Football Football refers to a number of sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score

a goal. The most popular of these sports worldwide is association football, more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer". Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional conte t in which the word appears, including association football, as well as !merican football, !ustralian rules football, "anadian football, #aelic football, rugby league, rugby union,$%& and other related games. These variations of football are known as football codes. 'arious forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games. "ontemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at (nglish public schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.$)&$*& The influence and power of the +ritish (mpire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of +ritish influence outside of the directly controlled (mpire,$,& though by the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing- #aelic Football, for e ample, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.$.& /n %000, The Football 1eague was founded in (ngland, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. 2uring the twentieth century, the various codes of football became amongst the most popular team sports in the world.$3& "ommon elements The various codes of football share the following common elements$citation needed&Two teams of usually between %% and %0 players4 some variations that have fewer players 5five or more per team6 are also popular. ! clearly defined area in which to play the game. 7coring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team8s end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line. #oals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts. The goal or line being defended by the opposing team. 9layers being required to move the ball:depending on the code:by kicking, carrying, or hand;passing the ball. 9layers using only their body to move the ball. /n most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, and players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. <ther features common to several football codes include- points being mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line4 and players receiving a free kick after they take a mark or make a fair catch. 9eoples from around the world have played games which involved kicking or carrying a ball, since ancient times. =owever, most of the modern codes of football have their origins in (ngland. $>& (tymology ?ain article- Football 5word6 There are confilicting e planations of the origin of the word "football". /t is widely assumed that the word "football" 5or "foot ball"6 references the action of the foot kicking a ball. There is an alternative e planation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval (urope, which were played on foot. There is no conclusive evidence for either e planation. The !ncient #reeks and @omans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. The @oman game harpastum is believed to have been adapted from a #reek team game known as "" (Episkyros)[8][9] or "" (ph i!i!" )# [$%] &hi'h is ()!*io!)" +y ,r))k p- y&ri.h*# /!*iph !)s (08810$$ 23) !" - *)r

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/n the %3th century, the city of Florence celebrated the period between (piphany and 1ent by playing a game which today is known as "calcio storico" 5"historic kickball"6 in the 9iaHHa 7anta "roce. The young aristocrats of the city would dress up in fine silk costumes and embroil themselves in a violent form of football. For e ample, calcio players could punch, shoulder charge, and kick opponents. +lows below the belt were allowed. The game is said to have originated as a military training e ercise. /n %.0C, "ount #iovanni de8 +ardi di 'ernio wrote 2iscorso sopra 8l giuoco del "alcio Fiorentino. This is sometimes said to be the earliest code of rules for any football game. The game was not played after Banuary %>*G 5until it was revived in ?ay %G*C6. <fficial disapproval and attempts to ban football ?ain article- !ttempts to ban football games Fumerous attempts have been made to ban football games, particularly the most rowdy and disruptive forms. This was especially the case in (ngland and in other parts of (urope, during the ?iddle !ges and early modern period. +etween %*), and %33>, football was banned in (ngland alone by more than *C royal and local laws. The need to repeatedly proclaim such laws demonstrated the difficulty in enforcing bans on popular games. Ding (dward // was so troubled by the unruliness of football in 1ondon that on !pril %*, %*%, he issued a proclamation banning it"Forasmuch as there is great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which #od forbid4 we command and forbid, on behalf of the Ding, on pain of imprisonment, such game to be used in the city in the future." The reasons for the ban by (dward ///, on Bune %), %*,G, were e plicit- football and other recreations distracted the populace from practicing archery, which was necessary for war. /n %,),, the 9arliament of 7cotland passed a Football !ct that stated it is statut and the king forbiddis that na man play at the fut ball under the payne of iiij d I in other words, playing football was made illegal, and punishable by a fine of four pence. +y %3C0, the local authorities in ?anchester were complaining that- "Eith the ffotebale...