ENGINEER

MANUAL
ENGINEERINGAND
DESIGN
Ai r f i el d
Fl exi bl e,
Pavement
Mobi l i zati on
Constr ucti on
DEPARTMENT
OF THEARMY
CORPSOF ENGINEERS
OFFICEOF THECHIEF
OF
ENGINEERS
EM
1110-3-141
Apr i l
1984
DEPARTMENT OF THEARMY

EM1110-3-141
U. S. Ar my Cor ps of
Engi neer s
DAEN-ECE-G

Washi ngton, D
. C. 20314
Engi neer
Manual
No.
1110-3-141
FORTHECOMMANDER:
Engi neer i ng
and
Desi gn
AIRFIELDFLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Mobi l i zati on
Constr ucti on
1. Pur pose. Thi s manual pr ovi des
gui dance f or desi gni ng ai r f i el d f l exi bl e
pavement f or U. S. Ar my mobi l i zati on
f aci l i ti es.
2. Appl i cabi l i ty. Thi s
manual i s appl i cabl e to al l f i el d oper ati ng
acti vi ti es havi ng
mobi l i zati on constr ucti on r esponsi bi l i ti es.
3. Di scussi on
. Cr i ter i a and standar ds pr esented her ei n appl y to constr ucti on
consi der ed cr uci al to
a mobi l i zati on ef f or t. These r equi r ements may be
al ter ed when
necessar y to sati sf y speci al condi ti ons on the basi s of good
engi neer i ng pr acti ce consi stent wi th the natur e of the constr ucti on. Desi gn
and constr ucti on of mobi l i zati on f aci l i ti es must be compl eted wi thi n 180 days
f r omthe
date noti ce to pr oceed i s gi ven wi th the pr oj ected l i f e expectancy of
f i ve year s. Hence, r api d constr ucti on
of
a f aci l i ty shoul d be r ef l ected i n
i ts desi gn. Ti me-consumi ng methods and pr ocedur es, nor mal l y pr ef er r ed over
qui cker methods f or better qual i ty, shoul d
be
de-emphasi zed. Lesser gr ade
mater i al s shoul d be substi tuted f or hi gher gr ade mater i al s when the l esser
gr ade mater i al s woul d pr ovi de sati sf actor y ser vi ce and when use of hi gher
gr ade mater i al s woul d
extend
constr ucti on ti me. Wor k i tems not i mmedi atel y
necessar y f or
the adequate f uncti oni ng of the
f aci l i ty shoul d be def er r ed
unti l such ti me as they can be compl eted wi thout del ayi ng
the mobi l i zati on
ef f or t .
PAUL
F . VVANAUGH
Col onel ,
Cor ps of Engi neer s
Chi ef
Staf f
9 Apr i l 1984
Engi neer Manual
No. 1110-3-141
DEPARTMENT OF
THE ARMY
US
AmyCorps of Engi neers
Washi ngton, DC 20314
Engi neeri ng and Desi gn
AI RFI ELDFLEXI BLE PAVEMENT
Mobi l i zati on Constructi on
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apri l 1984
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1 . I NTRODUCTI ON
Purpose and scope . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1
Traffi c
cl asses . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-1
Defi ni ti on
. . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1-1
Use of
fl exi bl e pavements . . . . 1-4 1-1
CHAPTER2. PRELI MI NARY
DESI GNDATA
I nvesti gati on . . . . . . . . . .
2-1 2-1
Expl oratory
bori ngs . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2
Soi l cl assi fi cati on
and tests . . 2-3 2-2
Fi l l and subbase
borrowareas . 2-4 2-6
Avai l abi l i tyof
base and surfaci ng
aggregate . . . . . . . . . .
2-5 2-6
Avai l abi l i tyof
other constructi on
materi al s
. . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2-6
CHAPTER3. SUBGRADE
EVALUATI ONANDPREPARATI ON
General
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3-1
Establ i shment of grade l i ne . . . 3-2
3-1
Subgrade eval uati on test by CBR . 3-3
3-1
Subgrade
densi tyand compacti on . 3-4
3-1
Subgrade
stabi l i zati on. . . . . .
3-5 3-6
Fi l l
qual i ty. . . . . . . . . . .
3-6 3-6
CHAPTER4. SUBBASE COURSE
General
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1
Materi al
source . . . . . . . . .
4-2 4-1
Sui tabl e
materi al s . . . . . . . .
4-3 4-1
Addi ti onal
requi rements . . . . .
4-4
i
4-3
CHAPTER5.
BASE COURSE
General . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5-1 5-1
Sui tabl e
materi al s . . . . . . . .
5-2 5-1
Desi gn CBR of base
course . . . .
5-3 5-1
EM1110-3-141
g Apr
84
Fi gure 1-1.

Typi cal fl exi bl e pavement and termi nol ogy.
1-2.

Typi cal al l bi tumi nous concrete pavement .
1-3.

Typi cal stabi l i zed base secti on
.
LI ST OF FI GURES
Mi ni mumbase
course and surface
Paragraph Page
thi cknesses . . . . . . . .
. .
5-4
5-1
Base course
gradati on and
tests .
5-5 5-1
Base course
compacti on. . . . . .
5-6 5-4
Proof
rol l i ng . . . . . . . . . .
5-7
5-4
CHAPTER6.
BI TUMI NOUS MATERI ALS
COURSES
General . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1 6-1
Sel ecti on of materi al s. . .
6-2
6-1
Desi gn of bi tumi nous
concrete mi x 6-3
6-3
Testi ng for mi x desi gn
. . . . . . 6-4
6-6
Thi ckness of bi tumi nous
courses . 6-5
6-10
Bi tumi nous spray
coats. . . . . . 6-6
6-11
CHAPTER 7. FLEXI BLE
PAVEMENT THI CKNESS DESI GN
General . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1
7-1
Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves .
7-2 7-1
Desi gn requi rements . . . . . . .
7-3 7-1
Thi ckness desi gn. . . . . . . . .
7-4 7-1
Desi gn exampl es . . . . . . . .
7-5 7-13
Stabi l i zed pavement
secti ons. . . 7-6 7-16
Speci al areas . . . . . . . . . .
7-7 7-17
CHAPTER 8 . SPECI AL
SURFACE TREATMENTS AND SPECI AL
DETAI LS
General . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8-1 8-1
Surface treatment for
i mproved
ski d resi stance . . . . . . . .
8-2 8-1
Porous fri cti on surface
course. . 8-3 8-1
Pri or preparati on . . . . . . . .
8-4 8-1
Fuel resi stant
surfaci ngs . . . . 8-5 8-1
Fuel resi stant
seal coat . . . . . 8-6 8-2
J uncture between ri gi d and
fl exi bl e pavements . . . . . . . . 8-7
8-2
APPENDI XA. HO' r-MI X BI TUMI NOUS PAVEMENTS,
DESI GNANDCONTROL
A-1
APPENDI X B. REFERENCES B-1
2- 1.

Approxi mate i nterrel ati onshi ps of soi l
cl assi fi cati ons and beari ng val ues.
3- 1.

Procedure for determi ni ng
CBRof subgrade soi l s .
6- 1.

Sel ecti on gui de for asphal t
cement .
6- 2.

Asphal t pavi ng mi x desi gn,
typi cal mi x.
7- 1.

Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn
curves, Army Cl ass I
ai rfi el d,
Type B and Ctraffi c areas .
7- 2
.

Fl exi bl e pavement
desi gn curves, Army Cl ass I I
ai rfi el d,
Type B and C traffi c areas .
7- 3.

Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Army Cl ass I I I
ai rfi el d, Type Band
C
traffi c areas .
7- 4.

Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Ai r Force l i ght-
l oad pavement, Type B and Ctraffi c areas and
overruns.
7- 5(a) . Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Ai r Force medi um-
l oad pavement, Type A traffi c areas .
7- 5(b) . Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Ai r Force medi um-
l oad pavement, Type B, C, and D traffi c areas and
overruns.
7- 6(a) . Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Ai r Force heavy-
l oad pavement, Type A traffi c area.
7- 6(b) . Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves, Ai r Force heavy-
l oad pavement, Type B, C, and Dtraffi c areas
and overruns.
7- 7.

Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves Ai r Force shoul der
pavement .
7- 8 .

Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves
Ai r
Force
short-
fi el d pavement, Type A traffi c areas
and overruns.
A- 1.

Si eve anal ysi s.
A- 2.

Speci fi c
gravi ty
of
bi tumi nous mi x components .
A- 3.

Gradati on
da' , ta for hot mi x desi gn.
A- 4.

Bl endi ng of
stockpi l e sampl es .
A- 5.

Gradati on
data for stockpi l e aggregates.
A- 6.

Bl endi ng of
stockpi l e sampl es .
A- 7
.

Gradati on data for bi n sampl es .
A- 8.

Computati on of properti es of
asphal t mi xtures.
A- 9
.

Asphal t pavi ng mi x desi gn (typi cal
mi x) .
A- 10.
Batch pl ant .
A- 11.
Conti nuous
mi x
pl ant .
A- 12.
Dryer drummi xi ng pl ant .
A- 13. Types
of hot pl ant mi x pavi ng mi xture
defi ci enci es
and probabl e causes.
A- 14. Types of
hot pl ant mi x pavement i mperfecti ons
and
probabl e
causes.
LI ST OF TABLES
Tabl e
1- 1 .

Pavement
l oadi ng cl assi fi cati ons.
2- 1
.

Sources of
i nformati on for prel i mi nary
subsurface
i nvesti gati ons .
EM
1110- 3- 141
9 Apr
8b
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
2-2.

Mi ni mumrequi rements
f or spaci ng
and depth
of
expl oratory
bori ngs .
2-3.

Soi l
characteri sti cs
perti nent to
roads and
ai rf i el ds .
3-1.

Pri mary
f actors af f ecti ng
subgrade
eval uati on and
sui tabi l i ty.
3-2.

Choi ce of C$R tests
f or pavement
desi gn.
3-3.

Subgrade compacti on
requi rements.
3-4.

Compacti on equi pment
and methods.
`3-5 .

Speci al cases
of subgrade
treatment .
4-1
.

Test methods
f or subbase
and base.
4-2.

Maxi mum
permi ssi bl e
val ues f or unbound
subbase.
5-1.

Base course materi al s
f or f l exi bl e
pavements .
5-2
.

Mi ni mum
surf ace and base thi ckness
cri teri a.
5-3.

Gradati on
of aggregates f or
graded crushed
aggregate
base course.
6-1.

Speci al i zed termi nol ogy f or
bi tumi nous pavement
6-2.

Tests f or aggregate and
bi tumen mi x.
6-3.

Speci f i cati ons f or
bi tumi nous materi al s .
6-4.

Aggregate gradati ons f or
bi tumi nous concrete
pave-
ments .
6-5
.

Procedure f or determi ni ng
opti mumbi tumen content
and
adequacy of mi x f or use
wi th aggregate showi ng
water absorpti on of 2-1/2
percent or l ess.
7-1
.

Fl exi bl e pavement
desi gn curves.
7-2
.

CBR f l exi bl e
pavement desi gn procedure.
7-3.

Equi val ency
f actors .
A-1.

Desi gn cri teri a
f or use wi th ASTMapparent
speci f i c
gravi ty.
A-2.

Desi gn cri teri a f or
use wi th bul k i mpregnated
speci f i c gravi ty.
CHAPTER1
I NTRODUCTI ON
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
1-1
. Purpose and scope.
Thi s manual prescri bes the standards
to be
hsed
f or ai rf i el d f l exi bl e pavement desi gn f or mobi l i zati on
constructi on at
Army i nstal l ati ons .
1-3. Def i ni ti on. Fl exi bl e
pavements are so desi gnated due to thei r
f l exi bi l i ty under l oad and
thei r abi l i ty to wi thstand smal l degrees of
settl ement wi thout seri ous
detri ment . The desi gn of a f l exi bl e
pavement structure i s based on
the requi rement to l i mi t the def l ecti ons
under
l oad
and to reduce the
stresses transmi tted to the natural
subsoi l .
The
pri nci pal components
of the pavement i ncl ude a bi tumi nous
concrete
surf ace, a hi gh-qual i ty
base course or stabi l i zed materi al ,
and a subbase
course. Fi gure
1-1 def i nes the components and the
termi nol ogy
used i n f l exi bl e
pavements . Exampl es of f l exi bl e pavements
uti l i zi ng stabi l i zed l ayers are
shown i n f i gures 1-2 and 1-3.
1-4
.
Use of
f l exi bl e pavements
. The use of f l exi bl e pavements on
ai rf i el ds must be l i mi ted to
those areas not subj ected to detri mental
ef f ects
of j et f uel spi l l age
and j et bl ast . Asphal t surf aced
pavements have l i ttl e
resi stance to j et f uel spi l l age and j et bl ast,
and thei r use i s l i mi ted
i n areas where these ef f ects are severe
.
Fl exi bl e pavements are
general l y sati sf actory f or runway i nteri ors,
taxi ways, shoul ders, and
overruns . Speci al types of f l exi bl e pavement
(that
i s, tar rubber) or
ri gi d pavement shoul d be speci f i ed i n cri ti ca}
operati onal areas.
1-2. Traf f i c cl asses. Ai rf i el d pavement
areas have been categori zed
accordi ng to the wei ght of
the usi ng ai rcraf t and the di stri buti on of
the traf f i c. Cri teri a f or ai rf i el d
pavement
.
cl asses are presented i n
tabl e
1-1 .
R
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BI NDER
OR I NTERMEDI ATE
COURSE
' SURFACE COURSE
.(S .0
1300
COMPACTEDSUBGRADE
9~,0
-WEARI NG
COURSE
PRI ME COAT
BASE COURSE
7
COMPACTED I N-PLACE SOI L ORFI LL MATERI AL
MATERI AL 2 I S OF AHI GHER QUALI TY
THAN
MATERI AL I .
SUBGRADE

Natural
i n-pl ace soi l ,
or fi l l materi al .
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
fl op
o Q
PAVEMENT

Combi nati on of subbase, base, and
surface
constructed on
subgrade
.
SURFACE COURSE

A hot
mi xed bi tumi nous concrete
desi gned as a structural
member
wi th weather and abrasi on
resi sti ng properti es .
May
consi st of weari ng and
i ntermedi ate courses.
PRI ME COAT

Appl i cati on
of a l owvi scosi ty
l i qui d bi tumen
to the
surface
of the base course.
The pri me penetrates i nto the
base and hel ps
bi nd i t to the overl yi ng
bi tumi nous
course
.
SEAL COAT

A thi n
bi tumi nous surface treatment
contai ni ng aggregate
used to
waterproof . and i mprove
the texture of the surface
course.
Upper part
of the subgrade
whi ch i s compacted to a densi ty
greater
than the soi l bel ow
.
TACKCOAT

A l i ght
appl i cati on of
l i qui d or emul si fi ed bi tumen on
an
exi sti ng
paved surface to
provi de a bond wi th the super-
i mposed
bi tumi nous course.
U.
S. Army
Corps of
Engi neers
FI GURE 1-1.
TYPI CAL FLEXI BLE
PAVEMENT ANDTERMI NOLOGY
1-3
t-
z
W
W
Q
a
O
W
z
Y
V
F-
J
H
O
H
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
FI GURE 1-2. TYPI CAL ALL BI TUMI NOUS CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
H
z
W
W
a
SURFACECOURSES
. s
; v
W
SUBBASE
U. S. Army Corps of Engi neers
CEMENT-STABI LI ZED,
LI ME-
STABI LI ZED
OR BI TUMEN-
STABI LI ZED
BASE
SUBGRADE
FI GURE 1- 3 . TYPI CAL STABI LI ZEDBASE
SECTI ON
EM1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
CHAPTER2
PRELI MI NARY
DESI GNDATA
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
2-1. I nvesti gati on. Before commenci ng
wi th the desi gn, compl ete
i nvesti gati ons of the cl i mati c condi ti ons,
topographi cal
condi ti ons, subgrade condi ti ons,
borrowareas, di sposal areas,
and
sources
of
subbase, base,
pavi ng aggregates, and other
pavi ng
materi al s
of constructi on shoul d be made.
a. Previ ous i nvesti gati ons.
Previ ous subsurface
i nvesti gati ons,
pavement eval uati on reports, constructi on
records,
and condi ti on surveys fromdi vi si on,
di stri ct, stati on fi l es,
and
l ocal
pavi ng agenci es shoul d be uti l i zed to the maxi mum
advantage
possi bl e.
b. Publ i cati ons. Publ i cati ons and
other i nformati on from
governmental agenci es and professi onal
soci eti es as wel l as state
agenci es that
may
defi ne surface and
subsurface condi ti ons and
drai nage patterns
shoul d
be
obtai ned.
(See tabl e 2-1)
.
Tabl e 2-1
.
Sources of I nformati on for Prel i mi nary Subsurface
I nvesti gati ons
Avai l abl e
Materi al

Source
Geol ogi c maps; topographi c maps; U. S. Geol ogi cal Survey (USGS) .
maps
of
surface materi al ; aeri al
See "USGS
I ndex
to
Publ i ca-
photographs

ti ons, "
Superi ntendent
of Docu
ments, Washi ngton, DC 20402
Soi l maps; reports; aeri al

U. S. Department of Agri cul ture
photographs

(USDA) . See "Bul l eti n 22-R
Transportati on Research Board"
for
l i sti ngs
Aeri al photographs; topographi c

Nati onal Oceani c and Atmospheri c
features of coastal areas

Admi ni strati on (formerl y
U. S. C&GS),
Rockvi l l e, MD
20852
Bul l eti ns; papers on geol ogi cal

Geol ogi cal Soci ety of
Ameri ca
subj ects

(GSA) P. O. Box
1719, Boul der,
CO80302
. Consul t i ndex to GSA
c. Fi el d reconnai ssance. A fi el d reconnai ssance
wi th the
avai l abl e topographi cal , geographi cal , and soi l maps
; aeri al
photographs; meteorol ogi cal data; previ ous
i nvesti gati ons;
condi ti on surveys; and pavement eval uati on reports
shoul d be made
.
Thi s step shoul d precede an expl oratory
bori ng program.
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
2-2. Expl oratory
bori ngs. Expl oratory
bori ngs
accordi ng to
the
spaci ngs and
depths gi ven i n
tabl e 2-2
shoul d be conducted.
These are
mi ni mum
val ues and shoul d
be suppl emented
wi th
addi ti onal or deeper
bori ngs
to cover unusual
features.
See fi gure 2-l and
tabl e 2-3 for
typi cal soi l
profi l es and
soi l characteri sti cs
.
Use fi gure 2-1 for
approxi mate
rel ati onshi ps
between soi l
cl assi fi cati ons
and soi l
strength
val ues when
actual test resul ts
or exi sti ng
i nformati on i s
not
avai l abl e.
Tabl e 2-2.
Mi ni mum
Requi rements for
Spaci ng and Depth
of
`Expl oratory
Bori ngs
I tem

Spaci ng
Requi rements
Runways
and taxi ways l ess
than

200 to 300 feet
on center
200 feet wi de

l ongi tudi nal l y,
on
al ternati ng
si des of the
centerl i ne
Runways 200
feet wi de or ,

two bori ngs
every 200 to 300
greater

feet
l ongi tudi nal l y, one
bori ng 50 feet
on each si de
of the centerl i ne
Parki ng aprons and pads

one bori ng per 10, 000-square
foot
area
I tem

Depth
Re
qui rem
ents
Cut areas

to a mi ni mumof
10 feet bel ow
fi ni shed grade
Shal l owfi l l
(areas where not

to a mi ni mum
of 10 feet bel ow
more than 6
feet of fi l l wi l l

exi sti ng
ground surface
be pl aced)
Hi gh fi l l
areas

to 50 feet bel ow
exi sti ng
ground surface
or to rock
2-3.
Soi l cl assi fi cati on and tests.
a . Soi l
cl assi fi cati on. Al l soi l s wi l l be cl assi fi ed
i n accordance
wi th the Uni fi ed
Soi l Cl assi fi cati on System. There have been
i nstances
where the
use i n constructi on speci fi cati ons of such terms
as "l oam, "
"gumbo mud, " and "muck" have resul ted i n mi sunderstandi ngs .
These
terms
are not speci fi c and are subj ect to di fferent i nterpretati ons
throughout the
Uni ted States. Such terms wi l l not be used unl ess
properl y i denti fi ed.
Suffi ci ent i nvesti gati ons wi l l be performed
at a
parti cul ar si te
so that al l soi l s to be used or removed duri ng
constructi on can be descri bed i n
accordance wi th the Uni fi ed Soi l
2-2
CALI FORNI A BEARI NG RATI O- CBR
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
PCASoi l Pri mer (EB007
. 068), Wi th
Permi ssi on of the
Portl and Cement
Associ ati on, Skoki e,
I L.
U.
S. Army Corps
of
Engi neers
FI GURE
2-1.
APPROXI MATE I NTERRELATI ONSHI PS OF SOI L
CLASSI FI CATI ONANDBEARI NGVALUES
2-
3
Z 3
4 3 6 7 8 9 10 13
20 25 30
40 30 . 60 708090 l i
, UNI FI ED SOI L
CLASSI FI CATI ON
i d~ti l ~F
AASHTOCLASSI FI CATI ON
_d.
. Q.
Emu_
~
"
FEDERAL AVI ATI ON
ADMI NI STRATI ON
SOI L CLASSI FI CATI ON
(
I
I I I
100
I
150
I MODULUS
OF SOI L
200
REACTI ON-k(pci )
500600 700
CALI FORNI A
BEARI NG RATI O-CBR
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 16 20 25
30 40 . 80 60 70 8090
1
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EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Cl assi fi cati onSystempl us any addi ti onal descri pti onconsi dered
necessary
. I f Atterbergl i mi ts,
as i ndi cated by the cl assi fi cati on
tests,
area requi red
part of
the
descri pti on, the test procedures and
l i mi ts wi l l be
referenced i n theconstructi onspeci fi cati ons.
b. Soi l compacti on.
(1)
Test Method
100.
Thesoi l compacti on test descri bed i nTest
Method 100
of MI L-STD-621 or AASHTOT 99 wi l l be used
to
determi ne
the
compacti oncharacteri sti cs
of soi l s except as noted bel ow. Thedegree
of compacti on requi red i s expressed as apercentage of themaxi mum
densi ty obtai ned by thetest procedure
presented i n MI L-STD-621 Test
Method100,
Compacti onEffort Desi gnati onCE 55. Thi s i s usual l y
abbrevi ated as CE-55maxi mumdensi ty.
(2) Other control tests. Certai ntypes of soi l
mayrequi rethe
useof al aboratory compacti on control
test other thanTest Method 100.
Thi s method shoul d not be used i f the soi l contai ns parti cl es that are
easi l ybroken under thebl owof the tamper
unl ess thefi el dmethodof
compacti onwi l l produceasi mi l ar degradati on. Al so, theuni t wei ght
of
certai ntypes of sands and gravel s obtai ned i n thi s method i s
someti mes
l ower than the uni t' wei ght that canbe obtai nedby fi el d
methods; hence, thi s method
may
not be appl i cabl e. . Densi ty tests i n
these cases areusual l ymade under some vari ati onof thetest method,
such as vi brati onor tampi ng(al one or i ncombi nati on) wi th some type
hammer or effort other than that used i n the test i n order to obtai na
hi gher
l aboratory densi ty.
Al so, i nsome
cases,
i t i s necessary
to use
actual fi el dcompacti ontest secti ons.
c. Soi l resi stance.
(1) CBRtest . TheCal i forni a Beari ngRati o(CBR) MI L-STD-621,
Test Method 101 or AASHTOT193 test wi l l be used to
eval uate
the
abi l i ty of soi l s to resi st shear deformati on. TheCBRtest i s
conductedby forci nga2-i nch-di ameter pi ston
i nto thesoi l . Thel oad
requi red to forcethepi stoni nto the soi l 0. 1 i nch (someti mes 0. 2
i nch) i s expressed
as
apercentage of thestandard val uefor crushed
stone. Thetest i s val i d onl y whena l argepart of thedeformati on
under penetrati oni s shear deformati on. Thetest
canbe performed on
sampl es compacted i n test mol ds, onundi sturbed
sampl ers, or onmateri al
i npl ace.

