Materials Science & Engineering Intro

Materials Science & Engineering
Course Orientation Introduction
Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
1. 2. 3.
Relate major advances to civilization in prehistory, as well as more modern times, to advance in the ability to find, synthesize and process materials List the three fundamental types of solid materials and provide a reasonable definition of each Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, and use of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationship between these components. Cite the four criteria that are important in the process of selecting materials to meet design requirements and goals.
4.
Historical Perspective
Early civilizations have been designated by
the level of their materials development

Stone Age stone, wood, clay, skins Bronze Age pottery & various metals Iron Age metals, plastics, glasses & fibers
Overview:
Fertile Crescent a region of the Middle East incorporating ancient Upper and Lower Egypt, ancient Palestine, Phoenicia and Assyria (collectively known as the Levant) and Mesopotamia, where civilization started. Then after the next two millennia, people melted copper from ore and alloyed it with native tin to make bronze.
Because of the discovery of copper and bronze, clay and stone where replaced. The inherent hardness and brittleness of bronze made shaping by hammering impossible. However, the inherently slightly lower melting point of the naturally forming alloys allowed complex shapes to be more readily cast using molds.
Because engineers are responsible for designing and producing the things societies and individuals need to live comfortably, safely and well, they need to understand materials The study of this structure-property relationship is known as Material Science
Physics defines as the science of matter and energy and the interaction between the two Chemistry defined as the science of the composition, structure, properties and reaction of matter, especially of atomic and molecular system. Engineering defines as the application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as design, manufacturing or construction and operation of efficient and economical structures, equipment, and system
Materials Science & Engineering

1.
Materials Science
o
Involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.
2.
Materials Engineering
o On the basis of these structure-property correlations,
designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
From a functional perspective

Materials scientist
o To develop/synthesize new materials
Materials engineer
o To
create new products/systems using existing materials, and/or develop techniques for processing materials
In order to meet very demanding applications, engineers are increasingly interested in materials that exhibit functionally specific properties. Metals strong solid materials that can generally be deformed into shapes in the solid state or cast into shapes in the molten state. Ceramic strong, hard and brittle solid material that cannot be deformed into shape and can only be cast by mixing powdered material with water or some other liquid (binder), pouring the slurry into a mold and allowing the part to dry. Polymers known as plastics which are known to be solid material that are easily shaped by cold stretching or hot molding
For engineers, understanding the relationship between the structure and properties of materials is not enough. Understanding and manipulating the structure property processing performance interrelationship is the job of materials engineer.
I. STRUCTURE
Structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei On an atomic level structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another
Microscopic
subject to direct observation using some type of
microscope contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together
Macroscopic
Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked
eye
II. PROPERTY
Property
o A material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of
response to a specific imposed stimulus.

o Made independent of material shape and size
Properties of Solid Materials

1.
Mechanical
o
relate deformation to an applied load or force
Elastic modulus (stiffness), strength & toughness
2.
Electrical
o
Stimulus is an electric field
Electrical conductivity & dielectric constant
3.
Thermal
o
Can be represented in terms of heat capacity & thermal conductivity
4.
Magnetic
o
Demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field
5.
Optical
o
The stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation
Index of refraction Reflectivity
6.
Deteriorative
o
Relate to the chemical reactivity of materials
Two other important components involved in science and engineering
Processing and Performance
*the structure of a material depends on how it is processed *materials performance will be a function of its properties
Processing
Structure
Properties
Performance
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS
1. 2. 3. 4.
Metals Ceramics Polymers Composites
1. Metals
Composed of one or more metallic elements & often also
non-metallic elements in relatively small amounts. Atoms are arranged in a very orderly manner. Relatively dense in comparison to the ceramics & polymers. Mechanical characteristic relatively stiff & strong yet ductile & resistant to fracture. Extremely good conductors of electricity & heat Not transparent to light Polished metal surface are lustrous in appearance
2. Ceramics
Compounds b/w metallic & nonmetallic elements (most
frequently oxides, nitrides & carbides AlO, SiO, SiC, SiN) Traditional ceramics composed of clay minerals (porcelain), cements & glass Mechanical behavior relatively stiff & strong that are comparable to metals and typically very hard Insulates the passage of heat & electricity More resistant to high temperatures & harsh environments than metals and polymers. Optical property transparent, translucent, or opaque
3. Polymers
Include the familiar plastic and rubber materials Many are organic compound that are chemically based
on C, H, & other nonmetallic elements (O, N & Si) Have very large molecular structures (often chainlike in nature) that often have a backbone of carbon atoms Have low densities Are not stiff nor as strong as metallic & ceramic materials Extremely ductile & pliable
Relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large
number of environments
Drawback of polymers their tendency to soften and/or
decompose at modest temperatures (limits their use)

Have low electrical conductivities & nonmagnetic
Common & familiar polymers

Polyethylene (PE) - Polysterene (PS) Nylon Silicon rubber
- Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) - Polycarbonate (PC)
4. COMPOSITES
Composed of 2 (or more) individual materials - metals,
ceramics, & polymers. Design goal

to achieve a combination of properties that is not
displayed by any single material to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials.
Naturally occurring materials that are composites (wood and bone)
Fiberglass - one of the most common and familiar composites in which small glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or poly- ester)
relatively stiff, strong and flexible it has a low density
The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but
also brittle), whereas the polymer is more flexible.
carbon fiber-reinforced poly-mer (CFRP) composite-carbon
- fibers that are embedded within a polymer that is atechnologically important material
These materials are stiffer and stronger than glass fiber
reinforced materials but more expensive.

used in some aircraft and aerospace applications, as well
as high-tech sporting equipment (e.g., bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards) and recently in automobile bumpers.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials Nanomaterials
1. SEMICONDUCTORS
Have
electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and polymers) The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.
2. BIOMATERIALS
Employed in components implanted into the human
body to replace diseased or damaged body parts.

Must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
All of the preceding materialsmetals, ceramics,
polymers, composites, and semiconductorsmay be used as biomaterials.
3. SMART MATERIALS
(or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-
of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in predetermined mannerstraits that are also found in living organisms. This smart concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials.
Components of a smart material (or system)

some type of sensor (that detects an input signal) and
an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive
function).
Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position,
natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields.
Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators:

Shape-memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back
to their original shape when temperature is changed
Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric
field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered piezoelectrics, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields.
The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the
Also, electrorheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that
experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
Materials/devices
employed as sensors include optical fibers, piezoelectric materials (including some polymers),and microelectromechanical systems
4. NANOMATERIALS
One new material class that has fascinating properties and
tremendous technological promise polymers, and composites
May be any one of the four basic typesmetals, ceramics, However, they are not distinguished on the basis of their
chemistry, but rather, size; the nano-prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (109 m)as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters).
Whenever a new material is developed, its potential for
harmful and toxicological interactions with humans and animals must be considered. Small nanoparticles have exceedingly large surface areatovolume ratios, which can lead to high chemical reactivities. there are concerns that they may be absorbed into the body through the skin, lungs, and digestive tract at relatively high rates, and that some, if present in sufficient concentrations, will pose health riskssuch as damage to DNA or promotion of lung cancer.
Although the safety of nanomaterials is relatively unexplored,

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Materials Science & Engineering

Course Orientation Introduction

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

the level of their materials development

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013

Prepared by: AjDomingo 2013