True or false (20) 1.

When planning the load distribution, sufficient load should be allocated in the compartments forward of the centre of gravity of the aircraft to ensure ground stability, tipping. (TRUE !"# $%1& 2. The 'amage to an aircraft from natural causes li(e lightening and hail is referred to as FOD (Ans False AHM 635).

3. The Slow intermittently movin !arts "oes not re#$ire a heavier l$%ri&ant or rease (Ans' False) (. #aintenance of )*E is done period wise or on the mileage cloc(ed (Ans' Tr$e) 5. *mall lea(s or spilling of fuel during refueling may not have serious conse+uences as a bigger escape of fuel after a failure of the e+uipment. ( Ans' False) 6. )t is not enerally re&ommen"e" that a *or+li*t %e $se" as a stan"ar" loa"in e#$i!ment *or loa"in in an air&ra*t (Ans' Tr$e AHM,,- ) .. !ll parts of )*E e+uipment re+uiring a routine or periodic inspection shall be easily accessible (Ans' Tr$e AHM,-/ ) 0. ,n case of an Emergency the primary res!onsi%ility o* A1FF &rew is to &reate a !ath *or eva&$ation an"2or res&$e o* air&ra*t !assen ers an" &rew mem%ers (Ans' Tr$e)
-. .et blast damage to an aircraft on the apron is caused by )round support e+uipment (/alse !"# 012& 12.The ob3ective of aerodrome emergency planning is to avoid any emergency, particularly with respect to an aircraft operations. (!ns4 /alse Ref4 page 156,7!8 'oc -51-& 11./or self propelled )round support vehicle fitted with hand throttle, it is possible to engage the forward or reverse gears irrespective of hand throttle position ((!ns4 /alse !"# -1%& 19.'o not approach an aircraft until the ground engineer gives the :thumb up; signal when the aircraft has come to a complete stop, the wheels have been choc(ed and the engines shut down (True& 1%.! vehicle not e+uipped with a two6way radio communication system shall not enter the runway or ta<iway. (True& 1$.The universality of use of same )*E for different types of aircraft poses significant ha=ards in aircraft>mobile ground support e+uipment interface. ( !ns True !"# -1$&

Fill In (20) 1. )enerally in an !irport, the amounts of water for foam production and the complimentary agents to be provided on the rescue and fire fighting vehicles shall be in accordance with the determined????????????????????? of the airport (!ns 4 !erodrome category& 9. !s per ,7!8 !nne<ure 1$, The complementary e<tinguishing agent should be a6 ??????????????????????suitable for e<tinguishing hydrocarbon fires.( !ns4 dry chemical powder&. %. ????????????????????is the practice of maintaining e+uipment on a regular schedule based on elapsed time or meter readings. (!ns @reventive maintenance& $. E<pand 7/T????????????????????????????????(!ns4 7rash fire Tender&. 1. E<pand "AB?????????????????????????????????(!ns C "igh Aift Behicle& 0. !ny ob3ect located in an inappropriate location in the airport environment that has the capacity to in3ure airport or airline personnel and damage aircraft is referred to as?????????????????????????? (/oreign 8b3ect 'ebris>'amage (/8'&.& D. @oor???????????????????? causes metallic noise in addition to increase in wear rates on the moving parts of powered and non6powered e+uipments. (!ns Aubrication& 0. ??????????????? procedures are medical steps ta(en to handle minor in3uries or sustain victims of severe illness or in3ury until professional help can arrive (!ns 4 /irst aid& -. !ll parts of the fuel system must be provided with bonding and must be grounded to discharge????????????????? to overcome the potential fire ha=ard (!ns *tatic Electricity& 12.*afety recommendations are made for the purpose of ?????????????????? (!ns !ccident prevention.& 11.!ny occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that is not considered and Eaircraft accidentF is called ??????????????????????( !ns4 !ircraft ,ncident.& 19.Timely completion of the??????????????????????????? will ensure that the facts and circumstances of the occurrence of the incident > accident are accurately recorded (!ns 4 Ramp ,ncident>!ccident report Ref !"# 012& 1%.????????????? is the state in which the ris( of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of ha=ard identification and ris( management.(!ns *afety & 1$.!ny part of a vehicle coming close to or liable to touch the aircraft shall have suitable??????????????(!ns4 padding !"# -1%& 11./uel hydrant cover areas are mar(ed with ???????????????and ?????????????concentric circles. (!ns 4 yellow and Red& 10.!ny person e<cept maintenance staff wor(ing on a stationary aircraft with its engine running shall not pass within ?????????????? metres from the rear of an aircraft 3et engine.(!ns D0meter Ref adapted from ,7!8 'oc -11D 6 !erodrome 'esign #anual, @art 9 Ta<iways, !prons G "olding Hays (!ppendi< 9&& 1D.

