Polish Simplified Grammar

TRUKNER'S
1CT70N
OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
fO
:
!-D
THE POLISH LANGUAGE
W.R.MORFILL.
PG 6111
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ROBA
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TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF

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LONDON; TJJt'BXER
A.
CO.,
LUDGATE HILL.
SIMPLIFIED
GRAMMAR
OP THE
POLISH LANGUAGE
BY
M.A.
LONDON
TRUBNER &
CO.,
LUDGATE
HILL.
1884. [All riyhts reserved.]
LONDON
ST.
GILBEET AND EIVINGTON, LIMITED, JOHN'S SQUARE, CLEBKENWELL EOAD.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
PHONOLOGY.
The Polish Alphabet
I.
....
.
,
PAGE
1
CHAPTER
THE DOCTRINE OF FOBMS
Nouns
Adjectives
.
II.
........ ........
.
...
5 5
12
15
Numerals
Pronouns
Verbs
.
.......
.
19
22
.
. .
CONJUGATION or AUXILIARY VERBS

'
29 29
33
Bye,
Miec,
to be.'
'
to have.'
CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS

First Conjugation
.... .......
.
36
30
39
Second Conjugation Verbs ending in qc
41
.
Verbs ending
Third Conjugation
in ec, uc
....
.
42 45
47 49
Fourth Conjugation
Passive Voice
.
...... ...
.
.
VI
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREPOSITIONS
51
.
ADVERBS:
Primary, Derived, and Compounded
53
54
Of Time,
Place, and
Manner
Interrogative and Affirmative
...
5^ 55
CONJUNCTIONS
CHAPTER
SYNTAX
:
III.
Cases of Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns and Verbs
....... ....
.
56
58
59
60
Arrangement of Words
in
a sentence
PREFACE.
THE
be
following short
Grammar
It
is
is
the
first
attempt of
it
the kind in English.
to be
hoped that
study
of
may
a
instrumental
in
furthering the
is still
Polish,
noble language, which

of
spoken by about ten millions
I have consulted with advantage previous people. works on the subject, written in Polish, German and " " French. 'I have found the Comparative Grammar of " the Grammar "
Miklosich,
Historico-Comparative
of
Malecki (2
vols.,
Lemberg, 1879), and the works of Orda

useful.
(Paris, 1856)
and Rykaczewski (Berlin, 1861) very
" Simplified Following the plan of the
Grammars,"
which
I have
only given an outline of the language, but this outline will
be found to contain
all
the chief
rules,
have
endeavoured to make as plain as possible.

of
The student
a
comparative philology will thus be able to form

language, and
it
correct idea of the structure of the
may
serve as a rudimentary
to
any one who is anxious road the works of such authors as Mickiewicz and
handbook
to
Krasinski in the original.
W.
Oxford.
R.
MORFILL.
NOUNS.
Example
Singular.
'
:
kon,
the horse/
Plural.
konie.
N. kon
G. konia
D. koniowi
koni (6w). koniom,

konie.
konie.
A. konia
V. koniu
I.
koniem
koniami-(konim).
L. koniu
koniach.
Among peculiar forms belonging to this declension may be mentioned the noun Bog, ' God/ which makes the
dative Bogu, instead of Bogowi, and also the vocative Boze;
4
czlowiek,
man/
;
has in the vocative both czlowieku and

*
czlowiecze
xiqdz,
priest/ has the genitive xi$ze.
SECOND DECLENSION.
Feminine substantives are those ending in the vowels a (except a few implying the offices of men) and i, and most
of the substantives ending in one of the soft consonants
dz, sc,
z, z.
4
<?',
Example
Singular.
1:
pani,
the lady/
Plural.
panic.
N. pani
G. pani D. pani
pan.
paniom.
panic.
panic.
A. pani^ Y. pani
pani$ L. pani
I.
paniami.
paniach.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Example 2
Singular.
'
:
praca,
labour/
NOUNS.
THIRD DECLENSION.
Neuter Substantives.
To
this declension
ending
culines,
in
<?,
o.
belong all the neuter substantives These neuter nouns differ from mas;
with the same termination
in the neuters the
nominative, accusative and vocative are the same in both
numbers
in the plural these cases
end in
a.
Example
10
POLISH GRAMMAU.
Example 3
Singular.
'
:
imie,
the
name/
Plural.
N. imie
G. imienia
D. imieniu
imicma.
imion.
imionom.
imiona,
A. imie
V. imie
I.
imiona.
imieniem
imionami.
imionach.
1
L. imieniu
To
this declension belong
the verbal substantives in
ie,
but, as a rule, they are only used in the singular.
Many
other substantives are also used only in the sin-
gular, especially
when
a collective idea
is
*
implied;
'
as, zyto,
'barley;' jazda^ 'cavalry/

are only used in the plural
4 ;
dziatwa,
children/
Others
as, chrzciny,
hunting/ Substantives can tives and augmentatives ; as,

cisko,'& great ugly town/
last syllable
'
also be modified into

'
baptism / lowy, diminu-
Jcrowka,
a little cow / miesIn some substantives in the

e,
in
the locative a and o are changed into
as
gniazdo,
the nest,'
'
'
gniezdie ;
siodlo,
;
the saddle/
'
siedle ; jezioro,
the lake/
jezierze
zelazo,
the iron/
zelazie.
The
eye /
following- substantives are also irregular

'
oko, 'the
'
ucho,
the ear/ in the plural
tciqze,
it
prince/
is
irregular in the singular

'
in the plural
is
declined like
ciel$ta,
calves/
ADJECTIVES.
'
15
cheapest/ The superlative of pre-eminence is made ' by placing bardzo, very/ before the adjective, as bardzo
tanszy,
'
dobry,
very good/
NUMERALS.
Cardinal.
1.
Jeden.
11. Jedenascie.
12. Dwanascie.
2.
3.
Dwa.
Trzy.
13. Trzynascie.
14. Czternascie. 15. Pi^tnascie.
4. Cztery.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Pic.
Szesc.
16. Szesnascie.
17. Siedemnascie.
Siedm.
Osm.
Dziewi^c.
18. Osmnascie. 19. Dziewi^tnascie. 20. Dwadziescia.
9.
10. Dziesiejc.
Dziescie, or dziesci,
to fifty, pi$dzttsiqt ;
is
from
added to the numerals from twenty fifty to one hundred, chiesiat

'
being added.
'
Thus, czterdziesci,
k
forty/ dziewi$c-dziesiqt,
ninety.'
English
The smaller numerals follow the greater as in as trzydziescipi$6, thirty-five / csmdziesiq.t siedm'
'eighty-seven/
100. Sto.
200. Dwiescie. 300. Trzysta.
400. Czterysta. 500. Preset.
600. Szescset.
700. Siedemset. 800. Osmset.
900. Dziewiejcset.
1000. Tysit|c.
16
POLISH GRAMMAR.
the
The arrangement of the greater and smaller numerals same as in English thus, sto dwadziescia siedm,
:
is
'
one
hundred and twenty- seven/ Jeden, jedna, jedno are declined

after the
manner
of adjectives.
Dwaj, 'two/*
N.
dvvaj (a),
dwa
(b).
N. dwie
(c).
G. dwoch.
G. dwoch.
D. dwom.
D. dwom.
(a),
A. dwoch
I.
dwa
(b).
A. dwie.
I.
dwoma.
dwiema.
L. dwoch.
L. dwoch.
Trzej,' three.'
Czterej, 'four/
N. trzey
(a), trzy (d).
N.
czterej (a), cztery (I).
G. trzech.
G. czterech. D. czterem.
(a),
D. trzem.
A. trzech
I.
trzy (d).
A. czeterech
I.
(a),
cztery (d)
trzema.
czterema.
L. trzech.
L. czterech.
Following the example of Rykaczewski, and in order to secure brevity in the above tables, letters have been used for, (a) men,
(b)
neuter
animals of the masculine gender, and inanimate objects masc. and of (c?) substantives (c) women, and all feminine substantives
;
;
whatsoever gender they may be, except signifying men. their position with these, the numerals are modified.
According to
ADJECTIVES.
'
17
Pi$ciu}
five/
N. pi^ciu G. pi^ciu.
D. pi^ciu.
(a],
pi^c (d).
A.
I.
pitjciu (0), piec (d).