The test must bemade onmateri al that represents the
prototypecondi ti onthat wi l l bemost cri ti cal
fromadesi gn
standpoi nt
.
For thi s reason, sampl es aregeneral l y subj ected to a
4-daysoaki ngperi od.
Detai l s of the test procedurearegi veni n
MI L-STD-621, Test Method 101. Test
Method 101 i s sui tabl e for ei ther
fi el d or l aboratory appl i cati on.
(2) Suppl emental requi rements
. Laboratory CBRtests on gravel l y
materi al s oftenshowCBRval ues
hi gher than thoseobtai ned i n the
prototype, pri marl y becauseof
theconfi ni ng effect of the
2-5
EM 1110- 3-141
9 Apr
84
6-i nch-di ameter mol d. Therefore
the CBR test has been suppl emented by
gradati on and Atterberg l i mi t
requi rements for gravel l y materi al s .
d. Approxi mate rel ati onshi ps .
Use fi gure 2-1 for approxi mate
rel ati onshi ps between soi l cl assi fi cati ons
and soi l strength val ues
when actual test resul ts or exi sti ng
i nformati on are not avai l abl e.
2-4. Fi l l and subbase borrowareas . Duri ng reconnai ssance,
the si te
wi l l be expl ored for potenti al borrowsources.
See tabl e 2-3 for
comparati ve val ues of soi l s for use as subgrade
and
subbase
; use fi el d
approxi mati ons of cl assi fi cati ons as a gui de, to desi rabl e
sources .
Duri ng prel i mi nary expl orati on, sampl es of borrowmateri al s wi l l
be
taken to a depth of 2 to 4 feet bel owthe anti ci pated depth of borrow
on 50-foot centers . Surveys of l ocal suppl i ers to determi ne the
qual i ty and quanti ty
of
commerci al l y avai l abl e fi l l materi al s wi l l be
made.
2-5. Avai l abi l i ty of base and surfaci ng aggregate. Si nce these are
general l y crushed and processed materi al s, a survey shoul d be made of
the commerci al suppl i ers i n the general area
.
Avai l abl e materi al s
shoul d be sampl ed, cl assi fi ed, and tested. I n remote areas where
commerci al producti on i s l i mi ted or nonexi stent, i nvesti gate and test
for quarry si te l ocati on near the constructi on si te.
2-6. Avai l abi l i ty of other constructi on materi al s .
Avai l abi l i ty and
qual i ty of bi tumi nous materi al s can be sought from
the suppl i ers of
these materi al s . The knowl edge of the avai l abi l i ty
and type of
portl and cement, l i me, fl y ash, and other
materi al s wi l l al so ai d i n
the eval uati on and appl i cabi l i ty of structural
l ayers . Thi s
i nformati on wi l l be hel pful i n devel opi ng
desi gns and al erti ng
desi gners to unusual l ocal condi ti ons
and shortages .
CHAPTER3
SUBGRADE EVALUATI ONANDPREPARATI ON
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
3-1. General . The pri mary factors
affecti ng subgrade sui tabi l i ty
are
l i sted i n tabl e 3-1.
3-2. Establ i shment of grade l i ne.
The subgrade l i ne shoul d be
establ i shed to obtai n the opti mum
natural support for the pavement
consi stent wi th economi c
uti l i zati on of avai l abl e materi al s .
a. Rock. Rock excavati on i s to
be avoi ded for economi c reasons.
Where
excavati on of rock i s unavoi dabl e, undercut to provi de for ful l
depth of
base course under surface courses.
b.
Ground water . The subgrade l i ne wi l l be above the fl ood pl ai n
and a mi ni mumof 2 feet above wet
season ground
water
l evel
.
Where not
practi cabl e, provi de for permanent l oweri ng
of
water tabl e
by drai nage.
(See EM1110-3-136) .
c. Bal anci ng cut and fi l l . Bal anci ng cut and fi l l shoul d be
consi dered but may not be a control l i ng mobi l i zati on factor i n the
desi gn and constructi on of ai rfi el d pavements . Opti mi zi ng subgrade
support and drai nage shoul d take precedence over bal anci ng cut and
fi l l .
3-3 . Subgrade eval uati on test by CBR. The basi c CBRtest i s performed
on compacted sampl es of the subgrade soi l after a 4-day soaki ng.
Sampl es are prepared at varyi ng moi sture contents and wi th three
di fferi ng compacti ve efforts. The compl ete procedure
i s i l l ustrated
i n
fi gure 3-1and the test methods are descri bed
ful l y i n MI L-STD-621,
Method 101. CBRtests can al so be
performed
on
the subgrade soi l i n
pl ace or on undi sturbed sampl es
of
the subgrade soi l . However, for
desi gn
the l atter test
i s
used
onl y i n speci al cases . See tabl e 3-2
for addi ti onal gui dance on the use of CBRtests.
3-4.

Subgrade densi ty and compacti on.

For the CBR
method of desi gn,
the i n-pl ace densi ti es of the subgrade
soi l s for the desi gn ai rcraft
must be at l east equal to the val ues
speci fi ed i n tabl e 3-3 . I f
natural densi ti es are l ess than the requi red
val ues, the subgrade may
be treated
by
one
of the fol l owi ng procedures, as appl i cabl e:
- Compact
fromthe surface (cohesi onl ess soi l s except si l ts)
.
Remove,
process to desi red water content, repl ace
i n l i fts, and
compact
. Mi ni mumcompacti on for repl aced soi l s
i s
95 percent for
cohesi onl ess and 90 percent for cohesi ve
soi l s. For a defi ni ti on
of cohesi ve and cohesi onl ess soi l s see
MI L-STD-621, Method 101.
EM
1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
Tabl e3-1. Pri mary Factors Affecti ngSubgrade Eval uati on and
Sui tabi l i ty
Factor

Remarks
Characteri sti cs o subgrade soi l s

Determi neas shown i n
chapter 2.
Rel ati ve val ueas subgrade

See
tabl e
2-3.
Depth, to rock

Determi ne duri ng
expl orati onof subgrade,
i f cl ose to surface.
Depth to ground water

Determi ne seasonal
fl uctuati ons and effects
of drai nage.
I n-pl ace densi ty of subgrade

Fromundi sturbed sampl es
or i n-pl ace tests.
Strength of subgrade
:
Natural Condi ti on

Determi ne duri ng expl orati on
After compacti on

and testi ng. Consi der
Ul ti mate val ues

ul ti mate water contents
after
constructi on and thei r
effect
on
strength
characteri sti cs. Fol l ow
procedure i n MI L-STD-621
Method 101
.
Settl ement under fi l l l oadi ng

Determi neeffect of fi l l
l oadi ng fromconsol i dati on
tests. May requi re
surcharge to
consol i date a
cl ay subgrade
. Where
l ocal settl ement data
exi sts i t shoul d be
used.
Frost suscepti bi l i ty

SeeEM
1110-3-138 to deter-
mi ne duri ng testi ngand
expl orati on.
Weak or compressi ve
l ayers i n sub-

Consi der compacti on, removal
soi l

and repl acement wi th
granul ar materi al , or desi gn
pavement on basi s of i n-
pl ace
strength and densi ty.
Drai nage

See EM1110-3-136.
Vari abi l i ty of general i zed
soi l

May causedi fferenti al
profi l e

surface movements.
U. S.
Army Corps o' f Engi neers
3-2
z
f 30
20
10
0
120
115
( L
110
105
z
50
40
100
95

905

10

15

20

25

95

100

105

110

115

120
MOLDI NGWATERCONTENTI N%DRYWEI GHT

MOLDEDDRYDENSI TY I N
POUNDSPERCUBI CFEET
A

C
Legend
0=55 bl ows/ l ayer compacti ve ef f ort
O=26
bl ows/ l ayer compacti ve
ef f ort
&=
12 bl ows/ l ayer compacti ve ef f ort
G=
Speci f i c gravi ty of soi l
U. S.
Army
Corps
of
Engi neers
SI LTYCLAY 30,
( CL)

NOTE: FI GUREBESI DECURVEI S MOLDI NG
LL=37
X20
z
i s
15
- 15
10
EM
1110- 3- 141
9
Apr
84
95J 6MODMAXMI UMDENSI T`r ~
( 110. 6 I bPERCU. FT. )
=
.
16
l . Step A. Determi ne moi sture/ densi ty rel ati onshi p ( MI L- STD- 621
Method 100)
at
12. 26
and 55 bl ows/ l ayer
. Pl ot
densi ty to whi ch soi l can be compacted
i n the
f i el d - f or cl ay of exampl e use 95 percent of maxi mum
densi ty.

Pl ot desi red
moi sture content range -
f or
cl ay
of
exampl e use =1- 1/ 2 percent of
opti mum
moi sture content f or approxi matel y 13 and
16 percent
.
Shaded area represents
compacti ve ef f ort greater than 95 percent and wi thi n =1- 1/ 2
percent of
opti mummoi sture content .
2. Step B. Pl ot l aboratory CBR( MI L- STD- 621 Method 101) f or 12. 26 and 55
bl ows/ l ayer .
3. Step C. Pl ot CBRversus cl ay densi ty at constant moi sture c- ntent . Pl ot
attai nabl e l i mi ts
of compacti on f romgraph A, 110
. 6
and 115 pcf f or exampl e,
hatched area represents attai nabl e CBR
l i mi ts f or desi red compacti on
( 110. 6 to 115 pcf ) and
moi sture content ( 13 to 16
percent) . CBR
ranges f rom
11 ( 95
percent compacti on and 13
percent moi sture content)
to
26 ( 15
percent moi sture content and
maxi mumcompacti ons) .
For
desi gn purposes use a- CBR- at
l ow- - end of - range - i n
exampl e use_. CBR
of 12 wi th moi sture
content speci f i ed between 13
and 16 percent .
FI GURE
3- 1 . PROCEDURE FOR DETERMI NI NGCBR
OF SUBGRADE SOI LS
3- 3
CONTENT
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
Tabl e 3-2. Choi ce of
CBR
Tests
for Pavement Desi gn
Goal :

To
desi gn the
pavement on the basi s of the
predomi nant subgrade moi sture content anti ci pated i n
the l i fe of the pavement .
Basi c Test : I n the absence of rel i abl e fi el d
i nformati on thi s
moi sture content i s consi dered
to be represented by
4 days soaki ng of the
compacted subgrade soi l i n
the CBRmol ds.
Excepti ons:

( 1) Where rai nfal l i s l i ght and the ground water
tabl e i s l ow, substanti al reducti ons can be made
i n the pavement thi ckness devel oped fromsoaked
CBRtests ( see secti on 7) .
( 2) The i n-pl ace CBRtest may, be used for subgrade
soi l s where l i ttl e i ncrease i n moi sture i s
anti ci pated, such as:
U. S . Army Corps of
Engi neers
( a) Coarse grai ned cohesi onl ess soi l s .
( b) Soi l s whi ch are
at l east
80 percent saturated
i n the natural si te.
( c) Soi l s- under exi sti ng adj acent pavements whi ch
can
be
used as i ndi cators for the pl anned
constructi on. Subgrade soi l s under pavements
at l east 3 years ol d are consi dered to
have reached equi l i bri ummoi sture condi ti ons.
( Cauti on: Use care i n maki ng assumpti ons
regardi ng si mi l ari ty of soi l types, drai nage,
and topography) .
( 3) Where subgrade compacti on
i s not feasi bl e or
desi rabl e. as wi th saturated
fi ne sands or si l ts,
hard cl ays, and expansi ve soi l s,
speci al
approaches are necessary
( see tabl e 3-5) .
Tabl e 3- 3. Subgrade Compacti on
Requi rements
DepthBel owPavement Surface to
Top of Subgrade (feet)
EM1110- 3- 141
9 Apr
84
U. S. Army Corps of Engi neers
Cohesi onl ess
Subgrade
Army
15 Ki p
Gross Wt
Cl ass _ I
Pavement
Less Than
15 Ki ps
Army
30 Ki p
Gross Wt
Cl ass I I
Pavement
Less Than
30 Ki ps
Army
100
Ki p
Gross Wt
Cl ass
I I I
Pavement
Less Than
100 Ki ps
100%
B 1 . 0 1. 0 1
. 5 1. 0 2. 0 1
. 5
C 1 . 0 0. 5 1. 0
0. 5 1. 5 1
. 5
95%
B 1
. 5
1
. 5 2. 0 1. 5 4. 0 2
. 5
C 1
. 5 1. 0
1
. 5
1
. 5 3. 0 2
. 5
90%
B 2
. 5
2. 0
3. 0 2. 0 6. 5 4. 0
C
2. 0
1
. 5
2
. 5 1. 5 4. 5
3. 5
85%
B 3. 0 2. 5 4. 0 3. 0 7 . 5
5. 5
C 2. 5 2. 0 3. 5 2. 5 6. 5
5. 0
Cohesi ve
Subgrade
100%
B 0. 5 0. 5 1. 0 0. 5 1. 0 0. 5
C 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5 0. 5
95%
B
1. 0
1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 2. 0 1
. 5
C
1. 0
0
. 5
1. 0 0
. 5
2. 0 1
. 5
90%
B 1. 5
1. 0 1
. 5
1
. 5
3. 0 2. 0
C 1. 5 1. 0
1
. 5 1. 0
2. 5 2. 0
85%
B 1. 5 1. 5 2. 0 1. 5
4. 0
3. 0
C 1
. 5
1. 0 1. 5 1. 5 3. 5 2. 5
EM
1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
- Repl ace
wi th
sui tabl e borrowmateri al .
- Rai se the grade so that natural densi ti es
meet requi red val ues .
-
Stabi l i ze
: See EM1110-3-137.
Thi ckness
of compacted l i fts can vary wi th type-of equi pment used,
cl assi fi cati on of soi l , number of passes, and
compacti on requi rements.
Gui del i nes for varyi ng thi cknesses
of
l i fts
for 95 to 100 percent
compacti on are shown i n tabl e 3-4.
a. Addi ti onal requi rements . I n addi ti on to the above requi rements :
(1) Compact subgrad' e to a mi ni mumof 95 percent for a depth of 6
i nches bel owsubbase.
(2) Pl ace fi l l i n subgrades at a mi ni mumof 95 percent
compacti on for cohesi onl ess
soi l s and
90 percent for cohesi ve soi l s.
b.
Speci al
cases. Al though compacti on i ncreases the strength of
most soi l s,
some
soi l s l ose strength when scari fi ed and recompacted and
some
soi l s shri nk or expand excessi vel y under moi sture changes. When
these
soi l s are encountered, speci al treatment i s requi red. (See tabl e
3-5
for recommended procedures. )
3-5.
Subgrade stabi l i zati on. Subgrade materi al may be stabi l i zed (a)
to i mprove the soi l qual i ty by reduci ng pl asti ci ty and control l i ng
expansi on, (b) to provi de a "worki ng pl atform, " and
(c)
to upgrade
the
materi al for use as subbase. Soi l stabi l i zati on
for qual i ty
i mprovement i s di scussed i n EM1110-3-137.
3-6 . Fi l l qual i ty.
I n general , coarse grai n materi al i s preferred to
fi ne grai n
materi al . Fi l l materi al shoul d be restri cted as
fol l ows:
- Do not use
expansi ve soi l s.
- Do
not use peat or organi c cl ays and
si l ts.
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CHAPTER4
SUBBASE
COURSE
4-1.

General . Sui tabl e borrowmateri al
or other processed or
stabi l i zed materi al shoul d be used between
the subgrade and base to
make up the pavement secti on. These l ayers
are desi gnated the subbase
course.
4-2. Materi al source. I nvesti gati ons and tests descri bed i n
chapter 2
shoul d be used to determi ne the l ocati on of sui tabl e materi al
for use
as subbase. (See tabl e 4-1 for test methods for subbase
and base
materi al s. ) For mobi l i zati on condi ti ons, materi al qual i ty
certi fi cati on can be used to repl ace i ni ti al testi ng, especi al l y
i n the
case of l ocal exi sti ng stockpi l es, pi ts, or quarri es.
4-3. Sui tabl e materi al s. Subbase materi al can consi st of the
fol l owi ng:
- Natural l y occurri ng coarse grai ned materi al s:
Uncrushed gravel and sand
Wel l -graded sands
Di si ntegrated grani te
- Speci al and processed materi al :
Li merock

