!ed to declare the !inner. n the end, the Democrats !ere disappointed, as the commission advocated the 3epublican cause. The situation !as not settled until >arch , of 84KK, onl" three onus rue ure @SR sbefore the scheduled inauguration of a ne! presidentE , o u t Ca"es, as it turned out. 6nl" then did &merica find out !ho is an adverbial clause indicating an S ne! leader !ould be. &mericans seem not to have learned eventual resolution man" lessons from 84KL, ho!ever, because in ,999 there !as of a long7standing still no official polic" on ho! to settle an election that hung problem. on a fe! contested votes. The problem !as settled @b" the Supreme ;ourtA much faster in ,999, but still, no real s"stem had been set up to deal !ith the situation. n !hat !a" !as the 84KL election even odder than that in ,999P a. t happened much earlier. b. t involved onl" t!o ma'or candidates.

c. 6ne person !on the popular vote and another !on the electoral vote. d. The uncertaint" over !ho !ould !in the presidenc" lasted man" months. ,. 0ho decided the outcome of the 84KL electionP a. a special electoral commission b. Thomas =err" c. the Supreme ;ourt d. 3utherford D. Ca"es Hesson ,? Politics T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. c -. b .. e ?. a T6#=H Prep 8. bitterl" ,. inaugurated -. contest .. polled ?. advocated T6#=H Success 8.d ,. a

H#SS6: & 3easonable Doubt Target 0ords 8. accuse L. offense ,. allegedl" K. peer -. civil 4. suspect .. convict 5. verdict ?. guilt" 89. !itness Definitions and Samples 8. accuse v. To sa" that someone did something !rong @e.g., committed a crimeA 2ordan !as accused of using a stolen credit card to bu" about \-99 !orth of electronic eBuipment. %sage tips &ccuse is often used in the passive voice. Parts of speech accusation n, accuser n ,. allegedl" adv. &ccording to !hat people sa" The chief financial officer of the compan" allegedl" took compan" mone" for his personal use. Parts of speech allege v, allegation n -. civil ad'. nvolving a dispute bet!een t!o citizens, not a criminal charge n a civil suit against his neighbor, Darne" claimed that the neighbor+s dog had bitten him. %sage tips n a court conte$t, civil almost al!a"s appears in one of the follo!ing phrasesG civil suit, civil action, civil court, civil proceedings, and civil penalties. .. convict v. To decide that someone is guilt" of a crime Dean !as convicted of assault after the 'ur" sa! a video of him striking another man. %sage tips ;onvict is often used in the passive voice. Parts of speech convict n, conviction n ?. guilt" ad'. 3esponsible for doing something bad The 'ur" found that the director !as guilt" of embezzlement. %sage tips *uilt" is often follo!ed b" an ofphrase that names a crime or bad deed. Parts of speech guilt n, guiltil" adv L. offense n. & specific act that breaks the la! ;onvicted t!ice of reckless driving,Qictor !ill lose his license if he commits another serious traffic offense. Parts of speech offender n, offensive ad' K. peer n. & person !ho is one+s social eBual n reBuiring 'udgment b" Fa 'ur" of one+s peers,F %.S. la! meant to protect lo!er7class defendants from the possibl" biased 'udgment of upper7class 'uries. 4. suspect n. Someone !ho, in the opinion of the police, might have com7 mitted a certain crime The police !ere investigating the activities of five suspects in the liBuor7store robber".

Parts of speech suspect v, suspicion n, suspicious ad', suspiciousl" adv 8-9 *overnment and 2ustice 5. verdict n. & 'udgment in a court case t took the 'ur" onl" -9 minutes to reach a verdict of Fguilt".F %sage tips Qerdict is often the ob'ect of the verbs reach or arrive at. 89. !itness v. To see something, especiall" a crime, happen &fter !itnessing the car theft, 3odne" called the police. Parts of speech !itness n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. @aA to determine that someone is guilt" ,. convict @bA responsible for a crime -. civil @cA a social eBual .. guilt" @dA being related to a personal dispute, not a crime ?. peer @eA to sa" someone did a bad thing T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The most likel" @suspect M !itnessA in the murder !as the victim+s brother, but no one actuall" sa! the crime. The ne! president @allegedl" M guiltil"A had his main opponents killed, but he denies it. &t one time in the %nited States, possession of mari'uana !as a minor @verdict M offenseA. The @!itness M peerA made a poor impression on the 'ur" because he couldn+t remember man" details about the crime scene. 2uries are instructed to arrive at a unanimous @verdict M convictA, one agreeable to all members of the 'ur". & 3easonable Doubt 8-8 T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. 6ne of the most controversial murder cases of the t!entieth centur" !as that involving the death of >aril"n Sheppard in 85?.. Cer husband, Dr. Sam Sheppard, !as accused of killing her and then in'uring himself. &n unlikel" suspect, Sheppard !as highl" respected b" his peers in the medical !orld. Still, there !ere odd aspects to the murder that Sheppard could not e$plain a!a". %nfortunatel" for Sheppard, none of his supporters actuall" !itnessed the crime, so nobod" could back up Sheppard+s claim that the real killer !as a bush"7haired man !hom Sheppard had chased across his la!n and fought !ith briefl". Sheppard !as eventuall" convicted of the offense, but . Donus StructureE man" people doubted the verdict. 0ith aggressive help <, , 2 v e he l p The clause con7 from a la!"er named =. Hee Daile", Sheppard got a ne! taining but and trial. Daile" suggested man" alternatives to Sheppard+s doubt signals guilt, enough that the ne! 'ur" could not sa" he !as guilt" that arguments be"ond a reasonable doubt. Sheppard !as released from against the verdict prison but died soon after!ard. Cis son, ;hip, pursued the !illbegiven. case through several civil and criminal proceedings in an attempt to find out the truth about his mother+s murder. Hate in the 8559s, ne! D:& anal"sis techniBues proved that someone other than Sam Sheppard and his famil" had been in the house that night. Sheppard+s stor" about the bush"7 haired man had probabl" been accurate all along. 8. 0h" !as the Sheppard case unusualP a. & husband !as accused of murdering his !ife. b. The murder occurred in 85?.. 8. accuse

c. d. ,. a. b. c. d.

Doubt about the guilt" verdict led to a second trial. The accused murderer said he didn+t do it. The author of this article implies that Sam Sheppard did not kill his !ife lied about the bush"7haired man did not love his !ife married again after he got out of prison

8-, *overnment and 2ustice Hesson ,L & 3easonable Doubt T6#=H Prep 8 . e ,. a -. d .. b ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. suspect ,. allegedl" -. offense .. !itness ?. verdict T6#=H Success 8. c ,. a

H#SS6: The Police Target 0ords apprehend ascertain bureaucratic condemn evidence implicate inBuir" intrusivel" seize 89. surveillance Definitions and Samples 8. apprehend v. To capture The police apprehended the robber" suspect as he tried to get on a bus to ;hicago. Parts of speech apprehension n ,. ascertain v. To make sure of The police failed to ascertain that the man the" arrested !as the *regor" Dro!n the" !ere reall" looking for. %sage tips &scertain is often follo!ed b" a that clause. :otice that the root of the !ord is the ad'ective certain, meaning Fsure.F -. bureaucratic ad'. 3elated to a large organization !ith a lot of com7 plicated procedures Defore could speak !ith the chief, had to go through a bureaucratic runaround of identit" checks and !ritten reBuests. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. 8-. *overnment and 2ustice %sage tips Dureaucratic implies that something is inefficient and unnecessaril" complicated. Parts of speech bureaucrac" n .. condemn v. To speak out against something in ver" strong terms 3eligious radicals condemned the government for allo!ing alcohol to be sold in restaurants. Parts of speech condemnation n ?. evidence n. Something that makes the truth of a statement seem more likel" The most convincing evidence that *arner robbed the store !as a videotape from surveillance cameras. Parts of speech evidence v, evident ad', evidentl" adv L. i m p l i cate v. To suggest that someone !as involved in a crime or other !rong behavior :o group claimed responsibilit" for the bombing, but the t"pe of e$plosive used implicates the Ceartland =reedom >ilitia. %sage tips mplicate is often follo!ed b" in. Parts of speech implication n