pie,ci<|.
L. pi^ciu.
trzej,
Jeden^ divaj, diva, dwie,
trzy,
czterej, cztery
are
considered as adjectives, and in consequence the substantive
Dwaj, trzej, and goes with them in the nominative case. so are used when however, only they precede their czterej, nouns
as
;
if
they follow them the noun

cities/
is
put in the genitive,
m hist dwa, 'two
are substantives,
and take a genitive case

Jedenastu, 'eleven/
Pigc and the rest up to tysiac after them.
N. jedenastu (), jedenascie

(U).
A. jedenastu
I.
(a),
jede-
nascie (d).
jedenastq,.
G. jedenastu. D. jedenastu.
'
L.
fifty/ inflects the
w jedenastu.
word pi^ciu
(as
Piqciudziesiqt,
given
previously)
the word dziesiqt remains unaltered.

czterdjiesci are declined like jedenascie,
All the
numerals
the others
till
and
all
till
dziewi$cdziesiqt like pigcdziesiqt.

'
Stu,
a hundred/
Plural.
sta.
Singular.
N. stu
D. stu.
(a), sto (d).
G. sta or
stu.
set.
stom.
sta (d).
sta mi.
A. stu (), sto (d).
I stem.
L. stu.
stach.
18
POLISH GRA.MMA.R.
Dwustu, 'two hundred.'
N. dwustti
(0),
dwiescie (d).
A. dwochset
I.
(#),
dwiescie (d).
(c)
.
G. dwochset.
dwomaset, dwiemaset
D. dwomset.
For the
declined,
L. dwochset.
others, e.g. 500, take the wordpigc, as previously
and add
in each case set.
'
Tysiqc,
a thousand/
Singular.
Plural.
tysiq,ce.
N.
D.
tysi^o.
G. tysi^c a
tysi{|cu.
tysi^cy.
tysi^com.
tysiq,ce.
A. tysi^c.
I.
tysi-^cem.
tysi^cami.
tysit|cach.
L. tysi^cu.
The
ordinal
numbers
flected like adjectives,
are not given here, as they are inand can be easily learned from a
dictionary.
In the Slavonic languages we also find collective numerals, as czworo, 'a collection of four/ piedoro
'
dzieci,
'
a band of five children/
a score.'
a dozen/ These collective numerals take for the most

Cf. English,
part the genitive case after them.
PRONOUNS.
19
THE PRONOUNS.
I.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Plural
For Men.
For
one,
all
e
except Men.
N.
G.
oni, 'they.'
ich, nich.
they.'
ich, nich.
D. im, nim. A. ich, nich.

I.
im, nim.
je.
nimi.
niemi.
nich.
L. nich.
of the pronouns are only used after and cannot be verbs, employed after prepositions, or when
The abridged forms

is
emphasis
to be laid
upon the pronoun.

changed into n in the
The pronoun
as dlan for
c,
'
niego is sometimes
genitive and accusative,
and
is
united with the preposition,
him
;'
so
also the
and
is
attached to a previous
siedie, si$
is
pronoun ci is changed into word ending in a vowel.

:
The pronoun
reflexive
all
it is
used to express
the singular and the plural of

refer to all three persons.
three genders, and
may
G.
siebie,
sie..
I.
soba,.
D.
A.
sobie.
siebie,
L. sobie.
si.
are declined like adjectives, as
The POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

'
n/6j,
my/
'
1w6j,
thy;' for the third person the genitive

is
singular and plural of the personal pronoun

jego, ich.
used, as
PRONOUNS.
21
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
1
Ten, 'this.
22
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The NEGATIVE PRONOUNS when employed with verbs

quire also the use of the negative particle.
re-
Several letters
effect
and words may be added

zeto
:
to pronouns^
s,
which have the

~kolwick,
of modifying their meanings, as

s
li, lito, z, ze,
and kolwiek are added only

;
to pronouns, as
zeto
Titos,
jakis, Ittokolwiek, &c.
li,
lito, z, ze,
are added not
only to pronouns but to adjectives.
THE VERBS.
Since a great object has been simplification as much as possible, I shall here only enumerate the chief divisions
of the verbs
1. 2.
:
Active.
Passive.
In reality there
It
is
is
the passive voice in Polish.
no independent form of made, as in most modern
European languages, by the auxiliaries and the past partiSee, however, on p. 49 as to the various ways of ciple.
expressing this voice.
3.
Neuter.
4. Impersonal.
5.
Perfect, sometimes called Completive Verbs,
which
l
express
the
action
as finished;
e.g.,
zjadlem,
have
ceased eating/
Imperfect, or Continuative Verbs, which express the duration of the action ; e.g., jem, ' I continue to eat/
6.
7.
Incentives,
(
which express an increasing action; as

old.'
sfarzejg si$,
grow
VEEBS.
23
Frequentatives, which express an action continually f Both active and I eat frequently/ repeated, as jadam,
8.
neuter verbs
or imperfect.
may
be either dokonane or niedokonane, perfect
The perfect verbs have no present tense nor any present participle.* The mark of the perfect verb is the future anterior, as it is called, which is conjugated like
the present of the imperfect verbs
;
e.
'
g., zgadn$>
I shall
have guessed / przyczytam^
'
I shall have finished reading/
perfect verbs are characterized by being coma preposition, which gives the idea of comwith pounded
Many
;
pletion
others by changes in the letters.
Perfect verbs are
by changing the termination ac into id or q.6. The two forms, perfect and imperfect, make a complete conjugation in Polish. We must
sometimes
out
of
formed
imperfect
ascertain to
classes a verb belongs by looking into a good dictionary. Frequentatives, as a rule, form the present in warn, the perfect in wal, and the infinitive
which of these two
in wac.
The
four
last
'
of these divisions are termed
by
.
The constant use of the aspects/ atones for the aspects amply poverty of tenses in the modern
Slavonic grammarians
Slavonic verb, in Polish the palseo-Slavonic aorist being

lost.
The following are the chief prepositions which enter into the composition of the Polish verbs
:
Do
which implies carrying the action to the extremity

'
as dobic,
to beat utterly/
MaJecki,
i.
263.
24
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Na
ivac
'
expresses direction towards a certain place, as plyto sail/

'
naplywac^
to sail
towards/
'
Nad
give too
expresses excess, as dac,
to give/
'
naddac,
to
much/
'
Od Po
expresses distance from a place, &sjec/iac,

'
to depart/
odjechac,
to
go from a place/
'
expresses continuation of an action, as bielic,

f
to
make white/ pobielic,

0, ob, obe
'
to continue to
make white/
express the accomplishment of an action, as