Quarry and nonhazardous
mi ne
waste
Coral

Sl ag
Cal i che

Sand-shel l mi xtures
Crushed
stone
or
gravel
-
Bl ends of natural or processed materi al s. Subgrade materi al s
used for bl endi ng shoul dmeet the requi rements
for l i qui d
l i mi t
and pl asti ci ty i ndex pri or to mi xi ng.
- Stabi l i zed materi al s: See EM1110-3-137.
a. Sel ecti on of desi gn CBR
for subbase. Determi ne the CBRval ue of
the subbase from
methods descri bed i n MI L-STD-621, Test Method 101.
I f the CBRexceeds the
maxi mumpermi ssi bl e val ues, use the val ue shown
i n tabl e 4-2
.
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
l Use the 3 poi nt "fl owcurve" method.
2See tabl e 2-3 for al ternati ve methods
.
3Modi fi ed to requi re fi ve l ayers, a 10-pound
rammer and an 18-i nch drop.
U. S. Army Corps of
Engi neers
4-2
Tabl e 4-1. Test Methods for Subbase
Test
and Base
Standard
MI L-STD-621
Test ASTM
AASHTO Test Method
Sampl i ng materi al s
D75 T2
Uni t wei ght of aggregate C29 T19
Soundness test C88 T 104
Abrasi on resi stance by
C
131 T96
Los Angel es machi ne
Si eve anal ysi s C 136 T27
Amount fi ner than No.
200 si eve C117
Parti cl e-si zed anal ysi s
of soi l s D422 T88
Li qui d l i mi t D4231 T891 103
Pl asti c l i mi t D424 T90 103
I n-pl ace densi ty and D1556 T
191
moi sture content 2
Moi sture-densi ty rel a- D1557 100 (CE 55)
ti ons of soi l s
Remol ded CBRtest D
1883 101
I n-pl ace CBRtest
101
Sand equi val ent D2419 T
176
Compressi ve strength- D1633
soi l cement
Moi sture
densi ty-
soi l cement 3 D558 T134
Wet-dry tests -
soi l
cement
D559
T135
Freeze-thawtests - soi l D560 T136
cement
Tabl e 4-2
.
Maxi mumPermi ssi bl e Val ues
f or Unbound Subbase
Maxi mum
Val ues
1 Suggested l i mi ts .
b
.
Desi gn exampl e. An exampl e of desi gn CBRdetermi nati on f or
a sampl e of gravel l y sand f ol l ows :
The desi gn CBRf or
thi s materi al i s 30 because 80 percent passi ng
the No
.
10 si eve
i s the maxi mumpermi tted f or hi gher CBRval ues
and thi s materi al has 85 percent passi ng.
c . Excepti ons to gradati on requi rements. Cases may
occur i n
whi ch certai n natural materi al s that do not meet
gradati on
requi rements may devel op sati sf actory CBRval ues
i n the prototype.
Excepti ons to the gradati on
requi rements are permi ssi bl e when
supported by adequate i n-pl ace CBR
tests on si mi l ar constructi on
that has been i n servi ce
f or several years.
4-4.
Addi ti onal requi rements.
a.
Subbase thi ckness . Determi ne requi red
thi ckness of subbase
as outl i ned i n chapter 7 . I f l ess than 6
i nches of subbase i s
requi red, consi der i ncreasi ng the
thi ckness of base course.
b. Densi ty requi rement
. Compact subbase to 100
percent of
maxi mumdensi ty.
4-3
EM
1110- 3-141
9
Apr 84
Maxi mum
Gradati on
Requi rements
Materi al
Desi gn
CBR
Si ze
(i n. )
Percent
No. 10
Passi ng
No. 200
Li qui d
Li mi t
Pl asti ci ty
I ndex
Subbase
50 3 50
15 25 5
Subbase 40 3 80
15 25 5
Subbase 30 3 100
15
25
5
Subbase 20 3 - 251 351 121
Soaked CBR
Maxi mum
si ze,
i nches
41
0. 5
Percent passi ng No. 10 si eve
85
Percent passi ng No. 200 si eve 14
Li qui d l i mi t 12
Pl asti ci ty i ndex 3
EM
1110-
3-141
9 Apr 84
c . Frost suscepti bi l i ty. I n areas where
frost
penetrati on i s
a
probl em, consul t cri teri a i n EM
1110-3-138.
d. Expansi ve materi al . Do nct use materi al whi ch has a swel l of 3
percent or greater, as determi ned fromthe
CBR
mol d, for subbase.
CHAPTER
5
BASE
COURSE
5-1. General . The
base course i s
subj ected to hi gh verti cal stresses
and must have
hi gh stabi l i ty and be pl aced
properl y.
5-2. Sui tabl e materi al s
. Sui tabl e materi al s i ncl ude natural ,
processed, manufactured, and stabi l i zed materi al s . See tabl e 5-1 for
l i sti ng and descri pti on of commonl y used base materi al s . The
i nformati on contai ned i n thi s tabl e i s to provi de an overvi ewof the
materi al s
avai l abl e for base. Use shoul d be' ' made of l ocal materi al ;
ful l use shoul d be made of
l ocal experi ence and requi rements .
I t
i s
recommended that qual i ty
control l ed materi al reserves such as those
mai ntai ned by state and
l ocal agenci es be uti l i zed where possi bl e.
5-3. Desi gn CBRof
base course. Base course materi al s compl yi ng wi th
the
requi rements of tabl e 5-1 wi l l be assi gned CBRval ues as
shown
i n
the
5-4. Mi ni mum
base course and surface
thi cknesses . . The
mi ni mum
al l owabl e
thi cknesses
for base and surface courses
are l i sted i n tabl e
5-2
. These thi cknesses have
been arbi trari l y
establ i shed so that the
requi red
subbase CBRwi l l
al ways be 50 or l ess.
5-5
. Base course gradati on
and tests.
a. Testi ng.
Under mobi l i zati on
condi ti ons,
sophi sti cated testi ng
equi pment may
be l i mi ted together
wi th an i ncreased
workl oad on testi ng
l aboratori es
whi ch wi l l hamper expedi ti ous
constructi on
. Therefore, an
emphasi s shoul d
be, pl aced on qui ck
resul ts from
fi el d testi ng or
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
fol l owi ng tabul ati on.
Type
Desi gn
CBR
Graded
crushed aggregate 100
(stone,
gravel , sl ag)
Dry bound and water 100
bound macadam
Li merock
80
Shel l sand
80
Coral
80
Shel l rock
80
Mechani cal l y stabi l i zed
80
aggregate
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Materi al s
CrushedStone
and crushed
gravel
Sl ag
Macadam
Shel l
Sand
Coral
Li merock
Shel l -Rock
Mechani cal l y
Stabi l i zed
Aggregate
Stabi l i zed
Materi al s
U.
S. Army Corps
of
Engi neers
Tabl e
5-1. Base
Descri pti on-Source
Stone quarri ed from
formati ons of
grani te, traprock and
l i mestone.
Gravel
fromdeposi ts of
ri ver
or
gl aci al ori gi n
Ai r-cool ed, bl ast-furnace
sl ag
i s
by-product of steel
manu-
facturi ng
. Materi al i s
competi ti ve i n areas
adj acent
to steel mi l l s. Sl ag
i s
l i ghter i n wei ght than
stone,
hi ghl y
stabl e, hard, and rough
textured. Sl ag
al so has Abi l i ty
to drai n rapi dl y
Crushed stone,
crushedsl ag, or
crushedgravel
The shel l s are dredgedfrom
dead
reefs i n the gul f coast waters
of the
Uni tedStates. Shel l s
consi st of
oyster andcl amshel l s
Coral consi sts of hard,
cemented
deposi ts of skel etal ori gi n.
Coral i s found i n the reefs and
i nl and deposi ts
at atol l s and
i sl ands i n tropi cal
regi ons.
Carol i ne l i mestone, quarri ed
fromi nl anddeposi ts and
desi gnated
as quarry coral , i s
structural l y soundest
of the
vari ous coral materi al s
avai l abl e.
Other types al so useful for base
materi al are reef coral andbank
run coral . Cascaj o
or "gravel l y
coral " foundas l agoon sedi ment
at Guam, i s al so useful as base
Li merock i s a fossi l i ferous l i me-
stone of the
ool i ti c type. I ts
mai nconsti tuents are carbonates
of cal ci umandmagnesi um. Commer-
ci al
l i merock deposi ts are l ocated
i n Fl ori da
Shel l -rock or mari ne l i mestone
are deposi ts or hard, cemented
shel l s. Deposi ts
are l ocated
i n the coastal areas of Northand
SouthCarol i na
Course
Materi al s for Fl exi bl e Pavements
5-2
Processi ng
The
quarri ed rock and
gravel
aye
crushedandscreened
to
produce a
dense gradedmi x.
See tabl e 5-2
for gradati on
Sl ag
i s ai r-cool ed, crushed,
and
and graded to
produce dense mi x.
Fi nes fromother sources
may
be
usedfor bl endi ng. See
tabl e
5-2 for
gradati on
See EM1110-3-137

See EM1110-3-137
Crushedaggregate i s screened
and
gradedto
produce coarse aggre-
gate, choker aggregate,
key
aggregate, andscreeni ngs.
See
Type
speci fi cati ons for gradati on
Shel l s are washed,
crushed,
screenedandbl endedwi th
sand
fi l l er .
Rati o of the bl end shal l
be not l ess than 67
percent
shel l to 33 percent sand.
Refer
to
l ocal gui de speci fi ci ati ons
where
avai l abl e
Shel l -rock i s crushed, screened
and gradedto a densemi x. Refer
to l ocal gui de speci fi cati ons
where avai l abl e.
Crushed anduncrushed coarse aggre- Abl endof crushed andnatural
gate, fi ne aggregate, andbi nder

materi al s processed to provi de
a dense gradedmi x. See tabl e
5-2 for gradati on
Requi rements-Comments
Percentage of wear
not to
exceed40. Li qui d
l i mi t not
to exceed 25. Pl asti ci ty
i ndex not
to exceed 5.
Requi rements for crushedstone
appl y. Sl ag
wei ght to be not
l ess than
65 pcf .
Procedure i s to pl ace al ter-
nate
l ayers of the vari ous
si ze aggregate to
formdry-
bound, or wet-bound
macadam
base.
Li qui d l i mi t not to exceed
25.
Pl asti ci ty i ndex not to exceed
5. Mi ni mumCBR requi rement i s
60 at 100 percent
compacti on
for l ayers fol l owi ng construc-
ti on
Reef coral i s removed by bl asti ng
Percentage of wear not to
anddredgi ngand i s stockpi l ed

exceed50. Li qui d l i mi t not
to
ashore,
pri or
to
crushi ngand

exceed25. Pl asti ci ty i ndex
gradi ng. Quarry coral i s obtai ned
not to exceed5. Mi ni mum
by bl asti ng, and i s crushed and

CBR requi rement
i s
60
at
graded to produce a dense mi x.

100 percent compacti on for
Use the
fol l owi ng gradati on:

l ayers. fol l owi ngconstructi on
Li merock i s crushed, screened, and
Mi ni mumCBR requi rement i s
uni forml y graded from3-1/2 i nches 60 at
95
percent compacti on
.
maxi mumto dust . Refer to l ocal

Li qui dl i mi t not to exceed
gui de speci fi cati ons where avai l -
25. Pl asti ci ty i ndex not to
abl e

exceed5.
Percentage of wear not to
exceed50. Li qui d l i mi t
not to exceed 25. Pl asti ci ty
i ndex not to exceed 5. Mi ni -
mumCBR requi rement i s 60
at 100 percent compacti on for
l ayers fol l owi ng constructi on
Li qui d
l i mi t not to exceed
25;
pl asti ci ty i ndex not to exceed
5. Percentage of wear not to
exceed 50.
See EM1110-3-137
Si eve Desi gnati on
2 i nch
Percent Passi ng
100
1-1/2 i nch 70-100
3/4 i nch 40-90
No. 4
25-60
No. 40
5-20
No. 200 0-10
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Tabl e 5-2. Mi ni mum
Surface and Base Thi ckness Cri teri a
Cl ass I Ai rcraft
Ai rcraft wi th gross wei ghts l ess than 20, 000 pounds
Mi ni mumThi ckness (i n. )
100-CBR Base

80-CBR Basel
Traffi c Area

surface

ase

o a

Surface

base

o a
Band C

2

6

8

2

6

8
Cl ass
I I
Ai rcraft
Ai rcraft wi th gross wei ghts between
20, 001-and
50, 000
pounds
Mi ni mumThi ckness (i n. )
100-CBR Base

80-CBR Base
Traffi c Area

Surface

Base

Total

Surface

ase

o a
B and
C

2

6

8

3

6

9
Cl ass I I I Ai rcraft
Ai rcraft wi th gross wei ghts
between 50, 001 and 175, 000 pounds
100-CBR
Base

80-CBR Basel
Traffi c Area

Surface

ase

Total

Surface

ase

o a
B and
C

3

6

9

4

6

10
l Fl ori da l i merock and
mechani cal l y
stabi l i zed
aggregate permi tted.
U.
S. Army Corps
of
Engi neers
Mi ni mumThi ckness (i n. )
EM1110- 3-141
9 Apr 84
certi fi cati on by the suppl i er that the materi al s
meet
the proj ect
speci fi cati on whenever possi bl e.
b. Gradati on. See tabl e 5-3 for gradati on requi rements for
crushed
stone, gravel , and sl ag. Consul t gui de speci fi cati ons for gradati on of
materi al s not i ncl uded i n tabl e 5-1.
Tabl e 5-3. Gradati on of Aggregates for Graded Crushed
Aggregate Base Course
5-6. Base course compacti nn.
Compact the base course to a
mi ni mumof
100 percent maxi mumdensi ty.
5-7. Proof rol l i ng. I n
addi ti on to compacti ng the
base course to the
requi red
densi ty, -proof-rol l i ng on the surfaces of
compl eted base
courses
i s requi red. The proof rol l er i s
a heavy rubber-ti red rol l er
havi ng four
ti res, each l oaded to 30, 000
pounds or more and i nfl ated to
at
l east 150 psi . Acoverage i s the
appl i cati on of one ti re pri nt over
each
poi nt i n the surface.
Percentage by Wei ght Passi ng
Si eve
Desi gnati on
No
. 1
Square-Mesh' Si eve
No. 2
-
No. 3
2-i nch 100
1-1/ 2 i nch 70-100 100
1-i nch 45-80
60-100 100
1/ 2-i nch 30-60'
30-65 40-70
No. 4 20-50
20-50 20-50
No
.
10
15-40 15-40
15-40
No. 40
5-25 5-25
5-25
No. 200 0-10
0-10 0-10
6-2. Sel ecti on of materi al s
.
b. Aggregates.
CHAPTER6
BI TUMI NOUS MATERI ALS COURSES
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
6-1
. General . Bi tumi nous surfaces provi de
a resi l i ent, waterproof,
l oad
di stri buti ng medi umthat protects the base
course agai nst the
detri mental effects of water and the abrasi ve acti on
of traffi c. The
fl exi bi l i ty of bi tumi nous pavement permi ts sl i ght
adj ustments i n the
pavement structure,
owi ng to consol i dati on, wi thout
detri mental effect .
However, bi tumi nous concrete i s unsati sfactory for use where
heat and
bl ast
effects
fromj et ai rcraft are severe. , Al so, asphal ti c
concrete
i s . not
resi stant
to fuel spi l l age and i s sai sfactory onl y where
spi l l age
i s sl i ght and very i nfrequent .
a. Bi tumi nous mi xes .
The fol l owi ng part of. thi s chapter
provi des
an
abbrevi ated gui de
to
the desi gn of hot mi x bi tumi nous surface and
base courses.
For
a
compl ete treatment on the cri teri a requi rements,
sel ecti on of materi al s, testi ng, desi gn, and pl ant control of hot
mi xes, tar-rubber mi xes, and surface treatments, refer to appendi x A.
b. Defi ni ti ons. See tabl e 6-1 for termi nol ogy used i n fl exi bl e
pavement desi gn.
a. Bi tumi nous materi al s
. Bi tumi nous materi al s i ncl ude asphal ts,
tars, and tar-rubber bl ends.
(1) Asphal ts. Asphal t products are the normal choi ce
for
use i n
bi tumi nous mi xes for reasons of avai l abi l i ty,
servi ceabi l i ty, and
economy.
(2) Tars . Tars are more suscepti bl e
to temperature changes than
si mi l ar
grades of
asphal t ; tars are al so more toxi c and di ffi cul t to
handl e
. However,
tars are more resi stant to j et fuel spi l l age and are
l ess l i kel y than asphal ts to stri p fromhydrophi l i c aggregates i n the
presence of water .
(3) Tar rubber bl ends. Mi xtures of
tar and, syntheti c rubber
have i ncreased resi stance to
fuel spi l l age and temperature changes.
Consi der use of tar-rubber
bl ends for pavements where j et fuel spi l l age
i s i nfrequent .
(1) Sui tabi l i ty of rock types. Al kal i ne
rocks (l i mestone,
dol omi te) provi de better adhesi on wi th
asphal ti c fi l ms i n the presence
of water than aci d or si l i ci ous rocks
(grani te, quartzi te) . Where aci d
rocks are used, addi ti on of an anti stri ppi ng
agent or hydrated l i me may
be requi red.
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr 84
Tabl e 6-1. Speci al i zedTermi nol ogy for Bi tumi nous Pavement
I tem

Descri pti on
Coarse aggregate

Materi al l arger than the No. 4
si eve
Fi ne aggregate

Materi al passi ng the No. 4 si eve
and retai ned on No. 200 si eve
Mi neral fi l l er

Materi al fi ner than the
No. 200
si eve
Weari ngcourse

The top l ayer of bi tumi nous
concrete surface
Bi nder or i ntermedi ate course

The l evel i ng or
transi ti on l ayer
of
bi tumi nous concrete pl aced
di rectl y on a base course
Pri me coat

Asurface treatment of l i qui d
bi tumenappl i ed to anonbi tumi nous
base course before
bi tumi nous
pavement
i s
pl aced
. Purpose i s to
penetrate andseal surface of base
course
Tack
coat

Bi tumi nous emul si on or
l i qui d
bi tumen pl aced on an exi sti ng
concrete or
bi tumi nous pavement to
provi de good bond wi th the new
bi tumi nous course
Marshal l stabi l i ty
val ue

Thel oad i n pounds causi ngfai l ure
i n a compactedspeci men of hot-mi x
bi tumi nous concrete when tested
i n
the Marshal l apparatus
Fl ow

Total
deformati on i nhundredths of
of
an i nch at poi nt of maxi mum
l oad
i n theMarshal l Stabi l i ty
Test
Percent ai r voi ds

That part of the compacted
bi tumen-aggregate
mi xture not
occupi ed by aggregate
or bi tumen
'

expressed i n percent of total
vol ume
Percent voi ds fi l l ed wi th

Percentage
of voi ds
i n a
compacted
bi tumen

aggregate mass that are fi l l ed
wi th bi tumi nous cement
Penetrati on

The rel ati ve hardness or
consi stency of an asphal t cement .
Measured by the
depth
a
standard
needl e
wi l l penetrate verti cal l y
i nto asampl e of asphal t under
knowncondi ti ons of temperature,
l oadi ng, and ti me'
vi scosi ty

Ameasure of the abi l i ty of
a
bi tumen to fl owat a
gi ven
temperature
range. The sti ffer
the bi tumen the hi gher the
vi scosi ty
Percent voi ds i n
the
mi neral

The vol ume of
voi d space i n a
aggregate
(VMA)

compacted pavi ng mi x that i ncl udes
the ai r voi ds andeffecti ve
asphal t content,
expressed as a
percent
of
the vol ume of the
sampl e
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
6-2
EM
1110-3141
9
Apr
84
(2) Crushed aggregate.

The coarse and fi ne aggregates used for
ai rfi el d pavement
surface shoul d be crushed materi al s, i n order to
assure hi gh
stabi l i ty and performance. Bi tumi nous base courses,
however, may
i ncl ude natural materi al s i n the fi ne fracti on.
"

(3)
Maxi mumsi ze. I n general , the maxi mumsi ze of aggregate for
the weari ng course shoul d not exceed 3/ 4i nch; i n no
case shoul d
the
aggregate si ze exceed one-hal f the thi ckness of the
compacted
weari ng
course or two-thi rds the thi ckness of any bi nder or i ntermedi ate
course.
(4) Mi neral
fi l l er . The type and quanti ty of mi neral fi l l er
used affects the stabi l i ty of the
mi x. For surface course mi xes,
mi neral fi l l er shoul d be l i mestone
dust, Portl and cement, or other
i nert si mi l ar materi al s . For
bi tumi nous bases natural fi l l er i s
frequentl y adequate.
6-3. Desi gn of bi tumi nous
concrete mi x.
a. Cri teri a.
Use the procedures and cri teri a
descri bed i n
appendi x
Aand as
condensed bel owfor the desi gn of hot
mi x bi tumi nous
concrete.
Approved desi gn
mi xes are avai l abl e fromArmy, Federal ,
and state
agenci es
whi ch woul d meet the requi rements
outl i ned i n thi s manual for
mobi l i zati on constructi on. Exi sti ng acceptabl e
desi gn mi xes shoul d be
uti l i zed
whenever possi bl e. Where tests for
aggregate and bi tumi nous
mi x are requi red see tabl e 6-2.
b. Asphal t cement grades
.
At
present, i n the Uni ted States,
asphal t cement i s
speci fi ed by one of the fol l owi ng:
-
Penetrati on grades
- AC
vi scosi ty grades
- ARvi scosi ty grades
Correl ati on between penetrati on
grades and vi scosi ty
grades for
asphal ts fromdi fferent
producers i s not
possi bl e.

