UN Human Rights Protection System

International Human Rights Law I Ateneo Law School

UN CHARTER-BASE RI!HTS

Call for Respect, Realization and Observance of Human Rights

UN CHARTER
ARTICLE 1(3) The Purposes o the Un!te" Nat!ons are#

Non-Discrimin 3$ To ach!e%e !nternat!onal cooperat!on !n $$$$ ationrespect or pro&ot!n' an" encoura'!n'

Hu&an R!'hts an" or un"a&ental ree"o&s or all w!thout "!st!nct!on as to race( se)( lan'ua'e( or rel!'!on$*

UN CH!R"#R $ !R"%C&# '()* +"he ,urposes of the United Nations are). "o achie.e international cooperation in .... promoting and encouraging respect for Human Rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race/ se0/ language/ or religion.1 Human Rights were recognized as international as opposed to mere domestic concern. UN authority to define/codify Human Rights. Clarified scope of Member States obligation to promote and protect human rights.

UN CH!R"#R $ !R"%C&# 22 +"he United Nations shall promoteUni.ersal respect for/ and obser.ance of/ human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race/ se0/ language/ or religion.1 UN CH!R"#R $ !R"%C&# 23 +!ll members pledge themsel.es to ta4e 5oint and separate action for the achie.ement of the purposes set forth in !rticle 22.1

UN CHARTER-BASE "#NIT#RIN! "ECHANIS"S

"onitoring $y Political Bo%ies

+ UN ,eneral Asse&-l. + UN Hu&an R!'hts Counc!l + UN Secur!t. Counc!l

HU"AN RI!HTS C#UNCIL

!s an !nter2'o%ern&ental -o". &a"e up o 34 States respons!-le or stren'then!n' the pro&ot!on an" protect!on o hu&an r!'hts$ The Counc!l was create" -. the UN ,eneral Asse&-l. on 15 1arch 0667 w!th the &a!n purpose o a""ress!n' s!tuat!ons o hu&an r!'hts %!olat!ons an" &a8e reco&&en"at!ons on the&$ &' UNI(ERSAL PERI# IC RE(IE) *UPR+ re%!ew o the hu&an r!'hts recor"s o all 1/0 UN 1e&-er States once e%er. our .ears$

A"%!sor. Co&&!ttee ser%es as the Counc!l9s th!n8 tan8* pro%!"!n' !t w!th e)pert!se an" a"%!ce on the&at!c hu&an r!'hts !ssues an" the re%!se" Co&pla!nts Proce"ure &echan!s& wh!ch allows !n"!%!"uals an" or'an!:at!ons to -r!n' co&pla!nts a-out hu&an r!'hts %!olat!ons to the attent!on o the Counc!l$ Two "!st!nct wor8!n' 'roups 2 the )or,ing !rouon Communications *)!C+ an" the )or,ing !rou- on Situations *)!S+ 2 are esta-l!she" w!th the &an"ate to e)a&!ne the co&&un!cat!ons an" to -r!n' to the attent!on o the Counc!l cons!stent patterns o 'ross an" rel!a-l. atteste" %!olat!ons o hu&an r!'hts an" un"a&ental ree"o&s$

International Protection o. Human Rights INTER-!#(ERN"ENTAL #R!ANI/ATI#N UNI(ERSAL UN CHARTER !ENERAL ASSE"BL0 U HR HU"AN RI!HTS C#UNCIL C#N(ENTI#NS #AU C#E
EUR#PEAN C#N(ENTI#N #N HU"AN RI!HTS

RE!I#NAL #AS
INTER-A"ERICAN C#""ISSI#N #1 HU"AN RI!HTS *)ashington5 'C'+ INTER-A"ERICAN C#N(ENTI#N #1 HU"AN RI!HTS

ICCPR ICESCR CER CE A) CAT CRC

A1RICAN CHARTER #N HU"AN AN PE#PLES2 RI!HTS

A1RICAN C#""ISSI#N ")C #N H3PR CRP *Ban4ul5 !am$ia+

A1RICAN C#URT #N H3PR *Arusha5 Tan6ania+

EUR#PEAN C#URT #1 HU"AN RI!HTS *Stras$ourg5 1rance+

INTER-A"ERICAN C#URT #1 HU"AN RI!HTS *San 7os85 Costa Rica+

"ilestones 1//3# ASEAN ore!'n &!n!sters agreed that ASEAN should also consider the establishment of an appropriate regional mechanism on human rights !n support o the ;!enna <eclarat!on an" Pro'ra&&e o Act!on o =une 05( 1//3$ 066># ASEAN Charter Art!cle 13# ASEAN hu&an r!'hts -o". Art!cle 17# Ent!t!es Assoc!ate" w!th ASEAN 6 as ?ther Sta8ehol"ers*

Reco'n!:e"

066/# ASEAN Pol!t!cal2Secur!t. an" Soc!o2Cultural Co&&un!t. @luepr!nts an" T?Rs o the ASEAN Inter'o%ern&ental Co&&!ss!on on Hu&an R!'hts (AICHR) an" ASEAN Co&&!ss!on on Ao&en an" Ch!l"ren (ACAC T?R 0616)

