Manuscript number: 2005-12-14787

Supplementary Information for

Smart Microlenses Using Pinned Liquid-Liquid Interfaces

Liang Dong, Abhishek Agar!a", Da#i$ % &eebe, an$ 'ongrui %iang

Microlens properties (he !ater is store$ insi$e the h)$roge" ring* (he oi" pre#ents e#aporation o+ the !ater* (he re+"ecti#e in$e, -n. o+ the minera" oi" -noil / 1*48. is greater than that o+ !ater -nwater / 1*00., so the con#e, menisci -bu"ging up!ar$. +orm $i#ergent micro"enses, !hi"e the conca#e -bo!ing $o!n!ar$. menisci +orm con#ergent micro"enses* Pressure difference across water-oil interface 1e ca"cu"ate$ the pressure $i++erence across !ater-oi" inter+aces 2m at / an$ 22m at / --30 o. -4ig* 1a. b) using 5oung-Lap"ace e6uation P / -17R1817R2., !here P, , R1,2 are the pressure $i++erence across the meniscus inter+ace, the "i6ui$ sur+ace +ree energ), an$ the ra$ii o+ the meniscus cur#ature, respecti#e")* 4or a circu"ar aperture, R1 / R2 / R / r7sin, !here r is the ra$ius o+ the aperture* (he !ater contact ang"es on the sur+aces 9 ts: an$ 9ca: -4ig* 1a. obtaine$ b) the sur+ace chemistr) treatment -see Metho$s. are / 117*5 o an$ / 28*7 o, respecti#e")* 4or an aperture $iameter o+ 1*0 mm, the pressure $i++erences across the inter+ace 2m an$ 22m are 208 an$ -2;5 <7m2, respecti#e")* (he negati#e pressure $i++erence represents that the pressure at the !ater si$e is "ess than the oi" si$e* Temperature-sensitive liquid microlens in Fig. 2 =o")mer >acket (he po")mer >acket ma$e o+ po")-2&A. in 4ig* 2a pre#ents "eakage bet!een the <2=AAm h)$roge" an$ g"ass substrate* =otentia""), this >acket can be e"iminate$ b) impro#ing the a$hesion o+ the h)$roge" to the substrate* (ransition o+ +oca" "ength +rom a negati#e to a positi#e #a"ue in 4ig* 2$ (he micro"ens starts as $i#ergent at a "o! temperature -20 ?. b) intentiona"") making the "i6ui$ meniscus protru$e up!ar$* (he increase o+ temperature causes the "i6ui$ meniscus to bo! $o!n!ar$ unti" the temperature reaches 47 ? -con#ergent micro"ens.* (he +oca" "ength changes

Manuscript number: 2005-12-14787

+rom a negati#e -$i#ergent micro"ens. to a positi#e -con#ergent micro"ens. #a"ue at 00 ?* 'ere, a ;70 nm-!a#e"ength 2 mm-$iameter roun$ "aser beam strikes the micro"ens* (he output is sho!n on a screen* (he e6uation 17u 8 17v / 17f is use$ to ca"cu"ate the +oca" "ength, !here u an$ v represent the ob>ect an$ image $istance, respecti#e")* p -sensitive liquid microlens in Fig. ! De"i#er) o+ bu++er so"ution to $e#ice (o simu"ate a change in "oca" en#ironmenta" p', a s)ringe pump is use$ to $e"i#er bu++er so"ution to the $e#ice through the input channe"s* (he pumping rate is kept at 0*4 mL7min to a#oi$ the e++ect o+ pumping pressure on the shape o+ meniscus* 4oca" "ength o+ micro"ens 2n 4ig* 0$, the +oca" "ength is ca"cu"ate$ b) treating the micro"ens as a spherica" "ens 1* (o obser#e an$ measure the geometr) o+ the meniscus through a goniometer, the meniscus is kept protru$ing abo#e the aperture s"ip -4ig* 1.* (here+ore, the micro"ens is $i#ergent -+oca" "ength tuning range, -2*; mm @ -;*; mm. throughout the range o+ the p' $uring the e,periment* 2nitia"") the "i6ui$ micro"ens has a "o! protru$ing height at "o! p' -p' / 2*0. an$ higher p' bu++er so"utions make it bu"ge up!ar$* (he initia" amount o+ !ater-base$ "ens "i6ui$ can be proper") set to achie#e a micro"ens that initia"") starts as a con#ergent "ens -meniscus "o!er than the aperture s"ip. an$ transits to a $i#ergent one !hen the meniscus bu"ges abo#e the aperture s"ip* Liquid microlens arra" in Fig. # &oth "i6ui$ micro"enses ha#e the same structure, e,cept uti"iAing opposite p'-responsi#e h)$roge"s -AA an$ DMABMA h)$roge"s.* (he) are situate$ in one microchanne" an$ e,pose$ to the same p' bu++er so"ution at a"" times $uring the e,periments* Reference 1* Me)er-Aren$t %* C* 2ntro$uction to c"assica" an$ mo$ern optics -=rentice-'a"", Bng"e!oo$ ?"i++s, <%* 1384.*

