ELE1110B Basic Circuit Theory

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Basic Circuit Elements and Laws

Topics To Cover

Concepts
Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy

Basic circuit elements and device laws

Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor

Circuit concepts and definitions

Nodes, branches, and loops

Basic circuit laws

Kirchhoffs laws

Basic circuit analysis Reference

Alexander and Sadiku, Chapters 1, 2 and 6.
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 2

Introduction an electric circuit

A circuit = the path of flow for charge carriers

To communicate from one point to another To transfer energy from one point to another

Charge carriers are

electrons in a conductor ions in an battery Switch Light bulb (device)

Battery (source)
ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 3

An electric circuit

A circuit consists of source (energy) and/or drain (device) elements A circuit has constant flow of charges when it is closed The polarity of an electric circuit segment defines the flow direction
Switch Light bulb (device)

Battery (source)
ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 4

Charge and Current

Charge: coulombs (C) 1 C = 6.24 x 1018 electrons Single electron has 1.6 x 10-19 C Conservation of Charges:
charges can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred The algebraic sum of the electric charges in a closed system does not change with time

Electric current

t dq i= q = i ( )d to dt dc: direct current, remains constant with time ac: alternating current, varies (sinusoidally) with time

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 5

Voltage / potential difference

It is the energy required to move one unit charge through an element

Vab = dE dq

Polarity of a circuit segment indicates the flow direction of charges

+I a +

+ve charges (e.g. ions in battery)

Passive sign convention Power p = vi

Vab (= -Vba ) -I
ELE 1110B

+ve: consumption -ve: generation

-ve charges (electrons)

Lecture 01 - 6

Power supply and absorption

i + v Independent voltage source (const. or time-varying voltage)

i + v Independent voltage source (constant voltage)

i + v Independent current source

i + v Dependent voltage source

i + v Dependent current source

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 7

Ideal Sources

Ideal Independent Sources

Voltage source

An active element (which provides energy) provides a specific voltage with its zero internal resistance. It is completely independent of other circuit variables, e.g. current through it. An active element provides a specific current with its infinite resistance. It is completely independent of other circuit variables, e.g.voltage across the source.

Current source

Ideal Dependent (Controlled) Sources

An active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS), Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS), Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS), Currentcontrolled current source (CCCS)
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 8

Energy and Power

v(t)

instantaneous voltage

instantaneous current

i(t)

p (t ) =
p(t)

dE dE dq = = v(t ) i (t ) dt dq dt

time-varying, so called instantaneous power

Energy

E (t ) = p ( )d = v( ) i ( )d
t0 t0

Average power

paverage

1 = T

t o +T

to

p (t )dt

More convenient to measure than instantaneous power, e.g. by wattmeter

ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 9

Example 1.1

Example: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element:

I = 5A p2 + 12 V 20 V 6A p3 + 8V p4

p1

0.2I

By passive sign convention, p1 = 20(-5) = -100W (supplied power) p2 = 12(5) = 60W (absorbed power) p3 = 8(6) = 48W (absorbed power) p4 = 8(-0.2I) = 8(-0.2 x 5) = -8W (supplied power) p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = 0 (Energy Conservation Law: p = 0)

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 10

Circuit Element resistor

Ohms Law

v = iR

i + v 1 R= G

Short circuit: R=0 Open circuit: R=

2 v p = vi = i 2 R = R

resistance

i2 p = vi = v G = G
2

conductance
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 11

Resistors in series
v = vn
n =1 N N

= iRn
n =1

N = i Rn n =1

Req = R1 + R2 + ...RN = Rn
n =1

Note:

R1 v1 = v R1 + R2

v2 =
ELE 1110B

R2 v R1 + R2

Known as voltage divider

Lecture 01 - 12

Resistors in parallel
i = in
n =1 N N

=
n =1

v Rn

N 1 = v R = 1 n n Note:
i1 = R2 i R1 + R2
Known as current divider
ELE 1110B

R1 i2 = i R1 + R2

1 1 1 1 = + + ... + Req R1 R2 RN
Lecture 01 - 13

Example 1.2

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit

a Rab b a Rab b 10 2 10 2 c 1 d 3 6

b c

b d 3 b
Lecture 01 - 14

a 11.2

b
ELE 1110B

Example 1.3

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit

a Rab b 10 c 1 d 1 6 3 12 b b 4 5

a Rab b

10 2

d 3 6

b
ELE 1110B

b
Lecture 01 - 15

-to-Y transformation
a Rc Rb R2 b Ra c b a R1 R3 c

Ra = Rb =

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R2

R1 = R2 =

Rb Rc Ra + Rb + Rc Rc Ra Ra + Rb + Rc

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 Rc = R3
ELE 1110B

Ra Rb R3 = Ra + Rb + Rc
Lecture 01 - 16

Circuit Element capacitor

Open circuit to dc signal An ideal capacitor can store (in its electric field) and deliver energy without dissipation, but real capacitor has a leakage resistance in parallel combined with the ideal capacitive part. When a voltage source v is applied to a capacitor, the amount of charge stored q = Cv For parallel-plate capacitor, A

C=

For electrolyte capacitors,

High capacitance Can endure high voltage Polarity is prearranged and not allowed to be interchanged
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 17

Capacitor device laws

i C
1 t v(t ) = id + v(to ) C to
E (t ) = = E (t )

dv p = v i = C v dt

+ v dq dv i= =C dt dt

to t

p ( )d + E (t o )
o

v( ) i( )d + E (t )
to

1 Q2 2 = C v = 2 2C

if E(to) = 0

1. v const. i = 0 open circuit 2. v cannot change instantaneously because i = is needed

ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 18

Capacitors in series
v(t ) = vn (t )
n =1 N N

1 t = id + vn (to ) t n =1 C n o N N 1 t = C to id + vn (to ) n =1 n =1 n 1 = Ceq

id + v
to

eq

(to )

1 1 1 1 = + + ... + Ceq C1 C2 CN
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 19

Capacitors in parallel
i = in (t )
n =1 N N

dv = Cn dt n =1 N dv = Cn n =1 dt dv = Ceq dt

Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...C N = Cn
n =1

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 20

Circuit Element inductor

air-core

iron-core

Short circuit to dc signal If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that

v=L

di dt

N 2 A The proportional constant L is called inductance and L = l An ideal inductor can store (in its magnetic field) and deliver energy without dissipation, but a real inductor has a winding resistance in series combined with the ideal inductive part.

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 21

Inductor device laws

E (t )

di 1 i (t ) = v( )d + i (to ) v=L L to dt
t

= p ( )d
t

= v( ) i ( )d
t

di p = v i = L i dt

= Lidi

E (t )

1 L i2 2
If i(-) = 0

1. i const.(dc current) v = 0 short circuit 2. i cannot change by a finite amount in zero time because v = is needed
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 22

Inductors in series

Leq = L1 + L2 + ...LN = Ln
n =1

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 23

Inductors in parallel

1 1 1 1 = + + ... + Leq L1 L2 LN
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 24

Example 1.4
i(t) i(t)
+

vR (t ) = i (t ) R

vR(t) i(t)
+

vC(t)

1 t v (t ) = i ( )d + v(to ) - C C to

vL(t)

i(t)
ELE 1110B

di (t ) vL (t ) = L dt
Lecture 01 - 25

Example 1.5
i(t) i(t)
+

vR (t ) = i (t ) R

vR(t) i(t)
+

vC(t)

1 t vC (t ) = i ( )d + v(to ) C to

vL(t)
impulse

i(t)
ELE 1110B

di (t ) vL (t ) = L dt
Lecture 01 - 26

Symbol and units

Symbol Charge Current Voltage Power Energy Resistance Conductance Capacitance Inductance Unit

Q I, i V, v p E R G C L

coulomb (C) ampere (A) volt (V) watt (W) joule (J) ohm () siemens (S) or mho ( ) farad (F) henry (H)
ELE 1110B

prefixes: 1012 109 106 103 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15

tera (T) giga (G) mega (M) kilo (k) centi (c) milli (m) micro () nano (n) pico (p) femto (f)

Lecture 01 - 27

Circuit concept and definition R

a
1

v1 c v2 f

R2

R3

R5 e R6 g R7

R4

Node
a point where two or more circuit elements join (e.g a, b, c, d, e, f, g)

Essential node
a node where three or more circuit elements join (e.g. b, c, e, g)

Branch
connects between two nodes (i.e. consists of one circuit element)

Essential Branch
connects between two essential nodes
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 28

Circuit concept and definition - Loop

a v1 c v2 f

R1

b R5 e R6 g
V1 - R1 - R5 - R6 - R4 - V2 V1 - R1 - I - R4 - V2 V1 - R1 - R7 - R4 - V2 I - R5 - R6 V1 - R1 - R5 - R3 - R2 V2 - R2 - R3 - R6 - R4 R5 - R7 - R6 R7 - I

R2

R3

R7

R4

Path
a trace of adjoining elements with no element included more than once

Loop
a closed path with no node passed more than once(there are 8+ loops)

Mesh
a loop that does not enclose any other loop 4 meshes
ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 29

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

i2 i1

i3

i4 iN
N

=0

Note: Assume one direction to be +ve, and in the above case the direction of entering the node

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 30

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

+ - v3 - v2 +

+ v4 -

v1 +

v
N

=0

+ v5 -

vn

Note: Assume one direction in the loop to be +ve, and in the above case the anti-clockwise direction
ELE 1110B Lecture 01 - 31

Example 1.6
a + V 5 i 500V 20 io

By KVL around loop A,

b + Vo c Loop A

500 + i (5) + io (20) = 0

i + 4io = 100 ...(1)

5i

By KCL at node b,

i io + 5i = 0 io = 6i ...(2)
i + 4(6i ) = 100 i = 4 A io = 24 A V = 4(5) = 20V Vo = 24(20) = 480V
Lecture 01 - 32

Put (2) into (1):

Total power generated = P500V + P5i

= 500(4) + 480(5)(4) = 11600W

Total power dissipated = P + P 5 20

= 20(4) + 480(24) = 11600W

ELE 1110B

Example 1.7(a)
Find io
2.2 20 500V a 30 50 46 io d 9 500V c a 2.2

R2 b 46 d

R1 R3 c 9

20(30) = 6 20 + 30 + 50 20(50) = 10 R2 = 20 + 30 + 50 30(50) R3 = = 15 20 + 30 + 50 R1 =

ELE 1110B

Lecture 01 - 33

Example 1.7(b)
2.2 a 6 500V 2.2 + 6 = 8.2

500V + 10 + 46 = 56 V1 15 + 9 = 24

10 b 15 c

+ + V2 V3 - 46 9 d

56 // 24 (500) = 336V 8.2 + 56 // 24 46 V2 = (336) = 276V R2 + 46 V1 = V3 = io = 9 (336) = 126V R3 + 9 V2 V3 = 3A 50

Lecture 01 - 34

ELE 1110B