$there& hath beene greate disorder in our towne of ?anchester we are told, and glasse windowes broken yearlye and spoyled by a companie of lewd and disordered persons ..."$*0& That same year, the word "football" was used disapprovingly by Eilliam 7hakespeare. 7hakespeare8s play Ding 1ear contains the line- "For tripped neither, you base football player" 5!ct /, 7cene ,6. 7hakespeare also mentions the game in ! "omedy of (rrors 5!ct //, 7cene %6!m / so round with you as you with me, That like a football you do spurn me thusJ Kou spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither/f / last in this service, you must case me in leather. "7purn" literally means to kick away, thus implying that the game involved kicking a ball between players. Ding Bames / of (ngland8s +ook of 7ports 5%3%06 however, instructs "hristians to play at football every 7unday afternoon after worship.$*G& The book8s aim appears to be an attempt to offset the strictness of the 9uritans regarding the keeping of the 7abbath.$,C& (stablishment of modern codes (nglish public schools ?ain article- (nglish public school football games Ehile football continued to be played in various forms throughout +ritain, its "public" schools 5known as private schools in other countries6 are widely credited with four key achievements in the creation of modern football codes. First of all, the evidence suggests that they were important

in taking football away from its "mob" form and turning it into an organised team sport. 7econd, many early descriptions of football and references to it were recorded by people who had studied at these schools. Third, it was teachers, students and former students from these schools who first codified football games, to enable matches to be played between schools. Finally, it was at (nglish public schools that the division between "kicking" and "running" 5or "carrying"6 games first became clear. The earliest evidence that games resembling football were being played at (nglish public schools : mainly attended by boys from the upper, upper;middle and professional classes : comes from the 'ulgaria by Eilliam =erman in %.%G. =erman had been headmaster at (ton and Einchester colleges and his 1atin te tbook includes a translation e ercise with the phrase "Ee wyll playe with a ball full of wynde".$,%& @ichard ?ulcaster, a student at (ton "ollege in the early %3th century and later headmaster at other (nglish schools, has been described as "the greatest si teenth "entury advocate of football".$,)& !mong his contributions are the earliest evidence of organised team football. ?ulcaster8s writings refer to teams 5"sides" and "parties"6, positions 5"standings"6, a referee 5"judge over the parties"6 and a coach "5trayning maister6". ?ulcaster8s "footeball" had evolved from the disordered and violent forms of traditional football$s&ome smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength- nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges. $,*& /n %3**, 2avid Eedderburn, a teacher from !berdeen, mentioned elements of modern football games in a short 1atin te tbook called 'ocabula. Eedderburn refers to what has been translated into modern (nglish as "keeping goal" and makes an allusion to passing the ball 5"strike it here"6. There is a reference to "get hold of the ball", suggesting that some handling was allowed. /t is clear that the tackles allowed included the charging and holding of opposing players 5"drive that man back"6.$citation needed& ! more detailed description of football is given in Francis Eillughby8s +ook of #ames, written in about %33C.$,,& Eillughby, who had studied at +ishop 'esey8s #rammar 7chool, 7utton "oldfield, is the first to describe goals and a distinct playing field- "a close that has a gate at either end. The gates are called #oals." =is book includes a diagram illustrating a football field. =e also mentions tactics 5"leaving some of their best players to guard the goal"64 scoring 5"they that can strike the ball through their opponents8 goal first win"6 and the way teams were selected 5"the players being equally divided according to their strength and nimbleness"6. =e is the first to describe a "law" of football- "they must not strike $an opponent8s leg& higher than the ball".$citation needed& (nglish public schools were the first to codify football games. /n particular, they devised the first offside rules, during the late %0th century.$,.& /n the earliest manifestations of these rules, players were "off their side" if they simply stood between the ball and the goal which was their objective. 9layers were not allowed to pass the ball forward, either by foot or by hand. They could only dribble with their feet, or advance the ball in a scrum or similar formation. =owever, offside laws began to diverge and develop differently at each school, as is shown by the rules of football from Einchester, @ugby, =arrow and "heltenham, during between %0%C and %0.C.$,.& The first known codes : in the sense of a set of rules : were those of (ton in %0%. $,3& and !ldenham in %0).. $,3&6 2uring the early %Gth century, most working class people in +ritain had to work si days a week, often for over twelve hours a day. They had neither the time nor the inclination to engage in sport for recreation and, at the time, many children were part of the labour force. Feast day football