'
siodlac,
to saddle/ osiodlac,
'
to finish saddling a horse/
Pod
c
expresses
iQ write/
underneath/ like the Latin sub, as
piaac 3
podp isac, 'to sign/

'
'
Prze
express the thorough accomplishment of the action,

to read/ przecyta6> to read
Latin per, as czytac^
from
beginning
to
end/
f
Przy
f
expresses
nearness,' as biedz,
'
to
run/ przybiedx,
'
to
run by the side of/

expresses different directions, as pisac,
'
Roz
rozpisac,
to write/
to write in different directions/
expresses
'
u'smiac si$,
thoroughness, as smiac to laugh out and out/
'
si$,
to
laugh/
'
W
Wy
expresses direction of a thing within, as cfiod&ic,

'
to
go/ wc/wdzic,
to
go in/
4
expresses
out/ as prosic,
to entreat/ wypro&id,
'
to
obtain from a person by entreaty/

JP, icz
'
expresses
on high/ as
nosic,
Ho
carry/ wznosic,
'to carry on high/
VERBS.
Z, ze
'
25
expresses the perfect accomplishment of an action,

to eat/ zjesc,
*
i
a,sjesc,
to eat entirely/
'
expresses
over/ as mowic,
to speak/ zamowic,
'
to
talk a person over/
The tenses
Perfect
;
are, (1)
as czynilem,
the Present, as czyni$, id$, &c. (2) The I did / really a past participle with
'
certain suffixes, as will be
shown
afterwards,
(3)
and hence
it is
inflected according to gender.
The
(4)
Pluperfect, rarely
used
as czynilem byl,
'
had done/
The Future, which
be expressed in two ways, either by the auxiliary and the participle, as b$d$ czynil, or the auxiliary and the this is the simple future when someinfinitive, czynic b$d$
may
times the present

verb),
it is
is
used as a future
(e.g.
in the perfect
called the future anterior.
The
perfect,
imperfect,
frequentative
verbs,
&c.,
are
arranged under the four conjugations

terminations.
according to their
In Polish there are four conjugations and six moods (1) the Infinitive ; (2) the Indicative (3) the Imperative
;
(1) the Subjunctive, which is expressed
by adding zeby azeby

t '
and izby to the participial form, as zebym liochal, that I may love/ In reality no Slavonic language has an independent form of the subjunctive.
(5)
The Conditional,
implying a condition
this
mood
is
expressed in Polish in
two ways,
(a)
with
'
by,
gdyby, aby y with the participial form

-/
of the verb bye,

participial
to be
or (b)
by the addition of by
^,
to the
form of the verb in
but the particle by must

'
then take the personal terminations, as Isochal bym, I should have loved/ (6) The Optative, which is made by the
26
POLISH GRAMMAR.
conjunction obym with the participial form in /, as obym list { ' Thus odebral, Oh, that I could receive the letter
!
we
that in reality there are only three moods in Polish of independent form the last three are made by
see
:
particles.
The reader
Polish verb
:
will observe
the following elements of the
The mark
of the 1st per. sing, is m,

parallels
a phonetic law becomes g;
which sometimes by to these two forms
being found in all the Slavonic languages. Sometimes both forms are found in the same verb, as wydzMywam
and wydziubujg; the
latter,
however,
is
the more
common.
Of the
second
s,
or sz; of the first person plural smy, of the
second scie*
These
may
enter into various combinations,
of a knowledge of the verbs

suffixes are in reality, as
and by paying attention to their positions the acquisition may be much simplified. These
'
might be imagined, merely mutilated parts of the present tense of the verb to be,' which oldest form was as follows
:
esm
jes
jest.
jescie
s^.
* The original suffix for the third person singular was t ; this, however, though preserved in Kussian, is lost in the West-Slavonic
languages.
by
its
The suffix of the third person plural coalescing with the bindevocal, becomes a.
is
n;
this,
however,
VERBS.
27
in use will be given
The explanation of the form now

little
further on.
But these particles can be used not only with verbs but with other words, so as to cause the sentence to be shaped
in
many
different
is
language
ways, and this peculiarity of the Polish deserving of careful consideration ; thus we
(
may
say either dobrze pisalem, or dolrzem pisal,

'
I have
written well/ ja pilny jestem, or jam pilny jest, I am industrious/ wczora rano byles w ~kosciele} or wczora ranos byl
'
ko'sciele,
Thou wert
early at church yesterday/

'
So
also
my
bylismy, or
'
wyscie byli,
'
mysmy byli, Ye were / glosno
We
were / wy
byliscie,
or
spiewaliscie, or glosnoscie spie-
wali,
You have sung

particles, as
loudly / &c.
nie przyszedl
They may
also be
wzywac sprawiedligrzesmych do polcuty, 'I came not to call the So righteous but sinners to repentance/ (Matt. ix. 13.) also Ale abyscic wiedzieli, iz ma moc syn czlowieczy, But
wycJi ale
*
added to
Bom
that
ye
may know
6.)
that the Son
of
man hath power/

flexibility
(Matt.
ix.
This gives extraordinary
and
variety to the sentence.
The following are the

Singular
suffixes of the
...
Imperative
/.
2 pers.,
Plural
PP 2
(
is 2,
erS "
**
icie.
is
pers.,
The
suffix of
the Perfect
which
added immediately
are
to the stem, as gral, pield.
The only exceptions
M61,
prol, where the o
is
the connecting vowel (lindevocal).
This
28
is
POLISH GRAMMAR.
properly a participle, as
is
shown by the feminine and

is
neuter terminations and the plural form. The suffix of the Infinitive is 6 which
t
generally added
immediately, but in some instances with a lindevocal ; from the fusing- of k with 6 we get <?, and from g the combination dz. The spelling of the termination of the infinitive in some
cases in dz
censured by Miklosich as inaccurate (iii. 450). The suffix of the Active Participle is qc. The suffix is
is
originally nc,
e.
and the addition of a bindevocal makes
it
ac
g. piekqc, trac.
When
the participle
is
used adjectively
it is
declined like an adjective

suffix of the Perfect
-piekqcy, -a -e, trcycy -a -e.

is
The
Gerund
szy
but this
is
not
added immediately to the stem, but after the /of the peror with the addition of w, fect, as upieltlszy (u-piek-l-szy)
;
e.
g.
wygrawszy
I,
(wy-gra-w-szy)
this,
however,
is
only
another form of
which
is
frequently pronounced as
in
Slavonic dialects.
The
which
suffix of the Passive

is
Participle is either -n, or -/, declined like an adjective, either -ny, -na, -ne, or
~ty, -ta, -te.
The Verbal Substantive

Participle
is
derived from
t
;
the Passive
If
by adding
before
;
ie
to
n or
e.
g. bity, bide.
o, it is
the
bindevocal
ny has become
e.
changed
again into e before nie

niesienie.
g. pieczony, pieczenie, niesiony,
The Indicative Mood has the following
tenses: the present,
in perfect verbs the future anterior, the pluperfect, and the The Subjunctive, Conditional and Optative have future.
only the perfect tense.
CONJUGATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS.
Conjugation of Auxiliary Verbs.