Fi gure 6-1 gi ves
the recommended grades
for each area of the
Uni ted States by
penetrati on and
vi scosi ty desi gnati on.
These recommendati ons shoul d be
tempered
by l ocal practi ce. Use the
penetrati on grade desi gnati on i n
the
areas when penetrati on grade
asphal t i s produced
. The penetrati ons
of AC
and ARgrades do not
necessari l y fal l wi thi n
the range of
recommended val ues. I n
areas where vi scosi ty
grades are produced,
determi ne the sources
wi th acceptabl e
penetrati on and approve those
grades. See tabl e 6-3
for speci fi cati ons
for asphal t, tars, and
tar-rubber bl ends.
6- 3
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
Tabl e 6-2. Tests f or Aggregate
and Bi tumen Mi x
Test

Test Standardl

Comments
Sampl i ng aggregates ASTM-D75
Mi neral f i l l er

ASTMD242

Speci f i cati on f or mi neral f i l l er
Resi stance to

ASTMC 131

Not
more than 40 percent f or
abrasi on-coarse

surf ace
courses. Not more than
aggregate

50 percent f or
base
courses.
Soundness-course

ASTMC 88

Af ter f i ve cycl es l oss shoul d
aggregate

not be more than: 12 percent
sodi umsul f ate test
or 18
percent magnesi umsul f ate
test
Absorpti on and

ASTMC 127

Use apparent speci f i c gravi ty
apparent speci f i c

ASTMC 128

f or mi x desi gn when absorpti on
gravi ty-course and

i s 2
. 5
percent or l ess
f i ne aggregate
Marshal l method f or MI L-STD620 See text f or requi rements
desi gn of bi tumi nous Method 100
mi xes

ASTMD-1559
Uni t wei ght of

ASTM
C
29

Graded crushed sl ag as used i n
aggregate

mi x shoul d have a compact wei ght
of not l ess than 70 pcf
I mmersi on

MI L-STD620 Requi re an i ndex of 75 or better
compressi on

Method 104

f or acceptance2
test-bi tumen mi x
1Testi ng f or Army ai rf i el ds wi l l
be
by MI L-STDwhere shown.
2Where i ndex i s l ess than 75, potenti al stri ppi ng i s i ndi cated.
Add a recogni zed commerci al anti -stri ppi ng agent or 1/ 2 to 1
percent hydrated l i me and retest, or -repl ace aggregate wi th new
aggregate whi ch wi l l conf ormto requi rements of
i mmersi on-compressi on test .
U. S. Army
Corps of Engi neers
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EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
Tabl e
6-3.
Speci fi cati ons
for Bi tumi nous
Materi al s
Bi tumen
Speci fi cati on
Asphal t
cement
(penetrati on grades)

ASTMD
946
Asphal t cement
(AC and
AR grades)

ASTMD 3381
Asphal t,
l i qui d (sl ow-curi ng)

ASTMD 2026
Asphal t,
l i qui d
(medi um-curi ng)

ASTMD
2027
Asphal t,
l i qui d
(rapi d-curi ng)

ASTMD2028
Asphal t,
emul si fi ed

ASTMD977
Asphal t,
cati oni c
emul si fi ed

ASTMD 2397
Tar

ASTMD490
Tar
cement (base for
rubberi zed tar)

ASTMD 2993
Rubberi zed tar
cement

ASTMD 2993
c .
Sel ecti on
of materi al s for mi x
desi gn. Use materi al s
(bi tumen,
aggregates,
mi neral fi l l er)
i n the mi x
desi gn that meet the
requi rements of the
speci fi cati ons and
that wi l l be used i n
the fi el d
for constructi on
. Aggregate
gradati ons are
shown i n tabl e 6-4.
6-4. Testi ng for
mi x desi gn.
a. General .
Testi ng wi l l
i ndi cate the properti es
that each bl end
sel ected wi l l have
after bei ng
subj ected to appreci abl e
traffi c . A
fi nal
sel ecti on of
aggregate bl end and
fi l l er wi l l be
based on these
data
wi th due consi derati on
to the rel ati ve
costs of the
vari ous
mi xes.
b. Test
procedures. Desi gn
bi tumi nous pavi ng mi xes
by the Marshal l
method. Compacti on
requi rements are
summari zed as fol l ows:
Types of Traffi c

Desi gn
Compacti on Requi rements
Ti re
pressure 100 psi and over

75 bl ows Marshal l method
Ti re
pressure l ess than 100
psi

50 bl ows Marshal l method
c. Opti mumbi tumen
content and
adequacy of
mi x.
Pl ot data obtai ned
i n
graphi cal formas
shown i n fi gure 6-2.
See
tabl e
6-5 for
poi nt-on-curve
and adequacy of mi x
cri teri a. The conventi onal
Marshal l
method approach
i s as fol l ows:
6-6
T
a
b
l
e
6
-
4
.
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7
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7
6
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9
6
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7
6
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N
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8
4
2
9
-
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4
7

9
4
7

7
5
3

9
5
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7
5
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9
5
3

7
7
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1
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6

1
2
N
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.
1
6
3
4

9
-
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3
7

9
3
7

7
4
1

9
4
1

7
4
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9
4
1

7
5
6

1
2
-
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7
2

1
6
N
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.
3
0
2
6

9
-
-
2
7

9
2
7

7
3
1

9
3
1

7
3
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9
3
1

7
4
2

1
0
-
-
5
7

1
2
N
o
.
5
0
1
9

8
-
-
1
9

8
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9 Apr 84
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`BI TUMENCONTENT (PERCENT)

BI TUMEN
CONTENT (PERCENT)
FI GURE6- 2. ASPHALT
PAVI NGMI X DESI GN, TYPI CAL MI X
(1) Determi ne
the opti mumbi tumen content by
averagi ng the
fol l owi ng val ues :
and
Bi tumen content
at peak of stabi l i ty curve
Bi tumen content
at peak of uni t wei ght curve (for
weari ng
course
onl y)
Bi tumen
bi tumen
(2) Check for adequacy
of mi x for stabi l i ty,
fl ow;
voi ds
fi l l ed wi th asphal t
.
Tabl e
6-5.
EM1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
Bi tumen content at
the appropri ate poi nt of
ai r voi ds curve
content
at the appropri ate
poi nt
on
voi ds fi l l ed wi th
curve
ai r
Procedure
for Determi ni ng
Opti mumBi tumen Content
and Adequacy
of Mi x for Use Wi th
Aggregate Showi ng
Water
Absorpti on of 2-1/2 Percent
or Less
(1)
Determi nati on of
opti mumbi tumen
content
6-9
voi ds,
d.
Typi cal , exampl e.
The determi nati on
of bi tumen
content and
adequacy
of mi x i s
i l l ustrated by the
fol l owi ng
exampl e usi ng the
curves i n fi gure
6-2 and
cri teri a i n tabl e 6-5.
The exampl e i s for a
weari ng course
mi xwi th 3/4-i nch
maxi mumaggregate
.
I ntermedi ate
Weari ng
Poi nt on
Curve for
Course
and Base
Poi nt on
Curve for
Course
Opti mum
Adequacy Opti mum
Adequacy
Bi tumen of Mi x
Bi tumen of Mi x
Test Property
Content
Cri teri a
Content Cri teri a
Marshal l Stabi l i ty
peak of 1, 800 or
peak of 1, 800 or
75
bl ows
curve hi gher
curve hi gher
Uni t wei ght
peak of
not used not used
not used
curve
Fl ow
not used
16 or l ess not
used 16 or l ess .
Percent
ai r voi ds 4
3-5 6
5-7
Percent
voi ds fi l l ed
wi th
bi tumen
75 70-80
60
50-70
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
Poi nt on Curve

Bi tumen Content
Peak of stabi l i ty curve

4. 3 percent
Peak of
uni t-wei ght curve

4. 5 percent
At 4 percent ai r voi ds curve

4. 8 percent
At 75 percent voi ds f i l l ed wi th
asphal t curve

4. 9 percent
Average

4. 6 percent
The opti mumbi tumen
content of the mi x i n thi s
exampl e
i s 4. 6 percent
based on the wei ght of total mi x.
The
pavi ng mi x woul d be consi dered sati sf actory f or ai rf i el d traf f i c
si nce i t meets the cri teri a f or adequacy.
6-5 .
Thi ckness of bi tumi nous courses.
a . I ntermedi ate and weari ng course.
Bi tumi nous courses wi l l be
pl aced and compacted
i n
such
thi cknesses to achi eve densi ty and
smoothness
requi rements. The thi ckness of the weari ng course
shoul d
not exceed
2 i nches compacted thi ckness and each
i ntermedi ate course
l ayer
shoul d not exceed 4 i nches. The weari ng course
mi x may be used
f or
both courses.
b. Bi tumi nous base course.
The maxi muml i f t of a bi tumi nous base
course shoul d
not
exceed 6
i nches.
(2) Check f or adequacy
At
Test Property
of mi x.
opti mumor 4. 6
Percent Bi tumen
Cri teri a
f or Adequacy
Fl ow 11 Less than 16
Stabi l i ty 2, 050 More than 1, 800
Percent ai r voi ds 4. 3 3 to 5 percent
Percent voi ds
f i l l ed wi th
bi tumen 72
70
to
80 percent
6-6
. Bi tumi nous spray coats.
a. Pri me coats. Pri me
coats shoul d be appl i ed to
accompl i sh
the
fol l owi ng:
(1) To seal surface of base course i n areas where rai n may
be
expected pri or to pl acement of the asphal t surface.
(2)
To bi nd together "dusty" base surfaces.
(3)
To
bi nd
together a base surface for
protecti on agai nst
EM
1110-
3-141
9
Apr
84
per square
yard. Suffi ci ent
bi tumen shoul d be used to seal the voi ds
but
not more than can' be
readi l y absorbed.

Asphal t emul si ons have been
used experi mental l y
wi th
varyi ng success for pri me coats. Emul si ons do
not penetrate as do l i qui d asphal ts and may requi re a sand seal to
prevent tracki ng. Emul si ons used for pri mi ng are SS-1 and SS-l h
di l uted wi th 50 percent water and appl i ed at
approxi matel y
0. 1 gal l on
per square yard.
b. Tack coats. Tack coats
are requi red on exi sti ng pavements to
i nsure
a bond
wi th the
newoverl yi ng bi tumi nous concrete course. Tack
coats may not
be requi red
between newl ayers of pavement where the
upper l ayer i s i mmedi atel y constructed as the l ower l ayer
i s compl eted.
However, tack coats shoul d be used on l ayers where
constructi on i s
hal ted and pl acement of the overl ayi ng l ayer i s
del ayed. Tack coats
shoul d al so be i nstal l ed on surfaces whi ch
have become coated wi th fi ne
sand or dust and on surfaces soi l ed from
constructi on traffi c. Soi l ed
surfaces must be cl eaned before appl i cati on of
a tack coat .
(1) Materi al s . Use emul si fi ed
asphal t SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, or
CSS-l h di l uted wi th equal
parts of water . The fol l owi ng l i qui d
asphal ts or tars may al so
be used, RC-70, RT-6, and, RT-7.
(2) Appl i cati on. Appl y
tack coats wi th a
pressure di stri butor
at the rate of 0. 05 to
0. 15 gal l on per square yard
.
constructi on traffi c
.
(4) To bi nd
over
bi tumi nous courses to the base.
Preferred materi al s for use as pri me coats are the l i qui d asphal ts
MC-70, MC-250, RC-70, RC-250, and the tars RT-2 and RT-3
.
Appl i cati on
rates
of the l i qui d asphal ts and tars are
between 0. 15 and 0. 4 gal l on
CHAPTER 7
FLEXI BLE PAVEMENT THI CKNESS
DESI GN
7- 1. General . Thi s secti on presents procedures f or the thi ckness
desi gn of f l exi bl e pavements f or runways, taxi ways, and other
ai rf i el d
areas .
a. Fl exi bl e pavements . Fl exi bl e pavements i ncl ude the f ol l owi ng:
(1) Conventi onal f l exi bl e pavements consi sti ng of
a bi tumi nous
concrete surf ace on a hi gh qual i ty granul ar base and subbase
course.
(2) Stabi l i zed pavement consi sti ng of bi tumi nous concrete
surf ace course over a secti on whi ch may i ncl ude a stabi l i zed
base, a
stabi l i zed subbase, or any combi nati on of the af orementi oned.
(3) Al l bi tumi nous pavement consi sti ng of asphal t concrete
mi xtures f or al l courses
f rom
top
of
surf ace to subgrade.
b. Basi s
f or thi ckness desi gn. The thi ckness desi gn procedures
i ncl uded herei n f or conventi onal f l exi bl e pavement constructi on
are
based on
CBR
desi gn methods devel oped f or ai rf i el ds .

The desi gn
methods f or pavements that i ncl ude stabi l i zed l ayers are based
on
modi f i cati ons of the conventi onal procedures uti l i zi ng thi ckness
equi val enci es devel oped f romhi ghway and ai rf i el d test experi ence.
7- 2
.
Fl exi bl e pavement desi gn curves
. Tabl e
7- 1
tabul ates the
f l exi bl e pavement desi gn curves f or use i n
thi s manual .
The curves are
i denti f i ed by cl ass or category, gear conf i gurati on,
and
a typi cal
desi gn
ai rcraf t where appropri ate. The
i ndi vi dual curves
i ndi cate the
total requi red thi ckness
of
pavement f or gross ai rcraf t wei ght and
ai rcraf t
passes
. The Army def i nes a pass as one. movement of the desi gn
ai rcraf t past a gi ven poi nt on the pavement .
7- 3. Desi gn requi rements . Fl exi bl e pavement
desi gns must
provi de:
Suf f i ci ent compacti on of the subgrade
and each pavement l ayer to
prevent obj ecti onabl e settl ement
under concentrated and repeated
traf f i c. Compacti on
requi rements are gi ven i n tabl e 3- 3.
Adequate thi ckness of
qual i ty pavement components above the
subgrade to
prevent detri mental subgrade def ormati on, excessi ve
def l ecti on
of the pavement surf ace, and
excessi ve tensi l e strai n
i n the
bi tumi nous pavement materi al under
traf f i c.
- A
stabl e, weather resi stant, wear
resi stant, nonski d surf ace.
7- 4: Thi ckness desi gn. From
the procedures i ncl uded herei n, the total
thi ckness of the pavement,
as wel l as the i ndi vi dual courses, may be
EM
1110- 3- 141
9
Apr
84
EM1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
Tabl e 7-1. Fl exi bl e Pavement Desi gn Curves
U. S,
Army Corps
of Engi neers
*Ai r
Force pavement desi gn curves are provi ded
for reference
onl y.
I denti fi cati on
Servi ce and
Desi gnati on
Gear Confi gurati on
Typi cal
Ai rcraft
Fi gure 7-1 Army Cl ass I si ngl e wheel tri cycl e OV-1
Fi gure 7-2 Army Cl ass
I I
dual
wheel tri cycl e CH-54
Fi gure
7-3 Army Cl ass I I I si ngl e tandemtri cycl e C-130
Fi gure 7-4 Ai r Force-Li ght si ngl e wheel tri cycl e
-----
Load*
Fi gure 7-5
Ai r
Force- dual tandemtri cycl e
(a) and (b) Medi umLoad*
Fi gure 7-6
Ai r
Force-
twi n twi n bi cycl e
(a)
and
(b) Hearty Load*
Fi gure 7-7 Ai r Force- outri gger gear and
Shoul der vehi cl es
Pavement*
Fi gure
7-8 Ai r Force- si ngl e tandemtri cycl e
Shortfi el d
Pavement*
0
0
0
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M
O
M
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EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
U. S. Army
Corps of
Engi neers
FI GURE
7-l .
FLEXI BLE PAVEMENT DESI GNCURVES, ARMY CLASS
I AI RFI ELD, TYPE BANDC TRAFFI C AREAS
.
7-
3
M
N
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EM1110-3-14,
9 Apr 84
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
FI GURE 7-2
. FLEXI BLE
PAVEMENT DESI GN CURVES,
ARMY
CLASS I I AI RFI ELD,
TYPE B ANDC TRAFFI C AREAS
7- 4
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1110-3-141
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U. S. ArmyCorpsof Engineers
FIGURE7-3
. FLEXIBLEPAVEMENTDESIGN
CURVES,
ARMYCLASS
III AIRFIELD, TYPEBAND
C
TRAFFIC
AREAS
7-
5
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FOR REFERENCEONLY
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Army Corps of Engi neers
7-6
19
FI GURE 7-4. FLEXI BLEPAVEMENT DESI GNCURVES,
AI R FORCE: LI GHT-LOAD
PAVEMENT, TYPE B ANDC
TRAFFI C AREAS ANDOVERRUNS
.. -iii. .
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F OR
REF ERENCE ONLY
U. S .
Army Corps
of Engineers
7-7
F -M 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
F I GURE 7-5a
. F LEXI BLE P AVEMENT DESI GNCURVES,
AI R
F ORCE MEDI UM-LOAD P AVEMENT, TYP E ATRAF F I C AREAS
EM1110-3-141
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84
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FIGURE 7-5b. FLEXIBLEPAVEMENT DESIGN CURVES,
AIR FORCEMEDIUM-LOADPAVEMENT, TYPE B, C, ANDD
TRAFFIC AREAS ANDOVERRUNS
m
F O R R E F E R E N C E O N L Y
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F I G U R E 7 - 6 a . F L E X I B L E
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7- 10
FI GURE 7-6b
.
FLEXI BLE
PAVEMENT
DESI GN CURVES,
AI R FORCE HEAVY-LOAD PAVEMENT,
TYPES B, C, ANDD TRAFFI C AREAS ANDOVERRUNS.
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FI GURE 7- 7. FLEXI BLE PAVEMENT
DESI GN
CURVES
AI R FORCE
SHOULDER
PAVEMENT
7- 11
EM
1110- 3- 141
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Apr
84
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FOR REFERENCE ONLY
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Army Corps of
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FIGURE 7-8. FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT DESIGNCURVES
*
AIRFORCE
SHORTFIELD PAVEMENT, TYPE A
TRAFFIC AREAS
ANDOVERRUNS
7- 12
se a)
3Y
mss'
F-
a
M
N
determi ned
. These thi cknesses together wi th
the mi ni mumthi cknesses
for surface and base courses
provi de the basi s for pavement
secti on
desi gn. Use tabl e 5-2 for mi ni mum
thi ckness of base and surface
course. See tabl e 7-2 for an
outl i ne of the fl exi bl e pavement
thi ckness desi gn procedure.

I n addi ti on, consi der the fol l owi ng
:
a. CBR val ues l ess than 3.
Normal l y si tes whi ch i ncl ude
l arge
areas of the natural subgrade wi th
CBRval ues of l ess than 3 are
not
consi dered adequate for ai rfi el d constructi on
. However, CBRval ues
of
l ess than 3 are acceptabl e for occasi onal
i sol ated weak areas .
b. Frost areas.

Pavement secti ons i n frost areas
must be desi gned
and constructed wi th non-frost-suscepti bl e materi al s
of such depth to
prevent destructi ve frost penetrati on i nto underl yi ng
suscepti bl e
materi al s. Desi gn for frost areas shoul d
be
i n
accordance wi th EM
1110-3-138.
c .
Expansi ve
subgrade. Determi ne i f moi sture condi ti on of
expansi ve subgrade i s control l ed and i f adequate overburden i s
provi ded. (See tabl e 3-5) .
d.
Li mi ted subgrade compacti on. Where subgrade compacti on must
l i mi ted for speci al condi ti ons
(see tabl es 3-3
and
3-5), provi de
pavement thi ckness i n conformance wi th
reduced
densi ty and
CBRof the
prepared subgrade.
e. Rai nfal l and water tabl e. I n regi ons where the annual
preci pi tati on i s l ess than 15 i nches and the water tabl e (i ncl udi ng
15 feet bel owthe fi ni shed
subgrade
these
not
determi ned
20
perched water tabl e) wi l l be at l east
pavement surface,
the
danger of hi gh moi sture content
i n
the
i s
reduced
.
Where
i n-pl ace tests
on si mi l ar
constructi on i n
regi ons i ndi cate that the water content of the subgrade wi l l
i ncrease above the opti mum, the total pavement thi ckness, as
by CBR tests on soaked sampl es, may be reduced by as much as
percent .
EM
1110- 3-141
9 Apr
84
f . Pavement secti on compari son. Compare
desi gn pavement secti ons
wi th fi el d behavi or of
si mi l ar
pavement
secti ons on comparabl e soi l
condi ti ons; assess
the traffi c on si mi l ar pavement-secti ons wi th the
desi gn traffi c
l oadi ng.
7-5. Desi gn exampl es. The
exampl es are not to be used as desi gn
cri teri a. They
are i ntended sol el y to i l l ustrate howthe cri teri a
thi s manual woul d be used i n an assumed si tuati on
.
Any
attempt to
arbi trari l y appl y these exampl es to actual desi gn
probl ems wi thout
compl ete desi gn anal ysi s, fol l owi ng the procedures
outl i ned i n thi s
manual , may resul t i n faul ty pavement
desi gn.
a
be
i n
EM1110-
3-141
9
Apr 84
Tabl e 7-2. CBR
Fl exi bl e Pavement Desi gn Procedure
I tem

Procedure
Total thi ckness

1 . Determi ne desi gn
CBR of subgrade (see
chapter 3)
Thi ckness of subbase 6. Subtract thi ckness of
surf ace and base
course

f romthe total thi ckness to obtai n the
requi red thi ckness of subbase.
U. S.
Army Corps of
Engi neers
2. Enter top of f l exi bl e
pavement desi gn
curve (f i gure 7-1 to
f i gure 7-8)
wi th
desi gn subgrade
CBR and f ol l ow
i t
downward to i ntersecti on wi th appropri ate
gross wei ght curve, then hori zontal l y to
appropri ate ai rcraf t passes curve, then
down to requi red total pavement thi ckness
above subgrade.
Thi ckness of surf ace 3. Determi ne desi gn CBR
of
subbase materi al
and base course

(see chapter 4) .
4. Enter top of curve at desi gn CBRof
subbase, f ol l owprocedure i n procedure
2
above to obtai n requi red thi ckness of
base and surf ace above subbase course.
5. Determi ne the requi red mi ni mumthi ckness
of base and surf ace f romtabl e 5-2. '
I ncrease combi ned thi ckness of base and
surf ace to requi red mi ni mum, i f
necessary.
7. I f l ess than 6 i nches, consi der
i ncreasi ng thi ckness of base
course.
Subgrade Compacti on

8 . See
tabl e 3-3 f or requi red compacti on of
subgrade.
a . Desi gn exampl e 1 .
(1) Desi gn an ai rfi el d, Type
B traffi c
area for a si ngl e-wheel
tri cycl e
gear ai rcraft wi th a gross
l oad of 25-ki ps for
1, 000, 000
passes.
Subgrade i s a poorl y graded
sand wi th a desi gn CBR
of 16;
i n-pl ace
densi ty of the subgrade i s
90 percent to a depth of
10 feet .
(2) Fromfi gure 7-1 the
total pavement
secti on requi red i s
10
i nches.
(3) Fromtabl e
5-2 the mi ni mumrequi red
surface and base
thi cknesses are
2 i nches and 6 i nches respecti vel y,
for a- total
of 8
i nches.
(4)
Use a 10-i nch pavement secti on consi sti ng
of 2 i nches of
asphal t concrete surface and 8
i nches of 100 CBR base
on subgrade to
provi de the 10 i nches requi red
above the subgrade.
(5) Determi ne the compacti on
requi rements fromtabl e 3-3.
The
desi gn secti on i s as fol l ows:
b.
Desi gn
exampl e 2.
1 Base and subbase compacted to 100 percent .
Si nce the exi sti ng subgrade has an i n-pl ace
compacti on of the 8 i nch upper l ayer of the
moi steni ng and compacti ng
i n
pl ace.
top of subgrade
100 percent compacti on
95 percent compacti on
(cohesi onl ess
subgrade)
90 percent compacti on
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
densi ty of 90 percent, the
subgrade may be achi eved by
(1) Desi gn a heavy l oad pavement to accommodate a 480-ki p gross
l oad twi n twi n gear assembl y ai rcraft i n a Type B traffi c area for
15, 000 passes. Desi gn CBRof the. l ean cl ay
subgrade i s
13,
the
natural
i n-pl ace densi ty of the cl ay i s 87 percent
extendi ng to 10 feet . The
anal ysi s that fol l ows assumes that subgrade does
not requi re speci al
treatment and frost penetrati on i s not a probl em
.
7-15
EM
1110- 3-141
9
Apr
84
(2)

Enter fi gure
7-6(b) at
CBR=13 down to
480-ki p GROSS
WEI GHT
curve
then ri ght to the
15, 000 AI RCRAFT
PASSES curve
thence down
to the
requi red
thi ckness of
pavement, 28
i nches .
(3) The desi gn
CBRof the- subbase
materi al has
been determi ned
to be
30. Enter fi gure 7-6(b)
at CBR
30 and fi nd that the
requi red
thi ckness
of ba-se and surface
i s 15
i nches for the desi gn
ai rcraft .
Fromtabl e
5-2, the requi red
mi ni mumthi ckness
of the surface
course i s
4 i nches and of
the base, 9 i nches .
Use 4
i nch asphal t concrete
surface and 11
i nches of 100 CBR
base to provi de
the 15 i nches requi red
above the 30
CBR subbas-e.
(4)
The
requi red thi ckness of
subbase i s
13 i nches (28 i nches
l eas 15
i nches) .
(5)
Fromtabl e 3-3 i t i s
determi ned that for
cohesi ve subgrade
soi l s,
95 percent compacti on i s
requi red to 3 feet bel ow
pavement
surface
and 90 percent compacti on
to a 4-1/2-foot
depth
.
(6) The desi gn secti on i s
i l l ustrated bel ow:
4
-
i n.