played on the streets was in decline. 9ublic school boys, who enjoyed some freedom from work, became the inventors of organised football games with formal codes of rules. Football was adopted by a number of public schools as a way of encouraging competitiveness and keeping youths fit. (ach school drafted its own rules, which varied widely between different schools and were changed over time with each new intake of pupils. Two schools of thought developed regarding rules. 7ome schools favoured a game in which the ball could be carried 5as at @ugby, ?arlborough and "heltenham6, while others preferred a game where kicking and dribbling the ball was promoted 5as at (ton, =arrow, Eestminster and "harterhouse6. The division into these two camps was partly the result of circumstances in which the games were played. For e ample, "harterhouse and Eestminster at the time had restricted playing areas4 the boys were confined to playing their ball game within the school cloisters, making it difficult for them to adopt rough and tumble running games.$citation needed& @ugby 7chool Eilliam Eebb (llis, a pupil at @ugby 7chool, is said to have "with a fine disregard for the rules of football, as played in his time $emphasis added&, first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus creating the distinctive feature of the rugby game." in %0)*. This act is usually said to be the beginning of @ugby football, but there is little evidence that it occurred, and most sports historians believe the story to be apocryphal. The act of 8taking the ball in his arms8 is often misinterpreted as 8picking the ball up8 as it is widely believed that Eebb (llis8 8crime8 was handling the ball, as in modern soccer, however handling the ball at the time was often permitted and in some cases compulsory,$,>& the rule for which Eebb (llis showed disregard was running forward with it as the rules of his time only allowed a player to retreat backwards or kick forwards. The boom in rail transport in +ritain during the %0,Cs meant that people were able to travel further and with less inconvenience than they ever had before. /nter;school sporting competitions became possible. =owever, it was difficult for schools to play each other at football, as each school played by its own rules. The solution to this problem was usually that the match be divided into two halves, one half played by the rules of the host "home" school, and the other half by the visiting "away" school. The modern rules of many football codes were formulated during the mid; or late; %Gth century. This also applies to other sports such as lawn bowls, lawn tennis, etc. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world8s first lawnmower in %0*C. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc.$,0& !part from @ugby football, the public school codes have barely been played beyond the confines of each school8s playing fields. =owever, many of them are still played at the schools which created them 5see 7urviving UD school games below6. 9ublic schools8 dominance of sports in the UD began to wane after the Factory !ct of %0.C, which significantly increased the recreation time available to working class children. +efore %0.C, many +ritish children had to work si days a week, for more than twelve hours a day. From %0.C, they could not work before 3 a.m. 5> a.m. in winter6 or after 3 p.m. on weekdays 5> p.m. in winter64 on 7aturdays they had to cease work at ) p.m. These changes mean that working class children had more time for games, including various forms of football. "lubs ?ain article- <ldest football clubs 7ports clubs dedicated to playing football began in the %0th century, for e ample 1ondon8s #ymnastic 7ociety which was founded in the mid;%0th century and ceased playing matches in %>G3.$,G&$.C&