'
bye,
to be/
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
30
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Pluperfect (but
little used).
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
I
Bylem
byl.
bylam
byla.
bylom
bylo.
And
so on,
adding byl to the masculine, byla to the feminine,

all
and bylo to the neuter, in
the different persons.
Plural.
CONJUGATION OP AUXILIARY VERBS.
31
SUBJUNCTIVE.
This
Mood
is
before which
letters
is
formed by the participial form in I (byf), used the conjunction zeby ; to which the
s,
and combinations m,
is
smy, scie are added, as zebym
byl, 1st person, zebys byla (feminine).
There
is
no present,
and the pluperfect
omitted
here as being so little used.
OPTATIVE.
This resembles in form the Conjunctive, with the difis used instead of zeby, and takes the same
ference that oby
terminations to
tense used.
mark
the persons.
The
perfect
is
the only
IMPERATIVE.
Singular.
'
B^dz,
be thou/
Bi|d#cie.
(
Niech. or niechaj bq,dzcie
let
him be/
To niech and
niechaj, the suffix ze
is
sometimes added.
Plural
B^dz'my.
B^dzcie.
I
b^dz'myz.
b^dz'ciez.
Niech
or niechaj
POLISH GRAMMAR.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Past.
Byly.
byla.
bylo.
Future.
Majj|cy bye.
'
maj^ca bye.
' ;'
majt|ce bye.
Btjdt|c,
being
by wszy,
having been/
These two last are not inflected.
The modern form
of the present tense of the verb bye
is
merely a corruption, and arose from adding to the third This reperson of the old form the pronominal suffixes.
sulted from false analogy, as the suffixes had
become fused
with the participial form byl, byla, bylo, and made a past tense; thus byljesm had become bylem, bylijesmy, bylismy. The particle by, which is used in Polish and other Slavo-
was originally the third old of of the the verb bye, a tense perfect person singular
nic languages to express condition,
which
is
now
lost.
This particle has at the present time
something
like the use of the
Greek
av.
We
also find it
in composition as aby, zeby^ azeby, with
which we
may com-
pare Greek oiav and
av in other combinations.
Miec, 'to have/
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
Sing.
.
Mam.
masz.
maeie.
ma.
Plnr...
Mamy.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Future.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neuter.
mial or
miec.
B^dziesz.
bd
miala or
bd
mialo or
miec.
b^dziesz.
b^dzie.
miec.
b^dziesz.
B^dzie.
b^dzie.
Plural.
B^dziemy
B^dziecie.
mieli
b^dziemy mialy.
or miec.
b^dziecie mialy.
b^dq, mialy.
CONDITIONAL.
Perfect Tense.
Masc.
Fern,
Neuter.
Mialbym.
mialabym.
first
mialobym,
Add
the regular suffixes to the
as above,
and add the
suffixes to the plural,
and second persons which will be
mietoby for the masc., and mialyly for the fern,

thus, mielobismy, &c.
and neut. ;
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Add
zeby, with suffixes for each of the persons, to the

its
ordinary past tense mial, in
various mutations of gender
and number.
OPTATIVE.
Add
oby,
with the same
suffixes.
35
IMPERATIVE.
Singular.
'
Miej,
have thou/
Miejze.
Niech or niechaj
(with addition
ze)
sometimes of
suffix
ma.
Plural.
Miejmy.
Miejcie.
Niech
or niechaj maj^.
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
Masc.
Fern.
Neuter.
|
Maj^cy.
maji|ca.
maja,ce.
Perfect.
Miany.
miana.
|
miane.
Future.
Maji|cy miec.
Note.
maj^ca miec.
(I
majj|ce miec.
The verb mam
have)
is
frequently used with
merelv a future signification, as wydanie ma bye ozdolionc trzema portretami, 'The edition will be furnished with three
portraits/
GERUNDS.
'
Maj{|c,
having/
'
,
having had.'
POLISH GRAMMAR.
Conjugation of Regular Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.
The mark of the conjugation
is
the second person singular

anterior
present of the verbs niedokonane, or the future
of the verbs dokonane, which of necessity have no present,

as I
have previously stated.

characteristic of the first conjugation
is
The
the letter a
in the second person singular of the present.
INFINITIVE.
Kochac,
*'
to love.'
CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS.
^7
Pluperfect.
To form
this tense,
add to the perfect byl
for
the mascu-
line singular,
and
byli for the plural;
byla for the
feminine
singular, and bylo
for the neuter
and byly
for the plural of
both genders.
Future.
Put the
auxiliary b$d$
inflecting
'
it
regularly, as in the
form given under the verb bye,
to
be/
before kochal for

;
the masculine singular, and Icochali for plural

feminine, and kochalo for neuter singular
;
kochala for
for
and kochaly
the plural of both, according to the invariable rule.
IMPERATIVE.
Kochaj.
Niech
or niechaj kocha.
Kochaj my.
Kochajcie.
Niech or niechaj kocha
'tj,.
It will be observed that the characteristic letter of the
imperative is/, to which the terminations of the plural are

added,
e.
g. ~kocha-j-my.
I have not given at length another tive included in
the enclitic z
some grammars it or ze to the simple form

:
is
form of the imperaformed by adding
38
POLISH GRAMMAR.
CONDITIONAL.
Made by adding
appended
the pronoun suffixes to -by, which
is
to the participial form, as kochalbym.
In the plural
we have
suffixes.
the usual kochali and kochaly, with the personal
The pluperfect
which
is
formed by adding to the perfect inflected in the manner previously shown.

is
byl,
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Perfect.
This is aby, with the usual personal suffixes appended to the inflected participial form in I.
OPTATIVE.
The same, oby being added instead of
aby.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. kochaj$|cy.
kochaj^ca. kochaj^ce.
Past, kochany. Put. maja,cy kochac.
kochana.
maja^ca kochac.
kochane.
maj^ce kochac.
GERUND.
'
KocJi.ajqc,
loving/
The
tenses,
which are wanting to the imperfect verb
kochac, are supplied
by the perfect verb
ultochac.
39
SECOND CONJUGATION.
The
characteristic of this conjugation
is iesz
or esz in the
second person singular present.

'
Grzebac,
to
bury/
Present.
Grzebi.
Grzebi^my.
grzebie^sz.
grzebi.
grzebi^.
grzebi^cie.
Perfect.
Formed from the

remarks apply
participial
tion of the suffixes, as in the preceding verb.

to the pluperfect
form grzelal, with the addiThe same
and
future.
IMPERATIVE.
Grzeb.
Niech or uiechaj grzebi.
Grzebmy.
Grzebcie.
Niech or niechaj
grzebiq,.
ze.
Also another form with the addition of the enclitic
CONDITIONAL.
Cf. the
G-rzebalbyui.
former under
Itochac, also
the pluperfect on the
same model.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Abum
. qrzebal. bal.}
OPTATIVE.
Cf.
with kochac.
Oli/m grzelal
40
POLISH GRAMMAR.
PARTICIPLES.
Present
. .
Grzebi^cy, &c.
Past
Future
...
G rzebany,
&c.
Maj^cy grzebac. &c.