K. inBuir" n. &n investigation The =D launched an inBuir" into the relationship bet!een organized crime and the trucking compan". Parts of speech inBuire v 4. intrusivel" adv. n a !a" that brings an un!anted person or thing into someone else+s affairs The ne! consultant from compan" headBuarters appeared intrusivel" at meetings, staff parties, and other functions !here he !as not !anted. Parts of speech intrude v, intrusion n, intruder n, intrusive ad' 5. seize v. To take something against its o!ner+s !ill =ederal agents can seize private homes and other propert" possibl" used in the production or sale of illegal drugs. Parts of speech seizure n 89. surveillance n. & process of !atching something or someone for a long time, usuall" because the person is suspected of something Police surveillance of one suspected car thief resulted in the arrest of a !hole gang of car'ackers. %sage tips Surveillance is often follo!ed b" an ofphrase. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. ascertain @aA unnoticeabl" ,. intrusivel" @bA simple and straightfor!ard -. seize @cA give back .. condemn @dA cause doubt about ?. bureaucratic @eA praise T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. apprehend evidence implicate inBuir" surveillance 8. 6fficials could not<<<<<<<<<<Dasil because people in villages and to!ns throughout the countr" !ere !illing to hide him. ,. During their<<<<<<<<<<of 6+Drien+s house, detectives audiotaped his phone conversations. -. %ntil !e finish our<<<<<<<<<<into the disappearance of the cash, all emplo"ees are suspects. .. #ven if there is <<<<<<<<<<, such as fingerprints, that might someone in a crime, there might be other indications that the person is innocent. 8-L *overnment and 2ustice T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The =ourth &mendment to the %.S. ;onstitution protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure. Some civil libertarians have condemned the federal antidrug bureaucrac" for threatening this basic right. n a drug case, police need no evidence to intrude on private propert", apprehend a suspected dealer, and seize all the person+s propert". Propert" taken under this la! ma" be sold for a profit later b" the la!7enforcement officials involved in the raid. The target of a raid might be implicated onl" b" an unreliable report from an unfriendl" neighbor. The police are not reBuired to ascertain !hether there+s an" ph"sical evidence of drug activit" at the site. Donus StructureE n one case, surveillance of a large ;alifornia propert" n o n e case convinced local authorities to seize itEnot because the" sa! introduces an dru g activit" but because the propert" !as !orth a lot of e$ample. mone". The propert" !as taken, and its o!ner !as shot tr"ing to defend himself. & later inBuir" determined that there !ere no illegal drugs on the propert". 8. &ccording to this reading, !hich of these activities does the author opposeP a. mari'uana possession

b. surveillance c. propert" seizures d. civil libertarians ,. 0h" does the author of this reading mention the =ourth &mendmentP a. because drug7related seizures seem to violate it b. because it outla!s the use of certain drugs c. because it has finall" stopped the antidrug forces from seizing propert" d. because he disagrees that &mericans should be protected b" it The Police 8-K Hesson ,K The Police T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. b -. e .. a ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. apprehend ,. surveillance -. inBuir" .. evidence, implicate T6#= H S uc ce s s 8 . c , . a

2& LESSON
nvestigati ng ;ri mes Target 0ords anal"ze L. inference assail K. ob'ectivel" contrar" 4. suspicious h"pothesize 5. tolerate impair 89. versus Definitions and Samples 8. anal"ze v. To e$amine something b" looking at its parts ;hemists anal"zed the !hite po!der and found it to be onl" a mi$ture of sugar and salt. Parts of speech anal"sis n, anal"st n ,. assail v. To attack or criticize forcefull" 0ith D:& evidence from the crime scene, the defense la!"er assailed the police for falsel" arresting his client. Parts of speech assault n, assailant n -. contrar" ad'. 6pposite ;ontrar" to most studies, Dr. to+s !ork sho!s the !orld+s climate is not getting !armer. %sage tips ;ommon phrases are contrar" to and on the contrar". ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. .. h"pothesize v. To make a guess, the correctness of !hich !ill eventu7 all" be investigated s"stematicall". Scientists h"pothesize that planets capable of supporting life e$ist be"ond our solar s"stem, but the" have not "et seen an". %sage tips C"pothesize is often follo!ed b" a that clause. Parts of speech h"pothesis n, h"pothetical ad' ?. impair v. To make something less effective than usual The sno! impaired 2ohn+s abilit" to hear an"one+s footsteps. %sage tips The ob'ect of impair is often `someone+sa abilit" to. Parts of speech impairment n L. inference n. & conclusion dra!n from evidence nspector Do!d+s inference that >s. >iller !as South &frican !as based on her accent. Parts of speech infer v K. ob'ectivel" adv. Dased on unbiased standards, not on personal opinion don+t like >r. 3o!an, but looking ob'ectivel" at his sales numbers, sa! that he !as a ver" valuable emplo"ee. Parts of speech ob'ective ad' 4. suspicious ad'. Delieving that something is !rong; acting in a !a"

that makes people believe "ou have done something !rong The neighbors became suspicious of 2im !hen he bought a big ne! car and some fanc" clothes. 2im+s suspicious purchases made his neighbors think he might be getting mone" illegall". Parts of speech suspicion n, suspiciousl" adv 5. tolerate v. To avoid getting upset about something >" math teacher tolerates a lot of talking in her class, but m" histor" teacher tells us to be Buiet. Parts of speech toleration n, tolerance n, tolerant ad' 89. versus prep. &gainst n the debate, it !as pro7!ar senators versus anti!ar senators. %sage tips Qersus is often abbreviated as vs. in sports conte$ts, or simpl" v. in legal conte$ts. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. assail @aA against ,. contrar" @bA guess -. h"pothesize @cA sho!ing differences or opposition .. impair @dA vigorousl" attack ?. versus @eA cause problems for T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. >ost police departments have laboratories, !here scientists @assail M anal"zeA evidence according to scientific procedures. The ne! police chief !ould not @tolerate M impairA an" 'oking around in the police station. #ver"one assumed Travis !as innocent, despite evidence to the @contrar" M suspiciousA. & 'udge !ho feels unable to think @versus M ob'ectivel"A about a case should !ithdra! from it. The bomb sBuad !as called after a @suspicious M contrar"A package !as delivered to the governor+s office. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Donus StructureE m 85K5, t!o Dritish farmers reported that, !hile sitting on This refers to the a S the" suddenl" sa! the crops be l o! flattened in a !hole situation perfect circle. The" inferred that some great force must have described in the previous sentence, come do!n directl" from above to sBuash the corn and not to an" one barle". This started a public h"steria about so7called crop noun phrase. O circles. The patterns pressed into the crops @not all of them !ere circlesA seemed to have no entr" or e$it points. >an" people h"pothesized that onl" alien spaceships could make such bizarre imprints. 6thers, including Dritain+s police, assailed such !ild conclusions. The" had a contrar" theor"G Someone !as pla"ing a big hoa$. Teams of investigators took samples of the plants and the soil, tr"ing to ob'ectivel" anal"ze the crop circles as if the" !ere a crime scene. Public curiosit" often impaired the investigators, !ho had to tolerate busloads of tourists flocking to the circles. The farmers in the area, long suspicious of the police, approached the case as an instance of police versus the people. f the local farmers kne! the circles !ere a hoa$, the" !ouldn+t sa" so. 8. &ccording to the article, !h" did man" people think that crop circles !ere created b" alien spaceshipsP a. The circles looked like the" had been made from above and had no !a" in or out. b. The observers in 85K5 reported seeing a %=6 land and make a crop circle. c. The plants and soil inside a crop circle contained chemicals not found on #arth. d. The" !ere in unusual shapes and contained alien s"mbols.

,. 0h" does the author mention Fa hoa$FP a. because one of the locals admitted pla"ing a trick on his neighbors b. because most people think that crop circles are evil c. because police investigators thought crop circles !ere made b" hu mans as a 'oke d. because crop circles are probabl" made b" secret government aircraft Hesson ,4 nvestigating ;rimes T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. c -. b .. e ?. a T6#=H Prep 8. anal"ze ,. tolerate -. contrar" .. ob'ectivel" ?. suspicious T6#=H Success 8 . a ,. c

2%
LESSON
*overnment ;orruption Target 0ords briber"L. integrit" c"nicall" K. prevalent erode 4. reform evade 5. scandal grotesBue 89. unmask Definitions and Samples 8. briber" n. *iving mone" or other gifts to a government official or other person in authorit" in order to get special privileges Driber" of police officers is common in countries !here police salaries are ver" lo!. Parts of speech bribe v, bribe n ,. c"nicall" adv. Disrespectfull"; emphasizing the !eaknesses of other7 !ise respected things #mplo"ees of the 3oad!a"s Department c"nicall" referred to their boss as Fthe bankerF because he took so man" bribes. Parts of speech c"nic n, c"nicism n, c"nical ad' -. erode v. To !ear a!a" and become smaller People+s respect for the government eroded as more officials !ere arrested for corruption. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. *overnment ;orruption 8.%sage tips #rode can be intransitive @the beach erodedA or transitive @the !aves eroded the beachA. Parts of speech erosion n, erosive ad' .. evade v. To get a!a" from something that tries to catch "ou The robber" suspects tried to evade the police b" fleeing to ;anada. Parts of speech evasion n, evasive ad' ?. grotesBue ad'. #$tremel" unattractive, in a !a" that catches a lot of attention. Spending \-.? million to redecorate the governor+s house is a grotesBue misuse of public mone". L. integrit" n. Personal honest" and good character 0e don+t have a problem !ith our emplo"ees stealing from the store because !e hire onl" people !ith a lot of integrit". K. prevalent ad'. ;ommon; eas" to find because it e$ists in great amounts Distrust of elected officials !as prevalent in our count" because man" of them !ere friends !ith certain candidates. Parts of speech prevail v, prevalence n 4. reform v. To make big improvements The ne! la! !as an attempt to reform the s"stem of giving mone" to political candidates. Parts of speech reform n, reformer n 5. scandal n. & case of !rongdoing that hurts someone+s reputation

