MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

686

5.

is 1.5. Take /.4 = 0.5 and unit weight of masonry. equal to 2-11 times the unit weight of water. Neglect

20

under-seepage effects.
I
A masonry . dam 8 m high and 2 m wide at the top has vertical water face. Find the base width
of the dam if no tension is to develop. Take unit weight of masonry as 22 kN/m 3. Neglect uplift
pressure. Also investigate the stability of the dam section, taking. p = 0.7 and maximum allowable
compressive stress as 180 kN/m2.

6.

Solve problem 5, considering the uplift pressure. Take c=1

5. 'A hollow square chimney has inside dimensions of 1.5 m x 1.5 m at the top and
2 m x 2 m size at the bottom. It has uniform thickness of 0.5 m throughout its
height of 16 m. Check the.stability
of the chimney at its base, for a uniform wind pressure intensity of 1.5 kIN/m2.
Take unit weight of brick masonry as 20 kN/m3 and permissible compressive
stress as 2 N/mm2.

Columns
20.1. INTRODUCTION
If a short length of bar or block is subjected to a compressive force P, uniform compressive
stress p = P/A is induced. Such a compression member fails by crushing on increasing the value
of force P. The behavior of such a member has been discussed in chapter 2. Even if such a
short compression member is subjected to eccentric load (or to a direct compressive force
and a moment simultaneously), the fallurejs_primarilyby crushing. However, iltere_Lemajp_
thes4Ses in which compression members of relatively longe -n n
th .Jaucki',: ,by laterabert_dit_zg even_unrier a central load. Such members are commonly known as co umns. "
a short compression member undergoes negligible lateral deflection, column is a eiiression
member that is so slender compared to its length that under gradually increasing loads, it fat
by buckling at loads considerably less than those required to cause failure by crushing. Though
there is no clear cut line of demarcation between a short compression member and a column,
a_ compression member is generally considered to be a column when its_unsupported length
is more thaQjjn&j1s least lateral dimension.
(iGort compressiorich fail primarily by crushing without
us, a compression member is divided into three categories
buckliag.(ii) lormsolumns which fail b b.,y_tilifi or_gxcel
beg.,and (iii) intsermediate columns whferfail by a combination
\\
of eilishing,and buckling. A compression member is classified by
1P
1
its length and least lateral dimension. Most of the practical cases
t
laqd.,_ which the member can car before failure, de en s upo
0 m e SG . d i m a
or columns, t ec a
o a d

.
1
s ape and lengt
end con
co
e o deter
ions.

ire

Li

,.,
,

of compression members fall under the second category. .critical

...

a_ coNinti in thegeneral sense of the word. It is variously termed

vv.hic uses elastic ins a ilty: ---- -----------....
, ...,
Isliircili"Fal member loaaed axially in compression is callea

_. ,.

IP
as stanchion, post, stria, boom etc. depending upon its use as a

i
i l

/I

particular member in a structure. Columns are ordinarily used in

buildings, as vertical members, to carry loads of beams, slabs etc.
((I)
(b)
Stanchions are ve.e.1 columns made of rolled steel sections, commonly C R U S H I N G B U C K L I N G
used in buildings. The term post is loosely used for a column; in a truss
bridge girder end compression members are called end posts. The term strut
is commonly used for compression member FIG. 201
(687)