The first documented club to bear in the title a reference to being a 8football club8 were called "The Foot;+all "lub" who were located in (dinburgh, 7cotland, during the period %0),I,%.$.%&$.)& The club forbade tripping but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball.$.)& Two clubs which claim to be the world8s oldest e isting football club, in the sense of a club which is not part of a school or university, are strongholds of rugby football- the +arnes "lub, said to have been founded in %0*G, and #uy8s =ospital Football "lub, in %0,*. Feither date nor the variety of football played is well documented, but such claims nevertheless allude to the popularity of rugby before other modern codes emerged. /n %0,., three boys at @ugby school were tasked with codifying the rules then being used at the school. These were the first set of written rules 5or code6 for any form of football.$.*& This further assisted the spread of the @ugby game. For instance, 2ublin University Football "lub:founded at Trinity "ollege, 2ublin in %0., and later famous as a bastion of the @ugby 7chool game:is the world8s oldest documented football club in any code. "ompetitions ?ain article- <ldest football competitions <ne of the longest running football fi ture is the "ordner;(ggleston "up, contested between ?elbourne #rammar 7chool and 7cotch "ollege, ?elbourne every year since %0.0. /t is believed by many to also be the first match of !ustralian rules football, although it was played under e perimental rules in its first year. The first football trophy tournament was the "aledonian "hallenge "up, donated by the @oyal "aledonian 7ociety of ?elbourne, played in %03% under the ?elbourne @ules.$.,& The oldest football league is a rugby football competition, the United =ospitals "hallenge "up 5%0>,6, while the oldest rugby trophy is the Korkshire "up, contested since %0>0. The 7outh !ustralian Football !ssociation 5*C !pril %0>>6 is the oldest surviving !ustralian rules football competition. The oldest surviving soccer trophy is the Koudan "up 5%03>6 and the oldest national soccer competition is the (nglish F! "up 5%0>%6. The Football 1eague 5%0006 is recognised as the longest running !ssociation Football league. The first ever international football match took place between sides representing (ngland and 7cotland on ?arch ., %0>C at the <val under the authority of the F!. The first @ugby international took place in %0>%. ?odern balls ?ain article- Football 5ball6 @ichard 1indon 5seen in %00C6 is believed to have invented the first footballs with rubber bladders. /n (urope, early footballs were made out of animal bladders, more specifically pig8s bladders, which were inflated. 1ater leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape.$..& =owever, in %0.%, @ichard 1indon and Eilliam #ilbert, both shoemakers from the town of @ugby 5near the school6, e hibited both round and oval;shaped balls at the #reat ( hibition in 1ondon. @ichard 1indon8s wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig8s bladders.$.3& 1indon also won medals for the invention of the "@ubber inflatable +ladder" and the "+rass =and 9ump". /n %0.., the U.7. inventor "harles #oodyear : who had patented vulcaniHed rubber : e hibited a spherical football, with an e terior of vulcaniHed rubber panels, at the 9aris ( hibition Universelle. The ball was to prove popular in early forms of football in the U.7.!.$.>& ?odern ball passing tactics ?ain article- 9assing 5association football6 The earliest reference to a game of football involving players passing the ball and attempting to score past a goalkeeper was written in %3** by 2avid Eedderburn, a poet and teacher in !berdeen, 7cotland.$.0& Fevertheless, the original te t does not state whether the allusion to passing as 8kick the ball back8 58@epercute pilam86 was in a forward or backward direction or between members of the same opposing teams 5as was usual at this time6$.G&

"7cientific" football is first recorded in %0*G from 1ancashire$3C& and in the modern game in @ugby football from %03)$3%& and from 7heffield F" as early as %03..$3)&$3*& The first side to play a passing combination game was the @oyal (ngineers !F" in %03GL>C$3,&$3.& +y %03G they were "work$ing& well together", "backing up" and benefiting from "cooperation".$33& +y %0>C the (ngineers were passing the ball- "1ieut. "reswell, who having brought the ball up the side then kicked it into the middle to another of his side, who kicked it through the posts the minute before time was called"$3>& 9assing was a regular feature of their style$30& +y early %0>) the (ngineers were the first football team renowned for "play$ing& beautifully together"$3G& ! double pass is first reported from 2erby school against Fottingham Forest in ?arch %0>), the first of which is irrefutably a short pass- "?r !bsey dribbling the ball half the length of the field delivered it to Eallis, who kicking it cleverly in front of the goal, sent it to the captain who drove it at once between the Fottingham posts"$>C& The first side to have perfected the modern formation was "ambridge University !F"$>%&$>)&$>*& and introduced the )I*I. "pyramid" formation.$>,&$>.& "ambridge rules ?ain article- "ambridge rules /n %0,0, at "ambridge University, ?r. =. de Einton and ?r. B.". Thring, who were both formerly at 7hrewsbury 7chool, called a meeting at Trinity "ollege, "ambridge with %) other representatives from (ton, =arrow, @ugby, Einchester and 7hrewsbury. !n eight;hour meeting produced what amounted to the first set of modern rules, known as the "ambridge rules. Fo copy of these rules now e ists, but a revised version from circa %0.3 is held in the library of 7hrewsbury 7chool.