n the 0atergate scandal, some of the president+s top advisors !ere revealed to be criminals. Parts of speech scandalize v, scandalous ad' 89. unmask v. 3eveal; e$pose something that is hidden The =orge Trucking ;ompan" !as eventuall" unmasked as a front for organized crime. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. c"nicall" @aA respectfull" ,. evade @bA corruption -. integrit" @cA cover up .. prevalent @dA uncommon ?. unmask @eA get caught T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The president resigned because a @scandal M briber"A made it impossi ble for him to lead. Ha!s that let the police monitor criminals can @erode M evadeA the pri vac" of innocent citizens too. &fter Do!nforth ;astle !as bought b" apartment developers, it be came a @prevalent M grotesBueA 'umble of poorl" built additions. n some places, people !ho are pulled over for traffic offenses use @scandal M briber"A to avoid getting a ticket. President ;arazza came to office promising @reform M integrit"A of the prison s"stem. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. n man" countries, fe! politicians have enough integrit" to resist corruption and briber". Decause such practices are so prevalent, officials often evade an" personal sense of guilt b" pretending that ever"one is 'ust as corrupt as the" are. #ven in cases of reall" grotesBue corruption, the kind that might cause a scandal in a less7corrupt government, the general population ma" not be shocked. nstead, the" ma" c"nicall" Donus StructureE ^,7,,^,, , ,W W , n n conclude that government corruption is natural and un7 R n this S environment avoidable. n this environment, the efforts of an honest means Funder politician to unmask corruption ma" be eroded b" the these conditions.F public+s lack of interest, causing an" efforts at reform to fail. 8. 0h" do people in some countries not react negativel" to corruptionP a. because the" feel it cannot be avoided b. because the" !ant reform c. because almost ever"one in the government is corrupt d. because the" have paid mone" to gain influence ,. 0hat effect might a small scandal have in a countr" !here government corruption is not t"picalP a. t could make someone ver" popular. b. t could cause a politician to become c"nical. c. t could cost a lot of mone". d. t could cause a government official to lose his or her position. Hesson ,5 *overnment ;orruption T6#=H Prep 8. a ,. e -. b .. d ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. scandal ,. erode -. grotesBue .. briber" ?. reform T6#=H Success 8 . c ,. d

H#SS6: ;rimes at Sea Target 0ords abduction L. intentionall" coerce K. pirac" detain 4. predicament deviant5. smuggle distort 89. villain" Definitions and Samples 8. abduction n. _idnapping Pirates got man" cre! members b" abduction, snatching unluck" citizens from seaport to!ns. Parts of speech abduct v ,. coerce v. To force; to put pressure on someone to do something & criminal+s confession is not usable in court if the police coerce him or her into giving it. Parts of speech coercion n, coercive ad' -. detai n v. To prevent someone, for a relativel" short time, from going on their !a" The police detained at least ,9 men for Buestioning, but charged none of them !ith a crime. Parts of speech detention n, detainee n .. deviant ad'. n a st"le that is not normal and is offensive to man" The artist based his reputation on creating deviant !orks of art that disgusted most of the public. %sage tips Deviant al!a"s implies a bad opinion of someone or something. Parts of speech deviant n, deviation n, deviate v ?. distort v. To t!ist or misrepresent; to make something seem different from !hat it reall" is f "ou hold a pencil in a glass of !ater, the !ater distorts the appearance of the pencil. Parts of speech distortion n L. intentionall" adv. 6n purpose, not b" accident Dann" intentionall" lost his last golf ball because he !as tired of pla"ing. Parts of speech intent n, intention n. intend v, intentional ad' K. pirac" n. Stealing a ship or taking the ship+s cargo; the unla!ful cop"7 ing of books, ;Ds, etc. >odern7da" pirac" occurs mostl" near groups of small, uninhabited islands !here pirates can hide. The soft!are compan" constantl" battled pirac". Parts of speech pirate n, pirate v 4. predicament n. & difficult situation, one that is hard to get out of ;ollege basketball stars face the predicament of !anting to graduate but being tempted b" high professional salaries. 5. smuggle v. To illegall" bring things into a countr" The pirate Den De!ar smuggled guns to Dritish and ndian fighters in :orth &merica. Parts of speech smuggler n, smuggling n 89. vi l lai n" n. #$ceptional badness, as demonstrated b" man" serious evil deeds =red !as not a natural criminal, but he learned all kinds of villain" !hile being 'ailed for a minor crime. Parts of speech villain n, villainous ad' T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. detain @aA clarif" ,. distort @bA b" accident -. villain" @cA let go .. intentionall" @dA normal ?. deviant @eA good deeds

T6#=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. abducted coerced pirac" predicament smuggled 8. The police force+s difficult situation involved a bank rob ber !ho threatened to shoot a bank emplo"ee if an" po lice approached. ,. Despite la!s restricting animal imports, thousands of monke"s and lemurs and other !ild animals are brought illegall" into the %nited States. -. The enem" captured and took a!a" the general+s son. .. T!o men !ere convicted of stealing a boat near the 3iau slands. ?. D" threatening to set fire to their ship, the governor of Dermuda pressured the pirate cre! to give themselves up. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestion that follo!s. The Spanish e$plorer Pizarro+s abduction of the nca _ing &tahualpa came in 8?,5. Cis men detained the king, coerced the ncas into pa"ing a large ransom in gold and silver, and then intentionall" killed the king an"!a".Their conBuest of Peru established the legendar" Spanish >ain7Spanish holdings on the mainland of ;entral and South &merica. The predicament for Spain+s kings !as ho! to get the riches of the :e! 0orld to Spain. Pirates and privateers ruled the !aves. To distort !hat !as actuall" 'ust robber", the king of #ngland issued Fletters of marBue,F licenses that turned certain pirates into agents of the Dritish government. Their pirac" against Spanish ships and Spanish gold !as considered service to the king or Bueen of #ngland. >ost pirates !ith such letters !ere social deviants Donus Structure7an"!a", and predictabl", the" became embarrassments to Predictabl" the Dritish cro!n. n 8L9-, Dritain+s _ing 2ames canceled means that the ,, , . ,, , ,, Y Y, information that all his governmentbs letters of marBue. The man" follo!s is no dangerous, unemplo"ed pirates became buccaneers, a terrif"ing mi$ of tough characters that operated from the island of Cispaniola. The" conducted merciless raids on Spanish settlements and formed a brotherhood kno!n for theft, torture, smuggling, and villain" of all sorts. &n introductor" sentence for a brief summar" of the passage is provided belo!. ;omplete the summar" b" selecting three ans!er choices that e$press the most important ideas in the passage. n each blank, !rite the letter of one of "our choices. The establishment of the Spanish >ain provided rich targets for pirates and privateers, often !ith government encouragement. a. Pizarro+s men abducted _ing &tahualpa in 8?,5. b. D" issuing letters of marBue, the kings of #ngland gave their ap proval of raids on Spanish ships. c. Pirac" in the South ;hina Sea !as also a problem at this time. d. Pirates !ho !orked for the #nglish cro!n !ere kno!n as bucca neers. e. Sailing under a letter of marBue, a privateer could steal propert" in the king+s name. f. #ventuall", the #nglish cro!n !as embarrassed b" the behavior of its privateers and canceled the letters of marBue. Hesson -9 ;rimes at Sea T6#=H Prep 8 . c ,. a -. e .. b ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. predicament ,. smuggled -. abducted .. pirac" ?. coerced T6#=H Success b,e,f

H#SS6: The 0ar on Drugs Target 0ords addictive cartel concentrated interdict 'u$tapose misconception modif" potent residual 89. subtl" Definitions and Samples 8. addictive ad'. >aking someone !ant it so much that the person feels ill !ithout it Some drugs, like heroin or methamphetamines, are addictive to almost ever"one !ho tries them. Parts of speech addict v, addict n, addiction n ,. cartel n. & small group controlling a certain area of business The !orld+s ma'or oil producers formed a cartel to control the price and suppl" of petroleum. -. concentrated ad'. Strong because large amounts are in a certain space ;oncentrated lemon 'uice is ver" sour, so mi$ it !ith !ater !hen make lemonade. Parts of speech concentrate v, concentration n, concentrate n .. interdict v. To keep something from reaching a certain place 0ith faster patrol boats, the ;oast *uard can more easil" interdict drugs being smuggled b" sea. Parts of speech interdiction n ?. 'u$tapose v. Place ne$t to one another f "ou 'u$tapose these t!o similar flo!ers, "ou can see clear differences bet!een them. Parts of speech 'u$taposition n L. misconception n. & mistaken belief & common misconception about rabbits is that the" are a kind of rodent. K. modif" v. >ake small changes in order to get a certain result People !ho live in high mountains often modif" their car engines to run !ell in the thinner air. Parts of speech modification n, modifier n 4. potent ad'. Po!erful & ver" potent t"pe of mari'uana !ith surprisingl" strong effects became available in Durr"to!n. Parts of speech potenc" n 5. residual ad'. Heft behind after most of a thing has gone n the airplane, agents found residual traces of heroin. %sage tips 3esidual is often follo!ed b" trace, amount, or some other !ord referring to FBuantit".F Parts of speech residue n 89. subtl" adv. n a Buiet, hard7to7notice !a" D" subtl" changing the soft drink+s formula, !e improved its taste and made production cheaper. Parts of speech subtlet" n, subtle ad' T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. cartel @aA stop ,. interdict @bA remaining