Grzebiqc, 'bringing/
GERUND.
Other tenses are supplied to this verb by the perfect or complete form pogrzebac. Verbs belonging to this conjugation which end in owac, iwac and yivae, and are generally derivatives,
i'je,
change their termination into
vj$,
uje-sz,
&c., in the present.

rules
The following
ending
in
may
help to ascertain
how
the verbs
ac belonging to this
conjugation form their

only difficulty in the
present, this being in reality the
Polish verb
When
vowel
i
the final consonant of the stem
is
b,
w,p, the
;
must be added
before the personal suffixes
as,
Lami,
'
I break/ from lamac.
Lami^sz.
Lami^my.
tami^scie.
Lamiq,.
When
the final consonant

i
consonant, the
is
is s or w, preceded by another and third added to the second only

persons of the singular, and the
plural
;
41
first
and second of the
thus
I call.'
Zw-i-emy.
Zw-i-ecie.
Zw-tj.
Zw-i-esz.
Zw-i-e.
If the final consonant of the stem
vowel, as pi-sac,
into the
soft
'
preceded by a to write,' this hard consonant is changed

is
s,
sz,
as pisz$,
1 write/
So
also other
hard
consonants which precede ac are changed into the soft consonants corresponding to them as Igac, * to lie,' lz$ ;
;
'
plakac,
to
weep/
placz$.
When
the termination of the

'
stem
is sk, it
becomes szcz, as glaskac,

is
to pat
glaszczf, so also r
changed into
rz, t
with the hand/ into c, and z into f.
In the monosyllabic verbs, brae, f to take/ prac, 'to wash

linen/ and the verbs
between the
first
first
compounded from them, io is inserted and final consonants of the stem in the
;
person singular and third person plural
as,
bior$,
bierzesz, bierze, bierzemy, bierzecie, biora.
Verbs ending in ^c.
When
the root consonant
is d,
in the inflections
m must
be put after it, with the vowel i in all the persons, except the first and last, as dqc, f to breathe/
Dm.
Dmiesz.
Dmiemy.
Dmiecie.
Dnuj,.
is
Dmie.
When
added to
the final consonant of the stem

all
n,
an
must be
first sin-
the persons of the present except the
42
POLISH GRAMMAR.
'
gular and the third plural, as pragnac, present of which is thus inflected
to be thirsty
/ the
Pragn.
Pragniesz.
Pragnie.
Pragnie my.
Pragniecie.
Pragn^.
f
The present tense of the verbs

is
ciqc,
to cut/ giq,6,
'
to fold/
thus inflected
Tn.
Tniesz.
Tniemy.
Tniecie.
Tnie.
The
for c here
being altogether irregular.
In many verbs ending in nqc, the n disappears entirely

in the inflection of the perfect, as rosnqc,
*
to
grow/
Roslem.
Rosles.
Rosl.
Roslismy.
Rosliscie.
Rosli.
Verbs ending in ec, uc.
way, as dec, to flow/ piec, to cook/ change the consonant c into k in the present, in the first person singular, and third plural.
this
Pieke..
Verbs terminated in
'
'
Pieczemy.
Pieczecie.
Pieczesz.
Piecze.
Piek^.
43
e. g.,
Verbs ending in ic take j from bid, ' to fight.'
after
in the present;
Bjjfc Bijesz.
Bijemy.
Bijicie.
Bije.
The same
'
is
the case with verbs in ud and ye, as czuc,
'
to
feel/ zyd,
to live.' to this conjugation are
The following verbs belonging

very irregular:
'
Jesd,
to eat.'
Present.
Jem,
Jesz.
'
I eat.'
Jemy.
Jecie.
Je.
Jedz^.
Perfect.
Jadlem,
Jadles.
<
I ate.'
Jedlismy,/! jadiysmy.
Jedliscie.
Jadl.
Jedli,/. jedly.
Future
(borrowed from perfect form of verb).
Zjem.
Zjesz.
Zje.
Zjemy.
Zjecie.
Zjedz^.
44-
POLISH GRAMMAR.
IMPERATIVE.
Jedz.
Jedzmy.
je.
Niech
Jedzcie.
Niech
go on foot/
jedzq,.
to
Present.
Idziemy.
Idziesz.
Idziecie.
Idzie.
Id*.
Perfect.
Masc.
'
SzedJem,
Szedles.
went/
Szlismy.
Szliscie.
Szli.
Szedl.
Fern.
Plural
(for both genders).
Szlam,
szlas, szla.
Neut.
Szlysmy.
Szlyscie.
Szlom,
szlos, szlo.
Szly.
Future.
'
Przyjd,
I shall
come/
Przyjdziemy.
Przyjdziecie.
Przyjdi|.
Przyjdziesz.
Przyjdzie.

IMPERATIVE.
Idz.
45
Idzmy.
idzie.
Idz'cie.
Niech
Niech
It has been
ida,.
thought advisable to give the chief tenses of
these verbs on account of their being so
much
in use.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
The
characteristic of this conjugation
is
that the 2nd
pers. sing, present
ends in
isz.
Verbs belonging
to this conjugation,
'
which terminate
change
in
the infinitive in ac, as bac
si$,
to fear/
in the
present and future a into oj9 in the and the third person of the plural
first
:
person of the singular
in the other persons they
change a into oi
Stofe
Stoisz.
e.
g. stac,
to stand,' present.
Stoimy.
Stoicie.
Stoi.
f
Stoj*
to sleep/ changes a into
i
Spac,
Spimy.
Spisz.
Spi.
Spicie.
Spia,
They
preserve in all the persons

e.
of the past tenses a

c
before I or I;
g. balem si$. If the stem of a verb ends in

is
I,
as myslec,
to think/
the present
thus inflected
Mysl.
Myslisz.
Myslimy.
Myslicie.
Mvsli.
Mysla^
46
1
POLISH GRAMMAR.
for
ic,
The softening of the final consonants shown in the treatment of verbs ending in
sing,
euphony
is
in the first
and third
6
plural,
as follows
i
When
<
a hard conis
sonant ends the stem, the

as zi^bic,
of the infinitive
'
preserved,
they cool / but when a soft consonant goes before, the i is not preAll these verbs keep in the past tenses their served.
ziebiq,,
to cool/ zi$bi$y
I cool,'
characteristic vowel
'
before I and
I ;
e.
g. prosilem, prosi-
lismij) &c.,
I entreated/
Palic 9
'
to
burn/
INDICATIVE.
Present Tense.
Pale,,
palisz,
palicie,
pali.
palj|.
Palimy,
Perfect.
Palilem,
palilam,
palilom,
and the other persons as before.

add the pronominal suffixes to the plural forms, masc., fern., and neut. of the participle, as pre-
In the
plural,
viously.
The Pluperfect, same
as the
form in kochac.
Future.
palil, &c., as before.

IMPERATIVE.
Pal.
47
Niech or niechaj
pali.
Palmy.
Palcie.
Niech
or niechaj palq,-
CONDITIONAL.
Palilbym, &c.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Abym
palil,
&c.
OPTATIVE.
Obym
palil,
&c.
PARTICIPLES.
Present^ paisley,
palt|ca,
palace.
Past,
palony,
palic,
palona,
palone
palic,
Future y majq,cy
maj^ca
maj^ce
palic.
GERUND
Some
Pal^c, 'burning.'
tenses are supplied to this verb
by the perfect
form, spa lie.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
The
characterictic of this conjugation is that the
2nd
pers. sing, present ends in -ysz.
POLISH GRAMMAR.
f
Styszec,
to hear/
INDICATIVE.
Present.
Slysz
slyszysz
slyszycie
slyszy.
slyszy.
Slyszymy
Perfect
Slyszalem
as
Formed
paradigms.
in
the same
way
given in
as before.
the
previous
Pluperfect
Same
Future
Bde,
slyszal, &c.
IMPERATIVE.
Slysz.
Niech or niechaj
Slyszmy.
Slyszcie.
slyszy.
Nieeh or niechaj CONDITIONAL
slyszy.
Slyszal
bym
The
pluperfect as in previous paradigms.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Abyrn
slyszal.
OPTATIVE
Obym
slyszal.
PARTICIPLES.
Present,
Slysz^cy,
-a,
-a,
-e.
Past,
Slyszany,
-e.
Future y
Maj^cy
slyszec, &c.
-19
GERUND
Slysz^c, 'hearing/
Tenses wanting to this verb are supplied by the perfect

form, itslyszee ; e. g., wslyszaleni, I have heard/ All verbs in the fourth conjugation end in the infinitive
in ec or yc.
(
Verbs which make the