*ection H Short Notes on (12) 1. Response time for Rescue and fire fighting service (R//*& in an !irport. !ns 1. The ma<imum response time criterion is that the R//* should reach any location in the operational runway system and any other part of the movement area where the accident may have occurred and begin the rescue operation preferably within two minutes and not e<ceeding three minutes in optimum visibility and surface conditions. The response time is the time between the initial call to the R//* and the time when the first emergency vehicle is in position to discharge the e<tinguishing agent with at least 12I of its ma<imum rate. The other vehicles must arrive on the spot not later than one minute after the first fire engine to provide uninterrupted fire e<tinguishing. 9. Environmental considerations and impact on the use of )round *upport E+uipments ()*E&. !ns 4 Ref !"# -29 %. !ircraft re6fuelers. !ns4 !ircraft re6fuelers can be either a self contained fuel truc(, or a hydrant truc( or cart. /uel truc(s, typically containing up to 12,222 U* gallons of fuel and have their own pumps, filters, hoses, and other e+uipment. ! hydrant cart or truc( hoo(s into a central pipeline networ( and provides fuel to the aircraft. There is a significant advantage with hydrant systems when compared to fuel truc(s, as fuel truc(s must be periodically replenished $. @reventive maintenance @reventive maintenance is a schedule of planned maintenance actions aimed at the prevention of brea(downs and failures. The primary goal of preventive maintenance is to prevent the failure of e+uipment before it actually occurs. ,t is designed to preserve and enhance e+uipment reliability by replacing worn components before they actually fail. @reventive maintenance activities include e+uipment chec(s, partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes, lubrication and so on. ,n addition, wor(ers can record e+uipment deterioration so they (now to replace or repair worn parts before they cause system failure. The ideal preventive maintenance program would prevent all e+uipment failure before it occurs. 1. !irport Emergency @lan

An air!ort emer en&y !lan sho$l" %e !re!are" to in"i&ate the res!onsi%ilities o*3 as well as the a&tions to %e ta+en %y3 a en&ies whi&h &o$l" %e o* assistan&e in res!on"in to an emer en&y. The !lan sho$l" serve as a $i"e to internal an" e4ternal a en&ies (servi&es) who have a !art to !lay3 es!e&ially lo&al *ire "e!artments3 !oli&e3 am%$lan&e servi&es3 hos!itals3 an" me"i&al $nits in the event o* an air&ra*t a&&i"ent on or near the air!ort. )t is im!erative that the air!ort a$thority arran e m$t$al ai" emer en&y arran ements with s$rro$n"in &omm$nities.

0. UA' .

Any five (20) 1. What are the standard functions that need to be controlled in any )round support E+uipmentJ !ns (Ref !"#4 -11.& 1. Basic Movements: vertical and Horizontal 2. Other Movements: Rotation of Load, Retraction of Drive, Retraction of stops, positioning retraction of sta!ilizers, engine "ill %. #d$%sting and aligning: &he controls to ens%re proper alignment of the e'%ipment to aircraft and this m%st ta"e into acco%nt e'%ipment sta!ilit(, e'%ipment aircraft mating, aircraft attit%de )pitch and Roll*, Horizontal load movements on the e'%ipment, &ransfer of Load to and from the aircraft s(stem alignment, movement of operators compartment +herever re'%ired ,. -eneral #%tomotive controls to !e considered are starter, !ra"e, par"ing !ra"es, engine "ill etc 9. Hriefly describe on the following non powered )round support e+uipment Haggage carts Trolleys for containers G pallets !ns4 Bag carts Haggage carts are used for the transportation of luggage, mail, cargo and other materials between the aircraft and the terminal or sorting facility. 7arts are fitted with a bra(e system which bloc(s the wheels from moving when the connecting rod is not attached to a tug. #ost carts are completely enclosed e<cept for the sides which use plastic curtains to protect items from weather. Trolleys for containers and pallets The trolley or dollie are for containers and palettes are used for the transport of loads placed in containers and on pallets. Hoth (inds of trolley have inbuilt rollers or balls in the space for the acceptance of containers or pallets for their easier moving. The containers or pallets on trolleys must obligatory be secured with built6in *tops. The mechanical bra(e, depending on construction bloc(s the wheels when the towbar of the trolley is raised to -2K. The trolleys for containers have revolving dec( to ma(e containers turn to the direction of loading on aircraft. 8n all trolleys the parts as bra(e for wheels bloc(ing, the wheels, the towbar, the hoo( for connecting, stops on the revolving platform, and stops for loc(ing the containers or pallets must be in order or with them is prohibited any transport. %. E<plain /8' "a=ards and *ource. a. /8' "a=ards. /8' can severely in3ure airport or airline personnel or damage e+uipment. Types of potential damage include4 cutting aircraft tiresC being ingested into enginesC or becoming lodged in mechanisms affecting flight operations. @ersonnel