-.'u$taposed @cA ne$t to .. residual @dA !ithout dra!ing attention ?. subtle @eA a kind of group T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. 0ith a @subtle M residualA nod of his head, the inspector signaled his agents. Sunlight is a @concentrated M potentA source of energ" for electricit" generation, but it can be e$pensive to collect and store. Things other than drugs can be @addictive M subtleA, such as gambling or even television. & securit" official tries to @modif" M interdictA foreign terrorists before the" can enter the countr". Nour advertisement created the @misconception M cartelA that ever" thing !as on sale for ?9 percent off. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. llegal addictive drugs, like heroin or cocaine, come from plants gro!n and harvested mostl" b" poor farmers. Their small farmhouses 'u$taposed !ith the mansions of billionaire drug lords illustrate the uneBual pa"outs to various pla"ers in the drug trade. The farmers sell their product cheapl" to a drug7distribution cartel that is o!ned [Fus ruc ure Decause this reading b" the drug lords. People !orking for the cartel then refine describes a s stem the drugs into a concentrated form, or even modif" them of operations, the chemicall" to make them more potent and therefore more !ord then appears valuable. 6ther cartel members then transport the drugs to ver" often. distributors for sale, smuggling them over huge distances, including international borders. *overnments tr" to interdict smugglers, using both ne! technolog" and old @like sniffer dogsA to find residual traces of drugs. Their occasional successes have led to a popular misconception that antidrug campaigns are close to stopping the flo! of illegal drugs. 6n the contrar", as long as drug lords can make vast fortunes in their illegal trade, smugglers !ill come up !ith ever7more7subtle !a"s of concealing their goods, and the 0ar on Drugs goes on. 8. 0ho makes the most mone" from the drug tradeP a. rural farmers b. people !ho refine drugs c. drug lords d. antidrug officers ,. Schematic tableG 0rite the letter of each phrase in either column & or column D, based on !hich one it relates to according to the reading. &. Drug producers and dealers D. &ntidrug forces

a. subtle !a"s of hiding drugs b. sniffer dogs c. high7tech detection d. concentrate drugs to make them potent e. pa" farmers to gro! plants that "ield drugs Hesson -8 The 0ar on Drugs T6#=H Prep 8. e ,. a -. c .. b ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. subtle ,. potent -. addictive .. interdict ?. misconception T6#=H Success 8. c ,. ;olumn &G a, d, e ;olumn DG b, c.

H#SS6: =amil" 3elationships Target 0ords ancestral cohesion descendant inheritance kin legitimate paternal pro$imit" sentiment sibling Definitions and Samples 8. ancestral ad'. 3elating to famil" members from earlier generations S!eden is m" ancestral homeland, from !hich m" greatgrandfather emigrated in 85,,. Parts of speech ancestor n, ancestr" n ,. cohesion n. &bilit" to sta" together as a unit =amil" cohesion is difficult if "oung people have to go far a!a" to find !ork. %sage tips ;ohesion can also be used to describe forces that keep materials or structures together. Parts of speech cohere v, cohesiveness n -. descendant n. & direct relative in a later generation @such as one+s son, daughter, or grandchildA 8?4 3elationships Dill" Sobieski claimed to be a descendant of 2an Sobieski, a former king of Poland. %sage tips Descendant is often follo!ed b" an of phrase. Parts of speech descend v, descent n .. inheritance n. Things passed do!n to "ou from "our ancestors >" inheritance from m" grandmother included her favorite necklace. Parts of speech inherit v, inheritor n ?. kin n. 3elatives #ven though m" uncle didn+t reall" like me, he !as kind to me because !e !ere kin. %sage tips & common phrase is ne$t of kin, meaning Fclosest relative.F Parts of speech kinship n L. legitimate ad'. True and respectable; in the conte$t of famil", born of a mother and father !ho !ere married to each other Nou can skip the meeting if "ou have a legitimate reason. Carcourt had t!o legitimate children !ith his !ife Cannah and one illegitimate son !ith a !oman !hom he met !hile traveling. %sage tips The opposite of legitimate is illegitimate. Parts of speech legitimize v, legitimac" n K. paternal ad'. 3elating to a father >" mother+s parents have both died, but m" paternal grandparents are still alive. %sage tips Paternal ma" appear !ith maternal, meaning Frelating to a mother.F 4. Pro$imit" n. :earnessGhe house !as comfortable, e$cept for its pro$imit" to a bus" road. %sage tips Pro$imit" can be follo!ed b" an ofphrase or a to phrase. Parts of speech pro$imate ad' 5. sentiment n. =eelings; opinion based on feelings share "our sentiments about air travel, but disagree that cars are safer. %sage tips Sentiments @the pluralA is more common than sentiment. Parts of speech sentimentalit" n, sentimental ad'

89. sibling n. Drother or sister >" siblings and got together to bu" our parents a gift for their anniversar". %sage tips Sibling is often preceded b" a possessive noun or pronoun. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. ancestral @aA fatherl" ,. descendants @bA children, grandchildren, etc. -. legitimate @cA !hat one thinks or feels .. paternal @dA acceptable and right ?. sentiments @eA related to earlier generations T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. cohesion inheritance kin pro$imit" siblings Nou can+t e$pect to have famil"<<<<<<<<<<if the members don+t re spect each other. n our famil", the<<<<<<<<<<!ho are closest in age get along the best. f someone dies !ithout a !ill, the possessions usuall" go to the ne$t of. .. >edical bills in his last "ear greatl" reduced the<<<<<<<<<<going to Tom+s !ife. ?. Hegall", parents have the same<<<<<<<<<<of relationship to an adopted child as to their biological children. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The nature of the famil" varies !idel" from culture to culture. n some societies, famil" members tend to sta" in close pro$imit" to their kin, never moving more than a fe! miles a!a" from the ancestral home. n other places, !hile the members of one generation ma" all live near one another, their descendants in the ne$t generation scatter !idel". n such a case, it+s difficult to maintain the same famil" cohesion en'o"ed b" those !ho live close together. Sometimes marriage can govern famil" structure; for e$ample, there ma" be strict traditions reBuiring a ne! bride to leave her paternal home and siblings to move in !ith her ne! husband+s famil". Such traditions are follo!ed, even b" "oung couples !ho don+t like them, because going against them is likel" to result in the loss of inheritance. 0hatever one+s o!n sentiments about famil" structure, it is important to recognize that one culture+s famil" s"stem is as legitimate as another+s. 8. 0hich of the follo!ing best states the main idea of this passageP a. Different famil" s"stems can be found !orld!ide, but each one de serves respect. b. Societies in !hich children move far a!a" from their parents are not ver" cohesive. c. &lthough some societies still reBuire a !ife to move in !ith her hus band+s famil", this tradition is d"ing out. d. The most important factor in famil" happiness is close pro$imit" to "our relatives. ,. &ccording to this reading, !hich famil" s"stem is most commonP a. >embers of a famil" living in the same communit". b. =amil" members spreading out and living in various cities. c. Noung couples living !ith the man+s parents. d. t is impossible to tell from this reading. =amil" 3elationships 8L8 Hesson -, =amil" 3elationships T6#=H Prep 8. e ,. b -. d .. a ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. cohesion ,. siblings -. kin .. inheritance ?. pro$imit" T 6#= H S ucc e ss 8 . a , . d

H#SS6: =riendship Target 0ords affection associate bond cliBue confide e$clusive fluctuate in common solidarit" 89. !illing Definitions and Samples 8. affection n. &n emotional closeness or !armth sho! affection for m" girlfriend b" spending time !ith her, not b" spending mone" on her. %sage tips &ffection is often follo!ed b" a for phrase. Parts of speech affectionate ad' ,. associate v. To regularl" spend time together ;arol doesn+t associate !ith people !ho smoke. %sage tips &ssociate is often follo!ed b" a !ith phrase. Parts of speech association n, associate n -. bond n. & close connection =riendship 8L%sage tips & bet!een phraseEindicating the things that are connectedEoften follo!s bond. Parts of speech bond v .. cliBue n. & small group of friends !ho are unfriendl" to people outside the group Cigh7schoolers form cliBues to gain securit" and acceptance. %sage tips ;liBue indicates a negative feeling to!ard a group. Parts of speech cliBuish ad' ?. confide v. To tell ver" personal things Teenagers are more !illing to confide in a friend than in a parent. %sage tips ;onfide is almost al!a"s follo!ed b" an in phrase. Parts of speech confidence n, confidant n, confidential ad' L. e$clusive ad'. _eeping out all but a fe! people The most e$clusive universities accept onl" a small percentage of people !ho !ant to attend. %sage tips #$clusive can indicate a positive opinion, but in the conte$t of friendship, it can mean Fattached onl" to one person.F Parts of speech e$clude v, e$clusion n, e$clusivel" adv K. fluctuate v. To change often, from one condition to another #arth+s climate fluctuates bet!een !arm periods and cold periods. %sage tips =luctuate is usuall" follo!ed b" a bet!een phrase @or b" a from . . . to structureA. Parts of speech fluctuation n 4. in common adv. &s a shared characteristic Dill" and Ceather have a lot in commonEbasketball, a love of pizza, and an interest in snakes. %sage tips n common ver" often appears !ith the verb to have.