AC surfacel

(Type B traffi c area)
2 ft . - 4 i n.
11 i n. 100
CBRbasel
13 i n. 30 CBR subbas, el
top of subgrade
95
percent
compacti on
8 i n.
(cohesi ve subgrade)
90 percent compacti on
1 ft - 6 i n.
l Base
and subbase compacted to 100 percent .
7-16
7-6.
Stabi l i zed pavement secti ons. Stabi l i zed l ayers may be
i ncorporated i n the
pavement secti ons
i n
order to make use of l ocal l y
avai l abl e materi al s whi ch cannot otherwi se meet the cri teri a for base
course or subbase course.

The strength and durabi l i ty of the
stabi l i zed courses must be i n accordance wi th requi rements of chapters
4
and
5. (See
requi rements
EM
1110-3-137)
.
a . Equi val ency factors . The use of stabi l i zed soi l l ayers wi thi n a
fl exi bl e pavement provi des the opportuni ty to reduce the overal l
EM
1110-
3-141
9 Apr
84
thi ckness of
pavement structure
requi red to support
a gi ven l oad.
Thi s
i s accompl i shed
through the use of
the equi val ency factors
presented
i n
tabl e 7-3.
Factors are shown for
repl acement of base and
subbase
materi al and
i ndi cate that 1 i nch of
stabi l i zed materi al
i s equi val ent
to the number
of i nches of unbound
materi al s shown
i n
the
tabl e. That
i s, 1i nch of
cement-stabi l i zed
gravel s or sands i s
equi val ent to 1. 15
i nches of
base-course materi al and 2
. 3 i nches o subbase
materi al . Any
stabi l i zed
soi l used to repl ace a
base or subbase must
meet the
requi rements
descri bed i n EM 1110-3-137
.
b.
Desi gn. The desi gn
of a pavement havi ng
stabi l i zed soi l l ayers
i s
accompl i shed through
the appl i cati on of equi val ency
factors to the
i ndi vi dual
unbound soi l l ayers of a
pavement . A conventi onal
fl exi bl e
pavement
i s fi rst desi gned, then the
base and subbase are
converted to
an
equi val ent thi ckness of stabi l i zed
soi l . Thi s conversi on
i s made by
di vi di ng
the thi ckness of unbound materi al
by the equi val ency
factor .
For
exampl e, assume that a conventi onal
pavement has been desi gned
consi sti ng
of 4 i nches of AC, 10 i nches
of base, and. 15 i nches of
subbase
for a total thi ckness above the subgrade
of 29 i nches. I t i s
desi red
to repl ace the base and subbase wi th cement-stabi l i zed
GW
materi al .
The equi val ency factor for the base-course l ayer
i s 1 . 15;
therefore, the
thi ckness of stabi l i zed GWto repl ace 10 i nches
of base
course i s 10/ 1. 15
or
8
. 7 i nches. The equi val ency factor for the
subbase l ayer i s 2. 3, and the thi ckness
of stabi l i zed GWto repl ace
the
15-i nch subbase i s 15/ 2. 3 or 6. 5 i nches.
The thi ckness of stabi l i zed
GWneeded to repl ace the base and subbase woul d
be 15. 2 i nches.
c
.
Use of equi val ency factors. To desi gn a pavement wi th
an
al l -bi tumi nous concrete secti on, the total thi ckness of a conventi onal
pavement secti on and the thi ckness of the surface courses are fi rst
determi ned
as outl i ned i n tabl e 7-2. Let us assume that the total
thi ckness for
a conventi onal pavement secti on i s 28 i nches and the
requi red
thi ckness for the surface courses i s 4 i nches. Mi ni mum
thi ckness requi rement for the
base course i s 6 i nches
.
The i ndi cated
thi ckness for an unbound subbase i s 28 i nches mi nus
4
i nches
of
asphal ti c concrete surface courses and 6 i nches of al l -bi tumi nous
concrete base or 18 i nches . The equi val ency factor for the subbase
course l ayer i s 2. 3. The requi red thi ckness for the al l -bi tumi nous
concrete bottoml ayer i s 18 i nches/ 2. 3 or 7. 8 i nches (use 8 i nches) .
The
total thi ckness of the al l -bi tumi nous concrete
secti on
i s 18
i nches.
7-7.
Speci al areas.
Areas such as overrun areas, ai rfi el d and
hel i port shoul ders, bl ast areas, and reduced l oad areas requi re speci al
treatment
as
descri bed bel ow.
a. Overrun areas. Pave overrun areas for the ful l
wi dth
of the
runway excl usi ve of shoul ders, and for a
l ength
of
200 feet on each end
of Cl ass I , I I ; and I I I runways.
Surface the overrun areas wi th doubl e
bi tumi nous
surface treatment
except for that porti on (150 feet l ong x
7-17
EM 1110-3-141
1Not used as base course.
7- 18
2 Cement i s l i mi ted to 4 percent
by
wei ght or
l ess .
U.
S
. Army
Corps of
Engi neers
9 Apr
84
Tabl e 7- . 3 .
Equi val ency
Materi al
Factors
Equi val ency
Base
Factors
Subbase
Unbound Crushed Stone 1 . 00
2
. 00
Unbound Aggregate 1 1 . 00
Asphal t-Stabi l i zed
Al l -Bi tumi nous Concrete 1 . 15
2 . 30
GW, GP, GM, GC 1. 00 2 . 00
SW, SP, SM,
SC
1
1. 50
Cement-Stabi l i zed
GW, GP, SW, SP 1 . 152 2 . 30
GC,
GM 1. 002 2 . 00
ML, MH, CL, CH
1
1. 70
SC, SM
' 1
1. 50
Li me-Stabi l i zed
ML, MH, CL, CH
1
1. 00
SC, SM, GC, GM
1. 10
Li me, Cement, Fl y Ash Stabi l i zed
ML,
MH,
CL, CH
1
1. 30
SC,
SM,
GC, GM
-1
1 . 40
runway wi dth) abutti ng the runway
pavement end whi ch wi l l have
weari ng
surface of 2 i nches . of dense graded
asphal ti c concrete for bl ast
l Any 80 CBR type base course l i sted i n chapter
5.
2Must meet al l requi rements for 50
CBR
subbase materi al s
l i sted i n chapter 4.
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
b. Paved shoul ders . Shoul der areas wi l l be paved to support
the
ai rcraft outri gger gear and for protecti on agai nst j et bl ast .
The
weari ng surface wi l l be 2 i nches of dense graded asphal ti c
concrete;
desi gn the pavement thi ckness i n accordance wi th fi gure 7-7.
c . Shoul ders. Desi gn shoul ders adj acent to hardstand and apron
areas to sustai n traffi c of support vehi cl es. Desi gn the pavement
thi ckness
of shoul der areas i n accordance wi th fi gure 7-7
.
Use a
doubl e bi tumi nous surface treatment
on a
mi ni mum6-i nch
base consi sti ng
of 40 CBR materi al or better .
d. Overrun areas and other shoul der areas . Compact surface
of
overrun areas and shoul der areas, except shoul ders adj acent to
aprons
and
hardstands, to 90 percent maxi mumdensi ty for a depth of 6
i nches
.
Stabi l i ze
the shoul ders for dust and erosi on control agai nst bl ast of
motor
bl ades. Provi de vegetati ve cover, anchored mul ch, coarse graded
aggregate,
l i qui d pal l i ati ves, or a doubl e bi tumi nous
surface
treatment . When
a doubl e
bi tumi nous
surface
treatment i s speci fi ed,
provi de a 4-i nch base of
40 CBR
materi al or better.
protecti on. Mi ni mumbase
Desi gn- Loadi ng
course CBR
val ues are as fol l ows:
Mi ni mum
Base Course CBR
Cl ass I I I
801
Cl ass I I
801
Cl ass I
502
SPECI AL SURFACE TREATMENTS
AND SPECI AL DETAI LS
8-1. General . Thi s secti on covers surface
treatments for i mprovement
of ski d resi stance, reducti on of hydropl ani ng
tendency, and resi stance
to fuel spi l l age.
Some di sadvantages i ncl ude:
CHAPTER8
8-2. Surface treatment for i mproved ski d resi stance.
I mproved ski d
resi stance and the el i mi nati on of the tendency to hydropl ane
may be
accompl i shed by proper drai nage and proper aggregate
sel ecti on or by
appl i cati on of a porous fri cti on
course or by-groovi ng the pavement
surface. These surface treatments
are appl i cabl e to runways and hi gh
speed taxi ways .
8-3. Porous fri cti on surface course
.
Porous fri cti on
surface course
consi sts of an open graded bi tumi nous concrete contai ni ng a l arge
proporti on of one-si zed coarse aggregate. The l arge voi d content
permi ts water to drai n through the l ayer l ateral l y out to the
shoul ders . Porous fri cti on courses are al so descri bed as "open graded
mi x, " "pl ant mi x seal , " and' "popcorn mi x. " I n addi ti on to i mprovi ng
ski d resi stance and preventi ng hydropl ani ng, porous fri cti on courses
provi de the fol l owi ng addi ti onal advantages :
- I mproved
vi si bi l i ty
of pavement marki ng
.
-
Reduced ti re spl ash and spray.
Suscepti bi l i ty to fuel spi l l s .
Suscepti bi l i ty to cl oggi ng by
mud,
bl ow
sand, and rubber .
8-4. Pri or preparati on
.
Porous fri cti on courses
and groovi ng
shoul d
onl y be appl i ed to
structural l y
adequate
secti ons capabl e of supporti ng
exi sti ng and future ai rcraft
traffi c
.
The pavement surface shoul d be
checked for proper
surface drai nage; transverse grades shoul d be a
mi ni mumof
1 percent . Pavements whi ch are understrength, have
i nsuffi ci ent sl ope for drai nage, contai n depressed' areas, or are
cracked,
shoul d be strengthened and shoul d have
defi ci enci es
corrected
pri or
to appl yi ng a porous fri cti on course or
groovi ng.
8-5. Fuel resi stant surfaci ngs
.
J et
fuel -resi stant bi tumi nous
surfaci ngs may be used i n
newconstructi on, where expedi ent, or as
overl ays . See appendi x A
for cri teri a on fuel resi stant
rubberi zed-tar mi xes .
Desi gn fuel resi stant fl exi bl e pavement as
outl i ned i n chapter 7
for conventi onal pavement,
except that the
surface wi l l consi st
of a tar or asphal t bi nder
topped wi th a
mi ni mumof 1-1/ 2
i nches of rubberi zed tar
weari ng course. J oi nts
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
i n the weari ng course are parti cul arl y cri ti cal and care must be taken
i n bondi ng the j oi nts to prevent l eakage whi ch woul d resul t i n
deteri orati on of the asphal t bel ow.
8-6. Fuel resi stant seal coat . Structural l y adequate asphal ti c
pavements i n good condi ti on subj ect to fuel spi l l age may be protected
by a rubberi zed-tar sl urry seal
. Rubberi zed-tar sl urry seal provi des a
fi ne grai ned, sl i ppery surface
whi ch
i s
resi stant to fuel spi l l age.
Because of the sl i ppage surface
i mparted by thi s type seal , i t i s not
to be used on runways and
taxi ways .
8-7. J uncture between ri gi d and fl exi bl e
pavements . Experi ence has
shown that obj ecti onabl e roughness often
devel ops
at
the j uncture of
a
ri gi d and fl exi bl e pavement under
ai rcraft traffi c . Thi s roughness
general l y takes the formof subsi dence or shovi ng
. For detai l s on thi s
j uncture, see EM1110-3-142.
AI . General .
APPENDI XA
HOT-MI X BI TUMI NOUS PAVEMENTS,
DESI GNANDCONTROL
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
Al -1. Procedures and cri teri a
. Procedures and cri teri a i n thi s
appendi x appl y to desi gn and control
of hot-mi x bi tumi nous pavements
usi ng penetrati on grades of asphal t
cement, tar cement, or rubberi zed
tar .
Al -2. Al ternati ve approaches.
I t i s anti ci pated that under
mobi l i zati on condi ti ons,
bi tumi nous pavement materi al s wi l l be suppl i ed
by establ i shed l ocal sources. I n
most cases these sources have been
uti l i zed by Federal or state agenci es i n
the past and have approved
desi gn mi xes avai l abl e to meet the needs
as
outl i ned i n thi s
manual .
Revi ewof the avai l abl e mi x resul ts al ong wi th
the associ ated materi al
test resul ts and suppl emented by fi el d i nspecti ons and testi ng
of
present materi al s shoul d
suppl y
suffi ci ent i nformati on to
proceed wi th
desi gn and constructi on.

.
Al -3.
Desi gn requi rements
.
The fol l owi ng di scussi on i s presented to
provi de the desi gner wi th desi gn
requi rements as an
ai d
to eval uati ng
avai l abl e materi al s and to provi de i nformati on
on
methods
of obtai ni ng
desi gn data i f not l ocal l y avai l abl e.
A2. Desi gn.
A2-1.

Survey of materi al s
.
Asurvey of materi al s avai l abl e i n
sui tabl e quanti ti es for use i n
constructi on of the
pavement i s
the
fi rst step i n the desi gn of a pavi ng
mi xture. Materi al s normal l y
requi red for the pavi ng mi xture are coarse aggregate, fi ne
aggregate,
mi neral fi l l er, and bi tumen.
A2-2.
Sampl i ng.
Suffi ci ent
quanti ti es of materi al s
are
to be obtai ned
to
provi de for l aboratory pavement desi gn tests subsequentl y
descri bed.
a. Fi ne
and coarse aggregate. Sampl i ng of fi ne-and coarse aggregate
wi l l be i n accordance wi th ASTMD75.
b. Mi neral fi l l er . Sampl i ng of mi neral fi l l er wi l l be
i n
accordance
wi th ASTMC 183.
c. Asphal t cement, tar cement, and rubberi zed
tar . Sampl i ng of al l
bi tumi nous materi al s
wi l l
be
i n accordance wi th ASTMD 140.
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
A2-3. Testi ng of pavement
- materi al s.
a. Tests on
aggregates. Aggregates
for use i n
bi tumi nous pavements
shoul d be cl ean, hard, and
durabl e. Aggregates
that are angul ar
i n
shape general l y provi de
more' stabl e pavements
than do rounded
ones.

I n
most cases, aggregates
wi l l be suppl i ed
fromestabl i shed
sources where
l aboratory testi ng has
taken pl ace. Exi sti ng
l aboratory tests shoul d
be uti l i zed to the greatest
extent possi bl e i n provi di ng
desi gn data.
(1) Si eve anal ysi s.
A si eve anal ysi s of the
aggregates
consi dered for
use i n a pavi ng mi x i s of
val ue i n several respects.
An
experi enced
engi neer can obtai n general
i nformati on fromthe gradi ng
curve as
to the sui tabi l i ty of the aggregate
for a pavi ng mi x, the
quanti ty
of bi tumen requi red, and whether
or not mi neral fi l l er shoul d
be added.
Al so, a si eve anal ysi s i s requi red i f
. the aggregate i s to be
used i n l aboratory
tests for pavi ng mi x desi gn, as descri bed
l ater .
Si eve anal yses of fi ne
and coarse aggregates are to be i n
accordance
wi th ASTM
C
136
. Fi gure A-1 i s a formsuggested for use i n
recordi ng
and cal cul ati ng data
obtai ned fromsi eve anal ysi s. Mechani cal
anal ysi s
data for typi cal coarse
aggregate, fi ne aggregate, sand, andmi neral
fi l l er used i n a pavi ng
mi xture
are
shown i n fi gure A-1.
(2) Speci fi c gravi ty.

Speci fi c gravi ty val ues for aggregates
used i n a pavi ng mi x are requi red i n the
computati on of percent voi ds
total mi x and percent voi ds fi l l ed wi th
bi tumen
i n
the compacted
speci mens . Cri teri a have been establ i shed
to
furni sh l i mi ti ng
val ues
for these factors . However, speci fi c gravi ty val ues must be determi ned
wi th care and i n accordance wi th speci fi ed procedures i n order that
appl i cati on of the cri teri a wi l l be val i d. Two di fferent speci fi c
gravi ty determi nati ons are ; provi ded, and the sel ecti on of the
appropri ate test
procedures depends on the water absorpti on of each
aggregate bl end.
(a) ASTMapparent speci fi c gravi ty. Apparent speci fi c
gravi ty of the fi ne and coarse aggregate need be used onl y wi th
aggregate bl ends showi ng water absorpti on of l ess than 2. 5 percent .
The apparent speci fi c gravi ty i s to be determi ned i n accordance wi th
ASTMC 127
for
coarse aggregate, ASTMC
128 for fi ne aggregate, and
ASTMC
188 or
D 854
(whi chever i s appl i cabl e) for mi neral fi l l er .
Fi gure A-2 i s a formsuggested for use i n recordi ng data fromthese
tests . Typi cal data have been suppl i ed i n thi s formas an i l l ustrati on
of i ts use. Properl y wei ghted val ues, based on the amount of each
type
of materi al i n a gi ven bl end, shoul d be used
i n computati ons
subsequentl y di scussed.
(b) Bul k-i mpregnated speci fi c gravi ty. For aggregate
bl ends
showi ng water absorpti on to be 2. 5 percent or greater, the
bul k-i mpregnated speci fi c gravi ty. i s to be used
.

