The urinary system Chapter 35 Remember homeostasis?

? Tendency of life to try and maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment Urinary systems help maintain homeostasis

One of the biggest and most frequent homeostatic challenges an animal faces, comes from the digestive process. The digestive system is non-selective in what crosses the intestinal wall and enters the cells. Because of this non-selective absorption, animals are often presented with qualitative and quantitative differences of materials entering the bloodstream. Excess or too little (insert below): Minerals (salt) Water Sugar Protein Fat Vitamins Alcohol and other drugs

The excretory system restores and maintains the proper internal regulation of these materials in the body despite differences in diet. Major functions of the excretory system in mammals: excretion of cellular waste products excretion eliminates waste and excess substances from the body

maintain the osmolarity of body fluids Osmolarity is the concentration of dissolved substances in a solution

These functions occur simultaneously as the blood is selectively filtered by the kidneys. Urea is a compound which allows ammonia to be removed from the blood (See Fig. 35.2) Protein >> amino acids >>>simpler molecules + ammonia Ammonia is toxic, it must be removed from the system The liver detoxifies/ converts ammonia to urea

The kidneys filter out the urea with other wastes Urea formation and excretion Simple excretory systems: protonephridia make up the excretory systems of flatworms (Fig. 35-1) Network of tubes branching throughout the body The tubes end at hollow bulbs called flame cells Collect excess water from the extracellular fluid Water is propelled by flame cells that also force the watery urine out through pores

Nephridia in earthworms and mollusks function as simple kidneys. (Fig 23-11, 35-1) Water and nutrients collected from the blood and tissues fills the body cavity (coelom) This coelomic fluid enters the nephridia through funnel shaped openings called _nephrostomes_, and passes through a narrow twisted tube where useful substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Urine with the waste is stored in bladder-like portions of nephridia and excreted through excretory pores in the body wall. Excretion in humans and other vertebrates is accomplished by the kidney(Fig. 35-3)

They are complex organs which resemble a dense collection of nephridia *Paired, bean-shaped organs about 5 x 3 x 1 inch Kidney-) ureter-) bladder-) urethra Unfiltered blood enters through renal arteries and filtered blood leaves through _renal veins_. (F. 35-3) The ureter passes urine (by peristalsis) to the hollow muscular __bladder____, where it is collected and stored until the bladder is emptied through the __urethra_. Ive really got to go, bad

The retention of urine in the bladder is controlled by two sphincter muscles located at the base of the bladder just above the junction with the urethra. Receptors in the walls of a distended bladder trigger reflexive contractions and the sphincter nearest the bladder opens involuntarily. The lower sphincter is under voluntary control

The average adult bladder can hold about a pint of urine, but the need to go can be triggered by much smaller amounts Stretched receptors sense bladder fullness

Urination: Both sphincter muscles at the bladders base relax The bladder contracts, forcing urine down the urethra

Human kidney structure (Fig 35-4):

Solid outer layer, the cortex, which contains over 1 million nephrons where urine forms. Overlies the renal medulla Inside is a hollow inner chamber called the renal pelvis which funnels the urine to the ureter The nephrons have 2 major parts (Figure 35-5)

1. glomerulus a knot of capillaries where fluid is filtered out of blood 2. a long, twisted tubule that is subdivided into 4 parts. A. Bowmans capsule B. Proximal tubule C. Loop of Henle D. Distal tubule that leads to the collecting duct Order : o o o o o glomerulus Bowmans capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule that leads to the collecting

Figure 35-5- An individual nephron

Whats the idea behind this design? Large surface area where nutrients are selectively reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood, while wastes and some water are left behind to form urine 3 main steps of urine formation:

1. Filtration water and dissolved molecules are filtered out of the blood 2. Tubular reabsorption- water and nutrients are restored to the blood 3. Tubular secretion- wastes and remaining excess ions are secreted to the tubule Urine formation and concentration (Fig 35-6) How it works:

1. Arterioles conduct blood to each nephron

2. Within Bowmans capsule the arteriole subdivides into numerous capillaries called the glomerulus 3. The glomerulus capillary walls are permeable to water and dissolved substances (molecules and ions) 4. The watery filtrate (looks like blood plasma) is collected in Bowmans capsule for transport through the nephron 5. The blood leaving the glomerulus in the arteriole is more concentrated, containing blood cells, proteins and fat droplets too big to be filtered out 6. These arteriole then branch into smaller highly porous capillaries that surround the tubule 7. Tubular reabsorption cells of the tubule remove water and nutrients from the filtrate to be reabsorbed by the blood. Reabsorption of salts and other nutrients is by active transport Glucose, amino acids, vitamins-most reabsorbed Ions-Na+, CI-, K+, Ca2+, HCO3Water is reabsorbed by osmosis Wastes (urea) remain in the tubule and become concentrated as water leaves

8. Any waste materials remaining in the blood are actively secreted into the tubule by tubule cells 9. During its passage through the collecting duct, additional water leaves the filtrate by osmosis until the urine reaches an equilibrium with the highly concentrated surrounding fluid Kidneys are organs of homeostasis

They filter a humans blood 350 times daily, fine-tuning blood composition Kidney failure rapidly leads to death Water balance is also regulated by the kidneys: Over 45 gallons of water/day enter Bowmans capsule Most is reabsorbed This reabsorption is by osmosis (the water follows salt and nutrient reabsorption). The amount of water that is reabsorbed (how concentrated the urine becomes) is regulated by antidiuretic hormone, ADH (Fig. 35-7) ADH (aka vasopressin) levels in the blood increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to water and collecting duct to water More ADH less water in urine more concentrated

ADH is made by the hypothalamus in response to receptor cells there that monitor the concentration of the blood and in the heart (monitors blood volume). When the concentration of blood rises or blood volume falls more ADH is released Drinking beer causes dilution of blood and increase in blood volume Less ADH is released, less water is reabsorbed from the distal tubules and collecting ducts and the urine retains more water. The bladder fills faster and the urine is much less concentrated Questions: Answer in you words Explain how urea is formed Define excretion and homeostasis as each relates to urinary systems Explain the movement of fluids through the human urinary system Name the structures of a kidney and explain where nephrons are What does ADH do? When would a person have more ADH than normal? Less? Explain how urine is formed 1. The liver detoxifies/ converts ammonia to urea. Ammonia comes from protein break down 2. Excretion eliminates waste and excess substances from the body; Tendency of life to try and maintain the structure and regulate the internal environment. Urinary systems help maintain homeostasis 3. Kidney-) ureter-) bladder-) urethra 4. Solid outer layer, the cortex, which contains over 1 million nephrons where urine forms. Overlies the renal medulla. Inside is a hollow inner chamber called the renal pelvis which funnels the urine to the ureter 5. The amount of water that is reabsorbed (how concentrated the urine becomes) is regulated by antidiuretic hormone, ADH (Fig. 35-7). ADH (aka vasopressin) levels in the blood increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to water and collecting duct to water. More ADH less water in urine more concentrated. ADH is made by the hypothalamus in response to receptor cells there that monitor the concentration of the blood and in the heart (monitors blood volume). When the concentration of blood rises or blood volume falls more ADH is released. Drinking beer causes dilution of blood and increase in blood volume. Less ADH is released, less water is reabsorbed from the distal tubules and collecting ducts and the urine retains more water. 6. Large surface area where nutrients are selectively reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood, while wastes and some water are left behind to form urine