8L. 3elationships 5. solidarit" n. Standing together despite pressure to move apart >an" student groups declared solidarit" !ith the Hatino Student &ssociation in their effort to get a Spanish7speaking principal. %sage tips Solidarit" is usuall" used in political conte$ts. 89. !illing ad'. &greeable and read" to do something Decause of their long friendship, Professor *ardner !as !illing to sa" a fe! !ords at 2ones+s birthda" celebration. %sage tips 0illing is almost al!a"s follo!ed b" a to c verb structure. Parts of speech !ill v, !ill n, !illingness n T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. affection @aA liking someone or something ,. bond @bA to move back and forth -. cliBue @cA standing together in a political cause .. fluctuate @dA a connection ?. solidarit" @eA an e$clusive group T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord or phrase that best completes each sentence. ;harles is @e$clusive M !illingA to be friends !ith Dor", but he is alread" dating another girl. f @associate M confideA in "ou, do "ou promise to keep !hat sa" a secretP 0hen it comes to !eather, >innesota and :orth Dakota have a lot @in common M in a bondA. 6ne of the main reasons to go to an e$clusive college is that "ou get to @associate M fluctuateA !ith some of the countr"+s future leaders. The court said that the club+s membership rules !ere un'ustl" @!illing M e$clusiveA because the" kept out people of certain ethnic groups. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Nou can !alk into an" high school and spot the cliBuesG the 'ocks hang out here, the geeks there, the *oths and preppies in their areas. Teenagers feel a strong need to belong to a group, to associate !ith people !ith !hom the" share common interests or goals. Since adolescence is often a time !hen teens feel turmoil in their home lives, the" seek affection and friendship outside the home. The" look for other "oung people to bond !ith !hen their parents don+t seem to Funderstand.F Teens going through the various crises of adolescence can more easil" confide in others their o!n age, !ith !hom the" have more in common. Teen cliBues are b" no means e$clusive; membership can fluctuate on an almost dail" basis, but the important thing is that group members feel a sense of solidarit" and are !illingto stick together. 8. &ccording to the reading, !h" do adolescents search for friendship outside the homeP a. The" !ant to be accepted b" the 'ocks and *oths. b. The" think their parents don+t understand the problems the" face. c. The" !ant to be in a different cliBue ever" da". d. The" !ant to talk about their parents !ith other teenagers. ,. &ccording to the reading, do teens sta" in the same groups all the timeP a. Nes, because their parents !ant them to. b. Nes, because the" share common interests. c. :o, the" ma" move from group to group Buite freBuentl". d. :o, most groups don+t accept ne! members. Hesson -- =riendship T6#=H Prep 8. a ,. d -. e .. b ?. c T6#=H Prep 8. !illing ,. confide -. in common

.. associate ?. e$clusive T6#=H Suc cess 8 . b ,. c

H#SS6: Passion Target 0ords comple$ despondent devotion dilemma ?.engender lo"al passion proliferation reciprocit" 89. vanish Definitions and Samples 8. com ple$ ad'. :ot simple; involving man" parts that !ork together & modern car engine is too comple$ for most car o!ners to repair b" themselves. Parts of speech comple$it" n ,. despondent ad'. #$tremel" sad and !ithout hope for the future &fter his girlfriend left him, 2ohnson !as despondent and !ouldn+t talk to an"one. -. devotion n. & !illingness to keep supporting someone "ou admire *rant sho!ed great devotion to his !ife, supporting her during her long illness. %sage tips Devotion is often follo!ed b" a to phrase. Parts of speech devote v, devotee n ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. Passion 8LK .. dilemma n. & difficult choice bet!een t!o things !as caught in a dilemma bet!een traveling b" airplane and taking a train, !hich is slo!er but more comfortable. ?. engender v. To bring into being; to cause to e$ist The government+s !arnings about terrorism engendered fear throughout the nation. %sage tips #ngender is often follo!ed b" a noun for an emotion. L. lo"al ad'. =aithful ;arter !as lo"al to his girlfriend and !ould not date an"one else. %sage tips Ho"al is often follo!ed b" a to phrase. Parts of speech lo"alt" n, lo"all" adv K. passion n. &n e$tremel" strong emotion, like love or anger Debbie complained that there !as no passion in her marriage. Parts of speech passionate ad', passionatel" adv 4. proliferation n. &n increase in the number of something and in the number of places it can be found The proliferation of fast7food restaurants has made it harder for &mericans to eat health" lunches. %sage tips Proliferation is ver" often follo!ed b" an ofphrase. Parts of speech proliferate v 5. reciprocit" n. Doing as much for another as he or she has done for "ou Dan !as giving a lot of attention to _ell", but he felt no reciprocit" in their relationship. Parts of speech reciprocate v, reciprocal ad' 89. vanish v. To disappear suddenl" 0hen the sun came out, last night+s light sno!fall vanished. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank.

8. comple$ @aA an eas" choice ,. dilemma @bA simple -. lo"al @cA a decrease .. proliferation @dA appear ?. vanish @eA unfaithful T6#=H Prep ;hoose the !ord from the list that is closest in meaning to the underlined part of each sentence. 0rite it in the blank. despondent devotion to engender passion reciprocit" 8. n a good relationship, there is a lot of give and take. . ,. >r. =oster+s strong love for teaching makes him successful. . -. 3honda !as e$tremel" sad after the death of her cat. . .. Sometimes, a small characteristic, like a nice smile, can cause love. . ?. >" continuing support for the candidate is based on m" admiration for her. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the ne! vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Perhaps no emotion is more comple$ than passion. Passion can sho! itself in a negative !a" as a burst of anger, or in a more pleasant !a", as love. Passion can engenderblind devotion for a lover or plunge a person into despondent miser" if he or she feels a lack of reciprocit" in the relationship. Passion and love cause innumerable dilemmas, and people constantl" seek out !a"s to understand these emotions, as evidenced b" proliferation of articles, books, talk sho!s, and 0eb pages devoted to relationships. >an" of these forums have lo"al follo !ings and have become cultural fi$tures. The endless flo! of information and opinions about the comple$ situations aroused b" passion !ill probabl" not vanish an"time soon. 8. &ccording to this article, !hich statement about passion is trueP a. t can have good or bad effects. b. t can be easil" e$plained. c. t helps people decide !hat to do. d. t is irrational. ,. &ccording to the reading, !h" are there so man" books and other !orks about passionP a. because people !ant a lot of advice about love b. because man" people !ant to !rite about their o!n passion c. because reading about passion is rela$ing d. because passion can also sho! itself as a burst of anger Hesson -. Passion T6#=H Prep 8. b ,. a -. e .. c ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. reciprocit" ,. passion -. despondent .. engender ?. devotion to T6#=H Success 8 . a ,. a

H#SS6: :egative #motions Target 0ords antipath" L. humiliation arrogantl" K. obno$ious berate 4. shame contemptuous 5. stigmatize despise 89. vitriolic Definitions and Samples 8. antipath" n. & strong, long7lasting negative feeling >" antipath" to!ard telemarketers is so strong that am often rude to them. %sage tips &ntipath" is often follo!ed b" a to!ard phrase. ,. arrogantl" adv. n a !a" that sho!s a high opinion of oneself and a lo! opinion of others 2enn" told us about her part" onl" one da" in advance, arrogantl" thinking !e had nothing else to do. Parts of speech arrogance n, arrogant ad' -. berate v. To sa" insulting and disrespectful things The teacher lost his 'ob because he cruell" berated students !ho made mistakes. %sage tips Nou can onl" berate someone directl"Eonl" !hen he or she can hear "ou. .. contemptuous n. Caving no respect >ost scientists are contemptuous of reports that aliens from outer space have landed on the #arth. %sage tips & ver" common structure is be contemptuous of. Parts of speech contempt n, contemptible ad', contemptuousl" adv ?. despise v. Cate ver" much Tom gre! to despise his greed" and unfriendl" boss. L. humiliation n. &n event that causes someone to feel that she or he has lost the respect of others Hosing the chess tournament !as a great humiliation for >arie, and she never pla"ed chess again. Parts of speech humiliate v K. obno$ious ad'. Dothersome; doing small things that others don+t like >" obno$ious neighbor keeps talking to me !hile +m tr"ing to read in m" back"ard. Parts of speech obno$iousl" adv 4. shame n. Dishonor because one has done something !rong =eeling deep shame because of their son+s crimes, the =ord famil" moved to a different to!n. %sage tips Shame is often follo!ed b" an of or about phrase. Parts of speech shame v, shameful ad', ashamed ad', shamefull" adv 5. stigmatize v. To mark !ith a visible feature that makes other people think, perhaps incorrectl", that someone or something is !rong