Manuscript number: 2005-12-14787

Supplementary Figure S1: The volume of the liquid meniscus of the temperature-sensitive liquid microlens (Fig. a! as a function of temperature * (o #isua"iAe the !ater-oi" inter+ace through a goniometer, the "i6ui$ meniscus initia"") has a starting #o"ume o+ 0*8 DL !ith a "o! protru$ing height at a high temperature -47 ?.* As the temperature $ecreases to 20 ?, the meniscus keeps bu"ging up!ar$* (he re#erse temperature c)c"e +rom 20 ? to 47 ? causes the meniscus to retreat to the starting point* (he obser#e$ ma,imum percentage o+ #o"ume change o+ the <2=AAm h)$roge"-!ater s)stem is appro,imate") 18*; E -the abso"ute #o"ume change $etermine$ +rom the "i6ui$ meniscus #o"ume, an$ tota" #o"ume o+ the h)$roge"-!ater s)stem are 1*75 DL an$ 3*42 DL, respecti#e"). o#er a temperature range o+ 20 F 47 ?* (he therma" e,pansion o+ !ater an$ other materia"s -i*e*, oi", g"ass, an$ non-responsi#e po")mer. o+ the $e#ice has "itt"e impact on the #o"ume change in the "i6ui$ meniscus an$ can be ignore$ $ue to their "o! #o"ume therma" coe++icients on the or$er o+ 10-; F 10-47 ?* Brror bars are s*$*

Supplementary Figure S : The volume of the liquid meniscus of the p"-sensitive liquid microlens (Fig. #a! as a function of p". (he "i6ui$ meniscus initia"") has a starting #o"ume o+ 0*07 DL !ith a "o! protru$ing height at a "o! p' en#ironment -p' / 2*0.* 'igh p' bu++er

Manuscript number: 2005-12-14787

so"utions cause the "i6ui$ meniscus to bu"ge up!ar$* (he #o"ume o+ the "i6ui$ meniscus at #ar)ing p' is $etermine$ b) the net #o"ume change bet!een the h)$roge" in the insi$e peripher) an$ the !ater-base$ "ens "i6ui$ enc"ose$ b) the ring, though the #o"umetric change a"so occurs in the outsi$e peripher) o+ the h)$roge" ring* Brror bars are s*$*

Supplementary Figure S#: Smart cylindrical liquid microlens using $I%&&m hydrogel. A rectangu"ar !in$o! is photopatterne$ to +orm the aperture*

Supplementary Figure S': #-dimensional (' microlens array distri)uted on a fle*i)le su)strate* (!o po")carbonate cartri$ges are a$here$ together to +orm a 075 Dm-thick ca#it)* Gne cartri$ge acts as the substrate -170 Dm-thick., the other as the aperture !here 2H4 ho"es are punche$* An o,)gen p"asma treatment be+ore a$hering the t!o cartri$ges ren$ers one si$e o+ the aperture h)$rophi"icI po")carbonate possesses e,ce""ent h)$rophobicit) !ithout an) sur+ace chemistr) treatment* (he h)$roge" rings are patterne$ using the +abrication process $escribe$ in the Metho$s section*