I,
infinitive in
I,
ec
have
'
in the past tenses a before

(
and
e before
as j$czalem 9
groaned ? jgczelismy, the infinitive in y, preserve
we groaned/ Those verbs which make

it
throughout the perfect tense.
PASSIVE YOICE.
There
is
no
separate
form
for
the Passive Voice
.in
Polish. may be expressed by the auxiliary bye and the passive participle; but this method is rare in Polish, which
It
prefers
to
represent the passive
either
by
reflexive
verb, or
by changing the
;
mode
of expression and using
the
sent,
active
or
employing the third person of the prewith the

oni, or
'
or
the
past participle used impersonally

ty,
accusative of the pronouns ja,
on,
/////,
icy,
;i
substantive
thus, instead of saying oni

it is
hi/li zalijttiii,
were killed/
more
in accordance with the Polish
they idiom to
say zabijano ick : this is by an idiom of the Polish language, by which, even in the case of a neuter verb, although it has properly no past participle passive, yet one may be employed in an impersonal use, as skakano, ' they were leaping' (literally, Cf. it having been leapt) zicwano, they \vero yawning/
'
;
Mickiewicz
Pan
Tacleusz,
Book X. Ze wuie Jackowi c^anui

to
podano polewk$, 'That the black soup was given Jaczek/

E
me,
50
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The
reflexive verb, however, cannot be used for the passive

arise
; '
when any ambiguity might

fifteenth of
thus
we cannot say, Cezar
zabil si$ dnia pietnastego Dlarca,
Csesar was killed on the

enclitics are suffixed to
March/
The following
verbs,
after
(which implies a question), and z after vowels, ze The two latter add emphasis to the Similar particles are found in the Russian and expression.
li
consonants.
Bohemian languages. By an idiom

the infinitives widac, slychac,
of the Polish language
may
be used alone in an
impersonal sense, without adding wozna, (it is possible) ; so also in the past tenses we have bylo widac, just as in
'
English,
there
was
to be seen/
is
Sometimes, instead of lyl, zostal

az ku brzegom Danii (Baliriski),
f
used with the past
participle as an historical perfect, as stat-ek zaniesiony zostal
the vessel
was brought to
the coast of
Denmark/ Both jest and byl can be omitted by an idiom common to all the Slavonic languages. Every
verb has
its
'
substantive, as bity,
'
'
beaten/ bide,
'
'
the act
of beating
proszony,
entreated/ proszenie,
all
the act of
entreating / these substantives are
of the neuter gender,

in Polish can take
and have no
with
it
plural.
The verbal noun

;
'
the reflexive pronoun
as nieudanie si$ powtorney
eleclicyi
Leczynskiego,
the failure of the second election of
Leczynski/
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Of these there
qrzrn'), 'it
are
many
in Polish, as lywa,
it
'
happens
thunders/
All verbs
si$ to
maybe made
the
third
l>y
adding the pronoun
impersonal person of the
51
present and future of the active verb, and to the third
person neuter of the perfect, as mowi si$, 'it has been said/
'
si$,
it is
said/
//?<>//</
PARTICIPLES.
There are four participles

Present.
1st.
The undeclined,
called
sometimes the gerund, czy'
tajac.
2nd. The declined,
czi/tajq.cy,
reading/
Past.
1st.
Undeclined or gerund, dawszy,

'
'
2nd. Declined, przeczytany ,
having given/ been read/ having
PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions which govern the genitive
'
:
Bez,
without.'
for/
Dia,
'
Do,
<
to/
'
0~kolo,
around.'
oprocz, 'outside of/
Krom, okrom,procz,
l
Miasto, zawiasfy
in place of/
Od,
<
from/
'
Pod/e,
near/
>
faccord;
)
Wedluff,
POLISH GRAMMAR.
<
W srod,
'
}
j
'
in the midle of/
U,
with
(cf.
the French chez).

:
Also the following adverbs used as prepositions

6
BlizkOj
near.'
(
Niedaleko,
(
not far/
Ohok,
by the side of/

(
Poprzek,
across/
'
Wewnqtrz,
'
within/
without/
1
Zewnqfrz,
'
WzdluZy
along /
:
Prepositions which govern the dative

Gwoli. T/~ T Kwoli,
")
C
\
, '
r
for,
according "
to.
pi,
W brew,
'
AX
'
forward/
)
<againsti)
Preciwko, )
against, in
contempt of/
'
;
Przez,
locative.
by/ governs the accusative

' '
przy,
near/ the
Naprzcciw, naprzeciwko,
genitive or dative.
against/
'
opposite/ govern the
Mi/no, ponnnio, 'in spite of/
notwithstanding/ govern
the genitive or accusative.

'
Mi-mo, however,
when
it
means
near/ always governs the genitive.
takes the
genitive
when
it
marks the place from
which the movement comes, the cause, the material out of which a thing is made ; but when it signifies e together
with/
it
must take the instrumental.
ADVERBS.
The
'
prepositions
f
;
mi$dzy,
pomigdzy,
'
among
f
;'
upon
pod,
under /
przed,
before
;'
za,
beyond/
govern the accusative when motion is signified, but the instrumental when rest is implied. The prepositions mt, on ' o, ( about ;' po, ' after / w, ' in,' govern the accusative
1
when when
a place.
the verb with which they are used marks motion to On the other hand, they govern the locative
the verb with which they are used implies rest.
ADVERBS.
I can only find
room here
for the principal adverbs
the
rest can be learned
from the dictionaries.
PRIMARY
'
Gdzie,
'
where/
Tn,
here/
(
Wnetj
'
soon/
J
as.
DERIVED.
Dobrze,
i
<
well/
Dlf go , 'long/
(
Slabo,
weakly/
'
Mocno,
strongly/
COMPOUNDED.
'
Nazajutrz,
the following day/

'
'
czas,
at the right time/

'
punctually/
Przedlem-,
'
previously/
Niegdys*
once/
54
POLISH GRAMMAR.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
Zawsze, 'always.'
Nigdy, 'never.'
Teraz,
'now/
'
Dawno, long since/
OF PLACE.
Na
Na
'
gorze,
dole,
'
above/
below.'
afar.'
Napodal, 'from
'
Najprzeciw,
from opposite/
OF MANNER.
Po polsku,
'
in the Polish
manner/
Zewnqtrz,
c
from without.'
(
Ustnie,
by word of mouth/
quietly/
Cichavzem,
INTERROGATIVE.
6
Kiedy,
when
where
?' ?'
Zkqd,
Gdzie,
from whence
?'
?'
whither
AFFIRMATIVE.
'
Koniecznie,
certainly
;'
ba,
yes/
Adverbs are formed from adjectives by changing the

termination of the adjective into
'
or
o ;
for
example,
li/,
gay/
ivesolo,
gaily/
CONJUNCTIONS.
55
Adverbs ending in ie are formed from adjectives which have a hard consonant in the last syllable but one, as
pewne,
'
'
sure/ pewnie,
surely/
a double termination, as smialo, or
Some adverbs have

smielg}
'
boldly/
.Many adverbs are formed in Polish by the use of substantives, either alone or with prepositions, as na bakier,
6 6
evidently ;' na oslep, blindly ;' poprzek, across / pogotowiu, ( in readiness ;' wewnqtrz, ' within ;'
across
;'
najaw,
'
icet
za wet, 'tit for tat/

