PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

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History Protection - Generations of Protection

Author: Walter Schossig, Germany Direct Axis Current Comparison Protection Differential Protection was covered in the 2008s summer and autumn editions (Merz and Price and others). Additionally, we will describe mechanical solutions now. Reyrolle started with line protection series SOLKOR (= solid cores) in 1904. First SOLKOR relays have been line differential relays. Three currents have been connected magnetically (Figure 4) or with mixing transformers. Comparison lines have been rated for high voltage to earth (5, later 15 kV). Figure 2 shows an example used in 15 kV; on the left hand side is an auxiliary box which was mounted on the rear of the protection table. Reyrolles solution for Merz-Price protection utilized sensitive clapper-type relays (Figure 6), type W was used for lines and generators. The principle was that of a drive-hammer. The anchor was operated by a magnet. This unblocks the hammer so this could operate the relay. Settings could be changed with a spring using a knurl. The induction relay TJG was produced as transformer differential (Figure 10). A German version of Charles Herman Merz and Bernard Prices patent was bought by AEG in 1907. Karl Kuhlmann, AEG, improved security and sensitivity with new patents (DRP 206388, 1907; DRP208470-1908 and DRP 228989-1909). Secondary windings of the current transformers are now no longer connected in opposite direction, but in series. In auxiliary wires there was a current even in the case of undamaged main line (Figure 5). In addition to electrical solutions still electro-magnetic have been used in 1920 (Figure 3). Only the difference between the input and output current was used to detect a fault. Georg Stark of AEG developed a stabilized differential relay in 1930. The Quotient-differential-relay worked electromechanically in three phases. It was consisting of two identical magnetic systems. Their moving anchor on a common axle operated against each other. The upper system a worked with a fault current, while the lower one b (stabilizing system) with operating current. In the case of a fault the release contact f was closed (Figure 11). Induction relay with braking winding -156 was produced in the Soviet Union (Figure 9). It consists of a aluminum disc 3 , controlled by operating system 1 and braking system 2 . The startup value of the relay was controlled by spring 4 . The smallest setting possible was 2 A. Lever 8 was responsible for delay in the case of inrush. ChEAZs differential relay -561 (1951) with interposing transformer is shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. The starting value should be set not too low due to inrush currents when switching on transformers, normally 30 % of transformers nominal value with a delay of 1 up to 2 seconds. Magnetizing current could be used. In series with differential relay there was a power relay (Figure 1). This provided a very sensitive differential protection allowing permanent supervision to detect e.g. oxidation.

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

S & Hs watt metrical relay (Figure 14) was working with electro dynamic principle. Contact on axle could be used for indication or tripping. The device visualized iron losses in operation. This allowed finding out, how big the disturbance was. Nominal have been known and marked in red at scale. This device was very sensitive. Tests showed that it worked already if 0.5% of all windings have been involved. Another advantage was the stability in case of inrush currents, because in such a case there is only a reactive power. A setup according to Siemens & Halskes principle combining three separate current relay to a single one is shown in Figure 15. Power consumption of magnetic circuit was 0.15 VA only, which allowed usage with small power transformers. The devices needed less space and had a single contact only. The current coils have been star connected (Figure 17). A Schweitzer and Conrad Rotating-Armature Overcurrent Multiple-Circuit Sensitive Relay Type P (Pilot wire, 1920) is shown in Figure 12. At the same time S & Cs differential relay type D (Figure 20) and GEs PD-3 came out. Westinghouses principle for three winding protection CA4 is shown in Figure 13. The induction principle shown in Figure 21, and Figure 22 shows induction type phase balance relay. Cross-Differential Protection Transmission lines are realized as doublecircuit lines very often to increase reliability. This required special protection systems. Overcurrent relays have been used as comparison protection (transverse current). This protection recognized unbalances (balance protection) and was called because of the design of secondary coil also octagonal protection. This protection detected also broken wires. To detect affected line current direction relays have been used. Two or more parallel lines had to be connected to the same busbar. Scheme of AEGs transverse current protection and SSWs octagonal protection have been equivalent in general. AEG built directional element with differential one, SSW used overcurrent relay and sensitive directional element. The differential relay of AEG (Figure 24) consists of Ferraris disc D and 3 driving cores. The outer one ( C ) have been

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

connected to voltage, and in the middle B with two current coils. Contacts E and F of DC circuits have been normally open. Disc D contained an isolating element J . The rotating direction was chosen in such a manner, that the affected line was switched off at first. Figure 16 shows a scheme for parallel operated lines. Currents of the same phases have been compared. If currents of more than 2 parallel lines have been compared they called it polygonal protection.