AICHR2s T#R
Pur-ose# To pro&ote B protect hu&an r!'hts an" un"a&ental ree"o&s Princi-les9 To respect nat!onal so%ere!'nt.( non2!nter erence an" consensus 1unctioning9 Consultat!%e Inter2'o%ern&ental @o". Com-osition9

16 representat!%es o ASEAN &e&-er state Three .ears ter& an" &a. -e re2appo!nte" or onl. one &ore ter&$

Stan%ar%-Setting In%icators Instruments 1ramewor, Law re .or or& "onitoring UN State State Com-liance Pol!c!es CHARTER - "ocu&entat!on State Pro'ra&s an" "ata *&:;<+ I&ple&entat!on 'ather!n' (Pol!t!cal A!llC) - throu'h report!n' U HR (State an" N,?) *&:;=+ Nat!onal Hu&an R!'hts S!tuat!on

Internat!onal!:e" HRs Co"! !cat!on o HRs 1on!tor!n' &echan!s&s 0 -roa" cate'or!es# c!%!l B pol!t!cal r!'hts an" econo&!c( soc!al an" cultural r!'hts

ICESCR
(1/47) #P In"$ Co&&$ Proc$ (<ra t)

CE A) (1/>1)
?P ICP an" InD$ Proce"$ (0666)

CRC
(1//6) ?P on SaleE P$ E Porn$ (1E60) CSAC (0E60)

ICCPR 1st ?P
(1/47) 0n" ?P (1//1)

CER
(1/7/) ICP an" S to S Thru IC=

CAT (1/>4)
ICP an" S to S Proc$

")C
=ul. 0663

CRP > #P ICP an" InD$

1a. 066>

TREAT0-BASE
?CI(IL AN P#LITICAL RI!HTS

RI!HTS

?EC#N#"IC 5 S#CIAL AN CULTURAL RI!HTS ?RI!HTS A!AINST T#RTURE AN CRUEL AN INHU"ANE TREAT"ENT AN PUNISH"ENT ?RI!HT A!AINST RACIAL ISCRI"INATI#N ?RI!HTS #1 )#"EN ?RI!HTS #1 CHIL REN ?RI!HTS #1 "I!RANT )#R@ERS ?RI!HTS #1 PERS#NS )ITH ISABILITIES

TREAT0-BASE "#NIT#RIN! "ECHANIS"S

7hat are the e0isting mechanisms and procedures under the .arious Human Rights treaties8

"reaties may pro.ide for all or a combination of the following human rights mechanisms in dealing with human rights .iolations- #0amination of Country Reports (all treaties* - %nter$state complaints (%CC,R/ C#R9/ C!" and M7C* :C#9!7 interpretation/application; - %n<uiry ,rocedure (C#9!7/ C,R9 and C!"* - %ndi.idual Complaints ,rocedure (C#9!7/ %CC,R/ C#R9/ C!"/ C,R9 !N9 M7C* $ %ndi.idual complaints re<uire e0haustion of domestic remedies (mainly 5udicial in nature*

I"P#RTANT PRINCIPLES IN HU"AN RI!HTS TREATIES &' STATE #BLI!ATI#N A' N#N- ISCRI"INATI#N B' E11ECTI(E RE"E 0

I' STATE #BLI!ATI#N <ER?,A@LE AN< N?N2<ER?,A@LE RI,HTS

9erogations during states of emergency

C!%!l an" pol!t!cal r!'hts &a. -e "ero'ate" ro& "ur!n' a state o e&er'enc.$ <ero'at!n' ro& hu&an r!'hts &eans to l!&!t* the e)tent to wh!ch these o-l!'at!ons appl.$ The "ero'at!on clause !s to -e oun" !n Art!cle 3 o the ICCPR$

Criteria for lawful derogation

temporary derogations only= e0ceptional threat to the life of the nation must e0ist= official proclamation of a state of emergency must be made= notification to other states and/or rele.ant treaty$monitoring body=

Criteria for lawful derogation cont

reasonable proportionality between means employed and end to be realized must e0ist=

other obligations under international law remain applicable= measures ta4en to derogate must not be discriminatory.

THE FOLLOWING RIGHTS ARE NON-DEROGABLE:

the right to life= freedom from torture= freedom from sla.ery= freedom from post facto legislation and other 5udicial guarantees= right to recognition before the law= freedom of thought/ conscience and religion.

II. NON-DISCRIMINATION
+ 0 0 0 the Committee belie.es that the term >discrimination? as used in the Co.enant should be understood to imply any distinction/ e0clusion/ restriction or preference which is based on any ground such as race/ colour/ se0/ language/ religion/ political or other opinion/ national or social origin/ property/ birth or other status/ and which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition/ en5oyment or e0ercise by all persons/ on an e<ual footing/ of all rights and freedoms.1
Non$discrimination - . '@/''/AB. CC,R Ceneral comment 'A. (Ceneral Comments*

#<uality and Non$9iscrimination Aristotl : Li! cas s s"o#l$ % tr at $ ali! & #nali! cas s s"o#l$ % tr at $ #nali! in 'ro'ortion to t" ir #nali! n ss. #<uality is not the same as e<ual treatment.