$>3& The rules clearly favour the kicking game. =andling was only allowed when a player catches the ball directly from the foot entitling them to a free kick and there was a primitive offside rule, disallowing players from "loitering" around the opponents8 goal. The "ambridge rules were not widely adopted outside (nglish public schools and universities 5but it was arguably the most significant influence on the Football !ssociation committee members responsible for formulating the rules of !ssociation football6. 7heffield rules ?ain article- 7heffield rules +y the late %0.Cs, many football clubs had been formed throughout the (nglish;speaking world, to play various codes of football. 7heffield Football "lub, founded in %0.> in the (nglish city of 7heffield by Fathaniel "reswick and Eilliam 9rest, was later recognised as the world8s oldest club playing association football.$>>& =owever, the club initially played its own code of football- the 7heffield rules. The code was largely independent of the public school rules, the most significant difference being the lack of an offside rule. The code was responsible for many innovations that later spread to association football. These included free kicks, corner kicks, handball, throw;ins and the crossbar.$>0& +y the %0>Cs they became the dominant code in the north and midlands of (ngland. !t this time a series of rule changes by both the 1ondon and 7heffield F!s gradually eroded the differences between the two games until the adoption of a common code in %0>>. Football !ssociation The first football international, 7cotland versus (ngland. <nce kept by the @ugby Football Union as an early e ample of rugby football. ?ain article- The Football !ssociation 2uring the early %03Cs, there were increasing attempts in (ngland to unify and reconcile the various public school games. /n %03), B. ". Thring, who had been one of the driving forces behind the original "ambridge @ules, was a master at Uppingham 7chool and he issued his own rules of what he called "The 7implest #ame" 5these are also known as the Uppingham @ules6. /n early <ctober %03* another new revised version of the "ambridge @ules was drawn up by a seven member committee representing former pupils from =arrow, 7hrewsbury, (ton, @ugby, ?arlborough and Eestminster.

!t the Freemasons8 Tavern, #reat Mueen 7treet, 1ondon on the evening of <ctober )3, %03*, representatives of several football clubs in the 1ondon ?etropolitan area met for the inaugural meeting of The Football !ssociation 5F!6. The aim of the !ssociation was to establish a single unifying code and regulate the playing of the game among its members. Following the first meeting, the public schools were invited to join the association. !ll of them declined, e cept "harterhouse and Uppingham. /n total, si meetings of the F! were held between <ctober and 2ecember %03*. !fter the third meeting, a draft set of rules were published. =owever, at the beginning of the fourth meeting, attention was drawn to the recently published "ambridge @ules of %03*. The "ambridge rules differed from the draft F! rules in two significant areas4 namely running with 5carrying6 the ball and hacking 5kicking opposing players in the shins6. The two contentious F! rules were as follows/N. ! player shall be entitled to run with the ball towards his adversaries8 goal if he makes a fair catch, or catches the ball on the first bound4 but in case of a fair catch, if he makes his mark he shall not run. N. /f any player shall run with the ball towards his adversaries8 goal, any player on the opposite side shall be at liberty to charge, hold, trip or hack him, or to wrest the ball from him, but no player shall be held and hacked at the same time. :$0)& !t the fifth meeting it was proposed that these two rules be removed. ?ost of the delegates supported this, but F. ?. "ampbell, the representative from +lackheath and the first F! treasurer, objected. =e said- "hacking is the true football". =owever, the motion to ban running with the ball in hand and hacking was carried and +lackheath withdrew from the F!. !fter the final meeting on 0 2ecember, the F! published the "1aws of Football", the first comprehensive set of rules for the game later known as !ssociation Football. The term "soccer", in use since the late %Gth century, derives from an abbreviation of "!ssociation".