Thi s speci fi c gravi ty
wi l l be determi ned i n accordance wi th the
procedure outl i ned i n Method
105, MI L-STD-620.
A-2
U.
S .
Army
Corps of Engi neers
FI GURE
A-1. SI EVE
ANALYSI S
A-3
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
SI EVEANALYSI S
J OB NO
:
PRI )J ECT: TYPI CAL MI X
DATE:
STOCKPI LE SAMPLES DRY
GRADATI ON
SAMPLENo.
Crushed Coarse re ate
SAMPLEN0.
Crushed Fi ne
Aggregate
U. S. STAND
SI EVENO.
WEI GHT
RETAI NED
z
RETAI NED
z
PASS
U. S. STAND.
SI EVENO.
WEI GHT
RETAI NED
z
RETAI NED
z
PASS
344 _
100
_
3/4
_1/2
-
. -
225. 9
-
30
.
70. 0
1/2
100
3/6
267. 3 35. 5 34
. 5
3/8
, 1
0. 2
99. 8
NO. 4
237. 2
31
. 5
3. 0
NO. 4 ' 53. 9
9. . 8
90. 0
NO
. 8 22. 6 3. 0
No.
S
104. 6 19. 0
71. 0
NO. 16
NO-
1
104. 6 19. 0 52. 0
NO. 30 NO. 30
96
. 3 17. 5
34. 5
No. 50
No
. so
82. 5 15. 0
19
. 5
9D
. 10 NO. 100
60. 5
11. 0
8. 5
NO. 20b
No" 30.
5. 5
3. 0
-200
/
m~~
TOTAL
753. /
WEI GHTORI GI NAL
SAMPLE
WEI GHT ORI GI NAL SAMPLE
WASHEDGRADATI ON
SAMPLENo.
Natural
Sand SAMPLENo. Li mestoneFi l l er
U. S. STAND
SI EVENO.
WEI GHT
RETAI NED
z
RETAI NED
z
PASS
U. S. STAND.
SI EVENO.
WEI GHT
RETAI NED
z
RETAI NED
z
PASS
3/4
3/4
1/2 1/2
3/8 3/8
NO. 4 50. 4
90.
g
NO. 8
NO.
16
NO. 16
NO.
30
100
NO. 30
NO. 50
9
. 4
4. 5
95
. 5 No. 5o 100
NO. 100
54. 6 26. 0
69. 5
No.
100 2. 3 2. 0 " 0
90"
200
124. 9 59. 5
10. 0 NO. 200 9. 8. 0
90. 0
_
200
TOTAL
(T)
21. 0
209. 9
05
MZZMAVVI A145, NA
(A) WEI GHT ORI GI NAL
SAMPLE
2
9. 2
GH
(B)
WEI GHT AFTERWASHED
J . I
am
(C) WASHLOSS (A- B
GM
(S) -200
FROMSI EVI NG GK
(T) TOTAL-200 C
+
---
GM
USE"T" TO CALCULATEPERCENTAG
S
(A)
WEI GHT
ORI GI NAL SAMPLE
117
. 4
- (B) WEI GHT AFTERWASHED
18. 9
(C) WASHLOSS (A- B)
98. 5
GH
(S) -200FROMSI EVI NG
6. 8
(T) TOTAL -2000C+S 105. 3
USE"T" TOCALCULATEPERCENTAGES
I
TESTEDBY:
COMPUTEDBy.
-T-CHECKED BY:
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
U. S. Army Corps of
Engi neers
FI GURE
A-2. SPECI FI CGRAVI TY
OF BI TUMI NOUS
MI XCOMPONENTS
A-
4
SPECI FI C
GRAVI TY
OF
$I TUMI NOUS MI X
COMPONENTS
DATE
PROJ ECT J OB
TYPI CALMI X
COARSE
AGGREGATE
MATERI AL PASSI NGJ WSI EVEAND
RETAI NEDON
' SI EVE UNI TS
SAMPLENUMBERCoarsea re ate
1. WEI GHTOFOVEN
-
DRY
AGGREGATE
GM. rt
2.
WRI GHT
OF
SAXURATtD
AGGREGA
I NWATER
GM.
3. DI FFERENCE . -2. GM.
E) r
-
APPARENT
SPECI FI CGRAvI TY, G-
2
. 755
FI NE
AGGREGATE
.
MATEBI &PASSI NG
NUMBER
3 ~STEVE UNI TS
SAMPLE
NUMBER
Natural
san
4. WEI GHTOF OVEN-
DRY MATERI AL
Gl (
. [ ~
5. WEI GHT OF FLASKFI LL2D AT 20-C GM.
6. SUM( 4. +5. )
REM
7. WEI GHT OF FLASK
+
AGGREGATE+
WA
a'
GM.
8. DI FFERENCE
( 6
. -7. )
GM
. 8
APPARENT spaci rzc GEAvi TY, G
4.
2. 660
FI 1LER UNI TS
_SAMLENUMBER
9. WEI GHTOFOVEN- DRY MATERI AL M
10
.
WEI GHT of FLASKFI LLED
WI THW AT 20-C
i
11. Sum( 9. +10.
~1
A_;~kj
12. WEI GHTOF FLASK+AGGREGATE+ T 0- C
mww
13. DI FFERENCE ( 11. -12. ) ~/
MI X. ]
APPARENT SPECI FI CGRAVI TY, G-
( 13
.
2. 764
BI NDER UNI TS
SAMPLEI MER6873
14
. WEI GHT
OF PYCNOMETERc +~ waWATER
GM. 9
15. WEI GHT OF EMPTY PYCN0METER ~c;KA&
16. WEI GHTOF WATER ( 14. -13. )
_
17. WEI GHTOF PYCNOMBTER+BI NDER
18
. WEI GHTof BI NDER
17. -15.
GM. 9
19. WEI GHT OF PYCNOMETHR
+
BI NDER
+
WTER12F PYCNOMLTER
20. WRI GRTOFWATERTo FI I. L PYC L-j: : j: --~ ( 19. -17. )
GM. 7. 86
21. WEI GHTOFWATERDI SPLACEDBYBI ND
GM. . 742
APPARENT
SPECI FI CGRAVI TY, G-
( 2E~
1. 020
TECHNI CI AN( Si gnature)
CO "~~DBY
( Si gnature)
CHECZEDBY ( Si gnature)
(3) Wear
requi rements f or coarse
aggregate. The determi nati on
of percentage of wear f or coarse
aggregates
may not be necessary i f the
aggregate has been f ound
sati sf actory by previ ous
tests. However,
coarse aggregates
obtai ned f romnewor doubtf ul
deposi ts must be tested
f or conf ormance
to speci f i cati on requi rements
usi ng ASTMC 131.
(4) Soundness
test . The soundness
test i s used where damage
f romf reezi ng i s expected
to be a probl em. I t i s
not necessary to
conduct the
soundness test on aggregate that
has been f ound
sati sf actory
by previ ous tests. However,
aggregate obtai ned f romnew
or doubtf ul
deposi ts wi l l
be
tested f or conf ormance
to speci f i cati on
requi rements
usi ng ASTMC 88.
(5) Swel l test . Experi ence has
i ndi cated that bi tumi nous
pavements
produced f romcl ean, sound stone,
sl ag, or gravel aggregates
and
f rommi neral f i l l er produced f roml i mestone wi l l
showval ues i n the
swel l
test of l ess than 1. 5 percent . However,
aggregates consi dered to
be of doubtf ul character wi l l be tested f or
conf ormance to
speci f i cati on requi rements f or percentage of swel l i n
accordance wi th
AASHTOT 101.
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
(6)
I mmersi on-compressi on test . Thi s test shoul d be conducted
on al l pavi ngmi xes
consi dered
f or
constructi on of pavements .

(See
Method 104,
MI L-STD-620) .
b. Tests on mi neral f i l l er . Some mi neral f i l l ers
have been f ound
to be
more sati sf actory i n asphal t pavi ngmi xtures than others.
For
exampl e,
f i ne sands and cl ays are normal l y l ess sui tabl e f i l l ers
than
l i mestone
f i l l er or portl an4 cement . Wel l -graded materi al s are
more
sui tabl e than poorl y graded materi al s .
A l i mi ted amount of l aboratory
work has i ndi cated that mi neral f i l l ers
of reasonabl y uni f ormgradati on
and f al l i ng wi thi n the l i mi ts set f orth i n
paragraph A2-3. f .
herei naf ter, are general l y sati sf actory. Sati sf actory pavements
may be
desi gned usi ng
commerci al f ul l ers that conf ormto ASTMStandards . The
speci f i c
gravi ty of the mi neral f i l l er i s requi red i n voi d computati on.
I t wi l l be determi ned i n
accordance wi th ASTMD 854, or al ternati vel y,
ASTMC 188, except that when the bul k-i mpregnated speci f i c
gravi ty i s
used, the mi neral f i l l er i s to be i ncl uded i n the bl ended
aggregate
(See Method
103, MI L-STD-620) .
Fi gure
A-2
i s
a
f ormsuggested
f or
tabul ati on and computati on of these data; typi cal data have been
entered i n thi s f ormto i l l ustrate i ts use.
c . Tests on bi tumen. Test requi rements f or asphal t cement, tar f or
rubberi zed-tar bl ends, rubberi zed-tar bl ends, and tar are outl i ned i n
the
mobi l i zati on speci f i cati ons . Fi gure A-2 i s a
f orm
suggested f or
use i n determi ni ng speci f i c gravi ty of bi tumen; typi cal data are
i ncl uded i n
thi s
f orm.
d. Sel ecti on of materi al s f or mi x desi gn. The f i rst step i n the
desi gn of a pavi ng mi x i s the tentati ve sel ecti on of materi al s .
The
A- 5
EM 1110-3-141
g Apr
84
bi tumen used i n the l aboratory
tests must be the same as that whi ch
wi l l be used i n fi el d constructi on.
The sel ecti on of aggregates and
mi neral fi l l er for the pavi ng mi x i s
more i nvol ved than the sel ecti on
of the bi tumen. Aggregates and mi neral
fi l l ers that do not meet the
requi rements of the speci fi cati ons previ ousl y
di scussed shoul d be
el i mi nated fromfurther consi derati on.
The remai ni ng aggregates and
fi l l er must then be exami ned fromboth
techni cal and economi cal
vi ewpoi nts. The fi nal obj ecti ve i s to determi ne the most
economi cal
bl end of aggregates and mi neral fi l l er that wi l l
produce a pavement
meeti ng the engi neeri ng requi rements set forth i n thi s
manual
.
I n
general , several bl ends shoul d be sel ected
for l aboratory mi x-desi gn
tests. The mi x-desi gn gradati on (i . e. , j ob-mi x formul a) pl us
or mi nus
j ob-mi x tol erances must fal l wi thi n the gradati on
tol erances speci fi ed
i n
the
appropri ate gui de speci fi cati on.
e. Combi ni ng aggregates. I n the producti on of pavi ng mi xes,
i t i s
general l y necessary
to
combi ne
aggregates
fromtwo
or
more sources
.
Mathemati cal equati ons are avai l abl e for maki ng
such
combi nati ons,
but
they
are not presented
herei n
because
they are
l engthy and normal l y
i t
i s
easi er
to
use tri al -and-error procedures . Methods and procedures
descri bed herei n wi l l permi t determi nati on of the most sui tabl e
aggregate
or bl end avai l abl e, and wi l l prescri be the proper bi tumen
content
for the parti cul ar aggregate bl end determi ned to be the most
sui tabl e. Whenever a pavi ng mi x wi l l not meet establ i shed cri teri a, as
subsequentl y outl i ned, i t i s necessary ei ther to i mprove the gradati on
of
the aggregate bei ng used or to use another aggregate. The choi ce as
to i mprovement of gradati on or the use of another aggregate i s
a
matter
of engi neeri ng j udgment i nvol vi ng an anal ysi s of
the avai l abl e
aggregate suppl i es and vari ous economi c
consi derati ons .
f . Addi ti on of mi neral
fi l l er . The fi l l er requi rements of each
aggregate bl end must be
esti mated after the bl ends to be tested i n the
l aboratory have been
sel ected. Consi derati ons shoul d be gi ven to the
i tems
di scussed i n paragraph A2-3. b. i n sel ecti ng the
mi neral fi l l er to
be
used. The quanti ty of mi neral fi l l er to be added
depends
on
several
factors, among whi ch are the amount of fi l l er
natural l y present i n the
aggregate, desi red reducti on
i n voi ds, the extent to whi ch addi ti onal
i ncrements of fi l l er wi l l
decrease the opti mumbi tumen content of
the
mi xture, the extent to
whi ch i t may be necessary
to-i mprove the
stabi l i ty of
the mi xture, and the cost of the
fi l l er . The addi ti on of
mi neral fi l l er
reduces the quanti ty of bi tumen
requi red for the pavi ng
mi xture.
The addi ti on of excessi ve amounts of
fi l l er i s not
economi cal , as a l i mi t i s reached at whi ch
no further reducti on i n
opti mumbi tumen content occurs wi th an
i ncrease i n fi l l er . I t
al so has
been i ndi cated that the
addi ti on of a sati sfactory
mi neral fi l l er
wi thi n practi cal
l i mi ts i ncreases the
stabi l i ty of a pavi ng mi xture.
Excessi ve amount
of fi l l er, however, may
decrease the durabi l i ty of the
pavi ng
mi xture. Therefore, whi l e-the
addi ti on of some
mi neral fi l l er
i s
normal l y benefi ci al to the
pavi ng mi xture, the addi ti on
of l arge
quanti ti es of fi l l er not onl y
i s uneconomi cal , but
may al so be
A- 6
A2-4. Laboratory
testi ng f or mi x desi gn.
A- 7
EM1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
detri mental to the pavi ng mi xture. Experi ence has
i ndi cated that
f i l l er contents shoul d
not exceed about 10 percent f or
bi tumi nous
concretes and about 20
percent f or sand asphal ts. Practi cal
consi derati ons usual l y wi l l
di ctate quanti ti es of about
5 percent
f i l l er f or bi tumi nous concrete
and 10 percent f or sand asphal ts.
When
there has been
no previ ous experi ence wi th a parti cul ar
aggregate, i t
may be desi rabl e to conduct
l aboratory tests at more than
one f i l l er
content i n order that the
best mi xture can be sel ected.
a. General procedure. Laboratory
testi ng wi l l i ndi cate the
properti es that each bl end sel ected
woul d have af ter bei ng subj ected
to
appreci abl e traf f i c. A f i nal sel ecti on
of aggregate bl end and f i l l er
wi l l be based on these data wi th due consi derati on to rel ati ve
costs of
the
vari ous mi xes. The procedures set f orth i n the f ol l owi ng
paragraphs are di rectl y appl i cabl e to al l mi xes contai ni ng not
more
than
10 percent of aggregate retai ned on the 1-i nch si eve. The
procedure
to f ol l owwhen a mi x contai ns more than 10 percent aggregate
exceedi ng the 1-i nch-maxi mumsi ze i s
outl i ned i n Method 103,
MI L-STD-620
.
b.

Preparati on of
test
speci mens .
The
sel ecti on of
materi al s f or
use i n desi gni ng the pavi ng mi x was di scussed i n paragraph
6-2
.
For
purposes of i l l ustrati on, suppose that i t has been determi ned
that an
aggregate gradati on f or a hot-mi x desi gn shoul d be the medi an of the
l i mi ti ng
gradati on curves i n f i gure A-3. Thi s i s the bl end on whi ch
desi gn data
are
requi red. The i ni ti al pavement mi x desi gn tests
wi l l
usual l y be made i n a central testi ng l aboratory. The i ni ti al tests
wi l l be conducted on sampl e' s of stockpi l e materi al s submi tted by the
Contractor . Paragraph (1) bel owoutl i nes the procedure f or
proporti oni ng stockpi l e sampl es to produce a bl end of materi al s to meet
a speci f i ed gradati on. The f i nal mi x wi l l be based on bi n sampl es
taken
f romthe bi tumi nous pl ant ; i n thi s step, i t
wi l l agai n
be
necessary to determi ne what
proporti ons of the bi n materi al s wi l l be
requi red to meet a speci f i ed
gradati on. The f i nal mi x desi gn wi l l
usual l y
be made
i n
a
f i el d l aboratory near the pl ant, or the bi n
sampl es may be sent to the central l aboratory that conducted the
i ni ti al desi gn tests on the stockpi l e sampl es. Paragraph (2) bel ow
outl i nes the procedure f or combi ni ng processed
bi n sampl es
to
meet
a
speci f i ed gradati on.
(1) Proporti oni ng of
stockpi l e sampl es . As a prel i mi nary step
i n mi xture desi gn and manuf acture, i t i s necessary to
determi ne
the
approxi mate proporti ons of the di f f erent avai l abl e
stockpi l ed
materi al s
requi red to produce the desi red gradati on of
aggregate. Thi s i s
necessary i n order to determi ne whether a
sui tabl e bl end can be
produced and, i f so, the approxi mate proporti on
of aggregates to be f ed
f romthe col d f eed i nto the dryer .
Si eve anal yses are run on materi al
f romeach of the stockpi l es and
these data entered i n a f ormas
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A-9
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
i l l ustrated at the top of fi gure A-4. The data are shown graphi cal l y
i n fi gure A-5. These fracti ons must be combi ned to produce the desi red
bl end. The percentage of each fracti on requi red to produce thi s bl end
i s entered i n the format the mi ddl e of fi gure A-4; these percentages
are most easi l y determi ned by tri al -and-error cal cul ati ons .
(2) Proporti oni ng of bi n sampl es. Once i t i s demonstrated that
a sui tabl e bl end can be prepared fromthe avai l abl e materi al s, then
sampl es of these materi al s can be processed for use i n the l aboratory
desi gn tests. Si eve anal yses must be conducted for each batch of
processed aggregate. The processed aggregates are comparabl e to those
obtai ned i n the hot bi ns of an asphal t pl ant
.
Resul ts fromthese si eve
anal yses shoul d be entered i n a formas i l l ustrated at the top of
fi gure A-6. The data are
shown graphi cal l y i n fi gure A-7. A study of
the data fromthe si eve
anal ysi s of the processed sampl es i ndi cates
that, of the materi al processed
to pass the 3/4-i nch si eve and be
retai ned on 3/8-i nch
si eve, 76 percent was retai ned on the 3/8-i nch
si eve. The
desi red bl end requi res 18 percent to be retai ned on the
3/8-i nch
si eve; and si nce al l of the 3/4- to 3/8-i nch fracti on i n the
desi red
bl end wi l l come fromthi s 3/4- to 3/8-i nch fracti on, i n the
fi rst
tri al , 18 percent of the 3/4- to 3/8-i nch was used
.
The
percentage data are entered i n the second col umn (percent
used) of the
center porti on (tri al No. 1) of fi gure A-6 as
i l l ustrated. These
percentage fi gures are then used to determi ne the
proporti onal part of
each aggregate si ze i n each of the separated
fracti ons. I f the
combi ned bl ends contai ned 18 percent of the 3/4-
to 3/8-i nch fracti on,
then 18. 0, 9. 0, 4. 3, 1. 3, and 0. 2 percent of
the total bl end woul d pass
the 3/4-, 1/2-, 3/8-i nch, No. 4 si eves,
respecti vel y. The same
reasoni ng i s used for
the 3/8-i nch to No. 8 fracti on. The data
i ndi cate 90 percent
retai ned on the No. 8 si eve, and
the desi red bl end
cal l s
for
29
percent of the 3/8-i nch to No. 8
fracti on to be retai ned
on the
No. 8. Nearl y al l of thi s fracti on wi l l
come fromthe 3/8-i nch
to No
. 8 fracti on bi n; therefore, 34 percent
has been used as a tri al .
Thi s procedure i s then fol l owed
for the other fracti ons, the data bei ng
entered i n fi gure A-6 as
i ndi cated, and the gradi ng of the combi ned
bl end i s determi ned
by the addi ti on ' of al l percentages
under each
screen-si ze headi ng. The
gradi ng of thi s recombi ned
bl end i s then
checked agai nst the desi red
gradi ng (fi g A-6) . One or
two tri al s are
usual l y suffi ci ent to
produce a combi nati on of the
desi red gradi ng
wi thi n the al l owabl e
tol erances.
c . Bi tumen
contents for speci mens
. The quanti ty of
bi tumen
requi red
for a parti cul ar aggregate
i s one of the most
i mportant
factors i n the desi gn of a
pavi ng mi xture; i t can be
determi ned by
procedures descri bed i n
the fol l owi ng paragraph.
However, an esti mate
for the opti mumamount
of bi tumen based on
total wei ght of
mi x
must
be
made i n order to
start the l aboratory
tests. Laboratory
tests normal l y
are conducted
for a mi ni mumof
fi ve bi tumen contents
two above, two
bel ow, and one
at the esti mated
opti mumcontent . One
percent
i ncremental
changes of bi tumen may
be used for
prel i mi nary work;
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
U. S . Army Corps of Engi neers
FI GUREA-4
.

BLENDI NGOF STOCKPI LE SAMPLES
A-
10
BI TUMI NOUS MI XDESI GN
TRI AL METHOD)
J OBNo. : PROJ ECT
TYPI CAL
MI X DATE:
RADATI ON
OFMATERI AL
SI EVE PERCENT
SI EVE SI ZE -PERCENT
PASSI NG
SI ZE
USED
1 3/ 4
1' 2 3/ 8 4
8 16 30 50
100 200
Cr
C A 100
100
70
. 0
34. 5 3. 0
Cr F, A
100 100 1 0 99. 8 90
. 0 71
. 0. 52. 0
34. 5
19. 5
8. 5 3. 0
Sand
100
100
10
100 100 100
100
100 95
. 5
69 . 5
10. 0
LSF
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98. 0
90
. 0
COMBI NED
ON
FORBLEND- TRAI L
NO.
1
SI EVE
PERCENT
SI EVE SI ZE"
PERCENTPASSI NG
SI ZE USED 1
3/ 4
1/ 2 3/ 8 4 8 16
30
50 100
200
Cr C A
27. 0 27. 0 18' . 9
9 . 3 0. 8
Cr F A
63. 0 63. 0 63. 0
62. 9 56. 7 44. 7 32. 8 21. 7 12
. 3
5 . 4 1. 9
Sand 8. 0
8. 0
8. 0 8
. 0
8. 0
8. 0 8. 0 8. 0 7. 7 5. 6
0
. 8
LSF
2. 0
2. 0
2'
. 0 2. 0
2
. 0
2
. 0
2
. 0 2. 0
2. 0 2. 0 1.
BLEND 100
91. 9
82. 2
67
. 5 42. 8 31. 7
22. 0 12-A4. 5
DESI RED
100 89 . 0
82. 0 67. 0
41. 0
31. 0 22. 0
_
13. 0 4
. 5
COMBI NED TI ONFORBLEND- TRAI L N0.
SI EVE PERCENT
SI EVESI ZE
-
PERCENT PASSI NG
SI ZE
USED
1
3/ 4 1/ 2
3/ 8 4 8
16
30 50
100
200
BLEND
DESI RED
COMPUTEDBY:
CBE=BY:
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EM1110-3-141
9 Apr 84
U.
S. Army Corps of Engi neers
FI GURE A-6. BLENDI NGOF STOCKPI LE
SAMPLES
A- 12
BI TUMI NOUS MI X
DESI GN
(TRI AL METHOD)
303 NO. : Pz=CT
TYPI CAL MI X
DATE:
GRADATI ONOF MATERI AL
SI EVE PERCENT
SI I SVE SI ZE -
PERCENT PASSI NG
SI ZE
USED
1 3/4 1/2
3/8
4
8
16 30 50 100 200
~. _
. _
24. 0 7 . 0
1. 0
- 3/8-8 _
100
100
" 100
49. 0 10. 0 1. 0
-No- 8 100
100 ~ " 100
100 100 84
. 0
65. 0
46
. 5
26. 5 5. 0
LSB. 100
1. 00 E
+3100 100, 100 100 100
100 98. 0 90. 0
CaReI NED
I ON
FOR
BLEND-
TRAI L
NO. 1
SI EVE PERCENT
SI EVE SI ZE - PERCENT PASSI NG
SI ZE
USED
1 3/4
1/2 3/8 4
8
16 30
50 100 200
/4-1/
18. 0 18. 0
" 0 4
. 3
I
1. 3 0. 2
3/84 34
. . 0
34. 0
El
] 34
: . 0
16. 6- 3. 4 _ 0. . 3
No. 8 45. 0
454
0
am
45A45. 0 45. 0
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. 8 29. 3 20. 9
U. 9- 2
. 2
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3. 0
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3. 0 3. 0 -3. 0 3
. 6 3. 0 3. 6 2. 4 2. 7
BLEND
100 . 0
86. 3 65. 9 51. 6 41. 1 32. 3
23. 9
14. 6
4. 9
DESI RED
100
80. 0
82. 0
67 . 0- 33. 0,
41. 0
31. 022
. 0
13-014. 3
COMBI NED TI ONFORBLEND-
TRAI L NO.
SI EVE PERCENT
SI EVE SI ZE - PERCENT PASSI NG
SI ZE USED
1
3/4
3/8 4 8 16 30 SO
100
200
-_
.
- -
BLEND
DESI RED
COMPUTEDBT:
CHECKED
BY:
r
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2
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1
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EM1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
however, i ncrements of 1/ 2 percent general l y
are used when the
approxi mate opti mumbi tumen content i s
known, and for fi nal desi gn.
Tar and rubberi zed tar general l y
requi re about the same vol ume of
bi tumen, but si nce tar i s heavi er
than asphal t, the percentage by
wei ght wi l l be somewhat
hi gher .
d. Sel ecti on of desi gn
method
.
The Corps of Engi neers authori ze
two
methods of desi gn of bi tumi nous pavi ng mi xtures i n the
l aboratory,
namel y the Marshal l procedure and the
gyratory method
.
The procedures
for conducti ng these mi x-desi gn tests are descri bed i n Methods 100
and
102, MI L-STD-620, respecti vel y. Method 101 i s compl ementary to both
Methods 100 and 102. Laboratory desi gn compacti on requi rements are
summari zed as fol l ows:
Type of Traffi c