%n case of deeply rooted pri.ileges or discriminatory attitudes against certain groups of the population/ mere prohibitions of discrimination are insufficient to guarantee true e<uality.
"itia &eonen/ Rethin4ing Se0 #<uality as a Human Right (with cited cases*

"he accommodation of differences is the essence of true e<uality.D "hose who are disad.antaged ha.e to catch up in order to achie.e real e<uality of opportunity. "reaties li4e C#9!7 and C#R9 tal4 about positi.e measures of protection that may be ta4en/ such as affirmati.e action or <uota systems. "he treaties ma4e it clear/ howe.er/ that whate.er measures are ta4en should only be temporary- once the purpose for which they were created is achie.ed/ they must be discontinued.
D#ldridge .. Eritish Columbia/ '2' 9.&.R (Fth* 2GG/ citing !ndrews .. &a4e Society of Eritish Columbia

Non$9iscrimination is articulated in the #<ual ,rotection clause

"he principle of e<ual protection is not a barren concept that may be casually swept aside.H7hile it does not demand absolute e<uality/ it re<uires that all persons similarly situated be treated ali4e/ both as to pri.ileges conferred and liabilities enforced.HIerily/ e<ual protection and security shall be accorded e.ery person under identical or analogous circumstances.
C.R. No. '3@)B3.H September 3/ J@@2 ,hilippine ,orts !uthority (,,!* #mployees Hired after Kuly '/ 'BAB .. Commission on !udit/ et al.= Central Ean4 (now Eang4o Sentral ng ,ilipinas* #mployees !ssociation/ %nc. .. Eang4o Sentral ng ,ilipinas/ CR No. 'FAJ@A/ 9ecember '2/ J@@F.

III. EFFECTI(E REMED)

Fel!pe an" E%el.n PestaGo %$ The Ph!l!pp!nes HCCPRECE/>E<E171/E0664I

The Co&&!ttee cons!"ers that the 8!ll!n' o the authors9 son on -oar" a sh!p o the State part.9s Na%. warrante" a spee".( !n"epen"ent !n%est!'at!on on the poss!-le !n%ol%e&ent o the Na%. !n the cr!&e$ The Co&&!ttee recalls that the "epr!%at!on o l! e -. the author!t!es o the State !s a &atter o ut&ost 'ra%!t.( an" that the author!t!es ha%e the "ut. to !n%est!'ate !n 'oo" a!th all alle'at!ons o %!olat!ons o the Co%enant &a"e a'a!nst !t an" !ts author!t!es$

To s!&pl. state that there was no "!rect part!c!pat!on o the State part. !n the %!olat!on o the %!ct!&9s r!'ht to l! e alls short o ul !ll!n' such pos!t!%e o-l!'at!on un"er the Co%enant$ Ah!le close to15 .ears elapse" s!nce the "eath o the %!ct!&( the authors are st!ll !'norant o the c!rcu&stances surroun"!n' the!r son9s "eath( an" the State part.9s author!t!es ha%e .et to !n!t!ate an !n"epen"ent !n%est!'at!on$ The Co&&!ttee has '!%en "ue cons!"erat!on to the authors9 cla!& un"er art!cle 7 that the "eath o the!r son !s "!rectl. attr!-uta-le to the State$

Ahen a person "!es !n c!rcu&stances that &!'ht !n%ol%e a %!olat!on o the r!'ht to l! e( the State part. !s -oun" to con"uct an !n%est!'at!on an" ensure that there !s no !&pun!t.$ The State part. &ust accor"!n'l. -e hel" to -e !n -reach o !ts o-l!'at!on( un"er art!cle 7( rea" !n conJunct!on w!th art!cle 0( para'raph 3( to properl. !n%est!'ate the "eath o the authors9 son( prosecute the perpetrators( an" ensure re"ress$

Art A *B+' Each State Part. to the present Co%enant un"erta8es# (a) To ensure that an. person whose r!'hts or ree"o&s ))) are %!olate" shall ha%e an e ect!%e re&e".( notw!thstan"!n' that the %!olat!on has -een co&&!tte" -. persons act!n' !n an o !c!al capac!t.K (-) To ensure that an. person cla!&!n' such a re&e". shall ha%e h!s r!'ht thereto "eter&!ne" -. co&petent Ju"!c!al( a"&!n!strat!%e or le'!slat!%e author!t!es( or -. an. other co&petent author!t. pro%!"e" or -. the le'al s.ste& o the State( an" to "e%elop the poss!-!l!t!es o Ju"!c!al re&e".K (c) To ensure that the co&petent author!t!es shall en orce such re&e"!es when 'rante"$ Article C 1$ E%er. hu&an -e!n' has the !nherent r!'ht to l! e$ Th!s r!'ht shall -e protecte" -. law$ No one shall -e ar-!trar!l. "epr!%e" o h!s l! e$

(i$ o on Tr at* Bo$i s