$0*& The first F! rules still contained elements that are no longer part of association football, but which are still recognisable in other games 5such as !ustralian football and rugby football6- for instance, a player could make a fair catch and claim a mark, which entitled him to a free kick4 and if a player touched the ball behind the opponents8 goal line, his side was entitled to a free kick at goal, from %. yards 5%*.. metres6 in front of the goal line. @ugby football ?ain article- =istory of rugby union ! rugby scrum in %0>% /n +ritain, by %0>C, there were about >. clubs playing variations of the @ugby school game. There were also "rugby" clubs in /reland, !ustralia, "anada and Few Oealand. =owever, there was no generally accepted set of rules for rugby until %0>%, when )% clubs from 1ondon came together to form the @ugby Football Union 5@FU6. The first official @FU rules were adopted in Bune %0>%. These rules allowed passing the ball. They also included the try, where touching the ball over the line allowed an attempt at goal, though drop;goals from marks and general play, and penalty conversions were still the main form of contest. #aelic football The !ll;/reland Football Final in "roke 9ark, )CC,. ?ain article- =istory of #aelic football /n the mid;%Gth century, various traditional football games, referred to collectively as caid, remained popular in /reland, especially in "ounty Derry. <ne observer, Father E. Ferris, described two main forms of caid during this period- the "field game" in which the object was to put the ball through arch;like goals, formed from the boughs of two trees4 and the epic "cross;

country game" which took up most of the daylight hours of a 7unday on which it was played, and was won by one team taking the ball across a parish boundary. "Erestling", "holding" opposing players, and carrying the ball were all allowed. +y the %0>Cs, @ugby and !ssociation football had started to become popular in /reland. Trinity "ollege, 2ublin was an early stronghold of @ugby 5see the 2evelopments in the %0.Cs section, above6. The rules of the (nglish F! were being distributed widely. Traditional forms of caid had begun to give way to a "rough;and;tumble game" which allowed tripping. There was no serious attempt to unify and codify /rish varieties of football, until the establishment of the #aelic !thletic !ssociation 5#!!6 in %00,. The #!! sought to promote traditional /rish sports, such as hurling and to reject imported games like @ugby and !ssociation football. The first #aelic football rules were drawn up by ?aurice 2avin and published in the United /reland magaHine on February >, %00>. 2avin8s rules showed the influence of games such as hurling and a desire to formalise a distinctly /rish code of football. The prime e ample of this differentiation was the lack of an offside rule 5an attribute which, for many years, was shared only by other /rish games like hurling, and by !ustralian rules football6. 7chism in @ugby football !n (nglish cartoon from the %0GCs lampooning the divide in rugby football which led to the formation of rugby league. The caricatures are of @ev. Frank ?arshall, an arch;opponent of player payments, and Bames ?iller, a long;time opponent of ?arshall. The caption reads?arshall- "<h, fie, go away naughty boy, / don8t play with boys who canPt afford to take a holiday for football any day they likeQ" ?iller- "Kes, that8s just you to a T4 youPd make it so that no lad whose father wasnPt a millionaire could play at all in a really good team. For my part / see no reason why the men who make the money shouldnPt have a share in the spending of it." Further information- =istory of rugby league The /nternational @ugby Football +oard 5/@F+6 was founded in %003, but rifts were beginning to emerge in the code. 9rofessionalism was beginning to creep into the various codes of football. /n (ngland, by the %0GCs, a long;standing @ugby Football Union ban on professional players was causing regional tensions within rugby football, as many players in northern (ngland were working class and could not afford to take time off to train, travel, play and recover from injuries. This was not very different from what had occurred ten years earlier in soccer in Forthern (ngland but the authorities reacted very differently in the @FU, attempting to alienate the working class support in Forthern (ngland. /n %0G., following a dispute about a player being paid broken time payments, which replaced wages lost as a result of playing rugby, representatives of the northern clubs met in =uddersfield to form the Forthern @ugby Football Union 5F@FU6. The new body initially permitted only various types of player wage replacements. =owever, within two years, F@FU players could be paid, but they were required to have a job outside sport. The demands of a professional league dictated that rugby had to become a better "spectator" sport. Eithin a few years the F@FU rules had started to diverge from the @FU, most notably with the abolition of the line;out. This was followed by the replacement of the ruck with the "play;the; ball ruck", which allowed a two;player ruck contest between the tackler at marker and the player tackled. ?auls were stopped once the ball carrier was held, being replaced by a play;the ball; ruck. The separate 1ancashire and Korkshire competitions of the F@FU merged in %GC%, forming the Forthern @ugby 1eague, the first time the name rugby league was used officially in (ngland. <ver time, the @FU form of rugby, played by clubs which remained members of national federations affiliated to the /@F+, became known as rugby union. #lobalisation of association football ?ain article- =istory of F/F!