Desi gn
Compacti on Requi rements
Ti re pressures l ess than 100

50 bl ows or equi val ent gyratory
psi

compacti on
Ti re pressures 100-250 i n

75 bl ows or equi val ent gyratory
non-channel i zed traffi c area,

compacti on
sol i d ti res and tracked
vehi cl es
Ti re pressures 250 psi and

Gyratory compacti on mandatory
above pl us any channel i zed
traffi c area
e . Tabul ati on of data. After the l aboratory
desi gn method has been
sel ected and test speci mens prepared, data
shoul d be tabul ated on forms
si mi l ar to those shown i n Methods 100 and
101 i f the Marshal l procedure
i s used. These forms
woul d
al so
be used i f the gyratory procedure i s
used, as
wel l
as
the forms shown i n Method 102 normal l y used for the
gyratory procedure.
A
formsi mi l ar to that shown i n fi gure A-8
wi l l
faci l i tate tabul ati on of speci men test propery data and i s
preferabl e
to si mi l ar but l ess compl ete forms used i n Methods 100
and 101 of
MI L-STD-620
. Pl ots of data fromfi gure A-8 for
stabi l i ty, fl ow, uni t
wei ght, percent voi ds total mi x, and percent voi ds
fi l l ed wi th bi tumen
shoul d be made, usi ng a formsi mi l ar to that
shown i n fi gure A-9 .
The average actual speci fi c gravi ty i s
obtai ned for each set of test
speci mens, as shown i n col umn Gof
fi gure
A-8
. Each average val ue
i s
mul ti pl i ed by 62. 4 to obtai n
densi ty i n pounds per cubi c foot,
and
these data are
entered i n col umn L. The densi ty val ues
thus obtai ned
are pl otted
as shown on fi gure
A-9,
and the best
smooth curve i s then
drawn. Newdensi ty val ues are read fromthe
curve for poi nts that may
be off the curve, as i s the case
for densi ty at 4. 0 percent
bi tumen.
The newdensi ty for 4. 0 percent
bi tumen content i s
entered i n col umn L
beneath the
ori gi nal fi gure. The. newdensi ty
i s di vi ded by 62. 4 and
A- 14
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EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
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4
BI TUMENC ONTENT, PERC ENT
U. S . Army
C orps of Engi neers
A-
16
yW
ex
O
R
F
J m
4. 4
S
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6 0
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T
BI TUMEN
C ONTENT, PERC ENT
DESC RI PTI ONOF
BLEND:
18%
3/ 4-3/ g
34%
~%
- 8
45%MI NUS 8
3%
LSF
FI GURE
A-9.

ASPHALT PAVI NGMI X
DESI GN(TYPI C AL MI X)
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr 84
the corrected speci fi c gravi ty thus
obtai ned i s entered
i n
col umn G; i t
i s cal l ed the "curve" speci fi c gravi ty i n fi gure
A-8
. The curve
speci fi c gravi ty val ues for each bi tumen
content,
whether
they are
corrected or ori gi nal val ues, are used
to compute the
voi ds
data shown
i n col umns I , J , and K. The data from
col umns J and K are used to pl ot
curves for percent voi ds total mi x and
voi ds fi l l ed wi th bi tumen,
respecti vel y on fi gure A-9.
f . Rel ati onshi p of test properti es
to
bi tumen content .
Test
property curves, pl otted as descri bed
above, have been
found
to fol l ow
a reasonabl y consi stent pattern for mi xes made wi th
penetrati on grades
of asphal t cement, tar cement, and rubberi zed tar . Trends
general l y
noted are outl i ned as fol l ows .
(1) Fl ow. The fl owval ue i ncreases wi th i ncreasi ng bi tumen
content at a progressi ve rate except at very l owbi tumen contents .
(2) Stabi l i ty. The Marshal l stabi l i ty i ncreases wi th i ncreasi ng
bi tumen content up to a certai n poi nt, after whi ch i t decreases .
(3) Uni t wei ght . The curve for uni t
wei ght
of
total mi x
i s
si mi l ar to the curve for stabi l i ty, except that
the peak of the
uni t-wei ght curve i s normal l y at a sl i ghtl y
hi gher bi tumen content than
the
peak of the stabi l i ty curve.
(4) Voi ds total mi x. Voi ds total mi x decreased
wi th i ncreasi ng
bi tumen content i n the l ower range of bi tumen contents
. There i s
a
mi ni mumvoi d content for each aggregate bl end
and compacti on effort
used
herei n,
and the voi ds cannot be decreased
bel owthi s mi ni mum
wi thout
i ncreasi ng or
otherwi se changi ng the compacti on effort . The
voi d content of the compacted mi x approaches thi s mi ni mumvoi d content
as the bi tumen content of the mi x i s i ncreased.
(5)
Voi ds fi l l ed wi th bi tumen. Percent voi ds
fi l l ed
wi th
bi tumen i ncreases wi th i ncreasi ng bi tumen content
and
approaches a
maxi mumval ue i n much the same manner as the
voi ds total mi x di scussed
above approaches a mi ni mumval ue.
g. Requi rement for addi ti onal test
speci mens . Curves i l l ustrated
i n fi gure A-9 are typi cal of
those normal l y obtai ned when
penetrati on
grades of asphal t cement, tar
cement, or rubberi zed tar are used wi th
aggregate mi xes. Aggregate
bl ends may be encountered
that wi l l furni sh
errati c data such that
pl otti ng of the typi cal curves
i s di ffi cul t . I n
a maj ori ty of these cases,
an i ncrease i n the number of
speci mens
tested at each
bi tumen content wi l l normal l y resul t
i n data that wi l l
pl ot as typi cal curves
.
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
A2-5. Opti mumbi tumen and desi gn
test properti es.
a . Sel ecti on
of
bi tumen
content . I nvesti gati onal
work has
i ndi cated that the opti mum
bi tumen content i s one
of
the most
i mportant
factors i n the proper desi gn
of a bi tumi nous pavi ng mi xture.
Extensi ve
research and pavement behavi or
studi es have resul ted i n establ i shment
of certai n cri teri a for determi ni ng
the proper or opti mumbi tumen
content for a gi ven bl end of aggregates .
Cri teri a have al so been
establ i shed to determi ne whether the
aggregate wi l l furni sh a
sati sfactory pavi ng mi x at the
sel ected opti mumbi tumen content .
b. Determi nati on of opti mum
bi tumen content and sati sfactori ness
of mi x.
(1) Marshal l method.
Data pl otted i n graphi cal formi n fi gure
A-9 are used to determi ne opti mum
bi tumen content . I n addi ti on,
opti mumbi tumen content and sati sfactori ness
of the
mi x
are determi ned
on tabl e A-1 i f the water absorpti on of the aggregate bl end i s not
more
than 2. 5 percent .
I f
the water absorpti on i s greater than 2
. 5 percent
and the bul k i mpregnated procedure i s used i n the mi x desi gn tests,
tabl e A-2 i s used to determi ne the opti mumbi tumen content and
sati sfactori ness of the mi x. Separate cri teri a are shown for use where
speci mens were prepared wi th 50- and 75-bl owcompacti on efforts .
(a) Typi cal exampl e. The appl i cati on of the above cri teri a
for determi nati ons of opti mumbi tumen content and probabl e
sati sfactori ness of the pavi ng mi x, and usi ng the curves i n fi gure A-9,
i s i l l ustrated bel ow. The i l l ustrati on i s for a mi x compacted wi th
75-bl oweffort .
Determi nati on of Opti mu
mBi tumen Content
Peak
of stabi l i ty curve

4. . 3 percent
Peak
of uni t-wei ght curve

4. 5 percent
Four percent
voi ds i n total mi x
(bi tumi nous concrete)

4. 8
percent
A- 18
Seventy-fi ve percent total voi ds fi l l ed
wi th asphal t (bi tumi nous
concrete)

4. 9 percent
Average

4. 6
percent
The opti mum
bi tumen content of the mi x bei ng
used as an exampl e i s
consi dered
to be 4. 6 percent based on the
wei ght of the total mi x.
(b) Determi nati on of the
probabl e sati sfactori ness
of the
pavi ng mi xture.
Tabl eA-1. Desi gn Cri teri a For UseWi thASTMApparent Speci fi c Gravi ty
EM
1110-
3-141
9Apr
84
Thi s tabl e i s for usewi th aggregate bl ends showi ngwater absorpti on up to 2. 5 percent
Sand asphal t

Not used

Not used

20 or l ess

(b)
Notes:
Sand
asphal t

70

(b)

65-75

(b)
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
(a) I f thei ncl usi on of bi tumencontents at thesepoi nts i n theaverage causes thevoi ds total
mi xto fal l outsi dethe l i mi ts, then the opti mumbi tumencontent shoul d be adj usted so that
the voi ds total mi xarewi thi n the l i mi ts.
(b) Sand asphal t wi l l not be used i n desi gni ng pavements for traffi c wi th ti re pressures i n
excess of 100psi .
Test Bi tumenContent
-Opti mum Sati sfactori ness of
Mi x
Property Type of Mi x 50 Bl ows
75
Bl ows 50 Bl ows 75 Bl ows
Marshal l Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve 500
l b. or 1, 800
l b. or
stabi l i ty surfacecourse
hi gher hi gher
Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve 500 l b. or 1, 800 l b. or
i ntermedi ate course (a) (a) hi gher hi gher
Sand asphal t
Peak of curve (b) 500 l b. or (b)
hi gher
Uni t wei ght Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of
curve
Peak
of curve Not used Not used
surface course
Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used Not used
Not used Not
used
i ntermedi ate
course
Sand asphal t Peak of curve (b) Not used Not used
Fl ow Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used
Not used 20 or l ess 16 or l ess
surfacecourse
Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used Not used
20 or l ess 16 or l ess
i ntermedi ate course
Percent Bi tumi nous-concrete
4 4
3-5 3-5
voi ds
total surface course
mi x
Bi tumi nous-concrete
5 5
4-6 5-7
i ntermedi ate
course
Sand asphal t
6 (b) 5-7
(b)
Percent
Bi tumi nous-concrete 80 75 75-85 70-80
fi l l ed wi th surfacecourse
bi tumen
Bi tumi nous-concrete 70 (a) 60 (a) 65-75 50-70
i ntermedi ate course
EM1110- 3-141
9 Apr
84
Tabl e A-2. Desi gn Cri teri a For Use Wi thBul k I mpregnatedSpeci fi c Gravi ty
Thi s tabl e i s for usewi th aggregate bl ends showi ngwater absorpti on greater than 2. 5 percent
Notes:
Sand
asphal t

Not used

Not used

20 or l ess

(b)
Sand asphal t

75

(b)

(a) I f thei ncl usi on of bi tumen
contents at these poi nts i n the average
causes the voi ds total
mi x to fal l outsi de the
l i mi ts, then the opti mumbi tumen content
shoul d be adj usted so that
the voi ds total mi x arewi thi n the
l i mi ts.
(b) Sand asphal t wi l l not
be used i n desi gni ng pavements for traffi c wi th
ti repressures i n
excess of
100 psi .
U. S.
Army Corps of Engi neers
Test
Opti mumBi tumenContent Sati sfactori ness of Mi x
Property Type of Mi x
50
Bl ows
75 Bl ows 50
Bl ows
75
Bl ows
Marshal l Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve 500 l b. or 1, 800 l b. or
stabi l i ty
surface course hi gher hi gher
Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve 500 l b. or 1, 800 l b. or
i ntermedi ate course (a) (a) hi gher hi gher
Sand asphal t Peak of
curve
(b) 500 l b
: or (b)
hi gher
Uni t wei ght Bi tumi nous-concrete Peak of curve Peak of curve Not used
Not used
surface course
Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used Not used Not used
Not
used
i ntermedi ate course
Sand asphal t
Peak of curve (b) Not used Not used
Fl ow Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used Not used 20 or l ess 16 or l ess
surface course
Bi tumi nous-concrete Not used
Not used 20 or l ess 16 or l ess
i ntermedi ate course
Percent
Bi tumi nous-concrete 3 3
2-4 2-4
voi ds total surface course
mi x
Bi tumi nous-concrete
4 5 3-5
3-5
i ntermedi ate course
Sand asphal t 5
(b)
4-6 (b)
Percent Bi tumi nous-concrete 85 80
80-90 75-85
fi l l ed wi th surface course
bi tumen
Bi tumi nous-concrete 75 (a) 65 (a)
70-80
55-75
i ntermedi ate course
0-80
(b)
At Opti mumor

Cri teri a f or
Test Property

4. 6 percent Bi tumen

Sati sf actori ness
Fl ow

11

Less than 16
Stabi l i ty

2, 050

More than 1, 800
Percent voi ds i n
total mi x

4. 3

3- 5
percent
(bi tumi nous concrete)
A- 21
EM1110- 3- 141
9
Apr
84
Percent total voi ds
f i l l ed wi th bi tumen

72

70- 80 percent
(bi tumi nous concrete)
The pavi ngmi x under di scussi on woul d
be consi dered sati sf actory f or
normal ai rf i el d traf f i c, si nce i t meets the
cri teri a
f or
sati sf actori ness at the bi tumen content determi ned to be opti mum.
(2) Gyratory method. . Paragraph 4. 4 of Method 102, MI L- STD- 620
descri bes the procedure f or sel ecti ng opti mumbi tumen content usi ng the
gyratory method of desi gn. The pri nci pal cri teri a are the peak of the
uni t wei ght aggregate
onl y curve and
the gyrograph
recordi ngs .
General l y, opti mumbi tumen content occurs
at
the
peak of the
uni t
wei ght aggregate onl y curve and at the hi ghest bi tumen content at whi ch
l i ttl e or no spreadi ng of the gyrograph trace occurs . The bi tumen
content determi ned by these two cri teri a wi l l usual l y be nearl y
i denti cal ; i f there i s a di f f erence, an average f i gure can be used. I n
no case, however, shoul d a bi tumen content be sel ected that woul d be
hi gh enough to cause more than
f ai nt
spreadi ng of the
gyrograph
trace.
(a)
The
opti mumbi nder content i n most cases wi l l produce a
bi tumi nous mi xture that wi l l have sati sf actory characteri sti cs wi thout
resorti ng to f urther test procedures . However, i t i s recommended that
the mi x be tested f or stabi l i ty and f l ow; densi ty
and voi ds data shoul d
al so be obtai ned. Stabi l i ty and f l owcri teri a shown
i n paragraph
2- 5. b. (1) f or the Marshal l procedures shoul d be
appl i ed to pavi ng
mi xtures desi gned by the gyratory method
.
I t i s
necessary to determi ne
densi ty at opti mumbi tumen content to establ i sh
f i el d rol l i ng
requi rements . I f the 240
psi ,
1- degree, 60
revol uti ons compacti on
ef f ort descri bed i n
paragraph 3. 1 . 1 of Method 102, MI L- STD- 620 i s used
i n desi gn of a pavi ng
mi xture, densi ty val ues wi l l resul t that requi re
greater rol l i ng ef f ort
i n the f i el d to obtai n 98 percent of
l aboratory
densi ty than
by the Marshal l desi gn method.
(b) Sel ecti on of opti mumbi tumen
content by the gyratory
method may resul t i n the pavi ng
mi xture havi ng l ower percent voi ds
total mi x than woul d be
permi ssi bl e wi th the Marshal l procedure. For
exampl e, the voi ds total
mi x of a pavi ng mi xture desi gned f or
traf f i c
by ai rcraf t wi th ti re
pressures of 200 psi or hi gher
mi ght be onl y 2. 5
EM
1110- 3-141
9 Apr
84
percent, as compared to
a speci fi ed range
of 3 to 5 percent i n
the
Marshal l cri teri a. The
l ower percent voi ds
total mi x i s acceptabl e
when
usi ng the gyratory
procedure. Thi s i s
because the compacti on
effort used the l aboratory
desi gn resul ts i n
densi ti es i n the mi x
suffi ci entl y hi gh that
further densi fi cati on
under traffi c i s
mi ni mi zed, as compared
to l ower densi ti es
obtai ned by the Marshal l
procedure.
c.

Sel ecti on of pavi ng
mi x. When two or
more pavi ng mi xes
have
been i nvesti gated, the one used
for fi el d constructi on
shoul d be the
most economi cal mi x that
sati sfi es al l of the establ i shed
cri teri a.
The mi x showi ng the
hi ghest stabi l i ty shoul d
be sel ected, i f economi c
consi derati ons are
equal .
d. Tol erances for
pavement properti es .
Occassi onal l y i t may not be
possi bl e, for economi c
or other reasons, to devel op a mi x
that wi l l
meet al l of the cri teri a
set forth above. A tol erance
of
1
percent of
voi ds i n the total mi x and
5 percent of total voi ds fi l l ed wi th
bi tumen
may be al l owed i n some
ci rcumstances, but under no ci rcumstances
wi l l
the mi x be consi dered
sati sfactory i f the fl owval ue i s i n
excess of 20
or the stabi l i ty val ue
i s l ess than 500 pounds for mi xes compacted
wi th
the 50-bl oweffort, or i f
the fl owi s i n excess of 16 or the stabi l i ty
l ess than 1, 800 pounds for mi xes
compacted wi th the 75-bl oweffort .
A3
.
Pl ant control .
A3-1.
Pl ant operati on.
a . Types
of pl ants . Fi gures A-10, A-11, and A-12 showa typi cal
batch pl ant, a typi cal
conti nuous-mi x pl ant, and a dryer drummi xi ng
pl ant, respecti vel y. I t
i s general l y necessary, i n the operati on of a
bi tumi nous pavi ng pl ant,
to combi ne aggregates fromtwo or more sources
to produce an aggregate mi xture havi ng
the
desi red
gradati on.
Aggregates fromthe di fferent sources are fed i nto the aggregate dryer
i n the
approxi mate proporti ons requi red to produce the desi red
gradati on. Thi s
i ni ti al proporti oni ng general l y i s accompl i shed by
means of a hopper-type
mechani cal feeder on one or more
bi ns
that feeds
the aggregates i nto
a col d
el evator,
whi ch,
i n turn,
del i vers
them
to
the dryer . The mechani cal
feeder
general l y i s l oaded by a cl amshel l
or other sui tabl e means i n the approxi mate proporti ons of aggregates
desi red. The aggregates pass through the dryer where the moi sture i s
dri ven off and the aggregates are heated to the desi red temperature.
I n the dryer drummi x pl ant, the bi nder i s added to the aggregate
duri ng dryi ng and l eaves the dryer as mi xed pavement materi al ready for
truck l oadi ng. Upon l eavi ng the dryer of batch
and conti nuous-mi x
pl ants, the aggregates pass over vi brati ng screens where they are
separated accordi ng to si ze. When usi ng emul si fi ed asphal t as the
bi nder, the dryer operati on i s omi tted. The usual
screeni ng equi pment
for a
three-bi n pl ant consi sts of a rej ecti on screen for el i mi nati ng
oversi ze materi al and screens for di vi di ng the coarse aggregate i nto
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EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
A3-2.

Pl ant l aboratory.
two separate
bi ns wi th the
fi ne dri ed,
the fi ne bi n
screen si ze
shoul d
not be
smal l er than 3/ 8
i nch. An
addi ti onal screen
i s provi ded for
further
separati on of the
coarse
aggregate i n a
four-bi n pl ant .
When
addi ti onal
mi neral fi l l er
i s requi red,
usual l y i t
i s stored and wei ghed
or
proporti oned i nto the
mi x
separatel y. Pl ant
screens vary i n
si ze of
openi ng,
and the si ze
empl oyed i s
l argel y dependent
upon the type
of
mi xture
bei ng produced.
I n some
cases, i t may
be necessary to change
the si ze
of screens to
obtai n a proper
bal ance of
aggregate si zes i n
each
bi n.
b. Adj ustments
to mai ntai n
proper proporti ons.
The aggregates must
be fed through the
pl ant uni forml y,
preferabl y by
a mechani cal feeder,
i n order
to obtai n
effi ci ent pl ant
operati on and produce
a mi xture
conformi ng to the desi red
gradati on.
The proper proporti on
of
aggregates to be fed
i nto the dryer
may be determi ned approxi matel y
from
the l aboratory
desi gn. However, i t i s
usual l y necessary
to make
some
adj ustments
i n these proporti ons because
(a) a screen
anal ysi s of
the
stockpi l e aggregates
general l y wi l l not
enti rel y dupl i cate
the
screen anal yi s of the
aggregate sampl es
obtai ned for l aboratory
desi gn
use; (b) fi nes may
be l ost whi l e passi ng
through the dryer unl ess
the
equi pment i ncl udes an
effecti ve dust col l ector ;
(c) aggregate may
degrade i n the dryer ; and (d)
the pl ant screens
are not 100 percent
effi ci ent i n separati on
of the aggregate and some
fi nes are carri ed
over i nto the coarser bi ns.
a.
Equi pment and personnel
requi rements . I n order to control the
pl ant output and
secure the best possi bl e
pavi ng mi xture, a reasonabl y
compl ete pl ant
l aboratory i s necessary. The l aboratory
shoul d be
l ocated at the
pl ant si te and shoul d contai n about
the same equi pment
as i s l i sted i n
Method 100 of MI L-STD-620.

