4).

Amperes Law and Applications

As far as possible, by analogy with Electrostatics B is magnetic flux densit ! or magnetic induction! "nits# weber per s$uare metre %&bm'() or tesla %)) *agnetostatics in +acuum, then magnetic media based on magnetic dipole moment!

,iot'-a+art Law
)he analogue of .oulombs Law is the ,iot'-a+art Law .onsider a current loop %I)
5 r r

dB%r) r-r

d6

/or element d there is an associated element field dB

o d8 x%r r' ) dB%r ) = 7 4 r r'

dB perpendicular to both d and r'r same 01%4r() dependence o is permeabilit of free space! defined as 4 x 02'3 &b A'0 m'0 4ntegrate to get ,'- Law

B%r ) =

o d8 x%r r' ) 4 r r' 7

,'- Law examples

%0) 4nfinitel long straight conductor d and r, r in the page dB is out of the page B forms circles centred on the conductor Appl ,'- Law to get# I d r : O r r - r dB r
(

= /2 + sin 9 cos =

(r

+:

( 01(

o I ,= ( r
B

,'- Law examples

%() on'axis! field of circular loop d Loop perpendicular to page, radius a d out of page and r, r in the page 5n'axis element dB is in the page, perpendicular to r - r, at to axis. *agnitude of element dB I r a r z r - r dB

dBz

o I d o I d d, = d, : = cos ( ( 4 r ' r 8 4 r ' r 8

a a cos = = r ' r8 a( + :(

01(

4ntegrating around loop, onl :'components of dB sur+i+e )he on'axis field is axial!

5n'axis field of circular loop

d ,onaxis = d, : = =

o I
4 r ' r 8

cos d (

r - r I r a r z

dB

o I
4 r ' r 8

cos ( ( a ) = (

o Ia (
( r ' r8
7

dBz

4ntroduce axial distance :, where ;r'r;( 9 a( < :( ( limiting cases#

: =2 ,on axis ( o I I a : >>a o = and ,on axis (a (: 7

,onaxis =

(a +:
(

o I a (
(

*agnetic dipole moment

)he off'axis field of circular loop is much more complex. /or z == a it is identical to that of the electric dipole
p E= ( cos r + sin 4 or 7 B=

om + sin ( cos r 7 4 r where m = a ( I = I or m = a ( I : area enclosed b current loop

m current times area! +s p charge times distance! m r

, field of large current loop

Electrostatics > began with sheet of electric monopoles *agnetostatics > begin sheet of magnetic dipoles -heet of magnetic dipoles e$ui+alent to current loop *agnetic moment for one dipole m 9 I area for loop * 9 I A area A

*agnetic dipoles one current loop E+aluate , field along axis passing through loop

, field of large current loop

.onsider line integral B.d from loop .ontour C is closed b large semi'circle which contributes :ero to line integral
I %enclosed b C) :?'@ a C :?<@

o I a (d: B.d = + 2 %semi circle) = o I 71( ( ( ( ( a + : ) C

B.d

oI

(a

a ( d:
(

+:

( 71(

=(

oI/2

Electrostatic potential of dipole sheet

Aow consider line integral E.d from sheet of electric dipoles m 9 I I 9 m1 %densit of magnetic moments) Beplace I b Np %dipole moment densit ) and o b 01o .ontour C is again closed b large semi'circle which contributes :ero to line integral
Np1(o

E.d + 2 %semi circle) = E.d = 0

Electric magnetic
C

E.d

'Np1(o /ield re+erses no re+ersal

Cifferential form of Amperes Law

5btain enclosed current as integral of current densit

B.d = I

o encl

= o j.dS
S

Appl -toDes theorem

B j dI = j.dS d S

B.d = ( B).dS = j.dS

o S S

4ntegration surface is arbitrar

B = o j

*ust be true point wise

Amperes Law examples

%0) 4nfinitel long, thin conductor B is a:imuthal, constant on circle of radius r B

o I B.d = o Iencl , ( r = o I , = ( r
Exercise# find radial profile of B inside and outside conductor of radius B , ,r <B = ,r >B R r

o Ir ( B ( o I = ( r

-olenoid
Cistributed'coiled conductor Ee parameter# n loops1metre
B I

4f finite length, sum indi+idual loops +ia ,'- Law 4f infinite length, appl Amperes Law B constant and axial inside, :ero outside Bectangular path, axial length L

I L

+ac

.d = o I encl , +acL = o ( nL ) I , +ac = onI

%use label B+ac to distinguish from core'filled solenoids) solenoid is to magnetostatics what capacitor is to electrostatics

Belati+e permeabilit
Becall how field in +acuum capacitor is reduced when dielectric medium is insertedF alwa s reduction, whether medium is polar or non'polar# E vac E= B = rB vac r is the analogous expression when magnetic medium is inserted in the +acuum solenoid. .omplication# the B field can be reduced or increased, depending on the t pe of magnetic medium

*agnetic +ector potential

/or an electrostatic field x E = x = 2 &e cannot therefore represent B b e.g. the gradient of a scalar since x B = o j %rhs not :ero) *agnetostatic field, tr

E.d = 0

E = '

also .B = 2 alwa s %.E = ) o B=xA .B = .( x A ) = 2 x B = x ( x A ) %see later)

A ' A + x A 8 = x ( A + ) = x A + 2

B is unchanged b