;adbur"+s beard and tattoos stigmatized him as a bad match for 0all Street, so he couldn+t find !ork as a financial anal"st. Parts of speech stigma n 89. vitriolic ad'. Sho!ing an e$treme, hateful anger The ma"or+s vitriolic attacks against the cit" council onl" made him sound unreasonable. %sage tips The origin of vitriolic is Fvitriol,F a strong chemical that could cause painful burns. T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. arrogantl" @aA ver" bitter and hurtful ,. berate @bA to criticize and insult -. humiliation@cA anno"ing .. obno$ious @dA too proudl" ?. vitriolic @eA embarrassment T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. De carefulG >an" !ords in this chapter are ver" close in meaning to each other. Pa" attention to small details in order to choose the best. &s a teenager, Dean did a lot of stupid things that he no! feels @humiliation M shameA about. >an" foreigners feel that their appearance @stigmatizes M despisesA them in this countr". Decause the president !as @obno$ious M contemptuousA of =rance+s opinion long ago, the =rench are not eager to help him no!. >ark @despises M beratesA Cenr" and refuses to see him at all. Turke"+s historic @antipath" M shameA to!ard *reece ma" be softening !ith the ne! generation. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. Some radio talk sho! hosts are masters of obno$ious insults. ;allers to such sho!s should be prepared for humiliation if the" dare to disagree !ith the host+s vie!s. The host controls !hether the caller can speak, so he can arrogantl" berate the caller !ithout allo!ing the caller to respond. Some sho!s, especiall" on &> radio, have hosts !ho are contemptuous of nearl" ever"one. The" regularl" use vitriolic language to stigmatize !hole groups of people, such as foreigners, liberals, ga"s, or !omen. Some hosts don+t actuall" despise the groups the" insult. The" simpl" use antipath" as a form of entertainment, and the" seem to feel no shame about the damage the" do. 8. 0hich phrase best describes the author+s point of vie!P a. The author en'o"s listening to radio talk sho!s. b. The author believes talk sho!s can cause damage. c. The author thinks talk sho! hosts are disturbing but honest. d. The author argues that hosts are ordinar" people 'ust doing their 'obs. ,. 0hich people are often berated on radio talk sho!s, according to the authorP a. hosts b. callers c. listeners d. advertisers Hesson -? :egative #motions T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. b -. e .. c ?. a T6#=H Prep 8. shame ,. stigmatizes -. contemptuous .. despises ?. antipath" T 6 # = H S u c c e s s 8 . b , . b

H#SS6: Social 3ebels Target 0ords adolescent L. hedonistic cause K. h"pocriticall" conflict 4. manipulation delinBuenc" 5. rebel fringe 89. status Buo Definitions and Samples 8. adolescent ad'. ;haracteristic of a teenager; not full" gro!n up n polic" meetings, *eorge refuses to reason !ith an"one and 'ust sco!ls in an adolescent !a". Parts of speech adolescent n, adolescence n ,. cause n. & political or social goal that one believes is right and !orks to achieve 6ur river cleanup effort !ould be more effective if someone famous spoke out for the cause. -. conflict v. To fit so poorl" together that the differences cause a problem & teenager+s need for securit" can conflict !ith his desire for independence from his famil". Parts of speech conflict n .. delinBuenc" n. Serious misbehavior; not doing !hat one should do Decause of his laziness and delinBuenc", Heft" !as an unreliable friend. %sage tips & common combination is 'uvenile delinBuenc", meaning Fcriminal behavior b" a teenager.F Parts of speech delinBuent n, delinBuent ad' ?. fringe n. #dge; in social conte$ts, parts of societ" that look or act ver" different from most people Punk music got its start at the fringe of Hondon+s rock music culture. %sage tips =ringe implies an edge that is uneven and not ver" solid. Parts of speech fring" ad' L. hedonistic ad'. #$cessivel" interested in seeking pleasure Suddenl" !ealth", &llen fell into a hedonistic life of parties, e$pensive dinners, and heav" drinking. %sage tips Cedonistic usuall" implies that the pleasures are !rong. Parts of speech hedonist n, hedonism n, hedonisticall" adv K. h"pocriticall" adv. n a !a" that accuses other people of !eaknesses that the speaker also possesses Cenr" spent \,,?99 on a ne! suit and then h"pocriticall" accused me of spending too much on clothes. Parts of speech h"pocrite n, h"pocris" n, h"pocritical ad' 4. manipulation n. Tuietl" moving or influencing people or things in order to get !hat "ou !ant Dob+s manipulation of the boss+s feelings led to his promotion. Parts of speech manipulate v, manipulator n, manipulative ad' 5. rebel v. To go against an established s"stem or authorit" The people of *hurdia rebelled against the dictator and set up a ne! government. %sage tips 3ebel !orks !ell in political conte$ts and in conte$ts of personal relationships. Parts of speech rebel n, rebellion n 89. status Buo n. The s"stems and conditions that e$ist no! Het+s 'ust maintain the status Buo until !e can think of a better !a". T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. adolescent @aA not doing !hat "ou+re

supposed to ,. conflict @bA clash; not fit together -. delinBuenc" @cA edge .. fringe @dA like a teenager ?. status Buo @eA current conditions T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. cause hedonistic h"pocriticall" manipulation rebel Senator Dond, !ho often lied to ;ongress,<<<<<<<<<<called the pres ident a liar. Some monks criticized the !ell7fed, art7loving people of fifteenth7 centur" =lorence for being<<<<<<<<<<. During the 85K9s, college students fought for one<<<<<<<<<<after another, from saving the !hales to changing the government. .. #ven though it+s illegal,<<<<<<<<<<of la!makers b" rich companies is common. ?. t+s natural for "oung people to<<<<<<<<<<against societ", but not !ith violence. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. >an" adolescents and "oung adults go through a period !hen the" rebel against !hat the" perceive as an insincere !orld. Teens ma" take up causes such as radical environmentalism, protesting against the status Buo. The" ma" choose clothes that anno" their parents and associate !ith people from the fringes of societ". This is a delicate period in a person+s life, , full of chances to make bad decisions that could lead to Donus StructureE 'uvenile delinBuenc" and even 'ail. ;onversel", it can be a ;onversel" means time of personal discover" that strengthens teens in a moral Fon the other re'ection of hedonistic lifest"les. &t this age the" ma" fearlessl" + speak up against h"pocriticall" self7righteous authorities and against manipulation b" the ne!s media. These adolescent protests can lead to conflicts !ithin families and communities, but stirring things up can also lead to serious reflection and positive change. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. Teens are hedonistic and self7serving. b. >an" teenagers are radical environmentalists. c. &dolescents often create conflicts in their communities. d. Teenage rebellion can cause problems, but it can be positive too. ,. &ccording to the reading, !hat is one possible positive effect of teen rebellionP a. &dults might tr" to make positive changes. b. Teens ma" get in trouble !ith the police. c. Teens ma" become responsible adults later in life. d. &dults might imitate teens and also rebel. Hesson -L Social 3ebels T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. b -. a .. c ?. e T6#=H Prep 8. h"pocriticall" ,. hedonistic -. cause .. manipulation ?. rebel T 6 # = H Su c c e s s 8 . d , . a

H#SS6: Painting and Sculpture Target 0ords

abstract conte$t depict dimension estheticall" intrinsic perspective portra"al realism 89. spectrum Definitions and Samples 8. abstract ad'. :ot concrete and realistic; not obviousl" related to ever"7 da" e$perience &bstract painting became popular partl" because earl" photograph" !as ver" realistic. Parts of speech abstraction n ,. conte$t n. & larger environment that something fits into n the conte$t of Soviet 3ussia, public art had to be about the triumph of communism and its leaders. %sage tips The preposition in often comes before conte$t, and an of phrase often comes after it. Parts of speech conte$tualize v, conte$tual ad' -. depict v. To sho! in pictures >ichelangelo+s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine ;hapel depicts nine scenes from the Dible. Parts of speech depiction n .. dimension n. & direction or surface along !hich something can be measured; an aspect The three dimensions of ph"sical ob'ects are length, !idth, and depth. 6ne dimension of the problem is their long histor" of competition. Parts of speech dimensional ad' ?. estheticall" adv. n a !a" that relates to beaut" or appearance The outside of the office building is estheticall" pleasing, but the inside is dark and unpleasant. %sage tips #stheticall" is often spelled !ith an FaF at the beginningG aestheticall". Parts of speech esthetic n, esthete n, esthetic ad' L. intrinsic ad'. Deing part of the basic nature of something =reBuent elections are intrinsic to a democratic s"stem. Parts of speech intrinsicall" adv K. perspective n. & !a" of seeing from a particular location; a !a" of thinking about something =rom m" perspective, the entire to!n can be seen through a set of large !indo!s. The" held different perspectives on ho! to care for their aging parents. 4. portra"al n. & description or dra!ing that reflects a certain point of vie! >ost portra"als of &braham Hincoln emphasize his sense of humor and his honest". %sage tips Portra"al is often follo!ed b" an ofphrase to indicate !hat is being described. Parts of speech portra" v 5. realism n. & techniBue that tries to picture something as it reall" looks 3ealism !as popular among seventeenth7centur" =lemish painters like 3embrandt van 3i'n. Parts of speech realist n, realistic ad' 89. spectrum n. & range of different things, usuall" colors Dart+s colorful designs include ever" color of the spectrum, from deep blue to vibrant red. %sage tips The phrase the spectrum freBuentl" means Fthe colors that the human e"e can see.F T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7 hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. abstract @aA to sho! ,. depict @bA depiction -. estheticall" @cA presenting an idea, not a realistic picture .. perspective @dA in a!a" that relates to beaut" ?. portra"al @eA !a" of seeing things from a certain place