Due
to
the
l arge capaci ty
of most asphal t pl ants now
i n use, i t i s recommended that two
techni ci ans be assi gned
to conduct control tests; otherwi se,
the
testi ng wi l l fal l too far
behi nd, and consi derabl e quanti ti es
of
unsati sfactory mi x coul d be produced and
pl aced before the l aboratory
test resul ts reveal ed that the mi x i s
not i n conformance wi th j ob
speci fi cati ons .
b. Laboratory work to i ni ti ate pl ant producti on. The heavi est
demands on pl ant l aboratory faci l i ti es ari se at the i ni ti ati on
of pl ant
producti on. Prel i mi nary computati ons may be made to determi ne the
wei ght of materi al fromeach bi n that wi l l provi de the gradati on on
whi ch
the mi xture desi gn was based. However, i t shoul d be recogni zed
that the
gradati on of
the
aggregate suppl i ed by the pl ant i n accordance
wi th computed bi n wei ghts
may not preci sel y reproduce the
desi red
gradati on. The gradati on of the pl ant-produced aggregate
general l y
approxi mates the gradati on used i n desi gn, wi thi n reasonabl e
tol erances,
i f
i ni ti al sampl i ng for desi gn purposes has been
accompl i shed
properl y and
i f
the pl ant i s operated effi ci entl y.
A- 2
6
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
Certai n steps shoul d
be taken, however,
to i nsure that sati sfactory
mi xtures are
produced fromthe begi nni ng
and throughout the
peri od of
pl ant producti on.
Procedures subsequentl y
outl i ned wi l l i nsure
sati sfactory pavi ng mi xes
.
c .
Si eve anal ysi s . Al l si eve anal yses
shoul d be conducted i n
accordance wi th
the appropri ate ASTM
procedures . Recommended
si eves
for pl ant
si eve anal ysi s are: 3/4- and
3/8-i nch, Mos . 4, 8, 30,
100,
and 200.
Si eves l arger than 3/4 i nch
shoul d be used, i f necessary.
Si eve anal ysi s
shoul d be made on materi al
fromeach pl ant bi n.
Sampl es
for these
si eve anal yses shoul d be obtai ned
after a fewtons of
aggregate
have been processed through the dryer
and screens i n order
that the
sampl e wi l l be representati ve.
Fi nal bi n proporti ons may
be
determi ned
on the basi s of these anal yses .
d.
Provi si on for redesi gn of mi x. The
aggregates obtai ned from
the
bi ns (as
descri bed i n the previ ous paragraph) someti mes
cannot be
proporti oned
to reproduce sati sfactori l y the gradati on
of the aggregate
used. i n
the l aboratory desi gn. I t then i s necessary
to redesi gn the
mi x usi ng
pl ant-produced aggregates . Speci mens are prepared
and tested
for the newdesi gn i n
the same manner as for the ori gi nal desi gn
tests .
Opti mumbi tumen
content
and
probabl e sati sfactori ness of the mi x
that
wi l l be produced by the pl ant are
determi ned thereby. Occasi ons may
ari se where the gradati on of the pl ant-produced aggregate wi l l
di ffer
fromthat on whi ch the l aboratory desi gn was based to the extent
that a
part
of
the
aggregates must be wasted. Consi derati on shoul d be gi ven
to
redesi gni ng
the
mi x
on the basi s of addi ti onal tests of the
pl ant-produced
materi al i n order to use al l of the avai l abl e aggregate
.
Suffi ci ent
addi ti onal tests shoul d be performed to establ i sh opti mum
bi tumen requi rements and
ensure that the
mi x wi l l meet appl i cabl e
cri teri a for sati sfactori ness .
e.
Control l i ng pl ant producti on. A pl ant i nspector shoul d obtai n
a
sampl e of pavi ng mi x froma truck as i t l eaves the pl ant after the
pl ant has been i n producti on about 30 mi nutes . The sampl e shoul d be
l arge enough to prepare four Marshal l speci mens and shoul d be obtai ned
by di ggi ng far enough i nto the l oad i n several
l ocati ons to obtai n
a
representati ve sampl e of the pavi ng
mi xture
.
The four speci mens shoul d
be compacted and tested as rapi dl y as
possi bl e, i n accordance wi th
standard procedures ci ted previ ousl y.
Pl ant producti on must be
suspended unti l data fromthe tests are
avai l abl e and a determi nati on
made that the pl ant-produced
mi x conforms to fi nal desi gn data. I f the
test data on the pl ant
mi x
show
i t to be wi thi n reasonabl e tol erances,
pl ant producti on can be
resumed; otherwi se, necessary adj ustments
shoul d be made to secure
a conformabl e mi x. Such procedures to i nsure
i ni ti al producti on
of sati sfactory mi xes wi l l general l y
del ay pl ant
producti on
l ess than 2 hours .
(1) Fl owand stabi l i ty.
Resumpti on of pl ant producti on may be
expedi ted by compari ng onl y the val ues
of fl ow, stabi l i ty, and uni t
A- 2
7
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
wei ght of speci mens
compacted frompl ant-produced
mi xtures
wi th
correspondi ng data from
the fi nal desi gn.
Data fromtests
of the
pl ant-produced mi x
for voi ds i n the
compacted mi x and
percent of voi ds
fi l l ed wi th bi tumen
may be compared
wi th correspondi ng desi gn
data
after pl ant producti on
has been resumed.
When the pl ant i s i n
conti nuous operati on,
the average fl owand
stabi l i ty val ues
obtai ned
fromtruck sampl es
shoul d be i n substanti al
agreement wi th
fl owand
stabi l i ty val ues from
the fi nal desi gn.
Vari ati ons of not more
than
two poi nts i n fl ow
and not more than 10
percent i n stabi l i ty are
al l owabl e. I n
no case, however, wi l l
the pl ant-produced mi x be
consi dered acceptabl e
i f the fl owor the
stabi l i ty does not meet
the
requi rements
of desi gn cri teri a.
(2) Vari ati ons. I f test
property vari ati ons exceed
those noted
above, pl ant producti on shoul d
be del ayed unti l the cause of the
vari ati ons i s determi ned. Computati ons
for scal e wei ghts shoul d be
checked fi rst . I f no error i s found
i n these computati ons, the pl ant
proporti oni ng equi pment shoul d be recal i brated.
Vari ati ons of onl y a
fewtenths of 1 percent i n bi tumen content may cause vari ati ons
of two
or three poi nts i n the fl ow. val ues.

Smal l vari ati ons i n aggregate
wei ght general l y are not parti cul arl y effecti ve i n changi ng
test
properti es. Pl ant proporti oni ng equi pment found to be i naccurate
shoul d be adj usted and after an addi ti onal 30 mi nutes of pl ant
operati on, the pavi ng mi x shoul d be sampl ed and tested; the pl ant wi l l
not be pl aced i n conti nuous operati on unti l the vari ati ons i n test
properti es are wi thi n al l owabl e tol erances
.
Once the pl ant has been
pl aced
i n conti nuous
operati on,
test speci mens shoul d be prepared for
each
5-hours operati on or fracti on thereof . The tests conducted shoul d
i ncl ude stabi l i ty, fl ow, uni t wei ght, voi ds i n the total mi x, and
percent voi ds fi l l ed wi th bi tumen. Normal vari ati ons i n pl ant-produced
aggregates wi l l requi re mi nor adj ustments i n bi n proporti ons, whi ch
wi l l cause sl i ght vari ati ons i n test properti es . Vari ati ons ci ted
above are al l owabl e for conti nuous
pl ant producti on.
f . Si gni fi cance of changes i n
mi xture properti es . A materi al
i ncrease i n fl owval ue general l y
i ndi cates that ei ther the gradati on of
the mi x has changed
suffi ci entl y to requi re a revi si on i n the opti mum
bi tumen content
for the mi x, or too much bi tumen i s
bei ng i ncorporated
i n the
mi x. Substanti al changes i n stabi l i ty or
voi d content al so may
serve as
an i ndi cati on of these factors . As
a general rul e, however,
the
fl owand stabi l i ty val ues are
obtai nabl e qui ckl y and are reasonabl y
rel i abl e i ndi cators of
the consi stency of the pl ant-produced mi x
. The
sati sfactori ness of the
pl ant produced mi x may be j udged qui ckl y by
mai ntai ni ng cl ose
observance of the fl owand stabi l i ty val ues
. Mi x
proporti ons must be
adj usted whenever any of the test
properti es fal l s
outsi de of
the speci fi ed tol erances. I n the case of
batch pl ants,
fai l ure of
the operator to wei gh accuratel y the
requi red proporti ons of
materi al s
or use of faul ty scal es. are
common causes for pavi ng-mi xture
defi ci enci es
. The total wei ght of each
l oad of mi xture produced
shoul d
not
vary more than pl us or
mi nus 2 percent fromthe total of
the batch
A- 28
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
wei ghts dumped i nto the truck. I mproper wei ghi ng
or faul ty scal es
may
be detected readi l y and correcti ve measures
taken
by
mai ntai ni ng cl ose
check of l oad wei ghts. Other probabl e
causes of pavi ng-mi xture
defi ci enci es for. both batch-and
conti nuous-mi xi ng pl ants are shown
i n
, fi gure
A-13.
g
. Other tests. I n addi ti on to the desi gn and
control tests
descri bed above, certai n tests are desi rabl e for record
purposes and to
i nsure qual i ty and consi stency of
materi al s.
(1) Extracti on tests.
Representati ve sampl es of pavi ng mi xture
shoul d be obtai ned twi ce
dai l y for extracti on tests to determi ne the
percentage of bi tumen i n the mi x
and the gradati on of the extracted
aggregates. Extracti on tests are
to be made i n accordance wi th ASTMD
2172 usi ng tri chl oroethyl ene as the
extracti on . sol vent .

Si eve anal yses
of recovered aggregates shoul d be
i n accordance wi th procedures
speci fi ed previ ousl y.
(2) Hot-bi n gradati ons. Hot-bi n gradati on tests shoul d
be
determi ned on the aggregate i n the fi ne bi n at 2-hour i nterval s duri ng
operati on. Hot-bi n gradati ons must
be
determi ned on al l bi ns i n
conj uncti on wi th sampl i ng of the pavement mi xture. Washed si eve
anal yses are to be determi ned i ni ti al l y and when gradati ons vary to
establ i sh a correcti on factor to be appl i ed to unwashed (dry)
gradati on. Dry si eve anal yses shoul d
be conducted
frequentl y
as
requi red to mai ntai n control .
h. Constructi on control . I t has been determi ned that wel l -desi gned
mi xes can be compacted readi l y by adequate fi el d rol l i ng to about
98
percent or greater of the densi ty obtai ned by compacti ng speci mens wi th
previ ousl y speci fi ed l aboratory procedures. Every reasonabl e effort i s
to
be made,
wi thi n practi cabl e
l i mi ts, to provi de an i n-pl ace pavement
densi ty of at l east
98
percent of the
compacted
densi ty as
determi ned
by the l aboratory tests.

Bi tumi nous i ntermedi ate or base course mi xes
are to be rol l ed to the densi ty speci fi ed i n appl i cabl e Corps of
Engi neers gui de speci fi cati ons .
(1) Pavement
sampl i ng.
Sampl es for
determi ni ng pavement densi ty
and thi ckness may be
taken ei ther wi th
a
cori ng machi ne or by cutti ng
out a
secti on
of
pavement at l east
4
i nches square wi th a concrete saw
and
shoul d
i ncl ude the
enti re thi ckness
of
the pavement .
A set of the
sampl es wi l l be taken fromareas contai ni ng mi x that
was previ ousl y
sampl ed fromtrucks and fromwhi ch speci mens were
compacted i n the
pl ant l aboratory. A set of sampl es wi l l consi st
of. at l east three
sawed or cored sampl es. Densi ty sampl es of
each day' s producti on
shoul d be taken
and del i vered to the proj ect l aboratory by noon of the
fol l owi ng day,
and the densi ty determi nati ons made by the end of that
day.
Thi s wi l l permi t any changes i n pl aci ng techni que necessary to
obtai n the requi red densi ty to be made before too much pavement i s
pl aced. One-hal f the total number of al l densi ty
sampl es wi l l
be
taken
A-
29
EM
1110-3-141
9
Apr
84
111
114/ / 1~l
O~1~4/ 01
A-
30
W
N
4. J
H
00
N
O
44
N
0
v
u
cd
qu
Ma
c~
a
co
+
Or
Gl
uu
1. 1C:
H"rl
FI GURE
A-13. TYPES
OF HOT
PLANT MI X
PAVI NG MI XTURE
DEFI CI ENCI ES
AND
PROBABLECAUSES
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
at a j oi nt so that the
j oi nt i s approxi matel y
i n the center of the
sampl e to be tested.
(2) Testi ng pavement
sampl es . Pavement
sampl es are to be
prepared for testi ng by careful l y
removi ng al l
parti cl es of base
materi al or other matter .
Al l broken or damaged edges
of sawed sampl es
for densi ty tests wi l l be
careful l y tri mmed fromthe
sampl e. Thi ckness
measurements are to be made pri or
to spl i tti ng. A sampl e
consi sti ng of
an i ntermedi ate course and
surface course wi l l
be
spl i t
at the
i nterface of these l ayers pri or
to testi ng. The
densi ty of the sawed
sampl es then wi l l be determi ned
by wei ghi ng i n ai r and i n
water as
previ ousl y descri bed.

Sampl es
fromwhi ch densi ty measurements
are
desi red shoul d be di scarded i f they are damaged.
(3) Densi ty data. Densi ty data obtai ned from
speci mens i n the
manner
previ ousl y descri bed wi l l be compared to the l aboratory
densi ti es
that have been determi ned fromthe sampl e pl ant-mi x materi al
previ ousl y
taken froml oaded trucks .
i . Pavement i mperfecti ons and
probabl e causes . There are many
types of
pavement i mperfecti ons resul ti ng fromi mproper l ayi ng and
rol l i ng
operati ons as wel l as fromi mproper mi xes or faul ty pl ant
operati on.
These
i mperfecti ons
can be control l ed
onl y
by proper
i nspecti on. Pavement i mperfecti ons that
may
resul t froml ayi ng
i mproper mi xes or usi ng faul ty constructi on procedures are shown
i n
fi gure A-14.
EM
JJJD-3-J4J
9
Apr 84
: 4
v
a
ac
w
w
D
a
O
Cj
FI GURE
A-J4

TYPES OF HOT PLANT MI X PAVEMENT I MPERFECTI ONS ANOPROBABLE CAUSES

A-
32
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Government
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Depart
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APPENDI X
B
REFERENCES
EM
1110- 3- 136

Drai nage
and Erosi on Control .
EM
1110- 3- 137

Soi l Stabi l i zati on
for Pavements .
EM1110- 3- 138

Pavement
Cri teri a for Seasonal
Frost
Condi ti ons.
EM1110- 3- 142

Ai rfi el d Ri gi d
Pavement,
Mi l i tary Standards.
MI L- STD- 620A

Test Methods for Bi tumi nous
& Noti ce 1

Pavi ng Materi al s .
MI L- STD- 621A

Test
Methods for Pavement
& Noti ces 1, 2

Subgrade,
Subbase, and Base-
Course
Materi al s
.
Nongovernment Publ i cati ons.
Ameri can Associ ati on of State Hi ghway and Transportati on
Offi ci al s
(AASHTO), 444 North Capi tol , Washi ngton, D
. C. 20001
T 2- 74

Sampl i ng
Stone, Sl ag, Gravel ,
Sand and
Stone Bl ock
for
Use
as Hi ghway Materi al s.
T 19- 76

Uni t Wei ght of Aggregate.
T
27- 74

Si eve
Anal ysi s
of Fi ne, and
Coarse
Aggregates
.
T 88- 72

Mechani cal Anal ysi s of Soi l s .
T 89- 68

Determi ni ng the Li qui d Li mi t of
Soi l s .
T 90- 70

Determi ni ng the Pl asti c Li mi t and
Pl asti ci ty I ndex of Soi l s.
EM
1110- 3- 141
9
Apr
84
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
T 96-74

Abrasi on
of Coarse Aggregate by
Use
of the Los Angel es Machi ne.
T
99-74

Moi sture-Densi ty Rel ati ons of
Soi l s, Usi ng
a 5 . 5 l b (2. 5 kg)
Rammer
and a 12 i n. (305mm)
Drop.
T 101

Determi ni ng
Swel l Characteri sti cs
of
Aggregates When Mi xed wi th
Bi tumi nous
Materi al s.
T 104

Soundness of
Aggregates by use of
Sodi um
Sul fate or Magnesi um
Sul fate
T 134-70

Moi sture-Densi ty Rel ati ons
of
Soi l -Cement
Mi xtures.
T 135-70

Wetti ng-and-Dryi ng Test
of
Compacted Soi l -Cement Mi xtures.
T 136-70

Freezi ng-and-Thawi ng Tests of
Compacted Soi l -Cement Mi xtures.
T 176-73

Pl asti c Fi nes i n Graded
Aggregates and Soi l s by Use of
the Sand Equi val ent Test .
T
191-61

Densi ty of
Soi l
I n Pl ace
by
the
(R
1982)

Sand Cone Method
.
T
193-801

The Cal i forni a Beari ng Rati o.
Ameri can Soci ety for Testi ng and' Materi al s (ASTM),
1916
Race Street, Phi l adel phi a, PA 19103
C 29-78

Uni t Wei ght and Voi ds^i n
Aggregate.
C
88-76

Soundness of Aggregates
by Use of
Sodi umSul fate or
Magnesi um
Sul fate.
C 117-80

Materi al Fi ner Than 76um(No.

200)
Si eve i n Mi neral Aggregates by
Washi ng.
B- 2
C
127-81

Speci fi c Gravi ty and Absorpti on
of Coarse Aggregate
.
C
128-79

Speci fi c Gravi ty and Absorpti on
oc Fi ne Aggregate.
C
131-81

Resi stance
to
Degradati on
of
Smal l -Si ze Coarse
Aggregate
by Abrasi on and I mpact i n the
Los Angel es Machi ne.
C 136-82

Si eve Anal ysi s of Fi ne and Coarse
Aggregates.
C
183-82

Sampl i ng and Acceptance of
Hydraul i c
Cement .
C 188-78

Densi ty of Hydraul i c Cement .
D75-81

Sampl i ng Aggregates.
D140-70

Sampl i ng Bi tumi nous Materi al s.
(R1981)
D242-70

Mi neral
Fi l l er for Bi tumi nous
(R 1980)

Pavi ng Mi xtures.
D422-63

Parti cl e-Si ze Anal ysi s of Soi l s
.
(R 1972)
D423-66

Li qui d
Li mi t
of
Soi l s.
(R 1972)
D490-77

Tar .
D558-57

Moi sture-Densi ty
Rel ati ons of
(R 1976)

Soi l -Cement
Mi xtures.
D 559-57

Wetti ng
and Dryi ng Tests of
(R
1976)

Compacted Soi l -Cement
Mi xtures
.
D854-58

Tests for
Speci fi c
Gravi ty
of
Soi l s .
B- 3
EM
1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
D424-59

Pl asti c
Li mi t and Pl asti ci ty I ndex
(R
1971)

of
Soi l s.
D560-57

Freezi ng-and-Thawi ng
Tests of
(R
1976)

Compacted
Soi l -Cement Mi xtures.
EM 1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
D 946-82

Penetrati on-Graded
Asphal t Cement
f or Use i n
Pavement
Constructi on.
D977-80

Emul si f i ed
Asphal t .
D 1556-64

Densi ty of Soi l
I n Pl ace by the
(R 1974)

Sand-Cone Method.
D
1557-78

Moi sture-Densi ty
Rel ati ons of
Soi l s and Soi l , -Aggregate
Mi xtures Usi ng 10-l b (4
. 5 Kg) Rammer
and 18-i n. (457-mm) Drop.
D 1559-76

Resi stance to Pl asti c Fl owof
Bi tumi nous Mi xtures Usi ng
Marshal l Apparatus
.
D 1633-63

Compressi ve Strength
of Mol ded
(R
1979)

Soi l -Cement
Cyl i nders .
D
1883-73

Beari ng Rati o
of
Laboratory-
(R
1978)

Compacted Soi l s.
D 2026-72

Cutback Asphal t (Sl ow-Curi ng
(R 1979)

Type) .
D 2027-76

Cutback Asphal t (Medi um-Curi ng
(R 1981)

Type) .
D 2028-76

Cutback
Asphal t (Rapi d-Curi ng
(R 1981)

Type) .
D 2172-81

Quanti tati ve Extracti on of
Bi tumen f romBi tumi nous
Pavi ng Mi xtures.
D
2397-79

Cati oni c Emul si f i ed
Asphal t .
D 2419-74

Sand
Equi val ent Val ue of Soi l s
(R 1979)

and Fi ne Aggregate.
D 2993-71

Acryl oni tri l e-Butadi ene
(R 1977)

Rubberi zed
Tar .
D
3381-81

Vi scosi ty-Graded
Asphal t Cement
f or Use i n Pavement
Constructi on.
B-4
Asphal t I nsti tute (AI ), Asphal t I nsti tute Bui l di ng, Col l ege
Park, MD20740
. MS-2

Mi x Desi gn for Asphal t Concrete
and Other Hot-Mi x Types
.
EM1110-3-141
9 Apr
84
GPO
908-520