in3uries can occur when 3et blast propels /8' through the airport environment at high velocities. b. *ources of /8'. /8' comes from many sources, which complicates efforts to maintain safe aircraft movement areas. /8' can be generated from personnel, airport infrastructure (pavements, lights, and signs&, the environment (wildlife, snow, ice& and the e+uipment operating on the airfield (aircraft, airport operations vehicles, maintenance e+uipment, fueling truc(s, other aircraft servicing e+uipment, and construction e+uipment&. $. )*E general maintenance can be categori=ed into the following two parts4 (1& Aubrication (9& 7leaning inspection and ad3ustment. Elaborate . (!& 'ifferent parts of an automobile, depending on their state of operation need different types of Aubrication. The parts moving at normal to high speed need lubricating oil. The slow intermittently moving parts re+uire a heavier lubricant or grease. (H& The lac( of lubrication is the most common cause of damage or failure. "owever over lubrication is also harmful. The lubrication charts supplied by the manufacturer in the operation as well as service manual guides the maintenance of the vehicle. These charts convey the points of lubrication, type of lubrication needed, the period or interval after which to lubricate etc (7& 7leaning, inspection and ad3ustments needs to be done routinely before every new operation. Engine oil level, water >li+uid level in the radiators, for belt tension, tyre pressure, lights and hone, bra(e and clutch pedal toe board clearance etc. 1. E<plain *tandard 8perating @rocedures for )*EJ The main ob3ective for developing *8@ for )*E is to provide an organi=ation with structural and +ualified operating criteria. *uch procedures will minimi=e accident casual factors as well as provide a core instrument for training. !dditional ob3ectives for *8@ are, !. to create the right wor( attitude (b& ma(e the operation controllable (c& can be used to measure compliance with safe wor(ing practices (d& to identify physical re+uirements of the 3ob H. 'evelopment of *8@ involves (a& selection of functions to be analy=ed (b& brea(down of functions into manageable steps (c& ,dentify the ha=ards or potential ha=ards(d& develop solutions 7. *tandard operating procedures may be bro(en into three phases (a& pre operation (b& operation (c& @ost 8peration 0. 'escribe @ush Hac( @rocedures ,n aviation, pushbac( is an airport procedure during which an aircraft is pushed bac(wards away from an airport gate by e<ternal power. @ushbac(s are carried out by special, low profile vehicles called p%sh!ac" tractors or t%gs. !lthough many aircraft can also move bac(wards on the ground using reverse thrust (a procedure referred to as a po+er!ac"*, the resulting 3et blast or prop wash may cause damage to the terminal building or e+uipment. Engines close to the ground may also blow sand and debris forward and then suc( it in to the engine, causing damage to the engine. !

pushbac( using a tractor is therefore the preferred method to move the aircraft away from the gate. D. What are the contributory factors leading to a ramp incident >accidentJ !ns (Ref !"# 012& a& Hehavior6 E<cess *peed, 7ommunication failure, failure to see, spatial mis3udge met, poor 3udgment, distraction, poor discipline, lac( of practice in that tas(, incapacitation, vandalism> malicious intent b& 8rganisational6 lac( of *tandard procedure, inade+uate6time> supervision>personnel> training c& E+uipment6 defective maintenance, incorrect use, unsuitable for tas(, unsafe for tas(, design problem d& @hysical 7ircumstance6 Weather conditions, noise congestion, limited space, /8' e& Regulations >@rocedures not followed4 *8@, *afety regulations, traffic regulations. 5. What are the various emergency situations in an airport and e<plain the guidelines for handling these emergencies. Ref (!"# 0%%&

-) Air&ra*t in&i"ents an" A&&i"ents.(Air&ra*t Fir) 2) 5at$ral Disasters. 3) Sa%ota e2 6om% in&i"ents.(Se&$rity in&i"ent) () Ha7ar"o$s Materials )n&i"ents.(D81 )n&i"ent) 5) Str$&t$ral Fires. 0& /ailure of @ower for #ovement !rea Aighting
-.

