Prokaryotes Bacteria

Prokaryotes, which includes, bacteria are the simplest of all the cells. All prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome and lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. There are two major groups of prokaryotic organisms --- the Kingdom Eubacteria and the Kingdom Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are known as true bacteria. They are the most common type of prokaryote. They are found everywhere, on surfaces and in the soil. Archaebacteria or the ancient bacteria are found in e treme environments, like hot sulfur springs and thermal vents in the ocean floor. They belong to the domain Archaea. Archaebacteria are thought to be some of the oldest life forms on earth. !."hat characteristics do all prokaryotes have in common#

$."hat is the best known prokaryote and where can they be found#

%.&ame the $ kingdoms for prokaryotes.

'.&ame the $ bacterial domains.

(."here are the bacterial members of the domain Archaea found# )ive an e ample.

*."hat are thought to be the oldest organisms on Earth#

+ost bacteria are heterotrophic and don,t make their own food. That means they have to rely on other organisms to provide them with food. -ome bacteria such as the cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll and can make their own food. These bacteria have to break down, or decompose, other living things to obtain energy. .ery few bacteria cause illness. -ome bacteria are used to make food, such as cheese and yogurt. -cientists have genetically engineered a type of bacteria that breaks down oil from oil spills. -ome bacteria like E.coli, live inside the guts of animals and help them to digest food. /.Are all bacteria heterotrophic# E plain your answer.

0."hat bacteria lives in our gut to help digest food#

1."hat is the function for most bacteria and how is this helpful to them#

!2. &ame several food products made with the help of bacteria.

!!. )ive an e ample of a photosynthetic bacterium.

3olor code the cell wall of this cyanobacterium BROWN, the cytoplasm E!!OW, the "NA color RE", the photosynthetic membranes #REEN, and the sheath B!A$%.

$ ANOBA$&ER'A

+ost bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci 4sing. coccus, from )reek k5kkos, grain, and seed6 or rod(shaped, called bacilli 4sing. bacillus, from 7atin baculus, stick6. Elon)ation is associated with swimmin). -ome rod-shaped bacteria, called *ibrio, are slightly curved or comma(shaped8 others, can be spiral(shaped, called spirilla, or ti)htly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. +ore recently, bacteria were discovered deep under the Earth,s crust that grow as long rods with a star-shaped cross-section. The lar)e sur+ace area to *olume ratio o+ this morpholo)y may )i*e these bacteria an ad*anta)e in nutrient(poor en*ironments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to
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ac9uire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through li9uids and escape predators. Name each o+ these bacterial shapes.

!$. 7ist and describe the % basic shapes for bacteria. A. :. 3. !%. "hat is the advantage of having an elongated shape#

!'. &ame and describe % variations of spiral shaped bacteria. A. :. 3.

!(. "hat two parts of a bacterium determine its shape#

!*. "hat is the advantage to having a larger surface area to volume ratio#

!/. ;escribe the most recently discovered bacterial shape.

:acteria are unicellular and are covered with a thick outer cell wall. $olor and label the cell wall P,RP!E. <ust within the cell wall is the cell membrane. $olor and label the cell membrane P'N%. Along the surface of some bacteria are structures called pili 4pilus-singular6 that help bacteria adhere to surfaces. $olor and label all the pili !'#-& #REEN. -ome bacteria are motile 4can move6. +any of these bacteria have long, whip like structures called +la)ella 4+la)ellumsingular6. $olor and label the +la)ella "AR% #REEN. -ince bacteria are prokaryotes, they do NO& have a nucleus. They do have a single strand of "NA 4double heli 6, their chromosome, in the nucleoid re)ion 4center of the cell6. This single strand of ;&A contains all the instructions for making more bacterial cells. 7ocate the "NA and color and label it E!!OW. :acterial cells reproduce by a process called binary +ission. The inside of the bacterial cell is filled with cytoplasm. $olor and label the cytoplasm !'#-& B!,E. -prinkled throughout the cytoplasm of the cell are small, round structures called ribosomes. =ibosomes make proteins for the cell. !abel and $olor all of the ribosomes RE".

!0. &ame two structures that aid bacteria in movement.

!1. "hat covers the outside of all prokaryotes# $2. "hat is the function of pili#

$!. "hat structures, if present, let bacteria be motile# $$. ;escribe the 3hromosome 4;&A6 of bacteria > tell its location. $%. "hat is the purpose of ribosomes#