The need for a single body to oversee association football had become apparent by the beginning of the )Cth century, with the increasing popularity of international fi tures. The (nglish Football !ssociation had chaired many discussions on setting up an international body, but was perceived as making no progress. /t fell to associations from seven other (uropean countries- France, +elgium, 2enmark, Fetherlands, 7pain, 7weden, and 7witHerland, to form an international association. The FRdRration /nternationale de Football !ssociation 5F/F!6 was founded in 9aris on ?ay )%, %GC,. /ts first president was @obert #uRrin. The French name and acronym has remained, even outside French;speaking countries. Further divergence of the two rugby codes @ugby league rules diverged significantly from rugby union in %GC3, with the reduction of the team from %. to %* players. /n %GC>, a Few Oealand professional rugby team toured !ustralia and +ritain, receiving an enthusiastic response, and professional rugby leagues were launched in !ustralia the following year. =owever, the rules of professional games varied from one country to another, and negotiations between various national bodies were required to fi the e act rules for each international match. This situation endured until %G,0, when at the instigation of the French league, the @ugby 1eague /nternational Federation 5@1/F6 was formed at a meeting in +ordeau . 2uring the second half of )Cth century, the rules changed further. /n %G33, rugby league officials borrowed the !merican football concept of downs- a team was allowed to retain possession of the ball for four tackles 5rugby union retains the original rule that a player who is tackled and brought to the ground must release the ball immediately6. The ma imum number of tackles was later increased to si 5in %G>%6, and in rugby league this became known as the si tackle rule. Eith the advent of full;time professionals in the early %GGCs, and the consequent speeding up of the game, the five metre off;side distance between the two teams became %C metres, and the replacement rule was superseded by various interchange rules, among other changes. The laws of rugby union also changed during the )Cth century, although less significantly than those of rugby league. /n particular, goals from marks were abolished, kicks directly into touch from outside the )) metre line were penalised, new laws were put in place to determine who had possession following an inconclusive ruck or maul, and the lifting of players in line;outs was legalised. /n %GG., rugby union became an "open" game, that is one which allowed professional players. !lthough the original dispute between the two codes has now disappeared : and despite the fact that officials from both forms of rugby football have sometimes mentioned the possibility of re; unification : the rules of both codes and their culture have diverged to such an e tent that such an event is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Use of the word "football" For more details on this topic, see Football 5word6. The word "football", when used in reference to a specific game can mean any one of those described above. +ecause of this, much friendly controversy has occurred over the term football, primarily because it is used in different ways in different parts of the (nglish;speaking world. ?ost often, the word "football" is used to refer to the code of football that is considered dominant within a particular region. 7o, effectively, what the word "football" means usually depends on where one says it. 9layers assemble at the line of scrimmage in an !merican football game. !ssociation football is known generally as soccer where other codes of football are dominant, including- the United 7tates, "anada, !ustralia, and Few Oealand. !merican football is always football in the United 7tates. /n francophone Muebec, where "anadian football is more popular, the "anadian code is known as football and association football is known as le soccer.$00& <f the

,. national F/F! affiliates in which (nglish is an official or primary language, most currently use Football in their organiHations8 official names. The F/F! affiliates in "anada and the United 7tates use 7occer in their names. ! few FRdRration /nternationale de Football !ssociation5F/F!6 affiliates have recently "normaliHed" to using "Football", including!ustralia8s association football governing body changed its name in )CC> from using "soccer" to "football"$0G& Few Oealand also changed in )CC>, saying "the international game is called football."$GC& 7amoa changed from "7amoa Football 57occer6 Federation" to "Football Federation 7amoa" in )CCG