*E7T,8L 7 1. Hriefly describe on any si< powered )round support e+uipments used in ramp handling. e!fuelers !ircraft re fuelers can be either a self contained fuel truc(, or a hydrant truc( or cart. /uel truc(s are self contained, typically containing up to 12,222 U* gallons of fuel and have their own pumps, filters, hoses, and other e+uipment. ! hydrant cart or truc( hoo(s into a central pipeline networ( and provides fuel to the aircraft. There is a significant advantage with hydrant systems when compared to fuel truc(s, as fuel truc(s must be periodically replenished.

Tugs and tractors The tugs tractors at an airport have several purposes and represent the essential part of ground support services. They are used to move any e+uipment that can not move itself. This includes bag carts, mobile air conditioning units, air starters, lavatory carts, and other e+uipment. "#round po$er units ! ground power unit is a vehicle capable of supplying power to aircraft par(ed on the ground. )round power units may also be built into the 3etway, ma(ing it even easier to supply electrical power to aircraft. !ll aircraft re+uire 95B of direct current and 112B $22 "= of alternating current. The electric energy is carried from a generator to a connection on the aircraft via % phase $6wire insulated cable capable of handling 922 amps. These connectors are standard for all aircraft. Buses Huses at airports are used to move people from the terminal to either an aircraft or another terminal. *ome airports use buses that are raised to the level of a passenger terminal and can only be accessed from a door on the 9nd level of the terminal. These odd loo(ing buses are usually referred to as Mpeople moversM or Mmobile loungesM. !irport buses are usually normal city buses or specialised terminal busses. %ontainer loader The loader for wide bodied aircraft (cargo platform& is used for loading and unloading of cargo placed in containers or on pallete. The loader has two platforms which independently raise or come down. The containers or palettes on the loader are moved with the help of built6in rollers or wheels, and are carried in aircraft across the platforms. The ground handling is different in the different areas. ,n Lorthern and *outh !merica the pallet is dominating and in Europe and !sia the container is stronger in use. *o there are different container and pallet loaders. 6 %.1 to 6 D to, standard version, wide6body, universal (up to main body height& 6 1$ to 6 %2 to /or military transport planes special container and pallet loaders are in use. !lso for military use airborne (transportable within the transport plane& are in use. 7ontainer and pallet loaders are produced mainly in /rance, )ermany, Estonia, *pain, 7anada, in the U.*.!., Hra=il, .apan and 7hina.

Transporters The transporters are cargo platforms constructed so that beside loading and unloading can transport cargo. 'epending on the type and load capacity the containers could be transported, and the same is valid for greater transporters and palettes. Air starter !n air starter is a vehicle with a built6in gas turbine engine which, during the start of aircraft engine, gives the necessary +uantity of air to start the engine. While a compressor cannot deliver the necessary +uantity of air for its own wor(, the air is provided by an air starter. !n air starter blows air in by a hose attached to aircraft. &ota'le $ater truc(s @otable water truc(s are special vehicles that fill up drin(ing water tan(s in aircraft. The water is filtered and protected from the elements while being stored on the vehicle. ! pump in the vehicle assists in moving the water from the truc( to the aircraft. )avatory service vehicles Aavatory service vehicles empty and refill lavatories onboard aircraft. Waste is stored in tan(s on the aircraft until these vehicles can empty them and get rid of the waste. !fter the tan( is emptied, it is refilled with a mi<ture of water and a disinfecting concentrate, commonly called Nblue 3uiceN. ,nstead of a self6powered vehicle, some airports have lavatory carts, which are smaller and must be pulled by tug. %atering vehicle 7atering includes the unloading of unused food and drin( from the aircraft, and the loading of fresh food and drin(s for passengers and crew. The meals are typically delivered in standardi=ed carts. #eals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimi=e the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating& re+uired in the air. The catering vehicle consists of a rear body, lifting system, platform and an electro6 hydraulic control mechanism. The vehicle can be lifted up, down and the platform can be moved to place in front of the aircraft. Belt loaders Helt loaders are vehicles with movable belts for unloading and loading of baggage and cargo of aircraft. ! belt loader is positioned to the door sill of an aircraft hold (baggage compartment& for the operation. Helt loaders are used for narrow body aircraft (e.g.

