1. Light is a form of Energy. Light has dual nature that is it sometimes behave as waves and sometimes as corpuscles.

Due to the dual character both the particle and wave theory are necessary to explain the propagation of light. 2. Theories on light: corpuscular theory !ewton "uantum theory max plan#$ wave theory huygen$ electromagnetic wave theory %axwell$ dual theory de&broglie. '. (hoton is a small pac#et of Energy. The charge and mass of photon is )ero and )ero. (ath travelled by photon is called ray. (hoton is also called light particle. *. +b,ects having their own source of light are called Luminous ob,ects. -. +b,ects which do not have their own source of light are called !on luminous ob,ects. .. / group of ad,acent light rays obtained from a source is called 0eam of light . it is of three types divergent 1emitted from a point source2$ convergent 1coming towards a point2$ parallel 1from a distant source or from an external source2. 3. The medium in which light passes freely is called Transparent medium. 4f it allows a part of light to pass through it then it is called translucent medium. 4f it does not allow light to pass then it is called opa"ue medium. 5. 6hat is rectilinear propagation of light7 8 The behavior of light that it travels in straight line in a homogenous medium. 9. :ormation of shadow$ eclipses$ formation of image in pin hole camera are all examples of ;ectilinear propagation of light. 1<. =hadow is of two types >mbra 1dar#est region of shadow2 and penumbra 1partially dar# region2. 11. =hadow produced by point source of light is only >mbra. 12. =hadow produced by extended source of light can be >mbra and penumbra. 1'. 4mage can be of two types ;eal and virtual. 1*. /n ice cube containing a large bubble of air is floating in water countained in a large bea#er. 6hen the ice melts completely$ the level of water will ?o down. 1-. :or some same @inetic energy$ the momentum shall be maximum for (roton 1(rotonADeuteronA/lpha particleAElectron2. 1.. Dyne8sec. stands for the unit of %omentum. 13. 6ater is boiling in a flas# over a burner. To reduce its boiling temperature one must Bonnect the mouth of the flas# to an evacuating system. 15. 4nstruments can be shielded from the effects of external magnetic fields by surrounding them with /n iron shield. 19. 6hat is reflection7 8 The return of light into the same medium after stri#ing a surface is called reflection. 2<. 6hat are the laws of reflection: a. The incident ray$ the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane. b. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are e"ual. 21. Bharacteristics of image formed by plane mirror : a. +b,ect distance image distance. b. +b,ect si)e image si)e. c. 4mage is virtual and erect.

d. 4mage intensity is reduced. e. Lateral inversion occurs to image. 22. =peed of light in airCvacuum is 'x1<5 mCs which is first calculated by ;omer. 2'. Einstein said Dspeed light is the maximum possible speed in universeE. 2*. (roof of rectilinear propagation of light are =hadow$ solar and lunar eclipses$ pinhole camera. 2-. !umber of symmetric letter in upper case in English alphabet is 11. 2.. 4f a plane mirror is rotated by an angle E$ the reflected ray is rotated by angle 2E. 23. The number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle E is ! 1'.<CE2 81. 25. 4n case of two plane mirrors which are parallel and ob,ect is placed in between the number of images formed is 4nfinite. 29. The minimum si)e of a plane mirror re"uired to see the self image of a person is Falf the si)e of person. '<. 4f the displacement of an ob,et towards a plane mirror is x$ then the displacement of image w.r.t ob,ect is 2x and mirror is x. '1. 4n case of reflection by thic# mirror the number of images are formed of which the =econd image is the brightest. '2. / plane mirror can form real image$ if the incident beam is Bonvergent. ''. 4f the speed of the plane mirror towards an ob,ect is G$ then the speed of image with respect to mirror is G and ob,ect is 2G. '*. :ocal length of plane mirror is 4nfinite. '-. Bonvex mirror is used as loo#ing glass. '.. (araboloid concave mirror is used as headlight of cars. '3. 4n Bonvex mirror image is always virtual and diminished. '5. =tanding in front of a mirror a person is unable to see self image$ identify the mirror7 8 Boncave. '9. 6hat are the laws of refraction: a. The incident ray$ the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. b. The sine of the angle of incidence bears a constant ratio with the sine of the angle of refraction for a pair of media. This constant ratio is called refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first. i.e. sin iCsin r 1u2. This law is called snells law. *<. The refractive index of a mediumCabsolute refractive index is defined as u speed of light in vacuum1e2 C speed of light in that medium 1v2. *1. the refractive index of medium has no unit. *2. the refractive index of a medium depends on nature of medium$ temperature$ colour or wavelength of light. *'. apparent bending of stic# under water$ twin#ling of stars$ early sunrise and late sunset are all due to phenomenon of refraction. **. critical angle is the angle of incidence in the denser medium corresponding to which the angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 9<<. *-. 6hen a ray of light travelling in a denser medium$ is incident at the surface of a rarer medium such that the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for the pair of media$ the ray is reflected bac# into the denser medium. This phenomenon is called the total internal

reflection. *.. Bonditions of total internal reflection: a. Light must travel from denser to rarer medium. b. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media. *3. /pplications using total internal reflection are (eriscope$ mirage in desert$ empty testtube shines li#e mirror$ optical fibre. *5.