T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes each sentence. The materials that go into a !ork of art usuall" have little @abstract M intrinsicA value. n the 85K9s, artists kno!n as Fthe Doston SchoolF revived @realism M conte$tA b" re'ecting abstract techniBues and tr"ing to capture the ac tual appearance of their sub'ects. The colors of light that !e can see are kno!n as the visible @spectrum M perspectiveA. >edieval artists did not tr" to use @conte$t M perspectiveA to give a sense of depth to their paintings. The small, separate strokes of impressionist paintings give the !orks a dreamlike @portra"al M dimensionA. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. 0hether something is FartF is largel" a matter of opinion. &rt that most people consider to have no intrinsic value can contain a great treasure of ideas and invention to someone !ho sees something special in it. St"les in all the arts range over a !ide spectrum. Some good art is estheticall" unchallenging and eas" to understand. 6ther Donus StructureE !orks are strange forms, totall" out of conte$t to ever"one Totall" means but the artist. 6ne artist+s portra"al of an ever"da" ob'ect, completel"V or m sucS as a bouBuet of flo!ers, ma" be grounded in realism ever" !a" O SS easil" recognizable. &nother painter+s depiction of the same bouBuet ma" be ver" abstract, resembling flo!ers onl" in the artist+s mind. 3egardless of the artist+s approach, the best art reveals ne! dimensions of e$perience and looks at the !orld from a fresh perspective. 8. 0hich sentence best e$presses the essential information of this passageP a. St"les of art have changed throughout histor". b. 3ealistic art has more meaning than abstract art. c. #stheticall" pleasing art is too simple to contain much meaning. d. 0orks of art can mean different things, depending on one+s per spective. ,. &ccording to this reading, !hat is one big difference bet!een abstract art and realistic artP a. &bstract art is harder to sell. b. &bstract art is harder to understand. c. &bstract art is harder to produce. d. &bstract art is harder to look at. Painting and Sculpture 84? Hesson -K Painting and Sculpture T6#=H Prep 8. c ,. a -. d .. e ?. b T6#=H Prep 8. intrinsic ,. realism -. spectrum .. perspective ?. dimension T 6 # = H S u c c e s s 8 . d , . b

H#SS6:

The 0ritten 0ord Target 0ords advent L. illiterate ambiguous K. ingenious connotation 4. inscription

decipher 5. phonetic denote 89. s"mbolic Definitions and Samples 8. advent n. ;oming; arrival The advent of the automobile greatl" increased the demand for petroleum. %sage tips &dvent is usuall" follo!ed b" an of phrase. ,. ambiguous ad'. Caving more than one possible meaning The sentence t+s hard to sa" is ambiguous, !ith different meanings in different conte$ts. Parts of speech ambiguit" n, ambiguousl" adv -. connotation n. & meaning implied, not stated directl" 0hen m" boss sa"s,FThank "ou,F the connotation is that she+s done talking and should leave. Parts of speech connote v .. decipher v. To figure out the meaning, even though it is !ritten in a code or an unkno!n language The 3osetta Stone helped archaeologists decipher ancient #g"ptian !riting. %sage tips & cipher is a code or puzzle; decipher means Fsolve a puzzle !ritten in code.F ?. denote v. To mean something clearl" and directl" &n FdF ne$t to a name on this list denotes a person !ho has been chosen for the soccer team. Parts of speech denotation n L. illiterate ad'. %nable to read n man" villages nearl" ever"one !as illiterate and unschooled, and the fe! !ho could read held great po!er. Parts of speech illiterate n, illiterac" n K. ingenious ad'. Qer" clever and imaginative &nn thought up an ingenious !a" to keep other people from accidentall" taking her pens. Parts of speech ingenuit" n, ingeniousl" adv 4. inscription n. Something !ritten into a piece of rock or metal The inscription on m" ring sa"s F&ugust 8,F because that !as the da" of our !edding. Parts of speech inscribe v 5. phonetic ad'. 3elated to the sounds in a language ;hildren learning to !rite often make up phonetic spellings, based on the !a" a !ord sounds. Parts of speech phonetics n, phoneticall" adv 89. s"mbolic ad'. &cting as a sign for some other thing or idea Since the 85K9s, "ello! ribbons have been s"mbolic of hope that someone !ill return from a dangerous situation. %sage tips S"mbolic is often follo!ed b" an of phrase indicating the meaning of a s"mbol. Parts of speech s"mbolize v, s"mbol n, s"mbolicall" adv T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. advent @aA approach or arrival ,. decipher @bA ne!l" invented in a clever !a" -. ingenious @cA to figure out the meaning .. inscription @dA related to spoken sounds ?. phonetic @eA something !ritten into a hard surface T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. ambiguous connotation denote illiterate s"mbolic 8. f m" father told me to be Buiet, the<<<<<<<<<<!as F have a headache.F ,. The president+s response, F0ait and see,F !as<<<<<<<<<<, meaning that perhaps he !ould take action, perhaps not. -. n #nglish !riting, a mark called an apostrophe usuall" a missing letter, as in isn +t for is not. .. & circle !ith a plus attached @%A is<<<<<<<<<<of F!omanF and of the planetQenus.

?. =arle" !as a poor,<<<<<<<<<<bo" from a remote area !ho later taught himself to read and !rite. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. 2ohannes *utenberg+s ingenious use of movable t"pe in his printing press had a !ide range of effects on #uropean societies. >ost obviousl", readers no longer had to decipher odd hand!riting, !ith ambiguous lettering, in order to read a !ritten !ork. Donus StructureE *utenberg gave each letter standard forms, a move that >ost obviousl" had connotations far be"ond the printing business. The introduces an eas"7inscriptions on tombstones and roadside mileposts, for to7see effect and e$ample, could no! be standardized. The cost of books ,F < ... clear effects !ill
mmg

decreased. #ven illiterate people benefited indirectl" from the advent of this invention, as the general level of information in societ" increased. Co!ever, *utenberg+s press !as of limited use for languages that used picture7like s"mbols for !riting instead of a phonetic s"stem. S"stems of s"mbolic pictographs, each of !hich denotes a !ord, reBuire man" thousands of characters to be cast into lead t"pe b" the printer. Phonetic s"stems, like the Hatin alphabet, use the same fe! characters, recombined in thousands of !a"s to make different !ords. 8. &ccording to this reading, ho! did the invention of the printing press benefit illiterate peopleP a. t helped them learn to read. b. t raised the level of information in a societ". c. t lo!ered the cost of books. d. t saved them from having to read ambiguous hand!riting. ,. 0h" !as *utenberg+s press not ver" practical for languages that use picture7like s"mbolsP a. because character7based languages are made of pictographs b. because phonetic alphabets are clearer c. because there are too man" characters to make movable t"pe for each one d. because *utenberg !as #uropean, so he didn+t kno! an" character7 based languages 859 ;ulture Hesson -4 The 0ritten 0ord T6#=H Prep 8 . a ,. c - . b .. e ?. d T6#=H Prep 8. connotation ,. ambiguous -. denote .. s"mbolic ?. literate T6#=H Success 8 . b ,. c

H#SS6: #ntertainment Target 0ords amateurish cast charismatic gala hilarious improvisation incompetent

medium skit 89. zeal Definitions and Samples 8. amateu rish ad'. :ot good enough to be the !ork of professionals 0hoever painted this room did an amateurish 'ob, !ith all sorts of uneven edges. Parts of speech amateur n, amateurishl" adv ,. cast n. The group of actors in a pla", movie, television sho!, etc. Some vie!ers mistakenl" start thinking that a TQ sho!+s cast members are reall" the characters the" pla". %sage tips n %.S. #nglish, cast is singular. n some other varieties of #nglish it is plural. Parts of speech cast v -. charismatic ad'. #$tremel" attractive and charming Decause of the sparkle in his e"e and his confident st"le, 2ohn =. _enned" !as a charismatic leader. Parts of speech charisma n, charismaticall" adv ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. 85, ;ulture .. gala ad'. #$pensive, elaboratel" arranged, and full of celebration & college graduation part" should be a gala affair, not a back"ard barbecue. %sage tips *ala is some!hat old7fashioned, far more common in print than in speech. Parts of speech gala n ?. hilarious ad'. Qer" funn" n m" opinion, the most hilarious character on television !as Dasil =a!lt". Parts of speech hilarit" n L. improvisation n. nventing a solution to an une$pected problem Do" Scouts take pride in their improvisation !hen faced !ith trouble during a camping trip. Parts of speech improvise v, improvisational ad' K. incompetent ad'. %nskilled; lacking the abilit" to perform a task Decause !e hired an incompetent builder to replace our roof, !e no! have leaks ever"!here. %sage tips %suall", incompetent implies that someone tries to do something but fails. Parts of speech incompetence n, incompetentl" adv 4. medium n. & channel or !a" for a meaning to be e$pressed 0atercolor art is often considered childish, but some artists have achieved great things !orking in that medium. %sage tips The plural of medium is media. 5. skit n. & short, informal pla" >arnie and ;hris spent a long time practicing their skit for the school sho!. 89. zeal n. #nthusiasm; a deep determination to do !ell %nfortunatel", Tom+s zeal to become a rock star distracted him from his studies. %sage tips eeal is often follo!ed b" to plus a verb or b" a for phrase. Parts of speech zealot n, zealous ad' T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. amateurish@aA group of people in a movie ,. cast @bA ver" funn" -. hilarious @cA unable to perform a task .. incompetent @dA enthusiasm ?. zeal @eA not like professionals T6#=H Prep ;omplete each sentence b" filling in the blank !ith the best !ord from the list. ;hange the form of the !ord if necessar". %se each !ord onl" once. charismatic gala improvisation medium skit 8. The si$th7grade class put on a little<<<<<<<<<<about Thanksgiving Da". The "ear ended !ith a<<<<<<<<<<celebration featuring a profes

sional orchestra. *ena+s skills at<<<<<<<<<<saved the pla" !hen she forgot her real lines. .. Television is a passive<<<<<<<<<<because it demands no input from the vie!er. ?. >ovie stars that are especiall"<<<<<<<<<<often take advantage of their charm to go into politics. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. 0hen the artistic medium of theater falls into the hands of college students, the results can be unpredictable. &t one college, !e sa! Shakespeare+s Camlet done as musical theater. The idea !as bad to start out !ith, and the actual pla" !as amateurish, bordering on incompetent. The cast did not understand the tragic po!er of the pla". Their improvisation !hen the" forgot their lines !as sill" and inappropriate.The . costumes and set design looked homemade, like something Donus StructureE from an elementar"7school skit. Three months later, ho!ever, Co!ever indicates this same group of students did a great 'ob !ith the comed" a change m focus. O & >idsummer :ight+s Dream. Surprisingl" enough, the actors !ere charismatic, pla"ed their parts !ith zeal, and achieved a hilarious result. t !as no gala event, but !e still felt that it !as one of the best performances !e had seen. 8. 0hat !ord best describes the author+s opinion of the student per formance of CamletP a. incompetent b. charismatic c. hilarious d. full of zeal ,. 0hat is the author+s opinion of student performances in generalP a. Students should not perform Shakespeare+s pla"s. b. Sometimes student productions are good, and other times the" are not. c. &ll student sho!s are amateurish. d. Student performances should be gala events. Hesson -5 #ntertainment T6#=H Prep 8 . e ,. a - . b .. c ?. d T6#=H Prep 8.skit ,. gala -. improvisation .. medium ?. charismatic T6#=H Success 8 . a ,. b