D%D& and bul( hold of wide body aircraft (e.g. D0D and D$D&. Haggage stored without containers is (nown as bul( loading. &assenger 'oarding stairs @assenger boarding stairs, sometimes referred to as Nair6stairsN or Nboarding rampsN, provide a mobile means to traverse between aircraft doors and the ground. Hecause larger aircraft have door sills 1 to 92 feet high, stairs facilitate safe boarding and de6 boarding. While smaller units are generally moved by being towed or pushed, larger units are self6powered. #ost models have ad3ustable height to accommodate various aircraft. 8ptional features may include canopy, heat, supplementary lighting and red carpet. &ush'ac( tugs and tractors @ushbac( tugs are mostly used to push an aircraft away from the gate when it is ready to leave. These tugs are very powerful and because of the large engines, are sometimes referred to as an engine with wheels. @ushbac( tugs can also be used to pull aircraft in various situations, such as to a hangar. 'ifferent si=e tugs are re+uired for different si=e aircraft. *ome tugs use a tow6bar as a connection between the tug and the aircraft, while other tugs lift the nose gear off the ground to ma(e it easier to tow or push. *e+anti!icing vehicles The procedure of de>anti6icing, protection from fluids free=ing up on aircraft, is done from special vehicles. These vehicles have booms, li(e a cherry pic(er, to allow easy access to the entire aircraft. ! hose sprays a special mi<ture that melts current ice on the aircraft and also prevents some ice from building up while waiting on the ground 9. )eneral safety @recautions to be observed during ramp operations and maintenance (!& 'o not cran( an engine continuously for more than %2 seconds (H& 'o not operate starter switch when the engine is running (7& 'o not over ride the clutch ('&When engine is over heated do not remove radiator cap suddenly (E& 'o not add water to over heated engine befor it cools down (/& 'o not drive under any part of the aircraft ()&'o not leave the vehicle un attended on the ramp ("& 'o not go in the vicinity of running 3et engines (,& 'o not operate any vehicle unless you have been trained properly (.& 'o not move the e+uipment across the path of boarding or deplaing passengers (O& 'o not drive directly towards a ta<ing aircraft (A& 'o not cross a ta<i trac( when aircraft is ta<ing

(#& 'o not (eep the hydraulic ram>cylinders of any e+uipment e<tended when not re+uired. This saves ram from e<posure (L& 'o not overloo( safety for a minute

%. Elaborate on the basic safety re+uirements for aircraft ground support e+uipmentJ !ns Ref !"# -1% 7onsiderable importance is attached to having e+uipment into which the essential safety aspects have been incorporated as part of the basic design. ,t is particularly necessary when designing aircraft handling e+uipments to ta(e into account human factors (ergonomics and error& and the adverse conditions which fre+uently prevail in ramp areas. @ersonnel wor(ing surfaces @ersonnel wal(ways shall have a minimum width of atleast $22mm P 122 mm *tairs, wal( ways, wor( platforms, ramps, ladder, rugs, cleats or treads shall be of non slip material Aadders and stair treads> wor(ing surfaces and landings shall be designed to support a minimum wor(ing load of 112 (g ,f more than two ladders are installed they shall be of the overlapping type and be (ept at a minimum of 12 cm clearance between them 7ontrols 7ontrols and warning lights shall be grouped and located so as to be convenient to the operator from his normal operating station or stations and shall be clearly visible under all lighting conditions. 7ontrols and warning lights shall be properly and permanently identifies preferably by pictograms 7ontrols and controlling c(t shall be designed in such a manner that the failure within a control or its circuitry will not introduce an unsafe operating condition !de+uate illumination shall be provided for controls *tability *elf propelled units e+uipped with power actuated stabili=ers shall have an operator warning devise to indicate when stabili=ers are either not stowed position or not fully down in the loaded position. The e+uipment including elevated units in the elevated position shall remain stable and preclude any ris( of overturning through the wind velocities ranging from D1 Om>hr to 192(m>hr 'oors !ll doors and acess panels shall be provided with securing devices to retain them in the open and or closed position #ovable items Effort re+uired to manually move items during operation shall be minimi=ed. Use of handling aids(e.g6 springs, gas stuts & should be considered /uel and /luid replenishments /uel line shall be secured with a minimum of 1 7m clearance to e<haust and electrical systems.

 /uel tan(s shall be located for ma<imum protection from collision damage E<haust The ,7 engine shall be fitted with a baffle type muffler. Emergency systems Emergency engine stop buttons shall be provided Aifting mechanism shall be provided with a safety devise to prevent any uncontrolled movement in the event of system failure /ire @revention ! fire e<tinguisher of suitable capacity and type, according to applicable local regulations shall be provided