'
So
also
f
substantives
alone,
as
ollazem,
'
in
body
;'
'
raptem,
the
suddenly /
;'
ukradkiem,
{
secretly
rankiem,
in
morning
pospolu,,
to-
gether/
The comparative of adverbs is formed by adding j or ej more modestly ;' smielej, more to the stem as, skromnie,
f
'
boldly/ adverb ;
For the superlative add naj more beautifully as, pi$kniej,

c
to the
;'
comparative
'
najpi$kniej\
most
beautifully/
CONJUNCTIONS.
Of
these there
are
i,
different
'
sorts
some join sen'
'tences together, as a,
(
and
;'
takze,
fez,
also
;'
oraz,
linhiez,
<////
so
that ^
nie
ani, 'neither/
'but;' tylko-ale, 'not only/ when employed between two ad-
verbs strengthens the expression of the adverb, as wszyxi'i/ a wszyscy, ' all without exception ;' nic a nic, ( absolutely
nothing/
Alternative
z
conjunctions,
,
allo,
,
Inb
albo,
' '
Inb,
czyli,
or
badz
czy,
'whether'
it
or
czy,
if
or
'whether
be that/ &c.
Conjunctions of
5(>
POLISH GRAMMAR.
tak
'
comparison, jalto Adversative
tals-,
as,
ze,
so
'
that / niz
nizeli (after the comparative), raczej
niz,
rather than.'
aczkolwiek,
zas,
conjunctions,
lecz,
such
as
acz,
'although/ ' but/ which

the
first
'
ale,
'but/
cJwc, cJwciaz,
although/
is
latter, like the
Latin quoque,
never put as
word
(
in a sentence.
Conditional conjunctions are
l>yle,
provided that,' cliyba, 'unless/
are gdy,
when/
j'ak
tylko, 'as soon as/

'
Conjunctions of time Optative con-
junctions, bogdaj oby,
God grant
that/ used to express
the optative mood.
CHAPTER
Syntax,
III.
As brevity has been aimed at in this Grammar, I shall allow myself to omit those points of Syntax which are not peculiar to Polish, but are shared in by the majority of
languages.
CASES OF NOUNS.
1.
The genitive
:
is
used after
many
adjectives and parti-
ciples
of these a few are here specified

'
;
the rest must be
learned by practice
as,
godzien nagrody,
'
worthy of recom-
pence;' potrzebujqcy wsjxtrcia,

2.
1
having need of assistance/
After
all
the cardinal
numbers beginning with pi$c,
five/
3.
(See page 17.)

is
The genitive
goes with a negative

the letter/
always used after the verb when it as uie czyta listu, ' he does not read
SYNTAX.
Ale serce u molojcow,
57
Niezl^knie
f
sie
Turkow.
(Siemienski.)
But
4.
the hearts of the
young men do not fear
the Turks/
<
After the impersonal verb, niemasz or niema, niebylo, ' there is not/ ( there was not ;' as nie ma zgody, there is
After active verbs where they have a partitive sense
no agreement/
5.
;
as daj
6.
mi wody, ( Give me some water.' Verbs compounded of the prepositions
do, od, na, nad,
( przy, u, take the genitive; as nazrywac fatnat6w, to gather flowers/
7.
The genitive
is
used after adverbs implying abunas czlowiek wy-
dance, or want, as in other languages.

8.
Also to express quality or character

'
sokiego wzrostu,
9.
man
of tall stature/
Also to express point of time ; as Dwadziestego dziewiqjego stycznia roku tysiqcznego osmsetnego osmdziesiajego
f
czwartego,
January 29, 1884/
great number of verbs take the genitive, but these must be learned by the help of a good dictionary.
The Dative.
'
Many
adjectives take the dative, aspos-
/HXZHI/,
obedient/
Verbs compounded with do take the
dative, and many others which can be learned from the
dictionary.
The Accusative
also
is,
as in
most languages, the ordinary

is
case after the verb.

accusative,
The price of a thing

of time,
put in the
height and
duration
distance,
length (with these four last compare the Latin use).
58
POLISH GRAMMAR.
The
Instrumental.
Many
verbs take this case
as mia-
nowac go wodzem, 'to name him leader/

It is sometimes
' employed idiomatically with the verb to gospodarzem, I am the master/ And the
'
be
;'
as jest-em
is
same
the case with zostawac,

'
'
to
become
;'
as zosial
pielyrzymem,
he has become a pilgrim.'
The following
employed
travelled
examples
uses
in
will, it is believed,
clearly illustrate the various

is
:
of
this
case,
which
often peculiarly
'
the
Slavonic languages
;'
-jechal
'
nocq,
he
during the night
jadl tyzkq, he ate with a spoon;' } f zlapal zajqca zywcem, he has caught a hare alive nazywal mnie przyjacielem, 'he called me friend/
;
The Locative expresses in what place, or when, except the days of the week, when point of time is marked by the accusative as we czwartek, Thursday/
(
;
ADJECTIVES.
The
its
adjective agrees in number, gender,
and case with
substantive.
man
an adjective refers to the names of or a woman, or a man and an animal, it is put in
When
the plural of the

adjective
is
more worthy gender
but when the
placed with several names of inanimate things, of whatever gender they may be, it is used in the neuter
plural.
In sentences where the two subjects of the verb
are connected
by the preposition
;
~,
the verb
may
be put in
the singular or the plural

or ojciec z synem zyli
as, ojciec z
'
synem zyl
zgodzie,
zgodzie,
the father lived peaceably
with his son/
SYNTAX.
Collective substantives
59
in the plural.
With
collective
ending in stwo require the verb numerals the verb is put in
the third person singular, and when in a past tense with the ' singular neuter ; as, dwoje dzieci umarto, two children are
dead/
PRONOUNS.
(
Co,
what,'
is
often used instead of ktory,
when
it refers
not to the subject, but to the whole previous sentence.

If a superior thing is comComparison of Adjectives. pared with an inferior, the adverbs niz, nizli, nizeli, anizeli,
must be used
as Drozsze jest zycie anizeli majajek,
'
Life
is
more valuable than goods/ But if superiority is attributed to the thing which is the object of the comparison, the
adverb jak
is
placed after the comparative; as,

