Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens Idaho State University Philip Tate Phoenix College

Chapter 03 Lecture Outline*

*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 3

Cell Structure and Function

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Cell Characteristics
Plasma Membrane
Outer cell boundary

Cytoplasm
Cytosol Cytoskeleton Cytoplasmic inclusions

Organelles
Specialized structures that perform specific functions
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Functions of the Cell

Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance
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Plasma Membrane

Intracellular versus extracellular Membrane potential Glycolipids and glycoproteins Fluid-mosaic model

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Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar heads

Cholesterol: Determines fluid nature of membrane

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Membrane Proteins
Integral or intrinsic
Extend from one surface to the other

Peripheral or extrinsic
Attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer

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Marker Molecules
Allow cells to identify on another or other molecules Glycoproteins Glycolipids Examples:
Immune system Recognition of oocyte by sperm cell

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Channel Proteins
Nongated ion channels
Always open

Ligand gated ion channel

Open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins

Voltage-gated ion channel

Open when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane
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Receptors
Receptor molecules
Exposed receptor site

Linked to channel proteins

Acetylcholine

Linked to G proteins
Alter activity on inner surface of plasma membrane
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Enzymes and Carrier Proteins

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Movement through the Plasma Membrane

Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Mediated transport mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion Active transport Secondary active transport
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Diffusion
Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution
Concentration or density gradient
Difference between two points

Viscosity
How easily a liquid flows

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Diffusion

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Osmosis
Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane Important because large volume changes caused by water movement disrupt normal cell function Cell shrinkage or swelling
Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation) Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)
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Osmosis

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Osmosis

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Filtration
Works like a sieve Depends on pressure difference on either side of partition Moves from side of greater pressure to lower
Example: In kidneys in urine formation

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Mediated Transport Mechanisms

Involve carrier proteins Characteristics
Specificity
To a single type of molecule

Competition Saturation
Rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins
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Saturation of a Carrier Protein

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Mediated Transport Mechanisms

Facilitated diffusion
Higher to lower concentration without metabolic energy

Active transport
Requires ATP

Secondary active transport

Ions or molecules move in same (symport) or different direction (antiport)
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Secondary Active Transport

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Endocytosis
Internalization of substances by formation of a vesicle Types
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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Pinocytosis and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Exocytosis

Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from cell Examples

Secretion of digestive enzymes by pancreas Secretion of mucus by salivary glands Secretion of mild by mammary glands
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Cytoplasm
Cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane Cytosol: Fluid portion Cytoskeleton: Supports the cell
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

Cytoplasmic inclusions
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Organelles
Small specialized structures for particular functions Most have membranes that separates interior of organelles from cytoplasm Related to specific structure and function of the cell

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Centrioles
In specialized zone near nucleus: Centrosome Each unit consists of microtubules Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers
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Cilia
Appendages projecting from cell surfaces Capable of movement Moves materials over the cell surface

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Flagella
Similar to cilia but longer Usually only one exists per cell Move the cell itself in wavelike fashion Example: Sperm cell

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Microvilli
Extension of plasma membrane Increase the cell surface Normally many on each cell One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia Do not move
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Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis Composed of a large and small subunit Types
Free Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Types
Rough
Attached ribosomes Proteins produced and modified

Smooth
Not attached ribosomes Manufacture lipids

Cisternae: Interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm

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Golgi Apparatus
Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
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Function of Golgi Apparatus

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Action of Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes and Proteasomes

Peroxisomes
Smaller than lysosomes Contain enzymes to break down fatty and amino acids Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown

Proteasomes
Consist of large protein complexes Include several enzymes that break down and recycle proteins in cell
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Mitochondria
Provide energy for cell Major site of ATP synthesis Membranes
Cristae: Infoldings of inner membrane Matrix: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane
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Nucleus

DNA dispersed throughout Consists of :

Nuclear envelope: Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and regulates movement of materials in and out Chromatin: Condenses to form chromosomes during cell division Nucleolus: Assembly site of large and small ribosomal units

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Chromosome Structure

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Overview of Cell Metabolism

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Overview of Protein Synthesis

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Overview of Protein Synthesis

Transcription
Copies DNA to form mRNA tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome

Translation
Synthesis of a protein at ribosome

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Translation

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Cell Life Cycle

Interphase
Phase between cell divisions

Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Cytokinesis
Division of cell cytoplasm
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Mitosis

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Mitosis

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Meiosis

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Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

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Cellular Aspects of Aging

Cellular clock Death genes DNA damage Free radicals Mitochondrial damage

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