H#SS6: 3isk" =ashions Target 0ords 8.bulk capricious cumbersome e$otic inhibit minimum striking trend vanit"

89. vulnerable Definitions and Samples 8. bulk n. Hargeness and a heav" appearance The bulk of _evin+s athletic bod" !as too great for one small chair, so he sat on a bench. Parts of speech bulk" ad' ,. capricious ad'. >oving unpredictabl" from one thing to another Nour college studies !ill go on too long if "ou make capricious 'umps from one ma'or to another. %sage tips ;apricious comes from a Hatin !ord meaning FgoatF and implies a motion like the 'umping of a goat. Parts of speech capriciousness n, capriciousl" adv -. cu m bersome ad'. Difficult to !ear or carr" because of !eight or shape To make it to the top of the mountain before dark, the hikers dumped their cumbersome tent. ;op"right J ,99? b" The >c*ra!7Cill ;ompanies, nc. ;lick here for terms of use. 85L ;ulture .. e$otic ad'. nteresting or unusual because of coming from a fara!a" place !alked into the restaurant and smelled the e$otic aromas of >ala"sian spices. Parts of speech e$oticism n, e$oticall" adv ?. inhibit v. To discourage or to slo! do!n This lotion !ill inhibit the itching caused b" mosBuito bites. Parts of speech inhibition n L. m i n i m u m n. The smallest possible amount or level The minimum for being accepted to ;avill %niversit" is a score of L9 on the test. Parts of speech minimize v, minimum ad', minimal ad', minimall" adv K. striking ad'. Qer" noticeable; easil" attracting attention *ordon had a striking ne! attitude after he learned self7discipline at the arm" academ". %sage tips Striking comes from a verb that means Fto hit.F Parts of speech strike v, strikingl" adv 4. trend n. & movement in one direction or a !idespread change in fashion The trend among some "oung men is to !ear their caps !ith the bill off to one side. Parts of speech trend v, trend" ad' 5. vanit" n. &n e$cessive concern for one+s appearance >ark+s vanit" led him to spend far too much mone" on haircuts and ne! clothes. Parts of speech vain ad' 3isk" =ashions 85K 89. vulnerable ad'. #$posed to possible harm Dabies and ver" old people are especiall" vulnerable to the ne! disease. %sage tips Qulnerable is often follo!ed b" a to phrase. Parts of speech vulnerabilit" n, vulnerabl" adv T6#=H Prep =ind the !ord or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each !ord in the left7hand column. 0rite the letter in the blank. 8. capricious @aA encourage ,. e$otic @bA ma$imum -. inhibit @cA ordinar" .. minimum @dA predictable ?. vulnerable @eA !ell protected T6#=H Prep ;ircle the !ord that best completes the sentence. The @trend M bulkA of his s!eater made him look fatter than he reall" !as. Some anal"sts see a relationship bet!een fashion @trends M vanit"A and the ups and do!n of the econom". The outfits !orn b" firefighters are @vulnerable M cumbersomeA and heav". Cer necklace !as especiall" @cumbersome M strikingA because of the diamonds it contained.

@Qanit" M DulkA led m" grandfather to d"e his hair and to dress like someone .9 "ears "ounger. T6#=H Success 3ead the passage to revie! the vocabular" "ou have learned. &ns!er the Buestions that follo!. The fashion industr" encourages people to spend far too much time and mone" on clothes. t+s natural for humans to use clothing as a mark of 854 ;ulture Donus StructureE belonging to a group and to tr" to keep up !ith st"le trends. t+s natural for The fashion industr" e$ploits this natural desire and turns it introduces an into a capricious, impractical, and e$pensive rush from one aspect of fashion st"le to another. =or e$ample, in one recent "ear, fashion did that+s not bad, but an abrupt about7face. #arl" in the "ear, fashionable outfits it implies that an , , . . . . , ., FunnaturalF aspect !ill come ne$t. ,, . ,Y sho!ed a minimum amount of fabric and a ma$imum amount of skin. D" late summer, famous fashion designers !ere dro!ning people in bulk", cumbersome outfits that looked five sizes too big. Qanit" inhibits people from looking realisticall" at e$otic clothing fads. & strikingne! st"le catches their e"e, the" look at the clothes the"+re !earing, and the" are suddenl" vulnerable to the manipulation of the fashion industr". 8. 0hich !ord best describes the fashion industr", according to the authorP a. striking b. minimum c. capricious d. vulnerable ,. 0hat is one reason people bu" the latest fashions, according to the authorP a. Decause the" !ant to feel like the" are part of the group. b. Decause the" en'o" spending mone". c. Decause the fashion !orld is bizarre. d. Decause their clothes from last "ear don+t fit. Hesson .9 3isk" =ashions T6#=H Prep 8. d ,. c -. a .. b ?. e T6#=H Prep 8.bulk ,. trends -. cumbersome .. striking ?. Qanit" T6#=H Success 8 . c ,. a

abandon berate biased bitterl" bond briber" bulk burden bureaucratic candidate capricious cartel cast catastrophic cause cease certifiabl" charismatic chronologicall" circulate civilcliBue deviant devise devotion dilemma dimension diminish discretel" discriminate disease dispose of distill

abduction abstract accumulate accurac" accuse acBuire acBuisition adapt addictive ad'acent ad'ust adolescent advent adversel" advocate affection affluence aggravate aggregate agnostic allegedl" allegiance allocate amateurish ambiguous coalition coerce cohesion coincide collapse collide combustion commodit" compensate comple$ complication component compress concentrated condemn confide conflict connotation conBuest consciousl" distinctl" distort diverse divination domesticate d"namic ecclesiastical election elementall" elite emission

amend

conseBuence constraint contamination contemplate contemptuous contest conte$t contrar" conve" convict core corrode counter cremation cultivation cumbersome cure curriculum c"nicall" de facto engender enterprising entrepreneurial eBuit" erode erudite eruption estheticall" evade evidence evolve

anal"ze ancestral anesthesia animism anne$ anomal" anticipate antipath" ape$ apprehend arbitrar" arrogantl" artiller" ascertain assail assess asset assimilate associate astrological atheist augment authorit" battle be inclined to decipher decline decrepit degrade deif" delinBuenc" denominator denote den" depict deplete derive descendant despise despondent detain detection

e$alt e$clusive e$otic e$peditiousl" e$ploit e$ponentiall" e$tinction e$tract famine fatall" feasibl" feature

fertilize flood fluctuate folklore forensics fortif" fossilize fringe gala gap generation grotesBue guilt" gut haggle haunt hazardous hedonistic hierarch" hilarious horror humiliation h"pocriticall" h"pothesize illiterate impact impair implant implement implicate implicitl" impoverish improvisation in common in the trenches inaugurate incentive incompetent indisputable industrious inference infinitesimal inflation ingenious inherent inheritance inhibit in'ect innovative inBuir" inscription installation integrall" integrit" intensif" intentionall"

interdict intermediar" intervene intrepid intrinsic intrusivel" intuitivel" invasive invoke irrigation 'ointl" 'u$tapose kin lease legitimate liabilit" longitude lo"al lu$ur" maintenance manipulation marginal ma$imize meditate medium merchant merit migration milieu minimum misconception mobilize modif" net nobilit" notion nucleus obese ob'ectivel" obno$ious obtain offense oppress 6r!ellian overlap

paradigm parallel parochial passion paternal peer per capita permeate persevere persist perspective phantom phonetic photos"nthesis ph"sical pious pirac" plunge polic" poll portra"al potent precipitation predicament pre'udiced prestige prevailing prevalent privileged procedure process prognosis proliferation promote proportion proportionatel" proprietor prosper protot"pe pro$imit" ps"chic simulation skit smuggle solar sole solidarit" source spectrum stable status Buo stigmatize strategic striking structure subsid"

subtl" surveillance survive suspect suspend suspicious s"mbolic tangible terminal tolerate trend trigger unleash unmask vanish vanit" vein verdict versus vestige villain" violation vitriolic vulnerable !illing !itness !orking class !ound zeal