'
Nie ma
nic
lepszego jak spokojne sumienie, nothing better than a quiet conscience/ Instead of the adverbs niz, nizli, nizelij anizeli, the preposition od may be employed with the genitive, or nad with the accusative Jajestem mlodszy
is
:
There
od
ciebie,
am younger than
thou/
VERBS.
The preposition do
trzy dziestu
is
'
is
employed
after verbs
when
Bylo
it is
desired to express an approximate

ludzi,
number;
as
tu do
There were here almost thirty men/
Od used to designate the place or the time after which a ' thing is begun; as, od piqtego roJcu, from the fifth year/ Od is used after passive participles and neuter verbs, to
express the agent or instrument
;
as kochany od przyjaciol,
60
'
POLISH GRAMMAR.
loved by one's friends / umiera od zahi,
grief.'
Z is
thus
also used to express the

f
as mdleje
z slabosci,
he is dying of instrument or agent ; he faints from weakness:' so also

or
przez
we may
ivojsko,
equally say wylrany od wojsJca,

(
wylrany przez
elected
by the
army/
The occasions on
Nad
is
used with the instrumental after verbs implying
pity, grief, astonishment, or vengeance.
which the preposition w are employed remind us of the difference in Latin between the uses of in with the accusative and with the ablative
bread
;'
;
as zamienic
'
oblec
szat^
to surround
chleb, 'to change into with a garment.'
The
preposition z governs the genitive of substantives
to express material, as
dom
z drzewa,
a house of
wood/
which can
also be expressed
by the adjective, as dom drzew;
also to imply motion from, as in English and it is niany the ordinary case after the superlative, as najpilniejszy z
(
nic/i,
the most industrious of
them/
ON THE ARRANGEMENT
Owing
to the Polish
OF
WORDS
IN A SENTENCE.
language being in a highly syn-
thetic state, great licence is allowed in this respect.
Much
must depend upon the

get a
taste of the writer
and, in order to
good good works should be read, " such as Lelewel's " History of Poland," or the " Ballads of Mickiewicz, which would be useful for the beginner. It
style in composition,
may
rated from the noun which
be remarked, however, that a preposition cannot be sepait governs, and the adverb must
be put either immediately before or after the word which it Any conjunction may begin a sentence, except qualities.
SYXTAX.
zas
61
the
and
loiciem.
The verb The
is
frequently
put
at
end of a sentence.
adjective
and
participle can
be
separated, by many words, from the substantives with which they agree. Thus, Domowe mi$dzy nast^pcami Karola
Witlkego
troubles
w wzdzielonem
among
cesarsfwie rozruchy,
'
The domestic
the successors of Charles the Great in his
divided empire/
In order to convey to the reader a

struction
fair idea
1
of the con-
of a
sentence, the following
lines are
given,
selected from
" Lelewel's History of Poland," Dzieje Polski,

:
page 58.
In
(Leipzig, 1837)
Pomimo oplakanego
znajdowaia, nie
found,
i
polozenia
w
in
jakim
si
Polska
spite of the melancholy condition
which herself Poland
mozna powiedziec aby miala bye biedn^

possible
to say
not
is
that
she found herself poor
zndzioni|, tylko w niej ladu i publicznego zycia niedosand miserable, only in her of order and public life was
umial obudzic Lokietek. Ludnosc Polska tawato, ktore not which understood how to stimulate Lokietek. The people Polish
widocznie
visibly
i
wzrastata, liczba
the
wsi
miast pomnozyln
and
cities
si<;,
increased,
number
of villages
augmented
itself
Litw i na Rus, fortuny szukac. wielu Polakow szlo and many Poles went to Lithuania and to Russia,, fortunes to seek.
Licznych ksiestw Of many principalities,
stolice
podnoz^c
si
the capitals raising themselves,
poci^gnt|ly za drew after
wzrost wielu innych miast. Murowano koscioly sob{| them the growth of many other cities. They built of stone churches
i
klasztory a and convents, and
w
in
miastach
domy.
Po dworach
szla-
the cities also houses.
In the abodes belong-
f)2
POLISH GRAMMAR.
checkicb
znamienitszych
notable
wiejskich
country
domach,
houses
mozna
possible
ing to gentlemen, and
it
bylo widzic piece i w scianie pomieszczone z wyprowadwas to see stoves, and in the wall with built placed
-zona,
nad dach szyj^ kominy, co
nie
malo, do
little to
wygody
up
i
above roof projection chimneys, which not a
convenience
zdrowia przyczynilo.
contributed.
and health
Okna byly niewielkie, ale szklanne. The windows were small, but made of glass.
Obok dawnych drzewnianych,
By the side of
goblets
old
i
Szklo rozpowszechnialo si.

(The use
of) glass
spread
itself.
wooden,
glinianych
earthen
lub
or
metalowych kubkow
metallic
baniek
cups
stawaly
stood
and
skleniee
glasses
butelki.
bottles.
and
Polevvaiie gliniane Glazed earthen
naczynia, coraz
vessels,
always in
lepszym
the best
i
gatunku
style
upowszechniaiy
bylo
was
si.
Do
ubioru
developed themselves.
For the furniture
mieszkan,
wi^cej
potrzeba
need
kobiercow,
of carpets,
wybormost
also of the dwellings
more
niejszego sukna i jedwabnych materyj rownie po dworach silk linen and at the courts excellent materials, equally
jak przez mieszczan uzywanych. used. as among the burghers
Tbe following points of syntax

worthy of special attention:
in this passage
seem'
Nie mozna, used impersonally, as explained on page 50.' With this may be compared lylo potrzeba, like the Latin
ojji/x /'nit,
a few lines further on.

:
"By 6 biednq
this construction, very

is
much
used in the
Slavonic languages,
explained on page 58.
SYNTAX.
niedostawalo
63
Zijcia
observe genitive with the negative,
page 56.
fPsi,
'
gen. plural of the

a village/
si$
:
somewhat
irregular fern,
noun
wies,
observe the dislike of the Polish language to the ordinary passive form.
Pomnozyla
Wielu Polakow
szlo,
page 59, a curious idiom.
Murowano
this idiom is explained

:
on page 49.
Pomieszczone
of these words,
observe the arrangement kominy and compare with remarks on page 6]

.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
Acme
Under
Library Card Pocket

Pat. " Ref. Index File."
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TRUKNER'S

THE POLISH LANGUAGE

AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF

EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST,

ARABIC. Br THE LATE

M. GELDART, M.A. Price 2s. 6d.

of tlie following are in preparation

1884. [All riyhts reserved.]

GILBEET AND EIVINGTON, LIMITED, JOHN'S SQUARE, CLEBKENWELL EOAD.

CONJUGATION or AUXILIARY VERBS

CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS

Second Conjugation Verbs ending in qc

Primary, Derived, and Compounded

Interrogative and Affirmative

Pronouns and Verbs

the kind in English.

noble language, which

spoken by about ten millions

Lemberg, 1879), and the works of Orda

and Rykaczewski (Berlin, 1861) very

" Simplified Following the plan of the

only given an outline of the language, but this outline will

endeavoured to make as plain as possible.

comparative philology will thus be able to form

correct idea of the structure of the

Krasinski in the original.

koni (6w). koniom,

has in the vocative both czlowieku and

priest/ has the genitive xi$ze.

with the same termination

in the neuters the

nominative, accusative and vocative are the same in both

in the plural these cases

this declension belong

the verbal substantives in

but, as a rule, they are only used in the singular.

other substantives are also used only in the sin-

'barley;' jazda^ 'cavalry/

hunting/ Substantives can tives and augmentatives ; as,

also be modified into

baptism / lowy, diminu-

a little cow / miesIn some substantives in the

the locative a and o are changed into

following- substantives are also irregular

the ear/ in the plural

irregular in the singular

18. Osmnascie. 19. Dziewi^tnascie. 20. Dwadziescia.

added to the numerals from twenty fifty to one hundred, chiesiat

700. Siedemset. 800. Osmset.

hundred and twenty- seven/ Jeden, jedna, jedno are declined

(a), trzy (d).

czterej (a), cztery (I).

pitjciu (0), piec (d).

Jeden^ divaj, diva, dwie,

considered as adjectives, and in consequence the substantive

they follow them the noun

put in the genitive,

m hist dwa, 'two

and take a genitive case

Pigc and the rest up to tysiac after them.

N. jedenastu (), jedenascie

the word dziesiqt remains unaltered.

dziewi$cdziesiqt like pigcdziesiqt.