Octagonal Protection The Selective relay system for 66 kV ring system of Duquesne Light Company (US) was presented at AIEE in 1923 (Figure 23). The short-circuit of the lines is secured by the use of cross-connected reverse-power Westinghouse Type CR relays. The ground protection is affected by the means of balanced-current Westinghouse Type CD relays connected in the neutral of the balanced lines. These lines are balanced in pairs in every case, except at Junction Park, where no balance is made, and where straight reverse power protection with interlocked overload relays for directional ground protection is used. A scheme of an octagonal protection made by SSW is shown on Figure 18. The big relay is the sensitive directional relay. If one of the lines is out of service, the device works as a simple overcurrent protection V & H chose another solution. They introduced an unbalance protection (Figure 19). Two limbs of a three-leg coil have been equipped with reactorcouples, one of them connected with line 1 , and the other one with line 2 . In a normal operation their action was compensated. In the case of a fault voltage decreases, the direction of the fault was inverted and moves the anchor. Polygonal Protection For more than two parallel lines the SSWs polygonal protection was a solution. Current transformers of 4 lines have been connected in series (Figure 25). The common points of I and II ; II and III and so on, have been connected via overcurrent relays. In case of normal conditions the current was zero. In the case of fault at line I there was a current in relays 1 and 4 . The current in 2 and 3 was zero. With a smart scheme of operating current of an oil circuit breaker, they achieved that only a single, and selective breaker

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

was tripped without any directional relays (Figure 32). Figure 30 shows connections for protecting two parallel 3-phase lines against unbalancing with GE relay type IK107. Unbalance protection could be used for more than 3 parallel lines as well (Figure 29 with GEs IK-104). Line Differential Protection W. Wilson published in 1924 in the magazine The Electrician a system which was successfully tested in England (Figure 31). As some other differential protection systems, it is based on a comparison of the currents connected. It was equipped with an additional restraining to ensure that the fault current to load current ratio reaches a certain level. How this was solved for 3 lines can be seen in Figure 31. Relays have been equipped with similar coils (operating coil AS , and restraining coil VS ). Both operated on an arm, in the case when balance contacts are open. The secondary windings of current transformers are connected in a series with auxiliary contacts S. In case of a fault in e.g. line 1 secondary current used tripping coils and auxiliary contacts S. The tripping circuit breaker opened S and closed B - the current transformer and the relay was bypassed, and the secondary circuit was restored.

To avoid tripping in the case of small differences of currents, the relays have been operated with bias voltage. To detect single phase-to-earth faults, single-phase directional relays IB-Y2 by GE have been used (Figure 27). Long cables have been protected with voltage differential protection, the currents transformers with shunts need to be tuned. In the case of cable differential the lines itself became a burden. To achieve equivalent load, diagonal connection was realized with a 3rd line. In the case of a 3-phase system this would cause too many leads and thus mixing transformers have been used (Figure 26). This protection was very fast, but tripping times varied. Differential for regulating transformers Differential protection as proposed by Merz and Price became essential for protection of generators, lines and transformers. The disadvantage of all common schemes was that in case of faults outside the protection zone, huge

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

fault currents could cause false trips. Current differential protection used for generators and short lines required fine tuning of current transformers and their overcurrent behavior. The burden needs to be distributed equally, and long lines required compensation resistances. For transformers, different ratios and behaviors became an issue. This was especially valid for regulating transformers because the setup was valid for a certain ratio only.

The starting values of most differential relays was set up by intrinsic angular momentum (spring or weight). Dr. Hermann Schulze proposed in the German magazine ETZ in 1929 a solution for differential relays in the case of changing transformer ratios. The arbor a and the changing torque utilizing b allowed setup (Figure 34). A sensitive transformer differential relay was introduced considering highand low-voltage-side voltages as shown in Figure 33. BEWAG in Berlin developed differential watt protection supervising iron losses of regulating transformers. It consists of 2 wattmeters, connected to a arbor and operating in different directions. An US solution is shown in Figure 28. In the case of a busbar short circuits, MerzPrice differential protection was also used (See page 70). The idea is quite simple: In case of normal operation the sum of currents is zero In case of busbar fault, there is more power into the substation than out of it In case of differential, all secondary windings are

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

connected in parallel (maximum current relays) In case of a fault, all circuit breakers of line- and transformer-feeders will trip The electromechanical distance protection and its beginning will be covered in next issue. walter.schossig@pacw.org www.walter-schossig.de

Biography Walter Schossig (VDE) was born in Arnsdorf (now Czech Republic) in 1941. He studied electrical engineering in Zittau (Germany), and joined a utility in the formerEastern Germany.After the German reunion the utility was renamed as TEAG, now E.ON Thueringer Energie AG in Erfurt. There he received his Masters degree andworked as a protection engineer until his retirement. He was a

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PAC World magazine : History Protection - Generations of Protection

member of many study groups and associations. He is an active member of the working group Medium Voltage Relaying at the German VDE. He is the author of several papers, guidelines and the book Netzschutztechnik [Power System Protection]. He works on a chronicle about the history of electricity supply, with emphasis on protection and control. Sidebars: Octagonal and unbalance protection are other solutions. Line differential protection was introduced in 1924.
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